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600029450Q 



Mq J. ■ »;877 
12. 



p 



P A N T O L O G I A 



as: 



VOL. XII. 



U — ZYT. 



LoBdon: Printed bj T. DAVISON, 
LMriMrd^lKMt, WUlcMui. 



PANTOLOGIA. 



NEW CYCLOPiEDIA, 

OOMHUIHCHDniO 

A COMPLETE SERIES OF 

jllphabbtxcaut ABmuiaxBi 
WITH A GENERAL DICTIONARY OF 

ARTS, SCIENCES^ AND WORDS: 

TEBWHOUB 

PRESENTING A DISTINCT SURVEY OF 



ELEGANT ENGRAVINGS; 

THOSE ON NATURAL HISTORY BXINO FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY EDWARDS AND 

OTHERS, AND BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED AFTER NATURE. 



BY JOHN MASON GOOD, ESQ. F.R.S. 

MEMBXm OF TBB AMSmiCAII PHUOtOPBlCAL SOCIBTY, AMD OF THE LIHIIEAN ■OOXXTT OF 

FHILADBUPHIA; 

OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL. D. 

or TBB BOTAL MIUTABT AOAOBinr, WOOLWICH, AND BOFOKABT MBMBBB OF THK UTBmAST AMP 

PULOaOPHlCAL aOCIBTT, MBWCAtTLB-VPOM-TYIIB j AMO 

MR. NEWTON BOSWORTH, 

OF CAMBBIOOB ; 

ASSISTED BY OTHER GENTLEMEN OF EMINENCE, IN DIFFERENT 

DEPARTMENTS OF LITERATURE. 



VOL. XII. 
U — ZYT. 



LOJiDON: 

printed for 0. xear8ley; j. walker; j. stockdale ; r. lea; e. jeffbry; 
crosby and co.; sherwood, neely, and jones; suttaby, bvance, and co.; 
j.blacklock; w.lowe; j. booth; j. rod well; bell and bradfutb, edinburob; 
brash and rxjd, glasgow ; and m. kkene, dublin. 

1813. 




V A B 

Uor u, the Sfltii letlcr and 3lh vowel of 
• out ;>l{ih>brt, is rormed in ihe viiice 
by > touud cunfigutalion of iha llpt, iixl a 
BCJttt cxirusion of the und« one than in 
nraiing the leitrr o, and tile tongiie ii nlsa 
tmn CMiQul.iud. The sound ii thutt in turil, 



lb(ricuie than lon^; as in brule.^utt. lutt, 
he. li ii Diuitty toDg in polyijllableii ai in 
«M, tunaiu, iic. bui in Mine wordi il i* 
«teiut, M III na/urr, aeniuTe. &C. l^ji let- 

HIhe ioxm or V, or v, ii pntpeily a con- 
t and n luch ii placed bel'oie all the 



when ihe olhirr 



^ ihey hnd 
ignf the Fourlhcci 
fm-nt iiilnidiiccd, ihi 
[nsing itvD dilTerent wundi by the same 
'I'ln liaving been obieivci) long licfurr. In 
Bnmruli V Mandi fnr five ; and wiili a daih 
•i>M 11 top, ihm V, it ilKriilics 5000. In 
>MMTri>ii<int, nnioiipi ihc ({oaiAns, V. A. 
"omlfiit Trtrrant aitlgMai ; V. U. t-iro bona; 
V.B.A. riri h>n> Bri'UtaUi; V. B. F. tir to.iie 
/tii V. C. wr tPflWnrt. ; V. C. C. ]'. «ait 
rt^a ekariinmr, J'rlicilrr; V. D. D. volo 
iaiMmi V.G. vrrhigraliai Vit.Vt, cirgn 
Mtfaiut VL. Btdetieel i V. N. yuinlo lutua- 

V'ABRF^ a town of France, in l1ie depad- 
■Mnt oi Afciton. Though an i:|ii.>ca|i3i *ec 
Ubit the ie%4liiuon, it it liitle U'lier iliaii a 
ri but h» Mime tnanuractiirn ofieigei, 
Kt, «iidooiian«. It itsented at ihccoii- 
T rt( iwD fiiiall rivers that fall inio (lie 
30 mile« S. E. of Kcxlex. and 33 K. of 
Allit.' I^it. 9. iS E. Lai. 43. i7 N. 
VOL. XI.— PAllTll. 



VA'CANCV. I. Cframiiacoii/,) I. Entpef ■ 
spaee; vacnily iShaki,), S. Cluiini apace 
unfilled Itfslh). 3. Slaie of a unit or em- 
ployment whtii it is imsupptled {Ayliffti. 4. 
Time of lei«ure ; rclaxtiion j interiniisinn ; 
lime unengaged iffaltt). i. Liiileniicii ; 
emptiimi of thnught Ufoltea). 

VA'CANT. «. Ivacaot. Fr. vacant, L«.) 
I. Empty; unfilled; void i.Bnyir). V. Free; 
iincncumlier«l ; uncrowded Utfwc). 3. Not 
filled by an incumbenl, tn posncsaor (Sm\f>). 
4. Betd); at Iciiuie ; dixngaged iClaTmiioH). 
b. Thoughtless ; empiv of thought ; Dot busy. 

To VA'CATE. o. n. {Boeo, Latin.) I. To 
annul ; to make void ; (o make of no amhoriiy 
(_S'lioif). ir. Tn mdke vacant; to qml chh- 
»e«ion of. 3. To defeat ; to pul an end lo 

V ACATiON. I. {vacalie. Latin.) I . Iij- 
tcrmis&iuiKirjiiridical prrrceedings, or any other 
ttuied employments ; teem of couiti or senates 
iCoiCTll). S. Leisure; ricedom from trouble 
oi perplexity (tltamand). 

vaVCaRV. *. {vacca, Latin.) 
house; acow-pas[iire (/jul^ey), 

V.^CCIN.ATION, in meheine,! 
of inoculating a penao with the rirui of thr dli.. 
cue, estird Tsceina, or raw.piix, in onlrr tn 



^ 



I'hii may lie reitarilrd as one of the mstt l(n> 
poiiaal dl»ruii'Tie« of itinrfi'm liniei, and al. 
though ilrennounly iippnucd --^ j^^j_j t^. r_ 
diriduals in muit rouiilriei 
Ibe support and nountenaii' 
rrmineBti of everj pan o( tl 
in entitled. 1,'ntli'r tbe arline d.dcui.itiom wo 
hate entered at nonie length Intu Ihe tiiilDr> and 
pTK\ii otUiiiKiInitabla prvwr^alire, and lwt» 






Fllllv to Hhkl 



VACCINATION. 



cursorily exmnined into the te«timonies in its 
favour. That article^ howeveri has been written 
for mure than three years from the present time: 
in the counse of which period Taceination has 
bvcn tried upon a much more extended scale, 
and its effects have been examined with still 
closer precision, and we are happy to add, with 
more phiIo!%ophical coolness. One i»f the best 
papers that has been f^iven to the world by the 
French Imperial Institute is an article upon 
thi.i subject, drawn up by three of its brig^htest 
ornaments, IVf . M. Bcrthollet, Percy vnil Halk?, 
and read Aufus1 17, 181ft. It has since beta 
published, on account of its national, or rather 
its universal, importance in the Moniteur, and 
we cannot forbear presenting our readers with 
the following translation of that part of it which 
diiefly examines and replies to the feneral obser- 
vationM which in different coantries hate been 
advanced in opposition to it. These obser- 
rations are put in the form of six successive que- 
ries ; each of which receives its proper answer. 

I. — Do the fever and the general eruption 
which follow the inoculation for the small-pox, 
but do not appear after vaccination, constitute a 
necessary purification of the system, the want of 
which may lead to donj^rous consequences ? 

II. — Do the facts observed demonstrate that 
the cow-pox, introduced into the system, is of 
su(h a nature as to produce eruptions, or ac- 
cidents, which oufpht to be ascribed to the diffi- 
culty, the imperfeelion, or the want of erup- 
tions? 

III. — It the virus introduced by vmcclnation 
of such a nature as to produce immediately, 
that is, during^ the development of the natural 
effects of vaccination, fatal accidents? 

The first two of these queries are answered in 
the affirmative; the third in the negative. We 
must pass by the train of argument, though 
highly ingenious and conclusive, in order to 
notice, in a somewhat detailed manner, the three 
questions by which these are succeeded, and 
which are of considerably more practical im- 
portance. 

IV. — Is the vims introduced by vaccination of 
such a nature as to produce, even after its opcia- 
iion has terminated favourably, diseases, more 
or less severe, and which may even prove fatal ? 

The solution of this question is difficult, b€H 
cause our investigation is of necessity iBterruptcd 
by a great number of uncortftintics. 

It is certainly difficult to establish, that a virus, 
introduced into the body, and capable of render- 
ing it inaccessible to the small-pox contagion, 
has not the power of producing any other change 
which can affect the health. 8uch a consequence 
can only be the result of a numt>er of obiierva- 
tious, so great, that its disproportion with the 
contrary observations must present us from as- 
cribing them to any thing else but causes abso- 
lutely unconnected with the introduction of the 
viruf. 

Ktit t!io obsenations in support of a contrary 
opiuiua most he equally dilJlrult to obtain. If 
a disi'SHC appear after vaccination, in order lo 
sbo'v thst it can he asmbed to no other cause, 
no ou;;ht to kfk<.w what was the state of the sub- 
ject bi Tore vaccination, and whether his consti- 
tutional or hereditary te*npc(ament did not pre- 
pare biui fur those maladies which have talirn 
place. \¥e mu^t be able to show that atUrr vac- 

iiMUpn be has aot boc« exposi^ Va wum c»p«" 



ble of producing these diseases. We ought liktf* 
wise to inquire whether the source from which 
the cow-pox matter vras derived was infected 
with any foreign ferment. And finally, as in all 
ages and all circumstances of life various dis- 
esses appear which cannot be assigned to mmf 
Known cause, those which succeed vaeeinatioa 
ought, in order to be ascribed to it, to show such 
a character of affinity with each other as to indi* 
cate their common origin, and offer in their de« 
velopment a connexion more or less acasiblo 
with the primitiTc effects of vaccination to which 
Ihry succeed. 

It is tlicrefore requisite to admit, in oppoeitiom 
to the advantages ascribed to vaccination^ thosa 
obtiervations only which are well authenticated, 
and the details of which are sufficiently complain 
to enable us to appreciate their value. 

Ncvertiielcss, if the number of facts alleged 
were very considerable, as it would be impossi- 
ble in such a case to ascribe them to mere ao* 
cident, they would in a great nirasure su|^ly 
the place of exact observations, and would pro- 
duce a certain degree of proliability in their 
favour. 

By attending lo all these particulars we shall 
endeavour to give an answer to the question 
proposed. 

We shall begin with the observations which 
have been given as proofs that there exists dis- 
eases which owe their origin to vaccination. 

Among those that have been pubiisiied, Ar 
that have ivrnc to our knowledge, tbece ^re very 
few which, coni»idered separately, have the ch^ 
racier of exact observation ; and not one pot* 
sesscs the conditions necessary to fix the rehn 
tion of the malady noticed to the previous 
dnation. 

Out of eleven observations that havo 
particularly communicated to us, and which, 
from the precision with which the facts wev» 
announced, as well as the nature of the evidenen 
of those who eemmunicated them, seemed to dn- 
senre particular attention, we have had it la 
our power to verify seven. All of thsse sc v u a 
were formaUy and authentically dn'nied by oeiilar 
witnesses, most assiduous^ and consequently Iwet 
acquainted with the facts, either from situatioD, 
or the interest which attached them to the chik|- 
ren who were the sutyect of tliese observations. 
We can only suppose that the persons, who com- 
municated to us these observations, persons well 
informed, and without any motive to deceive, 
were led into error by false reports concerning 
things which they had not been able lo see with 
their own eyes. After this it was natiural for us 
to suspect the authenticity of the other Ihcts 
which had come to our knowledge by thu same 
means, though we had it not in our power to 
verify them by actual inquiry. 

A fact reported to the medical society of 
Circnoblcha«biM'n mentioned, and it is ud\aaced 
ill tlif nork of .M. f*happon, as a proof of the bad 
etlcrts vf \ac<*iniition. A cnild aOer vaccina- 
tion had the face cinered wiih pimples, which 
were succet*iled by s<*ahH that gave the fjM^e a 
hideous appearance. This was followed by an 
anasarca, and the cano ended latallj. Notwith- 
standing the want c»f details in this cas«', it is 
easy to perrei\e in it that eruption m> ramitiar to 
infauts, and known by the vulgar name of aovte 
iaiicuit (cj-^uia lacUu). Its appearance alter \ac- 
cinstiou does not prove that it had any thtn^ in 





ACCINATION. 

frctpimtlr H* Ihc lup- true taw-pox, an obvmiAian of mow imparti a l i 

JoiiK praduce very neiete than hki alwajm Ikwd (uppusd. 

__ p"^"" "f vwciDktion, The fads furDitheit bj Ihc Biblintheque Bri« 

!■ Ibc IkwI or UiH urgini of (uoique nlTiinl uo Ibe r»llairins r«BtiUk. Wa 

(hill natice thole oolfwhirh bntelteeD aiHiouu<«d 

with iDmueh preciaioo aa lo gireuiaaenFlidea 

of the rate. 

In IMU H. Oilier anaaunn^ at Groeva that 
out af lAOO pureiiDii vaccUalcd not one aceidml 

IN hnv tM* >tlb tlrangfTv lo Iha art »f mc- had onurred. 

Uiim. miiiia'lji jiiiiriiV, who hate a*>invd un Dr. Anderioa writes, in IEI04,frani MMlra*,tv 

HiM Hwlr cki Idrcn, altn haiiBg Iihmi rarvfullj the J^taaeriin Society of London, that the eum- 

•ad lUHnnAill; VMvlBaled, elperiennrd Hirral her of lacnnationi perfonued by the British asd 

- -"- rruplionu, loiwiimti Indian ph}'BifiaiiitaaEiigli«li, I'artugune, Brah- 

ich they had not Iwrn Hiin, Malabar, Untloo, Mahoinetaii, Half-ca&t, 

Theae lymplnin* in Pariah, Maralla, CanndinD, and Rajaput iub< 

•blicril tbam tn haie rcuurae to jcetK, amoUDted to 146,918 ; and that in none of 

. . _ . i*<iip> in order to rmiore them. It IhcK caae« had a single accident been obierted. 

■m» lapaaithki fur lu to laake ourulf es le well Tbj* FButiieFalioD wat tonde in I81K), and pub- 

liifaihili il with tho origin of thew farls as la iithed in i)<01 by the gaverament of Maiirms. 

(a Mt to Juds* liiiK Dar the allegatiou wvre In ISOli the Jeanariau Nodety of London, i* 

•til Ihaadnl ; but without r\je«ling Ihem alio, onoiiniuenni uf rumours propagntcd mperlinf 

MttvT, «<p otay uy that all the cbildrcn, and tacctiialion, as if It occiuiiaDed variou* dreadful 

adalla, thai wo hate had an oppsrluoily of diwasuK till that time unknown, naa induced to 

inelTcii, or that we have aei-n tke- nikke an exact enmlnatioD. The reault of Uila, 

4ule4, DVter eiblhiled any nuali lyniptoni. Minprehcnded in twanly-two parigrnpha, glreii 

Thm I* a rlrcuaaitaare nhich «■ obterte in pariip-aph tweDl;-oiitr the folluHiDg atate- 

ti^veBtly, aail to wlilrh we nu<ht to atlmd nipnl: the dJwaK produced by vascl nation i> i a 

pMinilarty, while diMuulng the |ir«*<,-Dt quo- general slight, and without bad cnnieiiuencci. 

lia Weaftm >ee BB aeeldentalimpreMian, an The caiieii contrary to tbia conclusion are in 

•••IliMS, a hll, enraaioQ llm dfltelopuivnt of a iiinall noniber, compared with Ilie total naraber 

lacev, to Il» nituni «f whivh that ncLiuieual af Fates, and may very naturally be nieribed 

«■* is •ktlotwly a atranfier. Tho (rflkll-pox the rotiatitutiou, or llie peculiar disposition 

iwtrartn ejipcan anoT sueh aeridenli, and in the inditidunls who have exhibited tlio exMp* 

Aer «WH!Hi they hs*c »«aainiuid liolpnt fevers Hods. 

'•Ikn aaladiet to wbli'h a dispnailinu aoems In lSD7thpSocietyarSur|^niin landon pub- 

Ishme pn^eiiuM, and only reiiuired an »«•- Uahcd another report, more precise; and in 

Mn ta call II into arliiui. Is il nnl alan possi- whirh they allow tho eresle>t reserve with re- 

Me, (hM In eirrunialaareii whirl) we ran najilbev specl to Mie ixioseigueucet to be drawn Ccnta III* 

Mmaloe OOF forrare, taennslloB may siveoe- reuilti obtained. We have alreaily said, ia 

■alen ta the appcarauee ef a malady without ipeBking of the eniptiona fol lowing vaccinal Ion, 

Ma(ita lanse, and thui-brtn" about what any thai there »ere only sixty-six examples of tbeiu 

■ttcr ramnolinn wnuld hate done, expcricneed among l&t.36l persons vaecinsled j twrnty.fuur 

MtkFMme Itnie? In that rase there would be erjiipclatous affeclluus only were afaserrcd out 

■•thiae la lueh diaeaam connreled nilh taeeina- of tbc number lixty-tii : and among these Wf 

Han, vf pnirredint Avui the cow-pox vinii. must reekon the only three deatht which fiillowbi 

Hmee then thrn-- la net one of tlio obaerrB- ed veerinaliun, and which have already 

lisn, (wlledeij hilhi-rin, which ran of itself noticed. All this is the result of the nnav 

tm» aa ■ proof of the nplniun which wc are 4211 correspondunta, whose leslimoDy was b( 

'■■intog. il rrmaiiiB for us lii aeo irhethcr ol by ■ rircular letter. 

UM enltretltely Iheir number is sueh, rem- In another plare mention ia made of the aama 

mn4 wiUl llut of IIh" rawn whose hiali>r7 is erytlpelatouieui!i,probab1ye«mprehendeduiidcr 

!■ ■», •• to (Ive souic solidity to the ohjee- ihe I went y-fiiur which have been Jualmeutinnod. 

liMl- The disease ii ucribed to the too great depth <^ 

Tin MlladiMia tA whtrJi we hnto had r^ the indnoos, by mcuns of which the cow-pa' 

Mnatttrandy, in urderto g>v' ■" anawer lathe matter had been putheJ loo tWr below theaUi 

•Iter ^SMliona, will atill fumlsli us with iiumcr- instead of being inlrodured between it and " 

ant r»H. In ..-iiiify this. epidennis, Other obaervxliona nut give 

. !-n(^ of Paris, beaidos the facia probability to this p mum pi ion, which wu 

li'-nt ahote, fiirnjshea the fol- not attempt luctaminc hi-rc. 

in ibe am In the proportion At Alep|vi, the tnglikhrunsul, Mr. Barker, 

"I" i auppuratlofls cODtlanio): nucteedeil iu faniiliarisinj; Ihe iHiople Id taat^l 

. in the propOTlion of one to lion; (!00 were taccioslMl in IHM, nithout 

I",'""' ; Bill! ili.-.^ an only local accideiita. par- torring a single ditogreeable accldcnl In folk 

llcxiar to tli0 parts on which the Inoeulallnn In IMUtho SpaDiihgotcrnmentUndcnaok 

*•• paTfomied. As to general arridents they tiobtc aad pineroU' enterprise of aFUiIing ou' 

tar only beiea ohMfrred when from particular c&pedillon, which Icnnlaaled in 18C(f. The. 

•y«ta Mie number of puortnrn has been very „b}tel of this expedlttoa was to convey to 

*ui4 iacreiaril. a* whcd Ihejr hate amomiW t» their Amerlmo and Adatic pDBscstivn<i thv new 

^1 te, jo,ar rtait toltV. These «(!<'idrnts hav* meant of preaenlnE the colonies a^insl Ihe 

^ fcnr wid r«niuIji!on<, whi'b did noHo ravages of lliv unall^x. 

Mf la«li»™ terminate falally. The ciitea col- A cerlalo number of children wn* embarked. 

I.«^ I- ... 1..„ _» D-j. 11 ...J. .. _i ,^ ,^ f^ taecinalid sucWMiielj durinj 

age. In Wm nuattet Mic tu^.^^x-niru 



N 



e w« ^H 

.UeliT^H 



VACCINATION. 

WHK trantportf d to the Cannrien, to Porto Rico, dure retultii that aeein dia nctricallT oppoaite fn 
to the Cararraft, to OnAtimala, to New Spain, to earh other. The^ eftVn^ do not appear cootn^ 
tfie Philippine islands, to Mnrao, to Canton, to dirtorj, bnl because they varj aeoGrriio^ to the 
the islands of Yisaye, where a hostile nation was disposition and the 8tn<^th of the aubjeeta who 
ao atnick with this act of i^rnerosity on the park receive the virus, and acc«>rdin(; as the eaaentiai 
•f the Spaniards as immediately to lay down phenomena of the malady, which thia^irua oeea« 
their arms. The colonists of St. Helena, who aions, take p-aee with more or less vIoleDce, r»> 
bad hitherto refused the cow-pox matter from gtilarity, or perfectioa. The fact okiata. Tbe 
their own countrymen, received it from the only conclusion, which id our opinion caa ba 
Spaniards. The provinces of Terraflrma, of drawn, ia that these efeeta depend apoa gaocral 
Carthagena, of Peru, &c likewise receiyed the laws, which it is not our busineaa bare to as- 
ctfw-pox matter, which was even found indif^en- plain, and that they must not be regarded aa a 
ous near Puebla-de-los-Anf^les, not far from apecifteproperty, which, if itdid exist, oouldnttt 
Valladolid, and in the Caraceas. The viceroy gife birth to consequeaoes ao different, 
of New Spain has attested that out of ^,000 in- We must, nevertbeleas acknowk-dpe, thatbow- 
dividuals vacciirated in his f^ovemnent nut a ^^er strikiuf the obscrvationa nay be, they do 
tingle unfavourable accident bad come to his not lead to a striking demonstration. Honca^ 
knowledge. when any person saya that ioooulatioB ikvoma 
At Ecfaaterinoslaff, the Duke of Ridielieu^ the cure of a particular disease, vre muat rcatrwt 
IfOTemor of the Crimea, assures us that out of the proposition to mean nothin([( more thaa a 
V065 individuals raccinatcd in six month!*, not a aimple expression of the particular faet obaenrod. 
aingle aecident intervened, except one, in which A person was afflicted with a chronio diacaao^ 
the amall-pox appeared the day afler vaccina- from the knowledge of tlie character a^d pro^ 
tion. ffrcBS of which we could not expect a ^wcdj 
Finally, in 1810, M. Cinrioni, minister of the cure. This per«oB was inoculated, and aooa 
interior at Milan, wrote to M. Sacco that aa far after the cure took place in a manner qait- im- 
fts bis information went, notk single instance had oxpected. Such is the fact. To draw aa m con- 
oeeurred of small-pox appi^arioj; upon iodivi- sequence that the inuculalion waa Ibe cauao oC 
duals that had been vaccinated, and no disease the cure, it \wuM bo necessary that analog oua 
whatever had foUowed the process. Mistanoes had either always, or at leaat very fra- 
il appears to us that the small number of an- quently, occurred; otherwise the oomeidcaaa 
favourable observations which have been collect- m^y ha\e l>een entirely accidental, 
ad, and amon^ which we must not include those Examples are f;iven of obstinate, eves heredl- 
not well authenticated, and which depend upon tary ulcers, of eaehexy, scurvy^ oruptaotta. Ice. 
assertions dcstituie of proof, disappear cntii«ly cured in consequenoe of inoculation. Tho cha- 
before such a mass of facts. racier of those who have attested theao faeli 

V.-Snpposinff that inoculation for the small- 2?!' ""l^P^T*. "! ^ ?"**'*"' *" .ST^il!!; 

pox has the advantage of sometimes favouring Y'/ ^^'^^ admit them; but to prove that th^ 

the cure of certain chronical diseases, u this ad- ^I^^'T" °"?h .k ^^ * preference for 

vantage peculiar to it. and ought it to ensuro it a l?;^!".''*'".? "* *\m ilTi T*^ 7"* ''■^' 

preference over vaccination > cmation, it would be at k-ast neceaaary to prove 

"^ ^ that vaccination has not been followed by equally 

This question does not present fewer difficulties fortunate couKequencea ; but the very contrary 

than the preceding. fact reaults from the observations collected by 

In speaking of the diseases, the origin of which the correMpondeuoe of Paris, and from several 

has been referred to vaccination, we might have cai^ea announced in the works extracted by the 

observed that the same reproach had been thrown authors of the Bibliotheque Britannique. The 

ogainst the small-pox, and that not without some variety of facts announced by the oorrespondcnee 

yeason* Not to mention former authors sua* of Paris is so great that it might even lead to 

pectcd of partiality, we shall satisfy ourselves some aocpticisBi. We shall therefore only notice 

with reffrriiig to tbu authors of the Bibliotheque those relations which aro given by persona en- 

Jtritannique, who have given some instances, titled to draw our attention, and those the detaiU 

Other faclM of an opposite nature have been al- of which contain some interesting particulars, 

leged, showing that inoculation is an opoch of Without attempting to draw any consequences 

an advantagc>ous change in the conslituliou, by from tlicoiy we shall simply present a short state- 

tlie cessation of vAri%MiK infinaities, and the con- ment. 

CrmatioB of the health and constitution of the 31r. Richard Dunning, of Plymouth, in a work 

^non inoculated. published in London in ld(H), entitled Some Ob- 

These adrantiiges have been ascribed ritlier to ac'rvations on Vaccination, £cc. when speaking of 

rMe perfection of the eruption, tuitl the rei^ularity tiie cdi*(-t.s of vaci'iuatiun on the health, aaya, that 

/»f tlu; general coinmolion %»hich axTompanicn it, he has generally obsci'vcd the health improved 

or regarded as thceOeot of the suppurations pro- by vaccination, and he gives two instances: the 

longed i:i the place vihere the inoculation was first a young girl, daughter of a consumptive 

prrforiucd; a phenomenon which has been imi- father, subject to vomiting, and continually la- 

tated by means of a supplementary suppuration, houring under oppression, with a cadaverooa 

induced by blintcrs ulicn the circumstances of aspect spotted v\ith livid blotches. After a for* 

tbe case seemed to require it. It has t>een con- tuuate aud successful vaccination, she in a few 

ccivcd that these evacuations destroyed the causes mouths rt*covcrcd the best p«»ssiblc state of 

of the diseases formerly evisting« and in the health. The Mh*ond example was a child tvio 

midst of Tihich tbe amall-pox had made its ap- years of nge, naturally delicate, recovering from 

ncarance. \ an inflammation of the brcant, but still pale, very 

Observers will not consider it as a fontradic feeble, and oppressed. This child, after vaeci- 

mto say that a commotion esclted by the in- nation, speed iiy recovered strength, acquired a 

sductiott of tbe matter of tnuU-x>ox may pro- good habit of body, a free rcspiratiooi and ftA 



VACCINATION- 



MM>tI<lt tlale «f ImlUi. M. Msunoir, otGt- 
mttu, •« this oecadon add* sBulher iiXiUnre; ■ 
«4utd. «)mw arai wu ootcred with darlrous 
ifi^fMI, Whick ialtnrd durine tbe inHumce 
•TtlH Mv-p«ii inaenUtion, and aismneil tlie ap< 

■hilliia wma arar Uiii child got quit at the rrup- 
tlMcnllMly. TbesuueiwrwntffimiiitJiathehM 
«hMirVid| Bwa BncrrmlK TaccinBlion, a sensible 
fauna«vBnl is tbe hemlth of delicate iDfintn. 

■faBiUr mult* ha>* bceo aDDouacrd in the 
■pmidi cSpedition, with an InlcntUm to pnbllih 
tbtm. 

Ur. 8*era. in hii treaHse Delia Vacdoaitne 
(linHt. XeaO), aflUnu, thai whcD TaednatlDg in. 
Ami afcrtfd with pall; la the armi or lower ex- 
tmailla, irvobled wiUi rhronii? diHiim of ttie 
(laBd*, &«. he made a gtttt nunilKr of punclum 
«« pnrVM. la the anounl DflhiHy or fnr!; : lliBl 
■saM of iMm patientt were perfectlj rured, and 
Itet tb* bollh of olbcn iT«i eonudcreblf im- 

M. BHTCf, Of BMBSconr obmrei that vacc]- 
■ ■ M— ted b«ca performed, in 1801, in three 
vIB^n fcalanflas la bi* departaieat, on 141 in- 
(feirta BNitar IWcWc jean oFai^, cooititutiagmore 
thaa aaa kalf af all the cbildren under that age 
latbepliM. Inl809norewerthaa ISlortbcse 
cktUmi enjejed [lerfecl health, scYen aloae 
Wii«c I'd of ditTrrent diiteawsi but of the 
chQ^Mi ikal had Dot beeo raroinalrd no feirer 
Una tfnu-iix were drad, though no loiall-pox 
ImJ vbiM Ihe omintrj durinf the period. If 
nadtr IkU taut number be ddI) included the 
AiUf«a thai eiUled in 1804, and nnl thow born 
M««Mi that perioil and 180)», we mult conclude 
AM VMainalim bait rendered the children Icsi 
■MatfAiiiW af atlier diiaaaeti but H. Barrej'i 
tttKwwOtm fa MrtauBeiMtlj praclaeto esableui 



VMlaMvwstt 
kar. lfw«t«l 



TIm IHteU maUlned in the eorreipondeace af 
1 tbemwltc* ia a Bueh (realer oum- 
I all theie curen to be 
iliall at leait allow the 
•BiariinMaortbeeureiwiihvacrinalion. £itn 
!■ Ibal OBM the gnral number of farti muat pro- 
Aacval lead a nupicion that lanuDation had a 
tuafnl r#*rt in Ihne caiei, and gite us a cei^ 
l«t«| that at leait ll wa> not iiguriouj. 

Tte maBc* af the Dbwriera, the placet where 
tta abMUntlain wcm made, tbe hind of obier- 
»Mliaa, ara tnarliod with preeiaion in the note* 
■UA bavc bora put Inia aur hnndi. A conii- 
<i l »tl» MMber eater into detail >, bolbmpect. 
tag Aa •bvnoiMDB and Ibe netfamlt mplafcd ; 
Iba — ihw af pHartuTCT made in order to induce 
• Baivfiaaaldanblc emsmolloa, and to render it 
—fa f»»ital Bsd Burecflcaeiauf. 

WaovfM la nmaih hinvnore parlicularlj the 
MlaJlw Wbieta atbrt the organi and funrlion* 
wMdt htlmnf %o tba Ijupbiiic •jrittm. On IhM 
aaeawrt we aball begin with them. Fourtera 
ak«art^raka*a(l>ca a grrat uuinbcr of example i 
rf Ifcg I mala laetea diaappcaring aRer laivlDa. 

paa atwtiBUnt for iwenlj-aeteo daji. Svncn 
rfiHitria katc ••bI ■ great number of obiem- 
liMH, twa at which are ■crompinied with dalaOj, 
tlaliaC Ike leraiiBStion nf daitroua aSketiona 
different pan* of the bodT, nad 
Inooeaf 
ly a vialent 
w-pm, and by a au^ 
a mwtlt, Ki«llt«tB ob. 



■errtrr!) haTe gi*en an asMlfBt irf i4tnH(^ Urf 
oliaiiaalFoptbalmiaiio acmfutoua rbildrvn cured 
by TaiTiualion. Eight uf thrae obscrralioiit ars 
detailed, la aereral eaici Ibe ptmclum made 
amounted Id flfleeti or twenty, ^onie were iiirtde 
iu tlic nape of Ibe neck. In moil ef them Ibe 
■uppuratioai wer» long continued ; annielimi-* 
thej were aunecded by biialera : but in ererj- one 
of the CB»e» the aame meana bad been emnlnyed 
bcfuru vaccinatioa without an; cAbel, Twelia 
obsertert hare given numcniu* facta rrlalite la 
Ibe tcrminattOD of Bcrofola after Taccination. 
Eight uf Iheae are detailed. In ear the tcrofnU 
waa cumplicated with opthatmlB. Sixteen punc- 
laro were made in the limbi. Oa the aCTFnth 
day the child opened iti cjci, and waa tapable 
of bearing Ibe light. The indamiuBlion uf lh« 
puncture! waa Tiolcnt; the inguinal glands aub- 
(icled, the icrufuleui tumour) disappeared, and 
the rure nan complete; but it was tfauugbl proper 
to enileaiour to render it atill more aecure by a 
cautery performed on one of the liniba. In an- 
olbercaae the acrafuloui^ lumoura were open, ttiej 
diic barged »a unhealthy ^u>, and tbe 8eth waa 
pale and fungoua. During the progreia of Iha 
enw-pui the edgei of the ulcen berame red, and 
tbe Sesh dnu ) the luppuralioB beeame lea* abun- 
dant, and les* waterjj much of the humoura waa 
drawn to the vaccinated arm ; the inofutou* tu- 
jDoan bealed in the oeurae uf a moolb ; the enW' 
pox continued to tuppurale during three moDtht, 
and ibeD the cure was conplcle. 

Since tba mlroduetlon of Tacdnatian into Iha 
deparlment of Hi.unI Blanc, M Carou, pbyti- 
cisn of Anoecy, affirnu Ibat the number of acra- 
futoui diicau* bai leniiibly diminished; and M. 
Bacon, pliygicim at Palaiie, that in tbe hoipilal 
for children, furmerly filled with scrnAilaDs caaet, 
DO lueh dlteaM i> now to be found. Four ob- 
•errers sent variuui obsnrrationi, dTeofwhicb 
are lery detailed, and bate for their abject) eaiai 
of rickeii, Dot indeed cured, but modified in ■ 
reoiarkable manner, and the progrcsa of which 
wai either stopped, or sensibly retiirded, by tdc* 
eination. Tbe power of wallung recsier«d, 
•trenglh increaaad, and the antidity of atalioti 
re-e< tab tithed, were the most aentible i-ffecl* that 
mulled j and in theae euei tjie nunwrou* punc- 
lurei along tbe spine* were the mean* by which 
they flattered theuselTca with baTing obtained 
auceesi. Throe obserTer* hare ipokea of Um 
tinaa capitis. One of the Db*enatiuns ia de< 
tailed, and gircs an aecaunl of a lioea <•( a yel- 
taw colour, yieliliog a copious yellow buisour, 
of the conaialcaca of boney. Twelve pundurM 
were made upon the head iiself. When the van. 
einal crusla fell olT, the eruiU of Ibe tinea dried 
Up, fell olT, and the cure wai complete. Pin 
obserttr* fumi*b numtrnua facts respecting Tie- 
cinatlon parrfonned on pitienU l^iouring under 
aerrou* disorders. t'lTO af tbaac are dslailed. 
A megriin which continually dirlured a )uung 
man of rourteen yeari of B«e, for scleral years, 
Taniihed after tba luppuralion of the caw-poi. 
Daily coatultious, during t«D Ri<inlbs, in aehild 
of twenty montha, wbieh bad not bean Blleirlated 
by medicine, becsmo less tioleat during the pm- 
graai of TaednatioD, and afterwards disappearaf 
altogether. Various eonmlsiia diieaaei, thre* 
of wbich were epileptic, were tuspvaded during 
the pri.jreaa of Ihe oow-pox. Afterward* they 
coDtiuued to recur, butsi losgeriulenals. Threw 
af then), one of nliich waa hereditary, ivsml al 
loftUwr. Ib »&■ thai had « - 



^ 



VACCINATION. 

day, t]ic TBNination wa«perronni*d during sleep. It will be Mked, perliapK, whetlior, if w« ftd« 
because it would have broiif^ht on a fit if the mit an equality of adyantagCH in favour of vac^ 
patii'iit had boon awake. The cpilepay diKap- cination and iuocuiatioo, conKidcred as a remctly 
pearvd the ninth day after the Tacriontion. In for diilcrent diMeaxcRy it would not be of advan^ 
liiu, Mho was afllicted with an hereditary epi- iage to preserve the inoculation for the »inall* 
U'psy, and who waa cured, vaccination wan per- pox as a nic^ns of utility in certain situations, 
formed by iui-ision, and the pustules were con- We answer, that in such a comparison w% 
verted into an ulcer. Ten observers furnish va- ouf^ht not 1o leave out the dangers of a conta- 
rlouii observations, four of which arc detailed, gion^ subtile and persevering like that of the 
and relate to perimlical and obstinate fcversy siu all-pox, compared with the «iru8 of the cow- 
such as quartan*, double lerlians, and quoti- pox, which can only be commuuicaled imnie- 
dians. Thvy were cured by vaccination. Two dialely, because the least alteration destro)S iU 
quotidians, with which young bob of twenty- pn^peiiies. \Vc ought als'b to reckon for nomc« 
eight were afOicted, had lasted fur ten uioutbs; a thing the hope at present entertained of beinf 
double tertian, in a child of three yearc, had able to destroy the small-pox altogether. Could 
lasted tliree months. They ceased after vacci- houses for inoculation, though eitablislied under 
nation. In four persons afflicted with intermit- the care of the police, be subjected to laws so 
tents, and Vaccinated, the cow-pox appeared only severe, and to a sequestration so exact, as to 
Upon one, and he alone was eured. prevent completely the spreading of tlie small- 
Several other obseneni, to the number of pox from theui, something might be said in its 
fourteen, hare furnished various remarkable facts favour ; but whoever considers the nature of man, 
rvf>pecti'ug difii' rent other diseases. Inaniafant, and the state of society, must be convinced of 
a year old, a paUy of the left arm, which had the impossibility of securing any such object 
lasted two months, disappeared a month after In our opinion, even admitting vaccination and 
yaccination, performed by making six punctures inoculation to be equally efficacious in removing 
in the diseased arm. A great number of violent other diseases, the balance in favour of vaccina^ 
coughs have lieen suspended, moderated, or tion is so strong that it is impossible to hesitate 
eured. The consequences of suppressed measlesy one moment about preferring it. 
namely, a dry eongh, fever, and diarrhcea, were «.w ** « , . .,. 
eared by a c^w-pox induced by twenty pune. T^— J?^'^ ^" ^"^ "^^ ^^^^""^ "««" *»?•' F.^T'- 
tures, during the suppuration of which a strong native efficacy of the cow-pox, compared with the 
fever and miliary eruption occurred. A violent ««^™« ad>Bntage resulting from the small-pox, 
pain in the joint of the left thigh, with which a n»*"™^ or inoculaUd > \^ hct consequences fol- 
ehild of nine yearn of age was afflicted, with a ^P'^ ^~™ *»?'»» P«-«Pcrly considered, m the one or 
threatening of spontaneous luxation of the limb, *"e other virus ? 

wa« treatai by means of eighteen punctures round Nobody disputes the power of tlie cow-pox to 

the diseased joint. Sixteen pox, the aureolas of preserve from the small-pox : and this questioOi 

which were eon fluent, occasioned fever, and then which at the commencement was the nu»st iw- 

suppurated. Soon after the pain of the joint portent of all, has now become only secondary to 

disappeared, and the cure was complete. A white various others that have been put, and most of 

•welling of the knee in a child of eight years of which we think we have already answered. At 

age, and a dealbess which had increased for the same time, to this question must be referred 

eighteen months in a ehild of six jears of age, a variety of other particulars of considerable in- 

werc lM>th cured by vaccination. terest, such, for example, as the distinction t>e- 

Such are the facts which we liavc collected re- tween the true and Talse cow-pi>x, tlie eruptions 

■pecting the diseases existing at the time of vac- that have twen confounded with the small-poX| 

dnation, and cured by that process. We hnvo the changes inlroduced in the bills of mortality 

noticed those only which are related wilh prifi- by the introduction of the cow-pox, the hopes of 

•ion. We do not think that tliey ought to be dcstniving the small-pox, or of driving it out of 

always considered as cures due to vaccination, the civilized world. 

Separately taken, we do not Si'c in tliem any The idea of the faculty of preserving ft«m the 

thing else than a coincidence bolwecn the time small -pi>x divideia itself into two questions. 

of cuH! and vaccination ; but taken collectively, One may l>e thus stated : Will an individual, after 

we think that the number of fscis, and the cir- being vaccinated, if he be placed in a situation 

cumstan(H>s accompanying those which we hnvc proper to pmduce the small-pox, and which 

fiartieularly noticed, give at least a presumption usually produceM it, continue exempt from that 

In favour of vaccination, more than suillriiMtt to disease? The solution of this question can only 

eounterbalanee the facts which have lyeen alleged be obtained b) a multitude of expei*iments ; and 

in favour of the small -pox, in what wav sovver tlmt solution will give, then, not ab^tolute rcr- 

that diM'ase is communicated. Weacknowlfdge, taiuty, but degrees of probability proportional 

at the same time, that a comparison iM-twn-a to the number of experiments undertaken to 

^*acciiislion and inoculation for the small-pox, in resolve the question. 

this point i>f view, rannotbe fairly mntir, because The other question is this: Is it ini|iosfiihle for 

a mii:-h gn-nler numln'r of cases of the foruunr a vaccinated persnu to be infected with the nuial I- 

than r»t* the Itttter havt* btvn civen to the public, pox ? Kxperience cannot decide, in the affirma- 

\arcinution, under the wpcrinl projection of go- tive, the qiK*«»lIon when thus stated; but a single 

vernniput, has iH'cnmo the object nl'a n*eiilarand ob^cr^ntlon is fcuitii-ient to decide it in the nrga- 

ketive <*nrn ^pondence, in which few fiii'i> havv live. If 111 at obsiTvaiion d(K*s not exist, the 

esTuped ohsei'vers, only in danger uf being led question must iwntinuo insiiluble; liccause, in 

aslrny hy their leal. Inoculation, on the other order to ivstilve it, we niu^t be acquainted with 

hand, hut little favoured bv government, was the nature of the viruK o Ismail -pox and of cow- 

benmi'.- the ehie<t of enter{ n^-es, in which a pox, with all tlie nrcuniotanci>s which are capable 

spirit of cupidity waa much muri- prevalent than of excluding or produinig mntagion, and witis 

"V spirit of obs«r%atieB. the pecuUv dispositions which prevent men fron^ 



VACCINATION. 

mntractin* it: ill of ihem things absolutely un- whenoctheei^htli,ci^htyeigl)l;tv'henonthcniufh, 

known ttf ujc. oi£plity-fivc ; i^hen on the tenth, eip^hty ,: when on 

W« mnht therefore eonflno oufselveH to th(* the eleventh, fifty; and when un th« tv^elfth, only 

first of thew question*, and inquire into what from ten to fifteen. nesidpR thi^, th(> longtir time 

eonfidenne we may repo«e in the presttrvative elapses before the matter be exlmcted from a pock| 

poww of the eow'pox. Sudi is the nature nf tbe more likefy is the pock to suppurate, and be 

the question to be resolved. We thought it ne- converted into an ulcer. M. Hacro recommends, 

uriiary to fix its nature with precision, before likewise, ill order to be more certain of the efli- 

yroeevding to eollceti as we have done with the cacy of the matter, to avoid opening the pock too 

•ther qaestions, tlie positive elements of its sola- near the centre where the puncture was made, 

tioB. Let us establish, in the first place, the but to take the matter from as nearly as possible 

Bature of the facts which Ought to constitute theouter edge of the pock, where it is more uni- 

the^e elements. formly pure and limpid. Notwithstanding the 

It U obvious, in the first place, that we ought various ingenious modes that have been contriv- 

to es elude all thone in which tlie characters of cd to transport the matter from one place to an- 

the eow-poT have not been ascertained. Some other, the most certain method of vaecinating, 

penoos have considered the difference between when it can be done, is to take the matter out of 

the true and false cow-pox as a subtilly; but we one arm, and immediately introduce it into an- 

aBBwer, thai when tbe charaeters, taken from the other. 

rpoeh of development of the fonn and appear- A second order of fkcts whidi ought to be ex« 

ma«T of the pock, of the nature of the humour eluded firom the comparison, consists in observa* 

coBlained in it, of the manner of its desiccation, tioos of eruptive di&easesj distinguished by the 

aad of the mark which remains after it has name of the small-pox, but which from theif 

dropped off, are lo distinct from each other, as in characters belonged evidently to the chicken-pox, 

the true and Iklae cow-pox : when to this differ* or lo some anomalous emption, which have but a 

eaee it Joined the determination of the circum- faint resemblance In fdrm to the small- pox, bnt 

itaneea upon which the failure of vaccination are in other respects quite diififrent. Such erup- 

mnally depends, aa, for example, the too late lions show themselves every day upon children 

period at wbidi the virus has been taken, the who have had the small-pox | and tvhen they 

chanfca in the cow-pock which have occasioned appear before that diwasc, they do not prevent 

the mixture of pas with the true limpid liquor it from infecting the patient. An attentive ob* 

of the cow-pock— -when these circumstances have server can easily distinguiith such eruptions. 

ken acenrately observed, no farther ambiguity The small-pox have a regular jHvgress which 

icmains, and tlie distinction l>etween the two cannot be mistaken ; and when they are confluent 

kinds of pork is perfectly established, and may they can be still confounded with other eruptions, 

W easily detennined. which are usually exempt from all danger, and 

This diflcrraoe was established in consequence even from severe illness. Every observation 

tf errors eommitted in the first experiments. At then, which does not give as the essential cha- 

Faris we were in possession of the false cow-pox racters by which the Small-pox is distinguished 

■Btlcr, nnd were not acquainted with the effects fkom other eruptive diseases, and in which vre 

•f the true till Dr. Woodville made a journey to do not find the fever of the commencement of tba 

Praaee> nnd naturalixed among us the irue disease, tbe eruption, the suppuration, the fever 

■atlcr. At Geneva false eow-pox matter im« of intumescence which accompanies it, and Ihtf 

psMd upon the physicians, and disappointed desiccation— ct cry such obnervat ion cannot corns 

tkcir hopes during twenty-one months, tili, in into comparison with the observations in favour 

May, I WO, the virus sent by Dr. Peanon sue- of the present question. 

ttedrd completely. Tiiere is a third order of facts which cflnnot 

The diiiereBt characters of the true and false be admitted into the comparison of which we 

cow-pox matter have been already pointed out in speak j we mean those cases in which a true 

Uie frprirt inserted in the fifth volume of the small -pox makes its appearance during the time 

AyMcnl and Bf athrmatical Memuira of the In- of vaccination, at an epoch when we must sup- 

ttitule. They have l>een repeatedly publiMhed pose that the infection was cau!;ht before the 

W tile eeMtral eomnittee of the society of Paris ; cow-pox could exert its preventive powers. This 

tbf^- are described in several parts of the Biblio- point has been discussed in the flrsit report to the 

Ihvquc Britannique, and in various other pub li- Institute. We have already, in the nicmuiri 

cations. Dr. Sarco has given at the end of his given several cvAmpIcrs of it, in speaking of tbe 

*ork very good plalea, where both the true and eruptions and diseases ascribed to the cow-pox. 

ths false eow-pock are represented. On this point Dr. Sacco has made some curious 

Bcsidea this. Dr. daeoo, endeavouring to fix experiments, to determine the precipe time when 

Aw time when the eow-pox may be usefully com- tlie small-pox may still appear after vAcrinstion. 

■aaicnled, has delermliM*d by experiment the Supposing the cow-pox to appear on the third 

lelation between the prnhabiUiy of sui'cess, nnd day aftur the puncture, the inoculation fur the 

the successive dnvs in which the virus has been small-pox performed between the flr>t and fifth 

•illeeted. According lo his observations, sup- day ocrnsious the appearand; of the siiinll-pox 

paling that the row-pock l»et;insto Rppearon the between the seventh anil eleventh day. In»(U- 

thifd day, as usually happens, the success may lation performed on the sixth or seventh dsy 

ke nmaidered as certain if the virus be taken occasioned a slight inflammation of th<' part 

between tbe fifth and eighth day, reckoning from punctured, without any general eruption. Either 

tbe time 4if the puncture; or between the third no pox appeared over the punctures, or if they 

iad sixth day, reckoning from the appearance of did they speedily dried up. Inoculation pcr« 

the pock, lie found that when the matter was formed from the eighth to the eleventh day pro- 

tikm on the sixth day ffhim the appearance of duced a slight alteration at the place of the 

the pock, out of lUU punctures, ninety-live sue- puncture, seldom a p^ck, or at least it very sipecdi- 

nsAsilj wbcD Ml the scttntb; ninttj'-two: ly dried up. InocttJaiion with small -pox matter 



VACCINATION. 



I M dxIrHl ioruDb Mwrcn tho 
cli-n-ulb anil Ihirtccntb d*)- after isrrination, 
Uin* nf tlirm ocl) FShibilnl ■ (li^bl redncu at 
tbe plan of Ihe puaclunr. nhitr IhF thirlnn 
olhrn hail (ui ijinplonii wlialetcr. If Ihe fornia- 
tioa of Ihfi row-park be latiT lh>in Ihr Ihift) itj, 
•a hii>t>Fni K>n>Mia», In IhstcaM Ihe pnatibilil; 
of till' <auil-poK iaferlion will be exlend^ to ■ 
time {irDportioiiBlIf longer. 

Th«H dcUili tpprared (o ui DctftMrjp. in 
iR^r (n nhow to whil dtf^rcp of exartnen ob- 
MTtallom na the prcwnalitc power of the eow- 
poa haic becB carried, and to nhow that the dif- 
UnntiuDi tn which theie mcirrha have given 
origin are far froB heinp, *■ loirf peruDi wiih. 
u> lo brlicie, ■ubliltiei and lubUrfjgea iDveDtcd 
to nciiu the want af lueeeu. 

Now in appljing the reiDUki thai haie been 
node tn the alleged Dbierralioni of hniall-pux 
appearing afler vardnalion, if we exclude all 
thane whieh want (he rondilioD* ncreiur; for 
rendering then rredilable, we flod very lillli! 
which can eoiue in umpelition with the facta on 
the olbv Hide. There arc, howcTer, loiue, 
■iCaintI which It J* diffieult to ilart anj ptautihie 
o^cclian. The Jennerian B.icici; of Londoa 
ctidenltj admit the exideooe of mtch, r- - 



I, ele*c! 



d nnee 



report. The College of Sur|;eaa> of Londua na;, 
that out of 16,4^8 raMi of Taceioation (here 
were Adj-tii, that i>, oDe in 3,00l), where il wis 
iatuQIncnt to act at a preMrtativr from the 
■mall.pox. But they have not infonned ua 
■ ■ " iteeffo.-torih< 



lloui, and ti 



r fniuffi 



y could be aicribcd. The author* 
Blblii>lbt(|ue BriUnniqiK bate inwrlrd in their 
worh a letter from Idodon, dated 5th Aupiit, 
IBll, ■tallng that the ualioualeow-pomlablj^h- 
BCnt in London had publiibed two earn of 
■aall-pdi occurring after a tnoit auccenarul rac- 
oinatioti. " Thene caiei," lay* the letter, " are 
well BMvrtaincd, add admitted oa the part oflhc 
■■labliihiDcuI. But the^ publiih, at the Hine 
Ume, three eaica of natural ■mall-poi occurring 
twloe la the same Indliidual, after an iulcrral of 
•lerra j«ar»." 

The correipondence of Hie central eommiltee 
ef farii eanlaini Hoe aluillar caamplea 8iz 
iib*er*atioBi were eomBuaictUed bf men nail 
Inromed, and frca ftam prqudiee^ but tbey 
wera not aecompaaicd wilh detail! luSnent la 
rcmoieall uacvrlaUtj. Two of theie announced 
•mall-pox appearing in the inidil of an epidemic 
•mall-pox, Which aSicted Beau vaiiiin llie autumn 
ef ISia Hut the children in whom tbii diieaie 
appeared had been vaccinated when the cow-pox 
waa flnt iolrodurcd inlo Prance; and a* no de- 
tail* araglvEu, it ia very ponible (hal Ihediteaie 
rouimunicated wa* llie falte cow-pox, at that 
time au remtnon In Ihia oouatry. ,\ll the olher 
rhildnn, vacrlnatrd la the aame plan, and at 
latar period*, continued exempt IVom the imall- 
poa. Tharw i« a fad, which waa Teriflcd bj 



ha* been ticcinaled lo be aBicled with tbe mmK* , 
pox. Nor iode«l ought we to look for an} >acli 
impo«ibiIil]', as it hm been well aKcertaincd Bol 
In hold, even after inoculation, with the matter 
of Mnall'pni. 

But what dep«ps of prnbabillty do Ibeacob* 

tervRtive Cram *mall-pax' We may oblala itb| 
comparing the number of individuals who baia 
taken the tmall-poi aflir varriaalion with Iba 
whole number vaccinaled. and nho bave nol 
caught the infection, lUnufch repcHedlj exposed 
to it. Another baM of Ihia eialualleo I* Iba 
number of coUDlct- eipehmenti made, either b]> 
inoculation, or by placing penonalhal hant>c«B 
TBccinated In tuntaet wiUi Ihoie that are aUcttd 
with Ibe >mall-pDX. 

If we lake the result of llie correipnndcnte aC 
tbe eenlral commillrv nf Pari*, Ihe icvcn obaeri. 
lationa a' ovc- mentioned, lupposing then all 
exact, are to be u|ipaii«d to no fewer IbiB 
3,671,669 case* of laccinatinn. If it be objeeled 
Ibal Ihcae seven obtervalions, Ibe only one* with 
which the committee were acquainted, are in bD 
probability not the only onei which have oerarred 
in the empire, we answer, Ihat cien these tereo 
■re not altopcther fne ^ta unrertainty ; and 
Ihat thed,6Tl,e'U vacrinationt meolioned by the 
eommiltee are far from bring the whole Dumber 
hitherto performed iu Fruire. These two Bom- 
ber«, being tbe whole ablnlDcd by the aame nu^na, 
are very fairly cnmparable witt< each otbar- 
They gire ua the ratio of I to 381,660. 

With retpect lo couoler-ei peri men li, they are 
of three kindi; those made by inoenlaliag 
with anall-pox lirua; those reaulting froa 
ConiiOf in oantact n ith infected peraoDaj 
tboae reEulting rrom the reporta nf epidecaic 
imall po« in village*, from which nry few 
persona escape. The accounis transmitted la 
the eommittce present 640 individual* put lo Iba 
teil of inoculstiooi OSO penona titing with ib- 
diiiduali aSirtrd with the KoiBll-pox, and lo 
contact wilh Ihem, yet eicaping the diaraic. white 
every other penon look it ; and 4313 who in the 
midnt of epidemics affecting whiile villages ea- 
raped the general contagiau i making in all i&63 






1 the ( 



in. in cirmmatanrcs either artificial or 
nl, in which Ibry ougbt, had it nol been for 
inalion, to bave been afflicted with the dia- 






*dU> hav 



obtained in all other 






»ith a 



meroua, but favourable amall-poi. on the Till 
Daecmbar. IBOtt Thla child, called Emma 
Karoui-una. lived In the old *U*ct of IheTemplej 
Nn. IU, lud bad been >ucrvurully vaa-inalMl on 
the 34lh March, ItUM, by M. Usnv, physician la 
Bin Kran;ai>, who had prevrrved ao acsount of 
Uw vaMlnation, and llsprngrea* Ilia there fore 
ni4Ht Ukt it U not ii^pMtUila fix « duU that 



ar-li, il la Impossible Bol to 
conclude that the probability Ihal vacrinatioa 
will preaerve from the toiall-pax i* ai stmng aa 
Ihat inoculition wllh smallpox virua itself wilt 
prove efficacious ; or Ihal the im all pox will cat 
recur I second time in the aame iodivtdual : for II 
i^ipeara to us unrcaaunable, or at leant premalnrt, 
to cuoclade thai *niall-pax will rrciir aRer th* 
one oftearr tbau Ihc other. 

If In these ubservatiuus we Join Ihoae whM 
are their natural rouHi)uence, and which bav« 
been attested by pbytiriani and naglstralcs, both 
in France and in other countries, thsl luialUpaV 
epldemiea hate been slopped in their progress hf 
vaccination i Ihat they bare bi-en etrluded tram 
Ihr-ibc vUla|;ri where varcinatloii had lirCD gene- 
rally prartined ; thai Ibeae epidemic*, which u—d 
lo rcium al ataled periudi.bave ceased to apjicar 
at tbeir uiual epochs i that mti 
CtMtd to kuBW Utc laiatl-pas, Mi4 Ihtl Jl 



»pi**r 
saban 



V 



<\ 






VAC VAC 

nufh more uncoinuinD tbtn ronnfrly In rnreigii (a vacrinaticiD, which b«v« m*de Ibeir 
Itoirni thcmielTH, except in tho«e pixel aiipoLnncv during its cuurw, orwbich, hkvlng 
h* pr(judjc«i or the pvaple haTe rrjecled pretiounljr eiUled, acquired an intrfuiity irhidi 
■on : thM tbc nortslity of children hiu ougbl In be ucribed not lo tlie liriu of cow-pox, 
ud that populalioD hai remirluhly but lo Ihu peculiar lUte of ths lulyecti racm- 
*arinu« plarn — if we coDtider all Dated. 
IkMa drniBulanon, wa iball not only appreciate 'rhal the ditordcn which hare been lonietimei 
Iha adtWDlaee* which ■neiely it likely to reap nbiervcd to follaw vaceiaation, when they are not 
tarn the prseioiis ditcoTer; of Jeaoer, but the oning to diKeaui already existins. are evidenllj 
lii^ (bal Ibe imatl pox, that dreadful loourge particular casri, owing lo tbc condition ofindl- 
if Ndety, will di<appe*r altogelher, will be no viduali, and which, bearing no proportion lo the 
kajn chiiDcrirBl ; lince thia ha* been already number of caxw exempt frmn all iiiich dua^ree- 
waSiad in (ha** plaeei where the cunSdiniK of able result), can give no roam for drawing a ge- 
IW pODf la in the eOcae; of vai.'ciDatioa hac in- nerel and unfavourable oonclutioa. 
4aeed the* generally to adopt it. That theie obtenalion*, even BUppoilog them 

Tbr ntporti publiahed by Ihe central commiltec inconteitable, are more than compeniated by the 
ttPtrU in 18(0, ISM, ISM, 1S08, lljll, and numerous exiiaple* of cbranic and obMinate 
*~ — ' 1 1ralLetiaiof ilaroireipoudence, lualadiei which hove been completely and unez- 

. auccuaiirely publikhed, coulain pcck'dly cared by raRcinalioa: and thai lhei« 
poatliie proof* of all that wc bate example*, if we compan them with similar 
JMly, of epidemic* terminated or exauiplei in favour of aniall-pai iaoi^ulalion, If 
I, ol their periodical return* pre- to tb.a compariion we join the diSerencea in Uia 
by the number of vaeciaaliona^ and of the euential character of the Iwo ipeciea of Tirua, 
^S not only rendered rare, but of it* being and in their coDtaglouseffeda, give lo vacd nation 
'a particular plaK>, hince the au incDoiparable advantage over imall-pox ino- 
BccinaUon. The aanie pheno- culalion, coniidcred a* a preireative of imall- 
■■• «* anciieo by the minuter of the inlerioi fioi, and a* a remedy for other diieaae*. 
rflfca kiagdom of Italy, eapeeially in Ibeepide- Finally, that thepreaemtiveelf^rtoflbeeaw- 
■iea mhmii aad at Bre*eia and Milan, The pby- pox viru*, when Ihii viru* la pure, and baa 
Mima af Oeaera alteat the annihilation of the produced genuine cow-pox, ia at leaal aa ocrtalD 
takU-BOV ia their tnwa. The diiainution of b> that of the virua of aniall-pni ilielf; and that 
■artaflty, and the inereaied'populallon, in con- when coaiidered relative to sodely in general, 
MfMMW, have been aircrtained at Ruuen, at ■aecination hat an adranlage which amaU-pax 
n— iiialh. «t Betan^n, In the department* of inoculation cannot poaaeu; namely, the advsn- 
•• Vpftr Rbiae, of Dordngne, &e and even in t»se of atopping, dimiaJRhing, and dcitroying 
aaHVfuaiifnuf Paria. Theae are irtvfragable epidemic amall-pox ; nfdiminiahing the mortilitj 
1*1 aft at the adTanlage* which may be cipecled of children, and of inereaaing the papulation ; 
Imi tbc diamvery of Jenner. and that the reiull* already obtained give hopes 

la dw aae«uat which ns have given to tlic In- of aeeiog the imalUpox, one of the moat diamal 
MlM^af the reault* obtained from the introdue- diwaae* under which mankind haa groaned, re- 
Ik* af Uw aow-pox into Fraace, after twelve mated entirely from the face of Ibe earth. 
)MnM|«fl»ee, we bate only eollected fact, of VACCINIUM. Wl.o rile berry. Moor- 
laMled «.tbentle.lr. We were of opmioa ^^ i;ra<.l>et.y. Id boiony. 3 «liu* '■( the 

vwB Iroa aavobaervation*, the mure nuflierou* ,, ■ ^ . j ' l i 

IWyaachltobe. We have rejected all the eaae* P«ialW, stameru ii.ierttd Oil the receptacle ; 

ab^ X advantagea reaulting might he ateribed t^="T inferior, four-celled, miuyieeded. Twen- 

V> peeulkr eireumatanwa la the case. It wa* ly-aevcn *pecie», chwfly nilivesof North Amc- 

Mt ooe iatealion to cnneeal any of the motive*, nca) lei-eral of Europe, a few of Ja|i3i) : four 

■r any of the IkeU, on wbirh the ul^eclion* made common lo our countly. « follow. 

■caissiiaceiBaiioDbavebFeafonndi'd. We have I. V. myriillui. MyrtJcberry. Bilberry, 

■aapand both aide* uf each queilion together; Bleabeiry. Pedunclei one-(low«ieil ; leave* 

aad >« have aimvd lea* at drawing abioluie and ovate (crrate deciiJuiiuf ; ileiii angular, 

_,j_j _ _ .h ht.ioing ihe Found on heaths i the berry blueish-bbck i l.ut 

■^"^ V there u a variety with while bt'rrics The 

■| f'lh'" betrie* »re uiiinnent: ihey areeaicn in milk 

rh it may render to i" ihe highland. i,f Scotland, and oflen ..lade 



■ oon*cqueiicic 
tbn tervien whit 



(att> and Jet) ei. Grouse feed u|)nii iheni 

havee.Ubliahed,ioaaali.factDry when ripe; and they are sometimes employed 

^.dora'l&lo Ihe body any malu-r calculated to 2. V. ufigino^^unl. Great bilberrv-bush. 

rlara diaagrerable eiieet*, and which ought to Peduncles one-flowered ; leavn obotuic, very 

Ibrvwa Dot by eruplioa* limilaf lu thu*e uf entire, glabrouii branchea round. Found on 

lb* iaaJI-pax. hcatht, and on the sunimiu of ihe Highland 

Tkal Ihe eraptiont, which al Arat frnjucntly mounuins: thi berries larger, but leu eUHmed 

kDM*«d vacooalloB. were owing not to the ^^,^„ ^^,^ ^^^^ 

w^t» «r Ite vlrua ll-elf, but to other d re um- 3 y. vUi. id«3. Bed whotikberry. Ra- 

MM«a^n.tt «*«•"" "'". ^"'""' "^'k".!^' een.« terminal, ..oddioR; leave* oho.a.e. re- 

^Siil?™*.'^i'd •""«. d«tiool.te, do.teSondemealh. Found 

*r!^S!^t^^t.utU of vaccination «" "-"ihs; the berries, whieh are .!«. daM. 

ivMtawatacrvadinicbt to be ucribed 10 cBU>e( f-atpU, »n aubacid aDd cooUng. In bwedokj 



VAC VAG 

they are often made into rob or jelly. This, in ricellian tube (see Pneumatics, pa. 

the old botanical books, is an arbutus, it is to and it is very doubtful whether the pa 

ranked by Caspar Bauhine, and is probably of the densest bodies known be in | 

one of the arbuia inatura puniceo colore referred contact. See Optics. 

to by Lucretius, lib. r. 939, as constituting a Tq VADE. «. n. (vado, Latin.) Tov; 

part of the food of man in his savaae state, and to iiass away {ff'otton), 

hence rendered trt'/i tt7oo(^t{7Aor//< by his traoi- Vade mkcum, or Veni mecum, a 

Jator. The passage is as follows : phrase, used in English to express a thir 

« Olandifenu inttrcurabant corpora quercas " ^^^T handy and familiar, and whic 

Plerumque;et(jusnuncbyberu8temporescemi8, usually carries about with them; < 

Arbata puniceo fieri matura colore, applied to some favourite book. 

Plurima turn tellus, etiam majora, ferebat. VADO, a seaport of Italy, in the terri 

But acorn-meals chief culled they from theihade Genoa, with a fort; taken by the Fret 

Of forest-oakfi ; and in their wintry month', 1795. It is three miles W. of Savona, ; 

The wild wood-whortle with its purple fruit S.W. of Genoa. Lon. 8. 8 E. Lat. 44. 

Fed them, then larger and more amply poured. VADS^FEIN, a town of Sweden, i 

Good. Gothland, where the kings of Swede 

4. V. oxycoccos. Cranberry. Moorbcrry. formerly a palace, now in ruins. It is 

Leavesovate,Tcry entire, revolute, acute; stems on the £. side of the lake Wetter, nc 

i;reeping, filiform, glabrous. Fodnd in moors river Motab, 32 miles W. of Nordki 

and peat-bog9; berries red, and nearly of the Lon. 15. 55 E. L»at. 58. IS N. 

size of those belonging to the hawthorn. In VA'G A BOND, a, (voga^^ona, Frencl 

Cumberland, and some other parts, they are Wandering without any settled habit 

cultivated largely and very profitably by the wanting a home {Ayliffe). 2. Wand 

poor, who bring them in great abundance to vagrant (^Shak%peare\ 

market, whence the country becomes supplied v a'oabond. j. (from the adjective 

with the fruit that provides us with cranberry A vagrant; a wanderer: commonly in ; 

tarts. It was formerly used in medicine under of reproach (Raleigh). 2. One that w 

its specific name. See the article Oxycoccos, illegally, without a settled habitation (/F 

and BoTAWY, Pi. CLXXXIII. VAGAOIY. 5. (from vagits, Latin.) . 

VACHA, a town of Germany, in the land- freak ; a capricious frolic {Jjocke). 

C.vateofHesse-Casscl,40milesS.£.ofCasseI, VAGINA, in botany, a sheath or 

n. 10. 12 £. Lat. 50. Sb N. brane investing a stem. 

VACIIK, an island of the West Indies, off Vagina, in anatomy. Vagina uteri. 

theS. coast of St. Domingo, op))Ositc St. Louis, canal which leads from the pudend 

It was formerly a rendezvous of the bucanicrs, external orifice to the uterus. It is som 

Vrho began a settlement here in 1673. of a conical form, with the narrowe: 

VACI'LLANCY. t, {vaciUanst I^t.) A downwards, and is d<:$cribcd as being 

state of wavering ; fluctuation ; inconstancy six inches in length, and about two i 

(More). meter. But it would be more proper 

VACILLATION.*, (vacillaiio, I^ntin.) that it is capable of being extended to th 

The act or state of reeling or staggering iDur- mensinns ; for in its common state the c 

ham). isseldom found to be more ihanthrecinchi 

VACUATION. t. (from vacuus, Lat.) the external orifice, and the vagina is con 

Tlie act of emi)tying. as well as shortened. The vagina is comp 

VA'CUIST. M. (from vacuum.) Aphiloso- two coats, the first or innefmost of w 

pher that holds a vacuum {Boyle). villous, intcrs|)crsed with many excretory 

VACU^ITY. s. (from vacuiias, Latin.) I. and contracted into plice, or small tra 

Emptiness ; state of being unfilled (Arh.). 2. folds, particularly at the fore and back pa 

Space unf.l'c'l; sjwice unoccupied {Rogers), by child-bearing the«e are lessened or 

3. InaTiity ; want of reality {Glanville). rated. The second coat is comf)osedof 

^ VACUNA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- membrane, in which muscular fihres s 

sided over repose and leisure, as the word indi- distinctly observable, but which are em 

cutis {vacare). Iler festivals were obser\'ed in to a certain dejirce, with contractile now< 

the nionth of December. {Ovid). a muscle. This is surrounded hy cellular 

VA'CUOUS. a, {vacuus, Latin 5 vaate, brane, which connects it to the neiehb 

Tr.) limply ; unfiiled {Milton), j)arts. A portion of the up|)er and p< 

VACUUM, in philosophy, denotes a space part of the vagina is also coxered hy tli 

empty or dc\ Old of all matter or body. Ii has tona*um. The entrance of the vn^ma 

been a matter of much disipute among phi- stricted hy muscular fibres, ori^inatinj 

]o><r){ lii'r:i whether there be in nature a per- the rami c»f the pubis, which run on ea 

fret xacuuiM, or fpace void of all mutter; of the pudendum, surroundinp^ the p< 

but it lio'.licb consiiit of material solid alomb, |»art, and executing an equivalent oflTice, 

it is ctldeiii that there must be vacuities, they cannot be sai<l to form a true sphii 

or mohuu would l^ iiupussihle. We can The up{)er part of the vagina is connc 

eveu produce M>nieihinji{ very near a vacuum the circumference of the os uteri, but r 

ill tlic receiver of aa air-pump and in the Tor* stnug|it lioti io as to render the cavity 



VAG VAG 

ntenis a continnatioD of that of the vagina. th« hymen remained unbroken ; but^ on 

For the latter stretches beyond the former, and, making very particular inquiry, he discovered 

being joined to thecenix, is reflected over the that this was her second labour, and that the 

OS uteri, which, by this mode of union, is 8US- part which from its form and situation was 

pendcd with protuberant lips in the vagina, and supposed to be the hymen, with a small aper- 

permitted to change its |visitioo in various ways ture, was a cicatrice, or unnatural contraciioii 

and directions. When therefore these parts of the entrance into the vagina, consequent to 

are distended and unfolded atthe time of labour, &" ulceration of the part after her former 

they are continued into each other, and there is labour. Fungous excrescences arising from any 

DO part which can properly be considered as the part of the vagina or uterus have been distin- 

precise be^nning of the uterus or termination guished, though not very properly, by the 

of the vagina, general term polypus. See Folypus. 

The diseases of the vagina are, first, such an Vagina of the nerves. The outer 

abbreviation and contraction as render it unfit covering of the nerves. By some it is said \p 

for the uses for which it was designed : second- be a production of the pia mater only, and by 

ly, a cohesion of the sides in consequence of others of the dura mater, because it agrees with 

preceding ulceration : thirdly, cicatrices afler it in tenacity, colour, and texture. 

an nlceration of the parts: fourthly, excres- Vagina of the tendons. A loose mem* 

eences : fifthly, 6uor albus. This aboreviation branoits sheath formed of cellular membrane, 

and contraction of the vagina, which usually investing the tendons, and containing an unctu- 

accompany each other, are produced by original ous juice, which is secreted by the vessels of its 

defective formation, and they are seldom dis- internal surface. Ganglions are nothing more 

covered before the time of marriage, the con- than an accumulation of this juice. 

summation of which they sometimes prevent. VAGINALES. The name of the twcnly- 

Thecurative intentions are to relax the parts by seventh order in Linn^us*s Fragments of a 

the use of emollient applications, and to dilate Natural Method in his Philosophia Botanica. 

them to their proper size by sponge or other VAGINALIS. Sheathbill. In zoology, a 

tents, or, which are more effectual, by bougies genus of the class aves, order grallae. Bill 

gradually enlarged. strong, thick, conic-convex, compressed ; the 

Another kind of constriction of the external upper mandible covered above with a moveable 

parts sometimes occurs, and which sevms to be horny sheath ; nostrils small, placed before the 

a mere spasm. By the violence or long con- sheatn; tongue above niund, beneath flattened, 

tinoance of a labour, by the morbid state of the pointed at the tip ; face naked, papillous ; wings 

constitution, or by the negligent and improper with an obtuse excrescence under the flexure; 

iKe of instruments, an inflammation of tne ex- legs strong, four-toed, naked a little above the 

teinal parts or vagina is sometimes produced knees ; toes rough beneath ; claws grooved : 

in such a degree as to endanger a mortification, one species only, V. alba, white sheathbill. 

By careful management this consequence is which inhabits New Zealand and the South 

usually prevented, but in some cases, when the Sea Islands ; from fifteen to eighteetv inches 

constitution of the patient was prone to disease, long : feeds on shell-fishes and carcasses, 

the external parts nave sloughed away, and in VAGINANT LEAF, in botany. A 

others equal injury has been done to tKe vagina, sheathing leaf. See Sheathing. 

But the effect of the inflammation is usually VAGINATE STEM, in boUny. A 

confined to the internal or villous coat, which sheathed stem. See Sheathed. 

is sometimes cast off wholly or partially. An VAGINOPE'NNOUS. a. (vagina and 

ulcerated surface beine thus left, when the dis- penna, Latin.) Sheath-winged; having the 

potion to heal has taken place, cicatrices have wings covered with hard eases. 

been formed of different kinds, according to VA^GOUS. a. (vagus, Lat. vagt/e, French.) 

the depth and extent of the ulceration ; and Wandering ; unscttl^ : not in use {Ayliffe)^ 

there being no counteraction to the contractile VA'GRANCY. «. (from vagrant,) A state 

itateof the parts, the dimensions of the vagina of wandering; unsettled condition. 

become much reduced, or, if the ulceration VA'GRANT. a. Wandering; unsettled; 

dioold not be healed, and the contractibility of vagabond ; unfixed in place i^Prtor), ^ 

the parts continue to ofjerate, the ulcerated VAGRANTS, in law, are divided into 

surfaces being brought together may cohere, three classes : 1st. Idle and disorderly persons, 

and the canal of the vagina' be perfectly These, as described by the vagrant act, consist 

diMed. of those who threaten to run away and leave 

Cicatrices in the vagina verv seldom become their wives and children to the parish. All 

an impediment to the connexion between the persons returning to a parish whence they have 

•exes ; when they do, the same kind of as* been legally removed, without bringing a cer* 

•istaoce is required as was recommended in the tificate from the parish to which they belong, 

natoraloontractionor abbreviation of the part; All who, not having wherewith to maintain 

they always ^ve way to the pressure ot the themselves, refuse to work. All who beg alms 

head of the child in the time oflabour, though from door to door, or in the streets and nigh- 

in many cases with great difRcultv. Sometimes ways. Likewise those who, not using proper 

the appearances may mislead the judgment : means to get employment, or possessing ability 

Dr. Denman was caned to a woman in labour, t» work, refuse to do it; or spend money in 

who was thoo^t to have become pregnant; alehouses, or in any improper manner; and by 



V AG V A I 

iMdi employing a proper proportion of iiMf «ctiiiiae him ; and >^ ^ cuinot shew some 

ramings lowa^ the maioirnance of their fa- lawful way of ijetting hU livelihood, or pro- 

niliesy sufierthem to become chargeable to the core bail for his reappearance, may commit 

{Murish, The punishment for these ofiences is him for a certain time not exceeding six days ; 

A oomnuinient to the lioiise of coneeuon, and and if, after advertising his person, and anj 

hard labour, for any definite time not exceed- thing about him suspected to be stoltn, no ae- 

ing a month ; the Ume must be set forth in the cusatioo is brought,-, he sliall be discharged, or 

«vamnt of .commitment, which must also dealt with according to law. All rogues and 

ahew the authority of the person copimitting. vagabonds are examined upon oath as to their 

The commitment must be in execution, that parish, and the written examinatioii signed by 

is to say, for punishment; and being so, the them and the justice, and transmitted to the 

justice must make a record of the conviction, sessions. 

and transinit the same to the sessions. Any The punishment is public whipping or con* 

person may apprehend and carry such persons finemen^ to the house of conection till the next 

AJieCbjre a ougistrate ; and if they resist or escape, sessions, or any less time ( and if at the scssiona 

ihe shall be punished as rogues and vagabonds : the court aclji^ge spch per|on a rocue and rm^ 

the reward for such apprehension is nve ahil- gabond, or an inconigible fogue, inty Miayor« 

lings, to be paid by the overseer of the parish* der such rogne or .vagabond to the honee ot oor* 

^. Rogues and vagabonds. No infant under rection and hard labour for six months, or such 

t)ie age of seven years can be called a rogue incorrigible rogne for not less than six months or 

a^id vagsbond, but shall be reipoved to its place more than two years, and durinx his confine- 

pf settlement, like other paupers. men^ to be whipped as they shall think fit. 

The following is a list of those who ai9e And if such rogue or vagabonil ia a male above 

deemed rogues and vagabonds. All persons 12 years old, the court may, after his con^ne- 

gathering fldins under pretended losses ; persons ment, send him to be employed in his majes- 

soing.ab9utascollectprsfor prisons or hospitals; ty*s 8er\'ice: and if such iucorrigible rogue 

|<;ncers ; bearwards ; common plavers not le- snail make his escape, or offend a second time, 

gaily authorised ; minstrels ; jugglen ; real or he shall be transpotted for se%'en years. After 

pretended gyp^^n ; fortune-teflers i any persons such whipping or confiaement, the jnstice 

nsiug any subtle craft to impose upon any of his may, by a pass under his hand (of which a 

mjyp,sty*f syl^ects, or playing at unlawful duplicate shall be 61ed at the next sessions), 

games, or any who have run away and left cause him to be conveyed to the place of his last 

their wives and children a charge to tne parish ; legal resideoce, and it that cannot be found, to 

all petty chapmen and pedlars not autnorised the place of his birth ; and if they are under 

by law i all persons not giving a good account 14 years of age, and have parents liviug, then 

of themselves ; all beggars pretending to be to the place of their abode ; and the parish to 

soldiers or seamen, or pretending to go to work which the vagrant shall be convened shall em- 

in harvest ; or illegal dealers in lottery tickets ploy him in some workhouse till he geu some 

and shares. And a)l other per^ons wandering employment; and if he refuses to work, he 

abroad and h^^ng, shall be deemed ros^ues shall be sent to the house of correction and hard 

and vagabonds : the reward for apprehending labour. 

such persons is 10s., to be paid oy the high The general tenor of the laws respesting va- 

p>nstahle, on an order from the justice* There grants is extremely severe, and very justly so ; 

IS a penalty of lOi. on a constable who refuses and it is the duty of every justice of the peace 

or nedects to apprehend them. to keep his district free from this class, as they 

3. Incorrigible rogues, are all end-gatherers, are great burthens to the parish, and very dtffi. 

oflendiiig against the stat. 13 Geo. ; which is cult to be removed. For the best account of 

collecting, buying, receivingi or carrying, any the vagrant act, vide Burn's Justice, vol. 4, 

ends of yam, wefu, thrums, shortyarn, or other article V amnt, 

refuse of cloth or woollen goods. All persons VAGUE, a. (vmgue, French ; vagus^ LaL) 

apprehended as rogues and vagabonds, and es- 1. Wandering; vagrant ; vagabond (£^ie.). 

ca{>ing, or refusing to go before a justice, or re- 9. Unsettled; undetermined (Locir). 

fusing to be conducted by the pass, or giving a VAHLIA, in botany, a xenus pf thcdasa 

false accoimt of themselves on examination, pentandria, order digynia. Calyx five-leaved ; 

after warning. All rogues or vagabonds escap- corol five-petalled ; capsule inferior, one-€cll« 

ing from the house of correc^on before the ex- ed, many-seeded. One species, a herb of the 

piratloo of (he time of their commit/uent ; and Cape. 

al) Who have been punubed as rogues and VAIL. i. (voi^s, French.) 1. A coruin ; 

va^abQiiJ?^ and repeat the offence. a cover thrown over any thina to be conceal- 

Tlicre it by 17 Geo. II. c. S3, a privy search ed (^H^dom), 2. A part of female dress, by 

appointed ; and the justices or two of them which the fore is concealed. See Vbil. 3. 

four times a ye^r at least meet, and command Money given to servanu. See Valb. 

the constables of every ward or parish, proper- To Vail, v, a. To cover. See Veil. 

1y askiitteft, to make a general Mrarcli in one To Vail, v, a. iavaitr le lomeit French.) 

nighi. aixl cau:>e all vagrants tha; shalj be fonqd I . To let fjll ; to suffer to descend {Carew). 

on such se«ircli to be brought before a justice ; 9, To let fall in token of respect iKnolles). 3. 

stnd two justices, in C4se such person is charg- To fj^ll ; to let sink in fear, or for any other 

19 a vagrant^ or on sufpicioa of felony, maj interest {^hdttpeart). 



V A I 

r« VdHt. r. ■- To yield ; to give place ; » 
•tow Kncct bv rieldiiitf CSanfA). 

VAIIXaNT (John Foy), a French medal- 
Ga, horn •iBeiuiaii, l639- Hr slutlieiljurii- 
pnideacr, and Rflerwards medicine i but the 
li^i of • number of medilt, which a peaiani 
iMad in duging in a neiDhbouiiiig iietil, lixcd 
the beni afhit geniui. On a vieii to Pari) he 
■M lauwlaced lo Colbert, who engaged him 
• uanl u*CT7 Italv. Sicily, and Greece, in 
MM of (ncdal*. On • wconiJ voyage from 
llailfilU r , he was taken by pirates, and wus 
huM m • ilarc to Algiert; but after five 
MallH eiTibTery, he (cturned lo France for hii 
■■■■. Ai Ma, ihe tight of another pirate 
I freih slavery ; but to preteryc the 
which he had collected at Algiert he 
red (hem. He landed iooa after at the 
— Bihi of the Rhone, and nature discharged 
tke&Tourite medals, He nndcriixilt another 
•opp, aod vititeii Egypt and Peraia, and ie> 
uimcd htailed with curioijliei. Hii laboun 
rtn liberally rewarded by Lewis XIV. ; he 
*aa aiAde auociaie of the academy of inscrip- 
Ww ITOI, and died of an apoplexy 170C,aged 
■MM«.«>x. The best known of his works 
MI,N«Uiitamata impcraionim Koman. prxstan- 
i«* ■ J. Cassar. aJ Posihomum U t>raonos, 
Mb, tnlarged to three lols, 4to. — Seleucidanini 
iBpOwn, tec. 4IO. a valuable work — Numia- 
Mn an* Aittiutorum fit Czsar. in coloniia, 
Jt>. MM voli. Mlio.— Niitnistnata impcraioruni, 
fee Aptal Crvcos, folio. Sfc— Ho ion, John 
Fiancu, waf born ai Rome, and educated at 
ParH anong the jesuiis. He took his degrees 
ia medicine, bntttudicd the science ormrdals. 
il« died I7t)9, aged forty-four, of an abaccM 
u> the head, ocrwioned bv a Uti. Me it 
mliortif a Trealiteou the Nature and Use of 
CoCtv.lec. 

V>iLL*MT (Sebastian), a botanist, born 
anr PoriioiM. from or)(anisl at a convent he 
ucame aectetaty to Fag'in, ihe king's iihysi- 
dan, and iras made direcmr of the royal gar- 
4mi. Haeririched tlw garden by the addition 
af ewnui plants, and had a seat in the aeade- 
nf of aeWncci. He published remarks on 
Toumefort'tlmtilulions o(Bounj~Butanicon 
hnttcaae, eunlaining an account of ihe plinta 
•rhxh now near Pans, with 300 plates. &c. 
HtdwdnfiiiaMhma. ITS2, aged fifty-three. 

VAI.N. 0. (netn. Frencli; eanur, Latin.) I. 
Fmiileni ineffectual (Sktiipearr). S. Einp- 
tj; Boieali shadowy {Druden). 3. Meanly; 
poad; prowl of petty things (Suijt). 4. 
biwwfi aalcnlalioiu (Popr). b. Idle; wnrlh- 
lc»; Doiiiiporunt (Denkam). 0. False; not 
tat. 7. /a Vaik.To no purpose; tonoetidj 
liiifwfillji without elTect iAddue^). 

VAWOLOHIOUS. «. (oan»> aiH] ghrio. 
Mliliatia.) Boasting wilhont performance!; 
■Md IB ditsKKurtiun tu desert {Millan). 

VAINGtmiY. .. (eaf.« gl«nu, Ulin.) 
Piridaabmc merit; ampty piide (T'uy/sr). 

VAlTfll-V. ad. (from eoin.) I. Without 
»fl»t«i 10 no porpote i in vain iDrgfien). S. 
Pnaiifi arroganihr i,Delann). 3. UW i 



VAI'NNESS. I. (fromoMi) Thetlaieof 
being vain ; pride; emplineis (S'lokipearc). 

VAISON, adeeayed town of France, in the 
deparuiient of Vaueluse. with a bishop's ■ 
It was lately subject to the pope, and i« ■(- 

ne:ir the river Oreie, and the ruins of am 
Vaison, which was one of the largest eili 
the Gauls. It it 15 mites E.N.E. of Orang 
andgfiN.E. of Avignon. Lon.S.SE. I 

+4. 15 N. 

VA'iVODE. I. (wttiicad, a govcrnom',' ' 
Sclaeoiiian.) A prince of the Dacian provinces, 

VA'LANCE. I. (from Falcticia, whence 
the tile of them eame.J The fringes or drapeir 
hanging round the tester and ilcad of a b 
ISwi/l). 

To VA't.aiicB. c. a. To decorate i 
drapery : not in use (Sliakipcare). 

VALANTIA. Cross-wort. In botany J 

Bnuj of the clasa polygamia, order mono 
ermaph. : calyxless; carol four-parted; 
mens four ; style one ; seed one. Male : 
iTileas ; corol three or four-parted ; stam 
lour or three ; pistil obsolete. Eisht speciq 
naiivesof the south of Europe or West IndU 
It was furmetly supposed that o _ 

try furnished a ninth species; but the plu 
thus luppostd to be a valaolia belongs to ^ 

VaIcKOWAR. a town of Sclar 
seated on the Wnlpo, nrai its confluence si 
the Danube, between Eascck and Peti 
rlin, 70 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Lon. |9 
ii E. Lat, 4i, 55 N. 

VALDAI, a town of Russia, in the govr. 
ment of Novogorod, on the aide of a lake of i 
jame name, Itcootaini several brick hoi 
ings; and even the wooden houset ai 
decorated than the generality of Russ 
togei. its environs riie into a variety of ge.. 
eminences, and abound with beautiful labM^ 
sprinkled with woody islands, and skirted by 
forests, coin-lield', and pastures. 

Valuai (Lake of), in the government of 
Novogorod, in Russia. It is 30 iiiile« in cir* 
cumference, and the largest in the country 
round the town of Valdai. In the middle of 



which 



n among a 



ofsurrouiidi 

Valdai Hills, hills of Rutsia, in ihege. 
venimenl of Novogorod, which, though of n« 
considerable elevation, are the highest i ' 
part of the country. "They separate the ' 
which flow toward the Caspian from 
which Uke their course toward the Balii 

VAL DI DEMONA. a provioce i 
N.E. angle of Sicily. It meant the valley 
demons, and is k> called because Mount Ei 
i( situate in ihii province, which occasiooed 
ignorant and super^tiiioiii people, at the lims 
of its fiery cmi)tioni, to believe it wai 
nev of hell. The capitil u Mci&ina. 

Val di Mazaka. a Drovincc in 
angle of Sicily, m calletl from the 
Mazara. It cnntaios Palenno, the capital 
the whole UUiid. 



I thi* 

m 



1 



V A L V A L 

VALDIV^IA. SeeBALDiviA. nftr (He Mediterranean, 130 miles E.S.E. of 

VALE. t. (va/, French; oalliit Latto.) Madrid. Lon. 0. 10 E. Lat. dg. 93 N. 

1 . A low ground ; a valley {DrudcM), 8. (from ^ V alenci a (New), a town of I'erra Firma, 

avaii, profit ; or vaU, farewell.) Money given in the province of Caraccas, seated on the lake 

to servants (iSnii/V). Tocarigua, 67 miles S.W. of Porto Cai-allo. 

VALEDICTION, i. ivaledico, Latin.) A Lon. 65. 30 W. Lat. Q. 50 N. 

farewell (Donne). VALENCIENNES, a city of France, in 

VALEDl'CTORV. a, (from vaiedico, the deprtment of the North. It contains 

Lac.) Bidding farewell. about SM,000 aouls, and the Scheldt divides it 

VALENCE, a city of France, in the de* into two parts, it is a very important place : 

partmcnt of Drome, with a bishop's see, a ci- the citadel and fortifications were constructed 

tadel, and a scIkx>1 of artillery. It is surround- by order of I^ewis XIV., who took this town 

ed by good walls, and the greatest part of the from the Spaniards; and it was conRrmed to 

public places, and many private houses, are him by the treaty of Nimeguen, in l673. In 

adorned with fountains. Beside the handsome 1793, it was taken by the allies, after a terere 

cathedral, there are many other churches, as siege; but it surreiulered, witliout resistance, 

well as late convents, that are worthy of notice, to the French, in 1794. Beside lace, this city 

It is seated on the Rhone, 30 miles N. by E. is noted for manufactures of woollen stuffs an^ 

of Vivicrs, and 333 S. by E. of Paris. Lon. 4. cambric. It is 28 milea S.E. of Lisle, and 120 

62 E. Lat. 44. 56 N. N.N.E. of Paris. Lou. 3. 32 £. Lat. 50. 

Valekce, a town of France, in the depart* 21 N. 

ment of Lot and Garonne, situate on the Ga- V ALENS (Flavius), a son of Grratian, bom 

ftmnc, ISmilcsS.E. of Agen. in Pannouia. His brother Valentinian took 

VALENCA D'ALCANTARA, a cousi- him as his colleague on the throne, and ap- 
derable town of Spain, in Estremadura, with pointed him over the eastern parts of the Ro- 
an old castle. It is surrounded by walls after man empire. The bold measures and threats 
the antique manner, flanked by some small of the rebel Proconius frightened Valens, and 
bastions, snd a few towers; is very strong by he would willingly have resigned to him all 
situation, being built on a rock, near the river his pretensions to the empire. By his lenity he 
Savar, 20 miles S.W. of Alcantara, and 40 N. permitted some of the Goths to settle in the 
of Badajoz. I^n. (j. 30 W. Lat. 39. 26 N. provinces of Thrace, and encouraged them to 

V ALENCEY, a town of France, in the de- make depredations on his subjecu, and to dis- 

partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the tnrb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened 

Nabon, 15 miles S. of Romorentin. too late; he attempted to repel them, but he 

VALENCIA, a province of Spain, formerly failed in the attempt. A bloody battle was 

a kingdom; bounded on the E. and S. by the fought, in which the barbarians obtained some 

Mediterranean, on the N.E. by Catalonia, on advanuge, and Valens took shelter in a lonely 

the N.W. by Arragon, and on the W. by house, which the Goths set on fire. Unable 

New Castile and Murcia. It is \6't miles to make hi;i escape, he was burnt alive in the 

lung and ()2 broad, and is the mo»t pleasant fiftieth year of his ace, after a reign of fifteen 

and populous country in Spain ; for here they years, A. D. 37H. Valens did not possess any 

enjoy a perpetual spring. It is watered by a of the great qualities which distinguish a great 

great nnnilier of streams, which render it fer- and powerful monarch. 

tile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits VALENTINA, in botany, a genus of 

and wine; and in the mountains arc mines of the class octandria, order monogynia. Calyx 

gold, silver, and alum. I'hc inhabitants are five-parted, coloured, spreading; corolless; 

much more lively than in other parts ot Spain ; capsule berried, four-seeded, pulpy. One 

and the women are handsomer. species only, a branched shrub of Hispaniola, 

Va I hK CI A, a city of Spain, capital of a pro- with alternate leaves, and terminal, umbelled, 

vince of the same name, with an archbishop's scarlet flowers. 

see, and a university. The Moors were ex- VALENTINE'S DAY, in the calendar* 

pelled from it, iu the thirteenth century. It the fourteenth of February, 

was taken by the earl of Peterborough in 1705, Valentine, a sweetheart chosen on Va« 

and lost again two years aficr. It contains lentine*s day. 

19,000 houses within the walls, beside those VALENTINIANS, in ecclesiastical histo« 

in the suburbs and pleasure gardens around it, ry, an ancient and famons sect of Gnostics; thus 

which amount to the same number. The called from their leader Valcntinus, an I'lgypt- 

eathedial has a steeple 130 feet hieh, and one ian by birth, who was eminently distinguished 

tide of the choir is incrusted with alabaster, by the extent of his fame, and the multitude 

and adorned with fine paintings of scripture of his followers. He lived in the days of Po- 

hbtory; the hiffh altaris covered with si Uer, lycarp, went 10 Rome in the |)ontificatc of 

and lighted witn fourteen silver lamps. The Hyginus, flourished in the reign of Antoninut 

palace of the viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monas- Pius, and continued to the time of Auicetus. 

tery of St. Jerom, the exchange, and the arse- Vide Euseb. Hist. Eccles. lib. jv. c. 1 1. His 

naf, are all worthy of notice. Here are flou- sect, which took its rise at Rome, grew up to 

fishing manufactures of cloth and silk, and maturity in the isle of Cyprus, and spread 

several remains of antiouitv. It is seated on itself through Asia, Africa, and Europe, with 

the Guadalavia (over wnicn are five bridges) amazing rapidity. His principles were much 



V A L V A L 

(t« nme with those of the Gnostics, though in of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and 

miny leipects he entertained opinions peculiar the Danube. While he spoke with great 

to himself. He placed in the plerom.i| as the warmth, he broke a blood vessel, and fell life- 

Gnrntics called the habitation of the Deity, less on the ground. He died on the seren* 

thirty cons, half male and half female; to teenth of November, A. D. 375. He Was 

these he added four others, which were of net- then in the fifty-fifth year of His age, and he 

ther sex, riz. Horns, Christ, the Holy Ghost, reigned twelve years. {Anmian, &cO— About 

and Jesos. The youngest ason, called Sophia six days after the death of Valentinian, hts 

or wisdom, conceived an ardent desire of com- second son, Valentinian the fecond, was pro- 

prehending the nature of the Supreme Being, claimed emperor, though only five years old. 

•od liy the force of this propensity, brought He sncceeded his brother Gratian, A. D. 383, 

forth a dau^thter, named Achamoth; who, but was robbed of his throne by Maximas, 

betog exiled from the pleroma, fell down into four years after the death of Gratian; and in 

the undigested mass of matter and arranged it ; this situation he had recourse to llieodosiuB, 

and by the assistance of Jesus, produced the then emperor of the east. Maximus wascon- 

demiuige, the lord and creator of all thing?, quered by Theodosius, and Valentinian enter- 

This demiurge separated the animal from the ed Home in triumph, but was some time after 

terrestrial matter; and out of the former stnnslcd (15th of May, A.D. 392) by a Gaul, 

created the superior world, or visible heavens; called Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too 

and out of the latter the inferior world, or the much confidence. Valentinian reigned nine 

terraqueous globe. He also made man, unit- years.— Valentinian the third, was son of 

iog in his composition the animal and terres- Constantius and Placidia, the daughter of 

trial matter, to which Achamoih added a Theodosius the great, and therefore, as related 

tpirituai and celestial substance. The demi- to the imperial family, he was 'saluted emperor 

urge, according to Valentinus, arrogating the in his youth, and publicly acknowledged as 

iMmnurs of God alone, sent urophetSv to the such at Rome, the third of October, A. D. 

Jewish nation to urge his claims ; and his 423, about the sixth year of his age. He was 

ambition was imitated by the other angels that at first governed by his mother, and the in* 

preside over the different parts of the universe, trigucs of his generals and courtiers ; and when 

Id order to chastise this lawless arrogance, and he came to years of discretion, he disgraced 

in illaminate the minds of rational bein^ with himself by violence, oppression, and inconti- 

the knowledge of the true and supreme Deity, nence. He was murdered in the midst of 

Christ appeared on earth, composed of an ani- Rome, A. D. 454, in the thirty-sixth year of 

mal and spiritual tiibstance, and clothed, his age, and thirty-first of his reign, by Petro- 

moreover, with an aerial body. Christ took nius Maximus, to whose wife he had oifered 

Mt upon him our flesh, but brought with him violence. He was the last of the family of 

a certain spiritual body from heaven, and Theodosius. 

pttied through the Vir^n, as water ikrough a VALENZA, a town of Italy, in the Mila- 

pipr, without the least participation of her nese, capital of the Lumeline. It has been 

lubptance; and that the Soter or Saviour flew often taken, and is seated on a mountain, near 

down upon him at his baptism in the shape of the river Po, 13 miles E.S.E. of Casal, and 

a dove. Vide Teriul. de Prescr. cap. 49, & 35 S S.W. of Milan. 

lib. adv. Valent. c. ^7* Valentinus maintain- Valenza, a fortified town of Portugal, in 

cd likewise, that the world was made by the Entre Douero eMinho, seated on an eminence, 

offspring of the devil; and therefore made all near the river Minho, o|)|>osite Tuy, in Spain, 

the wickedness in it owing to the make of the and 30 miles N.N.VV. of Braga. 

world, and not to the will of man. He denied VALERIAN. See Valeriana. 

the resunection of the flesh, and affirmed the Valerian (Greek). See Polemo- 

sou) and spirit only to be saved by Christ. Vide nium. 

Aug. Haeres. 11. The Valentinians, says VALERIANA. Valerian. In botany, a 

Ireiueus, call themselves the spiritual, and the genus of the class triandria, order monogynia. 

orthodox, psychicos, the animal men; that Calyxless; corol one-petalled, superior, cibboua 

these animals know not the truth, and for that on one side at the base ; seed one. Thirty-ona 

reason must be beholden to faith and goofl species ; all natives of Europe, except V. vilto- 

works for their salvation ; but, for themselves, ta, which belongs to Japn. They are thui 

they stand in need of no such things, because subdivided. 

they are naturally spiritual, and cannot lose A. V. iih a single i^appous seed. Forming the 

their spirituality; and therefore, though sin tribe of Valeriana, properly so called, 

may damn the churchmen, it cannot hurt the B. Fruit three-celled, crowned. Forming 

lainli, Iren. lib. 1. adv. Valent. the tribe fedia. 

VALENTIN! ANUS. This name is com- The following are cultivated. 

EMm to three Roman emperors; the first of 1. V. rubra. Common broad-leaved red 

whom was a son of Gratian, raised to the im- yalerian. 

C'al throne by his merit and valour. He 2. V. angustifolia. Narrow*leaved valerian. 

t the western part of the empire for him- 3. V. i>hu, or major. Garden valerian. A na- 

self, and appointed over the east his brother tive of Silesia, the roots of which are said to 

Valent. He obtained sigiul victories over the be efficacious in removing epilepsies and rheu- 

hufaarluit in Ibe provincea of Gaul, the destrty maiitinty etpedally sciatic rneumauimt. 



V A L V A L 

4. V.calcitrapa. Cut-leared valeriaii. With the consulthip. He died in the lOMi 

5« y . triptens* Three-leaved ▼alerian. year of his age, admired and regretted for manj 

6. y . montana. Mountain valerian. private and public virtues^— 3. Marcot Corrt« 

7* V. Cehica. Celtic valerian. nus Messala, a Roman » made consul %rttli 

6. V. tnberosa. Tuberou|> rooted valerian. Augustus. He distinjcuished himself by his 

9. V. PVrenaica. Pyrenean valerian. learning as well as military virtues.— 4. A La* 

10. V. locusta. Common com-sabd, or tin historian who carried arms under the sons 
laotib's lettuce. of Pompey. He wrote an account, still extant, 

11. V. officinalis. Officinal valerian. Found of the most celebrated sayings and actions of 
wild in our marshes, Uie root of which has the Romans, and other illustiicMis persons, 
been long extolled as an efficacious remedy in The veork is divided into nine books, and is 
<^lepsy, which caused it to be exhibited m a dedicated to Tiberius. Some suppose that he 
vaiieiy of other complaints termed nervous, in lived after Tiberius, from the want of purity 
which it has been found highly serviceable. It in his writinss.— 5. A Latin poet who flourish- 
is also in very general use as an antispasmodic, ed under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in 
and is exhibited in convulsive hysterical dtt- eight books, on the Araonautic expedition, but 
eases. ^ A simple and volatile tincture are di- it remained unfinished on account of his pre« 
rected in the pnarmaoopceias. mature death. 

VALERIANUS (Publius Licinius), a Ro- VALET, a French word, employed by us 

man, proclaimed emperor by the armies in to denote a servant whose office is to dress, 

KhoBtia, A. D. fM. The virtues which shone undress, and wait upon his master, 
in him when a private man were lost when Valbt, in the old manage, was a stick 

he ascended the throne. He took his son armed at one end with a bluntoJ point of iron, 

Gallicnus as his colleague in the empire, and to prick a leaping horse. Some valets formerly 

showed the malevolence of his heart by perse- had spur-rowels upon them, with the points 

cuting the Christians, whom he had for a beaten down. Wnen a horse first began to be 

while tolerated. He made war against the worked round a pillar, without a rider, they 

Goths and Scythians ; but against Sapor, king used to prick his flanks with the valet, to make 

e^ Persia, his arms were attended with ill sue- him know the spur and obey it without resist- 

ces9. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and ins. 

when he sought a private conference with VALETTA, a city of Malta, the capital of 

Sapor, the monarch seized his person, and that island, and wonderfully strong both by 

carried him to his capital, where he exposed aatuie and art. It is seated on a peninsula, 

him to the ridicule and insolence of his sub- between two of the finest poru in the world, 

jects. When the Persian monarch mounted which are defended by almost impregnable for- 

on horseback, Valerian served as footstool, tifications. That on the S.E. side of the citj 

Sapor at last ordered him to be flayed alive, is the largest ; it runs two miles inland, and is 

and salt to be thrown over his mangled body, surrounded by such high ground:^, that the 

so that he died in the greatest torments. His largest ships ma^ ride in the most stormy wea- 

»kin was tanned, and painted in red, and was ther, almost without a cable. This basin is 

nailed in one of the temples of Persia. Vale- divided into five distinct harbours, all equally 

rian died in the 7l8t year of his age, A. D. safe, each capable of containing a vast num* 

SSO, after a reiKU of seven yean. her of shipping. The entrance is scarcely a 

VALERIUS. This name was common to quarter or a mile broad, and is commanded 

many celebrated Romans, the moA conspicu- on each side by strone batteries, fronted by a 

ousof whom are the followinE: — I. Pnblius, a quadruple battery, one above the other, the 

celebrated Roman, surnamed Poplicola. for his largest of which is on a level with the water. 

g>pularity. He was very active in assisting llie harbour on the N. side, though only used 

rutus to expel the Tarquin^ and he was the for fishing, and as a place of quarantine, ia 

first that took an oath to support the liberty likewise well defended : and in an island in 

and independence of his country. He gained the centre of it is a castle and a lazaret. Va- 

tbe victory ui the battle in which Brutus and letta has three gates, and the streeu are all 

the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died paved with flat square stones. The houses are 

after he h^ been four limes consul, and re- neat, and built ot stone; the roofs forming a 

ceived the thanks which a people redeemed flat terrace plastered with postolana; and 

from slavery usually pay to their deliverera. roost of them have a balcony to the street. 

He was so poor, that his b^tdy was buried at the where the inhabitants pass a great port of their 

public expence. The Roman matrons mourned time. The principal buildings are the palace 

ois death a whole year.— 2. Coninuy, a tri- of the grand master, the infirmarv, the conser- 

bune of the soldiers under Camillus. When vatory, and the magnificent church of St. 

the Rouian army were challenged by one of John. The pavement of this church is 00m- 

the Senones, remarkable for his strength, Va- posed entirely of sepulchral monuments of the 

lerius undertook to engage him, and obtained finest marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a 

in easy victory, by means of a crow that as- variety of other valuable stones, admirably 

^- -> ^'*mt and attacked the face of the Gaul, joined tcwethcr, representing the arms, insignia* 

^ surname of Corviuus. Valerius 8cc, of thepenons whose names they comme« 

Mcr the Eiffuriana, and the neigh- niorate. The great source of water that sup* 

9 and wti lis ttmei hoaoiued plies ValdtA rises near Citta Veochia, and is 



V A L 

Vmbc* conTtyri by an iquelucl, (tcctrd ■! 
IfakvspeAOCDroneofihegraail tnailen. Not- 
wriihmnHtng the luppottd bigotry of the 
lllalme, here ii » nioiquc, in which the 
TadcMh ■bvn *re pcrmiilcd lo enjoy lh«ir re- 
Ggpoo. The Turks bnieetdihitcitj in Ii66i 
Vtt, a/ter miiny dreadful aiiaulli, were corn' 
peUed in ruw ibe »ie^, wiih the lost of.^O.OOO 
ncn. It Mrrendered lo theFrenchfimilcr Bn- 
MfNTlr, in I7S8; ind ihey, in 1800, jurren- 
4*Md it 19 tbe British, afier ■ blockade of iwo 

rn. V«UUa 1) liliiile nppostic Cape l*iiuero 
Sidry, Lon. 15. 34 E. Lai. 35. 5* N. 

VaLETUDINA'RIAN. VAtftTo'Diw^. 
ar. a. ImlttHdinairr, Ft. valcludo, Laiin.) 
WnLIf I ricklyi infirm of health (DrrAum). 

VA'LiAJiCE. 1. ivaillance, Fr.) Valour; 
petKNul puiuaocc I bravery (5^'Nifr}, 

VA'LIANT. a. ieaitlaiit. Fr.) Siout; ptt- 
wfiall* paiaani : bnTc iSeltan). 

VA'LIaNTLV. ad. (from valianl.) Sloul- 
Iti wiih pmnnal auength (.Snaliei). 
' rA'LlANTNESS. .. (from valianl.) Va- 
bat ; penonil bravery ; putiMoec ; Rerccneii ) 
MMIiMM(ir»<''^>). 

VA'LU>. a. {volidt. Fr. vaMu,. Laiin.) 
L Sirot^i powerful) efficacioui; prevalent 
(JfUtM). X. Having iniclleriiial forcci pre- 
nknl 1 weighiy } cnncluiive (AepA'ni). 

VAU'DrTY. I. (Da/i<i.(e, Fr. from valid.) 
I. Fence to convince) cerwiniy (Pept). S. 
TabK. A KDie not tued [ShaiiJ/faTe]. 

TALLADOLIO, a cli; of S|Min, in Leon, 



It 



and 



•wumIm by lUong wall*, has long and broad 
MracUi ann ii adorned with handiome build- 
Op, iqaaTC*, auil founiam). Tbe markei- 
El Catnpo. ii 700 pacet in ctt- 
nirtouiiileil by a ereat number of 
■■■■na. There a<-e 70 mim.iitcriei and nun* 
isiei, ibe finctt of which ii iliai of ibe I>i< 
ttoican*. rciiiaikable for its cliurcb, which 
a one of ilie nioit mngiiiiicent in the city. 
1W kioc* foriucrlf r'tided at ibi» placp; and 
ikaa^al (isbce. which >iill remain*, iaof very 
*" rnt, though but Iwu iiuriri hieh, 

jhoute UkM ii|i Ibe enlire >i(]e oT a 
The house of the inquliitinii is an 
for there are no wtidowi, but a 
et in the VigiH. Here arr wme 
«wllen manufactures, and mainr KQliUmiibs 
nd jcweJIcD. The environs of the city are 
CMried with jctnten*, orchards, vineyarili, 
attiawn, and lirlds. Il is seated on thr £s- 
c«ti, nesf the Pituerga, 74 miles ii.S.E. of 
Un,aml lou N.N.VV.of Madrid, i/>n.4. 
flW. Lat. 41.48 N. 
**lfcAI»otil>, orCoMAVAGUA. a city of 
""^ ipiial of the province of Honduras, 
■ " aeei leated in a plain, SBO 
Lon. es. 20 W. Ui. 



ANCY- *. (from valanee.) A large 

nihu altadc* the face (DrgiUn). 
ALLBA. in botany, a gennsof the class 
Hfandiia. order mooogynia. Calyx three oi 
"tB-batedi (wuli fotu or five, ttuecclefti 



V A L 1 

Hipna four or Hre-clefti capsule Iwo-oelletf, 
many- seeded. One ijwcies only i a tree uf 
New Granada, wiih allernale, hcarl-thupcd, 

enlire leaves, and ltd panicted ftoweti. 

VA'LLEY. ». (BflWe, Fr. vallu. Lai.) i 
low ground ; a hollow between hills (M" 

VALLIER CS1.J, a town of France, in _ 
department of Ardeehe, seven miles N.E^^ 
Tournon. Lon. S. i E. Lai. 49. tO N. 

VALUSNHRIA.in botany, a genus of ll| 
cbss dicecia, order Jiandria. Male : spalli^ 
two-parted ; (padix covered with florets ; conn^ 
three-parted. Female : spalhe cloven ; one- 
flowered; calyx three-parted, superior; iti^ma 
thrae-partcd j C4psule one-celled, maay-seeil ' 
Two species; oae a nalire of Fiomark, 
other of Coromandel. Aquatic plants, 

VALOGNE, a town of France, in 
narlmeni of the Channel, noted for cl 
leather. It is sealed on a brook, eight 
from the sea, and 1S8 W, by N. o* ' 
Con. 1. 26 W. Lai. 49. 30 N. 

VALONA. a seaport of Turkey in EuropM 
in Upper Albania, with an archbishop's 1M|J 
It was taken, in 169O, by the Vcoetiam, wha 
abandoned it after ihey had ruined the forti6- 
calioni. It is seated on theftutf of Veniec, 
near the mounuins of Chimera, AO miles S. 
ttfOurauo. Lon.i9.23E. Lat.41.4N 

VA'LOUOUS. a. (from tialear.) Brarcj 
stout i v:,liant(.S'pni.CT). 

VA'LOKOL'SLY. ad. In 3 brave manner. 

VA'LOUR. I. ivaitur. Fr. uafcr. Latin.) 
Personal bravery; sireiiuih ; prowess ; puiv 
sance; sloumesi (r^mpfij. 

VALPARlsSO, a town of Cbili. with a 
well- frequented haibour, defended by a siroag 
r«rl. It is wated on the Pjri5c ocean, at tha 
font of a hi^h mountain. Lon. 78- i* W. 
Lai. 33 3 S' 

VALPEHGA.a lown of Piedmont, in the 
coontv of Canavrse, 1 1 n..lei S4>. W. of Ivrea, 
and iB N. of Turin. Urn. 7- 44 E. Lat. 45. 
21 N. 

V.VLUABLE a. (ea/aa£/e. French.} 1. 
Precioui ; being of great price. S, Worthy [ 
desenina regard (.4ueriiirg). 

VALUATION. .. (from valw.) I. The 
Mting a valucj appraisement iRai/). 



V ALU AT 



who I 



I. (from vainf.) An ■{»• 
upon any thing its price 



(.Swift). 

VA'LUB. I. [value. French ; vaiar, Latin,) 
I. Price; worth (Joh). S. High rate (<J(Ui- 
lon). 3. Rale; price equal lo the worth of 
the thing bought (Ihydtn). 

To Va'iub. u. a. (valoir. French.) 1. To 
rale ai a certain pticc {Sprnter). S. To rale 
highly; lo have in high csiecm (Atlrtbury). 
3. To appraise; to esiimale ILevilieut). 4. 
To be worth : 10 be equal in worth to (Siak- 
iB'ari). 6. TotakeaccnntofCfioeoB). 6. 
'i'o reckon at, wiih respect to nuinlier or pow- 
er {ShaktpraTf). 7. T" consider wiih mpect 
to importance ; lo hold imporiant ll'larendoa';, 
8. To CBuipart with mpcei lo price, or Mvel- 



V A t VAN 

l^nde (Jot). Qi To raise to ntimatidn : nOt aotrtt doweri : as in borage and other asperU 

in ii»e (^Sidney)* ibliaR. 

VALVE. Ill hydrauliw, pneumatics, &c. VA^LUELESS.aiBeingof no value (SAa*-. 

IS a kind of lid or cover to a tube, vessel, or ipeare), 

orifice, contrived to open one way ; but which, V A'LUER* f. He that values (Fell), 

the more forcibly it is pressed the other way, VALVULA, in anatomy, (dim. of tra/ra.) 

the closer it shuts the aperture, tike the clap« A little valve: a valvule, 

per of a bellows: so that it either admits the Valyula coli. See VitLYB of tbE 

entrance of a fluid into the tube, or vessel, and coLOsr. 

prevents its return; or permits it to escape, Valvola eustachii. A membrarious 

and prevents its re-entrance. semilunar %'alve, which separates the right 

Valves arc of great use in the air-pump, and auricle from the inferior vena cava, 6rsi de^ 

other wimt-machines ; in which they are usu- scribed by Eustachius. 

ally made of pieces of bladder. In hydraulic VaLyula tolpii. See Valve or THE 

engines, as the emboli or suckers of pumps, colos. 

they are mostly of strong leather, of a round ValvulA conhivbntEs. The semilunar 

figure, and fitted to shut the aperuites of the folds formed of the villous coat of the inlesti* 

barrels or pipes. Sometimes they are made nnm duodenum, and jejunum. Their use 

of two round pieces of leather enclosed between appears to be, to increase the surface of the 

two others of brass ; lia\ ing divers |)erforation8, intestines. 

which are covered with another piece of brass, Valvuljb mitrales. See Mitbal 

moveable upwards and downwards, on a kind valves. 

of axis, which goes through the middle of them Valvula semilukarei. SeeSESliLV* 

all. Sometimes they are made of bras^, co- nar valves. 

vered over with leather, and furnished with a Valvule tricuspidales. See Tmu 

fine spring, which gives way upon a force ap* cuspid valves. 

plied against it ; but upon the ceasing of that, Valvi^la TRiGLOCHiirBS. Sec Tri« 

returns the valve over the aperture. See cuspid valves. 

Pump, and Hydrostatics. VAMP< s. The upper leather of a shoe 

Valve OF THE COLON, in anatomy. The (Aintwortk), 

end of the iliac portion of the small intestine To Vamp. v. a. To piece an old thing with 

enters the large one obliquely, and projects some new |)art(Ben//«y)< 

somewhat within it, so as to forma kind of VA^MFER. $. (from vamp.) One who 

valve, called from its discoverer the valve of pieces out an old thing with someihinfT new. 

Tulpius, also the valve of the ccecum. VAMPIRE, in zoology. See Vesper^* 

Valves, in anatomy, (valva, from valveo, tilio. 

to ibid up.) Thin and transparent mem- Vampires, in the ancient Superstitions, a 

branes, situated within certain vessels, as arte- name given to the mischievous apparitions of 

ries, veins, and absorbents, who«e office ap- dead men; who, after they have been dead for 

pears to be to prevent the contents of the ves- many years, are seen to return, to speak, to 

sel from flowing back. walk, to infest villages, maltreat men and ani'* 

Valves (Semilunar). See Semilunar mals, suck the blood of their neighbours, &c« 

valves. For an amusing summary of some of these 

Valves (Tricuspid). See Tmicuspid legendary stories, see tlie Athenaeum, vol. iii. 

valves. * pa. 520. 

Valves (Trtglochin). See Tricuspid From the obvious relation to this class of 

VALVES. imaginary beings, it happens, that one who 

Valve, Valvelet, or Valvule, in bo- affects ^eat attachment to another, and hangs 

tany. Valva s. valvnla. There seems to be about him only that he may ruin his peace, 

no occasion to use the diminutives in English ; his reputation, or his fortune, and thus suck 

for Lion^us makes no distincti<in between his blood, is called a vampire. 

valva and valvula. He uses valvula capsuls, VAN. t. (from avant, French.) 1. The 

and valva glum» ; but more freouently the front of an army, the iirst line (Dryr^). 2. 

diminutive. Valvula — paries quo tructus tegi- (van, Fr.) Any thing spread wide by which a 

tur ektcme. The outer coat, snell or covering wind is raised; a fan (Broome), 3. Awing 

of a capsule or other pericarp; or the several with which the air is beaten (Milion). 

pieces which compose it. There seems to be To Van. v. a. (from vannus^ Lat.) To fan \ 

an impropriety in explaining valvula by paries: to winnow: not in use (Bacon). , 

it is rather the door or opening by uhich the Van, Vamt, or Vaunt, a term derived 

seeds arc to go out or escape. If a pericarp be from the French avant, or avaunt. signifying 

entire, it is said to he univalve, or to consist of before, or foremost of any thing ; thus we'saVf 

one valve. If it be divided, according to the the van-guard of an army, &c. * 

number of pieces or divisions, it is called hi- Van» in sea-language, denotes the foremost 

valve or two-valved ; trivalve or three-valved, division of any naval armament, or the part 

hoc. that usnally leads the way to battle, o* ad* 

The leaflets composing the calyx and corol vances first in the order of sailing. 

are also named valves: as are also Van, a strong town of Cunli«u»n, with a 

Hanoet or scales which close the tube in castla ou a mountaiuj in whicii tht Tuiki 



VAN VAN 

keep a nameitRM girriioa. Il is governed by ^fertice of Cbarles L who conceired i marvel* 
a beglerbcg, tnd seated on a kke of its name lous esteem for his works , honoured hiin with 




tic wriicrp was born in Cheshire, of a good for liis )X)rtrait ; and wal» followed by most of 
fjmily : he became eminent by his poetical the nobility and gentry of the kiiigxlom. He 
talents and his skill in architecture ; to both acquired great riches by his profession ; mar- 
which he discovered an early propensity. His ried one of the fairest ladies of the luiglish 
ftnt comedy 9 called The Relays ; or, Virtue court, a daughter of the lord Rutheu, earl of 
in I>anger, vras acted with great applause in Gowry ; and, though he had little with her 
^^7» which encouraged him to proceed in the except her beauty and her quality, lived in a 
same ILie. The reputation which he gained state and grandeur answerable to her birth. 
by his comedies was rewarded with greater ad- He grew weary, towards the latter end of his 
vantages than usually arise from Uie proBts of life, of the continued trouble that attended fact:- 
writing for the stage. He was appointed painting ; and, being desirous of immortaliz- 
Clarcnceux king of arms ; a place which he ins his name by some more glorious under- 
held some time, and at last disposed of. In taking, went to Paris, in hopes of being em« 
1716 he was made surveyor of the works at ployed in the grand gallery of the l»uvre. 
Greenwich hoapiul ; he also held the place Not succeeding there, he returned to England ; 
uf comptroller-general of his majesty's works, a^nd proposed to the king, by his friend sir 
and surveyor of the gardens and waters. Sevc- Kenelm Digby, to make cartoons for the ban- 
nJ noble structures were raised ander his di- queting-house at Whitehall. The subject 
Rction, as Blenheim, in Osfordshire; Clare- was t#nave been the inbtitution of the order 
mom, in Surry ; the old Military Academy, of the garter, the procession of the knights in 
in Woolwich arsenal ; the old Opera-house, their habits, with the ceremony of their in« 
in the Haymarket. He was the author of stalment, and St. George*s feast: but his 
eleven eomic pieces : he died in 17S6. demand of 8000/. being thought unreasonable^ 
This writer was noted for the heaviness of while the king was treating with him for a less 
his buildings, and the lightness of his come* sum, the gout and other distempers put an end 
dies. £very one knows the proposed inscrip* to his life. He died in l64i, aged forty-two 
tian for his gravestone : years ; and was buried in St. Paul*.« cathedral, 

..... ,. .!_ # i_ where his monument, whatever it was, peiish* 

" Lie heavy on him earlh ; for he ^ ^ ^^^ fire 

Laid many a heavy load on thee." VANE, in a ship, &c. a thin slip of some 

VANDELLIA^ in botanj, a genus of the kind of matter, placed on high in the open air, 

cLss didynamia, order angiospermia. Cal>'x turning easily round on ap axis or spinole, and 

ifiosiK four-cleft; corol ringent; two outer veered about by the wind, to shew its direction 

filaments from the disk of the corol; anthers or course. See Weatheiicock. 

r^nectetl by pairs ; capsule one^celled, many- Vakbs, in mathematical or philosophical 

Kcdeil. Two species. instruments, are sights made to slide and 

1- V. diffusa. A plant with herbaceons move upon cross-staves, fore-staves, quadrants, 

item, and axillary flowers, of Montserrat. &c. 

3. V. pratensis. A native of South Ame- VANELLOE. A Innst flattish pod, con- 

'in* taining under a wrinkled brittle shell, a red« 

VAN-DIEMEN'S LAND. See Die- dish brown pulp, with small shining black 

Mcy. seeds. The plant which affords this fruit it 

VAN DYCK (Sir Anthony), a most illus- the epidendrum vanilla ; scandens, foliisovato- 

trious piintcr, was born at Antwerp in l.'>99, oblongis ncr\'osi« sebsilihu> caulinis, cirrhis spi* 

and tiainrd under the no less illuritrious Uubcns. ralibus of Linneus. Vjiuclloes have an unctu- 

Afterwards he went to Italy, staid a short lime ous aromatic taste, and a fragrant $mell like 

<u Rome, and then removed to Venice; where that of some of the finer balsams heightened 

he attained the beautiful colouring of Titian, with musk. Although chiefly used as per* 

nul Veronese, and ilic Venetian school : fumes, they arc said to possess aphrodi&iac vir« 

proofs of which appeared in the pictures he tues. See'EpiDENEtRUM. 

(irew at Genoa, where he left behind him VA^NGUAUD. f. iaiani garde, French,) 

"lany excellent pieces. After a few years $})ent The front, or first lino of the army (Miiion), 

abroad, he returned to Flanders, with a man- VANGUERIA, in botany, a gtrnus of the 

Gcr of painting so noble, natural, and e.isy, class pcntandria, order niOiiog)-nia. Calyx 

^Titian himself was hardly his supeiior ; five-toothed; corol with a globular tube, and 

and DO other master in the world equal to him hairy threat; stigma hilamellate; berry in- 

'Qponrsiu. The prince of Orange, hearing ferior, four or six-siceded. One species only, a 

<^Dis fame, sent for him to draw the pictures tree with glabrous branches, opposite entire 

^^ princess and children. Cardinal Riche- leaves, and eatable fruit, supposed to be a na« 

^ invited him to France ; where, not liking live of China. 

![>> eatertainment, he staid but a little time. VANILLA. S>ee Epidendrum and Va« 

Then be came over to England, soon after nellob. 

««beai bad left it, and was eniertaincd in the Tq VAO^ISH. v. n. (jaannco, Lat.) l. T» 



V AP V A R 

lose perceptible existence {Sidney), t. To VAPOflA^ON. $. {vapura^f, Lat.) The 

piss avray from the sight ; to diseppear (Skak'^ act of escaping in Tapours. 

speare). 3. To pass away; to be lost {Aiter- VA'PORER. «« (from vapour,) A Imaiier; 

hury). a braggart (600. rfike Tongue). 

Vanishing QUANTITIES. SeeEvx. VA^P0RISH.«. (rrom »i^iir.) 1. Vapors 

ABSCENT. ons ; full of vapours (Saiiiyt)* 2« Splenetic r 

VA'NITY.i. (oam7af,Lat) l.Einptiness; humoursome ; peevish (Pope) < 

uncertainty; inanity (£cd«f.). 8. Fruitless VA^POROUS.a. (o^ormr, Fr.) 1. Full 

desire ; fruitless endeavour (5tc/ney)« 3. Tri- of exhalations ; fumy (i)erA«iii). $• Windy | 

fling labour (Ao/ergA). 4. Falsehood; untruth flatulent (iffftii/Ano/)- 

(Davtet). 5. Empty pleasure ; vain pursuit} VA^POUR. t. {vapor, Lat.) 1. Anything 

idle show; unsubstantial enjoyment (Pope), exhalahle; any thing that mingles with the aif 

6. Ostentation ; anogance {Raleigh), j. Petty {Milion)* €. Pume ; steam {Newtom), 3 

pride ; pride exerted upon sli^t [^unds. Wind; flatulence (Baron). 4. Mental fume | 

VANLOO (Carlo), a distmguished painter, vain imagination ; fiincy unreal {HummomdU 

was bom at Nice in 1705. After visiting 5« (In tht plural.) Diseases caused byflam* 

Turin and Rome, he went to Paris with his lence, or by diieaseil nerves ; hypochondriac^ 

brother John in 17 i9- In 1723 he gained the maladies; melancholy | spleen {Addison), 

academy's first medal lor design, and in the 7b Va^oor. o. ii. (vopefv, Latin.) l.Ta 

year following the first priae for painting. In paai iu a tapour or fuvie ; to flv ofi* in et apo« 

1735 he was received into tlie academy ; he rations {D^mu)^ ST. To emit lomea (Bocmi}* 

wu afterwards honoured with the order of St. 3. To bully ; to brag {Gianoille), 

Idichael, and named fint painter to the king : To Va'pour. «. a. To efiiise, or scatter m 

he died in 1765. * fiime or vapour (i>afifie). 

Vakloo (John Baptist), brother to the Vapour, in meteorolonfi a thin homid 

preceding, a celebrated^ historic and portrait matter^ which, being rareficci to a ceitain degree 

painter, wu bom about l684: he died in 174^. by the action of heat^ ascends to a partioilaf 

Hia son, Louis Michael, became principal height in the atmosphere, where it is suspend* 

K'nter to the kii^ of Spain, and Charles ed, until it rettvns in the form of dew, ran, 

ilip lo the king of Prussia. snow, &c* On this subject we refer our fead« 



Vavloo (Michael), nephew of the precede ers to the articles ETAFaaATiov and Mi- 

log, and knight of the order of St« Michael ; tboroloct. 

an artist of considerable excellence. His hia- Vapovr bath. See Baths and Bath* 

torical pieces have genuine merit, and his por* ivo. 

traits are elegant and agreeable. VAR, i department of France, incloding 

Vavloo (Charles Andrew), brother and part of Uie late province of Provence. It takes 

pnpil of John Baptist, wu born in 1705 ; he its name from a river which has iu source ia 

u Known by the brilliancy and freshness of hb the county of Nice, and falls into the Mediler* 

colours, and great exactness of proportion; he ranean, four miles W. of Nice, 

was one of the professors of tne academy for VARALLO, a strong town of Italy, in the 

painting, at Paris : he died in 1765. MiUnese. 98 miles N.N.W. of Novara, and 

VANNES, a seaport of France, in the de- 47 W.N.W. of Milan. Lon. 8. S5 £. Lat. 

partment of Morbinan, with a bishop's see. 46. 4ff N. 

Its principal trade is in wheat and rye for VARAMBON, a town of France, in the 

Spain; aiM it has a trade also in pilcharas and department of Ain, seated on the Ain, 14 

sea*eels« It is seated on the gulf of Morbihan, miles N.N.W. of Bourg. Lon. 5. 16 £. Liu« 

three miles from the Atlantic, 66 S.W. of 46. 83 N. 

Rennes, and S66 W. by S. of P^ru. Lon. 8. VARENIUS (Bernsrd), a Dutch physician, 

46 W. Lat. 47. 99 N. who wrote in Latin an excellent System of 

To VA^r^QUISH. V. a. {vancre, Fr.) 1 . To Universal Geography; which was re-published 

conouer; to overcome {Ciurtndon). 8. To with great improvements, by sir Isaac Newton, 

conlute (Atierhury). in 1 678, and nas been translated into English, 

VANQUISHER. «. (from vanfuisk.) Con- in 8 vols. 8vo. He is also the author of a curi- 

qoeror ; subduer {Skak^eare). ous description of Japan, and the kingdom of 

VA'NTAGE.!. {iromndvmntage,) I. Gain; Siam, in Latin. He died in 166O. 

profit (Stc/ney). 8. Superiority ; state in which VARI. SeeJoifTHi. 

one hath better means of action than another Vari, in xoology. See Limur. 

{Souih). 3. Opportunity; convenience (i9Ad A- VARIA. The small-pox. SeeVARiOLA^ 

ipeare), VARIABLE, a. {variable, Fr. variatilii. 

To V a'ntage. v. a. (from advantage.) To Jjiiin.) Changeable ; mutable ; ineonstant 

profit : not in use {Spenter). {Shaktpeare), 

VA'NTBRASS. s. {avani bras, French.) Variablr quaktitibs, in geometry and 

Armour for the arm {Millon), analytics, denote such as are either continually 

VA^FID. a. {vapidus, Lat.^ Dead; having increasing^ or dimininhing ; in opposition to 

the spirit evaporated; spiritiev; mawkish; those which are constant, remaining alwaya 

flat {ArI*utknoi). the same. Thus, the ab»ciiiscs and ordinatcs 

V A^PIDNESS. 9. (from vapid,) The Itate of an ellipsis, or other curve line, are variable 

of being spiritless ; mawkishDett. quaDtatics, because the} vary or change thaif 



V A R V A R 

ftm:Ditodes togsekhcr. Some qmntities may be the transverse semidtameter of the orbis luarf* 

Tanable by themselves alone^ while those con* nus, as If) }{ to 1000. Or, taking the mean 

Dected with them are constant : as the abscissA motions of the moon from the snn, as they are 

of a miailelogram, whose ordinates may be staled in Dr. Hjlley's tables, then the greatest 

considered as all equal, and therefore constant, variation at the moan distance of the carih fn)m 

The diameter of a circle and the parameter of the sun will be Jd' 4l^^'(i, in the apogt^ of the 

a conic section are constant, whde their ab» sun 33^ 9rf\ and in his perigee Z& b\'\ 
scisscs are variable. Variable quantities (see Variation of curvature, in geome- 

FLUXioifs) are usually denoted by the last try, is used for that inequalit)* or change which 

letters of the alphabet 2, y, x^ while the con- takes place in the curvature of all curves except 

ttant ones are denoted k^ tlie first letters a, the circle, by which their curvature is more or 

h^ c. less in different parts of them. And this varia- 

VA^lABLENESS. «. (from variable.) I. tion constitutes the quality of the curvature of 

Changeableness ; mutability {Addison). S, any line. 

Levity : inconstancy {Clarissa), Sir Isaac Newton makes the index of the in- 

VA'RiABLY.adf. (from t^ariafr/tf.) Change* equality, or variation of curvature, to be the 

ably ; muublv ; tncon«tantly ; uncertainly. ratio of the fluxion of the radius of curvature to 

VA'KIANCE. «. (from vary.) Discord ; the fluxion of the cune itself: and ]VficIaurin» 

disagreement ; dissension {Sprai). to avoid the perplexity that diifcrcnt notions, 

Variawcb, in law, signifies any alteration connected wiih the same terms, occasions to 

cf a thing ibrmerly laid in a plea, or where the learners, has adopted the same definition ; but 

dcelintion in a cause differs from the writ, or he suggests, that this ratio gives rather the va« 

from ibe deed upon which it is f^rounded. If riaiion of the ray of curvature, and that it 

there be aiariance between the declaration and mi^jht have been proper to have measured the 

the writ, it is error, and the writ shall abate ; variation of curvature rather by the ratio of the 

and if there appear to be a material variance fluxion of the curvature itself to the fluxion of 

between the matter pleaded and the manner of the curve; so that, the curvature being inverse* 

pl^nding it» this is not a eoml plea, for the man- ly as the radius of curvature, and consequently 

Bcr and matter of pleading ought to agree in its fluxion as the fluxion of the radius itself di- 

nbstaneey or there will be no certainty in it. rectiy, and the sqnare nf the radius inversely* 

Cio. Jae. 47p. its variation would have been directly as tlie 

VA^RIATION. s. {variatio, Latin.) 1* mcasureof it according to Newton's definition^ 

Change ; mutation ; difl'erence from itself and inversely as the square of the radius of cur* 

(Beal/ey). 2. Difference ; change from one to vature. 

aoother {ffoodward). 3. Successive change According to this notion, it would have been 

i^koispeare), 4. (In grammar.) Change of measured by the angle of contact contained by 

iMininaiion of nouns {fFhiis). 5. Change in the curve and circle of curvature^ in the same 

BJtaral phenoraenons {fybiion), 6. Deviation manner as the curvature itself is measured by 

{Drwden) . the angle of contact contained by the cun'c and 

Vari AT I oir, in astronomy. The variation tangent. The reason of this remark may ap- 

of the moon, called by Bulliald the reflection pear from this example: the variation of cur« 

M her light, is the third inequality observed in vature, according to Newton*s explication, is 

ihemoon*8 motion; by which, when out of uniform in the logarithmic spiral, the fluxion 

the quadiatures, her true place differs from her of the radius of curvnture in this fissure heins; 

phee twice equated. See Astrovomy. always in the same ratio to the fluxion of the 

Newton makes the moon's variation to arise curve ; and yet, while the spiral is produced, 

pirtly from the form of her orbit, which is an though its curvature decreases, it never va* 

dli|im; and partly from the inequality of the nishes; which must appear a strange paradox 

^Kciwhieh the moon describes iu equal times, to those who do not attend to the import of sir 

9f a ladius drawn to the earth. Isaic Newton*s definition. 

7* find the greatest tfaria/toii.-— Observe the The variation of curvature at any point of a 

■mod's longitude in the octants; and to the conic section is always as the tangent of the 

time of obiervation compute the inoon*s place angle contained by the diameter that passea 

t»iee equated i then tlie dif&rencc bct%veen through the point of contact, and the perpen* 

the computed and observed place is the greatest dicular to the curve at the same point ; or to 

variation ■■ (36' 4l''*6) sin. if ( ]^ — O)* theangle formed by the diameter c»t the section^ 

Tyeho makes the greatest variation 4(/ 3(/^ ; and of the circle of curvature. Htnce the va- 

and Kepler makes it 6l' 4<^^ But Newton riation of curvature vanishes at the extremities 

nukfi the greatest variation, at a mean distance of either axis, and is greatest when the acute 

between the sun and the earth, to be 36' 10^^ ; angle, contained by the diameter passing 

stiheothrr distances, the greatest variation is throueh the |K>int of contact and the tangent, 

ia i ntio compounded of the duplicate ratio of is le;ist. 

t^ liiDCs of the moon*s Vynodical revolution When the conic section is a pnrahola, the 

^(tttly, and the triplicate ratio of the distance variation is as the tangent of the ancle, con- 

<M the sun from the earth inversely. And tained by the right line drawn from tne point 

dirreforein the sun*s apogee, the greatest varia- of contact to the focus, and the perpendicular 

Lisas' 14^, and m his perigee 37' ll'^j to the curve. See Curvature. 
piovided that the eccentricitv of the sun is to From sir Isaac Newton's definttioa may be 
VOL XL-PART II. " D 



V A R V A R 

derived practical rules for the variation of car« pox ; so called from its beine chanjseable.) 

Tature, ai follows : * Variola lymphatica. The chicken-pox. A 

I. Find the radios of cunrature, or rather its genus of disease in the clas« pyrexiae and 

fluxion ; then divide this fluxion by the fluxion order exanthemata of Cullen ; known by mo- 

of the curve, and the quotient wi if give the va- derate synocha ; pimples bearing some resem- 

nation of curvature; exterminating the fluxions blance to smalUpox, onickly forming pustules, 

when necessary, by the equation of the curve, which contain a fluia matter, and after three 

or perhaps by expressing their ratio bv help of or four days from their first appearance de- 

the tangent, or ordinate, or subnormal, &c. squamate. 

. -3 VARICOCELE, (from varix, a distended 

«. Since^^, or -^ (putting *=1) denotes vein, and xn\n, a, tumour.) A swelling of th9 

— ij — j? veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord ; heoce 

the radius of curvature of any curve x, whose it is divided into the scrotal varicocele, which 

absciss is x, and ordinate y ; if the fluxion of is known by the ap|>earance of livid and tumid 

this is divided by ., and . and i* are extem.inat- ^*^»"» ^" the scrotum ; and varicocele ofthe 

«d. the general value of the variation will come JP«""»^»c cord known by feeling Hard Tenm- 

' ^ form vessels in the course of tiie spermatic cofo. 

^^, -3Mr»-t-j>(l+y') then. substituting the y"i««*le ««»•)• "!»" f">^ excessive w.lk- 
^ ' ' ^ ing, running, jumping^ wearing of trutscs, 

T»lufsofy.>, i (found from the equation of »'«! '»»« ."kf. producing at first a »light wj- 

the curve) into this quanUty, it will give the ««'"«' '" !»*« P?"' ^^""^ 'l ""'. «">«>»«•. 

.•»:.t:^» 1».«»K* T /» ^ contmnes advancing towards the loins, 

yariation sought. VA'RICOUS. a. {varicosus, Latin.) Dif 

Ex. Ui the curve be the parabola, whotc ^^^ ^.^j, ^ihtation (SAarp). 

equation is ar=y*. Here then 2yy ==ai=fl. To VARIEGATE, v. a. (rorifgii/irf, school 

J. fl I — fl.v -^aa J Latin.) To diversify: to stain with different 

andy=— ; hence jr =-— =—-, and colours (IToorfirarrf).^ 

-3flo| 3a» VARIEGATION, s. (from variegate.) 

i:= ~= — . Therefore, Diversity of colours (JBrr/yn). 

^y* ^y* VARinETY. t. ^varietu, French; vaneiat. 

— 3y*+>' (I 4-y^) I 4-y* Latin.) 1 . Change ; successioix of one thiiw 

■T5 = — 3y + i X — i:^ — to another ; intermixture of one thing wito 

"^ ogji tfi^c "5 another (N<pii?/o«). 2. One thing of many by 

1. _ X (I ^ —\ X ^ zz — ,• which variety is made (Raleigh). 3. Diller- 

2y ^«^* 4yy a* a cnce ; dissiniilitude {AUerhury). 4. Varia- 

the variation sought. tion ; deviation ; change from a former stats 

V^ARiATiov OP THE NEEDLE, in magnet- {Hale). 5. Many and difierent kinds (Lav), 
ism. Although the north pole of the magnet Variety, in botany, Varietas. Est 

in every part of the world, when suspended, planta niutata a causa accidentali. Varietates 

points towards the northern parts, and the tot sunt, quot differentes plants ex ejusdem 

south pole to the southern parts, vft itaclrlom spociei scirine sunt products. Species varie- 

points exactly north and south. The angle in tatum sunt, macnitudu, plenittido, crispatiOf 

which it deviates from due north and south is color, spnor, odor. Fhilos. Bot. — ^A plant 

called the variation of the needle, or the varia- changed oy some accidental cause. There ape 

tion of the compass; and this variation is said as many varieties as there are different pbntft 

to be east or west, according as the north pole producra from the seed of the same species. 

of the needle is eastward or wesiwanl of the Varieties are size, fulness, curling, colour, 

meridian of the place. This deviation from taste, and smell. 

the meridian is not the same iu all parts of the In Dclin. PI. it is expressed more fully: thus, 

world, but is different in different places, and variation is a cliunge in some le>s essential part 

it is almost perpetually varj'ing in the same orqualitv; as colour, size, pubescence, or age. 

place. VV^hen the variation was first observed, Externafly, by the plaiting or interweaving of 

the north pole of the magnetic neeflle declined the branches ; by bundling or uniting of scve* 

eastward of the meridian of London, but it ral stalks into one broad flat one ; by the greater 

has since that time been changin«< towards the breadth, or narrowness, or cuHing of leaves ; 

west; so that in the year 1657, the needle by becoming awnles<, or smooth, or hinute. 

pointed due north and south: at present it Internally, by becoming mutilated in the corol, 

declines towards the west, between 24^ and or having one larger than ordinary ; by luxuri- 

95**, and it seems to be still advancing west- ancy, inultiplicaiion, or fulrie*-s ;' by bvroniing 

ward. See Declination and ^Iagnetism. proliferous, or crested; by bearing bulbs in« 

Vaiiations ((^alculus of). See Calcu- stead of seeds; or by being viviparous. 
Lus. To tile references n)ade under that The usual causes of variation are climatey 
article, we may now add Mr. Woodhouse*s soil, exfxisure, heat, cold, unnds* culture. 
Treatise on l»4)f)eri metrical Problems, and the Variety is applied in a sense nearly similar to 
Calculus of Variations ; the first English work a multiplicity of s|>ecies in the other depart- 
in which some of the brauclu*s of the modern ments of natural history. It implies a trivial 
atlJly^•s have ever been treated at all. deviation in the individual of a species from its 

Varicella, (dim. of varia, the small- general character. 



— 3a 



VARIGNON. 

TARIGNON (Peter), a celebrated French weariness that a tdtii; applfcattoA mieht o^ctf^* 

mathematician and priest, was born at Caen, sion. He kft off gsj and IK-ely, fitled with 

in 1654, and died suddenly in 1722, at 68 years pleasnre, and rm^tiem U) renew it. In speak- 

oi aee. He was the son of an architect in ing of mathematics, he would laugh so freely^ 

nklaiinc circotnstances, but had a college edu- that it seemed as if he had studied for diversion. 

cation, being intended for the church. An No>condition was so much to be envied as hisr; 

acciilent ihrctv a copy of Euclid*s Elements in his life was a continual enjo}ment, delighting 

ius way, which gare nim a strong turn to that in quietness. 

kind of leaminc. The 9tu<1y ot geometry led In the solitary suburb of St. Jacques he 
hrm to the works of Des Car^s on the same formed, howetcr, a connexion with m^tny 
•ciciice, and there he was striKk with that new other learned men ; as Du Ilamel, Du Vtr- 
light nhich has from thence spread over the ney, De la Hire, &C. Du Verney often asked 
world. his assistance in those p:irts of anatomy con- 
He abrid;;ed himself of the necessaries of nected with mechanics • they examined ro- 
Irfe to parcmise books of this kind, or rather gether the positions of the mnscles and their 
CfMHidered ihcm of that noniber, as indeed directions; hence Varignmr learned a gnod 
they ought to be. What contributed to heighten deal of anatomy from Ux\ VernCy, whrch he 
this pftssion in litm vms, that he stmlied in repaid by the application of xnailhcniatical rea- 
ffiraie : A>r hi» relations observing that the soning to that subject. 

iMohs he sttxlied were not such as were com- At length, in l6d7, yarig;non made him- 

iBonly osed by others, stfbngly opposed his self known to the public by a Treatise on 

appfieation to them. As there was a necessity New Mechanics, dedicated to the Academy of 

M his being an ecclciiastic, he continued his Sciences. His thoughts on this subject were^ 

tbeologicit studies, yet not entirely sacrificing in effect, quite new. He discovered truths, 

his favoorite subject to them. and laid open their sourctrs. In this work he 

At this lime the abb^St. Pierre, who studied demonstrated the necessity of an equilibrium^ 

phtlisophy in the same college, became ac- in such cases as it happens in, tnoti^h the 

quainted with him. A taste m common for cause of it is not exactly known. This dis- 

ratimial subjects, whether physics oi* nieta- covery Varignon made by the theory of com- 

phviics, and continual disputations, formed pound motions, and is what this essay turns 

the bonds of their friendship. They were upon. 

muttially sen-iccabic to each other in their This new Treatise on Mechanics was greatly 

ttudirs. The abb^, to enjoy Varignon's eom- admired by the mathemaiicians, and procurvd 

panv with greater ease, lodged him with him* the author two considerable places, the one of 

•Hf; thus, ^rowing still more sensible of his geometrician in the Academy of Sciences, the 

BMUt, he i\*solved to give him a fortune, that otherof professor of mathematics in the college 

be ini;;ht fully pursue his <reniu«, and improve of Mazarine, to which he was the firdt person 

Ins talents ; and, out of only 1 8(N> livres a year, raised. 

which he had himself, he conferred 300 of Variiinon catched eagerly at the ^icnce of 

them upon Vargnon. inftnitesimals as soon as it appeared in the 

The abb^, persunded that he could not do worlJ, and became* one of its mo;it early culti- 

better than go to Paris to study philosophy, vators. When that sublime and beautiful 

irtiled thera in 1086, with M. Varij*non, ni method was attacked in the acavfemy it»elf (fur 

the suthirbs of St. Jacques. Inhere each it could not escape ihe fate of all innovations), 

ftodied in his own way; the abb^ applying he became one of its most zealous defenders, 

hiMMelf to the study of men, manners, and the and in its favour he put a violence upon his 

piinciples of government; whilst Varignon natural character, which abhorred all conten*- 

■ wholW occupied vrith the mathemalics. lion. He s^imetimes l.i;nentcd that' this dis- 

t, says t^'ontenelle, who was their country- pute had interrupted him in his enquiries into 

M, often went to see them, sometimes the integral cakulbiion so far, that it would be 

ipcadiDg two or three day« with them. They ditllcult for him to resume his disquisition 

md also room for a couple of visitors, who where he had lefl it off. He sacrificed in*> 

fUK from the same province. We joined finiiesimals to the interest of inftnitesimnis, 

togrtbcT with the greatest pteasnre. We were and ga%e up the pleasure and glory of makinfi; 

^oang, full of the dnt ardour for knowledge, a farther progress in them when called upon 

stRNigly united, and, what we were not then by duty to undertake their defence. 

iniia|j« dispoaed to think so great a happiness. All the printed volumes of the academy bear 

liule known. Vangnou, v^ho had a strong witness to his application and industr}'. His 

eooititution, at least in his youth, spent whole works are- never detached pieces, hut c(»m])lete 

<h^ in study, without any amusement or theories of the laws of motion, central forces, 

Rcieaiion, except walking sometime} in fine and the resistance of mediums to motion. In 

weaihrr. 1 have heard him say, that in study- these he makes such use of his rules that 

ing tffter supper, as he usually did, he was nothing escapes him that has any connexion 

oneo surprised lo hear the dock strike two in with the subject he treats, 

tbe morning ; and was much pleased that four Geometrical certainty is by no means iif- 

botiTi rest were sufficient to refresh him. His compatible with obscurity and cf)iiflision, and 

(lid not leave hit studies with that heaviness those arc sometimes so great that it is surprising 

*hich they usually create^ nor with that armalhcttiatician thould^not misshis wayin so 



V A R V A R 

&rk and perplexing a labyriuth. The works he was hy no meani dispoaed to lose amy» 
of M. VarigDon never occasion this disagree- Frequent visits, either of French or of foreign- 
able surprise, he makes it his chief care to ers, some of whom went to see hioi that tnej 
place every thing in the clearest light ; he does might have it to sav that they had seen him, 
not, as some great men do, consult his ease by and others to consult him and improve by hit 
declining to take the trouble of being methodi- conversation ; works of mathematics, which 
cal, a trouble much greater than that of com- the authority of some, or the friendship he 
position itself; he does not endeavour to had for others, engaged him to examine, arul 
acquire a reputatiou for piofoundness, by leav- which he thought himself obliged to give the 
inz a great oeal to be guessed by the reader. most exact account of; a literary correspond- 

He was perfectly acouain ted with the history ence with all the chief mathematic'ians of 

of mathematics. He learned it not merely out Europe : all these obstructed the book he had 

of curiosity, but because he was desirous of undertaken to write. Thus a man acquires 

acquirins Knowledge from every quarter. This reputation by having a great deal of leisure 
historical knowledge is doubtless an ornament / time, and he loses this precious leisure as soon 

in a mathematician, but it is an ornament as he has acquired reputation. Add to this, 

which is by no means without its utility, that his best scholars, whether in the college 

Tndecd it may be laid down as a maxim, the of Mazarine or the Royal College (for he had 

more different ways the mind is occupied in a professor*s chair in both), sometimes re-^ 

upon a subject, the more it improves. quested private lectures of him, which he 

Though Vari^on*s constitution did not could not refuse. He sighed for his two or 

seem easy to he impaired, assiduity and con* three months of vacation, for that was all the 

stant application brought upon him a severe leisure lime he had in the year; no sooner 

disease m 17^5. Great abilities are generally were they come but he retired Anto the 

dangerous j the possessors. He was six country, where his time was entirely his own, 

months in danger, and three years in a languid and the days seemed always quickly ended, 

state, which proceeded from his spirits being Notwithstanding his ^rcat desire of peace, 

almost entirely exhausted. He said that some- in the latter part of his life he was involved in 

times when delirious with a fever, he thought a dispute. An Italian mouk, well versed in 

himself in the midst of a forest, where all uie mathematics, attacked him upon the sulyect 

leaves of the trees were covered with algehrai- of tangents and the angle of contact in corva, 

cal calculations. Condemned by his physi- such as they are conceived in the arithmetic 

cians, his friends, and himself, to lay aside' all of infinites ; he answered by the last memoir 

study, he could not, when alone in nis cham- he ever save to the Academy, and the only 

her, avoid taking up a book of mathematics, one which turned upon a dispute, 

which he hid as soon as he heard any person In the last two years of his life he was 

coming. He again resumed the attitude and attacked with an asthmatic complaint. This 

behaviour of a sick man, and seldom had oc- disorder increased every day, and all remedies 

caf^ion to counterfeit. were ineffectual. He did not, however, cease 

In ref^rd to his character, Fontenelle ob* from any of his customary business ; so that, 

sencs, that it was at this time that a writing after having finished his lecture at the college 

of his appeared, in which he censured Dr. of Mazarine, on the 22d of December 17^> 

Wallis for having advanced that there are cer- he died suddenly the following; night, 

tain spaces more than infinite, which that His character, says Fontenelle, was as simple 

great geometrician ascribes 10 hyperbolas. He as his superior understanding could require, 

maintained, on the contrary, that they were He was not apt to be jealous of the fame of 

finite. Th^ criticism was softened with all others : indeed he was at the head of the 

the politeness and respect imaginable ; but a French matlieinaticians, and one of the best 

criticism it was, thougn he had written it only in Europe. It must be owned, however, that 

for himself. He let M. Carr^ see it, when he when a new idea was offered to him, he was 

was in a state that rendered him indifferent too hasty to object. The fire of his genius, 

about things of that kind; and that gentleman, the various insights into every subject, made 

influenced only by the interest of the sciences, too impetuous an opposition to those that were 

caused it to be printed in the memoirs of the offered ; so that it was not easy to obtain from 

Academy of Sciences, unknown to the author, him a favourable attention. His works that 

who thus made an attack against his inclina- were published separately were, I . Pmjet 

tion. d*une Nouvelle Mechanique, 4to. Paris, 1 667. 

He recovered from his disease ; but the 2. Des Nouvelles Conjectures sur la Pesanteur. 

remembrance of what he had suffered did not 3. Nouvelle Mechanique on Statigue, 2 torn, 

make him more prudent for the future. The 4to. 172.5. His memoirs in the Memoirs of 

whole impression of his Project for a New the Paris Academy are v^ry numerous, (ifvl* 

System of Mechanics having been sold off, he ton's Did.) 

formed a design to publish a second edition of VARILLAS (Antoine), a French his- 

it, or rather a work entirely new, though torian, was bornat Guerrt, in l6S4: he wrote 

upon the same plan, but more extended, li a history of France, bcginninc with Louis XI. 

must be easy to perceive how much learning and ending with Henry III. ; he published 

he must have acquired in.tbe interval ; but he also I^es Anecdotes de Florence, ou rHistoire 

oflea complained that he wanted time, though secrette de la Maisoa de M^icis, i68^ ; aiifi 



Variola. 

Unloirr to RerotuiionM •rrivSj en Europe In lome initunrM, lhe»c jyiuiitonu ji 

en nalicie ile Religion, lQl(f : he died m in a liigh dcj^tce, >nU in ollien they a i 

I<ig6 : be ii a rety iintui Iiiituriun, niKciallj iiitxtcrule and triHin;;. In very yuunj 

itt ituilrr> where religiua is concerned. drcii, )Unin({> and cinivul-iun are apl i.. _ 

VARIOl.A. (from oorjiu, diannng colour, filvx a ihort time jirevious lu ihe appearu 

because ii ifiili^fcs the skinO The sinull- of ihe eru|iiiun, always giving great aiaroi, 

pent. A grnui ol diieaie in the claujiyrrxix those aot coiivcnant wiih ibc fretjucncy of-d 

and uidcr eKjothemalaofCiillen; distinguish- iiccurience. j 

rd In fjiKKzha ; ciu|Miun uf red umiplei on ihc About the third or Tourth dar Trom the tS 

ibira iMv. which un the cighih Jjy caoiain sciztirc, the etU))iion then'i iuVtf in liitie fl 

pmt, u>i drying, IjII off iu cruris. *pau (liniilar lo lled-bitcs) on ibc face, n> * 

ll is a ilociii* of a very couiujjiout nature, and bteait, and lliete continue lo increai- 

■apfMMcd to hiiVE been introduced into Europe number and size for three or four tongeft' 

Eraai Arabia, and in which tliere ariws a (exer, the end of which lime, ihcy are to be OM 

dtU «« MKceeded b^ a number of little infliin- diiperKtl over tcvi-rul |i.irti of the body, 

■ititMM in the skin, which proceed to iitp- If the pustules are doi very niimc 

pwaliitn, the otMtt frtiroeJ thereby being febrile lyniptomi will generally go o 

eaputtle of pruducin.; the diaorder in another a|)pearance of the eruption, or they will ^l 

pcnuci. It makes iu itiAck on |>eop!eof all ciime very uioderali-. Ii simietlmcs hajipa. 

Bit the )-oung uf both sexes arc more that a number of little spuls of an eryst|wlatat3 

' it than those who are luuch advanced uutnre are interspersed ainonpt the puiiuiti}" 

■ail it oiiiy prctiiit at all the leasani of but these generally go in again a* soon oa the 

I but in gencial is moil preiatcnt in su|>puraiion commences, which istniially about 

Bg am) summer. the lifth or sixth duy, at which periof], a small 

Mnatl-pos U disiinguished into the vesicle contsining an almost colourless fluid 

Jiwi nel and confluent, imjilyiiiK that in the may be obgrr^ed u|<on the lop of euch piin|ile. 

fiirmti the eruptions ace perfectly separate Should the pustules be perlcctly distinct and 

fiom each Dtlin, and th>it in (he latter they run aepnrcite Trfin each olhcr, tile suppuraiion 

much into one another, will probably be completed about the eighth 

Qufaapecicsaie produced cither b]| breathing or ninth dav.'and they will thcu be filled with 

til intprtgiMicd mih ihc effluvia ariiina from . a thick yellow mailer; but should they run 

tbc body of tliooi- wliu Idlxiur under liie di^ much iuio each o.lher, il will not be completed 

HIT, Of by the itilfudiiclion of a small quantity till M>me days lalcr. 

nflbe vanulous mailer into the Imbil hy inocu- When the piisiulo arc veiy ihiclt and nu- 

lalHHi ; arid it is probable that the diffeience of merous on the face, it is apt about this time to 

lb«finall-)iox is not owing; luariydiHerencE in become much swelled, and the eyelids lo be 

ihf eoatagion, but depenas on lue uMe of the closed up, previous lu whii'h, iheie ujually 

team tu whom it ii applied, or on certain cir- aiiscsahoitr)enes!i,anddiiriciiliyaf>walluwiiig. 

ConiButcea concurring with the application a( accompanied with a ci)ntider>ible dischaigi^ of 

il. viscid saliva. jUxiut the eleventh day, the 

A (vriely of opinions hsvc been entertained iwelling of the face utually suhiides, Ui(;i:lliei 

Reading ihc cnret of tlic v.itiulons infection u'iih ihc afleclbn of the fauces, and ii hic- 

DQ the fetus in utero: a sunicieiit number of cecded by the same in the hands and feet, after 

iMtaucei, however, hai been recorded, to as- whieh the pmiules break, and diichar^ their 

cenaio lliat the disease 111.1^ be cnmmunicated contents, and then liecoining dry, they fill in 

fmn ibe mother to (he child. In some cases, crusts. InvInK the shin which ihey cnncrcd 

ibe body ofihe child at its birth hn* been cover- of a hniwu red colour, which ajiprarance con- 

dl nrlih puitulei, and the nuiure of the disease tioues Rir niotiy days. In iIiim« ca^s where 

tu( b(«u mi»l saliifaetorily ascertained by iuD- ihe pustules are iugf, and are late in be- 

uiUting with matter taken from the pnetuli-i. coming dry and CilUng olT, they arc wry ajit 

In other cases, there ha* been no appear.incc 10 leave pits behind them ; but where ihey are 

aflhe dtacaif at the lime of the birtn, hut an small, iup|iuiaie i|iiickly, and are feir in num- 

Ruplimi Slid olhrr lyniptomi of the disease ber, they ncitlier leave any marks behind them, 

hate appcated un early, as lo atceruin that the not do they uccjsion much a^Miion of the 

■nticiiaii itiaii liive lieen received ptevioutly •}itent. 

taibt removiil of the child from the uterus. In the confluent suialI-|>oit, the feter which 

Foui JifffTriii stales or sugea arc to be ob- preccilcs the eruption is much more violent 

■mrd in (tie umall.pax; first, the febrile; se- than in ihe disliuci, being attended usually 

cood, the erupii'c ; third, the roituralive ; and with great anxiety, heal, thirst, nausea, touiii- 

biinti, that of declination or scabbing, which in;}, and a frequvnt and coniracted pulse, and 

is iisiulW known hj the name of secondary o-ften with coma or delirium, lu infants, 

tnrt. \Vhc.i lh<? dimic has arisen naturally, convutsii'e fill are apt to Oixur, which either 

tad ■• uf the distinct kind, (he eruption iicom- priwe fatal brfnrc any eruption appears, or they 

■only prerTiled liy a rcilncu in the eyei, usher in a malijiiaat sofcics of ihe disease. 
nrcacM in tlic thtnal, pain* in the head, back, 'Hie eruption nsiu 1^ makes its appearance 

and loiiit. oYarincM and fnintneit, alleinale bbouiiht third day, being frequently preceded 

E-Hamlb«,it.thiiii. nausea, incliija- or atlended with a rosy eEnorescence, similar 

t, and a ^ui«k piiUt. iv v^liat takes place in the mctijlci j but the 



V A R V A R 

w 

fcvtr, although it suffers some slij^ht remfision tecanitnnied with considerable risk> the St* 

on the roming out (»f the eruption, docs not f,rt(t oi which is «:ver in pro|)ortion to the vio- 

go off a^ in the dLtinci kind -, on tiie contrary, lence and ptrnianence of the fever, the number 

it becomes increased after the fifth or sixth of pustqles on the face, and the dispositioo to 

day, and continues considerabio throughout puirfscency which prevails, 
the reaiainder of i lie disease. When ther^ is a great tendency this way^ 

As the eruption advances, the face being the disease usually proves fatal Mtween the 

thickly besei with pustules, becomes very eighth and ?levenih day, but in some cases, 

much swelled, the eyelids are closed up, so as death is proiracted till the fourteenth or six* 

to deprive the patient of sight, and a gentle tfenth. The confluent smalt-pox, although it 

salivation ensues, which towards the eleventh nia^' not prove iinuiediately mortal, is very apl 

day is so viscid as to bespit up with creat diiii- to induce various morbid affections, 
culty. In children, a diarrhcea usually atteitds j&uh kinds of small'(>ox leave bcliind them 

this stage of the disease instead of a salivation, a pre(lis|x>sition to inBamnmiory complaints^ 

which is to be met with only in adults. The particularly to ophthalmia aitd viscer.il niflam* 

vesicles on the top of the pimples are to be per- mations, out more especially of the thorax i 

ceived sooner in the confluent smalUpOx tnan and ihey not unfrequeutly excite scrophula 

in the disiioct; but they never rise to an emi- into action which might ottierwise have laid 

iience, being usually flatted in ; neither do dormant in the system. 

they arrive to proper suppuration, as the fluid The regular swelling of the hands and feel 

contained in them, instead of becoming yellow, upon that of the face subsiding, and its conti* 

turns to a brown colour. nuance for the due time, may be regarded in a 

About the tenth or eleventh day, the swell- favourable li^ht. 
ing of the face usually subsides, and then the The dissections which have been made of 

hands and feet bc^in to puff up and swell, confluent small-pox have never discovered any 

and about the «^ame time the vesicles break, pustulesinternalty on the viscera. From them it 

and pour out a liouor that forms into brown or also appi-urb thtt variolous pustules never at- 

black crusts, which, upon falling off, leave tack tne cavities of the body, except those to 

deep pits behind them that cojitinue for life, which the air has free accc'^s, as the nose, 

and where the pustules have run much into mouth, trachea, the larger branches of the 

each other, they then disfigure and scar the bronchite, and the outermost part of tlieoieatas 

face very considerably. auditorius. In cases of proia|)Sus ani, they 

Sometimes it happens that a putrescency likewise frequently attark that prtoftbegut 
of the fluid:( takes place at an early period of which is exposed to the air. I'hey have usii« 
the disease, and slicws itself in lii'iri 8|X)ts in- ally shewn the same morbid appearances in- 
terspersed amongst the pustules, and by a dis- wardly, aa are met with in putrid fever, where 
charge of blood' by urine, stool, and from the disea!»e has been of the malignant kind, 
various parts of the ijodv. Where the febrile symptoms have run high. 

In the conBuf^nt small-pox, the fever, which, and the head has been much affected with 

perhaps, had suffered some slight remission coma or delirium, the vessels of the brain ap* 

from the time the eruption made us appearance pear, on removing tlie crauiuuk ami dura 

to that of maturation, is often renewed with mater, more turgici, and filled with a darker 

considerable violence at this last mentioned coloured blotKl itian usual, and a greater quan- 

period, which is what is called the secondarv tity of serious fluid is fotutd, particularly to« 

fever, and this is the most dangerous stase of wards the base of the brain. Under suuilar 

the disease. It has been observed, even circumstances, ihe lungs have often a darker 

amongst the vulgnr. that tl>e small-pox is apt appearance, and their m(»idture is more copi* 

to ap|ycar immediately before or after the pre- ous than Udual. When no iuBammaiory iU 

valence of the measles. Another curious oh- fection has supervened, they arc n;o^l usually 

serration has been made relating to the symp- found. 

toms of these complaints, namely, that if, VaRIOLARIA, in Itotany, a tribe of the 

while a^tient labours under the small-pox, crypiokimous i4enus Lepkaria, which see. 
he is seized with the measles, the course of ilie VA^R10U.S. a, (^vurius, I^'in.) t. Dif- 

former is letarded till the eruption of the inea- Cerent ; several ; uuinifoid (3/t//). ^'. Clianice« 

sles is finished. The measles appear, for in- able; uncertain; unfixed; unlike itself 

stance, on the second day of the eruptum of {Lorkt). 3. Uniikc each other {Dryden), 

small- pox, the progress of this ceases till the 4. V'arieu.Tted ; <liver>ifie<l (Mtlivtt). 
measles terminate -by desquamation, and then VA'RlOUSiA'. </;/. (from various,) In a 

it goes on in the usual w:\y. Several cases are various manner (iiacon). 
however recorded in the Medical and Physical V^ARIX. (frotu varus, i.e. ohfortus), \ 

Journal, as likewise in the third volume of the dilatation of a vein. A genus of dir.ease in the 

Medical Commentaries, in which a concur- class locales and (»rdcr tumores of Cullen; 

rence of the sniall-fxix and uieaJcs took place known by a soft tumour oa a vein which cli>es 

without the priig'ess of the former b^ng re- not pulsate. Varicose veins mostly l>econie 

tarded. The distinct small- pox is not attended serpentine, and often form a plexus of koot<, 

with danger, except when it attacks pregnant especially in the gioins and stcrotum. 
women, or appntaches nearly in its nature to VA'RLET. s, (variei, old Freoch, now 

Ijhatof the CQiiAueiit; but thin bi9t u always valei.) 1. Aocieotly a 8er%ai)t or footiuaii 



V A R V A R 

{Speiu&). 8; A acoundrd ; a rascal (Dry" in the lid of which there is a small hole, till il 
den), is obserred to become soft, and to be melted 
V A^LETRY. f . (from varlet.) Rabble ; together into one mass. As soon as this it 
crowd i populace {Shakspeare), ^ perceived, the ves^I is Uiken from off the fire, 
VA'RNiSH. t. {vemis, rrench; vemix, and suffered to cool a little ; when a pound of 
Latin.) 1. A matter laid npon wood, metal, good painter's varnish is added to it, and the 
or other bodies, to make them shine {Bacon), whole suffered to boil up again over the fire^ 
S. Cover; palliation.. keeping it continually stirring. After this, it 
To Va'rkish. V, a. {vemisser, French.) K is again removed from the fire; and when it is 
To cover with something^hining(5AaAipeare). become somewhat coo), a pound of oil of 
9. To cover ; to conceal or decorate with some- turpentine is to be gradually mixed with it. 
thin^ ornamental {Dryden)» 3. To palliate; Should the varniih, when it is cool, happen to 
to hide with colour of rhetoric {Denham), be yet too thick, it may be attenuateil with 
VAavisH, in the arts, a compound fluid, more oil of turpentine. This varnish hai 
obtained in various way«, and which when always a dark-brown colour, because the am- 
spre^d over a solid substance adheres to it, and bcr is previously half- burned in this operation^ 
being dr}', forms upon \t% surface a shinins but if it be required of a bright colour, amber* 
and transparent coat, impervious to air and powder must be dissolved in transparent paint- 
moisture. er*s varnish, in Papin*6 m::chine, hy a gentle 

The be&t, perhaps the only substances' that fire, 
are capable of producing these effects, are As an instance of the sort of vaniisbes with 

retios; and as of these lac has been more ge- ethereal oils, may he adduced the varnish made 

ner^lly employed, either alone or in conjtmc- with oil of turpentine. For making thif, mas- 

tion with other materials, than the rest: many tich alune is dts.>olved in oil of turpentine by a 

of the most valuable and important varnishes very gentle digesting heit, in close glass ves* 

are deiiomiriated lacquers, and the mode of sels. This is the varnish used for the mwlern 

Qsing them lacquering ; those eooecially which transparencies employed as window-blinds* 

irr applied to tlie surface of metals, to heighten fire-screens, and for oiner purposes. Theso are 

their colour as well as to afford them protection commonly prints, coloured on both sides, and 

from the action of air and moisture. afterward coated with this varnish on those 

The resins, or resinous substances that are pjrts that are intended to l)e transparent, 

chiefly made use of for the purpose of varnish. Sometimes fine thin calico, or Irish linen, is 

in^ are the following \ fac, benzoin, mastich, u^ed for this purpose ; but it requires to be 

anime, elemi, sandarach, turpentine, gamboge, primed with a s(»liition of isinglass, before the 

diagoirs blood, copal, amber, asphalt, caout- colour is laid on. 

chooc. Copal may be dissolved in genuine Chio tur« 
These substances are capable of solution in pentine, according to Mr. Sheldrake, b^ adding 
the one or the other, and some of them in all it in powder %o the turpentine previously melt- 
the three following menstrua ; alkohol, or spi- ed, and stirring till the whole is fused. Oil of 
rits of wine, volatile or essential oils, and fat or turpentine may then be added, to dilute it suf- 
fixed oils. ^ ficiently. Or the copal in powder may he 
Btfure a resin is dissolved in a fixed oil it is put into a long-necked matrass with twelve 
orcessary to render the oil drvin^ For this parts of oil of turpentine, and digested several 
purjKMe the oil must be boileo with metallic days on a sand- heat, frequently shaking it. 
os)ds, in which process its mucilage combines This may be diluted with one-fourth or one-- 
With the metal, while the oil itselt unites with fifth of alcohol. Metallic vessels, or insiru- 
ibe oxygen of the oxyd. To accelerate the dry- ments, covered with two or three coats of this, 
ingof this varnish. It is necessary to add oil of and dried in an oven each time, may be 
torpentine. washed with boiling water, or even exjKM^ to 
Ihe essential varnishes consist of a solution a still greater heat, without irijury to the var- 
of some o^ the above resins in oil of turpentine, nish. 

The varnish being applied, the essential oil flies A varnish of the coivsistence of thin tur^ 

o£ Thi% is chiefly used for paintines. pentine is obtained for aerostatic machines, ^ 

When resins are dissolved in alkohol the the dieestion of one part of elastic gum, or 

nroish dries very speedily, and is subject to cKoutcnouc, cut into smnll pieces, in thirty-two 

erackj but thi> wult is corrected by adding a parts of rectified oil of turpentine. Previously 

HDall qijuntity of turpaotine to the mixture, to its being used, however, it must be panced 

which renders it brighter and less brittle when throiish a linen cloth, in order that the undis- 

dj\. solvefl parts may be left behind. 

The coloured resins, or resinous gums, as In spirit- vamif^h, it should beobterved, that 

|iinl)oge, and dragon*s blood, arc used to give a the most solid resins yield the most durable vaf- 

tincture u* the varnish. nishes ; hot a varnish must ne*'er be expected 

We have already observed, that when fixed to be harder than the resin naturally is of which 

(4li are uied they must be previously rendered it is made. Hence it is absurd to suppose 

drying: and we may take an example of var- that there are any incombustible varnishet, 

nijhes thus prepared from common amber since there is no such thina as an incombus- 

wrnish. To make this, half a pound of amber tiblc resin. But the most solid resins by them- 

ii kept over a gentle fire in a covered iron pot, r] v es produce brittle varnitfbct : therefore tome* 



VARNISH. 

(filing of a softer 8ul)stance must aUvayt be it extracted by incisions made in the spring | 

mixed with them, thereby this brittleiiess is and when the varnUh, which is received lo 

diminished. For this purpose gum elemi^ tur- slicIU^ does not flow, several hog'i bristles, 

pentine, or balsam of copaiva are employed in moistened with water or saliva, are introduced 

(mrper proportions. For the solution ot these into the wound, and cause it to run. VVhea 

)odif« the strongest alcohol ought to be iised» the tree is exhausted, the up|)er part of it is 

which may very properly Indeed l)e distillej wrapped in straw, which is set on fire, and 

over alkalf, but must not have stood upon causes the varnish to precipitate to the bottom 

alkali. The utmost simplicity in composition of the tree, where it flows out of perforations 

with respect to the number of the ingredients made for that purnObC. 

ID a formula is the result of the greatest tktll Those who collect the varnish set out before 

in the art; hence it is no wonder that the day-break, and place their shells beneath the 

greatest part of the formulas and recipes that apertures. The fhcUs are not left longer than 

we meet with are composed without any prin- three hours in their place, because the heat of 

cipLe at all. the sun would evaporate the varnish. 

In conformity to these rules, a fine colour- l*he varnish emits a smell, which the work* 

less varnish may be obtained, by dissolving men are \ery careful to avoid restpiring. It 

eight ounces of gum sandarach and two ounces produces an effect which they call the bud of 

of Venice turpentine in thirty-two ounces of the varnish. 

alcohol by a gentle heat. Five ounces of shell- When the varnish issues from the tree it re* 

lac nnd one of turpentine, dissolved in thirty sembles pitch. By exposure to the air, it gra« 

two ounces of alcohol by a very gentle heat, dually becomes colourcd» and is, at last, of a 

cive a harder varnish, but of a reddish cast, beautiful black. 

To the5e the solution of copal is undoubtedly The juice which flows from incisions made 

preferable in many respects. This is elTccted in the trunk and branches of the rhus tnxico* 

by triturating an ounce of powder of gum dendron possesses the same properties. It is a 

copal, which has been well aricd by a gentle white milky fluid, which becomes black and 

heat, with a drachm of camphor, and, while thick by the contact of the air. 

these are mtxins together, adding by degrees To make the varnish bright, it is evanoratet) 

four ounces of the strongest alcohol, without by the sun ; and a body is given to it with hog*t 

any digestion. gall and sulphat of iron. 

fietween this and the gold varnish there is The Chinese use the oil of tea, which they 

only this difference, that some substances that render drier by boiling it with orpiment, reat 

eommunicate a yellow tinge are to be added to gar, and araenlc. 

the latter. The most ancient description of To ^ive lustre to a varnish after its.applica* 

two sorts of it, one of which was preprcd tion, it is rubbed with pounded pumice-stone 

with oil, and the other with alcohol, is to be and water; tliis is dried up with a doth, and 

found in Altxius Pedemontanus Dei Secrett, the work then rubbed with an oiled rag and 

Lucca, of which the fir^t edition was publish- tripoli. The surface is last of all cleaned with 

rd in the year l-la?. But it is better prepared, soft linen cloth^ cleared of all greasiuess with 

and more durable, when made after the follow- powder of starch, and rubbed bright with the 

ing prescription : take two ounces of shell-lac, palm of the hand. 

of arnatto and turmeric each one ounce, and We have said that lacquers or lacquer 
thirty grainb of fine dragon's blood, and make varnishes consist chiefly of those that are sp- 
an extract with twenty ounces of alcohol in a plied to metals to heighten their colour aiKl 
gentle heat. * bring it nearer to that of gold, as well as for 

Oil varnishes are commonly mixed immedi- protection. The metals commonly lacquered 

ately with the colours, but lac or lacquer var- are bras^ and tin. The following is one of 

ni>hei( arc l:>id on by themselves upon a bur- the best varnishes for this purpose, 

ntshed coloured ground : when they arc in- Take of turmeric pulverisea one ounce, and 

tended to be laid upon naked wood, a ground of saffrcyi and arnatto each two drachms; in- 

fthould be 6 r«t given them of strong size, either fuse them at a moderate temperature for a 

alone or with some earthy colour, mixed up week or more in a pint of rectified alkohol ; 

with it by levigation. The gold lacquer is separate the yellow tincture thus obtained by 

simply rubbed over brass, tin, or silver, to give straining through a piece of clean linen, ana 

them a pold colour. add to the clean liquor three ounces of good 

Perc d'lncar\'ille has informed us^ that the seed lac: let the matoriuls digest together for 

tree which affords the varnish of China is some days in a bottle, with frec|uciit shaking, 

called Uti-chou by the Chinese. This tree is and then strain off the clear (Kirt, which is the 

propagated by offsets. When the cultivator is lacquer. If the piece of brass to which it is to 

de<^iroiis of planting it, he takes a branch, be applied is large, as a lock for example, it is 

which he wraps up in a mass of earth, by to be warmed, and the lac(|uer, made also 

means of flax. Care i« taken to moisten this warm, is to be spread on tvith a brush: if the 

earth ; the branch pushes out roots, and is articles be small, they are to be made up into 

then pruned and transplanted. Thi«> tree packets, then warmea, and afterwards dipped 

grows to the ^ize of a man's leir. into the varnish. 

The varnish is drav.n in spring. If it be a Varnish tre£. See Rhus. 

cultivated trcf^ it affords three gatherinip. It VA'RNISHLH. r. (from t;ar;i/*A.) l.Oiie 



V A S 

Ui Tamiih IBoylt). t. A dia- 
•uMct ; ;in ailorner ( fope). 

VaUBO (M. Tei«»uuO. > Roman omul, 
•tCiniueiby A'lnibal. (SucTeren- 
A Laiiii wtiu-r, Mebiaiol Tnr his 
Off. He wniic no lt«< ihan SCO 
lima, all now lA-t, exccjii a imtiH 
m, and Jiioihcr, Ue liitgiia I jtjna, 
Cifcto. He was Pompey'i liru- 
unuii in hU [>irniiMl wan, arul nbialiiKl a 
9«nl rtowB. Ill ihe eival win he wns ukcii 
IfCatsr, anil pmiciibed, but ticncaiicd. He 
tun bMB gruity conimr'idcil bf Cicero Cnr his 
•fwlnioa. He' (lied H. C. SR, in llie SSih year 
of hii igt. — 3. A niiH-e of Gaul, in the agr of 
J. Cvwi. He tfan-latMl tnlo Uiin vtnt ihc 
AapaMoiiea of A[t<>1l6iiiiit Hhodiut, wlih great 
ctvnclBfM and i-leasnec. He failed in hi» 
siumiit ID wriir Miirr. llfaral.) 

VARHONIA, in boMiiy, a genus or ihe 
ela>t«»iandri*. order moQOgynia. Curul Are- 
cMli drujw with a fiHii-celled nut. Nine 
•win; »htulMof the WesllndiMorAinrrica. 
TA'KVHLS. I. (.farcilU,, Fi.) SiKertini^ 
abomihe le;* ar.i hawk, on wliich the owner'i 

r« VARY. w. o. (MnW. Laiin.) 1. To 
thta^i to iiiAit unlike itscir (Milm). 8. To 
dunge to noiiiPihiiig rUr {Jfallrr). 3- To 
D^e of difTcrcm kjndt (firiiwn). 4. To ditct* 
lih, In laricgile OfiJ/oNj. 

T« V*'».r. ■>, n. I. To be changeable; lo 
iww in ftilTricnt fonns (M<//on^ I. To be 
mdAe each oihci {ColHtr^. 3. Tn idlers lo 
Wnnme unlike ilielf |.P<>p«}. 4. To deviate! 
lailnnn {Lockr). 5. To tucceed eneh oiher 
l.tiJu««). (>. To diiagree ; lo be at variance 
lOonn). ?■ To ihift culouri (papr). 

V»'«r. f. (from the verb.l Change^ alter- 
*tiM T not in UK {SttQktpeart). 

VAS DEFERENS, (from rfr/«o. w con- 
■t*.] A dun which ariaea from ihe cpididymii, 
•ad (tMMi through llic inguinal rn<|z in ihe 
•(iRiutir cord into the cavity of ihe pelvis, 
■M WtRimsles in the reiiruiz seminalrs. Ii« 
w*iiu> eoRvey ihe icmcn, or at lenii a seini- 
m) fluid •ecTMcd in the iciticle, and btoujihi 
■ hbjrihe rudiilymii into the veiiculie scoii- 
vdtt, 

VASA. VeiM-lt. In rtnntnniy and botany. 
Caiuuni Te|;Fl.ihilia tiiplicibus tati;. I. Sue 
«« liquarrui Tchunt'. carrying ihe juice!. C. 
I'innili alvff.lis aticeum eouKiranl : secreting 
««ttivin^ Ihfin. 3, Tracheie acieni atira- 
hmi: aJt-iriielt. Philoa. Bot. SccAkato- 
>*< boTASV, aiul PUVSIOLOGV. 

V»»a aatvta. Tlic aiirries which come 
iitnlhc «|ilrcn, and run ulong ihe lurgc arch 
•'ihc tininach lo tlie iliajihrasni. 
Va«* ptvssaaTiA. See Vxs niiriERtMi. 
Vua vorncosA. The contorted iwels 
"f 'he fboiwlil membfanc, 
.V*1>CtJl.AR.o. (fn-m M.n</««. Uiin) 
^MgncvfrtMlsi rKiUrreiKbC^i'tu/A.). 
^^^KtJLl'FBRUUS. 0. {vauihm and 
^^^^^Etiii-t Such plants a« have, beside the 
^^^^Hknlvi, a pcruliar vcmcI to cnntain the 
^■imwetinic* dmded into ctllt(qiir<cy). 



VASE, a (erm frequently used for ancient 
veuel) dtig fruiu under ground, or otherwise 
found, and preserved in ihe cabinets of ihe 
curious. In archiieciure, the appellation vase 
ii also given lo those ornaments placed on cor- 
nlchn, sochles, or^sedeilali, te|)rescniing the 
vessels of Ihe ancients, parliculatty lho-<e used 
in sacriiiee ; as incense-pots, flower-pots, &cv 
They serve lo crown or ^iiiih fjfa<les, or fron- 
tispiecesi and hence cnllcd acroieria. Tlte 
term va»c, however, ii more particularly used 
in archiieciure to signify thebodyof iheCoriii- 
ihian and Coiii)>osiic crtpiuil ; otherwise called 
the tambour or drum, aud soinetimes the cam- 
piina or hell. 

VA'SSAL. a. {vniial, Fr. Boitalh, lul.) 
I. One who lioldj by the will of a superiour 
lord {.Iddiiou). i, A subject ; a dependant 
(Italt'tah). 3. Aser^'anl; one whoacts by ihe 
will ot another {Shakifenre), 4. A slave ; a 
low wrclch {Shahprarc). 

VA'SSALLaGE. .. {i'0«f/a«, Fr,) The 
lUtc of a vassal ; lenuie at will ; servitude ; 
slavery ; dependance IDryJrn). 

VAST. a Cf owe. Fr. rai/«j, Ul.) I. Urge j 
great (ClarenJan). S- Viiiousty great ( enor- 
mously exiensive or capacious (Millon). 

Vait. I. (aatlum, Lai.) An euiply waste. 

VASTATION... (coi/a/io. Lat.) Waste; 
depopulation (J)«aw of P'lelu). 

VASTl'UrrY. .. U-ttililai. Lai.) Wide- 
nest; immensity. A barbarous word {Sliak- 
tprarr). 

VA'STiy.ad. (from tasl.) Greatly; u>% 
gi-eat degree (5uuM). y 

VA-STNESS.*. (from va>l.) Immensiiytl 
enormous greatness (Bc«ri<.«). » 

VASTUS EXTERNUb, ii.iinatomy. {vai- 
ttii, so called from ils size.) Tills l.irge, ihick, 
and fleshy muicle it siliiaied on ihc unlet side 
of the thigh ; it arises, by a broad ihick ten- 
don, from ihe inwer and -nnlcrlor part of the 
great trochanter, and upper pan or the linra 
Bspcria; il likewise adheres by fleshy fibres tu 
the wiiole outer edge of ihat rough lint. It* 
fibres descend obliiiuely forwards, and after tt 
has run four or five incnct downwards, wc&n^ 
it adhering lo the anterior surface and oi"'~' 
side of the crur«\it, with which it coniir 
to be connected lo the lower pari of the liii_ 
where we see it leniiinating iti a broad leitdon, 
tvhich is inserted into ihe upfier part of ihe 
patella laterally, and sends oft an nponeuroii* 
thai adheres to ihe head oF the libia, anil ii 
coitlinued diinn the Irg. 

Vastus internui. This muscle, which 
i» less considerable thiin the vastus exieinu!, ii 
tiiualcd at theiniiiT side of the thigh, being 
se|UiratciI ftoni itie lastdocrilK-d muscle byllie 



r tt 



It arises tendinous 
tlie fore-part of the o 
lite letier irochanter 






, and the iliacus ii 



, connected with 
the crursus, but it conitntics longer flnhy than 
tlui inuiclr. A little above the kuee iv« m*. 



VAT V A U 

its outer edge uniting with the inner cd^c of value of this and the Alexandrian maniucriB^ 

the rcciuj, after which it is inserted tendinous in which .thirty F^lms* a few chapters, ana a 

into ihe up)HT part and inner side of the pa- few verses, are now lost, as well as parka of 

tella, sending oil an a|)on€urosis which adheres verses in different places ; and in whicn there 

to the ujH)<:r part of ihe tibia. have been some rasures and insertioDS^ at 

VA'STY. a. (from vast.) Large; ener- Grahe allows. If, as Grabe states it, that iiift* 

moiwlvjgrcai {Shakspeare). nuscript be the most respectable which coidcs 

VAT\ s. ivai, Dmch j j:ac, Sax.) A vessel the nearest to the Hcxaplar copy, the Alexan- 

in which liquors are kej.t in the inunauiM state, drian manuscript seems to clniiii that merit in 

VATiCA, in botmy, u genus of the class preference to its rival. But if it be thought a 

dodecjndria, orrier nionogynia. CaKx five- niatier of snfK^rior honour to come nearer the 

cleft; petals five; anthers tificen, sessile, four- old Greek version, unaltered by Origeo, that 

celled. Oue species only, vaiica Chinensis : a merit seems to belong to the Vatican. For 

tree of China and the Mysore, with alternate, farther particulars, see the Prolegomena of 

heart-ovute, entire, glabrous leaves; panicled Walton, Grabe,Wetstein, Mills, and LeLoog, 

flowers; branclu's biriatc, or angular. ubi supra. 

This seems to be the proper lac- insect tree, VA'TICIDE. i. (t;a/ei and c<P(2o, Lat.) A 

roncerniug which naturalists have so long dif- murderer of prophets. 

fcrcd in opaiion. The reader will find a par- To VATI'CINATE. n. n. {vaiicinor, Lat.) 

ticular account of it, as well as of the manner To prophesy ; to practise prediction {Ilowel). 
of coIIectiuL' this valuable secretion, in Bucha- V A'v ASOUR. j. {vavat^eur, Fr.) One who 

pan's Journey, vol. i. pp. I/O and 343. Sec himself holding of a superiour lord, has oihert 

also the article Lac, in the present work. holdine under him {Camden). 

VATICAN, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber VAUBAN (Sebastian le Prestre, seigneur 

and the Janiculum. lately admired for ancient de}, marshal of France, and the greatest en* 

monunients and pillars, and for the palace of gineer that country ever produced, was born ia 

the |)ope, which is said to consist of several 1(333. He displayed great abilities and skill in 

thousand rooms .* the pans r." it most admired many sieves, and his services were rewarded 

are the grand staircase, the pope's apartment, with the first military honours. He was made 

and especially the librar)', which is one of the governor of Lisle, commissary^general of the 

richest in the world, both in printed books fonifications of France, and afterwards gover« 

and manuscripts. nor of the mariiiuie nans of Flanders, and a 

Vatican manuscript is one of the most marshal of France. He died in 1707, having 

celebrated manuscripts of the Greek version of brought fortification to a degree of perfection 

the Bible now extant in the world. It was unknown before. His writings on these sub* 

published at Rome by cardinal Carafa, at the jects are in the highest esteem.' 
command of Sixius Qnintus, in 1687 ; and in VAUD (Paysrie), a country of Switzerland, 

the preface, it is said to have been written anie in the canton of Bern. It cxtemls along the 

milUiimum ducenfesimum annum, i. e. before lake of Geneva, rising gradually from the ed^ 

387 ; but Blanchiui supposes it a few years of that lake, and is richly laid out in vine^-ardsy 

later. A Latm edition f^rom this manuscript, corn-fieids, and meadows, and clK>qiierea with 

wiihnotc^, was printed at Rome in 1588, by continued villages and towns. It was wrested 

IHam. Noliiliufi ; and an edition, with the from the duke of Savoy, by the canton of Bern, 

Greek and I^tin, with the division of the in 1636. I^usanne is the capital, 
verses, according to the Vulgate, and Nobilius's VAUDaBLKS, a town of France, in the 

Latin note), and the Greek scholia of Carafa, department of Fuy de Donne, five miles from 

by J. Morinus, at Puris, in lf)V8. This ma* Laoire, and 240 S. by E. of Paiid. 
nubcript is written in large or text letters, and VAUDKMONT, a town of France, in the 

has no distinguishing chapters, verses, words, department of Mv-urtlic, with a caNtK'. it is 

nor any nurks of accents. It is mutilated seated in the most fertile country for corn in 

both at the beginning and end; and wants all Lorrain, 16 milts S.£. of 'ii>ul, and 18 

the tirst forty-six ch.iptera of Gene^is, thiry- S.W. of Nanci. Lon. 6. 67 li. Lat 48. 

two Psalms, viz. from the 106th to the 137ihi •(> N. 

and the Inter part of the Fpisile 10 the He- VAIJDEVH^. j. (vaudrvili^, Fr.) A song 

brews, from chap. ix. ver. 14. with the other common among the vulvar; a balad; a iiWm 

Kjus'les of P.jul fo Timoih), Titus, and Phile- sliain. 

inon, and the whole book of ReveLiion. It VAUDOIS (Valleys of), in Piedmont. 

fjUM-ars aU>, that the whole inanuscripi has Ti^ey lie N. of the niarquisate of Saluzzo, and 

been repaired, wiih fre^h ink laid over tni* let- ihi* ch.ief town is Lncirna. 
i«T<, which v/ere di<ipi)earii)j^ throuj^h age. Vauoois, Valdenses, or \Vai.dbx9F.s. 

Im the ediiion of Carafa the muiilaie<l |>assjg<>s in eccle'^iasiical histor\', a nan.e tjven to a sect 

have been supplied from other c pies. of reformers, who made their fust appc-arauce 

It has been asserted, by two eye-witnesseo, ab<mi the vear ll()0. 
that this manuscript has undcr);>ne some al* Of all the ^ects that arose in this century^ 

terations by a later hand. See I^ I/)n^*s Bi- none was more distin^^uishcd by the rrputattdn 

blioih. Sacra, cap. 3. sect. 4 ; and Wclstein*s it ncouired, by the muhiiude of its votaries, 

Pndtgomena, Nov. Te3t. p. V4. and tlie te&timony which its bitterc-^t enemies 

It i> ditBcuU to e:itimatc ihe com|)arativc bore 10 the probity and iuuoccuce of iu aiem* 



V A U D O I S. 

kn» thtn that of the Waldenses, to called, in the ]itace of Vaodois. The hinody inqnisi* 

uy« Moshetin, from their |Mir«at and founder tor, Reiuenis Sacco, %vho exerted such a furi- 

Fetcr Waldui. lli^'y were also called Leonists, ous zeal for the dcsiruction of the Waldenses, 

fnim Leona, the ancient name of Lyonsi, where lived but eighty ^ears after Valdus of Lyons, 

their sect took its rise. The nK>re eminent and must, therelore, be sii|)(X)!>ed to know 

penons of that sect manifested their progress whether or not he was the redl founder of the 

tuwainls |>eifcction by the sim|ilicity and mean- Vaidensfs or Lffonists ; and yet it is remark- 

DCMoftlieir external appearance: hence, among abie, that he speaks of the Leonists as a sect 

ochcr tbinj^, they wore wooden shoes, which that had flouristied abo^e tive hundred years; 

in iIk French bnguage are termed sabots, and and mentions authors of note who make their 

had imprinted upon tnese shoes the sign of the antiquity asccitd to the a|X)btolic a^e. See the 

to dUtinguish themselves from other account given of Sacco*s book by the Jesuit 



Christians; an<l on these accounts they ac- Gretscr, in the Bibliotheca Patruui. See also 

qaircd the deuouiiuatious of Sabbataii and In- Leger's Histoirc Gen* des ligli^es Vaudoises^ 

sctbbauti. cap. 2. So, 26, ^7* 

Tlie origin of this fauious sect, according to But to return to the history of Peter Valdus. 

Mi>fcbeimt was as follows: Peter, an opulent Soon after Pettr had assumed the exercise of 

tiicrcbjDt of Lyons, suruauied Valdeuhis, or his ministry, the archbish<ip of Lyons, and the 

Va'idisius, from Vaux, or Waidum, a town in othef rulers of the churclt in that province, 

tiM OMnjuisate of Lyooa, beinz extremely zeal- vigorously opposed him. However, their op« 

ous fof the advancement of true piety and position was unsuccessful ; f tr tl^e purity and 

Cnriscian knowledge, employed a certain priest, simplicity of that reii^im which these good 

called Siepha nut de Kvisa. al>out the year 1 160, men taught, the s|K>tle.«s innocence that shone 

in translating from I^tin into French the four forth in their lives and actions, and the noble 

Gos|ieis« with other l>ouks of holy S'^rijUure, contempt of t'lcUa and honours, which was 

and ttie most remarkable sentences of the an- conspicuous in the whole of their conduct and 

cieiit f1octois« which were so highly esteemed conversation, appeared so engaging to all such 

ia tills century. But no scjoner had he |H;rused as had any sense of true piety, that the number 

tiiesc sacred tiooks with a proper degree uf at- of their followers daily incrs.'a^ed. They ac- 

uation, itiaM he perceived ttiat tlM! religion, cordiugly formed religious asstrinblies first in 

ssnich was now taught in the Roman church, France, and afterwards in Loinbardy, from 

difieral touUy from that which was originally whence they propagated their sect throughout 

inculcated by Christ and his apostle<i. Struck the other provinces of Europe with incredible 

with this glaring contradictioti between the rapidity, and with ^uch invincible fortitude, 

doctrines of the pontiffs and the truths of the that neither fire, nor sword, nor the most cruel 

GfJS|iel, and animated with zeal, he abandoned inventions of merciless |iersecution, could damp 

bis mercsiuile vocation, difttriUited his riches their zeal, oreittirely ruin their cause. 

imota|[tbe poor (whence the Waldcnses tvere The attempts of Peter WaMus and his fol- 

catled poor men of Lyons), and forming an lowers were neither employed nor designed to 

psiociatioii with other pious men, who had introduce new doctrines into the church, nor 

aiopusd his seotimeuts atul his turn of devo- to piopose new articles of faiih to Christians. 

tioii, he l«egan, in tlie year 1180, to assume AH they aimed at was to reduce the form of 

tHe (|uaUty of a public teacher, and to instruct ecclesia.siical government, and the manners 

t'le multitude iu the doctrines and precepts of both of the cKfrtity and people, to that amiable 

Christianity. simplicity, and primitive sanctity, that charac- 

Br/za, and other writers of note, who are terizcd the ajxisiolic ages, and which appear so 

ibilowcd bv Dr. Maclcane, the learned transia- strongly reconinK-rrleil in the precepts and 

inrofMosheim*shi»ior\', give different accounts ^injnr.ciitHVi of tlie divine author of our 

of the origin of the Waldcnses ; alU*ging, that holy religion. In con-cquetice of this design, 

ii «ecms evident from the best records, that they complaitiud that the Iloman church had 

Vildusdcri%ed bis na;ne from the true \'alden- degti;c;aicd, under Constuutine the Great, 

Mof Piedmont, ivhose doctrine he adopted, fro.n its priuitiive purity and sanctity. They 

io(i who were known by the names of Vaudois dented the su;>reiuacy of the.- Roman pontin* 

•od V'ttldenseii, t»efore he or his immediate Hoi- and luuintjined, iliai the rolers and niini>iers 

iMicrs existed. If the Valuenses or Waldcnses of the churcn were oblised, by tliclr vocation, 

bul derived their name from an eminent teach- to imitate ttio poverty of the apostUs, aiul to 

cr. It would proltahly lia«e been from Valdo, procure for iliemselves a subsistence by th<> v^ork 

*Ho w»s remarkable for the purity of his doc- ot their hands. They considered e*ery Chris- 

^Ofin the eleventh centurv, and was the co- tiin a?, in a certain mensnrf*, qMalified and au- 

t'lipofar)' and chief connsehor of Ucrcngarius. thonzed to instruct, extiort, aiwl confirm the 

Boi llie truth is, that they derive their name brethren in their Chii*»iin courf-e, and dc- 

fnno their valleys in Pii^dmont, which in their manded the restorjtion of the ancient peniten- 

ho4m;{ewere called vaux. and hence Vaudois, tial disci))liue of the clii:rc!i, i. e. the cxpi.ition 

tiieirtioe name: hence also Peter, or, a» others of transgressions by pra\er, fasiiiig, and alms, 

^< liiia, John of Lvons, was called in Latin which ilie new-invented doctrine Y>f iirltil- 

Vilila^, because he hid adopted their doctrine; gences had almost totally abolished. The)', at 

**^ hfnce the term Valdenses or Waldt-nses the same time, alBrmed, th.it every |)iouaCliiik- 

^1 by those who w*ritc in English or Latto, tian was qualified and entitled to prescribe lo 



V A U V A U 

the peoitent the kind or degree of satisfaction Vault, in architecture, an arched roof, m 
or expiation that their transgressions required ; contrived that the stones which form it ^usuia 
that confession made to priests was by no means each othvr. Vaults are, on many occasions, 
necessary, since tlie humble ofl'ender might ac- to be preferred to soffits or ceilit.gs, as they 
knowledge his sins, and testify his repentance give a greater height and elevation, and are be* 
to any true believer, and might expect from sides mi^rc firm and durable, 
such the 6ounsel and admonition which his Salmn^ius obsvnes, that the ancients had 
case demanded. They maintained, that the only three kinds of vaults. The first was the 
power of delivering sinners from the guilt and fornix, made cradle- wise; the second a tesiudo, 
punishment of their oH'ences belonged to Gud i.e. tortoise- wise, wliich the French call cnl 
alone ; and that indulgences, of consequence, de four, or oven-wise ; and the third concha, 
were the criminal inventions of sordid avarice, or trumpei-wise. But the moderns have sob» 
Thev looked upon the prayers, and other cere- divided these three sorts into many more, lo 
monies that were ins'.ituted in behalf of the which they have given diflcrent names, accord* 
dead, as vain, useless, and absurd, and denied ing to their figures and uses; some of them 
the existence of departed souU in an intcrme- are circular, and others elliptical, 
diute state of purification ; affirming, that they Again, the sweeps of some^are brger, othen 
were immediately, upon their separation from less, poriions of a sphere. All such as arv 
the body, received into heaven, or thrust down above hemispheres are called high, or surmount- 
to hell. These, and other tenets of a like na- ed vaults ; and all that arc less than hemispheres, 
ture, composed the system of doctrine propa- are called low, or surbascd vaults, or testu* 
gated by the Waldenses. It is aUo said, that dines. 

several of the Waldenses denied the obligation In some vaults the height is greater than the 

of infant-buptism, and thdt others rejected diameter; in others it is less ; others agaiiL are 

water-baptism entirely; but Wall has laboured quite flat, and only made with haunses; othen 

to prove, that infant-baptism was generally like ovens, or in tne form of a cul defour, &c. 

practised among them. and others growing wider as tliey lengthen, like 

Duiing the greatest part of the 17th century, a trumpet, 

those of ihcm who lived in the valleys of Pied- Vaults (Master), are those that cover the 

mon% and who had embraced the doctrine, principal parts of buildings, in contradiitioc- 

discipline, and worship of the church of Ge* tion to the upper or subordinate vaults, which 

neva, were oppressed and persecuted, in the only cover some little part, as a passage or gate, 

most barbarous and inhuman manner, by the &c. 

ministers of Rome. This persecution was car- Vault (Double), is one that is built Ofcr 

ned on with peculiar marks of rage and enor- another, to make the outer decoration nnge 

mity in the years 1()55, 16*56, and \6gi}, and with the inner; or, to make the beautv and 

seemed to portend nothing less than the total decoration of the inside consistent with that of 

extinction of that unhappy nation. The most the outride, leaves n space between the concavity 

horrid scenes of violence and bloodshed were of the one and the convexity of the other ; iu* 

exhibited in this theatre of |)apal tyranny; and stances of which we have in the dome of St. 

the few Waldenses that snnived were indebted Peter's at Rome, St. Piml's at London, and in 

for their existence and support to the interces- that of the Invalids at Paris, 

sion made for them by the English and Dutch Vaults with compartments, are such whose 

governments, and also by the Swiss cantons, sweep, or inner face, is enriched with pannels 

whosolicitcdiheclemencyof the duke of Savoy of sculpture, seprated by platbands, llirse 

in iheir behalf. compartments, which are of different figures 

VAUGELAS (Claude Favre de), a French according to the vaults, and usually gilt on i 

writer, was born at Chamberry in 1585. lie white ground, are made with stone or brick 

had a concern in the great French dictionary, walla, as in the church of St. Peter at Rome, 

and was one of those who first corrected and or with plaister on timber vaults, 

regulated the French language. He wrote two Vaults (Theory of). A semicircular arch 

excellent works, 1. Remarques sur la I^ngue or vauli, standing on two piedroits, or impost^, 

Fran9«)ise, Paris, ltl47. 2. Quintc Curce de and all the stones that compose them, being 

la vie ct dcs actions d*Alexandre le Grand, cut, and placed in such manner as that their 

tradiiitdu Latin, Paris, l653. He died about joints or beds, being prolonged, do all meet in 

10*55. the centre of the vault: it is evident that all 

VAULT. 1. (vaulie, Fr. rolia, Ital.) 1. A the stones must lie in the form of wedges, 1. e. 

continued arch {Burnet), S. A cellar (Shak' must l>c wider and bi'^ger at top ; by means of 

spcnre). 3. A cave ; a cavern (Sandys), 4. which they sustain each other, and mutually 

A repository for the dead (Shrtkspeare), oppose the effort of their weight, which deter- 

To Vault, r. n. {router, Fr.) 1. To arch ; mines them to fall. The stone in the middle 

to shape as a vault {Shakspeare)* S. Tocoxer of the vaults, which stands perpendicular co 

with an arch (Miiion)' the horizon, and is called the key of the Tault, 

To Vault, f. <?. {volii^rfr^Fr,) 1. To leap; is sustainerl on each si<!e by two contiguous 

to jump (/ft/(/iion). 9. To play the tumbler, stones, ju:<t as by two inclined plnnc*»; and, 

or jxisturemaster. < consequently, the effort it makes to fall it not 

Vault, s. (from the rcrb.) A leap; a equal to its weight. Hut still that effort is th« 

jump. greater, as the iuclincd planes are les« iocUucd | 



I 

i 



■o liial if the; wete infinitely lilitc incViied, 
L e, U' ihcjp WMC pFiMfHllculat to ilie lioriioD 
M well at the ktj, il will leiul tn T.ll with lis 
wrboU wci^i, and wtniM aciunUj fall but fur 
die monar. lite Kcnnd iinne, whicli it on 
tbc ri^tM Of Icfi uf ilia kef -itone, is susiainrd 
bja tbirJ, whirh, bj vir'ueorihe (i^iirrnrilie 
fiuli, i* ntonuriljr n'inre inclined lo the ^trond 
Uon the iccand ia Id ihc first ; and conse- 
Qwnlly the tecond, iu ihe cfton il maki-a lo 
b&, emtiltt)'* a lci>! part of iU weight than ihe 
fir>t. Foe the uric rcunon, ihe stonei rrom 
ihc Lc)-tione emplov itill a Icm and le» pan of 
UieiTKcuhl lo tbc'bit; which, resting on a 
Iwrixoaul |i!»nt, empki^! no part of it* weight, 
Of, which » ihc Mnie thing, make* no eft'ortat 
*V, aa bcins ealiniy lupportcd by the impost, 
Now, ill Taiili], a peat point to be aimed «i it, 
iluliD ihr iiiuitoirt, or key-ntoi'es. make an 
a^ual rScn lowai.U fallinz. To effeet iliis, it 
n riwbk, that « uach (reckoning fraiii the liL-y 
to iht iuipml) employ Blill a lesi and leu part 
of Ml wliok weight; the fini, for inslnntc, 
ooly cnplnyins onr-halfi the iMroiiil, oiic- 
■Wnl I the Ihifd, one-fourth, ice. then h no 
Mbcr way of aiakiiiK thiue diflrtcnl pniii equal, 
ba> bf i pro|Kirtioiiable lugmeti union of^ the 
«4mIf 1 i. e. the taKond iloiic inmi be heavier 
tkm the linl, ilie third llian the second, ice. 
*t the hiti which tltould be itiRnilely heavier. 

it. Dc la Hire dcmonilr^tn what thai pto- 
imuoii i*. is which tlie weight of the itnne* 
<f a KmiciKiiUr arch muM he increased lo be 
M ci|ailibrio. or lo Icnil with eijiial force* lo 
bU, wfaicli il ihefirmesidiipMiiion x tatilt can 
h»w. The arcliitecis before him had no cer- 
Uai fate lo oicutucl thetniclres by, but did all 
Jt randmn. Reckoning ihe degrees of the 
•inarfttM ofa circle, fioni,the key-slone lo the 
HipMl, ib« extremity of each itone will take 
«|i M much Itic gTMIcr arch as it is farther from 
tbtkrr. 

M. I)e la Hire-i rule it, to augment ihe 
wn^l of eieh »lone aboye thai of the kcv- 
waot, m miich ai the uiigent of the arch of 
Ae oouB exceetls llie tangent of ihe arch of 
half the key. Now the tangent of the Lit 
■3K of necruily becomes infinite, and of cnn- 

Xatet iu weight should be lO (on i but, m 
■tyhai no pldceinpraciice, ihe rule amount) 
» ibis that Ihe hat iionci should tie loaded as 
mnA a* pnuible, that they mjy ilie better rc- 
Ml the (Aon which the vauli makes lu separate 
4«n which iscallcd the thoolor drinofthe 
*aolt. Mr Pajeni hu aincc deiermined the 
nm, at l^ute, which the extrad'n, or outside 
•f anull, whoM imndns, or inaidc, is apheri- 
mI. miM have, that all the stonet may be in 
■{•■Mirin. 
With nf^^td lo (he iheory in ihe more com- 

KiMD, KC our articlo Akch and Dome. 
mathemaiical reader may alwi advuiKai:?- 
CinljK/OHiIi (Mcgofy'i Mechani'-t. »ol. i.; ihe 
' ^ and laults at the end offiot- 
. Ur. Hinton's tiraliK on 
? H(.ol, of hi* 8vo. Tracti, 
il M. Burarri'g liealite, en- 



s' the 
yd>|^J 

i 



:-s Vol 



U B I 

Vault, in farriery, Tovault a borse-sjioe, 
)• X'l lurge it hallow, as In the case of Mr. Si. 
Ilfl'ii ihne. But lliii inn of shoe spoils the 
feet ; fur the sole grdduatly aasuines the foniB:^ m ■ 
of the shue, and the frog becomes every daVf^^U 
more and more raised from ihe Ktouml. 

VA'[JLTAGE.j.Cfromi.au((') Arched« 
lar: not in use (Sfto/jpeare)- 

VA'ULTED. a. (from vault.) Arche 
concave (Pope). 

VA'ULTER. *. (from vaull.) A leapt 
a jumper ; a lunibler. 

VA'ULTY. a. {from vault.-) Afched ; coiil" 
cjve: a bnd word(SinA^«peair). 

To VAUNT. V. a. {vanlfT. Fr.) To boasi; 
to diiplay with osicniaiioii {Spenifr). 

To Vaukt. 11. n. To play the bra^tgarti to 
talk with iKtrntalioni to boast (Cranuii/f), 

Vaukt. j. (from ihe verb,) Brag; boast; 
sain ostcnlalion ( Cranuii/r) ■ 

Vaunt, j. (from avant, French.) The 6ilt, 
part : not ii*ed (SAatiaeore). 

VA'UNTER. .. (.i^anuur, Fr.) Boail 
braapnrt {Drydtn). 

VA'UNTI'UL. n. (oflirn/ and/n«.) Bof 
full ostentatious (SPfHjfr). 

VA'nNTlNGLY. ad. (from vaunting.) 
BoailfuUvi OttenlBiiously {Si'nhpfart). 

VA'UNT.MUKE. .. {,ava>U ««r. Fr.) A 
fjise wall (Knawlei). 

VA'VVAHD. >. (t-anand ward.} Forepart. 

UBEKLINGIN, a free imperial city of 
Siiabia, in the coonty of Fursienburg. The 
inhabitants, who are partly Roman catholics 
and partly promianti, c;irry on > grcn( trade in 
corn, which they send lo Swjsseriandi and 
not far hence are very famous baths. It 
is feated on a high rick, near the lake of Con- 
stance, 1£ miles N. of Constance. Lon. 
10 E. Lai. 47. 50 N. 

U'BERTV. (. iuhcrloi^ LaL) Abundant 
fruilfiibiM*. 

UBES(St.), orSETVJiAL,albrtifid town 
of Portug4l, iu Eslrcmsdura, with a good har- 
bour, defended bv the fort of St. Ja|io. It is 
butit on the ruins of the ancient Seiobtiga, at 
Ihu head of a bay. near ihe mouth oT the 
Zadaen. It has a fine fishery, and a very good 
Iraije, pirticuiarly in salt, of which n great 
(^uan^ity is tent in thecoloniei in Amerirn. It 
i& scaled al the end of a plain, five miles in 
length, extremely fertile in corn, wine, niid 
ftniis : the N. end bounded by a row of 
niountuint, loiidcd with fine forests of pines, 
and other treei; and within are quirricg of 
Ja<per of several cnloun. of which ace ninde 
pilLrt nnd imajfts, thnt lake a very fine polish. 
It is S3 miles S.E. of Lisbon. X^n. 8. 64 VV, 
Lat. 38. seN, 

UBICATION. Uni'iLTr. $. {(torn 
Lalin.) Lncal rflatinn ; wheicneit (Glaav. 

IJIJIQUITAKIANS. (formed from at; 

rvcry.where.) In ecclesiastical hittorv, a 

i>f Liithemns which rose and spread ii>elf Tn 
Germany! and whoie disiingiiithini doctrine 
was, that the iHidy of Jisut Ohiiit ii cvery- 
whcte. Of in ctery place. Bientiut. one of 
iLic eailicil icfainiro, it said Iu have fii 



1 



V E C V E D 

broached this error, in 1660. Luther himself, by Ommen, Hanelt, and SwarUlays, below 
in his controversy with Zuin^lius, had thrown which it enters the Ziitder Zee. 
out some unguarded expressions, that seemed Vrcht, a river of Holland, which branehci 
to imply a belief of the omnipresence (»f the oflf from the old channel of the Rhine, at 
body of Christ ; but he becime sensible after- Utrecht, and enters the Zuider Zee, at hi mden. 
wards, that this opinion was attended with VECHTA, a town and fortress of West- 
f^tdi difficulties, and particularly that it nniixht phalia, in the principality of Munster, od a 
not to be made use of as a proof of Christ's river of the same name, 97 miles S. of Olden- 
corporeal presence in the eucharist. How- burg, and 35 N.N.E. of 05naburg. 
ever, after the death of Luther, this absurd VE'CTION. Vectita'tion. *. (cec/tt, 
hypothesis was renewed, and dressed up in a vectifo, Latin.) The act of carrying, or being 
specious and plausible form by Breniius, carried {Arbuthntt), 

Chemniiius, and Andneas, who maintained VE^CrURE.9.(»M/ffra, Latin.) Carriage, 

thecommunicationofihe properties of Christ's Veda. {wisdom, undersfanding, Sanaerit; 

divmity to his human nature. 1 1 is iiideed ob- „,v?rr*, Latin.) The name of the books which pro- 

vious, that every Lutheran who believes the emiocntly compriRe the religioui tenet* oftke 

doctrine of consuhstantiation, whatever he Indians. This term has often been rommunicalad 

may pretend, mnst be an Ubiquitariau. to Europe through the medium of the Bengalee 

UBrQUlTARY. a. (from ubique, Latin.) dialerl, wkirh having no such letter i«r aonnd ai 

.^Existing every where {Howel). V is compelled to employ a 1^ in iu stead, aaA 

Ubi'QUITARY. *. (from uhique, Latin.) hcnca the words «««/.« or Bfc/oj, tor the nsorwpr©. 

One that exists every where (Hu//). P"" ^"* »' ^^^' H*^"« •^ -Benares for «v 

UBFQUITY. *. (from ulkqne, Utin.) narrt, and Bahar for Tahar, as well aa fiimaiim 

Omnipresence ; existence at the same time in ^^^^^n^^^* u i u i. ^^ .v 

•II r^ulL. / u^u^\ The sacred ordinances, or holy booka of tJM 

i?S(r ' D ^TT I A' .u 1 Hindus, are distinguished by the general tcni 

UBY, or Pulo-Uby, an island m the In- g^„^;^ ^^ S/Uu.'4 as it is often impraperly 

dian Ocean, at the entrance of the bay of biam, ^\\^^ ^hich is derived from a Sanscrit root, im- 

twcnty miles in circumference. It yields good porting to ordain or eitallisk. The whole of tba 

water, and plenty of wood Lou. 106. 50 £. gastras arc very numerous ; but there are six thai 

Lat. 8. 25 N . are held in much higher veneration than the rot, 

UCKER, a river of Germany, which issues and are hence called the Chremt Sattrv, Fi^ft 

from a lake of the same name, near Prenzio, or Works •/ true KnovUdge. TlMse six are tiM 

in the Ucker inarche of Brandenburg, runs Veda, and Upa-Yeda, tha 4nga, Puraaa, Dher* 

N. through Pbmerania. and being joined by "la, and Dersana, which three last are" ' 

the Rando, enters the Frischen Haf; a bay of ■*)?;? •?» ^P»"»^, ^ . r • .i. 
the Baltic ■'Of these we will en^feaveur to give the 

TTr>i>iAXTA • u^ . r.u^^i.. aa dear a notion as the short space to which w« 

UCRl ANA. in botany, a genus of the class ^ j.„,.^^ ^^ ^„^^ ^ j^J ^iU .^fte^w.^^ 

pentandria, order monogyma. Calyx five- instance a few of those books which are regmrded 

toothed, suiK-rior ; corol salvcrshaped. with a m of subordinate authority to the Great Sastras. 

very long tube, and swelling naked throat ; an- aU these are written in the Sanscrit, a lan- 

thers sessile ; style clavate, hairy ; sti^^na bila- guageonce general in Hindustan, and possessing 

mellate; berry two-celled, many-celled. One a surprising affinity in itx radical terms to tha 

8{)ecies only, a shnib of Guiana, with square Greek : it is peculiarly copious and elegant; bat 

branches, lanceolaie, very entire leaves, and aince the invasion of India by the Makomctaas, 

flowers in terminal heads. has ceased to be spokea ; and is now oaly 

U'DDER. 1. (u-Dcji, Saxon.) The breast or ««»*died as the sarred langaage of the Bcaminicai 

dugs of a cow, or other large animal {Prior), i*ligi«n anthc lUbrewisoftbe Jewish 8o sa- 

S'DDERm a iUonTudder,^ Furnished raUrpTnlilul^^^^ 

^'*i T.i.ii ? ^1^^' •. r t. I -.1 priesthood is permitted to study it or to rt^ tha 

UDlNA.or Udine, a city of Italy, capital ^^^ „,^j it contains. The emperor Aekbar 

of Friuli, with a citadel. It contains lO.CKK) cou\d not, either by promises or threats, piwaU 

inhabitants ; and in 1750, on the suppression on the Bramins to discloNe its mystical contents. 

of the patriarchate of Aquileia, was made the But their firmness hsH at length yielded to the 

see of an archbishop. A treaty between the courte«iy and philosophical solicitations of the 

Austrians and Frcncn was itigncd here in 1797. English establislied in Hindu^aan ; and foreign 




i^i^i.^^ivwi. a ."w„ u. c,.uv..a. ....... ^.- ^.^^^^ donation, nan presented to the Urtish 

vemnient ot Irkutsk, seated on the Se lin^ri. j^i„^.„„ -^ ,.^j,^ ^y coionei Poller, through tha 

150 miles h, of Irkutsk. Lon. 108. S?0 L. handnof sir Joseph Banks. 

Lat. f'2. N. The r^-dt consists, in reality, of four distinct 

VEAL. 1. (reel, a calf, old Fr.) The flesh books; and heniv it i^ often denominatinl dls- 

of a calf killed for the table {Gay). ^ junctively Wiefour »rf«j. 'I'Im'v omtain coUec- 

VKCllT, a river that rises in Westphalia, tively a hundred thouMaiiii </4'.oU or stanaas of 

near iMun>ter, crosses the comities of Stenfort four linos each ; for, like ah very remote reeords, 

and Bcuthcim, and cultring 0\erywe), passes they arc wiillui in measured poetry^ aud pecu- 



VEDA. 



lauph;.ihFrmlioD of the world. irUc'nui trtv- 
oi'^tr*. praym, laoralitjr ■nil p>«<y : tnd \hr\ in- 
rtadr hitDU in i>r*iw of the ^upirme BrinE.'nnd 
to biMnur nf •uhnltcni inlrlllEtnni Thr roiir 
^(4a* Brr dntlnsuixhnl bj the naiii» of (tie 
Hik-mlB, Vijur-icda, Bim-ired*, init At'herta- 
«*4ki Kbnirethifj sR colleetlTHjrdenointiiBtdl, 
hft (vnkiai^ion of all thrw tPnni, Rikytjur- 
" m. Thr vjlhar of thcw biMik* ii 
■nd hrncf Ihrj 



lie and liberal Scire «t Mt-xaUg t fct- 

nernl ccile of llielani and riii'om. i>f Ihe IlluduK. 
For ihid purpose hp tfteaihlvi! TlraDiini fmia 
«^err p^rt of' the pcniniiili Bl Fart William In 
CalnitlK i who, under hi* ainpim, rompovd, 
from Ihp Y(dn* and uther aiithonlic boflk<, a g»- 
nirrtt langiiaRr. Thli 



nenti ptndfrt In Hie 

-?d, with ( 

1 and trooi t' 



fnor moulhi of Brania, earU of liin Tritii> 

■Hlln kavlait nintrlbutpd iu proper book. Tlie in tl 

■idkrstlrllt of the fourth bauk hm Ixwn ^us- lion 

pwMd li; tit W. ionea, and Mr. Wilkint, from ba< i 
hHb pantruUr paataiei il mnlaini, wtiicb Ai 

tba«M •MO) to intimalp that it !■ poilrrior to eni 

\)«(a,*hotr*ii^ tliein thrirpTcvnl arran^ment. Ihe ; 



■ilh the 

ipuloiu aecurary, It wao rfudered by 

Hallied Into Engliihi and published !a 

iiipponnl lo ha\e 1777 ouderlhelillpof " AC'odi-of Gentoo Lawi; 

' lued or, OnJioalionaof thePundil*. FroniaPerr— " 



MrX^ahnke )■*< CBodidly 
Mfll«l b«l ihinki il probabl 
IhwiitiW B'il, wme vorlioai 



Ltlon made frani the Original, and writtt^ 
SancrilLanguasi^.dio. London, ITTii." "* 
of the movt valuable presents Ibat*'"- 

rr ivreived ttoia Aila. 

oDf Ihp ohifff of the Inferior Srulro . 

innhi, may be mentioord the Vfamshait, 

If id Henu j Uii) the iir piilnitpfucitl Sai- 






The r'pn-K'i*"''!, or Ho!j MyiliV.e", coniitt of 
not Itii Ihan (lltj-tiTa theiito|:lpal tmliae^, the 
titlrtof whirb, togetjter with a almrl noliee of 
thdr mil tents, arc given by Mr. Colcbrokc ia tbu 
Jvjtic liantclvi. They appear tn be, f.ir Iho 
uiutt pari, exlrncU from the Veda*, and are ae- 
tanka, ll'l> In like nanair railed plumlly, Ihe knowludKedtncnnluO Ihcqulnlnwuce of Indian 
Jt*r t^ftetiai, maybe rrfarilcd ■« » eonimentary theology. The nioU eitecmed and argutuenla- 
■pan, arr auppletnrni lo Ihe preoedJDS i "p in «i»c porlJon il eolitied A'rttrtiJa. An important 
Snmntt hiriag ityniinymoiiii with the liitin I'lh, part of Ibc llpanlihada naa lrau<Uled from a 
%»i (n>t>Anini; Inferiority. The nnnic* of thp >er>ianfer<ion into Latin afew yean ago by M. 
(bar t'pavnlai are \yu*l, Oandnna, Dhnnunb, Anquetildu IVrran, under (be title of Ou/tne- 
* " — The flrit Ireali of medieine, - -^ . . 



Whlla It* name li m 

Tfc« I>tirr.. or s 
' - ' In like ■ 



Aof (iW n 

ifia'aritimum, A'c. Mr. Ilnlhed, howenr, hai 
given a heltrr Iranilalion into Engltfbj which i« 
3epu*jied iu itie British Museum. 

Oflhe Snerol Fuemi the motl reneralrd are the 
llir third, eunipoied by Viiwamilra, Itamagana, a complete epic, on one continued and 
(!*■(• iiriba (kliricatioD and uieofthe weapoiiK heroic action ; aoinewhal InlercMlng, but too 
•f Iba m] litary tribe. The fourth, canlaining coniplirated nud bnpangted wilbim&gury. II ii 
-■■riM* Irralivi on the merhaaical arta,wii4re- (he work of Valmiki, the earlteit of the ganierit 
bards. The next in celebrity, and perhapisu- 
ine, can-ii«1i of fix pcrior to it in reputation for holiness, U Ibe 
They are ■uppn\ed to WSar^tn or AfoinfarnM ofVyaia, whom we hnvo 
katebrra wrillen bydiffierentnoly Hieo ^ Ihe flnt already id enllonrd as ttie arranger of the Veitit 
tfcnw U«Bl u< (raninar ; Ihr fourth of religious iu thHr prenenl form. 

(■rvawoia; tlie Anh of raalhemalin ; nnd (he The s]x plulaaii/haa! Saitrai are Ihe work* nfai 

italfe of dllllrult worda and phrBies in IIlc Vedai. many wge«, each of whoui has ealabtiahiil hi> ih:- 
Ta tlw .I-i^-H. auen«riii ,the t'panga, as Ihe culiBrs<rhaal,uidhBii, eren inthepnfiienldu),an 
rita. The Upangi, or supple- ettcniive trainof disciulei. Thclrnamoare a* 
I, roniiita, ai we hite already follow: 1. Gautama, who, if we may h« tllowcil 



Md ftl'hapalyi 

Bb4 I* ninpoxd to biTe bean delivered 

Ua4 b) Bnmba Indra Dhaawanlarl, 

•iWr Miln. The teiund treats of nil 

(• *aU to have ieta invented or explained by 



ir tidy of It 



The/^^C 



r *!.(., . 



vrJ. iir Ihe Mimno, Dhrrma, and Dtri 

<wy.r\,A«g», .nd t^'-ir"' -re Hot 

'- ''■ TT'iTntnalrd ftilaii^ii', or p'rda ijj- 

Thc /Vntin. are a .edfs of 

..lies in blank *en*, from the 

1 ' I Id In Ibesupposed <DcsrnatioD 

.< j.rrdecvi'iior ofBrahna. The 



:« of the Hindu' 



_ I larialy of worki uu differ. 

■ of Hloiin philoiophy. The greater 
.toaTlhcar mn Iht acknowledicd proOuc- 
<lM*rVjaai aad ■tpetiall}' Ihe Uhagainl or 
UfcafEvlahBa, oonslitnliug the cichleealh Pu- 
Olhrrit, and partimlarly in ihe PA"wn, 
* " «r« (aid lo he lb - gift of jWriw, 
•Jin of B< " * ■ 



pirallel viiUi the Grecian schoolt, may . 
be cDitipiireO with Aritlotle; 3. Canmla wiUi 
Thilra j 3. Juailni with SoemUti 4. ry-rio wlUi 
Plato ( a Cb^i withPyltaagoraii snd G. ;>.ii.ui- 
gnii with Zeno. 

Of the rlarms of these sacred bonks to a lery 

remote antiquity, we know but little. The Bra- 

urk) niinsgite to many of Itteia, and eipeeially to the 

The Veda* and the Punuiai, an age that would rarry 



*rtx>9lL. ufU<r, 



i 



. .„... jousand years be&re tL 

MoMlic aeeount of the ctealian. Sir William 
Jones, whoae hip<illii.'sia ha« traced the Indiau 

•mriirc above 3,80U year* f^om Iho prencat tiiur, 

gin of ICHU years before Uie birtli ofourtiavinut, 

ami eiiniiei)U?iitty a ocntury before Ihkl of MoMi: 

bill be ninsidera llinn lo hnve been at thai Uniu 

iiul work has been traiiiUled in a'tsU'ef traditiooaloilMcnre alone. Bcnin- 

i.-W.Jntjrs.iioiler Ihe title of the ocites the Initilutca of Menu to hata been rorii- 

Vel a tlill more valunblf, a* posed abautthreebundred)caTiUl«>r,aji4lhcPu- 

'.'I'Diive, [rerfHrnianni upon the ranaaaltoulsix hnmlrvd ycannfter Iho lai1ilu<r«i 

M jrtuuied by Mr. llailingi, In buiihat none ut tliCH wcru at tuch early periods 



VEDA. 



fntheftmn In wM«fiire!ia*« Itwm M prncnl. 
U'ehan called Uiia tifit of Ihr subject ii/patlirli- 
raU becauae Ibe dnU he BlIiMleii to are nnl «U- 
bliahed with ■ lufBcicnl degrev of nrtainlj, anil 
even Ihe irinirDrnti which arc drawn from them 
are far tooniwly ipua. It muit lie admitted, how- 
enr, that IhcapiDiODi ofM. Freret and H. Baillj 
uennu-ljia unisoD with Iboae nf nur dialin/^uiih- 
vd rouDt^maD. Mr. Colebroke.on the cnntrary, 
ifgard) the whole of these ■■ about iwaredlurits 
lea<i ■nrieat than air William JoneK: while in 
the opinion of other orientallati of f reat credit 
and learning, Ihe preteniioDi of the Puranna arc 
aunk to comparaltvely a modem dale, and Ihnic 
vflhcVedailhenisclratTerjroDMderabljKhakm. 
•• The Puranai," laja Mr. Wilford, (Afiatic 
ncaearchea, vol. iv. p. SH.) " are certatnt; a mo- 
dern compilation from Taluable mileriaU Ihal [ 
am afraid nol auger exist. An aatronominl obiter' 
Talion oflhe helisckl rising of Cai>opiu,meoljoiinl 
in two of the Purmnai, put* Ihii bejond doubt." 
Ur.Beat1)(Id Tiii. p.340.)haiifollawed>similar 
plan of ralrulatlon, and eanelude*, «k the roiult 
of hi* argumcol, Ihal " it miint be eiidcnt thai 
none of the mndtm romanrri, mmmonly nlled 
th« Furanai, at lead in Ihe fonn the; now Hland 
in, are older than 6M jeam, but that tome of 
itien are the eompilalion of utill later lime*," — 
Suchopininn, Bofar aait relatettotheeighlcrnlh 
or lut of the Punnai, the Bhigaval, or Lifu iif 
Ktiahna, n even eouoten an red, indeed, bj Mr. 
Colebrokc, who intimalei that Ihe Pun did Ihcni- 
aelrea are divided upon thiiaultJect: " I am mj- 
lelf," aaya he, " inclined to adopt an opinion, 
•upporled by many learned Ilindiu, who conii- 
dcT Ihe eetebraled Sri (or Surya) B/iagBBxta a* tli<! 
work of ■ granimarian, aoppaml to have lived 
about lix hundred yean ago." .Iiiat. Riieaitht], 
<ili. p. UT. 

Theae argumcuti and obiervalioD* indireetlj 
ftllcel the luppoard high antiquity nf the Fidiu, 
whieh [a aim rendered mmethlng more than aua- 
pirioui by inolhcr fact. Mr. Wilkini, in hii pre- 
ttkOe to the (•fla, or iiongH of KV/iAiru, obaerves, 
that Kriahna, Ihmughout Ibe whofe, makea men- 
tion of Ihren Vedaaonly, and IhoKe the three flmt 
la their preMinl onleri the fourth, protinf llsrlf 
bercbrapoilerior work. makes menlinn of Kriihnn 
hinuett Thiv wa> remarked to aevcral puodita 
who aaaiated in the Iramlation, all of whom ei- 
pmaed great attonlihmcnt at il, a* tl bad eacaped 
the nutiee of all the numerous eommenlatora ou 
the Oila. It wai to tlila fact ne alluded. Id no- 
lleing in an anterior paatage the doubtt thai liavo 
long eiimled raneeming Ibe gcouincnen uf the 
fourth, or Al'hrTva-neiia. We may ihorlljr, how- 
ever, apeel far more Important and valiifkctory 
information upon tlteie point*, from the actiiily 
with which the Bram^nieallrgcnda are nnwuouEhl 
after, examined, and tranilated by Aaiatio *e£a- 
lara, both In their private raparily, and under the 
eipreaa ordem of the Anglo-Indian govemuieut- 
Cnder Ihew auapinea a coniiderable part of iIm 
Ramayana ha* already bem literally Iranilaled 
by tbo« learned and indefatigable miiaionariri. 
Dr. Carey and Mr, Hanhman, who expect to be 
able to nimplete thU alngular and bulky myi'mi 
of Valmlkt, or Valmeeki, in ten voluniei quarta^ 
Bod will probably Immediately encr«arda turn a 
almllar attention tn Ihe Alahtl-arai ufYjaaa. 

Wc noticed at Ihe rommFBecmcol of thi* arlirle 
thai a eoBiplrle ropy of Ihe Vedai haa bn-n pre- 
- Sidle the Br«ll.h Mutrua byCulun-l Polirr. 
^bthebandacfiitJoMphBaska. Weihall 



add, a* a dantmmt of great mrWItT tnd fntrrMff 
the letter which accnmpanied thia macnltteent 
donallou, Ihe original of whirh will be liiund in 
Ihe Briliih Museum, and wbith prove* ibundaot- 
ly the dilSralt; that eiiilcd not munj yeara ago 
of obtaining any cerlain knowled|te in regard la 
the doetrinea and literature ol the BrnmlDa. Tba 
letter U addreued to the ealighteoed and right 
honourable pretidmt of the Royal Bodely, and 
bean dale, London, May -JO, ITS9. 

" Since the Knglixh by their mn^ueata asd aU 
tualion have become heller aoquaintpd with JitdUf 
and ita aboroginei, Ihe Hindoua, the ■»•« of 

nf learning aonielbin^ certain of Ihiuc aaercd 
books which are Ihe basit of the Hindu religiea, 
and are known in India and elsewhere, under lb« 
name of Ihe Baidi (FM; AWni). Many ea> 
deavours wo know have been exerted tn proBoW 
them, not only on llie coast of Coromandel, bat 
alto in several parls of Bengal, and even at B>n> 
uiirea : but hitherto thi> book could not be had It* 
aayoflhoite placet, complete and original ; anl 
nothing could be obtained but various ahaataB 

gsilirrai) which are only eommeiilariea of Iho 
aldi, to expound and explain such diOlnilt pto- 
tn^ei lu ueear in Ihem. During a long reaidene* 
in the upper provinrcs of Hindustan, 1 mad* it 
aim my buiilnras particularly to enquire for the«« 
books { and Ihe more so, at I found dnubU had 
arisen in Europe of their very eiinteoiw. Mf 
rpieardiei al Awd, Lucknnw, Agrt, and Delhi 
were perfeelly uule<«, and I could not IB any at 
these plapei obtain what I wanted. Thut disap- 
pointed, I Ihouchl of aending to Jaypoar far 
Iheru, and was led to it fmni a koawledgo that 
during the pemmlion the Hiudut aufliatiA 
throuKhaut India, and which bf>gtn in Ihe iwelAk 
year nf the reiffn of Aurengieb (the peraeculieM 
wa< at ill hHcht in the year of the llejira 1090, 
or ofoun 11)79, on aceounl of Ihe rebellion af 
Odaipour}, the Ki^ah uf .inharr. Ram i^ing, frMa 
Ibe important KTvicei rendered by his father ttm 
Ureal Jay^ine, and hit own atbtchment M UW^ 
emperor, escaped, if not cnliielj, at leatt ■ graHl 
part of that penwu-ution, which levclM lo Om 
ground all the llindou placet of wonhip in lh» 
proviacei, and caused the deitrurtion of alt lb* 
nligious bookt which eould be found beloagiiw 
lo Ihe llindoui. Id eonteqnence, I wrolr lo o 
correipondent al Jaypuur, and (sou leaml fraa 
binillial the Baidt wcnto beproeured Ibere.but 
Ihal no copy could he obtained from the BnMm 
mans, wllhuul an order ur penultilon froM hf^ 
lab l<ing, who was then the Rajah of Ihe pUM» 
and ii Ihe tame prince who hat to lately been oh 
giigcd in war with t!aindheah, and who U a 
graodion of that famous R^ah Tay Sing <Hlr- 
>nh liajab) who built Jaypxur rli»e to Aiibair, 
and wat Iho founder altn ofllic famou* obtaet*- 
tories at Jajpour and Delhi, ttr. and the editor 
of xme curious aslronnmical li^le* whirh b* 
gave to tbe world unilor llie name nf Mohamaarf 
8hah, then on Ihe tbruno of Delhi. Hatiag » 
small knowledge at the Btjah, whom 1 had a:^ 
a few year* bi-fore, irhen he paid hit mirl lo 
Shah Alum, then eneampcd in the nelghbourbood 
of Jaypour, 1 heailated not in appljlng ID Um, 
by letter, for hii peruiisiiun lo hate tbe copy 1 •• 
niuchwutrd, and my friend Don Pedro drSitva, 
a wortliy PortuRueie physiHau in lb* tiniea of 
Ihr Rajah, undertook lu deliier il, and lo for- 
want tbe application wllb bii •ollalaUoB* if as* 



amtltUHr s 



*< lkn*t Syi, on mdiog Uiii leltrr. imilinK; 



*D*«r 



e t-:ili 



.l>eBli! 



cauld 



•t thtlt hot)' 
•mrij ihst it Hu amal with Ui to collect uid 
nsMll all kindanfrkluBlitcbciaki, nrwbidi »e 
■nrd !• HunipD pabltc librkrjca { uid Ibit Ilia 
il*^ IhAU^Ii monh Hught srtrr, coulil nol be 
mrt w\\h UT wttrrt sIk, and thai, witlinul hii 
fmaiHiun. thp ftntimni rcfuiod lo ti\e M ropjr. 
Oa Uu* Ihr Rajab ianav<liali*1ir iMUcd iin order 
ntfi ■■ nr •iiaiiil, and. tu Ihe Dpurxt of a ynr, 
pCfiae ■!« UrcliHini Ir&naitibvri U ■ (irrtaiii rate 
(iu*' CRT) hundml ■iit/>it- ar <^tuiu, I nlilaiiicd 
lae Watt whx-h form tbc vubject »!' Ihia addnti, 
•^ •hi-6 1 liad M lane wiahed lo pooiris. 
-■ Ob b; nn-iiine Ibow bnokn at Luu-kanw, I 

i i tat U ifi Uwi'r real aiilhrDllcity , to ttrotiK were the 
iiWiiiH^a mlrrlabied ; tnm the litllv turceu we 
badhlthrfta hwl In tMwenrine Ihem, and from the 
daahMfSil on tNpJr TCrj MJitcniv bj xiine mo- 
doMmMJWn. But ttKbookit baring btvoihonn 
tvlbcktr B^jah ^nuoflram, a learned Bnliman, 
Uk^ U Loeiouw, and a penan well kooiTD lo 
Baay la Bneland, ha immcUiatelj reeaicDiiinl 
tkiM far iriH anil •uthmitir, and br^ged of me to 
■■■■a Ikm unui limi* with Uim. \t mj rcqueil 
Iw aftrTwar^* vpiralrd them in manageable 
(vIoMvi, aa Ihrj now ai* ; and this 1 tJiou^liI ne- 

Itaf mrain lame ihceU; thcHiudoui, in |ccne- 
nl, im\4am «f iwht biading their aaiTed booki, 
parUvwIwIr Ihi Btidv But 1 wai oblif^d to 
pfnit— hfaa. whicti I nadily did, Ihej should 
■M ha hnuad in any hind uf Icatlier. but either in 
•Ilk or »!irt. Kajmb ADundnua riuilwr nuniber- 
*d tkv paffn. and Willi hit own hand wrote in 
fmfmtt rl>arar>r», Tor ay information, nol only 
tw littr-pacf of each toiuiiic, but alau ol' each 
■ r trm ii, Bkri the nunber of lean* Ibe; nevorally 

' Bj IhU tl mty be Hen how lltiira dopendann: 



if the prinriplei or their rc- 
UfiaB, tbcie aiy^lerie*, aod holj' hooka, la truth, 
1 ••»• alwaja fnuad IhoH who were really mm 
^MMBor aaA knawledce icry ready to impart 
■■d •oaBwilisie wUnl Ihey knew lo whuevar 
wmU Nokii H and lialen to them with a (iow 
■ClifcnMllM. Mid not merely fur the purjiuiie nf 
tmmlKg lata tUlnil* wltalcvrr wai not periWi-tly 
KumpiMtii idcaa, tenet*, and 






nidi, I 
•hoivht by Ibe iwlUn* Iu h.- full 
rWimlr at any tltiBg they have. At thp tamC 
«:■» it moal bv onnvd, Uial all the,llindaii!<, tlie 
llnAaaat volt ptrrpleil, are forbidden by their 
T > Ua»uM (moa Bludjin' and learning the lUudif 
(he tChaft' alone beioK permitted lo hear then 
rT*4 ami riiiairnded. Tbit boinj: the cate, it 

wta b U.I eira nf IW lainc Ikilli. to be rarnunMl 
•Mft wtol b >ienii.-d oeu to a llindou I Tu thia 
Ika lli«km»ii» readily reply, that beins nuw in 
Ub Ou J^. w fourth ■((•, in whi4'h religion la 

atnillan lbn> In thrac ilayi of wicfculnm, iin« 
bf lfe« d K T . Tt of tit ^apntma Being it uiutl be 
•a, AIUr aamvliw*, nolttithitaudinii, Ihave 



be twu lower clanet among Itui 

(a 'I aad the SmJi'. 
" T«t«tBni f/um Ihia digrcuiun.— Puisestcd, 
VOL. XI— PART H. 



now, of thetc ucred roanuxeriptXi which I pro- 
curcil fur the wle iiurjww of cstrnmunieatin; to 
tbuse who would bcncfil frim their permnl, I 
loon after sent Ihem lo tjr Williaai Jonet, the 
only European Ihcn in Ititlli, I bc!iot-e, who 
euuld [f^ and expound any part of lliem. 
From that leamud geatlcmaQ, whote knowledge 
and merits are far abote'my prviie, we may ei- 
pecl lo learu in the future inemoirt of the Aaialie 
Siii'iely what are hia opinioni ruUtive to tlieoH 
Ihe nurmiaei in India, and even among Ibo Breh- 
msns,aboultheautbeolicily,oratloailtheinerita, 
of one of the four Baidt, railed ttic Auerhaii, and 
ID nil likelihood aome entracti and trauElalinna 
from each : and on that scoounl, 1 ihall beg leave 
to refer you for any further iufurmalion on thcM 
book* to one who is so eompetcnllogiie the pub- 
lic llie fullest and the trueil. 

" The Baids are now in London, and aecom- 
pany this addren: the purpart of which it to 
request of you, Sir, ai one of Ihe Iruslcet of the 
Briliih Museum, to rereive anil lodcD Ihcm in 
that laluable and nobte n-pasilorr, a* a small 
token and tribute of respect and admiral ion, 
from one who, though not bora a unluni auhject, 
yet having tiprnt ilie best pnrt of bin life in Ihe 
uu'vioe of ihii maatry, it really unaequaioled 
with any other." 

VEDENSKOI, n town of Russia, b the 
gnvcmmeni of Arcluiiijel. siliiaie on thi: Vok- 
tfciia, SOO mUeili.^.E. of Atciiingel. Lnii. 
46.41 E. Lat, :i8. 45 N. 

VKDETrE, in war, a ceniinel aa liorw- 
bick, with hi* hnrac'a hcoii towuciU x^e pUce 
whence any danger iita bcfeatRj, amlliiscsni- 
bincailvanceJ, wilb the Lutt-enii j^iiiist hi* 
right thigh. ^Vl|en the ciieniy lias encaiiipcd, 
ihere are vcdeiies pnsietl M all ihe avetiue*!, 
■nil on all the lining grounda, to vtslcli T. 

To VEER. V. n. ivirtr, French.) To 
abuiii ( /{ojcom in 0n1. 

VeVBBR.B.n. l.Tnleloul( 
2. To turn ; to change (Bntici). 

To Vkea and Kaiji., lu jmll a rope 
by dtawinK it in and ilickemne it alien 
till ihe bnuy to which it iiijiplied ac^utrea 
■ilditional inmion, likethe increased vihtntis 
of a iwndiilum, so thatihc ro|ie It stiaiicneit to 
a greater leniion with nintc fncililymd drs- 
iiaicli. Tliis mcihod i*_parlicularly 
iiaiiling ihe bowli 
veer anil haul when it altera i\» direciion, sncl 
b^cOlnl^« incire or less lair. Thus it it said to 
veer aft and to haul forward. 

Vbeb, 'Jer-Veer, anciently Camp-Veer, • 
town of Zealand in the United Ftuviiicn, 
siaoding at ihe moiiLh of the East Sehelde, 
about four miles from Middleburuh, anil eight 
from Flushing. Veer, in Dulcn, signifiei a 
paunge or ferrr over an arm of the tea or ■ 
liver ; and as there was once a ferry here over 
the Schelile to the villa^ of Compen, on the 
island of North Bevelnnd, the town thereby 
^01 the name of Veer, Camp- Veer, end Ter- 
Vc^r. [t is well fortified, ano formerly eiijoyeJ 
a good tridc, specialty to ScollanJ i the na- 
tives enjoying paittcular privileges here, Tha 
baibour is very good, and the artenal lh< 
furaiihed ill tbc world, Heoc 




s larlicularly used i 



i the Vert 



1 



V E G V E G 

cientlyfarlsofOxford, are said to have derived dlicern nothinir bol naked rocks aud cicnimi 

both their origin and name. tnoww. . . . , , , - 

VEERING, or Wearing, the operation ^ Thus, endowijd with a viffoar elsewhiw un- 

by which a ship, in changing her cooWe from ^«r». ^'^^A***" '" *^^ Tu IZ* JH^ 

^ i_ J . \i. .u ^ . u -.^-» .« wllh inereancd enerfv tbroueh the various 

one board to ihe other, turns her siern to periods of their exi.teKe. Time, which to the. 

windward. Hence it is used in opposition to ^^^^, ,^^^ .„ ^^^^ j^„^^ .„ ^j,^ mounlain. iica. 

tacking, wherein the head is turned to the Here, every thing is done rapidly ; meteors dmrt 

wind and the stern to leeward. See Seaman- ^ftgp each other, and the air in in perpetual 

SHIP. Sfritation. From all these controUinif cam*, 

VEGETABI'LITY. s. (from vegetable.) acting tocher in full force, germinaUon, 11^ 

Vegetable nature ; the quality of growth with- reneencp, and frurtification lake place alaioat 

out senitalion (Brotra). simultanenuMy. HomctimeswithawiDdblowiaf 

VEGETABLE. Vegetabile. Viucompo- from the south, with a hea^^ ^shower, or wilh a 

sita, absque motu voluntario. Regn.Veg. A scorching sun, the face of the meadow*, dow^ 

compound life, without voluntary motion.— •"«» ft>^^ »» '^ '»*>?'<^n^ changes, and the whoto 

Otherwise defined to be-^n organical body, ^ • Pa*"*'*;? ''"^*"J!^!1 VlJ^lt^^^^ 

• •*• •. Pi_ ^ every itne day » a Kpnne id tnefte situatioaa to 

which draws m its nourishment by pores or ^J^ „tinilar ««e.nblage of vegetablea, or to 

ycssete on its outer surfece. Or, an organical ^^^ »^j ^^ inaccessible heights in which tk^ 

body destitute of sense and spontaneous mo- g^^, 

tion, adhering to some other body in such a To this picture, another sueeeeds. If we er- 

manner as to draw from it nourishment, and amine the mountains and valleys every place hM 

having the power of propagating itself by seed, its peculiar soil, everj' different elryatioo lla 

The primary parts of a vegetable are— -1 . peculiar climate, and each of then ita charms 

The root. S. The herb. 3. The fructifica- terislie vegetables. In the plain*, thcaeTcsctaUa 

lioi]. assemblages occupy vast spaces, the limita «f 

Ve'oetablb. t. {vegetahUiu Latin.) 1. which arc too extrasive, and indetermliirte, to 

Belonging to a plant (Prw). S. Having the ^ «»» J perceived. On »hf ~n*~y» ^^ 

«atureVplants%/i/L). ' \ ':^lT^^^JS^ ^::t^ .^:^^ 

Veoitablb kingdom. TheMCondof penile rising extended between two dale., 1. a 

the three great divisions of natural bodies, Ju^ ^ ^^^.^ ^^ In ^ Ci^; which tte travclkr 

comprehending all those substances which are abends in a few moment!*, he finds the perpetnl 

organized and have life, bat are destitute of barriers of those productions, which nature has 

sense and spontaneous motion. Linn^us dis- been pleased to separate, 

tributes vegetables into, three tribes, seven fa- Among the various causes of these se pamHau ^ 

milies, or nine nations. In his Artificial System one seems to reign predominant over all othtra; 

he arranges them in twenty-four classes. He this is elevation above the level of the aea. !■ 

has also made an essay to reduce them into 'very 100 inches in height, the temperature lUb 

natural orders. See Botany. about half a degree of our ihermomelera. Ate 

To VE'GETATE. v. n. {vegeio, Latin.) To !'^*»,?*S"^ "f ~^**' ''^''^' ,^T"iLIKu 1 .2 

*-. « 1 . *^ u * . . -.1 * to all vegetation, an eternal frost prevails oa tta 

grow as plams ; to shoot out; to grow without ^^^^.^ J^ ^^^^ '^, „ ^^ ^„^ ^^ ^^ 

bensalion(Troorfifarrf). ^^ ^^^^ ^f ..^J^j^^i elevation cormpooda 

Vegetation, in natural history, the nearly to one degree of the disunce at whidi Iha 

development and growth of plants. Upon the mountain is plawd fkom the pole, 

different parts of plants and their respective By thix scale, the various phenomena of 

offices, and the various systems which have ent climates in our globe may l>c eaaily 

been devised for their dassiflcation, we have stood ; circumstances may diffrr, but the { 

already treated under the articles Botany and results will Ik* nearly the same. While the 

pHvaiOfxiaT. crease of cold is accompanied by a dimlnutioa flf 

It yet remains for us to notire in a conrcn- the column of air, it is also affi>ete«l by tbeob- 

trated view a few of the more remaritable farts liquity of the ravs of the sun, and the diatriba- 

that relate to vegetation, in the broad and general tion of vegctahlVs in all alpine countries, d^ 

aense of the term, and the chemical materials pcmU principnlly on these two caunea. 

which are hereby produced. Thus, in the Swim^ Alps, and Pyrenees, trm 

-. i* zr <• ^^^ ^" l^<'*>^ ^^ "^"* ''^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ymrda oft" 

J^amomtna of l^egeUttum, |y^, elevation, as they do about the 70th degeet 

An attentive gardener, obnerves M. Dsmond, of north latitude ; and that circle these gigaalie 

in the Annnk*s du MuReuio, on ascending the vegetables occupy is divided into several Icsa 

high mountains of temperate regions, in imme- bound^i, which hnve earh their peculiar eharar* 

diately filnick with the vigour and luxurious teri.ttirs. At the foot of the mountain ire lad 

appearance of their vegetation. The plants he the oak ; in the middle region, the lieech ; abow 

ban Men in the ac^ncent plains an* changed in thc^^e, the flr and yew HU(*ceed, which hoob give 

aiie, aHpert, and form, so that he hardly recog- place to the pine (vinu* ^iflvestru, L.). Alaag 

niRen tlu* ino«d common. Their stems are ele- with tliin last mentioned tree, in the Swiss Alps, 

vated, tlu*{r flowem larger, e\'en the lesvei of the the larch and cenibro (pinu* remhra^ L.) alsa 

trees have acquired a Rite which makes him grow wild, whirh are unknown in the Pywaaaa 

doubt the identity of the wpecieR. The woo<ls The cedar of lichanut would probably thrive « 

are more inipenetral»le, the turf of the downs well on the«e nmuutoinx as on tho«e of Asia, had 

elo^Ar, and « green more lively, fresh and brlU it lieen fixed there ; hut such is Mill the mysUffy 

liant eol»iin« rtery thing, from the dtipths of the of the original diHSnnination of vegetablea, thai 

irallry, up tu those hvighla where t&o eye can nature aaeras by turns iudiffamt to tha aiBiU- 



toair-'><on brinslne Ins'*''"' '" t^^ ''on'c nimnic 
^■ol* »f tlM tno^ diiliDl rounlrlfs ; and unic- 
linci ieuyiae thii roDronnily or tcgrtabka to 
nxiaiu rurll; ilikr, bath in toil and tcin- 

la iJili lanv of Irm, Ihe rhattDdpndran form- 
little ilirult penill 



O E T A T I 



" nhnie the pnini nf ponf^elalioi 
ihli'tllf fblli in wintrr tn 3£ or 

■ ■ ■ IhoitcO plan- - - 



nliii'h m 



iial, 



■ly iinconTfd eTCTj j-rar. f 
on trtmrtif Ihroi on Ihe Ixirii/rsof lliv perpetual 
low, wilb only hairof their ilniM exjiowd and 
igctulin^ , Ihl^ other half luriiNl in il, and it i* 
Iklu at Europe bdIcIj, ia ler; abundant. It probable, tbat manj oribem dn not itM the l)|tfat 
•Iter deaceodi inlo tbc plalni, and can hard); ten timealo a rcntury,raDmngthroiigh tliewhula 
W ni1tital«d in a (■'^"■t deiiiaoding ill nnllie coiiric of their TPgetatinD in a fen t hort neck-i, 
•ir, tuil, iraJer, nay •nom, ind evro there imly and doomed aflemardl to alrep Ihrough a winttf 
a w i H i i ia partimUr apots. Nolhiop ii mora of many ]?ar«. 

b«Mifal when In flower, bul uothTne U more Planli nubjccled to ao aingnlar a made of PS. 
MirartakW. In ttir Pyrcncci il Aral appears at iilenra nre nol bdidd^ Ibe speciei whirh ^ronr in 



(■■all' iWt metrei of cteratian, 
■nairlj al 3Tt)0 jardu, and wilhin 
laia abuadaat and li^rDUi, tt ' 
■*'"--*■ to ealirpale (I there, m 



oppi 



TW ^siper IrvTenci far beyond this eirde, 
Vptolbeelnatiunaf2U0l)nielrri, butlhUthnib, 
aaltwnndt, gradually lout tbc babil and np- 
j ^f MW whlcb diklincuiih il in our p1a[i 
tkftr , tl rcviablea the Juniper of Si ' 
l^flanJ. wilb a low apreading Item, 
* ■ (Tonnd, teekine an aiyli 



he plains of our tcniperale regiDnt : they helung 

exrhiiirely to such aa grair on Uip (timmila of 

aiDunlsiDa, or near Ihe pa(*t, NorVF ay, Lapland, 

and GrFPnlBnd,rumi<ih plantt anilogouilo Ihotu 

of the Sititii Alpi aad Pyreneei ; but few, or 

ponsibly Dnoe of them, areaeen in SItaerin, Kama- 

rhatko, or etcn in the polar rrgiona of America. 

One iruuld hardly have nuppoicd iiii gniA i di- 

11* lenity of icgclable proUueliona in Fuunlriui la 

ind mueh aliku and near each other, nor, on Ibo 

ilrate other hand, so s"*al a confonnilyaa exiataantong 

.... «, by the plani* of Iheac rounlriet, and the plant* of 

Ihoae aide! of llie roeki eipoaed to aoioe alpine region > dittant fVoni Ihem 40de|Creei. 

wr wrat, af aintt which il ipreada out In fad, we lenrn from actual obaarialion, Ijial 

npalicr, witb a regularity tile diaaemiuation or>ef;etablei ia not aliraya re* 

bkb art an Kldom altain. e"laled in parallel ditlancea from the equator) 

la a B«re |)nated region, fre And Ihe rigour thai if a certain number of plaota, canUued by 

t It* rllmalr will nnl permil the existence of iheir roualitulion lo a peculiar climale, arc to be 

^■I*hnb wbsterer, nhirh Ihe Aral anowk do not found to a corlain dialance under the aaiaa lati' 

■l Ut aly MvfT. Still higher, rrea ttaia abeller ia tudea, many ulhen, on Ihe contrary, haco been 

taauMcaPBt, aad nothing but a few herbi, with scattered over diflercnt rounlrin in the direclioa 

Bvtnaia) roela aeiually under the earth, subaiat. oflhcir meridian a. Toward* the anulh, Ameriea, 

Italon has almoal enlirety baniihed from auch Africa, and A«a| towards the north, Europe, 

■hiTa lanual planta; where the whole summer Aaia, and America, are tar troia producinif the 

t oduaed (a a few day*, nay, someliniea, a few aame ve|;etablea under the lame parallela [ white 

kMf* i whrn often a atonn of wind, or dripping manj ptanla, growing wild in each of theie grand 



laaliart, « 



6a Um aoDtrajy, hardly any elevation oeema 
a atop Ibe prngma of tome perenniala, which, 
• Ike appTMcIi of actere rold, t heller Ihem teltet 
mhr tSu> duubk- ptDlcelInn of the ennh and 



■ oflbe globe, brave every ob&Tucle Dppna- 

"rersily of climate, anit propa- 

a geographical direction quite 

t which a ainilar clitunle would 



II by a div< 



I. by which they ai 



T or later, they 
e multiplied. 
Me tegciauie loDc or our alpi bai in fai 
limiU than Iboae of (lie earlh or sa 
•■•Blag tt^m, Tbe Pie du Midi, whi.-h I hare 



Thu<, for example, many of the carfou* plant! 
f Sardinia, Sicily, and Italy, mount up Ihe liiiiat 
end again into tbe lower pari* 
ul being allured by our fine 
Thus, likewiae, the PyrrDe«« 
-n Spain a great number of the plania 
of Barbary, acattcring them orer the weilem 
-ovinrei of France. The merendera, wbich 
'UWB in Ihe north of Africa, la found in AndalO* 
a, Caiitile, Arragnn ; irhpneroHinglhePyrenea 
i 36 timra, ia 337S yard* above the level it dei(«nda as far aa the Landea de Buurdeaa 
■f Ite an. Wl I oeier once found tbe Ihermo- The narciiau* butbomditim, and hyacii 
Vtor Iharr rit* to the tenperale point. Vet, nn linai, grow wild in the aame placet, i 
a Marly htn rock, I hare tbere gathered aa the same route. The anibencum hicolorum of 
■aayaate ipeciea of vefetablea, excluding cryp. Allien traverses Ibe aame chain of inDUBtaini, 
li«aBnt ptanti of thete, one only, which per. and arrives in Ai^DU. The acilla umhollata and 
lup* I aaAy never And again, was aanual. At emeus nudifinrui have migrated from the Pyr^ 
AWiUlc, a place 173 yaras higher Ihnn the Pio oeei even Into England. Yet nol o 
daMMl. where Ibclhermoaietei'inBuninierneker abniE-Dienlioocd vegetables have been 
la*u«« tliaBSdegreei, M. Ramond aasetta, nated laterally, In meet those sonlt 
Iteliafic Journeys, he haacollccled ISdifierent which hare croaaod Ihe ttwia* Alps, 
^lawaiala (In ihe top of Mont Perdu, al an But it ii In Ibe great valleys of Ihe Pyren(d 
•IrtatiM of 3>^l2' yards, even In the huiuia of extending from north lo auurb, that theac v^ffefl 
liawaialaaiim. baton rorki the sloping situa- table galaxies becnine luoatalrikrng and alnguln^l 
■ Hf «hl«b bad eleartsd Ihem of snow, he hai The dianlliQi auperliua runa through ihe ntlitel 
W» *U SIdr-nt plaeta very vii;orou>. Here, valley of Campao and Qavarnie, witbnul e*^'] 
k «■■ of ibr tiultcst dayi of a sumnier remark- catering any of Ibe side onea. The virbaaeuft I 
Imb tn iU bMt, lb* Uiflncamotcr qnlT raia to mycoEi, that baauUfut and acaree elaat, wUOi 1 



VEGETATION. 

^ors not belong fitlicr to the (rcnus iu wliicli After all, in Alpine countries, the diA*renf 

Tjinneus Iiba placed it, or perhaps to any natural aoils, and their productions, retain most of their 

tii'dor yet dclined, and uhich has so exotic an aboriginal rharactcr : there, the priuiitiYC distri- 

appearanoc, that it dislim^uislies itself like the bution of vegetables has been least disturbed^ 

King-Usher, anion; our indigenous birds, iuvari- their localities can be easily traced, the influenev 

ably keeps tu the same dii-eotion. Nothing is of the air is most perceptible ; there, the oonti- 

niore abundant in ail the great valleyA of the guity of objects exhibiting more forcibly tbcir 

l^-n!nt*CK, in every soil and exposition : yet the siiniiitudes and dissimilitudes, the eye of the ob- 

very same soil^ind exposition never attract it to server takes in, at one glance, every trail which 

any of the collateral ones. We could rite a mul- is interesting ; and if it be necessary for the geo- 

tltude of similar examples, but it is hufDcient at lugist to visit tliese grand chains of mounlainfy 

present to mention one more, the box tree. This to study the structure of the earth and those ca- 

shrub, so very robust, in aiFectcd by elevation tastropiiesmhirhha^e imprinted its present form, 

like the most delicate ones. At the base of the it is Mtill more su for the horticulturist, who 

I'yrenecK, both on the French and Spaninh side, wishes to penetrate the mysteries of the primary 

it coders eiery hill: thence it enters the great dissemination of vegelables and their aubaequent 

valleys, running from the north-east towards the propagation, hoping thence to deri\-e hints for 

«outh, but never quit^ them; in vain do the their suc(*essful cultivation and improvement^ in 

numerous branches of these valleys offer it an the parndiac surrounding his dwelling. 

asylum ; passing their openingM, it keeps lo its Are the vuriatiunv we thus meet with, tht 

llrst direction, slopping on the cre«t of ihe chain adaptation of the plant to the climate, its selce- 

at about ISOOO metres above the level of the sea, tion of climate, and its change of appearance and 

and appearing again on the other side at a siuii- power, the result of a vegetable instinct, or pf 

lar elevation, and in a similar direction, from mere merhauical forces ? this is a question whick 

which it never deviates. has lung excited and still continues to excite tbt 

Thus it is, that in high mountainous countries allention of physiologists. Whichsoever l>e th« 

we discover tlie strongest tra' es of the original ruling principle, it inu>t equally operate in eveiy 

design of nature; there, ench order of vegetables part and diKcoier itself in every organ. Let 



is confined within narrower bounds; there, local tlien select a ^ingle organ as the subject of our 

influence more powerfully resists every oiher. enquiry, and follow it up from its development; 

Xevertheless,thelapseofui(c-s, andcKpeciolly the and let that organ, though any other would 

presence of man, bus here introduced ninny mo- answer as well, be \\\c tendril. The tendril it 

difications; for, in traversing the iiitineuse theiietioleof a plant without the leaf) expaasioB, 

deserts of these high mountains, among the raie poHsessing a vasi'ular structure of tho same naturt 

plants Tthich form their herbage, Hunie few of the as that of herbaceous stems. The sap of tiM 

i*oninionest here and there occur. If the verdure tendril not being wasted in the formation of 

lakes a deeper tint than usual, contrasted with leavcie, the tendril itself necessarily grows loBgcr 

the gaver colour of the alpine turf, the ruins of a than the petiole, and on this account is too slai- 

hul, or a rock blackened by smuke, explain the der and feeble lo maintain a •traight directioB. 

nty<:tery. Arouud these asylums of man, vve Hen ^e arikc.^ its twisted shape. It is conjectured 

fiMil naturalized the common mallow, nettle, by A^ ildenow, that the diminished force of the 

elii'^kweed, c«tmmon dock. A shepherd hud pos- cum'nt of air has some influence upon their 

sibly Hijourned here some weeks, and in driving course: since plants that support theuiselves l>j 

his flueks liilher had also atlraclet!, without tendri!^, stnd out, when distaut from a wall, tree, 

knowini; it, the birds, the insects, the seeds of or shrub, all their tendrils towards tliat side oa 

the plants of his lowland cot. lie msy possibly which the plaut is to attach itself. This idea, 

never return, but these wild spots have rei*eived how«:ver, is far fnun KatiKfactory,and by no meant 

in an instant the indelible iuipre>xion of his fool- explains the din^ction of the curvatures of tha 

s»teps ; so much weight has a being of his import- tendrils of different plants. Other physiologiili 

aoco in the scale of nature. have consequently taken very high ground ; and 

In other placca he has signalised his presence have aflirined that the inotious of the tendrils of 

by destruction. Before he approached the nioun- plantn^ and the efforts they apparently make to 

tains, the immense forests which coven^d their apprfiach and attach thenist.*lves to contiguous 

bases have fallen under liis axe, for vioods are objects, origiunte in some degree, not merely of 

not the abodes of man ; he avoids the circuitous instinct, but of sensation and perception; but 

paths of so vast a labyrinth, susjiecting danger this is a more dangenms hypothesis than the 

under their shades ; he there mourns the absi'iit preotMling, and altogether unsupported by fact 

sun, an obJe<t which every day renovates his or anah»gy. 

delifl^ht; and hence it is seldom that he penetrates Mr. Knight, sensible of the miHchierous con* 

a forest, without fire and sword in hand. sequencers to which such an opinion seems una* 

Acci»rdingly the* seeds of woodland plants be- void.ibly to lead, contends, on the contrary', lliat 

come dormant in a soil n<iw dried by the sun and all the movepaents and actions of tlie vegetablo 

viiiid, and no longer suitable lo their germinating, world are as much the result of the two antago- 

Olher veL'etaMes take their places, the climate nist powers of gravitation and a centrifugal force, 

itself changing ; for tlie temiHTaturc rise>, the as those of unorganised matter. We can, however, 

ruiiis are less fn'queut, but more copious, the as little }ield t<i this conception, as to either of 

winds iiio:*e 'iiicc;ii4tunt and impetuous, deep the two pre(*rdiug, believing that instinct cxistt 

gullies an* funtied in the sides of tlie acclivities wherever vitalilv of any kind exists: yet as tha 

by torrititv, nnd rocks are depri\ed «if the enrlh hypothesisisplausibly and ingeniously supported, 

viliich coM'ced them, and, at the same lime, of and forms the latest that lias been olTereii upoa 

tlie ii1:!iitH which ornamented them, by falls of the subject, we shall present opr readers with 

immense liind<i of melting snow ; thus the face of his own words, which are thns given in a letter 

tlie ^Inbf, where man inhabits, is more changi*d in to the presidcMitof the Royal Societ} of the date 

one Lx'utur}, Ihau in twenty where he is absent, of ISIU. *'l was induced, during last iiiniutT^ ti* 




VEGETATION. 



_ . . e portwn nf lime to watch 

^r molioQi of Ihr timdriU or ■lifl'erent tgwinei or 
pInDU ; >ni) I hBie noir the pl^uure to nddr^is 
you ■■ arcount nf the obH-riitioag 1 wu 
i^lnl In nikkr. 

■' Th* pUnUiclcMed were the Virginia i^reciwr 
(tbe uapclopu* itaiaqii^rDlia of Miebaui), Ihc 
Iwj, md UiE eumnon liac aiiil pea. 

■' \ pikat of the aaipeln|isii>, irhirh gni\r in a 
_ nit« pal, waa removed lo a forHng-houie in 
Ite end of M»j, and ■ (injlc ukaot rrom il wm 
m»i» In (roK prrprndi^uturlf uptrards, hj bt'iag 
uffertei to Ibit (Huitioa by • tcry lUiidiT bar 
' Mid, to irbkh II naa bound. The plant nai 
d in Uu- loiddlft nf Ihe huute, and was Tullj 
■d ta the «un ; and eterjr object around It 
._ .- MW iwl far Ixrjond the reach ofils tcudrili. 
IVm timia>«l«i)pud, it« leiidrili, a> aoon u the; 
•«« Btarif full eroHDi all pointed towardi the 
■arU, •# haeW «a1l,'wliirh wai dittatil about 
c%lit fiBl: hul not meeting with any tiling in 
** ~ ditrt^ion, to irhirh tliej muld attach thcn- 
1, tlt<7 dmlinfd Kradiiilly Iiwardi the 
. ti, and ultlmalvl; allarhed tbemaelici iu 
■k iloa hrDMth, and the ilendrr bar of n-ood. 
~ A (Aaat af the aame tpeaai ma pla^t^d at 
Mai rod or the huuK, nrar tlie glau, nod wa> 
lac mfaiura tkreened from llieperpeadieulu' 
Ij ahmita tendrili pointed towardi the vreil, 
rstn- sf IhE hnuw, B> Ihoae undpr Ihc pre- 
odtaf eimiBialanrfu had poinlid Inwards Ihe 
It wd btek «all, This plant was remoied 
In |3M i>r«l eiyl nf the bouv, «■ I expotnl to Ihc 
Min* ran. being aktwrnit, *• in the prei.'eding 
«*, rroui tlif piTpcndieutar light ; and ill ten- 
ill, wiikla » lew hour*,ehanEedlhi.'ir direction, 
id f'at (ninlcd lu thr renlre of Ihe home, 
klrfc wu pirtiallr mrrred with vinet. Thi> 
tMwatllien rvmiited lo thePentreorihehouiie, 
■dfUIIfsiimu^ lo tho pirpenilleular light, and 
btbc M«i and a picee nf darfc-coloured paper 
«M plaiW upon one aide of il, just wilhiu the 
- ill (# iu tendrili ; and lu this itubslHnn: Ihej 
I afipcared to he atrnnBly atlrarlcd. The 
•f *■( Uirp placed upnii lb* oppoiite side, 

1 ilie tendril*. It wu then if. 

■it pi all? glati wa. iiihsli luted j 

<- Ihe iTDdriU did not indiuito 

I'l npproanh. The posilioo of 

i L> ctianfed, and ore wa» taken 

htji't il< ■iirfsee lo the Tsrjing piisilion of 

MB, *a that Ihe Ugbl fefleded luighl roatinue 

trihe Ihe toadrila; which' Ihen receded rrom 

(In*, and appeared lu lie strongly repulHd 

•* Tli« MMlrll* of the ampclDpttt terjr eh 



■e fillip 



only from «urh parll ofthe 
or p[irlin!ly, shaded. 

" A seedling plant ofthe pearh tree, and one 
ofthe nmpelop^ii and iTy, were plamid nearly in 

cumstanis*; exivpl that lupports, furmed of very 
slender ban of ivootl, about four ineliet high, 
were applied In the ampelopsis and ivy. The 
peaeh tree continued lo grow nearly perpendicu- 
larly, with a xlighl inrlination toward* tlie Trout 
>nd south side of the liou>«, wbilil the slcoii of 
the anipelopiit and iry, ai «nan as Ibej exceeded 
thr height oftheiriupportn, inclined many point* 
f^om the pcrpendieular line, in the upp«tite 

" It appears, therefore, thni not only the ten- 
drils and elajTS of these creeping dependent 
planli, bat tbnt their stems alw, are made to re- 
cede from light, and to press again it the optka 
bodies, whieh nslare intended lo aupporl — * 

" M. D^candale, J, belicTC, first observed 
Ihe lucriilcnl shuuli of tn»> and licrb*ce«irfF^' 
plants, which do not dppcni 
aupport, are lient towardt the point from which 
they recclie liglil, by the coiitraction of Ihe n-U 
lular subitance of Ibeir bark, upon that sidi: ; 
and I belierv hia opinion lo be perfectly well 
rounded. The operation of light upon the ten- 
drils and atem^of theampelopiiitiand jtj appears 
to produce diamelricatlj opposite elFects, and 
to oeeation an eatension of llic eellatnr bark, 
wherever that is exposed to its influence j and 
this eircumslance aSiird^, I think, a salisniclory 
evplanatiaa why these plants appear to aeek and 
approarh contiguoja opake abject*, jult as Ihc; 



m 



x> alTord Ihem support and pi 



n Ihrir i 



ernul 01 



origin a ting from the alburnous 
lant ; and in being, under rer- 
Mai rimnoManns, converllblc into fruit slnlki. 
' rtaipcri ofthe iv], to experiments 
I shall DOW proceed, appear to be 
-ii.ion* only; hul lo be capable (I 
. I" HnR}arbiTaming perfect roolB, 
' I' rimimi lances. Bxpcrimenls 
. . rj nearly nimilar lo the pre- 
iipm thia plsnli hut I round 



^. < should a 



.■mpt 



wi\h Ihe 
-td tlinl the ctawa 
, ;ivl as the tendrils 
-::JllltltUieyapnwe 



" The tendril of tlu) vine, as I hai 
alated, is iiilenially similar to Ih&I of 
Inpstt, though ila external forni, and mode of 
Btlariiing itself, by twining round any slender 
body, are very different. Some youug planU of 
this species, which had lieen raised in pnls in the 
prerediog year, and had been headed down to ■ 
alnglc bud, were plaeed in a forcing -house, with 
the plant) 1 have alre&dy nientioDed; and the 
shoals rmiii thcie wen; bound to slender bars 
of wood, and trained peqiendirutsriy upwards* 
Their tendrlla, like those of Ihc ani pel opais, wliea 
first emfllcd, poluled upwards; but they gradtv- 
■lly fi>rDtcd an incrmiing angle with the (tcma, 
ajid ullimalely pninled perpendicularly down- 
words; no ohjecthaTingprestnlcditiclflil Which 
they eon Id atltch Ihemselrea. 

" Other planla of the viup, under (imilar eir- 
i^umslaocH, irere trained horiaontally ; wlieu 
Uidr tcDdrila gmdually descended beneath their 
alemi, with which they ultimalelf stood very 
nearly it right angfe!. 

" A third act of plants were trained almost 
yxTpcndirnlarly downward*, hut with an inclinn- 
tion of* few degrees towards Ihe north ; and Ihc 
tendrils of these permanently retained Tcry 
nearly Ibeir Srtt position, relatively lo their 
Blenis ; whence it appears Ihal theae orgsni, like 
the ttindrila of the ampelnpsia, and the riaivi of 
the ivy, are to a great caleni under Ihc control 

" \ few other plants of the lune species were 
trained in each of the prec'eding inelhodsj hul 
propur objecta were placed., in iHlTvreDt liluiitl«ul 



VEGETATION. 



ocir them, wHh which their tendrils might oome 
inta contnet ; and I was bT tliene meani afiurded 
%n opportonity of obnerving: with accuracy the 
difference between the motimia of theae^ and 
those of tbe ampelopiiif^ under aimilar ctrenm* 
itances. The latter almost immediately receded 
from lif hty by whatever means that was made to 
operate upon them ; and they did not subsequent- 
ly show any disposition to approach tbe points 
from whidi they once reeeded. The tendrils of 
the rine^ on the contrary, Taried their positions 
In every period of the day, and afler, returned 
•gain duriDf the night to tbe situations they had 
oceupied In the prewding morning ; and they did 
not so immediately, or so regularly, bend towards 
the shade of contiguous objects. But ns the ten- 
jdrils of this plant, like thoite of the ampelopsis, 
spring alternately lyom each side of the stem, 
nnd as one point only in three is without a ten- 
jdril, and as each tendril separates Into two divi- 
nions, they do not often fail to eome into eontact 
trith any ol^ect within their reach ; and the ef- 
fects of eontact upon the tendril are almost Im- 
mediately visible. It is made to bend towards 
the body it touches, and, if that body l>e slender, 
to attach itself firmly by twining round it, in 
pbedienoe to causes which I shall endearoyr to 
point out 

''The tendril of the rine, in iu internal or- 
ganisation, is apparently similar to the young 
suceu'ent shoot, and leaf-stalk, of the same plant j 
and it is as abundantly proricM with vessels, or 
passages, for the sap ; and I have proved that it 
is alike capable of feeding a succulent shoot, or 
n leaf, when grafted upon it It appears there- 
fore, I eonceive, notimprobsble, that a oonsider- 
nble quantity of the moving fluid of the plant 
passes through its tendrils; and that there is n 
rio!«e connexion between its vascular structure 
nnd its motions. 

'* I have proved in tlie Philosophical Trans- 
itions or 180Q, that centrifugal force, by operat- 
<rig upon the elongating plumules of germiusting 
seeds, occasions an increased growth and exten- 
sion upon the external sides of the young stems, 
and that gravitation produces oorrespondent ef- 
fects ; probably, by occasioning tlie presence of a 
larger portion of tbe fluid organitable matter of 
the plant upon the one side than upon the other. 
The exfernil prex.«ure of any body upon one side 
jof a tendril will probably drive this fluid from 
one side of the tendril, which will oonscquently 
contract, to the opposite side, which will expand : 
and the tendril will thence be oompelled to bena 
round a slender bar of wood or metal, just as the 
stems of genninating seeds are made to t>end up- 
wariu, and to nine the cotyledons out of the 
ground ; and in support of this conclusion I shall 
obKcrve, that • e sides of the tendrils, where in 
contact with the substance they embraced, wen» 
eomprexfted and flattened. 

" The actions of the tendrils of the pea were 
BO perfectly ximilar to those of the vine, when 
they csme into contact with any body, that I 
need not trouble you with the observations I made 
upon th:i* piant. An increased extension of the 
Cifllular fcuhiiuace of tlie bark upon one side of 
the tendrils, and a correspondent contraction 
upon the 0|>po«ite Hide, oreasioned by the opera- 
tion of light, or the partial pressure of a body in 
Ooutact, uppcirrd, in e\ery case which has oome 
under my obnTvatiun, the obvious cause of the 
motions uf tendrils ; and ttierefore, in conformity 
with tike conclusions 1 diew in my Uai nsemoir, 



Inspecting the growth of roots, I ftbill vnl 
infer, that they are the result of ^ure iiec 
6hl^, uninfluenced by any degrees of sens 
or intellectual powers.'* 

Cktmitdl Produetkmi of Vegetation. 

The products hitherto found in the vegi 
kingdom, so far as they have been examined 
iny degree of aeouraey, may bo redooed i 
four heads- I. Substances soluble in vral 
least in some state or other, and which, in 
ral, are solid, and not remarkably oombm 

II. Substaqoes either fluid, or which melt 
heated, and burn likiB oils. These are all 
luble in water, but in general dissolve in all 

III. Substances neither soluble in water, al 
or ether, and which have a flbrous or wood; 
ture. IV. Substances wbich belong to the i 
ral kingdom, and occur only in small qtiaa 
In vegetables, and may therefore l>e eonsi 
as extraneous. They »re thus arranged b 
Thomson. 

I. rarntf#. 

1. Adds. 

3. Sugar. 

5. Sarooool. 

4. Asparagitt. 

5. Ghim. 

6. Jelly^ 

7. Ulmia. 

8. Inulin* 
d. Starch. 

10. Indigo. 

11. Gluten. 
Id. Albumen. 
)9. Fibrin. 

14. Gelatin. 

15. Bitter prinriple. 

16. Extractive, or extractt 

17. Tannin. 

18. Narcotic principle^ 

II. Oleqfomu 

1. Fixed oil. 

2. Wax. 

3. VolaUle oil. 

4. Csmphor. 

6. Birdlime. 

6. Resins. 

7. Guaiacum. 

8. Balsams. 

0. Gum-resins. 
iO. Caoutchouc. 

IU. Fibrous. 

1. Cotton. 

2. Suber. 
3 Wood. 

IV. Extraneous, 

1. Alkalies. 

2. Ksrths. 

3. Metals. 

We shall conflne our observations to the | 
npal of these products : for the rest, the re 
may turn to the separate articles under thi 
spective names. 

The most impoflant of the w|iole, if we 
regard to its quantity, in which it greatly ezi 
all thfi rest put together, is vegetable Jih 
wood. This is to plants what bone, musele, 
cartilage, are to animals: to this they areent 
indebted for thrir ttabiUty, and the rcslsl 



VEGETATION. 



7 M« «kW lo appour o (Ktmikl violenre. It 

MMtllola Ihc (rmtitp pirt at nil woodi sucl 
haHi*; u( the in>KO rpiilermii or hrrbuceout 
tla*Ui«rihc Dcl-oork orkatri ; miJ of Ihellne 
tom%f Ibm in whi'-b Ihe miiIii of rollon and 
•ariuiB olhrr vCftvUbln we imbcilded. It con- 
aitli ot oitKin, najrpm, hjdrflgrai, bdiI ■ lillle 
iMt. By dr} dintilldinn it field* hTdro-carlNK 
Mat CM*, cmrbunir ■rid, rmpirruniBlii-, ■ntoui, 
M nT*-li||iw«a< aHd, witli ■ little uainonii, and 
■ finl«t«ttlitroil. AUr;*propaniunDfrharGO>l 
nwalM Mihid in th« rctnrt. Mill exhibiiing, in 
• very pcrCrtt uanner, Ihe lexlun: nf tlic waod. 
Tbnc Ik BO lUiBwl wbdann at all analugou 
lAlafitir 



WM^ta Sbrr. 



fumlaat 

mm qwrincly in aa»l of the bulbous, luberous, 
Md rtbtr flcihj root». It i» not MrerUined 
■iMllMr ftint raUn Into iti Fomporition : amtno' 
■U, otrtiinl;, ia not alPiirded by dry diitiUatinn. 
It tfpcan to be aliwlutely peculiar to Ihe Teee- 
tiUe kia(d>n. 

Sunci, or cUrarlmf, !■ another of the peniliar 
MpHUt priaelpin found fa abunduin:. But 
thMfk BMbiag aBBliiKout tn it pxjtti in the 
Mkad ktofdom. yet it affordo ammDnia botb by 
^dlatilUlion. and bytlie irlion of quick- lime ; 
la Iha rorvo' caie, indeed, tbe tmmoDiR it mark- 
•4 bt the «intraiporanrou« produelioD nf enipy- 
mMilic arid, faul it may readiij.be lel at liberty 
^ IKWU of tlie txcd alkiilim. 

laalbrr Important prinriple ii Mnnia .- it U 
nauiud ia a-rluD barki, wood), and leiTei, 
ui aAmji by dry diMillalion tn empyieumalis 
>dl. bat DO aaiaionia. It may he mntiderrd u 

rliirto TTCrtablei, nlthouKh it appenri, from 
HMchrtl'a cuprrimenti, tbat a lubslancc 
"i7iiBilar to tannin may be iirocnired by thu 
lOin of aitrie af id on variuua kiuda of auioiat 
BtHfr pCMiouily diarred. 

^•■--mcifaie i* aunlhcr of the peeuliar lef e- 
t>^1f prlndplei, lo wliirh nuthing aiiaini-oui bni 
Uhttto bern dimTcred in tin animal kingdom, 
aktt H be Uie poiwiaoui waller of vennmou* 
mkit, irhioli, M analyied by Ponlana, appesn 
(•>»«tBany nf the chanrtcri of lenetable gum. 
Ilmldn rhiefly in the harki of Ima, and in a 
H *f the bulbaut TODti. By dry disliUtliun it 
Afdi u empyfcunatlc ai'id, from nhidi, how- 
nr, i|aldi.||uc tetk at liberty a i|uanltty of ain- 
■•la, Ihua (huoing that aiut enter, intu the 
'a aj wai lioa of this lubulanra. 

I-Utilt Ml ii bIki peruliar to \he legclable 
bfdaB. It a<<eun iu the bark, the Kood, aud 
tttai^ncofaeveral »erd<. Itappean to ron- 
■<" tBtinly of oiygen, hydrogen, and carbon ; 
■M doM nut afford any amoioDia by diilil- 
llUaa. 

Camplut, rn:*. and tdbsni, alio rank among 
Iti peculiar trgetable prindpio, and appear lo 
<*M<laf (nyfi-tt, hydrogen, and i-arbug, nitliout 
oyaiaL A few of UiearaniaUeBnimal producit, 
hdanJ, (aeh u maik, drat, and ambergrit, ap- 
pear to ooalaiB B porlioB of reain, whifh, how- 
•NT, diffen from irgetable reain, in attbrding 
•■mmU by dieevtioB with fixed alkali, and 

fmallar Tcgclable prindplei. into the cvmpo' 
UiIbb of obleb, a eantidrrable qiiaulily of acot 
olara, a* Ibry aBord amoiotllB tuid oil by dry 

JbUCallan, Iiul no acid. 



The Bpidi pcFUliar to »^3«fl«KreTl 
tari>'. dtric, nod gsllir, Ibe laillc, oxalic, acetic, 
atid pruicir. Of theic, boircier, lh<.- four latter, 
though not originating in aniiuBl orgnniialtao, 
may yet be pmduced, hy Ihe action of diffenai 
reaeentn, "n wreral animal produels. 

Thu '.ubottDcei that follow ara commoa to 
both ve^-table and animal mailer : 

S-'gii'. — Thin i< contained lajgelj in naniB ef 
the grasa ttroH, in the aeclaries of all blouomii 
in the pulp of cerlain fruili, and in many oftlla 
flcsliy iipiadle-ahaped rooti: nlao in Ihe milk of 
aniinula, and in huiaan urine in a peculiar dii- 
ca>ed Klate. It ia mui^ more abundant in Il|a 
vegftnble than in tlw animal kingdom, and fay 
deilructite diatillalion, adbrdiia laigc proportion 
of empyreumatic add, hut uu ammonia. 

Fiitd oil. — Tbla ia contained in OHWt leedl, 
and ill the pulpy fruit of the olive, the camd, 
and perbapt of a feir other planli. In animalt, 
ll renidea in the liver, in the cellular meinbraiM, 
BUd in ruilk. Il appean to conaiit of ocjsca, 
hydrogi-n, aiid carbon, with little or - -^' 



Bbrd.) 



a by A 



and gtl/Um. — Theae lubtlaiMB* 
'nee in the regetable kiugdon, 
but they couslitule almoit the whole of the aoft 
parLi of •aiuali. Tbey are rompuird for the 
■aosl part of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and aiat, 
and aflbrd by diatillatioa ammonia nnd oil, bnt 
no arid. 

Brnink and fho^koHc addt.—^r tiiae, the foiw 
oter ii round in the vegetable baKauu, and In 
the urine of tlie horse, and of a feir other i)U»- 
dnipedt: ti\e latter, combined Hitb lime, ii verf 
abundant in aniniaU, eomtllutio^ tlie prindpd 
portion ofthe boDt», and olher hard part*: but 
it il of oiaiparalivcly rare occurrence in vege- 
lahlea, in whidi it it fouud in combinatiun wUk 
lime, or polaih. 

All Ihe abote vegetable prindplci may be ul- 
timaldy rcnolvcd into thu followiag Gflecn lub- 
atauLTB; vix. oxjgen, carbon, hydrogen, not, 
lulpbur, phoHphoric and muriatic acidfi, oiyda 
of iron, and manganese, potaihi and aoda, lime, 
magueiia, ailex, and alumine ; and of tbeae, Ihe 
Ant four coailitute by ttr the largvat main of 
vegetable matter. 

\i. all animal matter i< prepared by tbc proeeas 
of digeition from vegetable*, it i« obtioui Ihat 
each uf thete great dtuea of aubitanceamuitex. 
Iiibit, in its alliniale analyiin, the utne tiiaplo 
■ ubstancea. It i* moreoicr evident frtiai the 
preceding enumeration, that not only the elc- 
nienti, but maay of the aecondary priBcipk-a de- 
rived from them, are ooaunon both to vegelublea 
Bad animal*; aud, thervfore, that, ilrictlyipeak 
ing, Ihere ran be no eaieatial charaetera by ithieh 
Ibe cb><mi)l can pronounce dediively eaocvrning 
any uuknowo tubttance preaented to hi* cxaou- 
BBlion, that it'bolongi to the aaiual or vegetable 
kingdom. Tha old che^uitU, indeed, rolled Willi 
confldenix on tho pheaomena aAordcd by dr> 
dructive diiitilUtian: If an amoiuaiacal liquor 
Tvrre produced, aoeompBBied by the odour of 
burnt feathen, Ihe lubilance yielding it waa 
itumedialdy prenuned lo bo of animal origin ; 
nhile if an add liquor wai produced, accuulpa- 
nied by the odour of' iroud (moke, tlie unknown 
kubilnnee wt coniidcrcd ai bulungiiig tu the 
vegetable kingdom^ and Ihii, thougli by no 
nieani an infallihle criterioo, must ■nil bo Cell* 
liJcrtd *« Uw be*t tlial ean bu adoplcd. 



V E I V E I 

VHGBTATIVE. s, {vegeiai'\f, French.) the altar, crucifix, imafflcs of sainU, &c. A 

1 . Ha\ ing the quality of jgrowing without life veil of crape is wore on the head hy nuns, as c 

iRairigh). 2, Having the power to produce badge of their profession : the novices wear 

growili ill plants (^Broome). while veils, but those who have,niade the irowt 

VE'GRTATIV'EN£SS.#.(fromt;egf/a/ii;^.) black oncs. See the article Nun. 

The quality of producing growth. Veil, in botany. See Calyptre. 

VLGL'^tE. a. (.vegelus, Lat.) Vigorous; Veil (Charles'^larie), the »on of a Jew, of 

active ; spriehtly (South). Melz, in Lorrain ; who, on his conversion to 

VE^GHliVE. a. (I'rom vegeto, Lat.) Vege- Christianity, became a canon regular of St. 

table ; having the nature of plants {Ttisscr). Augustin, and prior of St. Ambrose, at Meluu; 

Ve'getive. s. a vegetable (i>ry(/m). but' turning ptotestant, he fled to England, 

VEGLIA, an island in the gulf of Venice, where he preached among the anaba|>ti8ts in 

on the coast of Dnlmatia. It is QO miles in I686 : he wrote Commentaries in Latin upon 

circuit, rocky, aiul badly cultivated, but pro- several books of the Old and New Testamente. 

duces wine and silk, and has small horses in Veil (Lewis de Compiegne de), brother to 

high esteem. The town of the same name has the preceding, also a converted Jew, and who 

a good harbour, a strong citadel, and is the see published many learned nieces, particularly one 

of a bishop. Lun. 14. 5G E. Lat. 45. 22 N. entitled Catechismu^ Juda?e»rum in disputa- 

VEG LIANA, a town of Piedmont, seated tione et dialogo magistri et discipuli, scriptw 

on an eminence, near the river Doria, 12 miles ^ H. Abrahamo Jagel, inonte Silicis oriundo, 

N.VV. of Turin. Hebrew and Latin, I()7y. He, like hia bro- 

VEH, a town of Hindustan, in Moultan, ther, became a proiestant. They both died 

seated at the junction of the Setledgc with the about the end of the l/th century. 

Indus, 63 miles S.S.W. of Moultan. Lon. 70. VEINS, {vena, from venio, to come, because 

5K. Lat. Qg. 8N. the blood comes throuu^h it.) In anatomy, 

VE'HEMENCE. Ve'hemency. t. (vehe' long membranous canals, which continually 

mfft/ra, Latin.) 1. Violence; force (3//7/o«). become wider, do not puKatc, and return the 

S?. Ardour; mental violence ; fervour {Add.), blood from the arierie** 10 the heart. All veins 

VE'HEMENT. a.ivehemcni, French; vehe^ originjie from the extremities of arteiios only, 

mntf, Latin.) 1. Violent; forcible (Crcii;). by anastomosis, and terminute in the auricles 

S Ardent; ea^er; fervent {MUfon). of the heait; e.g. the vena cava in the ri^ht» 

VK'HEMENTLY. ad. (from vehement,) ami the pulmonary veins in the left auricle. 

I. Forcibly. 2. Pathetically; urgently (ri/« They are composed, like arteries, ot three 

loisoji). tunics or coats, which are miicti m«>re slender 

VE'HICLE. *. (wMfVtt/Mm, Lat.) l.That than in the arteries, and are sup|>lied with 

in which any thin^ is carried {Addison). 2. semilunar membranes or fold» Cilled valves. 

That part of a medicine which serves 10 make Their use is to return the blood to the heart, 

the principal ingredient portable (Uz-om-'h). 4. The blood is returned from every pan of the 

That by means of which any thing is conveyed bo<ly into the rij^ht auricle : ihi* vena cava su- 

(L*ii</ ange), perior receives it from the head, neck, thorax, 

VJiII (aiic. geog.), a city of Etruria, the and superior extremities; the vena cava in- 
long and powerful rival of llomc ; distant about ferior, from the abdomen and inferior exiremi- 
100 stadia, or twelve miles, to the north-west; ties; and the coronary vein receives it from 
situated on a high and steep rock. Taken after the coronary arteries of the heart, 
a siege often years bv Camillus, six years be- Thcvenacavasu|)eri()r. — This vein terminates 
fore the taking of Rome by the Gauls: and in the superior part of uic right auricle, into 
thither the Romans, after the burning of their which it evacuates the bloiKl, from the right 
city, had thoughts of removing ; but were dis- and left subcla« inn veins, aiid the vena azygos. 
suadcd from it by Camiilus {Livy). It re- The ri^rht and left subclavian veins receive the 
niained standing after the Punic war; and a blood from the head and upper extremities, in 
colony was there settled, and its territory as- the following manner. The rein* of the 
signed to the soldiers. But after that ft de- fingers, callfd dic^iiaU, receive their blood from 
dined so gradually, as not to leave a single the di<;ital arieries, and empty it into, 
trace standing. Famous for the slanglitcr of 1. The cephalic of the thumb, which runs 
the 300 Fabii on the Crcmera {Oiid). 'V\\c on4he hack (>f the hand along the thumbs and 
«not on which it stood lies near Isola, in St. evacuates itself into the external radial. 
Peter'.* patrimony {llolsfenjus). 2. Tlie salvaiella, which runs along the 

To VEIL, V. 11. {velo, Latin, .^ce Vail.) little fin^rr, unites with the former, and em|>- 

1. To cover wiih a veil, or any thiii<z which ties it^ Mood into the imeriial and external 

conceals the dice (Boy if)' ». To rover: to cubital veiiiii. At ihe bend oJ 1 lie fore-arm are 

invest (A////0/2). 3. To hide; to conceal {Pope), tlirce veins called the great cephalic, the basi- 

Vf.il. jr. (tWiim, Latin.) 1. A cover to lie, and the median, 

conceal the face {IFalirr), 2. A cover ; a Tiie great Cv phalic runs aIot>g the superior 

di^^uibC {Dntden). part of the fore arm, and receives the blood 

V'eil, a piece of stuff, serving to cover or from the external radial. 

hide any thuig. In the Uomi«li chtirches, in The basilic ascends on the unrler side, and 

IJmcofLent, tbey have veils or curiaius over receives the blood from ilic external and in- 



VEINS. 

ternal cubital veins, and lome branches which called tbe peroneal vein. These tliree branches 

accoin|jauy the brachial artery, called venae unite before the ham into one braiicii, the 

atcUitum. subpopliteal vrin, which ascends through the 

The median is ntiiated in the middle of the ham, carrying all the blood from the- fuot : it 

fore-arm, and arises from the union of several then proceeds upon the anterior pari of the 

branches. These three veins all unite above tiiigh, where ii is termed the crural or ftiuoral 

the bend of the arm, and form vein, receives several muscular branciic^, and 

The brachial veiu, which receives all their passes under Poupart's ligament into the cavity 

blood, and is continued into the axilla, where of the pelvis, where it is called the external iliac. 

ii is called The arteries which arc distributed about the 

The axillary vein.-— This receives also the pelvis evacuate their blooci into ihe external 

blood from the scapula, and superior and in- haemorrhoidal veins, the hypogastric vein.*, the 

fcrior parts of the chest, by tUe superior and iuternal pudendal, the vena luagnn ipsiu^ jjeuis, 

inferior thoracic vein, the vena muscularis, and ubiuratory veins, all of whicii unite m the 

and the scapularis. pelvis, and form the internal iliac vein. 

The axillary vein then passes under the cla- The external iliac vein receives the blood 

Ttcie, where it is called the subclavian, which from the external pudendal veins, and then 

vnites with the external and internal jngular unites with the internal iliac at the last vertc- 

Tcics.and ihevertebral vein, which brings the bra of the loin:*, and form the vena cava in« 

blood from the vertebral sinuses; it receives ft rior or asceudcns, which ascends on the right 

sIm the blood from the mediastinal, p-ricar- side of the spine, receiving the blooJ from the 

dt3c, diaphragmatic, thymic, internal mam- sacral, lumlxir, right spermatic vems, an(l the 

nury and laryngeal veins, and then unites with vena cava hepatica ; and hav ing arrived at the 

174 ftUow, to form the veiiu cava superior, or as diaphragm, it passes through the right fora- 

ic is ioatetimcs called, vena cava descendens. men, and enters ihc right auricle of tde heart, 

Tbe blood fnmi the external and interiial into which it evacuates all the blo'id from 

piris of the head and face is returned in the the abdominal viscera and loxver extremities. 

&>!|t)wing manner into the external and internal Vena cava hepatica. — ^Tiiis vein ramihes in 

juzulars, which terminate in the mbclavians. the substance of the liver, and brings tiic blood 

The fn>ntal, anizular, temporal, auricular, into the vena cava inferior from the branches 

sabiingual, and occipital veins receive the of the vena (iorta;, a great vein which carries 

blood from the parts after which they are the blood from the abdoininnl viscera into the 

named ; these all converge to each side of the substance of the livt-r. The trunk of this vein, 

neck, and form a trunk, called the external about the Bssureof the liver, m which it is si- 

juailar vein. tuated, is divided into the hciMtic and abdo- 

rhe Mood from the brain, cerebellum, me. niinal portions. 'I'he abdommal portion is 

dnlla oblongata, and membranes of these parts, composed of the splenic, meseraic, and internal 

L> received into the lateral minuses, or vein<: of hemorrhoidal veins. Tht:v>e three venous 

the dnia mater, one of which empties its blood branches carry all the blood from the stomach, 

thn«ugh the foramen lacerum in basi cranii spleen, pancreas, omentum, mesentery, gall- 

into the internal jugular, which descends in bladder, and the small and large intestines, 

the neck by the carotid arteries, receives the into the sinus of the vena ports. The hepatic 

bUod from the thyroideal and internal maxit- portion of the vena ports enters the subMance 

lary veins, and empties itself into the subclavi- of the liver, divides into innumerable ramifica- 

ans within the thorax. tions, which secrete the bile, and the sui)erHu- 

Tbe venaazygos receives the blood from the ous blood pas'^cs into corresponding branches 

broochbl, superior, xsophag^^l, vertebral and of the \enac cava; hepatics. 

ioteicottal veins, and empties it into the su- The action of the veins — Veins do not put- 

p^noT cava. sale ; the blood which they receive from the 

Vena cava inferior. — ^l^he vena cava inferior arteries llows through them very slowly, and 

ii the trunk of all the abdominal veins and is conveyed to the right auricle of the licart 

tliose of the hiwer extremitie<(, from which by the contractility of their coats, the pressure 

parts the blood is returned in the following of the blood from the arteries, called tlie cij a 

inanner. The veins of the toes, called the di- ier^u, the contraction of the muscles, and rc« 

glial veins receive the blrxxl from the digital spiration; and it is picvcnted from going back- 

a rrcries* and form on the back of the foot three wards in the vein by the valves, of which 

breaches, one on the great toe, called the ce- there are a great number. 

ph^iie,another, which runs along the little toe. Vein, amon;^ miners, is that space wliirli 

called tbe vena saphena, and on the back of is bounded with vvoughs, and icoutaius ore, 

Lne foot, vena dorsalis pedis ; and on the sole spar, canck, clay, chirt, croil, brownhen, 

of tlie foot they evacuate themselves into the pkcher-chirt, cur, which the philosoplicrs call 

|/1 jntar veins. ^ the mother of uieials, and soiiteiimes soil of nil 

The three %'eins 0f\ the up|)er part of the foot colonrb. When it bears ore, it is called a 

CO m i ng tozethcr above the ankle, form the an<w quick vein; when no ore, a dead vein. See 

ifri^«r tibial; and the plantar veins, with a ]VIinf.raloc>y. 

branch from the calf of the le^, called the su- Vein signifies farther, .1. Tendency or 

r.I %eii>, form the |)osterior tibial; a branch turn of the mind or penins {Dri/dcn), t*. 

aiio asceiidi» in the direction of the fibular Favourable moment (/;W/o/0> ^- Humour; 



V E J V E J 

temfier (B^Mon). 4. Continued dispoiitioo innocent animal coold hare been. ^ 

(J'emple). 5. Current; continued production long conversation with the ne^jro, of « 

iStciJi). 6.Strain; quality (0/i.)* 7« Streak $ asked several questions, to which he ^ 

varieftation : at, the veins of the marble. most pertinent answers, I informed hi 

V£'1N£0. Ve'iny. a. (peintuxp French, much I should be gratified if 1 could 

from oftn.) 1. Full of veins. S. Streaked; abled to handle serpents with the san 

varieaated {Thomson). rity; and finding tnat he was not ai 

VEJUCA DU OCJACO. a plant which procure me that ^satisfaction, I offered 

bas the power of curing and pieventiog the recompeoce, with which he seemed ti 

bite of venoomus serpents, and isprobably the Next morning he returned with the 1< 

ophiorfaiza mungos of Linn^us. Tlie following the plant in question, which he moi 

account is given of it bv Don Pedro d'Orbies y and, bavins bruised them in my pi 

Vargas. " The abundance of venomous ser- made me drink two large s|>oonfuls 

penta found in the ^varm districts has rendered juice. He then made three incisions b 

It necessary for the unfortunate Indians and my fingers in each hand, in which he 

negroes, who traverse the woods almost lated me with the same juice; he perfc 

always barefooted, to search out the most efli* similar operation on each foot, and < 

cacious remedicB for the disagreeable effects side of my breast. When these op 

produced by the bite of these animals* Of the were finished, he informed mc that I m 

remedies hitherto discovered, none is equal to holdof the serpent. 1 made several c 

the juice of a plant of the creeping kind, called tions to him in regard to the disag 

vrjoco du guaco, for it not only cures the ma- consequences to be apprehended in 

ladies arising from the bite of serpents, but should be bit by the animal ; but findi 

preserves from their effects those who have he seemed conndent in his skill, I res< 

drunk of it before they are bitten; so that the take it into my hands without any fear^ 

Negroes and Indians acquainted with this 1 did several times, the animal never 

plant lay hold with their naked hands of the the least attempt to do me any injury 

most venomous serpents, without sustaining of the individuals, however, who wen 

any injury from them. This knowledge, of house, being desirous to run the same ri 

which they formerly made a great mystery, bit by the serpent the second time he 

gave them much importance in the country, in his hands; but without any further 

and there is no doubt that they gained a great venience than a slight inflammation 

deal of money, both from tnose who were parts. Two of my domestics, who hi 

bitten by serpents, and tho&e who were desir- also inoculated, encouniced by this first a 

ous, through cariosity, to see them handle these went out into the fidds and soon I 

danserous animals. with them another kind of serpent, 

"peingbornin thekingdomofSanla-F6, be- venomous, without sustaining any hui 

lon^ng to South A merica, I had often heard it. In a word, I have caught ^tveri 

the inhabitants boasting of the great ability of that time without any other preparatio 

thtse negroes, whom my countrymen call that of having drank a little juice of the 

empirics. But as in the capital, where I was du guaco ; and after re|)eating these 

educated, which lies in a cold district, there either on myself or my domestics, and 

are no venomous serpents, I had no oppor- with the completest success, I resolved i 

tuniiy of seeing any till the year 1788, wnen to give a memoir on this remarkable a 

being at Margerita, I heaid of a slave who had in a periodical paper publibhed every y 

a great reputation as beins invulnerable to ser- Santa-Fe. I added a description of the 

pents, and who belonged to a gentleman of and every thing that appeared to me d( 

that place. As I was resolved to examine him for rendering public and general this di 

myself, I be^ed his master to send for him, so useful to mankind. An account of 

with a sufficient provision of serpents, which experiments, and of the persons who w< 

he readily consented to do. On the dOth of sent, will be found in that paper, datt 

May, of the same year, the negro came to the tember 30, 1791. 
house where I resided with one of the most •* I shall here only ohserve,that the tr 

venomous serpents of the country, which he current among the Indians and ncf^roe: 

had put into a calabash ; a kind of vessel em- vice-royship of Santa-Fc, res|)ecting th 

ploved by these people for the same purposes ner in which the virtue of tniji plant v 

as bottles are employed in Europe. Having covered, is as follows :— A bird of tl 

informed him that I was desirous of seeing a kind, described by Catesby under the n 

specimen of his talents, he replied that he was the serpent-hawk, feeds chiefly upon 

ready to gratify my curiosity, and taking the in the hot and temperate regions of th 

serpent from the calabash, handled it with so of America. This oird has a monoton< 

much confidence and composure, that I ima- sometimes very disagreeable by its rrp 

giiied he had previously deprived it of its teeth which imitates the articulated word gw 

that contained the pf>ison. 1 therefore caused which account the inhabitants have | 

him to open its mouth, but I saw that it still that name ; and these people say that y 

had its teeih ; and was convinced that the cries it is to call forth the serpents, ovei 

negro possessed some secret for soothing it, for it exercises a certain kind of authority, 

it appeared as ume aod harmless as the most add other extravagant fables; but it u 




puniiea ittem irhtfrrer ft findi 
1 ihc India III and negmci, whu 
*f part of iheir limt in the To- 
field*, iU9«ri, (hat 10 lake Ihem 
ufely lh«y prepare ihcmselvi;] by 
^ M>ina leam of ihe plant in question. 
Ttii» dUJ be lra«; the; niAy have di>rovercd 
■he Hitwe of it, and Hjicrienecil it with sue> 
tT«^ Li thi» Cise, ai in nsatiy others, the 
inttinct olaaiinaU has been of use to us. 

"In tegatd tothepliiiit, ilGgeniuhasiialyet 
been cbiMd in any book of boianv I have ever 
km; tiid for that rcuon 1 fhall venture to 
^i«« description of it, as well ml can, taking 
Hnnljge of the memuir above menlioneil. 
The root i* (ibraut, Hnd extends in every (Tircc- 
timitbeitein is ilnight, iietfeclly cylindric 
olm lb« plant it lender, but when old be- 
tunrt pentd^oi^al. that is lo say, acquires 
(^em tnstts. The lejva which grow on Ihe 
Hm stand onpotiie lo each other, are shaped 
Iitti hfarl, have a dark green cnlnur, inter- 
mlud with >iolet; are imctoth on the lower 
sifc, tough on llie upper, and somewhat 
•ctiovi Its cnrrmfalferouj flowers are yellow, 
loKalaoi, and have four florets on each com- 



.npelal. 



focidiWfifoTni, wilh ftvi! indciilBtions, and i 
ttintfiteiianiiiu, united by anthers in ihe form 
•Tcjlinilcni, which citiUtvce ihe tivle. The 
ijlthaii siigiDideeiily divided, Hndiheclvx 
IBBtaiiu MrenI broiiJ secdi, each wilh a silky 

" The plant is vii-aeious, ind It found in ihc 
kn and teniprnte regiom of the liee-royihip 
>fSiiiU-F(i it ii, in geiieni, found growing 
M the bunhrnaf rivulet! and in shady places, 
lUWr lliaD in the o]>eu plains. Nature has 
M |>(iMluceil it in lheele>.iied orcolddisliicis 
tf (Itti eottilnent ; and for this rcaMin, no dniibi, 
llal it* virtue wuuld be uiehsj. us ihereareno 
•netnoai serpents but in the coiinirics where 

m.ARRUM, g mor>hy piece of ground 
M die side of the Tiber, which Augustus 
'uiiTed, and where he built houses. The 
(bee wu frenuenied ■> a market, where nil, 
•iKcK, See. were exposed lo sale. (HoralA. 

VEI.AUIUS, in iin[i(|>iilv, an officer in ihe 
Mn of ibe Ki'tnan eiiii>eriiis, being n kind of 
*kcr, whioe pnu wm liehind ihe curtain in 
itefirlnce** ansriment, as ihat of ihe chancel- 
^1 ■'tt a1 tlie euliy of the balustrade ; and 
^«f tbtosiiarii at ihi: door. The vebrii 
W a n^rrior of the same deno initial ion, who 
naqiaiided them. 

VELASQUi:S {Don Diego Ue Silva), an 
(■Uncnl Spanish |>aiiitcr, was born at Seville 
>> IS94, imt repa>re<t to MaJiid, where his 
bjaus becdiiic ■ powerful rccomniendation of 
Hm to the niysl family. Philip IV. had a 
1*2 (ntlicvlar re^rd for hitn, and look a dc. 
'^ in teeing him |iainl) he eonleried the 
'uniiy of cdvalicr U|hiii him, and when lie 
'M. bonoiired bis memory by an exiieniive 
i«)enl. 

VELAy, ■ late province of Fiance, bounij- 



V K L ':■ .■ 

rt on the north by Forei, west by Auvcrgne, 
south by Gevnudan, and east by Vivarez. Jl 
is full of high mountains, covered wiih «nut« 
ihegreaier part of the year, but abounds i^_ 
cattle. It now forms the depaiiment of UuM" 
Lnire. ^ ''^' 

VELDENTZ, a town of France, ii 
department of Sarre, lately of Germany, i 
palaLiiiaie of the Rhine, with a easlle. 
environs produce excellent Moselle wine 
is seated on the Muselle, ig miles N.£. 1 
Treves. 

VELETRI. a town of Italy, in Campo^ 
di Roma. It is the residence of ihe bishop M 
Oatia, whose palace is maanilicenl; and ihM 
are large squares adorned with (ine fountains 
It is leatid on an eminence, IB miles S.l£. rf'' 



VELEZ DE GOMARA. a seaport of the 
kingdom of Fez, with a castle, scaled belweeu 
two high mountains, on ihe Medite 
ISO mile* N.N.E. of Fez, han.i. OV 
Lai. 56. 10 N. 

Velez Malaga, a town of Spain, 
Granada, sealed in a large plain, between t^ 
rivers, near the Mediterranean, 13 miles E. I 
N. of Malnga, and 62S.W. of Granada. 

VELEZIA. in botany, a genus of 
class iientandiia, order digynia. Cntot fi*£ 
(Stalled, smalh calyx fllilorm, five-tooth etf:g 
c.ipsule one-eellcd; sictls numeroi 
single series. Une species; a native of ll 
Hjuth of Europe. 

VELLA. Cress- rock el. In botany, ageli^ 
of the class letradyiiainia, order siticul" 
Silicic with the partiiinu twice ■• larie as 
valves i ovate outwardly. Two spcciesi 
V. annua, common cnswocket. a herb iS 
digenonsioourowD sandy fields : the other, ViJ 
psciidn-cytisui, ashtubby plant of Spain. \ 

VELLEIA, in b.Uny, a ^-nus of ihel 
class iNniandtia, order monogjnia. Calyx 6*»t4 
Iraietl, inferiorj co to 1 tubular, gupti '* 

wilh a five-cleft Iwrder; capsule fuL 
one-celled, many-scededj seeds imbricate. Orf 
SMcies only) an herbaeeoui stemless phni ■ 



VELLE'ITY. J. (i>eWfi(ai, from vent. Latj 
tie lowest deerre of desire [Lnrke). 
roVE'LLlCATE. v.D.tweWi™, Lat,] * 



VHI,I,ICAT!ON. J. {vtthcalio, Uiin.) 
Twiichingi slirnuUllon {Wulhl. 

Vellicatiom, in medicine, (from vdticot 
to pluck. 1 Theaiicmpt to pluck sninL-ihing 
fioni the bedclothes: a cnminoJ syinplum iti 
the Inst •times of low fevers. {Titmui). 

VELLUM, is a kind of parchment, ihatii 
finer, eventr, and more white than the i-otii- 
nion psrehnient. The word is formed fTOiit 
the Freiiclt veHn, of the Ldtin vilulinui, be- 
loniiliie t<> a calf. 

VELOCITV.orSwiiTHrM.orCBi,«mTV, 
in mechanics, is that afF ction nf muiii'H, by 
which a >nn' ing tyidy pasxs iiver a crrinin 
sixice in a certain time. It is always pinpoi- 
iHKul to the space moved over k> a given liuiC 



V E L V EN 

wlicn the velocity is unirorin, or always the velveting, of this stuff, is formed of parts of the 

siame during that time. threads of the warp,\vhich the workman puts oa 

Velocity is either uniform or variable. Uni- a long narrow-channelled ruleror needle, which 

form, or equal \elucity, is that with which a he afterwards cuts, by drawing a sharp steel 

body passes always over equal spaces in equal tool along the channel of the needle to the ends 

times. And it is variahlc, or unequal, when of the warp. The principal and best manii- 

the snaccTi passed over in equal times are un- factories of velvet are iu France and Italy, |>ar« 

equal; in which case it is cither accelerated ticularly in Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, 

or leiurdcd velocity ; and this acceloratioii, or and Lucca : there are others in Holland, set 

retardation, may also be equal or unequal, i.e. up by the French refugees; whereof that at 

uniform or vaiiable, &c. See Acceleka- 11 acrlcm is the most considerable: but the)' all 

TION, Motion, and Dynamics. come short of the beauty of those in France, 

Vilociiy is aUo cither absolute or relative, and accord imily arc sold for ten or fifteen |N:r 

Absolute velocity is that we have hitherto cen!. less. There are even some brought from 

been considering, in which the velocity of China; but they are the worst of all. 
a boily is considered simply in itself, or as Ve^lvet. a. 1. Made of velvet iSkaks.), 

passing over a certain »pacc in a certain 2. Soft; delicate (ybttn/j). 
time. But relative or respective velocity 7o Ve'lvet. r. w. To paint velvet, 
is that with wliich bo<Iies api.roach tcs or VELUM PENDULUM PALATI. Ve- 

recede from one another, wlielner they both lum. Velum oalalinum. The soft palate, 

move, or one of them be at rest. Thus, if The soft part or the palate, which .forms two 

one body move with the absolute velocity of arches, aflixed laterally to the tongue and pha-> 

two feet |>cr second, and an oilier with that of rynx. 

six feet per second ; then if they m<Ae directly VENA AZYGOS. Vena sine pari. See 

towards each other, the relative vihicity with Azygos vein. 

which tluy approach is th.it of ci;;lu feet per Vena medincn.'^is. See Medineva^s 

second ; but it they move both ihe same way, vf.NA. 

so that the latter overtake the fjrmer, then the Vena fortm. {vena por tee, a poriando, 
relative velocity with which that overtakes it, because through it things are carried.) Vena 
is only that of four feet per second, or only |K>riarum. The great vein, situated at the en- 
half of the former; and consequently it wifl trance of the liver, which receives the blood 
take double the tmie of the former before they from the abdominal viscera, and carries it into 
come in contact together. the substance of the liver. It is distingiushed 

Virtual velocihj of a point solicited by anj into the hepatic and abdominal poriioo : tlie 

force* is the ikuient of the space which it former is ramified through the substance of 

would describe in the direction of the power, the liver, and carries the blood destined for 

when the system is supposed to have under- the furmalion of bile, which is returned bf 

gone an iiuK'finitily small deranr;cment. branches to the trunk of the vena cava; the 

Prindpic ofvirhial i elociiics, in mechanics, latter is conijiosed of three branches ; viz. the 

is much employed by the foreign malhemati- s|-Lnic, nu-eiueric, and internal hsmorrhoidal 

cian«, and is thus i nimciate<l : if any systeni vein-J. See \'eins. 

whatever is solicited by powers in equilibrio, VENA! LA(-TEJE. The lacteal absorb- 

and there be given to this system a'ty small cuts were so callc.l. See Lacteal?. 
motion, in virtue of which every point describes VENA FRO, a lowij of Naples, in Terrs di 

an indefinitely small space, the sum of the I-.:i\oro, with a bishop's see, seated near the 

products tf each power, nndliplied by the space Vnllurno, i>7 luiic'; W . of Capua, and 43 N- 

that the point where it i^ applied would de- of Na|)les. Lou. 14. IJ) E. Lat. 43. 32 N. 
scribe, according to the dirtc.ion of the same VE'NAL. a. (venal, French ; vcriotis, IM 

p)w«T, \yiil be always equal to zero; ref;;ird- 1. Mercenary; prostitute {Pope), 2. (ff«'W 

ing as p'lsitive the small spaces described in r<2«.) Cont.imed in ihc veins (/ftiy). 
the 3tn-eof the powers; and as negative, th<»sc VENA'LITV. s. (t'rom venal.) .Mcrctnari- 

described in the oppo>iie sense. ness ; prostitution. 

This principle is due to Cia-ilro. For its VEN'ANT (St.), a town of France, in '^* 

history iind dcmon^tration, sfc Metan'que de dcjurimcni of the Strait:? (>f Calais. Ii cjn l< 

la C/ranp:'', p. 8. Set, a'.'jO, Fourier's dinioi:- laid under walcr at aiiv ijiuCh which is its cl^i^' 

fitratiMn in b° Cahier du Journal dc FEcole defence, and is i?7 miles S.E. of Huukirk, i*"^ 

Polxtrchnirnie. CO N.W. of Arras. Lou. 'J. 3(/ E. Lat. ■^^' 

\'lOL'i'llEl.ML\, in botany, a genus of 3S N. 
the (las? ln;xap(lria, (?r<!iT niDiicgynia. Corul VENASQl-E,a t;)wn of Sj.ain, in Arra^''"* 

tulular, •'i\-io,j;lu(i ; staiuens in>vrttd in the in a valley tjf thr same name, wiiii a sir"**? 

tJilfe; eaji'-wu nn'nlb^u^lceou^, three-\M:;j;ccl ; ci-jtlc. It is >ealed (in the I*>>ara, in a cn»*"' 

the cclN nni:.<i(cded. l*(;ur-s|>ecic?, n;nives of try priKlucing i»oo<l wine, 35 miles east of li***' 

lheC'uj)e, n;jc or two with n<MJdin.z flowers. b.»>tr(>. Lou. t). C.> \\. L::t. 41. o8 N. 

VEIAET, a rich i^ind of siutf, all s'lk, \'ENATIC. a. {rcnaticus, Latin.) L'**^ 

coveied on the outside with a cl«.se, short, line, in h-miiim. 



soli ihag, the ijihei ^ide being a very strong VENATION. .«. {vrviifio, I^tin.) The 
close ti>due. The nap or shag, called aho the or practice of hunting \Uiou'u), 



:,cx 



V E N . 

IND. V. a, {uendrc, French ; vcndo. 
To sell ; lo oftcr to ^alc {Boyle). 

3£H, a cle|>artiueiit of France, iiiclud- 

of the late province of Poilou. It is 
from a small river of the same name. 

r-!e-Compte is the capital. 

e'e. 1. (from vend.) One to whom 

5 is sold {Ayliffe), 

bER« i. (vendeur, French.) A seller 

• 

1)1 BLE. a. {cendibilis, Latin.) Sdle- 
arkctahlet Cart w). 

DIBLENESS. i. (from vendible.) The 
leing saleable. 

DIBLY. ad. In a saleable manner. 
DITATION. 1. (vendiiatio, from 
Lat.) Boastful display {Ben Jonson). 
DITION. s. {vendition, French j rf n- 
ii.) Sale ; ihe act of selling. 
DOME, a town of France, in the de- 
i of Loir and Cher, seated on the river 
) miles N.E. of Tours, and 95 S.W. 

Lon. 1 . 8 E. Lat. 47. 50 N. 
!NTl'ER. v. a. (amon^ cabinet makers.) 
e a kind of marquetry or inlaid work 
I. 

EERING, Vaneering, or Fineer- 
(ind of marquetry, or inlaying, where- 
at thin slices or leaves of fine wood, of 

kinds, are applied and fastened on a 
of some common wood. There are 
ds of inlaying : the one, which is the 
iinary, goes no farther than the mak- 
jmpartinicnts of different wooils ; the 
Quires much more art, and represents 
birds, and the like figures. The 6rst 
nrhat we properly call veneering $ the 
e have alreaay described under Mar- 
'. The wood intended for veneering 
awed out into slices or leaves, about a 
:k : in order to saw them, the blocks 
J arie placed upright in a kind of vice 
ig press : the descnption of which may 
jnder the article just referred to. These 
e afterwards cut mto slips, and fashion- 
's ways, accordine to tne design pro- 
hen the joints being carefully adjusted, 

pieces brought down to their proper 
is, with several planes for the purpose, 
glued down on a ground or block of dry 



V E N 

VKNEFFCL'VL. a. (from trfUf/fciMm, Lat.) 
Acting by poison ; bewitching {Brotvn). 

VENEFl'CIOUSLY. ad. (from tenifcium, 
Lat.^ By poison or witchcraft {Brown). 

VE'NEMOUS. a. (from venin^Fr.) Poison- 
ous. Commonly venomous {Acts). 

To VE'NENATE. v. a. {veneno, Lat.) To 
poison ; to infect with poison {Woodward), 

VENENA'TION. s. (from venenaie). Poi- 
son; venom {Brown). 

VENE'NE. Venen'o'se. a. {veneneux,Fr.') 
Poisonous; venemous {Harvey. Ray). 

VFNERABLE. a. {vencrabilis, Lat.) To 
be regarded with awe 3 to be treated with re- 
verence {Fair/ax). 

VE'NERABLY. ad. (from venerable.) la 
a manner that excites reverence {Addison). 

To VE'NERATE. v. a. {vmerer, French ; 
veneror, Latin.; To reverence^ to treat with 
veneration ; to rec^ard with awe {Herbert). 

VENERATION, s. {veneration, French; 
veneraiio, Latin.) Reverend regard 3 awfut 
respect {Addison). 

VENERATOR. 1. (from venerate.) Re- 
verencer {Hale). 

VENE'REAL. a. (rfnirewi. Latin.) I. Re- 
lating to love {Addison)'. 2. Coni>iiting of 
copper, called Venus by chymists {Boyle). 

Venereal disease. See Gonorrhea 
and SiPHiLis. 

VENE'REOUS. a. (from venery.) Libidi- 
nous; lustful {Dcrhani). 

VENEUONI (John), was born at Verdun, 
and called himself Vi^neron ; but as he had 
studied Italian, and was desirous of leaching 
it in Paris, he Italianised his name. The 
perspicuity of his principles procured him nu- 
merous scholars. He is one of those authori 
who have greatly contributed to extend the 
taste for Italian literature ; he composed some 
choice fables, besides his grammar and diction- 
ary of the Italian and French languages ; he is 
also author of Letters of Cardinal Bentivo- 
glio. 



VE'NERY. s. {venerie, from venir, Fr.) 
1. The sport of hunting {Howel). 2. The 
pleasures of the bed {Grew). 

Venery (Beasts of). Beasts of (brrst ; so 
denominated in the forest laws, originally 
framed for the preservation of vert and venison. 
n\\\ good strong^ English glue. The They include tne hart, hare, hind, boar, and 
bus joined and clued, the work, If wolf. - 
I put in a press; it large, it is laid on VENESECTION. *.(rma and irc/io, Lat.) 



press; ti large 
efi, covered with a board, and pressed 
ith poles, or pieces of wood, one end 
'reaches to the ceiling of the room, 
other bears on the boards. When the 
(uite dry, they take it out of the press 
ih it ; first with little planes, then with 
crapers, some whereof resemble rasps, 
ake off dents, &c. left by the planes. 
ofiiciently scraped, the work is polished 
t skio of a sea-dog, wax, and a brush 
isher of shave- grass : which is the last 
in. 

iEFICE. *. {venffciuniy Lat.) The 
: of poisoning. 



Blood-letting ; the act of opening a vein ; 
phleboioiny. See Surgery. 

VENETI, a people of Italy, in Cisalpine 
Gaul, near the mouths of the Po, descended 
from a nation of Paphlagonia, who settled there 
under Anlenor, atier the Trojan war. The 
Venetians, who ha\e been long a powerful and 
commercial nation, were originally very poor. 

VENFFIAN BOLE. The mineral deno- 
minated bole is of various colours, but u>ually 
of an obscure Isabella yellow, red, reddibh, or 
whitish brown. Jt is also found in various 
parts of the earth ; but chiefly in Italy, France, 



V E N V E N 

Germany, Hungary, Ponugal, Armenia, and E, side of the gulf of Venezuela, 70 mile 

Lemnos. A mon^ other places, this argillace- N.£. of Maracaybo, JiOU. 70. 13 W. JLit 

ous earth is duic in Coriiithia, and inanufac- 10.43 N. 

tured at Venice into a red pigment, and hence VE'NEY. *. (venn, Fr-) A boat; a turn ^ 

exported as a pigment to ail )^rts of the world. fencin{E {Shakspeare). 

It is in truth a native red ochre, of a fine To VENGE. v. a. (venger, French.) T< 

bright and not very deep hue, approaching in aTenge; to punish (5Aaibpeare). 

some degree to the colour of mmium or red- VE^NGEABLE. a. (froiDveiigOReTenge 

lead, is moderately heavy, and of an even and ful ; malicious {Spenser). 

smooth texture, yet vcr\- friable, and of a dusty VE'NGEANCE. 5. (ven^mnce, Frendi.] 

surface: it adheres firmly to tluc tongue, it very 1. Punishment; penal retriliution ; avenge- 

smooth and sod to the touch, easily crumbles ment {King Charles), 9. Jt is used io f4mir 

to pieces between the fingers, and very much liar language. 7b do witk a vengeance, ii ioi$ 

stains the skin in handling. It has a slight with vehemence, 

astringent taste, effervesces considerably VE'NGI*.FUL. a. (from vengeance and 

with nitric acid, and in water immediately full.) Vindictive; revengeful; retributiie 

breaks into a fine powder. Though cheap, {Fri^r), 

it is often adulterated; anil occasionally in: i-» VE^NIABLE. Ve^niaL. a. (9nit>/.FiCD€h; 

tated by mixing common red ochre wi in the from venia, Lat.) I. Panlonal>le; excosaUf 

colcothar, or caput mortium, taken out of the {Hoscgm,), 2. Permitte<l ; allowed {MiUm), 

aqua fortis pots and washed over. It is used VE'NI ALNESS, f. (from vei?f«/.) Slate «f 

in bouse painting to imitate mahogany. beins excusable. 

yENETIANO (i3ominico), a Venetian VENICE, a late celebrated republic of 

painter, who introduced the use of oil colours Italy, which comprehended the Dogado> W* 

m painting into Italy, the art having been duano, Vicentino, Veronese, Bresciano, Bcif 

communicated to him alone by John Van gamo, Crcmasco, Polesino dt Rovigo, Ticri- 

£yck, the inventor. He was treacherously sano, Feltrino, 3ellunese, Cadorino, and put 

mnrdered at Florence in 1746 by Andrea del of Friuli and I»tria. The government of .tb^ 

Castagno, to whom he had intrusted the republic, liefore it was subverted by (W 

secret. French, was aristocratic, for none oauld bare 

VENEZUELA, a province of Terra Flrma, any share in it but the nobles. The dogt wti 

bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, on elected by a plurality of votes, obtainMi io • 

the £. by Caraccus, on the $. by New peculiar manner by means of gold and silftr 

Granada, and on the W. by St. Martha. When bulls ; and after his election the ducal cap wis 

the Spaniards landed here in I4<)9, they oh- placed on his head, with great ceremony, oo 

served some huts bntlt upon piles, in an Indian liis public entrance into St. Mark's churcb. 

village, in order io raise them above the sta^- He neld his dignity for life; and his office wu 

nated water that covered the plain : and this to many the Adriatic sea, in the name of the 

induced them to give it the name of Venezuela, republic; to preside in all assemblies of the 

or Little Venice. Near the scacoast are high state ; to have an eye over all the members ol 

mountains, the tops of which are barren, but the magistracy; and to nominate to all tbi 

the lower parts in the valley are fertile, pro- benefices annexed to the church of Sl Mark 

ducing plenty of corn, rich pastures, sugar. On the other hand, his power was so limited, 

tobacco, and fruits. There are also planta- that he has been justly defined to be, in habi 

tjons of cocoa-nuts, which are exceedingly and slate, a kin^ ; in authority, a counsellor 

good ; and gold is found in the sands of the in the city, a prisoner ; and out of it, a privati 

rivers. Tliis province was bestowed by era- person. "There were five councils: the firs 

peror Charles V. on the Velsers of Augsburg, was called La Signoria, composed of the Ungi 

the most opulent merchants, at that time, in and six counsellors. Tiic second was 11 Con 

Europe, in consideration of large sums they siglio Grande, in which all the nobles, amount 

had advanced to him. They were to hold it ing to 2600, had a voice. The third was I 

as an hereditary fief of the crown of C'astile, Consiglio dei Pregadi, consisting of about 9M 

on condition of conquering the country and of the nobility. The fourth was II Consigli< 

establishing a colony within a limited time. Proprio, which was united tu the Signoria ; it 

Unfortunately, they committed the execution members consisted of S8 assesson : this coon 

of their plan to some of the soldiers of fortune oil gave audience to the ambassadors. TIm 

with which Germany abounded in the lOth fifth and last was II Consiglio die Dieci, com 

century, by whose rapacity and extortion the posed of ten counsellors, who took notice o 

country was so desolated, that it could hardly all criminal matters; and the doge himself 

afford them subsistence, and the Velsers were when accused, was obliged to appear befor 

obligeil to relinquish their property. Tlie them : there was no appeal from this council 

Spaninnls immrciately resumtnl possession of which was a severe state inquisition. Thi 

it ; hut, notwithstanding it> many natural od- constitution, however, now no longer exists 

vant.iges it is still one of their most languish- In 1797> a tumult having happenefl at Venice 

in^ and unproductive setilenientb. in which some French soldiers were killed, th 

Venezuela, the capital of a province of French seised the citVt and instituted a |>fovi 

the same ruiine, in Terra Firnia, with a sionary democratic government: but, sooi 

bi>hO|>'s :cc. it stands on a peninsula, on the after, by the tteaty of Campo Formio, the cii 



VENICE. ^^« 

mi Ufnfoij oTVtn'ict, lying (o th« N. and ihey reach Oie laguna. The number of the 

W. 'if thcnver Adijp, was ceded to Ainlria ai inhnbiunu is computed ai iSO.OOO, ami ihej 

4 Juehy, in rquivakncc Tor ihe dominion! (hiil hive a flourishiiu; trade in iiilk nunufactufM, 

WuM had luBt ill ihe NetherlanilE i and ilic bonr-larc, and all aom o[ ^lats«i and mirron, 

tnniindeT of the Ittritory wit annexed [□ what which make their principal employments. 

th( French Uien ityled ihe Cisalpine republic. Most or the hoiue< hare a door opening upon 

la ItOi commenced a ihort war between a canal, and another inio a street ; by meant 

Aialria and Fiance, and by the treaty of peace of which, and of the bridged, a person may pn 

U Pteibufg. the duchy of Venice via* given loatraoil any part of the city by land, ai wcil 

^; toii the nhole Icriitory of Venlee is now aa by water. Thestreeli, in general, are nar- 

iiunol* ibc newly erected kingdom of Italy, row; and ro aie the canals, except the Grand 

TbtVetielian unitorieson the continent, enu- Canal, which is lery broad, and has a lerpen- 

Mited above (and which, by wiv of dieiinc- line courie ihiou^h the middle of the city, 

wa, are ■ometimet called (lie Terra FirmaJ There are nearly iOO bridgea in Venice j but 

iRiinciibed in their respective placet. Venice what past for soch are only single arche* 

ini*nce ooc of ib« moil pnwerful coinmei- thrown o«r the caosk ; mo»t of them vciy 

ml ud matitime ftates in Europe. For llrt paltry. The Rialto consists also of a siii)i1e 

it m indebted, at fint, in the monopoly of arch, but a very noble one, and of tnaihle, 

At CsaiiiMrce of India; the iitnducts of that built acroi* the graifl canal, near the middle, 

mirr beins conveyed, in the middle agei, where it ia the nanowc!!: this celebrated arch 

Wlhe'pilfoT Penia, ihe Euphrates, and the is gO feet wide on the level of the caiia!, and 

Tifrij, t% far ai Bacdsd ; thence by land, S4 feet high. The beauty of it ii impaired bji 

KTOBtlke dcicrt. to Pahnyra; and thence to two riws nf booths or sliops, which ditides its 

ftt Mediterranean ports: and, afterward, the upper eurface into three narrow ilreeti. The 

iwplrinc of the ctu<aclere with provision* and view fraio the Itiatto la equa'ly lively and mag- 

Bliwy tiorei was an additional louiceofopu- ititicent; the canal covered by boats and ^on- 

b«e and power. All this declined, however, dolai, aiid flanked on each I'de by mapniticent 

iflct the diKDvery of (he Cape of Good Hope palaces, churche*, and spiies. The only place 

tf iha PortMuese, in HSG; which, in in where a person can wallt with ease and lafetj 

nONqwincc*, na« reduced Venice from a slate is in Uie Piaiza di St. Marco; a kind of irrc- 

tt lk« hightil splendour to cdotparaiive in- gnlar quadrangle, formed bji a number of 

lipitban«e. The Venetians are lively and buildings, all of marble ; nailiely. Ihe ducal 

Sieui, rxtiavaganily fond of amusements, p'tlace; the churches of St. Mark and St. 

in tracommon rrlish for humour. They Geminiann ; and a noble range of building*. 



nt'ta grarral tall, well made, and of a ruddy in which arc the miwcnm, the p>iblic tibraiv. 

hnra cskiur. wiifa dork eyes. The women th^ mint, &c. The |>atri3rchnl church of Si. 

R of a fine style of countenance, with ei:- Mark, one of the richrtt and most exponiire 

pWRe fetlitres, and a skin of a rich cama- in the world, is crowned by five domes ; and 

iiMi : they are of an easy iddieis, and have no the -creasury is very rich In jewels and rchc^. 

arniion lo caliivate an acquaintance with The churches and conventi are numeroui, in 

Kniigert whn are properly recommended, which the most admirable part are the paint- 

W'hatner degree of ncentioutneii may pre- ings; and indeed Venice, highly renowned 

til anionic tliem, jealousy, poison, and the for valuable piiiniinei, lar surpasses, in this 

nlitlo have been long banished from their respect, even Rome lUelf. The ducal palace 

pllanity. The common people display inme i* an immense building i before the tubver- 

^Utict very rarely to be fuund iu that sphere si'in of the republic it contained the apart- 

m life, being remarkably sober, obliging to ments of the doge; halls atid chambers for 

ttU|pn. and gentle in their intercourse with the senate, and the different cnuneib and trt- 

«Kfa other. buual) ; and an aimury. in which a great num- 

VcKioc, a i:ity of Italy, and a long time ber of miurketi were kept, ready clurged, that 

^capitalnfa tertiloty iif lUeviincnflme. In the not) I es mi^ht arm iheintclTes on any sud- 

Ae 4th century, when Atiila, king iif the den iosurreciinn. The araenal is a fofti(iea> 

Haoi, ravaged the N. pirt nf Italy, mnny of trun of three miles in compass: before it waa 

■^ iohabitanit nhandcined their rouuiry, and (liUa^tcd hy the French, it contained aims for 

tnildimo Ihe islandsofihe Adriatic sea, now 60,000 foot aiul SO.OOO horw, atran^ceil in an 

olUthei:ulfof VenioF. These islands liein;; ornamental manner; and SBOU men wcte 

om each oiber, ihey found means lo join daily employed iu building ship*, casting ojn- 

tbni, by diivinc pilri on the sides, and form- noni. making cable>, soils, anchors, ice. The 

Kibe channeFs into canals, on which ihry handsome structure colled II F'lniic* di Te- 

ibotMet, and thus the superb city of W ilcschi, containing 33 shops and 100 rooms, ia 

■inliad iu beginning. Il is the see of a pa- that where the German merchants lay iheir 

■iaieh. attd standi on 73 little islands, about c()muKKliiiei. The bank of Venice it luppnsed 

'*e ailcs from the mainland, iu a kind of to be the lint of the kind in Kurope, after the 

Jjgona or lake, tcmrated from the gulf of model of which thnse of Amsterdam and 

Venice, btMOic islands, at a few miles dis- Hamburg were esiabliihed. In this city a 

—""" iTlrse islands, in a great meatnra, famous camiviil is held from Chrisimja till 

ft the Adriitic uotiBtf bcfuw Ashn-edimday ; ia til which lioie libertioiia 




V E N V E N 

reigini through the city, and thousands of fo' To Vent. r. n. To snuff: as^ he venieth 

reigners frequent it fntm all parts of Europe, in the air {Spenser). 

The chief divcr^ion^ arc ridotios and mas'|ue- VliNTA I)E CRUZ, a town of Tera 

rades; and St. Mark place is the general rrn- Firnia, in the isthmus of Darien /seated on ibe 

dczvoti5. Venice is included in the province river Chagre. Here the Spaniards used to 

called the Dorado, and is \**5 miles N.N.E. of bring the merchandise of Peru and Chill on 

Fl<irence, and 140 ¥.. of Milan. Lon. 12. 23 mules from Panama, and embark it on the 

K 1-at. 45.27 N. flver for Porto Bcllo. It is 20 miles N. of 

Venice (Gulf of), a sea, or pulf of the Panama. 

Me<literranean, between Italy and Turkey in VE'NTAIL. i. (from ventaiK French.) 

Europe. It is the ancient Adriuticum mire. That part of the helmet made to lift up. 

and is still sometimes called the Adriatic sea. VLNTA'NNA 5. (S^ianisii.) A window 

* There are many islands in it, and many hays (Drifdrn), 

or small J5ulfs on each coast. The urand ce- Vl'INTER, in anatomy. A term formciiy 

remony of the doge of Venice marrying the applied to the larger ciicumscrihcd cavitioM 

Adriatic annually on Ascension Day« by drop- the body, as the abdomen and thorak, 

Cing into it a ring from his bncentaur, or state Venter is also u.^ for* the children byt 

arge, attendee] hiy all the nobility and ambas- woman of one marriage : there is in Uw • 

sadors in gondolas, was intermitted in ITp?, Brst and second venter, &c. where a man bath 

for the first time for several centuries. See children by several wives; and how theyshill 

H inch ley's History of the Subversion of the take in descents of lands. 

Republic of Venice; or Edinburgh Review, Venter inspiciendo, is a writtoseuch 

vol. xii. pp. 37P — 3()4. a woman that saith she is with ckild, sad 

VENIRE FACiAS, in law, is a judicial thereby withholdeth lands from the oat heir: 

writ lyin^ where two parties ])lead and come the trial whereof is by a jury of women, 

to issue, directed to the sheriff, to cause twelve VE'NTIDUCl'. s. (venius and ductus,) A 

men of the same neighbourhood to meet and passaee for the wind {Boyle). 

try the fame, and to say the truth upon the VENTILAGO, in botany, a genuiof the 

issue taken. class pen taudria^ order monogynia^ Calyx to*. 

VE'NISON. s. {venaiton, French.) Game ; bular ; petals five, scales opposite the staoiem; 

beast of chase; the flesh of deer {Shak^ capsule globular, ending in a long oiembfam^ 

tpetire). ceous wmg, one- seeded. One spccieB ooly^a 

VEN LO, a strong town of the Netherlands, climbing shrub of the East Indies, with nuaic^ 

in Upper Guelderlund, and a place of trade for ous small, dirty, greenish flov^xrs in a .icrni* 

mercnandise coming from the adjacent coun- nalpanicle. « • 

tries. In 1702, it surrendered td the allies. To VE'NTILATE. v. a. {venlUo, Latin.) 

and was cnnfirmctl to the Dutch by the barrier 1: To fan with wind {JFoodtooird), 3. To 

treaty in 17l'>. It was taken by'the French winnow; to fan. 3. To examine; todiscon 

in 1794. It i^ seated on the E. side of the {Auliffe), 

Meuse, opposite Fort St. Michael, IC miles VKNTILATION. 5. {veniilafio^ Latin.] 

N. of Rurcmonde. L(mr (i. () E. Lat. 61. I.Theactof fanning; the state of being fanned 

'J'J N^ {Addison) . 2. Veni; utterance : not in um 

VE'NOM. *. {venin, French.) Poison (Dry- (Jfotton), 3. Refrigeration {Harvey), 

den). VENTILArOU, a machine by which Um 

To Ve^nom. v. a. To infect with venom ; noxious air of any close place, as an hospital, 

to poison ; to envenom. gaol, ship, chamber, &c. may be diach«i]pi 

VE'NOMOUS. a, (from venom.) 1. Poi- and changed for fresh air. 

snnons {Shafcspearr). 2. Malignant; mis- The noxious qualities of bad air luve beer 

chievoos {Addhon). long known; and Dr. Hales and otberfehivi 

VE'NOMOl-SIA'. ad. Poisonously ; mis- taken great pains to point out the miscbicii 

cliievouslv: malifsnantly {Dry den). arising from foul air, and to prevent or renudj 

VE'NOMOUSNESS. s. (from venomout.) them. That philosopher proposed an easyanc 

Poisonotisncss ; malignity. etFcctual one, by the use ot his veoiilalors ; ibf 

VENT.y. ifentt\ French.) 1. A small aper- account of which was read before the Royil 

ture; a hole; a spiracle; passage at which Society in May 174 1 ; and a farther account ol 

any thing is let out {Milton). 9. Passage out it may be seen in his. Description of Veiitilfr 

of secfecy to public notice (^/^oZ/oM). 3. The tors, printed at I^ndon in 8vo. 1743; tn^ 

act of openint; {Philips). 4. Emission ; pas- still farther in part 2, p. 32, printed in 17^1 

snee {Addison). 5. Discharge ; inean<( of dis- where the uses and a))plications of them an 

chnrge (Mortimer). 6. {rente, French.) Sale p)intcd out for ships and prisons, &c. Foi 

{pope"). what is said of the foul air of ships may bi 

To Vent. v. a. {venter^ Fr. from the noun.) applied to that of gaols, mines, vrorkhoiiscsi 

1. To let out at a small api-rture. ?. To let hospitals, barracks, Sec. In mincsi veniiliKNi 

out ; to uivr way to {Den/wm). 3. To utter; may guard against the suffocations, and othei 

to report {Stephmt). 4. To emit; to pour terrible accidents arising from dain()S. 11* 

out {S/iuhpeare). 5. To publish {Ralagl^)* air of ^aoU has often proved infectious; v^ 

U. To sell ; to let go to sale (Girrtr]. we bad a fatal proof of this, by the uaM 




V E N T I I, A T O It. 

Oiicorilicpiincipdt ni^ tab** should ^eternd ' 
n near lolhcsttrn nf the vc.-ivl aicunieiiicnt, 

riMHi, which wcfc Hotknl Uj a huiuII nrid ilie other as near to the stem. 

I( liUcnl un llielopor Nciv^tci ami Tiirungh ihat tube whiuli ii in the htai, 

n l)EGain« more healthy. tlie fuul nir » U) be cxtructcd; ntiil ihrougti 

lain fiitbcr luggaH, 'that venlllaiof] ibat which is hi ihe il«n, ihe fresh sir la la 

t of uie in mailing wit; for which dcicenil to the diSereul deths and olbei apart- 

tb«R thould be a iircam urwiier |p loeijli ul' ihe vensel. 

tm ; or they Diight be worked bjr a The extraction of' the air it eatily cITecied En 

I, and the briiie bhoiild be in lung ibe follnninj; matiner: let ■ iraosverle lube 

•nail, covered with boardt of canvas, be fiili-d lo that which de^Cendi in ihe hiud of 

noK above the lurface ot the brine, lo the tfsscI ; it may be >uuk u ilhln the Ivvul of 

ibc tlttam of air, lO a» to make it act the ilech, aoa» Ui avte no inequality of tur* 

rurbccof ihe brine, and carry off the face. Let it he coniiiiued till it Coinu be- 

vapouri. Thu» it ini^hl lie reduced neaih lii« fire-pbec, then ascend In a per|>cti- 

yJt, with a Miiog of riiel, iu winter dicular direction through the lire, dnd open a 

ner, or in rainy weather, or any siaie liiile above it; or it may be ninde lo cominu> 

Ir whaieter. Ventilatori, he aiipte- nicate miih the chiainey. It would be more 

ii|;ht also aerve fur drying linen hung cnnvrDicnt if ihe Irre was near ihe place where 

Mtf, narruw galleiie», especially in the lube rises through the deck i biitlhcexpC' 

lamy weather, ahd also in drying rinient must erjually lucceoli if ihc tube be 

ciMbs. after they are foiled of dyed ; made lo descend again lill it li beneath ihe 

■--^■- ■*—— —lalonraighlbework. common fire-place. The ettrcl that wilt re- 



fulling water-mill. Venttlaturs suit from ihis coutrlvaiice 

uiefiil appendage lo mall and ihe lube which i>ai»s ihroiigh Ihe fire is 

the same author is farther of heated, the air will atCend with a fnree prp- 

TCntilaiion of warm dry air purlionable lo its kvity. and the ascending co- 

iiUuiaing siove, wilb a cauiluas hand, lumn can only be supplied from bctuw, ctiiMe- 



orKTrice to lr«cs and plants in areen- quently it miul Come from all those pans of 

obcre il is well kiiown ihalait full of the ship with whtch ihcmain lube cominuni' 

id vapours which pir^pire from the caies. 

reryunkindly to them, at well a« ihe When the ports a 



1 human tiodies arc to men ; for 



f ports are open, ihe quantity of 
lusted from ine ship will betub- 
II . . \,.,i :r .!.». ..,.„ .11 



ii as nec«uary (o ihe healthy state of plied from all quarters; but if they wer 
I W of animals. — Venlltutots are also shut, and llie hatchways and other openih^ 
ml use for drying cornt hups, atul completely closed, ihe renewal of fresh air ii 
rnpowder maybe thoroughly dried, by made certain, hy means of the tube which de- 
ir lip through it by nieaiis of renlila- sceiids in the iiern. The main air tube, where 
kli ii of great advantage lu ihe ii ri<es above the deck in the stern, should have 
ftf il. These ventilators, even the an hnriiouial one lilted lo ii, which might be 
Br*, will also serve lo purify most made lo iraverw, to that it Could be lurned 
I eunuolly the bad air of a shin's lo windward ; it might alao ekpand ai iu cx> 

n ■ person is tent down Into it, by tremity, like the mouih uf a trumpet ; and 

kir dirough a trunk, reaching near thus perfectly fresh air must enter, and the 

Bi of it. And ^u a similar manner force of the gate would tend lo impel it Into 

imft water, and itl-tasted milk. Sec. ihe vessel. 

n^, via. by passing a current of air When that part uf the tube which pants 

icm, from boltom lo sap, which will thiouah the tire is red hot, the draught which 

liiensiv* particles along with ii. would be thui occasioned misbi perhaps be 

lexud ulher uiies to which they might ton great, and ihe open pipes which commual- 

, OS well as for a particular account i^aic with the decks mightcmitand Imbibe the 

airuction and disposition of veniila* ficsh air in so direct u stream, that it might lie 

iip«, bospitah, prisons, ta. and the injurious to those giersoiis within Ihc (furrenL 
IMtsdittg theoi, see Hale's Treatise Mr. Abcrnethy therefore thinks it ■il'ould 

i>of», part t,pa»imj and ihc Philos. be belter if those smaller pipes nhich lead 

.49. from the main tubes ware made to run along 

•nxlhja few yeirs Rfrn proposed a thedccks,and communicate with them bynu- 

• Vdiiilationofthips.uhich consists mcrous orifices. Two pijies opening into 

IWD tube* 10 descend from above the the main exhausting lube mitfht be rftlended 

M bottom of a veoel, or m low a« along Ihc tofis of the deck, in the dagle formed 

I h raqairedi and which should between the sides and ihe cichng; and thut 

M> 1» Uiullcr pipes (iipcn al their the air would be extracted equally from all 

1) «riD> Uiote places de^ifitird to be |>art?, and in a maancr not likely lo occasiuii 

Tbereiheuld be B couiriiance for injuriauB currents. Some diusinn of the 

keae oommunicaiing pi|.e'L, so ihat streamofairwhichenters from tliesiem might 



!^or floaiood 

h-p.urri 



isionally prevented from also be made, if it were ihoucht n 
"■ ' 1(1 itl : 



lo any particular pan Thus a vtrj complete, anfl iti no way tnja- 
lietu, ventilation may be obtained: ihcuiin 

.urrir. f 



i 



V E N V E N 

the vesiel woiiI<lbe perfectly changed when ihe house, and in the presence of fereral person 

fire was strong, without expence or trouble ; who were with her, she heard herself accoste 

andagradualandsalubriousaltcrationof it might in a voice perfectly resembling that of her dcai 

at all times be made, by a very little additional husband, and which seemed to proceed froo 

quantity of fuel. . The air tubes should consist above, exclaiming, ** Give mydaughter in mar 

of separate joints, so that occasionally they rianetol^uts Brabant; he is a man of great for 

might be taken to pieces ; and to prevent their tune, and of an excellent character. I now eri 

being injured or put out of order by rough dure ihe inexpressible torments of purgatory fo 

usage, 'the cop|>er pipes should be made of having refused her to him. If )'DU obey thi 

considerable strength, placed against the sidia admonition, I shall soon he delivered from thi 

of the vessel, and even incased in wood. place of torment. You will at the same tim 

VKNTRK'LES. A term given byanatn- provide a worthy husband for your daughtei 

mists to the cavities of the brain and heart. See and ptocure everlasting repose to theioulc 

Cerebrum lind Heart. your poor husband.** 

VENTRICOSE. Ventricosus. In botanv. ' The widow could not for i moment resu 

Bellied ; distended ; swelling out in the mid- this dread summons, which had not the moa 

die. Ventricosa spica : a lateribns gibba. distant appearance of proceeding from Loui 

Swelling out at the sides.— -Applied to the jie- Brabant ; whose countenance exhibited no yi 

rianth, in esculus, and to the corol in digi- sible change, and whose lips were close in 

talis. motionless during the delivery of it. Accord 

VENTRICULOUS. Swelling out a little : ingly, she consented immediattly to recei? 

is the periaoth of salicornia. him for her son-in-law. Louis*s finances 

VENTRICCJ LUS PULMON ARIS. The however, were in a very low situation ; and th 

ri/iht ventricle of the heart. formalities attending the marriasce-contrM 

Ventricvlus succENTURiATUS. That rendered it necessary for him to exhibit suny 

portion of the duodenum, which is surrounded show of riches, and not to give the ghost thi 

by the peritoneum, is sometimes so large as to lie direct. He accordingly went to work opoi 

resemble a second stomach, and is so called by a fresh subject, one Cnmu, an old and riel 

tome writers. banker of Lyons ; who had accumulated im< 

VEXTRl'LO^JUIST. j. (venlritoqu^, Fr.) mense wealth by usury and extortion, and wli 

One who speaks in such a manner, as that the known to be haunted by remone of consciena 

sound seems to issue from his belly. Such on account of the manner in which he had ae* 

was the original import of the word } it is now quired it. 

extended: see the next article. Having contracted an intimate acqoaintanei 

VENTRILOQUISM, an art by which cer- with this man, lie, one day while theywcif 

rain persons can so niodify their voice, as to sitting together in the usurer's little back par- 

make it appear to the audience to proceed fn)m lour, artfully turned the conversation on rrii* 

any distance, and in any direction. Son;c gioiis subjects, ou demons and spectres, tiM 

faint traces of this art are to be found iu the pains of purgatory, and the torments of hcO. 

writings of the ancients; and it is thonpininn During au ititen'al of silence between then, 

of M. Dela Cha|)elle, who in the year 1772 a voice was heaid, which to the astonisiRd 

published an ingenious work on the subject, l»anker seemed to be that of his deceased father, 

that the responses of many of ihe oracles were com idai nine;, as in the former case, of Im 

<lclivered bv persons thus qualified to ser\'c the dreadful situation in pursatory, and calfiag 

purposes of delusion. As the ancient ventrilo- upon him to delix^r him mstantly thence, fay 

quists, when exercising their art, seemed gene- putting into the hands of I^uis Brabant, then 

rally to speak from theirown bellies, the name with him, a large sum for the redempikm tC 

by which they were desi'^ned was abundantly Christians then in slavery with the Tuiki; 

si;>nifirant : but it is with no great propriety threatening him at the same time with etcrail 

that modern perfnrmcrsa recalled Ventriloquists, damnation if he did not take this method 10 

and their art ventriloquism, since they ap|>ear expiate likewi«e his own sins. The reader will 

more frequently to speak from the pockets of naturally suppose that Louts Brabant affecMJ 

their neighbours, or from the roof or distant a due decree of astonishment on the occ a iifl B j 

corners of the room, than from their own and furtlier promoted the deception, by K< 

mouths or their own bellies. knowled^ng nis havin^i; devoted ntmielf to thi 

From Brodeau, a learned critic of the six- pi«)vecutton of the chanuble dewgn imputed If 

teenth centurj', we have the followirig account nim hy the ghost. An old usurer is natmalh 




some, and rich heiress ; hut was rrji-cted by into the open fields, where not a hoiae, or 

the par^'Uts as an unsuitable match for their tree, or even a bush, or a pit, was in sight, capi 

daugntcr, on a«'count of ihf lowncss of his cir- hie of screening any supposed confederate. Tni 

eumsi.inccs. The young lady's father dyine, extraordinary caution excited the rentriloqou 

he made a visit to the widow, who was totally to exert all the powers of his art. Whercvv 

ignorant of his singular talent. Suddenly, on the banker conducted him, at everv step III 

>iis first appearaucfi in open day^ in berown can wexe saluted on all aidei wiib'itac 



"IP'nTg 



VENTRILOQUISM. I 

pliinii «iid gniun not only t>( his father, but phitiHophen, on the article nf ghotb and iJj 

iifall hu rlcreawd niations, tmpluritig him far (lariuoni. M. !ji. Gill ilmuuhl il 

ilwhivr nf Gnd. and in ihr nani« of every laint tinitt lo disabuse tlic gout falhctt. 

inlhveikndfu', to have mercy nn hit own soul pose, however, he round it exiremely difficolj 

■nd ihcin, hv efftciually secondmg wiih hii to etiect, till he had prmailed upon ihem H 

pone the intsniifliis rif hii worthy comianioti. return with him into tlic ctmteh, and there *~ 

Carau coii4d no longer resiai the voice of hen- witne^sei of the uiunncr in which he lud ci 

rtn. anj acentrlingly carried liji> gnc9i home duotcti ihi^i ludicrous di^cegiiion. 
wlh him. aiuJ paid him down LO.OXI crowns . A vEntrilo<|Di>t, who petrunned fealssnuw ' 

■lih which the honnt vciittiloquUt returned wliat similar to tbeie, made hi> appcarunce is 

M hrit. ">d niarrird his miiiieu. Theca- Edinburgh, and inany of itie otiier tuwns o^ , 

tituojihe Wilt faial. The secret wai afterward* Grcai Britain, « few yean ago. He i 

Unm, anil rexchvl thi u«urct'* ean; who niccasfullyihe voice ofasqueukinjchild, ni 

•UM aiuch aKecied by llie loMof hii money, made it appear lo proceed Truin wliateier plae 

mi die mortifying tailleriei of hit neighbours, he chmc : from the pockei* uf ihe ciimp.i 

ibrbe took lo hit bed aiul died. from a wooilcn doll, with which he held m 

niiltiek ort»iii«Bribunt itevetiexceeded «piiiird conversations; Trpm beneath . 

by in innocent piece ofwaegery played off not or a wine-glass, and out of any person' 

Wly jeanagr> hy inoiher French ventnluquiit or h.nnd. When the voice «eemed to com* I 

OS I whole cnminuniiy. We have the uory from beneath a gtaas or hat, il was dull and oi 

AomM. Dela ( hapelle, who informs m, ihai a low key, u sound* confined nlw.iys are; an 

Ji. Si. Gill, the venirilotinisi, and lii« intimaie what evinced hiii dexleriiy uaa. thai when tti^ 

tiitil, reiiimint; home rrnin a place whither glafs was laieed from the lable liurinz ihe timri 

hiiboiintsa had csriied him, soiiRhl for shcl- of his speaking, the words or svlhibhii iittcreA . 

IB fraiR an approachiD); ihundei-storm in a afierivaids were on a hi^ther key, in cuiiw j 

nifjibouring convent. Finding the whole qitencr, imi would have llioughl, of the 

4Miaianitymmourninj!,heen<]uired theciute, being readniitied lo the spoiker. This part off J 

mi •KU tald thiit one of ihcir bo>ly had died the expetinicTil failed, hotvevir, when the in** I 

'hirly, who was the otnamcnt and delight of nagemeiit of llie gl»i was at n disianoe com' i 

Ifeeohole loeieiy. To |iawaway the lime, he tnitieil to any of the company) but aa lh#V 

Vilktri into the church, attended by some of moiu was not well illuminated, wo art tncliuoif I 

At ntiiiifMSS, who shewed hirn the innib nf lo aiiribute ihU failure lu the rcntrilucjuist nfvl 

dKit deceased btolher, and spoke feclii)j>l* of being able to perceive at whal precise tnslawff 

iiy honour* they hud Wlowed on his of time the glass was r*ninved tiom ihe tibllv ^ 

^r. Kud^lenly a voice was heard, appa- The sameartisl iniilaltd the umee of a scoldtnf 

■•nlly nroeecding from the roofnf the choir, old tvonian, distorbedaiunsussonabte honv! b]t | 

bnealini; the siiuatiun of the defuiin in ]iur- a person d e maud i iig «d mission into her hnusej 

flurv, and reproachine ihe brotherhood with bui this ekhibiiion did not to us appear m.i»^ i 

Bdr'hikewarmncts and want of teal un his lerly. The tones of ihe old woman iind iM I 

I. The fri^rB, as soon us their child were not accurately diicriniinaicd : ibfl [ 

pive ihem power lo ipeat, con- "' " ' ' ' " ' ■ ■ ■ - 

ft, and agreed to acqu^iint [he rest 
iniiy wiih this siugular cvcni, lo 
,^ to ihe whole society. M. St, Gill, 

rtttirUted in earry on the Joke slill farther. 

Iuntii.il Ihem from taking this step, tellitig 
n diat they would be treated by their «b- 
. brelbrtn ai u lel of hxils and vi&ioQjtics. 

W teeummended lo ihem. however, the im- 

kediklrly catling of ihe whole community 

■W the church, where the thostof Iheir dc- 

, (d bmiher itiieht nrobahly reiterate his 

•MipWni*. Accordingly'' ull the friars, 



bini*. Accordingly'' ull the friars, 
_., lay-brolhcrs, ann even the domeslit 
fceonvMH, were " 



IS a young ai:old, and the scpld spoktf J 
like an aneiy child. We have heaid that, ] 
when in KJiiiburgh, the iame practiiinnMf I 
ailonistied a number of jienons in t' ' 
Fish-markel, by making a liah appear 
spc.ik, and 'give the iic lo iu vender, wtio n^ J 
finned ili.it ii was fresh, and caught in ' 
morning. 

We have seen an eminent philosopher of 1 
our own time, who h»d no previous piactieA I 
of ihii art, but when rpeaking on Ihe -.uhjfvf I 
in a mixed company, took up an hut aiMli ' 
raiding; ihe flaps I'lgeiher, said, by way of at 
ample, ■' Supp>i»e I had a small monkey in I 
imediaitfly »unimoned and this hat ;" and then cautiously pulling his haiij 
In a iiHort time the loice in, as if to catch il, he imiiaied the cbaKer of 
ed its tanientatjon and re- the sup|>osed sirupding animal, ai ihe Mine 
{nsiluj, and the whole convent fell on their time ibac his own efforts to ^ecu^e it bad B ini>' 
Ui, utd vowrd a enleinn repsrsiion. As a mentary impreuion on the spectauirs, whiob 
trrtNep, iheychanied a Do ptofumiis in a full left no lime for them loqutjtion whether ther« 
'^■'^- -■ * ig Oie intervals nf which the ghost was a mnnkev iu it or noi: ihis impretsioil 

J expressed ihe comfort he received was completed when, the intiani afierwarils, 

^S Aeir pious exercises and ejncuialinns on he pulled out his hand as if hurl, and rxclaiiH- 
Msbehttf. When alt was over, the prior en- ed, " he has bit ine." liwas nnl till then thai 
<1mi into a serious conversation wiih M. St. Ihe impression of tcslity gave way to ihe di> 
' ^ i itid on the strength of what hid just version arising from the mimic ait i and one 

KciouslyinveigliadscaitLsttheBhsurd of the criinpany, even then, cried out, " i* 
of iDodefu sGcptiM and pretended there realty a nreiikBy in the hat ^ 



V E N V E N 

Tn this manner it wat that, at the beginning siumttoiif. When distant^ and conseqc 
of the last century, the femous Tom Kiug, low voices arc to be imitated* the articul 
who is said to have been the iint man who may be given with sufficieul di»iinci 
gave pubhc lectures on experimental philo- without moving the Ii|». or altering the c 
sophv in this ouuntry, was attended by the tenancf. 

whole fashionable world, for a socoesaion of VE^NTURE. s. (.avaniurtt French, 
many nights, to hear him kill a calfi This A hazard; an undertaking of chance ui id 
performance was done in a separated part of m {Locke). H^ Chatico; h«>p {Baton) 
the place of exhibition, into which theexhi- The iliingputto haznrd ; as(ai«c {Shakspi 
bitor retired alone; and the imagination of his 4. jIt (x vV.kture. Ai hazard; wi 
polite hearers was taxed to suppfy the calf add much consideration; without any thing 
three 'butchers, besides a dog who sometimes than the hope of a lucky chance {Spenset 
raised his voice and was checked for his unne* To Vk'n ture. u,n. (from the noun, 
cessary exertions. It appears, from traditional To dare {Addison), 'J. To run hatard ( 
narrative, that the calf was heard to be drag|^i den), 3. To Vns ivRKai. To V knturb 
in, not without somt efforts and converKiiion upon. To enjtage in ; or make aitcnipts 
on the part of the buiehers, and noisy resist- out any security of success, upon mere 
ance from the calf; thatthcv convened on the {Sftaksveare- Bacon)^ 
qualities of the animal, and the profits to be ex- To Vb^NTURK. v, a» 1. To expose to h 
pectedfrom the veal; and that, as they proceed- (Sftuktprare), 2- To put or send on a 
ed, all the 'hau€% of knife and steel, of suspend- ture {Carew), 

ing the creature, and of the last iaul caias- VK^NTURER i. lie who ventures. 
trophe, wete heaind in rapid succession, to the VEfNTURESOME. a. (from ven 
never-failing satisfactinn of the attendants; Bold; darins. 

who, upon the ritet>f the curtain, saw that VE'NTURESOMELY. ttd. In a U 
all these imagiiiar^ JMffiona^ had vanished, darinc manner, 
and Tom King afona remamed to claim the VE^NTUROUS. a. (from venlure,) 
applanse. V * '"^ ) ^^ ) fearless ; ready to run hi 

A very able v«*Uikltfoiflt, Fita- James, per- {Pope), 
formeJ in public, in Sono-square, about seven VEfNTUROUSLY. ad. Daringly; 
yean ago. He pertotuted various charactera lesly ; bold I v {Bacon). 
by appropriate dresses ; and by a command of v E'NTuROUSNESS. f, (from veniu 
the muscles of lib face he could very much al- Boldness ; willingness to hazard {Bojfle), 
ter his appearance. He imiuted many in- VENUE, the neighbourhood from w 
animate noises, and, among othen, the reneti* juries are to be summoned fur trial of c 
tion of noises of the water-machine at Marli. In local actions, as of trespass and eject 
He c<mversed with some statues^ which replied the venue is to be from the neiglibourhi 
to him ; and aLio with some persons supposed the place where the lands in question lie 
to be In the room above, ana on tlie landing- in all real actions the venue must he 1; 
place; gave the watchman's cry, gradually ap- the county where the thing is for whic 
proaching, and when he seemed opposite the action is brought; but in transitory ac 
window, Fitx- James opened it, and asked what for injuries that may have happienc< 
the time was, received the answer, and during where, as debt, detinue, slaiuier, or the 
his proceeding with his cry, Fita^ames shut the plaintiff may declare in what coui 
the window, immediately upon which the pleases, and then the trial must be ii 
sound became weaker, and at last*inscnsiblc. county in which the declaration is 
In the whole of his performance it was clear Though if the defendant will make a£ 
that the notions of the audience were sovcrned that the cause of action, if any, arose 
by the aiutiliary circumstances, as to clirection, tliat, but in another county, the court w 
&c. This mimic had, at least, six different rect a change of the venue, and oblig 
habitual modes of sneaking, which he could plaintiff to declaK> in the proper county, 
instantly adopt one alter the other, and with so the court will »omeiimcs move the veuui 
much rapidity, that when in a small closely thepro|>er jurisdiction (especially of thee 
parted off in the room, he gave a long, con- and limited kind), upon a suggestion dul 
fused, and impassioned debate of democrats (in ported, that a fair and im|>artiai trial can 
French, as almost the whole of his performance had therein. With respect to crimiDal 
was) ; it seemed to proceed from a multitude of it is ordained by statute 21 James I. c. 4 
spcaken: and an inaccurate observer might all informations ou penal statutes shall 1 
have thought that several were speaking at in the coimtics where the offences wen 
once. A ludicrous scene of drawing a tooth mitred. 

wa-« performed in the same manner. VENUS, the goddess of beauty, the r 

These example^, and many more which mi^ht of love, the queen of laughter, tlic mist 
be afklcd, are sufficient in proof that ventrilo- the graces and of pleasures, and the pal 
quism is the art of mimicry, an imitation ap- of courtezans. Some mythologisu spi 
plied to sckunds of every description, and au more than one Venus. 'Of these, ho' 
tended with circumstances which produee an the Venus sprung from the froth of the i 
enteruining deception, and lead the hearen to ter the mutilated part of the body of 1 
imagine that the loice proceeds from diffvent had been thrown there by Saturn, u th 




cvnM lo heaven, where ail the t^otls ailmirMl 
licrbciuty. Jii|iiler atuiinpied to g>in her ar- 
frciinni, hat Vcniu refiiieil, and the ^nd. to 

Eni>h ber obtiinacy, gave her in murriage to 
u;l;«nn Vuloa. She, however, defiled 
bn huitisml's bed bvherainaurs>vithiheeodi. 
[Sec Mar j, Alectrvoh, Adonis. An- 
HtSM. KatAs.) The power of Venu» 
naihe heart wai lupported by a girdle, called 
■n> by the Greek), and cfilut by the Latins. 
Tlia myileriiiii) girdle gave beiutv, grace, and 
tkpiiM, when worn tven by the mnsi tlt- 
(orawd; it excited lore, and rekindled extin- 
mntnd flimet. Junn herself was indebted lu 
ihit pMtetrul ornament, in gain the fai'Oiirs of 
JxpiiET. The contest of Veniu for the ^Iden 
■ppll of discnrd il well known. Site traih'^ 
iht piite over Pallas and Juno, (kc Pabis, 
UlKDitDiA), and rewarded her impanial 
jgdfr iviih the hand of the faireat i>*<imiii in 
thimiild. The worship of Ventis was oni- 
irmIIt etlabl»hed : staiiie< and tem|il« were 
owed to her in every kin^om, as to a divinity 
"ho preiided over generation, and bv whose 
iaAiKnce mankind existed. The rote, the 
"fttle, ind the apple, were ucred to Venus i 
iM anong birdi the dove, the swan, and the 
•prnnr were her favouiites; and among 
Sihei, lh<ne called the aphya and the lycoito- 
■ns. She u generally repretenied with lierson 
Capid, an a chariot drawn by doves. 

ViKiri, (be most beautiful atar in the hea- 
Wiu, knoirn by the names of ilie morning and 
(Wang star, likewise keeps near ilic sun, 
iImiiIi (he recedes frnm bini almost double 
Ike diuance of Mercury. She is never seen 
<u int casiern r|uartfr oFthe heaicns when the 
(m b in the western ; but always seems lo at- 
Vai him in the evening, or Waive notice of 
In ipptoich in llie morning. The planet Ve- 
lUMMcseiiuihesame phenomena with Mercury^ 
-W her different phases are tnuch luorescnsi- 
Ut, her oseillationi wider, and of longer dura- 
6m. Hcrgrraiesi diaiaiiee from the snn varies 
"MB 45* to nearly 4H°, and the mean duration 
rf a CMRplete nacilbtion i^ ^84 dayt. Veniia 
W been sometimes seen moving acrois ihe 
*M't d'nc in the Ihrm of a round black ipnt, 
*'th tn apnarvitl diameter of about !>rf. A 
Cnr days •tier this has lieen observed, Veiiiiiis 
■m in the ntornin^-, w^st of the sun, in the 
faramf afinecrescent, with the convexity turn- 
li iO«rd the sun. She movei Brwlu.illy west- 
^^ with a rciatded mntion, and the crescent 
lW)«m more full. In about ten weeks she 
bi.QMHcd 4G* west of Ihe sun, and is now a 
■onieirde, and her diareteler ii SO*. She is 
H« stationary. She then moves eastward 
oilhamolKin gradually accelerated, and over- 
^ the snri about gj months afler having 
Wi Men vn hi) di». Someiime after, she ii 
'^ ID the OT'amng. east of the sun, round, 
^*«rT small. She moves eaat ward, and in- 
■■ juodnws. 



i^ina in ']iaiiieier, but Weoml 
■e the waning moon; ai.d, aft. 
Wt, after a period of nearlv SBi day4, com«* 
again into ixinjunetion wiib the sun with 
ajiparentdtDmeier of 5g^. She does not mi ._ 
exactly in the plane of the ecliptic, but da^ 
viatei from it several decrees. Likr " — - — 



.Ike Mercury, 
. disc. Tfij 
rvedfrom dilC 



duration of ihete iran^itg, as observed 
ferent parti of iheeanh'a surface, are ven diGi 
foreni : this ii owir' lo the paralkuc of Vewuij, 
in coiiaeoiience of which dinctent obtcrvers I». 
fer to diherenl paru of the sun's disc, and 
bar describe ditterent chorda nn ihatdiac. In 
the Iransitwhicli happened in 1769. iheJiBeifc 
cucc of its duration, as observed at OlaheitB 
and at Wardhuys in Lapland, amountel 
lo 83 minolcs, 10 seconds. Tlii* diffcretioe 
f;ivFs ua the parallax of Venua, and of coun# 
tier distance from ihe earlh during a conjutw* 
lion. The knowledge of this parallaK cnahlfi 
us, by.T method to be afterwards described, t« 
ascertain that of ihc sun, and conBoquenily ■• 
discover its distance from the earth. Tiie 
Rieat varialioni of the apparent diameter of 
Venus demoniliate that her distance from ihe 
earih is exceedingly- variable. Ii is largeaf 
when the planet passe* oi-er the .surface of ihg 
sun. Her mean appucntdiameieria^S''. See 

A3TH02IOMI. 

Vknus, the name formtrly piea lo coppct 
by the cbcniitls. j, . 

VsHtis, in zoology, a genua of the cli«, 
vermes, order teslncea. Animal a leihvai 
shell bivalve; the fronlal mariiin flatltned^ 
wiih incumbent li]ia i hinge wiih three lectin 
alt of them ap^iroximaie. the lateral oiA 
divergent at i)ie tip. A hundred and fifiV'^iUf 
speciea, scaltctcci ihroiigli the seas and'coaad 
of [he glolie j fuurttrn cnmmoil 10 out oWB 
shores. They are thus tubdivided. • 

A . Shell siimcwhal hearl-»haped. 

n. Orbicular. 

C. Oval, a little angular near the beakii. 
The firat subdivision conlaina the htfgttt 
number, the third the fewest. They aro 
of very difleri'm slaea, ami several of them 
have a near approach 10 the ratdium. 
We shall select a speci 
V.dionr. Shell trat 

a double row of ipinrs _.. .._. 

The shell nearly heart-^hajied, equivalve, 
rounded, pale pinit, a liiile gibbous before anil 
behind, and marked with iianavene, parallel, 
abaipened ribs Inhabits the American ocean, 
and ii rvlremcly rare and valuable. 

9. V. dysera. Shell somewhat heart-ahaped, 
with tranaverse, remote, reHertcd grooves ; the 
margin erenulale. Inhabits the Ameiicaa 
ocean j rare and valuable; varies in colour and 
marks; ribs thin, sharp. 

3. V. nitrcenaria. Shell thick, strong, with 
sltghl) ttanivcne sirite, and covered with K 
brown cuticle, within pale violet ; depression 
behind die beaks, ovale; margin erenulale; 
above three inches long, and nearly the taiab 
broad. Inhabits Europe and North Amcricat 
and is found fossilc in the mountains of Swe- 



V E R V E R 

4en. In North America thae ihells arc in siiilccs, and tenniiud* of t greentsh-white or 

called . clams, and the Indians make their herbaceous colour, appearing in July. This 

wampum or Indian money of them. They plant was largely resorted to fajr the ancieutt 

are found also occasionally on our own coasts, as an antispasmodic, end is still employed for 

4. V. Island ica. Shell thick, strong, with the same purpose in modem practice, under 

slight transverse sirix, and covered with a the name of Hell bborusvbrus, which see. 

brown cuticle, within pore white; without 9. V. nigrum. Dark*flowered veratnim. 

impression behind the beaks ; margin entire. Black hellebore. Raceme componnd ; corok 

Inhabits Europe, Africa, and the Capnian sea, much spread : root perennial ; stalka highar 

and found also on our own coasts ; tnree and than the preceding ; floweri dark red, wtth 

a half inches long, and nearly four broad, the petals patulous and flat. A native of 

The first is eaten by the Icelanders. Austrb and Siberia. The root of this tpeciea 

Vbvus's comb, in botany. SecScAicoxx. is also employed in medicine; principally aa 

VsMV8*s /LY-TRAP, in botany. See Dio* an emmenagogue and in cases of mania. Set 

MAA. HblLBBORUS ttlGER. 

Vbnu8*8 lookikc^slam, in botany. See 3. V; luteum. Yellow-flowered veratTam. 

Campania la* Racemes quite simple ; leaves se^stle ; flowers 

Vevvs's NAVBLWOR.T, n botaoy. See spiked, yellowish. Anativeof North America. 

CyNOCLOSSUic. 4. V. viride. Green-flowered veratrum. 

V£PR£CIIL£. (from vepres, a brier.) Racemes more than decompound ; enrols belU 

The name of the fifty-fourth order in Linn^us*s shaped ; the claws thickened at the side with- 

Fr^ments, and of the thirty-first in his in. A native of North America. 

Natural Orders. VERB. «. {verhe, French ; verbum, I^atin.) 

VERA CRUZ, a city of Mexico, in Tlas* A part of speech signifying e&istence, or some 

cala, on the gulf of Mexico. The harbour is modification thereof, as action, pnssion. See 

defended by a fort, situate on a rock of tlw Grammar. 

island St. Juan de Ulhua, nearly adjoining. VE^RHAL. a, {verhnl, French ; verhaluy 
This port is the natural centre of the treasure Latin.) I. Spoken ; not written. £. Oral ; 
Riid merchaiirlise of Mexico, and it receives -uttered by mouth {Shaksptnre), 3. Ccmsist- 
much East India produce, by way of Acapolco, ing in mere wonis {Crlanville), 4. Verbose; 
from the Philippine islands. Here the ships full of words (Skakspeare). 5. Minotely 
from Spain receive the produce of the gold exact in words (Pope), 6. Literal; having 
and silrer mines of Mexico. An annual fair word answering lo word (Denkam)^ 7. (In 
is held here for the rich merchandise of the grammar.) A ver(>al noun is i noun derived 
old world ; and such crowds uf Spaniards from a rerb. 

attend, that tents are erected for their accom- VERBA^LITY. t. (from verbal,) Mem 
modntion. The Old Town, \6 miles tu the words; bare literal expression {Brawh)» 
N.W. is famous on account of tlie bndingof VE'RBALLY. ad. (from verbal.) I, in 
Cortex, with 500 S|)aniards, when he under* words; orally {Souik), S. Word fur word 
took the conquest of Mexico. Vera Cruz is (Dry den). 

^00 miles E.S.E. of Mexico. Lon. 96. 60 W. V'EilBASCUM. Mullein. In botany, a 
Lat 19. 6 N. fi genus of the class pentandria, order mono- 

Vera Paz, a province of Mexico, in the gynia. Corol wheel*shaped, a little irregular; 
audience of Guattmala; bounded on the N. stamens bearded ; capsule superior, two-celled, 
by Jucatan, E. by the bay and province of two-valved ; stigina simple. Nineteen species; 
Honduras, S. by Guatimala Proper, and W. natives almost entirely of £uroj)e ; six foond 
hyChiupa. Itisfollofmounuins and forests; wild on the road sides, banks, in the wastes 
but there are many fertile valleys, which feed a and lanes of oar own country. The following 
great number of horses and mules, lliere are cultivated. 

«re alio many townn and villages of the native 1. V. Boerhaavii. Annual mullein. 
Americans. The capital of the same name, 2. V. blaitaria. Moth mullein. 
or Coban, is a bishop's see, but is inconsider- 3. V. thapins. Great mullein. 
Able. It is 130 miles N.E. of Guatimala. 4. V. phlomoidcs. Woolly mullein. 
Lon. 89. W. Lat. 16. 10 N. h. V. lychnitis. White mnlldn. 

VERA'CIOUS. a. {vermx, Latin.) Observ- 6. V. smuntum. Scallop-leaved nmllein. 
antoftrtitb. 7. V. ferru^ineum. Rusty mullein. 

VERA'CITY. *. (verax, Latin.) 1. Moral 8. V. Phoeniceum. Purple mullein, 
truth ; honeity of report. 2. Physical truth j 9. V. myconi. Borage-waved inuUein. 
consistencv of TC\ton with facts {Addison), lO. V. niarum. BLick mullein. 

VERATRL^M, in botany, a genus of the Two of these have lon:;;; o(-cu)ned ■ place in 
claAS poly^amia, onler moncecia. Calyxless.; the materia medtca, verbascum ntgrnoi jnd 
pctjU six; stamens Kven. Herm. :' pistils verliascum thapsn^, and a|>f)eiir to be ordered 
three ; capsules three ; many seeded. Male : indilfcrently by this name in the pharmaco- 
rudiment (»f a pistil. Four sixrcies, as f«>llow. poBias. The Hmveni, leaves, and roots, aie 
1 . V. album. White hellebore. Raceme used occasionally as mikl adstringeitis. The 
m«>re than dfccmipound ; the divisions spiktd ; leaves possess a roughish taste, and promise to 
corr»ls erect. A native of Greece, with jieren- be of service in diarrhccas and other dcbilitjted 
mul root; sleou three or four feet high ; floweri tlatet of the intestines. 



V EH 

Hie Uack onillcin, which U (bund wild in 
ttvr watts and Unes, u'ith vellow blouiimi 
tipt wiiji putple, aSbidt a lariua on which 
bra feed luiuiiouily. Swine cat the ileai 
and leiicai slwcp «re not fund of it; cowtj 
bone*. >«d «<niu, rcfuae il. 

VERBATIM. «(. (Lotio.) Word for 

Ti'ERBENA. Vemin. In iMiwny.awnus 
etihe cbii diauiJria, nnli:r uonnK^oia. Coml 
baaet-form, iitmly equal, ciirvetTi calyx wiih 
noe of ihc tcrlh truncate ; i«cdi two or rout, 
lukicdi tiauwiistwoor fuur. Nineteen tiiecie«i 
AieajF nativet of Ameiicj j a few of the Eist 
India and ofEiiro^; nnecammoii lo out own 
tnuntn- They are tiius subdivided : 

A. With two stanicni and two scedi. 

% With four sLaiucni. 

The ftillowiug ipccio are cultivated : 

l.V. India. Indian vemin. 

.&y.fuptiu. Trailing verrsin. 

9> V. piubica. fietoiiy-lenved vcriain. 

^ v. JaDMiceDtu. Jamaica vetvuin. 
,f- V. Hexicana. Mexican icrrain- 

B. y. iiloblifon. Globe-flowered Tcrvain. 

T.V.bonarieniis. CUi.'terllowered vervain. 

9- V. iiaiUU. Haihert-leared verviiiii. 

%. V. Uiphylta. Threr-lcavcd vervain. 

10. V. oflicintliii. Officinal vervain. 

'pM lui hu been Inne emjiloyed id medi- 
nat. It isilnliiutcof odour, and lolbeluilc 
uattifttia but a tlighi dc^ee of bitterness and 
ttudo^Uiy. In Toiuiei times the vcrUen* 
Wm» to hiva been held lacretij and wai em. 
plcned in celebrating the i4x:Titict3l litu ; and 
oiui I (icff 10 ihu, mure ib-in the natural 
jowa of the plant, it wa* woru suspenJeil 
iboul the neck U an amulet. 

Tbis practice, thu« founded on superatition, 
*H, however, in procesi of lime, adopted in 
ntdieinet and iherrfure to obtain iu virtues 
■OKeOeclually, the vervain was directed to be 
bniiol bcCwe ii wa* apiiended tn ihe neck ; 
*r>d of 111 gund effccls itiu? uxd for inveterate 
iMiddcbti, Fotciiui rcldtei a teinarkablc in* 
•tun. In itill latcf liiura it hui been ein- 
(Iqml in the way of ciupliuin, by which we 
antold the inait severe uikI obstinate eaies of 
ct|^ujaj{ia have been cured, for wliich we 
tu'c the anlhoritics of Eiiuuller, Harimann, 
uid mart cspeci.Ally De Hcaii, Notwitliitind- 

ui| diCK uviiniunici in favour of vervain, ft 

>»• facrveOiy COloo into disuse in Hriiain; 

AM bat the pamphlet of Mr. Moilcy, wriitci 
P^vfextdly to iccommcnd ira uae iu icrophu- 

•oui t&:ii(ii», hail ibc effect of re'storinK its 

BM^eal dunetei. Thitpntlcmao direcuihe 

"M of irrviiu to be tied with a, yard of white 
tiUin ribKind round the neck, where it is to 
'nuio lilj ihr pjtieni tcGoieri. Healui has 
'"tnmr in infiuiooi and ointinenti prepared 
(ioQi ibe kravuor the plant, and nccajionatly 
Bill in aiil I he luvst active medicinei of the 

^ 'JV iiUiii ii found wild on out own rood 
oiat llie ifikea arc fililiirm, paniclcd i leave* 
' AMf'dff'i j*W^l fiowcra pale blue. Sheqi 
I —•-- -— ij iiuna, and joau, icfuic il. 




V E R H^H 

7b VE'RBEBATE. v. a. (r*r6ero, Lntint) 
Toheaij to strike. 
VERBERATION. .. (from »o■^fTa/e.) 

Blowj ; bealioe {^rbullijutt). 

VERBESIHA. in bouiny. a penut of the 
class synuenesia, uidcr polygamia superflua. 
Rtcentactc chaffy ; down nwi'cd ; cslyic in a 
double row_i lloieli of the rjy aliout five. 
Sixteen apeciea ; nilives of itie £ast ot W^j 
Indies- Tiie folium iiiK ori: eullivaie' 
l.V.alata. Wing-stalked verbcsi 
S.V. Chinetnij. Chinese verbeur 

3. V. nodiflom. Sessile- flii«trrd yi 

4. V. fr»rjcoi4. SUrubliy vcrbestl^l 

5. V. gig.inieM. Tree verbesiga. 
They art iuctcascd by towiug ihe^di » 

moderate hot'bcil, or tn [lOts plunged inli; !^* 
in the early pail of spring ; after incy apjieuf 
they are to be uiauae«I as leudcr aniiuita. 

ViillBERIE, an ancient town of France, 
in the department gf Oite, seated iifi the ritef 
Oiw, IU miles N.E. of Seiilis. Loo. s. SI E. 
Lit. 11). iaN. 

l-KKBCSE-B. Ivrrloius, Latin.) Exol.cr- 
ant in words ; prolis j tedious by inuhiplicily 
of words (f 'iurj. 

VERBO'SITY. .. (from lo-foie.) Exa- 
beraoee "f words; much empty talk ihroome'i. 

VliaCEU. a sirona tonn of Piedmoi.l, 
capital i)f a lordship of the same ramu, wiiit a 
bishop's tee, a citadel, and a catile. Tlic 
lown-house. the governor's palace, and the 
hospital, are liandsunic itrueturei. (t is seated 
at tile conHuenceor the Sessia and Cerva. ID 
mile* N.W. of Casal, and 40 N.E. o( Turin. 
Lon. ». 24 E Lai. 45. 31 N. 

VERCHOLENSK, ■ town ofRussi., in 
thegQvernmeutoflrkutsk.sealcdnotlieLcnn, 
120 miles N. of Iftutsk. Lon. 105. 35 E. 
Lat. ii. N. 

VERCHOTUBE, a town of Ku«,ia, in 
the gm ernmeoi of Perm, with a bisbopi see. 
Thb WM the litii town the Russians built In 
Siberia. It it siwcile liu mile* N. of Ca>ha- 
nneuburg. Lon. O'lJ. 13 E- Lat. js. 4^ N. 

VEBD CCapc), a proi...jntiiry on Ihe VV. 
ccMisi of Aftica. is miles N.W. of the mouili 
of ilic GainbLi. Lon. 17- 3J \V. L^. K. 
4dN. 

Vkrd Islands (Capr). KUndj in the 
AtUniic, aboie 300 miles W. ul ibcCoaHof 
Africa. Uiwctn 13 ai'd 19" N. Ut. 

f Anthony N ., 
Portugal, a.id r 
ccived their ^(ucral naioe from thcii iicuaiion 
oppoiile Cape Verd. The prtoojiai are ten 
in number, lying iu a ;eniiciri:ie. '1 iieir name* 
arc St. Antonio, Si. Vincent, Si. Lucin. !)t 
Mieolas, SaI, Bunaviita, MayO) St, ,Iago, 
Fue^D, and Bravo*. 

VE'BUANT. o. ivrrdaiatu. Fr.) Glccn 
lit'Uon). 

VEHJJEN, a duchy of Germanv, in .he 

circle of Lower Saaouy, VH mllei loiiK. and 

nearly as much hiood; bomided on the E. 
ami b. l>y the duchy of Luneiiberii, on the W. 
by the Wescr niiJ ilic duohy of Bremen, and 
uu the M. by tbe duchies of Bieiuen wnL— 



V E il V E 11 

lAinfnhurg. It consists chiefly .of heaths and taken soon after. The inhabittnti are timed 

high dry lands ^ but there are good marshes on for making fine iwcetmeata. It is teatcd on 

the river VVeser and Aller. In 17 IS the Danes the Meute, which runs through the middle, 

wr&iicJ this duchy from Sweden, and, in I7ld» 49 miles S.W.. of Luzemborg, and 150 H. of 

ceded it to the Hector of Hanover ; which ccs- Paris. Lon. 6. 22 E. |Lat. 4p. {^ N. 

rion, in 1718> was cuufirmed by |he Swedes. Verpuv, a town of France, in the depart- 

The inhabitants are Lutherans. ment of Upper Garonna, sealed on the Ga* 

Verden, a town of Lower Saxony, capital ronne, 22 miles N.W. of Touloiue. Lon. I. 

of a duchy of the same name. It contains four 20 E. Lat. 43 . 54 N . 

churches, and is sealed on a branch of the VE'RDU RE. s. (vfr</»re, French.) Greeny 

Ailer, e(i miles S.£. of Bremen* Lon. Q. E. greep colour {Milton). 

Lat. 53. 10 N. VEHDUROPS. a. (from verdure,) Green j 

VKRDKRER, a iudicial officer of the king's covered, or decked with ^n^een {Milton), 

forest, eltrctcd (unuer his majesty*s writ) by a VEREA, a town of Turkey io Europe, in 

mijority of rotes in a convened coon ty court the province of Macedonia, and the tee of a 

of the shire in which the forest lies, and there Greek metropolitan, It is 48 miles W. of 

sworn before the sheriff, to keep and maintain Salonichi, and 115 £. of Valona. Lon. 22. 

the assizes and laws of the forest ; and also to 18 E. Lat. 40. 40 N. 

review, receive, and enrol, all the attachments Verba, in botany, a genus of the claai 

and presentments of all manner of trespasses octandria, order tetragynia. Calyx four-leaved ; 

of the forest in respect to vert and venison. corol salver-shaped, four-cleft, with an ioflaicd 

The official department of verderer bears a tube; nectariferous scales four, at4he base'of 

great similitude to that of coroner ; for as the the ^rms ; capaules four, superior, oAcM:elfcd, 

coroner, upon notice of a sudden or accidental many-seeded. One species only, a socculcnt 

death (if attended mth circumstances to render shrub of Sierra Leone, with termiotl, aztUarj 

the inquisition necessary), is to take a personal racemes and yello%v flowerSr 

view of ihe body, and to make inquiry, upon VEREClrND. a. (verecundus, Lat.) Mo* 

the joint oaths of twelve men, hpw and by dest ; bashful. 

what means the person came by his or her VERGE, s. (verge, French ; virga, Latin.) 

death, and who iind what was the occasion 1. A rod, or something in form of a rodp 

thereof; so it is the official duty of the verderer carried as an emblem of authority. The mace 

to look after and view the beasts of the forest ; of a dean (Swift), 2, (vrrg^, Latin.) The 

for in consequence of any of these hein^ found brink; tbe edge; the utmost border (S/tak- 

hurl, wounded, or slain. n|>on notice given to speare). 

the verdi-rer, he is to take a \iew of the same, Vbrge, signifies the compass of the kine's 

and to cau^e a jury of twelve uten to be sum- court, which bounds the jurisdiction of the 

nioned from the surrounding district, that an lord steward of the household ; and which is 

inquisition may he made to discover (if pes- thought to have l)een twelve miles round, 

eibie) how and by whom the &aiil beast was The term verge is also used for a stick or rod, 

hurt, wounded, or killed, The office of the whereby one is admitted tenant to a copyhold 

\crderer at the court of attachments is to sit estate, by holding it in his hand, and swearing 

there to see, hear, and examine the attach- fealty to the lord of the manor, 

mentsof the forest, b<Mh in vert and in %'enison, Jo Verge, v. n. (vergo^ Latin.) To tend; 

BTtd to receive the saute of the subordinate to lx:nd downward (Pope), 

officers, or thos«f who may attend to present VERGERS, ccrtiin officers of the couns 

them there, and then to enter them into their of King's Bench and Common Pleas, whose 

own rolls. business it is to carry white wands before the 

VE'HDICT. «. (verum dictum, Latin.) 1. judges. 

The determination of the jury declared to the I'here are also vergers of cathedrals and 

judge (Spenser), 2, Declaration ; decision ; collegiate churches, who carry a rod tipped 

judoii»eni 'Sr>Hth). with silver before the bishop, dean, &c, 

VERDIGRIS, the rust of copper, in mine- VERGETTE, in heraldry, denotes a pallet, 

ralocy. Sec ( 'vprum. or small pale ; and hence, a shiekl divioed by 

VhRDl V\\R, a kind of mineral substance, such pallctji is termed vergette. 
sometimes used by the painters, &c. for a blue; Vl.RI'DICAL. a. (veridicut, Latin.) Tell- 
but more usually mixed with a yellow for a injc truth, 
grt'cn colour. VEKIFICATIOX. i. (from rerift,.) Con- 

VKKDOY, in her:>!dry, denotes a liordure firmation by ir^ument or c\*idencc (/ioy/r). 

of a co.*t of arm-, cUargcd with any kinds or VI'?111FIKK. s. (from verify,) One wh« 

parts of flowers, fruits, seeils, plants, Uc, osMircn a thii>j! to l)e true. 

VERDUN, a town of France, in the depart- To VE'UIFY. v. n. (verifier, French.) To 

ment of Mcuse, with a bishop's fee, and a justify against charge of falsehood ; to con* 

>tn>n^ ciui'lil. Its fortifications were con- firm; to prove true (//oo^er). 

ftiriii-U'd by the chevalier de Villc and marshal V17RILV. ad, (from very.) 1. In truth; 

de Viiiihai); the latier of whom was a native certainly {Shakspearc), f£. With great con* 

of ii»is •»Uce. In I7.^.>, great |)art of the fidenre (Stvi/f). 

ealhcdral w.!** desiiovcc* by lightninz. Verdun VERINA, a town of Terra Firmt, in the 

was tjkvn by ilie Prussians in \792, but re» pruvinceofCouiana, celebrated for its tobacco* 



V E R 

It W ittnate an ■ gulfo' ihr Ailantic, 4^ miUit 
V.oKCom»»a. i^n.63.44W. Uii.iO.8N. 
VEIUSl'MILAR.VEiiisi'MiL0V9.a.(vr- 
nnwaUt. Latin.) Probtblc; tihcly (I^itc)- 
ATRISIMl'UTl.'OE.VBRiMMi'tiTr. .. 
Itmtumilttadf. Lai.) Probability; likeliliooJ) 
iDrinL>ljtic« of imih (Drydeii). 

XE'HlTAULE.a. u^ilMr.Vr.) True; 
lercr.Ue t« fact (Brown). 
VEHir.ABLY. arf. In a true tnarmvr. 
VfrarlT... IvmU, Fr; ^trila,. Uiin.) 
I. Tnuh ; coniMnance to llie reality v{ iliings 
IS'Mti;. V. A inu u*sert!oii ; ■ Irne tend 
xlHatii, 3. Mi'tal truth; BgiKmeiilor ihc 
■Txdi niih lilt thoughts. 
VERI tJiCK, a liquof obtainet! from pNipw 
' (uilii for wine or cyder ; or from 
whibt yet neij anil unripe. lis 
in (ancei, ragouii, &c. ihough it is 
edmi in some medicinal coinpuii* 
i» used by the wax-chaudleri to 

.._JllANrX)lS. a InieiertiloryofFranee, 
la Pnidy, nhich, will) the Inie )iri)vince of 
SoiwHinMt, n now included in the depart tnrni 
•f.^BDc. Ii abounili in corn Uid excellent 
fiu. 

VERMANTON. a town of France, in the 
iefuiHtiit of Yonne, scitpd mt a river, ID 
■i)f»S.E of Anxerre. Lon. 3. *» Ii. Lat. 
*; 40 N. 

VERMF5. Worms. Ii> «>oli>7y. the 

Ndh cUb of the Liuit^itn tyiti;m, thus ctss- 

■ully chunicierlied : ofilowr ninii<jii,>uft sub- 

nM(,lb<« to Inoreaie ihvir bulk, and rotore 

|m» H-bioh have been dciiroynl, extrcniely 

ITMcint «f life, and the inhabilanii of moist 

j|B|^J^ny of ilietu nrc wiiliout diminct 

^^^^^■MKW of dwni ivilhoiit feel; they are 

^^^^^■rdblinguUbeil b^ their lenuctes or 

^^^^Bncf are (tividcd inln the five ortlrri 

^HMOBa, molluKa, ti^tncea, zonphyta, and 

UHriii farwhichseeZooLOCVamlUEL- 

VKRMICELL!, ■ composiiion f.f flour, 
'iuoF, yollu of eggi, sugar, and natTnin, re- 
JoeeJ u a {Xile, and furinvd into long slender 
t«m.likcworinj(i«henceiu name], by forcing 
<iwiih4w»>0Ti ihrniifrha number oflittlc hoi ri, 

VKHMFCULAK. o. (B«-«irH/»., Liiin.) 
Acting like a uvunn ; cnnliitued from one part 
ouwherof iheumebody (Cheanc). 

VUMICULARIA. in bolany, a genu) •>( 
*t tbit cryuioiamia, onler fungi. Cajuule 
^Aalir. wsnie, filled with lno«e,worm-shai>eil, 
"■iairrrom IkhJim. Three >neci«, exniio. 

TiVERMrcULATE, -.a. <.ermicuialu>. 
'^Dt.) To iitUy 1 to work in chequer woih, 
aiMtnarrfiveraenliinrs {Bailry). 

VJJLMICULATION. .. (from «r™irN- 
'•''-) C-oatinuation of tnolion from rme luit 
»»nha(Httle). 

A lintt cnib. wnrm ( OfribaiH|. 

VERMl'CULOUS.B. (lo-mtcn/cwut, Lai.) 
rBllnfnnlHi fu^mbbn^; utuIh. 

VPRMIPORM. a. (orrmi, and/Drmn, La- 
ti") lllnngitic &ha|i*of i> worni. 

>lawirojiM rROCKM. I'roiuberantia vef 



nilfbrmU. The snbilance wfilch i 
two hemispheres nfilic cerebellum Ii 
furmtilg a procos. ll ii Cilled vi 
fmni ill resemblance to lh« conioniont C 

VERMIFUGI-X (rermifuga, from virmttJ 
a worm, iniljiigu, ta dijve o»ay.) See A* 

VERMILION, a verv bright and beaulifa 
red eoloiir, eomposeil of quicLsilve ' " 
phnr, in ^at esieein among the an 
iler the name of minium; though wbatipcalij 
the name of minium amongst us is an ox; 
of lead, known also by ihe name of red-lea 
'lliis substance is well known to an 
CiMNABAR, Lead, and Pliimbum. 

To Vehmi'lion. b.u. (from the 1 
colour with vermilion ; die red. 

VK'RMIN. f. (rwm.li, Fr. ; »«■«», Latin 
Any noxious animals. Used commonly a. 

iMilleclive name, for small -- * 

lice, fleas, See. 

To VE'RMINATE. v. n. (from v 
To breed vermin. 

VERMINA'TION. ,. {from verminale.-^ 
Generation nf vermin (Dcrliam). 

VE'RMINOUS, 0. (from vermin.} 
ing to vermin ; disposed to breed vermii 

"^ERMFPAROUS. a. C^ffBiir ant 
Latin.) Pr<»inc ing worms (Brown). 

VERMONT, ore of ihe unitecl tlatcs a 
America; b<"undrd oii the norlh by C 
on Ihe east by the rivi-r Cimneelicm, wi 
divides it from New Hanipsliire, on l)ie it 
by Massachuiels. and on ihe wcsl t^ I 
York, It is 157 tn'lw long and 65 bn 
and divided into eleven connties. A chain 
hi^h monntaifif, runnint: r>ortb and si 






ritles Ihe 



eally ii 



the 



Connecticui and lake Cham pi: 
The natural growth upon this ehain is hi 
lock, nine, «pTuct-, and ulher etergree 
lieiiee ii has always a gieen appearance, aitd 
ohrained the descriptive name of Vcrmorl^ 
from the Fiench verd nonl, green mountain 
The country is generally hilly, but not rockH 
ll is finely wall-red, the soil is very ferl"' 
ih-ere it not a better climaie in the 
The inhabiijnis have lately been rsiimated » 
100,001). The prmcipal lown is Benninitton 
VERNA'i ULAR.«. {vrmafu/H,, Latin. 

Nulive; nfonr'sown c.miiiry (.J(/Ji(on). 

VE'RNAL a ('wnu., Unn.} IJ.I0..S 
la ilie fprins iMilionj. 

VE'RNANT. .. iPiTflon.. Utin.) FIou 
riiliiiig, ■» in the tniin^ {Milton) 

VERNATION, (fiom orr. the s 
^eFoLiAiiOH. «hich ii the lerui in 
Bdi. f 'r wtiirb ihis miubilituledinTcrm.Ii 
and D'lin. PI— In ih« two jailer redtnai 
oiniiied, and ilicrc I3 some difiercncc ii 

VERNEUIL, a town of Fiance, in the 
pamnent of Eure, tented on ihe Atire. 32 rr 
S.W. of Evreux, atid fiS W. by S. of Pj 
Lon. 0. ftp E. Lat. 48. « N. 

VeavEUiL, s town of France, in the 
panmentorAllier, three miles fruni the t 



VERNIER. 



AUier, and 16 S. of Mouliot. Lob. 3. S5 £• 
Lat. 46.180 N. 

VERNIER, is a scale, or a divbioo, well 
adapted for the graduation of matbematical in- 
struments, so called from iu inventor Peter 
Vernier, a gentleman of Franche Conl^, who 
communicated the discovery to the world in a 
small tract, entitled La Construction, TUsage, 
et lea Proprietei du Quadrant Nouvean de Ma- 
ihematique, &c., printed at Brussels in ]631. 
This was an improvement on the method of 
diTision proposcJ by Jacobus Cortius, printed 
by Tycho ui Clavius*s Astrolabe, in Iht^S. 
Vernier's method of division, or dividing plate, 
has been very commonly, tliongh criorMiously, 
called by the name of Nonius i the method of 
I^^onius being very different from that of Ver- 
nier, and much less convenient* 

When the relative unit of any line is so di- 
vided into many small equal parts, those parts 
may be too numerous to be introduced, or if 
introduced, tbc*y may be too close to one an- 
other to be readily counted or estimated ; for 
which reason there have been vat ious methods 
contrived for estimating the aliquot parts of the 
small divisions, into which the relative unit of 
a line may be coramocllously dividad; and 
among those methods. Vernier's bas^bcen most 
justly preferred to all others. For the history 
of this, and other inventions of a similar na- 
ture. See Robins's Math. Tracts, vol.ii. p. QOs, 
Ice. t. 

Vernier's method is derived from the follow- 
ing principle. If two eoual right lines, or cir- 
cidar arcs. A, B, are so aividecC tliat the num- 
ber of equal divisions iu B is one less than the 
number of equal divisions of A, then will the 
excess of one division of B above one division of 
A be compounded of the ratios of one of A to 
A, and of one of B to B. 

For let A contain 1 1 parts, then one of A to 

Abasltoll,or^. Let B contain 10 parts, 

then one of B to B is as 1 to 10, or --• Now 

• 10 



1 
10 



1 
77 



11—10" 



1 



_ 1 1 
"To^u' 



Theii360t:d,U159S6xSR- • 1^ 

?:il^X 2 R Inches. 
360 

Or, 0,01746329XR is the length d 
gree in inches. 

Or, 0,01 745389 X R X p is the leogl 
in pth parts of an inch. 

But as every degree contains n tior 
parts, therefore n = 0,0i7463S9XR> 

The most commodious perceptible di 

■jf or --of an inch. 

5 10 

Example, Suppose an instrumeni 
inches radius, into how many convenii 
may each degree be divided? how i 
these parts are to go to the breadth of 
nier, and to what parts of a degree ma^ 
serration be made by that instrument f 

Now 0.01745 X R = 0,5236 incl 
length of each degree: and if p be s 

about - of an inch for one divisioi 
8 

0,5236 up =z 4,188 shows the number 

^iiris in a degree. But as this number 

an integer, let it be 4, each beiiig \5f : 

the breadth of the vernier contain 31 < 

partSi or 7|^> and be divided into 30 p 

Here n = - : m = — ; then -• X 
4* 30' 4 

— of a degree, or 30', which is the h 
120 ** 

of a degree that instrument can show. 

If a = — , and • =- -5,; then* X 
5 30 6 

Go ^ , ., 
-^ of a minute, or 20". 

6 X 36 ' 

The following table, taken as exan 
the instruments commonly made from ', 
to 8 feet radius, shows the divisions oft 
to nearest tenths of inches, so as to b< 
qnot of 60*s, and what parts of a dcgi 
be estimated by the vernier, it being 
into such equal parts, and containing s 
grees as their columns show. 



10X11 lOx n 
Or if B contains n paru, and A contains n 

-f- 1 paru; then - is one part of B, and— -7- 

is one part of A. And - — — r' = 

n n-f-i 



n 



^ r+- 



II X « -t- 1 

The most commodious divisions, and their 
aliquot parts, into %«-hich the degrees 00 the 
circular limb of an instrument may be sup- 
posed to be divided, depend on the radius of 
that instrument. 

Let R he the radius of a circle in inches; 
and a degree to be divided into n parta, each be- 

I 
ii;g -th part of an inch. 

Now the circumference af a circle, in |arts 
of iu diauelcr^ inches, if 3,1415y2(> X « R 
iuchct| 



Rad. 


Part \\. 


Parts 

• 


Breadth 

of 
vernier. 


Pa 


inches. 


adeg. 


in 
vernier 


obsci 


3 


I 


«s 


i5i 


4' 


6 


1 


20 


20i 


3 


9 


a 


20 


loi 


1 


IS 


2 


a4 


I2i 


1 


IS 


3 


20 


6; 


I 


18 


3 


30 


loi 





21 


4 


30 


7i 





H 


4 


36 


9} 





30 


5 


33 


m 1 

'1 





36 


6 


30 


si 





4i 


8 


30 


3i 





48 


9 


40 


4| 





60 


10 


36 


3i'b 





7» 


11 


3» 


2:, 





84 


'5 


40 


»f 





96 


»5 


60 


4 






By altering tlie number of divisioiM 
in the degrees or in the vernier, or in I 



V E R 

■Ktc nn b« oWrv«d lo a difleraiu degree of in ite woodt , pastiitM, matshw, Ahcim, nt on 

tcnirncy. Tliuf, W. nraJiusofJoinchcifo the mouiiu'mkof our owncoonlry. They we - 

Jeuw ♦>* lii'idwt in"* 'K P""". each bf ing five thue wbdimled. 

*" ■ ... - _ .1 .L^ i._.„.i.i. ..r .1. " "' * '^*- — 



I, and Ihe breadili orihc 
hach paiW, or IJ". d"d diviilfd ii 

jktodth of the vetniw SJ,'. and divided 



> SO part], 
Uking the 



3U 360' 



10" : Or 



C. Pe.!uncie» with a lingle flower. 
The following arc cultiv*t«l. 

I. V. Sibirica. Siberian (|)eedivell. 

S. V. Vji^iDica. Vii^uidn apcsdwcll. 

3, V. s[iurii. BattuNripecdx eil. 

4. V. mariucM. Sea ipeedwell. 



L. — _.r;e"; where the bicadih of then 



rno. Lalin.) Seriljc 
fawDiog behaviour of 

VERNON, a I 

Ltin oflCute, tvuh nn micicn 
at the end of the bridge o\ 



.J- Fr.in 



6. V. hybrida. Welsh iptedwi 

7. V. iiiciw. Cut-ltavcilipcedwtll. 

8. V- dcciifuia. CroM^leaved q>e<d*rdl. ■■ 
Q. V. ofHcinalii. Officinal ipeedwell. 
The lam has been long known in mcdieidC. | 

II ii foiiiid itot «nfreqiienJy on dry halwo | 

, Rioonds and healhs, as thai of Hia>p9leadi 

Wiuntni ofliure, ivlth an ancient casilc, ami a flowering in June and July. The leaves hut 
RntrM at the end of the bridge over the Seine, a neak ant diugreeaUc »Diell, wliii:h on drying I 
i7Biil»S.E. ofKoucn, »nd42N.\V. ol Paris, ii diKipa led, and which iliey pvc nver in di*. ] 
Ldu. I. 48 K- Lai. -ly. 6 N. liilalion witli waier, but without yieWiog a — 

VHRNONIA, in botmy, a genus of the separable «d. To ihc tuite iheyare bitteri ._ 
wnageiioia, order polv^atiiiii sfinalij. Re- a„i| roughialt i an exliacl made from them kf 1 
fndc m^cii i calyx ovale, imbricaic : down rectified spitit is nioderatelj billet and adilri»>.l 
itfiki the otiter chaETv, i^uiar caiiillary. g^nt. Thii (ilani, a century ago, wisniMlld 
Tfurtp(«ieii natives of tlie West Indies and recommettdod, especially in Germany, aaasut^ I 
Antnea. itiiuie for tea ; and ihe French iiill dlitinguiA 1 

' \'tJtOLI. an ancient and populous lown of jt by the name ofTU^ d'Europe. But thooflh 1 
IbIj. in Canipgna di Roma, with a bishop's ttijg European tea has a ronshncd and a slight 1 
«.' It if Mated on the Cosa, at the Tout of the biiicrneis, which is not unj^aieful lothelasle, I 
A|>enaine>, 4S miles S.E. ofKome. Lon. 13. yet the qiialiiics are so unb'ke those which vm J 
)»E. tjiI.4I.S8N. diacoterin ibe foreign tea, that the rxtreindy \ 

. VERONA.afaninusdtyoritaly, capital of ),igh price of the latter, at llut lihte, mult i 
Um VtrMiew. with a bishop's sec, tliree fnrl!, have been the chief reaioti for causing a cam 
W an academy, II is turroiiTidcd by thick i^ary opinion, and of reconciling Europeans K 
ajit, deep ditcliei, and gi>od rani|iarii. The ^ substitute lo imperfect as the leaves of verft' 



U arc neither clean nur ttialjfht ; but 
place called Ihe Pia7za d|A 









considerable sliare i 



repreaontiiig ihe maoD :. 

of Venice. The most remarkable {utmer calling it pol^chreila herba v 

MfBdart i» the amphitheatre Uiili by ihe Ho- The disotden in whjch it has been « 

aui, it) which there are 44 rows of benches nuiai utcful aite those af the luiigt, as coughi, 1 

tTolulc mitble, which will conveniently hold asthmas, consumjiliiiDt, Sec. in whichit iisud 1 

UiOOO persons. Verona is the birthplace of not only in prove expecioranl, but by its extn. I 

Kay the ualuTiili<l, and in Ihe cathedral is a onlinaty vuliwrary power lo heal inteiiial id^ J 

auBtficent toinh nf pope Lucius- The fivei eers. Its ute has likewise been Tceommend 

A^divides tt inUt two parts, which camiuu- by Kvcral authors in vaitotii other complaii 

MW%tMro handsome btid;ae«. Verona was requiring medicines of very different chan 

Ittra b)- the French, in Jiily 179S> bul re- lers; but if we judf? of ihe utility of ihe v-ei 

DlitD 1^ the Austtians in Jutie ITyO- It is nica by its sensible qualitiieB, it is only u> he 

I' tuil^ N.E. of Mantua, and G^ S,W. of lecn^ulsed as an adstringenti aud not uiS< 

Vtiiet. Lon. 1 1 . 94 E- Lai. i5. t6 N. ciently powerful at such to produce any oao> 

TEROXESE, a province of llaly, in the sideratle eficct, aud i; ilierefote now disM- 

*iBt07 of Venice, bounded on the N. by ihe gariied by lucdical practitioners. 
Tumiuo. on llie E. by the Vicentino and Pa- VERRES (C), aRnmao who governed the 

Jnno, OB the S. bv the Mantuan, and on the province nf Picily as prclor. The op|ire»!.ion 

"" bjiheBresciaiio. It is 35 miles long and and rapine of which he was guillv whikin 

i._ . _i i-.i. f..:i.„ :., ,^ce SO oflboded the Sicilians, that diey ar 



ntkoai!, and o 



alttWiaWundiug ii 

wdt. 



: of ihe n 






VEROSK-'A. Speedwell. In bolany, 



id cused him before the Roman senate. Cicem 
iindcrlook the can^e of ihe Sicilians, and pro- 



tniu 



nounced ageiiul Vcrrea those celcbfalcd o 

if tlK cUm diindiia, order moiiogyoia. lions still extant. Vetics, deapAiring* of the 

heel-tha[>ed, four-cleft, the lowest di- hujccis of his defettce, retired to ime of tlic 

■- two-celled, provinces. Hewusal lasikilled by the soldien. 

r Europe, a rtr Aniony the triumvir, about 86 yeaia aftei 



|l Ncvv Zealand i 



'u'ua narrower; cipiule supci 
&fn wRii tprcies i scailered 



fuund wild his voluntary utile fiom the capital. 



V E R V E !t 

VERRUC-ffi. {verruca, a verrendo, a ver* 7*o VE'RSiFY.r.o. To relate in veTtc(Dii«/ 

runco, to change for the better.) WarU. A VE'RSION. *. (vermn, Fr. versio, Litin. 

genus of disease in the class locales and order l.Chanp; transformation (Bacon). ^. Chang 

tumores of Cullen. of direction {Bacon), 3. Traiistation {Drjfdtn] 

VERRUCOSE CAPSULE, in botany, a 4. Theact oftranslatingf 

Nvarted capsule. Having little knobs or warts VERT, a term in the forest laws tncludioi 

on the surface. As in euphorbia verrucosa.— plants growing within a forest or its purlieui 

Verrucose leaf. A warted leaf. Tectum punc- Dcaring green leaves, and of sufficient heigh 

tis carnosis. Covered with fleshy points. The and magnitude to cover or furm a covert for i 

tame with ranillose or papillous. deer; overt-vert implies trees of a higher kind 

VERSABrLITY. Ve^rsablbnbss. i. nether-vert, shrubs, or plants of a lower su 

(versabilis, Latin.) Aptneu to be turned or ture. 

wound any way. VERTEBRA, {vertebra, from verfb, it 

VERSAILLES, a town of France, in the turn.) The spine is a long bonv column, wbid 

department of Seine and Oise. It contains extends from the head to the lower part of thi 

60,000 inhabitants, and, since the revolution, trunk, and is composed of a number of irregab) 

has been created a bishop's see. In the reign bones which are called vertebrae, 

of Lewis XIII. it was only a small village, and The spine may be considered as being com* 

here this prince built a hunting seat in l630. posed bltwo irregular pyramids, which arc 

Lewis XlV. built a maijnificent palace here, united to each other in that part of the }t&vi 

which was the usual residence of the kings of where the last of the lumbar vcrtcbfap is.tili^ 

France, till 1789, when Lewis XVI. and his to the os sacrum. " "'" 7 - 

family were removed from it to Paris. The The vertebrae, which form the "tipper aid 

buildings and gardens were adorned with a longest pyramid, are called true vertebrae];, an^ 

vast number ofstamtes, by the greatest mas- those which compose the lower pvitfthic^ * 

ters, and the water-works were inagniBcent. the os sacrum and the coccyx, are termed fabft 

The gardens, with the park, are five miles in vertebrae, because they do not in every thii^ 

circumference, and surrounded by walls. Ver- resemble the others ; and particularly because, 

aatlles is 10 miles W.S.W. of P^ris. Lon. 2. in the adult state, they become perfectly iib- 

IS E. l4it. 48. 48 N. moveable, whilst the upper ones continue Id 

VEHSAL. a. (a cant word (or universa!,) be capable of motion. For it is u|)on the bona 

Total , whole (Hudiiras). of the spine that the body turns, and their name 

VE'RSATILE. a. {venaiiiis, Latin.) I. has its derivation from tlie Latin verb veri0,U 

That may be turned nijiid f^Harte). 2. Change- observed above. 

^ble ; variable {Glanville). 3. Easily applied The true vertebne, from their situation with 

to a new task. respect to the neck, back, and loins, are divid- 

VE'RSATILENESS. Versati'litt. 1. ed into three classes of cervical, dorsal, and 

(from versatile.) The quality of being versa- lumbar vertebra;. We shall here consider the 

tile. general structure of all these ; referring for a 

VERSE. *. {vers, French; versut, Latin.) description of the number, &c. in each class to 

1. A line consining of a certain succession of our article Anatomy. 

sounds, and number of syllables {Shakspeare). In each of the vertcbnc, as in other bones, 

2. {verset, French.) A section or paragraph we may remark the body of the bone, its pro- 
of a book (Bur nf/). 3. Poetry; lays; metri- cesses, and cavities. Tiie body may be comi- 
cal language (.Prior). 4. A piece of poetry pared to part of a cylinder put off transversely; 
{PopeY. convex before, and concave behind, where ii 

To Verse, r. a. (from the noun.) To tell makes part of the cavity of the spine, 

in vc,-.* ; to r/la e {>ictical|y {Shakspeare). Each vertebra has commonly seven processes 

• To be VERSED, r. n. {versor, La»in.) To be The first of these is the spinous process, whic* 

skilled in : to l)-j ccoiiainted wiih {Dry den). is placed at the back ^rt of the vertebra, an 

Versed-sine, ofan arch, is the piart ^-f the gives the name of spine to the whole of thi 

diameter interrept<rd between the bine and the bony canal. Two others are called transven 

commencrmeni of the arc { and it is equal to proces^es, from their situation with respect ti 

the oiHerenct* between the radius and the cosine, the spine, and are placed on each side of tb 

See MUK (Vrr.«-H). spinon* pnjcc'.s. The four others, which ar 

VE'R^EM AN. «. {vrrseand man.) A poet; called obiique processes, arc much smaller thai 

1 write- m %ersf' (Prior). the other throe. There arc twoof theteon ih 

VE'KSK'LE. i. {rersiculus, l^t.) A little upper and two on the lower part of each v« 

verse. tebia, rising from near the t>asis of the trJiM 

VERSIFICATION, t. (versification, Fr. verse processes. They are sometimes ciUe 

from rrrii/y.) The art or practice of making articular pnicesscs, bec.iuse they are articulate 

verses {Grant itte). with each other 1 that is. the two superior pic 

VERSiriC'ATOR. Versi'fier. .«. (rrr- cesses of one vertebra arc articulated with fli 

njtcateur, Fr. versijicator, Lat.) A versifier ; two inferior processes of the vertebra above if 

a maker of verses, with or without the spirit of and they arc called oblique processes, froi 

poe'r\ f ff'attf). th*-ir situation with respect to the proci-s» 

To Vl/RSi FY. r. «. (i'er«f/?n', Fr.cff/t/ff or, with which they are articulated. Tnese o| 

IaU) To make venes (Dry tffii). llque processes are articulated to each other t 



' E R T E B R ^. 

of pa^itaM, and each pcocM» is ligaTnciil, ir we may M nil it. is itrtngthenrl 

•U ■nutiUtion with caitilagc. by oihEr Shoricr ligauienMus fibres, which \>m 

I in ciccy itrtcbrj, bciw«cu iu bcwly 'loiii Viae vciiebra lo anotlitv, thtoughuni the 

jM», » lunLDMrn, Iwge «nuugh lo ud- whole ipini;. The iiiterual hgauient. ih* fibies 

a. Thru tbnmiiia cbiCMpuiiil with nf which, like the cxlirnil one, «re tpiKul in 

r Ibioii^h ill the rettcbrz. aiul forni a longiiLullnal dlircuon, is exiended mci the 

gr c«tKluit, fur the lodgoiciit of the back uati of the bodies a( the lerubrx. wIicn 

myr. <bej heli> la foTin the citiiy of thr s|)ii>e, iiid 

ihU gtcat hole, there are four notches teaches liom the foranieD iiiagnain or Ihe wd- 

•ile <if eicry vcitebiii, beiwEen rhe pital bone to the oi t.-icriim. 

ocoK* and liie body of the v««ebro. We iiinj innuie to Tciuatk. thaiall the rer- 

Me luNchei are ul the iipp«r, and <wu tebite dtrntiii^h in density and firtnticn of leX' 

ctptnof thebone. luch of ihe in. tare, in moportion aa they incieale in si»c. m 

hct. oteeiing with one nf the supc- that the lower vertebra:, though laiacr, are uui 

t*of the rericbta below it, fuiiiis a so heuvy id propuriion as those above them, 

whilst the siiperior Hatches Jo the in consrquence of ihii mode of structure, the 

lh« iiifcriur notches of the vertebra siic of the vertebra: ii increased without adding 

'n^ne four fiininiiu fxrm uauages lu ihcir wei|,hl j and this is an object of no 

MSmIs, and for the Dcrvei ihut pais little ioi]>n nance, in apart of the body, which, 

jtainc. beside) flexibility and suppleness, seems to 

MviK are united tonther by mean; requite ligUtiieis as one of t» essential piopcr- 

tnec, compressible like cork, which ties. 

a4 of pjriition between the lever.il In the f^Em, at the ordinary time nf birth, 

'Hiii intervertebral lubsiance seems, each veiiebia U found to be composed of three 

H, to approach nearly to llie nature bony pieces, connected by cartilages which 

Bb ■■ in the adult it has a greater re- afteiwardl ottily. One of tlicte piece* it the 

t Ut cartilage. When cut horizon- body of the lione ; the oilier two arc the pnstc* 

>peats to coD<^isl of conccnirical curv- rior and lateral portions, which form the fora- 

cxiemalty, it is firmest and hardest ; men for the medulla spinalis. The oblique 

, It becomes thinner and softer, till proceiics are at that time cooiplcle, and the 

, in ibe centre, wc find it in the form transvecie piocctsci beginning to be fbnued ; 

unit lubslance, which facilitates the bnt the spinous procvbtcs arc totally waDtin|{. 

if ibc spine. Sec Ahatomt. 

, an Italian anatomist, Inng aito oh- Before we close, the article, however, we 

III the change which take* place in shall briefly notice the uses of the spine. Wc 

ircrlcbral cariilaftes, (as they are luu- find the spinal marrow lodged in this bon* 

1} la Mlvaiiced life, occagioiis the dc- canal, aecure from external ir^ury. Ir defenJa 

alAlUK, and the stooping forward*, the thoracic and abdominal viscera, and forait 

; IWinily to be observed in old people, a pillar which supports the head, and gire* a 

lili^ then become shiiTcllcd, and general firmness lo the whole trunk. 

iiIt io*e, in a great meaiure, their To give it a firm hasis, we find the bodtet of 

Bal, betidos this gradual ellect of the verlebta gradually increasing in breadth ai 

hcM cartilage! are subject lo a tein]>fl- they dcacend ; and to lit it for a variety of mo- 

pution, from the weight of the body lion, it iscom|)osedofagrratnumberuf joint*, 

)(t pMlure, so iliat people who have with an inlcrmediaie elastic substance, so that 

LVonJing, or liave carried a consider- lo great firmness there is added a perfect flcxi* 

^t,are fuMP'l fi he ih-irlcr than when biliiy. 

r been loi'it in Iml. Hence we jre 'l1ie lowermost and largest vertebrm are not 
Iwiuiirning than at night. Tliisf^ct, so heavy in jiroportion as those above them; 
xmiiuly olni.iui, vru out .nsceriaineil their boOiea being more apongy, excepting at 
e aean, 1 he d<lTrreiice in ikcii ca^is their ei /gum fere nee, wheie ihry ure more im- 
m* the «ge aniJ «ite ofihe lubjccli in mediately eaposcJ to piesiure) so that nalntc 
■C fwople, it will be nearly an itt^'li ; secitii every where endeavouring to relieve ii* 
&, Ot shoitet persons, it will be less of an unneciwiry weigni of bone. Bui beliind. 
iile. wliere ihc spinal marrow ii mure cxiMMnj is 
s the connexion of the several veitc- injury, we find ilie pp«e»e» composed of very 
OKan* of these cariil-ittca, there are huid bonei and the spinous pruceites are in 
must llriiiig; liH^meni'. which uniic gene'sl placed over each other in « stanlini; 
l«f (he spine 10 each other Some of airecimn, 30 that .1 pointed initrunirnt cannot 
intrnn arc exicrnal, and nther* inier> casilyget lieiwern ihein, eKcepiinzinlheneck, 
POn^ the external li^mcnla, we oh- where they are a liu< aiperpeflilicularnud leave a 
I wliKh ii comniiin m all the vertebra, greater space between them. Hence, in some 
), in ■ longitudinal direction, from countries, it Is usual to kill cattle t» thrusting 
lUt of the body of ihc second verrebra a pointed instrument between ine occiput 
rck, oter all inc oiher venebne, and and the atlas, or between ihe atlas and the 
{t broader as it descends towards the os second vertebra. Besides these iitrs of the ve/< 
isJicK ii beooion thinner, and gradu- tebrx in defending the spinal niurrow, and in 
">,. Ttlii exKinal Ungiiudinal aftinilatiDglhe.KVctolreiiebne, tsi* the case 



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'•»* */■■ ^ <-■..•■ ^ ;•' '* I. '^ y-* »■-.•• 

•«if*« /'I'l. itf«i*/^ «»r /«ii'f, . fl*!'** ^ tiff I? 

• «i>l •/( t^ lar •'•!, «'>»*i- I' I •;.'<«••« I'f 1^* in 

V f I* » M / f « I'' ' r 9, i« ■ y ii ' tf 1^ f'f flip 

*i*\*' I* . {*• •" ¥ *****>■ /W lift /. I. Ill, .1' «| riH'lir 

»tt II |il •< ' I '•' ■■' f" •! ' •" '**« 'i" 4'"» rjil**'! 

tttttttiiUt, 'I lift iii( imIi^ii f/( Mil/ )«l4( c II fe vcr- 



Tar. -▼ ■ l:- itir.*.' -t: irc ssnc 1 jyieCi 



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V:,r.f:« -ALLY t« rS.-«: r 
I.-.* 7*^. -. £;-.rT . 

V i.KTl<. II., .a bc-"anT . ' rotrcklu 

I #- « '. . I -. *• ."J :r <r t ' -r. : a^i • *-■• > : Hibcm 
it' i\ f?-?*"-:. /*.— M \ V.'riT^e*. at 1 
!/•# It J?. \' is c^tr.m-Mi'v wrriicn wh 
111 vifiirl 4«rr:« to be the p*nper or 
rr4^*7. »incc ii it.'MI he denied trwo 
%^rb *o whir!, i^l.ich 9izr.inc» to turn if 

L«i r e«i* putt th:n term Pv a «>Tt of infl< 
r^-rsf*" ri;!'it up of many subsc«^ilv* fio«rr» 
r i/r:'!in;; the »t(*frf in a t\\\-^. Fit ex floi 
riii'rrro*ii» luWs^ilibuc, caulcm anniilatim 
Ifiriitiliiifl. — A) III iiieiiiha puleg;iuni9 mi 
himii, he. 

A vtr:« "'1. h' or! nr whirl, may be 
I. Sviuilc ur |.i.i!uiii.Ud. 



V E R V E S 

I ; that H, without inrolucre, bracte V&'rt. ad. In a gr^at degree ; in an emi* 

firaeced, or inToIucred. neot degree ^Addison) 

dcd. Diatant, or remote. — Hence VERZUOLO, a town of Piedmont, with a 

CILLATE FLOWERS. Verti- castle. It is surrounded by an ancient wall^ 
% I or flowers growing in a whorl ; flanked with towers, and seated in a very fruit* 
he stem in rings one above another ful soil, near the Vratia, three miles S. of Sa^ 
lit. -^It is applied to peduncles ; and luno. 

to blanches and leaves.— Plants bear- VES ANIiE. The fourth order in the class 
I in this manner are styled neuroses of Cullen's nosological arrangement ; 

CILLATJE, in botany. Verticil- comprehending diseases in which the judg- 
. These are included in the fifty- ment is impaired, without either coma or 
cr of Linn^us's Fragments ; and the pyrexia. 

a of his Natural Orders. In the VEStCA. (a diminutive of vas^ a vessel.) 
>\stem, they form the order gym no- A bladder. * 

thecla<sdtdynamia. Theyabocon- Vesica pellis. The gnU-bladder. See 
of !liy*s classes. Gall-bladder. 

'GIXOUS. a. iverliginostts, Lat.) Vesica drinaria. The oribary Madder. 
i^ round ; rotatory {Bentleu). 2. See Urinary bladder. 
oodtoard). To VFSICATE. v. a. ^vesicai Latin.) T« 

IGO. f. (Lat.) A giddiness; a sense blister (Wurman). 

in the head C^riMfAnoO. VESICATION.*, (from reitca/e.) Blister* 

;o, in medicine. Giddiness. Mostly ing; separation of the cuticle (IFtscfiiati). 
tic. VESICATORIES. {veticatoria, from vesi* 

JMNUS, in mythobgy, a deity ca, a bladder ; because they raise a bladder. > 
e Rornaii3^ who presided over the See Epis?astics. 

I orchards. He is generally repre- VESICLE, (bulla,) An elevation of the 
L young man crowned with flowers, cuticle, of a lar^e size, irregularly circomscrib* 
p to the waist, and holding in his ed, and containing a transparent watery fluids 
I fruit, and a crown of plenty^in his Vesicles with a dark red or livid coloured base 

are usually denominated phlyctssnc 
LTS. a town of France, in the depart- VESICULiE PULMO^I ALES, {vesicuht 
laroe, seated in a plain, at the foot of a diminutive of vesica , a bladder.) The air cells 
n, on which are vineyards, produc- which compose the greatest part of the lungs, 
30od wines, 17 miles S.W. of Cha- and are situated at the termination of uie 
78 N.E. of Paris. Lon. 4. SE. Lat. bronchia. 

VESTCULiB seminalbs. Two membra* 
AIN, in botany. See Verbena. lious receptacles, situated on the back part of 
IM MALLOW, in botany. SeeM al- the bladder above its ucck. Its excretory ducts 

are called ejaculatory ducts. They proceed to 
ELES. f. ivcrvele, Fr.) Labels tied the urethra, into which they open by a pccu* 

(Ainsworth). liar orifice at the top of the verumontannm^ 

[NS, a town of France, in the de- They have vessels and nerves from the neigh- 
if Aisne, famous for a treaty, in 1 598, bouring parts, and are well supplied with ab- 
lenry IV. of France and PhiKp II . of sorbent vessels, which proceed to the l3m)phatic 
: is seated on the Serre, 40 miles N .E. glands about the loins. The use of the vcsicule 
f. seminalis is not exactly known. 

S (Lucius C'Cionins Gommodus), a It is pnwcf) satisfactorily by J. Hutiter that 
myicroT, son of ^lius and Dmnitia they are not receptacles or reservoirs of semen, 
ras adopted in the 7th year of his age They however secrete a mucus of their own^ 
iielius, at the request of Adrian, and apparently of ure in coition ; but are wanting 
J Lucilia the daughter of his adi>pted in many animals. See Observations on the 
10 also took him as his colleague on Animal Economy, vol. i. p. 31. 
\ He was sent by M. Aurelius to \^ES1'CULA!1. a. (from vesicula, Latin.) 
e barbarians in the east, where he Hollow; full of small interstiiees ( CAe^nO- 
t complete victory over the Part hians. Vesicular fever. (See Pemphigus.) 
ifter marched with his imperial col- This disease seems to consist in eruptions dis- 
aintt the Marcomanni in Germany, persed over diflerent parts of the body (internal 
n that expedition of an apoplexy, in as well as external), which gradually lise up 
rear of his age, after a rti^n of eight into vesicles of about the size of a large nut, 

some months. Verus has been containing a yellow serous fluid, that is in 
nsored f >r his de^>aucheries. some instances of an ichorous nature, and 

'. a. {vfray, or rrai, Fi.) 1. True; which again disappear in the course of three 
den). 3. Having any qualitie5, com- or four days. Hy some authors it i» described 
id, in an eminent degree : a very as being attended both by fever and conta- 
^avt>f). 3. To note thmg5 emphati- gion, and by others, as bcfing accompanied by 
eminently: ike very bottom {Shah* neither. It is therefore sup(>osed that there 
4. Same : iht very man {ISprai). are two species of it, the chronic, and the 



V E s V i: s 

ftcute. Ttie disease is, however* of very rare dencj of the fluich to put refaction, 
occurrence. ohvious that in the lirsi case, cvacu. 

By the Keneralitj of the practitioners who other antiphlogistic remedies will b< 
have favoured us with their opinions^ the prin- and that in the second it will, on the 
cipal of whom is Dr. Dickson, it has not been be necessary to shun all evacuation! 
considered as contajcious. This gentleman saw employ those remedies alone whict 
six cases of the complaint, in none of wliich it the strength, and give tone aod v'lff, 
wak received by contagion, nor communicated system. 

to those wlio attended the sick. VKSOUL, a town of France', cap! 

Dr. CuUen infijrms tis that the blisters are department of Upper Saone. In its i 
filled with a thin ichor, which Is discharged, a medicinal spring. It is i£ated at tl 
not absorbed, as mentioned by Dr. Dicks^m ; a mountain, near the river Durscon, 
but during bis wh(4c practice, tt appears, that N. of Besanfon, an J iO(> E.S.JB. oi 
he met only with a single ca&e of pemphigus. L^n. 6. 8 £. Lat. 47* 36 N. 

Some slight degree of hssitude, sickness, VKSFA. Wasp. In zoology, a 
and head-ach having prevailed for a day or two, the class insecta, order hymeneprera. 
small vesicles of about the size of a pea then homy, with a compressed jaw ', fee 
make their appearance over difierent parts of equal, filiform ; antennas filiform, 
the body, and not unfreqnently in the mouth, joint longer, and c) lindrical ; eyes lun 
and other parts of the alimentary canal, and gUbrous ; upi^r wings folded, in a 
these gradually increase till they become a^ sting pungent, concealed in theaUlome 
large as a nut or almond. Someumcs they are hundred and twelve species, scattered 
ao nomefoos as to run into each other* The globe, eight common lo our own coun 
pulse during^ this time b small and frequent, "^^Y arerthna divided and subdivide 
and the natient is sensible of a considerable A. Tongue simple, or tongueless. 
dcaree of debilityi «. Lip (umi>hea with a bristle on e. 

If the vesicles be noC broken, they fill with ^. Lip ovate, as long as the jaws : 
a ydlowuh serum, which is again absorbed into li nus of Fabricius. 

the system in the coarse of three or four days. /. Lip compressed, rounded, longer 
This appeal! to be the most favourable termi* jaw : the philaiithus of Fabricius. 

nation; as they have been known to leave 1. Lip short, horny: the crabro o 
Uoabloome nlcen hehind them when they cius^ 

broke. B. Toiicue biBd, retractile : the a 

pemphigus resembles the smalUpoz in fre* Fabricius. 

quently leaving pits in the skin, ana the parts, C. Tongue inflected, five-cleft : the 
which the vesicle occupied, remaining of a of Fabricius. 

dark colour for a considerable time afterwards. A specimen or two is all for whick 
In the third volume of Medical Facts an<l Ob- find space. 

servations. Dr. Winterbottom takes particular 1. V. crabro. Hornet. Thorax bl 
notice of this occurrence. fore-part rufous, immaculate ; incisurt 

We are to be influenced in our prognosis by abdomen with a double cnniiguous bl 
the seat and appearance of the^esicles. When Inhabits £uro|ie, and makes its nest 
they only appear on exteriul pans, aod are not trunks of hollow trees, or in the tiuib 
numerous, tney demand little attention ; when of lofts: the sting of the female is e? 
they are numerous, when they at tack thealimen- painful ; the male in all the species is s 
tary canal, and are attended with a small hard The hornet is not found in Scotland, 
pulse, the danger is considerable. The dancer common in England. The antennas 
IS likewise very great, when the ulcers, left oy and legs, are of a brown or chesnut 
vesicles, shew a tendency to grangrene by com- the abdomen is of a tluc orange brov 
ing livid, which seldom happens, however, on the eatension of the ar.nuli, it disc 
unlesa a fever of the tme typhoid kind has ac* each side a line of black ; the winss ai 
companied it. ^ colour of amber ; and the aniaial, f 

On tak ing acomprehensnre survey of what has merits the first rank among the vespc. 
been recorded by recent writers on the subject, 8. V. vulgaris. Common wasp. 
it must, we think, be concluded thatpemphi- black, surrounded on the anterior pa 
gus is an affection merely sporadic, ano not of a yellow line; abdomen oolden yellof 
contagious nature, and that the syoiptoms ac- triangubr spots down tlie oack part, ao 
company ing one or other instances ot this affec- ones on each side, 
tion are those which attend febrile diseases, whc- The wasps in general seem to fill u|; 
ther inflammatory- or putrid. The most important die rank between the ichneumons aod tl 
distinctions necessary lo be aKertained appear like the former, ihev are rapacious am 
therefore lu be, Itt.'Wheihcr the fever be of voroos, and, like tne latter, construe 
an inflammatory nature, and accompanied with and sometimes feed on the pmduce of ( 
a siroii^ aud increased action of tne vascular they devour fmti, butcher meat, and < 
system. Sd. WhctSier tlie fever have a ten- continual hostiliiirs against almost en 
dencv lo the typhoid type, be marked by great cies of fly : thcv are at once the rivab 
debility, and symptoms which denute a ten* enemies of the common bee j many « 



bkc ■ prry of thnr Annpy . 
I AlntoH n^ry penoit iijiul liavt sern the cs- 
■MtAncnt marie nad«T uoum] by the com- 
Mo wasp. Il Ii ihtni) oTsubicrraneouscilj, 
Ulirti ■« ftrUiti «tson» of ihr year contoiiii 
iuMf ifcouaaA of inhabiimis, and i) con- 
IummI ncarl; trith the umc iugenuiiy and 
I hwik b that <(f lh« bonty be^. Like i(, il 
M&rBilly ffltmrti with niinba comisilng af a 
fcii bit of hrxagonal cells, all cnvdnpcri undct 
Im cbninu'ci mrerhig, and consiruclcd vriih 
tart (ft- In ihii parliciilar ihcj excel the 
Eganon be«. which ranlcnis JtMlf wUh )h« 
hra MorxirA liy the hive, or with ihe uutik 
•fimtrii ttr*, ID (heir wild tiate. 
' TWkm;!' tl»e wMm gericfiilly make choice of 
liBtMbrxe hole under jrround foriheconsiriie- 
iliM of i6rir lint, iheylrave nevcrihelesi miiL'h 
Unrin ti.iderpo in removing pmtuhcraticc!, 
'loil etrninc: nway rtrth, til! it is brought to 
lbii|Airficil figure which tuits iheirpui|-<HU. 
Hit »ntt coiopleiert, ibey next conmuct that 
pfCT-lile covcriiri; wilh which the whole 
kirhhnrd. The eombs in whith the cells 
Mr )o6fr4 next ef<tfm iheir Bitentioi). These 
nt anp^ hoiiiortally tn diffeicni slorlw, 
llMKliiii'i tw-clrc or fit'ieeti above each oiher, 
'd ttppntted by enlomradM, betvvcrii trhk-li 
iktMolr ciii»eti«o( ihu sublet ft neon* com- 
|aA*allh Jrc>i>en ai timeiio wnik, like men 
itiltit iiTorti of a lowtt. The eclli of the 
J««pt>re not eoniirnetcd with ihnl geonie- 
niiil ikilt trhicli hai been m often admirtd in 
l&W Hf thr bee; but they arc not on that 
Jttnmiithe \rit nd»p(ed w ihe pmpose* ihey 
'M4mrac4 tt> wrve. Eath comb has only 
tiadf mige orrella, ivlth iheir motilh> oiirn- 
ii^fcfhjw. Thry ..re iolelidml, not fof the 
iKefAloii of linnn. but for ibr hvbitnlion of 
tfwjBBHf , «hii-!i ire fed twice orthrice a-doy, 
l.-noiirl. ...Ti-H in by (he par* nn For the 
r-cradon iif iisfood, each 
iK-ai) lamed downward op- 
' I of iu cell, ready (o receive 
..(t, 

rwiroetinn of w»ip hite;, all fiiifcd lo the 
<^af the difTerentspeciet that iiihabil ihem. 
^t ture only a tingle row of cells, placed 
iWiaftv, like Ihote of the hee, ihe mouth! 
^ir; ihe Min r the reawn of ihis taiietj' seems 
toljf, ihat toine Viiids require the heal of iht 
ina bitch iheii egv*; an advantage vrhich 
WiAtiwt he (rt)l»inM weie there more rows 
"f rih, or were ihey placerl in a dlffwenl 

■ hiTc of beu, lo in that of wasps, 

C rtircv dllfctmi kinds nf inimab : at 

naini only a single fe- 

mber of what ascd in be called 

t jnulei, and were supposed to be 

'Siou^ il it probable they arc females 

i*Ar[i«I fcmnte oTBatis; at oilier 

•omc hundrrds of females, 

r Clamber of males. The 





i even iho mak 



ffran half Hie weight of'tK* 

Tlie cnndilioii of the female wasp iliffcr* 
videlyfrom ihal of the female bve. Tire laiterj 
sthen she leads from ihe parent hive a yoling . 
colriny, and founds a new empire, is es'cmi^ I 
ally a i|iieen ; for she is mote implicitly obeyed I 
than Ihe best of monarch*, by the most loyal I 
of his lieges. 'Jlie female wasp, as lier s'— ■—* ' 
is tn.^re laborious, so hct gtniu. seem? 
enterprisinc. Unaifled by any of her kiiit), 1 
she bp. in ihe beginning of every season, ihe 1 
fouoriaiiLin of a new edifice, which is desiiiiei J 
10 be the birthplace of niiny ihousaiidi of het ] 
sjjecies. She conWTuiHs ine firs! eel" 
which she commits the earliest of her csgS, 
which in lime become labuuicn, the most 
active and enierprisinz of the wluile race i aii4 I 
by these she is sstisled in completing the rest J 
(ifthe^orh. ' 

The male wasps ate not so slolhfol a 
male bee; ihey disebari^ several duties i. 
interior jmrts of the bive; but tn the nit at I 
bailfrmg, either the cells or the extetnal coJ I 
vcrin)t, ihey sti aJtnaether unskilled. Thii | 
falls lo be cxecoted by the laboufi-rs, vih6 \ 
cariy iToiiwrih amaiinfe dispatch. They col- 
lect together the small fibres of half n 
wood, which ihev ilioi?ten wiili ^ glut! ,__ 
suhstsnce, anil mnke up rnlo [hat [Kiper 6f I 
which all thcic tmtk is rurmcd. I 

The aerial W3«p crmitrncts sm.ill nesi) of J 
abtnn ihe sixe of an oran^, which il aiiach«A I 
lo the branch of 3 tree, 'lliis compacl tittfe,V 
edifice is exposed to the weather, biil is 'eil';^ 1 
dercd hn|>eneIrBbtc lo rain, by a number or I 
leaves which are ptnecfT round il, exacily re-. T 
seHiHlng nil inverted rose. A pariicular siiecitf j 
in the ncipbbniirhoftd of Cayenne consituci, I 
a br^e obluo^ boit, about twelve or fifteeii 
inches long, of Rnc parchment, which is als4, I 
pendent from the branch of a tree; there ih»,^ 
combi fahricatcd of ihe same siibflance ard L 
ranged horitoii'ally, in dlfTereitt stories, on^i 1 
above ihc oiher, cuch having a round hole is-!l 
the centre, \w which the waips are enabled P 
lo ascrixl or descend lo .lilTcrerll flats ofiheif"', 
building. 

While these operations arc carrying on M' 
the joint bbours of the hive, ihc mother waip . 
conliniin lo [ay till she has produced fifteen of 
sixteen ihous.^nd labourers, and about fiie at 
six hundred perfect males and females: ihd 
commnnu'caUh day by dav Increases in niim'^ 
beta, and eiljoys jleace. fowards the itionlh 

of October provisions begin to pow s< '' 

and a new scence ensues. This hitherto 
cable Itibe seems ihen fired wilh mutual rjge i 
and the whole edifice presents one sceije (^, 
massacre- The labourers and males tear front 
their cradles ihe eus, the larrrs, and new botif 
iniecM, with unJistiiigiiishinp fury, Thq? 
next fighl one another. Care for the slate. 
MilicituHe for posterity, or love to their na'" - 
place, now no lunger eiisl ; the whole c< 
mooweallh is shaleii to the foundalioft. It; 
and frosts ensue ; the ciiiiens are seixed with 
disease ami languor; and happily for ih^ other 



V E S V E S 

imf rts, and the fruit gaHenSs alinoft the D. Fore-teeth, upper two, lower nx, 

whole (lie. Some few females escape the dis* IL Fore-teeih, upper two, lower four, 

astern of civil war, and the set erity of winter, F. Foie-teeth, \\p\ter two^ lower none 

and in the ensuing 9|>riDg become the founders G. Fore- teeth, unytet none, lower four, 

of new empires, which are agjain to be over* H. Toothless in both jaws, 

tinned in like manner. I. Number and oider of teeth unknown. 

In describing the economy of this tribe, we l^ie animals of this genus fly abroad Lj 

have not allowed ourselves to adopt the term niglif; by mt*ans of their ex|iansile membrane f 

neuters."^ Thegeneral resemblance of structure feed on molhs, giiats, and nocturnal insects^ 

which it bears to the bee tribe is so close, that thev are torpid during winter in cfAd countries 

there can be little doubt that such an anomaly gatneriiig together in dark cavcinsj adhcrioc ui 

no more exists among the former tlian ainoug walls, and hanging by tfie hindrlegii:. um^ 

the latter : and we trust that the indefatigable have a reroarkuble additional leiiK of affoidii^ 

Aud very accurate Huber, to whom we are ao oVgeets in (heir way when deprived of tUir 

much indebted for a ml knowledge of the eye4>, 

atructux^e and economy of the bee» will }ct 1. V. vampyrus. Ternale bat. IUQm; 

pursue his investigations into the familict of nose «n>p}^ ; membrane divided betwcn ifai 

thevcspaand formica; from hoth which it is thighs. Three other varieties, from variatioo 

probable he would aa effectually remove the of colour ; black or dark- red ^ brownish-bUck j 

anomuly of a neuter gender as he has done or straw*colour. Inhabits the west of Africa, 

from that of the apis. See the article Bbe southof Asia, islands of the Indian oceao, and 

in this work. See, also, Nat Hiat. Pi. of the South sea. 

CLXXVIII. Bats of this species have large canine tcedi, 

V£^PASIAN CTitus Flavius), a Roman four cutting ones above, the aame betow 1 1 

emperor descended from an obscure family at sharp black nose ; large naked ears ; and ^ 

Kiete, and formerly a horse-doctor. He was pointed tongue, terminated b^ sharp aculcatcd 

honoured with the consulship, b^ his own papillsp. "nie exterior toe is detached fnua 

private merit and his miblic services. He the membrane; the claw strong and liookol. 

accompanied Nero into Greeoe, and was after- There are five toes on the hind-fcet, wilk 

wards sent to carry on a war against the Jews, talons very crooked, strong, and comprescol 

His operations were crowned with success ; sideways, lliey have no tail ; the membrtoe 

many of the citiea of F^destine surrendered, is divided behind quite to the rumu. Tk* 

and Vespasian began the siege of Jerusalem, head is of a dark ferruginous cplour ; tiieneckt 

This was, liowever, achieved 1^ the hands of his shoulders, and underside, are of a much li^Vf^ 

son Titus, and the death of Vitellius and the and brighter red. On the back the htff ^ 

affection of hu soldiers hutened hb rise, and he shorter, dusky, and smooth: the nenhnnci 

vat proclaimed empmr al Alexandria. In of the wings dusky. Some arc one §oai loog* 

the beginning of his reign Vespuian attempted and four from tip to tip of the wings expanded i 

to reform the roanneii of the liomans. He but others vastly larger. This species is oo< 

•repaired the public huildingB, embellished the gregarious, thou^^ numbers of them at tim^ 

city, and made the great roads more spacious meet accidentally on the same tree in quest o 

and convenient. AAer he had reigned with food ; and being fnshtened, may chance to f 

great popularity for 10 yean, Vespasian died the same way in a f^k. Two of the varieti< 

.with a p:iin in his bowels, A. D. 79ff in the are luimed rougeite and roussette. 

7(Hh year of his age. He was the first Koman Tlie ruugettc differs from the roussette chic^ 

emperor that died a natural death, and he was in that its whole body and head are cinereot» 

also the first who was succeeded by bis own mixed with some black ; and that ou the ne^ 

ton on the throne. Vespasian has been ad* there is a great bed of orange or red. T) 

mired for his virtues. To men of learning and size is also much less; the extent of the wioj 

merit, Vespasian was very liberal : one hun- being little mure than two f«et. They inhat- 

dred thotis.ind sesterces were annually paid the same countries, agree in food, but difiRrr 

from the public treasury to the different pro- manners. They are found in Guinea, Mad' 

fessors thai were appointed to encourage and gascar, and all the other islands in the Indi^ 

promote the arts and sciences* occnii, New Holland, the Friendly Islandl 

\F/S?ER. t. CLatin.) T^ie evening star ; the New lit bride!*, and NeW Caledonia. Th 

the evening i^Shakspeare), rougcttes flv in flocks, and i>erfc:ctly obscua 

Ve^spirs. s, (without the singiilar, from the air with their numbers. They begin the j 

vcsperuf, Latin.) The evening service of the flight from one neighbouring island to anothe 

Uomiih church, immediatclv on sun-set, and return in cloud 

VESFERTILIO. Bat. Vampyre. In from the tnne it i^ li^ht till smi-ri>e. Thr 

a'Kilogy, a (zenus of the class mammalia, order lod^ during ihe day in hollow trees. B«itl 

{)rimate|. Tt*eth all erect, acuminate, approx- kinds li^e on fruits, and are fond of the juto 

imate ; forc-fcet palmate, formed for flyiiigi a of the p;din-irv:e, with which they will inioxi 

membrane surrounding the body. Tweiity>five cate themselves till they drop on the ground 

species. thu« subdivided. They swarm like bees, hanging near one an 

A. Porfoteeth in each jaw four. other fn>m the trees in great clusters. In New 

R. Fore-teeth, upper four, lower six. Caledonia the natives uk their hair in ropes, &c 

C \ Fure-teetb, upper four, lower eight. lliey grow excessively fat at certain times of thi 



V E S P E 11 T I L I O. 



»r. The Indbns e>l iheui, an>l ilcHnre the 
nhto tw (crygood. Tlir ncztof» tiati: thcin 
1 •WMHTence. 'Thtir liodics trc froWi the size 
r a pat)«i lo itiat oF a dove, While fating, 
tcy miVfa gr«at noise ; their nn«tl^ niik : 
in BIT ftrree, hhe, and mxke gml re 
rh«u taken- Ttw^ bring one voub^ < 
me. The ancianu had wme knowledge of 
t>tt<? anitnalt. Herodittin mentions winged 



il 1i»rt in woods dntl mtc«, ^v^ic^l art'ffiliii'! 
fti.lt of its dung, iirodaciive of ijlt|iciic, It 
feed? nn the pritUy pear. 

S. V. sj^smi. Conlatcd but. T«iHe»( n«B^ 
fitbtc: obcoritate; Very bcoad .nnd loi;c(riir»;L 
heart-shaped nieinbriJie at liie tnd ol lis nr— " 
and a web beiit^en the hind less ; cnlour m 
ilk face a very Ughl rd ; of ibe l»>dy itiM 
jralfer. It inhabits Ceylon, and the Kle t 



miij-betsis like htts, tha( molested the Arabi rernati, one of the Moluccas 

-bo ptbered tht cania, to such IT ilcgree. 0- V. Icporinn!!. Peruvian hat. ^TaiWj 

Itwt Uicy were obliged to cover themselves all uiiiicr lipj bifid, 

bill ihecyv) with ikini, From such relalioM, Tbii ajiecies bus a head like a pitg. 

ii h probable, the ix>eli formed their Rctiotu large straight nointed nra; twoeioinc t 

o( H»T»iei, and two amall ciititriK teeth between ihi 

UMb Ibe greater and lener ipeeie«mreei[ual- itt each jaw. Tlte tnil is inclosed ii 

^A|4of human blood, Personi attacked by braVie ibat joins the hind-lcin; and mppoi 

m' 

kOMiacI 



t in dari'jer of uiMing from a iminil bj^twO ligameau alio im 

T the sleep of death. The bat is so brant. Colour of its fur an iron gieyl 



aculeaied eijual In thai of a tniddle-sized rat; e:(Icnt4 
vein without hein^ |teTceived ; its winp two feet five ih'ches. 
Hcki the blood till it ii satiated, ott the There is a variety of this si>eeies with hantfl 
Bc fcflainj; ;with its Winp, and aftitatlng in^ lijn like the chops of a niaitifT : the ntn^ 
■ir. in those hot cli>naies, in M pleasing a as well as itfiper lip, divided : lone, fVati^ivg 
■tttr, M to cast the sufferer into a s|ill sharp-pointed tars, A fewjolnu nfh& shottutf 
"^ '' ' hereloTe very ti'isafc to stict out withoin the membrane, which at i" 

" ' satne time exieiids far beyond, h aiigdlar, g 

ends id a point ; claivs on the hind-feet largi 
hookei), and comprtssed sidewais : membrai 
of the wings dutky, and voiy thin. Fur 
the head mid hack brown ; on the belly d 

long : mtent of the witiH 



e open any en- 



tbep in the op«n 
■nnct to Mieh dangerous 
Mn in whieh these exiii- Nor do they con- 
6ae tliemtelves to human blood ; in ceruin 
pn> of AuMfiea they even destroy cattle. 
"" ■' ' ly has a heail like a ^y- 



^Mnd ; large teeth ) and lon^, broad, nliknl twenty. Inhabits Peru and the Miisijuti 
•in. The whole body is coTercd with soft shore. ' 

ikorl hsirof a straw colour. Ii is near nine 7- V. molosius. Bull-dog bai. Toil C 
iadiei long; the estent of its wings two feel tending far licjond the membrane; upperlij 
ntn liicbo. (itnduluus. Two other varieties', from slie"*!" 

Il ii to litis sprcietl.innAis refers the hlood. colour. Hroad romid ears, touching each n|(l 
Nckingbatorvamp^'renfiheencicnis; ihoiiKh inftoiit; nihlck note; upper part of iht b 
ilietirai, at a apccific name, is given lo the deep ash colour, Ipwer paler : ine tall longi ' 
nni. five last joints are dispn^ged fron] the mtt 

f. V. sptctram. Spectre. TaiUest; noie brane : aniuiul two iiidiei lon^ : extent 4 
hnsFllal) lanceolate; inhabits South Ame- iu winns nine and a half, ll inh,ibiit 
nw; like the ft>rmer, lives in the palm-trees. West Ihdiei; and has a near resemblance *| 
xi'l gntwt veiy fat i has a long nose ( large the precedinz. 
»n>i j king, brund, upright ears ; a conic erect B. V. ur^ttta. Senegal bnt- Anterior part 
Mnbnnc at Ute end of the nose, bending at of the head yellowish brown i feet snil tr 
1^ up and flexible. The hair on its bfitly is black; longheadi nose a little pgintcd j s 
MctiMt. and parthrlnngi the wings are full and pointed ears; fitr of a tawny bru 
•fnmlfteil fibres : ine nieitibrine reaches from mixed with a-h colour; hejly paferj .,._ , 
ktat-ltgio hind-leg. From the rump eviend joints of the lajl fVee ; four inches faitg jexten|' 
ikm icttdom. which terminate at the end of tweniy-ono, 

■WoKnibniiw. ll i» leven inches and a half t). V. leplurus. Poiich bal. Tailed ) no*. 
I°ati nient of the wings two fi;ei two : ugly, tri Is tubular g ears long, obtuse, valved t of a 
Mil*l«rmed. brown colour ; an inch and a half long; Inhv 

bttt Surinam , and bus a small purseor paDcif^ 
near the second joint of each winj. * 

10. V. hiipidm. Bearded bat- Tjilefli. 
hairy; noiiiri Is channelled ) cars long, bairoM 
A imall species. It has very lonz hair on ilK 
forehead and under hi chin j its Ibr is of a reih4 
diih brown above; on its gndcisHt of s Jlrtn 
white liiigcd with yellow. 1 

I. V. Moveboraeensis, New Yorh batS 
Mrs ahomfl 

- —nn colour, tinipnl with red i inhabits utily iha lop of (he nose a little bidd ; tw 
'istwa, Surinam, and Seneital, la (be liral, oaitiii* icttb in each jaw; it fery Ions uil tl 



I. V. boMMs. Javelin hat. TaillcM ; ntne 
Uiie, ftaroibliiig a leaf of ticfntl i large |tnlnt- 
•* nrsj an erect mrmbran? .it the end of the 
Ml, in furm of the head of an ancient javelin. 
I'iababjit the warm pnru of Anictica; is of 
^(iacof theeammon bat ; ftit cinereous. 

fV.Kmcinos. Leaf bat. Tailless j snout 
nilhnied ) lio*e foliate, iKarteiJ ; imsll 
*m«d tsi*! a membraoe on the nose, <rf 

'^bnnof an ovale leaf; and a wob between Tail lonz) nose short, acute. 
<^l><TNl le^. Uf the same <i>c a* the lait t round. Head shaped like th 



V E S V E S 

cloffd in the membrane, the upper side of covend with )6iig hair; lips yellow;, aboirea 

M'hich is covered with very long sntt hair of a yellowish brown ; below dusky. This is the 

bris^tU tawny colour : the belly paler. At the least of hats, not an inch and a quarter lone i 

base of each wing a white spot : the wings the extent of its wings only six and a half. It 

thin, naked, and dusky : bones of the hind- inhabita iiVance, and is common about ilie 

less very slender. Length ten inches and a rocky and mountainous parts of Siberia, 

half; tail near two; extent of the wings equal 18. V. barbastelhis. Barhastel. Tailed; 

to the length of the body. cheeks tumid, hairy; a sunk forehead, and 

It inhabits North America, and is also found long broad ears, touching each other at their 

in New Zeiland. base, which conceal the face and head whea 

12. V. pictus. Striped bat. Tailed ;. nose looked at in front. Nose short, and flatted at 
simple ; ears funnel-shaped, appendaged. In- the end ; the upper port of the body of a dusky 
habits Ce}'Ion. Wings striped with black, brown; the lower ash-coloured and brown: 
tbmetimcs with tawny brown; two inches two inches long; extent ten and a lialf: inha« 
long. I ts colour varies ; the upper parts are bits France. 

spnieiiines of a clear reddish brown ; the lower 1^ V. murinus. Common bat. Tailed ; 

lyhitish. nose, mouth, simple; ears less than the head ; 

13. V. cephalotes. Molucca bat. Tailed; fur mouse-coloured, tinged with red: two 
head large ; lips projecting ; nostrils spiral ; inches and a half long : extent of its wiugp 
warts under the eyes ; ears small, not valved. nine inches. It inhabits Europe, and is comr 
First described by Pallas ; has a large head ; mon in Britain : flies at night, feeds on moths, 
spiall ears; thiclc nuse; nostrils terminating is the prey of owls; caught by the heads of 
outwards in form of a screw : tongue b co« burdock whitened and thrown into the air ; 
vcred with papillae and minute spines: claw when ou the ground cannot rise till it haa 
or thumb jouied to the wing by a membnine : crawled to an eminence ; torpid in the winter; 
the first ray of the wing terminated by a claw, revives in the spring; breeda in the suoinscr- 
The end of the tail reaches beyond the mem- See Nat. Hist. rl. CLXXXVI. 

brane: upper pans greyish, or of a straw co- VI'l^PERTINE. a. (vetprriinusj Latin.) 

lour ; belly of a dull wnite: tliree inches and Iiapi)euing or coming in the evening, 

three quarters long : extent of its wings about VESPIIIN, an episcopal towa of Hun* 

fifteen. S^'X* capital of a county of the same name, 

14. V. ferrum equinum. Horte-shoe bat. with a castle. It is seatea on the Std, I9 miles 
Tailed ; nose like a horse-shoe ; ears as Ions W. by S. of Sluhlweissenhurg, and 70 S.S.E. 
as the head, not valved; tail half the length of Presburg. Lon. 17. 67 £• Lat. 47. 
of the body. Has its name from the mem- 16 N. 

brane at the end of its nose : its ears are broad VE^SSEL. «. (roMtf/Ze, French.) 1. Any 

at their base» and sharp-pointed, inclining thing in which liquids, or other thin^« are pai 

backward; it is cinereous above, whitish be- {Burnet), 2. The containing parts of an ani- 

neaih : three inches and a half lung ; extent maL body {Arhuthnoty 3. Any vehicle in 

ahovc fourteen. which men or goods are carried on water. See 

There is a less variety of this species ; found Boat and Ship. 4. Any capacity ; any thing 

about the Caspian : inhabits Burgundy ; and containing {Milton), 

has been discovered in Kent. Vessels, in botany. Vasa — arc, 1. Suc- 

15. V. noctuln. Noctule, or great bat. ciferous or sap vesteU. Canals commonly 
Tailed; mouth simple; ears oval, valved, straight, and of a very small bore, fur conrev- 
Talve small ; note slightly bilobaled ; ears ing ttic liquor, juices, or sap of the vegetabfe. 
small and rounded ; a small wart on tlic chin, The^e are called vasa (kmt* ifex«iv) in Delin. 
and hair of a reddish ash colour; length two Pi. 

inches and eigl)t*tenths ; extent of its wings 2. Utricles, or little bagis; usually full of 

thirteiMi inches. It inhabits Great Britain a green pulp, filling up the interstices of the 

and France, and is very common in Russia ; vessels, and ber\'ing as reservoirs wherein the 

it flies hi^h in search of food. There were sap is lodged and perhaps secreted. 

taken under tho eaves of Queen's college, 3. Air vessels. Trncheat. Sf>iral canuls* 

Cambridge, in one night, a hundred andeighty- usually of a larger bore, for receiving and di*- 

five; the second night, sixty-three; the third tributmg the air. 

night, two. Each uiat was measured had fif- Ou this subject sec the learned (vreAv's in- 

teen iiK-hes extent of wingi. comparable treaiiie on the Anatomy of Vegt- 

1(3. V. serotinus. Serotine. Tailed ; yel- tables, 

low; ears short, thick at the edges; nose 7V> Ve^ssel. o. a. (from the noun.)To put 

lonnisli ; hair brown on tlie upper part of the into a vessel ; to barrel {Uacnn). 

body ; belly of a paler colour : two inches and VEfSSETS.. j. A kind of cloth oomaaoijy 

a. half long; innabiis France; and is also made in Sufiulk (Bai/n/). 

found beyoiid the lake Baikal : biit has not as VE^SICNON. $. uiuoug horsemen.) A 

yet been discovered in any other part of the wiiuljiall. 

vast dotninions of Russia. Vl'iST. s, {vcstit, Latin.) An outer gnrineDt 

17. V. pipistrellus. Pipistrel. Tailed ; {Smith), 

forehead convex ; nose small ; upper liii swells To Vest, v, n, (from tlie noun.) 1 . To drf<s; 

a little on each side; ears bruad ; torehcad to d«ok ; to enrpbe ^DrytUn). 9. To drcis in 



V ES 



pitcc in powrsnoii (.Chrendaii). 

V£!»TA. a fiAiUcM. ihuslitcc o( Rhn inti 
Saiitni. Wlics conaiileivd m iht nwitter o( 
•he fob. ihc 1* ihe n<Mhet of Rhi-a anil Sn- 
iHia ; uul vrhea cuniidcml ua (he p.iirone» of 
ibe voul (irfrni hkI the ^odilcM vl 5re, >hf b 
mIM tbtdBUghiMnf isKurn and Hlie^. Lu- 
te Ibis iiaiiK »he *«s <v(itihip|iC(l by ihe Ri>- 

»M»Ilalf.ar>dNituulMih hcr>terD|>lc where 
na Hials m«k petinitml to fto. A lire wra 
awtiaiuit; kept Itghted in h«r sanctnory by tt 
ecraiu tiH>il>cr«r virgins, who Itad dolicainl 
tbcnadirca w (be acriice *>( ihc ^dilcsc. If 
litt tiK OTi ticcuRie euinci, ilic virgin by 
whns iKK''e(!'>cc i< hkU iitpniiid was severe- 
ly pwinhcil, tatd it wu kinillnl aeain by the 
nf* of the nin. 'I'h« innpte of Vesu wai tiF 
a roanJ fnriii, atiJ ilie goilJess n-as repreiental 
Malona Rawing robe, with u veil on licrhcad, 
biJtbiig in »ae hjnd a liunn, or ■ iwo-esivd 
icaH. aoit in the other ■ JavHio, oTaometiDin 

At Um Gi«vki und lt)e (tonuit) were tiul to 
■■cligiTtn to the wi)fthi|>tHnE of start m the 
■■11(11 nalioBs, •« ihcy idorcd Vetn kkiI VdI- 
CMi, at the letrrttrMl and clcnienury hre, dis- 
liaf/mabiauf, the lire of the etrtti frutn (hni of 
Iwiiin. lofciKg Vnbi for the earth, in the 
cwitrr wheKoi (tcconJing to their opinion) an 
T m I fin wot bnmin)!;. Thii it reponed by 
0*id in hb Futi, And thit pnet tells ita also 
aiiemrdt, llui the uerpetunl lir«^ wulhc only 
(Map tbey had of Vetti, bem-g imposiible to 
hma inx- image of lire; and lint it was u cus- 
UM fumierly to keep a lire at the entry of 
kuim, (chieli therrfoT« hai ever since kept 
(he Munc of vaiibidutn ; and that they tat at 
longttblet In take their meals in iheic onirici, 
whrre the fire rcpteiciiii-d tht ends, 

Vhta, one uf the tniall |)lHt,etiiry hodin 
^mvemi Ijlely to icrolvc belnern the pUntU 
Hariand Jupitn. See Aetrohomv. 
VETSTAL. a. Denoting;' pure lirfitiiiy. 
ViiTALt, piieitcssei siiiiuiig llie Itoiiiani, 
eHRCtaicd la the lervice of Vesia. This 
tCcewu very ancient, at tlie mother of Ro- 
■nhu wai one of the rettnb. ^neas ii nip- 
paw4 to have httt chutcn the vcsialn. Numa 
bs tptininied four, lo which Titijuin uitdMt 
txi. After the cxpibion of the Tarqoins, 
Uxhigh piriest was eninijicil with the caie (rf 
iWa. Thtir entploynn-tit was to take e»(c 
*1m the lacml Arc of Vesta was not extin- 

eld. It wit requireiJ that ihcy should lie 
BTiguod r4niily, and he without bleiiiish 
"ieferroiiy in every part of iheit boily, Fo( 
■Unyycan ihey were lo remain in ihe greatest 
MiUiinice ; Ilie lea tini ye;in were sjieni 
vtlniMing the dntira of the order, the ten f<i1- 
iMin; were employed in dischar^ng them 
*<lh tmetiiv. and the ten lut in mstnicltng 
•Hch u had coteiod the noviciate. When the 
"•wy years wctb cUpted, they were permitted 
k UAy, or tf ib<7 tiUI piffcued celiblcy. 




jlids were guilty of ir 
for ihe space of one liiouianil years, dnra 
iVhicIi the ordcT continued etlablijhed, from 
the reian of Numa, only IS were punished for 
the tioTaiion of their vow. The veiinlt were 
at>ali<lied by ThnoilfniiK the Great, and the 
fire uf VeitB vxiinguisbed. 

VliSTALlA, festivals in honoor of Vesta, 
observrd ai Rnine on the gih of June. 

VESTIBULF., in •rchiiecture, a kind of 
enlraiice into a largje building j lieingi 
)>l.ire before the hjll, ot at the boitcun 
araircasc. Vettibntet intended litr n 
0<uice aie utnjlly between the couit i 
carden. I'ur the etymology of this word, 
Vbsta. 

VESTIBULUM. IttUil-alHm, 
A round cavity of the internal car 
ttic cochlea anfl lemicirculai canals, 
are an oval apeniu)( conimunicaliag with 
cavity of the lympaaum, and theortlir 
ecmicirciilar canals. It is within tta 
and the iemicticitlar canilt that thr 
paratuK, discovered by the cetehrated 

Est Scarpa, Ires. He has demonstrated ni 
ranous lubct, connected lootcly by cell 
texture, within the bony semicircullir cdi 
ench uf which is dilated in the cavtiy of 
vntibule into an anipulla ; it is upon ih 
ainpulls, which communicate by me.ins <if 
alveus communis, that btanchn of the |>oi 
mollis are e:tp<inded. 

VE'bTIGE.f. (uetr^Ein. Lat.) Foatstc] 
mark left hehimi in puling [Harvty). 

VE-STMENT. .. ieulmtntim, Ul.) 
menl ; Mrt of dresi (ffailer). 

VKSTRY, a place adjoininff to a chnrdi* 
where Ihe vestments of the minister are kept^ 
also a meeting nt such place where the mlniiu 
ter, churchwarden, and principal men of most 
pnrishes, at this day tnake a parish vcttty. Oft 
the SnmUy before n vestry is to meet, public 
notice ou^ni to be jiiven, either in the church, 
nr after divine service is ended, or ei^ at the 
church-dnor as the parishioners come out, both 
of the calling of the taid meetiuj;, and also of 
the time and piece of the a^tembling nf it; 
and it is reawnablc then also to declare fur 
whii bu'iiiett the said meetine 'n to be helil, 
that mine niav be surprised, bill that alt may 
have full time before, to consider nf what is lo 
be prnpotcd at the said meeting. Wan. e. 3g, 

In the ancient churehes there irere two 
placet cich known under the name of di 
nicum ; one called diacunicum bemaiis, vr 
was within the chancel ; the other i(iiicODi< 
ningnum, mmeiimes without, but 
portioni^l off from the chancel on the ni 
side. This Inter was of the nature of the 
dein TEitrii-s. the lacrisiy. in which the pli 
vetsel), andvesimenu, belonging to thechurd 
and other things dedicated to holy Ittet, w< 
laid op : and where in after times, '■ ieli*]i 
and Hich like fopperii-s," tayt Dr. Cbtc, ' 
treasured up with great care and diligCi 
ii of tM diMooiomi magiiiiia thatTl 



<4 



VET VEX 

giut is to be understood, when he sajs, the VETERINARY COLLEGE, an insUMi- 

ChristiansorPaneasor Caesarea Philippi trans- tion first established in the year 17f)?» in M. 

intcd tlie statue of our Saviour, erected by the Pancras, near London^ The pubh^c arc in- 

woman whom he cured of an isnuc of blood, dcbted for this truly national foundation to the 

into the diaconieuin, that is, into the vestry or discernment and patriotic excnitms of the 

repository of the church« The vestry was Agricultural Society of Odiham, in ilam phi re. 

named (iiaconicuui, because all thin^ there The first professor was Mr. Sl Bel, a French • 

deposited were under the care of the cTeacons, man, who had previously signalized himself in 

part of whose office was to look after the vest- this country as a veretinary an^lnmist, by dis- 

inents.vcs<«els,andutensilsbebngins to the altar, secting the famous race-none 'Eclipse. Sec 

VpySTUUE. f. (vesture^ old French.) I. Eclipse. 

Garment; robe {Shakspcare). 8. Dress; habit; This college is supported by public subscrip- 

esternftl form {Bcniicy). tion. The annual contribution is two gui- 

VESUVIAN, ID mineralogy* a species of neas, but payment of twenty guineas ai once 

Argillaceous earth of the schorl tribe. See constitutes a subscriber for life. lu some re- 

ScoRLU». cent instances, the institution has also shared 

VESUVIUS, a volcanic mountain of Italy, the boonty of parliament; an important sav- 

lei'CB n^les E. of Naples. It is near 30 miles m in^ having resulted to the nation from the ap- 

cWcuitat the knnCf and about 3(J00 feet high, pointment of veterinary surgpons to ihe differ- 

Toward the sea it is covered wLih fruit trees ent regiments of British cavalry. See Col- 

and vinevards ; iwit on the S. and W. sides, lege. 

and on the top^ nothing is to be seen but black VcTERiy ary BcrsvcE. Tlie kiiowleoge 
ashes, cinders, and stones. l*he top of Vesu- of administering to the diseases of cattle of all 
«;ius is "divided into two points, and tlie kinds. The term velerinuriui, whence our 
aouthernmost is called Monte di Somma. l*lie English word veterinary, is of doubtful derira- 
eruption in the year 7()> under Titus, was ac- tion. It is sufficient to obser\'e that the term, 
companied by an carthauakc^ which overtnro^ as used by Columella and Vesetius, implies pe- 
ed severaLcilies, particularly Pompeii and Htr- euarv medicine, or a knowledge and piactise in 
culaneum; and ibis eruption proved fatal to the diseases of cattle: a science studied both 
Pliny the naturalist. Great quantities of ashes among the Greeks and Romans, and not un- 
and sulphttccoas smoke wefc carried not only frequently the subject of political regulations. 
to RomQj.faHl alsobayood the Mediieiranean, VETONiCA CORDl. SeeBtTOKiCA. 
into Africa; birds ware inffocated in the air, VETUUIA, the mother of Coriolanus, wa« 
And fell down upoh the mound; and fishes solicited by the Roman matrons to go to her 
perished in the iMigNboaring waters, which son with her daughter-in-law,^ and entreat him 
were made hot; Aod' infected by it^ Another not to make war against his country. She 
ttry %iulent eruption, in l631, totally destroy- went and prevailed over Coriolanus, and for 
«!ki the town of Torre del Greco. The entp- her ser\'ices the Roman senate offered to re- 
'iioii in 1767 was the Syth from the time of ward her as she pleased. She only asked to 
TitHS, atoce which there have been 1 1 others: raise a temple to the goddess of feutale fortune, 
ne^t to those in 79 aud Ifi31, that of 1794 was which was done on the very spot where »he 
the most violent and destructive. In this had pacified her son. 

rrnption the lava flowed over 6000 acres of VETUS (L.)^ a Roman who proposed to 

rLcli vineyards and cultivated lands, and the open a coiiimunication between thtr Mnii- 

town gf Torre del Greco was a^n deatro)'ed ; terrauean and the German ocean, by nitaii» 

the t(ip of the mountain likewise fell in, and of a canal. He was put to death, hy order cif 

the crater is now little short of two miles in Nero. 

circuiufirence. Here was also a very disas- VEVAY, a town of S%visserland, cafiital of 
trods eruption io September 1810. See Vol- a bailiwic, in the Pays de Vaud. llie priu- 
CAKd. cipal manufjcturc is hats, it liaA a lar^e tnde 
V'hTCII, in botan^f. vSee Vicia. iu cheese, and its wine is in great ebiimation. 
Vetch (Bitter), in botany. See Oao- 1 1 stands near the lake of Geneva, 10 miles K. 
Lvs. by S. of Lausanne. Lon. 7* £. I«aL 40. 



Vetch (Liquorice), in botany. See Astra* 65 N. 

c%LU.s. y'o VEX. f. ff. Crr.ro, Kit.) I. To nlagne ; 

Vktch (Kidney), in botany. See An- to torment; to harass (/V/ur). i^. To ili»turb : 

1HYLI.IS. ^ to disquifrt (i'^/''^)* 3. To trouble with sli*:lit 

V^p.rCH ( Knob-io riled liqtioricf)^ io botany, provoratioiis. 

See (JLYciKE. ' To Vtx. v. h. To frot j to be on icr.lwTs ; to 

VE'TCHY. a. (from vetch.) Made of be iincn*v (CAo/ymin). 

vetclic ; abounding in vetchts {iipcnicr). \KXAT10X. j*. (from tvr.) 1. 'Hie act of 

\'\:/ fER.AN- s. {veierunus, Latin.) An old troiiMinjr {Shak*p(ttre), L*. The M.\{v or hcm^ 

•old'cr ; a man l>)n^ prai:ti>t*<l (.-ic/(i»&/i). troubled; un«^a^tiio> ; sorrow (Temple). 3. 

Ve'tbaan. a. Long practised in war ; loDg Tlie caiuc of trunblc or iincasine.vs {SKaksp.). 

«»;H>ri<rnred {Uacim). ^ * 4, An act of harassing by law (Dacun). 6. \ 

V ETK R I N iV)X 1 A N . s. (t;e/miMrii», Lat . ) f lif^ht tca»i ng trou ble. 

due akilkxl iu die diseases of cattle {Brown), V£XAT10US. «. (from ve.\aitun.) I. Af- 



VETERINARY SCIENCE . pimn. 




>.^-it 



H' 



■«•'. 



> ' 



■f. 



^•^ 



■r- 



•• . 



V I B V I B 

flrctive ; troublesome ; caoiing trouble, (iSpif.)* ilower than in higher ones. See Pendulum. 

2. Full of trouble, or uneasiness {Dlghy), 3. In our latitude, a pendulum 39i inches long 

Tracing f slifthtlv troublesome. vibrates seconds, making GO Tibrations in a 

VEXATIOIJSLY. ad, (from tfexaiious.) minute. 

Troiiblrsomcly ; uneasily. The vibrations of a longer pendulum take 

VEXATlOUSXHSa. t. (from vexatious,) up more time than those of a shorter one, and 

TrmibUfsoineoess ; uneasiness* that in the sob-duplicate ratio of the lengths, 

VE'XER. X. (from o^-jr.) He tvho vexes, or the ratio of the square roots of the lengths. 

VEXIL, in botany. {vexiUum.) Standard Thus, if one pendulum be 40 inches long, and 

or banner. Fetalum corollas pnptlionaceae su- another only 10 inches long, the former will 

periiK ailfcendcns ; alls carinacque incumbens. be double the time of the latter in perfbrming 

VEZEL.\Y, a town of France, in the de- a vibration ; for ^40 : ^10 :: ^1/ 4 : ^ \, 

partment of Yonnc. In IhHO^hU town bt-ing that i«, as ttvo to one. And because the num* 

in ihe possession of the Calvin ists was lx^sicgea ber of vibrations, made in any given time, it 

bj the troops of Charles IX. witliout success, reciprocally as the duration ot one vibration, 

■iter the lo«s of 1500 men. Theodore Beza therefore the number of such vibrations is in 

wAt a native of Vezelay. It is seated on the the reciprocal subduplicate ratio of the lengths 

t^p of a mountain, near the river Cure, 26 of the pendulums. 

milfii K. by S. of Auxcrre. Vibrations of a stretched chord, or string, 

rF.V,n government of Siberia, formerly in- arise from its elasticity; whieh power being 

cW.td ill the fcovernment of Tobolsk. It is in this case similar to gravitv, as acting uni* 

c!l«idcd into ilte two provinces of Ufa and formly, the vibrations of a cnord follow the 

Orrnlmrj. same laws as those of pendulums. Conse« 

rpA, aliiwn of Siberia, capital of the go- quently the vibrations of the same chord, 

vernment of the same name. It is seate<l on equally stretched, though they be of unequal 

the rii-er Ufa, near its confluence with the lengths, are isochronal, or are performed in 

BieUia, 7G0 miles E. by S. of Moscow. Lon. equal times ; und the squares of the times of 

55. K. Lat. 54. 60 N. vibration are to one another inversely as their 

U'GLILY. ad, (from tig/y.) Filtliily; tensions, or powers by which they are stretch- 

with deformity. ed. The vibrations of a spriiiEt too, are pro* 

U'GLINE&S. s, (from ugly,) I. Defor- portional to the powers by w&h it is bent. 

mity; contrariety u> beauty {Drydtfn), 2. These follow the same laws as thow of the 

1'urpiiude ; luainsonieness ; moral depravity chord and |)endulum ; and conseqoenlly are 

'^n'h). isochronal, which is tlie foundation of spring- 

IJ'GLY. a. Deformed; ofiensive to the watches. See Chord and Music. 

iulit : cfintmry to beautiful ; hateful (Miiion). Vibration's are abo used in physics, See. 

VPAl.. i. (|taXi|.) A small bottle {Addixon), and for several ojher regular alternate motions. 

To Vi^A L. 0. a. To enclose in a vial {Milt,), Sensation, for instance, is supposed by Hartley 

Vr.Wn. X. {viandv, Pr. vivanda, Italian.) to be performed by means of the vibratory mo- 

FciM ; mf.it dressed {Shahpeare). tion of the contenu of the nerves, begun by 

VlA^nCUM. s. (I^tin.) I. Provision external objects, and propagated to the brain. 

for a journey. 9. The last rites used to pre- See Hartley. 

farr the passing 8<»ul for its departure. VlbRlSS.!!). (vitritsa, from pi7vo, to qna* 

Viaticum, in Iloman antiqiiitv, an appel- vcr.) Hairs growing in the nostrils. SmCa* 

Uion given in common to all officers of any pillus. 

of the [nag:istratci ; as lictor^, accensi, scribes, VIBRIO* in zoolo^, a amus of the class 

criers, &c. vermes, order infusoria. IVorm invisible to 

yil)l('K.S. (ri^'fx,) The large purple spots the naked e)'e, very simple, round, elongated. 

which appear under the skin in certain uialig- Twenty species, found in vegetable infusions, 

Dant frrers. in marshy waters, putrid sea« water, vinegar, and 

ToVrBRATM V, a. (rihro, I^tin.) 1. other mild acids, in paste, and otiier viscid 

To brandish ; to move to and fro with quick substances ; of various forms, and some of 

BMtion. 2. To make to quiver {Holder). them often changing: their form. The most 

'A Vi'bratk. r. n. 1. To plav up and minnle is vibrio lineola, traced in vegetable in* 

^wn, or to and fro {Uoyle), 2. To quiver fusions, a smaller animalcule than monas ter* 

iP(ipf). mo, and appearing little more than tremulous 

. VIBU ATION, in mechanics, a regular re- Ions points. See Nat. Hist. PI. CLXXXV. 

<^>PR>Ciil motion of a body, as, for example, a ViBUKNUM. Guelder-rose. In botanjr, 

P^uium, which, being freely suspended, a genus of the class pentandria, order trigvnia. 

s^ngi or vibrates from side to side. Meclu- Calyx five-parted, suMrior; corol five-cleft | 

ijical authors, instead of vibration, often use berry one-deeded. Twenty-three species; 

">c term oscillation, es|)ecially when speaking chiefly natives of the East aiid West Iiklics, a 

^'^ body tiiat thus swings by means otiu own few of Europe, two commoii to onr own 

^^■ty or weizht woods. The foUowioc are cultivated : 

.'Hie vibrations of the same pendulum are* I. V. lanUna. Wayfaring tree. Shoots 

"'' isochronal ; (hat is, they are performed in pliant, covered with a lightish-brown bark ; 

^1^ Cf|uaJ time, at. least, in the same latitude ; leaves heart-shaped, serrate, veined, downy nn* 

^*' m lower latitudes they are found to be demeath^ flowers white and umbelled^ sue* 



VIC VIC 

ceedcd by bunches of red berries. Foniid wild VICARIOUS. «. {vicurius, Latin.) Oe* 

ia our own ivoods. puted ; delected ; acting in the place of an- 

2. V. opulus. Water-elder. Cnoimttn other (AVr/i). 

gueldcr-fnse. This is also a native of our VFCARSUIP. i. (froio tiscar.) The office 

woods, with large globular umbels of white of a vicar. 

flowers at the ends of the branches in great VICE. s. (ot/m0i» Latiu.) I. Tlie coune 

noundance; stems shrubby. There is a va- of action opposite to virtue; deprarity of mao- 

riety, constituting a tree eighteen or twenty ners; inordinate life (Law). 2. A fault; an 

feet high. ofl'ence {MUion). 3. The fool or punchinello 

3. V. lentago. Pear-leaved viburnum. of old shows (^/ta^ipeore). 4. (tiyi, Dutch.) 

4. V. cassinoides. Thick-lcave<l viburnum. A kind of small iron press with screws, used 

6. V. oiiidum. Shinio^-leaved viburnnro. by workmen {Arbuihnot)* b. Gripe ; grasp 
6.' V. lacvigatum. Cassioberry-bush vibur- {Shahptare), 6. {vice, Latin.) Ii is used 

hum. in composition for one, ^ut t'tcem grri/, who 

7. V. nudum Oval-leaved viburnum. performs, in his stead, the office of asuperior» 

8. V. prunifulium. Plum -leaved viburnum, or who has the second rank in command; as, 
f). V. dentatum. Tooth-leaved viburnum, a viceroy, vicechancellor. 

10. V. tinus. Ljurestine or laurestinus, of To Vice. v. a. (from the noun.) To draw 

which there are many varieties, both as im- by a kind of violence (iSAa^jpearc). y 

ported from its native soil, the eoulh of Europe, Vl'CEADMIRAL. s. ieice and oHmiral.) 

and as increased in its cultivated slate. 1. The second commander of a fleet {KnoUcs). 

All the species of viburnum, vihether de- 2. A naval officer of the second rank, 

ciduous or evergreen, are durable in root, Vl'CEADMlRALTY. #. (from viceadmi' 

stem, and branches. They may be all propa- rai). The office of a viceadmiral (Corrw). 

giied by byers ; and will grow freely in the VI'CE AGENT, t. (vice and agent,) One 

open ground all the year, whether in planta- who acts in the place of another (Hooker). 

tions or more open situations. VICECHA^NCELLOR. j. Mcecamcella^ 

VIC, or ViQUE, a town of Spain, in Cata- rius, Latin.) The second magistrate of the 

loaia, and a bishop's sec. It is seated in a fer- universities. 

tile plain, on a small river that flows into the Vl^CED. a. (from vice.) Vitious ; cor- 

Ter, 36 miles N. of Barcelona. Lon. 2. 13 £. rupt : not uMd {Skakspcarc), 

Lat. 41.56 N. VlCEGEfRENCY. *. {dom vicegereni.) 

Vic BiooiB, a town of France, in the de- The office of a vicegerent ; lieutenancy ; de- 
partment of Upper Pyrennees, situate on the puted power (Soulh). 
Adour, 12 miles N. of Tarbes. VICEGE'RENT. s. Oicemgerens, Latin.) 

Vic le Compte, a town of France, in the A lieutenant; one who is intrusted with the 

department of Puy de Dome, with a palice, power of the superior {SprcU), 

where formerly the counts of Auvergne re- Vicege'rext. a. (vicegerefu, Lat.) Hav- 

sided. AI)Out a mile from it are mineral ing a delegiated nower; acting by substitution, 

springs. It is seated near the Allier, 16 miles VlCEGRAl), a town of Hungary, with a 

S.E. of Clermont. castle on the tup of a ruck, in which the crown 

VICAR, one who supplies the place of an- of Hungary was formerly kept. It is seated 

other. The priest of every parish is called roc- on the S. side of the Danube, ei^ht miles S.E. 

tor, unless the prawlial tithes are appropriated, of Gran, and \6 N.VV. of Buda. 

and then he is styled vicar; and when rectories VICKNARY. a. (rtcffiarttfi, Latin.) Be- 

are appropriated, vicars are to supply the rcc- longinp; to twenty {Baileu). 

tor*s place. For the maintenance of the vicar, VlCENTlNO, a country of Italy, in the 

there was then set apart a certain portion of territory of Venice; bounded on the N. by 

the tithes, commonly about a third part of the Trentino and Feltrino, E. by Trevisano and 

whole, which are now what are called the vi- Paduano, S. by Paduano, and W. by Veronese, 

carial tithes, the rest beioR reserved to the use It is 36 miles long and 27 broad, aud so plea- 

of the rectjrs, which fur the like reason arede- sant and fertile, that it is called the garden and 

nominated the rectorial tithes. flesh-market of Venice. Here are also mines 

VrCARAGE. s. 1. The benefice of a vicar, of silver and iron, and quarries of stoue, a1- 

2. The parsonage house of a vicar. . most as fine as marble. 

For the most ftart vicarnges were endowed VICENZA, a city of Italy, the capital of 

upon appropriatiiin>; but sometimes vicaraices Viceniino, and a bishop's see. It is without 

have been en lowed without anv approprta'ion walls, but is a lar^ce place, adorned withabote 

of the parsonage I and there are ^tvcral churches 20 palaces from the designs of Paliadio, who 

where the tithes arc wholly impropriated, and was a native of this place. The cathedral is 

no vicurj;:e endowed; and ilurc the i.npro- embellished with nuirble, and has some good 

priators are h')und to maintain curates to per* paintings; beside which there are above 60 

form divin? service. Sec. llie parsons, pat'on, other churches, and in that of St. Corona, the 

and ordinarv, may create a vicj;.i^'P, and endr>w high altar, and the painting by Paul Veronese 

it; aud in time of vacancv of liie church, the of the Magi paying adoration to Christ, attract 

patron and ordinary may do it ; but the ordi- particular no.ice. In the fine square before 

nary alone cannot create a vicarage, without the to wnhouse are two lofty columns, with St. 

ihe patron's assent. Mark's winged lion on one of them, and on 



TIC 



VI" 



tbe other a iUiueof our Saviour. Tlic other 
ranitkjUc placn are ihc Mtmie dellu I'icU 
with its tine library, ihe Pdlazzo Vechio 
w'lih iri «iliiiirablc iwinllnss, ihe Thcatrum 
Olympicuiu. afm ilie moiTet oi the amphi- 
tlitstre of PalUdto, atul Ihe iriiimphal arcbei 
ia tlw palilic ptomen^e of CiimHi Matzo. 
The prindpal titanufa«tum are liltc, dtmaik, 
and tjflbtA. Tliiit city is leawA iK-iivcm the 
ritw* BM-hiKli">i« ami Rcfune, and two moun- 
■UDS, io a Imilc plain, 13 mil« N.W.ofPa- 
im.H W. of Venice, mid 13.^ N. of Ramc. 
Lml||.4;iE. La< 45.26 N. 

TICHY, a lOwii of France, in the dqiart- 
nnlof Allier, fiitiout for ih« mineral waters 
nctf it. It \i ie«ied on the Allier, \b miles 
S.E. «f Ghki^I. nn<\ IHO S. by E. of Paris. 
U».3.9t v.. Lat. 46.0 N. " 

VICKROY. .. (wffTOi, I'rench.) He «-hn 
fwcms in place of a hing with rci^l aiithorily 

_»rcEROYAl,T\'. I. (from vicrroy.) 




DitnilVufa vi< 
Vl'CETy. « 

""vici 



(Adiiisim), 



NVely; 



(B«. Jon- 



IC1.A. Vcleh. In botany, a genua of 
■■eelan(!iu!d|ihia. utdcr decandrin. Stigma 
tnitncncty beardeil on ilie lower side. Forty- 
fear tpM^in, iMltered over the globe ; tn-ua 
canmon w our iivin cwuu and hwlgei. They 
«« ihiH *abitivtdef) : 

A. Ptdanclei elongated. 

B. Plewen axillary, neirly »e«ile. 

The following are chiefly worthy of notice ; 

I.' V. )ati*a. Comiiion vetch. Leguinea 
MMSCigmctallyin pin; lenRets oblong> ovate, 
■he !•««( one« ubiiue. with a point ; stipules 
Mothni, wilh a diseoloured dcpreatnl mark ; 
towen li^l uiid dark purple 1 puds eieel ; 
•eedi Warli. It is well known to be an excel- 
loM foddrf for hoitea.and a native orour own 
nm-fieMi. 

s. V.erjcc.i- Tufted Teich. Stem branched, 
<hmnr f«iir feel lonui peduncles many-flow- 
«ibI, kinurr ih»fi the leaver ; flnwefi imbricate, 
Dtnnenai, peitdiilous, nurple ; leaflets lanceo- 
W, lalhcr oblive, piiWirenii stipules half- 
4iiwiihaped, lineai-iiibulaie, rery emir*. 
TUt i) am a nativu of our own country, and 
bwid wfhl in our bedpM. The toots are pe> 
Knnial ; bat tbe tmik* are annoiLl, weak, and 



and loo well known for n 
li enihtiecs a great iDullitudeofri 
in every variety 19 a valuable eseulrn 
There are four sorts of beans e 
sown in our gardens; the »aiall Lisbon, ihe 
Spanish, the SLindwich, and the Wtndsor- 

The first and secotMl lorl) are to be pli 
in Oelober and November, under warm 
and hedges, where if they stand throu^ 
winter, they produce beans early in the sfi 
They may also be raised very close in ' 
and covered with hoops and mat' in the 
ter, and in spring; planted out; but Ihi 
some haiard in the iransplantins. and they <M 
be I fortnixht or more later than those vk hit . . 
have stood the winter abroad. The Lisboti- 
bean is preferred to the Spanish ; and the cu- 
rious ouij;ht to have fresh iced every two years 
from abroad, for they arc apt to degenerate, 

though nnl in goodness, yet in ibeir caili " 

The Spanish and Windsor-heans are n' 
be p'anled till Christmas j but especially 
Windsor, which are subject, mure than ( 
other kind, to be hurl by the cold. The«l' 
beans should have an open ground, and be 
planted at the distance of two feet and an half, 
row from row, and four inches from one an- 
other in the tows ; but if ihe place is closelj 
surrounded with hedges ur walls, Ibe <1 
must be greater, else the slalhs will mi 
but they will bear very little fruit, llii 
wich-beans arc hardier than the Windsor, 
may be planted to come in betw 
crops and them ; and though not much 
carded at present, itiey are a very good 
The firsiplaolatiouof Windsor-beaua si 
be made m the middle of Januaiy; and 
that, a new planiaiion should be made every 
three weeks till the middle of May, thai there 
may be a tucceSEion of crops. 

&»ides the gjrden-beans, there are several 
other varieties cultivated in tbe fields, but it is 
commonly the small hoT^e-bean that is propa- 
gated by the plough. They delight chiefly in 
a stiff, strong, moist clav, and thrive not in 
ehi or dry jnouods. Ihcy are commonly 
■ "■' Thr« bushels 



viii « 



1 Pe'br 






1mA 
br this 



e Kndnb which proceed tfoin the end of 
en havrs ciin lay hold of boujhs, branches, 
dw side of i hedge, ti> iu|i|Hiri [hem), thai 
— art htnOy At 10 be cuhivuled in the fielil, 
h Mme writers have recommended ihcm 
lis pnrjmse ; Fbt w they canmtit be lup- 
d there, ihey will trail 10 much upon the 
irf, that they will l>e apl to rot : nor do 
shnms, which are less sneeuhrnt llian 
of ibe Tcich commonly raised, zrow iri .1 
~ height t» ho cut for use till lute in 
lien there ii little want of green 



1 of Persia, 



il ht fBitlt 

r. V. Ekba. Beu. 



Independently of these the sorts cbieHy 
iLVutcil are ihe magnzan, which is aii exec 
early bean [ Ihe lokcn, an eitcellcnl beal 
appearing about ihe lime of ihe Sandwi 
and Ihe white and black blossom, which 
c^ieemcd for the beaniiful green of the 
when boiled- Without mat care, howi 
thc«c two arc verv apt to decenerale. 

VrCINAfJE. >. (eirim-r, Latin.) N< 
bomiinod j places adjoining. 

VICIIJAL. Vici'wi. 0. (»ic«v., Latin.) 
Ne.irt nciahl-ourinii IGlaniiill')- 

VICl-NITY. .. G>iriMu,. Lniino 1- Near- 
acn ; stair of beinc neat (_Halt). S. Ncigh- 
bmirhnod (ffoiffri). ' ~ 

VICIOUS, o. (from ei«.) See ViTIQI 
l>vntcd rn TJce ; not addicteo to viritie {." 
Uh). 



Ml 



1 



VIC V I c - 

VfCI'SSlTUDE. s. {vkkitUudo. Latin.) 1 . VICTCKRIOUSNESS. U^jammcUmuM.) 

Regular change ; relurn of the lamc tbin[p in The sute or ouality of being victorioua. 

the same succession (^€ip/oii). 9. Revolution ; VFCTORV. i. {victoria, Latin.) Cooqucit ; 

chznfgc iAUerbury). success in contest j triumph (7*ay/or). 

VIC9, a town of Naples, in Term di La- VI'CTRESS. s. (from victor.) A femak 
voro, with a bishop's see. It was aloxost ruined that conquers : not used. (^Aai^eore). 
by an earthquake to 1694, and is seated near VrCTUAL. Vi^ctuals. 1. imcfuaUUf, 
the bay of Naples 15 mil^ S. by £. of Na«> Fr.) Proruion of food; ^stores for the sap- 
pies. I»n. 14. 83 £. Lat 4a 38 N. port of life ; meat {Skak^eofe). 

VicOy a town of Naples, in Princioato Ci« To Vi'ctual. v. a. (from theoonn.) T« 

teriore, 1? miles S.S.E. of Naples. Lon. 14. store with provision for food {SUalitpetrty, 

30 E. Lat, 40. 43 N. ^ VFCTUALLER. s. (from vicfuals.) 1. 

Vico, a town of Corsica, in which is the ca- One who provides victuals iHiU^ward)* 2. 

tliedral of the bishop ofSazona, a town now in One who keeps a house of entertainment, 

ruins. It is 15 miles S. W. of Gorte, and 30 VICUNA, or VicucvA, a species of the 

S.ofCilvi. Lon. 9.16 £. Lat. 41.56 N. Camel genus, which see. 

VICX)VARO, a town and principality of For tlie best account of this interesting ani« 

Italy, in the province of Sabina, seated near mal we arc indebted to M. lArrey, who a few 

the Teveronc, eight miles E. of Tivoli, and 40 years ago had an opportunity of particolai l»«t- 

N.E. of Home. Lou. 13. 8 K Lat. 42. tending to both a male and female, and 01 dis- 

30 N. secttng tliem after the owner had unfortunately 

Vl'CrriM. 1. Cvictima, Latin.) 1. A sa- lost them. His account, in as abridged a form 

crifice.; something slain for a sarnfice (i^rn- as we can give it, in as follows: 

bam)m S. Something destroyed {Prior). '* A merchant of Cadis, a lorer of natural hit- 

VI'CTOR. s, {victor, Latin.) Conqueror; tory, brought from Peru two yoinig Ticunas, a 

vanquisher; he ihat gains the advantage in male and a female. He first landed them at 

auv contest {Sldnejf. AeUUsou), Cadiz, at the bcginnins of the year 1806 ; and 

Victor Aurblius, a writer in the age of toward the end of April in the same ycarcoo- 

Constantius. He ga%'e the world a concise his- veycd them to Madrid. They did not appear 

tory of the Roman emperorsp from the age of to be inconvenienced by the change ofdiiiiate, 

Augustus to his own time, or A. D. 3(>0. He or difference of food, till the weather began to 

al:io wrote an abridgment of tlie Roman his- get very hot. They were very badly lo&ed in 

tory^ before the age of Julius Capsar, which is a small dark room, not well ventilated. In 

now extant. Victor was greatly esteemed by this hole I had an opportunity of seeing th^, 

the empcrurs, aiul honoured with the cousuU examining their fiaure and gait^ and studying 

■hip. their manners and habits. 

VICTORALIS LONGA. This officinal •< The female, which was Um and older 

plant is the aillium victoralis of Linn^us. The than the male, being about three feet bigh, died 

root, which when dried l(»se3 its alliaceous soon after, durinz a short tour I made in the 

smell and taste, is said to be eflicacinus in neiahbourhood ot Madrid to inspect the hos- 

alluying the abdominal spusms of gravid fe- pitus. I could not learn the cause of her 

males. death ; but, as the body quickly putrefied» it 

VICTORIA, one of the deities of the Ro- was thrown into the fields. 




was greatly honoured by the Greeks, partieu- stantly squatted on his four lep: but be ap- 

Lrly at Aihons. She was represented with pearcd better and more lively in the cool of 

winp, crowned with laurel, and holding the the evening and morning, which he seemed to 

bnnch ofa p<ihn-trcc in her hand. seek; while in the heat of the day he was 

VK^TORINA, a celebrated matron who overcome, and breathed with difficulty. Thus 

placed hcrs(*If ai the head of the RoAian arniiea, melancholy and unwell he passed the first week 

And made war a«;ainst the emperor Gallitnus. of June ; and, about the I5th, symptoms of 

Her son Victorious, and her grandson of the inflammation appeared, a few days after which 

same name, were declared emperors, but when he died. 

they were ;)ssa«sinatvd, Victorina invested with "Foreseeing this event, I had obtained 

the im|K*rial purple one of her favourites called permission of tne owner to dissect the animal 

Tetricus. She was sometime after poi^ned, after his death, and dispose of his skio. My 

A. D. l;u9, according to some, by Tetricus first care was to remot-e this with due cautions 

himsi*lf. that I might be able to proserve the natural 

VIC TOmOUS. a. {rirtoricttx, French.) shape of the aninuil in stuffing it : after which 

I. Conquering; having; obtained conqiie»t; I proceeded tp examine the viscera, the articu- 

siipcriour in conte«t (Afi7/oM). 2. Producing lations, and the general disposition of the 

conaur«t (Pope). 3. Betoken ina; conquest. maM:1es.** 

VICTCKRIOUSLY. ad. With conquest; Through this anatomical detail it is not tie* 

successfully ; triumphantly {JIammond), cct^ary to follow the author : wc sliall oaiy 



ihmfJiW pffsem the reader wlih M. Xjuney't 
dncnpuoaof his extemat BgUTe, and general 

" The heathif th« vicuna hat the snme shape 
n'l eKtrmil characlcri as thai of (he camel. 
Tk j»w» ha»« the same numljer of grimling 
mih. Tlie lower hat only four cutting tecih. 
lie miilftlrmasi of which are ihe mrisi (iromi- 
mi. I'lie upper has none, as in oihtr riimi' 

"ThcfumnH hind limbs in every res ptot 
imuibte tiKwe of (he camel. 

■■The joints of ihelimb* form a perfect gin- 
(IjioiH. ailniiicinfc a d'trecl and com^leie Hcx- 
ue of one part against the next, so ilial this 
uJ(n»l, lilie the camel, hends all hi) four legs 
mdenualh hit brevsl when he lien dvivn : and 
Am double Rcxure U the effect of the natural 
H'Wureof the liinlii, as in ihc camel, which 
Ihtdinnpportnnilynf studying in ^ypt, and 
«f mmhiing from iis birih tn iia adult age. It 
wnolihcrrTnrp the result of training. 

" 'Hie ktt of the liciina are terminatctl by 
(••Ian;, namin*, soft soles i and have mucn 
IttnnWaDce to the fcrlof young cameli, 

""nie outward figure of the head |)erfeci!y 
MtmUes that of ayoiiiiRcami-l, except in the 
ran, which are erect and tmnnth like ilinse of 
g kinnroa. llie neck, body, and limbs are 
wiibilf diipMed ; and the bpijy, like it, is co- 
mrd with a rBwn-enjoured, silky wool, but nf 
nlRBM finen«». Prom it mav W made sliiHs 
«t lort and line at the shawls of Casiniirc. 
Thi4 tufted Hcrve kevpt the aaimal to warm, 
Tiial il iKki and jitcfen for iu habitation the 
*u*DiDiti nf mountains covered with snow. 
If (he «ift nf this animal were uniformly cut, 
(I tnmtil nioctly rrscnible-o cidtcI two or three 



as the camel, 

rs pbin- 



c tilli-<l 






■'llie vicuna hasthenamcc 
lh< tlRW gait, aiul ncnrly the i 
It k extrfmrly ihyand timid. 
tire criei at the least nnplen 
•ad wbm too much atarnicd 
with lan. The very active tnnvemeiit of 
nil Bad can indicntr j<s dilTereni scnsniic 
It is rtrf^ grnife iind care^>ing when tamed. 

•* 'Ok r«»emUlance 'he vicuna boiri to 
ennd in it* exWmal figure, internal ttructi 
■nil l|ialinVt, would lead me to cidl il rnim 
''pvt^t aariUas ftelui, the little 

•• 111* owner of the animal give mc the 
Mlowing accoanl of the Peruvian mode of 
bunting It. 

>* TIh itieima* commonly inhabit the frozen 
■inbinfihe higli monmains of ilie C'ordil- 
Setiral of tlie iiihabiiants assemble lo- 
B hunt them. They Kntiurround the 
'H wbern ihev are most nnmerom ; and 
knf mouTnCul eiiei, or the discordant 
r br^ wind instrainents, a* hunlin§; 
bey letrify the animals, who take flight 
t ntmroit of the mountain, where no 
ikMbt tbey luppoie theniselves 
Here ilie ounten fonnaline ofcit 
with uakcs, <rn which nr tin: 
TbcM ttoke* art: coimeriFtl wiih r 



cords placed ptttty dose. Two or three himt* 
era tlien ntinck Ihe herd, which disjwrsM. 
Fm^iienily some of the vicunas are siinirisedi 
and the mt rush down the mountain, but a* 
soon as ibey reach the fiMicc, imirad of leaping 
over it, which they tnij^ht canly do, terrified at 
the colour of the Ifep, ihcy crouch down in 
the snow, or in hnlo, where hunters posted 
for the purpnie easily lake tliem. After lying 
their Ic^, thry atrj (hem to a convenient 
place, to sheer their fleeces. If the animals be 
old, tlicy let them loose : if young, they take 
them to their huis, keep them, and train them 
lo carry burdens, loading them in the same 
manner as cameli. They cannot live in the 
horning plaint of America, and accordingly th« 
inhabitants of the mountains alone can keep 
them. This no doubt i> the reason why the 
animal has been hitherto so little known. 

" When the animal is yniing, its flesh is jood 
pntingi hut the wool isjiisily in hich estima- 
tion. The merchnnt atturcd me, lltst it wa» 
seldom sent tn Europe pure, being almost aU 
ways mixed with nthcr wnni of less value. 

" 1 think with him, that it might be natura- 
lized and breeil in the Pyrenees, on the summit 
of which the snow scarcely cAr thaws ; parti* 
cularlv as ihr pnsmre thfre ii excellent." 

VIDA (Murciis Hictonymus^, bishop of 
Alva, in Mountserrat, and one of the most 
excellent Lutin poets that have Biipearcl since 
the Ausosun age, uat horn at Cremona in 
1470. leaving dial iiigiii shed himself by his 
learning and inste for literature, he was made 
bishop nf Alva in ISS',-. After continuing two 
yeais with pnpe Clrmcnt VII. at Home, he 
went to reside upon his *cf, wher*, fnr thirty 
years, he |ieifurmeil all the offices nf a ^ood 
biihop and a good nWn ; nnd though he was 
mill), gentle, and full "f guudnets, he was so 
r-ir from wantinii spirit, that tVhcn the city of 

" ' "" besieged by ihe French, be used all 

*— " ■" lit its being ^ven up, 

the [icnple, and. when 
by supplying ihrin at 
Ills own expellee. His piieiio, and ]>ocni im 
the silk-worm, pass for his master-|»eee ^ bis 
poem on the same of chess is also greatly ad- 
mired. He also wrote hymns, ecIoRues, and a 
jioem eniilled Cllristiadoi, in six Imnlis; all 
which are in L^tin, and hare pined him a 
great reputation, His woiks in pnue consist 
nf dialt^ur*, synodical r 
and other pieces. He died in If 
his beine made bishop of Cttinn 

Vint'UCKT.ai/. (Latin,) 
is. Generally written st:. 

To VIE. B a. To show 01 
petition (L'Kslrangc). 



nafiet 



<i practise ir 



To i 



intend 



VIELSK, a town of Russia, in the (^vern- 
ment of Vologda, situate on the Vaga, l,S(> 
miles N.N.E. of Vologda. Lon. 41. 4i E. 
I^t. 6l.40N. 

VIENNA, a city of Grrmany. capital of the 
circle of Austria, and of the whole German 
empire. The city itstif ii not of great extenlt^ 



VIE VIE 

nor ctn it be enlarged, being limited by a very the order of the knighti templars of Jerusalem, 

•tron^ foniBcatioQ , but it is populous, and Near Vienne, on the banks of the Rhone, are 

cOnta:ni 60,000 inhabitants. The streets in produced the excellent wines of Cote-Rotie, in 

ffeneral are narrow, and the houses high, a soil where the gra|>e, as the name imports, is 

Some of the public buildings are magnificent : almost parched up by the sun ; and, a little fur- 

the chief of tnem are the imoerial palace, the ther, are grown the famous hermitage wiocsp 

library, and the museum ; tne palaces of the so called, because a hermit had his grotto 

princes Lichtenstcin, Eugene, &c. Vienna there. Vi«nne is 16 miles S. of Lyons, and 

was ineffectually boieged by the Turks, iu ^5 S.£. of Paris. Lon. 4. 53 £. Lat. 46. 

16 89 and 1^3. At the bttef period, the siege 3 1 N. 

Mras raised by John Sobieski* King of Poland, Viknnb, a department uf France, formol 

who toully defeated the Turkish army before of part of the late province of Poitou. It takes 

the walls of this place. No houses without its name from a river which rises in the depart- 

the walls are allowed to be built nearer to the ment of Correze, and flows into the Loire five 

glacis than 600 yards; so that there is a cir* miles above Saimiur. Poitiers is the capiui. 
eular field of that breadth all round the city, VIETA (Francis), a Ttry celebrated French 

which has a beautiful and salutary effect. The mathematician, was liorn in 1540 at Fonienai, 

suburbs are said to contain 000,000 inhabit- or Fouteoai-le-iGomt^, in Lower Poitou, a pro* 

ants; but they are not near so populous, in rince of France. He was master of requests at 

Proportion to their size, as the city, for many Fsris, where he died in 1 603, being toe Mxty- 

ouses have extensive gardens belonging to thini year of his age. Among other branches 

them. Many families who live during the of learning in which he excelled, he was one 

winter within tlie fortifications, spend the sum- of the most ref>peciahle mathematicians of the 

mer in the suburbs. The cathedral is built of sixteenth century, or indeed of any ajse. His 

freestone, and the steeple is 447 feet high, writings abound with marks of great originality. 

Joining to this church is the archbishop*s pa- and the finest genius, as well as iuieiite appli- 

laoe^ the front of which is very fine. The uni- cation. His apultcation was such, that he hat 

versity had several thousand students, whu, sometimes remained in his study for three days 

when this city was besiec;ed, mounted guard, together, without eating or sleeping. His in- 

as they did also in 1741. The archdncal library ventions and improvements in all parts of the 

is much frequented by foreigners, as it contains mathematics were very considerable. He was 

above 100,000 printed books, and I0,(X)0 ma- in a manner the inventor and introducer of 

nuscri|Hs. The archducal treasury, and a ca- specious algebra, in which letters are used in- 

binet of ciirio>iiiesof the house of Austria, are stead of numbers, as well as of many beautiful 

Seat rarities. There is a sort of harbour on theorems in that science. See Algebra. 
e Danube, where are maj;aziiies of naval He made also considerable improvements in 
storcit, and ships have been titled out to serve geometry and trigonometry. His angular see- 
on that ri\er jj:ainst the Turk«. Vienna is an tions arc a very ingenious and masterly perform- 
archbishop's see; and in the winter season is ance: by these he was enabled to resolve the 
freuuenily visited by dreadful siorms, which problem of Adrian Roman, proposed to all 
ru»n through ilie openings of ihc neighbouring mathematicians, amounting to an equation of 
ninuiitains. it is sedted at the place where the the 45ih degree. Romanus was so struck with 
river Vienna, or Wicn. falls into the Danube, his sagacity, that he immediately quitted his re* 
60 miles W. of Presburg, 360 N.N.K. of sidence of Wirtzl>ourgin Franconia, andcame 
Rome, .^20.S.t^ of Amsteniam, and 960 £. of to France to visit him, and solicit his friend- 
Paris. Lnii. \6. 22 K. I^it. 48. 16 N. ship. His Apollonins Gallus, being a restora- 

Vienna, a tuwn of ]Mar)'land, in Dor- lion of A|Xillonius*s tract on TanDcncies, and 

chciter ccjiujty, situate on Nanticoke river. It many other geometrical pieces to be found in 

carries on a brisk trade with the ncii^libouring his works, shew the fmest taste and genius for 

seaports and i:> I60 niilcb S.W. cf Philadcl- true gooinctrical speculations. He ga%'e some 

pliia. ^ masterly tracts on trigonometry, both pUue 

VIliNNfi, a consirkrablc town of France, and spherical, uhich uiay be found in the Col- 
in the dt'p.iriincnt of Iserc. It is sea ti*d on the lection of his works, published at Leyden in 
Klioiie, (r\Lr wliieh it had formerly a bridxr, l()46, by Schooten, besides another larsc and 
of which only some piers remain, that render separate volmiic in folio, published in tne au- 
the na\ i^^atioii dunceron*. Under the Romans thor's lifcimc at Paris in [.'i/p, containing 
ii ua- ilu' r:»i)i:al of a colony, ami the scat of a extensive tri<roiiometrical tahks, with the con- 
<c.iaie. In t.ic iifth centurv, tiic HiirKundians sirnction and u«r of the same, which are ^<arti- 
riM<i'- i: ill"' i|)'ial ofiiicir Liii:^loni. Itscoin- cularly described in the intrtiductinn to 
meree (m:i>i :^ in v. i:ie!-, ^il!:, and >\vord- lluttoirs loqarithms. To this complete trca- 
IiIjU--, '.!»..!» I.i-t ur* hijhly iNke.ned. R*-- tise on t^i^n^()^Ielry, plane and spherical, are 
fiif? Mrj I ■••!.i';>>:r, it \va« lite >€e of an arch- subjoii>e<l several miscellaneous problems and 
bi^hnp. '1 IK- I .'iK.iral i* a h.ind«iMiio ;]^othic observations, such as, the quadrature of liie 
•kirtictuTC. In 1.1 ;. a [ii-nc-ral rnincil was circle, the duplication of the cuIn:, &c. Com- 
held hci:-, :;'. ivliicii |Mi{»«- ( inneni V. presided, putation» are here given of the ratio of the dia- 
and Phiiip lie- Fair of l-'rince, luiward II. of meier of a circle to the circumfetvnce, and of 
Kn^ijnd, and Jjuie- \I. of Arra^pm, aysistcd. the length of the sine of one minute, both to a 
Thi.i c9'inc;l r- Uinoni ftir the suppression af great many placet of figures. Viata ala» at- 



VQp'Fi) 3 teGMmation of ihe Gregnrian cbarnc- 
•rt, Kr<:t« Miur fMcn oit asitonoiny, and 
WM «iicb cclrlM-ilel (or liii ikill as a decy- 
•lirrcr, 

r. VIEW. ti. n. (cm,, Frendi.) I. To 
tenej ( xa losk on Uf way of exam ina lion 
tfbw). «. To »ci lo twrceire by the eye 

OVoHm). 2. Slight; power of beholJing 
(Utit). 3. tnldlcctUdl tiglit; mental hen 
(iCfton). ♦. Aet of weing (D^nAii™). 5. 
Sigk; eyc(Lnc4«y 6, Surtey; exammatJOD 
bvlhteje (Dryifaii}. 7. Iniellcciu&l survey 
lutir). S. Sp*M that mav be taken in by 
'■'-•■■" fdr\ • - ■ 



V I G 

Mmbly is made up of the inliabite 
veil and turch together. Their thniiksgitd 
ix one and [he same; their exultation the tam 
their joyful clioral-ilation the very siini 
Chrvs. Bom. 4. 3f 1. de verb. Eiai. 

Vigils were also kept as at 
in the greater fenivals of the Nativity, Lrpi|A 
ay, Easter, Ascension -day, Pentecost, ice, 
•ate find mentioned by Tertulliaii, LacUnlh 
Chrysoslam, Socrates, and many olbei 



— "^ iWalTer). 10. Diiplay; 



Ilea to tiw light or mind {Locke). 
pcHof inteml iLocItt). IS, lateniioii ; de- 
mlArtalknot). 
>1'EWER. I. {from iiifui.) Onewhn views. 
VreWLESS. a. tfrom virw.) Uiueen ; 
■KdMWmJhleby the liiht (Pope), 

VIGESIMATION, .. lagen«u.. Laiin.) 
Hi act nf pultiito to death every intniieth 

VVGIU I. luisiHa. Latin.) I. Wnich : 
ilNlkiui pHroKaeil in tlie citsiomary hours of 
■■(Pt^)- t. A fast kept berore a holiday 
ISiaitfitart). .1. Service used on the niuht 
hnltday fStiUinefiel). 4. Watcll i 
j-cofileeplWa/Irr). 

Vicii.a, ill chureh hisioiy, were the per- 
niiciatiDDf, which as harliin^erj vrent before to 
PMH*brlhc«ulefnn*iiciof ihefbtlowiii^d:iTB. 
IM* vipils were much uf iho same tiatoic 



floris ajjerli. The state of the on 
— Absoltunlur Jeterminatis horb d 
phntac (lores quocidic 0[]eriunt, expandunl 
clfludunt. Theje vigils or watchingsate ■" 
g. Appear- formed at delermincd hours of the day, v 
jinibi- plants open, expand, and shut "' * " 



3icr, whieh was early, b«foi« it was light : 
■beronljr differed Oom the muoI Antelucan 
■cmcc m Ihii, thai whereas the ujuni morning 
Mrriae Oevrt began till afVci enidnigJit toward 
t<idt«ra«tin^ ill ihe momingj iheae vigils ivere 
a l(«(]»r service, whict) kept the congres*lion 
■ttbiifrh iheemlett pan uf thciiighi. Thne 
tls Giecka allnj nmrxtlis'. ^oi\ the Latins. 
■MiMtafMncit and ptrmgilia, wttcbin^a all 
ito n|ht. S'. Chrysoslom often speaks nf 
ik^) •• GtfioUi the church," saya he, " and 
dWiNe the poor conliiiiiini; from midnight la 
^Mkof^jr: gDaixl*eeltienaly pemoclations, 
jtiawg Anr and ntsbt uigi-ther: behold ihe 
m^a$Chri». fearina neither by night nor 
■y w, the tynnny ofsFocp nor the neceivitics 
4 pmrly." In urmilifr plnri: he call^ tliem 
iht eootinii«il aoii perfect night Mations, in 
WawiM Id the *tai!oni bv day. nhith were 
nopnial and imperfect. -'Dy the«e,"headds, 
")M milalc the statioD of the ineriic choir, 
WMNyoanAbr up iwimiBvcu u^taXi^wv, |i«al- 
*«^, and brmiiodyi incesuntlv to your Cre- 
"- OlbeWoDderfhl f«tu of Chnill The 



'hteKflieh, »ing liieiamcdoxology, after their 
•™aple. The olierubitn above cry aloiid, 
'l^. holy, holy ! in theirisagion hymn j and 
1 ott earth beliiw send 
a commoQ geaenl as* 



daily. 

Linnfus calls ihoic flowers which oba 
thii slated rnle of opening and shui 
Howem ; and divides them inio three kiiid*.4 

I. Meteoric. Openitig OJid shutting jr 
or later, according lo the temperature of -d 

S. Tropic, or iTOjMCal solar ftiwer 
ing and shutting aomicr or later a 
increase or decrease ; and thcrefure olMOviq 
the unequal or 'I'urtliih hoars, 

3. Equiniiatial, or eqiiinociinl sn1i>r6«*wi 
OjieniiiB, and usually shuiiing at certsia di 
minaie hourt of the day ; aiid thernfarc obsa 
ing equal or European hours. 

Liiin^u! h:is /ven a l^blc of Thes< 
some nb<<.-rvatinns, in Pliilua. Hot. p. S73. 

VI'GILANCE. Vt'o 
inner, French : vigilanlii 
bcarance of sleep (Broomrt- B. Watthft 
ness; ctrc u 01 spec lion ; Lncenaiil caic (MM 
Ion). 3. Guard; watch (JfiAran). 

ViGti.AHC>i, in nicdicinr. Pervigilini 
Eilance when attended by anxiety, pain ii 
ncad,loseofappelite,anddiminuii<i[iof ti 
ti by Sauvage and Sagat considered as a 
ofdi<iea)e,and called aar^'pnin. Itm^iiri 
conceive, from a. variety of causes, butt 

1. From icirncedent or oionic gout. 

2. It may be induced by passions 
mind, such as anger, fc^ii, and suoiig deu 

3. From hysletica! aHcciions, when i('l 
attended liy palpimiioDs, ilartitigi, subsulH 
ictidiniim, impeded respi ration, spauiuiilic i ~ 
traction, and cuniuluvc niotiont, at the 
slant when ileep in siealiiis on the senirs. 

4. From disease of ihe head, when il 
tended by violent head-ach. 

5. An ahsccsB hi the pancreas hat bren ri 
cause of vigilance, atictided byoold fi 
syncope. 

0. ll is oficn induced Iw crief, and Iherefl 
coindding tviih the second species. 
7. Indioesliun finiiirnilv is the c: 
S.,hi> common ill all fevers. 
g. It is au atleu'lanl on old age. 

10. It not unfmjiieoily precede* cpiilaxi^' 
and other critical ditcbargcs. 

11. A very common cause is the irritaiion 
of iniccts; as bngi, lice, fleas, gnais, ants. 



VIGILANCE. 

The reverrnd Dr. Townsend eonsideri the arterial blood of tho'pAniii ehoroidcs? Wtf 

(iccasioiiul causes to be e\ideiitly such as stimu- fenow, that \j vigibinee and thowht^ at weU 

late the system. ' as by inotioi> in uie syitem, whetner^viiai -or 

1. llie stimuli may be purely mental, such voluntary, both oxygen and hydrogen «re 

as anger, fear, joy, grief, wii'h intensity of eonsiinicd and lost, whilst heat «iid waler ara 

thought aud voliiiou. He informs us he was prodiited ; and it is now understoM that iM 

aoqnainted thirty years a^ with a most amiable chemical union of thoaar priDci|>Ui goderatoa 

lady, who having the misfortune to lose a hus- water and disengages iicat. • • 

band, by whom she was tenderly beloved. Let theftndeiit reeoNecl^ eoQtiouaaoiir'VK 

never slept a moment for six weeks ; and Sau- thor, that in the ventricles of the brain he fisda 

vase makes mention of a young lady at Mont- no coagulable lymph, btti the purest Wliier* 

petlier, who, having seen her husband mur- which is therefoft deoominated rosckl Ijfttpk 

dered by assassins, was deprived of sleep more by Boerhaave. - • ' • ' ' 

than three months. I have already staled, that the ab toti i imt 

' S. The stimuli mav be material, incloding recover their tone merely by qtrieseenoe ; b«l 

such changes ia the body as excite sensation ; supposing the stimuli above stated tie fttolictf 

such as strong light, loud soimds, offensive to any part of the system, die absorooiiiv 

smells, disgusung taste, hard touch, if they are agreeaole to the bws of the aiiimal «cono«iT, 

unusual or such as commonly call forth vo« will be excited by sympathy ; for it is observed, 

lition, for none of these produce watchfulness, that irritation dra^vs into content -the nearest 

when the mind has been accustomed to regard exhalcnts, and the remote abtorbentt. The 

them with indifference. The most powerful fact is certain, and the wisdiim of this eomo* 

stimulus is pain, because by this the animal is my will be obvious to the student, if he eaU ur 

wamed of immediate danger ; whether the un- mind the efforts of nature to relieve henelf. 

fasy sensation arises from tpasm, distention* In support of these theoretical eonjcctofrt, 

lieeration, or any tolntion of Tontinuity pro- the subsequent considerations are tiu||tctted. 

duccd either mechanically or by chemical at- 1. A superabundant supply of^ydre^en 

traction. When pain has been for any length from fermented Ikiuors received into the sio* 

of time endured, it proves, like all other sti* mach, at first brigtitens all ilie faculties ami 

mulants, a pNOwerfnl sedative. fp\ts increase of vigour, but speedily brines on 

3. The stimali, if not so powerful as to ex- mtoxicatiou followed by apoplectic sleep ; 

cite sensation or volition, may yet produce ir- but the inspiration of oxygenated ait stops ttio 

fitation. progress of intoxication, and therefore prevents 

The irritation may be, ap<»]>lvctic sleep. 

■ a. In the lungjs; as in cases of asthma and li. We observe in crowded raomSt when 

catarrh. candles bum dim for want of air, the homan 

^. In the stomach, arising from indigested understanding is confused, all its powers are 

sordes, viscid mucus, worms, hunger and ihirst. enfeebled ; but the imagination kindles, when 

Hoffman says, ** ventriculo bcnehabente, to- the lun^ take in a fVesh supply of well oxyge* 

tam cc^pus alacritus est, somnus sit placid us, nated air. 

si vero onustus est alimentis incongruis, somnus 3, The inspiration of foul air in mines, whe* 

deficit vel insomniis terrificis interturbatur.*' ther hydrogenous, carbonic, or the two com- 

c. In the bowels; from bile and Batolcnee, bined, brings on deep sleep and death ; but by 

from faeces in the rectum. the admission of uncontanii nated air the miners 

if. In the urinary bladder. are speedily revived, and the same happens frc* 

r. In the seminal vessels. quently in Spain to those who sit too long, or 

y. In the brain, or its meninges, either aris- sleep in a close room with burning charcoal, 

ing from or attended by a quickened circulation which consumes the oxygen and dischaigea 

of the blood ; for whate\*er accelenites the mo- carbonic air. » 

tion of the circulating fluids in the veMcls of 4. Boerhaave has remarked, that in acute dit-* 

the brain, induces vigilance. Tlius far, 8a\-s eases, the blood is found chiefly in the a neriee. 

Dr. Townscod, all is clear, but as we advance while the veins are companitivelv empty, for 

weshall find ourselves intheregionsof doubt, of this phenomenon he in vain encteavours to ac* 

darkness, and of conjecture. Howthen shall we count; but the cause is evidently this: the 

account for vigilance ? Borrowinga ray of light blood in all inflammatory fevers, being highly 

from chemistry, shall we venture to suppose it oxygenated, stmngly stimulates the heart, ani 

may arise from' the uninterrupted supply of oxy- is therefore propelM 'into the arteries in grcas 

gen and hydrogen to the veswis of the brain ? If abundance, and quicker than the veins can t^ 

we suppose sleep to be produced by thepre:»sure ceive it. But when highly oxygenated blood, 

of ro^cid lyniph on the ventricles of the bruin, as in acute diseases, such as synocha, pleiiriti*, 

aud particularly, as I may now proceed to slate and phrenitis, moves with rapidity thniufrh the 

it, by pressure un the plexus choroides and the system, and therefore in the vessels of the hrarn, 

minuter or secreting vosels of the brain, may vigilance, particularly in young subjects, some* 

wc not indulge our imagination and conjecture, times continues night aiul day lor a whole H*eek 

that \igi lance i» produced hy the union of oxy « together. In such circumstances, as Bocr« 

gen and hydrrifKeii; the latter perhaps secret- haave, with his usual accuracy of discernment, 

rd by soire uf the vessels of the brain, the well observed, their body lus been rendered 

f^^rmcr dcrivcil l>y chemical attraction from tlie lighter by one-third prt of its wei(^ht, so tha< 



VIGILANCE. 



Vjmr who \mi bccft vcrr fu, hace been rvHuced 
tTojoii to ikcictout. ik-q till kciurrs ua lh« 
tUxiry uf ph])tic, Mx'iMii* byg, 600. 

In tacb eircuxiiuucrt, vtUlst the fever ngci, 
ttw iMMnt Mil riic up wilti ease and Gi)|ipoit 
hiMMf IB bal, bui wAeit the fever a exli»ust- 
W| »c«h,Mid reUxctl, he slerpi iiicessanilf, or 
•oJy awaJtei lo Like in uiore fomi, that i). to 
Nfflf dM baip gf life with hftlrogeo, iben 



\ by oiudefA chcmisii, li may he 
nybiaMl ill the burning of a wax caadle. 
Ym kioillc iwisltd iliruuli of cotton and iherc- 
hf tath the t/tx; ihit being fluid ii, by capiU 
mf •iiraeiion, drawn up inia the wick, and 
■liiiiiti into (he part ivhich is in flaoir, front 

Am MiM eoinbiniii^ teadily wiih the oxygin 
if lb* uiDotplicric air, compwei iqueous iH' 
pow. whicb may be cMily condensed, and icti 
u fabeny botli light aud bent. A very elegant 
piDCCM a( combuauon, and at the teme time u. 
ntj Mai|il« one, may be leca by putting one 
drapafaUiMiniaaiwonuncephislofoxygenai- 
tda>r.MMllLi[tdUngitwithant*icb. Tliccom- 
hiiMUoa i> Jnuaotancous ; water ii pmluocd, 
lod ibt Itgtit tiKJ heil are not inferior lo those 
■Uck «r« duniaaged from detonaiing gold. 

Ilia •llowcd that the blood, in iu return ti>- 
■■lA the heart, hai lost the oxygen which it 
U Mouircd in the lungi. What then ii )ic- 
MMofiil Snrely it is not annihilated. The 
jdaDtityderiied frum the air merely by bieaih- 
IM U coaudcrahk. 

It ii well kuDvvn that both menial and mus- 
ealar tiunionconiuinc tlic fat; and it ii well 
awnliincd thai whenever there i* mnliun or 
aof eontbinaiioa in lIig syttrin, heal is genrral- 
td; a it likewiw proved by ihe experiments of 
Or. friralcy, that oxygen ml\ paM throuxh the 
pMWof membmnci to unite with hyilroj^. 

Since, then, we hnve lost <ixv)(en and hydro- 
puio gicaiabunilaiiee, and acquired buih heat 
jad mutt, is it not probuble that the oxy^n. 
diuppcircd, has formed n cheaiicil 
'tli liydragrn and jiindnced the water, 
' e ismc lima hut ha« liceii evolved ? 
ttlltl cnnliiiually formeil la cillu'r 
inemanil* by ihe Iviniihviirt, and 
\ liMk to the niut i>f circulating! fluids, 
«r MHc* out of the tyilcm by the exhalcnt Bt- 

WhMnrr lh«n hroomea of these conjectum 
aM fMiiem the timxiuiatecauMof vij^ilunct, it 
(UBiU cmirnaeti, ih«t the occmIoiibI Cduse* arc 
■■ell a* itiiDuljiti: tlw lyiteni, and that from 
■Winei walchfulncu lo furious Mtinft, it 
b«Mi pnifiutlMii lo Ihr degree of oeiicniCDt of 
ibcbtain. 

Unanin^ ii tlic iiilermcdiale tlile belwei-n 
vi|[ilaiice »i)d tleept aud may be considered 
bnc. It ukci ploea usually towanls tlie moi^- 
mfUtuiA tay be at any linie rxeitrd by irrita> 
Ikm m ihf •yilem. )l ii the imperfect 



The inleniity of ihnt afletlinni drpenA tiir 
ihe degree of excitement in the brain, uixl ihii 
aguin vviil be in prupurtlnn lo the irriiBhility uf 
ilie syiteiu and to the energy of the excii'ing 
ciuie, which caiuc may bo either mentul or 
material. 

I. Ifduring the day we have seen any thing 
uncommonly sttiliing, although not in the leait 
Lntereii'mg, as producing neither pain, pleasure, 
hnpt.nor fcait the imiuewill, unless wetlecj) 
jirufooiiitly. bti renewed by night. !>pinoaa re- 
Ltd of himself that from the time in which 
lie 5rit saw Brazilians te\cn feel high with 
long yellow huir, it made so lUong an impres- 
sion, ihui he hud always th« same image in hi* 
ar»ms, aud Could with diHicully free himself 
rroiii It during the day. 

». The ol'iener Ibis image h renewed, the 
more readily will it be excited in tlic mind; 
and by fn'ouency of iccurreace a regular habit 
will be rsUbliihed. 

When the passions of joy, sorrow, liope. 






^J lei 



hisimagi- 
"^uing, Ihe 



ciilwr indiSirenl, o . 
h»p«i luTi dcsiici ami toliii 



the day, the Btieodant images will 

iiiesenl ihemselveV in dreams l^ night. A, 
ady ut Montpellier no sooner closeil her eye* 
lo sleep, ih.in the image of her murdered has- 
band, and the assassins sprinkled with hit 
blood, were in the most vitiil forms lepreseuted 

4. VVhaievet ima^e is by dreaming presented 
lo the mind, is apt to associate others between 
which and it there is cither natiifiil or acci- 
dental connexion. Thus, if a man dreami 
thnt he hai been guitly of a 
iijtion will represent constables pursuing, 
judge pronoiuicing sentence, aud the execu- 
liojier fixing the halter on his neck. 

There is a curious experiment, which shi 
n propensity in the system lo lenew what 
images have mode a vivid impteisian 
siphu 

If, when the sun shines bright, you look 
ihrau;:h a window ui a landscaiic, fixing your 
eyes treadilv on one spot, till rision is distress. 
inp, and lill the view begin* In fade, then 
^'iilty claw vour eye-lids and put a hat before 
your face, ihc represent at ion will altelnatety 
appear and vanish) and what is siill more 
lemarkable, ihe image of the window- bars 
and of the nearest trees will be dark, whiU 
■he sky appears to be either purple or light 
ttieen ; but whenever the hat is removed, and 
light is transmitted through ihe eyelids, the 
bars of the window and the trees becume red- 
likc edged with green, and ihe iky is dark. 
Even when (he eyes have been for sonte lime 
opeood and enpngcd with other objccii, oti 
l<eing chised again, all these ap|>«araiict3 will 
be renewed. 

Whan debility and irritability prevaiHn the 
extreme, the mmi uifling irritation will b« 
suHieient to produce the rccurrerice of images, 
p.-istinns, tenaalioni, and aitsoctalion of ideas; 
hut ill llie mora lotpid it requires tutor power- 
ful stimulus; and this may be either in the 
sinmach or the brain itielf. 

'I'be tiomach it commonly the part In irhicik 



V I G V I L 

we may seek the occasional cause of dreams ; strength (AfiV/on). 8. Mental force; inlcllec* 

but whatever induces determination to the toal aUIity. 3. Energy; eUicacy (B/crrAfRorr). 

head, or (quickens tlie circulation in thtvesiicis VILAINE, a rirer of France, which lisci 

of the brain, without producing vigilance, will in the department of Maycnnc, passes bj Vitre 

have the same effect. Dr. Lower gives the and Rennes, divides the de|iartmcnt ol' Morbi« 

case of one who slept soundly whilst his head ban from that of Lower Loire, and eutert the 

was inclined forward, yet when his head fell bay of Biscay, below Roche Eieroard. 

back he was soon awakened wiih horrid dreams VlLE. a. (i;t/, French ; viiis^ Latin.) 1. 

and tremors. Ba«e; ntejn ; worthless; soidid; despicable 

In this patient, after death, water was dis- (S/iakspcare). S. Morally impure ; u tckcd 

covered in the ventricles of the brain. (Milton). 

All this is ingenious, but by no means satis- Vl'LED. a. (from vile ; whence reviie.} 

factory. The phenomena both of vigilance Abusive; scurrilous; defamatory (//ffytr«r^. 

and dreamins are certainly closely connected VPLELY.o^. (fromW/r.) Basely ; nwaJllj ; 

with that of sleep : and we nave already oflered shamefully (Sltakspeare). 

another, and, if we mistake not, a more com- VrLENESS. s, (from vile.) -1 . 



3 t 



petent tlieory of dreaming, towards the close meanness ; despicableness ; worthlmnest 

of the article Sleep; which see. {Drayton. Creech), 2. Moral or intellcciual 

VFGlLANT.fl.(rfgi7fl«f, Latin.) Watch- baseness (Prior), 

ful; circumspect; diligent; attentive (//ooifrer). VlLIFrER. i. One that vilifies. 

VFGILANTLY. ad. \ Watchfully ; atlen- To VFLIFY. ». a. (from vite.) I. To dc- 

tively; circumspectly (Hoy toartif). base; to degrade {MUton). S. To defame; 

VlGNOLE (James Barozsio), an archi- to make contemptible {Addison). 

tect, born at Vi^nole, 1507. He was employed VILL. s. {vilU, French ; villa, Latin.) A 

by Francis I. m the construction of sexeral rilloge ; a small collection of housei {Hale). 

splendid edifices, after which he returned to VFLLA. j. {vilh, Latin.) A coantry seat 

Italy to finish the ualace of cardinal Farneie. {Pope). 

He died &37df agea 66. He wrote a treatise villa Franca, a seaport of the county 

on the five orders of architecture, in Italian, of Nice, with a castle and fort. The harbour 

3 vols. 4to. and another, sur la pers[)cctive is eapaeious, and the mountains which inclose 

pratique. it extend into the sea like promontoriea. Ik 

VlGNOLES (Stephen de), better known was taken by the Freiich in I705^ by the 

by the name of la Hire, was a general in the French and Sftaniards in 1744, and by the 

sen-ice of C'harlcs Vll. and he obliged Bedford French in 1792. It is three miles £. of r«ice. 

to raise the sii-ge of Montargii, and assisted Villa Franca, a town on theS. coast of 

Joan of Arc in the relief of Orleans. He died St. Michael, one of the Aaores, defended by a 

at Mont.'iuhan, 1447. fort and other works. Opposite this place, 

ViGNOLES (Alplionso de), of Auhais in half a mile from the shore, is a small island, 

Lan^KiUK, Itrft France on the revocation of which has a basin with a narrow entrance, 

the edict of Nantes, and retired to Pru^ia. where bO vessels might anchor in security. 

He was made director of the Royal Academy It is l6 milt-s E. by N. of Punta del Giida. 

of Scit-nccs at Berlin, where he" died 1/44', Lon. 25. 30VV. Lat. 37. 50N. 

iwfcil i]5. He wrote the (!!hronology of the Villa-Franca-de-Pan ades, a town of 

Holy Scriptures, 5cc. 2 vols. 4to.; Episiola Spain, in CatalMiia. It i$surroundi*d by wails, 

Chronologica, ^c. and seated near ihe Mediterranean, 18 miles 

VIGO, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, W. of Barcelona, and SX) N.E. of Tarragona, 

situate on a bay ot the Allanlic, defended bv a Lnn. I. bft E. Lat. 41. S() N. 

fort ou an eminence, and an old castle. It (las Vil la-IIermos a, a town of New S|>air, 

a good harbour, into which, in 1702, the in the province of Tabasco, seated on the river 

English and Dutch ilcet t'orctd their passage, Talxisrr*, 40 miles S. of the bay of C.'ampeachy, 

and made themselves mnsters of the Spanish and 50 N.E. of Chiapa. Lon. 94. 5 W. Lat. 

plate-Hcct, when iust arrived from America. 17.43 N. 

In 1719. the Enpish pot |)'Wsi'«»ion of Vigo, ViLLA-JoiosA,or Joysa, a town ofSpain. 

but rciinc|iiiHhfd it afier rniiiing cnniributiuns. in Valencia, on the cuast of the M<Mliterranean, 

It stands in a fruitful countn-, 14 miles 18 miles E.N.E. of Alicant, ami 24 S. of 

W.N.W. of Tuy, ;ii»a 47 S. of ■( -oinpostella, Gandia. I/>ii. 0. 1 ". E. Lai. 38. 42 N. 

VIGOROSO. (li.'llan.^ In ninsic, a word Vi lla-Nov a-da-C'ervei-.a, a town of 

implying: that the movoinmt bct'ure which it Portucal, in the pDvinc*'. of Enire-nouero-e- 

is pKiceil ib to lie pL-rJorined in a br.ld, oner- Minho, siuntr on the Minho, near its mouth, 

'^ctir style. 27 miles N.N.W. of Braw, and 45 N. of 

Vl'GOIlOUS. <i.(fromtfgor, I-atin.) For- 0|M)rio. I/m. 8. 40W. Lat. 41.55 N. 

cibic ; not weakiiied; full of strength and Villa-Nova de-Pouto, a town of Por* 

\i(^ iAtierburu). tugal, in the province of Enlre-Douero-e- 

Vl'CiOUOlJSLY. ad. With force; for- M'-nho, scale<! om tin- river I>ouero, opposite 

cibly; withoiJ weakness (.SV^ri/A). ^ Oporto (on which it dcpcn«l«), and defended 

VrCiOKOUSNESS. I. (from vigour.) by sevor.il fort^. It contains about 3000 io- 

I^trrj- ; «i'.rcnj?.th Cruulor). hahitants. 

Vl'GOUK. *. (li^'or^ Latin.) 1. Force; Villa-Nova di-Portimao, a seaport of 



VI L V I L 

Fortagal, in the prorince of Algatra. The low Latin.) i. One who held by a baic 

tnwn IS fortified, and defended l^ two forts, tenure (Davies), 2. A wicked wretch {Cla- 

It is nine miles E.N.E. of La|^, and 42 W. rtndon), 

of Tarira. Lon. a. 41 W. Lat. 3?. 6 N. Vl'LLANAGE. i. (from villain) I. Tlie 

Villa«Nuova-d'A9T1, a town of Pied- suite of a villain; base scn'iiude. (See ViL- 

niniii, in the countyof Asti, 10 miles £. of lenage.) 2. Baseness; infamv (Drydfn). 

Tnrin. Lon. 7- AQ E. Lat. 4.*i. 50 N. VILLANELLA. The air o'f an old rustic 

yiLLA-PavDA, a town of S|>ain, in Leon, dance, the time of which was gay and brisk, 

^rtth an anenal, and a pa|ace belonsing to the and the nieavure stron(i:ly marked. The sub* 

eocistibie of Casiilc. It is,S6 miles N. of Toro. ject or melody was first i>layed in a plain style, 

Lon. 5. O W. Lat. 48. 5 N. and then emhcllibhed with variations. 

Villa-Kbal, a town of Portugal, in the To VI'LLANIZE. v. a, (from villain,) To 

mo»tnre of Tra-los-Montcs, and capiul of debase; todegnde; to defame (Bra//ey). 

C<Hnarca. It is ceaied at the confluence of the VI'LLANOUS. a. (from villain.) 1. Base; 

CV>r^fi and Ribera, 15 miles N.E. of LamegOy vile; wicked. 2. Sorry; worthless {Shak» 

ami 4-% S.E. (^ Braga. Lon. 7.20 W. Ol. speare). 

4l.«|N. VKLLANOUSLY. ad. (from villaneut,) 

ViLLA-RfCA, a seaport of New Spain, in Wickedly ; basely (KnoUes). 

the atsdieiice of Mexico and province of lias- Vl'LLANOUSNIiSS. i. (from villanous,) 

eala, -seated on the gulf of Mexico, 200 miles Baseness ; wickedness. 

li. of Mexico. Lon. 97. 15 W. Lat. 19. Vl'LLANY. *. (from w/Zaiw.) 1. Wickcd- 

90H. ness; base ntss ; depravity; gross atrocious- 

ViLLA-RrcA, a town of Chili, seated on noss (Shakspcare). 2. A wicked action; a 

the lake Maiabatigcn, 62 miles from the Pa- crime {Drvdcn), 

cifte ocean. Lon. 72. 41 W. Lat. Sif, 15 S. VI LL ARIA, in botany, a ^;enus of thb class 

ViLLA-VlciotA, a fortified town of Portu- dioecia, order pcntandria. Calyx five-parted; 

gal, in Alenteio, with an olc| castle, and a petals (}\e. Female: style one ; berry three* 

palaee where the dukes of Braganza formerly celled; seeds solitary. Its native place not 

icsidcd. In the suburb is an ancient temple, known. 

ofiginallv built to the honour of Proserpine. VILLARS (xXndrewde Brancasde), a ge- 

The anif about this town is extremely fertile, neral who espoused the interests of the league 

mnd there are quarries of fiite green marble. It against Hc-nry IV. He was afterwards gained 

•uslaifMd a famous ^ifge ajsainst the Spaniards, over by Stilly, and when taken prisoner at 

in l667s which occasioned a battle in a neigh- Dourlcns by the Spaniards, 1596, he was 

bonring nbin, the event of which placed the bas(*Iy murdered. 

^rinvn 01 Portugal on the head of the duke of Villars (Louis Hector, marquis and duke 

Brasanta. It is 1 6 mites S.W. of Elvas, ami of), peer of France, was born at Moulins, 

A3 S.E. of Lisbon. Lon. 7. 16. W. Lat. 38. l0*53. Ht* distinguished himself on the Rhine. 

36 N* at the siege of Maastricht, H the battle ci 

ViLLA-VjcrosA, a seaport of Spain, in Sencf, and on various occasions. At the peace 

Asiuria d'Oviedo, seated on the bay of Biscay, of Hys^vick he went ambassador to Vienna, 

92 miles N.E. of Oviedo. Lon. 5. 24 \v . and when afterwards placed at the head of the 

Lat. 43. 9? N. French armies, he defeated the prince of Baden, 

ViLLA-ViciosA, a town of S|>nin, in New and gained the battle of Hochstet ; but was ac 

Castile. Here, in 1710, general Staremt)erg last routed and dangerously wounded at the 

Mnled the French and Spanianls under the battle of MalpUquet, 170(). He afterwards 

4ak€ of Vendonie, although they were twice regained his reputation at Dcnay* and by the 

kh Bomber ; but, from want of provisions, he fall of Douay, Qnesnoy, &c. and he assisted in 

*n obliged to leave to the vanquished all the the establishment of peace at Kadstadt, 1 7 14. 

aiK-aiitaces of a complete victory, which, ac- After the death of Louis XIV. he supported 

(iBrrfingfy, they ascribed to themselves. Villa- the administration of Orleans, and in 1733» 

Viciou IS six miles N.E. of Brihuega, and 4g when a new war broke out, he commanded 

N.E. of Madrid. the French armies in luily. He took Pisiahi* 

VILLAC, a town of Germany, in the duchy tone ; but soon afterwards fell ill, and died at 

*fCsrimhia, belonging to the bishop of Bam- Turin in 1734, aged 8?. 

W. with a castle. It carries on a great trade VILLEN AGE, in law. The folk-land or 

^ih the Venetians ; and near it are the baths estates held in villenage, was a species of 

•^Topliii. It is seated at the confluence of tenure neither strictly feodal, Norman, or Sax- 

^Draveand Geil, surmunded by mountains, on, but mixed and compounded of them all ; 

12 miles S.W. of Cla»nifuri, and 88 N.E. of and which also, on account of the heriots that 

Bfiten. Lnn. 14. 3 E. Lat. 46. 50 N. usually attend it, may seem to have somewhat 

VI'LLAOE. f. (village, French.) A small Danish in its composition. Under the Saxon 

«ollfciion of hoti«es, less than a town {Pope), government there were, as sir William Temple • 

VllJLAGER. s. (from tillage.) An inha- speaks, a sort of people in a condition of down- 

"itint of a viUaee (Locke), right servitnde, used and employed in the most 

VllXAGERY. i, (from village.) District servile works, and belonging, both they, theic 

^tillages (Shaksptare). children, and effects, to the lord of the soil» 

VllXAlN. f . (niain, French : mUamu, like tb« itst of the oattle or stock upon it. 

VOL. XL— PART 11. H 



VI L V I L 

These seem to have been those who held what to that degree, that they came to have in thm 

was called the folk-land, from which they an interest in many placet full as good, ia 

were reuiovoable at the lord's pleasure. On others better, than their lords. Hence aro« 
(he arrival of the Normans here, it seems not Villbnaob (Privileged). The tenaniscf 

improbable, that they, who were strangers to the lands under the crown were not all of tin 

any other than a feodal stiite, might give some same order or degree. Some of them, as Bril- 

sparks of enfranchisement to such wretched ton testifies, continued for a long time pun 

persons as fell to thtir share, by admitting and absolute villeins, dependent on the will cf ; 

them, as well as others, to the oaih of fealty, the lord ; and common copyholders in only a ^ 

which conferred a rifcht of protection, and few points. Others were m a great mcanR - 

raised the tenant to a kind of estate superior to enfranchised by the ruval favour, being oflff - 

downright slawry, but inferior to every other bound in respect of their lands to peribm < 

condition. This they called vUlenage, and the some of the better sort of villein-aervioes : bil : 

tenauU villeins, those determinate and ceruin ; as, to pkw^ ' 

These villeins, belonging principally to lonls tlie kin^*s land for so many dm, to supfly fil = 

of manors, were either villeins regardant^ that court with such a (juanti^ ot provisions, anl ^ 

is, annexed to the manor or land ; or else they the like ; all of which are now changed ioli 

were in grots, or at large, that is, annexed to pecuniary rents : and in cousideraiion hcnrf 

the person of the lord, and transfer rable by they had many immunities and prhrik^ 

dec^ from one owner to another. The^ could granted to them ; as, to try the right of dmr 

not leave their lord without his permi:»ion; property in a peculiar court of their im% 

but, if they ran away, or were purloined from called a court of ancient demesne, by a peeih 

him, might be claimed and recovered by action, liar process, denominated a writ of right ckaet 

like beasts or other chattels. They held, in- not to pay toll or taxes ; not to contribme li 

deed, small portions of land by waj of sustain- the expences of knights of the shire | not II 

ing themselves and families : but it was at the be put on juries, and the like, 
mere will of the lord, who might dispossess These tenants, therefore, though tbek ts- 

them whenever he pleased ; and it wfls upon nure be absolutely copyhold, yet have n ' 

villein services, that is, to carry out dung, to interest ec^uivalent to a freehold : for thooglb < 

hedge and ditch the lord's demesnes, and any their services were of a base and viUeooa 

other the meanest offices : and their services original, yet the tenants were esteemed ia dl 

were not only base, but uncertain, both as to other resftecu to be hiahly privileged villoDi; 

their time ana quantity. and especially for that tuneir services were fini 

A villein could acquire no property either in and determinate, and that they could net bl 

lands or goods : if he purchased either, the compelled (like pure villeins) to relinqoidl 

lord might seize them to his own use, unless those tenements at the lord's will, or Ui mU 

he contrived to dbpose of them again before them against their own: e< tieo (says Brvlai) 

the lord had seize«l tnem, for the lord had then dscuniur liheri. 
lost his opportunity. Lands holding by this tenure are therefore i 

In manv places also a fine was payable to species of copyhold, and as such preserved sod 

the lord, if the villein presumed to marry his exempted from the operation of the statute sf 

daughter to any one without leave from the Charles II. Yet they differ from commoa 

lord : and, by the common law, the lord might copyholds, principally in the privileges befoit 

aho brin^ an action against the husband for mentioned; as also they differ from freehoMcn 

damages in thus purloining his property. For by one especial mark and tincture of villensgii 

the children of vnleins were also in the same noted by jBracton, and remaining to thisdsy; 

state of bondage with their parents ; whence viz. that they cannot be conveyed from maott 

they were called in Latin naiivi, which gave man by the general common law conveyaaeei 

rise to the female api>ellation of a villein, who of feoffment and the rest; but must pass bf 

was called a neij'e. In case of a marriage surrender to the lord or his steward, in tbe 

between a freeman and a neife, or a villein and manner of common copyholds ; yet with diii 

a freewoman, the issue fuliowed the condition difference, that, in the surrenders of these 

of the father, being free if he was free, and lands in ancient demesne, it is not wed to stji 

villein if he was villein; contrary to the maxim ** to hold at the wil] of their lord,'* in thnt 

of the civil law, that partus sequitur venirem. copies ; but only, " to hold according to die 

But no bastard could be bom a villein, because custom of the manor." 
by another maxim of our law he is nullius VPLLI. j. (Latin.) In anatomy* are the 

fiitts ; and as he can gain nothing by inherit- same as fibres.; and in botany, small hairs like 

ance, it were hard ttiat he shouki lose his the grains of plush or shag, with which some 

natural freedom by it. The law, however, trees do abound (Qiiificy). 
protected the persons of villeins against atroci- VILLIERS (George), the celebrated dukc 

ous injuries of the lord : for he might not of Buckingham, was bom at Brookesby, in 

kill or muim his villein, though he might Leicestershire, in 1 592. After having spent 

beat him with impunity. three years in France, his mother resolved ta 

Villeins uiitcht be enfranchised by manu- carry liim to court, concluding, that a yooiH 

mission. In process of time they gained con- gentlcorun of his fine person could not tailM 

sidrralile gr^jund on their lords ; and, in par- making his fortune under James I. The kir^ 

ttcular, strengthened ifie tenure of their estates being present at a play act^ by the Cambridge 



V I L V I N 

, it WIS contiired lliat Villiut should Thomas lord FaiifaK, through whue ir 
*Qd the kiiiK DO foonec cost hu eyes he rri^uvervd ihe snalesi |)aii of ihe tu. 
itn than he Dccame Uscinaud i for, hid hsi. After lh« restoniiioii he ivas 
) Clotendoii, " ihnu^h he was a prince one iif the lartls of the bcd'Chainbcr, cal 
B learning and knowledge than any theprit'yc(>uiicil,a[idiippomiedIord lieul 

Uwt ue, and really delisted more in of Yorkshire, nnd master of the hone. All 
nd ifl iKe convenntiun onearned men, ihete he lotl in 1666, being detected in 3 con- 
all witc men living, he was ibc most spirocy ugninst (he government, but iipon 
d with haodiome persona and line humble submission was again uken into fa- 
' Tbn he conceivtil inch a likiiiz to vour, bring reatored both to ibe privy cuuncit 
lOn of VUlien, that he ■' resolved to and bed-chamber. In 1671 he was Inbialltd 
in) X masierpwce, and lo mould him chancellor of ihe university of Cambridiie, and 
ally 10 his Own idea." The kind's late sent ambassador lo France. He died in iSSH. 
U the carl of Someisci, was imme- His poems, which indeed are not very numcr* 
liacarded, nnd Villien. t/ioa after his ous, are deemed good of their kind ; but hla 
Mlance al court, was made cup-beaier principal H'ork is a comedy called the Kc- 
*jtMj- In a few weeks being knight- hearial, which is a piece of neat ariginality. 
Mut any oilier qualificalion, he was VILLOSE. Villosus. In botany. Pit!* 
Kenlleman of the bed>chamber, and mnllibui piibeicens. Pubeicem or coiered 
11 (lie guier. In > short time he was wiib soft niirs. As (he stem in toniex and 
MiOD, a vitcounl, an earl, and a mar- rhut. The leaf in ulex europxus or furze, 
I becime lord hi\;h admiral of England, primula vlllosa, &c. The stigma. 
4m> of the Cinque-porls, master of ilie VILLUS, In botany, (from ^»Me, or a 
ad entirely disposed of the favours of i/ehndo, or a vfllenda ; or from iiam for i.iui 1 
; !n conferring all the honours and all or from pilui\ or from virmus, cinclnnus mol- 
es of the three kingdoms. In which, liter flexus; such is the unceriaiiily of d>.'riva- 
aresujded by appetite than judgment, tion.) Il is inletprcled pili collccti, ic ilucci 
id almost all liis own numerous family rcsliutn : collected hairs, the pile or nap of 
indents, many of whom had no other cloth. In Linnfus's idea it seems to be soft 
in Uieirallianceio him. Onihetuc- close hairs, forming a fine nap or pile Uke 
if Charles, in iGSi, the duke con- veUct. 

t thesamcdeine«Df fa'our, but he had VIM EN, in botany, (n menio, from bit^d- 

MiGdcnCG with the parliament. Voles ing.) VirguUum Icnluni ac flexile, ad li^an* 

iDStianocs passed aninsl him si an dutn aptum. A bendiau twig or wyUle : 

ntiepublici and his ill manaf^menl slender and flexible, hi fur binding. 
Ic the ground of the refusal 10 give (he VIMINAIUA. Rush-broom. la botany, 

apply. The duke caused ihis and ihe a genus of the class and onler decfiidrla, luo- 

liamenl 10 be quickly dissolved, set on Bogynia. Calyx angular, simple, quinqnefidi 

T pniccts for raising money ; ami, in curol |>apilionaceou9 ; style t»piliary ; )(igira 

! Mid and did every ihliig with passion ilniple. acute; legume coriaceous, one-seeded. 
«DCe. A war having been declared One species, V. denudala, leaflet rush* 

France, he took the command n( the bto'im. The rush-like branches, or, more 

late descen( iijKin the iilc of Ith&, properly speaking, ihc long petioles, of ibis 

h the flower of the army was lost, shrub have been mistaken both by Shuder and 

rvturoed 10 England, and repaired the Wildcnow for the leaves, of which, iii ila 

the army, he was about to transport more advanced stages, it is entirely destitute. 

to the relief of Rochelle, which was The pod. when neaily ripe, contains only one 

\\effA by the cardinal Richelieu; and seed. A native of New Holland, in (he 

^Drumouth for that purpose, when he neighbourhood of Pott Jackson, and was one 

Ninatnl by Fi:lton, on the ::3d of Au- of uie first pUnu imporled by seed from that 

W. country. Thus prop,-igal«d it rijieus with us, 

tsaa tGeoree). duke of Buckingham, and may be treated as a somewhat hardy green. 

tb« pm-ediog, was bom in iGii?- houseshrub. Sec Uotant. PI.CLXXXIIL 
ompleud his studies at Catnbridge, he VIM INEOUS. a. (cininew. Uiiit.) .Made 

oad, and did not return till afict the of twi» (Privr). 

muufthecivil wars, when, the king VINCA. Petriwinkle. In botany, a genu* 

Oxford, his grace repaireil ihilhcr. of the class i>enl.indria, order njonngynis. 

oitcd to his majrsiy, and entered iiiio Cofol twisted, salver-shaped, inferior; follicles 

rowb eollc^. Upon the decline of two, ctcci; se«»ls nake-l. Five species : ihree 

s cause he alUnded prince Charles to natives of the West Indies or America ; twu 

, anil was with him at (he baillc of common lo our own heilijes and woods. The 

If, in lOJl ; after which, making his ihree following are ciiliivaied. 
lyood sea, he again joined him, and I. V. rosea. Madagascar pcrriwinkle. 
I ^ler made knight of the ganer. 2. V. majnr. Great pcrriwinkle, 
, twwcTcr, of tcirieving his afTaiis. he 3. V. minor. Smalt pcrriwinkle. 
•ately lo England, and in l(iS7 mar. The last is employed medicinally under ihc 

'- (he dac^ter and sole heir of name of vinca pen inn. Ii pcmeisei biitct 



VIN V I N 

tficl'idstringent virtues, and ii Mid to be efii*' imparts at first a considerable sweetness, wbicb 
eacioiis in stopping nasal hcmorrhnRes when is toon succeeded by an uopleasant sobocnl 
braisrrl and put into the no«e. Boiled it forms bitterness. It is given in scMOie coontiieiiB 
a useful adstringent gargle in common sore the cure of ElanduTar cbstractions. ^ 
throat, and it is given by some in phthisical VINCI (Leonardo da), an illustrious TtaEai 
complaint?. painter descended from a noble Tuscan familji 

VINCENT (Cape St.), the S.W. promon- was born in the castle of Vinci, near FIorm^ 
lAry of Portugal, S5 miles W. by S. of I^gos. in 144.5. He was placed under Andrei Ve- 
Lon. g. W. lat. 37. 3 N. rochia, a celebrated painter la that city, b«l \ 

Vincent (St.), one of the Wind«vard soon sur|>assed him and all his predecesionii \ 
Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, 55 miles much, as to l>e reputed the master of thethU | 
W, of Barbadoes. It is inhabited by Caribs, or p;oIdcn age of modem painting. But til 
a warlike race, between whom and the abn- studies were far from terminating here; 91 
rigines of the large islands there is a manifest man*s genius was more universal ; be tppM 
distinction. They arc conjectured to have been himself to arts, to literature, and to the aecoB- 
originally a colony from North America; their plishments of the body; and he excelled it 
fierce manners appraiching nearer to those of every thing which he attempted. Lewis 
the original natives of that continent than they Sforza, duke of Milan, prevailed on him tobt 
do to that of South America, and their Ian- director of the academy for architecture he M 
^uat^e also having some affinity to that spoken just established, where Leonardo soon bsimb- 
m Florida. In their wars tliey preserve their ed all the Gothic fashions, and reduced eiot 
ancient practice of destroying all the males, thing to the happy simplicity of the Gm 
and preserving the women either for servitude and Roman style. By the duke'i order, ki 
or for breeding. St. Vincent was long a neu- constructed the famous aqueduct that safjiGn 
tral island; but, at the ])cace of 17(>3, the the city of Milan with water. This cud 
French agreed that the right to it should be goes hy the name of Morlesana, being ibsve 
Tested in the English. The latter, soon after, icHK) miles in length, and coi>durts the water if 
engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the the mer Adda quite to the walls of thecitf. 
windward side of the island, who were obliged In 1479 ^^ ^'^^ desired to construct some new 
to consent to a peace, by which they cedeJ a device for the entertainment of Louis XIL of 
large tract of land to the crown. Tneconse- France, who was then to make his eutianoe 
quence of this was, that in 1 779, they greatly into Milan. Leonardo accordingly made i 
contributed to the reduction of this island by very curious automaton in the form of a lioOp 
the French, who, however, restored it in 1783. which marched out to meet the king, rcani 
In 1795, the French 1 mded some troops, and up on its hinder Ices before him, and opening 
again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, its breast, dbplayed an escutcheon with flcvn 
wbirh was not suftxlued for se\'eral months, de lys quartered on it. The disurden of Loflw 
St. Vincent is 24 miles long and 18 broad. It barny, with ilio misfortunes of his patrons, the 
is extremely fertile for the raising of sugar and Sfor/i, obliging Leonardo to quit Mibn, he 
indigo ; and here the bread-fruit trees, brought reiired to Florence, where he flourished undei 
from Otaheite, thrive remarkably well. King- the Medici ; here he raised the envy of Michid 
ston is the capital. Angelo, who was his contemporary ; nA 

Vincent (St.), one of the Cape Venl Raphael, from the studv of his works, acaniitd 
islands, \2 miles long and three broad, and hi^ best manner of designing. At length, oD 
uninhabited. On the N.W. side of it is a the inviution of Francis I, he removed to 
good bay, where ships may wood and water, France when above 70 years of age, where the 
and wild goats may be shot. Lou. 25. 30 W. journey and change of climate threw him into 
Lat. 17.30 N. his last sickness : he languished for tool 

Vincent (St.), a province of firasil, lying months at Foniainbleau, where the kin^cube 
imder the tropic of Capricorn, and the most frequently to sec him; and one day risini( if 
80utherT\ one except that of Del Rey. The in iiis bed to ocktiowlcdpe the honour done 
capital, of the same name, is an inconsiderable him, he fainted, and Francis supporting hiio» 
town, havinz only about 60 houses, and the Leonardo died in his arms. His deatn hip- 
harbour will not admit lar;;e vessels. It is pened in 16^0. Some of his paintings are V 
situate on an island, in the bay of Santos, I90 be seen in England and other countries, bat 
miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. Lon. 46. 28 W. the greatest part of them are in Florence loA 
Lat. 24. 15 S. See Santos. France. He composed a great number of dii- 

"Vincent (St.), a town of Spain, i.i Astu- courses on curious subjects, but none of the« 
rias, seated on the bay of Biscay, nine miles liuve been published but his treatise on th( 
W. by S. of Santillana. Art of Painting. 

VlNCb71X)XICUM. (from rinco, to orer- VPNCIBLE. a. (from vinco, Latin.) Coft 
come, and toxicun/t, ftoison; so named from quemble; sui)erHhIe (A'arrii). 
its supposed virtues of resisting and ex|)cliiiig Vl'^CIBLENESS. *. (from rtnctl/r. 
poisons.) Ilermidinaria. A^clepias. Swallow Liablene.4» to be overcome, 
wort. Tn me poison. The root of this plant, Vl'NCl'URE. j. {vinctura, Latin.) J 
nsclepins vinceiuxicum of Ijnn^us, smells binding, 
when fiesh somewhat of valerian 3 chewed it VINCULUM^ in algebra, a mirk or chi 



[Act drawn orct, or including, or 
It wav ■ccoropanying a rucmr, (iivi- 
mi, kt. vfhta it ii coii))Miiii(l«d of 
IU», qiunliliet, or termi, to cuiiiicct 
ether m one auaoiiiy, and shew that 
lo be maliijilicd, oi divided, &c. iu< 

Bnt wed ilie bu or lin e we t the 
. ibr m *iDCulum, ihus o-f f>; and 
jntd tbe ptrenihaii thus (a + 6). 
r««, Ot Ca + t)«f, detioiea ihe pro- 
■od the Mim < n-6 considrred Bionc 
Aln t/a*b, or ^(at-b), denotes 
t not of the turn a+ I: Sometime! 
: b Ml bcTort a compound Tacbir, ai 
B, eipeeially when il Is very long, or 
etcnesj thus 31 ■ : l-S.r-t-Sr*^ 
&& 

e^IAL. a. (ciiNiIi^id, Lttt.) Be- 
1 a Tintan. 

rDE'MlATE.B.n- ivindemia.Lat.) 
lbevinUBc(£uc/y.O. 
eMIATfON.i. ((.i/i^mia.Utin.) 
haini (.Bailey). 

EMIATRIX. or Visdemiator. a 
of the third oia^iiude, In the norlh- 
Dflheconslellalion Vir^^a. 
NDICATE. v. o. (liiirfiVo, Latin.) 
ilify; to mainuin {iralii}. 2. To 
ta afcnge iPearson), 3. To as&rrt i 
n\Ut&C!Ky{Drydm). 4. Tocleaii 
rrofn crninre [MUlon). 
ICATION.i. (BinJieafina, French. 
BwCr.) Defence; aiKftionijustifi- 

["CATIVE. 0. tfrom vindicate,) Re- 
given to revenue [Sp'oi}- 
tCATOK.!. CfrommJiVife) One 
cam: no asscrtoi lOtuden). 
ICATOKV. n. (from oia^atar.) 
«j i pcrfoiinins the oifice of ven- 
UvaAM), i. Defciiioryi juslilica- 

fCnVE. a. (ftoni vindicta, Ulin.) 

meo^i revengeful (Drycien). 

I. (ruiM, Lai.) Tbeiilaot that bean 

See VlTlS. 
'K^TTBR, ill eAIOtnology. See 

jAJL Under the article AcBTIc 
ttave obterved that tim acid i* eoi- 
Ihrw different iialei, which have 
Untthrd from Ach uilicr by peculiiir 
ivheii fsnt pnpareil. il Is cjlled WN-- 
!D piirtfird liy Jlilillntion, il UMimcn 
of di'liUrd viiw^ar. Of actloui arid, 
tned by the chrini^K; and when cun- 
u ranch a poiiible. by peculiar [fro- 
il catted taiUcal cinrgir, or by the 
Utlir add. 

t VIM kiinwn nunyagei before ihc 
»f any othet icid. Iliow only excepted 
tt rewty foimcd in vegeiablci. It ii 
I by MuMt 1 auJ apprari, indeed, to 
'itcomnloa umhiuuhk ibe U ------ - 



and Elrongly : 

from light .«l 

fitepaied \>y ftinienliiig aoy subi 

pound which huj already undr 




V I N 






nations at a xty eurty period. 



ideraon 
^ir, iherefore, may 
be tnade iaitnediaiely from^ any wine, matt 
liquor, cyder. Sic. ; or from the ^uice of tbe 
grape and other fruits ; from infusion of malt, 
or any aaccbariiie liquid, ihrouzh the inlerme' 
dium iifvinout fermentation- Both these me* 
tbods are actually ptacliied with complete luc- 
ceu. . To inuke viiie^iar out of a liquor con- 
taining suil.tblc maierialsi it ii only rucetsary, 
lat, to allow «nnie occeia of air lo the vettel 
iu which it is kept ; and, £d, to keep it in u 
temperature niher higher than that of the at- 
mosphere ID this climate, thai u to uiy, about 
76" uiS0', It ii also almoiteisenlial, where a 
liquor already fermented is employed, lo add a 
portion of yeast, or any other ftrinuiil ; liiT 
though any fermented liquor, if kept in a rno- 
deraie leniperatuie in an open i-esiel, will spon- 
laneoualy run sour, or become changed to vine- 
gar i this chan^ ii too gradual to pruduce this 
acid in perfection, and the tirst acetified pnr- 
lion turns mouldy before the laM hjs become 
sour ■■ but where the subttauce employed hut 
not yet umlergone fer menial ion, the whole 
pioccis of tile vinous and subsequent acetous 
fermentation will gu on uninterruptedly wiib 
the Mme ferment which at Eni set it in action, 
which happtni, for esampii, in the making 
" '' '" "" from sugar and water. 

' licfly made from 
usual proceis iit 
London : a maih of niak and hoi water is 
made, which, after infusion for an hour and a 
half, is conveyed into a cooler, a few inchea 
dee|), and iheoce, when >uiEcieQlly cooled, 
inio latDc and deep fermenlina tuns, where it 
is mixed with yeatt, and kept in fennentalion 
for four or live days. Tbe liquor (which is 
now a bitong ale without liopt) is then distri- 
buted into emaller barrels, set eloic together in 
a sioved chamber, and a moderate heat ii ke|it 
upforahuiii six weeks ; during wbicii the fer- 
mentation goes on equally and uniformly till 
ibe whole is uinrrd. Thi* is then etn|)lied 
into coinman birrcli, which are set in roir* 
(ufien of many hundreds) iua fieUlin the opeu 
uir, ilie bung-butc bciiiv just covered with a 
tile, to keep off the ivei, but to all<iw a free id< 
miksion of air. Here llic liquor remains for 
four or live monlli). according to tlwheatof 
the weather, a gentle fcrmcnUiion ^nc kejM 
up till it becomes perfi^ct vinegar. Tiiis il 
finished in the fallowing way i lurge tiins arc 
employed, wjiha false bottom, on which is put 
a quiniiiyof the refuse of raisins, nr other fruit, 
kit by the makers of raikin and other homo- 
made wines, called lechnically rape. ThtM 
rape-tuns are worked by pain; one of tlieiii is 
quite filled tvUh ilie vini;gar trotu the banala, 
and the othef only three-qua tiers full, so that 
the fetineoiatinn i> excited n>otc easily in ih« 
latter than the former; and every day a pariioa 
of the vinrs^r it laded from one to the oihet, 
till tile nliulc is completely finiihed, and fit Lg 



V I N V I N 

sale. Vinegar, as well as fruit. wines, is often It may be preserved without alteration is 

made in small quantity for domestic uses, and close vessels. When exposed to a modenie 

the process is by no means difficult. The ma- heat, it evaporates completely, and without uo- 

terials may be either brown sugar and water dergoine any change in its properties. Wbco 

alone, or sugar with raisins, currants, and espe- exposed to tlie action of cold, part of it coa- 

cially ripe gooseberries. These should be mix- geak. The frozen portion, which consiiti 

ed' in the proportions which would give a almost entirely of water, may be easily septnl- 

strong wine, put into a small barrel, which it ed; and by this method the acid may beob- 

should fill about three-fourths, and the bun^-hole tained in a high degree of concentration. The 

very loosely stopped. Some yeast,, or which is mobt concentrated the acid is, the greater ii 

better, a tnast sopped in yeast, should be put iu, the cold necessary to produce oon^elatioq. 

and the barrel set in the sun in summer, or a Mr. Lowitz has ascertained that the acid itsdC 

little way from a fire in winter, and the fer- how much soever it may be concentrated, crjf^ 

mentation will soon begin. This should be tallizes or congeals at the temperature of 28*. 

kept up constant, but moderate, till the taste When acetat of copper, reduced to powder, 

and smell indicate that the vinegar is complete, is put into a retort and distilled, there coaci 

It should then be poured off clear, and bottled over a licjuid at first nearly colourless, ifld 

carefully, and it will keep much better if it be almost insipid, and afterwards a hishly concen- 

boiied for a minute, cooled, and strained, before trated acid. The distillation is to be contiDucd 

bottling. till the bottom of the retort is red-hot. What 

Vinegar, however, as its name imports, was remains in it then is only a powder of the colour 

formerly made in a larae way from wine rather of copper. The acid product, which shook! be 

than from malt; and this is the material which received in a vessel by itself, is tinged green bf 

probably furnishes it in the greatest perfection, a little copper which passes along with it,* btf 

and which is solely employed in the wine- when distilled over again in a gentle heat, it Ji 

countries. It is there prepared by adding wine obtained perfectly colourless and transpareot. 

lees to wine, which excites a new fermentation The acid thus procured is exceedingly puiiflot 

that is kept up till the whole is changed to and concentrated, and constitutes wnat we bare 

vinegar. Any wiue will answer the pur|>ose : already noticed b^r the name of radical vineg^» 

the oest and fullest- bodied wine ^ivcs the or vincjcar of Venice, 

strongest vinegar, and that .which is already Vl'NEYARD. s. (pinj(caji*D, Saxon.) A 

soured and injured by keeping may be applied gromid pluntcd with vines {Shaispeare). 

to this use. ' VINGOHLA, a Dutch settlement in tbe 

As even vinegar, however, is not the ulti- peninsula of Hindustan, on the coast of Cos- 
mate change which a vinous liquor spontane- can, a little N. of Goa. Lon. 73. 28 £. Lat* 
ously assumes, there is a period in the process 15. 57 N. 

of tne manufacture in which the acid is in its Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying aboat Kven 
highest degree of strength and perfection, after miles from the coast of Concan, in the peoio- 
which. if the process is not stopped, the liquor sula of Hindustan, and 10 miles S.S.W. of 
speedily deteriorates, the acetous acid gradually the island of Melundy, or Sunderdoo. Tbcy 
disappears, and only an offensive, mouldy , watery are ]>ossessed by the Malwaans, a piratical tnbe. 
liqiua remains, with scarcely any sourness, it Lon. 73. l6 W. Lat. 15. 62 N. 
belongs, therefore, to the skill and experience of VINGT-UN, in card-playing, a game that 
the manufacturer to know when his vinegar is has a near resemblance to quinze, so denotn^* 
complete, and fit to be drawn off and closely nated from the numl)er of points by which i^ 
barrelled. The specific gravity of vincsar game is won. It may be pla\ed by two ^^ 
vari(» from 1.0135 to 1.0251, and it diners more persons : and as the deal is advantageous* 
also in its other properties according to the and often continues long with tlie same persof*: 
liquid from which it has been procured. It is it is usual to determine it at the commence 
very subject to decomposition ; but Scheclc dis- ment by the first ac«* turned up, or some otti' 
covered that if it is made to boil for a few mo- mode previously ngreed upon, 
mcnts, it may be kept afterwards for a long The canis must all be dealt out in succC^ 
time without alteration. Besides acetic acid sion, unless n natural vingt-un occurs, and i^ 
and water, vinegar contains several other in(;rL*- the mean time the pone, ur youngest-hao^> 
dients, such as mucilage, tartar, a colouring should collect those that have been played, an^ 
matter, and often also two or more vegetable s hufHct hem to;ret her read v for the dealer agaio^ 
acids. When distilled at a temperature not the period when he shalf have distributed ttM 
exceeding that of boiling water, tilt alK)ut two- whole pack. The dealer is first to give two 
thinis of it have passc.l over, all these impuri- cards, by one at a time, to each player, irKlud- 
ties are left behind, and the product is pure in;; him>elf, then to ask e\ery perstm in iota- 
acid diluted with water. tion, be<;iniiin«2; with the eldest hand on the 

The acid thus obtained is a liquid as tmns- left^ whether he stands or chuses another card, 

parent and colourless as water, of a stron;r which if required, must be given from off the 

acid taste, and an agreeable colour, somewhat top of the pack, and afterwanls another, or 

diiTeront from that of vinesar. In this state, more if desired, till the points of the additional 

as we have already observea, it is usually called card or cards added to those dealt, exceed oi 

acetous acid, or distilled vinegar. Sec Ace- make 21 exactly, or such a number less than 

Toua ACID. 21 as may be jtxiged proper to stand upon; liui 



V I N 

chni the Bointi txettd SI , then ihe cards or 
till iiidividuiil player arc (o be thrown up 
KncllT, *nd the siakc to be paid to (he dealer, 
•ho alw is in turn entitied to draw addii' 






I ukini 



ingl-u 



loubio iiakej ftom all who ttand the ^ine, 
ncept (iich niher players likewise having 91, 
SEiwten whom it is thereby a drunn game : 
Uid when any advenary hu a vingt-un, and 
ihe detltT not, then the opponent so having 91 
'n double tuket from htm; in otiier cases, 
ICpta natural lingl-un happens, ihc dealer 
tap linKlc stalia to all whose number! under 
II w higher than hii own, and repe ivcs from 
Aow who have lower numbers ; bul nolhing 
iipudor received by such players as hovetiimi- 
ktaambento the dealer; and when ihe dealer 
re than Si, he IS 10 pay to all who have 
Dot thmwn up. 

T»enly-«ne, whensoever dealt in ihe Itrst 
tnnnce, Js sidled a natural vingl-un, should 
kMm) im mediately . and entitles the jios- 
wm to the deal, besides double stakes frnin 
rfl1le[J«y«n, unless there shall be more than 
Kt uturvl vin|;i-iin, in which case the younger 
hnd er handa so having the same are ei- 
mtilftom paying to the eldest, who lakes ihc 

N- B. An ace may be reckoned either as 1 1 
KTI: every court-card is counted as 10, and 
du ml of the |>ack according lo their points. 

The odds nf thii game merely ilejtcnd upon 
4k cerue quantity of carils likely to come 
tahr or exceed 31 ; for example, if those in 
kntl n»!te 14 exactly, it is 7 m 6 that the one 
nsi drawn does not make the number of points 
itore Kl, but if (he points be 15, it is 7 10 6 
imul that hand ; yet it would not therefore 
iniMsbe DTodrnt to slaod at 13, for as ihe ace 
nylw calculaicd both ways, ii is rather above 
nn'ea bet that the adversary's two linl cards 
mwoDt 10 more than 14. A natural vingt<un 
My be eupccted once in seven conps when 
Mo, UmI twice in seven when four people play, 
adwoa according 10 the number of players. 

VTONEWED. ot ViSNBY. a. Mouldy. 

VmOUS. a. (from utnum, Lai.) Having 
(htDMlitiesorwinci consisting of wine. 

Tl-NTAGli. I. (ainflge. Fr.) The produce 
tflht tine fur the year; the time in which 
|RpnaK Ulheted (Socon. Ifaller). 

Vl'fJTAGER. J. (from einlagt.) He who 
tHhenthe vintage {Aintworili). 

nNTIMlGLlA, a town of Italy, in ihe 
npoblie of Genoa, with a bishop's sec, a small 
Iwhoitr, and a mrong castle on a high rock. 
U his been ofien laEen and retaken, and is 
■Wad on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of 
>t>c Koua, to miles E.N.E. of Nice, and 70 
S.W.ofGenoa. Lon.7. 37 li- Ut. -13. S3 N- 

VltfTNEB. J. (from wmm.) One who 
■Bs wine (Hoatrl). 

VI'NTRY.i. The place where wine is sold. 

TlNUM. Wine it the juice of ihe grape 
•Itoedby fermentsiioo; its variety dependirii; 
*hiefly 00 the pioporii 



|*;«i«,and in ilie a 
a|^ b mipluyed ij 






■rof it 



V I o 

) name i^niim, as a menstruum fr>r ex< 
trading the virtues of a variety of medicio«t 
materials. The chief Ibnns are the following. 

V. ALOES. A Stomachic purgatiie, calcu- 
lated for ihe aged and phlegmatic, who are not 
troubled with the piles. 

V. AHTiMONti. In small doses this prove* 
alterative and diaphorciie, and a Inrgc dote 
emetic ; in which lost intciitiun it is the com- 
mon emetic tor children. 

V. AifTiMOiiii TARTAKiZATi. Th'n may 
be ^ivcn in all cases where the tartar emetic u 
indicated. 

V. FEmt). Steel wine is iji nieful formlbf 
administering the iron. 

V. oENTHK* coM.osiion. A good 
slomachic bitter. 

V. iFECACUAMJE. In small doset this pre- 
paraiiun proves diaphoretic, and nauseates ; in 
larger doses it is emetic. 

V. NICOTIAN^. Dropsical diseases, obrti- 
naIcafl*ectioiisof thcskin,and aithma, are said 
to be relieved by a judicious administration of 
this wine, whicli is narcoiitr and diuretic. 

V. RHEi. A stomachic, adslringeut, and 

V, opii. A warmer and somewhat weaker J 
laud,inum ihan the tinclnie of opium, In tbvj 
present pharmacopoEia of the L/indon olle^ ■ 
two ot three of ihe preceding are nmilted. aiul 
ihe antimouial wine is exchanged far a solution 
oflhis maltrial in water. 

VIOL. A stringed musical inslrumeni re- 
semhlina in shape and tone the violin, of which 

manding iiisirumeni being little more ilian an 
improvemenl of the old viol. This inslrumeni 
formerly consisted of five or its strings, (he 
lones of which were regulated by their being 
brought by the fingers into contact wiih the 
freis with which the neck was furnished. The 
viol was for a long while in such hiiih esteem 
as lo dispute ihe pre-eminence wiih the harp, 
especiallyiii the early times of music in Fiance: 
and, indcol, being reduced lo four strinip, and 
siript of ihe frets wuh which viols of ail kinds 
seem to have been furnished till the sixteenth 
century, ii siiH holds ihe fii^t place among 
treble injtrumenis, under the denonijuation of 
violin. (Buibg). 
VioL.siiArED, in botany. See P*(ji>ti- 

VIOLA. Violet. In botany, a genus of 
the class pcnlandria, order moiioaiynia. Calyx 
6ve-leaved, lengthened oui at the base ; petali 
five, irregular, the lowermost spurred behiud ; 
anthers slightly cohciing ; capsule superior, 
one-celled, tbrec-valved. Fnrly 9|)eciea, seal- 
lered over Europe, the West Indies, and Amr- 
riea ; a few over India; six common to our 
own country. They arc thus subdivided. 

A. Without stem. 

B. Caulesceiil. 

C. Stipules pinnatilid ; sli^ma cup-shtped. 

D. h'lowers erect ; not reversed. 
The following are cultivated. 

t. V. odoraia. bwecl violet. Leaves licart- 
ed, notched; flovt'crs deep purple, single ^ sei- 



I 



V I O V I o 

out crcq>ing. It is found in our own hedges. Akermann, and Flennig, were less Ibrtuinl* 
The recent flowers of this plant arc received in the employment of this plant; the last of 
into the catalogues of the Materia Medica. whom declares^ that in the different cutancoiia 
They have an agreeable sweet smell, and a niu- disorders in which he iiicd it, no benefit w« 
cilaginous bitterish taste. Their virtues are derived. Haase, who administered this species 
purgative or laxative, and by some they are said of violet in various foruis, and largik doses, ez- 
to possess an anodyne and pectoral quality, tended its use to many chronic disorders ; and 
The officinal prepration of this flower is a from the great number of cases in which il 
syrup, which, to young children, answers the proved successful, we are desirous of recooi- 
purpose of a purgative; it is also of consider- mending it to a further trial in this country. 
able utility in manv chemical inquiries, to de- It is remarkable that Bergius speaks of thn 
tect an acid or an alkali ; the former changing plant as a u^ful mucilaginous purgativcj and 
the blue colour to a red, and the latter to a takes no notice of its efflcacy in the criisia lac- 
green, tea or in any other disease. 

There is a variety of this species with white Viola. A tenor violin. This instrument 

flowers. is similar in its tone and formation to the violin, 

9. V. canina. Dog-violet. Stem at length but its dimensions are somewhat greater, and 

ascending, channelled ; leaves oblong-heart- its compiss a fifth lower in the great scale of 

shaped ; calyxes acute. Found in our copses, souuds. Its lowest note is C on the fourth 

The root of this plant fMssesses the power uf space in the bass. The part it takes in concert 

Tomiting and purging the bowels ; with which is betivccn that of the bass and the second violin, 

inteniion a scruple of the dried root mu«t be VFOLABLK. a. (from violahUis, Latin.) 

exhibited. It appears, though neglected in this Such n< i.iii\ l)e violaie<l or hurt, 

country, worthy of ihe attention of physicians. VIOLA'CKOUS. a. (from viola^ Lit.) Re* 

3. V. palmata. Pahnnted violet. sembling violets. 

4. V. petlaia. Muliifid violet. To VFOL.^TE. r. a. iciolo, Lat.) I. To 
A. V. tricolor. HeurtVease. Pansy. Stem injure; to hurt {Pope), 2. To infringe; to 

angular, diflusc; lea ve!( oblong, tooth -crenate; break any thing venerable {Hooker). 3. To 

stipiiles lyre-pinnatiHd. injure by irreverence (Broicn). 4. To ravish; 

This well Known beautiful liitle plant grows to deflour {Prior). 

in corn fields, waste and cultivated grounds, VlOLA^IlON.f. {vioiaiio, Latin.) 1. In* 

flowering all the summer months. It varies fringemeitt or injury of something sacred or 

much by cultivation ; and by the vivid colour- venerable {Addison). 9. Rape ; the act of de« 

ing of it^ flowers often becomes extremely flouring {Shakspeare). 

beautiful in gardens, where il is distinguished VIOLATOR. #. {violator^ Latin.). 1. One 
by various names. To the taste* thii plant in who injures or infringes something sacred 
its recent state is extremely glutinous, or mu- {South), 9. A ravisher {Shakspeare). 
cilaginous, acrompanicd with the common her- VIOLENCE, s. {violentia, Lat.) I. Force; 
baceous (lavonrnnd roughness. By distillation strength applied to any purpose (iV/;7/on). 9. 
with water, nccording to lioasc, it affords a An attack ; an assault ; a murder {Shakspeare), 
small quantity of odorous es>ential oil, of a 3. Outni^^e; unjust force (iVi7/on). 4. li^ger- 
somewhat acrid ta:ie. The dried herb yields ness ; vehemence (Shakspeare). 5. Injury; 
about half its weight of watery extract, the infringement (/^Mr/ir/). (). Forcible ucdvirptio'n. 
fresh plant about one-ei«hth. 'I'hough A^any VTOLIi^Nl'. a {violentus, IjiU) 1. Fnrti- 
of the old writers on the maieria medica rcpre- ble; acting with strength {jililtoM). S. Pro- 
sent this plant as a powerful medicine in epi- duced, orcontinuH by force ( Bur ne/V 3. Not 
lepsy, asthma, ulcers, scabies, and cutaneous natural, bui brouuht hy force {Miitom). 4. 
complaints, yet the viola tricolor owes iis pre- Assailant, artinu by force (iVi/Zow)* 5. Un- 
sent character as a in<^icine to the modern au- seasonally veiiement {Hooker), (j. Extorted; 
thoriiies of Siarick, iMelzgcr,IIaaH», and others, not \oluntary iMifior), 

espcciallyasareinedy for thecrusta lactea. Fe.r VK)LENTI^V. wrf. (from violmt.) With 

this purpose, a handful of the fresh herb, or force; forcibly; vthcmcntly {Taylor). 

half a drain of it dried, boiled two hours in VIOLET, in hotany. Set- Viola. 

milk, is to he strained and taken ni'ilit and Violet (I3aine*t>), in botany. Sl'C Hes« 

morning. Brtud, with this decoction, is alio pbris. 

to l)e formed into a fmultice and applicl to the Violet (I)jmask), in hotany. See Hes* 
part. Bjfcthin treatment it has l)ecn r>bservcd« > nt:Ri.«'. 

that the eruption during the I'lrdt eight days in- Viulrt (IV./j tooth), in botany. See 

creases, and thai the urine, when the medicine Fryi hronii'M. 

5ucceeds, has an odour similar to that r»f cats; VIOLIN, or FiDOLu. A well-known string- 
but on continuing the use of the plant a suf. ed instrument of hiiUiant tone, ami active exe- 
ficient time, this suicil ^(k'S ofl*, the scabs dis- cniion. When, or by v/h.it nuuon, this inv- 
appear, and the bkin recovers it!i natural purity, portant and interc^tin-; instrument was first 
Instances of the successful exhibition fd' this m\-entr<l is not at present km \vn, nor can^he 
medicine, as cited by th-^se authors, are very form »nd character of the violin used in Knaland 
numerous ; indi^ this remedy, imder their in the time of Chaucer, wIhi mentious it. be 
mana^eincikt, «-eems rarely, if c^^r, to have exactly ascertained. There is, however, much 
faiirl. It ap|)cars, however^ that Mursinoa, reason for buppoiing tiiat frou \u lirst intro- 



V I R V I R 

k uodeiweotcondniial alterations and a woman with the qualities of a man (Peach* 
ia4irorciiiCBts, since eren towards the end of am). 2. It is commonly used in detestation 
Um soLteenth ccntnr? iu shape appears to have for an impudent turbulent woman. 
bcca vagoc and undetermined. It has, bow- VIRE, a town of France, in the department 
ever, long attained its present excellence, and of Calvados, with several manufactures of coarse 
fermed the leading instrument in concert. The woollen cloths. It is seated on the V ire, 30 
four siringsof which it consists are tuned in miles S.E. of Courances, and i50 W. of Paris. 
fifths from each other. The pitch of the low- Lon. 0. 45 W. Lat. 48. 48 N. 
CSC siring b G, under tlie second ledoer line in VIRECTA, in botany, a ^enus of the class 
the treble sta%'e ; consequently that of the next pentandria, order monogynia. Calyx five- 
is D, under the first line of the stave; the pitch toothed, with intermediate teeth ; corof funncl- 
of the next above that, A on the second space ; form -, stigma two-parted ; capsule onc-cellod, 
afsdihatof the upper string. Eon the fourth many-seeded, inferior. One species only, a 
e. During the protectorship the violin herbof Surinam, with pubescent stem and ter« 
in little esteem, and gave way to the rising minal two-flowered peduncle, the lower flower 
alence of the viol : but at the restoration, sessile. 
viok began to be out of fashion, and violins VFllELAY. i. (vtre/ay, orre/at, Fr.) A sort 
resumrd their former consequence. The anti- of little ancient French poem, that consisted 
qnity of this instrument has long been a subject only of two rhymes and short verses, with stops 
<N oupnlc with the learned. It is generally {Drudeny 

•upposed, and with much reason, that no in- VraLNT. a. (virens, Latin.) Green; not 

strument pUyed with the bow was known to faded (Brot^rn). 

tbeaocienu. VIRGA AUREA. Herbadorea. Consolida 
VIOLIST, a player on the viol. saracenica. Golden nxl. The leaves and flowers 
VIOLONCELLO. A base violin, con- of this plant, solidagovirgaaurea of Linn^us, art 
tainiog foor strings, the lowest of which is recommended as aperients and corroborants in 
tuned lo double C. The strings are in fifths, urinary obstructions, ulcerations of the kidneys 
consequently the pitch of that next the gravest and bladder, and cachexies. See Solid ago. 
BsGfamut; that of the next, D on the third VIRGATE, in botany, (virga, a rod, or 
line in the base ; and that of the upper string, wand.) A rod-like or wand-like stem or branch. 
Aon the fifth line. Ranmsculus debilibus in xqualibus. Shooting 
The violoncello was called the violono till forth slender weak unequal rods or twigs : as 
the introduction of the double-base, which aa- in artemisia campestris. 
turned that name. VIRGIL, in Latin Publius Virgilius Maro, 
VIOLONO. (ItaL) The name originally the most excellent of all the ancient Rotnaa 
given by the Italians and French to the violon- poets, was born Oct. lb, U. C. 684, in the 
cello, but afterwards transferred to the double- consulship of Pompey and Crassus, at a village 
ban, ID which instrument it is still apj>lied. called Andes, not far from Mantua. His father 
In pitch it an octave below that of the violon- was undoubtedly of low birth and mean cir- 
edki, and its true use is to sustain the harmony; cumstances, but by his industry so much re- 
in which application of its powers it has a firm commended himselt to hb master, that he gave 
and nolile eftiect. him his daughtc-r, named Mala, in marriage, 
VIPER, in amphibiology. Sec Colubbr. as a reward of his fidelity. Our poet, discover- 
ViFEK GRASS. Scc ScoRZOvERA. log early marks of a very fine genius, was sent 
VIPERA. (quod vi pariat; because it was at twelve yean old to study at Cremona, where 
<koo|ht that its young eat throuRh the moihcr*s he continued till his seventeenth year. He 
bovrli.) The viper or adder. This viviparous was then removed to Milan, and from thence 
Rpiilr, cohiber beras of Linn^us, fX)ssesscs the to Naples, being the resfdcnce of several teach* 
Po*v of forming a poi^nous fluid in little ers of philosophy and polite learning; and ap« 
nap Dear its teeth. The flesh is perfectly in* plied himself heartily to the study of the best 
Kctnt, and often taken by the conmion people Greek and Roman writers. But physic aud 
32unu the king's evil, and a variety of ois- mathematics were his favourite sciences, which 
wden of the skin. Experience evinces it to be he cultivated with much care. He learned the 
an inefficacioiifi substance. See Coluber. Kpicurean philo€ophy under the cclebipted 
VIPERAIIIA. See Serpentaria vir- Syro. His actjuainunce with Varus, his'first 
OKI AN A. patron, commenced hy his beinz fellow-student 
. V1PERIN.\. (from vf pfr, a snake; so call- with him under this philosopher. We have 
^ horn the serpentine appearance of its roots.) no certain knowledge of the time and occasion 
^^PENTARiA viRGiKiANA. ofVirgils going to Romc, how his counee- 
ViPiRiMA viRGiN£ANA. Scc SERPEN- tioos with tne wits and mcii of quality began, 
^AtiA viRGivEANA. * . nor how he was introduced 19 the court of 
. VlTERINE. c. {viperimii, Lat.) Belong- Augustus. 

'^ to a viper. In the warmth of early youth, he framed a 

VrpEHOUS. a. (tM'/MTAis, Lat. from rrper.) noble design, of writing an heroic poem Ou 

nirinflr the qualities of a viper iDanM). the Wars uf Rome ; but, after some attempts, 

VIPER'S jJUGLOS. See Ech i um. was discouraged from proceeding, by the rough- 

Viper's CRASS. SeeSco&zoNBRA. nci^ and a5|)erity of the old Roman names. He 

VlRA'GO.t. (I^ai.) 1. A female warrior ; turned himself, therefore, to jpastoral; aud^ 




V I R 



V Slid itvertneis 



bbhts raptivated ' 

of 'rhcocritus, was amuiiioui lo luuuaiicc mis 
new apeciei of poetry sniong the Remans. Hii 
llTSi performance io this way is supposed t-n 
have Wn written U. C. 7O9, ihe year before 
the death of Julius Csur, when llic pDi;t was 
in hit 3Hh year: it is entitled, Alexis. Pos- 
sibly Pal3>Dion wa» his second. Mr. Warlon 
places Silcnus next i which is said to have been 




publicly 
cdeb rated 



1 Ihe 



^ ifih eclogue is 
10 the death and deiliCB. 
of Cesar. The batlleof Philippi in 7IS 
having put an end to the Raman libetty, the 
veteran sold iera began to murmur for their pay ; 
and Augustus, to reward them, distribuied 
amonft them the lands of Mantua and Cremo- 



Vir 



nihis 









applied 10 Varus and Poilio, 
ally recummeoded him to Augustus, and 
procuri^ lot him his patrimony agsin. Full 
of grstilnde lo Aucuslua, he compuled the 
Tltyrns, in which he introduces two shepherds : 
one of them, complaining of the distraction of 
ibc times, and of the bavock the soldiers made 
among the Mantuan farmers ; (he other, re- 
joicing for die lecovely of his estate, and pro- 
mising to honour the per*on who mtoied it 10 
him as a god. Bttt our poet's joy was not of 
long continuance ; for, we are tolil, that when 
he returned to lake uosscssion of his fatm, he 
was violently assaulted by the intruder, and 
would have certainly been killed by him, if he 
had not escaped by swimming hastily over the 
Mincio. U|ion tnii uticxpectcd ditappoltji- 
ment, melancholy and dejected, he rulurncd lo 
Rome, to renew hit petition i and, during his 
journey, seems to have composed his ninth 
eclogue. The cciebialed eclogue, entitled 
Polho. was composed in T\4. upon the follow- 
ing occasion. The consul PolUo on the part 
ofAnlony.and Mxcenaton (he pattofCxtar. 
had maileuplhedillFtcncesbelHeen ihem; by 
urceingi that Octatia, half-sister to Cxsnr, 
inoold be given in marriage to Antony. This 
agreement caused an universal ioy; and Virgil, 
in ihis eclogue, testified his. It is dedicated to 
I^3llia by name, who was at that time consul ; 
and therefore we are sure of the d^le of this 
eclogtie, as it ia known that he enjoyed that 
high office in 714. In 715. Poilio was sent 
■gainst the Parthini, a people of lllyricum ; 
and during this expedition, Virgil addicssed to 
hint a beautiful eclngue, called Pharniaceuirii. 
Hia tenth and last eclogue is addresKd to Gal- 
Im. 

Bcina in his 34th ye^'i he retired lo Naples ; 
and laid the plan of his inimitable tieor^rs, 
which he UDtlertook at the entreaJes of Miece- 
nas, to (vhom he dedicated ihem. They are 
dlfided into four books; and the subjects of 
ihem are pMiicularly spccided in the four first 
Ihicsof the first book. Com and ploughing 
are the subject of the first book, vines of th« 
second, cattle of the third, and beet of ihc 

He is siippoMd to have been In hii 4ilh vear 
1 he oegtn to write th« JEntiii. 1'hii 



V I R 

poem may ve^ well be < 
work. Viigif wrote in dcrence of the new 
usurpation of ihe state ; and all that can be 
offered in his vindication, which however aeeoM 
ennugh, is, that the Roman government eottU 
LIU longer be kept from falling into a single 
hand, and that the usurper he wrutc fot waau 
good a one as they could have. But, whatever 
may be said of his motives for writing tt, ibc 
pr)em has in all ages been highly applauded. 
Augustus was eager lo peruse it IiefoTC it wtt 
finished ; and entreated him by leiiers iri coin- 
municate it. The poet at leuitth complied, 
and read himself the sixth book 10 the emperor, 
when Octavia, who had just Iwt her son Mar* 
cellus, the darling of Rome, and adripted ton nf 
Adgustu;, made one of the audii-nce. Vir^ 
had anfuUy inserted a beautiful lameiiiatios 
for the death of young Marccllus ; upon heat- 
ing which, Octavia could bear no more, but' 
fainted away, overcome with surprise and lor* 
row. When she recovered, she luade the Met 
3 present of ten sesterces for evciy line, whtcll 
amouuted in the whole to above SOOO/. 

The £neid beina brought to a coneinMn, 
but not In the perfection our author •nieiidca 
10 give it, he resolved to lra^el into Greece, lo 
correct and [lolish it at leisure. Augustus, re- 
ttiming victorious from the East, iiiei with 
Virgil at Alhtni, who thought himself obliged 
to attend the emperor to Italy, but the poei wm 
suddenly seized with a fatal distempci, which, 
being increased hy ihc agitati'in of the veasel. 

Sit an end to his life as Mon as he latidcd u 
rundusium. He dird Septimber fed, in tut 
A?d jvar. He had ordered in bis will, that (he 
£aeid should be burnt as an unfinished iioemi 
but Augustus forbade it, and had it deiiieted 
to Varius and Tucca, with the strictest chaim 
to make no addiiinni, but only to publrsh it 
corrccilv. He died with such steaJineaa and 
traoquiility, as lo l>c able to dictate hia ftwB 
epitaph. His bones were carried 10 Napki, 
according to his earnest requeil ; and a mmn- 
ment was erected at a sioall distance fmn ill* 



"'ft» 



genuine and undifpured works of ihii 
poet arc ten Eclogues, or Uucnlics, four booU 
of Gcoieics, and the ^neid in twelve book*. 
The Cuiix, iht Cciiis. and somcsiualtet ptoe**, 
called Caialecta, are subjoined lu some eililiooi 
ofhisworkr. For ciilical accounts ofih* vari- 
ous editions of Virgil, the reader i> referred to 
Dr. Clarke's Bibliographical Diclioiiaiy, and 
I^bdin's Introduction to the Cla»in. 

VlROIL (Polydore). Sec PuLVDOBB. 

ViHGIN.*. (rierge, Pt. virgo. Lai.) I. JL 
maid ; a woman unacquainted with mnt (Gt— 
neiii). 2. A woman not ■ mother (JgUtww). 
3. Any thing untouched or unmingled 1 anjr 
thing pure (DerAam). 4. The sign itf the m- 
diac in which the tim is in August (ATtlfM). 

Vi'KCiH.a. Befitting a virgin i luJuUe to 
a virgin i maidenly (Coio/n). 

r«Vi'ROiK.r.f.. tacantworf.) Taplar 
the virgin {Shahprarr). 

VtaciK Cape, acapeorPatajmnia. 



1*1. iS. 83 S. 



.la. i^^>^ 



^lt«nt GonitA, GiiKATViRcis/orSpA- 
'auaTowH, oneofihr Virgin Islands, in the 
w. Indid. Ii hu twD good harbours, wiih 
•ooMathctUbnilideptndiiietinit (see Virgin 
ItLASM). «nc! Udefendedliyarorl'silufilein 
i0fi.64.OW.1it. IS. 18 N. 

ViKcrie ItLAKDS.abouOOislandg.indlieys, 
in ihe W. Indies, bctwrtn Si. Juan de Pucito 
Kco «inf the Li«iv3rd Cntibbee Islands. Tliey 
wen called Lii Virgines by ihe Spaniards, ' 



InX" 



In the finl division, belongina to the Eiig 
bTorlaU, the principal, lo which belongs 
YiM CKke'i and Little V»n Dyke's, Gi 
Ille, wtlh Beef and Thatch Islands. 



JdsC 



In Ihe 

Mcond division is Viiinn Gorda, to which be- 
bnc Ane^da, or Drowned Iitc, Nicker, 
IHsckl; Pear, and Muskllo hltiTid>, the Com- 
nannc*. Scrub and D(w Islands, the Fallen 
Ci^ <(«vo tiwlty islets, close loRelher, at a dis- 
OBCcretcinbling ruins) the Round Hock, Gin- 
ger, Cooper's Salt Island, Peter's liland, and 
the DtmI Chest. Of the Danish division, ihc 

Cndpal iilaiiJi are Si. Tliomai and Si. John. 
n. from (i3. 45 to 64. 66 W. Lai. from I7. 
ID to 18. 30 N. 

VfRGlNAL. a. (frotn virpn.) Maiden i 
maiilrnly : pt^ruiiiing to a virgin (ffaminond). 

r» Vi'boimai.. B. n. Topat; lo strike as 
oa the tirglnil : a cant word (Shakipeare). 

ViRCtHAL, a stringed and keyed musical 
ituimiDcnt, resembling the harpsichord. For- 
oMrlj in much diecm, but now eniirely out of 

VtSGINI.'l. danghlei of the cenlurion L. 
Vit|ptiiu>. Apf"!'" Claudius, the decemvir, 
Wetme euaniouied of her, and 10 obtain pos- 
■otioo ot her person, procured one or his fa- 
* tij (Ilea tu claim her u ihe daughter of a slave, 
and Ap]iliM, in the capacity of judge, had pro- 
noonctil ihe lenunce, and deliveied her into 
tti« handi of his friend, when Virginius, in- 
fanned of ihts violent proceeding, arrived from 
tht amp. The father demanded to see his 
diu^ter, anil when ihif request was granted, 
btuutehed a kniTe and plunged it in Virginia's 
\itniL The soldiert, incensed against the 
•Jltni, marched to Rome. Appiuswas seized, 
mdntravvd himself in prison, and Marcus 
CluiiliiH, nil favourite, was put to death, and 
<Ih decemviral power abollsned, about 449 

r"> B. c. 

VliaiKIA, one of the United States of 
Aaierict, bounded on the S. by N. Carolina 
•ndTenUKe, on the W. by Kentucky, nn the 
"-hrftmnMlvaniaand the river Ohio, and on 
*«E. by Ihe Atlantic ocean. Itis44flmile» 
lolngth, and 924 In breadth. The principal 
*W» are James, York, Roppahinnoc, and 
^XAmae, which an full of convenient har- 
"ors; and iheie ate also maiiy small rivers, 
loaie of which arc capable of^ receiving the 
jjin^ tiwTchint ship. Theclimaieii various. 
">' lam) toward the mouth of the rivers is nc- 
""allylow, and fit for rice, hemp, and Indian 
""", thot^ at present iiockea with many 
•Mis of treei, from 30 to 70 feet high. The 



V I R 

land nichet up the livers is generally level, and 
watered! with 'prings : but there are here and 
there some iniall hiils. That near the sea it 
generally sandy, and without stones, for whicb 
reason the liories are seldom shod. The rich- 
est lauds lie near the branches of the rivers, 
and abound with various sortji of limber, sur- 

C' 'iigly large. The princi^l produce is to. 
0, wheal, and Indian coruj but the cul- 
ture of tobacco has considerably declined in 
favour of that of wheal. Virginia is divided 
into SS counties, and in I790co«tained747|6lO 
tiihabitanis, including 892,687 slavet. "" ^^ 
capital is Richmond. 
VIRGINIAN ACACIA, in bottny. 

ROBIHIA. 

ViRGis-iAK CREEPER, in botany. 



See Spircea. 
ViRcivTAV PIKB, in botany. See Prt 

TOLACCA. T 

VtRGis-iAH SILK, in botany. See Psn 

VlRCINIAH TOBACCO. See NlCi 

VrRGINITY.i.{fiVg.mVa.,Lal) Mail 

head ; 11 n acquaintance wiih man (Tay'or). 

VIRGINS ROWER (Uprighi). 
Flammula jo vis and Clematis. 

VIRGO, in astronomy, one nf the signs 
constellations of the zoiliac, which Ihe tun en- 
lers about the ?lst or 9Sd of August: being 
one of the 48 old can^iellatiarit, and is nteo- 
ttoned by the astronomers of all age^ and iia- 
tlons, ivhose works have reached uv Ancient- 
ly the fi<-ii>e was ibal of a uiil. almost naked, 
with an e.tr of corn in hernaiid, cridi-nily to 
denote the time of harvest among the people 
who invented litis sign, whoever they were, 
lint the Greeks much altered the lifure, with 
clothes, wings, &c. and variously cxpiuined the 
origin of it b^ their own fablei: thus, ihey tell 
us that the virgin, now evalicd into the skies, 
was, while on earth, that Justitia, the ilaughKi 
ui Astrxus and Ancora, who lived in the golden 
age, and taught mankind their duty ; but 
who, when ihcir crimes increased, was obliged 
10 leave the earth, and lake her place in the 
heavens. Again, Hesiod gi%ei the celestial 
maid another origin, an'l says she was the 
(JBUghter of Jupiter and Themis. There arc 
alto others who depart from both these ac- 
counts, and make her to have been Erignne. 
the daughter of Icaiiust while uthen make 
her Parlhene, the daughter of Apollo, who 
placed her there j and oihen, from ihe car of 
com, niake it a representation of Ceres ; and 
others, from the ot^curity of her bead, of For- 

The ancients, as thejr gave each of the IV 
months of ihe year to the care of tome one of 
the IS principal detiies, M>they also threw into 
the pmieciion of each of lhe<e one of the IS 
sijfns uf the zodiac. Hence Viivo, from ihi 
of corn in her hind, naturally M\ to the 
Cerei. and we aecoidingly 6nd it called Sii 
Cere" 



The; 



n the coiutellatioa Virgo, 



] 



V I R VIS 

lemy's catalogue, are 32 ; in Tycho's 33 ; in VI'RULENTLY. arf. {(romvintleni,) M«- 

Hevdius's 50 ; and in tlie Biitannic 1 10» viz. lignantly; with bitterness. 

1.0.5.11.38. and 65. VIS, a Laiin word, signifying force or 

VIRGULTUM. ( virgulcium^ a virguia^ di- power ; adopted }^y writers on physics, to ex« 

min. a virga,) Small twigs or brushwood, press divers kinds of natural oowers or facalUcs. 

Otherwise called cremiunij a cremando, from The term vis is either active or passi^re :^ the 

buminp. vis activa is the power of producing motion s 

VriULE. a. {virilis, Latin.) Belonging th/e vi< pajfftra is that of receiving: or losing it. 

to man ; not puerile \ not feminine. The m aciiva is again subdivided into vii vivm 

VlRi'LITi. «. (virililas, Latin.) J. Man- and vis muriual 

hood; character of man C7^am('/er). S. Power Vis absoluta, or absolute FoacE, is 

of procreation ( Brown), that kind of centripetal force which is measurc|il 

VIRNENBERG, a town and citadel of by the motion that would be generated by it 

Vl^estphalia, the capital of a countv to which in a given body, at a given distance, and dc- 

it gives name. It is twenty miles W. of Co- pends on the efficacy of the cause producing it 

blentz. Lon. 7* 5 E. Lat. 50. S7 N. Vis acceleratrix, or accelerating 

VIRTON, a town of Austrian Luxemburg, force, is that centripetal force which pro* 

S2 miles \V. of Luxemburg. Lon. 5. 41 E. duces an accelerated motion, and is propor- 

Lat. 4g. 36 N. tional to the velocity which it generates in a 

Vl'RTUAL. a. (virtue!, Fr. from virtue.) given time; or it is as the motive or absolute 

Having the efficacy without the sensible or ma- force directly, and as the quantity of matter 

terial part {Stillingfleet). moved inversely. 

Virtual focus, in optics, is a point in Vis impressa is defined by Newton io be 

the axis of a glass, where the continuation of the action exercised on any body to change its 

a refrtfcied ray meets it. state, either of rest, or moving uniformly io a 

Virtual VELOCITY. Sec Velocity. right line. 

VIRTUA'LITY. i. (from virtual.) Effi- This force consists altogether in the action ; 

cacy {Brown). and has no place in the body after the action it 

ViRTUA'LLY. ad. (from virtual.) In ef- ceased: for the body perseveres in every new 

feet, though not materially {Hammond). state by the vis ineriie alone. 

To Vl'RTUATE. v. a. (fnim virtue.) To This vis impressa may arise from varioas 

make efficacious : not used {Harvey). causes ; as from percussion, prcssion, aocl ccn* 

Vl'RTUE. 1. {virtus, Latin.) 1. Moral trinftal force, 

goodness: opposed to t'tcf( Pope). 2. A par- Vis inertije, or power ofivactivitt* 

ticular moral excellence {Addison). 3. Me- is defined by Newton to be a power implanted 

dicinal nuality {Bacon). 4. Medicinal effi* in all matter, by which it resists any change 

cacy {Aadison). 5. ElFicncv ; power {Atter- endeavoured to be made in its state, that is, hy 

hury). 6. Acting power {Slark). ?. Secret which it becomes difficult to alter its state, 

agency; rfficacy, without visible or material eiiher of rest or motion. 

action {Davies), 8. Bravery; valour {Ra- This power t lien aprees with the vis resisten- 

leiek). p. Excellence ; that wMch gives ex- di, or |)owcr of resisting, by which every body 

cencncQ {Ben Jonson). 10. One of ttie orders endeavours, as much as it can, to persevere in 

of the rclcsiial hierarchy {Tickel). its own stale, whether of rest or uniform recii- 

VI'RTUELESS. a, (from virtue.) 1. linear motion; which power is still proper- 

Wanting virtue; deprived of virtue. 2. Not tional to the body, or to the quantity of matter 

having efficacy; without operating qualities in it, the same as the.wcight or griivity of the 

{Hakewill). bfnly ; and yet it is quite uiHerent from, and 

VIRTUCKSO. 5. (Italian.) A man skilled even indejiendent of, the force of gravity, and 

in antique or natural curiosities ; a man stu- would be and act just the same if tht* body 

dious of painting, statuary, or architecture were devoid of ^raviiy. Thus, a body by this 

{Dryden). force resists the san>e in all directions, upwards 

Vl'RTUOUS. a. (from rir/ttf.) 1. Mprally or downwards or obliquely; whereas gravity 

good iShakspearc)» '2. Chaste {Shakspeare). acts only downwards. 

3. l>me in consequence of moral goodness Bodies only ixert this power in changes 

{Drtfden). 4. Efficario:is; p >wcrful (3/t7/.). brought on tiieir state by Mmie vis tmpre»sa. 

5. Having wonderful or eminent pro(>ertics force impressed on them. And the excrci«eor 

{Spenser). 6. Having medicinal qualities. this power is^ in different respects, both rc«ist- 

Vl^lTUOCSLY. ad. (from virtuous.) In ance and iru|:ctus ; resistance, as tlie body op- 

a virtuous m.inner {Drn.ham). poses a force im;)rob^ed on it to change its state ; 

VrRTUOUS.NESS. *. (from virtuous.) and impetus, as ihe same Ixxly endeavours w 

The state or character of b.'ing virtuous {iiptn" change the state of the resisting obstacle. Phil. 

ser). Nat. Princ. Math. lib. 1. 

VIRULENCE. V/Rt'LLNrv. s. (from ei- The vis iiKriia.\ the same itreat author o7^e- 

mlcnt.) Mental |)oi«on ; malignity ; acrimony where observes, is a passive principle, by which 

oftem|>er; biitrrncs^ (^V{/lr). bodies |>ersist in their motion or rest, and re- 

VI'RU LENT. a. (fir«/rii/Ms Latin.) 1. Poi- ceivc* motion, in proportion to the ft>rce im- 
sonous ; venomous, 'j. Poj^oned in tho miad ; pressing it, and resist as much as they are re- 
bitter i uuligiiatit. listed. Sec Rt^urANCK and Lslrtia* 



VIS VIS 

ViscESTMPBTA. SecCEHTRAL FORCES. Dcar, hawthom, service, hascl, maple, asbt 

Vis motrix. Sec Moving force. lime-tree, willow, elm, horn-beam, &c. It 

Vi« ELASTiCA. Sec Vis mortua. is siip|)06cd to be propagated by birds, especially 

Vis insita, in medicine, a pro|>erty which by the field-fare and thrush, which feed upon 

b defined bj Haller to be that power by which its berries, the see<ls of which pass through the 

a uittscle, when wounded, touched, or irritated, bowels unchanged , and alone with the excre- 

contncts^ independent of the will of the ani- ment adhere to the branches of trees where they 

Dial that it the object of the experiment, and vegetate. 

without its feeling pain. See Irritability. The missletoeof theoak has, from the times 

Vis medicatrix nature, a term em- of the ancient druids, been aiwavs preferred to 

ployed by physicians to express that healing that produced on other trees; out it is now 

power in an animated body, bv which, when well known that the viacus quercus differs in 

dueaoed, the body b enabled to regain its no respect from others, 

healthy actions. This plant is the t^ of the Greeks, and was 

Vis MORTUA. Vis elastica. That pro- in former times thought to possess many medi- 

perty by which a ranscle after the death ot the cinal virtues ; however, we learn but little 

animal, or a muscle immediately after having concerning its efficacy from the ancient writers 

been cut out firom a living body, contracts. on the materia medica, nor will it be deemed 

Vis VERY OS A. This property is considered necessary to state the extraordinaiy powers 

by Whytt to be another power of the muscles ascribed to the missletoe by the crafty designs of 

by which thev act when excited by the nerves, druidical knavery. Both the leaves and branches 

VISAGAPATAM, a town of the peninsula of the plant have very little smell, and a very 

of Hindustan, in the circle of Cicacole, 50 weak taste of the nauseous kind. In distilla- 

miletS-W. ofCicacoIe, and lOON.E. ofRa- tion they impregnate 'water with their faint 

jamcmdry. Lon. 83. 40 K. Lat. 17.45N. unpleasant smell, but yield no essential oil. 

Vl'SAGE. s. (visage^ Fr.) Facej counte- Extracts, made from them by water, are bit- 

n^nce ; \ack {ffaller). terish, roughish, and sub-saline. The spiri- 

VISCERA. The plural oftnseus. tuous extract of the wood has the greatest au- 

Vl'SCERATE. V. a. {viscera, Lat.) To sterity, and that of the leaves the greatest bit- 

cmbowel : to exenterate. terness. The .berries abound with an ex- 

VISCID. a. {oisciduSf Latin.) Glutinous ; tremely tenacious and most ungrateful sweet 

lenacions. mucilage. * 

VlSCl'DITY. 1. (from viscid,) I. Glu- The viscus quercus obtained great reputation 

tinott»ness ; tenacity ; ropiness {Arhuihnot). 2. for the cure of epilepsy ; and a caae of this dis* 

GIAtifioQS concretion {Ftoyer). easef of a woman of quality in which it proved 

VISCXXSITY. 1. (vitcocitt, Fr.) 1 . Glu- remarkably successful, is mentioned by Boyle. 

tinousiiest; tenacity (Arhulknot). 2. Agio- Some years afterwards its use was strongly re- 

tinous sobstance {Broum), commended in various convulsive disorders by 

VISCOUNT {Vice Comes), was ancieolly Colbach, who has related several instances of 

an officer onder an earl, to whom, during his its good effects. He administered it in sub- 

attendanee at conrt, he acted as deputy to look suiice in doses of half a dram, or adram^ of the 

after the affiiirs of the country. But the name wood or leaves, or an infusion of an ounce. 

was afterwards made use of as an arbitrary This author was followed by others, who have 

title of honour, without any shadow of office ' not only ^iven testimony of the efficacy of the 

pertaining to it, by Heniy VL; when, in the misslctoe m different convulsive affections, but 

I8ih year of bis reign, he created John Beau- also in those complaints denominated aervogf» 

moot a peer, by the name of Viscount Beau- in which it was supposed to act in the chanc* 

BNOt; which was the first instance of the terofatonic. 

^iod. A Tiscoont is created by patent as an But all that has been written in favour of 

tuiis; hb title is right honourable ; his man- this remedy, which is certainly well deservii>^ 

tie is two doublings and a half of plain fur; of notice, has not prevented it from falling 

*od his coronet has only a row of pearls close into general neglect ; and the eolloges of Loo* 

Id iHe circle. don and Edinburgh have, perhaps not without 

Vl'SCOUNTESS.s. The lady of a viscount reason, expunged it from their catalogues of 

Vl%OUS. a. (t;t5caftii, Lat.) Glutinous ; the materia medica. 

•t»cW; tenacious {Bacon), VISCUS, in medicine, any organ or part 

VlSCUM. Missletne. In botany, h senus which has an appropriate use, as the viscera of 

^f the dass dioecia, order tetandria. Male : the abdomen, &c. 

fiJyxless; peub four, resembling a calyx, di- VISHNEI VOLOTCHOK, a town of 
bted and ooitcd at the base ; anthers sessile, Russia, in 'the government of Tver. It hat a 




'^ed ; heads of the flowers axillary. It n a the universe. Brahma b the creator, and Siva 
^*^\k shmbj gftrntog oa the oak, apple^ the destroyer : and these two, with Vishnou, 



VIS VIS 

united in some inexplicable manner, constitute from which the pencil* of rays teeniinEly con* 

Brahme, or the supreme numen of the Hin- verge at their entrance into the pupn. Bat 

dus. when rays issue from below the surface of a 

VISIBI'LITY. 1. (visihiUti, Fr. from vu vessel of water, or any other refracting medium, 

sihle,) I. The sute or oiiality of being per- he finds that there are always two diflerent 

ceptible to the eye. 2. State of being appa- places of this seeming convergence : one of 

rent, or openly discoverable ; conspicuousness. them of the rays that issue from it in the same 

VrSIBLE. f. Perceptibility^ by the eye. vertical circle, and therefore fell with diffeicnt 

Vi'siBLE. a. {uisil'le, Fr. visiuitisf Latin.) degreesof obliquity upon the surface of there* 

1. Perceptible by the eye iDryden), 2, Dis- fracting medium; and another of those that 

covered to the eye {Shaksoeare). 3. Apparent; fall ufion the surface with the same decree oC- 

open; conspicuous (C/ar«iidbfi). obliquity, entering the eye laterally with ic* 

Visible, something that u an object of spect to one another. He says, sometimes one 

sight or \ision, or son ething whereby the eye of these images is attended to by the miodt 

is affected, so as to produce a sensation. and sometimes the other ; and difiereot images 

The Cartesians %ay that light alone is the may be observed by different persoDi. And 

proper object of vision. But according to he adds, that an object plun^ in water af** 

r^^ton, colour alone is the proper object of fords an example of this duplicity of images, 
sight; colour bein^ that [)roperty of light by From the principle above illustrated, several 

wnich the light itself is visiole, and by remarkable phenomena of vision may be ac* 

which the images of opaque bodies are painted countefl for : as — ^That if the distance between 

on the retina. Phikwtphers in general had two visible objects be an angle that is iosen- 

formerly taken for granted, that tne place to sible, the distant bodies will appear as if coDti- 

which the eye refers aiiy visible object, seen guous : wh^poe, a continuous oody, being the 

by reflection or refraction, is that in which the result of several contiguous ones, if the di- 

visual ray meets a perpendicular from the ob« stances between several visibles subtend insen-* 

jMt upon the reflecting or the refracting plane, sible angles, they will appear one cootinooui 

That this is the case with respect to plane mir- bodv ; which gives a pretty illustration of ihe 

rors is universally acknowledged ; and some notiou of a continuum. Hence also parallel 

experiments with mirrors of other forms seem lines, and long vistas, consisting of parallel 

to favour the same conclusion, and thus afford rows of trees, seem to converge more aiid mote 

reason for extending the analogy to all cases of the further they are extended from the eye ; 

vision. If a right hue be held perpendicularly and the rooft and floors of long extended alleys 

over a convex or concave mirror, its image seen, the former to descend, and the latter to 

seems to make one line with it. The same is ascend, and approach each other ; because the 

the case with a right line held perpendicularly apparent magnitudes of their perpendiciilar in- 

within water ; for the part which is within the tervals are perpetually diminishing, while at 

water seems to be a continuation of that which the same time wc mistake tlieir distance. See 

is without. But Or. Barrow called in ques- Priestley's Light and Colours, 
tion this method of judging of the place of an The mind perceives the distance of visible 

object, and so opened a new field of inquiry objects, 1st, From the different configurations 

and debate in this branch of science. This, of the eye, and the manner in which the rays 

with other optical investigations, he published strike the eye, and in which the image is im- 

in his Optical Lectures, first printed in l674. pressed upon it. For the eye disposes itself 

According to him, we refer everv point of an differently, according to the different distances 

object to the place from which the pencils of it is to see ; viz. for remote objects the pupil if 

light issue, or from which they would have dilated, and the crystalline brought nearer the 

iEsued, if no reflecting or refracting substance retina, and the whole eye b made more glob- 

intervened. Pursuing this principle, Dr. Bar- ous ; on the contrary, for near objects, the 

row proceeded to investigate the place in which pupil is contracted, the crystalline thrust for* 

the rays issuing from each of the points of an wards, and the eye lengthened. Again, the 

object, and that reach the eye after one reflec- distance of visible obiecis is judged of by the 

tion or refraction, meet; and he found tliat angle the object makes; from the distinct or 

when the refracting surface was plane, and confused repre:»enution of the objects ; and 

the refraction was made from a denser medium from the briskness or feebleness, or the rarity or 

into a rarer, those rays would always meet in a density of the ravn. To this it is owing, 1st, 

place between the eye and a perpendicular to That objects which appear obscure or confined 

the point of incidence. If a convex mirror be are judged to be more remote; a principle 

iiseo, the case will he the same; but if the which the painters make use of to cause some 

mirror be plane, the rays will meet in the per- of their figures to api^ear further distant than 

pendicular, and b«*yond it, if it be concave, others on the same plane. Vd, To this it is 

He also dtrteruiined, according to these prin- likewise owing that rooms whose walla are 

ciples, what form I he image of a right line will whitened, appear the smaller; that fields co» 

take when it i< prc»ented in dilTcrent manners vered with snow, or white flowers, appear lest 

toa sphtrricai mirror, or when it is seen through than when clothed with grass ; that mountains 

a refracting ine<li II m. covered with snow, in the night-time, appear 

M. B lugm-r adopts Barrow's general maxim, the nearer, an<l that opaque bodies appear the 

in supposing that we refer objects to the place more remote in the twiliglit. 



Mpcanofeaual migniiudc rron 
iBc drcttcnKitnce, though oi 



VIS 

Tti* RUipiiiiide or (ijible objects a known 
dtivflf by Uie angle contnincd belwcen livo 
n]rt tmwo from the twoMlremeaof iheobjecl 
to thec*iiUc«f Iheeje. An object appears 9u 
Urge M it tbe angle it lutilcnK*} or bodiei 
KTU uodft ■ greater angle, a pl>ear greater ; and 
Umbc under ■ leu angle, less, ke. Hence the 
»ii)pihingapi>ear*greaieror leusB it is nearer 
the ne «( further off. And this i> called the 
■p yw ent nuvniiDile. Bat to judje of the real 
M^nitude of an object, we 1111191 consider lUe 
iiattttee ; fat tincc a near and a remote object 
aim ■ppeit undei equal aiisle«, though the 
migBiuidei be dlKrent, the distance must ne- 
coMrily be csiimaicd, because the magnitude 
nffCMnrimallaccDrdiiiguihe distance is. So 
tbal tbe real magnitnde ii in the compound 
latin of tbe ditiapce and the apparent magni- 
n»Ut al kaitnhen the subtended angle, or 
aaparcni tnagnitude, it very soiall ; oiherwite, 
lAe real magnitude will be in a ratio com- 
pwiwfaJ of ine ditiance and the (ine o( the ap- 
pafent utgnitnde, nearly, or nearer still its lan- 
fKnU HeiKe. «bj«ci« «ecn under the same an- 
cle, heie ttieir tnainiludet in the same laiio at 
The chord of an arc of a circle 
:r; point in 
_ It be tastly 
Dianr than another. Or if the eye be fixed in 
Miffaian in the circiimferrnce.and a right line 
he BOi*d'mind.(oasit« extremes be always in 
ibc periphery, it will appear of the lame mag- 
Blladt in Kvwy po^ilion. And the rcsioii if, 
fc«e*iue lh< angle it sublendi in always of the 
tamcma^iitaJe. And hence al«n, the eye be- 
inv plica in any angle of a regular polygon, 
ihewlaof it will all iipprjr of etjunl magni- 
tude i beinf; all equ^t chords of a circle de- 
KTibrdabuui it. If the magnitude of an object 
tuttt\f opposite 10 the eye be etguul lo iti di- 
ittoee from the eye. the whole oajeci will be 

Hf teen, or taken in by the eye. but no- 
•re. And the nearer you approach an 
Bm les) part you see of it. The least 
lAtl which an ordinary object becomes 
l-lbonl one minute of a d^r 
Bgure of liiible objecu '* 
t(M^ feral our opinion of the 
tluttvoal parU of the ohiect. Thiiopini 
tf tbt alMaiion, Sec. enable* ihe mind to ap- 
pdwnd an external uhjrct under this or that 
|i|V*. mort justly than any similitude of the 
■tt^in (he retina, with >ne object, can ; the 
■■■jn being often elliptical, oblong, Sec. 
*Wn ibe objecia ihey 'exhibit to the aiind are 
«"*!, ot «)..»re«. &c. 

UNlanaof ■iiinn, with regard to iheliftnrcs 
^tnible object*, are, 1. That if the centre 
JTllkqrc be exactly in the direction of a right 
'"t. ille line will appear only ■* a point. 9. 
'I tiK cyt be [>l«c«d m the direction of a >ur- 
J^, it wiltaT>|ie)ronlyasaliiic. 3. If a body 
^ •>IJ«Mcd directly toward* tbe eye, so a« only 
P** plane of the turrace can radiate on ii. the 
^"dj •ill apiieaT a« a aurface. 4. A remote 
?'*fi, riewed by «n eye in the *amc plane with 
> "ill ajipeiir a* a right line. i. A s|>here. 
***cd at a dittance, appeana circle. 6. Au- 



VIS 

gular figures, at a great di*tance, ujually ap- 
pear round. ;. If the eye look obliquely on 
the centre of a regular figure, or a circle, the 
true fijore will not be aeen; but the circle 
will appear elliniical, 3tc. 

Vl-SIBLENESS. .. (from vnilU.) Smt 
or quality of being fliihle. 

Vl'SIBLY. a£ {from t,uii/e.) In a man- 
ner perce|niblc by the eye (Dryden). 

VlSIliR, an officer or dignitary in the Ot- 
toman empire, whereof there are two kinds; 
one called by the Tutks «>tier-azem. that is, 
grand visier, is the prime minister of flate in 
the whole empire. He commands the army 
in chief, and presides in the divan or great 
council. Next to him are six other subordi- 
^at^; visiers, called rliier* nf the bench ; who 
officiate as hi* counsellors or aiKuort in the 
divan. 

VI'SION. I. {mtion, French 1 lim, Lai.) 
1. Sight; ihc faculty of fleeiiiB (ATnfl/oi,). g. 
The act of seeing (HaniTaond), 3. A super- 
natural appearance ; a spectre ; a phantom 
( ilillon). 4. A dream ; something shown in 3 
dream (Lockr). 

For the theory of vision, according to the 
fit^t of the above acceptations, see Sicbt, 
See also Mr. Andrew Horn's ingenious work, 
lately published, entitled The Seat of VisloQ 

Vl'SIONARY. a. {visienairt, French.) 1. 
Affected by phantoms ; disposed to receive im- 
pressions on the im33;ioadon (Pope). S. Ima- 
Rinary ; not real ; seen in a dream ; perceived 
by the Imagination only (Sw^). 



. Vi'a; 



) mi mated 



French.) One whose imagination is disturbed 
{Tumrr). 

To Vl'SIT. li. a. ieintcr, Fr. initio, Lai.) 
■ To go to sec IPopt). S. To setid good or 

r ■ .- - ". - j^^IjIj ^ 

.^iih jtidicial atithority iAyUffry. 

To'Vi'slT. t, n. Tukeepupilieialcreoui 
of ceremonial salutation* at the houses of 1 
olhrr {Late). 

Vi'siT. .. (diiVf, Pr. from the verb ) 
act of aoinR 10 sfe another {Walli). 

VI-SITABLE. 0. Cfrom ««/,) Liable 
bevlMted {Avhfft). 

VI'SITANT. I. (fiwm dji/.) One 



wh9^^ 



ad of tiiiling {Skakipeart). V. Objvcts of 
visits (Millar). 3. Judicial visit or pcTJnibu- 
Ution {.lytifn- 4. Judicial evil .cnt by God 
{Taylor), 5, Communication of divine love 
iHookfT). 

VISITATO'RIAL. «. (from ««/«■.) Be- 
lomUng to n judicial visitor Crfy/iTTe). 

VI'SITER. I. (fr..n. Bi«V.) I. One who 
comw to ttr anolhet (Swift). 2. An otca- 
rional judgr; one who regulates the dlionler* 
ofanvsoriiily (Cor/*). 

VI-SIVE. 0. (.■-«/; Fr.) Formed in the 
icti>f«eing(Bro«me). 

VISNEA. in bniany. a grnui of the clasa 
dodecandria, order lrig)'nia. Calyx 6ve-lcave^^ 



V I T V I T 

inferior: enrol fi ve- petal led ; stiemas three; To VITl LITIGATE, v.n. (vifiosus und 

nut two or three-celled, half inferior. One lilt sti, haiin.) To contend in law cavillously. 

8j)ecies only, a shnih of the Canaries, with al- VlTl LITIGATION, s, (from vUiliiigaie.) 

ternatc leavi-s, and suiall yellow flowers. Contention ; t^villation {Iludihra^), 

VI'SNOMY. *. (corrupted from pAyj/ogno- VITIO'SITY. j. (from ri/toius, Latin.) 

wy.) Face; cotmtcnance : not in use(.S/>.'). Deprd\itY; corruption (6oaM). 

VrSOR. J. Wi^Hs, Ut. viticre, Fr.) A mask VlTlOUS. a, {viliosus, Latin.) 1. Car- 

used to disfigure and disguise (Shakspeare). rupt ; wicked ; opposite to virtuous iAIiiton). 

VrsOUIil3.a.(from visor.) Masked (A/<7/.). 2. C-orrupt ; having physical ill qualities {Ben 

Vl'STA. J. U^shun.) View; prospect Jvmon). 

through an avenue (/^(/iiion). X'l^IOUSLY. ad. Not virtuously; cor- 

VISTULA, or Weisel, a large river of ruptly. 

Pohiid, which taking its rise in the mountains VfTIOlJSNESS. J. (from vitiouM.) Cor« 

south of Silesia, visits Cracow, Warsaw, &c. ruptness ; state of being vitious (.South), 

and continuing its course northward, falls into VlTlS. Vine. In botany, a geniu oTthe 

the Baltic sea below Dantzic. class |)entandria, order monogynia. Petals co- 

Vl'SUAli. a, {visicl, Fr.) Used insight; hiring at the tip, withered; berry superior, 

exercising the power of sight ; instrumental to five-seeded. Twelve species; natives of the 

sight {Miltori). Knsi Indies and America, except vitis vinifm, 

VITaE ARBOR. See Arbor vitje. which is found in all temperate climates. The 

Vita LIGNUM. SccGuiacum. following are cultivated. 

VITAL, a. {vitalis, Latin.) 1. Contribut- 1. V. vinifera. Common vine, 

ing to life; necessary to life. S. Relating to '2. V. Indica. Indian vine, 

life {Shakspeare) 3. Containing hfe iMillon), 3. V. laciniosa. Parsley-leaved vine. 

4. Being the seat of life '{Pope). 5. So dis- 4. V. arborea. Pepper vine, 

posed ns to live (Brown). 6. Essential ; chiefly The first is of by far the most consequence ; 

nectrssary (Corbet). and it is characterised by having lobed, sinoate. 

Vital actions. See Vital func- naked leaves. It has an abundance of varieties, 

Tioxs. %vhich we have neither space to detail, nor can 

Vital functions. Vital actions. Those perceive any utility in attempting to do so. 

actions of the body upon which life imniedi- They are ah'ke propagate^l from layers or cut- 

ately depends, as tne circulation of the blood, tings. The former is the method usually prae- 

respiration, heat of the body, &c. See Func- tised, hut the latter seems miKh the better. In 

TION. order to propgate vines by cuttings, socb 

Vital principle. 5)eeLiFE. shoots should he chosen as are strong and 

VITALBA. Traveller's joy. This pl.-.nt weil-rijiened, of the last year's erowth ; and 

i» common in onr hedges, ;)nd is the clematis these should be cut from the old vine, just 

vitalha ; folils pinnatis, foliolis cordatis scan- below the place wlirrc they were produced, 

dentibus of Linn^us. lis leaves, when fresh, takinz a knot of the two year^ wood to each, 

produce a warmth on the ton<):iie; and, if the which should be pruned smooth. The upper 

chewin<; is continued, blisters arise. The part of the shoot should then \yc cut ofl', so as 

same effect follows their being rubbed on the to leave ihc cutting about sixteen inches lon^. 

skin. The plant has been administered inter- These cuttings are to be placed with their 

nally to cure lues venerea, scrophula, and rheu- lower part in tlie ground, in a dry place, la}- 

matisms. In France the yoiuig sprouts are in;; some litter about their roots to prevent 

eaten, when boiled, as hopiops are in this them from drying. Here they should remain 

country. till the be<:inning of April, which is the time 

VITA'HTY. s. (from vital.) Power of to plant iligm. They are ilicn to be taken op 

subsisting in life (Rulrigh). and wiped clean, and if very dry, they should 

VKFALLY. ad. (from vital.) In such a stand with their lower narts in water six or 

manner as to give life (Bentley), eight hours. Then, having prepared the beds 

VI'TaLS. .t. (without the singular.) Parts for them, they are to be set at abont six feet 

essential to life (P/ii/i/;^). distance from each other, makine their heads 

VITE'LLARY. i. (from n7f//Ms, Latin.) slant a little towards the wall. The cutting is 

The place where the yolk of the egg swims in to be so buried in the ground, that only the 

the white (Brown). uppermost hud be u]X)n a level with the sur- 

VITEX, Chaste-tree. In l)otany, a genus face ; the earth is then to be well closed about 

of the class didynamia, order angios|)ermia. the plant, and a little mould heaped up over 

Cah'x fi ve- toothed ; corol with the Imrder f ix- the eye of the bud, to keep it from drying, 

cleft; drupe one-seeded, with a four-celled After this no more trouble is necessary- than 

nut. Thirteen s|)ecies, chiefly natives of the to keep the ground clear from weeds, and to 

East or West Indies, or America. nail up the shoot a< it grows, to the wall. 

To VITIATE. V. a. (vilio, Lat.) To dc- rubbing otf all the side shoots. The Michael- 

pravc ; to si|)oil ; to make less pure (iirr/j/fi). mas following, if the cuttings have produced 

VlTIA^riON. 5. (from vitiate.) Deprava- strong shoots, they should be" pruned down to 

tion ; corrujaion (Harvey), two eyc!^. In the spring following the ground 

VITlLIf'O. (from vUio. to infect.^ A dii* i^ carefully to be dug up about the shoots, and 

ejKof the »kin. SeeALi'HUi. the stalks to be earthed up to^the firet eye. 




V I T I S. 

I atl i)m InKiai shooia muM utr ii a|iiH!e4 aicrireU bnowR. Th«-*id 

Ifipptmi, und duty the two wis inrrodund by ttie Roman* inio JStital^ 

which were Itfl musi be anti appran U> have Teiy soon become com^^ 

^ , ', a» they grow, arc to b« moii. Few ancient mnnasttriesweredcalitiila. 

I viWvtP''''**''*^''''* B>ul#& the miilillc of a viiirj'anl, and all the oldest mimconlnin 

ra Juljr thcf ihould be shortenetl, by Dipping Lrace« of luch a plantalion. MalmsbuFy iioiiiii 

f<licit Idpi, and thi) will greatly strengthen out the county of Glouceslcr as excelling every 

thuat. A» the Michatlnins folfowinft'ihEje oilier part of the cnuntrj, in his titlie, 'n the 

ib>wl<J be ftuned, leaving iberu each three number and richness of its vlncysnli. In an 

ejw, if siwng; but rf weakly, only two. The early peiioil of our history the isle of Ely was 

not ui'iunirt ibcre will be (wo shoott from expressly denomiC'iteil the isle of Vines by iht 

•>ch tluMit ;)f the last year's wood I but if there NormjuH. Vineyards are noticed in the 

ibsuH be uvofrotn one eye, which is some- Oui • ■ ■ . . n i .._■ 

Uiart the cue, tlie weaker is lo be nibbed uC the 

Al^liiituniiner tile ends of ihc shooiiare id be Wii 
pBcbed otr at before; all the weak lateral 



Uuomsday.bool;, as aisp by Bojc, as early ai 
' cut of the eighth ceninry, 

Ht this pcfiod ai ■ conimoii 
ithc. I'be bi!<bop of Ely, stjortly after ihg 



II the preceding conquest, appears to have received at least ihtC' 



frequeul reservations of a certain ouanlity of 
. it is \viiic by way of lent. Mar ' " 
Ti'eil, lluE these rurely produce any lilile lurcrinr to the French it 



klhemanigcinrnt of thrown vi 



Vt tCl 



g ahoou fioa wood tb^t ii more tbau, GhuI wai totally withon 

Bftu old; the ^cat csee mufl therefore be nfCa-aar, yei nut nnly this province, but 

ly« in hive plenty of this wood in cicry intetiot of the country, was Inroely clocked ., 

Din Iff ihe tree. The bcjririg shoots for tile early as llie time of :)Irat>o. In the reign o(, ^ 

Ifllowing year should be left at the pruning Vespasian Fiance became famous for her vinfji^ 

tub font eyei each. The under one of these yards, and even eiForted its wines to Italy. '^ 
W(S IMJ bejr, and consequently iliere are only In the a^ of Lucullus, howei er, even (bW 

wee wbich do. Manv leave inorir eyea on the Boiuam thcniiwlvet were setdom able to regtM 

i^Wli, that iJiey may have more riuii. which theinselvcii with wine. Italy raised but htltsjJ 

^ llw fionsequciice ; but then the fruit is mueb and l})e rorei)^ wjiies were *o expensive th^ 

(Oottr 1 an'lthisiiso well known in tbe uiuc ibcy were rarely produced even at enlerloiM 

unaines, ihil tliere are laws to direct that no lacnw i and when ihcy were, eveiy guest wa 

Mtethan such a number of eyes are lo be left unly indulged with a sinale draughl. Hut in 

«a lach shout, for ihr grapes would else be uf the levcnth century, as their conquests jug- 

tpMcjutoe, and drsimy the tepiiiaiiun of rjienicil thettegree oftheirwenllhtDil en^irgcil 

WW wuw. Each of ihe three eyes kfi will the sphere of their hmuiy, wines became an 

jmluee iwo or diree bunches; so thai each otyecl of p«rticu|jr uilehtion, Vauhs were 

^Imm will give six or nine benches, uhich is now eonsirucled, and gradually became wclU 

« outcfa as it cjin hriiig to any peffection. stocked, anil ilic wines of th« country iciiiiircd 

1W ihools niu>l be )«iJ in at about eijijiieen a eonsiilerablc character. The Falcrnian aroFe 

■bcbn asunder ajpiinst the w.'ill j fur if Uiey inniieilljiely inin gical lepnte ; the fashion for 

tRctowr, Mi-hen ilie sidc-thnuu are priwluccd ii, ho»eier, pr^itrcssively give wav; others 

line will be no room to train th$iii in upon rose intn greater fsvniir, upd eipeciiuly ihat of 

tbtwsll; ami ibelargetiessortheleaves ofthe Florence, luwaHs the close of the ceiituryi 

>iae requires alfo that the tliool) should be at atiJ the i ' -■-•--- 

* woportionable distance. 

The bell scHson for prunmg rines it the end cahiliraieU by her w 
tTS^ptunber. or beginniua uf Oeiober. The Vine leaves and tlte tendrils have ■ 

evt II fimny* to be made just above the eye, sliintctnt Uute, pi\d were fnrinerly used i 

Mdjajwd backward from it, ihat if it bleed, diarrhcen!, hxuiorrhages, and other diu>r(teA9 

Ou jiiice may unl run ujion ihe hud ; and ns^uiring refrigerant 9nd styptic meilicina;' 

nbrte there is an opportunity of cutting down The juice or sap of tbe vine, called tachryiiu^ 

K(ne young aha«ts to two eyes, to produce has beeri recommended in calculous ditorueiif 

riprou* ahuotj for the next year's bearing, it and it Is said (o be an excellent ap 

muU alwajn be di>ne, Ili May, when the weak eyes and specks of the aw 

linct are shouting, they should be looked over, unripe fruit his a harsh, rough, 

•Bd sH the shnois from the old wnod should be iUcxpiessedjuice.caUrd verjuice, w 

nsMed off, a* alto the weaker, wlieneicr there much esteemed, but is noiv superseded by 

V« two produced frmn one eye. Duiing the juice of lemnns ; for exi-rnal use, hnwevo^ 

Booth of Slay ihr branches must be n.iiled up pa'ticularly in bnii^>:a v d (lains, lerjuice 

i^nii the wall u they ihoot, and toward ibe siill emplovcd, and eon>ideitH to be a 

btirrend of this month the ends of the bear- useful .■[ipheatinn. See Uva fjiitx, W 

!■{ blanches should W iiipjivd oif, which will Acktum, and ViMevAit.u. 
paulystiengtheii Ihc fruit. Those, however, Vitis jSLBa. TIk >i-hite bryony wa: 

wMen are t» bear tbe next yenr shrnild not be nierly lo cDlIed. S-e Bktohu alha. 
miiipid hefore tlie beginning of July. . VlTIs idxa. Therrd whortleberry. 

Tw.uses '0 which ilin fruit of this valuably Icavu of thir plant, vaceinium rilis ■■' 



;be ni'ire weiierly oarts of Europe were «L 
subjxgateil by tne arms of Italy, iML 



s id«« 4 



V I T V I T 

Linn^us, arc so adstringent as to be nted in VlT&fOL^ in mineralogy. See Viinio* 

some places for tanning. They are said to lum. 

mitigate the pain atiennant on calculous dis- Vitriol of copPBRy in mineralogy. 

eases when uiven internaHy in ibe form of VrrRioLuia. 

decoction. The ripe berries abound with a Vitriol of irov, in mineralogy. 

grateful acid juice ; and are esteemed in Swc« Vitriolvm. 

den as aperient, antiseptic, and refrigerant. Vitriol of lead, in mineralogy. 

and often given in (lutrid diseases. See Vac- PLt^MBUM. 

ciNiUM. Vitriol of zivc, in mineralogy. 

VITIX AGNUS CASTUS. Thetystema- Vitriolum. 

tic name of the chaste tree. See Agnus Vl'TRIOLATE. Vi'triolatbo. a. (vi* 

CASTUS. IrhU, French, from vitriolum, I^atin.) Im* 

VITMANNIA, in botany, a genus of the pregnated with vitriol ; consisting of vitriol, 

class octandria, order monogynia. Calyx four* VrrRICLIC. Vitrio'lous. a. {vHrio^ 

cleft ; corol four-petalled ; nectary a scale at li^ue, French ; from viiriolum, Latin.) Re* 

the base of the titaments; nots semilunate, semblins vitriol ; containing vitriol (#lovfr). 

conipressed, one-seeded. One species only, VITKIOLUM. Vitriol. Sulphuricacidwitk 

an East Indian tree, with round branches, and an earthy or metallic base. Copperas. la 

umbelled, terminal flowers. mineralogy, a genus of the class salts. Of A' 

VITREOUS, o. (rffrfiiJ, Latin.) Glassy; very caustic taste; its watery solution maik. 

consisting of glass ; resemblins slass (/^ojf). turbid both by soda and prussiat of lime ; very 

Vitreous hvmour. xUimor vitreus. soft, mouldering in the air; dtsMlving hkm 

The pellucid body which fills the whole bulb water when exposed to heat, and in a v«j 

of the eye behind the crystalline lens. The strong degree leaving a genuine metallic ozyidl 

whole of the vitreous substance is composed of Nine species. 

small cells which communicate with each 1 . V. magnesii. Sulphat of cobalt. Of & 

other, and are distended with a transparent fluid, rosy red colour, its watery solution defsotiting 

VITREOUSNESS. «. (from vitreout.) . an ochraceous sediment when dinoWed soda 

Resemblance of slass. is poured into it, and a greenish one whc« • 

VI^TRIFICABLE. a. (from vitrificate.) solution of prussiat of lime is poured into it. 

Convertible into glass^ Found in the mines of Neusoht in Hungary : 

To VlTRl'FfCATE. v. a. {viirum and it is soluble in l6 times its tireight of cold 

facto, Latin.) To change into glass {Bacon), water, and melts with borax into a blue glassy 

VITRIFICATION, s. {vitrif cation, Fr. vvhen crysuUised it exhibits an elongated, 

from vitrificate.) Production of glass ; act of eight-sided prism, 

changing, or state of being changra into glass. ^ 9, V. niccoli. Sulphat of niccol. Green ; 

To VirrRIFY. V, a. {vitrijter, French.) its watery solution depositing a whitish-greea 

To change into glass {Bacon). sediment from a mixture of soda. Found ia 

To Vi'trift. v.n. To become glass ; to some mines of Sweden, and usually contains 

be changed into glass {Arbuthnot). some iron ; colour a deep green ; it crystallises 

VITRINGA (Campege), a learned pro- in double four-sided pyramids, with their lips 

fessor of Francker, ana author of many con- truncated ; and sometfmes in large four-sided 

siderable works ; the principal of which are, equal prisms. 

Commentary on Isaiah ; Observationes Sacrse ; 3.V. zinci. Sulphat of zinc. Vitriol of zinc. 
Synagoga Vetus ; }k^ He died in 1779. He White vitriol- While; its watery solution de- 
had a son, also named Campege Viiringa, who positing a white K*dimcnt from a mixture of soda 
gained some reputation by a work called or prussiat of lime, and when evaporated crystaU 
Abr^c^ de la Thcologie Naturelle. lising into four-sided prisms, terminated at 

VITRIOL (Acid of). See Sulphuric both ends by a pyramid. Found in the copper 

ACID. mines of Cornwall snd Anglesea, and in the 

Vitriol (Acid elixir of)* See Elixir zinc mines of Sweden, Bohemia, Germany, 

YITRIOLI ACIDUM. and Hungary ; rarely in its fierfect native sut'e. 

Vitriol (Blue). See Cufrum ▼ITRIO- but generally in a stalactitiral or capillary sute, 

LATUM. or in a loose powdery efflorescence : it is some- 

ViTRKTl (Elixir of). See £lixir vitrio- times blended with a liit!^ iron, and then tine- 

LUM ACIDUM. ture of galls turns its Koluiion blackish : the 

Vitriol (Green). See Fbrrum vitrio- cr^tals are soluble in something more than 

LATUM. twice their weight in water, and effloresce 

Vitriol (Roman). Sec Cuprum vitrio- slowly on ex|)osure to air: specific gravity 

LATUM when crystal li^c(l, 1*912. When in the state 

ViTK lOL (Spirits of). See Acioum sul- in whicH it i< found in the shops, 1*3V75 : con- 

fhuricum dilutum, and Sulphuric tains, according to Bersman, 

ACID. Acid - - 40 

Vitriol (Sweet elixir of). See Elixir Oxyd - - »0 

VITRIOL! nuLCis. Water - 40 

Vitriol (Sweet spirit oO. SeeSpiRiTUS — 

iRTflRRIS virKioi.ici. 100 

Vitriol (White). See ZiNCUM VITRIO* 4. V. enpri. Sulphat of copper. Bloc 

LATi'.M. vitriol. Copper vitriol. Of a deep oiuc colour. 




V IT 

Mdvcnuliinp'-nlacid usle ) its wnlcry wtlil- 
iiaa, wM« cubtuuily miml with a soluiiop o! 
t«tsul««lkali,bcciiBiinKBt>iieikT-bliie. 'Vtitti 
in wtcral varieiioi ihe ii»ller being found 
Hactinc* uf a lighl hlae. conlviiiing capper 
tad iton, or copper, iron, and zinc, uniiej 
wuh tulpbulic >cid ; anil toiDetimei ofa deep 
Uuc, coiiuioiug xiuc aud canpcr unly, uuiied 
miih mlphuric icid. Found ia the copper 
won o^ VVicklow in Ireland, in France, 
ScBMiy. Hunger;, Germany, Sweden, &c. 
temettcna in a *late of Hilution, BOmctiuiei 
cTHBUucdiKstiiacutieal; it hatagiiong iliip- 
tit lauKoui latlC) ii sometimes u>ed bs an 
c«(lk. but more gcDerally as a caustic ; its 
Rjful* arc four'iided )iritmi, with rhomboidil 
wn, wliich B[« loluble iD four times iheir 
weifUt of cotd %mler, and by exposure to the 
M lliey iii);htly effloresce, iDse their lustre, 
Mdare entered with a y el I an is h -grey ponder : 
tkry likewiK commuuicatc a ijreen colour to 
iuBe. A valuable article of commerce it 
■pnSaori by placing thin plales of iron in the 
nitn wtu't it is held ia lolution, for the 
•cid having a aruter afiinitj with iron ihan 
r«pprr. gTadualTy decompoKi it, and leavei 
i^ coppet in iu place. See Copfera^. 
Sjvcidc gntily 9-1943: conuins, according 

Acid • • 33 

Oryd of copper - 3« 
Water - - 36 

too 

S-V-frfil. Snlphatofiron. Gieenvitriol. 
TiHioIaf iion. Martial vitriol. Grecnj hi 
vtiaj nbition depOiiiing an ochraccous aedi- 
ibnil nheu mixed wilha solution of soda, and 
a U)ie one with a pruuiat nf iron, made 
UKliithb; tincture ofgalli. Fouudin Briialti 
tS^ raiious pant of the continenl, in grottoes, 
nvnnt, anil galleries nf mines, in the furtn of 
p>I(-l»di ciysInU, 01 in a grey, or yellowish, 
V loJdiih-grcv efSoroccncc, or ilalactltical, or 
^iiittj, and most Commonly mixed with 
ttmr, cine, or alum i it i> also found ia 
Wulloa : when pure it cjyslalliscs into rhom- 
(mtal, glr£n, irimaparent priimt, which are 
bwliiMe in alcohol 1 when heated it melts 
ill 
Strong heal there 
pairder, known by the nauie of colcolliar of 
•ibioL Specific gravity, according to Berg- 



9. V. tCTtvum. Combined with earth ; its 

J mtetyaolution made blackish by a nuKiure of 

P (inrtHRoF galls. Found in luly and Hnneary, 

cf a yellow, red, blue, green, or bUck colour : 

{ ihc carih with which it is mixed is generally 




Mixed with flonti 



Aat are not schistose j iu watery tn^alB 
iiuilc black bya niixiUTe of uuciure of 

a. Ora reil colour: called ea I citii. 

e. Of a prev colour : called sory 

y. Ofa bUckcflloui: calltd inetanter 

). Of a yellow colour : called mi..y. 

Found on mouul Ramclsburg, iu Hercynil 
and is produced by pyrites which have n 
dered in the air. 

8, V. (chisli. Mixed with schist; 
watery solution made black by a nnxiure |j 
tincture of galli. Found in I'rancuni 
originates in decayed pyrilca. 

0. V. utiCm. Mixtd with turf; Us 
lolution made blackish by a mixture g 
tiircof palU. Found in mme bogs iu Sweden 
SsKony, i'ruisia, and France ; and ni 
wlLh a fl.me. 

ViTSiOLUM ALBDV. See ZincvM nil 

VtTRtoLUu canvLBUM. See CufRiq 

VITRIOLATUM. 

ViraiOLVM BouAHOM. See CttrRDH 
ViTRioLtJM viRiDt. See Fekkvm tj] 

V°TRUM' ANXrMONIl CERATUffl 
A diaphoretic compound exhibited in lh« ca^ 
of d>senteTies aiisiue from checked per^piratiag 

VITRUVIUS (Marcus VilruTim Pollior 
in biography, a celebrated Roman archileci^i 
whom howerer nothing is known but whatJ| 
to be collected from his ten buukFi, De ArcU^ 
tectura. still extant. In the preface b 
sixth book, he writes that he was car 
iustrocted in the whole circle of art) . 
Ktencet ; a cifciinulance which he apeakf 1 
with muchgratitude, laying it down ascerl "' 
that no mao can be a eoiuplelc architect w 
out some knowledge and skill in every oth 
branch of knowledge. And in the preface 
the first book he mfurmt tts, thai he 
known to Jutius CEDsar; that he was a 
wards recommended by Oetavia to her bro 
Augiisius Cxsar) and that he was so favu 
aiidprovided for by this emperor, as to be o^ 
of all fear of poveily as long as he irtlgltt UM 
It ■■ tuppoied that Vitruviua was born eilkc 
at Rome or Verona, but it is not know 
which. Hit book* of architecture arc nj 
dressed to Augustus Canar, and not only ihn 
consummate skill in that particular scicf 
but also a very uncommon genius and nan 
abilities. Cardan ranks Vitruvius as one 
the twelve persons whom he supposes to h. 
excelled all men in the force of genius ft. 
invention i and would not hare scrupled t 
have given him the tirsl placcj if ii could b 
imagined ihat he had delivered noihini 
his own discoveries. Those twelve pi 
were Euclid, Archimedes, Ap»)loniut 1 
gsens, Ariitoiie, Archytas ofTarentum, "' 
vius, Achindus, Mahomet Ibn Mos .. 
if»ventor or improvei of algebra, Dun* Scot 
John Sniiiet, sumamed the calculator, Galen 
and Heber of Spin. The best edition of th 
Aichitcciiui of Vitnniiu U that of Amiia 

Is 



V IT V I V 

dam', tn 1 649. Perault gaye an excellent The bodici of thete are long, of equal ihidcA 

French translation of the same, and idded nesi ; legs short, usually with fire claws, ini. 

notes and finires : the first edition of which moveable, ears small, snout pointed ; between 

was published at Paris in l673, and the second, the arras and genitals an orifice, leading to a 

much improved, in l684. Mr. William New- duct secreting an unctuous fetid matter ; active 

ton too, an ingenious architect, published in and swift ; some walk on ihe heels, some 

1780, Sec. curious commentaries on Vitruvius, climb, and some burrow; the females produce 

illustrated with figures j to which is added a many at a litter. Thirty-two species, scattered 

description, with figures, of the military ma- over the globe; many of which have a near 

chines used by the ancients. approach to the mustela tribe; whence the 

. VLlTARi A, in botany, a genus of the class popular name of yveasel is applied to varioat 

cryptogamia, order Alices. Fructification ill special of bqth. All those that belong to the 

Ciintinued, longitudinal lines, on the disk or viverra tribe are exotic to our own eoonlrj. 

near ilie margin ; involucre double, continued; We shall select a few exdmplet. 
one from the surface, opening outwards, the 1. V. ichneumon. Ichneumon, or idmcii^ 

other from the inflected maigm, opening in- mon weasel. Tail thick at the base« mpcfiii^- 

wards. Three species; foreign ferns. tip tufted ; great toes remote. Thk spericaoft 

VITTEAUX, a town of France, in the the weasel, frequently called Pharaoh'a rat, hai 

department of C6te D'Or, seated on the river bright^ flame-coloured eyes; small Rrandcd 

Br.iine, among the mountains, frhere there are ears, almost naked; a long alender hose ; but 

quarries of marble, 18 miles S.E. of Semur, a thicker bod^ than others of the genus. lit 

and 27 W. of Dijon. Lon. 4. 2? E. Lat. tail is very thick, and tapers to a point ; Icp 

67. SON. short; hair hard and coarse; ooloor variooa 

VITTORI A, or Victoria, a considenMe in different individuals ; some alternately bamd 

town of Spain, capital of the province of Alaha^ with a dull yellowish-brown and white ; otheia 

in Biscay. It is surronndeci by double walls, of a pale brown or mouse-colour, and mottkil. 

and in the principal square are the- town* The throat and belly are of an uniform blown, 

house, two convents, and a fine fountain. The Mr. Pemiant mentions a specimen to the 

large streets are bordered with fine trees,- Ashmolean museum, that measured tbiiteen 

which are a good defence against the heat of inches and a. half to the origin of the tail, and 

the sun. It has a great trade in hardware,, the tail itsdf eleven;-, but the Egyptian variety 

ERrticularly in sword-blades, which are made is the largett Some of these measure fbrty- 

ere in large quantities. It is seated on ah two inches from the point of the nose to the 

tmineiice, at the end of a plain, fertile in corn extremity of the tail. 

and grapes, 32 miles S.E. of Bilboa, and I5S It inhabiu Egypt, Barbary, India, and the 

N. of Madrid. Lon. 9.5^ E. Lat.42. 5.sK. Indian islands, and is a most useful animal, 

VI^ULINE. a. (vitulinut, Lat.) Belong- being the inveterate enemy of serpents, and of 

ins to a calf, or to veal {Bailey). other noxious reptiles th&t infi-st the torrid 

VITUTERABLE. a. (tt7ii^rra2ri/tf, Lat.) zone. Itaitacks without dread that most fatal 

Blameworthy (i^tiifioorM). of serpents, the naja, or cohradi capello ; and 

To VITL^'PERATE. v. «. {vUuperer^ Fr. should it receive a wound in the combat, it 

vilupero, l«atin.) To blame; to censure. instantly retires, and is said to obtain an anti- 

V ITU PER ATI ON. «. (tfi/«pera/fo, Lat.) dote from the oppiortiza: afier which it re- 

Blaine ; censure {AuUffe), turns to the attack, and seldom fails of a 

VITUS'S DANCK (St.). See Medic INK. victor)*. It is a meat destroyer of the eggs of 

VIVA'CIOUS. a. (vtrace, Lat.) 1. Long- the crocodile, which it digs out of the sand ; 

Kved iBentley), 2. Sprightly; gay ; active ; ami even kilU multitudes of the young of those 

lively. teriible reptiles : it was not therefore without 

VlVA'CIOUSNESS. Viva'city. .t. (»i- reason that the ancient Iv^yptiuns ranked the 

waciie, French, from vivacirMs.) I. Liveii- ichneuinon atnong their deities. It is at present 

ries» ; spris^htliness {Boyle). 2. Longevity ^ doniesticutL-d, iind kept in houses in Imlia and 

(ength of life {Brown). I^P*- ^^ '' ^^^ more ustrful than a cat in 

VI'VAUY.i. (mt'arivm, I.atin.) A warren, destroying nit» and mice. It easily worries •. 

. VIVK. a. {vify Frtnch; virus, Latin.) eat, though larger and stronger than itself, and 

Livelv ; forcible ; prc<>sing {Bacon). declines not to combat even with the d<%;. It. 

V/VENCY. 1. {vivo, l^iin.) Manner of gmw^i very tame, and is veryacti^-e: sptinn. 

fupportini; or continuing life (Brown). with great agility on its prey, and will glide 

VIVEItO, a town of Spnin, in Gaiicia, along the ground like a serpent, and seem aa 

scntc'd at the foot of a stet'p mountain, near if witiiout feet : yet imnieclidtcly cjtches any 

the river L^ndrovu, who>e mouth fornix :i large thing that is Bung to it. It is a »!reat »*ncmy 

harbour on the Ailiniic, 30 miles N.W. <if to jxiultry, and will feign itscU dead till iluy 

Mondonnedo. Lon. 7.:<4W. Lat. 4'«. iO N. come within its n-ach. Likclhec.it, it is a 

* VIVi'jRllA, in 7'0l'»«y, a penu-of iheclass jrriat lover of iiahes. After mucking out the 

m.iuimali), orlcr A'lTiv Kort>tccih six, inter- hlood, it draws its prey lo its holt-. When 

mediate one 1 shortrr ; tn^ks one on tucli side, n^leep, it britigs the head and t.iil nrrtfr \he 

I >!»«ipr ; gr nch-rs more than ihrce ; tonj;ue brily, ami appears lik« a rouml hjll, \\i«h two 

efeu aculeate bickward>; cUus not a'trac- U-^s iiiicking oivt.. Uiini])hiu5 oh;cr«<..« how 

file. -■....... . skilfully it itiacs the *erj)<:i'it$ by iho turoai, lo 



6V I V E R R A. 
■nrid neetTiDg mj JnjtiTj ; and l.uca 
Ml}' dr>cribc« ihc lame address of ihi 
I in cODijutring ihe ^ypllin asp. 
* ol PbuiBf nud* (olertior hottU 
laU, et trsut ioeertikjimTaat umbra; 
(>blii|iita«q<» Mput *>nu ■erp^nlii Id auru, 
KIui* toto Mmprendil pullim morsu 
• ^■, : . liriupesti 



KifiBitDi'. ftucE»i|ue Buunl pereunlc runeno. 



Lib. i 



Tit. 



TtaB of! Ih' iehncDmon, on 
londca the deadly wipir, by 
WhiU arUull) hii ileuder Uil ii pl*y'd, 
Tba KTpnit ilarti upou the dsDcius «hiulct 
Tkas lurnlnc dd tba foe with iirin iiurpriM, 
FUl «■ bia Ihroat Uie nimhle crealure Bicit; 
TW sanllif Mialu expim bracalh Ihe wound, 
tad iMi bia banrTtil paiwn on the ground. 

UOWE. 

r.ioei! wMsel, o 



e baolit uf Nile, 



i anoihe 




very loDB; le^ and thigh* short, t 
thiok. Ii hss live ton on each Tool, !C|ia 
and standing all fatward ; iuclavriare la 
liiile hooked, and ora flesh- colou r ; hain 
close, foh, and gtomy ; on the huad, 
and sidct, it consisu of a mixiure of ^llij 
and blark ; cheeks, belly, and ihc inside L 
lelloiv. Halfway down the midA 
a duihy stripe, ending at the uffl 
along the middle of ihe back 1 
the tail; Hie tuil itself of a bright I. 
mixed with black ; it it round, and h. 
lame prelirn>^ile laculty as thai uf the sapaious. 
The body m'asures nmeieen inches, thr - ■ 
■cveiileen. There was one shewn tome 
ago in London. Iti kecpcrsaidli 
ihemountainsof Jamaica, and called itft pol 
the njme given by lome writers to a ipeciei 
sloth found in Guinea. It wai very goo. 
natured and sportive, and would caich hiild dl 
aiiy thing, and suspend ittelf by its lail. " 
lay with Its head under its Uin and belk. 

4. V. prehcnsilis. Mexican wei. ' "' 
yellow mixed with arew and brown 

■ ■ The Mexican wcj-el has a fhori 



t. V. letradacl) la 
•Olttau. Feet-toed; snout lon^, moveable, 
"nil « the turikaie of BuRoa, a weasel with a 
•ny iharp-puinteil nose, deprened head, in- 
fiiwd cfirefis. aixl a long upper jaw .- black 
whUm, arising fmin warty excrescences; 
iriJi ^ky ; th« span- about lis eves black ; 
tsm'imall, rounded, black, and clote to the prehensile. 

beiif; tni^pue oblong, blunt, and rough; sis dusky nose, a Uineueorii,reat length, and smull 
sidII cuiiin'tt teeth, iwfi l.nig cdtiine teeth in eyes," encircled with n dmkj hiic ; its ears are 
•adiiiw, aodfive grinders aneachsiile; back short, founded, and placed very dinonl from 

3 broad, and aljtlle convex; bellji broad each other i hnir also short. Dn the head, 
fllii Tc]^ short; feet tniall, and naked at the nppcr part of ihc body, and the lail, the 
ibe baiwiil, with four toes on ench. Tills ctilours are yellow, grev. and black, inter. 
wtHe hyena are the only qiizdttipeili which niixi'd; throat and inside nf the lens, I* 

■^ ' .1. .k.^. h.„, IT.. .1 ytllow ( belly of a dirty white, tinged 

" mini; the t 

d brneaih : aboR 






The cbv 



,-^. , - . - .- crooked, white, and Eutleretl 

Iti hair is blown near the bottom, black two feel four inches Toiigi i. 

BOilheenilt, and hoatyat thepoints; that on three, tapering, oovered with hair, 

iW back iimluUied or wavy ; on the iniide of beneath, near the end, where it is naked, a 

lU Itgi TetWiwish-brown ; tail is tufird with of a fine flesh-colour, It is eslreinely tike it 

blicli i deven inches long ; the tail, wliicli is former, hut Iwrger in all its parts. Like tt 

ibiclc at the baie, ending abinpl, measure* former, it ha.ta prehcntiie tail, and is nalunilHJ 

tl^t inches. very inod-natuied. It goes to sleep M a 

It Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where approach nf day, wakes lowanls nisht. and bi 

ilii called mcer-ral. Ilfeedion flesh, prvvs comrs very lively. It makes >ise of its feel 

0(1 Bice, and I* a great enemy to the cock- catch any thing, and has many of the actin.. 

MkL Like the squirrel, it employs itt fore- of a innnkey. It eats like a •quirrel, holdinj 

ft to convey fonti to its mouth, and lapi its food in its hands. It h» a variety of eat. 

*iltr like a dog i tt is much in motion, and during the night : one like the low barking ol 

itmji make* » grnnling noise. It itliets two a ttog i iis plaintive note is coning hke a dove] 

liiBdiof louodii when uneasy or disturbel, it Its menace, o hissing like that uta Konse or k 

Wb like B young d(^; when pleased, emits set pent i its angtv cry is cinfured. It it very 

t nilltd like that of a imall rattle in rapid fond of suoar and alfsweet things ; eat* fruit* 

Bodim. It may be tamed ; but it bite* tho*e and veaeiables of all kinds t will Dy nl ptmliiy, 

whcicimcll it hods disjareeable. It sit* quite catch them under the winv, luck the blond, ■ 

enet, dropping in fnte4egs on iti breast, and and leave ihrm wiiho'it tearing iheiii. It pia^ 

("nii^ iu head with great ease, as if on a fees a duck to a puHel, vel hates ihr water. m 
[*>«, and appearing as if ii listened, or had 5. V. nastia. Unsilian wcbkI. T.iwnyn 

Jiatipicd something new. When pleated, it tnil annul.ite with white; *naut lone, niorti*-* 

*>ltsaiaii1ingnotie with its tail ; Hir which able. This weasel has the upper jaw reneihen- 

"■un the Dutch at the Cape colt it klapper- ed into a pliant, moveable probmcls. which Ja 

■out. It is alio found in Java, where the much longer than the lower juw- liteartara' 

JiiUMte style it jupe ; the Dutch turacstje. round, eyet tinall, no>e dusky ; hair of a briKht 

)> V. eandivolva. Yellow weasel. Veltow bay colour, smooth, tuft, and glossy ; tail an-. 

■lud with black; tail of the same colour, pre- niihled with dusky and bay; has a whitith 

wniile. This species has a short dtisky note, brcatt; body measuccs elgblccn inohea, tall 

"■■Ivallfycij can thort, bivad, and flapping, ihiilren. 



V I V E R R A. 

The duaky Brazilian weasel is a variety of and toil black c back and aidta Bukcdiith 

this- Its nose and ear* arc formed as above; five parallel whitish lines: one on the top oC 

but beneath each eye it has two spots of while ; the back, and two on each tkle ; the Ncood 

the liair on its back and sides is dusky at the extends some waY UP the Uil. which ii kin| 

TootF, biack in the middle, and tipt with and bushy towaixls the end: but {tvarissia 

yellow ; chin and throat, sides of its cheeks, the disposition of its suipes. It inhabiuMoith 

and belly, yellowish ; feet black, and tail an- America. When attacked, brbiles op iu 

pnlated with black and white. Sometimes hair, and flings its body into a round form: in 

the tail is of an uniform dusky colour. Lin- odour, like that of the lut, if intoknbk. 

n^us has described tliis variety as a distinct Dn Pratz says, that the male is of a ihintD; 

species. black. It digs holes, climbs, sleeps by dn, 

These inhabit Brazil and Gui^oa ; they feed prdWls by night j feeds on worms, inseeti, 

on fruits, eggs, nnd po»U-ry ; run up trees very birds, and sheep ; when punued b^ dflgieos* 

nimhly; cat like a Joj^;, holding their food tracts itself. Penis with a cartilaginows bont 

between their ^o^" • ; are easily ttmed, very 8. V. mephitis. Skunk, Back white, with 

§00(1- na lured, aii ! su m much inclined to sleep a longitudinal black line from the middle is 

iiri::g the day. Tliey make a sort of a whisl- the tail. This species, like the rest, has iboit 

line noise. rouqded ears : cheeks are black : awhitemipe 

O. V. vulpecula. Stifling weasel. Entirely from the nose, between the earst to die back: 

chesnut ; snout elongated , has a short slender the upper part of the neck, and the wbole 

nose, short cars and legs, and a long tail, of a back white, but divided at the bottom bjr a 

black and white colour; its body is black, black line, commencing at the tail, andBM* 

well covered with hair; its length from nose inga little way up the nack : its belly uitfbp 

to tail is about eighteen inches. It inhabits are black ; tail bushy, beine covered lUa 

J^lexico 4nd North America. This and the four with long coarse hair, generally^ black, sooe« 

following species are remarkable for the pes- times tipt with while : the nails on all the 

tifepus, sufibcatiiiff* and most fetid vapour feet are very long, like those on the Ibit ftfi 

they emit from l)eliind, when attacked, pur- of the badger: it is rather less than the fonna 

sued, or frightened ; which is their only means species. 

of defence. Some turn their tail to their ene- It inhabits Peru and North ^mrnc%mbt 

mies, and keep ihem at a distance bjy a fre- as Canada, and is of the same manncif,s*ii^« 

quent crepitus ; others send forth their urine, much a stinkard, as the two preceding. Cliar* 

loaded with an intolerable stench, to the dis- levoix calls it Venfant du diabie, afid fiete 

tance of eighteen feet : the pursuers are stopped puanie, devil*s child, and stinking Imnm, 

by the fetor. Sliould any of this liquid fall Q. V. zorilla. Zorilla, Variegated with 

into the eyes, it almost occasions blindness ; if black and white. This is the annas of the 

on the clothes, the smell will remain for seve- Indians, the zorrinas of the Spaniards. Itt 

ral days, in spite of all washing : — in order to back nnd sides are marked with shoft itripei 

be sweetened, they must even be buried in of black and while : but the latter is dnjed 

fresh soil. Dogs tnat arc not true bred to the with yellow : tail is long and bushv, pirt 

chace run back as soon as they perceive the white, part black : legs and belly black : lixe 

smell; those who have been used to it will less than the preceding. It inhabits Prro, lod 

kill the animal, but are often obliged to relieve other parts of South America. Its fetid odosr 

theoiiielve^ by thrusting tneir noses into the overpowers even the] American panther, aad 

ground. There is no bearing the company of stupifics that formidable enemy- 

a dog that has killed one, for several days. 10. V. Capensis. Cape weasel or nteL 

Professnr Kalm was one night in great danger Black ; back grey edged with white. This 

of being sufToc-ited by one of them that was creature has a blunt nose, and noexternalcan; 

punucfl into a house where he slept. When iu their place only a small rim round theoii* 

driven into a hoiue where cattle are kept, the fice of the auditory passage. Its tongue rwAp 

cattle bellow through pain : indeed they are legs short, and claws very long arid stnipii» 

much disturbed at the sight or smell of any like those of the badger, and guttered beneitli : 




soon a^ kilkd, and the bladder taken carefully sides a dusky line, lea^ving another of grejli^ 

out. It is capable of heiug tamed, and will neath it. 

ibllow its master like a dog, and never emits Length of the body forty inches, of theuil 

its vapour egccept when terrified. It brcedis in twelve : the fore claws measure an inch ^ 

hollow trees, or holes under ground, or in the three-quarters, the hind ones an inch. 

clefts of rocks. It climbs trees with great ' It inhabits the Cape of Good {lope: fires 

a:[;ility, kills poultry, eats eggs^ and destroys on honc]^, and is a great enemy to tne bcei, 

birds. ^ which, in that country, usualfjr inhabit the 

7. V. putorius. Striated or striped weasel, deserted burrows of the Ethiopian boar, the 

Blackish, with five dorsal, parallel, whitish porcupine, jackal, and other animals that lodp 

lines. This b about the size of an European underground. It preys in tne evening I'u? 

pole-cat, but the back is more arched ; the cends the highest part of the desert to look 

rirs are rounded ; the head^ neck, belly, legs, about, and will then put one foot before its 



^ I V E R R A." 

^a||i,|»BKH«it,Uw dnding^ the tun. The along tlic rii}gc^ribebci(,M csleniM a Ua3 

Kaioo or lu giimg lo an emineiice is. Tor ihe line, reaching snme way up the mil ) on each 

mi» of icting ut heariri)} the lionr^-guiilc aide of which are two others. The aide* are 

endtOOt whicb Irvea ou ben, and, as ji were, spoiled with ash-cohtur and bijck ; the inil ii 

condiKU it 10 Iheir hauiiti. The Hotteniou barreil wiih black and while: the bliick ban 

fbtlaw the time guide. This animal cannot are btoailer on the upper liito than on the 

dimbi bui when he 5di1< the bcei lodged in lower. Thii jpccieB ivai liiit dlsiiiignithed 

"' '' lenl, he from the prececTing by Bufiim, thongh il had 

this sign been long befoie figured by Hernandei and 



Inn, iliiaiuh rage at the di 
■ ill bite iheWtk Imia the 
•lao, tlic Hi 



Xi. By"t 






I Mex 



, till 



.. .__ __. .. intrnduccfl there rrom the Philippine isle^. .. 

The hair is so itifT, and the hide so tough, yields the same petfunie as V. civelta. These 

pnbably furmcl so by nature as a defence animals xeia not lo have been known (o tlie 

a^lui th« iiiae of bees, that ibis animal is ancients. It is probable the peilume was 

tkM easily killed. By biiing and scratching, brought to Europe without their being n 

ilBukMa stout resistance i and ihedogs c-~ — r„..j .„:.i. ;.. „.;„;_ 
Wt fuien oil Jti skin. A pack, which ci 



itti a middle siicd li , . 

oil the hide of this beasi. B;rn">f- 

will leave it for dead, yet without 

ly wonnd. The Hat- 

e It the natoe of ratel. TJiis emits 

iotolerable vapuui as several of the 



r%, U)cv will II 
ma; inflicied oi 



inled with IIS nrlgm. 
' The aibet is fuund wild in Arabia, Malabar, 
Siam, as well as in the Philippines, li in fe. 
rocious, hardly tameable, and easily returns to 
it* original wildness : eats small animals, birds, 
fishes, roots, and fruits ; climbs and rum wjilt 



13. V. genetu. Genet. Tail ai 
^ body spoited, blackisli lawny. Thee 

1 l^i^civella. Civet. Tail above spotted, liiile pointed; the body tl 
biawn toward* the tip; raanechesnuti back long: the ridzc of the back marked 
^oHct) wiih cinereous and brown. bluck line : tail annuls" ■-' ' ■ ■ 



I u late ; 



: pointed ; the body slender, and tail very 



Thij spei 
cnet-cii, hi 
iu agility. It ha: 
wftt, and a sharp 



though 

resemblance to a cat, tiut in 

has short rounded ears, sky blue 

ipped with hUck : the 



Mack : the test of the face, and part of the 
■idei of the neck white, tinged with yellow. 
Fmni each c.ir proceed three black stripes, 
ewlina at the throat and sh.iulders. The back 
and (Tdes are ash-ooloured, tinged with ye]- 
few, and marked jviih brge diuky spoti, dis- 
- ... 1. .j,j, „^ 

The 
u feet three 



*s. Tlie hail 



with black and tawny, 
has been called and the feel are black : sometimeg the ^rouad> 
colour of the hair inclines to grey. Il ti about 
thr size of a martin ; but the fur ii (hotter. 

It inhahiii Turkey, Sytia, and Spain : fre- 
queiiis ihe banks of rivers, and other moist 
place* : Butfim sayi there are some found in 
the southern provinces of France. 

Thn smell fuiiilly of musk, and, like the 
civet, have an orifice beneath the tail. They 
are kept tame in the houses at Constantinopl<-, 
--' - - useful as can, for the purpose of calch- 



; that on ingmice: teienieen inches Ion 

14, V. fossa. Fo^aane. Tail antiaiale ; 
body cinereouf , spoiled with black. 

The fossane weasel has a slender body, round 
ears, and bbick eyes : back and legs covered 
with dnereous hair, mixed with tawny ; the 
sides of its face black. From the hind |<art of 
the head four black lines are extended toward* 
the back and shoulders : the tail is •ernl^annu- 
laied with black ; the whole under side of the 



the lap of the body 
tail it tonielimes wholly black, su 
lid oral the base : length about 
ilicl>c*i ihe tail rourteen inches. 

It inhahiii India, tlie Philippine i'les, Gi 
nca. Eiliinpta, and Madagascar. The perfun 
atlcd civet I) produced from the oriliee iind 
ibf *(MM( in both sexes, secreted by peculi 
(tandt. The persons who keep ibem are sa. 

lo pracore Ihe civet by scraping (he in«ide of body ia of a dirty wl 
llu* bag twice a week with an iron spatula. It inhabits Mada^ascarand Gi 
Btllt^ about a dram each lime ) but il it scl- China, and the Philipi 
Mm Mid piiie, being generally mixed with hard to be tamed. 
' -- oil, to make it more weighty. ''■^- '"■'- 



pcvtotMty irti tiled, 
•nattg. with 
tiiite ftctb o 



ea,Cochiu. 
vpine isles : fierce, end 
In Guinea 11 Is called 
berbe, and by the Europeans wine-bibber, as 
it is very greedy of palm-wine. Like the rest 
of its genus, it I9 de>iruciivc to poultry. When 
young iu flesh is reckoned goM : has not the 

15. V. Malacccnsis. Malacca weasel. Tail 
lon^, annulate with blacky body grey, doited 
IS. V. nbelha. Zibet. Tail annijlate, above with black ( above the eyes four round 
Uaek, streaked: short rounded ears, a sharp apotsi on the neck and back three black stripe*. 

baoac, and a pale ash-col nu red face; the Inhabits Malacca ; fierce, active, leaping from 
aud lower pan of the neck mixed with tree lo tree ; lives by prey i smells of musk ; 
iinj white, brown, and bUck : the sides of rciaint its utinc a long time, which is used by 
llw neck maikcd with siripei of black, be- the Malays asan aphrodisiac and strcDgiheoer. 
(ianin^ near the ears, and ending at Ihe breast Site and habits of a cat. 
and ahuuUen. Prom tbe middle of the neck, 16. V. (asciau. Striped fitchtl. Htu of 



wild St . 



le, they prey on fowls, &c, : 




V I V U L C 

the tail long, bbck, aiid tawnyish ; body grey, quick ; striking (Pope), S. Sprightly ; aetlt^ 
with six long, black, Ibngitudinal stripes, be- (fValfs). 

neath white. InhabiU India : two feet nine VPVIDLY. ad. (fnim invid.) With life i 
ihchci long. with Quickness; with strength {Boyle). 

17. V. maculata. Spotted titchet. Body, VKVIDKESS. s. (from vivid,) Life; Ti- 
Ief9i, and tail black, ifiegularly spotted with gout; auickncss. 

white. Inhabits New South Wales: about VIVIERS.a lOwn of Frante, in thedepart- 
one and a half foot long. Set: Nat. Hist. PI. ment of Ardeche, with a bishop's sec. It it 
CLXXXV. seated ^niong rocks (on one of whi<^ thtf ci- 

VIVES, in veterinary science. See Ives, thedral is built) on Ihe ri\'^er Rhone, 20 mile* 

VlV^IANI (Vinceniio), a celebrated lialiati N. of Orange, and 70 N.E. of Monipelile/. 
mathematician, was born at Florence in l621, Lon. 4. 46 E. Lat. 44. SO N. 
5omc say l62S. He was a disciple of the iilus- VIVI^FICAL. a. iifivij/ais, Latin.) GiTiHg 
trious Galileo, and lived with him from tbe life (Bailey). 

I7.th to the 20th year of his age. Aficr the To ViVl'FICATE. ». «. (tnvificn, Latin.) 
death of his Krcat master, he passed two or ] i To make alive ; to infornii with life ; U> 
three years more in prosccutin{! f^enmetiical animate. 2. To recover from such a chan|Qr of 
studies without inlerrupUon, and in this time form ^ seems to destroy the essential proper- 
it 'Was that he formed tne design of hi> Ilesto- tie^. 

ration of Aristcus. This ancient geometrician, VI VlFlCATION.i . (ffom t;ivt/?cfr^e.)The 
tvlio was contemporary with Euclid, h:id com- act of f2;iving life (BacCti), 
posed live books of problems, De Locis Sulidis, YI VFFIC. a. {vitnficUs, Lat.) Giving life; 
the bare .propositions of which were collected making alive (/?ay). 

by Pappus, out the books are entirely lost; To VFVIFVT. v. a, (vivijier, Fr. tfivui anul 
\\hich Viviani undertook to rcsiorc by the Jacio, Lat.) To make alive; to aniroaie; to 
force of his genius. endue with life (Bacon, Harvey). 

He broke this work oH before it was finish- VIVFPAROUS. a, (vivus and pario, LmU!) 
ed, in ordor to apply himself to another of the Bringing the young alive: opposed to cvipt^ 
same kind, whicn was, to restore the fifth rous (Ray^, 

book of Apolloniiis*s Conic Sections. While VrXEN.i. Fixen is the came of a she-fox ; 
he was engaged ih this^ Borelli found, in the and applied to a woman, whose nature is tlicf^ 
library of the grand duke of Tuscany, an Ara- by compared to a she-fox (Shakspeart). 
bjp MS. with a Latin inscription, importing VlZ. ad, (videlicet, written with a contiac- 
thal it contained the eight books of Apollb- tion.) To wit; that is (/fti(/t6rtf5). 
nius*s Conic Sections ; of which the eighth VIZARD, t, (visiere, Fr.) A mask used 
%va» not found to be there. He carried this for dis{tuise ; a visor (Rnscomtuon), 
MS. to Rome, in order to translate it with the To Vi^zako. v, a, (from the noun.) To 
bsi-ibtMUce of a professor of the oriental Ian- mask iShahpearr), 

l^uages. So unwilling, however, was Viviani Vl'ZlKR. *. (properly waiir.) The prime 
to lose the fruits of his Ubours, that he refused minister of the Turkish empire (Knolles). 
to receive the smallest account from Borelli on UKRAINE, a large country of Europe, 
the subject. At length he finished the work, lying on the borders of Turkey in Europe, Po« 
and published it in iddQ, with the tide De Max- land, Russia, and Little Tartary. Its name 
imis et Minimis geometrica divinatio in quin- properly signifies a frontier. By a treaty be* 
tumconicorum ApolloniiPcrga?i. Hewascalled tween Russia and Poland in \(kj^, the fatter 
by the sute to Undertake an operation of great remained in possession of all that part of tbe 
importance, vi2. to prevent the inundations of Ukraine lying on the west side ot the river 
tlie Tiber, in which Cassinl and he were em- Dnieper, which is but indifferently cultivated; 
pipyed for some length of time. On account while the country on the east side, inhabited 
of his sreat talents he received u i>ension from by the Cossacs, is in much l>eiier condition. 
IjQuis AlV. In 1666 he was honoured by The Russian |)art is comprised in the govem- 
the graiui duke with the title of the first ma- ment of Kiof ; and the empress of Ruuia 
themutician. He resolved three problems having obtained the Polish palatinate of Kiof, 
which had been proposed to all the mathema- by the treaty of partition in 1793, the whole of 
ticians of Europe. In 1669 he was chosen to the Ukraine, on both sides of the I>iieper, be- 
fill, in the Royal Aeademy of Sciences, a place longs now to that ambitious and formidable 
among the eight foreign associates. This cir- power. The principal town is Kiof. 
t-onistance, so honourable to his reputation, ULCER, (ulcus, from ixxsc* a sore.) A 
a.ivc new vigour to his exertions, and he pub- purulent solution of continuity of the soft 
tished three hooka of the Divination upon parts of an animal body. Ulcers may 

Ariiteus, in 1701, which he dedicated to the arise from a variety of causes, as all those 
k 1 1. g of France. Viviani acquired a pood for- which produce inflammation, from wounds, 
iiiue, which he laid out in buildine a magnifi- specific irritations of the absorbents, from 
ct lit house at Floience; here he placed a bust scurvy, cancer, the venereal or scrofulous virus, 
of Galileo, with several inscriptions in honour &c. The proximate or immediate cause is an 
of that great nun. H« died in 1703, aged 81. increased action of the absorbents, and a speci- 
VrVID. a. (viifidus, Latin.) 1. Lively; fie action of the arteries, by which a fluid is 



r UL L 

VpBrttoJ fiwn the biood "upon the ulcerated 
Hu&cc Thej ue variously dmoininaisl ; the 
bitloiring it the moil frequent divisinn: 1. 
l^ie simphi ulcer, nhich tokci plice generally 
fititti a (tipetlici&l wound. 9. The sinuoui. 
which tun% under ilie inlcgtiroenu, and whiMC 
orioce ii narrow, b.ii not ealloin. 3. The fi»- 
lubos ulcer, or hsiuli, a derp illcfr, T>hn*e ori- 
S« ii BirroMf »n<I eallous. 4. The fungous 
nicer, wHo«e surTdCe it cmered wiih fiin-^HM 
teit. A. The ^ngienoui, which is livid, 
Irdd, and gangrenoua. 6. The jcorbiiiic, 
«Udb dqjendt nn a acotbuiic acrimony- 7. 
Th» Teiwreal, ariiing from the venereal dii- 
(Me. B. lltecaDcerous nicer, or open cancer. 
(Sm Cavom). (j. The canous nicer, depend- 
lagapon a cirioiis l>one. 10. The inveieraie 
iSrt, *hidi ii r,[ \onj- cnnilnnanee, ind re- 
ti«i ihe ordinary applmtioni. 1 1 . The icro. 
folooi nicer, kirawn by ht bavin; aiiien rroin 
inMw tniniiurs, iti diieliarging a viscid, 
V*n BMIeT, and in indoknt itnture. 

21 U'LCERATE. e. „. To lum to an 
nlov. 

T* U'tCHATS. B. a. {■/(■(TIT, Fr. tileero, 
Lalin.) To disenae wilh torn (ArbJi/linol). 

ULCliRATEI) SORE THROAT. See 
CvnaMCKE. 

ULCERATION. ,. lulffralio. Lat.) 1. 
^mm «f brr^akifls iiiio ulcers. 8. Ulcer ; 

^^^BERBD. a. (from ulcr.) Grown by 
^^^mm ■ hurt loan ulcer {Ti^pU). 

^PbCEROUS. 0. (H/cm>«u, Lji.) Afflici- 
itiaUl oU Miei (SAoidprarT). 

rLCEROUSNiai.S. .. crtom b/cwoM.) 
Tbt KMe of being ulceroua. 

ULEA, or Ulaboro, a seaport of Sweden, 
h Em Buthiiia. ll ii the Urgcsi tuwn in 
EattBotllDia, and liluate at ibe uiouth of a 
ritn of the wnie name, 330 milci N. of Abo, 
Loa. M. SO E. l^t. 66. 40 N. 

ULEX. Fune. Gor«. Whin. In bo- 
luy. a genui of the clan dintlelphia, order de- 
aa^. Calj'x two-leaved ; tegnme hRnlly 
llWHilurn ihectljTt.Thrcespecies, ai follow; 

■lieh are cultivated 
EoropBUa. Cntnmnu furze nr gorse, 
DOwD ibrub, anii fnund l.irgcly on our 
BMU 



Dwarf for 



U. Capentii. Ope oi 

ring la ihe hei^t of liie 

Utunl mil, (.rnducing no floi 

CU'GINOUS.a. (ritfgino 

a»: moM\(tf^oadiearti). 

i'LLACt , i 



African fiine. 
Ii! 'LaiinVsl.* 



much of a cask 
of bein^ full. 
OlXSWATKRi a late of Wcimorland. 
Iff mlc* N. of AmhlMtde, and 14 S.W. of 
Pemidt. !i ii eiabl nniln lonsi and abuondi 
wilfc chu, and a vaiieiv of oibcr fish. The 
tamg/UOn of Ihii lake And much atn 
by An^fjpng gfioi. Of HD^iU cannon, 



U L M 

tain rtatlonO. The report Is ret*b*itileVl ft 
rock to rock, promontory, cavern, and hil|| 
with every rariely of sitund ; now rhing nw 
upon the ear, and again reluriiinE: lihe peabil 
thunder, and thus re-echoed jeven times d*' 

ULM, a free imperial city of Suabia, . 
■he chief of that order in the circle, where it 
archive! thereof arc deposited. It is fortifiejl 
and ii sealed on (he Danube, where it re 
the Iller, with a haadsDme bridge ovi 
former. Here is a good college; and i 
caiheilrat, which h a hnndsomc tiroctur , 
63 copper ves!el« full of ivater, reaily for |] 
extinguishing of fire. The inhabitants uCl 
pToiejiants, and have a good trade in linent' 
ftistians, hardware, and wool. The duke 4 
Bavaria took it in 1709, by stratagem ; bui t 
rendered it after the baillc of Blenlieim, i 
17t>4. Itw»s taken by the French, i ' _ 
teinber 1798, but ihey were obliged to abnndak''fl 
it the same monih. It is 3(> miln W. of ' 
Aiig;iburg, 47 S.F. of Stuigard, and B3 N. of 
Munich. Lon. 10. Vi E. L«t.48. £5 N. 

ULMARIA. (from ulmut, the elm; to 
named because it has leaves like the eimtl^ 
Regina prati. Barlia caprie. Meadow si 
Queen of the meadows. Thii heaotiful » 
fragrant plant h the spirx ulmaria nF Lin 
The leaves are recommended aa mild aditrlM 
eenti. The flowers have a ilrunR smell rt 
bling ihalof may: ihey are supposed If 
antiipaaiRodic and diapliniciic lirtue;, 
ihey arc eery rarely uied in medicine, I 
n£m suipecia that the ne^ect of lliem 
arisen from the plant being tuppnied lo be ]ii 
sessed of some noxious qujiliiiei, which i 
seemed to bettdy by iis being left untouched b 
cattle. It may be observed, however, that ll 
cattle al«) refuse the angelica and other hertl. 
whose innocence is appaienl from daily expt 

ULMIN, in ehemitlry, a name given b 
Or. Thomson 10 a very lingular subslanre ihl. 
exudes froln the trunk of several specie* of tHs'!! 
elui-tree, apparently in conEcquence of a " 
easpii action of its ves»els. 

lu the year 1707 M, Vaui]itelii] poUi 
a paper, entitled Obtetvatinns lur une malij 
des urbrea mii alia(|up i|H^ialcmcnl 

3ui cat Biiafogne a un ulcere. Id ihi* paper! 
escribed two kindt of morbid matter whH 
flowed frum the common elm ; the one wb| 
i^h. and nearly as limpid ai walej ; the c 
dark brown, »f xteaier cooMilency, and o 

ing ihc bark of the elm with a kindof *ir 

The while culoored Minics contained the Ii 
lowing lubttances : 

Vc^ table mailer • 0-G05 
Carbonat of potaih . 0348 
Carlionat ofhme . OrU.SO 
Carbonai ul' magnciii O-003 

1-000 

The brawn oubilancu he found a coinfain>> 
lion of potaih and a pccnii&r vegetable millEr, 
■cscmbling gum in>evcralofiu propcriiet, biK 



U L M I N. 

differing in tevenl dfcumtlanctti firom that ve- pKheo»iretliat it might eoDbibBte to iscrcai 

jgctahle principle. It waiaoluble in water, in- the confusion of a branch of chembtiy bj n 

4olubie in alcohol, precipitated from ita aoln* means remarkable for iuprectaioo. 

tion by acids, and when burnt yields an acrid ** Fortunately, Mr. Walter Coulson, ei 

amoke, without any amell of caramel. reading the account of ulmin in my work, tt 

No notice of these experiments was taken by collected having seen a similar exudation Aaq 

any subsequent writer. But in the year 1604 an old elm in the neighbourhood of Plymoaiii. 

Klaproth published a paper, entitled Cbemische Conceiving that this exudation might be ulmio, 

Unter^uchung eines p^ummiaen jiflaoaeosaftes he collected a <|uantity of it, and wasso oblif- 

von S(amm eines Ulme ; that is. Chemical ing as to send it to -me. I seized with avidiny 

experiments on a gummy juice from the stem an opportunity, quite unlocked for, of putiiis 

of an Elm. The substance on which his ezpe- iny conjectures to the test of experiment, sol 

jrimenu were made was sent him from Pa- of iviinessing the very peculiar properties tf 

Icrmo in 1802; and he conjectures that the ulmin described by Klaproth. Tne subttanee 

species of elm from which it exuded was the which 1 examined agrees in so many particBp 

ulums nigra. What species he refers to, by lars with the properties noticed by Klaprodi, 

the nameof u1mu» nigra, it is difficult to guess ; that there can be little doubt of its bcluiuiBi; 

as probably no such name was ever given by to the same species. The few differeiKses woica 

botanists to any species of elm whatever, llus I observed were probably owing to the difier- 

substancc, according to Klaproth, possessed the ent lenath of time that the substanoe ia (M- 

following properties. tiou had been exposed to tlie atmosphere, ihc 

It was solid, hanl, of a black colour, and sul^tance which I examined being an exuds" 

bad considerable lustre. Its powder wa& brown, tion from the comnu>n elm, and agraeioK in 

It dissolved readily in the mouth, and uas in- every particular with the properties noticed by 

sipid. It did^nlved speedily in a small quanti- Vauquelin» there can be no hesiiatioo in con- 

ty of water. Tlie solution was transparent, of siderrng them as similar. Hence it foUowii 

a blackish brown colour; and even wjien very that the vegetable substance 6rst described bq 

anuch concentrated by evaporation, was not Vauquclin, and the ulmin of Klaproth, an 

the least mucilaginous or ropy ; nor could it one and the same. 

be employed, like mucilage of guin, to paste '* The following are the properties of th 

Bubsunccs together, ulmin from Plymouth, as far as I obscrrc 

It was cuniplciely insoluble both in alcohol them, 

and ether. W hen alcohol was poured into the <* I. It was of a black coiour, possessedcor 

aqueous solution, the greatest |)art of the sub- siderable lustre, and broke with a vitrroi 

stance was precipiuied in light brown flock'', fracture. It was nearly tasteless, leaving i 

The remainder was oi>taiiied by eva|>oration, the niouih onlv a very slight impression of a: 

and was not sensihly soluble in alcohol. The trin^ency. When heated it did not melt, bi 

alcohol, by this treatment, acquired a slutrpish swelled very much, as is the c.ise with giin 

t i«t>*. It readily burnt away at the flame of a candl 

When a few drops of nitric ncid were added leaving a white matter, which melted intoi 

to the .iqoeons solution, it became geiaiinoufl, opakc white bead, and was carbouat of |iOtas1 

lust it> uiaclciNh br(»vvn colour, an! a bght Tiie broportion of this alkali was considerabi 

bruvvn substance precipitated. The whole a^rrfeuiK exactly with the exudation examin< 

solution was slowly evapiiratcd to Hryncss, and by Vauquclin. It contained also lime: S 

the reddish brown powder which remained f^rains ot the ulmin when burnt in a platiou. 

was heated wiiti nlcoiiul. The alcohol assum- crucible left 5 grains of residue. Of this 4 

ed a golflcn \cli0w colour; and wacn evapo- grai'is dissolved in nitric acid. The O'S era: 

rated left a li«^iit brown, hitter and sharp resi- of residue was insoluble, and poAessed il 

nous substance. Chlorine was foun<l to pro- prn|)ertic8 of silica, tinged a little with iro 

duce precistly the same eil'ect as nitric acid. The nitric acid solution being saturated wii 

Wuen the exudation from the elm was carbonnt of potash, one grain of carbonat 

burnt, it emitted little smoke or flame, and linie precipitated. Hence 20 grains of ulm 

left asponjey, but fiim, charcoal ; which, when contained the following substances : 

heated sufliciendy in the open air, burnt all Sulxrnrbonat of potash - 3*8 

away. exce)»t a lit lie carlton^t of potash. Carl)onat of lime - - I'O 

"In tiie third etlition of my System of Che- Silica and oxyd of iron • 0'9 

mistr)'," obserxes Dr. Thomson, ** I m*erted ■ 

this substance as a peculiar vegetable princi- 5*0 

pie, imder the name of ulmin. Though 1 had << The silica and iron were probably a 

some suspicion that it might be the same with cidentally present, and might have ma 

the peculiar substance previou*>ly discovered by their way to the ulmin while moist upon t 

Vauquelin in the disea-ed exudation from the tree; f«>r it is probable that the dust of t 

common elm (nimns campestris); yet, as I road wouM c<msist chiefly of silica ; or at le: 

had no means of verifying this suspicion, and would be insoluble in nitric acid, the only c 

liad no hoi«s of being able to procure any of teritm by which the 0*3 grains of rcuUue w( 

the exudation described by Klaproth, I did judged to be silica, 

not veuUtfe to hint my su5[4cioD, being ap* <* 2. It dissolved readily iu watci. The i 



D L M 

brawn, nnd pnaKsMtl estelljr 
im characif n dcMiibnl by Kluprotl). Ii prn- 
iarti no cifvct upon litmus i>a|j<.-r. eiihcr in lis 
mull bluic lUtc, lit nhcn rcuilrned bv >iiie^ar. 
RtiKv the carixmat of jioiasli, which the 
ulniD winttiiked, muii have been \a a iiaie of 
Mdtbituiion. 

" 3. No effect wu pradiircd on ihc snluiinii 
%itin^bM ditwlccct in water, by linclurc of 
M^IU, or hy pfuuJBi of pniiiii. 

"4. Gieen tiiljihatof iron oocaiinncil h Mrj 
Mjiiau* motldy blown pKclpiinic. 

" i. Muriat of (in occasioned ■ copiniM litiht 
bwirn jjwcipiiiiie. The flame eR«ciV^) pro- 
ineii by nitml of locrcuiy, anil Mipriaceui of 
tiki. 

** G. Ni'nt of ailrer, eouiilc potash, unit 
arbonu at polaxh, occuiiuii no preclpiiate. 

"7. No precipitate wo* produced by alcohol, 
ta> Vttch Merer the Kiiuiion of almln wat 
Nacratrated. In thin reipect, niy cxpcrimenii 
ififtr from (hos« o( Klaproth. It ia posaible, 
Ikil if 1 hod employed .i stronger nlconol than 
•W 1 wa) possessed nf when theie experimcnli 

' , my result might hai-e curresponded 

of Klapmth, 1 had not the meani 
ining it> tpccilii: gmvity. But, as it 
ited from an apolhcrary's thnp in 
, . [ wai proUibly nnl lew than OUST, 
^llrie acid dnippeil into ttie aqueoui 
wmnn nf iilmin occasions a reddish brown 
pitcipiiale. The liquid being cduliimilv eva* 
fnnied lo dryneu, a reddith matter remiini, 
wtitrfa n w'luble in alcohn], and has a hitter 
■m. SVhen healiil to a lemjWTaturc between 
ara* &m1 400" Fahrenheit, it lakes Ric wm 
lnae)a*vMiel, sad burns inilantancougly tike 
nnpowdrr, producing a quaniiiy tiF gaicoua 
nil}, and leaving a black ■ponH' charcoal bc' 
Vai. Thia n uwing lo the miraiof (Ktlasli 
' by mconi of the [iota»h contained in the 
'- nailer. For when the precinilnie is 
by ih* filler, washed arwl nrieii, It 
te<M lb* property of ex])loJinj;. When the 
Ikfait la piadiially eraporated lo drtnux, pri«- 
(MMC cryvati of niiral o( poush liioot at the 
lottDin nf ihc I'cncl. 

•*((. Sulphuric acid occniionta very copioui 
fcttoniih biuwn urecipiiate when dropped 
inie tlw ■')ii(y)ii> Eolutiun ul' ulmiu. Mnrialic 
ttil {voducn the same elfcct. When ihii prr- 
ooiiMr kwell wmhet and dried, it ii a buff- 
tMoatcd tnwder, nearly inaipid, and not lenii- 
UyMtnble eiiherin water or ali-ohol. 

" Pn>m these prqpenin il is obvion*. that 
the rh»rui;ir>i aneribed in ulniiii, bv Klaptoth, 
do not apply lo ihe »ubsiaiice which I exarnin- 
ed. Ulmin mit^ht he compartd to extractive ; 
bit ill inaoliibtliiy in alcohol -eems lo make it 

UMt ■MltnT.*' 

UiJ4(J$. Elm. In botany, a gfn.vi of 
lb* «lw> pcnlandria, order dipynia. Calyx 
fi«e-e4efl; cotnllciti leed one, mcloted in a 
flat nembfiinaFraui cnpiule. Hcrrn «j>ecir«; 
fnur Kuropcan : two American ; oiio Laii ln> 
** :. tv« nalJTiu «f oui ffwn wuodf. 




U L N 

4/4^. eunpesirts. rnmmon etai- 
wild in our liedges ; a turiciy wiili d 

?. U. auheroM. Dutch elm. Bark oF 1 
Wnchlirlscork-winged. Introduced inio Etu 
land in the bf^inninii of the reign of 'WjUin 
and Mary; the ivoikI Ci( inferior to ihcprefi 
ing. It has three varirliet, ftom u» 
boreoiis, thrubby, and dw;irf. 

3. (J. monlana. Broad-leaved dm 
hasel. Found wild in our lanes. 

4. U. America. Amsriciin elm. 
of Canada, and admiiiin^ abo ihrci 
characterised hy iheir specilic uamct, red el 
while elm, dioopiiig or weeping elm 

5. U, pumila. Dwarf elm. Thi 
of lliis are slender ; but the tree itielf is aaid ■ 
contend with the oak in heif^t, whence il J 
strangely misnamed, li is a naliTeof Sibe' 
and an excellent cIoie.4Eraine'l timber. 

6. U. neinoralis. Horn-beam leaved e 
A naiive of Norih America, with oblong n 
glabrous leaves, equally serrate. 

7. U. integiifulia. Orienlal elm. 
tive of the East Indies, with the leavei vr 

All these may be propazaled either by layi 
r>r suckers taken from the roots of the « 
trees i the latter k generally practised, but 4 
former has inany supenor advantages, and tm 
Ih; more lirnily relied on. The ehn delighuij 
a stiff strong soil, though in such ii 

tlowlv, hut yields a much Iirmer and ei 

timber. In the lighter ioili it ihootj up nj 
hill the n-ood is poroue, and of much les* c_, 
patailve Talue. The inner lotuh baik of tl. 
tree is directed fat use by the p)iarniaco|)[BiM3 
It hunoremaTkablesmell, buiabiilerish tn~ ' 
and abounds with a tlimy iuicr, which I 
been recommended in nephntic cases, and g0j 
tcrnally as a mcful application lo burns. IIiMII 
ahn highly recommended in aome cuiAnM 
affections allied to hetpei and lepra. It 
mostly exhibited in the form of deciictiop, | 
boiling four ouncei in four pints of waier, |J 
two pinu ; of which fiom Four to ei; 
ate ^iven iwo or three times a d«y. 

ULNA, tfratn o.)^, the ulna or cuUEt^ J 
Cubitus. The ulna is smaller and shorlei thttk j 
the OS humeri, and becomes fCRiduully afii 
as it descends to the wrint. We may divi 
into its upper and lower extiemilics, and JM 
body or middle part. At its upper exiieiN ~ 
are two considerable proceMca, of which iJ 
posterior one and largest is named olecrai' ' 
and the smaller and anterior one the corn 
procctt. Between these two procesao, the<ai 
iremiiy of the bone is formed into a decji i ' 
culating cavity, which, from its semiciro 
shape, Ii called the greater sygmoid cavity, i 
dislinguish it from another, which hai bet^ii 
named the teMri sygmoid cavity. The ulecr«< 
non b^ns bv o considerable tuberosity, whiah 
il loug^, and series for the ioaerti'in of a 
cles, and terminate) in a kind of bnoh, |] 
ooncnve anrliicc of which ■lavci ti]>iHi the pint 
ley of ilie OS humeiL Thii {«ootu bisujf'^ 




U L N 

^tnt Bf the elbow. The coronotd , 
sharper at iu rxucmity than theolccrannn, hot 
ii much smaller, and does not re;>ch fi hig,h. 
In brnding the arm il is rrceired into the fossa 
at the fore |>art of the piillej. Ai the external 
side of ihe cnronoid princes* i« the lesser lyij- 
mnid raviiy. which » a amall, Bemi-iuDar, arli- 
cuUting siiViace, lined wiih cartilage, on which 
the rmnd head nf ihe ladius pUyi. Al the 
fore pari of the coronoid pioceis we obierve a 
small lube rosity, into which ihe tendon of the 
braehiiklii inteinus is inierird. The greaicr 
lyanioid cavi^, the liluatiun of which we just 
now nieiiii'ined, is divided iniD four surfaces by 
■ piominrnt line, which it intrncctcd b; a 
(mall sinuosity that lerrra for ihc loilgrneiii of 
inucilsEinnus 'glands. The whole of this ca- 
vity I* cnTCTctf with cartilage. The boilv, or 
middle p.in of the ulna, is of a piisiiiaiie or 
triingular shape, lo at lo nfTord three surraccs 
•nil as many angles. The enlemal and inlcr. 
nal surfaces are flat and broad, esMCially ihe 
external one, and ate separaiod by a sharp 
■ngle, which, from its situation, may he term- 
H the internal angle I'his internal angle, 
which is lurntvl lowardi the radiii!, serves for 
the allachnient of the lifamem ihni connects 
the Iwo kincs, and which is therefore called 
the iiiterosscus ligamenl. The pcsierior sur- 
face it convix, and ctirrcipnndi with the [>le- 
enuon. The borders, or dD^cs, which tepn- 
»te it iTom the other ttvo aiirfaccs, are snme- 
what rounded. At about a ihitd of the length 
of ihis bone from ihe lop, in in fore pari, we 
ohseivc a channel for the pasuge of veisets. 
'I'lte lower eilreiiilijr i« nmnllcr as it descend*, 
ly curved forwards 
t lerminaies it 
K> as lo form a neck to (he small 
held with which it ends. On the outside of 
this little head, answering to the olecranon, a 
small procrts, called the styloid process, stands 
out. from which a strong Eigainent is iireiched 
to the wrisl. The hewl has a rounded articti- 
latii^g surface, nn its internal side, which is 
covered with carlilage, and received into « 
small seiri-lunat cavity formed at the lower 
tudoftheradiui. Between iiandlheot cunei- 
foime,. a moveable cartilaee is interposed, 
which it continued from inc cattilap that 
envers *lhe lower end of the radius, and is con- 
nccied by ligamentous fibres to ihe styloid 
procettof ihe ulna, llie ulna is uliculated 
abiwe with the lower enti of the os humeri. 
Thii ariiculaiinn is of the species called ginali- 
Ritu- It isariieulatedalsoboih'Bbonreandbclow 
to the radius, and lo the carpus at its loweit 
exiiemttv. Iti chief use seeins to be to lup- 
uo(t and regulate the motions of ihe todiua. 
In children, both ealremiiiea of this bone are 
^ist canildginuni, and afteinartls epiphy<e*, 
before they arc conipleicly united to ihe test uf 
the bone. 

ULNAR ARTERY. AiterU ulnaris. S« 

CvltlTAL ARTeRV. 

UtKAK M(*vi. NttTUs iilnuii. See 

CoatTAL KIKVL 



irurly cylindrical, and sliglitly cut 
ind outwards. Just belorc il I 



nLNARIRBXTERNUS,inm;e)ogj>. Set 

Uln'akis i.-cteksus, in myoIoEj-, Sec 
Flexor CARFiULBABfa. 

V LOTHO. or Vlothow, a town of Wat. 

pNalia, in tlie counly of Riivensbrrg, near whidl 
is a medical spring. It issii miles S. of Min» 

iJLRICSHAMN.atown of Sweden, in W. 
Gothland, fiirmerlv called Bugcsund, the ptt* 

mem to tjur^-nUlriraEleanora. ft is 14 m>l« 
W, of Jonkioping, and 47 E. of Uvtheboi^ 
Un. 14. »t l'. U.t. S?. 10 N. 

ULSTER. apro.mtenflr.Uml. llfi milet 
lone and lOt) hroud ; bunndid nn ilie E. by the 
Irish lea, on the N. hy ihe Northern ncean,' 
on the W. by ihe Allanlic ocean, on the & 
hy ihe province of Ltioster, ntid on the S.W, 
by that of Counau^thi. The priiici|al mttl 
arc the Bann, FonIc, Swilly, Newty-mHT,' 
and Laiisan i and it alKxind* with taT)ie htc^' 
The soil, in gemial, is fniilful in com SM 
grass ; and there are plenty of hoi»et, )bM» 
and beeves. It contains one tieh bis hojiwet_l& 
bishojirici, 10 counties, and 3f>5 parishes; Th^ 
ptinciiial place is Londnnderiy. 

ULTIMATE.™. <«/(/««.. Lai.) InlroiW 
in the Ul resort (ffog,7.). 

Ultimate ratioi. To avoid boih ilw 
tedlotisuccs of ihe ancients and the inaceutMl 
of the moderns, tit haac Newion intrndutM 
what he called the method of pt<me andtillv, 
mate ratios, the foundation of which is cM> 
tained in ilic lirsi lemma nf ihr firai bookcT 
the Principia. Taking this Rrst lemnw fwt! 
definiiiun. it may be expldined (not proved) In' 
the manner follnwiiig. 

1*1 there be two quantities, one ft»ft1 aul 
the other varying, so related lo each nlhet, tbat 
fimihevBryiiigqnantity continually appiMchs 
to the fixed quantity. Secondly, tfiaiUicvaiT* 
ing quantity does never reach or [uiu bey«id' 
that which is fixed. Thirdly, thji ilte vaij.' 
ing quanlily approaches nearer to the flwd 
({uamily than by any assigneil difference, tbtA 
is such a Hxeil quan'iiiy called the limit of ifac 
varying i^uanlity ; or in a looser way of speak- 
ing, the vaiyins quantity mjy be said to bt 
ultimately eqiiuho the fixed quanlily. TbtW 
three prnperiiei may be oihctwi»e cipimsj 
more disiiocily thus. Finl. the dilTeianoc b*-, 
■ween the varying ouaiitiiy, and ihe fixed qoMt- 
iltv must continually decrease. Secoodlv, lUi. 
difTetcjice must never become eillier iiMmngar 
uecalive. Thirdly, this d> Here nee nii«t M> 
come less ii> te'ticct to the fixrd quantity liuai 
by any assigned rilinj or the dilTcrence b^ 
iwcen the two qii 
pail of the fixcil q 



^ 



btconie a ._ 
aiiiiiy Ihan any rnctioaal 
p.111 iimi iiaisi^iirii, how small iOCniei tilt tn> 
don expressing iuch pan may be. VVhfn^^tr 
these piuperlies are found, the fixed auaiitjl* ■• 
called ihe limit of the varying iiuanuij. or the 
varying quanlily is said to be ii1ii(natcl; e^nal 
to the fixed quantity. Tliii laM phrase muw 
not be uliea in an abtolute literal mum, ihoL 



V^ng no ultimaic state, no parilcul.ir magni- 
•odf th;it ia ihe ulijitiiiic magnilude of such a 
iwytii); i|iuiiti(y. UnJei the word qiianiiiy in 
Ibii itcliiillioti inilMlie Included notonlv mim- 
bin, linri. Sic. but more eipecially ralios con- 
lidriwl »« a pTCuliar ipccin ofquamily. 

M'gniiudes ihutGoiisidcrrd io nut consist of 
bdlrniUe pom, but ire imagined gen«rat«l 
bf notion. Lina, for initanc«, ir« dncribed, 
tad in ihetr desctipiian are ECnenled not by 
ibt tppmiiion of pam, bul by the conlimial 
mouon of pointi, aurraccf by the muliun of 
lino, lolrdi by the motion ol lutfaCM, ntiglcG 
bjibt mutiunof their sides, time bya cou- 
tinuil flowing, and so in other things. These 
pncntiunt really lake place in the nature o( 
Ihingi, and are daily seen in the motion of 
Wms. The prime or ultimate ratios of mng< 
oitudiei, thus generated, are tnvettigated by ob- 
•etrmg their Tiniie incrriucDls or decrements, 
ud thence finding ihe limit* of the rsLins of 
iboM oTtable magiiitudei ; not of ibe ratios lo 
rtich the tnagniiudet ever arrive, but those 
Uniia lo wlticli the ratioi of m^gnirudes per- 
fMnllj appruwh. 

Jlaiiy penoai deoy thai rjuantilie* can have 
* tru and a la« ratio ; we request iheir atten- 
li« eonsideration of ihe following 

iVoiporittan.'— If two qiiaiiuiies begin and 
mm W MiM in iny finite time, T, ther have a 
firUmd a laM miio. 

Otman- — If iiie; hare nol a (int ratio, ihey 
btt fuit a second nor a third rviio, &e.; <li>-rc- 
fare ih«y have no ratio In the time T. But in 
iketline T tliry ire ijujitiiliei; and therefore 
ll^ mUtt hAve a i.ttio ; that is, they hare a 
iim, and thry have not a rniin in the time T; 
■hich w absard. I'herefnrc they have a first 
niin. Q. K. U. 

Tiicy ce^o-cta enl-iai the end of ihe time T, 
l>riDnNKtlii»i : ihrrrfore, aficr the end of the 
mwl ihey are KOlhine ; onspqucntly, ai the 
«»)«f H.elin..Tilieyhavenon,ii<.. But in 
■It line T ihey had a rsiio ; and after the end 
■'the lima \t\iv have no raiio; therefore ihey 
to » Ia*i mio. Q.E. D. 

S(« Newtoii'i PrinHpia, Lib. i.; Smilh'i 
FTniMu i LiwIUm on Uliitii.ii« {Utio*. 8(e. 
'iKLTIMATl-LY.orf- ^.(">n^ uUimvit.) In 
ArlAtcanseqiiei.ce {Atltrluru). 

ULTl-MITY. .. («;/t™i,.. Lit.) The Usi 
VHX 1 file 1»M e<.n5eqi«nce i Baron). 

0LTRAMAB1NE. {.<i„t'(mfTi. Fr.) An 
t»[liitlt(rlV beaiiiiful, im 
MU, of a deep tkv bio 
t%tm i*A heitwHhout: 
iom^rMl liy ihe action ofair'nr weather. Ii 
OfRenllM'Tlng iitutirr eoniained in ihe elegant 
-^ ' ealleil tapis lactiti, («< L*2U tus >) and 



l^w itraps of mater in a clean iron mortar; i 
still bctier in an agate one, till it is reduced 
a perfectly impalpable powder. Then t>l 
one pini of linseed oil, warm it over ihe Ri 
a cli-an vessel, and add one pound of bees'-' 
one pound of lurpcniine, half a pound of 
iiid half a pound of ^m tnatlich ; keep tl 
giedienls over llie (ire, with cnnslanl iti ^ 
lill ihey are melted, and thoroughly incorpo- 
rated togethei : the result will be a tenaciunl. 
adhesive mass. Of this tike any quantity, aa 
six. ounces for example, melt it and pour it into 
a warm clean mortar; then spiinkle upon it 
three ounces of pulverized lapis iDiiili, and in- 
corporate il ihorouEhly by long beating with 
the pestle. This Being done, pour in tome 
work il abo 






■, capable ofsoslaining 
Jl iinury, and not icniibl^ 



rding 



. Klapr 



•iTyar 



Utile etw ihai< nxyd of ir'in, It is separatcit _ 

(rwn itir laiiieral with iRcal difScolty and de* kept by the guide*, 
KeitT]', and hence tiiodiic« n very htgh I'rice. - - ' -- - ■ ' - - 
TbeuivtKod is a< TiJIowt. Lei the Ispii lnuli 
jbe lieated josi in rrdncse, and ilien suddenly 
^ftenehrd in e<Jd water, and let this br rp|)»3ted 
tilt, nnliwr lime'. 'Ill the sinne beconle? almost 
\<. Lw it nest b« ^ound down with ■ 



water will betwme changed with the bli 
louring matter. It must then be [iour«d inlrf'L 
clear lall (-lass, and replaced by fresh male*/ 
procceditig in this manner lill ihe paste wilt 
giveoutnomoreculouron ihe addition of fresh 
walet. By Handing a few days the ci>l<>uf will 
subside from the walet in which it was sus- 
pended ; when the dear fluid beinti decanted, 
and ihe rest evaporated, the dee|) blue powder 
which remains will be genuine ullrnmarine. 

U'ltbauarink. a. (aftra mnrin. 
Bcins beyond ihe sea ; foreign {AiniKorlh), 

ULTItAMO'i\TANE. " ■ 
Lai.) BciiiR bevniid the m 

ULTRAWU'NDANE. a. Inlira and .»i 
dw, Lai.) Being beyond ihe worhl. 

iJLTROTJKOUS. n. (ullro. Lai.) -Sp 
neous; YOlonlaiy. 

ULTZIiN, or Veltieh, a town of Low 
Saxony, in the duchy uf Lunenburg, 
formerly ahanseaiic lown, has now a eousid*ti3 
able trade in wool, and ia sealed 
nan, !S miles S. ti Lunenburg, Lon. 10. I 
E. Lat. 59. 5!> N. ' 

ULVA, in botany, a Eenui of ihe class c^p-" 
tngamia, aider algx. Frond membraciaciM^uii 
or gelatinous i fructificaiiaD solitary nrchisiered,' 
within the substance or under the ciniclc of 
the whole frond. Forty-one sped es, of which 
Iwenly.five are indigenous to our own couoily,' 
They are all sessile, and wiiboui shoo la, and 
grow in dilchcf, and on stones along Itfc wa< 
coast. Ulva itmbilicalis i> sometime* picliletl 
wiih salt and preserveil in ja)!, and afkenvaids 
stewed and cnien wiih oil and lemon juiee. 
The s|:ecicB called lavcr or navel laver is flat^ 
otbiculnr. <e*>ile, and coriaceous, 

ULVERSTONE, a mwn in Lancashire, 
with a market on Monday, The conniry 
people call ;i Ouoon.anil iiiiteated atthe foot 
of a swifi descent of hills lo the S.E. near « 
shallow arm nfihe Irish sea. It it ihe port of 
the diitrlci of FiirnesB. llic principal iniis'ni* 
" who rejidiiily 



ToeMl,iy. and Fridav. It is 18 liiilcs "N.W. of 
Lanca'ler, and «67 N.N.W. ofUmdon. ton. 
3, l-iW. Lai. S4. !♦ N.' 

ULYS.SES, king of hhata. Ihesohnf La- 
ettei, and father of Tdcwachut, and one oC 



U M B V MB 

tliose heroes who cantributcd most to the tak* the country ; a still smnller qiiantiiy is Gonsam* 

itigofTroy. x\ fee r the destruction of that city, ed by the paiut-uiakers. The colour of thit 

he waiHJercil for ten years ; and at last returned vegetable umber is a warm aomewbat pinkish 

to Ithaca, \\ here, with the assistance of Tele- brown, and is an useful ingredient to the painter 

luachus, he killed A ntinous and other princes in water-colours. The 9d material of this 

who intended to marry his wife Peuc]o|>e and name, and which is far more generally eniptoy* 

seize his dominions. He at length resigned ed in painting* is denominated Tuckiwi umber, 

the governnient of his kingdom to his son and appeiin to be a variety of the iron am 

Tclcmachus; and was killed by Telcgonns, called brown ironstone ocnre. A spccioci 

his son by Circe, wiio did not know him* from Cyprus was analysed by Klapiotb^ and 

This hero is the subject of the Odyssey. afforded hini> 

UMA,or Umea, a townof Sweden, in \V. ^ % p' ' 

Bothnia, sealed on the river Uma, in the gulf Oxyd of iron 48 

of Bothnia. The houses are built of wood j Oxyd of manganese 20 

and it was twice burnt by tlic Russians. It is ai * • ^^ 

the residence of the governor of W. Bothnia, Ammmc 5 . 

and 280 miles N. of Stockholm. Lon. I9. 9 ^* ^'^^ ** 

UMBEL,' in botany. Umbella. Withering 1«> 

translates it the rundlc. Receplaculnm ex cen- ' 

tro eodcm elongatum in pedunculos tiliformes U'MBERED. a. (from uaihtr^ or mmhn^ 

proportionatos. A receptacle stretching out Lat.) Shaded ; clouded iSkahprare}. 
into filiform proportioned peduncles from the UiM BIBLICAL, a. (from MNfa'/ioi^; Lum.) • 

flame centre. See Corymb. It is Belonging to the navel (Aav), 

1. Simple or undivided ; as in panax. Umbilical cord. Funis umbirialiib 

9. Compound ; each peduncle bearing an- Funiculus umbilicalis. The navel-atring. A ' 

other little umbel, umbellet, or umbellule.^- cord-like substance, of an intestinal form. 



The first or larger set of rays constituting the half a }'ard in length, that proceeds from tin 

universal or general umbel; the second or sub- navel of the diw to the centre of the placrnti •' 

ordinate set constituting the partial umbel. It is composed of a cutaneous sheath, eeHelll 

Dr. Withering puts spokes for what Linn^us subsinncc, one umbilical vein, and t%ro unhH- 

calls radii. lical arteries ; the former conveys the blood to 

3. Prolifenms. or superdecompound. tlie child from the placenta, ano the latter id* 

An umoel also is turn it from the child to the placenta. 

1. Concave. 2. Convex. 3. Fastigate, or Umbilical hernia. Ilemia ombilioaGk ' 

rising gradually like the roof of a house. A protrusion of |)art of any of the abdomiml 

It is also cither viscera at the navel. See Herki A. 

1. Erect; or, 2. Nodding. Umbilical region. Rcgio umbilicalu. 

Flowers growing in this manner are called The part of the abdominal patietes about two 

unibellati, umbellate or umhelled flowers j by inches all round the navel, 
old authors uinhelliferotis. Hence, UMBILICUS MARINUS. CotjFlcdoa 

UMBELLAT/E. The name of the twenty- marina. Androsace. Acetabulum marinan. 

second order in Linn^us*s Fragments; and of Androsace mathioli. Funsrns petrapiis marinur. 

the forty-fifth in his Natural Orders. Includ- A submarine production found on rocks and 

ed in the second order of the fifth class, in the the shells of nshes, about the coast of Monl- 

Artificial System. This onlcr is^ called by Ray pelier, &c. It is said to bt: in the form of pow 

and others, umbelliferae; by Cacsalpinus, feru- der a useful antithelmetic and diuretic. 
lace«. UMBLES. (q. A f/m^f/rj, inferior parts.) The 

U^MBELLATED. a. In botany, is said of eatable |>art of a deer's ciiiniilsy which being a 

flowers when many of them gro%v together in ])er(|uisiie of oflice, atford a treat to the keeper 

umbels. and his friends. 

UMBELLIFEROUS, a. (wmW and /rro, U'MBO.j. (Lat.) The pointed boss, or pro- 

I^t.) U«ied of plants that bear many flowen, minent part of a buckler (Svi/i). 
growing upon many footstalks. U^MnRAGK. 5. (^ombrage, Fr.) I. Shade; 

UMBER, (from unbra, Lat. a shade, for screen of trees (P/rt7t7>s). V. Shadow ; app^*^ 

which purpose it is cliieHy used in painting.) ance (Bramhall). 3. Resentment; oneoce; 

Martial clay, iron ochre. See the article suspicion of iniurv (^acun). 
Argilla. UMBRa'GEOUS. a. iomhagiemx, Fr.) 

There arc, hmvevcr, two kinds of earth that Sh.idy ; vieldine shade {Horvey), 
pa^s under t'ni^i name; 1st, (?ologiie umber, UMRRA^(iKOUSNESS.jr (fromiimhafe- 

wliich is a v:iriety of peat or of earthy brown ous.) Shadinfss Uialeifrh). 
co;il. Thoie are' I ir«:e k-ds of it v^roupht in UMRRAHTILE. a.'(ifm/Ta/t7tj,Lal.) Being 

the iiei^ihlxinrlKMul of Culopie, prinrifKilly as in the shnde. 

an article of (iiel ; a pri'iiy considerable quan- U.MHRK. in omilhnloe\-. See ScOPUd. 
tity is also impnrfi'd into Holland, wht-re it is UMBRELLA, a moveable canopy, made of 

uH.'d in the niannfiirinrc, or niore nroperly, in silk or other clcJih spread out np«m libs of 

the udiiiti-raiin.i, ofsniiiF, for whien purjwsc it whale-bone, and supported by a staff, to pr»»" 

app'.ars to be better than the common pent of tect a person from rain, or the scwchin^ baam5 



^ US A 

m. Vcr the Inttw purpose ii h»s long 
ii tn erientkl uation) i fur ihe purpme 
ihifw iMttt from n'm, ii wu broughi 
liana lililc more than 30 yr^ri agn. A I 
■nd none list gcntnl people p<»se;<Kil 
LioHTlhcf are become )0 comrnon thai 
rho fmntj theitiidTet genlerl people 
ither get net ilitougb ihan b« leen lo 

KILL* Tsec See Macnoma. 
IRIATlCO,aio«-norNaples,inCilli. 
nio»c, with a bUhop'i lee, though now 
M a Hiftll pUce. It is seated on the 
15 mlha N. by W. of St. Severiua, 
. 10 E. Lai. 38. eg N. 
IRI'ERE. s. 'I'hc viior of the helmet 

iRtysnr. I. (Bwtrojni, Lai.) Shadi- 
idimon of U^ht (Brawn). 
fIRAGE. I. (from umpirt.) Arbiita- 
iradly dceiii^i of a coMtovtny. 
*IRt.t. (rrom un pm, Fr. a father, 
I.) AnftTbitmoi; one who, ai a com- 
ma, declrfctdiipulcs (Bay/e). 
A Snon privBiive or negative particle 
w to in of the Latins, and a of the 
«i)DBieb. Itiiplacnlalmraiatxvill 
l^titaHMladverbi. All the Jniiaocci 
ind of cam position cannot ihercfore be 
Wa faaire eollected as many as can 

BA-9HED. d. Notifaaaied; notcott- 

modcity iPope). 

'BLEu. I.No(ha^ingahili(y(RopTj). 
I] imiwtenl {Slmhprare). 
BO'LISH^X). K. Nut repeateJ ; re- 

to force (//ooJfT). 

OeE'PTABI.E 0. Not pleailngi 

M ■■ well recf ivpd (Hognj). 
CCE'PTABLENESS.i. Sisteofnot 

iColtifr). 

CCi?PTED. D. Not secepted (.Pnor). 

CCEWmLENESS. .. Suie of not 

be •liained or approachei) (HaM. 
CCaMMODATED. a. Unfurni.h- 
at«m*) convenience (Sliakipeare). 
CCC.MPANIKD.a. Notalteoded. 
Cet/MPLlSHtD. o. Unfiniihed; 

•le {Dry den). 

CCOITNTABLF. o. 1. Noi cxpli- 
Mt to he 5ol«ed bj- leaion ; not reduci- 
xA9 {OUnviilc). X. Notiol-jcct; not 

OCOU'NTABLy. arf. Sirimgfly(.«- 

(TTCURATE. fl. Not e«act (Boy/r). 
CCUVrOMED. a. I. Not usetl i 
ifMled (Boy/O- 9- Nttri not usual 

CKNOWLEDGED. a. Not owned 
r«). 

CgOA'TNTANCE... Wantoffami- 
truH of knowledie (Saulh). 
,CQUA1'NTI-:d: a. I. Noi known ; 
; DOI bmiliatly known (Sprnier). S. 
inz familiar knnwtcilge {H'ake). 
fCrtVE. a. I. Not brbk : nm livel; 
" wing DO employment (MUlon). 



. impru- 



UNA 

3. Not \mff; not diligent (,Setilh). 4, HavinS 

no efficacy (Milton). 

UNAnMl'RED. a. Not regarded with 

honnor (Pirpf). 

UNAlXyRED. fl. Not woMhipped (^i(. 

iMtl. 

UNADCRNED. o. Kot decoraled ; not 
embellished (Adduon). 

UNADVI'SED. o. I. Imprudent; ind;). 
creet (.Shakjpcarc). S, Done without due 
thouabl; Tiih (.Hauward). 

UNADVI-SEDLY. ad. lUshly; 
dentin indiscreeilv (//noifT). 

UNAUU'LTEftATEl). a. Genitinei not 
spoiled bv tpuriom rnixtuies {Ad<blon). 

U.VAtT&CTED. D. I. H«ili not hypo- 
critical {Drudnt). S, Free from afiectUiiin ; 
open ; candid ; liocere {Additen'j. 3. Not 
funned by loo rigid ohsccvatinu of rules <Jlfif- 
ton). 4.'NolmoTed! not touched. 

UNAFFE'CTING. o. Not pathetic ; not 
moiiii3 the passions. 

UNAl'DABLE. a. Not lo be helped 
(.SliakipeoTf). 

UNAl'DED. a. Not assisted i not helped. 

UNALLI'ED. a. i. Having no powerful 
relation. S. Having no common nature; not 
coneenial (Collier). 

L'NA'LTERABLE.o. UnchaneeablE) inx 

mutable (AltM'Ury). 

UNAMBITIOUS, a. Free from ambi- 

"UNANE'LED. a — 

the bell run^'. Tbi 

UNANGULATE STEM, in botany, a 
Item of one analc : as in iri& fdidistima. 

UNANl'MIl'V. I. Agreeuieni in design 
or opinion (Additon). 

UNA'NIMOUS. a. (unanime, Fr. unam* 
nil, Latin.) Being of one mind ; agreeing in 
design or opinion {Driidrn). 

UNA-NIMOOSLV. ad. With one mind. 

UNANO-INTLD. o. i , Not anointed. 2. 
Not prepared for dcaih by extreme unction 
(Shakiptor,',. 

UNA'NSWERABLE. a. Not to be rc- 

fulP't. 

UNA'NSWERABLY. ad. Beyond eonfu- 
tStinn. 

UNA'NSWERED. a. I. Not opposed by 
a tenly [Mtlten]. S Not <-onlnied (Heokrr). 
3. Nor iio.Ml Iv fetiimttj (Drgdm). 

UNAPPAl.LEl). n. N..I daunted J not 
imrreiW bi f*ir (.Sidary). 

UNAPPA'HENr. a. Obscure; not .ni. 
ble. 

UNAPPE'ASABLE. 0, Not to he paet- 
fie.1. i.i.|.l;inihie(3/.//<-Fi). 

UNAPPREHE'NSIVE. b. I. Nntinielli- 
eenl; t]oi ready of conception (5ouM). 8. Not 

'"'iSNAPPROACHED.a. InicceMible(JlfiJ* 
Ion). 
UNAPPRffVED. a. Not approved (JfiU 



^ilWini 



UNATT. a 
'. Not retidy J ; 



I. Dull; not apprehen^Te. 
It projienM CA'Aodpriir*). 3i 



Vofitriwt quftUfied (T^for). 4. iMpfoper; ^ UNBEATEN. «^ • K^Hbf^tni^ 

unfit; unsoiiable. . Uowi (G»r£«/). 2. NottfoddmUlMcii 

I UNAfpTN£SS;:f. -1. UofitneMi imsuit. UNBBCXXMlNa mi hdmoti 

mhitntm ISpftuer). «. Dulnetv; fnintofau- «ble ; indeoimiai- (XN|ri{m). 

lArAeinkm (SAdbprrtt). .a.-UafOKliipam di*- 7*« UNBED. o. «. To raite fron 

onaliHcatton ; want of propension {Lieke). • (A^ICmV . ■ ^ , ^ 

.« VVA'SLGUEIK U. .^ . Not dii^Mdl (36/- . UKB^TDNG. «. NoC bmni 

Ion). 2. Not censored (Bm /«l»Mi)«- .: luitablt Uvilftl*)^- . « « .^ 

UNARMED. 4. . HayingmanMMtt;: hav- UNBEGCyl*. Un Btco^TTiW. «. 1 

ing no wciipons (^fytr), ^ ml; without .ynerationt tf iitf ly^ 

Unarmed, in bptany. I«tr«ifaL -With- N(Ryetgttief«led<i#t^ofi),- 4k NotM 

OQt th6rq« or fttickJctb . Appiifrf ttitl|»9le«i, esittMied (JSnUA). 

leaf, and calyx. It itMcdiiivimiUirwdtein UNBfiU'EF.i. I. IntradaH^ (A 

•cberbranebd of n^tufal hiHonr. " ^ . « 9. Inidditr; ifie l iwion (Aai|<r)« 

UNAfRTFUL. au i. Hannc.no art or To UNBEL^E^E. «.«. l.Todk 

•unning iDrwdem). 9* Wanting dkUKCftmr). not to trail ( JIF^l^i). ' ,«. Kol^lii Ihiii 

; UNASKED. a« I.. Notcoiirtcdbviolieita. u^iDiyden). 

fkotHDenktm). 8. Not iOi«|it by cmmly or UNBELtE^ER. «• An iaAM} di 

^miDhidfn). believes not the icnplnie (^ God C&ai 

UNASHrRING. o. NotanbUiowUto^.). T0 UNBE'ND. «. «. K To Im 

vU NASSAU LED. a» Not attacked (not a»- aesnre (7m/^). S.TaJelvc$ toiH 

•anited (^oIj^mt^). sat at aase m a time (Hrydbn). 

f .-VNASSHfTElXia. Notbalped (ilsgm). UNBENDING, 0.1. Not aaCm^ 



UN ASSi'bTlNG. a. Givuig no hdp {Dry- (i^«/»Ol^.?^§£?*iS!l* >^ n^H« t" 



dbi). UNBE'NEFICED. 41. Noi 

UN ASSU'MINO. o. Not anpMiit CTkom. benefice IDrydem). 

0mi. . UNBENE' VOLENT. a. Stekioil 

UNASSUHEO. a. I. Not confident (^^a«- UNBENrGHTED. a, N«m wai 

otlTf ). ' 2^ Not to be tfosled (•SMwr). dnknew (Ht/toii},. . 

UN ATTAl'NABLE. a. Not to be gMnd UNBENFGN; «. AialigoMU aaal^ 

ai^bbiaincd \ beii« oot of itach (DiviIm). UNBE'NT. a. l. Not atnuMd l« iki 

UNATTAI'NABLENESS. «. Slato of {Jhyden). 2.. Having. tlMboir m 

bein|t6Qlari«nfch(£adie>. {Skaktpeart). 3. Not crashed; aatai 

; UN ATT&MFTED. a. Untried; not at- (I^rvite). 4. Relaxed; not intoM(0« 

saytd* UNBESE'EMINerC^lTnktoOBias^ 

c UNATTBrNDED. a. Hathigiioretinne i^)« • . , 

or atrendahis (llryd^). UNB^SCVUGHT: a. Nn^ mtonM I 

• UN A TTE'NTl VE. a* Cartleit ; heedless. JLJNBESTOWED. a. Not nvgb| 1 

UNAVAILABLE, a, Uieleas ; vain with, posed of (Bckroa). 

tfunect to anv piupoM (ffoeAcr). UNBEWA'ILED. a.NotUuDcnted 

. UNAVAILING, a. Usc|^ ; vajn (l>ry^ spemre). 

dfn). To UNBI'ASS. v. a. To free fioas a 

.' UNAVOIDABLE, a. 1. inevitable; not t^rpal motive; to diMiitaqglk ffoai pai 

to be thonned iRogert). 2, Not 10 be mitard iPope). 

in ratioctnation (7ii&>/ieR> UNBI^. Unbi'odbv. a. 1. Ud 

UNAVCyiDED. a. Inevitable (5Aaif.). (Shaktprarg), 8. Uncommanded } no 

■ UNAUnrHORlZED. /r. Not supported by oiaiMUion). . 

authority; not properly commissioned (Drjf- UNBPGOTTED. a. Fme finam I 

ira). - (Addison), 

UNAWAOIE. Unawa'rbs. ad. (fiom To UNBl'ND. v. a. To looaai H 

airare. or tror^.) 1 . Without thought; without ( Dtyden). 

previous mediiation (Milion. Pope). 2. Un- To UNBI'SHOP. i^. a. To deprive • 

expeclediv : when it is not thought of; tud* copal orden iSouih). 

denly(fFWe). . UNBiaTED. a. Unbridled; 



U>]A^VVIi:D. a. Unrestrained by fear or (Shakspeare) 

reverence (C/oreiMiofi). UNBLA'^IABLE. a. Not eohiaUi 

UNHAa:'KED. a. I. Not tamed; nor to be chaifeed with a fiiult (Drydea). 

ear the rider iSHckiing). 2. Not UNRLEfMIbllED. a. Free Ira 



taught to bear the rider {SHckling). 2. Not UNRL^MIbllED. a. Free ifoa 

countenancctl ; not aided {Daniel). 

. UNBA'LLASr. UirjiA'tLASTED, a. Not 

kept steady by ballast ; unstnuSy. injured by anj* soil (A/iV/on). 

To UN B.VR. r. a. To open by removing UNBLE'ST. a. I. Accursed in 

the bars; to unboU (BeaAaai}. from benediction (Baosa). 9* WiM 

UNBA'RKED. o. Decoriicateil ; stripped unl»ar>py (Pmr). 

•rb»rk {Baemi), (J N BLOODIED, a. Not atainoi 

UNBATTKRED.a. Not injured by blows, blood. 

To UNBA^Y. 1^. a. To set open ; to free UNBLO'WN. a. Having the bud ) 

frum *he rc»tiatnt of mouuds C^arnsj. . expanded {/SJiaks^9re). 



" U»N B 

OTJTED. a. Not maiie (Atnsc 

'DIED- a. 1. Incomnieal ; iinin t. 
tit). 2. F«ed from the body [.Drg- 

BCLT.B.a. TojelopeniWunbar. 

T.TKD. a. Coaw: sroH) not tf- 

knir. by boItiiiK ot eifiint; iA'liaib.). 

'NNETTEO. «. W.m.ng a hat or 

iaiiptart). 

aKISH. «- !. Not smrtiom of 

. Not culiiviit«l b; erudition iShak. 




lie. 



UNBU-RNING. a. Koi 



'RN. a- Not yel bmiighl it 
atig 10 come {Drvden). 
ItKOWED. a. Oertutne; 



^OM. 1 



Bty&OM. v.a. I.Torereal 
IQbm). S. To 0|>ea 



llife; 



disdoi 



TTOMED. o. I . Wiihom bottom ; 

I iMiUon). 9. Haviag no wild 

tlBamm«nd). 

■UGHT. a. I. Obtained vrilhnut 

'}nidm'}, S. Not iindiug in; pur- 

mIc). 

'VliD.a. I. Look; not lied. i. 

a vmrr (Locke). 

O-NDED. a. 1. Infinite; inter- 

Viban). «, Uiilioiited ; unrestraioed. 

•UNDEDLV.orf. Without boundi; 

MUt>(Gav. of ihe Tingur), 

U'NDEDNESS. j. Ecemption from 

'WED. a. Not bent (S/iakspeare). 
BO-WEL. V. n. To exeoterate; to 
tStdkrwiU). 

BRA'Ce. V. a. To loose j lo relax 
S. To rnaltc the clolJiu loose 

WW), 

E'ATHED. a. Not txaawHShak- 
■TATHING.d. Unaninuited iShak- 



t (Gnv. B/lht Tangue). 

Bb-CMEaa. H»ingaobreechrs. 
I'BED. a. Not inlluenccd by money 

I'T>L£D. a. Liceniimis ; tuot re- 

(yKE. Vmmlc/ubx. a. I. Not 
iTayfef). 8. Not lubil'ifd ; not 
{Dfyden). S.NutlanieH [.idiiion). 
OTHERLIKE. Uniiho'theiilv. 
ini; with ibc ctiniBCter of a brother 

fBU'CKLE. e. a. To loo»e from 

P*pel. 

BlIl'LO. V. a. To nze; to dettro; 



h tfteiitM of funeral tPopcl. 
'RNED.Uie«u'itirT.a. iNotcoo- 
MWMlod; not injured byfire (Dry- 
Not healed with are {.Bacon). 
)U.-^ART II. 



Ta UNBU'UDEN". e. n. To rid of a load 
CS«oi>/.furf). K- To throw off (,Shak.prart). 
3. To disriosc what lie» henj on the iniud 
{ShakiptaTc). 

T.. UNBU'TTON.t-, a. To loo* anj thing 
buttoned (/fi/Jtion). 

UNCAIX'I'NED. o. Free from calciiia- 

UNCA'LLED. a, Not (iimtnonedj not 
lent Tori not rienianded IM'I'vnj. 

TeUNCA'LM.r. a. Toilislurb (Drurffn). 

UNCA-WCELLED. a. Not er»«d j not 
sbroeaied (Dryde"). 

UNCANOTS'ICAL. a. Not igrceable to 
the canons. 

UNC A'PABLE. a. {inrapable, Fr. incapax. 
Lai.) Not capable ; not aiiiccplible (Ham.). 

UNCATlED/or. a. Not tegard«l j not 

UNCA'RNATE. a, Nm fleshly {B^ieiO. 

To UNCA'-SE V. a. I. To disengage from 

any covering (^dtfuen). S. To flay; to strip 

UNCA'UGHT. 0. Not vet calched (CayJ. 
UNCAU'SED. a. Hiring no precedent 

UNCAimOUS. a. Not wiry, heedleis. 

UNCE'LEQRATEO. o. Not soleinnwed. 

UNCE'NSURED. D. Exempt from public 
reproach (Pipe). 

UNCERTAIN. 0. {inccTlain. I'r. inrrttau 
Latin.) I. Doubtful; not certainly knuwn 
(Denham). S. Doubtful ; tioi havioE certain 
knowledge (TiUelion). 3. Not Jure in eon»e- 
queiice (.Pope). 4. Not exact ; not lure CZ>rj- 



wanl of knuwledn {DnhaiK). S. liiaccuney 
(Locke). 3. Contingency ; want of certainty 
iSauih). i. Something nnknown (L'Eiir.). 

To UNCHA'IN. V. a. To free from chainl 
(Prior). 

UNCII.\'NGEABLEo. Innmiiablc; n« 
»ub}<'Ct (n variation (Hookfr). 

UNCHA'NGEABLENESS. s. Immuta- 
biliiv (Srwioni- 

L'NCHA'NGEABLY. ad. Immutaliililji 

tvilbotlt ch«rl^ (SO'llh). 

UNCHA'NGFD.o. 1. Not altered (/"ay- 

hr). ?. Notaltorahlc (Popr). 

UNCKA'NGING. 0. Suffering no alter*. 

'"to UNCHARGE. V. a. To retract an ac- 
cuMtion (Shaitprare). 

UNCHA'RITABLE. a. Con I r ory lo cha- 
rity ; contrary to the anivenal lo»e ptticijbril 
by rhrtBiianiiy (Addiimi). 
UNCHA'RITABLENESS. >. Want of 

ch^iritv {dtlerturyl. 

UNCHARITABLY, ad. In a mmmer 
conitsry to charity (Sptat). 

UNCHA'RY.a. Not wary i not csution*. 

UNCIIA'STE. a. I.eivd ; libidinoujj not 
continent 1 not pure (Tov'w), 

ONCHA'STfTY. i. "LcwdnMi; incooti- 
nence (Ariuthm). 



i 



U NC U N C 

UNCHFCKED. a. Unrettnined ; not UNCLFAN. s. l. Foul; dirty; 

fluctuated (Milton), iUryden), 2, Not puxified by ritual pr 

UNCHEE^RFULNJESS. s. Melancholy ; 3. 1^1 with sin (Rogers), 4. Lewd ; oi 

gloominess of temper (Addison), (Milton), 

UNCHE'WEli. fl. Not masticated (Dry- UNCLBANLINESS. s. Want of i 

ieri), ness; dirtiness (Clarendon). 

To UNCHI'LD. V. a. To deprive of child- UNCLE'ANLY. a, 1. Foul ; filthy 

ren (Shakspeare), (Shakspeare), 2, Indecent; unchaste C 

UNCHRISTIAN, a, 1. Contrary to the UNCLEfANNESS. i. I. Lewdnc 

lawsofchrisiianity (6W/A). 2. UnconTcrted ; continence (OraKnO' 2. Want of deai 

itiUdel (Hooker), « nastiness (Tay/^)* 3. Sin ; wickednc 

UNCHRI'STIANNESS. s. Contrariety to Want of ritual purity. 

Christianity (K, Cliarles). UNCLEfANSED. a. Not cleansed < 

UNCIA, a term generally used for the 12th To UNCLEfW. v. a, (from clew,) 

part of a thing. In which sense it occurs in do any thing complicated (Shakspeare), 

Latin writers, both fur a weight, called by us , To uNCLE'NCH. v, a. To open tin 

an ounce, and a measure called an inch. hand (Garth), 

UNCIiE, in algebra, first used by VieU, UNCLia>PED. a. Whole; notcttt( 

ire the numbers prefixed to the letters in the To UNCLOTTHE. v, a. To strip; t 

terms of any power of a binomial; now- more naked (FTatts), 

usually,and generally, called coefficients. Thus, To UNCLOG. v. a, I. To disenc! 

in the 4th power of a+ h, vh, to exonerate (Shakspeare), 2. To setai 

a* + 4a?b + 6a*h* + 4al^ + b\ (Dryden), 

the unciae are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1. To UNCLCISTER. t;. n. To set 

Briggs first shewed how to find these unciae, (Norris), 

one from another, in any power, independent To UNCLOSE, v, a. To open (Pc 

of the foregoing powers. They ire now UNCLOSED, a. Not separated 

usually found by wnat is called Newton*s hi- closures (Clarendon), 

nomial theorem, which is the same rule as UNCLOUDED, a. Free from 

Brig»B*s in another form. See Binomial. clear from obscurity ; not darkened (Rt 

UNCIFORM BONE, (os unttforme, UNCLOUDEDNESS. i. Opennti 

from uncus, a book, waA forma, a likeness.) dom from eloom (fio^/e). 

The last hone of the second row of the carpus UNCLOUDY. a. Free from a cloud 

or wrist, so named from its hook-like process. To UNCLU'TCH. v. a. To open i 

which projects towards the palm of the hand, of Piety), 

and gives origin to the great ligament by which To UNCOIF. v, a. To pull the car 

the tendons of the wrist are bound down. To UNCOIL v. a. (from cot/.) j 

UNCINATE. Uncinatus. In botany, from being coiled or wrapped one pai 

Hooked at the end. As the awn of the seed m another (Derham). 

ceum urbanum; and the stigma in viola, UNCOINED, a. Not coined (Loc 

Jan tana, &c. This term is used, but not ex- UNCOLLEfCTED. a. Not collect 

plained by Linn^us. In what it difTen from recollected (Prior). 

hamous it is difficult to decide. UNCO'LOURED. a. Not stained fi 

UNCIRCUMCI'SED. a. Not circum- colour or die (/Jacon). 

cised ; not a Jew (Cowley), UNCOMBED, a. Not parted or i 

UNCIRCUMCrSION. s. Omission of by the comb (CrojAau;^. 

circumcision (Hammond), UNCOMELINESS. s. Want of 

UNCIRCUMSCRI'BED. a. Unbounded ; want of beauty (Locke). 

uuMmucd (Addison), UNCOMELY, a. Not comely;! 

UNCmCUMSPECT. a. Not cautious; grace (C/flrm<ion). 

not viRilani (Hay ward) UNCOMFORTABLE, a, 1 . Affor 

UNCIRCUMSTA'NTIAL. a. Unimport- comfort; gloomy ; dismal ; miserable ( 

ant. 2. Receiving no comfort ; melancholy. 

UNCI'VIL. a. (incivil, French ; incivilis, UNCOMFORTABLENES.S. s, \ 

Latin.) Unpolite ; not agreeable to the rules cheerfulness (Taylor). 

of elegance, or complaisance (Whitg\fl), UNCOMMA'NDED. a. Notcomi 

UNCl'VILIZED. o. ]. Not reclaimed UNCOMMON, a. Not frequent; n 

from barbarity (Pope), 2. Coarse ; indecent found or known (Addison), 

(Addison). UNCOM MON NESS, s, lufrequen 

UNCl'VILLY. arf. Unpolitely; notcom- dison). 

plaisanily (/JroMFn). UNGOMPA'CT. a. Not compai 

UNCLA'RIFIED. a. Not purged ; not closely cohering (/^cf(2t;on). 

purified (Bacon). UNCOMMU'NICATED a. Note 

To UNCLA'SP. V, a. To open what is shut nicated (Hooker), 

with claups (ray/or). UNCOMPANIED. a. Having w 

UNCLA'SSIC. a. Not classic (Pope), pan ion. 

l''NCLE. s, (oncle, French.) The brother UNCOM PA'SSIONATE. a. Hai 

of oue*s father or mother (Shakspeare), pity. 



U N C 

:OMPE'LL£D.a. Freefroaicoinp»t- 

:OMPl-AlSA'NT.o.Notci»iUt''c*#). 
:OMPLETE. a. Not pctfwii not 

F<yUNDED.a. ). Simple i not 
CyeuHBK). S. :iiinple; noi iiilriuie 
pitd). 
»MPREHBNSIVE. a. Uiulile to 

:OM'pRE'SS£D. a. Free frooi com- 

;ONCEfI VaBLE. a. Not 10 be un.ter- 
not ro be comiirehrnilecl by the mind. 
;ONCEriVABLEN£sS.j. Incompre- 

NCE'lVEO.o. N.x iliouglit i cot 
d (Owe*). 

ONCE'KN. I. Negligence; want of 
i freednm from anxiety i freedom frum 
ilion iSiei/l)- 

ONCE'ltNED.a. l.tlavinenoinle. 
f/*r). !t. Notanxiouij not Jiilutbed; 
iUi (DmhaiB'). 
ONCE'UNEDLY orf. Wiihoulin- 



X>NCE'RNING. a. N< 
EtinCi nolbelonEtng toone(^>i(fiion). 
WNCE'UNMENT. i. The siaic of 
DO ihut rSmM}. 

»NCLU'DENT. Umcobclu'dikc. 
lecitive; inferriog do plain or ceilain 
ion or con(tqiieiice ILade). 
;ONCLU'DINGNESS. .. Qualilyof 
ncoocludine (BeuU). 
ONCOCTED. a. f 

I (Srown). 

■OtiDVhOtiAL.a. Absolute; not 
b* aav tcrmi {.Drudrn). 
ONFl'NABLE.a. Unbounded (^Aei. 

ONFI'NED. a. 1. Free from restraint 
9. Having no limit* ; unbounded 

ONPl'RUED. a. I. Not fariifietl b; 
la ; out «tre>iglhenr'l ; raw ; wcat 
). 9. Not itrengthenrd by additional 
w {MUlon). 3. Not KiUed in the 
M the rite ofconfinnaiioQ. 
ONPO'RM. o. Unlike; diuimilari 



UNCONKB<rrRD. «. -Km '^Amnt t 
not joined by proper ir.insitioni or depeiidtiice 
of parti; lax; looir; iiigue [fValli). 

UNCONNl'VING. .. Not rorbcariiig 
p«n.il niiiice(Af(//<in). 

UNCONQUERABLE. «■ Not lo be .i.b- 
dued ; iniupcrablc , not to be ovcicociic i in- 
vincible (PopO- 

UNCONQUERABLY, ad- Invincibly j 
iniiiperably (Pope). 

UNCONQUEKED. o. Not Eubdiied j not 
overccime {Denham), 2. Intupcrablci la- 
■inciblc (Sidney). 

UNCONSCIONABLE, a. 1. Exceedins 



the 1 



. Not digeited ; not 



of any Jusi claim or txpeculiou 
iLi'j^sfraner). S. Forminp unreasonable ex- 
ueeiation (Drvden). 3. Enormoui i vaii, A 
low word i_milon). 4. Not guided or in- 
fluenced by conscirnce i&iit/A). 

UNCONSCIONABLY, ad. Unreawn- 
ablv. 

UNCONSCIOUS, a. I ■ Having no meii- 
(al perception (Blaekmorc). 3. U 11104 ua in ted; 
unlfnowing {Popt). 

UNCONSECRATED. o. Not dedicated ; 
nut devoicH (South). 

UNC()NSE'NTED.o.NoivieIded(ff'a4«). 

UNCONSI'DERED. a. Not considered j 
not siiended to IBrown). 

UNCONSONANT, a. loeongruovii ; un- 
fit; iiJconiiatentCflMyier). 

UNCO^bTANT. a. {inc^initant. French ; 
inconiianr, Latin.] Fickle ; noisleudyj change- 
able; >nuLible[jMdy). 

UNCONSTRAINED. * Free from com- 
piilaiun lUaifigli). 

UNCONSTRA'lNT. ». Freedom from 
constraint i tatc {Frllon). 

UNCONSU'LTING. a. {inconiullui, Lw.) 
Heady : wh ; improvident; imprudent (Sid-y 

UNCONSU'MED. a. Not waited ; not 
destroyed by any' waiting power (_Htilloni. 

UNCONSU'MMATE. a. Not conwni- 



aled. 



Not dc9 piled. 



proline (Waffil 
ONFpltMITY. >. Incongruily ; ii 



ONFUTABLE-n. Iriefragdbje; not 
Dviried of error (.Sprat). 
ONGE'ALED. a Not concrclel by 

ONJUGAL. 8. Not consiHEnt with 
nijd faiih { oot'bcfitting a wife or hut- 



Indisputable ; 
not controvertible (Loclir). 

UNCONTE'STED. a. Not ditpuiablei 
evident (BJactmurr). 

UNCONTRITE. Not teligioniljr penitent 



(Han 



and) 



L 



UNCONTROLLABLE. «. I.Resi«les*; 
powerful beyond opposition (.Milton), 3. hi- 
disnuUkble; irrcrrajcible (Hoinard)' 

UNCONTROLLABLy. ad. I. Wiihoot 
posiibility of opposition. S. Without djii)icr 
of refutation (oroicn). 

UNCONTROLLED, a. I. Unrcsi.tcd; 
iiiioppused ; not to be overruled (fhilipi), 8, 
Not convinced ; not refuted (Uaward). 

UNCONTROLLEDLY. ad. Without 
control ; nithmit oppntilionfOrcayn/'Pirhr). 

UNCONTROVBRTED-a. Notdiipuiedi 
nni liabl M debit {.GtaHBtUt). 



U N C 

imCONVE'RSABLE. a. NotidttUetA 

UNCONVE'RTED.o. i. Not penuadcl 
of the truth oi" chrisiinniiy (Bogm), 5. Not 
KlUit'us ; not vt) reduced lo live a huly lire. 

To I'NCO'RD. V. a. To lowe a thing 
bound with cnrdi. 

UNCORRECTED, a. Iraccoratej not 
polbheil lo ej£»ciiitw {Druiifv). 

UNCORRU;PT,o. Honwt; upright i not 
Ulntcd with wickednns ; not inniieiiced by 
iuinniloui mterMl [Hoaktr). 

UNCORRU'PTED. a« Not i-iiiatfd ; not 
depraved (ior*r). 

To UNCirVER. ». a. I. To dlvwt of a 
covering {Locke), t. To deprive of elotlies 
iSI'ahprarr). 3. To Jlripof theroof Ci'r'O'-;, 
4. To show openly j to strip of ■ veil, or con- 
cealment (MiltoH), 5, To bare the he]ul, as 
in lh« preteiiee of a tuperinr (Shaliiprare). 

UNCCUNSELLABLE. fl. Not to bead- 
UNO O'UNTABLE. o. Innumerable CRa- 
iiith). 

llNCCUNTERFEIT. o. Gennine; not 
spurious ISpral). 

To UNCtyUPLE. p. a. To kiote dt^s from 
their couple] (Dryden), 

UNCO'UKTKOUS. B. Uncivil ; unpolite. 

UNCO'URTLINESS, i. UoiuiublcneM 
of manners lo a court {jiddisoti). 

UNCCyURTLY-o. Inelegaatof manners; 
uncivil {Swi/n. 

UNCO'UTH. u. CuncB, Saxon.) Odd; 
ItMntti niiusml iFairfaic). 

UNCCUTHNESS.i. Oddneas ; Wrangc- 




pM«I to be • 
■ inoug the Chri^ 
none of the emperors were cieiaDMnialbcfiiK 
Justinian or Joitio. Tbe «inp«T«t» of Get- 
many look the practice from th«« of the cm^ 
ero empire. Kin|( Pe|itn of Fniice wu the 
first who received the unction. In iheancwui 
Chtisiian church, unctimi alwavs acttwiyiniei 
the ceremotiie* of buplisin and coiifittniittDc. 
Exlrcme unction, or the anointing p^rxnnin 
the article of death, was al»o praeiiwtl liy lit 
ancient Christians, in compliance ivilti ill 
prrce]it of Si, James, chap, v, I4ih and lilh 
verses. After the Roman catholic ttlmn 
found ii3 way into the wotid, iblt, as well n 
many other of the practices of the earlier dini' 
tians, bcci^me shnckinglv cnrnipied. 

UNCTUCySlTV. ..'Falnea.! oilinm. 

U'NCTUOUS. a. Fat; cUmmyi mIj 

{Shahptwe). 

U'NCTUOUSNESS. ,. FatneMi oHlAHIi 
clammineis ; erentiuess CBotr/r). 

I'NCU'LLED. a. Not aathered (*!««;. 

UNCU'LPABLE.o.Noiblan«bl*(ff9«*.l, 

UNCU'LTIVATED. o. (ineulhu. UIo.) 
1, Not cultivated i not improved 1^ lilllp 
{Locke}. S. Not instructed i noi ei'&ui 



iR«>e, 



,ny 



lihilah 



roUNCREA'TE.ip. o. Tost 
reduce to noibing; to deprive 
iPopt). 

I'NCREATED. a. 1, Nol yet created 
IMillon). 3. (incr/c, French,) Not produced 
by crealiiin {Blackmore). 

UNCRE'DITABLENESS. i. Watit of 

t cropped ; nol 
gathered i.MUl«n). 

UNCKCSSED. o. Uncancelled {Shah-). 

UNCUcyUDKD. a. Not straitened by 
wantofr-on, (.^i/Awn). 

To UNCRO-WN. V. «. To deprivt of a 
crown 1 lo deprive of sOTeiei^nty (Dryrfpn). 

UTJCTION. », (Hncfioii. Frrnch.) i. The 
act of anointing {Hooktr). 2. Unpitent j mni- 
ment iDraytonj. 3. The act of anointing 
medically ('Ir^'ii"''')- *■ Any thing soften- 
ing, or feniiive (Sdotipeore). 5. The rile of 
anoiniing in the last lioun {liamrnoitd), G. 
Any thii'g thai excites pieW and devotion. 

Okctiom, in matters of religion, is used for 
the character conferred on «acred things by 
anointing them with oil. Unctions were very 
ficQuent aniouK the Hebrews. They anointed 
both their kinr« and htgh-pr<e!t» at the cere- 
inony nf iheir iniusnration. Thev also anoint* 
«d the aacred vrurli of the labernacle and 
lemiite, in sanciifv and coniecraie ihem tn the 
— ~ -jf^Ood. The unctioQ of kinjp ti lup- 



UNCU'MBERED. a. Nol hnrdcnei; w 
embairassed (Drydfn). 

UNCUTIBABLE. «. That eantiU ba 
curbed or checked {Shaitpenie). 

UNCU'RBED. a. Licentious i Ml »> 
strained. 

To UNCU'RL. V. a. To lowe firm rin^ 
or concoluiions (Drifden). 

To Unci/rl. 0. n. To fall ftom Ac 

" UNCU'RRENT. a. Nol current -. iio(|i» 
inejn commrm jinyntent {Siak^rart). 
To UNCL'RSE. V. a. To bee fnw tui ■ 

eseciation {Sftoi^poire). 

UNCUT. «. Not cut (;ro//r7). , 

ToUNDA'M.e.o. ToopcHi lofrttlho 
llie restraint of mounds {Drudm't- 

UNDA'MAGED. o. Not ^ade mm; 
not impn-rpd (/>/,;/,>,). 

UNDATE. Undi.late. Inhouny.wirtl 
The surface rising and fallingin waves. «*• 
tuselj i not in n nH I e,^.— Applied lo At tatii 
poiamogeton crispum i and to the coral io{l>- i 

LinnJui. in Philos. Bot. baa otiijittim- 
cond of ihrte terms, which he apfilin loa W 



■ adscendit rt ikaeendh. Ill 
cet only with (he Enl, fto 




Term. B< 

eiplaineil-— disco rii 

111 Driin. PI. both termsoccnr. Bui At}* 

not ;ippcai in be iiacd in dificrent setiaet, )iu 

mnrc th^in paiem and patula, valva aitd w 

Tula, arc. 

UNDA'UNTED. a. Unwbdued bfbr; 
not deprcs^rd {Tirydtn). 

UNDAT-lNTEDLY. a. Boldlyj inw 
pidlv; without frai (Saa**). 

UNDA'ZZLED. o. Not dimmrtjOrtnii' 
fused by splcDdout cBoy'O- 



n UNDE'AF. t. ». To frte ftooj ileaf.icM 

lINOIiBA'UCHED. a. Noi ccnupwd by 
dclHuchen' '..Or-i/Jtn). 

DNDbCAGUN, it a polygon of cin-en 
tide*. 

irihr ti&t of ■ rrgulir unclecagnn be 1. its 
Ittt will I>e y-jtisfia^fl ~ " " '■"'?• "f T^fi 
dmni ; inrl therrfire if tliu number be nmi- 
i^tA by ihc K|uaie of ih« «i(le of any other 
i^uLf uu<lcc*Z(ui, ihe prodiici will be ilie 
tnaof thai uiif&a^nn. 

UNDiiCA-VKD-a. N»t Ibbleio be dimi- 



U N D 



I giving plea- 



UN6IXVYING. , 



Noi 







•rbcdMVIVcd iffallttr). 

-lECE'lVED- a. N.H cheated; noi 
IDrvdeit). 
, iEMVIR, a mmiilraie among the 
Athaiun«, who hail ten other cnl' 
juiiKii wiih him in ihc 
The fnnclioni of the uu- 
I were much the liime at 
Sm* of the J«le prtvott di mancliaut't In 
TniK«. "Hiey took c«re of the •pprehcndin^ 
rf tiiq)in«l> i Mciiteil ihem in the hmils oT 
Jsiee i and when they were cunJemned, took 
ten aitau) inu> cuciody, that the icntence 
■^ lie executed on them. They were 
Mat by the iriliet, caih tribe ruming il» 
•W; and a% tile number of the iribe» af- 
Ut Cdlnihcan wai bui toi, which made ten 
■Mnben. a icribe or unury wa* added, which 
■tile ibr number eleven. 

I'NDECl'DliD, a. Not deteririned ; not 
Milnl (/r«.«.>mmM). 

■ INDKfl'SlVE.a. Notdcciiivei uotoon- 
AmntiClaniilh). 

TiVmiV.'VK. «. a. To ilefxive or oma- 
anu> i,Skalui'*aTt). 

UNOE'CKl^l). a. Notidotoed; not ein- 
Ulith«iil [.Miilait). 

UNDFrU'NEI). a. 1. Nni grammati- 
od^ttiitd by termination. 3. Not deviating; 
m l»rn«l rram the right way (SurnJui). 

UNDE'DICATES. ». Not cg.«eccaud i 
Mt AerawX. S, Not inscribed to a pjlton 

UHDESDED. a. Not «igiiiiliEcd by action 
rSLilrWarr). 

"'. I'T , >-T:n, q. Not .leprived of its 

:-al (Cra«..7M. 

IKLIi:. a. Not dcrcatiblei 
'< 'irinnnlled. 

I < .1 i ji.r I uU. a. Not tci at dcBaiicc ; not 
<Uba*nl iJJrgiUn). 

UNMFI'LED. o. Not polluted ; not vi- 
(bled I BMenrrupied E.ViifDfl). 

UKDEFl'NABLE. a. Not to be marked 
•Vt, or Ctrcumwribed by n definiiion {Locke). 

UNDEFITJED. a. Not ciicomiciibed, 01 
esplaJDed bra dufinilioo (Leet/). 

BNDEPSyRMED. 0. ]S«t dftbriwdj 



UNDHLI'RERArED. a. Not caieft 

eoniidi-ti'ii {CorcHrfon). 

UNDELl'CHThU. a. Not pleased 
touched Willi ..Icisnir (JfiWon). 

UNDEU'GIITPUL. «. Nt 

aute ( ClarrHdoa) 

UNliEMO'l.lsriED. a. Not raie.1 ; nat 
lhroivnd..wmPAi;ipj)- 

UNDEMO'NSTRABLE. a. Not capable 
of fuller evidence (ffuoArt-). 

UN1)1-NI'AB1,E. a. Such u cannot U 
gainsaid t^Sidney). 

UNDENI'XBLV. ad. So plainly ai 10 ad. 
mit noconliadiciion {Brown). 

UNDEPLCVRED. a. Not lamented (Dry. 
den). 

UNDEPRA'VED.o. Nolcornipled (Cran. 
^■ilU). 

UNDEPRCVED. a. Not di.wied by au. 
ihcirity i not iliipped of any posieMion (.!>>/• 
dca). 

U'NDER. preposition, (aniar, Gothic 1 
unbeji, Saxon i cni^rr, Duicfi.) I. Inaitats 
of tubifciion : ic* ii>ere all nuder the king 
iDrt/dcH). 2. In the state of pupilage 10 ; I 
Uuiitd under ant It'enlmurlh (Deiiioa). 3, 
Beneath ; so as to be covered or hidden : Mt 
dagger icat under liii rtoak {Diyden). 4, 
Ddow in place ; uot abovc : lit parlouT it 
under the chamltr CBaion). b. la a leu de- 
gree than : k^ acted under bu natural ttrengtk 
iDrt/drn). 0. For less than: ("( mat told 
under Me price. 7- Lew than j below : no- 
tliini( under royaUif conlenltd hitm (Cn/fier). 
e. By the ahow of: lie ttnnped ondei ihe op- 

tearante ef a iiieticngtr lliaier). t). With 
ns than i lie would noi iptok under frn ;ioiin^ 
iSwiJl). 10. Jn the slate nf inferiority to; 
noting tank or urdet iif precedence ■■ a tiicounl 
ii anier an earl (Additon), II. Inaslaieof 
being loaded with : ht ftdntt under kit loAil 
iShakiprare). 13. In aaliiteof oppression by, 
or lubjectinn lo ; the criminal wai under tie 
lath lAddiion). 13. In a stile in which one 
is leized or overborn ; luiat under ^mj am- 
icii) iPopt). 14. In a ttaicof beiua liable lo, 
or limited by ; he oct$ under Ugal reitraintt 
iLoeke), III. In a Mate of depresiion or de- 
jection hy : Ae luni under hiij'ulher'i itifluence 
(.Skaktpeare), I6, In the state of being di> 
siinguiihcd : he woe known under enaiher 
tiaiar (Coekt). 17. In the stale of: lie may 
do writ under bit prttent diipoiiltait (Sufft), 
18. Not having reached or arrived to; noiing 
time: Ae 11 under .^/»n (,S>eiMer). I9. Re. 
prcKuted by : it appeared under a /air Jotm 
l,Ai^ion). iO. In a slate of proleciioo : un> 
dcr uDur direclion I am tuft {Cailifr). 21. 
With respect to: if it neiUioned under two 
headi (Fellon). 2i. Aucsted by : / gaur it 
under my haad. 93. Subjected 10 ; being 
ihesubjectof: all Ihii wai iiaiu coiuideralion 
(Addinn). St. Id the neU sUge of luburdi- 
oatinn : (Aetr Acipei wrre in liim under l^r ge- 
neral (Locke). S3. Jn a Male of relation iliat 
claimi pttjteclton ; ke wa* under bit uaclt'i 
cart. 

U'kdek. di. I. Inaitateof tubjcGltoo 



M 



u N b N b 

CkronkUi). 9. Bdow ; not abote. 3. Lcm : TV UNDERMI'NJB. o. •• (siiiir and «um^ 

opposed to over or mortf (ifffdiioii). 4. It has I. To dig caTitiM under anj thmg* to ibtt n 

a signiBeation resembling that of an adjective ; may Ml» or he bloim ups to tap {pepty fc 

lower in place | inferior ; sulnect ^ tabonlinate Ta esccavate under (ilMiiaiij. 3. To idjmi 

{Skakipeare). 5. It is much used in oompo- by clandestine means {Loeie)» 

fition* in sevefal senses, which the following UNDERMrV£R. t. (from mademim.) 

examples will explain. 1. He that saps; he that d^^ a way the sap* 

UNDERA'C^lON.f. Subordinate action; ports. 8. A clandestine enemy (SstilA). 

aetkm not essential to the main story (Dry- U'NDERMOST. a. I. Lowest in pboi 

ibfi). (Boy/s). S. Lowest in sUte or oondiiioiu 

To UNDERBE'AR. o. a. (imier and hear.) IJNDERNEf ATH. ad. (compoondcd (am 

1. To support ; to endure iSkaktpeare), 9. findfr and neatk^ of which we still retain d» 

To line ; to guard : out of use {Skaksfeare). comparative iiflA^.) In the lower place; be* 

UNDERBEA'RER. t. (wukr and IPMrer.) low; under; beneath {Additon). 

In funerals, those that sustain the weight of Undbrve'ath. prsp. Under (SeadKu). 

the body, distinct from those who are bearers UNDERCFFICER. t. ( vii^ and tfem.) 

of ceremony, and only hold up the pall. An inferior officer ; one in sobordinale aoths* 

To UNDERBID, v. a. {umUr and bid.) rity {Au^ffe). 

To offer for any thing less than its worth. tlNOFROGATORY. a. Not deragplaiy 

UNDERCLE'RK. #. (under and clerk,) A {Boyle). 

clerk subordinate to the principal derk (Sw.). U'NDERPART. #. (iiad^ and ncrl.) Sab- 

To UNOERIXy. V. n. {under and do,) 1 . ordinate, or unessential part (DntJemX 

^. t. The 



To met below one's abilities {Ben Jomon). 2. UNDERPETTICOAT. 

To do lett than is requisite {Crew). yrora next the body (Spectator). 

UNDERFA'CTION. $. Subordinate fac-v To UNDERPm e. a. {umUr w^ in) 

tion ; subdivision of a faction {Dee, ofPtettt). To prop ; to support {Hale). 

UND£RF£a.LOW. t. {under 2nd fellow.) U'NDERPLOT. t. (under and pUi t 

A mean man'; a sorry wretch {Sidney). A series of events proceeding collaleially wtk 

UNDERFPLLING. f. {under and Jill.) the main story of a plav, and sobserncntlsil 

Lower part of an edi6ee {JFotton). {Dryden). 2. A clanaestine scheme C4dd.)i 

To UNDERFCyNG. v. a. {under Bnd pm- 7b UNDERPRA'ISE. v. a. {umier, ad 

xan, Saxon.) To take in band {Spemer). praue.) To praise below desert iPrmieu). . 

To UNDERFU'RNISH. v. a. {under and To UNDERPRPZE. 9. a. {idee asi 

Jumisk.) To supply with less than enough prtse.) To value at less than die weftk 

iColUer). {Skaktpeare}. 

7b UNDERGPRD. v. a. {under and gird.) To UNDERPROP, v. n. {under udpnp.) 

To bind round the bottom {Acts). To support; to sustain {Fenton). 

7o UNDERGCV. 0. a. (a»<2fr and ^0.) 1. UNDERPROPCKRTIONED. a. {uniif 

To suffer ; to sustain ; to endure cva {Dry* and proportion.) Having too little proportioi 

den). 2 To support; to hazard: not used {Collier). 

{Shakspeare). 3. To sustain ; to be the bearer UNDERPU'LLER. f . {under and puller.) 

of; to possess: not used {Skaktpeare), 4. Inferior or subordinate puller (CblJicr). 

To sustain ; to endure without fainting (Shak- To UNDERRATE, v. a:{underMDdrtlt.) 

ipeare). 5. To pass through {Arbuthnot). 6. To rate too low. 

To be subject to (5Aaitipearf). Under ra'tb. s. (from the veib.) A 

UND^RGROU'ND. t.{underznd ground,) price less than is usual (Dryden). 

Subterraneous space (Aft/Zon). To UNDERSAT. v. n. (undemAtei>) 

UNDERGRCyWTH 1. (under and To say by way of derogation : obsolete (^flia- 

growtk). That which grows under the tall ter\ 



wood (Milton), UNDERSE'CRETARY. i. An i 

UNDERHA'ND. ad. (under and hand,) subordinate secretary (Bacon), 
1. By means not apparent ; secretly (Hooker). To UNDERSE'LL. v, a, (under and ssl.) 



2. Cismlestinely ; with fraudulent secrecy. To defeat, by selling for less ; to sell 

Uwderha'nd. a. Secret; clandestine; than another (C^t'/o). 

sly (Addison), UNDERSE'KVANT. i. (aiuifr and w 

UNDERPVED. a. (from derived,) Not vant.) A servant of the lower class (G^«W). 

borrowed (Locke), To U^'D£KSE1\ r. a. (under and je<.) 

UNDERLA'BOURER. s, (und^ and /a- To prop ; to support (Bacon), 

lour,) A flul>ordinate workman (^/ih'n«). UNDERSETTER. s, (from wsd^rssi) 

To UNDERLA'Y. v. a. (under and lay,) Prop ; pedestal to support (1 Kings). 

To St reoLthen by something laid under. IJNDE 11 SETTING, s. (from viidWsfi.) 

UNDERLE'AF. i. (under and leqf,) A Lower pan; pedestal (^f7»//<wi). 

species of apple (Mortimer). UNDERSHE'Rl FF. s, (under and sheriff 

To UNDERU'NE. 0. a, (under and line.) The deputy of the sheriff (Cleaveland). 

1. To m:irk with lines below the words. 2. UNDERSHE'RRIFRY. s. The business 

To infli»-nce secretly ( Wotton). or office of an undersheriff (Bacon), 

U'NDERLING. #. (from tmier.) An in- UNDERSHOT. par/, a, (under and skei.) 

ferior agent ; a sorry mean fellow (Sidnof). Mored by water passing und^ it (Gsrenr). 



U N D 

tTNOERSCNG. t. (unrfo- and wtig.) Cho- 
na i bunlni of > Mng (Ory Jm). 

re UNDERSTA-ND. «. a. pieieril unio-. 
tlnd. (uirvcfirtaii'Dan, Sason.) I. To conceive 
with adeqii-iic ideasi to have full knowledge 
(Ti 10 compreliend {Addiioa). «. Tu know 
ibrmeanina of: lo be able to inte^ret (Mil' 
Ml. 3. To iiippose to mean (iucte)- *■ 
Tu know hj experience {Millo'i). 5. To 
kDOW by imlmci tJlfif/on). 6. To iiUerpfel 
nleiU mentally i to conceive wiih ropeci lt> 
Boaiiig (Snliingfieel). 7. To know aitoiher'i 
Boning {Milieu). 8. To hold in opinion 
•iih conviction (Hfillon). g. To mean with- 
Mieapreuing (tfi//anj. 10, To know wh»i 
JiDocespRisnl {Milton). 

T» Uxdkista'nd. v. It. 1. To have use 
•ftbt inirllectual faculties; to be an intelli- 
■ul mntciom beinj; (Chroniclfii. S. To be 
abimtihy Another [Nthtmiah). 3. To have 
huncd i.ViltoH). 

[WDERSrA'NDlNG. : (from under- 
itmd.) 1. lnieUeciu.il powen; Hiculiiei of 
lltt mind, etpeciaily ihuae of knowinlge and 



ik 



iCla'rndiM'). 

UvDaMSTA'soiND. a. KnowinE; skilful. 

UNDERSTA'NDINGLY. ad. With 
kwwiedse [Millim). 

UNDERSTRAPPER. ,. (usio-and ilrap.) 
Apetn iettow: an inferior agent iSwifl). 
. ONDKRSWHN. or IJNDiitscEii.a hand- 
Mm Wwii uf Swiiserlanil, In the canton of 
Bna, ncjir which is ihc famous cuvern of St. 
Pu. Il U Ksied on the Uke I'hun, ?» miles 
SS.E.of BeTn,and30S.E.i>rFiiburg. Lon. 
:,3; E. Ui. 40. 32 N. 

r»UNDERTA'KE. v. a. pret. tindrrlook; 
fM. (■«. vndfTlakm. {under fangtn. Germ.) 
I, To illeilipt ; to enpae in (fl«.ct.n.«on). 
t.Tbaianme n rharacler: not used (SAui.). 
S-Taenpgie with; to attuk (Shakipeare). 
*. To have the clmae of {Shaktptarr). 

T, Umdenta'kb. v. n. I. To aniime 
•"J buunm or province {Milton). S. To 
muuie ; to huuinl {Shaktptart). 3. To pro- 

, UNDER I'A'K'ER. 1. (from uii>/<T/atr.) I. 
' Oik who en^iign in projecti and ufTairt [Cla- 
' n>jM). S. One who engaeea to build for 

twniier at a ceitjin price (Swifl). 3. One 

*bo manaort funrtali (Voang). 
DNDEHTA'KINU. i. (from undrrlait.) 

AliRDpti enierpiiic; enaaizeinenl (Raleigh). 
UNDERTE'N.INT. .. A iccotidarr le- 
ttati otie who holds from him that hold* 
ihmi the owner ( liamti). 
' UNDERVAl.UATION.r.fu'iifrrandi'a- 
it*.) R*i<i not rt'ixl loihe worth (fVoltan). 
! r» UNDERVALUE, o. a- CaWo- and va- 
pt.) I. To rale lovr; to etlecm li((hlly; 10 
Beat w of little worth {AUfrhurf/). S. To de- 

KircM i to nuike low in tslimjiioa j to despiie 
«'(.«■■ I. (fiom ibe verb.) Low 
rice iTempU). 



U N D 

UNDERVA'LUEB. i. {from undervahe.f^ 
One wl„> Hteems liahily {ITallon). ' ' 

UNDEKWALUEN, a cunion of Swisu 
land, bouiiiled on the N. by the canton of Lu^ I 
cetn and the Lake of the Four Canliinit E.,| 
by high monntains which separate it from th* 1 
canton of Uri ; S. hv Moiml Brunich whid^ J 
parts it from the canton of Bern, and W. by J 
that of Lucern. It ii iwenty-foiir miles lonvV 
and twenty broad, and divided inio the Uppet:l 
and Lower Valley, bya forest called Keiierwal^l 
which crosses the canton from N. to S. ThsM 
country abounds in fruit and cattle, but pr(x4 
duces little com and grows no wine. The in* T 
habiiamt are Roman Catholics, Stanz it ~ 
capital of the Lower Valley, and Sarnea of lbs 
Upper and of the whole canton. 

UNDERWOOD. .. {under and uiaod.) 
Tlie low trees that grow araong the timber 
{Morliiner). 

U'NDERWORK. {unier and uor*.),, Sub- 
ordinate business ; petty affairs (Addiion). 

To U'kdsrwork. v. a. preterit and parti- 
ciple pass. undtTWorked 01 underwrougkt. I. 
To destroy by claiideitine measurej {Shak- 
spuare). 2. To bbour less than enough (J?ry- 
dtn). 3. To work at a piicc below the com- 

UNDERWO-RKMAN.i.iiiiirfffanduKiri. 
man.) An inferior or subordinate labourer. 

To UNDERWRITE, v. a. {tmdtr and 
wriie.) To write under somethini; else {Sid- 

"'tender WRITER. .. {(loix, UTiderwrite). 
All insurer i so called from writing hii nainO 
under the condition*. 

UNDESCRl'BEU. a. Not described {Col- 
lier). 

UNDESCHI'ED. a. Not seen; unseen: 
undiscovered. 

UNDESE-RVED. o. I. Not merited; not 
obtained by merit {Sidney), a. Not incurmi 
by fault Miidiion). 

UNDESERVEDLY, ad. Without de^rt. 
wheihtr of good or ill (Dryden). 

UNDESE'RVEH. >. One of no merit 
(Shakipeare). 

UNDESE'RVING. a. I. Not having me- 
lit; not having any wonh {AllerluTg). a. 
Not meriting any particular advantage or hurt 
{Pope). 

UNDESl'GNED. a. Not intended; not 
purposed {Blackmore). 

UNUESI'GNING. u. 1. Not acting with 
any set purpose {jUlarkmoTt). 3. Having no 
an'ful orfraiiduleni schemes; sincere {Soulh), 

UNDESIRABLE, a. Not to be wished; 
not ptea^iiiz (Miltoit). 

UNDESrRlNG. a. Negligent; not wish- 

UNDKSTROYABLE. a. lodeittoctible ; J 
not suwepiible of destruction : not in ua* \ 
{H„yU]. 

UNDF-TE'RMI.'JABLE. o. Impossible to 
be decided (ff'«((Dii). 

UNDETEH.M1NATE- o. I. Nolseitted; 
not decided i conlin^eaL Regularly, iadeter- 
nirjait {SquIH), 8. Not fixed {Mori). 



I 
I 



U N P U N D 

UNDETE'RMINATENESS.Ukdet«r^ UNDISTRA'CTEDLY. «. Wliho 

mi:^a'tion. 1. (from tcftf/f/frmfmi/e.) I. Un- tarbaucefrofncontimrictyorientim«nu(. 

certainty ; indecHion (naie). 2. The Male of UNOISTEA'CTEDNESS. f. F 

not bfing fixnl, or invincibly directed (^More), from interroption by different thoughts (. 

UNDETE'RMINED. n. I. Unsettled; UNDiSTU'ItBED. «l 1. Free froi 

undecided {Milton), S. Not limilsd ; not re- tarbation ; calm; tranqtin; plftcid {AtU 

gul:ited {Hale). 9. Not interrupted by any ninderanee 

UNDlAPHA'NOUSa. NotpelIdcid;not lestation (J>v(lfii). 3. Notagiuted (. 

transparent (Boyle), UNDISTUIIBEDLY. ad. Calmly ; 

UNDlGE'StED. m. Not concocted ; not fully, 

subdued by the stomach {Denknm). UNDIVrDABLE. a. Notseparabl 

UNDrOHT. priterit Put off {Spwrner). susceptible of division (SMupttwrt). 

UNDIMPNISHED. a. Not impaired ; not UNDiVI'DED. a. Unbroken % who 

lessened (Addisun), parted {Taylor), 

UNDI/PPED. a. Not dipped ; not plunged UNDI VU'LGED. «. Seciet s not p 

iDryden), gated {Shakspeare), 

UNOIRE'CTED. a. Not directed (Blacks To UNDO', v. a. preterit undid i pi 

more). passive tifufefie. 1. To rain; to bring 

UNDISCEHNED. a. Not observed; not struction {Hayward). 2. To loose; t 

discovere<l ; not descried {Drudeti), what is shat or fastened ; to imravel (j 

UNDISCE'RNEDLY. a(2. So as to be un- 3. To change any thing done to iu 

discovered (Boyle). state ; to recall, or annul any action (If 

UNDISCE'RNIBLE. a. Not to be dis- UNDCyiNG.a. Ruining ; destructii 

cemed ; invisible (Rogers), Un doling, s. Ruin; destrtictioo ; fk 

UNDISCE'RNIBLY. ad. Iiivbibly; im* chief (ijottre). 

pcrceptibW {South), UNDONE, a. 1. Not done ; not pei 

UNDISCE'RNING. a. Injudicious; in- {Clarendon), 2. Ruined ; brought to < 

capable of roakins due distinction (Donne). tion (Glanvilie). 

UNDI'SCIPLINED. a. 1. Not subdued to UNDCUBTEP.o. Indubitable; inc 

T^gularity and order {Taylor). S. Untaught; bic; unquestionable ( /foi/er). 

unins«ructed (JT. atarles). UNDOUBTEDLY . ad. IndubitabU 

UNDISCC/RDING. a. Not disagreeing ; out question ; without doubt (7;t//olfM 

notjarriugin music (Milton), UNDOU'BTING. a. Admitting nc 

UXDISCOVERABLE. a. Not to be found UNDRE'ADED. a. Not feared (Mi 

out {Rogers). UNDRE'AiM ED. a. Not thought o 

UNDISCO'VERED^ a. Not seen ; not de- To UNDRE'SS. r. a. (from dress.) 

divest of clothes ; to strip (Suckfing), 
divest of ornaments, or the attire of ostc 
{Prior). 

UNDISMA'YED. fl. Not discouraged ; not Undre'ss. s, A loose or negligcr 

depressed with fear (Milton). (Drydcn), 

UNDlSOBLrOING. a. Inoffensive (Br.). U NDRE'SSED. a. I. Not regulated 

UNDISPOSED, a. Not bestowed (^wi//). 2. Not prepared for use (Arhuthnot). 

UNDISPUTED. c. Incontrovertible; evi- UNDROSSY. a. Free from r« 

dent. {Philips). 

UNDISSE^IBLED. a, 1. Openly declared. UNDU'BITABLE. a. Notadmittinj 

2. Hone t ; not feigned (-<4//er/'Mry). unquestionable (AorW- 

UNDI'SSIPATED. a. Not scattered; not UNDU'E. a, (indue, Fr.) 1. Not rij; 

dispersed (Boyle). legal (Bacon), 2. Not agreeable to dv 

UNDISSOLVING, a. Never melting, terlmry). 

UWDISTE'MPEUED. a. 1. Free from dis- U^NDULARY. a. (from unduh, 

ease. 7. Free froni p;»rtu baiion (7Vmp/r). Playing like waves; playing with interc 

UNDISTPNnrfsMABLE. fl. I Not to (Brown). 

he . distinctly seen iRrgers). 2. Not to be To UNDULATE, r. a, (from 

knov n bv ^nv ;.eculiar .to|)€rty (/^oc^f). I^at.) To drive backward and forw, 

L'NDlSTIN'CiUISHKD. a. l. Not mark- make to play as waves (Holder), 

cd r.nt so as lo 'c known from each other 7'w U'ndulate. v, ti. To play a; 

( Locke), 2. Not lo be seen otherwise than in curls (Pope). 

cot, fiipedly ; not separately and plainly descried UNDI'LaTIOX, in phjVirs, n 

(Drifden), 3, Not plainly discerned (Sn^i/'t). tremulous motion or vibration ob>erva 

4. Admittini; nothing be i ween ; having no liquid, whereby it alteniatcly rises and i 

intrrvrnient space (Shakipcare), 5, Not the waves of t lie sea. This undiilatorv 

m:« ki'H by any particular property. 6. Not if the liquid be smooth and at rcsl.'ii 

treatird w'tn any (Articular respect. gated in concentric circles, as mostpeoj 

UNDlSTl'NGL-lSillNG. a. Making no observed upon throwing a stone, or ot! 

differf ci- (Addtsvn). ler, upon the surface of a stagnant m 
UNDISTIIA'CTED. a. Not perplexed by e\'en upon touchins; die surface of t\ 

contrariety of thoughts or detirci (Boyle). lightly with the i:ngcr» or the like. 1 



tcrie<l ; not found out (Dryden)- 

UNDISCUEET. a. Not wise ; imprudent. 
UNDISGUISED, o. Open ; artless ; plain. 



^r u N u 

nn of thoe cireuUr iinduUiiom it, that hy 
(oDchiD^ ihi: auirice with your finmr, ilii?rr is 
f rgducwl 4 JtprMsioB of iht! water in (he pbce 
•feonuct. B« thiiilapfciiion the (ubJHCcnl 
pini are mined locceuirrly out of ilieii |iImx, 
in^ the othrr •itjannt pari* ihiutl upwards, 
iiKich lyinz lucceuiiely on the d«ceiiiiing li- 
Biiil ihui iht par» of the liquid 



dc5iiL''l degree of e 



U N E 

tiifg-in. a. 
It of the « 



sooo l«rn 'to tune 

pied teui)wr«iucnt of the Kale, anS 



, far bejonti 



^wt, follow it 

circukriT. 
^uid, (he 




ly counting 



ciprocst vibraiiont 



e lho< 



a th< 



pUcc of im- 
of the impulM 



mtriiini , ritina higher by 
ui trbound, till it come] lo laii again, gives an 
uapulte to the aJ^joinin); liadiT, by which 
mnt ilui u tilceiviw: rtJMd abuut the place of 
ilw Motif •* about ■ centre, and formi the tint 
anlalaiM circle; thb falling again gito an. 
nbn impuUc id the ftuid ncKi tu it, furthet 
ftm the oentrf, which rites likewise in a cir- 
rie i tod ihut lueceMively greater and greater 
o'ldaarc produced. 

Vmovlmios, in medicine, the term used 
hf (Hne lo cuprtH an uneasy seiiutinn in the 
bcari, of an undulalory tnolion, which may 
■«tRi«W* h* |>en«!vtd externally. 

ljHXiV(.ATiov, otBbat, in muiic, 11 ntol 
far that rattling, or jarring of iounds, which ii 
«tawr*cd, chieBy, when discordant iioie* are 
mmM toother. 

The phtnomcDOn is more fullp described 
ifcoti tiy Dr. Sinith. In tuning niuticil in- 
muamU, rsuecially orgaus, it 1) a known 
ikin^ Ihal while a cunmnance ts imprrfect, >t 
i> not luiiioth and uniform. ai when perfpci, 
hit tnurruptrd with very teuiible unJuUiioru 
« btais; which, while the two sound* coti- 
tinuealihe same pitch, succeed oneunolhet in 
t^Sil litne*, and in longer and lonjctr tiuin, 
■kik Either of the soundi approach gradually 
oapnfeei cohmmmuicc with the other, tilt at 
hMUie andubtioni vanish, atid leave imooth. 



^ichf anduhtions are he*ls, an<l are remark- 
lUjr liitagKcable in a eaiicert of itrtng, treble 
•wcci, when tome of them ate out of tune ; ot 
iaa ring of belli ill tuned, the hearer being 
Bcu tlie tlreple ; or in a full orcaii bailly tuned. 

the best luninz wholly pnAcnt that 

' Intieiing of the 



llin; II 



, quite 



•uuniti, and dci 
then, sod chiefly aau*nl by the rampaiand 
MUft calkd lh« cutnel and ictqaidtcr, and 
by iB other loud stops of a hi^h pilch, when 
■ilMd wuii the tci>I. ]tui if we be content 
Virit coiapwiliiMH of unisont and ociavci to 
tbediapuoH. whatever be the quality of ilieir 
■Oondi, the bat manner of luaing will render 
tfea MMM «f their bcaia inofletiiive, if not iui- 
pnerpiible. 

Tbc doctor has with Kteat incienuity deduced 
lb* tkeory of iiie>e unduUtions fium hit prin- 
ciplM, Mid hu C|if>lt«) hif doctrine to ilir tun- 
Oi^of wwHiMM Ills , by whirh he lias shewn, 
"' ' in of no ear Bi all fur music may 



Bttnin to. This may b 

number of undulatioiti in a ce 

ai fifieeii gecotidi. See the treatise befai 

ciled, prop. xv. p. Hi- and tlie table, p. 844«,S 

plate sr,. 

From thii ingeniom iheoiy the learned au- 
thor lias demonstrated several ciiors in what 
monsieur bauveur hai delitered concerning 
these undulaiiuns or beau. See Harmooictf M 
Scholium S. p. 115. yJ 

U'NDULATORY. .. (from wdutaltSm 
Moving in the nitii«:er of wa\es (.Arbalhnon^ 

UNDU'LY.fld, Noipropetlyi uoiai 
i.rBio(luty{SprnO- _ 

UNDUTEOUS. fl. N«t perrorming dulyj 
irreietentj disobedient (S^.-penre). 

UNDUTIFUL. o. Not obedient i not 
vercnt {Tilhhon). 

UNDUTIFULLY. a. Not according 
duly (i)™rfen). 

UNDUTlFULNESS.i. Wantofro 
ineverence ; disobedience {Spenirr). 

UNDY'ING. a. Not destroyed ; nt 
rishinit (J|fi//nN). 

UNI^'.IRNED. B. Nut obtained by labg 
ormetilCPAiVip.). 

UMi/ARTHI£U.a. Driven from the d^ 
in ihe iirnund {Thumja, 

UNE'ASILY. ad. Not wiiliout pain {ti 
lolion). 

UNB'ASINES.S. ,. Trouble; perpleailjcfl 
italeofdiHiuict (/fngrri). ■■ 

UNE'.\SY.<.. I. I'jinfuli givingdial 
ancc (Taylor). 9. Disturbed i not at . 
Vi'llhl $on), S.Constraihinei ctntnping (ifoc 
caiHBian). 4. CunstraiiMil ; not disengaged 
(Loekc). 6. Peeviili; difficult to pleaM (<<<{- 
diioN] 6. Difficult I <Mtofu<«(jAtoi(.). 

UNE'ATH. ad. (fn»n tatk. ea&, Sasmi. 
easy.) 1. Not eanly : outofusefSAailigirArr). 
S, It icenis in Sfienirr to lignify the lame u 
iitntalh. Under; below. 

UNE'DIFYING. a. Not improving i 
good life {AiUrt'uri/). 

UNE'LIGIBLE. a. Not proper to be <Jmh1 

I. Nut btiiy; ■a 
t. Not engaged in* 

UNENDCyUElJ. a. Not invested v i 
graced (CVarendon). 

UNENGA'nED. «. Nutengaged 
proptisted (Suiifl). 

UMiNJO'YED. a. Not oblaii 
no^icatcd (Dnrdrn). 

UNKNJO'YING. a. Not using; hariaj 
n(f fruiiion (OrrcA). 

UNENLA'UGED.o. Not enlarged j g 
row; contracted (Ifai(i)- 

UNENLl'GHTENED.o. Notillinnini 

(_AUrrt-iiry). 

UNENSLA'VED. a. F«««i nntei 
UNENTERTA'lNINC.fl. Giving no* 

liglii; giving HO enicrUtnmeni i.Popfi- 



UN E 

UNENtCVMBED. a. Unlmried {Drmd.). 
UNE^VIEO. «. EKempt fiom enty (B^ 

ۥ11). 

UNE'QUABLE. a. Difevnt from itaelf; 
dtverie iBentUy), 

UNE'QUaL. o. HMMuaRs, Litin.) I. 
Not even iSkdtspeare, JDrycfeii). 9. Noc 

eqoftl} inferior (ilrfrv/AJMO- 3. Partial} not 
beitowing on both the same adranti^get (Dtn- 
ibi«), 4. (ffMgo/y French.) Ditproportiaa- 
alO} ill matebra (JP^pe). 6. Not regobr; 
not nniform iDntden). 

UN£'QUALABLE.a. NottobeoquDed; 
not to be paralleled iBoyUXr 

UNE^JUALLED. i. IJnptnllded; m. 
rivalled in ezcdleoce {Roseammom). 

VSE'QUALLY. ad. In difeent detect ; 
in disproportion one to the other iPepe). 

UNEX^UALNESS. t. IneqoaUty $ state of 
being onequal. 

UNE'QUITABLE «. Not impartial; not 
just. 

' ' UNE'RRABLENESS. f . Incapad^ofcr- 
roor (Dtcoy ofPitty), 

UNE'RRING. a. {inerram, LaUn.) 1. 
Committing no mistake (itof «ri). 8. Incapa- 
ble of fiiiliire ; certain (DeiiMai). 

UNEfRRINGLY. oil. Without mistake. 
' UNESCHE^ABLE. «. Ineriiable; on- 
avddable ; not to be escaped : not in use. 

UN ESPI'ED. a. Not seen; undiscovered; 
undescried {Booker), 

UNESSE'NTIAL. a. l. Nothing of the 
last importance; not constituting essence {AA" 
diiom). 9. Void of real being (MiUou). 

UNESTA'BLISHED. «. Not established. 

UNE'VEN. a. l. Not even; not level 
iKnoUet). 9, Not suiting each other; not 
equal. 

UvBVBK NUMBER, the same as odd 
number, or such as cannot be divided by two 
without leaving one remaining. The series of 
uneven numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7> 9* &c« See 
NuMBBii, and Odd vumber. 

UNE'VENNESS. #. 1. Surface not level ; 
inequality of surfiice (Newton). 2. Tnrbu. 
lence; changeable state {Hale). 3. Not 
smoothness {Burnet). 

UNE'VITABLE. a. {inevUabilis. Latin.) 
Inevitable; not to be escaped {Sidney). 

UNEXA^CTED. a. Not exacted; not ta- 
ken byforce {Dry den). 

UNEXA'MINED. a. Not inquired; not 
tried ; not discussed (Ben Jonton), 

UNEXAMPLED, a. Not known by any 
precedent or example (philips). 

UNEXCEPTIONABLE, a. Not liable to 
any objection {Atterhury). 

UNEXCI'SED. a. Not subject to the pay- 
ment of excise {Brown). 

UNEXCOGITABLE. a. Not to be found 
•nt {Raleigh). 

UNE'XECUTED. a. Not performed ; not 
done {Shaktpeare). 

UNEXH'M PLIFIED. a. Not made known 
by insUnce or example {Southwell). 

UNEXE'MPT. a. Not free by peculiar pri- 
vilege {MiUon), 



UNF 

* OllBrK&RCISBIX c Notpnetised{aBt 
o pcrieuce d {Lo cke). 

uNEXUA^ariED. «. (iModmitef* Ia. 
do.) Not spent; nol drained m the bottoa 
{AJaUa^S. 

UNQCPAVnED. m. Not apmd ait 
(Bto cto f i) . 

UNEXraCFED. «. Not thoa^ en; 
sodden; not provided aaintt (SMO* 

UNEXPE?CTEDLt. oA. Soddoi^; it a 
time unAog ght o{(Wkke). 

UNEXIVCTEDNESS. a. SoddrnM; 
ontho qgtrt qftime or manner {WmiU), 

UNEXPFDIENT. m. Inoonvenioit ; Ml 

UNEXPERIENCED, a. Mot vend!; 
not acquainted by trial or practice (IPittsni). 

UNEXPE^T. m. {inesffertmt, Ltt.) Wmh> 
ing skill or knowledge (Plner). 
^NEXPLO'RED. c t. Not aniilHi 
oot. 9. Not tried ; not known (JDvvJhi). 

UNEXPOSED, a. Not laid open !•«» 
sore(iral/t). 

UNEXPRE'SSIBLE. m. Inefikbki Mto 
be uttered (TiUotiom). 

UNEXPRE'SSI VE. a. 1 . Not luving dM 
power of uttering or expressing, f • Uaallei<» 
able ; ineflEible. Improper (Jfi/len). 

UNEXTE^NDED. a. Ooeopyii« no n* 
signable space ; having no dimennoiii iLadt^ 

UNEXTKNGUISHABLE. m. Unqnen^ 
able ; not to be put oot (Benilmi)* ^ 

UNEXTINGUISHED.^!; (winfiMlii, 
Latin.) 1. Not quenched ; not put oni (Xfl* 
ielton). 9. Not extingubhmble (Dry^M). 

UNFAa>ED.c Not withered (JDvykni). 

UNFAO^ING. a. Not Uable id widiar 
{Pope). 

UNFA'ILING. a. Ceruin ; not missii« 
{Dryden). 

UnFA'IR. a. DisengenuoiM ; sobdofoosi 
not honesf {Swift). 

UNFA'ITHFUL a. I. Perfidious; trci- 
cherous. t. Impious ; infidel {Milion). 

UNFAaTHFULLY. ad. Treacherously ; 
perfidiously (Bacon). 

UNFAITHFULNESS, s. Tieacbeiys po^ 
fidiousness {Boyle). 

UNFA'MILIAR. a. Unaccnstomad ; mA 
as is not common {Hooker). 

UNFA'SHIONABLE. a. Not modish; 
not according to the reigninrr custom {Waii$\ 

UNFA'SHIONABLENESS. J. Deviatioa 
from the mode. 

UNFA'SHIONABLY. ai. 1. Not ae» 
cording to the fashion. 9. UnartfuUy iSkak* 
epeare). 

UNFA^SHIONED. o. I. Not modified fcf 
art {Dryden). 9. Having no regular focm. 

To UNFA'STEN. o. a. To loose; to unfit 
(Sidney). 

UNFAO^HERED. «. Fatherless ; having 
no fother (Shaktpeare)* 

UNFA>rHOMABLE. a. I. Not to be 
sounded by a line (Addison). 8. That of which 
the end or extent cannot be found (Benilew). 

UNFATHOMABLY. ad So as oot lobe 
soandcd (Thomson). 



W U N F 

(lHOMED. a. Not to ht loundcJ 

k 

kTI'GUED. a. Unwearied i unllred 

ifVOURABLE-o. No i kind. 
h^OURABLY. ad. 1. Unkindly i 



UNFtyiLED. a. UnsuMued ; nol put w 
Td UNFO-LD. I ~ 



Oualy. :^. So at pot li 
t (dlamdtn). 



iDt territiol : 
Mo I dread) 



. Not affriehled i in 
H in u$c (Btn Jm 

i noi rvgaided will 



SA'SlBLE.a. Impraciicable. 
lATHERED.a. rmplumomi naked 

-S (DrytttTt). 

?ATURED. a. Defrirmol ; wanting 
offealureitDrjJm). 
VD. a. Not supplied with food (.Rot- 



jnlerrciled j 
:riiie«l; real; hiaceie iSpral). 
i'lGNEDLY.oJ. Heillrisincerelyi 
^vpocrity {Common Prayer). 
^LT. a. Nol r<hi not perceived 

YltCED. a. 1. Naked of forlifica- 
Ji^tare). 3. Not surrounded b; an; 



JRMETNTED. a. Not fen 



:nte<J 



To unchain i to 



i'RTILE. a. Not froitrul ; not pro- 

thauklcs {The 
'GUKED. a. Repreicnting no ani- 
I imilon). 
'LLED. a. Nnt filled ; not supplied 

'LIAL. a. Unsuitable lo a son 

■NISHED. a. Incomplete; nol 
j> an end; nol Utoughl lo perfection; 
1; wsniing ihe last hand {Su-iji). 
iM. a. I. Weak) feeble {Shak- 
«. Not stable (Dryi^rn). 
"T. a. I. Impropet) '" " 



, 9. Unqualified {fVatli). 

fflT. tt.a. To disqualify {Gov. of 

TLY. ait Not properly ; nol suita- 

TNESS. •. I. Want of (jualifica- 
" t of proprieiy. 

>t proper (.Camdtn). 
rFl'X. V- a. I. Ti. I.JOiei. 1 to make 
{Shaktpearf). a. To make fluid 

'XED. a. l.lWanderinft: malic; 
ilj v>K™nt {Pope). 2. Not deier- 
mdn). 

-E'DGED. a. That hat not yet the 
tarcoffealhen; youngi nolcomplct- 
>e : nol hatiiit; nitaincti full growth. 
ASHED, a. Not fleihed ; doI Ma- 
lted; nw iCoieliy). 



spread; lo(ipcn(iTfi/(o>i). fi. To icil; lode- 
clare {Skakipcare). 3. Todiscover; lo rereal 
{Nemlon). 4. To display ; to set in view 
(Bumel), b. To releajc or dismiss riom a 
fold {Shnkipeare). 

To UNFtrOL. V. a- To restore from folly 
{Shakiprarrt. 

UNFORBl'D-UMPOBBiuiiEN.a.Nolpro. 
hibiieil {Mil/en, Norrii). 

UNFORIJl'DDENNESS. jr. The stale of 
beina uifnibidden {Boyle). 

UNFCRCED. o- 1. Not compelled; not 
con.irai.ied {D'yden). S. Not impelled 
{Donne). 3, Nni feigned {ffaymard). 4. Not 
violeni i aiij ; gradual (Denham). 5. Not 
cnnirary in case (Dryden). 

UNFO'RCIBLE. a. Wanting itrengih 

{Hochrr). 

UNFOREBO'DING. 0. Giving no omens 
(Pope). 
UNPOREKNCWN. a. Not foreseen by 



happened (Dryden). 

UNFORESKrNNED. u. Circtimcised 

{MiUon). 

UNFO-RFEITED. a. Not forfeited {Ito- 
gerO- 

UNFORGl'VING.o. Relentless j impU- 
cable (Dryden). 

UN FORGOTTEN, a. Nol losi to me- 

u'nFO'RH(ED- 0. Not modified into re- 
anlor sliape (Slieclator). 

UNFORSA'KEN.a. Noid«eried{ffB»..). 

UNFO'RTIFIED. a. I, Not secured by 
walls or bulwarks (Pope), a. Not sirength- 
enedi infirm ; weak} feclili- {Shaktpeare). 
3. W'nT>lingiecutiries(Ci>//ifr). 

UNFCyRTUNATE a. Not successful; 
unproiperous; wanting luck ; unhappy ( rait- 

"'UNFO'RTUNATI-XV. nrf. Unhappily; 
with'iui cnod luck (fyUkini). 

UNFO'RTLTNATtlNESS. i. JII luck 
{Sidney). 

UNFCUGHT. a. Not fought {Kaolin). 

UNFOU'LED.a. Unpolluted i uncotropt- 
ed; notvoiled (More). 

UNFR.VMED. a. Not formed; not fa- 
shionffl {Dn/dm). 

UNFRE'QUENT. a. Uncommon; Dot 
happening olien (Browi). 

TliUKFBeaOE'NT. P. a. To leave; !• 
crae tn frequent. A bad word {PkUipi). 

UNFREQUE'NTED. a. Rarely risited j 
rarely entered (floicommon). 

UNFRE'QUENTLY.wi. Not oomtnonly. 

UNFRIET^DED. a. Wanting friends^ 
uncounlenanced ; unsupported (Shakipean). 

liNFRIE'NDLINiys. ,. (from Bi|/H*Hrf. 
ly.) Want of kindness ; waul of favour, 

UNFRIE'NDLY. ad. Not benevolent i not 
kind tffwerg. 

UNFifO^EN.a. Nol congealed to ic 



i 



U N G UNO 

UNFRUITFUL, a. 1. Not proliiie To UNGCVD. 9. a. To dhoi of diriaiiv 

iPope). 2. Not fnictiferout IWalltr). 3* (Drj/den). 

]Not fertile (Afor/imfr). 4. Not producing UNGCyDULY. a^. Inpiously ; wickedly 

good effects. {Govemmeni of the TongM^. 

To UNFU'RL. V. a. To expnd t to ODfold $ UNGODLINESS. <. Impictj ; wicked, 

to open {AddiionY nest: neglect of God {TUUisou), 

To UNFU'RNISH. v. a. 1. To deprire ; to UNG&DLY. a. 1 . Wicked ; nedigntof 

strip; to divest (&*Aa^earO* 8. To leave naked God and his laws (Rogers), 8. Puloied by 

{Shakspeare), wickedness (Shmkspear^. 

UNFU'RNISHED. a. I. Not accommo- UNGCKRED* a. Unwounded; unhut 

dated with utensils, or decorated with orna- iShakspgare). 

ments {Locke). S. UnsuppUed. UNGCRGED* a. Not filled ; not sated. 

UNGMN. Unca'ivi-v. a. (unions, UNGOT.a. 1 . Not gained ; not aainired. 

Saxon.) Awkwnrd; uncouth (5ifl2/)0* ^* Not begotten (IFa//er). 

»^ UNGA'LLED. a. Unhurt; unwoonded UNGCXVERNABLE. a. K Not lo be 

(Shakspeare), ruled; not to be restrained (GimufUU). f. 

UNGA'RTERED. o. Being without gar- Licentious; wild ; unbridled {Aii€rbwrw). 

ten. UNGOVERNED. a. 1. Being witbont 

UNGATHERED. a* Not cropped ; not government {Shakspeare). 2. Not regulated; 

picked {Dr If den), unbridled; licentious (J9rj/(ifn). 

UNGELD, compouuded of the negative un, UNGRA'CEFUL. a. Wanting ckpoce} 

and gildan, to pay, in our ancient customs, a wanting heaiuiy (Addison), 

person out of the protection of the law ; so that UN6RA'C£FULNESS, f. Tnfkynrt ; 

if he wrere murdtred, no geld, or fine, was to awkwardness (Locke). 

be paid in the way of compensation by him UNGRA'CIOUS. a. 1. Wickod; fldioBS; 

that killed him. SeeGELD,and JEstxmatzo hateful {Spenser). S. Offensive; aoDlctsia| 

CAPITIS. (Dryien's. 3. Unacceptable; not Imam 

Si Frithman, i. e. liomo pacis, fu^iat & re- (Clarendon), 

pugnet, & se nolit indicare; si occidaiur,Jar UNGRAMMArTlCAL. «. No* ■coo'diflg 

ceat ungeki, i.e. no pecuniary compensation to grammar. 

shall be made for his death. (Skinner. ) Uu- UNGRAWTED. «. Not given ; not jidd- 

gilda akerc, mentioned in Bromptoo, lias much ed : not bestowed {Drydem), 

the same signification, viz. where any man UNGRAH^EFUL. a. 1. Makins no ifc 

was killed, attempting any felony, he was to turns, or makins ill retumi for UDdocM 

lie in the field unburied, and no pecuniary {South). 2. MaKing no returns for cuhve 

compensation was to be made for his death. (Dryden), p. Unpleasinz; unacoepfabfe (il/- 

UNGE'NERATED. o. Uubcgotten; hav- ierbury). 

in^ no bcRiHuin^ (/?«/«>*)• UNGRAnTEFULLY. nd. 1. Withingn- 

UNOE'NERATIVE. a. Begetting no- tiiude {Glanville). 2. Unaccrpubiy; uih 

thing t, Shakspeare). pleasingly. 

UNGiyXEROU.S. a. I. Not able; not UNGRATEFULNESS, s. 1. Ingraii- 

ingeuui'U*; nut liberal (Pope). 2. Ignomiui- tude ; ill return for good {Sidney), S. Ud- 

o\xi {Aiidiaon). acceptable; unpleasing quality. 

UNGF/M AL. a. Not kind or favourable to UNGRA'VELY. ad. Without seriousnen 

nature {Suii/'f). (Shakspeare). 

UNGh'NTLE. a. Harsh; rude; rugged UNGROU'NDED. a. Having no found*. 

(Shrkspefiu) tion. 

UNGE'NTLEMANLY.aJ. Illiberal; not UNGRU'DGINGLY. ad. Without ill- 
be-M)min^a centUiiian {Clarendon). 

UNGK'NTLENESS. s. I. Harshness 
rudencft*^ ; stfveritv {.Tusser). 2. Unkioduess 
incivility {Shakspeare). 

UNGE'NTLY. ad. Harshly; ruddy (Shak-^ meni (Pope), 

sptare). ^ UNGUENTUM. (from ungo, to anoint.) 

UNGEOME'TRICAL. a. Not agreeable In pharmacy, an ointment ; a oombination of 

to thr laws of geometry {Cheyne). fixed oil or animal fat, thinner than that of 

UNGI'LDED. a. Not overlaid with gold ccraces, and thicker than that of linimmti, 

{Drydcn^. having the consistency of butter, or nearly so. 

To UNGPRD. v. a. To loo«c any thing The chief medicines under this form are ibc 

bound with a girdle {Genesu). following* 

UNGPRT. /I. l>«K>si:ly dressed (Jfo/Zer). U. adipis silla. The most simple oint- 

UNGFVING. a. Not bringing gifts (Dry- ment in use, to which a variety of substances 

den). may be added ; it is mostly employed 10 chapped 

I'NGLOOUFIED. a. Not honoured; not hands, &c. 

exalt^ with praise and adoration {Hooker), U. jERUOiNis. A stimulating and corroaivo 

I 'Xff LOVKIX a. Having tlie hand naked, compound, employed to deterge foul ulcers. 

To I'NGLr'E. V. a. To loose any thing U. calcis hydraroyri alva. A ipe- 

cf'mcnted {I J a rvey). ful ointment to destroy ? ermin in the head^ and 




In die Kmovtl ftriciK] Knit, *cneml 
r children, and euuneous eruptions. 
VTT*- Whife n contnol discharge 
ilistn '» wanlMl, thii oinitnent n taottU 
daily. - 

iBA- Gxcoriated turfbccs, irritable ami 
1 sorct are mostlj covered wiih ihi>, 
ibIid applied wheie limply at) emollient 



iRtnsA. A ttdatiTe dntment, mo»ly 
» the intenrrgo or jooths. 
iKonx acbtxThC. A cooling and 
re ointment when Tmh, but a Tiolenily 
ing one when rancid. 
,BMI coMtojiTUM. Indolent dcers, 
n, chronic ulcers after Inimi, and in- 
Btaoun are often remoTcd by tliSt oiiii> 

rDaAKcYit PoBTius. Inverygcne- 
br mercurial frlciioti*. Ii maf be em- 
ia duMI ill eaa where mercury li 

ITPfi*>CV*> MITros. Weaker than 

Bcr. 

TaaAKOVRr hitrath. A Mlmulal- 

r^er^at ointment. Tinr» capiti!, 

alalia, imlulent lumonn on tlte margin 

ijv-ltd, and ulcers in the ocethn, are 

f iu appUcatkin. 

BTORABUTBI NITRICD OXVPUM. 

r only ihan tlic former. 
icts- The imell of thit ointment pre- 
I mora (troeral me ; in cutaneous erup- 
id ulecralieni about the hair it is very 

WINS VLavs. Yellow batiliron is in 
oMBsa ilimiilaiii and dctersirci ii is 
am and useful form of applying the 

msci- A cooling and emollient pre- 

teTLtX. An emollient. 
PtRUaTIS CETi. A simple cmnllienl. 
;t.tBinni. The moti efleclual prepa- 
O ahaiToylhe ilch. It li also icrvice- 
Ihc ran or niher cutaneotis emptiani. 
jrtm. Mildly adtiriiizent. 
.■NCI. A lery useful application to 
Ophthalmia and relaxed ulcen, 
« lau edition nf the phoriviicnpaia nf 
i4on collrge a few of iheie are nmitied : 
ilri is realnrcd. and U. sperm, ceti is 
ht dennminited V. cetacri. 
JUICULAK MEASURE. C""^"' ) 
sra of six lines, or half a French inch. 
!UICIJLATEM PETAL, in botany, 
wilh a claw. 

SUB, Cfrom «■,*, a hook) The nail. 
3tve horny laminnsiiuaied al the ei- 
n of the fingcts and lues, 
till, (fimm in Tm-mblance to (he lu- 
OTtiooi of thcnail of (hefin^rO Onyx. 
ttrm at eollcoium of pus between ilie 
• of the cornea traniparens of ihe eye, 
mil 01- 7^ Uchrymal bone is to 
&om it* rcumblance to a nail of the 
, SmLachrswal ions. 



'WCV^JE. SeeHoor. 

UnQULA CaBALLIHA. RcC TtJSKL A G . 

. UNGULATE SILICLE, in bolany. A 
hoof-ihaped silicU ; as in rose of Jeileho. 

UNHA'LLOW. e, a. To deprire of holi- 
ness; to profane 1 to deiecrate (Sob(A). 

UNHA'LLOWED. a. Unholy; profane 
(PopO. 

To UNHA'ND. u, o. To loose &om the 
band CDenkam). 

UNHA'NDLED. a. Not handled; not 
touchi->l (iVuiiipea'e). 

UNHA'NDSOME. a. I . Ungracefi)! ; not 
beiutiful (Si/^t^). 2. Uliberal; disingenu- 

UNIIA'NDSOMELY.orf. 1. Inel^nlly; 
nneracefully (Spenier). S. Ditingenuoutl; ) 
illibc-rally iVfydcn). 

UNHA-NDSOMENESS. J. I. Want of 
beauty iSidum/). S. Want of elegance (Toy- 
for). 3. Illiberalness ; dislngenuily, 

UNHA'NDY. a. Awkward; not desier- 

To UNHA'NG. e. a. To divest of hang- 
"^NHA'NGED. a. Not put to death by the 



" UNHA'P. •'. MislMk ; ill fortune. 

UNHA'PPILY. ad. Miserably; unfortu- 
nalelv i wreichcdiy; calamitously (.Tillolioa). 

UNHA'PPINESS. I. 1. Misery; infelicity 
(,TUIotton). S. Misfortune ; ill luck (Buinrf). 
3. Miachievou<> prank ISkaktptart). 

UNH.VPPY. a. Wrelcbed; miserable; 
unfortunjte; calamiti'us; distressed (^ifron). 

To UNHATlBOUa. »■ a. To drive from 

UNHA'RMED. a. Unhott; not injured 
(Lnckt). 

UNKA'RMFUL. a. Innoxiotn; innocent 
(.Drudeti). 

U^JHARMCVNIOTIS. a- I. Not symmetri- 
cal ; dispropnriionaie iMihoh). !. Unmusical ; 
illsoundinE t^Sicim. 

To UNHATINESS. t. o. i. Toloosefrom 
the traces (.Dry Jen}. S. To disarm ; to direst 
ofarmDO'- 

UNHATCHED-a I. Nrji diwlosed rmm 
the CRRS. 9. Not lirimght to light (.SAoiti). 

UNHA'ZARI>ED. a. Not adventured ; not 



UNKEA'LTHY.a. Sickly; wanting health 



enr (Millen). S. Ncl «ouehMfed an audicr 
{thydm). a. Unknown in cctcbralion (.Mil- 
loa). 4- Unheard e/*. Obscure; not known 
by ftime (GraniilU). UnHEAaD of. Vo- 
nrecrHenlnl (.Swift). 

To UNHKA'RT. V. a. To discourage ; to 
depress {Skakiprarr). 

UNHE'ATED. a. Not msde hoi (B«yM- 

UNHEE'DED.a. Disregarded; noiihought 
worthy nf notice ; escapiiie notice (Bnylr). 

UNHEEDING. a. Negtignit; careless. 



U N 1 




ialrd ; having r 

ELPKUL 

iShukxpiaif). 

UNHE'WN. pari. a. Rougli; noi hewn 
ithudtn). 

tfNHI'DEBOUND. a. Laxof inaw ; o- 
pacioiis iMillon). 

To UNHl'NGE. V. a. I. To throw from 
the hingM. 3. To (litplace by violence (,Biack- 
Bwr«). 3. To disiitdet ; 10 confuse ( WalUrX 

UNHO-LINESS. ,. lm^,ieiy ; profansncss ; 
vrickcdncsj {Rakigk). 

UNHCyLY- a. I. Profane; not hallowed 
Cff<w*fr). S. Imjiious i wicked IPope;. 

UNHO'NOURED. a. I. Noi regarded 
with tencraiiaii j uot celebrated {Dryden). S. 
Not ireolrd with respect (.Pope). 

To U'NHOOP. V. a. To divest of hoops 
^Addiion). 

UNHCPED. Unhoped /or. a. Not cx- 
pecied ; preattr than hope has ptoniised, 

UNHCyPEFUL. a. Such as leaves no room 
lohot-K {Shakspeare). 

To UNHO-KSE.u.fl.Tobealfrmnahorse; 
10 throw from the saddle {Knouihi). 

UNHO^PITABLE. a. (hho.puali,. Lit.) 
.Affording no kindness or enterlainment lo 
stranseri j cruel ; barbarous [^Drudeii). 

UNHO'STILE. a. Not belonging lo an 



can )m tw dmdK that rhiiioceros' is the pmvr 
translation of reem (en), for it is undtr tbi< 
name ihiil this animal is known iu AralMio 
the present Jay : and the book of Job, in which 
the lertn chietly occurs, is nou- admitted on ill 
h:iiidi lo be largely initisperseil with AtiIm 
lerma, and is usually supposed la have been 
written by Moses in Ambia. (See Good'i 
TiansUlion of the Book of Job ; latradiietwy 
DiiserUiiun and note lo ch. uuix. 9-) He 
teem is also called in Arabia huaiJtr, wbid 
is I lleratly unicorn, oi the beast with onehom. 
In the same couniTy oouifa signiRet a nun; 
and hence perhaps by an easy corrupiiaD «f 
names the aooda has been misuken lot hinil- 
dee ; and the ticure of a horse wiih a bora Iu 
been criooeously adopted as the figure ff itit 

Ukicdrv, in astronomy. See Monici- I 

ROS. \ 

Unicorn fibh, or Sea uxicorx. Sm ] 
MoNODON and Narwhal. f 

UNI'FORM. j.The regimeiitaldwrnini I 
by an officer. 

U'NiroRM. a. (hums and ybrwo, Lalin) 1. 
Keeping its lenour ; similar to itsdf. iCu- 
forming to one rule {Haokrr). 

UNIFCRWITY. .. (uni/'omi/e, FmoA.) 

1. Resemblance lo itself ic^en tenoui (i)(jJ.}. 

2. Conformity to one pliem ; icsemblinctel 
one to another (Hooker), 



Unii 



IV, IS par 
foim of pi 









n UNHOU-SE, 

habitation {Daniie), 

UNHOU'SED.a. I-Homelessj wanting a 
house {Shaksptare). 2- Having no settled ha- 
bilaUonCSoufAern). 

UNHOU'SELLED. a. Having not the sa- 
crament (S/iukipeare). 

UNHU'MBLED. o. Not humbled; not 
touched >vith shame or confusion (MUIoh). 

UNHU'RT. a. Free from harm (.Bacou). 

UNHU'RTFU L. a. Innonions ; harmless ; 
doinKon harm (Blackmort). 

UNICAPSULAR PERICARP, in botany. 
Havin)j one capsule to e^ch flower. 

Unicorn (iu>«if>(, Greek.) An aniniiil so 
denominated from its possessing but one horn. 
Among the Greeks and Romans it was usually 
described in some such manner as represented 
by our own heralds, and coostiluting one of 
the supporters of the royal arms ; a kind of 
hone or ass wlih a single horn issuing from 
the forehead. Under this figure it is altogether 
■n imaginary quadruped. Clesius is perhaps 
the first of the Greek writers who thu! deliuc- 
aXtA it ; but its existence was doubted by Aris- 
totle, and the description of Ctesius treated u 
fabuli 



and the same form of^ public prayers, uid i^ 

miiiiittation of sacraments, and oiha rilA 

from the &c, t»f ihc church of Englanil, pmcribd 1| 

the famous slaL 1 Elis- and I3 and II On. 

called the Act of Uniformiiy. (S« 



The I 



i the 






s the rhinoceros which is intended by thi^ 
name m the books of the Old Testament : in 
which the Hebrew term is teem (on.) some- 
limes, indeed, but improperly rendered by the 
Iranjlalors bubalus, bison, ei wild ok. There 



worship, and uoifiwffli? 
ofsenlimeniamong'themembettortbecboRh^ 
the former of these objects il efTectsj in lilt 
latter it fails so entirety that there is gminr 
son to apprehend that not above one-unlb ^ 
the English clergy are cordial believers in At 
doctrinal articles, or preach decidedly UKleIlH> 
ly the doctrines of the church whose uoda 
they have subscribed. 

UNIFORMLY. dA (from uaj/'m.) 1. 
Wlihuiit varialiou i in an even tenotit *• 
Without diversity of one from another. 

UNILABIATE COROL. A iw^ 
coral, or a cotol of one lip. 

UNILATERAL RACEME. AoowiW 
raceme. When the flowers grow orJy mi """ 
side of the common peduncle. 

UNILOCULAR PERICARP. A iwb- 
eular or one-celled pericarp, or of onenIL 

UNIMA'GINABLE. a 
ed by the fancy ; not to be cunccired 

UNIMA'GINABLY. ad. ToadepwW 

10 be imagined (Boyle). 

UNI'MITABLE a. (inimitalU. FiendL} 
inimttabiUi, Latin.) Not to be imiiatidjj'^ 



obeiMWo- 
ccived (*"'■ 



ItiddJ 



V N I 

PAIRED, a. Not ci;>mni*h«d ; nAt 



PORTANT.o. 1. N. 
ioK no ■■K of dttcnily {Pope). 
PORTf'NEU. a. No.^ol.ciwd ; not 
mnipliBiice iDonHt), 
PRO'VaBLE. o. Incapable of me- 

PRO'VABLENESS. 5. Quality of 
■mpcuvjble (Ma IN MOD J). 
PROVED. 0. I. Noi maHe belter. 
mIc more knowing {Pope). 3. Not 
lot melioniicd by inilruciiuo (,Glan- 

CREA'SEABLE. a. Admitting no 

DIFFERENT, o. Puitial; leaning 

Hoakrr). 

FLA'-VIMABLE. o. Not capable of 



[Pdpt). 2. Uiianimated ; not en- 

GE'NUOUS. a. Illiberal ; diiinge- 
\tcmy<ifPut»). 

HA'BITABLE. a- Unfit to be Inha- 
\Uigk). 

IlA-UITABLF^ESS. >. Incapacity 
nbaUted IBoule). 

BA'BITED, a. Having nodwellen. 
4JURED. a. Unhurt 1 auffenng do 

ESCRI'BED. a. Having no inicrip. 



ISTHU'CTED. a. Not laughl ; nut 
I'tatttnciioa (.Lockfj. . 
BTRU'CnVE. a. Not confetring 
ovatneut (,.1ddiion). 
ITE'LUGENT. o. Nol knowing; 
tHBiaekmotf\. 

fTELUGlBI'UTY. 1. Quality of 
; inulligible ( Burnti), 
rrE'LLKHBLEii. Nnt <uch B« can 
itcid (R»eer,). 

rrE'LLlGIBLY. ad. I.i a manner 
andentood i Locke). 
ITE;NT10NA1, o. Not designed; 
m without design IBeule), 
TTERI-SSED. USINTSKEITEO. a. 

ng in tefwt iDn/den). 
rrERMlTTED. «. Conlinneil ; not 
«d WaU). 

rrEREU'PTED. o. Not broken ; not 
td iHBtcontmon). 

ITERRU'FrEDl,Y.»(f. Without in- 
D (ZociO- 

IVE'STIGABLE a. Not to be 
«t (.Rag). 

IVITED. a. Not askeil (Philipt). 
)I'NTED.a. I.Diijoinedi KiurKlcd 
. S. Hiting no articul.uion IGrem). 
)l^, in botany, a eenui of the clan 
^■sdi^nis. CafJ-x many-vaUed ; 



UNION. 1' (mnh, Lai.) )■ The Mt oTjoln. 
inR two or more, so ai to make them one 
(iftiilen). 3. Concord ; conjunction of mind 
01 iutercsu {Taylor). 3. A pearl ; not in u« 
iShahpearg). -i. (In law.) Vnian 11 a com- 
bining ur conwlidalion of two churches in one, 
which ii doue by the cunient of the biahop, 
ibe jiaiton, aud incumbent {CoatU). 

UmovjOrTuE UNION, byway df eaii- 
nence, lua bceit niorc pariiculatly uwd 10 tx- 
preM the act by which the two lepaiate king- 
doms of England and Scotland were ineorpo- 
rated into one, under the tide nf The kingdom 
of Grcil Britain. This union, in vnin at- 
templed by kine James I. wa» at lenRth rflrct- 
ed in the year 17(17. 6 .Annx, when Sh aiiicle* 
were agrud to by the parliament of both na> 
tioni ; the purport of the moat considerable 
being as follows: l.Tbatonthe first of May 
1707. and for CTer arter, the kingdoms of Eng- 
land artd Scotland shall be united into on« 
hingdoin, by the name of Great Britain. 2. 
The lucceiiiou 10 the monarchy of Great Bri- 
tain shall be the same as was before irtllcd 
with regard to that of England. 3. The united 
kitiedom shall be tepiegented byone pailiamenL 
4. There shall be a communication of all right* 
aitd tirivileges between the aubjecli of both 
kingdoms, except where it is otherwise agreed, 
g. When England ralsei £,000,000'. by a land- 
tax, Scotland shall raise 48,000/. 16, 17. The 
standards of the coin, of weiahtc, and of nie»- 
siiret, shall be reduced to moie of England 
throughout the united kingdoms. 18. The 
laws relating to trade, customs, and the excifc, 
shall be the !>anie in Scotland as in England. 
But all thcother laws of Scotland shall remain 
in force; but alterable by the parliament of 
Great Britain- Yel with thii caution, that 
laws relating 10 public policy are alterable at 
the discietion of the parliamenl ; laws relating 
10 private riftbtdre not to be altered but for the 
evident utility of the people of Scotland. SS, 
Sixteen peers are In be chnscn 10 represent the 
peerage of Scotland in patliameut, andf.^mem- 
hers to sit in the house of commnns. S3. The 
1(1 pecis of Scotlaiul shall have all privileges of 
parliaiaent; and all ptiers of Scotland iliall be 
pc;rs of Great Britain, and lank next after 
thoic of the same degree at the time of the 
union, and shall have all privileges of peert, 
except sitting in the house of lardi, and voting 
on the uial of a peer- 

These are the principal of the SS aiticlei of 
union* which are talinrd and confirmed by 
iUIule 3 Ann. c. S. in which statute there are 
also two acts of parliamenl recited ; the one of 
.Scotland, whereby (he church of Scotland, and 
.iliu ihe four unitcnitics of that kingdom, 
are esiahlished for ever, and all succeeding 
iorerci^ns are to take an 03th inviolably to 
maintain the same ; the other of England, 
li Annie, c. (i. wheifby the acts of uniformity 
of 13 Elia. anil 13 Car. II. (except ai the ume 
had been allereil bv patliamtnt at that time), 
and all other acts then in force for the preieri- 
alion of (he church of England, are dedared 
perpetual j aiid it it slipuJaied, that cTe^Mj' 



itMMui oMfiin 




iTivMli iMI ii kititrMAiiTifciBiiwo «l 
Mt»fVi iMll fioig^rte afadm*tfita|iilHMil * 
and VIm Btftl f Midkiontof thglatfclMtt «««t the word cbiisMlMutMiy* 






tlirpnlitail^eoDiMiiowb0tw<nrGMgHii*«M >W thMiWf^ ■»iiuU bit OiiMiiWiiUt f 

^Scodud ; Ifdiiid tmvu^ mi<M)6.%cfcMi€lfi- . 'JtPMJttdiikliAiiwoimiiitoii MMii ift 

t ■likrljwCflfl. In pble 179 treUwglfcA^a \«bt^Mi;4ii»3MMrllii;IMiaMriMl 

^dmcliAf tie temm rivmorial oT-tha iMked tirifcwli W <»dtH4#Mr>Hh» itiiim U^i 

UMdoAof GMt&ittiw tidl^IrilMd, itf Ak- * deAMttai Mu* a4MMMlMIM«>^'' ^ < 

defii^iuMciiDcnineiK TbtMdnMir. tfyiS<IMI<r<(itdJ»1 AM A « iidb»i i 

'toiv^iimaiidAalll.Eiigladidi iicxmd;dcot- <hattht ygtiitf >d lOre HBF'illiull JTl 

land I thiid, Ireland: on an cteotcKaoo of ten are in uniion iritH f ^adtKMfff'Wi 

i|ritt«BD% the .anw of fni majee^'i'Gfennan wmmidt tfca >»iolui>»iw tulifciy * JMfcl 

dominifMiSt aisinied with tha metofal bonnet. «0at» the Btitet in dbiiM/ i' *T H*im\ 

V SknAftio^ liidm'-Hhe roife, ilbietk, and Ukit, UiiiTa» oaiUrnvT^MliSHI 

ithnawofk ■nmttfrean the tama stalk; Mine- Aenuai hy o> a, ^or<ipa>tfci^ I n d l i l ii 

Ijr. the rote between the thistle and tbanvtek, of disoratd citentim - < ii td jy <F l| gi itj 

HMd^-alitdUitcd-br the rase between tha sham- plaee af iMiitt^' is tbe irsl^.plriitVHllB 

rock and thittle ; both -enipwd with tha iai* hand in integer nmnbeil. '." ^' ' '^' {$ 

'ferial cwvtn. Seathefdalei AflcordtngiDei>cliii,onitTbMl»W 

Tha'misaB'lag eombms the laltienof 9t. . for lie deinei munber ta oe k «rtMi 

AfldflBiP apdHSt; Pillkk, tamoontad bf the units. ^ 

cross of St. George* as represented also ift tha UNITARI ANS» in ctwfcfc li im i j b< 

yhiSi ^ assomad bj those who belienwsrift 

' ima artsi oi Irdann w ft towcr»' lnpia-lowvr« there is vat one Gody tha fiipreaBa^Uai 

ad fv^cr i itfidia partaLa hart, lo4ged> aflseiit^ ligions worship i but iImi thil'OaA m 

.■nMyBis^liooMkdCr ^ • theronly.tndnotaTrinltfeoiiustii^gfl 

U 91»badgeafIialaadMasliaairocbcangiMd Sen.aiid Hdly Ghaet;' T'*'^- ^-^ 

nH^ dM imperielanMmi - - Those who assume this name in tha ] 

.Toaba^gedf tlie dianrock to be within the day are; as we are tald'bf one of ^i* 

ebttar of Su Fatiiekf ensigned with tha impe- number, under tha word UintariaiHlD I 

iiii'fiwmn; • ' fmS Cyclopedia, » orinoipailjf dhiik 

Ilia s^ of his QMuesty is as follows!— aiians and iraoianitaiMDt, or b iH e f u a 

m g #ji g si t TMm -De% GrmHm BriHumwrum simple humanity of Christ. Fof* an aaa 

'J^tlflpidei J^efkmHfr, elta T«rri EcelttimAn' the first of these two classes^ see tha 

ffimmm af HvHmieir supremum dput** In Aaiaira. The tanimaryt)f doetrirteel 

£ndish, ** Geofgethalliird, iiy the Grace of modem Unitarians ~ is as followt: "flia 

43anD04he nailed Kingdom of Great Britain article in the rali^us system of this'dem 

aoil'frdtnd. King, Defender of the Faith, and ttou is, that Christ was a mere man. 

iaf- 4m uiuted Church of England and Ireland they consider him as the great imUlni 

%a SaiChv aaprema Head. the hands of God of f#«-ersioK al) tha ai 

•*"The sapporteia, crest, and crown, remain the fall| at the object of an tha ppoj 

withattt any alteration* from Moses to his own timd ; at t h a'g le s 

tJinoir, tbeoonntytownof Fayette, in Vtm* of union to Yirtotms and jjood naen^ a 

eylvania, 14 miles from the Mononcohela, and christians, make one body m a peGoltat 

OS S. of Pittsburg. Lon.79'46HN Lat 39. as having communications wkh Ooi 

14- N. apeaking and acting from God in auak'i 

UNIONfiS. (from imiit, one ; so called be« ner as no other man ever did» and idki 

cause there is never more than one found in having the form of God, and Mng tha 

tha same shell, or according to others, for that Grod in a manner peeuliarioilrtihaLlft 

many heing fouiMl in one snell not any one of mean of spreading divine and swiiii|yUiai 

them is like the other). Sec MAaoAaiTA. to all the world of mankind |«i^iMh 

UNPPAROUS. a. (imaf and pom, Latin.) the head of all things 10 hit ahmchr 



Brvngtng one at a birth {Brornn), the Lord of life, having pow^ Aad'asi 

UNISON, a. (aavf and teavf, Latin.) from God to raise the dead, ami Jifll 

Sonndina alone (Miff an). . ^ ^ world at the last day. llivy suppafea tl 

UwisoN. That onafonance, or cotneidenee great object of the whole schema'fdT itia 

of sounds, prrKreeding from an ec^naliiy in the was to leach men how to liva here ooa 

hnmher of vibrations made in a given time by happy hereafter; and that tha pattiesJi 

two sonorous bodies: or the union of two trinet they taught, as having a cu w u a wi s 

sounds so dirrdly similar to each other hi re- this great obfect, are those of tha amitya 

spoct of grsrriiy, or acuieness, that the ear per- his nnivefsal prrsenee and ini p a ct i u siyt 

eeivtng no difference, receives them as one and eabrKtv 10 repnainji sinners, Ml chne 

^hmme. - of a hfo of retribution after dmah. -^Hhl 

The iibdents tvcve much divided hi o|4nioci pose» that to be a ahij^thni iaiplkr| 



UN-] 



EilM MitfilHi ChriM **i hb fm- 
•II m tit MCcv^i praptMti, litre 
tMrf b; CM M MKh what tte, 4c 
r«Mi<Ml (ton hitn) ihc uimi ini- 
laRMti Mticic ef which li tbc dociiine of • 
tmtntMB to imnntul life." 

Stwlt i* ifa« itBicmtiii giMn bj an Uniatian 
of ihe rtq«i»im la the ehridian ehafMiei. Wr 
kare no wiih lo draw uncaixliil inrcrcncni 
fct wc einnol hrip nratrk'uif. that, if ihr htu 
■Milri)c« be ■ cornel nprncntaiion of ihc Uni- 
nriao wHinnt, ami mitch of ihe laneuagt of 
Ml. BcUbani anil Mr. Aipla[><l might bt 
bnuht in eonliriDaiian of ii, the; arc, in the- 
•(;, «*ctiM Aniiiujinuiiiv 

Sc« ihc (Tiiela Ahian, Ckriit, Jeius, 
SooiriaH.TaiwiTir, Itc 

T* UNVTE. >. a. (am<«. L-ilin.) ). To 
jaw H»u oi more iiitu one (^nwrr). 9. To 
■iA« to asTM (C{«r««f/an). 3. To niake to 
tUkmtffurman). 4. To jQin iDrydm). S. 
To'-'- ■- -■" 



-U N I ^^^H 

fcrfinn. Gcninl Wuhiagtim wn cleeTed iTi« 
ftnt pfnidcni, M.rlccicd in I7CI>, and, on lii« 
Miinna; from pohlic aSain, in IJ>j6, Mr. AiUatM 
WM rltcud liit luceoaoc. Itic >lIu<trioua 
Wjahir^inn dwd Dec. 14, )76f)- To the (Ik- 
inn lUlcs licforc meaiioned muii be iddrd all 
ihr country to ihe N. of Ihc Ohio, extending 
fiom Peniuylvinia on ihe E. ihe lakes on ilia 
N, »M Axt MiiBioippi on li.e W. callca the 
WwteiiiTeiriioiy. The UniifJ Stiiei cilcnd 
ISiU miles in length from E. Florida to llie 
N.W. angle nf Nova Scotki being situate be* 
twern 31 »n(l 4B-> N. lat, See AmEMICA. 

UNITU^LY. ad. Willi unioni u m to 
join (Drudm). 

L'Nl'lER. ». The person or thine that 
uniiCJ IG/anville). 

UNI-nON. i. Iwten. Ff.) The act or 
power of uniting i conjunction ; coalition 



'<Meia in intcreil {Ctntni). 
r*Uwi*ra. e. a. i. Tojmn ii 



e.) Having the 






iShahprarr). *. T 
aeafcac* ; id be cemented -, to be consolidated. 
J. T> K'*"' '"I" ""*• 

D»ITa, in the manage. A hone ii said to 
■niw. at walk in union, when, in pallopine, 
dw band 4|uaners fullow and kce^ time wiih 

PNITED DRKTHBEN. See Moaavi- 
»•■ 

OvrrvB Pkovikcis op the Nkthek- 
B name gi)en to the Mven prointant 
the Netherlands, which ihrew off the 
«f S(Min, and became at) inile^iendent 
See HoLLAHD, and Netkck- 
uvea. 

UKtTBtt State* ar A wehica. a republic 
rf SI, Anriica, cot»iatingori|;inalI]', in 1783, 
af ihimKO auies, tiBOiely, Matiachiitci*, New 
IbnualliM, Rliode Island, ConDtciirm, New 
Ta*. N>» Jiney, Pcraoylvania, l>elawgre, 
Hmland, Vincinia, Non>i Carolina, South 
C i iji u a, iMd Georitia Only eleven nf ihen; 
Mm acwJid, ai first, to the new federal mo- 
rii«i»n, W ibey uere afvet ward joined by 
Kenh ^lolsoa aixl Rhode NIand; and Ken- 
Mek^; Vamoni, and TennaMce, having since 
Uin added islhem, the prcieni nuinher of ihc 
■iMa tlMt foini this ((teal Ameiicati republic ii 
aualia. Thaaa alalia Inne Hontished as pro- 
tiaaea of Gi«at Britain i but parliament ni- 
l«iy i»g IB tas tbeni by lis sole authority, 
»inaM the ■Meii'entiDn of their ancmhiics, a 
enl war maued t a conoress wai brmcd, 
»li«ris. in t77ti. diaclaimtd Ml dependence on 
Iba Mthrt cuuniry : the Fteiirh king entered 
JMBaB alliattec with ihem in I7it< i therolo- 
liiai. bairrrfiilly asiiited by Franre, were tiic- 
mm; Bod Great Britiiin icknowUderd ihcir 
iiAsjMiJiaice by ilxe peaee of ITU- The To 
4am HMiitMiion of ih< Lniied Sum i* nonr 
Mi«eia4 bf a con|trets, eonsisting of a ptrai* 
MHa aiMpfciidsnit, aenale. ami house of repr» 
MMMMt. The rntetenialivci ate eWtrd 
— jaawJ Jtn i tni acnalon are chosen fcr 
4a Man, BDd Iha p>«ldBM and *ioeprciidtnt 
«VL. XI^-PAfiT II. 



U'NITfVE. fl. (from u 
power of unillnjifWHTii). 

U'NITY. .. (ani/M, Lai.j I.Thesiaieof 
bein^ one {Hammond), S. Concord^ eon* 
junction (Sprat). 3. Apeemenii unitbtmity 

mo^kiT). 

Onitiei. in the drama. See Drama- 
tic. See also an ingeniout paper by Mr. Hope, 
in the Alheneunii vol. iti. p, 40g. 

UNIVALVE SHELLS, in natural history, 
B term uted to expreia one of the three general 
daises uf nhell-EiiKes i the other iwo being ihe 
bivalves and muUiroIvcji. See CoaiCHoLODZt 
and Shells. 

LlNJL''l5GED.a. Notjudieiallydctemift. 
«d (prior). 

i;NlVE''RSAL.a. (uniama/u, Laitn.) 1^ 
General ; esienriirg to all (Soulh). 8. TmWi 
whole (Drydn). 3, Not parliculari eonprife* 
inftsll pa ri I eu la rs (WrfaiAnat J. . 

UHivt.'asAL. I. The whole; the cennil 
system of the universe : not in ute {.ttaMgii^ 

UNIVERSALISTS, in church hiatmjv 
were orininally thoK reformers who taught* 
kind nf (iiiddte doctrine, beiwecu ihe fyslens 
of Calvin and .^tniinios. They were denomt* 
rated hypothetical Universal is Is, becauie (hey 
inamlained. that God it willing la show mer^ 
ta all mankind ; and because the]) held, that 
faiih in Christ is a neecsui; condilioa lo rci^ 
der them the objects of the divine mercjiL 
These opltiions were intended to be opposed to 
the notions of Calvin, concerning eleciion and 
reprobalion. on the one hand j and to the 0[U- 
nions of Pelasius, concerning the merit ofeooj 
works, on llie other. The riocirines »' ih* 
hypothetical Cntvcrialists were propagated wiiS 
success h» John Caiiieton ; and were fnrlkef 
illusttaietl and defended by Moses AmyranI, a 
rnan of |[reai learning and sapcliy. Ilic opi- 
nion* be maintained, aud whiHi piodnced no 
small change* in the doctrine of ihe reformed 
in France, are briefly snouned up in the fuN 
lowing piopoiiiioiia : 

That God desires the h.ippiness of all men ; 
and thai no mi-irial is excluded by any diving 
decree fr<."ni llie benefi's ihat are promri'd by 
rhe death, mfferingr, and gotpel of Christ ■ 



W the bleufng. of the gn.]*!, »i.d oi* M.n..l hendinc B.th™.l.a, "1"t«1 «f J*™/""; 



That luch, indewl, •* tlie immenie and iinl- 



i «nh AtuHj. Id ewli of tU»^ Ihere k 



T«»t8»odnmof.heSoprtmcBriog. .hjii lie J"!^"^ y,^ J h^,,„ „i j«,„ . fc, 
K;.iMSto.iarwthcpow«i.rbet.«itigi though o.*ojrh itnhs uoi.miliH of G««t Briufa ui4 
he doa not grant unlo all hit j«iiiiin« and £„i,„,i „ (,»„ „„ ,„* fcpee m *«t»r to MM 
tuccour, lliit thcj' may niscly impTOVe this ^dU inrnrci, nor maiicr of arti Bonrtn ta It* 
power ID the atiainnteat of evrrlatting suUa- d(>|;Toe at durXar in ptiilouipb^, «liir4 i« oa> 
lioo : f.!n-od bj ininj of ll" uniTnitiM am the MMll- 

Andll«t, iticonwquenceorthia, miiltilodM ntut. 
iwith ibiough thcit own fault, and not from Unirertilipi in their prcieni fc»», ami •» 
anywamorBooclnwioGod. their pretml prlTlle^^i, are intlMrtto* »«- 

But lh< doctrine of ihtr i.iMent U..i*erHli,<s pwatiirly nioderti. 1 Wr j y"»« ™ J^ff™: 
la widely difTeieni from tl.i. Their opinion i». """ "' "?"1'^ •'^'"v"!, i^ .S2^™ 
.hat c/ha.nan cr,a..re wha,».r hi^o.jluct :: tt^-^^ld^^^^^ '-^'ZS 
ma, h.v< b«n. w.ll be eternally m.aenb It ; ^^^ ,j,„ ,^^ ^ ni.«,«^ tf t Oe (IMa 
but that all me» un.veriall}- after having been ^„^,i„„ „,,i<A „, ^{f f„ Km,|». Tl.«e m. 
«b|e«:t«J 10 degreei of punishment proportion- ,g„„ „,.„ ,^i„,rim of leamhiit pmbrtlj (hw 
«d III dnialion to their resjieciive criuict, will tfif^r firil itn'titutian ; wid ire know wilk nr- 
\t i«irifiisJ and perfected thereby, and (hen iiiaty, that In Old Atierdecn thcrawoaM^ 
tdmitted to the piewnce of God, ihcre to enjny terj in whir h youth were inrtrai-ted la tfe(vl«|?, 
tinending felicity. This dncirine is nni hiii\ecl the cunoo-Ian, and ih« -rhnol phltoMfto, al 
■I fcr any of the Anie-nicene fathers, except least 300 jcara beft.re the rnSwniiiy ut »Wi 
Otipn. and by him very obwrurely. Ami.ng e..l1»Be ir^* f"«ii'led- The -wm «.. to|4«»M 
the oiodcma ii L» been embraced a,.d .lefend^ Ih" »« in Oxford .nd C.mbr, Jge aufl jnArtlj 
kr Dr. Thomas Bnroea. Dr. Har.ley, Mr. in erery town m Europe "^^f" '"r" JT "^ 
«ineherter, Mr. VWler, and a few otl^;.. U "."'""L'T'.r^"* "Vr^rih,^ rrliflt^^l 
i.no,vl.eWbyal«o.t.ll.heSoci„lan.. We ^\J^J-^''l^'-:^'^Z7.T^rZ:^ 
•hall tio.ply remark of ih.i docuine, thai ■ ,„d'^„,e. th.t unlTewitlet dl«i!t.et trtatim- 
ha* no foondnlHin in Scnptore^ u la indeed ,rn(i wera fnunded, iriih tlw pn»lc(*«f a^ai^ 
■dniillcd by Dr. Hartley i and that it is a dan- tio^ tn decree*, whiib evnfem^ waix nak la 
(ermn doctritie, whieh is wpressly alliwcd by civil sndeiy- Theae uB"«r«tiea hiWf Inacben 
«iie of ill abetlori, Dr. lipomas Burnett. For evnaldered u lay earporaliaaai Init ■■ a >Mf 
lolt^My decinive refoiaiions of the noiinn, we thai they had thi' eeefeHaatieal oriflo wfci* •! 
beg to refer to the 21si of Dr. Gregory '• Utlen hate awigiied in ihem. li -ill be .olBdrnt to* 
on the E»Uenees. Doctrines, and Duties of the "erre, ih«t the pope ami(«<«t ••• hlBttrtfaa 
ChtistiMiRelirion;andloananonyHioosp»m- rijht of .esiine Ihrm -ith .» il.e-r or..f(u<., 
^Wet vary racenlly published by IlivinBlon■^ andtlial prior lolbe^orar.!..: 
SnliileJ. The Errors of Uoiver.^lisii, i or, the "'» *" ^""'""J'^S.'^;!: ' 
li .i: _i-.L m e r . n ■ i. Ikenliie* bT aathoritT aerlTmi ri 

l>«lnn«of the Non-e.ern.iy of fuln.e Punish- „ ;, ^ „ („pe„b.Ll. 
inetitj eonttary to Secipiute and dangeroua lo the ehoreh o* Rome deritedlu. 
W';;*'!' „ .. falhmiounhointbi!Je«>.ai>..< 

UN!VERSA'Lln.».CwBiU(T.aA(a.,Mhool diillnclioo. catremdy aiokii.r 
l^t.) NoiparticuUfiiJ'; (teneraliiy; extension the nativity of our Saviour, v 
"-(he whole iSoulk. fFoodward), ]-onD; (tudent, "rilh reipMt t" ' 

ONIVE'HSALLY. ad. Thioughom the tailed a disciplej from Ma r.- 

■^'(j nflh out exception (Hooifr). andlhr ehoaenoreluHcd.on ■ 

NIVERSE I. (ami/eii. Ft unicfrtum tioniDtotheiuimberordii.rit>l ■ 

t) Thewneraliyaiemoflhincsi iheaweni- ""''* """ pmere.* m knr,^ 

S of hearenly and earthly bodies wiih all '^'^r."'"'! '' a ™'*"««n'.n n ira^ih, 

B. m ..^A .™n.. .K.n. « tlonOfhandimaile'Qn.BrniOpao.t.n tr •"»'"( 

gsmanrtitpon them. u«pm„„ ,ho oil.ei.i.;...lB5fhUf«n.. -la- 

UN1VKR.SITY. i» the name of a corpora- aociate theej" or, " Be thonatwtateidi-i^ta 

m fomrd for the cduealieo nf youth in the li- aonn ■fterwards m he «a* Ihawflil WMtfcl *^ 

..ral arts aodieieneo, and aulhoriaed to admit teach otbcm, the a«»»date waa rai»«4 U •• nak 

Ineh a> hnie itudicd in Et lo certain drEmn In of rabbi. Whether this pi 

rillTrirat fhnilllci, whirh not only b«ttc ai ecrti- idea or not, it bax rertainly 

train of preHrieacy in seiracr, but alio eoof^ that by irhlrh a youns maa la oor . 

*a ibatK wFn nblaln (bem eoniiderable prltllrgvs paiun thr«u(h lli* dr^sren of badbolar t> UUI n 

^^^MhtB th* infTcfiily, as well u leme rank in (be maitei' of afti or dodor. 

^^^■fcwttliaalil. tUreraltlneeBeniflytOBTprv- The mnit aaelent univerdlln Is Kwnpa «l 

^^^■■d Htthi« ihnn aiir or non eoll^ea ; bm thia thoae dt Oilbrd, Cambridtv. IHria. Bah w—o . 

^^^^^^( almyt ihe niM; far Ibe nalicrv'ty of Si. and Bologna ; and In Ihe l<T« KaKtiah oiliwri- 

^^^■■ren'xri) in being befim either of ftf eol- tie*, the drit-fnunded coltcfaaar* i*«a««fVi*i 

^^^■MB nil fnundH, and II would eDStlaae in venily, DaMol. and Moiox, ia Ik* -^ 

K "" 




I lUpflitlrsM, Ikouchbothllaeol- St. Peters in the laltvr. Oafoe4«dC 
eltedwithlhad -■ - -~ — 



!• leielted with Ih* dnit. bwcHr, wwb BattwattSra, at 

ry imlianiiy with wbicA m aro a»- aallnl, iWillea. aone haatwda rf jaw* WM 

Umt* WW tour BsemlUei, via. Uwolacr. »U*CCa at aefaaola «rcsa WK iB auwi *r 




UNIVERSITY., rw 



fcraaf Buntldu^ u > i«nuD«7 of Ipmo- 
Iw is Km nJim \,t AlCrri the Otkbi. »ad the 
M»M', Mul4 we MIn« ill pirtUl portiluu, it 
I oirlWr. Tbe uui>erHiti«« of Scol- 
iMdirrfiiar, St. AiHir«w'i,Ul*is<>*> Aberdoen, 
lul tCdiabu eb. la IreUnd ihere ii but ane 
Mtwnilf, «i3. IfaUofDublin, fouDdtdfayqueeo 
nnbriA, and vn? ridiljr rndoned. 

Wa iliAll anw pnoMd (o piplitia tlia TBrioiu 
Hnpa^iRil psrUoftD luivcnltj, «nd lo mcoom- 
fUWi Uii* mrnHly ind mioulcl;, «c bftve had 
MciMPt* lo the Cnniliridee L'niTrniity C*)endsr, 
iaviM>Bj bf Mh Bawurik, nha uji, " The imi- 
m^itj >H' Caia^ildtt it k nofiety of ttuOeaU in 
«U*a4 inrry -ittiu Uberd «rU uid scieai«>, io- 
MrpOTAM (13 Elii^wlh) bj tli* naoie of (tie 
AtB.'^Uar. Biulcr*, uid ncliolari. The frame 
•< Iklj UlUi- laMauD-rulth lUndvth uiion the 
«■>■■ •* »liit«ra oollcsei, or aacietiei, dcioled 
to ib« M«d;^ uf karninf and knaif ledsc, and Tor 
*«fc »M «f «cr*lp«i>f the fburdiand ilate. " Ererf 
eaUa|e i> rn il^lf a rarp»raU bodj, and gorera- 
•ritfbi awa ktilutci, which muit, however, CDU- 
«■■ witk ih* gi.>nml Inwi of the unitcnilf , form- 
•4 by KliuWih UD preiiaiii priiril«g«ii, kud niD- 
trm»d bf parllaiarnt, conuquentlf thcji are Ibe 
•*l« "rf ail lawIcrB refulalioa*. Each of the 
•«II*(K< M*d depuli», both for Ibe eiecutire and 
IccWalhe krMiah« at Ihe envemmcnl, aod Utc 
fUM! at 1b«iT ucdincii lonued tbeirDiU-bouse. 
Katun of art^ doMun U diFlnil) , rivil Uw, 
m4 rb)>ii!, wbo hare lh«r umo iuiiTibed on 
Ifa «dUc^ baardi. and are nrident at Cam- 
Mlte, (MNa»i tolei in tha aboie aiKnibl; ; nnd 
^Amb Ikcn mrc, in Iha )ur IHCU, about »40. 
na •»■«» nitiaiiU nf two elaiie*, which ai« 
■"■d ?«(*•!• or una-ri'geiiti, with a Ticw to 
pm» pBTIii-iilar oScei aiaigned by Ihe ilalulei 
iflfca onlicnitT to Ibe junlur diviiioa. Mulen 
,if WU ot Irth IbnQ lite yean itandiDC, aad doc- 
Ian mAet IWD, rnnii Utc regrni, or upper-huuie i 
Hi k hu bn>i<la lh«trrm ornhile-hood huair, 
l^m tka f<[i->iniiUDrr of Dm membera bftting 
ttrfr bood. tinr^ with illk of the above colour : 
ll»Wgi » biitcrponalitut«thf POO -rtgtnt, or black- 
ha«l bMiic: diKlon of mure than two years 
<« »Jla<. nad the public orator of IhaoniTBrtity, 
araMtillrdlDTalc in cither.uf lhD« bouKt it 
plixari ; eicluiive of wbiih Iherr ii a rspul, 
*a cMiaMI, <nmpatrd of the lice-nhaDeellor, a 
iNtor ml neb ranilljr, atid two muleni of artu, 
Wfca mru rcpmrDlnlirei of tha houw* already 
MmUvomL The lin-chanrvtlor b«in( a lonn' 
fear of iW nput b; Tlrtue of bi* oilier, hii <)ee- 
Vm to ItM ftinarr onl) lahf* place anDuilly, on 
Ibe Awrtll of S'oitcmber, » hen Ihe lenale cliooM 
U« tram Ike oiaiUniur llie )ixl«en collejce) ; but 
1^ ot Ut caput oc-un after tbc Hme lutenal, 
9* Iha ItIk orunsbn'. In IhefullowlDc minner: 
IfcaTl— i< »aiif»[lorandthelwn proctonaeiefailjr 
Mawlaal* t\r pcraaai, and rmni Ibe flneen ihui 
fll lfu md Ihe bcadi of collcgri and dorlnnl Milccl 
tn, gwa*t*tlj iirofcrring Ibc viee-;:taaaiiellur'( 

, 'Gutf 

lfcaia»iral«oll^c« Ihree dafa pnrvlauiljr lo Ibe 
bM* Bll^tntCtl, Acuugrrpliouorthe neiubari 
tbiai Mlfinmoanl -inty pra<Ted la buciiieaa, and 
Ji CMfr*!**"'." contifU nf any nuiutirr Blnio 
I^KIf-ua. uuludiuf the (iniper oJUrcri oT the 
'^^ '' ' irn BKHHllod to alk-jid on oath 
^1 iMirlefil d^utiai. lkJuJii|lir« 



of tbcM eaiual mceliagi, Iben am (UtUUbta 
COO" regal [uDi, Cor conferriuc Segrrri, vlrflini; 
olHrcn, iic. Ice. which arr held' wilhout noiiey. 
■■ ETcry iiieniberbaiarishl,"iijiMr. Raworlh, 
** to jiri'wnt any propnition, or ersee, to lUa 
consldtmlian nf thi' Unate ; but pTMintiiily tit 
iU bflinp •Died by Ihe Iwo bouio, it U to bo 
rtad and aji^roTCd. by the council, or Fipul, 
Bach uieaibrr of which ha« a nccalite loice. 
'rhit cuiton) baa ulduai bewn obwrved, unlcu 
aomrlbiaf manifeilly abminl, or obiiouily dfro- 
(atory lo Ihe credit of tbc UDiver4ily,ii proposed; 
iaiomuth, tbat nolbioe bas b«eu mar* comoiaa 
than for a pertou Ui giie a place! in Itie caput, 

the ides lliat Ibe capiil thuuld be coniidercd in 
the lighl of a comaiiltee to prepare Ibe gnoet in 
paialoffarm for Iheiubicquent TOlingi at wilh- 
out aome *uch r«|[Ulalian it might bcdiflrult to 
lake the seatt ot Ibe aenate upon Ihe nal aieril* 
of the question." When a (TM* hM pau«|l Ihe 
caput, one uf two icrulalun read it ia Uin uop- 
regeot houve, asd in Ibc other it in niad by Ibe 
wuiur proclnr, after which Ibe vice-ch«ncell«r 
dimoliei tha conf repilion i tlie ecreiuony tt 
reading ii repeated In a second conKnltaliop, 
and if a nao-plncct dnei not occur, it Iwcomoa a 
(talute) on the contrary, if a uun-placet ic pul 
in by ■ member of either boune, ll ia put to itt* 
Tote there, and a majority decide! Ihe quiMtioD. 

TbewnatUaflaHiullum decree, or grioe, of thii 
Uaraed awembly has the lanafamaDd rtfEcl at 
- >rtbclei!i9lltui»orGr«BtRHlain, Khi^ 



fadii 



uppor 



dbytl 



lebiMl coun- 



oppoiiiion to the laHi of tlie land, neither 1I19 
itatutet of Bliiabeth, our the mandatory lellcca 
af lueoeeding kinipi, althouf h their authorilj be 
apparently ilresflbened by uuinterniptcd lub- 
mitkion, can iland against (he ddanul nation" of 
Ibii reipeetnble aicembl)'." 

A degree cannot be eanferred itiihoul patatns 
of a gmca Tor Ihe piirpote, Hliich ii done wittt 
Ibe aaoie formality at if a new law w«> lo »• 
made. Thii U, bonerer, difpenied with in lb* 
(ingle erne of a bach^or of arl«, ai Ihii rcqutm 
readinit in one oougrcgation only, wlieB it ii 
termed a aupplical, and mnil be lijned bif Ihe 
prelector, wbo tbui becDmet re£pon>ibl« for the 
truth of itt oonteau, beiidei tha puoally of being 
deprived of hia priTilege of totiug in the aetata 
yeari, or bearing nay olGw in Ibe uni- 






Tersity, upim dlMorery of any f»l»t aMcrliu' 
it. Degrreiareneiereonferred, unleii 
•00) reeeiTing them preiiouily tign a ncciu-a- 
tion, that they are iona fi<fr meubert of the '-liurjh 
of Botland, a* by law emahllnhed. All the utB- 
cersortbe unoeraily, forming the exuculiie part 
of il, lire clioien by Ibe ■cnalr, the principal of 
whom il tbe obanerLtar, who prcvide* in ail catei, 
and in wbeai i* confided tho lole power »f gp- 
vemiiig, exurpl in eiuea of uayheiii lUid tc\aitj i 
he ia, beaidei, expected to prulecl and prwenie 
all the ri|;bl> and pritilegei of Ibe inaliluliun, 
and W wc that ilrict and imparlial justice i* ad- 
uiiniitered in oeij caie to llie nteubcr*! and 
that a'l thia aiay Iw unHireti, Ibe nlGce ha* lately 
been enlruilcd lo noblenen.of Ibe bigbeit rank. 
Oiber parti otbiaolOcial duty arc,tbecun>aking 
of auumbliM, Ibe rtealing of diplomai, >ellcri of 



Tlic 



biKi, -le. 



Ihu clisnn^Uor, aud l< 



l)i« fowci; to lupcciulund tlw t(»< ■*' •^4* 



UNIVERSITY. 



-At«iiMd~afft(cmy, whhtH the limtti ol (be jiirlc 
dietiaD, •rhidi » ont mite in eirry dtrai!(la« fram 
the uiburhi of the uniTentiiyi be li bIuioui- 
pnwmd to bold a Irvt, iiwoTding to ttic eita- 
bliibed chaiirr KDd cuilom, »a<l u pcrmilUd to 
bsie B drpul]'- 

Tlie virv-chancrllDr'i o&re it rxpUiordliy hli 
tillej but be aMt ai ■ TUBfialrate for tbeuuiver- 
ailjr and rnuol), and mutt be llie head of tnme 
collpge. Tbe regcuU elect Inn p<««loni, tiliu 
are elHren of the (leaee, and >uperinli-nd lhi< be- 
baYloiir and din^'lpline of all the papilt, and may 
•can4i fiirand maiiniltopriiOR Ihow abandoned 
fnoaln irho coolributa \o cnrrupl the morula 
•rthr •Indents at the uniTenilj. Giclnxiie of 
iJieae |iur|waH, the proctoni tie appoiDted to at- 
tend iJte nnfrreralionn of the tcBitr. when th«j 
Mnnd io anrulin} with (he chanmllnr or tIcck 
rl:Biml1nr, to take the open auSraeei, Tcrtiallj 
and wriltrii, ntilcb tbey read, and Dnal])' pr«- 
MDunr* the aitcnt or diaianl : the in'Bcet ore 
read b; Iheni in the rr^nl hooie, where they 
tako tttr uienla and dinenli nerretlj, bat after- 
Warda opeotv declare them. Although \har> arti 
•oiiuparltralar purl* af Ibe dulict of Iheai- ofll- 
een whirii may be rnniidrrrd Terj- unpleasant, 
yet Ihej nnit be maatim of aria, and are recenta 
bj tirtiie of their nfllni, and arr enabled to de- 
■ermiiio the aeniorily of all matlors of arU at the 
line of Ihrir Inking that Arurr ; benidtm whirli , 
they may nomiaalr two moderalon, whn an.' thcii 
•ppoinlcd bj a graiT of llir lenBle. Tho«p per- 
MDB ait *• Ibe Mihttttiitea ofthc prorlon In Iha 
phibiwphieal arhonia, and allematelT luperin- 
Iwid rii<ipalatIoii« md eiierri>ci there, and the 
•lantnationi for the degree of barhclor of 
aria. 

Other mSem arc termed laxnni, acrutalont, s 
BuhUc orator, a eommiiKBrj, a rexiitar, engulre 
WitHIa, and librarian). Tbe laxora, ulniilar tn 
the BOitcralon, are niailert of artt and reirenta 
bj virtue nf Ibeir olBre, wbirh i% to reeulale the 
markela, the BHiie of br«>d, the etartiim of 
weigh)* and msitum. by the different utandarAi, 
and to tuiDmoa all oUimderii into the rDrnmii- 
■Mjr'ieoart.' the icnilalan are nen-regcola, and 
their ftnirtfoni are to attend al eierj cun|rega- 
lion, to reod the itraeM in the lower huuse, wbere 
Ihey e«llerl the »nl«t aerretly or openly, in «cru- 
tinjr, when Ibey publicly proBouDce the ataent or 
divaCnl of thai hoiiae. 

Tbe public ornloT boldian offlee whieh ii eon- 
aiderHl ■■ one or Ibe moat hunaurable inthc uni- 
ranily { he i>, in fart, the mediuai of the acoala 
Dpon all Milvmo uceaaioDi, reading and reronlinf 
Ml eoBimiHikatiBciii to aad froai Uie tetialc, and 
pwaetiting all hnnorwy degree*, aeoumpanied by 
■ nItaMa apeecfa. The eommiiaary holdi hia 
aBne nadrr the rhaneellor, and offlciatM aa a«' 
aeaaor, nrauittant, In iha t iee-chanrcllor'a court j 
bnidei irhleii, he bolda a eourt of record, where- 
all OBuva are lubjert to tlie alatute and citil taw 
and eiHlow of the univerally, and tha peraoni 
for whom It U held are all priWleitt>d, and aeho- 
lar< under the i'gnr af aiaMer of arta. Tbe 
(•■iitrar altetidi binifelf. or by deputy, all c-in- 
RrrfBlioni, lo|>iia dlrtetioDa, If Beccsatry, for 
Ih* cnrnirt wording of lueh gracra ai am piv- 
IWKnded, aadt* drawop any that the liw-rtiia- 
cellar mar appoint | to rarelntliea hInd pB*ied 
Ihrxugli botb bourn, and to reciMrar them in 
lh«arehi>e*BrUu'uaiter*ily;eiirlu*ln-or»hl<h. 
him to record the Hniurlly of 
9 wtiu pTMwil MKMiallj im Uu uU or faeul* 



Ilea, agreeably to the cdientuln fUn!ah«4 1« Ut 
by tbe proeton. 

The eiquirc bedell* attend tho Tiee-riua«rlta> 
during all puhlio aolemnitiei, prendmit Urn 
with Iheir iaaignra of ailTer aiBCci i (hey altaad, 
beiidAt, the dorton when preacat in the rcfeal 
bouie. by brraginK them to epen icnitliiy, tkcR 
to deliver their lUfli-aEeii, either by word or writ- 
ing, Bocordiu; to the order af tha Ostute ^ Bad 
to roreiie fhim tbe rice-cbiiBacllor and tba IMI 
of l]w caput the grace*, which tbeydaliiartollu 
icrutalur* in tbe lower houu; when, ITgntnM^ 
tlieyeon*ey tbem to the proetora in Iho olbtt. 
PrUYinut tn a meeting, they prooKd Io •■<«} 
college, wilh an open auntuMBa, aillaar to tt* 
aeaale, nr whatever el*e place may be ii^pelaNd 
«ndec the regulaliouii of tbe uaiicnMy; wd, 
finally, they altend the profeaHin and rxMlld- 
enta in each faenlty from their wveral eoU*^ 
Id Ibe ichooli, collect pcnailici and «**a, and 
■ummon all membcn of tbe ■enala Ui the ibaft- 
oellor'* court. 

We haie now mentioned the diffimal •IBewi 
of an univeraily in England, with ma mudi hiv 
Tily t^ the natsre of the lubjeet will perall; M 
tbe same time we muat obieaTe, that none aaa be 
more impartant In a alate, or fan mere d f i n 
eiplanation. There ire two oourta of law la <hc 
univenily of Cambridgp: Ihe tint ol titoA H 
the coniistory will rt of the chance H«*,wlK#wlbal 
oiGcer,oriii hia ab*ca« the Ti(v-(4iauic4lar, ai- 
(isled by anmeofthr head* of colleget, aitdaa* 
or more docton ofthreiril law, praido, aad*d> 
mi n inter juttice demanded by any nMnbcr «f Ibt 
uuiversity, nr afford it to Utaie wbo euaMlH 
themHlvcs Injured by them ia tbe caa« cogiriM- 
ble by thii particular court ; ibvn alt plaa* aad 
adiona prraonal, originating within thajtiriadi*' 
liaoortbcuniicr*it), to wbicb a privltogedfW- 
Bon ia a party, and nut rBlatiog to msshtm W 
(eloDy, i* derided according tu tbe umbJ cdoM 
of dril law, by ciUlion, libel, it-c. Who* Ikf 
cauie relatea to the anla or purchue of vletwla. 
the chaocetlor i* directed by tha charten Ut 
m*lorn* of the body he gocrnia ; and ia (aM 
they are allent uiKin the sut^prt, iheitalatMal 
Knglnnd are hit guide- Tbe deei>ioB( «f iWt 
court are not abinliile, aa nn appeal may be aadi 
to the aenale, nhich appoioli three or ll<«di» 
tori, or maatcra of art, who are laupaimid Ii 
examine, eosBm, or revtrae Ihe dacHC'di^ 
plained of. 

The oihrr oouit Li the ronalttor* («tff if tti 
commiiHry. The cowoiiiaBry, a Aoelar aClM 
civil law, acta under the authority and a*ala(ll« 
Aancrllar, and alia aa well In the anlfnattir, m 
at Midnmnmer and mirbllch faira, than to taW 
knowledge, and to procred ia all cautra " wi^ 
•laaHaiitltrBmatianrmfisTluiilnpra" the ^ wlias 
or one of them, being privileged: aavlag lU 
within the unlTcnily all cauwa or aulU wlBf*> 
unto Ibe prurton, or lBior!i, or any of Itkaati tt 
■ maiter of nrti. nrany olhrr of iupvHiir dafrea, 
i* a parly, are merred anlely and wlM>l1y ta Ite 
JurtadielHiD of IherhnDrellnr or vire-chatMancr. 
Tbe Banarrof pmcerdingin tbl< court i* uarflai 
to thai of the preceding, whIeh bat a regiitrar, 
pro^ratnr*, and adrocatca, aad a yesma* W- 
dell, ■■ HI rii;ulrt4 In Ihe eanditory eoart. Ap- 
it, but Id II' 



nade in 



bvHni 



I ,U N I V E R 

' ft* Htilnntt; potwutri tlie ri^ht oTneBding eomplfWlj cepurBlcd in the puriuit of Isiinw. 

krv I— I to tbe imperial parUuiniiil at (hu Icd^, KiiJ it i^ ton murh to be feircri ll»l thia 

ttftfrfkfai^noi.iiboan^clHnnib; tlieciillcHiie cir.iiiuitlunre ii (lie n>l <MuiG of Ibo Kfferlrri 

farfr'f •'vx^Me. A niiiDfil, termed Ibr uoi- ccialempl oflhe dcgrroi BBd ■rademii? liDiinun 

nnitj cauarl), ■(>poiDl«l for tsHous ]mipoir«, f:riinli'd bj nemiatrlen oT lorniu^ In tfcotland 

h i M i ywj l by ■(rftcrof the tennte, uid ■ toll- snd In-Und. It iantifHlBr th*> the indttiduili 

ciHr ■■ aaninatcd tn Ihe Tice-L-bnoTi-llor. wbu fnundi-d the <!allcf>Fi< al CambriJee and ilx- 

7beay«4>iB. cbonen fram the nienibors at the ford ihould bate (wnrurml in Ihia parrflw and 

HUta« CondBM kU apfviil attnir^, audi an Traio- illiberal cwtdool alinoit itniTprulIy, u they varh 

llf -iawa|LM(Wla(iifier<ni. and iai>pcel)D| Die Ii- had ■ itroUK wme nf rclieinn, whirh, however, 

Mq^-iAe priatin^, building*, iir. t^r. Tlione dnet not appear to haie taught llirn Ihi^ betl 

if UwaatTcnity^rvneailnalpnKCCit lu biiaiiiewi prinriple of it, brolbcrif ii>*e. Atafewofthe 

^au (t>* Ttar-^baarpll'TK tad four otlirfa are rollegcii admit of ^neral rompetiliDD for rellon- 

fW W t in Ike pnlour.uf iLiu oBii*. All Ihv pni- ibipa, and Ihe iupmhen of the two uniTenilin 

bnoraoClb*>ti<ii«(aveallu>rudii4ip('DclB,wbic'h leen wniiblu of the iojuttice and impaliqr of 

mm darutvA rr««i rarioui wurn'i, c-r>inp<»rd of «ueh diilinetiuDu, we maj renlure to ho|>e (one 

tba ttnTitoilj' ohailv luniafrasaKomrDuicnl, -ta method will be deriied ere loiig to obviate orro- 

Im« «atalM'>ppT'¥"aledliir llMI purpoH-i llic Hove them. The folio win; regulation applin 

■k*lc-(MBDwoflholui*fr*il5l>eiD|cabnulale*M Is all ihe enllef^'S al Cambridge. " WhoaoeTer 

IfcxnnJ p«Mtd* pcrtitaaun, ifl«liidfiig fe*« fur hath one Engliih panat, allhou^h he bu bom in 

dat»*i, ptaHtiufthe prinliDg-ulKiv, fce. Oflhia another ewiiiLry, ihall be eateened aa ifborn ip 

a«»«(«lMlbMiiUKl p<M«Mb<.i>ui)end«l atinu- that counly tn wtiioh hia English pni«ni be- 

■iif to Affiwri^ ,pri4^««uni Id tiiH librar]' nnd long^ed. But if both parcnta arc Eoglish, he 

tdiaal^ the pae^n, in laxo^ and eharltabk dona- ihall bo raekoned of thai county to whirli hjf 

ll»*»t..tfce ttlwie- Hndrr thti muiagenical uf Ihe falhvr belonsed." 

»i »i ^ ri la o cnUnr fnr ilie linw being, nhoM af- Tb* colleges an; thui esn^lilutad; The hen d, 

0««aCt-arp auAilod by thne peraona appoiaiod by whiHioild tern theoiaMer ia dBiif^nBled,wlir> 

ICar^br <Ik acnale. ii guiemllyndDelur of divinity j but Caiun eol- 

Tka llanh of Statate* wai printed in Ihr j-car Irgu niay be gtiveraed by m dortnr of phyxir, and 

llttH, titfir* nf nhinh are poAkTUed by Ihe vire- Trinily niu^l have a dooluriif lam; thcprlncl- 

MHa(alli>rand.lhi-preetori<, atidanc ixdepotilcd pal of King'* i« Ktvledlproml, and ntQueeti'i 

lalhc(>uh11eBnt1inllHilibriiHe«a(c«Fhcnllege; pmidnil. The fellowsafe geaerally bprhelora 

ilaOBUBlaaf Uie ancifol ■latiitea, thoie nf Henry of divinity, haehekini nr mailer* of arid, and 

nU., l^dwurd \1., and Uiow of the flrtt and other* are bachelen and doctor* oflaw and phy- 

taaWU ymra of IhM rripi of queen Eliaabeth ; aie, particularly at the Iwo rollcgei of Trtnity- 

'LUtrnJirttraJjitarltnuaiii data/ i latirpitlaliona hall and Ciiua. There is a diiliu.tion between 

(MtteiBBj Stnflui t'ent'illa net graiur i/rcrcia thefelloH'i, who am divided into dauei, eallcd 

pt^ntammi Jartniunia rl Hiiiiiir.'' Mb Ita- regular and bye; Ihe latler ore eeaiiider«d ag 

■Klihaifa, '' IhaitalBlooClhBlwcinbafKUia. merely boDorary, never lucteediog to nltirfra 

bMkraarflAcSrualui Coanukla, ara Uiu» which preferment, nor having an* conntm whatever iS 

««<M«ly reaperledat lhi> tioia. Manynfthe the affain of it, but are allowed an incontrdera. 

rid ataniia. decnwa, interpretatiiuu, Mc. are ble anm annually by their Kspeclire eollegea,' 

hafeaAapnaaabinlele, uiDieaaridieuloua.and whieh aet at trvtieci rortbem. They andmnml' 

mttn mtmrnmnrj in the preaent eUabliibuHOl ; nated PeneWonley, Varhahire, Coventry, Plait, 

EbU Or. BcntUy obnrved of Trinity eo:- Dixie, and Tiverton- Clerrymenvrhtiarrtcrmnt 

fclnl— , during hi< diaagrtwtneni with the canduili are employed in Ihe teveral initituliona 

a aT.lbat weiaty, niigbl lie urged ooncem- ta ehaplaini, and peffunu aorae of tfau dutiva bu- 

ta( Ibaaa : ' Home are my i-lub, and olhen mj longing to thai office. 

im^fammti, wbiob I can draw upon oc<«*ion.' " Thvre are noblemen gradaatet, doelnrt in th« 

BalafM an lhrc«inaiimher: Midiaelman dlflVrenl facnltii'*, nnd hac-helnri nfdlvlnily(wha 

tmm anawaaee« nn the tenth ofOrtolier. and have been mailer* of art*), whole nauiea am on 

HHdaMeathaoUoeBtbday of Oeocmber j licnt the board ■, and are all memhera ortbeaonate; 

Imm Inlaa January thirloen, and ii eoodudad Ihey reaido In tbe uniTenity nceaiionally, but 

«Blfea Ftidny Imiaedlatcly preceding Palni Sun- have no further claim upnn ■ nllege than the 

day i Hidauuimer terai begina •me week afler general reaper! duo lo their rank in the honourt 

KuM-day, and end* on the Friday I'ullewing of Ihe former; their ebargei are ineonaidersble 

mwawaeaminil day.wliirh ia invariably the ftmt for keeping their name* on Ibe board*, bmng 

Tmulmf la July. Ijpoa Ihe deoeaw of a mem- aboHt four jMunil* per annum. 
bV*f iMacnate donng the lemi, and wilhin the Graduatra, neither membert of Ihe aenate, nor 

mBm, BBd tbe bell of the univeniily i* lolled denomlnaled fnur. and twenty men, or ten-year 

Iv ,Am baur, lam inatanlly ceaiea for tbtee men. Theie are- generally elergynea that pro* 

dqp^ aad lot that period Iceturea and diipula- rure tbe dignilietoftha onjvenity in addilia» to 

Uaaaoraav. Iheir wrallh and preferment at an eaay rata, 

Maal af Ihe alatulea made for the govemBtnt wilhnul tlie famialille* of an eduealion within 

af IIm aUtewi diffrratlt ivlle^* diMale Ibat Uio it* iuriidictian. Usfurd due* nol jiermit Ibia 

iMaiban «t fvllowa oS Ibem ahall be exeluiivdy luolhod of partaking of academie liliea, and in- 

BagUahioai. aud (ana Crea prMcriba Ibat they deed tho paiisiwr* of them enjoy hut little re- , 

mmt lK^in*af particular eounlica luiJ tli>- putaltou derived from meh at Cambrid|;e. Thry 

lrict»t iMnea an inridioua Jiitinctiun i* creattd are toleraled by the statute of Eliaabelh, whirlr 

■ the raaiAnUoflheuorlhern and WUlb- allow* peraoa* wbn are admjllcd at any en i lege, 

*— ■- 'ixdi wbieh, though united (or wlicn tw(nly-rour yesra of age, and upward*, a f- 

M patili<al uattcra, are aauat l«r Ion roar* (during tlw last two of which 1M|^I 



■u«l Tttiit ihe |rat«r part ,ar thnt ssreMl «j, tb* Prindpla alKady omliMfld, tfharinl 

lrr*l) to benuM bachelor* of dliinity, wilhaut trigaaatattrj, Ihs «(nl dtfleu't a»d inDorlaal 

taJiiag uiy prior degree. pin> of HuiioDk, alfcbra. anil fmiuctrj i III* la« 

BadMton of lair and pli|rilo'Mneltinci ^iit lerv.JITUif Gitltcnnoribtfi]ui1brc*r,r(M]ulrai 

eioaeWea to ibe uDnewnaarr txjmnie of kcp- all Ihe energiM of liin mind j bt U iiu« nw* 



iog tlwir nagies upon the boanla Till tittj obuiii deeply eDsaged in Ihe arduaua roqflict itf Iba 

Uw dUtiaalisn of doclori j bathcloM of Kria, oa icbgali itilL all bii iliali.^nd prtpartpg tunatU' 

tltc rantrarj. wbo ive in Halu-ft/niluni oad pay for the neDate-hniKe etamiDalian. 
for lutorafcc. nhelher n~>IdcDl or nun-rciidenl, Uatin; campleted Ihii <ourw of Dalnr«l ph^ 

K Derail J keep IbeiroiniciionlbelioarililaenMDe ToUphy, we ihall nCll lum our altvatioa la lb* 

eir deaire «r berooilng raDdldstca for fclloir- mode ailoplcd in the tMVbd bfwl of afsdraakal 

«liip<, nrniemlien aflheienalei Uiey mnyi bow. it'idin, or the roune sf moral philiiwpb} la Iba 

et«r,en*c their nametiRnd »tc Ihe expeowi of all am men t of Ibi* braoeb. Tbcflratymr it da- 

lutoraCc and college dtlrimtnta, and lake the de- mied to Lorhe and \afir, and the \wo MUmiat 

(ne sf A H. after the umal time, bj InacriUn^ lo Paley, HarllcT, Borlaniaeni, RulberfsM, 

Ibeir Dtme* a few diyt before Iheir incoplloEi Clark* oa Ihe Allribiilci, and otber BiMban 

nul^ayiOf a qilarter'i tutorage ; lonie of ttieae wliOM wriliD|[i ar* of a Mnijlnr tendeory, m4 

arc called baehelon rainiDoiicn, as they are at- thoie arc made the lubjei^i of varioui oriUn sf 

loved to dine with Die fellowi, and whea under lecture* in Ihe different colleges; leetum sa 

(raduMeii they were fellow comntooen. tlie thronology. pojraphy, lair<<, rcHginut rilei 

The fellow eoaiinuncri are atmoil uuiiertallj and ciidnni!! of Ihe nationi which are mrnlioocd 

the youncer loait of tilled penoni, or Ihe unit of lo Ibc Old and >'ew TnlaTaenti, in loram tif n * 

men of ancient familiei and pmperly ; tbedeoo- derived from Beauaobre, but purity froa albar 

mlDatiOD of Riose moil probably ori^nated tVom snuroei, ar« aim gircn lo proacitv an aiMiala 

the pririlege Ihey eajuj of dlnlng-with the fel- knowledee of ib« foundatian of uur fallb. 1'b> 

Iowa. Tbrm are aaote few eicluuve rigbti at* fortunately, although Ihew method* of prMoMinf 

laehH lo Hiprank of fellow rnininonen,b<il Ihcy the itudiei of Ibe pupil* wix* niiely ruattncd, 

chiffiy apply lo Ihe iwagei of theliall and chapel, and arc georralty occuled wilb gleal abillti 

bealdei whirh Iheir acndeaiic habiti ore orna- and BdinDltigei. there hata been iiMtaimti of D»> 

Bienled arilh fold or ailTcr. ftniioueva and gWI nnd very »licbl allendatiec. 
■rliolan pa; for Ibeir rooriK, rnminniM, lie. The third head includrii Ihe belle* Irlbw, W 

Tbow who eitjoy arhnlartbip* rdad Ihe gracca, elaailc*, and Ihia of nil Ibe Tirirlv uf panidt 

Intoai in the riloal, tec-. Of the iliari it ha.t wcm* the uioitt aupcckiful in nvh uf ihv fBtligtri, 

bwn obarrred, Ibey are generally ineP of inferioT aa every t^ rm liaii an appca|ii'iale ><■ Wlinn of tW 

fortune, though fmjuenlly by their merit they bcil for Ihe Wlurc-rDom, when ■tlnrl* bwm 

auccred to Ihu hlehett honoura in the nniteraity. (he nio^t a|>provcd author* of aoltiivily, Jiidl' 

They uaually hftT« their cominoni free, and re- ciously Minjmeoled on, and nxiiparnl wttli atal. 

coin (arioui eiDolumenta, by whieh loeaai Ibey Ur pauagei fruni modern writer*. ri>rmi • laMia 

ara mablcd ctvdilably to proceed thmueh their of enlertalnnuDl highly graleful a* well aa bm- 

lourae of educalkiB. Mont ofour rhurrh digni- ful. Beaidea the exertionn of Um latur la lM< 

Uifn have been nf IhU order. partirular, tlie atudent* deliver sllbcr wrilH^W 

Such i* Ihe general onllioe of an Engliah uni' gn.i vocf, cumposilion* in their niapetti*« il *' 

tertily, a conmliution the work of agvii, with weekly, whirh may be in Ibe L«tla or T 

DUHtcrcu* perfpclinna, and wilhtery few errori ; language". The author of lheUllt« but n 

our OOBfloeil limila will not pcruil Ut lo enlarge worii. tvefore mentioned, >ery propcHy ab. 

M wa eould wiih upon Ihe form* adopted in Ihe that emulation of an honourable kind i* <9.. 

Hduoui undertaking of taaehing Ihe tdences and by priae* aud reward* in mutt of the aoRa, 

■ latte for poll le llleralurf united, but lie may aitd Ihisemulalionianot oftbe dangennMBBW* 

aafely say they uem >urk aa are l)»l calculated loo oHea perreptible In inferior avuinaaiai^ M 

for the Dnal purpone aad (u eirlle emulation, Uie dnt man Id each year Irela Ma ialetwaftflf 

and we aisiupported in thi* aaaeillon hy the fact tlioie a few yean older Ihma U^teU, nilf 

Ihal no other univeriiliei bare exralled thnte of pre-eniinenn oter hi> own yesr In Ikia •«■ Mk 

tngland and Qrpal Britain, in Ihe aggrrgale, in lege, may receiTa a m«l liokat ekaek In. ttaak 

tbe produetionofaxcellealpbiloHiphcniandr^ lition nitb the r>«al hcadaof biaawa MaAl 

■pertable dliinei. Superficial kouwkdgeli held in Sfleen olhrr mllegc*. 

ia ao kind af ealiualina al eitbar of our great I'ho emperor Napoleon iianed a dacua i* 

•eminariea, the very euenca aad eaute*, a* well March, lUOH, by which a uew imperikl MlMml) 

a* cKict*, muil he eipUred la aatiafy the expert- wn* onnalittited for the whole uf hit Pmdi4i- 

•tiona oftb* rarinua profnaora. formed by long minioaa. Thi* turioua doruDirot nia) he tam 

npefioooo aad um-xhautted auddully j a ynuni; in Ulc AtbeaKum, vot. iU. p. 4W. 
wan muat Ibrroforu atudy f igorouily, and wilh- 

Dul rclaaaiioD. for iwo year* aad oae quarter, UNl'VOCAL. a, (rnnont, !.«.) I. Hj»* 

era he teat un-* to appear in a public eiereiic i no One moiniiiii <»'o/ri). 3. Ortiln ; nff 

before thouni.er.ity Tl.e Aral year u oeeupiert |„ ; poouina aJwavi one^ien,.-.- ■ 
by Irrture* from Euelid, with the ftratilx buoka UNl'VOCALLV aii I 1^ 

uf ahich he lau't be thoroughly a(wualnled,aail _,. J-„„ *u„ii,' *' i_ j_ . 

Uie prinoipte* of algebra, plana Irinaonulry. ™?,mi^V>?iY' 'l^'f"'' 
.od«nlc^ion» Dllfcr;„t™lWgafh.«thei; J!^^ S ^ V' ^''* S-" ' ^ :'-'■ 

paeotS.r *y.l«.., hut maohaBi<u. bydroMalie^ , iJNJU'J'l- "■ (>«J'"''f P'. "jaWU^^^^M 

upt<«, laaioaa, and apanofNtwIon'aPrind- Inic)uitoui i tonlcai)- lu.rtiipij; •"fS^^H 

pia, with Iha aoelhod of inrrcnenU, dlflemtint iMuct (King Clionri) - ■' l^^^M 

n Mlhod, aadabniU, Mi*ecll*a», are ihe parwila U^JXJ'ifBI Pi.VULF.- it. No( •» te^^^l 

^^^pfee aacond jear i to ib« third bclooti atlro - cd ; not lo be juinacd {4dAita)Ji - t^^^H 




V^TLV. ^<l. liii manner cmirai^f lo 

>l.(D*«S4iii). 

■b UNlffiiSNEL, ... a. i.Todriv, rr"tn 
hit hole (l>rytlrn), s.Tomuwrroio'hiiiccrccjr 
oncUrat (.ShfkiPitae)- 

UNKKPT. fl. 1. Noi kept ; noi tmioed. 
i;NKt'>fD. <. Noi favooitble i not bene- 

ITNKINDLy. a. I. Unnatural; contrary 
to luure ('S'Sfiurr]. S. Maiiitnanii unHivour- 
•ble CJtfi7<«.). 

[<UKI'^ULT. Bif< I. Wilhnut kindnn!, 
« ^(aoio't {Dtnkam). S.Cobtrarilyio nature 

UNKIOCDNESS. I. Malignli;; Ul-willj 

wmM of Jlkction (C/<irrnJ.>f>V 

n L"NK1NG. .. a. To deptiK of roy.l.y 

UVKLE. J. CSm UxcLt.) The brothef of 
•nt'i f.iihcr iir mnihc'r (.Ory</fs). 

L'NKXl'GHTty. n. Lnbfwming * 
Lnubi. 

SUNKNlT.r.a. 1. To onww«i to 
Mptraw i^laLfiraff). 8. To open (.Skak- 

r« UNKN(y\V. V. 0. To ccaw to know 

UNfcNOWABLE. e. Not to be known 

UNKNOaVING. a- 1. I«nnr«nt; not 
kMWIMR ( D^ray (/■ Pir/y). B. Not pnctiKd; 
MlfliiatiAcH {Popt). 

UNKNCWINGLY-mi. Ijmwnay; wiih- 
jhU knowlnln (/f^uoa). 

UXKNO^VN.a. I. N<.tknnwft (Rorcoii.. 
naaj. :.'. Gtcatct klmo i« iniagincil (Baro")- 
J. £(M luiiiig colubilalion iShakipearr). 4. 
Not h^viiiK coitkmunlcalion ( j^^ffiian). 

UN L.^'B(JUll£ a «. I . Not produced by 
bboHt iDrycJr'i}. £. Not cultivated liylsliour 
tfUofitteH). 3. SpoiiULneoiu ; voluntary. 

TVUNJ.A'CU. t.a. I.TolooKaiiyiliinj; 
Ciilraed wiih iiring). 3. Ti looM a wumau') 
-dns* lOonnr). 3. To divwt of omaiDcnii 



U N L ^TB 

UNU'WFULNESS. I. l. CoMnnelrift 

Uw {iloalier). 8. Il|cgmniacy. 

T-nUNLE'ARN.p.o. To forget, o, disu.e, 
what liB! hern learned. 

UNLE'AHNED. o. 1. Ipioram- -"■ i"- 
rotmed; not iniinicted. 2. Not g 
'n (MiUon), 3. Not 
(SAaJjpeorO. 

UNLE'ARNEDLy.ud. Ignonnlly; gros*- 
lytfirou-O- 

UNLEa'VENED. a. Not fernjemej; nof 
mixed with rcnncnlitia mailer lExodui). 

UNLE'ISUltEDNTSS.i. B.uineui waot 
Oflime; want of leitiire ; QOl in use {B-j/^-. 

UNLESS. eoh;unc/. Except; ifnul; *up- 
poiinpii.;'nolCA''tr/?). 

UNLE'SSONEli. «. X,.t uught (.Skak- 

UNLETTERED. 0. Unlearned* oinaturirt. 

UNLE'\'ELLED- o. Nm l.iJeven. 

UNUBI'DINOUS. a. NoLlutiful; pur« 
from carnaliiT (Mitlon). 

UNLI'CENSED. i. Hawng no reimlar 
peri«i»ion !Mill.u)- * ^ 

UNLl'CKED.u. Shapeleii; nolfortneJ^ 
ftom the opininii thai the bear licki her joiing 
to shape {S/iakiprart). 

UNLI GHTED. o. Not kindled j not wl 
on fire (.Pritr). 

UNLI'KE.a. l.DLMimilarj having note- 
•emUaiice (Pope). 8. Improbable; uiilikelyi 
not likely (_Baa»i): 

UNLl-KELinoOD. UirLi'KBLiNEss.f. 
(ffoni unlikely.) Improbabiliiv ISautk'j. 

UNLI'KELY.o. 1. Improbable; notsuch 
be reasonably expected (SidHe^). V. 



Nof promising any [iarticujar 



l.Tor. 



'« Tfom Iha 



)cl which c;iiTirs, 'J. To exonciaie ili;it 
jrfcich«wf»»Ci>i(i(fn)- 3. To pui out. Used 

U&^jIa'IU. a. I. Ngt placed i nut fixed 
iBotAer). V. Not (oeifiedi not itilloj (jV/i/. 

roJLAME'NTED. a. Noi deplored fC/a- 

ii 1JN"LATX:H. u. * To open by Jifiing 
•P (he X-t^ iD'vin)- 

l"^-'! fJUiirL. 0. Contrary to Jaw j not 

I.LY. ad. I. tu a roannet 

' ! situ, s. lUffi^uutfiyj not 
■ 'i.^.„iSi^!Sji. ^. ., ... , .t . 



I, uiiaiuailiiuJc ; n 
>f reaemblance {Dradtn). 
UNLI'MITABLE. u. Admitting n? 

UNLI'MITED. a. 1. Having no boundi, 
■ <i{TillolSBn). 8. Undefined; nolbound- 
et esceplioiii (/fm ' 
rmtnined (flower; 
UNLI'MITEDLV.nrf. Boiindleulyi with- 
uul bouniTi {Decay el' Pit/u). 

UNLINEAL. 8. Not «nung it, the onJet 
ofiucceinon (Skalipran). 

r^ UNU'NK. e. B. To uniwm ; to open 

UNLl-QUIFlED. a. UnmeM i unili>- 
•olied l^aJ-ton). 

To UKLtVAD. o. 0. I. To diiburden ; lo 
exonriate i to fret from I'lail {Crrrc'i). W. Tq 
|)ut ofT nny ibinfi burdenuinie {Skukipfatt). 

To UNLO'CK. f. a. J. To open what ia 
ahui wJlli a lock (.Shi'k'pcaTe)^ fi. To open in 
getietsl {Miihm). 

ENLOOK'ED. UsLoo'sBD/or. «. \}a. 
exp«citdi not furcMcii tSAni^rarr). 

To UNLOOSE, .'.a. Tolonie. A wpnl 
perhap baihatOutaiiduopvnuDaiical, the paif 
tide preliied implying loyjiion; tuithjUM an* 
fvuif, 11 properly lo Itnd (SJi^t^air). 

To UuLoo'sr. t. 1. To fall in ptecwj to 
\oii all litiion >tid conncation (fifUitT), 

I,'. ■-.-,'■-■, C IC ..'J '.-H>T-. /, ■■■ ■!!»-, 



ifNM UNM 

t)NL(yS ABLE. o. Not ID be loit {Ee^l^. tJN^f ATCHED. «. MatdilcH; fiat IdK 

UNLCyVELINESS. s. Untniableactt ; no match, or equal (Dryieii). 

Inability lo create love {Sidney). UNME^ANlNG.a. Expravii* no mcior 

UNLCyVELY.a. That cannot excite lore, ins ; having no meaning (Pflpe). 

UNLOVING. a. Unkind; noi fond (;M«ib* XJNME'ANT. a. Not intended (Diyrfn). 

iptare). UN MEASURABLE, a. BoaodleM| b«« 

UNLU'TKILY. ad. Unfortunatelj ; by ill bounded iShakspeare). 

luck (Addison). UNME'ASURED. e. 1. Immense j in- 

UNLUCKY, a.* I. Unfortunate; pmduc- finite iBlackmvre). S. Not measured; plend- 

ing uuliaupineis (Boyle). 8. Unhappy } oiiaer. fuf beyond meaatire (Milion). 

able } wbgect to frequent misfortunes (Spensfr). UNME'DITATED. a. Not Conned by 

3. Siiphtly mischievous ; mischievously wag- previous thought (Millon). 

gishCTViUffr). 4. IH-omeued; inauspicious (Dry- UNMEET, tf. Not fit j notpfoperinrt 

dfit). fvonhv iShakspeare). 

UNLU'STROUS. fl. Wanting splendour ; UNME'LLOWED. «. Not fnlly ripened 

wanting lustre {Shukspeare). (Shakspeare). 

To UNLUI'E. t;. a. To separate vessels UNiME^TIONED. a. Not told $ doI • 

closed with chyniical cement (Beyle), named (Clarendon). 

UNMA'DE. a. I. Not yet formed; not UNME'RCHANTABL£.a. UuadcaWe; 

created (Spenser). 2. Di-prived of formorqua- not vendible (Careio). 

lilies (ffhodiPard). 3. Omitted to be made UNME'RCIFUL. a. 1. Crodi imie; 

{Bfa(kmurr) inclement ( Ao/reri). 2. Unconaciopable; ea- . 

UNMA'JiVIFD. a. Not deprived of any orhiunt (Pope). 

e.- it .1 p ri (/W). : ; UNMK'RClFULLY.ei. WithontMcys 

l.'NM A'K.ABLt. a. N**)!' possible to be without leiificrness (i^cMtion). 

nv!i ^C' -). • . UNME'RCIFULNESS- f. .Indancw|; . 

To {j SM .VHE. V. a. Va il^'puve of former cruflty ; want of iendemen(7Vjf/0r;. j. . .*. 

quafiies' ■ eV.'rc |iiTSiei>ed • to tfepriye of form UNMETIITED. a. NoidetenreAj qoc^l 

or U'iiiu (lyru ten). . lained otherwise than by favonr (dfify/tfyr \ I 

7-0 ITNM-A^N. t'. fl.' I. To deprive of the UNME'RITEDNESS. i. Sutt oC li^ls 

consiimeiii qtialiries pf a human beiukt ^s tea- undesrnvd (Boyle). ■ ' ": /'" 

soil (South), tf. To emaaculaie. p. To break' UNMTNDED. a. Not bcede^ j fMH f«^ : 

into irri-Milutinn ; \n{\t*]wi j^JJri/den). ganled (Aft/Zoii). ••'■:-:. ■ . - - J 

UNMA'N\GKABLK.fl. I. Noi mana;»e. UNMrNDFUL.fl. Notheedlul ;.n«tii» : 

able; no I tasily governed (G/anviZ/f). S. Not gardiul ; negligent; inattentive GSIv{/l). r « 

easily w\i:[M^t\. To UNMPNGl^. v. a. Tb tegsi^tf^d^ 

UNM A'N AGED. n. I. Not broken by mixtd (Brtfow). 

liorsruianship (Taylor). 2. Not luloied ; not UNMI'NGU.D. a. Pure; nptyitiaifedlV 

ediir^ited (Fr//o»j>. aiw i^m-.p mingled (Pope). 

1:N.\JA'MJKL:. Usma'nly. «. l.Un- UNMKRY.a. Not fouled with dirt (Gej). 

beounin-i a human bcinj; (Collier). 2. Un- UNMITlGATED.fl. NotsoiieDefl (>VAa^ 

suiiul'U' lo .1 man ; etrnninalc (Addison). spearc), 

UNMA'.NNERIiD.c. Rudr; brutal; un- UNMIXED. Unmi'xt.o. Not ipinaM 

civil {Btn Jnnsnn). with any thing; pure; not corrupted byaodi* 

UNMA'NNERLINRSS. *. Brcachof civi- tion:. (Baron. Pope). 

litv i ill hchaxii.ur (Lockr). UNMCXANED. a. Not lamented (SW- 

IJNMA'NNERLY. a. Ill bred ; not civil ; speare). 

not compUisani (SwiJI). UNMCIST. a. Not wet (Philips). 

Unma'nnerly. ad. Uncivilly (Shak- UNMOi'STENED. a. Not made •« 

speure). (Boyle). 

UNMANU'RED.a. Not cultivated (.S))en. UNMOLE'STED. e. Free from dbtwb- 

ser.) ancc ; free from external trouble (Rogirt). 

UNMAHKED. a. Not observed ; not re- To UNMOOR, v. a. To loose from laad 

garded (Pope). by takmfc up ihe anchors (Pope). 

UNMAaiRlKD.a. Having no huf band, INMCKRALlZliJ). a. Untutored by mo- 
or no wife (Bacon, jyruden). ralilv (Son is). 

To UNMA'SK. V. a. 1. Tosiripof a mask. UNMCRTIFIED. a. Not subdiifd bf 

S. To strip of any disguise (Roscommon). sorrr»w and se\eritit*s (Rogers). 

To Unma'sk. r. fi. To put off the mask UNMCVEARLE. a. Such as oennet be 

iSk§k^pearc). removed or altered (Locke). 

UNMA'SKED. a. Naked; open to the UNMO'VED.a. I. Not put out of one plsel 

view (Diyaeny into another (Mau. Locke). 2. Not changed 

UNMA'STKftABLE. a. Unconquerable; in resolution (.1/i //on). 3. Not aflletfcd; od 

not 10 be sulxlned (Brpwu). . . touched with any passion (Pope), 4. Unalieied 

UNMA'STERKl). fl'. f. Not sobdaed. 2. by i»a*sion (Dry^/^). .i .. < 

NcHconq,e*ibie(Ofyrfen). *' UNMCyVlNG. «. 1. Having no notion 

UN M ATI HA ULE. a. Unparalleled; U0- (Cheynr). €. Having no poweri^ IMellM 

cijualkd (ilocijfccf]^. - pasiiont ; unaflfccting. 



.Villon) i"^'-<^l '-f ■■-^.'^-■■-•'' ■- 

io.Mrt>.).''' ■ ■■'■■'■■■" ^' .\-\ ■ ' -j^' 

■»iheficc{Am«) ■ ■, ;■'' 
"SICaL. n. NfciTi3tm*n!fluii'o'pl 
• tnutih(B<nJomo-). ' ' 

.JII'ZZLE. ffo: to iM^^e ffutn.i 
ialiprart). ■ ; ' 

MED:' a- "NW (nentioned (WiV- A 

TUBAL. 0. i. Contrary lo (he 
imrci copiriff 10 'il|c commoa io- 
Eitrungry S. Aciitig wiihoui ihe 
luplmioil by nature (.DimiaM). 3. 
M aiciPrsble lo the real italc of [xr- 

TUBALLV. ai. la oppositfon lo 

(fofw w). 

TVRALNCSS. (, Contrariety to 

VIGABLE. 0. Not to be paucd 
' imltD lie navigated (O-ui/fu). 
fESSAHlLY.orf. Without iiece*- 
Urt nerd i neidlesily tBroume). 
;ciiSSARlNliSS. .- NecdleMnen 

C^ARY -0. Needle«i noiwanl- 

i(ff(wlrf). 

IGHBOURLY.a. Not kind j noi 

ditdAtiFi Ofa netiihbuur (GorfA). 



flVED. a Weak ; feeble {Shak- 

TH'. Uske'tbes. ed. [This ii 
(■d'MR, Saxon, taiy ; and ooalit 
to be Hriiien untalh.) ScatccTy ; 
It wlihniildiSiculiy: obioletc (iSpni> 



; ignominiiH 



-BLto Ml 

TliU a. I, Not ob^enedi not te- 
aiUpfat^. S.Sii\iumoiired(Poitf). 
•MBERLU.a. Unnmeiable (ffa- 

SKCTED. a. Nol diar^ u a 
iDti^rv to nrgiiitient {AtitriuTy). 
yCXlOUs: o. Not liablei not 
any hurt iDiinne). 
JP.'QUIUUSNESS. .. Iccompi;- 
ibedifntY {Brawn). 
JE'RVABLK. o. Nottobcobvfv- 
tcttvriahlr {BtiyU). 
SeitVANT.a. ] . Not obscquiom. 
■n.i..- IGlanmHc). 

MErttVEU. a. Not fcparJwtj not 
f ; WW Hrrdol (^f/frtlirv). 
SrftVING. 0. liutieniive; not 
t>idiny. 

sTHU'CTED. a. Not hindeccdj 
HBlKtmtrf). 
graU^griVB. ± Netnuingui; 



ITKUrFE'NDrNt.. a. 1. HirmtcM: in* 
noci:M.( Dm^cn). ^-..!)iiilus;. pure fToai Wli 
'CflocI^O'. ■ 

uKOTPEPKn. ov Not pK'pMe'l w ip- 
"ceiiiance {CUriadon). 

To UNO'II- ii, a. To free from oH (D^y- . 

UN'ONA. in botany,'* genus of tbe,cli» 
polyaiidria, or-iel^ (lolygynia. Calyx three-leav- 
ed ; peia!* SIX i berriei two fr Uiree-«ecded^. 
beaded like a necklace. Four specie), nilivet 
of the Emi or Weil Indies. , 

UNOPENING. a. Not opening (.Pepi). 

UNOTEKATIVE.a. Pio<iucingnoeflfC<» 
ISoulh). 

UNOPPO'SED. o. Nol encountered I7 
any hotidiiy or obstruction iDruden). 

UNCRDERLY. a. Dlwrdeted ; irregidar 
iSundrrtoa). 

UNCRUINARY. a. Uncommon; un- 
usual: niAiticd ILoctr). 

UNt/RGANlZED. a. Having no part. 
insiriiincnlal to the motion or nouiishaieiit of 
the rest (Grein). 

UNORIGINAL. Uuom'tttwATED. a. 

Not holding pure 
doctrine (Decay of Piely). 

UN0'WEi5. .. H-«ing no owner CS*-»*- 

UNOfWNED. a. 1. Having no owner. 
S. Nol acknowledged ; nol claimed {Mil/on) 

7"o UNPAfCK.P. a. 1 . To di.burden ; 10 
exonerate (SAakiprart). 2. To open anything 
bound KK."i><r (Bay Ir). 

UNPA'CKED. o. Nol collected by onlaw. 
fill arlilices {Hudil-rai). 

UNPA'ID-o. uNoidiwhargcd (Milton], 
8. Nol hflvityt duet or debit (Pope). 3. Um- 
PAio/or. "Diat for which the price ii not yet 
given (Sliaiipeatt). 

UNPA'INED. a. Suffering no pain (JUl7- 
Ian). 



L'NPA'LATABLE.a. Nauseous i disgutt. 
ihr (Dredm). 

llNPAHAGONED. a. Uoequalledi un- 
matched (Shokipeore). 

UNPA'RALLELED. a. Not matched ; 
not lo be matched ; haring no equal (dd- 

UNPA'RDONAHLE, a. (irMpardanaliU, 

FrJ Irren^i.-»iblc (iln-ktr). 

UNPA'RDONABLV. ad. Beyond foiw ' 

givenew (,4/(er/-ury]. ' ;,' 

UNPA'RDONED. «. I. Not forp^wV 
(RogtTiy ■/. Nol diichargidi nol cancdifd 
by a IckbI pardon (Ratrigh). . 1 - • 

UNPA'RUONING. a. Not Tatfitiam 
iDri/din). : , ; 

UNPATILIAMENTARINE-SS. ,. CodW 
(rarieiy lo the u*age or consiituiioD of parlia» -^ 

cnl (aorf»d«D). U 

UNPARLIAMENTARY. 



beat 



U N P U N P 

UNPA'RTED. a. Uodiridcd ; not tepa- UNPinTYING. a. HAring no 

Mlcd (Prior), (.GranviiU), 

UNPA'KTIAL. a. Equal; hoocst (5a». UNPLA'QEIXa. Hariiig no p1«x 

ierson), pendance (Pope), 

UNPAOITIALLY. ad. Equally ; indiffo UNPLA'GUED. a. Not lomentcd 

cntly (Hooker), spear e). 

UNPA'SSABLE. a. 1. Admitiing no pass- UNPLA'^^^ED. a. Not planted { i 

age iffaiis), 2. Not cvrent; not Miffered |o neous {Waller). 

pass (Z^ocAO. UNPLA'USIBLE. a. Not pbnaibi 

UNPA'SSION ATE. Uxpa'ssi ovate d. such as has a fair anpearanct {CUrtndm 

a. Free from passiou i calm ; impartial ( ffb/- UNPLA'USlVt. o. Not approving 

ton. GUinville). spear e), 

UNPASSlONATELY.iiJ- Without pas- UN PLEA'S A NT. a. Not delightinj; 

flion {King Ckarfes). blesoine; uneasy {IVoodicard). 

UNPArTHEI). a. Untracked; un marked UNPLEA'SANTLY. oi. Notdcligt 

Vy passage CShakspeare). uneasily (Pope). 

UNPA'VVNED. a. Not given to pledge. UNPLK'ASANTNESS. i. Wanic 

To UNPA'Y. V. a. To undo (Skakspearr). lities to give deli^hl (Hooker). 

UNPEA'CEABLE. a. Quarrelsome; in- UNPLEA'SED. a. Not pleased ; i 

clined to disturb the tranquillity of others (7//- lighted (Shaksteare), 

iotsan). UNPLEA'SlNG.a. OffenaWcidisgi 

To UNPE'G. r. a. To 0|)cn any thing giving no deliRht (Milion)» 

closed with a iieg (Shakspeare). . UNPLPANT. a. Not easily 

UNPE'NSlONED. o. Noi kept in depend- cnnforminz to the will (fF^ilon). 

ance by a pcnuion (Pope). To UNPLU'ME. v. a. To strip of pi 

To UNPK'OPLE. V. a. To de|jopuIate; to desrade ((^Mnvt/ZO. 

to deprive of inhabitants (Addison). UNPOETICAL. UvpobTticc. N 

UNPERCE'I VED. a. Not obsenetl ; not as becomes a poet (Bishop Corhtl). 

heed«*d ; not sensiblydi&covercd ; not known. UNPO'LISHED. a. I. Not smooilM 

UNPERCeiVEDLY.aci. So as not to be brightened by attrition (5n7/iii|^€cO. 

perceived (Boyle) civUized ; not refined (Dryden). 

UNPEOIFECT. a. (imparfaii, Fr. imper- UNPOLITE. a. (impeli, Fr. taj 

feetuit Lat.) Incomplete (Peaekam), Latin.) Not elegant ; not refined ; n 

UNPEHFECTNESS. 1. Imperfection j in- (Watts). 

completeness (Asekam). UNPOLLUTED, a. (impolluius, i 

UNPERFORMED, a. Undone; notdone Not corrupted ; not defiled (Hi/Zon). 

(Taylor). UNPOPULAR, a. Not fitted to pie 

UNPE'RISHABLE. a. Lasting to perpe- pconle (Addison). 

tuity ; exempt from decay (Hammond). UNPO'RTABLE. a. Not to be car 

UNPERPLE'XED. a Disenungied j not UXPOSSE'SSED. a. Not liad ; noi 

embarrassed (Locke). not cnjove<l (Prior). 

UNPERSIUliABLE. a. Not to be emit- UNPOSSF/SSING. a. Having no 

ted through the pores of the skin {^Arhuthnot). sion (Shakspeare). 

UNPmSUA'DABLE. o. Inexorablci not UNPRA(T1CABLE. a. Not feasi 

to he persuaded {Sidnei/). UNPR A'CTISED. a. I. Not skilful 

UNPE'IHIFIED. a. Not turned to stone and experience (Milton). 2. Not knowi 

(Brown). fainlli«ir bv use (Prior). 

UNPHILOSCPHICAL. a. Unsuitable UNPR'HCA'UIOUS. c. Not depend 

to the rules of philosophy, or right reason another (BiacLmore). 

(^Ccliier), UXPRE'CE1?1'.NTFD. a. Noiju* 

UNPHILOSO'PHICALLY. ad. In a by any example (Nit- j/7). 

manner contrary to the rules of risht reason. To UNPREOrCT. r. a. To retrai 

UNPIULOSOTlIICALNluSS. *. Incon- diction (3/i//«n). 

grtiitvwith philof^ouhy (Norris). UNPREFI^'ERED. «. Notadvanoa 

UNPIE'KCED. a. Not penetrated; not Hrr). 

piercH (Gcu). IJNPRE'GNANT. a. Not prolific 

I'NPi'LLARED. a. Deprived of pillars quicV o( w'n (Shah pear e). 

(Pufr). LNPREJU'DlCATRrt. Xotprepo 

UNPl'LLOWED. a. Wanting a pillow, by any settled noiicms (Taylor). 

To UNPIN. 1?. o. To open what u shut, UNPREUUDICED. a. Free from 

or fastened with a pin (Herbert), dice; void of preconceived notions (Tiii 

UNPl'NKED.a. Not marked wUfaTeyelet UNPKELATUAL. a. LiituiuU 

lioles (Shakspeare). prelate (Clarchdon). 

U N PlTl ED. a. Not eomps&ionated ; not UN PR F/M I D ITATF.D. a. . Noi pi 

regarded with sympathettcal sorrow (Roscom* in the niiud befonhand {Milton). « 

mon).^ UNPREPA'KFD.fl. i. Not fitted I 

iUNPI'I IFULLY.oJ. UumtrcifuUy; with« vious measures (..Mtltnn). '2. Not nw-idc 

nut lucrcy (Shakspeare). the dreadful iiiciucut ofdvparture ;^Shu^^ 



ning any 



BWKEB^E9S.V. ' ^iate of trtng 

i iKtng Ckarlf,). 

EPO^ESSED. o. Noi prepo»«.i- 
tixcupied by imlicn* iHoutli'i. 
E^ED.fl i.tiotpteatHTiekcl). 
r tccd ICiartnilaa), 
ETE'NDlNy.o. Nofcbi 

EVA'luNG. a. Being of no farce 

EVE'NTED. a. I. Nol prevhmly 
[Shukiprartj. s. Not urecetlci! by 

I'NCELV.n. UMuIiablctoapiinw. 
I'NCIPLED.u. Notwliledinteneu 

VS\&\M. a. Nut valued; not or 

ISONED. o. Set free from cdh- 

V/.Z'O.a. Not valued (SAaijpcnrO. 
CXU-A'iMKD. a. Not uuLiliMl liy 
lecUraiioa {MUton). 
OFA-NED. a. Nol violated {flrj. 



B. Unfit ; not tight. 

O'PEHLV. ad. Conirtrily to pjo- 

faroutablei \a* 



O'^ITABLE. a. UkIcsi: lenini; 

e tmokf.). 

CyTPlTABLENESS. .. Utelcsinns 

b'FITABLY.flrf. Uielmly; wltli- 

OTlTED.a. Havingno2=in(SAai- 

QLI'FIC. a. Barren .; nol proJuc- 

031IS1NG, a. ■ Giving no ptDtniie 
16c J tuviog no appearance of value 

OTER. a. 1. Not peculiar (SAa*- 

B. Unfit ; not right. 

O'PEHLV. od. " 

rpraiirrlv {Shaktp< 

OPITIOUS.B. ] 

1 {Popt). 

OPO'RTIONED. o. Noi nuied to 

beltc IXhakiprare'^. 
, >PO':»E[>. a. Not propoied {Dry- 

OflPPED. a. HcA lupported; not 

CySpEROUS. a. (.iiwpratpir, LaiinO 
tie; not vnntKiaui (CitUf nJoHl, 
OSPEKOUSLY. ad. Unsuccen- 

OTErCTED.a. Not proitctej; not 
1 not defended (Utlifr). 
(/W.D.a. l.Notuied; nol known 
^ftutr). £. Not eiinctd by argument 

PftOVI'DE. t^ «, 'T. rtivw of r<r- 
r ntialific.itiutit iSeuthtru). 
OVi'DED. •. I. Nut »cartd ot 
bjr nrtviuuk raeuum {S/uii'p^arr). 
'iii(K«l IA>r«0- 
UyO'KEb.a. Not provoknl (Srjf. 



U N It 

UNPU'NISHED. a. (.impunl,. Ft.) W 
punithed ; suffered to comintie in impunilf 

UNPUllCHASED. a. Unbought iDm- 
ham). 

UNPU'RIFIED. a. 1. Not ri««d froa) m- 
cremcni. ;;. Not cleantcd from sin iDeeajf of 

U?;PUTREFIED. a. Not cormpud bj 
roltcnneM (.'fW'ufAnof}. 

n UNQUALIFY, t. a. To distjualify ; 
to divert of qiinliticBtion iAtlfThwTf). 

UNQUA'RRELABLE-o. Such a. eannot 
be iinpiigne'l (.Brown). 

To UiXgUE'EN. I., a. To div*«t' of the 
dignity of qu«n ^Shuk^earf). 

TJNQUfc'NtHABLE. a. Unestinguiih- 
ablclMWcn). 

UNQUE'NCHABLENESS. ». Uoealin- 
EuisliflHrnM* (Hakeicill). 

l.'NQUEN( HED.o. 1. Not «tingni-.h«I 
(Barnv). 9. Not rx ling) livable {ATi-uHmft). 

UNQLT.'STIONABLaii- Klndubiiabki 
not lo be iloubreil ilt'vllon). S. Such as con- 
nol liear to be (juMtiotied without impaticQeo 

UNQL'E«TIONABLy.BA Induhitably; 

without driubt (Spriil). 

UNQUE-STIONED, a. I. Nol doubted ; 
paMcd ivithont doubt (ifreicn). 8. Indiiputr- 
able; not tobeopiKWfd (fi«n./anian]. 3. NOt 
interrncnted ; not examinc^l (J}riri&H). 

UNOUl'CK. t. Mutionlcts: not alive 
(Da^i^). 

UNQUI'CKENED.a. Not aolmaled ; not 
ripened tovilalily (Blackmorr). 

UNQUl'ET.o. (iByairf, Fr.in^w/w. Ul.) 
1. Moved with perpetual ugilalion ; noi cnlm 
not Kill {MitloH). S. DtMurbed; full of per. 
tuibation; not at peace (XAaitijreiire), 3. Knir 
Icj.; .insalislicd (Popr). 

UNQUrETLY.aJ, Withow ral tSAa*. 
i;.Mre) . 

UNQUrETNUSS.*. l.\Vaot of Itaoqnil. 
lily {Denkam). 'J. Want of peace iSpelttei^. 

3. RJcitlcs9ne»i turbulence (ijryrffii). 4. Pcr- 
totbsticinj iinea?ineii (Toy'o'')- 

UNRA'CKED. o. Not poured ffoin the 
lets inncon). 

UNRAliED. a. Not Ihnwvn together and 
covered. Uiril only <i( firo (Shahpt^iTr). 

UNRA'NSACKHD.o. Not nillnged. 

UNRA'NSOMED.fl. Not »et free by pay- 
mcnl for liU-rty (Pope). 

To UNRAVFL. u. II. I. TodiwnianpU; 
tnexlricatci lo tlear{rf/tii(A«el). S.T<(dn»r. 
der ; lo throw out of the pmeni onfet (Dn/- 
dett). 3. To clear up the intrigue of a play 
(/•op*)- 

UNRA'ZORm). n. Un-haveo (MUten). 

UNREA'CHED. a. Not aiiaiaed (JDrucf.V 

U^'RE•AD. fl. 1. Not rend ; nnt puWic1» 
p?anoUi>ced(DnnQ(). 3. Untaaghri noiteiira'- 
ed in book) (£lrV''<''>). I i ■ 

unreadiness: «• l. Waniof^Mdi- 
ncsi; want of promptness C^Mto). 3. Want 
of prepiration (Toy/or). 

tJ>jREADV.«. .1. N-MimrnedtiMlk 



P^^^ t N R 

fSfialtsfterty. ' t. Not prompl i not qnicV 
X,Brou!n). a. Awhwattt; lirtgaio (B«e«n). 

UNRE'-AL.d. IJasiibjiaiitiftlj hiviiigonly 
ipptaitnce (Shaifptart). 

UN REASON ABLJE. «., i. Not agrcenblt 
W rnuon (Hoeirr). 3. Uxoibiunt; claiming 
or iniiitlng on loorc llian h fit iDrgtim). 3- 
Grealcr ih«n is fit ; mmoierauHAlltTiury). 

UNREASONABLENESS.,, i. Incon- 
■iitency WLth leaMin (Hammond), S. Esorbi- 

CNRE'ASONABLY. a<i. l.Inamann" 
cADtrtry to icasun. 9. More thaD eouugh 

^"TklJ^^AyR*. «^ ^!iat«ril-(%»- 
tci/0- 

UNRE&UKEABLli. e. Oljnoxious lo no 
censoTC {rimclhu). 

UNRECE'lVJiD.n. Not rereiveJ (K,o*.). 

UNRECI,AI'MED.a. i . Noi ixn.cd (SAai- 
tpeare). S. Not reloriiinl (Rogert). 

UNRECONCri-EABLE. a. i.Noiiobe 
mpaMcl; imuUcnble {Stiakipeatc). S. Nol 
>M IbTmadc con.ltteni w,<l> {llam«tm-l). 

UNRE'CdNCiLED. a. Not reconciled 

UNRECO'RDED.a, Nol kepi in wnwm- 
Intnee bv public rn'mumenli {Pope). 

UNRECCUNTEU. a. Not lolJ ; not re- 
hred {ShaUprare). 

UNRECHU'lTABLE.a. lowpabltofrt. 
painita ihe Jefitienciti of an army {MUlon). 

UNRliCU'RING, 0. l.rtmediabU (SAai- 

.UNREFO'RMABLE. o. Not to be jmi 
'una a new Torm {Hammond). 

UNREFO'RMKD. a. l. Not amended; 

ori*ctt(l {Daviei). S. NotbrouEhl to new- 



UNBEPA'JD. ff. Not » 



coRipOMtcd i,DrydeA. 

UNHm^'AlXlL «.. Nm moMi 
■bnmtfd i.Biactmart'i. 

UNm?ET4T^NT. UMxsrM'vTia 
Not repentiog ; not penitent j dm 4aK 
fiir tin {MUIa». Saieomman), 

UNREPErKTKD. «.• Not 



Not pfcvatily 



UNREPHIETVABLE-ia. Ndi Wl 
fpitot from prnal death iSkalMtm^; •» 

UNREPRtrACHED. ■: JfM4qMi 
noteeniurcd iHGng CkarUt). ■ ..\M, 

UNRHPRO'rABL&. «. .KmiW 
blatnc(C^Mi4ai).,, ./j.J 

UNREPRC/VHD. «, t. Not M 
(5M(h«). 9.,Not)iabkiotqMair(JRI 

UKlH^U'GNANT. a. .-JUm «|| 

UN^h>tJTABLE. n. . 1 1((* CHI 
{fl«m). ■'.■(■■■■« 

UNREQUITABLE.*. I)*.* te 
luted. :■'• -I, 

UNRESE<NT£D. «, No* r 



IKH of life lHamtMnd'i. 
"" "EFWSHED. 0. 



tW REFtUfS&ED. 0. NotchwKd; 
itliend (AtKftufO- 

ONfUeGA^DED. a. Not hmdcd ; «ot n- 
nMetMl-V'neActed (&ciliiir). 
^NREGE'NERATE. «. Not branght to 
aiiMf-ia«(Si«p&nui. 

UNRE'GlS^EDKi. NottccoriedWoi. 

..B'iNED: 0. Not icumimd fa* the 
h fMUtm). 



LVED.«. I.NoiJii^iril 

priTilecaDveniu)ce(Aeg(n}. r.Opeat-l 
cnncealinK nothing. 

UNR^E'RVEDLY- of- I. Witbo 

miuiioii (Boyle). *. Wiihoot COBOU^ 

^NRESE'RVEDNE^. ,. I.Unbr 
nesa; largeoeii (Aiy/r). S.Oprnaoai I 
»{P, 



UNI 



I'STED-s. I.Not:opMMa'(J 
, S. Roittlew i ihu canfM be «p| 
NRESI-STING. a. Not o 




ING.o. Hudicrad; fixl. 

IB.'VABVE.a. Admitting no mic> 

1. Not weoouicd 

CABLE.r'l. MotMMbk 
i^th)- ;>■ Not trcruq of 



UNB£M%BRANCE. « ' itna^f^lMii 

ItifFattt). 



NoTtoboM 
iiuoluble (SoKfi). 

UNRESCTLVED. a. i. Notdcin^ 
faiviog made no MwlutJon ^jShabptmH 
Not aolTtd i not cleared (Z^cif). 

UNRESO'LVING. a. Not«rfol«{ni 
determiiitd (Dnidfn), 

UNR£SP£'CTIV£.a. InanmiTcil 
litilo notice (S/UitMsr*). 

UNREOT.*. D^uiet; wantoTtM 
lit*; unquietoeu : not in uw IfFoU^A 

1/NfUSTO'RED.B. ]..NotniiM 
Not cleared from in attainiler (CWtkA^ 

UNBESTRA'INED. A I.MmomI 
iu»t hindeitd IDryden). S. Lkentinuail 



UN^VE'AtEO. m. 1Im.mM| « 



r u N s 

WEDGED.*, Not revenged (Fotf- 
I'VERHNP. a. Inrvcmi; di<re> 
.'VtUUSiLY. ad. Diirevectfully 
IVfasED. a. Not revoknlj noi 

Siakipmrr). 

:VO-KKU .1. NoiiecalkiK-UiVfoti). 
IWA-KOEI), fl. Noi revratUrd ; noi 
tiilL'tillianee). 

Rl'DULH.t>. s. Tn mKc an enig- 
IpUh) a [iroblem (SuMin^). 
JRl'U. V. a. To stnpof the tackle 

'GHT. o, Wmnc C'Fijrfoni). 
'GHTEOUS. o. Unjun; wicked; 
Ml (/joioA). 

BIlI-EOUSLY.flii. Unjustly; wick- 
Tult* (Oiffiw). 

'GHTIiOUSNESS.*. Wicked n ess ; 
.Hall). 

■GHTFUL. a. Not righlful; not 
tMprare). 

IHl'NG. t>. a. Ta deprive of a rinn. 
Bl'P, e. a. (»nioipropetwonl ) To 
11 open Clavlor). 

'!>£. s. I. In>iij3tDiei not full; 
{H^aller). C. Not si^^ionablc ; not 
•(,Drvden). 3. Tooearly (SiAiry). 
'l'KIflii> a. N"t matured {,*ddi..)- 
"PENE^i).!. liiiaijiuhi; J want of 

'VALLED. «. I. Having nncoai- 
Up*}. S. Having no pet-r or er|<ia1. 
BWU-v-a. To open wlul i» tolled 
nr>d iDruiIrn). 
IMA'NTIC. a. Cooir»ry 



1!>"SA'NCT!FIED. a. UrJwtyj not eon- 

!criit«d; i\ot piuui {Skaktpearr). 

UNSA'IIABLE. a. ^inialiabilh. LalJo.) 
lot to be satistied j gteedy without boiuuU 



UNSATISFA'CTORINESS.., Failui 

giving ^atiifactlon (Boylt). 



>of 



UNSATISFa'cToRY. a. I. Nolfpving 
latitraciifin. 1!. Not clearing the difficulijr 
(miitigjlctl). 

UNSATISFIED, o. 1. Noi cotitentwj; 
not plt^ated (,Bacnn). 9. Not letllal in opinion 
{Boyle). 3. Not ailed 1 Dot gratified ig ihi 
full {Shakspearr). 

UNSATISFIEDNESS. .. (from uiualii. 
fed.) The Slate .if btiiig not satisfied (Baylt 

UNSATISFYING, u. Unable - 
to the full ijlddimrt). 

UNSA'VOUIUNESS.*,ffroniuM«w.«>*-) 
l.Ba<Ita.<tc. S. Bad Jtnell (dr0u>N}. 

UN'SA'VOURY.n. i.Tu*teleBi(Joij. 8." 
H.-itinjc a bad UMe (Ulillim), 3. Hiiving ati 
illiiTicHi fetid (Bruun). 4. Unpleising) 4u* 

UNSA'V, ti.d. ToMract; lOTfc^ntj, 






a^. 



'ROOT. V. a. Tn alrip off the roof 
lt«f liDn«e4 [S/>aiipcart). 
Kf&TED. a. UtWto ftoin the roost 
«). 

IROOT. v. a. To tear from the 
rxtirnitcj lo tradicBle (Ofj/rf'i)- 
fOGH. tf.' Smooth (Shokiprarr). 
("UNDED. a. Not shapeil i not cut 

TYaL. a. Unprincelyi not royal 

itiTi.-i r •■ n. ToeeMefromcom- 

nr;llm). 

dim ; tranquil ; tiot 

\iit directed by any tu- 

ia.lI«t^8S. (. (Dnm vnru/yO Tar- 
nn){iltiiair<iie«>; l>cet]iioi»iie*t($nii.). 
KLY. «:' Ty'xil'tili ungoreinahle i 

'HH^.' Not secure; hRzanloua; dan- 

'FELV. ad. Kot Kcutelji dsnger- 

wrtt. Hm uttered i not meniioneil 

'hLTED. «. Not pickled or icMoaed 



^Umtkr^). 



gUtll 

r. 

to (Itny what has been said {Millen, 

UNSCA'LY.a. Having no icijlw 

UN^C.VRRED. fl. -' 
wounds {Sliakipeart). 

UNSCHOLA'S TIC. a. Not bred to litMW 
ture(£flar). TT"" 

UNSCHOO'LED. o. UneducM«dj, a^ 
leoraol (//ooiln-). 

UNSCORCHED. a. Not touchy IHn 
(S*o*»peaffl. - ^. 

UNSCREENED, a. Not cm-ered; i^ 
protected (BoyM- , ,, 

UN8CRI'PTURAI,a. Not iJeftn^^ Bj 
scripture C'^/'n'tury)- i. 'i- 

To X;NSE'AL. f.a. To open anitMig 
sealed (Dryrfrn). ' * .7 *; 

UNSE'ALED. a. I. WaniJiMfttcal (.SM- 
iprare). 8. Having the teal br<d(«|. ~ , 

To UNSE'AM. V. a. To rip ; to cut^M^ '' 

UNSEAiRCHABLE. a. lniefutjile,i,i|j« 
to be explored (Millon). , ^ ^ , ' 

UNSEA'HCHABLENF„SS. ,. Imjavfli: 
bililv to be explorni (Branball). 

UNSEA-SfJNABLE. ). Not suitaUe to 
limeor occasiou; nnfiti untimely j' it'-iufw 
iClarcndony S. Not airecable to th<lim<^AF 
the year iShaktpeoTf). 3. Late: M, |iiM4HM* 
aWclimeofni^ht. 

UNSE'ASONABLENESS, 1. . D\t»ytf 
ment nirh time or place {llalc). 

UNSEASONABLY, ad. Not seaaonabljj 
not ■arceahlv to lime or occasion iBooter). 

UNSE'aSONED. fl. i.Unjeawqablcjiln- 
timelfi ill-timed: out of iwe(5*a*»p»4rf). 8., 
Unformed 1 not qualified by uu XShalitpkare^. 
3. IticBiilar 1 inotdinaie {^Uaywood), ,4. Not 
kept till (n for ute. S. Not s«lied : ai, li»- 
itasonrd meat. , 

UNSE'CONOED. a. t. Not iupponed_. 
{Shaktptari). «. Not cxemptilied.v t^cand 
time ittraten). 

7-0 UNSECRET. ». 0. To iliKlMei u ii. 
Tulge iBfKon). 



xpfwv). UNSHOT. MN. «• NiKliithvilM 

UllfiEDU<lElX«.Mbtdi«wBioai(5ldh (iSEAdbM^f). ^ 

. UNSEBINGw «. WanfiBis A# iia#tt of thowm (KKftM). 

tUoh (SAnWrn), ' UNMBPNUNa «. Mftt jMiii 

. UMSEEMLmfiSS. «• Itftoeneiri imle. ihttoniag jhagf or dmo (Sl ^ljf — ■> 

.WW; ^neoBcHnM iBmkm). UMSRUmiAnS. «. InmiiMeC 

UNSEE'lli;y. «. indeoeolj vaMMdlf s ' UNSITTED. •• LNokpanedbf 

tolieedftiiiig UMhr). (4fiy). f* Not tried i Bot» lumpm 

Wmimi^ji. - . .. ^ UNSI^GHlr. a. Nol ttek^CAUHi 

T;(BBEBH*c. iNotictttf lM«Mtareral UNSl'GUTED. «. latiMblti « 

(BMbm). f. InviilUaf m di w o f ei itle (Jft/- (SvciliiwV. 

jliM. frUvkilUI $ iiiia[pcfMbafir<ClirMir.). UNSPGIRUNESS. i. Defeno* 

VfllaBUnSH. a. Mai^tficMtopfivaie im«abl«liciilDlhecve(iriM«uni). -^ 

Bt«»fcaBp«ni«»r). - ' UNSIiGHTLY, «. OM^mAfe 

UflSSBTnr.a. l.Noftfi9t.f.Uv8«rriW'. tMi(JftlM)- . .^ 

NotnilMir l'^**^ or MJMiPitffr (nyl^, TJNSINCERE. a. (numcmu. Uti 

' DMSBTARABLE. «. ■ Not lo te parted; Not heiflyi not faidifuL • Not p 

-aot t » lie dfa r tted (SI<fajMar»h UQP«Si MliiHtfated (Boy/r). 3. MJt) 

' mnBTARATED. c Not mrted (PpM). not tMM ( J>mIiii>. 

. PN SE^VICE A ^IJB. o, Ui ek» » bXg. I TOMN C gBITY. i , Adidtonaimf 

"■■K-vO'OdfviliBe or convtetteeo lAteilfv). diihomity of piofcmon (jBowlr)* 

IJNSBltVI&BABLYk o^ WUMtqM} nVVmiVXW.v.m.Wfifnw9^^ 

UNSET, o. Not sat } feotfbeedCffMltfr). UNSI^NEWEDp o. Norvdoii 

n^UNaETIXE. t-ii. tTib make on. (r ^ ^ ^^^ 




eenrin (iJrtetotljw rToawvofttaiapliw^ UNSI'NGBIXa.NotaooidMiaal 

(£*&«nnM). a.-To ofcrtbroir. cd bf tire (S^g^kemi). 

•^CMSBTFLED. o. i. Not ftnd la molii> UNSI'NNINO. o. ImoeeeeUo (Xm 

don } j»9t diminUicd : not ilndy 18mA). f . UNSKA'NNED. o. Not mmm 

ITniiMiihi not rtaiuari thinwde ibtnt' eonipiitod {SMttpearfj. 

a). 3. Not citabliiM llhfStn). 4. Not UinKl'LPUL, o. Wantilis«its m 

Bd in a -plaee «f abode (J fc a iir ). knovrlaine ( Ahoto«or«). 

UNSEnmLEDNESS. i. 1. Irmelotion; t UNSKI'LFULLY. oi. Widiont* 

ta^ermined state of mind, f . Uncertainty ; Icdce ; withoot art {Skahpemre). 

flnctnal'ioo {JDHyden), 3. Want of Bsity (5sa.). UNSKFLFULNESS. $. Want e 

■ • To UNSE^X^ 9. o. To make otherwise than want of knowledse cTViw^). 

tbasexoorom6ulyis(6*AiiAsp«ore). UNSKPLLED. a. Wanting skiDi 

» UNSHACKLE. »; m. To looie4iom iog knowledge (Dryden. il/adhnarf ). 

bonds Uildiioii). UNSLA'IN. a. Not killed (iSiibifV 

UNSHAn30W£D. a. Not clooded; not UNSLA'KED.o. Notquenehed(n 

darkened {Olmnlh). UNSLEE1>1N6. a. Ever wakofel C 

< UNSHA'KEABIJB. a. Not solgect to eon- UNSLiePPING. a. Not liable losfif 

enision: not in nse (5»a^Mrf ). UNSMrRCHED. a. UnpoUoiai 

UNSHA'KEN. m; I. Not aplated; not stained (SAoi^^^are). 

teoved (Bbylr). 9. Not subject to eoneoision. UNSMO^KED. a. Not smoked iSm 

3. Not woakcved tn resototion ; not moved. UNSCK^I ABLE. a. (tMsoctaWiit I 

'UNSHA'MED. a. Not shamed iDrwdm). Not kind ; not eommunicatire of mmi 

'VtiSHAfPED. a. Mishanens deformed suitable to tocietv (ffo/i^gA). 

(Bunmi). ^ UNS(>CIABLY. acf. Not Undlfi 

UNSBAlffiD. a. Not partaken I not had oot jHioH-nature cL'fs/ivaye). 

in common (Jttitm). UNSCyi LED. o. Not polluted $ M 

^ 7a UNBHEATH. e. a. To dmw fiom ibe ed : not stained {Ray). 

scabbard (DfaAaai). (iNSCrLD. a. Not exebanoed for « 

UMSHEXI. a. . Not spilt (Afi/^). UNSOLD I ERLIKE. a. TJubee^ 

UNSHBLTEHED. a. Wanting a screen ; soldier (fi^^MHiie). 

. Wnotinic nretMrtion. (Jpfcay i^FieM. UNSOUD. a. Fluid ; not eobeicai 

UNSHI'ELDED. a. Kot guarded by the UNSCXLVED.a. Not espHcatedf II 

OMiiBndai). VJ^SOC^^.fnrunsweet.iSpmmy 

To UNSHIT. V. a. To take oat of a ship. UNSOPJU-^TICA FED. a. Not ♦ 

«. UNSQOCKED. a. Not dii^usltd; not ated ; not counterfeit (More), 

oflended iTitkel). UNSCRTED a. Not dbiribvtadi 

.UNSHi/D. a. (from vmAs^.l Hartng no per separation ( fTaiU). 

<hoet iChrenian). ^ UN^iO^UGHT. «. I Had wf iho^M 

JUJiUHOGriL>orl, a. IIq^iNhi^ ((>^)^ Cl^ra/cm). S. Not seardied j .Ml««fl« 



UNO. a. 1. Sickly ; ^niniing lieaUh (JNSTE'ADFAST. a. Not fixed; not Tsati 

/). 9. Not free from cracks. 3. Rot- not resolute (6'ibaitfpeare). 

ipted. 4. Not orthodox {Hooker): 5. (JNSTfi'ADI LY. oil. 1 . Withoot any cer-' 

ii\noiupr\fiJt\t{Shakspeare) 6. Not tainty. €. laconstantly ; not coiisistentlj 

certain ISpenser), ?. Not fast ; not {Locke). 

tdet). 8. Not close 3 not compact ' UNSTE'ADINESS.i. Want of constancy ; 

')• (^ Not Mncere; not faithful (Ga^). irresolution ; mo tabitity (5^vr/^^. 

tolid ; not material {Spm^cr), 11. UNSTE'ADY. a. 1. Inconstant; irresolute 

; wrong (itfiZ/on). 12. Not fast on« {Rotre). 8. Mutable; variable; changeablt 

{Locke). 3. Not fixed ; not settfed. 

UNDED. a. Not tried by the plum- UNSTEE'PED. a. Not miced' (Bocos). 

cspeare]. To UNSTl^G. v. a. Tb disarm of a sting. 

IJNDNESS. «. 1 . Erroneousness of UNSTl'NTED. a. Not limited {SkeUon). 

im of orthodoxy (£fooitfr). €. Cor- UNSTlHItED. a. Not stirred ;' not agi* 

>f anv kind (Hooker). 3. Want of Uted (Btyle). 

want of solidity {Addison). To UNSTinH^H. &. a. To Open by picking 

URED. a. 1 .'Not made sour (Bo- the stitches (C^//r<T). 

Not made ttinrosc {DryieH). UNSTCyOPING. a: Not beAdingf not 

'WN. a. Not propagated by scatter- yield injc (S^akspgare'). 

Bacon). To UNSTCVP. v. a. To ftet tteia stop or 

%'RKD. ff. Not snared (itfi//o«). obstruction ; to open (Bov/f). ' ' , 

VRING. a. 1. Not parsimonious UNS'lXyPPED. a. Meeting no resistAnor 

2. Not meTcifiil. {Drvdm). 

SPE'AK. V. a. To retract ; to recant UNSTRAINED, a. Easy ; not forced. 

re). UNSTRATFENED. «. Not contracted 

lifAKABLE. a. Not to be express- {GlnnvUie). 

hie; unutterable {^oo*«-). UNSTRE'NGTHENED. «. Not support* 

f^AKABLV. a(f. Inexpressibly; in- ed; not assisted (f/ooil;^). 

peciafftr). To UNSTRI'NG. v. a. 1. To relax any 

E'C\ Fi ED. a. Not particularly men- thing strung ; to deprive of strings {Smiik). 8. 

rown). To loo^e ; to untie {Dryden), 

E-CU LATI VE. a. Not theoreUcal. UNSTRU'CK. «. Not morcd ; not affected 

E'D. a. Not di8|)atcfaed; not per- {PiUip*). 

tarih). yNSTUa)IED, a. Not premeditated ; not 

E'NT. a. Not wasted; not diminish- laboured {Drydew). 

eakened; not exhausted (Bacon). UNSTU'PFED. a. Unfilled; unfurnished 

SPHE'RE. r. a. To remove from its {Skaktpeare). 

sp^are). UNSUBSTA'NTIAL. a. 1. Not solid; 

I'ED. a. I. Not searched; not ex- not palpable {Milton). 2. Not real (i^ddStofi). 

filion). -S. Not seen; not discovered UNSUCCE^SFU!.. a. Not having the 

wished event ; not fortunate (Gleaae/aiia). 

I'LT. a. 1. Not shed {Denham). «. UNSUCCE^ FULLY, ad. Unfortunate* 

ailed ; not marred {1\ttser). ]y ; without success {South). 

SPlOllT. V. a. To dispirit; to de- UNSUCC&SSFULNEfe. t. Want of sue 

dcjf^t {Norris). cess ; event contrar? to wish {Hammond). 

Ol'LED. a. 1 . Not plundered ; not UNSUCCE'SSI VE. a. Not proceeding by 

Dryden). 2. Not marred; not hurt, flux of parts (Broi0ii). 

CytTED. a. 1. Not marked with UNSU^KED. a. Not having the breaatt 

{ihyden). 2. Immaculate; not drnwn(tl/t/^oN). 

ith isnilt {Shakspeare). UNSU'FFERABLE. a. Not snppoitabh; 

UA'RED. o. Not formed ; irregular intolemhle ; not to he etMlured {MiUan)». 

trey. UNSUFFICIENCE. a. (wnj^iance, Fr.) 

A^LE. a. {inslabiiis, Latin.) 1. Innbilitv to answer the end proposed (Baaikcr). 

; not fast (7>mp/e). ». Inconstant; UNSUFFI»C1ENT. a; {iniujfuanl, Fr.y 

{James). L^nablc; inadequate X£<>cA»), 

A^ID. a. Not cool; not prudent; UNSU^GARED. a. Not sweet»ned with 

t into discretibn; not steady; motable sugar (Bacon). 

UNSUinTABLE. a. Not congruous; not 

A'IDNESS. f. I. Indiscretion*; vola- equal : not proportionate (Ti^tofi). 

2. Unceruin motion {Sidney). UNSUaTABLENESS. s. Inoongruity; 

A^NED. o. Notstamed; not died; un6tncss (iS^/A). 

oared; not dishonoured (Bo/com.). UNSUITING. a. Not fitting; not ba- 

STATE, t. a. To put out of dignity eomine (Dryden). 

re). UNSU'LLIFJ). a. Not fouled | nol dia- 

A'TUTABLE. a. Contrary to sta* graced ; pure (Sprat). 

ft). UNSUNG, a. Not celebrated in verse; 

A'UNCRED. a. Not stopped ; not sot recited in verse {Millon). 

^kffi»^. UNSU'MNED'a. NotcxjioiedtDthtioe. 



. HNSUFBRFLUOIM. «. NotaiMrllMQ . UNTSWDSE. «.; Wapriav tsl 

cnooid) (iliilm). waniins ■flection (M«toMpA<r _ 
ulsUPPSLArNTED. c l. Mcf *md or UOTfimMOlfiaZ llbi«ilHi I 

ihiowo (n^ amLer thai which «ippiiili it ij^mtt). 

(PiriftM). «. Not 4effatcd by ttritncni. • 7*o UNTBNT.».fl» Ti1ii|Moal«r 

.UNSUProqiTABLE. «. (iwiitffrtti/f, (S^Aipwif w). 

Fkench.) In i ote i ab k i foch.atcftOiMiJM«i<» . UNrEnnCD..€. (fh» IkaQ Bivj 

. roffiUPRMTTED. <..l.JVoiiMiiiM4$ . UNTT^Rm¥lED. o. Not aftyM 

boc Md rnnU^im), «. Not ■wiinJ (JkMpa). ttnick with fatr (IftllMi). 

UNI^LH* A ilot bicd ; Mt cciiiMB. . UNTHAfNKfiD. m. I. Not icpyi 

. P^TOaftypyrABLR #. (fwrpwof- acknowl^^nratorkinaMMCifilM-l 

idfe. FitMh^ U'lopwiMti aoii^he over- Teceittdwiih thtnkfahmi (Aiydba^ 

coBM (£ed b), . UNTRAWKFUL. o. CpmidGBi i a 

UNSUSCEPTIBLE. «.' lucaptbh s not ingoo aclcDowkdcmcm (2>y*p). 

liri>i« tq jriait (Jbyi). ^ HlNTH A'NKFULLTr. md. IRj 



UMSlISFEvT. Uiraairifctu. o. Not tlMnktj^ withooticiMitndBCAylrt^ 



00B aitoM#t.ttMl^ *> cf »«» Mi (JBton). UNTHAfNKFULNESft. 

UMSIAKJA/TING. o. Nol iiaa^iiing ociitiioa ofaoknowMptnt futpi* 
AhuoiMiM'kilciUBird (ffiW^ wantof teiMeofbeiicfiti*' 

' l7MnnnC10US.OLHmiSBOiM^i^ r« DNTHl'NK. o. o. 
CJfilte«>. a dboogbt iSkahpewre)* 

UNSUSTAINED. a. Nainppotfteil^iiot UNTHIWKING. a. 




hald UP CPg*)._._ — - -» --• gT<» <p reflcctiop (£acifc>). i 



ra UNSWATHILo. a. TafwarnMnftldf UNTHCVRNY. a. Nat 

UNSWAnrABLETaTNot to be gmnMd UNTHOaJGHT ^. a. Nat 

or inflocooed Enr anolhtr (Aai^aaartf). heeded (Slatocare). 

, UNSWAWBD. a. NaiwialM i apt held To UNTHte'AD. v. a. Ih baiaCll 

1o the buiil(S»aA^Mr»). UNTHRfi'ATENED. a. Nai m 

n UNSWEFAlt a. a. Not lo twtarj lo UNTHRITT. t. An extrafivMi i 

ffcam anv thins mroni (4*jRMni«r)» diaiil (fiiaAj^acre). 

' Te UNSWETAT. a. a. To caie after fiUigoBs UHTHtrrr. a. ProRiie; waalaM»] 

|a cool after ezerraa (Jftlfea). gal ; estri?afaint (SMspem). 

UMWOKS. a. N^t boond by an oath. UNTHRI'FTILY. ai. Wltha«l Ba 



. VNTAONTED. a. l. Not auUied} not (CbUfrr)* 

ponnied (RvMmaaiaa). f. Not charged with UNTHRITTINESS. #. Waalai | 

any crinfc {Skakgpeart). 3. Not cormpted by gality ; profiision (HavMHird)^ 

taiature {Smiih). UNTHRi'FTY. a. I. ProdiAl ; faa 

UNTAVEN.a. I.Notuken (HoywarJ). lavish ; wasteful dS't Jury). 8. Not to i 

f . Untakbv fl^. Not filled (Boy^). of improrcmeDt (SkakMpeare), 3. Nol 

UNTAUCEO *if. a. Not- mentioned in made to thrive or fatten iMoriimer). 

the world (Dhryi/fji). UNTHIU'VING. a. Not thmtngi 

UMTA'MCaBLE. a. Not to be tamed; pros^icrine (Gov. of ike Tongue). 

not to be lubdued (Grrw). ^ To UNTHRCyNE. v. a. To pall i 

. UNTA'MED. a. Not tubdoed ; not sup- from a throne (Milion), 

pmaed : not softened by culture {Sptnser), To UNTJ'E. o. a. I. To nnlnnd; I 

^ To UNTACSGLE. v. a. To loose from in- from bonds {Skakspeare). 9. To Umm 

tricacy or convolution (Prior), unfasten {fFalier). 3. To loosen from a 

UNTAfSTED. a. Not tasted ; not tried by lution or knot (Pope). 4. To aH ftae 

tliepdate iJFaUery any obstruction (ray/or). 6. To lasals 

UNTAfSTING. a. 1 . Not perceiving any clear (Dm Aam). 

IMte iSmiik). 8. Not trying by the pabte. UNTPED. a. I. Not bound | Mtfri 

ONTAVGHT. a. |. Uninstructed ; un- in a knot {Ptiot). 9. Not lastencakj 

educated; ignorant; unlettered (Foaag). 8. binding or knot {Shaks,), 3. Not Bi 

Debarred from instruction i^Lo^ke), 3. Un- Not held by anv tie or band, 

skilled ; new: not having use or practice. UNTFL. ad. I . To the time that (O 

Tq UNTEfACH. o. a. To make to quit, or 9. To the place that {Dryden). 3. t 

for^ what has been inculcated (B^oani). degree that {Ckronicies), 

UNTE^MPERED. a. Not tempeitd (fist- Vnti'l. prep. To (Ja^rtj), 

fttffi). UNTPLLED. a. Not cnltivaiad iBIm 

UNTDMPTED. a. 1 . Not embarrassed by UNTI'MBERED. a. Not furiualid 

temptation (Ttfy/or). 9. Not invited by any timber; weak iSkakspeare). 

ihinjK alMng (Coiiom). UN^I'AIELY. a. Happening befti 

UNTENABLE. 0. 1. Not to' be held iq natural time {Pope). 



asassioo. 8. Not capable of ddetica {G^rtih^ UktiVbly. ad Before the natwal I 

a). UNTI'NGED. a, i. Notstainad} m 

VNTBKAMTED. a. SaYifD| M HMttt coknucd (Bof /«). 8. Not infectad (Aij 



UNT 

m 

I^RAMiE. a.' Inddttifpible ; tinwea- 
QkspeaT€). 

mSJL^.^m. Not nude weary (l>rf</.)* 
ITLED. a. Having no title {.Skaks,). 
O*. prtp'^ (it was the old word for to i 
olete.) To. See To illooker). 
CKLD.ft. 1. Not related ifFaUer). 
vv«alcd iDry^n). 

OOICHED. a. l. Not touched; not 
{Stephens), 9. Not movefl; not af- 
iMn^y). 3. Not meddled with. 
JfWARD. a. 1 . Fro«vard ; pervene ; 
i ; oot easily guided, or tau;;ht ( Wood' 
S. Awkward; uiigraeefol {^Creech), 
ivenieoi^ troublesome {Huiibrat). 
>\VARDLY. a. Awkward; per- 
oward {Locke). 

%ARDLr. ad. Awkwardly; un* 
wnwselv {Tittottony 
fU^CBlABLE. a. Not to he traced. 
AA^€>£i>. a. Not marked by any fbot- 
tnkatn). 

EUkfyTABI J:. a, {pitractahllis, Lat.) 
ieldirig to commcm nitrasores and mn- 
t;'Btubbofti {Hay ward), U. Rough; 
[Milton), 

iUCTABLENESS. $, Unwilling. 
nfitness to be regulated or managed. 
Rained, a. 1. Notorlucated; not 
d; not disciplined (Ilaifward). S, 
'I luifCDvernahle {Herieri), 
iANbFFRRAHLE. n. Incapable 
given from one to another {Howet), 
lANSPA'RENT. a. Not diaphan- 
que<Boy/tf>. 

lA'VELLED. a, 1. Never trodden by 
%. (Brown). 2. Having never seen 
)ii n tries {Additon) . 
^ TREAO). V. a. To tread back ; to 
n the same steps {Sfinkspeare). 
HEA'SURED. a. Nut laid up ; not 
(Skaktpeare), 

lETATABLE. n. Not treatable ; not 
\e {Decay qf Piety). 
U'ED. a. 1. Nut yet attempted 
2. Not yet experienced {Collter). 
mn^ pasted trial {Milton). 
UU'MPHABLE. a. Which aUows 
ph {Huditrat). 

lO^D. Untr o'ddek. a. Not passed ; 
ed hv the foot {IFallcr). 
tOLLED. a. Nut bowled ; not rolled 

lO^BLED. a. l . Not disturbed by 
EOiTy or guilt {Shakspeare). 2. Nut 
not confuted ; free from pssion 
. 3. Not interrupted in the natural 
penser), 4. Tranfi|)areiii; clear; nut 
'Baron). 

tU'E. a. 1. False; contrary to re- 
0icr). 2. False ; nut faithful {Suck- 

lU'LY. ad. Falsely; not according 

Raleifiih), 

lU'SiJNESS. 5. Unfaithfulness 

LUTH. J. ]. Falsehood ; contrariety 
. S. Moral finlschoQd; not veiavity 
XL— PART II. 



•UN U 

iSandy^)^ 3. Treacheiy ; wint of fidelity 
{ShaJis.), 4. False assertion (il//«r^ury). 

UNTU'NABIi£. a, Unharmoniouf ; not 
musical {Bacon). 

To UNTU'NE. ». a. 1 . To make incapable 
of harmony {Prior), 2. To disorder {Sk.). 
UNTU'RNKD. a. Not turned {JVoodw,). 

UNTUTORED, a. UninUructed 5 un- 
taught {Shakipeare). 

7b UNTVVl'NE. v.a. 1. To open what n 
held together by convolution ( Walter), 2*,To 
open what is wTap)ied on k«elf (BotoYr).^ 3. 
lo separate that which clasys round any thing 
{Ascham), 

To UNTWrST. V. «. To separate any 
things involved in eacK othtfr, or wrapped; tip 
on themselves (Tiny /or).-'' ..#»'* 

To UNVA'IL. V. a.To uncover;- to ftripoT 
avail {Denham). •* * >* ^ •* J 

UNVA'LUABLE. a. Inestimabl^j'teing 
above priee (j4//#^Nrv). . /- .■ *" '.. 

UNVA^LUED. «r I. Not nrized ; neglected 
{Skiikspeofi)* 4t» Inestimable; above price 
{Skit k spear ('). 

UNVA'NQUISJIED. a. Not oonquertd; 
not overcome. (jiff //on). 

UNVA'RIAHLK. a. {in^^ariMe, FrencTi.) 
Not changeable ; not mutable {Norris), 

UNVA'RiED. a. Noi changed ; hVtt-dlvcr- 
sified {Locke). - 

UNVA'RNISIIED. a, I. Not ovetliid with 
varnish. 1>. Not adorned'; not decorated 
{Shakspeare). * ' " 

UNVA'RYING. a. Not liable to change 
{Locke). ' \ . 

To UNVE'IL. V. a. I. To uncover; to di- 
vest of a veil {Popi-y, 2. To disclose ; to show 
{Shakspeare), • a 

UNVEflLEDLY. arf.j Plainly; viritfaout 
disguise {Boyle). 

UNVFyNfTJLATED. a. Not fanned by 
the wind {Blackmore), 

UNVEfRITABLE. a. Not true (Broww), 

UNVE'RSED. a. Unacquainted ; unskilled 
{Blackmore). 

UNV£/XED a. Untroubled ; undisturbed 
{Shakspeare). 

UNVI'OLATEO. a. Not injured; oot 
broken {Clarendon), 

UN VI/RTUOUS. a. Wanting virtue (*A.). 

UNVI'SITED. a. Not resorted to {MiUonJ. 

UNU^NIFORM. a. Wanting uniformity 
{Decaff of Piety), 

UNVcy YAGEABLE. a. Not to be pasMd 
over or voyaged {Milton). 

UNU'RGED. a. Nut incited; not pressed 
{Shakspeare). 

UNU'SED. a, 1. Not put to use; unem- 
ployed {Sidney). 2. Not accustomed {Dry 
den), « 

UNU'SEFUL. a. Useless ; serving no pur* 
pose {Glanmlie), 

UNU'SUaL. a. Not common; not fs^- 
quent ; rare {Felton). .; 

UNU'SUALNESS. s. Uncommooness ^ 

infrequency {Broome). 

UNUOTERABLE. a. Ineffable; inev 
pressibU. {Smith). , .^V. ;; . . ^ 



UMVUHLNERABLE. m. Bunpi fiWB XJKWKBLD1LY. «^ Hcwilsr; wtth^ifr 

woand : not wIneriUs (JSUupmn). ficnlt notion (Dryitii). .._ 

UNWA'KENED.c Nonowcdftomttoep UNWI'ELDINESS. t. Hemaen} ddi- 

(MiUon). colty to mofe, or be moved (GUMmlfa). 

UNWAaXED.«. Having no walkCAMl.). UNWIELDY, a. VnmumpBMmi Mt 

UNWA'RES. oA Uoezpeeicdly ; before cetily moving or moved; bulky; we^tfj; pes* 

any caution or eipeetition (Fotrfajr). derous (Glor mdba). 

fjNWA'RlLY.ci.WitlMmtcautioo scare- UNWl'LLING. c Loath; ooft 

ktsly iJieedicftW {Dighy). ed ; not inclined ; not complying by ^ 

UNWAWNESS. f. (from WMwryO Want (jRTMitar). , ^ 

of caation ; carelcmneM (jjtec/alor). UNwFLUNGLY.tf. Not with gDad-vSr 

UNWAIULIKE. a. Not fit for war ; not not without loathneti (DvaAma). 

Med to war X not military (Drydm}. UNWILLINGNESS, t. LoadiBCm ; db- 

lJNWAW>f£D. a. Not canUoned ; nol inclination (J^iMgA). 



made wary (Lm4«). To UNWPND.' 9. a. 1. To aeparatt aay* 

UNWA'BRANTABLE.ff.NotderenMble; thing convolvsed; toontwitt; lo«Mwina(» 

not to be juatilied : not allowed (Smtik). luy). 9. To diaentangfe ; to looae from " 

UNWA'RRANTABLY. ad. Not jotd. giment (fiMla^). 

fiably; not dcfeniibly ( yaJie). To Uvwi^vd. v. ft. To admit — 

UNWA'RR ANTH). a. Not aaceruined i IMoriimer). _ 

oncertain (Baeoa). UNWl^PED. c Notdeaned (SM^mr). 

UNWA'RY. a. 1. Wanting caation ; im- UNWl'SE. a. Weak ; defoeiive is ' 

prudent ; haaty ; precipiute (Miiion). S. Un- (J*iliot9om). 

eipected : obsolete {Spemer). UN Wl'SELY. ad. Weakly ; nol 

:UNWA'SHED.Uii wa'shbv.c. Notwath* ly ; not wively ISidnty). 

ad : not dcoMed by washing (JDnf^a). To UNWFSH. v. a. To wnA that wMdih 

UNWA'STED. a. Not consumed ; not hot to be (ShakspHore). 

diminuhed iBUckmom). UNWraHED. a. Not aoo^t; notdmni 

UNWA'STING. a. Not gmwing less ; not lSk^e€are). 

dccayina (Papr). UNwI'ST. a. Unthooght oft nM I 

UNWAnrED. a. Not used to ti»rd; not To UNWI^. v. a. To deprnra of 

lemoned to the road iSttekihig^ standing : not used {Simkipemrey 

UNWFAKENED. a. Not weakened UNWITHDRA'WING. a. 

iBogle). liberal (MUfon). 

UNWErAPONED. a. Not furnished with UNWITHSTOaD.a. NotopposedaW). 

oHeosive arms ( Arlrifft). UNWITNESSED. a. Wanting lesiiiMfi 

UNWE^Aia ABLE. a. Not to be tired ; in- wantins notice (Hooker). 

ixhti^LMt {Hooker). UNWITnNGLY. ad. (properly aawf^ 

UNWEfARlED. a. l . Not tired ; not fa- influ, from unweeL) Without knowkdlp; 

tigued(/iFW/^). 9. Indefatigable; continual ; without confciowne^ (5idn«v). 

ntot to be spent; not sinking under fatigue UNWONTED, a. I. Uncommon; aa* 

iDenkam). usual; rare; infrrquent (Glanvilie). f . Ua> 

7b UNWEA'RY. a. a. To refresh after accustomed : unused (May). 

weariness (reiap/O- UNWOOIKING. a. Living without labsor 

UNWFD. a. Unmarried (Shakspcare). (Locke). 

UNWE^DGEABLE. a. Not to be cloven UNWORTHILY, ad. Not acconliDf » 

(Skaktpeare). desert (Broome), 

UN WEEDED, a. Not cleared from weeds UN WORTHINESS, t. Want of trofdi ; 

(Shahpeare), want of merit (IFaitf). 

UN WEFPED. a. Not lamented. Now mt- UNWORTHY, a. I . Not deserving (JW- 

wepi(Miiion). er). 8. Wanting merit (Wkt/«/>). 3. Mcso; 

UNWEEfTING. a. Ignorant; unknow- worthless (5tVnfy). 4. Not suitable ; not s4e 

lua (Spenser), • qiuite (5t9fy}). 6. Unbecoming; vile (DtmL). 

UNWEflGHED. a. 1. Not examined by UN WOUNDED, a. 1. Not mmkd 

the balance (King). 2. Not considerate ; ne- (Miiion). 9. Not hurt (Pope). 

gTigf nt (Skaktpeare). To UN WR A'P. v. a. To open what is folM. 

UNWEfJGMlNG. a. Inconsiderate ; 7oUNWRE'ATH.«.a.lWuntwine(Ay.). 

thouRhtlffts (^/ra^spforO. UN WRITING. 0. Not assuming the da- 

UNWEIXOME, a. Not pleasing; not racter of an author (i^rluMao/). 

grateful ; not well received (JDeaAaai). UNWRITTEN, a. I. Not written; not 

UNWEfPT. a. Not lamented ; not bemoan* conveyed by writing; oral ; tradidonal (jfab). 

ed (Drtfden). 2. Not containing writing (South). 

UNWErr. a. Not moist (Dryden). UNWROUGHT. a. Not laboured ; m 

UNWHl'PT. a. Not punished ; not cof- manufactured (Fatr/ojr). 

raeted with the rod (Skakspeare). UNWRU'NG. a. Not pinched (Slali.). 

UNWHOLESOME, a. l. Insalubrious; UNXIA, in botany, a genus of the ds« 

mischievous to heulth (Arbuiknot). S.Cor- syngenesia, order polygiimia nrrcfsirii, Ra- 

nptj tainiad (Skakspeare). aeptacle naked, flat; downless; calyx fivt- 



V O I 



TKrotpFCKs, South American planli; 
bem, nnxii csmphoraia, poKcuing the 

I'ELUED. a- Not given up (Dry- 




S YO-K E. B. <!. I . To loose from the 
^^kaptare). 2. To iiari) lo ili«join 

(YKED.a. 1. 

IrjfJfH). a. Li 






iinrestraincij 



A. or Ukiha, a 

E.N.li:. ofKox 
>6N. 
[KNIiD".a. Ni 



n of Ru; 






rUnu, 






7b VoiCB;*ir 

mour i to re|V(trt'i no* taeii (,Bac 
lie: obsolete (SAujtipfDre). 
?'« VoicB. V. n. T» clamouri to make out- 
let ; alKoJeie iSoalh). 

The voice it a suhjcct of great curiosity, both 
re<i>id> the orftant dmioni Tor its produc- 
in, and as regaiitilhe ageucy ofairand other 
constiiuenli in iu prodoctinn. TIic prinduat 
ir^an of the voice a the laiynx ; for, when this 
i; injured, the air passes through ihe windpipe, 
wiihoiit jpivldio^ any sound. By the latjinx, 
we undersland an atsemblagc of catii o^, 
join«l iniD a hollow machine, which rrcrifes 
1. 49. [3 c the air froiii the faiicci, and itansmils ii into 
the tvindpi|ie, connected with it b; ligaments 
th a girdle and mutcular (ibrea. Among tite larger of 
these CBitilaee*, ihe annular and tcuiifonn in 
^'BtJLARV. (. (vocabulariitm, Lat, adulitouify inlemalljr. The anterior and larger 
b». Ft ) A dictionary ; a tcxicon ; a part of the larynx, wlijch lies almost imme- 
Dk (Brvwit). diatcly under the skin, is composed of two car- 

AL. B. (t«i*n/, Fr. uoro/i.i, Lmin.) I. liiages, the thyroid and cricoid, to which the 
I toiee (CrashoK). a. Uttered or itio- lateral pirlsof the larynx also belong in such a 
ff the »ol« IHeotrr). manner, that the portions of the cricoid carti- 

V'LITV. t. (DsmJi/ai, Latin.) Power lace alwavs become larger, as they are higher 
nee; qtuUly of being utlerable by the seated. The back-part of the UiynK is com- 
'Mfry. fioied first of the said annular cartilage, and 

KCALIZE. e. a. (from eecal.) To afterwnrd* of the arytenoid cartilages, con- 
it voice (tloldrr), . nceted by iiiii*clei. The cpijcloiiii, loosely 
AU.V- ad. (from vocal.) In wordi ; omneciLiJ with the thyroid cariilaite, ii etthei 
'Ij (tfn/e). raised or inclined over Itie laryni. The insels 
i'riUN, t, (oecafiua, Fr. uocatm, amr (torn the ofipet and lower thyroids; the 
Calling by the wdl of God (Hunker), nenn ate numerous; the'inferioi one* cnma 
ooni {Dtyden). 3. Trade; employ- Irnm the recurrentsi the luperiar ones from 
iHin* iSidntv)- the eighth jwit, inosculating in various ways; 
*TiVE. a. "Crar-ft/, Fr. VDcalirut, aoiiie also from the intercostal. The former of 
il cate utrd iu culling or these nerves ij remarkable fur ill origin in the 
'lorai; for in reflection round lh<r anrld and 
ight subclavian ; for its giving rise In some of 
.1 Clamour ; ouicrv {Arbulhnol'i. the nerves of ll>« heart ; and for the expeii- 
FE'ROl'S. a. (BoiT/o-u, Lat.) Cla- mcnt, which proves, that the voice ii desiroycH 
by tying! this nciie. 

All iheie rartilages are connected together 
by various muscles and ligaments, so (hat Ille 
whole may possets mobility, while some of its 
jiarli are firm, and others extremely moveable. 
The sculirorm or thyroid cariFlage, siiualed on 
the fore part, is compoHil of ino, almost tjua- 
dr.tiijjiilar, plates, inclined to each other in an 
ibtiise angle, prnjecling forwanli. It> these 
ilatei, two a]ierturra, one on each side for the 
iitcriial vessels uf the Iftrynx, arc fonnd some- 
igh rarely. The up|: 



legramm 



PERATION. I. {Poti/ero/ie, m 
.1 Clamour i ouicrv {Arbulhnol'i. 
FE'ROl'S. a. (,«o^/fru, Lat.) Cla- 

noisj (.Pepe). 

IDEN, > lowo of the United P,n- 
iHotlsml. It waitikenbyihe French 
tnd I79&. h i* Kaie<l on ibe Rliine, 
W.of Ulrechi, and ?0 S. of Amstet- 
00. 4. SHE. Ui. A3. (JN. 
3ERA. a forliArd town of Italy, i 
f «rMtl3n and territory of PjvIa. 

on the SlafTora, 14 mites S.S.W. of 
id 30 S. bv W. of Milan. Lon. g. 
M. 44. b-St N. 
^EnUCK, H town of the archduchy 



which eiijovi the privilege of ftnini- this ci 



fl enjoy I 
9 all sii 



1 burghi 
oanta, iMether with their »are», are 
hlDush all the Austrian countries. It 
i»SS.E. of Paisau. Loa. 13. 40E. 
IN. 

fE.«. («c„e. Fr) Faehi 
wrptian (^niconnvn). 
B. u leoix, Fr. bot, vocU 
nittrd by the mouth IChapmnit) 






yards and backwards, ■ 



.iniitli. . 



li'hed I 



I 



I her mouth (i 
by bnaih {AdiUian). 4. Vju. 
Mon cxprOKd iKixllei'). i- Laii- 



ig upwar 

with the horns of the os hvoides, by strong h- 

gamenis, lomeliraes mixed with bone. The 

Inwer processes are shorter, are adapte<l to ilie 

sIt-Llhtly hollowed, and almost flst torfacrs Of 

mode i the cricoid cartila^ ; and are eoniiec'ed by a 

very tiim articulation, on accoiml of ihe thnrl- 

in.) I. nest iind tirengih of Ihe cellular subsiaace 

2. which unites them. The niiil.He anieriur pan 

hal is ^iied by ilmoii perforated li|amenti to the 

Any middle (if ihe annular eariiluge ; and likewise 

by other superior ligam^nln, pmceeding from 

Ihe deicendiiift horn nf the scuiiforin caiilUgc 

tolheui'iier p^rl uf ibc annular eaTlibge. 



VOICE. 

. Thf criooiit canilin, anleriorly thick and diiKN» m t1titie» proeted finfltl horn 
load, is incrcuert bock wards, id form of a ring aryleii«id cartilage lo the thyraM* Beiwny^ 
viiMiuiUy iruDcated ; and, in the middle, it b these two ligamenti of each tida a famtiac 
divided into two cavitioi by a protuberant line, cavity or ventricle detcenda^ hvrinig m fipwv 
It ii firmer than the reft of the cartilages^ and of a compressed parabolic spaee, fYtrndiM 
forms their basis. From it longitudinal mos- downwania betwixt the doumnMQihnuie « 
Ctdai fibres and ligunenM descend to the wind- the larynx, with its sopecior orifioe, of an cUi^ 
pipe. The pharynx, oonuecled with each of tic form, constantly open into the laiynu ■ 
lilMBse cartilage* ^y many muscular layers, re- Lastly, all the iutecnal cavity^ of the Jaiyw 
qeives the larynx into its cavity. From this is lined with the same soft, irrifabUa iCMai 
cartilage a short ligament proceeds to the ary* membrane we before described in tba wiodp ' 
tenoid cartilage on each side. pipe. This membtane is moisiieDed by a gml 

' The 6gm« of the two arytenoid cartilages is number of glands. The oppermoat ara muJ^ 
Wy oomploc. It spontaneously divides into and composed of simple gkndi* They are seal* 
two partSf of which the lower is larger, and is edon the anterior convex part of the apif^olii^i 
oonDccted by a moderately concave tM»e with and send prolongations through ita vacMnasfMr- 
the Ifhick cricoid cartilage, forming a niov«»ble forations and laiger sinuses, to its coqeava nAii 
articulation* It sends a process forwards, which are there continued into ttmilar fia^ 
whidi Kparates the gfoliis, and susuios the glands. Moreover, upon theantarm.ionoand 
inforior part of the venuicle of the laryiuc surface of the aiytenoid cartilagea thaaa h «• 
They asoead upwards, of a triangular figure i each side a gland, of a loose congloaicinleUiM^ 
the posterior base is hollow, and the anterior resemblinffmuchagnomoQ«comooaedo(MM 
side la convex, and divided by three furrows, acini, doubtless mucous, of whic» a loi "^^ 
They aie extenuated upjwards, till they are at tion descends on each side as for aa tht 
last tenaioatcd by a prettythick, oval, cartila^ cartilage. In the venif ides* ihrie are/ 
ginoua head fixed on them. The lower part oos mnoout sinuses. Lastly* all tht m 
c£ these caftilagea is connected by numeroua surface of the larjmx is full of laiga m 
maecular fibres, partly transverse, and partly pores. AH these glands secreta a ahnp 
okdiquo) of whicn the difierent directions are watery, but, at the same time, viscid smio 
evkleot, tbonah thi^ cannot be separated. Has the thyroid gland any similar OK MM* • 
These are called the acytenoid muscles, in of the congbmerate kind, bat soft, thaaaaiN 
their upper part, the arvtemml cartilages are ings of the lobules beios much mava Hvti 
scparatMi by a perpendicular chink, which has than in the salival g|an«; it mmtf- Mtf/^Jk . ^ 
hjKen improperly by some called the glottis. anteriorly seated upon the thyroid andavoiil r 

'The arytenoid cartilages are connected with cartilages and windpipe, surrounding^ wilhlNtoi.j 
the thyroid hy tiansveiie ligamenia, for the ral prudoctions the sides of the thyroNb bjall* 
most part sufficiently strong and elastic, but ed to its companion by an isthmaa, w^pSk B 
covered with the common mucous membrane narrow and emarginateo below; and by an" 
of the larynXr These ligaments arise bel^w 
the middle of the arytenoid cartilages, and are 
inserted into the flat angle of the thyroid carti- 
lage, and may be separated from each other, by mour. l3oes it discharge this fluid inia tla 
removing the arytenoid cartilages from being windpipe or into the casophagus? Into neitbcr. 
in mutual contact, and ma^ be again brought Are ducts certainly known to open) Docs it 
into contiguiw by the cartilages approachmg retain its fluid entirely, and aAerwards restsis 
each other. This constitutes the true glottis, it to the veins, like the thymus, which is aa^ 
and is continuous, but at right angles with the logons in itsstructure? Is it aconj^batedsatf 
above-mentioned chink. That the use of this gland is very c on iide r a hh 

From the same angle of the thyroid cartilage, appears from the remarkable size of the MtcnM 
aiider a notch, from a firm ligament, a cartilage which it receives from the carotids* and of itt 
arises, with an erect slender stalk, of an oval inferior ones from the subclavians. The fMl 
shape, convex before, behind concave, and return into the jugulars and subclavians. b 
with its superior extremity reflected backwards has a peculiar muscle, not however oomttm 
and concave. It is kept erect by its own elas- arising from the margin of the os hyoidc8»0i 
ticit;^, so that it rises upright behind the tongue ; sometimes from the lower edge of the thyrii^ 
but u can be so inclined whenever the root of cartilage towards thelefl, which deaoends widl* 
the tongue is pressed backward, that, having out a fellow, and spreads its tendinous fibiti 
b^pome trans\'erse, it completely shuts up and over the gland, upon which also the aienio* 
protects the passage into tlie larynx, whicn de- hyoidei and stemo-thyroidei muscles ate iora^' 
scends between this, the epiglottis, and the bent. 

arytenoid cartilages. The epiglottis is joined The whole larjmx is suspended fnooi the • 
to the tongue by pale membranous fibres, and hyoides, both by ligaments iniierted into lbs 
to the OS hvoides oy much membranous expan- superior horns of the thyroid cartilage, and kf 
sion. It either has no fibres from the thyro* the middle of its basis, united to the juaeiisa 
arytenoidal and arytenoidal muscles, or they of the plates, constituting that cartilage. Ha 
are too minute to e«)unteract its elasticity. larynx, and os hyoides connected wi£ it, mtf 

At the sides of the li^ments of the glottis, be raised considerablv. even half an inch afaosa 
two other upper and softer ligaments, less ton its mean altitude. This is parfmned by ii» 




VOICE. 

Btdetei; ibgcAicT with the g^Dio-tijioi- canitngei of the laTyns, a loantl ts jmHateS, 
io-gtoHi, itylo-gloMi. alylo-hjuidei, which we call ihe voice, peculiar in every clasi 
Yngei, ihyto-jialaiiui, hyo-ihjroiilei j of animals, and which depciidi entirely an ibe 
gundly or pinially. During its ele- larynx and gbitis. When there are no vibta- 
le giMiii Is rmdered narrower, and tions, a whisper a produced. 
Mta btfon ineniioncil a|>pr(iach nearer ITie aircngth of the voice depend* upon the 
HtB, by (heamixiiiiceuf the action quantity or air ezupircd, and ihc tiarrownesi ot 
ficiioid miuclei, lioth oblique and ihe glotiij; and thciernre, npon capacioa« 
, the ^atli! may be accatatcly closed, liin)^ easily ditnlable, an ample, csrtila^noul 
liit witli an inereOitile force tlie prea- and ela-stic larynx and windpipe, the free re- 
e whole atmofphere. »onanc<? of the nostrils, and a powerful eupini- 

hole Urynx may alio be cicpieued lion. Bui the aciiteneMOt^rsTiiy of the lanes 
t aa incfi bcncalh ill ordinary Mat- we observe in arise front ranoni causes. The 
Ibe (lerno-hyoiitri, alerno-ihyrijidei, fonnei proceeds parily rrom the narrowness. 
O-hyoidet, at they are calleJ; and, and parily from ine tension, of the glotlii, and 
« arc in action, hy the anterior and the Inner from in relaxation and diliialion. 
BtIeo-|})yr<Hdci. By this motion the For hence, ihe n" ' 
cartilages remove from each cjihrr, ujmn llie ligaitiei 
;laiiii bMomei wider, which is also ""' 
n by the nmscles laierslly inierted 
rylenoid cariilaac*. and by the cricu- 
I pnalici and lalerales, an<I ihyionry- from the greater tension of ilie ligiimcnlt, the 
tfieae also, by i«siing upon trie ven- tremors in like manner become more numet- 
belarytiK. are capable otcomprcsjing ons from the same stroke. Tlierefore (o pro- 
be particular caitilagu which form ducean acaieiound, the whole bryn's isdrtma 
eanicireely be moved sepiraiely. upwards and forward*; and wiili greater force 
he larynx (he air comu into the as the voice is r.quired lo be sharper, inioniucli 
il Donrils. By the month, ive here thai the Ueadiiself It someiimes inclined back- 
Uige and irregularly shaped cavity, wards, thai the muscles elevaiing the luryn^ 
Kwcen the wifl and hard palaiei, both muy exert ilirir full powers. The Uoth of ihii 
■ the middle, and the muscles lying is ojtiftnncd by ea|ieriment : for by applyini; 
a, and ihc lower jaw. The noslrill Ihe fingers to the larynx when acute sounds 
irardt obove Ihc toft |Mlaie ; they arc are emiitrd, (he elevatinn of the larynx, which 
««viliei, inetiided )<etwecn Ihr w-p. it about hnlf an inch for the octave, is easily 
ao, and the o^m cavernous, nnd some felt ; and by comparative analomyi which de- 
t. They ate every where bony and monstrales the glot'is to be very narrow and 
iit> carl ilagi nous in sinking birds, and wide in 

(M lira in the middle of the month; huar&e animals, antT such as are low or are 
lad piece of flesh easily changeable mule Thii U alio illustrated fay whistling, 
liod of figure, aitd readrly moved where the sharpness of the sound evidently 
l» to any lurt of the mouih^ by lU pmcpeds from the coniraetion of the mouth; 
nbret, and by the miiseles alt»eh«l nod by muiical inslruinents. in which the nar. 
Wif ot in the M hvoldo, which i) rowocss of ihe opentna admitting ihe air, and 
it by many fleshy nb-ci and mem- the celtrily with whiefi it is im|>ellc<I, are the 
may with grrnt faclliiy be made to eaiucsof an ncute lone. 

tno«Hioni>r Itgurr. Il is drawn for- Gravity nf tlie voice i* produced by Opposite 
Inc genio-glotsi and ^nio-hyoidei rireum stances, the depri-wion of the larynx b* 
btekwardi, by the slylo'eliiasi, slylo- the cauici already dctcrlbrdi a wide glotin and - 
«tt»-Elo"t, boiro-vlnsM, ohonilrtt- a vtry ample Inrvnx- Tiiis is proved by Ihe 
hiTcnltr 1 dnwnwardt, by the Memo- loueh, which easily perceives the deKenl of the 
d Deralo-hvoidei 1 and upward*, by 1arvn« in |)er><ins»ingins, in littemannei about 
m*l, ilylo-tiynidei, by ilie biicniert, hi^if an inch for evity iselwe; bv the greater 
ir 1^ Ihe mylo-hytridei. Jfa^ity of 'he voice in males, and oy thelowe«( 

I for the analomy. Il remains Ihot lonei of the voice degencMlihg into a silent 
Rrate what efTecti are pniduccd by breathing;. 

Rpelttd, during exsplration, by ihe Does every diversity of tniie prtKeed from 
reiJeMrribcd.ftnm Ihclungiihmugh the lenstih of the h)pment« of the glottis, 
peinlo ihc larynx, and fromlhence which is augiiienied when titeicmitnrm car* 
■mil the glollis into the muulh v»- lilage it drawn forwnrds, and ihe uryienoill 
miAred. Then effeclt are, voice, ones backwards f i> it according In this rule 
itinpag. Sound onlv i> produced that the most acute tones are pnJJnced liy the 
irb expelled with soorrat a velocity li^menis being rendered very <enw, and there- 
e e<J<m«eir<l glottis, ihtit li imi^inges fore vibrating with jireal crterityt Tliii ii 
neWf of the gloitis, and tlin< pro- aitericd by some late anatomists, from expert. 
• larynx Ihi" tremor, which, Iwing menu, which have been also rejieaied by some 
I acHMRl <if its elasticity, it o'o- eminent men : they have ohservid, that when 
' itetM*. Therefore, Oom ihe ihe chords or ligaments of the glottis art tense, 
MAf tlu Kgamenli and of tht the peculiu toice of ncry kind of uiiaial k 



^b^et 



vol 

proJacfJ by Mowing air inlo jtt trachea : tli«t 
ihia voifC was rcrnlcrcJ more acute by slrelcli- 
in^ tile litc^imcmi, and [itoie grave hj iiKMeainjj 
ihem : ihat by Khutiing the whole li^ineni, 
the voice was suppressed ; by shutting the 
huir, the voice was renilered an octave higher ) 
hy sliiitting a tliird part, a fifth higher, &c. 
1 here are not waDiing, however, doubts con- 
cerning this new theory, arising from the car- 
tilaginiiiii aiiil bany, and canieqiienlly Iid- 
moveable and inextensible, glottis of birdfj 
from the nrtaiii prixluciioti of more acute 
sonnits, in whistling, from the mere contiac- 
lion ufthe lipi; froiii the exninpic of women, 
in which the larynx is anfitr, but the vuice 
Diore acute, than in men ; from experiments, 
which sliuw thai more aciili: sounili are pro- 
diicfd liy brining (he ligaments of the ulotlis 
neater inin contact with each other ; anil from 
the toial abtencif of machiuery fur sireicbing 
the ligaments, and drawiiif the thyroid catti- 
lagc forwards Trom the annular one. Bat since 
it api^cin from ncprriments, thai the lension 
of the lig^menti snffices for producing acute 
snoiidi, without the contraction of the glottis, 
it is jirobable that difference of tension in the 

5 lotus eiiniributes more than a iliffcience of lis 
iamcler to the diversity of voice. 
Sitiicing is produced ivhen llie voice, modii- 
laied through various degrees of ncuieiiess and 
grariiy, is expelled throu^ii the larynx, while 
ribralihg and suspcn<ic<l between contrary 
|)owcrs, which chicBy dltiingiiishe) it from 
Epccch. It is 8 laborious action, on account of 
tne iKrpeiual action of the mu%]n noiiing the 







1 iheai 



na^ hea 



bc- 



, a contracted glottis, 
which retards the e\sj>irjtion, and at the same 
lime a great deal of air, to give them strength, 
and, therefore, deep inspirnlinns are necessary. 
It lends very much lo dry the windpipe, from 
the accelerated passage of the olr ; and renders 
n great deal of mucua iiecot^rvi which is (he 
teaaoD why there are such niiniWrs of aiurDul 
receplaclw in ihe larynx, aniongat which 
Huller suspects ihe ventricles iMibie described 
ouaht to be ntunberrd. 

S|>e«ch Is performed when the larj'ux Is at 
rest, in tonei ili lie ring but little in aciiteness 
and gravily, by vnrionsty laodifying the voice 
hy the organs (if (he mouth. Sonorous speech 
has variations both in the tone, and modiRra- 
tions of ihe voice by ihe organs of (he moulh. 
All tpeech i» reducible to (he pronunciation 
of li-ders, which differ in various nations, al- 
though ihey agree in (he greatest number nv«r 
Ihe whole world. Of these some ate called 
vowels, which are fxpressed by the mere 
emission of the voice through ihe mouth; 
other conMiiams, which are formed hy a cnl- 
iiiion of the tongue agaiiiit some i>art of the 
mouth, lips, or teeth. 

VOl'CKD. a. (from the noun.) Foruislicd 
i"(i(h a voicF (i>f«*u™). 

, VOID, n (.vaide, French.) 1. Envplv; 
earn yShoiipearr). 2. Vain; inefflc(«a\i 
hll 1 vBcalcd iSan/l). 3. Unsnpplled ; na- 
'^'■-ipiri (Chaifeit). 4. Wanting junWiiiati- 



VOL 

e.1; empty (ir/ii/gi/i!). a.UniulHtaDlial;)!!.; 
twi (.P-ipr). 

Voio. 1. (from the adje 
space j vacuuni , vacancy iPnpr). 

To Void. b. a. (from the siljceiive 
Flendi.) l.Tofjuil; to leave emtwv (Siat 
ipiatf). «. To rm'U ; to pour out imUm). 
3. To emit >• oiertment (Boco"). *■ Tgtt. 
catei lonuUilf; lo annul (aofeWonV 

To Void. t.. «. I. To be emitted (fPiw 
nun). S. To receive what iseiiii(«d(Stah.). 

VOrDABLE. a. (from v«id.) Aoeh M 



of emptying. 2. fiction from a beurAc*. 

VOl'DER. J. (from void.) A buktt it 
which broken meat is carried from theiMilt 
laravrland). 

VUlDNESS. : (fiom rwd.) I. Empi- 
nrss ; vacuity. 2. Nullity : IneHicM. }. 
Want of suhiianliality i.H«kfuHl). 

VOIGTLAND. a (erriiory ol Up)<ecbft 
ooy, one of the four circle of the in»r^arii 
of'Mlsnia; bounded on (he £. by BoInMB 
on the N. by(hediicliy nf Alicnburg, «iii« 
the W. by "I huiingia j.id Francouia. Mm* 
\^ (he capital. 

VOIGTSBERG. a town and ciwM (T 
Upper Saxnny, belnnGing 10 the (ImM if 
Saxony, IS mile« S.S.W. nfZutickau. 

VO'lTURE. .. (French.) Cariiifle (ik 
lulhnol). I 

VOLANT, o. (uo/o.w, I^tin i .iB/siif, Pli 
I. Ftying; patiing ihrough the#lr (H'iMiaJk 
!. Niiiibiri active (PAfVipO- 

VO-LATiLE. a. (Bo/ori/t., Lodn.) I.Bf 
ing; pasting through ihe air (fisiuK). y 
{vnlalilr, French.] Having the |>uwer Ht|M" 
off by spontaneous evaporaiioQ iililliia). I, 
Livelv ; lickle ; changeable of mind ; hiB rf 
spirit; airy (Swi/iJ. 

VoLaiiLB ALKALI, in minmlop. Sk 
Natrum. ''. 

Vo'i.ATiLB.t. (po/fldVe.Frtnch.) Awitf. 
edanimnUBratrn). 

VCLATILENHSS. VoiATi'tiTT.*.(l»> 
lalilili, French ; from volatile.) I. Thtff 
lity of flying awa? by evapoiailon ; ital Hf 
iBacon). S. Mutability of mind j aiiHM 

"volatilization, in chemlatlj.MpJ 
rizaiion, or (he conversion of a Kilid ol Bm 
into a vapour or volatile aura, by the opener li 
caloric. Substances are said lo be peroiaiiail^ 
elastic, volatile, or fixed. 'Jhe peimsntltt 
clastic Raids or gasses are iliose which euigR 
he condensed inlo a fluid or solid form, half 
absttacilon of caloric we are capble of pii 
duciug. Fixed iubtiaoces, on the ciuiln~ 
are lliusc which cannot be rcndeicj (cjat 
or converted into vapour, hy any lBCf«aH 
temperaiure- The piessuie of the simosfbci* 
has a very considerable effec( iu varying ifc* 
degree at which lubsunccs become vautik 
that are not naturally so, Some solid), diiM> 
subjected lo very great pressure, ce at "*• 
converted inlo vapour, though most of Ihn 
*"'"" fliriMl^ flu intcrmedtate ti^tc of lhiiifi7t 



uHbk 



W VOL 

HLIZE. ». a. (volalilutT. French.) 

ritUlik; to lubiilize to (he highett 

wtan). 

l'NIC. a. Appertiining la volcanos; 

•ini Tolcinas. 

Htc lAND, ia mineralogy, a speciel 

I*. S<« ihe ariiclc PuTBaLA^rA. 

>ic SCHOHL, ill miiieidlogy. See 

lie roRMATIoKa, ill niincralogj^, 
uptirnDuii of the Wtrneriaa cluti' 
111 the jnicle Geologv wc haie 
hut M. Werner hat arranged all ihe 
di erf rockf iliai eiiici itito the tolid 
ler live icpurate iliviaionB, lo whicli 
Ml the name of rorinati'ini, BixDri}- 
U he Mppmrt lo be thci/ more 
uation 111 re^rd to each olher, a> 
t, mnfe *upei<iciBl, or u|ipe'inosI. 
;anie formation), however, are of 
ir (ubdivuioni, fiilw anil true. The 
ii(l or foiiierali altered to a volcanic 
, in coTitrquence uf Uic cnaibuiiion 
is of co«l iu their neighbourhood. 
ncet which arc chictly altered by 
•ft (xircclain.Jaqier, earths, slaa, 
columiinr clay-iron stone, aad pec- 
volcanic minrtili coniiil of those 
I been ihrown out of the crnlcr of a 
d ire of three itescripiionf. Pint, 
i« and ashes; secondly, diScrenl 
ivai and. ihir'tty, the matter of 
ption). Tiie ito«y cjeciioni are 
I are alwavt thrown from the mm- 
otcaiK): llieyHccumulate and form 
which i> a fiiuiiel.shapeil hollow. 
It* have cnumcriiicil among ejected 
Granular hme>tone, which ii said 
mnolitc, {liilacitc, olivine, augiic, 
neUi.iie, sommiie, and hornblende ; 
I 3, MicB-'late ; 4. Green-iione; 
d>»tone. Lava eoniiiti of two sub- 
!• *lag-lava and foam-liva : ihe^edo 
ftr, having in seneral flowtd, in 
eoiuidrrable height, into hollows, 
lly coDwIidaied during iti course. 
nuddy cruplioni compiehendi vol- 
which it Gompoieil lomeiime) of 
ilime* of vesicular lava, and pro- 
! particular chemical formatiouf, 

NO; (from Fufi^antir, L«i. liic god 
lorniait nountaln, hoUow b«low,ind 
hif, perbapa, • ' 



VOL 

«crup;iDg the lummiti of tiiKny of the AndM, •■ 
well a> of the Meiic«n and Calirumiaa iiilge:>. 
Tbeie li also a coniidcrable nuinti«r that aprcad 
- of All. - ■ - = 



ladrui 



laad a 



eiRht 



I. One of tlie kifi leit is Hie Peak of TeiiC' 
rif, though at preieiit le;) freiguent in its erup- 
tions than many othen. Several Indeed of Ihose 
tliat may prrlispi lie regarded as the molt 
aoelcnt appear tn have ipeiit tbemielves al- 
togelher ; while «the» have Ixvn riiinf, even to 
our own dayi, as Ihoogh it were to tupply ihoir 
place. Among Ihe latter wehacea very iDleresl- 
ing acc<,unl,in tbcPhilosopliical Tiaosactiinii for 
i;c>8, of a volcano timt burst out, fur the Bnt 
time, ill the Archipelago, near Ihe island of 
Eriiii, ia the hei^inDing of May in the precedinf 
-ing, at Ihe tame lime, ■ new itlund out 



of t 



ruptiont, 



I supplied 
■1 IrnllHl malcnalt, which it iiiuallir 

after uncertain inlervols, throngh 
ntiTnal aperture! or ■piradn>. 
eoBStitule, without duulit, the mint 

formidibte Fvofuostle phBnornenon 
> ha* prCKiiled to our view. They 
*d, M deitracllTr to the live* of the 
M MTthqualieii but they oftrr <o the 
aaneh more terrilie. Thrir numlxr 
HMe, nearly t*a hundred batiDR 
H*r dlSrrtul wrilrrs. Tlirre i> 
^Lb of then ruuninf trrnn north 
^^m cvstiocsl of ABMrio, and 



succeeded by similar iflandt, hate occurred in 
•ariijui initincei', in Ihe gmup of the Azores, 
and the Sicilian seal; and aaplain Tillard, of his 
m^esly'i sloop Snbrioa, lias (ivcn a eery valua- 
ble description, in the Phil. Trans, for iSii, of a 
like phenomenon, which took place no lonier ago 

Ihe iaUnd (hen ihrown up having been happily call- 
ed by him ^brino, after the name of hisuwo ship. 

The two voicanos with whicli wc arv beat 
■cqiininted are those oF Etna and Veiuiius. The 
fiirii.er ba< been buiaing at fir back as tlie 
rccurdi of Eurupean history go. We have an ae- 
ciraiit uf an emptian during the eipedition of the 
Arsonauls. which tank place at Icn^t twelve 
centuries beTore the commencement of the Chris- 
tiao eta. The fijilowing dates of the remarkibl* 
eruptions of this rolcano, to the middle of the 
levcateeuth century, ire lakeu from an article in 
■be PliiloMphlcKl Transactions (or ibSf. 

476 years before Christ, Mentioned by Thn- 
ey^Kles. 

40 years otter Cbiist. During the tclgn of 
Caligula. 

Sii yean after Chriat, During Ihe reign of 
Charlemagne. 

1184. ijjj, 1444. ijj6, i«H. 1650. 

The two wtilrra who have chiefly [ignaliacd 
thrmtelvei upon Ihe phcnonHna of tbJa and the 
TOlcanos in Ihe neighbnuihood are sir William 
Hsmilinnand theabbf Spallanaani. To the rotmer 
we ate c hiefly indebted fur their history irHl ef- 
fecK, ami to ihelalterforlheirpoisifalecautitand 
■eognosy. it is from these celebrated wrilers 
that we shall drduce Ihe remainder of this article, 
which we shall divide into two parts. 

Hillary and FftiU af VoUimei. 
Vdrauos are pecoliai lo no climttea, a>d 
have no necnsary eonnecllon wilh any otbar 
iiKmntaiita, hut seem to have fjine with the set, 
brill,' generally in ill nelghbouthoo<) { they 
frpqueiitly tbrvw Out (naltert which belonK to Iba 

limes lea.watrr itKlf. Sit William Hamilton 
observes in the Phil. Trans, for 1776. that " the 
operations 0' Vesiiiins arc very ctpriciout and 
Bticntatn, eici*pl iliat the imoke incrcatei «>a- 
tidntbly and constantly when the ita ia atitated, 
and th* wind blows from that quarter." Volcaotc 
fnuBntaTtii are of all hrighti ; ■omc, at tbal nf 
Tanna, to low as 4(0 ten ; Vrtariut is ]6oo 
fret high; and Etna, IIOOO. They in (enettl 
form lofty spiru( and tba TDlcaoo itself U 



i 



VOLCANO. 

ioternally ihaped like ta inverted cone, placed en We should bwrc remained igaoraat to tbe pn- 

a broader basis. This ccyne is called the crater^ or Kiit hour of the statu of this iioiiiense Bitmi 

bowl, and through it the lava generaily passes, furnac<*, had uot the spirit or teawiity of eigtt 

though sometimes it bursts through the sides, and Frenchmen, in the year iSoj, enabled tbrn rac- 

even proceeds occasionally from the bottom of the cessfnily to explore this caveru of destrmtiot. 

mountain. Sometimes ^he crater falls inland The m^)uth, or upper hut^, of tbe ceutre of Veso* 

is effaced; sometimes, in extinguished volca- vius, which is a little inciincd to iiti s&tf, ii 

DOS, it is filled with water. Submarine vul- represented by these travellers as 5722 feet loctr* 

canos have been observed, and from these cumference. After walking round the spertwe 

some islands have derived their origin. YoU of the volcano, in order to choose the most cob* 

cantc fires taking place at the bottom of the niodious part for^ descending, M. Dampieic, 

ocean, would frequently, by the expansive adjutant commandant, and M. Wickar, a painter, 

force of the steams which are generated, first descended without any accident at tki 

elevate those parts which were once at the determined point ; when, homercr, they ibaal 

bottom of the deept and overflow those which themselves slopped by an excavation of 50 fcit, 

were habitable earth. It is conjectured, that which it was necessary to pass. Finding it iaipai* 

subterraneous convulsions operated more power- sible to obtain a fixed supftort on ashes 10 omi- 

fully in the early aces of the world than at any able, and being coitvinced that the fridioa if 

Jater period ; and indeed such an hypothesis is ropes would buve destroyed both tbe poiat «f 

supported by the most probable reasoning, since support and the neighbouring masses, Iheyie- 

we may well conceive that at the first consolida- solved to return. Some stones at the mmt 

lion of the earth, much heterogeneous matter moment rolled from the summit, and occaiioud 

would be included in the different masses, which a general agitation as they pas>«l; the grooid 

might produce more frequent fermentations than shook under their feet, and they had i 

at any after periods, when these have been, if we quitted it when it disappeaied and fell in. 
may so express it, purgcil off by frequent erup- After walking once more round the 

tions, and, in many parts, perhaps, rectified and of the crater, they discovered at Icn^stb s tai| 

assimilated by slow and secret processes in declivity, smooth, though steep, whicb sp- 

tbe bowfis of the earth. But history was not peered to conduct to the focus. Whro tksy 

cultivated till a very late period, and the most had proceeded half-way, amidst a torreat i 
eventful ages of nature have passed unre- ' ashes which rolled down along with the■^tlMy 

corded. found means to fix themselves on tbe edge sf lie 

Tbe force of subterraneous fires, or rather precipice, twelve feet in height, whicb it was i^ 

of the steam which is generated by them, is cesf^ary to pa vs. With one of the lazaroni,koi- 

ao great, that considerable rocks have been ever, iheyplungtd down this precipice; and ftol 

projected by Vesuvius to the distance of thouisclves on the brink of another, which, iMfi 

eight miles. A stone was once thrown from the ever, not being quite so high, they passed lift 

crater of that volcano twelve mile^, and fell more case. At length, amidst showers of bX^ 

upon the marquis of Lauro's house at Nola, lava, asiies, and stones, they reached tbe botMi 

which it set on fire. One also, which measured of tbe crater. 

twelve feet in height and forty-five in circum- They found the immense furnace still soslng 

ference, was carried in 1767, by the projectile in several places. The bottom of the crsta^ 

force of the steam, a quarter of a mile from which from above appeared perfectly tmotB/H^ 

the crater. In an eruption of Etna, a stone, was found, on the contrary, when they reachid it, 

fifteen U et long, was ejected from the crater to the exceedingly rough and unev<'n. They passed onr 

distanceof a mile, and buried itself eight feet deep lava very porous, in general hard, but ia sose 

in the ground. places, nuil particularly where they entered, still 

A Tolcaoo broke forth in Peru in ]6oo, ac- soft, so as even to yield under their feet. Tht 

companied with an earthquake, and the sand spectacle, however, which mo^t attracUid tbcp 
and ashes which were ejected covered the fields ^^^ ^li^-' spiracles ; which either at tbe boUoB 

ninety miles one way, and one hundred and or interior siths, suffer the vapours to escipSi 

twenty another. Dreadful thunders and light- These vapours, however, did not appear of a bos* 
ning were heard and seen for upwards of ninety ous quality. In traversing the crater the7pe^ 
miles round Araquapa during this eruption, ceived a focus half covered by a large UMSsat 
which seemed to denote some connection be- pumice stone, and which, from its whole cirevB* 
tween the electric matter and these volcanic ference, emitted a strong h«'aL ReauouV 
fires; and this fact is strongly confirmed by thermometer, on the summit of Vesuvius, stood 
the very accurate observations of sir William Ha- <^t twelve degrees ; in the crater it rose to iiitees; 
aiitoa. placed at one of the spiracles it indicated fifty 

* ^ -^ trance of the tocus it never rose higher ibM 

The interior structure and component parts of tuenty-two degrees, 
volcanos, together with the tremendous agency The volcanic productions in the crater vm 
they possess, aiid which has produced them, have la-, a, exceedingly porous, and reduced by ike fill 
for ages been .in object of philosophical cu- in some places to scoria. U was of a dark bran 
riosity. Yet, when we consider the danger of colour iu general; and in some places rM^i 
attempting to sound them; that the incompact with a xery little uhite. The substances onf«i 

ftate of the materials, by affording no proper the spiracles were covered or iropreaaated vitfe 

aupport, may hurry the incautious adventurer sulphur, which sometimes was in a state of oiy* 

Into the burning abyss ; that the mephitic genation. Some basaltic lava was also foond. but 

vapours may produce instantaneous suffocation; or in a small quantity. Tbe burning* focus pruducd 

that a sudden explosion may overwhelm him tlie same results. ' 

with destruction ; we cannot wonder that so few On the north side of the crater there wei« two 

have engaged man exploit so replete with danger, large fissures, one of which was twenty feetii 



VOLCANO. 



depth. tlM other tfteen. They were shaped like 
an tarortai cone, and the matter with which 
they wave oavercd wa» ninilar to the rett of the 
aarlaee, hat they emitted neither tmoke nor 



The ascent of our adventurers was accom- 
plhh ad with more diiBcutty, though perhaps with 
Ism daofer, than the descent. It also-occupied 
a greater space of time ; for they could only 
ascend one at a time after considerable inter- 
vals^ lior fear of burying, under torrents of dust 
•■d Tolcaiiic matters, those who immediately sue- 



Both the inside of the crater and the base of many 
ounsist of lava, either entire or decom- 
irly as low as the level of the sea ; but 
AfyionUy rest cither on granite, as in Peru, or 
sehutns, as the extinguished volcanos of Hesse 
aad Bohemia, or on limestone, as those of Silesia, 
nMiol Vesuvioi, &c. No ore is found in tliese 
■SBBlain^, except that of iron, of which lava con- 
ifrom twenty to twenty-five parts in the hun- 
and aona detached fragments of the ores of 
r,aatimoDy, and arsenic. Vesuvius ejected, 
£ruB the year 1779 to 1783 309,658,161, cubic 
face af omfttar of diOerent kinds $ we must there- 
fan nanclnde the seat of the^^e fires to be several 
■lies helow Che level of the sea ; and as iron 
from one-fourth to one-fifth of these 
we may infer that the internal parts of 
the cnrth abound much in this ntetal. 

t of the best, as well as of the most modern, 
upon this subject is the abbe Spallan- 
In the course of a variety of interesting 
npon the spot, he examined minutely 
kt9 the jMinre of the gasses poured forth ; and 
that the stony substances thrown forth 
invariably, when completely heated by the 
nnaneons fire, rarilied, inflated, and rendered 
ir, by thinr elasticity, an etfect which is 
•bsrsahle in numbers of lavas, glasses, and ena- 
■ri^ ^eeleu during eruptions : and he discover- 
ii» in addition, that their violence contiuually 
laiMd the liquified matter from the interior of the 
cntsffs to their very borders^ over which it 
Asecd at each impulse. 

He was, at the same time, equally attentive to 

tWastore and force of the fire which acts in the 

hnnli of volcanic mountains; and, in the course 

if his researches, discovered that the immense 

MnRains of Vesut-ins» Mtna, the Eolian Is- 

lisdi, and Ischis, are composed of rocks that 

^fn been litfoificd, and even vitrified, by the 

**ulmoa of the subterraneous conflagration. 

*Vhal fire,*' he exclaims, " can wo produce eqni- 

vihat to these efic.'Cts !** Humble, however, as 

■Uttperiments appear with our lindted means, 

ttiivenemble philosopher justly thonght imper- 

^ biowledse of volcanos preferable to rontent- 

ciifnorance, and, undismayed by the magnitude 

flfUie object, proceeded tu ascertain, as far as' 

RoMble, what man is permitted to know on ttiis 

hrrific subject. *' I have," he observes, " disco. 

Hnd, that the fire of the glass-furnace will 

nmpletely refuse the vitrifications, enamels, 

pnniQcs, aeoris, and lavas, of these and other 

vsicauic countries. The same- will, in like man* 

•rr, vitrily rocks congenerous to those from which 

these mountains have originated, by the means of 

ssbterraiiaan cooflngrstions. A less intense fire, 

en the contrary, produces no such cflTcct on any 

of these substances. Determined to exercise tbe 

■lost rigoruas research, and to ascertain, with the 

fKatnt poMthle precision,tbe exact degree of heat 



Kqnisite to produce the above effNTts, he had 
recourse to the pyrometer of Wedgwood, which 
he compliments and praises by saying, nothing 
oonid be better adapted for his purpose. 

The terrific appearance of a volcano in eruption 
is so appalling, so grand, and altogether so 
wonderful, that it is by no means astonishing the 
world should suppose the vast volumes of smoke, 
ignited matter, and stones, hurUd into the air 
with incouceivable violence and rapidity, exclu* 
sive of the torrents of liquified substances which 
roll down its sides in solemn and destructive 
majesty, were caused by more powerful fires than 
those man has been permitted to kindle ; in say- 
ing the world, we wish to be understood as mean- 
ing those who have seen or read of eruditions 
without examining the subject further. Of na- 
tural philosophers, there were many who coin- 
cided with this general opinion ; and others have 
maintamed the direct contrary supposition, as- 
serting that volcanic fires are extremely feeble in 
their operations : following the example of SpaU 
lanzaoi, we shall give the substance of the argu- 
ments of each, in order that the reader may draw 
his own conclusion. It is evident that we must 
have recourse to the same rule for ascertainii^g 
the intensity uf volcanic fires which we make use 
of in measuring the effects of our fires when in 
activity on bodies immersed in them ; and we have 
alrea^ly mentioned, that Wedgwood's pyrometer 
answers for the purpose, as nearly as the nature 
of the pursuit will permit ; but long before the 
invention of ttiis instrument attempts were made 
to attain the object in question, particularly by 
the academicians of Naples, who at the time of 
the great eruption, in the year 1737, made an ex* 
periment on the lava near the Torre del Greco, in 
valley where it had accumulated ; and though it 
had ceased its motion several days, yet re- 
tained a beat equal to that of red-hot iron* 
They formed a piece of lead weighing two 
ounces, in a conical shape, which they placed 
on the red-hot surface of the lava; the metal 
became soft in two minutes and a half, and in one 
minute more it was completely melted : another 
piece of lead, in every respect exactly similar, 
was then deposited on a plate of red-hot iron 
rendered so by burning coals beneath it, when 
they found that it required six minutes and a 
half to soften, and seven and a half to liquify 
it. Water placed on the lava boiled furiously 
in three minuter, and on burning coals, one 
minute later. Juddtig from these facts, the aca- 
demicians concluded that lava, though exposed 
to the external air for some days, and con- 
sequently far less intensely heated then when first 
issuini( from the crater, was much more fiery in 
its nature than red hot iron or buniing coals: 
but this concluhion is obviously incorrect; 
because the plu^e of iron, bein*^ surrounded hy 
air, could not acquire all the heat which was 
applied to it; neitlier was it fair to rcbt an 
opinion of this description upon a result pF)- 
duccd by a means so unrqual, as a vast depth 
of ignited matter opposed to a tliin plate ef 
iron. 

Pi ince Cassano, a member of our Royal .Society, 
pnxluced an instance of the violent heat of the 
lava which issued from Vesuvius to that learned 
bod}', which seems more to the purpose than that 
of the acndinnieians : the torrent of lava alluded 
to approached a convent of Carmelites; every 
combuytible article was immediately consumed, 
even before the mats came into contact with it ; 



»■ Or toc A N o. 

Mid Ibe liMtWM (O *x?ei3i<r, Ibat tlic gliuaei sriiei 

aUDdio^ upon > table in ihe referlory were wben 

■i»lan1ly reiliicud la shapeleii pi«ce> rjf tbal those 

nieful material : tliii circumitancv piiHluced an melle 

cxpotimriit, altritded nitb tbe same come- walet 

qnmcn, wbicli hbs the raiteoin^ of ■ ftagmeut fmb 

of gl»i to the end uf a luug ttick, oud tiotding of i^jl, 




it r 



r the 



ig (be eruption of tlie luller jmt, 
hirig froin tbe ctairr, fel upno tbit 

roBgealed iu rarious fieiirei caprickHuIr 
bed, anil ICnninaling in thin iharp poisli 
neatles. A circoiDaiancB obtcrted by ht 



the yenr 

it the llaid.ty of the 
a, B> to aepariile i 
ing thrown up from the f 



n paBle. A fact of t 
tame nalure i> meuliuned by prufesiur Bottii, 

hii Bccount of the eruption of Vcauviu*, in tlie William Haoiiltun, count de Will 
year 1667. Now, tbough tbif eflecl may be pio- Heraan, and the aTchduke Maiiiuil 
duceil by tuipending a piece of (liua in the air of tiiii, 
a glaoi runmcr, <t muat be admitted, thut this fac^ 
beii.R in a itate of full art vily, and the heat in til 
cicilel lo tlie ulmoil by evert huaiBO miani, 
it nut » juit ram|iBiiian with a body of lava 
far luinoidJ from the »pot uheie it acquired conilucting ibise iflqilrioiit vitiior 
iti hc£>, wliich Dind, nilbout doubt, be at fragment, paiMd a atick through i 
.reater; htnoe it appeari .--.--. 
le inlrrnal tire of Veauviui 
glaat-fumacei. 
M, B'Ulii aeiiiB tu have been one of the lint 
rapidity with 
B fiw of VeaiiviiH eauiei fusion; thai 
I meiiliotii, in tia descriptian of tbe 






niptiuu of July I7}9, 11 



a amall bill, this 



depoailed in bii private inuiruiii ; Ibii, hnwetcf, 
selilam oocura, at leaet tbe indcfiitigiiblr ^palUa- 
luni nner diacoverrd thew fisemenii flatwwd 
or indentul, aa if tbuy had fallen on lome hoi 
(ubitance ■ bea in the coan*trnce ol paUe. 
With reipect to the npidity of 1 



I greatly citpend upun the ^ 
nityof it» heal 



ejected, ai wcti a( 

an oppurlunity happeni lor aticDtive (HiMVraiKa, 

■uDiniit of the eraler.ani} at tudilcnly oirrrfla«iB| 
its boundariea, niili down in various rivuMa <f 
fire; Indeed Bottia compaMt it to " a liqaa 
whiub baila in aveisel, and liiea and oredini 
tbe edies of tbal Vcuel from tbe viutmec o( IM 
' ' ~ The lava from Vesuviua, iaining in ifjl, 
ipsce of tventy-eighl palauia 
ineminotejin i;j4, it proceeded lotaro bnnck' 
it the rale of thirty feet in lbrly-Bi« iKuiid^ 
ind a/tenfardi uniting, at Ihirty-thm fart i* 



tboiKU 



loipoted if porop* <ara and tcoris, indu 
inconaidprablc gulph, tliat produced D uoiw like 
that ofuil or fat, in tbe art of bulling ai limmcr- 
ing oter a Ore; thii appeaianee induced hiin to 
CUinine ii, wbeii he found it contained matter 
in fusion, which imnirdiaiely healed red but, and 
then melwd frogmcnu of lara or acuiia tlirown 
into it. Ai Spallanzaoi acknowledgci that hit 
cfforliito melt ai 01 ill r (ubttance* required balfao 
hour, we miiit admit, that thii it aaolher proof of flowed 
the auprrior beat of volcanic firea. Aatill further one mini 
c*ideiiceuFthi.ir eatremeheat it, thesreat leogtb 
of time which laraa rrtaiQ it. la tbe year 17371 
amnr- labounrB iverc emplcytd to remove the 
lava which had croucd a road, and alttaongh a 
■loath bad elapaed from the period of the erop- 
tion* they were enmpelled lo deaitt, aa th« heat 
•ofleaid Ibairtooti beyond tbe poaaibility of nains 
tb«oi. Sir William Hamilton alao band it very 
great, and dropping acme pieoea of wood into the 
fiMUTca of a maaa, aituated four milei Irom tbe 
toleauo, they immediately took fire [ but Spallao- 
■ani illuatntol tbia lact more deeidedly, by paaa- 
iag a body of la<a near the upper crater ofiEliia, 
Viaibly red hot, oven in full daylight, which had 
So«ed from the mountain eleven montbi before. 

It ia Duppoiwd that the volcanic flrei of Iceland 
are vary active and powerful, which ia inferred 
from tbe incompetenry of tha blow-pipe to fo«a 
tbe glaaa iuoiiig from them. Valliincri, da- breadlli 1 
icribing a new roleaiiic ialand, wbicb roae fraai dreadful ri 
tbe aea in the year 170;, near Santorine, aiierlt, . . 
that the aiB in it* vicinity became ao violently from tt 

bratrd, that vaat number* of Bah periahed, and Tbe argumenia niea 10 cataDHan aa MMi im 

■4ere actually boiled; and it ii well known that firei eiciled and maintained by baman MMM 
Vt)a aame eauae melted tbe pilch ia the team* of aaceed thoae of volcanic origin In faeea' ■• h 
fbipa* buttuni , and occaaioned their leaking: a very auiall compaaa indeed; they an Ittjui 
tbia m -deru fact la corroborated on the authority from obierring, that inme fiiinacs* ** vitrify h<* 
of Strabo, who declam, that the irB wti obierv. more deciiledly than volcanot, and ■ell aehirt 
«d to boil for four daya between Then aad Tbe- which remain perfect in the fonDcr." DulfiW 
raaia. Tbe complete fluidity of lava it another placei thli luppotition in a clear point of *ie«,ll 
■onvioring proof of tbe eicrtaive heat preiaUing a memoir publnbed by him of banltea. ' I riilH 
^ the centre uf volcanua. M. Bottia prodneea agaia rrpcal," obaervei thia oeMrated Pitaek 
two iiutancea, derived from Voauviua in 1771 and aataralial, "what cannot be taa ft a n « at rtlT 
1776, ohicb demoDtlrate that tbii &eiy naaa inrolcaled, that lavaa are not vitriAcMiMI 
aakuniaa a (tale of liquidity aloioat e4|ual to their fluidity iiaimilartolhatofmetabredacadla 
OTiftbaptofaMsr Bentiooi fc«r kiUtt»haTi iiNioBi It do« not clwni* Uaa Mdtr twd «■■•« 



I»tiiiiu&y uf »r William Hamilton, 

it> velocity in i;6j. r(|ual lo that o( 

It the passage near Bristol. It may, however, M 

necritary lo observe, that the fluiitily of Ut 

Lii>n, which may be accelerated by a great de««I> 
3r tbe viiilrnt pieiaute of IVeah lava eonuaadf 
iitniag from the auurce, particularly Bi larUM 
known to harden when actually moving, to u ■• 
produce a anund when alrurk, and to bear wao 



beyond a doubt, 
ua, that hini(<?if a 
pie of Mr. Jsmin 



lir Wilham Hamilton inftiw 
d olheni, following tbe enah 
Bu, British contui at Napfn 



VOLCANO. 

if tb« coDittlanit pirti rf (he Uth. ftmn ihe boiton 

M '■> Bo*, llwy t»uin«, like oireumference, u 

I, InUHc, tad all the rhirietm liilct in deitruc'Cire airrBoi*, which overwhelm ia 
> baw I cflectB which vc amnot the'r pnsuitE «Tery <>l)Jri.t, riibcr nalursl vr arti' 
tsnr* III uur fnni>i.'r<, liiitp w« litHal. SpnlUnuni made Im disunct esperi- 
kaiw lo wfleu tlwni by Dn, i-ithoiit mrnlt, in order to obuin aomc idea of ihc nalure 
IB BiamMr in wbieli tliry nis a^gregat- and cffccu of gnu ■> rxhibilrd by lolcaiu)* ; fi)i 
It* of volcano* bat txit llul iuicniiif Ibia puipoM be made uis of diflercal lavaa, 
ppotcd, iDil produce* ib> efTcL'ti rather enamcla, and g1a»», ejected fnini themi and Ibe 
niioQ and duralioa ol lU ar:liua Iban cootcigueace wu, a pourit-'tian ll»t the bubble* 
iij." and JnHationi of >ariou< diioensioni. obsembi* 
upon tbetciariout fflcl^ Bnd reinailli in theie lubiiiiices, aie not produced by Ibe 
ItAdioc talhewme point, Spnilaniani action of any pennauent gats." but by that of an 
ikdgt), that he hail licen niDre ■criroim Buid, ptdduccd by tbeexccBiive attenua- 
;o beJicve, that inir tirei tion. of tboM lame product* in consequence of 
thaa Ihote of *al<:enua ; ■ heal." Ttr. Priritley made ilmilar eipeiimenli, 
1, howcTFTi iDdnced lilm lo wbich differed in mme decree from tlioae related 
ttctt pnire, fint, ihol it ii not by Ibe above oelebrated Italian flalurallil. The 
'olranic fiiea ore intufHcieut for doLlor futed ^^ auiices uf Uva fium Iceland in a 
(•Oborl* ; tei'andly, by the rilriGcaticm nnd-itone retort, and obtained twenty meaiure* 
eta, toey cwiOnn the powerful activity ofair, half ofwhicli,at tbe CDuimeucement of the 
U I thirdly, that tbntc fire* operate in pracex, wai carbonic arid ga-n, and the re. 
ia lOQie meaiure uiiknuwti lo lu; mainder, in putlty i.yi, eitinsu'sl"^ > Candle i 
he aaole time that tbejr vitrify Ibe betweeu the iotenticei of thU laia wa* a sand, 
i*y ItBie Ihe hale in which they are which Ibe operator could not *(parnlc froin it. 
aalate perfectly recugiiinb1e,notwith- Fire ounce* and a half of Veiuiian Uva produced 
•t Ibe former an- irfrartoty to the fire thirty itieatuTes of air, with a ilight nppcaraiice 
•M, while the Utier i* easily fuiible." of catboiiic acid gui. the rot wa* azotic gaii.frua 
t • SM«r«Ily rocoiiMl aHeftioii, that the degree 1.64 to i,)8, with reipect to what 
nk latne duritiK cniptlen, and that canic laat. On roolin;!, the residue broke Uw 
H an attended hy the lanie accumpa- retort by it* eicoiive inllalioB. 
be I Ihit luppDiitioD i> emmeouii, ai Without enteiing into an eianiDitioD of 0)* 
iTod by referring to the woika ofSeiau, difference of opinion emitting between these pbi> 
IS, Uollii, and lir William Hamilton, losophen, wa ihall give an extract froot the 
Bi oiil be toDod to hare omitted the work* of Spallaiisani, that fully illuitTSlea thif 
1 (if aidiet. The fint rtpreiily say* part of uur tubjrct ; " I ■hall,'' he obserrea, " now 
M of Vrsuvius, "that iihen leen by |ii.iceedtoeDquire wbut part thisacriform vapoar 
any diatance, they emit a Hghl, not acts in Ihe eruptions of volcanoi. Where it eziit* 
M a bright Dame, but of a dead kind, in the depth* of a vulcanic eraler, abundantly 
[ l«d-b«t lubtlaocet which burn without miard with a lii|uid lava violently urged by sub- 
id the but meatiooi, that be has " oh- icmneau conflagiatiuns, I can eaiily conceive, 
» Boaol Veauviu*, that ioob after a that by i>i energetic force it may raise the lava to 
onw down and burned n tree, a bright the top of the crater, and Compel it to flow over 
(• fiim it* surbce ; ulherwiie 1 bare the aides and fonn ■ current. Art can imltaM 
I Bay Rame attending an eruption 1" this granil operation of nature no an infinitely 
K th« light refleetpd on the stDvke, a* lesi scale. 1 placed on a (Isis furnace a cyli** 
m Uie orater, by the raging of the fire drical crucible, one foot high, and two incb^ ■nd 
>h beneath, ii frequently miiukcn for a half in breadth, whicbl Bllcd half fiillwilboneaf 
•llaoiani coalirini Hie opinion of these those Tolcaoic products which most inflate and 
ibaervera, and decleie* he never (aw bull in ibe file. After some hotira, I ubicrvcd that 
IT pnM.«edlu| frooi, any uf the craters the liquid fnalter began slowly to rise, and after- 
>dL u'Brds lo liae higher, until it at Inil otrrllowed 
tboofkt it not impi-obable that fire the cdgra uf the orucible, forming small atreams 
b water nay pridDCe autne uf those down iti sides.which, when Ihey reached tVplaue 
tOKit which we know not <he urigin; on which the crucible *(uo<l, gave origin to tmall 
I Ihtasubject,-* I almost incline to lie of mrrenls, if that plane was at all inclined. Whan 
iBt tbe aqueoDa fluid, raited to a drgiea I put tnore of the same product into the crucible, 
Ms and incandescence, of which uur tbe curienta bo^aine Larger. If the pllne waa 
larri can give us no idea, sometimes then taken from the tiiibce, and the siaall 
lib Ihe laai'live and concentrated Are currrnia, thus produced, examined, they were 
It* in Iba immenie volcanic catems, found full of minute bubblea, as was likewise the 
•01 thiacnucurrenceresultaa muliiluds mntter which remnined In the t-ruciblr. TUil 
BlioDS hitherto unknown 10 us, which curious experimuut I made with leTiral glassea 
. oa ttw ituirea ami esrtbs that remaia and volcanic enamels, a* also irith a rntiety of 
aolcagnintheae butoiiigt;u'{>hs,«hrra cellular latas, aud alvays with the lame sdc- 
lolent to dcstray, has for ita edvcr- en*.*' 

Btler, which ioceaiautly ctcatx and liid^ng from the result of (be above trial. It 

a il all Ittc forms and modiflcatioos of caiiont lie ilauMeil that a similar clastic vapuur, 

BMim laausreptible.'' collecting in vast quaulili's under the siirfiwe of 

■V banecnsary tomantionsame of Ibt Ibe earth, raucl, up<in tneeliog with resiitanee ia 

gaia Ui lb* operations of ilirse fierce its paa'Kge, pioducf- loud noises mcmbltnt 

«ai it (B wsJI knowa that their violent thunder, and local tremhling* of the turvoundlng 

■Mktba mhcc of tbe bijuilied masses earth, btiidra forcing its iiay upwards Ihrough 

LCBUSM it to rise iiiildctily aniKT-inciiinlxnl lava: olhiT cipellmcuts, aiade 



VOLCANO. 

• bf SpsltBniilai, boirercTi icmi to provr that it reaehfi tha conHtgratiaB ; ulim laJJcBlyreiBCTJ 
DiQft be anotlwr L'anie vhich eipeli the fierf to »puur by the htiM, it flndi no raotn tot in 

traHP* lie uwd brake without iK-i*c, aiid nithout aiiiijng tlie liquified nultcn ; of ohich we hart ■ 
^eutiiig or lottering the lubi^lHnce, add parti< MtlaFBCtory praofintbe cipioaion of Ibr bua*io- 
culariy.ai theetcifieorgaiMS hiibe«ilV«qDe^ Iriitly forced ftoai the e "" " ' "' " 



)y aicertsinnl by the hiitiDg loimils atteniling 








nffrt Ihenuelvcs to euinriiatiun, it would be ioi* 




pttaible to colliel -H? part of iIicr) without 




enposlDg the life of the eiperimcnUlid lo aimort 


add a conciie oarrativB uf their TJtiblf- ptwiio- 




nwna, and fcr this puriKHW we Bud ample male 


tlwir exiiLcncc, nnd coiijecture muit aupplr the 





Slromiboli det^rves e»ery praise for its ruaia^ 
It will be ncoljecled that all vulcaiioe, at pre- Ihou^li we canDut help L-ondcniain;; him for lfc« 
•est is ■ slate of acliiilf , ace >urra<inded hy, eicriMie of lety tlaring tementjr. 1'bc <i*il •* 
or situated rety ntnr, the Ma; beirt it appcaii allad^ to wal raaHa id 17SS. wliro llw a|>|H«h 
clear, thnt Ihe a(*iiry of that body it catreinely auce of Iha nioiiiitaili was luForulcd, aiid tt« 
tKHTiTflil in ptomoting the oiolence of thcr »ra|>- crater ailiialed at aolue diitaace from the mm* 
tiom, by rnihia; at uncertain intrivali, and ftnai nilr, {niin both of irhich Ihe opentiunt withla H 
UukDonacauMi, through Ilie catemi of Ihemiili, arc dJMJnclly Tiiiblc.and from tbme the lMiftH*i 
upon Ibe tro'-DDduring dm tfatre ejiiiling; aiul ifaa ejflctiom mny Ih- adorrtained, uith totmUe 
thii luppoiitioH i* lupported by (Ue fai't whii^h ucfiiracy. During violent internal Ag:tatUa lb* 
lias beeo regieatedly iibierved of the loddcn retir- niatter Bp|>r'nn to awend half a tnile aft4 Bin, 
ing of the sea immedialel}' prMedioi; a violent biit whm tlie mountain U in actOHl eriiptiea, tM 
eipioaioii from a tnv-r, the certain consequence tcattered frajinenu prove, that the unfMnf 
nf a rapid diroinulion of wntvr on the ihorr. fjrcc is rery gr^'tly increaaml. After banat 
Little need be'urired to frore the iaKDediate and attetitl*ely examined the erater ttant the nmiA 
Tehetnent aeparation that lakei place tijion Ibfl aboreailuded to, Spalleozani approactml tli«(iv 
coHliiiRi of fire and water, and of Ihe lore* af ler, wherehe found that Ihe eiplosiOQi (onndrt 
steam thai prodiic«d; one inatanc^, however, tnny tach other ao rapidly, that they mrght aliiMai it 
be tafvly cited, which will plate thii iiippoHd uid to oocur without auy lutertala of quirt, bat 
collision in alrue light, and ii eilracled from the they varied in their force; the malter, in Ma* 
finifth Folume of the Memoir* of lb« Academy 
■t Bologoa. A bell of enonnoDi dinenslont hud 
been ordered to be cast, at Modern, nnd prcpara- 
^ liena of the niual deicriptian were made under a 
apsoioua portico. After tlie metal had been 
completely melted, it wa> led iulo llie mould, 
(ituBted at a aiDall depth under the paietnent, 
through a imoll channel ; the burning fluid had 
DO •nonet enlend the muuld than a dreadfnl 
enpliiiioB loik place, wbich rewmbled in every 
porticolar the horrid Ht-elt of iprinijiDg ■ laloF [ 
■ deep hole n-af suuk in the earth, tbe meial, lb« 
mould, and cveiy material of the portico ahoso il, 
were scattered in Ihe air, and several prrvoni 
were killed ami leveidy woanded : if gurh were 
the immediate ronseqiiencei of a trifling degree of 
tnoialure teinaining in Ihe land which eompoted 
the mould, it may be naturally inferred, that a 
body of water, (neiiin; with iiibtenantoui flm, 
ia capable of producing eruplions and eatth- 

Jualief. It leemq, hovrvet, evlri'mely probable 
tuo experiments, that tliia elTvct printipally aria- 
«*frHn lh« innimiation of a-ater under or below Tolumc of slDiilar vapour, and to the e*H, * n't 
tbe lurface ut the «ide< bf those firea, at it ha» oSvern emilled a column at leaat tirrive fc« * 
boea aarertained thai water thrown upon fire dlanielcr, extremely Wacfc and denae. 
enporatos tAthout much violence, and yet if the " Nut amlsfied with the ob"en-rton« t W 
vaptHir thiit psnerated it conSiied by aitpcr- alTeady mtide," obwrvat ijpallanmni, " my ••'^ 
■aeuinbant eailh, or rock-, ll* sin.gglr. hr a vent oarty impelled me ro atlcmpl further di*n>«Br» 
mnat oceaainn the violvnl diirnpiion of thoae From the pointed rock On which I rtooH, ( «il* 
pwrK; Miaevmt is dilfemi on pourin* water on only Ke the rdm of the imxte of the enM>.> 
»e»a<l tin, Bliirli i* llir c-r.lv n.. i.nl ll.sl i. ,-<.n„.lfmJ, tti. lofm*', ^-lipiher it iniplit net t« 

Wi.;!!--!!.'.! ..■ '[ . ,,...,,, ,.,!.,- ,! . ,;:-i- |. . .M ■ .1 -.-t-.' "I ■ • !■■"" parts W" 

g.iti,, ... V. ,...;. "-■■"■'[ "'"^^ 

••ling ohsrrvat iuiis dcrivwl frnin nperitnce,hy 
ifiarking, " From this serir* of experiments 1 thi 
wv are authorixed (0 conclude, that when a qui 

tity of water Aitl* on the burning crater of _ , ...._. 

Tolcatn, it hai not the power of producing npio- ny view, t llWrefbre hMtMMil M tshb mf ■*■{** 

atom ) but th»t tbe latter an the conlnry ars in thia cavity, laking ad¥antBt« «t ••• rf ■• 

t4ry Tiolm «Imr tba wbMt ftaetMUaf below, very ibort ii ' ' ~ 



intUncM, no 


t T» 


nc mm* than Wly fM, b*< 


falling asaiu i 


nto Ihe crater, and in others il wn 








are proportin 




tembl" a hi< 


i<>tt 


noi«; the frano'iia of l*a 


were actually 




wan evident 


froo 


Ibeir globular iharw. u< 


becoming hsi 




.)!« they Ml upon Ihe lidaol 






form il preaerved. 


Theeil»la 




eihlbited ■ thick ctnod wMri 


milea In eite 


t, » 




withsnlphuri 




cloud wa» impei^etraMa by Da 


benmt of the 




lid appeared very Meek tn W 


midbt. hut » 




n Ihe eilges, and WM, in dl 


pnbabilily, a 


mil 


in depth. The vapaar Ik" 








three diallnct 






ed hy tbe saoi 


e cauae in the first initaiK*: wM 


an ejection c 


f la 


a took place, it wa* alwp 


«>compan,ed 


by a 


cloud of s^y'tnok* (W»IH 
ofthatfpotwewamimkatrf 


crater; lo Ihe 


wei 




each of whirh aeM Ibflk • 



of the volcano, 


nto wbicb tbe Mcfc 


vented the eon 


aiica of any baml 


ihoold thev be t 


rown ao far. It w>* 


elevated, that f 


tim it thB en»«-.i. 



VOL 

my pr«at tttirfftctifMi, mj evpccUtioos vere com* 
plvteiy I'allilU'd; 1 coald here look down into the 
very buwd* of the voteaoo, and truth aii'l nature 
■tood as it were uu veiled before me.** Thus 
.•iiiiated in probable safety, the iotrepid Spallon- 
»ni saw ihe fuUowing wundert. 

The crater he found to be of m circular ftrm, 

with edges composed of a diaos of sand, scoriar, 

aad lara ; mod be imaKined the circumference to 

be about three hundred and forty feet. Similar 

lA all other craters, that of Stromboli astsnmes the 

shape of a truncated inverted cone, the sides of 

which, from cast to south, were gently inclined, 

but the remainder very steep. Mauy parts of 

this iaternal descent appeared to be incrustcd 

With yellow substances,which he supposed to be the 

Bariaicif ammouia (sal ammoniac) or sulphur. 

Fluid lava, resembling melted brass, red-bot, 
and liquid, filled the crater to a certain height, 
ad thi* matter appeared to tx* influenced by two 
teiiaet impelling powers, the one whirling and 
afitsled, and the other upwards; at tivne^ it rose 
rapdly, and when tha surfisce hod reached with- 
iy thirty feet of tlie edges of the crater, an explo- 
lioB look place like a short clap of thunder, and 
It te same instant, a portion of the lava was 
kaitod with inconcKivabie swiitness into tlie air, 
ahicb was as inbtintancoutily sepaiated into nu- 
ftecous fragments, and those were accompanied 
hf a eopioua diKsharge of sand, ashes, and smoke. 
laOMdiatcly before the eruption occurred, the 
hfa appeared inflated, and larce bubblen, some 
■veral Icei in diameter, ro^e and burst, the deto- 
■twa followed, and the lava sunk, till a repeti- 
bm of this operation was commrnced ; during 
Hi rising, a sound issued from the crater like 
tha pcwliiued by a liquid boiling violently in 
• cauldron. Many of the eruptions were so 
iscaasidtf Table, that their effect could not be 
naUe at a small distance from the mountain ; in 
iWia the fragments constintly fell back into the 
gslpb, with a sound, on their collision with the 
peat Ba«» of matter, similar to that produced by 
■ater when forcibly struck with flat startrs ; 
ia the greater explosions, many of the pieces 
» %ta iae d into the crater, sume falling on the 
lides and rolling down, but many descended a 
pneipior, formed by one side of the mountain, to 
the Ma. 









pieces of scoriaceous lava, as they moved 
la the air, retained their red-hot appearance, 
tbaagh tha sun shone clear ; many of them came 
>a cootact during their progress, ami, according 
to the degree of heat they poKscssed,* tht;y 
^hered, or were broken. I'lie smoke seemed to 
bt ftveign to the lava, as none alteiiUed the frag- 
ttkeecs thrown into the air, and that which 
escaped passed through fissures, and at the 
laoment the lava burit. According to Sjullan- 
SaniTi eonjeetures, the crater may be about 
twtaty-five or thirty feet in depth, when the lava 
it raised to its greatest height, and upon its sub- 
tidiagv forty or fifty. There are no visible marks 
«f itacrer bavine overBowed so as to descend like 
laciea of JBXmm and Vesuvius. 

'* Tboogh the ejections of the larger and 
bearier stooes have short intcrmiisions, those 
of the lessor and lighter liave Kcarcely any. Did 
not ibo eye perceive how thoae showers of stones 
onginate* it would be supposed that they fell from 
the thy : tiie ooiip of the mure violent eruptions, 
rrannMinf that of thunder, and the darkness 
occasioned by the mounting cloud of smoke, pre- 
«Bi th« Image of a tempeit.'' 



VOL 

While this naturalist was employed in intenSto 
obsenution, the eruption suddenly cea»ed, the 
lava sunk to a greater depth than usual, and 
remained thus depressed ; the fierce Iii;ht subsid- 
ctl, and at the same instant, the various streama 
of ^smoke, issuing bifore fciUntly from the aper* 
tores west of the crater, began to lUsh forth with 
a loud hissing noise, and the apertures to shine 
with a bright colour of fire. *• I know nothing," 
says Spallanzant, *' to which the sound produced 
by the issuing of thefc fumes can be more proper- 
ly compared than the blowing of large bellows 
into a furnace by which metals are melted; such 
as 1 have seen at Zalatna, in Transylvania, and 
Schemuitz and Kremnitz, in Hungary, except 
that those volcanic bellows roared a hundred timet 
louder, and almost deafened tlie ear.*' 

Volcano, one of the most considerable of 
the Lipari islands, in the Mctiiterranean, lying 
S. of the island of I^ipari, froni which it is 
separated by a deep channel, a mile and a half 
broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and 
is a volcano, in the form of a broken cone, 
hut now emits smoke only. Volcano, as well 
as all the rest of these islands, is supposed to 
have been orii^inaiiy the work of subterraneaa 
fire. Of the produ'ciion of this island, in par- 
ticular, Fazzello says that it happened in the 
early tiuje of the Roman republic, and is re- 
corded bv Pliny and others. 

VOLE. s. {vole, French.) A deal at cards, 
that draws the whole tricks (Sujift). 

VO'LEllY. s, {voicrie, French.) A flight 
of birds. 

Sometimes the word is used to signify a bird- 
cage large enough for the birds to fly up and 
down in it. 

VOLGA, a river of Russia, which forms 
part of the boundary between Europe aiid 
Asia. It has its source iti two small lakes, ip 
the «)vernmciit of Ple&kof, about 80 miles W. 
of Tver, begins to be navigable a few miles 
above that town, and is there augmented by 
the iiillux of the Tverza. It waters some of 
the finest provinces in the Russian empire, 
jKiaacs by Varoslaf. Kostroma, Nislmei Novo- 
gorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratof, Tzariizin, 
and Astracan, and enters the Caspian sea by 
several mouths. This is supposed to be the 
largest river in Europe ; and by means of it^ the 
river Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, 
there is a navigable communication between 
the ('a^pian sea and the Baltic. 

VOLIIYNIA, a palatinate of Russian Po- 
land, 9*20 miles long and 130 broad ; bounded 
on the N. by Polesia, E. bv Kiof, b. by Podo- 
lin, and W. by Austrian l^olaiid. It consists 
chiefly of fertile plains watered byagreatnum* 
ber ot rivers. Lucko is the capital. 

VOLITATION. s, {voliio, Latin.) The act 
or power of flving {Brown), 

VOLITION. 5. {volilio, Latin.) The act 
of willing; the power of choice exerted {Lockt). 

VO'LITIVE. a. Having the power M) wUl 
» (Hale). 

VOLKAMERIA, in botany, a genus of the 
class didyiiamia, order anginspermia. Calyx 
five-cleft; corul with all tlie divirioos pointins 
one way } drupe two-seeded ; nuts two*cclled. 



VOL 

Eight species. The two following aiE cul- 
tivitul. 

I. V. oculeaia. Prickly vol knmeTl a. 

S. V. iiietmu. Ovate- leaved, smoolh rol- 

Both arc ihrutn, rising six or icven feet, 
wllh while flowers, void of odour. 

VcyLLEV-j. IvaUe. Freiicli.) I. A (tight 
oUhnnRaUigl'). S.A biirgti aii emiatioD of 
many at once {Skakipeare). 

To Vi/lley. v. n. To throw out iShak- 

VO-ixiED. o. Cfrom volleu.) Di*pl«led ; 
Uiichawd with a volley (PkiGpt). 

VOLO, a town nf European Turkev, in 
Janna, with a ciludul and a furt. It was taken, 
and 'linott ruined, in idoi, by the Venetians- 
It ia seated on a gull r>( the same name, wbere 
ihere ii a tcuod harbour, 30 niilei S.E. of 
Laii'H. Loii. S3. 55 E. Lst. 3Q. VI N. 

VOLODIMIH, or Vladimir, a govern, 
mem of Ku»sia, formerly a proiince of the 
gDvernmtnt of Moscow. The soU is exireiuely 
Icriile, and in the forests are innunieiable 
swartns of bees. 

VoLODiuiK, oi Vladiwih., a town of 
Russia, capital of a govcrniDent of the same 
ivjiac It II seated on the KItasma, I to mWet 
E. by ti. of Moscow. Lun. 40. sa E. Lai. 
bb. A3 N. 

VOLOGDA, a government ofKusiia, di- 
vided inln the two provinces of Volixnia and 
Uttiug. Ii is a marshy country, full of roresis, 
lakes, and riven, and noted for its 6ne wool. 

VoLOODA, a town of Russia, capiial of a 
province of the same name, and the see of an 
archbishop. It has a magnificeni cathedral, 
several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The 
principal irade is in hemp, malting, leather, 
and lallow. It is seated in a marsh, on the 
river Vologda, which flows into theSukbnna, 
SS7 miles N. by E. of Moscow. Loo. 31). 
4ti E, Lat. 5g. 20 N. 

VOLSCENS. a Uiin chief, who discuver- 
ed Nisus and Enryalus returning from the 
Uuiulian camp loaded with spoils- He killed 
Enryalus, and wushlmselfimtnedialcly stabbed 
by riisu.. 

VOLSCl or VoLCi, a people of Lalitim, 
' . ■- - - J bouildeu ■' -'- 



by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of 
the Hernici and Marsi, west by the Lalini 
and Rutidians, and east by Campania. Ancui 
king ol Itomc made war against ihem, and in 
ilie time of the republic they became formida- 
ble enemies, till they were at last conquered 
with the rest or the Latiu*. 

VOLT. SeeVoLTH. 

VOLTAIRE (M«ic Francis Arouetde).a 
French write' i-r i;clebrily, born at Pari*, SOih 
Feb. Itjrn- lie wa«M feeble (I his birth, that 
it wM long doiibful whethei he eould be 
reared. Frgin his earliest yean he evinced 
■uiKri'ir piwcri, so that he said, he wrote 
vcr^ b<:f .le h>.' iefi his cradle. He wa* edu- 
caUd in iha coUeip; nf L«wi> the Great, where 
hi' maik ><ic)i pra^itis.^, that Ninon de I'Enclos 
Iclt him itoou likrcs tu buy him a libr.iry. He 



V o t-' 

was intended for the law ; but the fnusuM' i 
fircaier charms, and among the conrtien of I 
Lewis XIV. he acquired those graces (vf ddt< 
caie humour and eaay enpreisioft by which he 
was so much distinguished. His fondnm far 
satire prceured his imprisonment in the Kti> 
tille for one year, from which h« was hbtnled 
by Urlcaiib, who was pleased with the repr*- 
sentation of (Edipuc, the first tragedy ubdi 
he wrote, I718.' Some of hisplays wereafW- 
wards unsuccessful, and the poei, ind'giiaBttI 
the censures of his countrymen, left Paris, aari 
came to England, wbere he was noticed bf 
George I. and qneen Caroline, onder whtM 
patronage he published hij Henriade. FlalieT- 
cd with this and wiih the handsome proivrty 
which he had realized by the libetaliiy of hu 
subscribers, he in 172B returned to Piirii, sad 
while he labouied by commerce to imiJtmi 
his income, he devoied ilie best |iirt o( hit 
time to liierary pursuits. His Braiiis, ib« umsi 
nervous of his tragedies, appearrd in 17». »"* 
was soon succeeded by Zara, the most pub^ 
Lie of his pieces. His leitres philosophmnBil 
this time gave such offence for their inMcol 
witticism}, that they were burnt by a decieeof 
the pariiament, and the author withdretv la 
the seal of madatne de Chaielet. His AliJie. 
Mahomet, and Merope, produeed soon aAcr, 
placed him at the head of the dramatic poctt 
of France, and inlrodueed him 10 the courtu 
the favourite of madauie Pompadour. He 
was appointed gentleman of the bedchambn 
to the king, and historiu^pher of Fnnce, 
and in I74ti had a leai m the acadcDiy M 
Though thus popular, he yel ' 



monarch, anda liberal pension of 2? .OOUlitrtSi 
for a while-commanded his attaclinienl, boll 
tjuarrel with Mauptttuis, who was at the ittt 
of the Berlin academy, and that spirit of In*- 
pendence which always marked his condoct, 
soon after brought on his disgrace, and aftW 
being dispossessed of a volume of roy^ vuwt, 
which he wished 10 carry away, he left the 
kinedom. The publication of an obscene pnen 
at that time rendered his return to Parisdao- 
Ef rous, and therefore after slaying oneyeir it 
Calivar, he purchased an estate near Gcntrs, 
where he fixed his residence. This place h* 
soon abandoned for Feri;ey, on the bonlen of 
France, where he etiablished a colony ofindn^ 
trious artisans, and received in iirogtctsof lin* 
the homage and the respect of the learned of 
Europe. He received the adulation at ibe 

Sreat. and the liberal presents of cramwd 
eads, especially of ihe king of Pmida, and*' 
the empress Catherine, ana continued long ■* 
direct the ustc and the literature of the wtiid. 
At last, in 1778. he tenittred to exchange d« 
tranquillity of Fetney for the capital, arid Wt- 
rounded wilh glnrv and with wealih, he *p 
peared at Paris, wnere he was rreeivrd wiUI 
unusual honours by all the learned bodin, aid 
cmwnod wilh the ixiclicwrralh in thctlieattt. 
amidst applauding ihousands. X'hese tiunoBls. ' 
■tid the complimenlary tisils of ccKtHDJ 



VOL 

icjrlproduccd, wert, however, tnn bur- 
lof bi> giett age and change of regi- 
Iconiinutd faiigue infljuicd bis bl(>M 
■ghi OD a hvmorihage. A> if fnre- 
ia eA(l> he declared when he reached 
«i be came lo leck gloc; and death, 
prcsenied by an anist with a piciiiie 
mjih, lie nbscrved, " a tomb would 
»r me than a iriuatph." When un- 
ijof his usual ml, and unable to bear 
ioni, he look a large doie nf opium, 
wntd him of bii scnKi, and he died 
, 30lh May, 1778. He WIS bulieil 
rt> between Nogenl and Troyes, and 
in* were, during: the rcvoluiioti, le- 
a (be church of Si, Getievk-ve, at 
• decree of the coii*eiitian, Voluire, 
dee of ■ new seel, has catueU a revolu- 
id iDoral], and whilst lie hat often 
\ia powerful ulenu to piomoie the 
rrucui aiiil of humanily, in inspire 
rnh toleratinn, and wiili a horror for 
M* loo often cxeiled himself in extend- 



Lnndon, the Caneiian al Vetsailles, 
ndcd Cbriuian ai Nann, and (he un- 
infide] al Betlin. From tbe liiuh 
r of the moralist, he fretjucntly de- 
inio ihc bulToon, from the philoMipher 
me au enibiutast, from mildness he 

> pataion, from flattery lo satire, from 
M oioiiey lo the love of luxury, from 

le»y of • wiie man lo ibe vanity of an 
WiL li has been said, that his nhy- 
ypartookof tbalofiheca^leand of the 
[Bn^haracirr eihibittii him oiTejsion- 
I MMibiliiy, bui void of alTeetion, vo- 
lt bat without panioni, open without 
', and liberal niilioul gcncio^ity. As 
(f letten he must tiand on very high 
for reriahty of talent, for brilliancy of 
lion, for astonishing ease, for exquisite 
id Sot vast extern of knowledge. He 
bcude*. several Iragedies, ihe last of 
rM Irene — ttvetal comedies, the best 
^h are, rinditcrei, I'enfaiil prodieuej 
line — opcrai — fuKili*t pieces— es<aMur 

> Iteneralc — les tieclei de Louis XIV. 
ait XV.— bitlory of Charle. XII.— of 
r Peter— melange* de liierature — dic- 

philewphique— jthiloiophie de I'his- 
M oibei wi'rk) of impious lendenev — 
rfPWer aodTh. COmeille. See. The 
ncel ediiiun of hii works it ihat of 
, in 90 volt. 410. anil the most copiou), 
BM«l.fn;i vnl..Hvo. 
nmt records of Voltaire, First, that 
Wieed ihe drtign of avetlumiru ihc 
n Ktifton, and ibat by hit own hxnd. 
wearied," laiil he, " of liearin^ ji re- 
ihat twelve men wer« tnfliclenl lo es- 
r%ri»tianity; and I wish to prvvc ihal 
■dt bnl one » Hrtlioy ii." Secondly, 
Mrsnii of this object, he was ihreaien- 
a (mxecnlinn ; lu avoid which he rr- 
be McraoicDI. and publicly declaced 

Kihe church, and hl'ditdiiii for 
I Galled in ijuaiiou hMChiitt]* 



VOL 

ani^t Thirdly, that in his laiit ilIneM, fit 
■"aris, beingdeslrous ofoblaininfc what is railed 
Christiau burial, he sent fur > print, to tv'liom 
he declaied ihat he " died in ihe calhulic 
faith in which he was born-" Fourthly, ibat 
another priest (curate of the parish) troubled 
htm witn questions. Among olhei ihin);^ he 
asked, " Do you believe ihr divmiiy of Je<ns 
Christ i" " la ihe name of fK>d, lir," leplied 
Voltoire, " speak to me no more of ibal man, 
but lei me die in peace." Hnw different From 
ihe language of David, P^alin xvii. 15. 

For an account of Voltaire's shameful in- 
terpolations, flee, in hit edition of Pascal'* 
Thoughts, seepAsciL. 

VOLTAISM, that curious and iniporlant 
branch of eleetricily, which depend* upon me- 

Tiirts whi<:b paved the •vay lo this scienrp, we are 
iudebtfril to pn<re*ior Galiani ; Tor their expln- 
natian and ipplicalioa lo purpntei of real ulililv, 
we are iodcbted to professor Volla ; and for Ilia 
grand and liuiple law or nature by nhieb Ihey 
operate in the production of eOcctn, we arc in- 
debted 1« sir Humphrey Davy. 

Aboulllie year liW, pror«ior Galvaai ofBo^ 
logDB diicDiercd aeetdenlaily, Ihsl Ihe eriiral 
nerve of a frog eut up fur aoup for hi> wifc'a 
dinner, evnlrarled and brrnmc eonvolsi^ upna 
Iheappllcslionora kaire ivclted »ilh waleri as 
Ihe itory ja told by other writen, lie prrivived 
wbilstbewaaonedaydiuei'liDg a tVon in a ronm 
where aanic ot his frienili were amiiiing them- 
aeliei wilh electrical expert incaU, Ibal I ho body 
of the aniuial waa shaken wilh a viutcnt eou- 
vuliion, in conarquenec of a apark being drawn 
from the ronduelor of Ihe uacbine al llie time be 
was touching one of its nortcii. AMoniihrd at 
Ibe phEnamcDon, and al flrM imaeinliif that it 
might be ovringlo hi* baying wounded the nerve, 
he pricked it with Ibe point of his knife, lo «i»uro 
himaetrwhelherornatlhU waitheraw, bul no 
tuotion of the frog't body wis produced. He nnw 
touched the nene wilh Ihr iniitnimenl a« al firvl, 
and directed a ipark lo br laken al the 'ame 
limu from tbe machine, onwjiirb the mnlracliona 
were renewed. Upon a Ihird iriai, Ih' astmal 
mnainvd vol innleoi i but nliwrting thai br held 
his kniff by Ihc handle, wliicli na« made of Ivory, 
be chingrd it fur a melallic one. aud iwmedlateir 
IhB mOTemenli look pisce, which never wa* Ui« 
raw when he used an eledrie lubilanre. 

After having made a great many limilar ex- 
perimenta with the cleelrieal inarhine, ho re^ 
•olved to proHcute Ihe sul^erl wilh almoipberio 
eteetridtj. Wilh Ibia view br raised a rvndne- 
tor on tbe roof of hia houi>e, from which b* 
broughl aa Iron niiv Inio hti loom. To Ibis ha 
allached nirlal eonducton, oonnrcti^ viilh Iha 
nenre* of Ihc anlnali dotliord to be Ibe >ubiecla 
of hUFXpefimenlsi and lolbeir itga he fuli'sed 
wire* which rearbed the llunr. ThTM aipu- 
ri meat* were not ronflned la In'if aliine, bif- 
ferrnl animali, both uf nild and warm blood, 
were (ubjerird la Ibeei ; aail iu all of Itieui eon- 
aideralite movemgnta wrri- raeilvd wheMVcr It 
lightened. I'beie prervdcd lliuoder, snd earre- 
•poiided with ita inteiitilj and rcpalllleii i and 
ovrn nben no lighlniog appckrcd. Ihe movt-ntenta 
took place when any kloniiy eluud pavtrd over 
Uie BpjMralus. Tbal all tlicw appewaomi wr* 
praUun-d by Ihe elcctrig lluld oaa obtiaui. 



TOLTAISl 




Ml *• «lM M« ««•»«• ilM M* to iMtt |« ■ I ■iiiia. ua wi^ B^aai. 

flKHMHiMiaf rN-M-ffcM an •MrEtmqv; i-*c*r^LMl)y, -Wb • firak arnrf ■( ni, 

M4 4MnM«ta| > (Hi MMfavarcsrniatBM, «»jM»lfctr«f «illwr.»e i «fc^— < »fcfh* 

MfMlIf •»«>• Mrf •«»rW«(, hM htn »«■ «■« »i|fahfca»anwrfWlfcr— tK»«iri- 

to Uaw 1x4 M^m llw piMi>- bji Vslll, FmIct, mUh iftumd hj WiMW Ik oImmI mA 

||>W*,V«tll>,HM*Mt,Udo<ll^. lBtaHMMt.W>*«yp«MrMi MdlMoBri 

Vmi«b, m/tifj/Hf lor Hhm^Im*. hne bn* b^ ilx «iM t« ^tmOmt 'm tvt* »• IW iiwrtht 

AmM II>« mm* 'Mtmirwl iNltc^t roT Uh«b n- andBf fraa ta fyHiiMlii !• tt* iHCae. 
■OTtMnMa, Mllwv ratals iMr aMtralar trrita- Xn ntftboJ ha« fcUterta fcfa» fc^wwi rf» 

MUlf ai^ MNM9«Mlil)r af fha calnaM hrfhMM* pliiag ibc OaliMie faiflMwc la awk ■ ««« 

wr« laafl. M aaf fwan aAvr thrj hate btn da- ■• Is tSrti the mnn af ai«41, teaftaf. Mi 

mini--', ar bar* tmA thatr IrralB aod if^ul U.t»lii ilwugh >fief»l fAia«i pkHu mifciW Iff* 

'aMraair 4ra(ra}n(,>tratif HMiTMUifflnma be pr»> i-arrfull]) iuirnigdlrd itte tubbed. NerMlMt 

AMitf hi (kaw b* Iba appllratUn of Ihe aafalt. r*u« of Uxw phHioiD.ii* clewlj ■M i i W larfi 

Ab«*BfanMf»Hilb«bndjwlllannn»tfnua tiiiloB) and u>aj of liU Mlomn ■■)*■&■ ' 

ivpaMa at nalivmiM hr meral daja. N«, ihtni i<. d'lKod un the define Saul, aU* 

MTf Malbwl atarwanta ha*r bem prodOMd ia .■V.nr-. i>iif,<.i,|.' ili.ii, i<i ih, mDutorr iC una* 

fMg« frallr (bradiaaertfla Iba )rraar*> of paHa- pbniral afcata. 

Iballaa. MMbrral hiadt irf flUie*, and naa; Ht. Crete, ntrfeoa in WnrlabarKi ha^Mi^ 

■Hwraalnali, bathnfrvU and «ina blood, hata partuDltjofobacirfDctlK trrilatIaBO«ttak(< 

baotiMtb)*rtadln*iMilar aaprrlmnitx, and biira abo;, whidi had bcra BaptrtaiadlBry "* 

nhlMI*d llw Maie phranrnenai but J he mm knaela tba bo^lA ml Ibatdt 

bluwM animal* Ima lbvtrMiwiv|illblMty of gal- after tbe wipalatlDB, Mr. Ci« 

nnlwi, M irf ■mrji atbof allMUlu', »«rjr aooa enirmi wm (kukMumn), an . __ 

■Aardaalb. wUb a ilip of tinfoil. Ho Uathe4 at aaa* 

AInuNi my two MalaUwIII praduna Iha mota- liaroil aad tbe nana with a FroMcfc CMMftMi- 

MaaU I but, II U ballatnt, Ihe aioM pnwarful ara In tliat Inilanl tba maat vloknt «««niMaMMk 

UMMIuirlni.ln Iha order In whlHi thej ara hara place In the leg both aboie and bahw Ifca tM» 

plaiwdi I. Klnr|tl.Tla|U. l.rari}la<«a)onBttaa The remalDderaf Iha thighbow boat wUkftl» 

wltb, l.<laldiXmitor|l. Mnlibdmai^. Hteeli toward tha calf ithefoatwaa MonbaMlkW» 

A, rappers Ipoa Ihh paint, huarier, aulhora teadcd. All tboa notlou were r*- -"^ — ^ 

Ma Bol poiIWiIt ag raod. foKa and f^Idttj. Nob* wan 

Tba prwreM liy whlrli Iheae lingular pheno. the lijifbllwadtliaa amj.ar td 

■Mti* ara pnidntad rnadili In efTprtlng, by the waaaiadln plaaeef aphaaordl 

Ma af Uw aMdlUf ■ppantliu, a Butwd cos- lU «r ailiat ma aancaAwHk 




V O i T A I S M. 



■tlwwaMBclea wrre remoMd. 
M conllaued till 3S miiialn kftcr 

ic limb beeuoe raid. 
* Urinrich VUS (in Diurrta- 
fteitalB Aninali, Sluleardt, 1793 : 
I'l Journal der Physk, T. viii. 
At duwil the pheDoiDvai or inui- 
ioo ia ■ tei7 nrderlj' and peniii- 

1 fonu of bii experimenU i» tbe 
I wbicb we haw Blreedj dnrrilfa] ; 
inn^irkliu irere obiencd: 
briilf coated wilh tlnfnil, il iru 
gi tllU tlie coDtrBClioiis nrrc 
■patlicr Irit touched llii: inuicle, 
Kbc- If it loutbed Ibc coXins 
Wnre ftlnaji, and lery semiljl)', 

on >lr. 



trtnt «if moumtar Itofc Mi flic 

loEether jireveiit tli« ninlia^' 

lad in aiany caiei did not ■viiiiblj' di> 

■rlMor 



li.hllipii 



otrBctiona were weaker at tliu bc- 

iDQ Muurd friHu taunliinj; the roitt- 
« ncrt« Mil;, or the niutclc only. 



knd duraliiin were gnalrr whei 
nidied cauh oilier In psinU oi 



rMa 



. (ilk thread bclon' the coat- 
Iweex tberaatiuc and the mutcle, 
tern louch»d by Ihe liiitr), pre- 
InclJKO i but not if the ligature 
be raatinf anil the braiu. If the 
Ibrouith beloiT the coaling, and the 
I ■ qaarter arcp inrb, no cuoirac- 
by lotiefaiuK the caatiiig anil llie 
«i but it touk plaee, if the parta 
Bio contact; or enn if a piece of 
e wai put lietwecii Ihe parli. 
vble part of a barnl aerte woa in- 
'i, parlljr irllh tlufuil and partly 



r the two nicUiU 



be enatrd wilb ti 



m^BCX lo lb* IT 

■It. 

vd tWi( he lulOH 



It In oUi oral lirtl, 
f trf^ alttllt. 
1 pndo'e ronlrai'lifni i 



IviT be laid on Ihe 
the breiht or bcllf , and be brought ii 
wilh Ihe tin coiling on the lumbal recion, only 
the niiuclet of the breatl or bell; are aS'ected, 
hut nut thoK nflhe leg*. 

PFaff obnerven, Ihal Iha involunlar; miuolea 
ara ool affected b; galinnimni; and refcri for 
eaDiIacios proof* to a diiiertalioD b; Ur. Lad- 
wig, tlieAing that the henrt ii not furnished 
itilli nerve*. (Scriplar. nkuroli^. minor. leleeu 

ProiciMir Aldan!, the nephew or flaliani, hu 
purtued the intereiting lubjcct with great led 
and Biiccesa. Uarl; in the year 1803 the pmrea- 
*Dr wH in ED^Iaad, and exhibilrd neieral ler^ 
curious (:BlvBDic eiperioimU. Among other ioi* 
portant facta, it waii deciiiTelf BhrHo, 

I. That a vital allrulimi submti between > 
nerrc anil niuiele; for the impended uiati* 
nerve* of » frog, iRer detaching the ipiDe, being 
brougbl near the iutcrcutlal muielei i>f a dogj 
whiii! the aKiitanl who held tbe fnig did, wilb 
hiiother band, touch Ibe muicln of lha Ibighor 

llie oerTCa suiikended approadird, and eame into 
coutaol with Ihe niukclu, a* evidently as a lilke*. 
thread U attracted by svaling.wai. 

'2. Tbe heart of a rabbit wa* excited lo action 
in a little lioie al\er Ibe animal was billed ; but 
vitality diiappcarcd uiurb saaner than in tb* 
other luuictci : to that thia organ ii the primini* 
end nol, a* Ilancj aisertcd, tbe ullimum au/rinia. 
The lung*, liver, and iplren cnuld nol be cKciled 
to action, even iuiuicdialely alUr the auioBl wk« 
killed. 

3. The moit imporlant fiH of nil wa* that of 
cKciliDg coutraclioni b; making « circle ofnervea 
and muulei of different an iuab., without aoy mi*' 
tallic exciter or conductorB. 

i. The head of an el, rcNnlly decapitated, tx- 
hibiled atlonitliingcOeclKi for, the tongue bcin« 
drawn out by a hook flxed inlo it, on applying 
the ckcilarx, in ipUo of the ilrcngtb of Ihe ai- 
■iitanl, tbe tonguowai ivlracted,*o Bi to dotaclt 
iUoir by tearing itulf frmn tbe hook , at the Mma 
tine a loud nobc ixued from tbe moutli by ih* 
Bburption of air, attended by violent eonlortbna 
uf the wluile bead and eyes. 

Aldaiii alio availed himH>tf of the opportunitj 
•ITunled by Ihe eiecutiou of Forster on the 17Ut 
of January, for Ihc murder of hii wife and child, 
III repeat hi* galvanic capcrimontt. A liberal 
grant bad been uide hiiu of the um of th<t lub- 
jFct, by Mr. Keale, turgeon to the king, and 
mailer of the coUego of luigcooi, who wai iiin- 
self prcarnt on thit ucmvton. The nuull of Ibia 
ctperimml yiomiwn grcul advantagai to Ibe in- 
lemt* of humanity, etpcciall/ in caaci af ^pa- 
rent dcBlh by droll ning, and other i-aoei of a«« 
pbyxlB. ThcK gentlemen, we understand, found 
that Uie corptc. by Beam uf galvauiun, wan 
made to cKbibil very powerful aiuscjilar contrM* 
lioua beforr dis*ci.tiun, and Ihit aflcrwBnJa tbna 
coatnrtioiu ronliuucd fur tcveu hnurs nod B balU 
On (beOnt applicaliuo aflliu pmeeuita Ibefiiiic, 
the Ja» of Ihe deceiscd crimiaalJiegBa to qoiinr, 
■nd ibo B(\)aiuiog muirlri were horribly eonlort' 
ed, and one eye wn ■rlually oix-ned. In lUe |bIi> 
teilUL-iit pari of Iha proreis, ijif lighl hand WB4, 

nuwd Mi elotdMi^jnl tbg Unj^thjf *- - ~ — 



a 



V O L T A I S M. 



•Mill mMloa. ft apparad, to the uninfonned 
pKTl of the by-ilanden, ii if the wrelehed man 
iT«» nn Iho e*o of iKin; restored to liff. 

A TUieljr of similar cxperlmMits i>f re punueit 
under a f^real muKiplicilj of fomiitby difirrpnt 
phjuiologiita and phitoiophen in our ovnx cnun- 
try, and etpeciallj by Dr. Fowlfr, whoie evity 
on Ihii nubjeH waipublinhed in ITIIO ; the actions 
produced mm, fraia tlie flnl, aitrribi'd lo a prio- 
rfple of eteelridlf, and the inripiFDl (dencr, 
■hiu liniled lo looie and E«DFral experlmrnN 
on the nnimal frame, trai denominaleil alYrr its 
cariieal diKoiFrrr, gBlvanlini. 

Theprineiplu, hoirever, upon nliich th* clvr- 
triepomr acted wai mUundiTMiKid i nor were 
an J mcana as ji-t tleriied bj wliieh Ihe new puwec 
Miild hp wcuniulatfd lo any dennileeiteiil, or 
■ applicable to any uteful piir|tnte<i. 



OaUa 






^ piK'i 



[od Ley- 



n'iiln; the mitiple* lo rescinble 

den phial, hntiDg electrir-ity aec 

istidr, nhile tile uutaide wu mjniia. The nertea 

be eonreived to be connected irilh the iniidc: 

when it naa united with the outside by conduo- 

(•ra, Ihe aarplui electricity wan dUttiirBCd, and 

hence (be mottoni of the limli. 

H. Valla, profeuor of natural pbilosoptiy al 
Como in the Milancie, loon diHeotpred, however, 
Ibal the mavulnionii trere producrd by a ililTerent. 
operation of the cleclrie principle, iu reality by 
merely touching tno diftreni parts of the name 
ofrrebylwodifTerenl melala, and thuB making 
a circuit of the three Bubstanreii, of which the 
part of thenerre aelecled for the purpoic rarmed 
Ibe middle: and purauin; thia timple but b*au- 
liful law, be aonn anerwardi perceived Ihnt 
Ibe two diatinct melals alone had an action upon 
each other when brought Into ooDtact, but that 
Ibe aeliun waa eonaiderably incrraaed by the In- 
terpoMlion of a third aubitance of a diStrent na- 
ture. Tha bjrpolheula of Oalvaui naa hereby 
completely deatroyed, and a roundation laid for 
that wonderful electric oolumn which has been 
called the gaWanie, or more correcUy the tol- 
laie pile, which, bj the limple oieaai of niutliply' 
iB« plain of two different kiods of mftal, with 
an inlerpaaitloD of a plile of anint other lub- 
vlaoce between eacb^ producra «ucb an accumu- 
lation of cteclric power, and, when the force of 
Ibe oppo'ite endi in brought into approximation 
by meaii* of a Beaible wire, or other conductor, 
allaebed to each cad, «uch an exertion of Ihii 
power a* t» become one ofthe uioit If not atto- 
ffelher Ibe moirt energetic afenla in cbcmiitry. 
And "« now advinM to the acHind and moil Im. 
portanl ilage of Ihii new branch of natural ici- 
encc ; for which Ihe world in entirely indebted to 
Ibe penelralitig genius uf M. Volla, and the cu- 
rioua fafli and phenooiena at which haie hence 
been univeraally denominated voltaiam. 

M. Vulla comnienrcd his experimrnla in 17113, 
and it waa soen yeara before he rendered hit 

Eilla auHciently nalinfaetory and perfrcl lo other 
ta dracripiion and powen before the public. 
This.howetCT.heacniraplishtdin IBOOj at which 
time he comrauirirated a particular account of it 
lo the Uoyal 8uc)ely, th»U|^ the medium of air 
Joaeph Bankt, who published tbia oaluablv paper 
in the latter paH of Ihelr Transa'Hinnt for tlial 
J«ar. Hit apparatus, aa there dr'-rribrd, conaiitt 
of a number of copper or siWer plates (nbich last 
are prvrcrable), tafellier with in equal number 
at Diaica nimpnaed of tin, or itill better of ainr, 
_mI m itBdUtiKm^r, 9t smt* «f nttf, kiiUier. 




or woollen cloth, the lail of whlrii mbattnen a^- 
peara In be the motl tuilable. Thev lul should 
be well loaked in water salurited with common 
stll,muriat of ammonia, or more edectually, witti 
nitre. — The siWer or copper may be pieeca of 
money, and the platea of line may be cast of Iha 
same siie. A pile is then lo be formed, by placing 
a piece of iilter on a corresponding one of aiac, 
and on tliem a piece of wcl cloth or card : wtaleb 
ia to be repeatnl a1lcmal<1y, till thr number r»- 
quiPMl be arranged in regular loccession. Bnl, 
u Ihe pieces are apt lo tumble down, if Ihvir 
Dumbcrs be muiiderable, unlesa property W- 
eured. it will 1w adriiablc Iu lupport then b* 
means of three rndi of glass, or baked wood, tsti 
ioln a dat wooden pedestal, and loddiisg lb« 
jiiccca of metal at three eqai-distaot poiala. 
Lpun thae rods may be made to slide a «aall 
circular piece of wood, perforated with thite 
holes, whiob will senc lo keep Ihe top of Uw 
pile llrm. nnd Ihe difierenl layers In close eoaUM. 
Tlie moistened piern should likewiae be icmt- 
what anialler thsa those of metal, and gaotlf 
tqueeicd before they are applied, to prervntlM 
■uperBuoUi moisture ftvm insinuating ittelf !•• 
twecn Ihe pieces of metsl. Thus oouatnitM, 
the apparatus will alord a perpetual rurnst of 
the electric Huid, or TOltaie inluenee, thm|b 
any conductor that communicates betireea Ik* 
uppcrmait and lowest plate; uid, if oD* htal 
be applied to the lalter. and Uic ottnr to tl* 
highest nietaf, a ahodi will be perreind, wUA 
may he repeated a< oflen M Ihe coutarl la !•• 
newed, Thiishockgreatlyrosemblesthalginato 
tli« tor[>edo,ar gymnolua rlectricus : and, MCM» 
ing lo the larger siie of the metallic plates, tht 
shock will be proportlouably atrongcr. The !•• 
Icnsiljof Ihe charge, however, is au low, IkltH 
cannot peactrnte the dry skin ; it will tbenAM k( 
neceuary to wet both bands, aad ia graap a |^ 
of metal in each, in order to praduea the imiftt 
eSect: its power may be considerably iaoaaMli 
both by an elevation uf temperature, aad b^ a«- 
menllni! the numlier of pieces that ei»ip«aBtt* 
pile. Tliun, 30 piece* of each will en>>l ■ ifea^ 
thai is very perceptible in the anna; if UMM 

tinned aeoaaKon will extend even tv UwiAaal* 
den ; and, if the aiirfkce of the akin ba brclli, 
the action uf the Toltiie iolluenn irflt ba ^ 
commonly painful. ' 

TheteDutioBof adash, or shack wilb Ihlisf- 
parntui, does ool maturialty diHcr froni thalw*- 
ducedby Iwo simple plates j bnt It may becMd- 
rd in tarioua ways, npecially if one or b4fe 
bandi be applied in a wet slate la the lotn* 
plate uf Ibe pile i or any part nf the ttm H 
brought iu contact with a wire fa miaua t M lIl t 
with the top piece. Further, If a wlr« be tdi 
between Ihe trelh, so s> to ml upaa Ita* iMfi^ 
that organ, as well ai tlie lipa, will hew *^ 
vuliod, Ihe dash will appear before the ^M^ Md 
a *cry pungent taste will be pe rw i lad la 4b 
uioulb. 

When a mctalllo wire, having a b)l orMd> 
burnt charcual at Iti exlnmity, la auatfe ta Mt- 
ncci the two ellremlUes ofthe pile, a apailE vU 
Iw ptrcciied, or tbe point af Iba diarraal will 
become ignited. 

Various other modes of n 
ralus harclicen aJupted, a 
suprrior In poiiit of mnienkDoe. Oaa a 
bj soldering Uia pUtn of alae aa4 e 
falhCTt N»t b) n " — "-" " 



S. I 



V o L r A r s M. 



b«ba4 ««ed, Mvered vitli ttptesX in the rt^ukr 
seder, »■« 1» fona ralU lo be filled witli tliP anid 
ai*»truMi, cull lurfkM of due bein; nppoiitc lo 

• nf<K« of copper; aad lh» ooDihin*liDn ii very 
MMpt* ud euj of ■ppliratian. AnoUirr fonn U 
Ikal of iBImdudng pUtes of («ppcr and line, 
&at>n4 tocctber bf BiUpofropptTiiiilo ■■rough 
sf ponvluB, contUDinc ■ nuraber of relli cor- 
muoduig to the number of the series. The 
Umrtat aeriei nsj be intradatcd neptrelelj into 
Ita lr««|tli* ID<I lakcn out without the neccuil5 
rf ^Mtiuit the fluid i or the} may be atlmchcd lo 

• |MCC»r baked wood (anil when the Dumber ia 
M(t«7lulc)latMdu«d into the celJi, or taken 




diaeover;. Theie, Ihaugli Tery ittikUe Md 
portant, Rre not to be cottpsrcd, in point of ra 
to liii original diicoTery of the deconipsiit^ 
power of Yoltaiun, tfhirh bai made u* afquaidl- 
ed with a new energy in nalure, and put inia 
pos^etsion a inurh more efficicnl rhemical k; 
than any with whirh we were before ««|Uain 
This is the ditrovery whieh doe> ho uiucli 
to HIT Humphrey Davy, aad has put hi 
Iciel with llie imall number of indiviilui 
been fortunate enough to lay open 



orlda 



r of nature 



Similar polar eleririra! arransenienti la thote 
formed by line and copper may be made by *a- 
Ttn* allatuliona of conducting and imperfect 
CDBdurtiDg lubaUom : but for the accumulation 
■4 Ike power, tbeteriea muatconidil of three sub* 
Maoeaa or more, and one, at leail. 



aihe 



ouEbt i. 



•wlut with 

pinr aoil pota;kh, at one extremity, and in con- 

■tk« anlTKoailj, aome ialine lolulion being be- 
!■••» Ike «utpburelted and the acid wlulion*, 
faCMS ut aJeiDenl of ■ powerful nnubination, 
whU will fite ahock* when fifty are put lo- 
■Ihir . Tbc order U copper, etoili of the tame 
fapMlrt— cd wiUi aolution of nitric arid, clolh 
■■Hnad In the aolution of common lall, clolh 
Htenad in Ibc aolution of the compound of 
■HMr, (npper. and ao on : the ipeciSr craviliet 
iUM MhUiona abould'be in the order in which 
mif m<* MTSBf ed, lo picteni the miKlure of the 
t/it aad uilphurelted lolution i that i>, Ihc 
taaiiaal aoltilion should be placed loweat 
.foTtheae and varioua other progrcaiiTe i'n- 
tttarfMiacareehieay iadehted to air Ilumphvey 
thnj ; ■« »e an allogelber for tbc great din- 
tentrf remeling iLe agency of tollaiim, whicli 
Wa|MiblMli(d in Die Pliiloiophical l'r>n>aellon(. 
In a pap" whidi gained the prlie prupo«ed on 
^haian by Ibe Krrnch emperor. Thia di>ru- 
»m MBJ be eiprened in the rullowing tentt^u^' : 
*• Tk» wHaie energy ha< the properly of dceum- 
id allbalaocea (tuppoiing the 



fnm tlw Iw citn-ioitiea of the battery, 
lag; In iIm fbllDHlug law: oiygan and arida ar- 
nutfB llwancliei round the poailite wire; by- 
dtaps, allialiii, earths, and tnetali, round llie 
MfBliic aire." From lb ia tery important din- 
tt^Tj »ir Muiophrey drewaevwal tery plauaible 
labnmera. Oiygeu Bail ■eiiU, a'lnre they are al- 
kMlcd lowarila Ibe poailiie wire, are naluraliy 
■inTlii wbilr, un the olher bind. hydro|Een, 
''tr'*— . Bad uetala, being allnclid to the nega- 
Hw win, an aalurmlly poailitc. When two 
wfcaUncaa are ehenically combined, tbcy are in 
lifcaifl alaka of electricity ; and the more coni'- 
pMaly oippvtilc Ibcae ilalva, the more iotimalcly 
tk(j an iHitad. To (eparate the two eunillluenU 
af bn4l» froui each otbcr, we ban only to bring 
thaw U, Ik* aauie electrical alale ; and tlii* ik tbe 
iAi.( wbleb ToUaiam pmdueea. Hence, tbc- 
■iwl aAnit] U nulking clac than the allrseUon 
■Ufk AxiaU between badicH in dlBerenl lUlea of 
•hdridty. The 4ecaaip<»ition of the fixed al- 
kaliM^of the alkaline earlhi and baracic add, 
~ " ' by the aanie celebrated cbt- 

CDnar(|ucnev of bia original 



It haa been doubled by many per. 
the (ollaic and electrical energy were ine same: 
bul thousand! oreiperimrnU might be iiffcred to 
prove them lo be such. M. de Luc'a tery tiraplo 
■eriat elertrotcope, or eteolrleal column, a-i ha 
call* it, may be adTertcd to, aiauffldent nf ilielf 
to eatabliih Ihii fnct. This rolumn eooiialt of 
linc-plalei and Dutch gilt-paper, in regular ^DC- 
ecBiion, like the metallic platei of the loltaio 
pile, the groupx facing from one Ihouiand to ten 
Lhouiand. nhcn two of Iheae columni are placed 
horiiontally, tbe one insulated, and the other 
eommunicating with the ground, each being ler- 
minaled wilb a small bell, and ■ small braaaball 
ia luapendcd between the two bcUi by 
thread, the ball, by the mere influence of t 
(ricil) miitained in the atmoaitlicre, will tlili 
by striking allerealely froia column lo eo 
■nd cODaequently from bell to betl, aami 
more or Icsa rapidly, and nomelimes mi 
leu loudly, and BOmetlmei scarcely at all, ac- 
cording lo Uk slate and proportion of tbe elce. 
trie aurs { and the inalrunieni, which is a ge- 
nuine toltaie pile, not ooly proTcs tbe identity 
of the electric and voltaic potter, but may ba 
eontenicDlly employed aa a measurer of the elec- 
tricity which the almoiphere conlaina It ihould 
be obaerred, however, that ai then: ^re no lluid* 
known, cioept aucli aa eoDtain wstn-, that are ca- 
pable nf being made tbe medium of Connesioii 
between the meUla, or metal of the toIIbIc ap- 
paratus, ihc cRect in thii., and in all similar in- 
alancei, is re«ilt*d by ,:t Humphrey Davy into 
aome small quanllly of moisture, or water still 
existing in llie «ubilaoccii employed, whjch he 
aiserta will not ad if each of the subHiiincFa bs 
made perferlly dry. 

The first dislinci experiment upon the igniting; 
powera of Urge volule plates waa performed bjt 
MM. Fnurcroy, Vauqoelin, and Thcnard ; tiut 
■ much grander combinalioD for eahlhltiu^ the 
effocU of extensile surfkce was coOslniMcd by 
Mr. Children, ami conaisU of a battery of twenty 
double plate* four feel by two) of which the 
whole surfaces are eiposed, in a woiidcn trough, 
in crila covered with cement, to the action of di- 
luted acida. 

The most powerful cumbjnalion, hovrever, thai 
«ists,in which numbers of alUmatialis ii enm- 
Lined with cilenl of lUrTacv, is that cmslrudcd 
by the aubaeriplions of a few aealaus tultivalort 
and patron* of sdenee, in Ibe laboratory of llw 
Royat Inilltulion. ll contlsU ot two hundr.-A 
inslrument^ connecletl together In regular onJer, 
tich composed of ten double plates, arrangeil in 
eelli of porcelain, and containing in ear: 
thirty-two square iuciies ; so that the whok „. 
bcr of double plates Is 3(X)0, and the whole a 
face 13B,000 square inches. Thi« battery, wl 
the cells were filled with stxty parU of wi 
nixed with ooe part of nitric add, and one j 
of the aulphuric add, afforded a series of i 



lelMi^l 



h plate 







^ VOL 

liitit tioi inipreatirc cUbrti. Wlien p?Mra «t 
diBrrod about ui iacli Ions and one-siKth of an 
inrh in diamcler wrn- broughl near vacli other 
(Kilhin the thirtieth or fortieth part of an inrh), 
a licieht upark nai produred, and more than half 
tliv volume of the rhnrroai bcraiue iin>ited to 
; and by wilhdraning the poinlB from 
cub olbcr, a «iti«lant discharge la«k plaee 
'' rOUKb (he licated sir, in a i>par« njud at lent 
four in«he<, produriug a moM brilliaut as- 
of lipht, broad, and cani«al ia form 
'the middle. When any aubManre «m iiilro- 
IDCd into thii arch it initanllf became Ignited ; 
lelled a* readily in it «« was ia Wia 
Bane of ammmon candle j quarli, the wpphire, 
MiagDexia, lime, all cnte(«d into fusion ; IVag- 
■Bcntt of diamond, and poinla of cliarroal and 
plumbago, rapidi; disappeared, and wrnied to 
Wvpnrale in it, eien when the rannrilon waa 
" "le in a receiver fahaualed hj the air^pTinip ; 
there waa no evidence uf their haviDg pre- 
Illy undergone futiim. 

' 9 the eommuDicatiou between the poinla 

(ly and nrfalifelf cleelrifled wai made in 

-, nretled in Ihc receiver of the air-pump, the 

^ ire at which the iliacbarge took place In- 

:d ai the exhauilion iraa made ; and wiien 

ttmoaphere in the vestel lupported only one- 

thc (parks piEied through a apace uf nearly 
an inch ; and by wilhdravring the poiuta 
each othiir, the diidiarge waa made liiroi<eh 
inchen, produring a mott beautiful 
of purple light, the charcoal be- 
•ame inlenaely ignited, and lome plalina wire at- 
tached to it fuHcd with brilliant iciDlUlulionn.and 
fell in large gtubulet upon the plate of the pump. 

AllUieph(i;aunirDiorii|ieniiral AuigESwi'tcpro] 
duced with inlcnie npidily by Ibiicombi nation ■ 
When the point* of cliareoal were brought nenr 
each oUier in nonconducting Buidi, such as oili, 
ether, and oxymuriatie compound*, briUianl 
■parki occurred, and elaitic mailer nan rapidly 
generated; and luch wna the inlenaity of the 
electricity, that iparti were produced, itcd io 
good imperfect n>uduclor>,iiu(iiia« tile nitric and 
•ulphuric acids. 

VOLTE, ill the manage, a round or 
circular mmion, mnsitlin^ of a ^it of two 
treuli, maik by a lioiie going lide-n-ays round 
lire, in such a manner, that IheM two 

I make purullcl iracki; one by ihe forc- 

[f ImI, iat^r; and the other 1^ the Inodet Teet, 
■mailer; the shoulder bearing upwardv, and 
ihe croupe appioaching (onsrds the centre, 
Somefimea the 'olie i» of one tread, as when 
■ hotie inikesroltBin ciirveti, and in captiolei, 
to tlml the haunchm follow the (houldcis, and 
mtne furwarda on Ihc same tread. In general, 
the track of the voUe is made round, some- 
times ov»l, and sometimes a aquare of fnur 
iliaiftlii lines, so that these irradi, whether 
iniitid or H]uare, inclose a leirain or maoaee 
ground, the midille of which is soajetimes ui- 
tlinguiied by a pillar, or else by nn imaginary 
cenlie, which is suppoMd. in ot<lFr to regulate 
thBdislaneea, and IhejuHneHorihcvcli'. 

, a half round of one Iresd or 

I, inad~e by the horse at one nf ihe angles 

"le volte J or elte at the end of the line of 

ade : M ihat bdu^ near the end of this 



line, or elwotietof the comenofihe toIk, te 
changes hands lo ictmn hy a lemicirclc ia n- 
gain the «aiiielii>e. When hedoea noi teiuni 
u|Hiu this line, they suy he has not ctncd hii 
deniivolle. 

Demvullri n/ /he Irngth of a horte, Knsi- 
circlca of two ircads, which a horse tiacoin 
wiirkinf( itlde-wavii the hauDchcs low.audibt 
head high, Lorning very narrow i so that hn> 
ing formed a demi-tinind, hech^Dgci the hud 
lu make anoiher, which is n«in followed bj 
another chnnge of hand, and dooihcr im\^ 
round, which crosses the (int. This demimlli 
of a linrsc's leogih ia a very preliy m.insge. bul 
vtry diDicult, if vnt compare it to a figuie ot 
eight. 

Demivntle nf fee Itmrt, or pasiadt «f^» 
times. See PassADE. 

Reierietl vollr, u a track of two trei4 
made by the hor»e with his head to the MUn, 
and his croupe out, to that he goes side-mji 
upon a walk, trot, or giiUotii and traces onia 
itnall circumference with his ahouldert, SD^a 
larger one wiih his croupe. Reversed lalni 
uiion a walk appeabc and oujet unruly benOr 
if ihey ate niade meihodi cully. 

The six votls are mudc lerra t terra; nm 
to ihe tij;bt, two lo ihe left, and twoudw 
right ag.iin, all with one breath, observing tlu 
ground with ihe same cadence, working ilwl 
and quick, and ready, the fore bam) in tneiii, 
the breech uiuin the ^ouud, the head aad nd 
firm and stcatiy. 

VOLT^RNO. a river of Naples, whid 
TiKS in the A|)ennines, passes by Ixnuiud 
Canua, and enters the gulf of Gaieia, 

VOLVA. (The ruffle, Withering.) Th 



mbranaceoua calvx of ■ 



"?"'.- 



-Thii ii 



said to be approximating, when il 

VOLUBI'LITY. *, [ntlulnlitai, tatin.) I. 
The actor powerof ralling(/ra:?j)' *■ A** 
tivity of tongue; llueney of speech (Qaf* 
don). 3. Miiubiliiyi hableiirss lo tcvolulilt 
{,L Eilran^e). 

VCyi-UBLE. a. UuMilii, Laiin.) L 
Formed ao as lo roll easily j formed so as lo I* 
easily put in motion (Uanmend). a. lURin; 
having quick moiiou (Millan). 3. Niiiibl*l 
active (Jfalli). 4. Fluent of noria (5tt^ 

VOLLCEI.LA. in the enionwlogy of ft 

bricius, a tribe of the genus UoHBUliUi 

" VOLVIC, a town ofFrauce, in the depW 
iDEtit of VuT de DoDie. Here are imnKM 
quarries, wliich furniih materials fo( iS* 
buildin;^ of the adjiccnt towns, and for tke 
statues iu the churches. It is siic miles N'** 
CIcroioni. 

VO'LUME.i.{io/u™en, Latin.) 1. Sse*- 
ihing rolled nr convolved, a. As utocfa * 
seems cunvolred ai once ; as a fold of aaeqcxt 
a wave of waler {Drijden). 3. Abo<*i» 
called hecau>e bnoks were anciently rolled ea 
a slaff {Sfenscf). 

VOLD'MINODS. o. (froat voluKt.) !■ 
CooaiiluigormaaycoaipKeiiiioni {Mittt^y)^' 



/• 



JfATUSAL HISTORY. M 



'^:p=^ 




VOL V O M 

Consiiting of manj Tolumes, or books (3fi//.). VOLU'PTUOUSLY. ad. Luxuriooslv ;; 

3. Copious ; diflusnre {Clarendon), with indulgence of excessive pleasure (Souin). 

VOLUMINOUSLY, ad. (from volumin- VOLU'FTUOUSNESS. j. (from volupiw- 

§ut.) In nunv volumes or books (Grafi<;t7/f). ous.) Luxuriousnesi ; addictedneds to excess 

VOLUMNUS and Volumna, two deities of pleasure (Donne). 

wfio presided over the will, chiefly invoked at VOLUTA. Volute. Mitre. In zoology, a 

Durriages, to preserve concord between the bus- genus of the class vermes, order testacca. Ani* 

band and wife. They were particularly wor- raal a limax ; shell one-celled, spiral ; aperture 

shipped bv the Etrurians. {£ivy)- without a beak, and somewhat effuse ; pillar 

VO'LUNTARILY. ad. {(Toin voluntary.) twisted or plaited; generally without lips or 

Spontaneously ; of one's own accord ; without perforation. A hundred and forty^four species, 

oom pulsion (Hooker). thus subdivided : 

VCyLUNTARY. a. {volunlaire, French; A. Aperture entire. 

99luniariii$g Latin.) 1. Acting without com- B. Subcylindrical, emarginate. 

pulsion ; acting by choice {Hooker), 2. Will- C. Oboval, effuse, emarginate. 

log; acting with willingness {Pope). 3. Done I). Fusiform. 

hj design ; purposed {Perkins). 4. Done K. Ventricoie ; spire papillary at the tip. 

without compulsion {Seed). 5. Acting of his These are scattered over the coasts and 

tim accord ; spontuaeous {Milion). marshes of the globe, several of tbeui resem- 

Vo'luvtary. 1. (from the adjeclive.) A blincthe helix, and others the niurex. We 

foianteer; one who engages in any alFuir of shallselect ao example or two, 

btsowQ accord (Da(;ie«).^ 1. V. auris Mids. Midas*s ear. Shell con- 

VoLUVTARY, in music, a piece played by tracted, oval-oblong, with a ruoged spire; pil* 

1 musician extempore, according to his fancy, lar two-toothed, inhabits India, in marshy 

This is often used before he begins to set him- woods and swamps, and very much resembles 

Klf to oUy auy particular composiiion, to try a helix : about four inches long ; shell brown, 

the iomument, and to lead him into the key solid, wrinkled, or striate ; spire large, with 

vf the piece he intends to perform. from six to nine whorls, each terminated by a 

VOLUNTEE'FL /. {voloniaire, French.) granulate band, the outer ones cancellate; 

A soldier who enters into the service of his aperture long, wider beneath, 

own accord {Collier). 2* V. monilis. Necklace volute. Shell 

To VoLUVTfifi'R. V. ». To go for a soldier entire, white, with an obliterated white spire; 

[Drgden), pillar obliquely striate. Inhabits Cnina, 

VuLVOX, in zoology, a genus of the class where it is used to make beads and necklaces ; 

Tcrmes, order infusoria. Worm invisible to one and a half inches long. Another variety 

the naked eye, 4imple, pellucid, spherical, tn Africa, two and a half inches loofl^ 

Nine species, fotmd in vegetable infusions, 3. V. episcopalis. Mitre volute. Shell emar* 

stagnant, and sometimes in purer waters, or wa- ginate, smooth ; margins of the whorls entire; 

lers kept for some time in a glass; often of a lip denticulate ; pillar with four plates. Inhn- 

fieenisn, or greenish-yellow cast; sometimes bits India, the inhabitant or fisn is said to be 

roembling small soap-bubbles; some solitary, of a poisonous nature if eaten, and to wound 

some gregarious. We shall notice Iwo, the those who touch it with a kind of poisoned 

first for the singularity of its habiuition. trunk. The natives of the island Tauna fix 

1. V. dimidiatus. Globular when at rest, the shells in handles, and use them as hatchets. 

hemispherical when in motion. Found on Shell five inches long. 

the tub of tadpoles. VOLUTA' HON. /. {volutaiio, Latin.) 

S. V. globator. Spherical, membranaceous. Wallowing; rolling. 




vanoui sized homogeneous molocules. VOLUTE, in architecture, a kind of spiral 

Amd in stagnant waters and vei^etible iiifu- scmII, and used in the Ionic and Composite 

body green or yellow, moving slowly capitals; of wiiich it makes the principal cha- 

tlsaxis in all directions, a pellucid nicm- rjcteri>tic and ornament. 

covered with smaller and larger mole* Volute, in heliniiithology. See VoLU- 

■nd these pro\ided with a still smaller ta. 

dar progeny, containing within itself a VOLUTELLA, in botany, a genus of the 

tribe of already imurcjBLnated descendants. See class cryptogamia, orlcr fuii-^i. Fungus sal- 

Xat. Hist. PI.CLaXXV. vcr-sha|>i:d, siipiute; upper surface of the cap 

VOLUPTAS and Volupia, the goddess dotted, umbilicatc ; thcinargin at hrstrevolute; 

of sensual pleasures, worshipped at llome, seeds similar ; stem short, cetaceous. Two 



she had a teiu^Ic. She was ropresenied species ; exotics. 

a]roung and beautiful woman, well dressed, VOLVULUS, (from volco, to roll up.) See 
dclegantlyadorncd, having Virtue under her Iliac passion. 

VOMl!)ll. C^ called from its resemblance 



VOLU'Fl'UARY. i. {voluptuaire, French ; to a plou^thshare.) A bone of the nose si tu- 

^0lmpiuariut, Latin.) A nnn given up to plea- ated in the cavity of the nostrils, which it di- 

•ore and luxury {AUtrlurtj). vidcs into two parts. 

VOLU'FTOOUS. a. {volupfuosus, l-atin.) VOMICA. An abscess of the lungs. 

Given to excess of pleasure ; luxurious {Benl* Vomica mut. See Nux vomica. 

Uy}^ Vomica muz. See Nux voiifca. 



To VOMIT, v. n. ivomo, Lstin.) To call 
up ihe conlems of ihe itomach iJUore). 

roVo'MiT.u. 0. (I'WMir, French.) l.To 
throw up fioni the stoTnach (Arbullinel). S. 
To throw up wiih violence from inv hollow. 

Vo'MiT. J, tfrom ihc verb.) 1. The matter 
thrown up from Ihv ilomach (^Sandys). 3. 
An emetic meiliciDe j a medicine that causes 
vomilt I^Arbuthnot). 

VOMITING. A forcible ejection of food, 
or any oihcc substance, from the siomach, 
through Ihe CEiophagus and mouth. It it 
either idiopathic, when aritiog from a cause in 
the stomach iiselfj or lyiuplomatic, when 
originating from diseases sealed in any other 
pjrl of the body. Its immediate cause is ati 
anii|;erii)ialtic, BpasmodJcal, convulsive con- 
striction of Ihe siomach, ami pressure of ihe 
diaphtajfm and abdominal rou^cles. It is an 
eltfirl of nature to expel whaiever molests or Is 
Imublesome in the siomach. 

Vomiting of blood. See HjekatE' 

MESIB. 

VOMITION. t. (from vomo, Latiu.) The 
act or power of vomiting {Grew). 
VtyMlTIVE. a. (uflmJIi/, French.) Erne- 




VO-RTICAL. a. (fti 

VORTICELLA, in toolo^, i^oirf 
the clus vermea, order infusona. Bodjr cot- 
iractile, nakal, and furnished wiih ciliate Mti> 
tory organs. Fifty-seven snecies ; found in 
stagnant waters, m seas adhering to (uei,in 
risers adhering to conferva, aomf"'"" '" 
fresh waters, appearing like » point. 

The species are thus subdivided : 

A. Seated on a |>ediccl f " 



B. Fui 



lished Y. 



lail. 



TEMKSIS. 

VOORN, a fyrl of Holland, in Gelderland, 
on a small island formed by the Waal and the 
Meuse. at the H. end of Bonimelwcrt, seven 
miles E. bj N. of Bommel. 

VoORN, an island of S. Holland, between 
ihe mouihs of the Meuse, iwenly miles lone 
and live bro^d. This island, with Goree and 
Overflackee, form the territory called Voorn- 
laiid, which anciently belonged to Zealand, 
Briel is the capital. ^ 

VORA'CIOUS. a. (rorace, Fr. io.dj, 
Ltitin.) Greedy (o eat; ravenous i eilacious 
{Gca. of Tongue). 

Voracious appetite. See Bulimia. 

VORA'CIOUSLY. ad. (ft 



yORA'CIOUSNl 

Taciii, Fr. voTadlaj, Latin.) Greediness ; ra- 
vine ; ravenousness (Sandyi). 

VO'RTEX. J. In the plural vortict!. (Lat.) 
Anv thing whirled round {NrtBton). 

VoRTBXjOr Whirlwikd, inmeteorologj-, 
a Aidden, rapid, violent motion uf the air, in 
circular whirling directions. 

Vortex is also used for an eddy or whirl- 
pool, or a body of water, in certain seas and 
riveis, which rum rapidly round, forming a 
sort of cavity in the middle. 

Vortex, in ihe Cartesian philosophy, is a 
■yslcm or collcclion of particles of mallet uiov- 
\n% the same way, aitd round the same axis. 

Such vortices aie the grand machines Ly 
which the Carlesiant solved most of the mo- 
tions and oihct phenomena of the heavenly 
bodies. And accordingly, thedoctrineof these 
Torticei makes a creat part of ihe Cartesian 
philosophy. See Cartesiak. 



C. Without tail or stem. 

We shall offer an example or two. 

1. V. racemosa. Compound, with a ririd 
stem, and very much branched, lon^ pedius. 
Inhabits stagnant water ; pedicel very slender, 
and from ii proceed a countless numbei ofpd- 
lucid pearb. 

2. v. polypHia, Compound, hell-tht^, 
with retortire branched stem. Inhablu At 
European seas, adhciin^ to fuci. and appcU 
to the naked eye like a white point. 

3. V. ampull.1. Contained in a bonk- 
shaped pellucid bag: head divided inia Im 
lobes. The bag of the shape of a coniitM 
water-bottle, in which the animalcule iipIiMJ 
sometimes at the bottom, sometimes nfflly 
fiUinait. 

4. V. vitidi*. Cylindrical, uniform, ptdii 
op.-ikc. In fresh water, appearing 10 tke 
naked eye a mere green point. , 

VORTIGERN, a British chief, who, « 
the departure ofthe Ramans in 44&, was elw- 
ed king of South Britain. 



prince, and being ihreaieoed 1^ 
the Scois and Picts, applied to the Sanoai f« 
assistance. The Saxons landed anno 4X), 
under the conduct of ivfo brothers, Hni(i>i 
and Horsa, and succeeded in the overthrow of 
the confederate army. Disagrecmrnis ww 
happened between ihe Saxons and the BriUV, 
and warscnsued, which ended in the ruin ol 
the natives. Vortigern afterwards msriiHl 
Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, who, b 
consequence of the marriage, ^i posscssioD 'i 
the whole provinces of Kent. Hengial lot* 
the king prisoner, and for his ransom obtuod 
those provinces since called Etsex, Sus*es, anl 
Middle!>ex. Thus ihe Saxons acquired poiM 
by degrees, and Voniocm refiring to a eastlt 1 
he had built in North Wales, was tmrnt then, ' 
A.D. 484 

VOS (Martin dr), a celebrated painter, ml 
born at Antwerp about 1534. He was ei- 
cellent in every branch of the orl, and hi) 
drawings have been highly esteemed. Hcdiol 
in 1604, ' 

VOSSIUScJohnGeraidu3),8leBrnedwritef, 
was born near Heidelberg, in Id??. Hi bfr 
gan his studies at Dorl, from whence beMBl 
10 Leyden, and in ISija was made saMU \ 
aiu, and doctor in philosoph]^. In |6M,1« 
became director of the theological collme, ni 
afterward) professor of eloquenc* and chrono- 
logy. Though he had made himsell' eneoiia 
abroad by some ofhis writiiias, panicuWIy bf 
hi) History of the Pcbgian OtDtroversy, pt&t> 



^^ vow 

4I ia l6lt ; he gained both honour nod profii 
hlhcm io England, and archbishop Laud o[i. 
tmmaA fin him * gircbend in ihu church if 
Ctlilnbinr, while he resided at Lefdcii. He 
HoerdiDKlv cimc nver In be inllalled, look n 
doctor ofliivt degree at Oxford, and then re- 
BunML In l633he accepted the proressorehip 
<f hittory It Amiieidain, where he died in 
I6M. H» woiki aiDouQl to 6 ruls. folio. 

Votiius (Isaac], a man of great parti and 
hatning. the wn of John Gerard Voisius, wns 
boru at Le^en in lljie. He had no other 
MM but hit laiher, aud employed hii ivhole 
tie in undying: hia merit recommended him 
la ■ eorteipandencc with <^^ltta Chtittina of 
Sweden > he made sereral jouroeyii into Swe- 
den by her onler, and had ine honnur to leach 
heriheGreck language. In lO/Ohecameoverin 
Eiuland. where Kini ChiH« made him canon 
•(Windsor; ihongh he knew his character 
well enough to say, That there wai nothing 
dut Vmiiui Tefuseit Io believe, except the 
fitUe. He appeaii indeed by hii publication*. 
which are ncitaei so useful nor >o niimeraus ai 
hit Euher's, to have been a molt credulous 
nail, while he afforded many circumstances 10 
brine hi) rcligioiu faith in question. He died 
■I Windior ca«tl« in 1G88. 

VOTARIST. I. (.dfvolui. Latin.) One 
dnoted 10 any person or thing ; one given up 
bt a vow 10 any service ot worship (.Milten). 

VOTARY. I. One devoted, as by a vow, 
n any inrlicular Kivice, worship, study, or 
ntrotUttiSlBifi). 

Vd'takv. o. Consequent to a vow {Ba- 



U P B 



A Mlemn pi^^^| 
miM uf Invft.^^^H 



"vo' 



VOTARESS. (. (female of wlary.) A 
woman devoted loany worship or state {Pope). 

VOTE.), (eofun, Latin.) Suffrage j voice 
pMnand numbered (Raicommon). 

T» VoTB. >• a. 1 . To choose by lufTraae ; 
ID datfrmine by suffrage (Bacaa). Q. Togive 
hfnM (.Sitifi). 

VOTEa. I. ((rotn coie.) One who ha) 
d>e riitht of uving his voice ot suffrage (Swyft). 

VOTIVE, a. (fofietir, Lalin.) Given by 
«•!* (/Vtor). 

r# VOUCH. D. a. {tiuuehn. Norman Fr.) 
I. To call to wilneu; to obleil {Dryden). 
t. Toalleiii towarrani; todeclare; tomain- 
(aiti bv TCficatcd affirmations (Allerbuiy), 

TV Vouch, v. n. To bear witness ; in ap- 
pear •• a wiineiii to give testimony {Sipiji). 

VoucM. f. (fmrntheveth.) WWranii at. 
Ittfalioo IShoiipeart). 

VOU'CHER. I. (from vmch.) I. One 
who give* wiiaeM to any ihlng iPipf). i. 
Te*tift»nT(f.<.rt'). 

n VOUCHS.VFE. B. a. (voufb and ,a/,.) 
I. To permit any thing to be done wiihoui 
4M0et. S. Tu condnceod ) 10 grant (Shak- 

TV Voocii»*'Flt. B. n. To deign ; to con- 
JwCTtld t M yield iDrvdrn). 

VOUCHSA'FEMJ-^T. .. (from eoKcA- 

t»M i condescension {Boyte). 
I. (rra, French; xofun, Lsli 



of dcvoiinn (Bammead). S. A » 
mise, commonly used for a prnmiM uf ! 
matrimony iDrgdrn). 

To Vow. u, a. {Hoser, French ; veero. 1_ 
tin.) I. To consecrate by a lolemn dedica- 
lion i Io give Io a divine power (Sptlman). 
S. To devote! a ceremonial phrase (Spmier). 

To Vow. t. n. To make vows or solemn 
promises (Suckling), 

VOWEL, in grammar, a leiWr which af- 
fordi a complete sound of ilself, or a letter so 
simple as only to need a bare opening of the 
moulh to make il heard, and to form a distinct 
voice. The vowelsare six in number, vii. a, 
lAMV 

(duu and Jellow.) 
One bound bv llie tame vow (Skaiipt^t). 

VO'YAGE. I. (.voyagt. French.) 1. A 
travel by sea (Prior). S. Course ; uliempt : 
undertaking (Shakspcare). 3. The placlice of 
travelling {Bitoit). 

Tu Vo'kace.f.b. (coyajer, French.) To 
travel bv -ea {Pope). 

To V'o'vAOE. V. a. To travel ; 10 pas' nvtr. 

VO'VAGER. I, (from lo^ngeuf, French.) 
One who travels by >ea {Pope). 

UP. ad. (up, Saxon; op, Dutch and Dan.) 
I. Alafl) on high; not down {Knollri). P. 
Out of lied \ in Oie stale of beiug nam from 
rni {WotlaH). 3. In the slate oT being risen 
from a seat (.JiM^an). 4. FroroasialFurde- 
cumblture or concealment, b. In a siaie of 
being built (Skakipeart). 6. Above the hori- 
zon Jjad^fi). 7. To a state of prnlieiency ; 
he il gelling up in reputaliati {Allrrbury.) 8. 
'■ -" Ihf favnurite ij 

(Sp<Ti«rr). y. 
lOibing: Ar ii eoming tip. 10. In a 
siaie 01 iiisurreetioD : Ihe people are up m 
ifalei (SftoitipRire). 1 1. In a siaie of lieing 
increased, or raised : the price u gilting op 
IDryden). IS. From aScmmer plitce.comlin; 
10 any person or place: our iervaal wkofo^ 
iowi Ell tnill icon be up with hi {L'Silfange). 

13. Into order: at, he drew up i(j< rrgimtnt. 

14. Fr»myoungerloelderi'ear*(P>a/Hi). IS. 
Up and doun. Dlsperwoly; here ind ibcie 
{Addiion). 16. Vr and doum. Backward 
and forward. 17. Up/o. To an coual height 
with {Addison). IB. Up with. Adequately 
to {Hagert). ig. Up aith. A phrase that 
siEiiifiei (he act of ratling any tiling to give a 
blow {Sidney). 

L'p. inlerjecliun. I. A woni c-xborling to 
rise from bed {Pope). 2. A vword of exhnrta- 
tion, exctling or rousing to acllon : up and fry 
(5peBirr). 

Up. prtponlitn. From a lower to * higher 
part; noldown: ge \m ikt hill {Beeon). 

UPAS TREE. Boas upas. See Toxi- 
cARiAMACASAaieasts. 

7s UPBE'AR. D. a. preterit upl-art ; par- 
ticiple passive upturn, (up end brar.i |, To 
sustain aloft ; to support in devatiun {Slillon). 
'J. To m^sc alofl {Pope). J. Tu support from 



lil^ made to a divine power; an act I. To charge conn^inptuouiij with any 



lUi^K^^ 



ttiigraceful (Blaekmnre). t. To objeet «t n UPLPFT. if: m. i»9nA l^fi.y Ttf nIV 

mttter ofreproiQb (Spra/). 3. To urge with aloft (/h^ira), 

reproach {^Decay qf Pitiy). 4. To nepiXNich UPMiN^'lER, a village in Emmx, mmi 

Qn account of a benefit receircd from the re* on a lofljr cmineo€e> thRo milct &E. of Rai^ 

pioacher {Shaktpearf). 5. To bring reproach ford. Or. Denham» uoihor of Aatio-Tbea^pr- 

tipon i to sliovr faolu by being in "a state of and PhjFiioo-Theol^» was reetor of iilni phcc 

companion (Sidney), o. To treat with con- 64 3rcan$ and here'is a apfiiigy wbich heaHOp 

tempt {Spenter), tiont in the latter work, aa a proof thai apnap' 

UPi3RA'JD£R. f. (firom nphraid.) One have their origin from the lea, mad not. Am 

that reproaches. rains and vapours ; for this springs in tl» 

UPBRA1DINGLY. od. fiy way of k- greatestdioaghu, was little, if at all, diommlk 

fmach (B#a Jon$4m). ed, after an observation of SO years, Msmfjk 

To UPfiRA'Y. a. a. To shame (Spemer). the ponds all orer theoounuy, and an si lj sii 

UPBROUGHT. part. pass, of vpbrmg. ing brook, had been dry oaany aaootfaf. 
Educated; nartored(5fffiifcr). U'PMOST. a. (an irre^olar aoperlatifc 

U'PHAND. a. (tip and hmd.) Lifted by formed from i^.) Highest ; topoMit {Dry- 

the hand (ilfaMa). den), 

U'PCAST. a. Thrown upward (Dry den). UPO^N. prefntum. (up and ea.) 1. Mbl 

U'PCAST. «. A term of bowling | a throw | imdcr; noting being on the top (Skmk^mri^ 

a cast (Shakspfure), f . Not within ; being on the outside (l^bUy, 

To UPGATHER. v. a. (ap and gaiJUr.) 3. Thrown over tbebody, as olothea (Jtti' 

To contract (t^eaifr), 4. ESv way of imprecation or inBictioii : 

UPHFLD. prpt. and |Mrt. pais, of upheld, chitf upon him (Shoktpeare). 6. It ca- 

Maintained ; sustained (Miiion). obtestation, or protestation : upon aijf 

UPHFLLa. (ttptindhilL) Difficult; like; (Shaktpeare). 6. It is used to expiCM siy 

the labour of climbing a hill (CVirrijia). hardship or mischief: t/ trougki emi vfm 

n UPHOA'RD. V, a. (up and hoard.) To ihem (Bumei), 7* In conseouence of: At 

treasure; to store; to accumulate in private valued himself upon his birik ( faa r rarf sa ) . t* 

places (Spenser). in immediate consequence of: upon em hud 

To UPHCyLD. 9. a. pret. mpheld-, part. uHftd he was reconciled (TUioienny 0. la a 

vaas. upheld or uphoUen. (up and hold.) I. state of view: ii uppeurs^upau kuieew {Te^ 

To lift on high (Drydea). S. To support; to pie). 10. Supposing a thing granied: ama 

flosttin ; to keep from falling (Shakspeare). 3. these terms it is admitted (Burnet), II. Hi* 

To keep^from declrnsion (Bacon). 4. To sop« laiin^ to a subject : Locke wrote upon f s s aa 

]>ort in any sute of life (Raleigh). 5. To con- ment f Temple). 19. With respect to ; i aoi 

tinue; to keep from defeat (Booker), 6. To silent upon auestiens wkU^ I did motmdm 

keep from being lost (Shakspeare). ?. To stand (Drydenj. 13. In consideration of: k 

eontjnue without failing (Holder). 8. To surrendered ui>on splendid promises (P«^)* 

continue in being (IJakewill), 14. In noting a particular day : Grjor dui 

UPHOLDER, s. (from uphold.) I. A U[tonihe ides of March (Addison). 15. Not- 

Bopporter (Swi/i). 2. A susiaincr in being ing reliance or trust : I do it upon your werd 

iuale). 3. An undertaker; one who provides (ohakspeare). 16. Near to: noiina situation: 

for funerals (Gav)- Fontarahia is upon the edge iff trance {Cl^ 

UPHCLSIIlHER. 1. (a corruption of fip. rendon). 17* On pain of : hence I upon your 

holder.) One who furnishes houses ; one who lives (Sidney). 18. On occasion of: the kmg^ 

fits up apartments with beds and furniture upon this news ^ marched (Swijt). I9. Byiate- 

iPape). rence from : upon your promises nothingwiU 

UPIS, in the entomology of Fabricius, a follow (Locke). SO. Noting attention :/ »st 

tribeof the ooleopterous genus AiTELLABUSy upon my work, when the fright* happened 

which Ke. (Locke). 21. Noting particular pace: Aacaaf 

UPLAND, a province of Sweden, in the on upon a gallop (Dryden). SV. Hxactl]^; 

division of Sweden Proper. It is a sort of pe- according to : they are near upon ien thousoMd 

ninsula, bounded on the W. by Westmania (Shakspeare). 23. By: noting the means of 

and Gestricia, on the N.K. by the Baltic, and support : he lives u|x>n his annuity (tVoedw.), 

on the S. by the sea of Sudennania. It is 70 24. Upon is, in many of its sigiiificatioDSi now 

miles long and 45 broad, chiefly covered with contracted into or. SeeOrt. 
shapeless stones and impenetrable woods; but U^FPKR. a. (a compnitivc from sip.) It 

it is enriched with inexnaustible mines of cop- Superior in place; higher (Peachmm). 2. 

|»er, iron, and silver; and the peas«ints are Hizher in nowcr or dignity (i/oo/l-^). 
cliiefly employed in the manufacture of those L'FPKRMOST.a.(snperlativcfromttp^n'.) 

metals. Stockholm is the capital. 1. Highest in place (lyritden). 2. Highest io 

U^FLANO.f. (up aiMl /an^.) Higher ground power or autliority (Gianciilr). 3. PrediK 

{Bttrne). minnnt ; most powerful (Orv</r»). 

U/rLAND. a. Higher in situation (Carrw). UPPINGHAM, a tnwn'in Rutland9hir^ 

UPLA'NDISH. a. (from upland.) Moun- with a market on Wednesday; seated on an 

tainous ; inhabiting mountains (Chapman). eminence, six milc:i S. of Oakham, and (jO N. 

To UPLA'Y. c. a. (up and lay.) To hoard j by VV. of London. Lon. 0. 45 W. * Ut* 

^ lay up (Donne). 6^. 3(5 N. 



UPS • trpu 

tSH. a. (ffom t^^.) Proud ; arrogant. To UPSTA^D. v. n. {up and tiand.) To- 

fPRA'lSE. V. a. {up and raise.) To be erected (Afov). 

»; to exalt {Miltoh), To UPSTaIRT. v, «. (tip and itart.) To 

PRRAR, V. o. (up and rear.) To rear tpring up suddenly {Dryden). 

< (0«y). U rsT a'rt. j. One suddenly raised to wealth, 

IIGHT. a. (tip and right.) 1 . Straight power, or honour ; what suddenly rises and 

rpendicolarly erect {Bacon), 9. Erect- appears {Milton). 

rked up {Spenter). 3. Honest ; not To UPSTA'Y. v. a. {up and stay.) To sus- 

ig from the right {Milton). tain ; to snpnort {Milton). 

lOHT. J. Elevation ; orthography To UPSW A'RM. v. a. {up and swarm.) To 

I). raise in a swarm : out of use {Skakspeare), 

ilGHTLY. ad. (from upright.) 1. To U FT A'KE. ©. a. (up ami /aite.) To take 

iicularly to the horizon. 2. Honestly; into the hands {Spenser). 

: deiriation from the right {Taylor). UPTON, a town in Worcestershire, with 

UGHTNESS. s. (from uprMt.) I. a market on Thursday ; seated on the Severn, 

Jicutar erection (fTaZ/er). 2. Honesty; 11 miles S. of Worcester, and lOg W.N.W. 

y {Atterlury). of London. Lon. I. 65 W, LaL 61. 69 N. 

fPRi'SE.i;. «. {up and rise,) I. To rise To UPTRAaN. v, a. {up and train.) To 

iconibitire {Psalms). 2. To rise from bring up; to educate: not used {Spenser), 

hthoTiion {Cowley). 3. To rise with To VFTU^RJ^. v. a. {up and turn.) To 

f (Sltakspeare). throw up ; to furrow {Milton). 

I'sB. s. Appearance above the horizon UPUPA. Hoop, or hoopoe. In zoology, »> 

*eare). genus of the class aves, order pic£. Bill arched, 

lOAR. s. {oproer, Dutch.) Tumult; lone, slender, convex, a little compressed, 

disturbance; confusion {Raleigh), somewhat obtuse; nostrils small, at the base 

/pROAR. V. a. (from the noun.) To of the bill; tongue obtuse, entire, triangular, 

nto confusion-: not used {Shaks pear e). very short; feet formed for walking Ten 

FPROOTi V, a. {up and root,) To tear species, scattered over the warmer climates of 

he root (Dryden). the globe. The following are the chief. 

jPROU'SE. V, a. {up and rouse.) To 1. U. epop^. Common hoopoe. Variegat- 

from sleep ; to excite to action {Sh.). ed with blackish and rufous white, beneath 

AL, a town of Sweden, in Upland, reddish-white; crest yellow brown, or pale 

famous university, and an archbishop's orange tipt with black; tail black, witha wnite 

t contains, exclusive of the students, bar. 

3000 inhabitants. It is divided into This species, often seen in our own country, 

(lost equal parts by the river Sala ; and is easily distinguished by its enormous tuft of 

fets are diawn at right angles from a feathers, which rise perpendicularly from the 

kind of square. A few of the houses crown of the head, and which it can erect or 

It of brick ; but the gencr.ility are con- depress at pleasure. Of this crest, the longest 

lof wood, and painted red. The roofs feathers are in the middle; so that, when 

wed in with turf; and e.ich house has erected, it is of a semicircular form, twoincher 

II Gonriyard or garden. Upsil was for- above the head. The crest feathers are all 

he metropolis of Sweden, and the royal brown, tipt at the end with black. The back, 

3e. The ancient palace was a magnifi- scapulars, and wings, are crossed with broad 

lildinis, until grrat part of it was con- bars of white and black. The neck a pale 

i>ylire, in 1702. The cathedral, a large reddish brown. The breast and belly are 

structure of brick, has been several whije. 

(reatly damaged by fire, and as often The hoopoes are spread over the whole of 

I: *it contains the monument of the the ancient continent, from Sweden, where 

Gustivus Vasa. The univers>ity is the they inhabit the large forests; and even from 

neient in Sweden, and the first semi- Lapland and the Orcadcs ; to the Canaries and 

the North for acaHemical education, the Cape of Good Hope. Throughout all 

0)al Societjf here is likewise the oldest Europe they are biids of passage, never rc- 

acadcmy m the North. Here is a mainmg the whole year, even in the mild 

j| garden, of which the celebrated Lin- climates of Greece and luly. They are seen 

IS su|>erintcndnnt. Upsal is seated in a among those vast crowds of migratory birds 

len plain, fertile in corn, 36 miles that, twice every year, pass the island of 

^. of Stockholm. Lon. 17. 48 E. Lat. Mnlta, 

N. The food of these birds, in a state of nature, 

IHOT. /. (tip and shot.) Conclusion; is commonly insects, and espeeially such as are 

ist amount ; final event (Pope). found upon the surface of the ground; for 

I IDE down, (an adverbial form of they seldom perch upon tree^, or remain long 

} J. With the lower part above the upon the wmg. In Eevpt, they narrowly 

iffeylin). 8, In confusion ; in com- watch the retreat of the Nile, on account of iu 

lorder {Italeifrh). leaving'a rich slime, which, being warmed by 

SPRING. 1. A man suddenly exalted ; the sun, soon begins to teem with insects of 

ift : not used {Shakxpearc). r\'ery deoomioation. Their flesh smells so 



U P u 

fonglvof musk, ihai the cat, ^ 
r birds in general, 






hoopoe builds in holei of roKen iices, or of 
old waits, and lays horn Iwo to seven eji^. 
Tbis, according to tuicirni fable, it the bird 
into which Tereu9 wai metamorphosed. 

S. U. paradiiea. Crested hoopoe. Crested ; 
chonut ; two of the lail-feathcrs very long. 
Inhabiu India; nineieen inche* in length. 

When lamed, this bird shewi great niiach- 
mcnt to ill mailct ; but is not eatUy reconciled 
lo (he company of ilrangers. This exclusive 
Btiaclimcnl becooiei even so strong, as to efface 



the desire of liberty. A tameil hoopoe 
It escape from its keeper, though left 






When fully domcElicated, i 



B»h, and may be held a bird afprey. In the 
vicinity of Cairo and Rosetto tneie are two 
varieties, the one migratory, and the other sta- 
tionary : and of the former, the individuals. 



lent ratiiiK- lu li)eyp>, ihei 
ID small flocks; and when on 






mble 



e finds itself de- 
serted by Uie rt«t, it recals its loti companions 
by a feeble sharp cry. In other places, the 
hoopoes are so solilary in their manners, that 
even when ihey arrive in the saoie district to- 

iioursv 
Itlcation with each other. 

The young hoopoes are itol all excluded from 
ihc shell at the tame time. Several tlays, or 
even weeks, elapse, before the last are emanci- 
pated, if we inav trust to iheit appearance in 
the nest; some being nearly fledged, while 
the te*l are almost bate. The Italian natu- 
talists allege, ihat birds of this species produce 
several broods in the same ceasoa, and that 
the young disperse as soon as they become In* 
dependent of tlieir parents. About the end of 
summer, the hoopoes leave Europe ; but, at 
they are produced at diETetenl seasons, they are' 
not all eqnally prepared for the journey; 
whence many of the young and infirm are 
forced lo remain behind, and they shut them- 
selves up in (he botes in which they were 
reared. In a climate unfuiiable lo their con- 
stitution these pass the winter in a slate ap- 
proaching to torpor, taking but little food, and 
often perishing. This has aiven rise to ihe 
opinion that the birds of inis genus lodge 
spontaneously during winter in hollow trees, 
where they remain naked and benumbed till 
the approach of spring Similar accounti have 
been g^ven of (he cuckoo, from probably a 
like csute, and founded on do better grounJa. 

These birds, it is said, among the Egyptians, 
are accounted the emhieins of filial aSeclion. 
No sooner do the father and mother become 
frail from age. than their young aliend to 
nurse and cotnforl them. They warm them 
under their winces j aid them in their painful 
mouliing, by pulling away the old feathers; 
apply healing hetba lo I'ticir eye* when tender ; 
and render inem all those services, which ihc 
young lliemselTcs received during their feeble 



R A ^m 

a*e. Such fables, however agtcraWe tW 
may be lo the pious credulity of the E^pti«iM, 
are far from being so well altetled as to Aoii 
anycredii from the historian. 

The crested hoopoe is about the si'M of a 
thrush, and weight from two to four «uBcei. 
So Urge a crc&t, added to a creature of ladtnai- 
nulive a siie, renders this bird one of Ibc omi 
fanusiical of the feathered iribci. 'The cntt 
consists of two rows of feathers. e^uidislaaL 
The feathers of ihe longesi row arwe fsMti 
the middle of the crown i and h citee, when 
erect, theyform a semicircle, nbou) two indn 
and a half in bright. The wImIc of iImc 
feathers are red, and terminate with a Uict I 
spot. The upper pan of ihe body ia p^, | 
with a tinac of brown, varied with liaiuvint | 
tvaves of dirty while : the wii.igs and tail tr* 
black, undulated with bars of white. Tbtn 
ate some rarieiiet of this biri*! in Europe, u4 ', 
a distinct species in the isluiid of MadagncM, 
and at the Cape of Good Hope. To ihiN, 
M. Montbcillard, the contantiaior of Bobt, 
has added a tpeci», which he calls the pnnk 
ripe, distinguished by a long tail, memblio| 
that of iheliird of Paradite. M. Briston tut 
added four different ijieeies of biidt in dw 
genus, from America and the Wcti India. 
These do nol, however, seem strictly lo behMf 
10 it, because ihey all want the large cresl, ih 
most singular characteristic of the E i Mf tm 

Tliere are two others, ihe Mexiem ti4 d« 
brown or New Guinea, the former niueWn, 
the latter iwenty-two inches long. 

U'FWAKD. a. (up and peB[ii>, SaionJ 
Directed lo a higher port (Drydn). 

U'pwAao. f. The top: out of use C^Ui.). 

U'pwAkD. U'pwARDS. ad. (up and pHP*-) 
I. Toward a higher place (Dryden'). 9. To- 
ward heaven and God {Bwkrr), 3. Widi 
respect lo the higher part (Afilttoa). 4. Mm 
ihani with tendency to a higher or gKMB 
number {Hotter). b. Toward the MM 
iP»pt). 

To UPWI'ND. t>. a. prel. and ptn. «• 
ueund. (up and if ind.) To convolve (^MWr)- 

UR (ane. geog), a citadel of MeaopoiMBis. 
situaird between the 'HKris and Nixbis ; lakn 
by some for Ur of the Chaldees. the rtiitlww 
of Abraham. What seems lo coDlinn this it. 
thai from Ut to Haran, the other rcsidMKeaf 
the patriarch, the road lies directly for Pakstiiw. 
And it ii no objection (hat Ur ii said W-bt ia 
Mesopoiamia; because ihe parli nesi the Ti- 
gris were occupied by the Cnaldeani, as m«H 
to be confirmed from Acts vii. 8,4, It isnlU 
ed Orche, in Sttabo ; Orchtte, in Ptolemy. 

URACH, a town of Suabia, in the diwhyoT 
Winemburg. Here are considetahla mano* 
(actnres of damask and other linens. It it II 
miles S.S.E. of Siuiganl, and S* W. of UIb. 
Lon.g. 16 E. I,il.48. S7N. 

URACH US. (from .^. urine, and .x., lo 
contain.) The ligaiucntoiu cord that anm 
from the basis of the urinary bladder, which 
it rum along aud tcmiaatct in the iimbtM 



m U R A 

tn the fetiua ot btule animals, which 
ient* ntoitlj diisecled, ii ii a hollunr 
id oMiireji the urine to ihe alUnloid 

iLq a DTCr or Ruuia, which rises in 
Caacasus, >a6 w 3 wring Orenburg, 
and Gtuief, falls b; three mouths inta 

K' in sea. Sec the next Jdiclc. 
LAN COSSACS. aTarUt tribe that 
ihe Ruuiin province of Orenburg, on 
Ii side of the Ural. These Cossaci are 
led from those of the Don; and are a 
race- llie} profess the Gteek religion ; 
re arc dissenters from the established rc- 
wbom Uie Russians calktl Rf^ikulnilii, 
raliitt, and who style ihemseUea Siaro- 
«T Old Believers. These cogsidei the 
of ihe established church as profane, 
te their own pri»u and ceiemonies. 
Tralian Cosstics are all enlhusiasii f'lr 
»enl liiutt, and prize iheir beards al- 
[|iul to their lives. A Russian officer 
ofrfeted a number of Cossac recruits to 
lirty shaved in the town of Yaiuk, in 
Jiia wanton imuil excited an inturrcc- 
'hjch was suppressed for a time ; but, 
), the impostor, Pugatcbef, having ns- 
ute name of Peter III. appeared among 
and, taking advantage of this circum> 
niiMd ihem once more into apta re< 
. This being suppressed by the defeat 
ecation of the impostor, in order 10 ex- 
h all remembrance of this rebellion, the 
aik was called the Ural ; ihe Yiik Cos- 
EK (tenoininated Uralian I'^ossacs ; and 
raofVallsk was named ITialsk. These 
s an very rich, in consequence of iheir 
» In the Caspian sea. Their principal 
i* (or sturfKons and belup, whose roe 
!* large quantities of cDviarei and the 
liiefly salted and dried, afford s consider- 
licle of eonuimptioa in the Russian em- 

AL5K, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
>f Caucasus and province of Orenburg. 

fbrnierlv called Vaitsk (tw the preced- 
ide) anil is seated on the river Ural, 375 
N.N.E. of Atiracsn. Lon. 60. 10 E. 
(. ON. 

\NIA. in fabulous history, one of the 
, daufihlcr of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 
resided over astronomy. She was repre- 

u a «oung virgin crowned with stars, 
gariobe in her hands, and having many 
aalical inslnuncnti placed round. (He- 
^ptlhd.). A limame of Venus, the 
U Celestial, supposed to preside over 

and generation. 

iNta, in botany, a genus of the class 
Ilia, Older monogynia. Cslyxlcis; cotol 
Mlalled i nectary iwo-leaved. with an 
nal bifid leaflet ; capsule inferior, ihree- 

inany-4ceded ; seeds in two rows, cover' 
.h an aril. One species only, a Mada- 
Irec, with an undivided trunk. 
ANnCinminenloBv. SceURAHIttM. 
ANITIC OCHRE. SccUKAKtOH. 



URANIUM, in mineralon, a gennj of the 
class metals. Dark-grcv. inciniing inicrnallj 
to a brown, with a slignt lustre, soft, brittle; 
specific gravitv 6'440 i hardly fusible before 
the blowpipe, but with borax forming a brown 
and with microcosmic salt a grass-gieen glass; 
convertible intoayellowoxydliy the nitric acid. 
Three species. 

1. U. ocbraceum- Utanite. Uranites. Uiac 
nitic ochre. Yellow oxyd o( uranium. Yel- 
lowish or green, of an earthy texture, entirely 
soluble in nitric acid, combined with a tatgc 
portion of oxygen. Generally found on the 
surface of uranium sulphureum or iicch- 
blende in Cornwall, &c. of a lemon or brim- 
stone yellow or green ; it slightly stains the 
(ineeis, is meagre to the touch, hardiv fusible 
br^lu".' the blowpipe, but in a strong ileal be- 
comes black: sficcitic gravity 3 943; coniiiU 
of oxyd of uranium aiieToxygcn. 

a. U. chjlcholilhui. Chalcolit. Oxyd of 
uraniie. Ciystnlliied oxyd of uranium. 
Hardish, diaphonous, shining internally, of a 
foliated texture, entirely soluble in nitnc acid. 
Found in Cornwall, neat Eibcnsiock and Jo- 
hanngeorgensiadl in Saxony, and near Rein- 
bteidenbach in thealecloraleof Tiieves, somo- 
limes on the surface of other ores, sometime* 
in larfjer or less particles mixed with rocks of 
gneiss, nniel, or quarlz, most commonly cry- 
sLillizcd in cubes, square plates, eight-sided or 
six-sided prisms : colour emerald or grass- 

f;reen, oi^en inclining to silvery- white, or ycl- 
uwish with a greenish-while streak: luitre 
sometimes perlaceous, sometimes metallic ; so- 
luble in nitric acid without effetvcscence, but 
insoluble and infusible by alkalies ;* consists of 
oxyd of uranium, carbonic acid ; and, the 
green kind, of a little oxyd of cop|>er, 

3. U. sulphureum. Sulphurated uranite. 
Pechblende. Hardish, very Mnderous, black, 
compact, shining iniemally. Found at Johann- 
^eorgensladl, jn Saxony ; eilher forming en. 
tire thin strata, alteniating with other siniified 
mineral), or massive and dispersed ; coloui 
black, dark-grey, or bluciih-Mack, with a 
darker streak, and opaque, black powder ; lex- 
lure conchoidal, very Willie ; inipcifeclly so- 
luble in sulphuric and muriatii: acids, bui per- 
fectly in nuric and oitro- muriatic acids, giving 
the solution a vinous yellow ; funning a grey 
opske slag with borax and soda, antTa green 
glass wilH microcosmic sail : ipecilic gravity 
U'37S 10 7-500 : contains, according to Klap- 
roib. 

Uranium . 80* 

Sulphurctoflcad - 60 
Silrx . 3 

Oxyd of iron . 9 5 



The analysis of ihe ores of oraninm Is tof- 
ficitndy fiuiple. The only nibsiances thai 
have liitherin been found in natuial tnixtureor 
combination with ibis metal are lead, irtui, 
coppUi Hitphur, and sila. Of iheae the ml- 



U R A U it » 

|>haruiditlcKaretobeieptratedfintbycli^» tliorler than the birer; gHI-membraM irilb 

tkm in dilate nitric Jtcid; amf the- other exotic nx papillooi toothed njt ; the coreit wldis 

BiateriaU from the meul thus far purified in membiinaeeoot- fringe; rent inthe middktf 

the regular order of leady dopiper, and iron. the body. Two specica. 

The oitnit of uraniom being boiled with l. U. aeabfer. Body amooth. HeadhnL 

canttie fixed alkali, the whole m the uranium aquare, mailed, with a bone sprinkled bverwidi 

.will be precipitated at nnre yellow oxyd. minute warts, and which lerminaiea aboic li 

The process bv whicn Klaproih reduced thb two, beneath in (irt spines ; tongoe tfeidE, 

netal u the following : he mixed the veilow strong, shorty covered with minnle teedi ; Ih 

oxyd of uianhim, precipitated from its solutions beanwd with cirri ; upper jaw with a dodw 

by an alkali, witli linseed oil, in the form of a oval cairity within, lower corered widi a 






ante, and this being exposed to a strong heat, brane terminating in a long appendage ;eya 

ttere remained a black powder, whicn had vertical, approximate; pupil bl8CK,ifiayenNrj 

lost rather more than one-fourth of its weight* apNertnre or the gills very large ; body eofeni 

It was then exposed to the heat of a porcelain with small scales, nearly square, aa rarlb tk 

furnace, in a dose crucible, and the oxyd was rent, and aftt^rwards rotmd ; lateral line, eoa» 

mfterwards found in a coherent mass, but fri- sisting of small, round, holloiw dots, dasceaJiag 

sd)ie under the fingers, and reduced to a black from the nape to the pectoral fina, and aflai* 

atiining powder, it decomposed nitric acid wards straight; fins with soft yeUownyi^ 

with effervescence. This black powder, co* those of the venltal quadrifid, of the bnsl 

vered with calcined borax, was for the second pectoral cleft at the tip, of the skMay-bhA aarf 

time exposed to a still stronger heat, by which and dorsal simple, of the caudal much baab? 

a metallie mass was obtained, consisting of ed ; first dorsal fin bony. Inhabits the IM^ 

ray small g^boles adhering together. terranean sea; frequents deep places' near ifci 

The affinity of the yellow oxyd for the acids shores ; body above brown, cineieoos at dit 

ia ao considerable, that its salu are not decom- sides, tieneath white ; feeds on snnSer Mk 

poeed by the addition of atnc or of any other and aquatie insects; somettmeaslecpe; fle4 

metal. good, but tough ; ler^h about a fbot. 

The followinf vitrescent mixtures were f . U; Japonicus. Back with a itiw ofipik 

made by Klaproui to ascertain the power of ous scales. Head depressed, with nearalB 

this oxyd aa a colouring substance. prickles ; ventral fins short. Inhabila the nt 

Silex • « drachms, around Japan; half a foot long; body w^ ! 

Carb. potash - I drachm, ■^T^?' ^iTi **"^? ^^'^ u n " 

Ydloroxyd - lOgfs. , URANUS, or Oca ASUS, the««eala^ 

fioduces a cleaf light brown glass? IS ^ J!^''"''l?L* p il'^'LPtJ?^^ 

■^ ^., ^ . , n«i Tiih»a, or the Earth, by wbomhehH 

Silex - 8 drachms, the Titans. His children conspired againsthi^ 

Carb. soda - 1 drachm, because he confined them in the bosom of die 

Yellow oxyd ^ -^ . , 10 grs. earth, and his son Saturn mutilated him, sod 

produces an opaque, blackish-grey glass. jrove him from his throne. 

Siiex - 2 drachms, Uranus, in astronomy, the name giren, 

Glass of l)orax - 2 drachms, for the sake of analogy, to the primary planet 

Yellow oxyd - 90 grs. discovered by Dr. Herschel. See Astrovo- 

jpioduces a clear glass of a smoke-brown co- my, Georgium stdus, and Herschel. 

lour. URATS. Salts formed by a combination of 

Silex - £ drachms, " c^^*"* "^'^^ ""^ *'^''' ""^ *'''"*'' ^ ^'*'* 

^'*'?S^^tt^^"' *"''' 2 dr..hm, ^ URBA'NITY. .. iurhaniU, French ; mk- 

Yellow oxi^^ . IS^^ ' -'-'f ^^''^'\ ^^^'y ' ^^^^"" ' PO^^i 

iciiowoxjci *"R". merriment ; facet onsness (Dryrfen). 

produces an opaque apple-giec.i glass like URBINO, a duchy of ffi in the Eccic 

chrysoprase. «iastical Stale, fifty-fi've miles long, and fofty- 

Vitreous phosphoric five broad ; bounded on the north by Rom^aa, 

acid ' - 2 drachms, north-cast by the gulf of Venice, sooth-oit 

Yellow oxyd - 10 grs. and south by Ancona, and W. Iw I^rogiao 

produces a clear emcrala-grccn glass. and Tusrany. The air is not devnied wbotr- 

I'he glass obtained, however, by the two some, nor is the soil fertile. The chief pro- 
last experiments was in some degree deli- duction is silk, and fcame is plentiful, 
quescent. U RBI no, a city of Italy, capital of the doehy 

The yellow oxyd when mixed with the of Urbino, and an archbi$hop*s see. Thepi- 

common enamelling flux tinges porcelain of a lace, where the dukes formerly resided, ntiv 

deep orange-yellow. belongs to the pope. The university contains 

•The alloys of uranium are as yet wholly un- a noble colle^ice and sixteen convents. Great 

known. quantities of fine earthen ware are made here; 

URANOSCOPUS. Star-gaier. In zoology, and it is famous for being the hirthpl.ice of the 

a^iius of the class pisccs, order jueularia. illustrious painter Raphael. It was tiken by 

Head large, depressed, rough; up[)CT jaw the French in 1 79(). It stands on a hillj b^' 



U R E . U R E 

e rivers Metro and Fo^lia, 68 miles tbere remains behind a large rfesiduam, oom^ 

»rence> and 120 N. of Rome. Loo. posed of charcoal, inuriat of ammonia, and 

Lat. 43. 46 N. muriat of soda. The distillation is accompa* 

10 (Raphael D*). See Raphael. nied with an almost insupportable fetid alii- 

lOLATEy in botany. Piicher-shaped. aceous odour. Two hundred and eighty parts 

. iK'lvis iostar inflatus & undique sib- of urea yield by distillation ^eOO parts of carbo- 

Hying out like a pitcher. Applied to nat of ammonia, 10 (>arts of carbureted hydro« 

, corol, and nectary, gen gass, seven pans of charcoal, and 68 parts 

LIN, in zoology. See Echinus. of benzoic acid, muriat of aoda, and muriat of 

IV, a term of slight anger to a child, ammonia. These three last ingre<iients Four- 

a river in Yorkshire, v«^hich rises on croy and Vauquelin consider as foreisn sub- 

ncs of Westmorland, flows by Mid- stances, separated from the urine by the alco- 

Ripon, Boroughbridge, and Aldbo- hoi at tliesame time with the urea. Hence ||t 

nd a little below joins the Swale, follows tliat 100 parts of urea, when distilled^ 

e united stream forms the Ouse. yield 

i, the constituent and characteristic _^ ^^^ u . r 

• urine, which may be obuincd by the ' 9f g^ carbonat of ainmonia 

5 process : Evaporate by a gentle^heat ^'^^ carbureted hydrogen gas^ 

y of human urine, voided six or eight 3'g26 c harcoal 

er a meal, till it is reduced to the con- ^. 

>f a thick syrup. In this stale, when 99"800 

3 cool, it concretes into a crystalline Now 200 parts of carbonat of ammonia, ac« 

^our at different times upon this mass cording to Fourcroy and Vauouelin, are com* 

es its weight of alcohol, and apply a posed of 86 ammonia, 90 caroonic acid gasa^ 

at; a great part of the mass will be and 24 water. Hence it follows that 100 par);* 

, and there will remain only a number of urea are composed of 
substances. Pour the alcohol solution 3(>*5 oxygen 

tort, and distil by the heat of a sand- 32*5 azot 

the liquid, after ooiling some time, is 14.'^ carbon 

to the consistence of a thick syrup. 13.3 hydrogen 

ole of the alcohol is now separated, 
t remains in the retort crystallizes as lOO'O 

These crystals consist of the substance « 

y the name of urea. But it can scarcely be doubted that the wateK 

obtained in this manner, has the form which was found m the carbonat of ammonia 

line plates crossing each other in dif- existed ready-formed in the urea before the 

irections. Its colour is yellowish distillation. 

C has a fetid smell, somewhat resem- When the solution of urea in water is kepft 

at of garlic or arsenic; its taste is in a boiling heat, and new water is added as it 

)d acrid, resembling that of ammoni- evaporates, the urea is gradually decomposed, 

; it is very viscid and difficult to cut, a very great quantity of carbonat orammonia 

a good deal of resemblance to thick is di^enga§ed, and at the same time acetic acid 

When cxpofcd to the of)en air, it is formed, and some charcoal precipitates. 
1 attracts moisture, and is converted When a solution of urea in water is left to 

lick brown liquid. It is extremely itself for some time, it is gradually dccompos- 

n water; and during its solution a ed. A froth collects on its surface; and air-* 

ible degree of cold is produced. Al- bubbles aie emitted which have a strong dis- 

•solves It with facility, but scarcely in agreeable smell, in which ammonia and acetia 

a proportion as water. The alcohol acid are di»tingulshable. The liquid contains 

yields crvstals much more readily on a quantity of acetic acid. The decomposition 

on than tne solution in water. is much more rapid if a little gelatine is added 

nitric acid is dropt into a concen- to the solution. In that case more ammonia 

lation of urea in water, a great num- is disengaged, and the proportion of acetic acid 

right pearl-coloured crvstals are depo- is not so great. 

nposed of urea and nitric acid. No When the solution of urea is mixed with 

d produces this singular effect. The one-fourth of its weight of diluted sulphuric 

ated solution ofurea in water is brown, acid, no effervescence takes place; but, 00 

ecomes yellow when diluted with a the application of heat, a ouantity of oil ap- 

mtity of water. The infusion of nut- pears on the surface, whicn concretes upon 

es it a yellowish- brown colour, but cooling; the liquid which comes over into tha 

> precipitate ; neither does the infusion receiver contains acetic acid, and a quantity of 

odnce any precipitate. sulphat of ammonia remains in the retort dis* 

heat is applied to urea, it very soon solved in the undistilled mass. By repealed 

treRs up, and evaporates with an insup- distillations, the whole of the urea is C0Dvertc4 

fetid odour. When dii»tilled, there into acetic acid and ammonia. 
n first benzoic acid, thencarbonat of When nitric acid is poured upon cnrstaU 

i in crystals, some carbureted hydrogen lized urea, a violent effervescence takes place, 

h traces of prussic acid and oil ; and the mixture froths, assumes llie forn «f a 



^^^ U R E 

diric-Kdliqirid,grcatquanihJe9ornitroiH|yN, nypto^jiinla, ntder Ain^I Fungu fU^ 
ozolic ga«, and carbonic acid gnss are diKn- consUting of inenl; pon^Jer aadrt thcculiclsoT 
gaged. When the eflervHcence isover, there planu; tnmeliines under the cuticle of ktis 
remains only a concrete white mattri, with oritrnij somctimf) under that or the parli of 
lome drops of reddish liquid. When heat i» friiciilieation. Nine specie*, all indiEenatt 
applied lu thii residuum, it delcnale* like ni- to our coDntrc. The rollotving are well cdi^ 
itat of ammonia. Into a solution of ures, ilod to notice. 

formed by its altrscting moiitore from the at- I. U. frnmenii. LJneai-oblnng, bltek- 
mospherc, an equal quantitjp of nilfic acid, of brown ; well known, as to iti ef&cu, bj du 
the specific grant]! I .t6o, diluted with twice name of blight. 

iU weight of water, was added; a gentle efl'er- S. V. K^ctum. Black, in ibe tptkeltn «( 
TCtcence emued : ■ very tmall heal was on- gnssa. bqualljr well known, as lo iu tf 
plied, which supported the efiervescence for feels, by the name of imui. 
twodayt. There was disen^ged the lint day See the arliclei Hvsmakdry Bud Mv- 
agceat miaDlityofanolicgauanHeaTbonicacid cok, under a particular specie* of wbtcH 
gais ; the second day, carbonic acid ^s ; and M. Wildenow ha* chosen to rank bolh ttM( 
at last nitrout gaas. At the same liine niih plants. 

the nitrous rass ihe smell of the ozjpruMic UREE, in cheniiiiiy, the basia of the arie 
acid of Berthollet was perceptible. At ihc amuirvnia; urine Cfaporated to the comitcraa 
end of the second day. the matter in the retort, of honey. i 

which was become tliick, took fire, and burnt l'REN.\, in botany, a genus of the rim 
with a violent explosion. The residuum con- monadclphia, order pnlyandria. Calyx da»- 
tained traces of prussic acid and ammonia, ble ; the outermost five-cleft ; eapiutc ftn- 
The receiver contained a yellowish acid liquor, celled, fivc-parlible ; the cells clwed and aor- 
on the eurface of which some drops of oil seuded. Eight species, nativei of ihe Ean «> 
swam. West Indies. 'Fhe two followini; oie cubi- 

Muriatic acid dissolves urea, but does not vated. 
alter it. OxyitiiiHaiie acid bj^s' is absorbed I. U. lobatj. Angular- leaved urena: R>- 
very rapidly by a diluted soluiion of urea ; ing with an upright slock, Iwn ftel bi^ j 
small whitish flakes appear, which soon be- and mallow-shaped flowcn of a deep blue. A ' 
come brnwn, aod adhere to the sides of ihs native of China. 

vessel like a concrete oil. After a eonsiderable 8. U. tinuara. Cut-leaved urena, Suffhafc 
quantity of oxymuriallc acid had been ahtorb- cosa : rising three feel, with small tnu-coloutd 
*d, the solution, left lo itself, cuoliaued to ef- floweri. A native of India. Both are MWi ' 
(ervesce exceedingly slowly, and to emit cii- plant', and increased by seeds from iheirmasl 
bonic acid and azotic ^s. After ibis eflei- toils. i 

vescence was over, the liquid contained murial L'RETER. (■■,*>j\, from ■;«, uttne,) Til 
and carbonat of ammonia. membranous cunal which conveys the ortM 

Urea is dissolved very rapidly bv a soluiion from the kidney i» the urinary bladder; al in 
of potass or soda, and at ihe same time a su|icnnr part it is considerably the largnl, w- 
'' '' ' 'is disengaged ; the same cupyiiig the ipealcst ponioii of the jicliit of 

ed when urea Is treated (he bidaey i it then contracts lo the siwofa 



"7 i 
with baiyles, time, or even magnesia. Hence goose-quill, and descends over ihc dum 
it is evident, thai this appearance must be as- nui muscle and large crural veaoli inu iM 
cribed to the muriat of ammonia, with which iwUls, in which il perforates the urinary bU- 
it is constantly mixed. When pure solid pot- dei very obliquely. Its internal surface is Inbn- 
a» is Irilurated with urea, heal is produced, caied wllh mucus, to defend it from the Itni^ 
a great quantity of ammonia ii disengaged, tion of the urine in passing, 
the mixture becomes htown. and a mbMance URETHRA, {n^fo, (lom ayii, the uriiB< 
is deposited, bavins the appearance of an em- because It is the canal through which ih 
pyreumalic oil. One part of urea and two urine passes. ] A membranous canal tonnioi 
of potass, dissolred in four limes its weight of fioiii the neck of the bladder through the ial^ 
water, when distilled, gives out a ereat quan- rior part of ihe penis to the eatiemiljr oflbt 
lil^ of animoniacal water ; the residuum con- glans penis, in which it opens by a longiiu^inl 
taint aceiat and carbonat of potass. orifice, called ihc meatus urinariiu. In iliii 
When muriai of soda is dissolved in a solu- course It lirst passes thruugh the proiuic gland, 
tion of urea in water, it is obtained by ciaptt- which porlion is dislinguished by the naawef 
ration, not in cubic crystals, its usual form, the prosiatlcal urethra; it then becouiniaacti i 
but in regular octahedrons. Muriat of ammo- dilated, and is known by ihc nauieof tb«b■illr 
n the contrary, which cryjtalliies naiu- ous pan, in which is situated a cuunesia 



tally 1 
byjis 



I octahedrons, is converted into cubes eminence called the caput gallinaginia oi 



dissolvingandcryslallizingil in thesolution monlanum, around v 

OI urea. orifices of the excteioiy duet* of the prtwau 

UREDO. {from !(«>, to bum,) An itch- gland, and two of the spcrniatie vc»«*l., V" 

iiigor burning sensation of the skin, which remaining pailof the urrihraconiainianun- 

accompanies many diseases. The nettle rash bei of triangular mouths, which are the tm- 

il also m called. ax, nr o|>rnings of ihe exeretoi^r ducts ot ihf 

Ukbso, is botany, a genua of ihe cbtt mucous glaada of the uic'hta. 



f U R I 

TAIS. Mcdicioes which piamMe a' 
X of urine. 
RGE. 0. o. {urgfo, Latin.) i. To 
to puh; to pr«i by mofives (Tiltol- 
I. To uiwoke; to exasperate (5*0*- 

3. To r»llow cltMc, so us to Impel 

4. To labour vehememly ; to ilo 
iQcriMB or violence (Pope), t. To 

ntlbrce (Dn/dea}. C- To prva »» 
imeiil {Siaiipeia-t). 7. To impor- 

1 xriidl (SjSfiuer). 8, To presi id op- 
, by way of objection {TillolKm}. 
>CB. ■. n. To pms forward {Donne). 
<EL, a town of S|>ain, in Calaionla, 
biinp'* we. It is leated on the Segia, 
rtile pimin, surrounded by mountain* 
wiih Tineyard*. 78 mites N.N.W. of 



^urgfnl, French ; urgeni, 
1. Cogent j pressing; violent (Aa- 
i. Imiiortunate; vehement in tolicito- 




rM&u). 
!ENTL' 



TLy. ad. Cogently i violently i 
nlly 1 itnporlu I lately (//arufu). 
JER. «. (from urgf.) One wno presses ; 
ner ISwi/t). 

, • canton of Swisiertand, 30 miles 
i ISbtnadj bounticil on tbeN. by the 
arSdiweiltand Ihe WalsiadterSec, E. 
Stnt^ns of Gciannt and Gbrui, S- by 



SeeScHweiTZ. 

C ACID. Uric or lithle acid was dis- 
by Scheele in m6. It is ihe most 
Scnniiiiuent ururinaryc.-ilculi.andex- 
in human urine. That species of caU 
hich resembles wood in iu colour and 
)cc i« composed entirely of ihli sub- 
It wit called at firtt littiic acid ; but 
le, in cnttscquencc of the remarks made 
Pesfton wn its impropriety, has been 
e, and that of uric acid lubsiituted in 

tad n this stale hu a brown colour ; 
i, and CTystalllied in small scales. It 
her iMle nor tmell, is insoluble in cold 
int toluble in 360 parts of boiling wa- 
iw Mlntion reildeni regeiable blues. 
If the tincture of turnsol. A great 
be acid precipiuies again as the water 
It combines readily with alkalies and 
bnl ihe compound is decomposed by 
l)cr acid. Muriatic acid has no action 
^kher W sulphuric acid while cold, 
1^ Mtntcd by heat it decomposes il 

i tritiiiueid with potass or soda, it 
nponaceout paste, very soluble in wa> 
) therv is au occeas of alkali, but ipar- 
waihe alkali is neutralised. The uril 
I (n of soda is ncjrly tasteless. The 
onDd crystal N led, conitilutina gouty 
ans. Ammonia does not dissolve uric 
I it cmnbinet with it, and forms a salt 
I nlilUe ihw du pure and, and r^ 



Minbling it in ita estarnal chaiaeten. Nail 
does uric ncid dissolve in time-water ; the alka- 
line carbanaU have no acuon whatever on it. 
Hence the only urai which hai hithetio been 
iletccted it urat nraminonia, or uric acid united 
with volatile iilkali. 

Nitric acid dissolves it readily ; the solution 
i» of a pink-colour, and has the property of 
tinging nnimal nubstances, the akin for in- 
stance, of [lie same coloiir. When this solu- 
lion is boiled, a quantitv of azotic eass, carbo- 
nic acid gass, and of prussic acid, is disengaged. 
When oxymurialic acid gals is made 19 paia 
into water containing this acid suspended in it, 
Ihe acid assumes a gelatinous appeatance, then 
■tissolves ; cartionic acid gass is emitted, and 
the solution yields by evaporation muiial of 
nmmoniii, luperoxalat of ammonia, muriatic 

When uric acid is disiilled, about a Iburth 
of the acid passes o^e^ a litllc altered, and ia 
found in the receiver crystallized in plates ; a 
few drops of thick oil make their appearance ; 
)ih of the acid of concrete catbonat of ammo- 
nla, some prussiat of ammonia, some wato*, 
and carbonic acid, pass over ; and there re- 
mains in the retort charcoali amounting lo 
about ^ih of the weight of the acid disiillci. 

These facis are sufficient to shew us that 
uiic acid is composed of carbon, ami, hydro- 
gen, and oxygen ; and that the proportion of 
uie two last ingredient* is much smaller than 
of the other two. 

URIM and THUMMIM. among the an- 
cient Hebrew*, a certain oracular manner of 
consulting Goil, which was done bv the high 
priest dressed in his robCs, and having on his 
pectoral or breast-plate. Various have been 
the sentiments of commcntatoti eonccrning the 
urim and thummim. Josrphus, and several 
others, maintain, that it meant the precious 
(tones set in the high -priest's hreast-platc, 
which by extraordinary lusirc made known ilie 
will of God to those who consulted him. 
Spenser believes that the utim and thummim 
were two little golden figures shut up in the 
pcctnial, as in a purse, which gave responses 
with an articulate voice. In short, there are 
ai man; opinions concerning the urim aiul 
thummim as there arc particular authors that 
wrote about them. Broughton thinks, that the 
n-ordt urim and thummim signify snme divine 
viiiue and power annexed to the breast-plale 
of the high-priest, by wliich an oraculous an- 
swer was obtained from God when he wat 
consulted by the higb-prietl ; and that this was 
called urim and thumniiiH, to express thecleir- 
ness and perfection which these oracular an. 
Ewers always carried with them t for urim 
signifies light, and ihumtnim perfection : these 
answers not Ixing imperfect and ambiguous, 
like the heathen oracles, hot clear and evident. 
The use made of the urim and thummim was 
lu consult God in diOicutt cates relating to the 
whole state of Israel ; and somciimci in cases 
rclaiine to the king, the sanhedrim, the gene- 
ral of Ihe army, or some other gicat personage. 

A very ingeniou* writer (we inspect, a fe- 



1 



P U R I ^^^tg^amf R i 

isale one) in the Chiiitian ObsCTrtr i) alspM- pre B new intncit to Ihe enmtnaltoo oi. .^ 

ed (o consider ihe nnrnmoribe twelve Irlbci of cull, and matiy addiiional obsemtiotii \i»t 

Israel eiigiavea on the iwdvB precioui stonca i>ccn added lij other chenihli. l)etgiii*n. wbo 

at what alone wal meant by the lustre and was ein ployed on the same siil^ecl at ibeuBa 

])crfeclinn, the urim and the Lhummin), which time with Sthcelc, gai e some furiher tcmailcs 

was appointed 1o be put in the hreail-pUte of im its habitude with aci'ls. Dr. Wolbtion 

judgment; urini denalins the glary orilie ri- has shown that the gouty calculus, oi rlulk- 

stble church, ai bearing the light of imih (sig- stone, as it is generally calledi confiais oi Ihe 

niliedby iheliistreof th« pteciotu stones) ; and liihic Mid neutralized by soda, and his tin 

tbummim, the unity of all its parts, comiiiiit- udtJcil largely to our linowledgc of the virtr^ 

ing its perfection, iigniltcil by all Ihe tribes of of urinary calculi, by discovering ih.st f^Mk 

Jstaelcngravejion these stones, and, as it were, phat of ammonia and magnesia it the e onifoii- 

eiishiinol in their glory. tion of one speciet ; that pure |ihn«|ihatcf lime 

Fot'a fuller explication, together withslrik- forms auolher speciesj and that the tariett 

ing practical reflections in favour of unity of known to surgeons by the name of tbe mal* 

■pirit, deduced from the cjrcumslance that the berry calculus, cnnsiaia of photphai and oulil 

enquiry by urim and thummiin censed about of lime. Dr. Purton, in anatyaing 300 spe- 

^e lime of the defection of the ten tribes, see cimena of culcuir, has foutKl the lilhic Kid of 

cltristian Obser^'er, vol. xl- p- I37- Scheele, in all but six, of very varying prcpn- 

(JRJNA. (■■n> from g,uw, to ruth out.) See tiona. but he consiilert this peculiar sobdaixt 

Crime. rather aa an animal r>xyd ilun an acid, 8in|^ 

U'RINAL. I. {urinai, French.) A bottle natelli and other cheini>ts, whom it is nnd* 

ID which urine is kept for inspection. less to enumerate, have thrown tome fuiiltB 

URINARIA, (so called from producing n light on ibit subject^ .ind Instly, a lung and 

copious eincn.ition of urine.) See Linaria. must elaborate series of experiment!, basbnn 

URINARY BLADDER. Vesica urina- in::de by fouicroy and Vonouclin, which liw 

lia. A muscular >ac, situated in the cavity nf the fullest andiuwtcomprehentivc viewof A* 

thepelii^ in men between the pubes and rec- subject. 

tutn; iMd in women between the pubes and f'rom all these authoiiiiet we naj colkct 

uterus \ which receicet the urine, retains it a the following pntticulars : 
certain time, and then expels ii. lis external The greater iinmber of urinary calenli n 

coat is from the peritonBuni ; internally it is atones in the bl:uldcr are of a round or oitl 

covered with a mucoua membrane, which ae- shape, varying in aize from Uiai of a bean id ihi 

pamtu mucus from the blood to lubricaieand bigness ofa pullet's eag; briiile, hard euougjt 

defend it from the acrimony of ilie urine, to take a good polish: when *Bwn tfaraa^ 

AiMtomist* have distinguished thii bladder obv iously composed of concentric lam inc Ibm* 
iain a fundiia, body, and neck. It h»Biteries , ed rourxla small nucleus; of a dull yellow laa 

from the hypngnitricand ha^mnrihoidati nen'es red gravelly colour, ofien inier-peiMd wiik 

from the intercostal and sacrjl ; and iia veins blond-ted spots ; ami the specific pavitj of 

emiity tliemselves into the hypngasiric reins. even the heaviest d<ies not unite arnouni to & 

UmvAIir CALCULUS, a hard round con- These are the calculi into which ihe litkic or 

cretion rrcqitently formed in the bladder of uric acid euters at a cnnstiluent part, but eie* 

many animaU, and especially of man. stony in in thcie there is a considerable variety of la* 

appearance, and producing the most dreadful tore and appearance, the surface being mnr- 

paioxysina of paui and geuet^l disease, for times smooth and polished, somclimea roiifll 

which no radical cure hat hitherto been dis- with small protuberances, and occasionsUy in- 

covered, except a very serious surgical opera- lerapersed with cryslala, which laiiet are kilt" 

lion. ammoniaco-magnesian pfaouphai. 

The stone in the bladder has been examined The mulberry calculi, as they arc ealkd,*K 

with minute attention by several n'ffit excel teat distinguished by their maoimillated andusalllf 

chcaiisii, who have lieen stimulated by the ad- iwlished surface, resembling that of the aMJ" 

ditional hope of finding a solvent which might berry, and their colour, too, is generalle madi 

remove it ;>hogether, or at least mitlgdle the darker. These, as before mentionod, h<H 

leverity of the svmptoms which it produces: been found by Dr. WoUailon to consiit chitAf 

and itwai enily'discoieied that a contidemble of oxalat of lime. The analysis of thit and «( 

henelit wasdcrited from the internal use of al- the other rarer varieties we slial) reiuin »■ 

kaline medicines, taken in aa large quantily a» after describing the common uric ctkidab 

could be borne, and for a length of time. which is particularly distinguished by ti* It* 

The first and by far ihe uinst important di*- mellar texture, its toughness', and the uoifana 

covery relating to Ihe cheniioal nsiure of cal- brown yellow coltnir of the inner part, a gori 

cuius waa made by Scheele in I7T6> who oh- deal resembling petrified wond in appearioci- 
lained from it a large proportion of a peculiar W hen this CHTcatuii is boiled for tome lio* 

crv9l.illiz.iUe aubitance till then unknown, in water, a lolutlon is obtained holding *Imi> 

wnich bod all the properties uf a very weak 8 grK. in b oz. nf lit^uid which raddeos lilnui* 

acid, raiiicularly in reddening litmus, and paper. As it grows cold tlie grcaiftt pariif 

neutralizing alkaline anil earthy bases. Thii the dissolved portion of calculus triuralnspia 

substance was afterward) denominated lithic in the form of line ciyslols: and it it inr* 

•sid and more Iitelj' uric acid. Tbe diicuvcry which condiiuie ih« pm htjiic or uiic aci^ 



_ _ . ii uldnlw, 

rA itdphutic acid dbcoltrs il by tll« 
>r Vu. But ihc most chaiacieris- 
nre ihMC produced by ihe nitiic 
en ihu ftcid, KDiewtfai cliliiu, ii 
K calciilai, the latKr it mlircly <Jis- 

vapours ariie, and a ROod dral of 
M g»a is pmdumiJ. 
ugh 






'cipitalcil by 



of Ihe csIcuIqs 
liric *cid can dinolvc; il 
ow colour, (Vhich ledtlen! 
mI produce* rose-Cdlnurrd 
out half an hour 
Hi!* Mluliun is n 

alkati, bui when 

Iballne tolution is oraduced which 
colour wlien heauif, and lin^es ii)c 
r with the aciil solution. 
pfpietpiat n/ammania uilh mag- 
fpecies of urinary ralciilua exigis 
Ant noticed by Mr. Teiinanl to 
ibe cominon enlculi in bciug fusible 
ilowpipe inii) nn opahc while glass, 
being almost wholly consumed : 
I able chemtal conjeclured il lo be 
ritme united wiih some other phos* 
TTiii conjecture was found lo be 
CI by ihe sub^uent lualysii of 
itoQ. who ascertained its composi- 
\ tri[jlG salt compwed of phosplioric 
nU, and magnetia. Thit fusible cal- 
my* vrhtier and harder than the 
tcitli, and generally hoi ihe appear- 
liling cryitils, which are sometimes 
ic form of a white satid, 
( of lime catnllui. — The surface of 
nlly of a pale brown, and to imonth 
r polished. VVlien sawn throrgh it 
1} regularly laminated, and die la- 
mal adhere 10 slighily to each other 
le with case into concent lic cnists. 
the lamioc are striated in a direc- 
dicolar 10 the sur^ce, giriae a crys- 
■au texture. Thi*calculuidi»nlvr3 
alowljr 



ysialJizi 



evapo- 



le phosphal of lime is precipni.___ 
a. Before the blowpipe this calcu* 
I at flrsi tliglitlj chairiid, owinfj lo 
g of aonie gelatin or other uoiting 
Huie tritti which il is inlermtxedi 
becomes |>ericctly wliile, and at 
to an opake itlcibule. 

milh aialal qf Imt. mulberry 
rtlis cakutui I) the liaTdcit and 

all thtte ■ub>iances. It« culout is 
n dark chocolate [.town ex(crn.->lly, 
llljr grey within, lu jurfacc is co- 
mboclet oT roDnded knobt, like ihc 

anil when nwn through il give* 
mD u bone 0( ivory. It is mluble 
illy in acids; the cimiic dUalics 
ion Dpon it. When cjictneil in the 
blackens, and gives an ammniiiacal 

ihe other products of hj^ animal 
I a white powiler Gn.illy ri'iniiiiis, 
lifia of qiiick-Iim* and phtnphat of 



^-^ART U. 



Jnin tba KMtrehe* of- MM, t'oncroy ant 
vaiu|(Klin urinnry calculi hate bten ditidei 
aiid arranged into the following twelve distmcl 
specie*. 

I. C*Icu1i of uric acid aloiK. 
2i Ur^it of nmmonia. 

3 0«lal of li.tie. MulberrycaVui;. 

4j Uric acid, a. id earthy pho>)>hat:i, in two 

a, The sdme intermixed, 

C, Urai'if ammonia, and earthy ]i!Kj<phats, 
in dislinci layers. 

7. The same intermixed, 

8i Phosphat of liuie and nnimt^niaco-inag* 
ncsian pliusphui. 

9. Nuclfus oxalal of lime, and covered with 
a thick coaling of uric acid. 

10. A nucrens of oxaiat of Ume, iniestcA 
with earthy phiHphal?. 

I I. Uric acid, or urat of ammonia, earthy 
photphats and oxalat of lime. 

19. Uric acid, urat of ammonia, eaithj 
pliosphats and siiex. 

This laft is rosde a disllnel speciM, on ac- 
count of 1I1C silex, which however k rare. 

The above classification is perhap* loo com- 
pticaled ; but i' will at least serve to ibow ih^ 
very vaiioDS nature of urinary calculi and ihe 
total- abacnce of any one common chemical 
property ■ and it hence demonsitaies to us the 
luipossioility of Ending a single wlvent whicli 
may apply to every case of this formidable dia- 

U'RINATlVRa. Working by urine ipi«. 
vokino urine (Boron). 

URINATOa. ». {urinator, Latin,) A 
diver (.Ray). 

URINE. (-;-.. from »f™. to rosh OOL) 
The Hline liquid secreted in the kidoeyi, and 
dropping donn from them, gutlitim, throiifh lh« 
ureten into Ibe catity oflhc unnary Madder. 

The Kwretory or|tui i* compoSHl of Ihe arle* 
rioni lesaels fit the eorllcal lubstaDCe of llie kJ4- 
Dry*, fraai which Ihe urine paisea IhroHgh tlia 
uriaiferoun tubnii and renal papills, intu Ibe re- 
nal p«Uia, whence it Sows ilrop by dnip throutta 
Itw ureleri into the eiTity of the urinary blad- 
der) where il is detained taine hour*, and, at 
length, when abundant, eliminated Ibraaeh tba 
orelhra. The urine ot aa hollby man U divided 
[d geaeral into, 

I. Crude, or that which >* emitted me or two 
boar* aflcT raliDf ; this is for the mont part aque- 
DUi, and ofteo vitiated by some food*, and, 

a. Coded, which is elimiaated tnme honrt 
after llie digestion of the faad, an that wliich la 
eiiiitlud ID the mominK nrWr deeping. This ia 
generally in smaller quantity, thit'krr, more co- 
loured, nore acrid Ihaa ai any other tine. Of 
■ueh coded urine the colour ia amatly dlttn^ 
■nd not lanhandwine. The de('re of lieat aipwa 
with thai of the blood j henee la atuoipboric aic 
il it w vnH'r, as i> perceived if Ibe hand be waib- 
cil with urine. The >peeiBe grailtjr i* greater 
thin water, ssd that eiullled in the luaruiitcil 
alwajB heavier than at any other time. Tb* 
smell of fresh urlae in not di<agreeahlr. The last* 
is taltiib and nauaroun. The cunaiiteDce U uinie- 
wiint Ibirker than water. The i|oaattlir drpenda 
on that iif the liquid drink, it* diurelle Dalure, 
lud tba UuBpcratitr* of the air. 



A 



U R I N 



'fiipnl'itt ofTi»al1Iirnfrnf.— T. Pwih urine 
iaei n«l >{ip«i' to W of «n ncid nor an nlk^lme 
nilun-i rorildoeinnlchiLaeetlictyrupof TiolcH. 
S. MUrdnilhfixi^tlkiUuidKquKaleiiiilenic- 
tatemtaUtilemlkiili. 3. UrineiimtiUiprmifoUt- 
ed b) •Uobol of irinc, nor minenl >n>r : hen e tt 
]i sn >queou« tiquar, nol m leroiii one. 4. Whrn 
tftld it i( gnduallj rendered mora turbid, and 
dfpaiils a wdimfDl, nhleh is again dittolicd if 
thv urine be made iiarn. ■). Evaporated Id llie 
Ibickneu of bonej, it bcfooies red, bitter, tctj 
arrid, but not alkaline, and ia sailed sapa ol' 
urine i nliich, irbm eiaporated to dr^neti, ii 
called eitrart of urine. G. Urine diilillcd lo Ihe 
coniistenra of honry, and suffered lo erjitalliic, 
dtfpoaitt lal digetliru*, mierocoamic nil, and 
pboiphoralcd and mineral alkali. 

The changvi of urine in the air. — Preierred in 
■ti open »e«el it remaini pcllurid ft-r Home tinw, 
and at Itnglli tbcre i« peri-elred at the b«lian> a 
Dubenila, or little rioud, fonsol (dated u it (Fere 
from the gluten. Tbii nubecula lucreaiei by 
degree*, accU|iie> all Ibe urine, and rcadera il 
opake. The natural bdipII )• changed iuln a pu- 
Irid cadaiemu* one ; and the surface is now ge- 
nenillj covered trilb a cuticle, roiuposed of very 
minute cryitala. At lenglh Ibe urine reKafna its 
tmntparencj, and Ihr euluiir is chauged from a 
jHlovr to a bronn ; the cadaveroui smell pawe* 
Inlo an alkaline, and a hrowu grumous widinicnl 
Ml* to the Uottom, filled with nhite particlei, 
deli(|tiescing in Ihe air, and m conglulmated aa 
•nfnrm, ai It were, little soft calculi. 

Thus two sedimenla are diilin^iahable in 
Ihe urine ; the one white and girlalinoui, and ms 
panled in the beginning ; the olher brown aud 
Crumnd), deposited by Ihe uriue when putrid. 

iiponlBOeouideveneration.— Ofallthelluidaof 
the body, the urine firirt putrcfle.. In aunimcr, 
after a few houn, it heroniea turbid and aiirdidly 
black, then depotili a lopioua icdimeuti and ex- 
halei a (elor lika that of putrid cancer*, which 
■t length becomes cadaterous. Putrid urine ef- 
ftrveiceswilh adds, and if ditlllled. gites ofl', 
befurp water, an urinous volatile ■pirit. 

No liquor in the human body, however pure, 
I* to variable in n^peet to quaintly and qualjly 
•a toe urine, for it varies, 

I. Ih reupcct to age ; in the fetui it is inodor- 
ous, inaipid, andalnioitaqueouKibut an the in- 
fant grows it liecomM uioiv acrid and fetid, and 
in old agi; more particularly so, 

3. In trspePt (u drink : it ii iccreled in greater 
qnBDlit),andof a more pale colour, from cold and 
rupioui draughtu. It bcrouics green froni an in- 
fukjon of Chineie tea, or the UK of the pulp of 

•J. In respect to fuod ; from rating Ihe heftds 
of Mparagua, or oliven, it contracts a peculiar 
amcil ; from the fVuit of the opuntia it becomes 
red, nnd tram fkaling, turbid. 

1. In respect to mediciacs: tmm the exhi- 
hiliun of rhubub-root, it bcei>nii-$ yellow ; and 
from liirpcnline, a riolet colour. 

S. In reapvct to the lime nfthe yeart la the 
wiuirr the Urine i> more copious and aqueoua ; 
bill in the suntaiPr, from Ihe inereaiett tran>ipi- 
,ratinn, it is note uparing, higher colound, and 
•o arrfd, tiial it sometime!! becomca ttnin|uriau*. 
The cltiualc induces Ihe ^aB.e dlffertii™. 

IS. In rt'pect lo Ibe musrular mMlon of Ihe 
bpdy : It is secreted niarv aparingly, and eon- 
wnlrated by motion; and ta more Mi piously -lU- 
Kn^ fcltd, and rendcivd aier* <nd*,-b7 rut. ' 



T . In mpect' ttt 'OT* ^leeirod t>f t^ ^i T 
Ihii4 fVi^-ht makes Ihe urine pale. 

II«',— Thf urine h »» e.rre,n*ntil!«us flntiJAi 
liviviuiii, by irhich tlie human bfldy is not «■') 
liberated from the superfluous vriler, but alaa 
from the suiwrlluuDS sail* and anhnal varlh, wmt 
ii defended fram eorruotion. 

Laally, The via medjcalrix n 
etiminalea mnay morbid and i 
with Ihv urine, al may bv obwrt«d ia fnen, 

Mo nuinnl subslnocc has attracted mor* a^ 

coimcction with various rfiieaset, and on anwatl 
nf Die singular product) obtained frntn il, la fh 
ncrsl, healtby arlnc is a Iransparenl ilqvil •( s 
light sniber. colour, an amoiatic smell, nd a^ 
able bitter tan 
ding to Mr. 
i .iwa. When it cools, tlie anmialle amcll !•■« 
it, and is ■ucccrded by another, well ftainntf 
the name of urinoui smell. Tliis snu;!) la a» 
ceeded in two or three days by an<>(lvr, wUdl 
has a OBnaideralile reaemblanre li> llisl at HO 
uiilk. Thia tnicll gradually dioapi.F.rs ta IH 
turn, and is sucsecded by a fetid nlkaiitK adwi. 

Urine reddens paper stained with tummle nl 
with Ihe juicaurrsdlshet, andlhcrcfore Aialaiai 
an acid. " 

If a solution nf ammonia Is poared lalofM 
urine, a while powder pr«ripitalea,w^ieh basIM 
properties ol phosphat «f Hue. Th* prcMVMsf 
thii substaocE in urine waa first dltmrmrd'tx 
Si-hcele. If lime-water ia poumi into vtM, 
phu^ihat of lime preeipilatn In grvnlvr abol- 
ancc tban when amoionis is used ; fonsf ^ — By 
urine contains phosphoric acid. Tb<u w« H 
Ihatthepbunphaioflimeiikeptdiaaolt-edlavte 
by an f xceu of acid, or it is in Ihe state tl «•■ 
per.plioiphat. This alra was flrsl discsnni ty 
8vh«le. This Buht,1«Dce is most ahuadud B 
the urine of llie sick. Berlhollet baa nWari, 
that the urine of gouty people is less acid *•■ 
that nfjicople in perfect Iieallh, The etrnti 
quanlilyofphiKphBtoriiRie in health; nitok 
a* Cruikahank hat atcertainert, about J^ af to 
weight ofUie urine. 

ir Ihe phi.fphat of limeprceipiUted f>iM*iM 
■--■ - lagarMa will ba hmi 



ixed with i 



rcrey > 



phit of mai;aeiiiB which iir, 
which is dcRimiiawd i»j llir i, 
ployed to preelpilale Ihe phi>v,.)i . 

Proust infomiK us tlial ntl ..,.., - 

urine, and that ila sepBralion n,i>a.„to» Uiefwi 
which appears during ttlc evapuralion of nna 
roureroy and Vauquclln, nii Ihe <rtber bsb 
eonsider this acid a* fomed during the en^ 
rarion, by the decumpnailion of th* nnv th» 
observations of Promt nonllrni ilisw wbicb M 
been made by Priestley and Pcrrlvnl. 

ProuM has oliMrvvd, that orinr l»Tti«vrt 
casks depDiiii small iryslali. wbi.-h riBur»w»la 
Ihe air and fall In powder. Thiw rrjstal* !■»• 
■eaa the prnptrtiea of carbonat nf lime. H»»« 
we must eanelude that ujinr mntiini nrlaaM J 
lime i % very etlraxnlinarr «"■'. "* we itlknllM 
Bunar-phosphal Hflime Unlio prcuvt. 

When ftexh nrint- cnoN, it ofloi Irli AM * 
bridl-mlMln-d prwipilalr, whlAt KrheelB «■! 
asceruinvd I* bo cryataU i.r uric acU. AIIhIm 
tnnlalns this acid, rvi-i. when ni> vm^MI s*. 
eipihto npp«ai* whcu ll-cbrta. Par tf * W- 



U R I N 



4H*Mtl^ tf €Im/ Uid Krib urine U na- 
I to j^j of it! weight, k*utitle piwdar pre- 
wtol^ bottom, ondiUacbe* ilwlf in |i«rt 
tsl; Id Uk (c»c1. Thii pin maj be di»- 

10 iNiro alkkU, Hid prcdpiuted •fnin b; 
•rid. It nbibilt all Ibe propertiea of 
rid. The fust it, Uut tbe precipitaM 
uaually Jklla irhtii urine fooli ranaitli 
orphnaphatoflimeaDd uric acid. It Diay 
alml iu diluted ailrie acid. If the •<>■ 
1 healed and eraparated to drjuei), it a*, 
a ine rsw-mlonr iruric arid ii preienl. 
oportion of uric acid varie* caniidcrably 
n. It crTiUlli«e> io snull »d prixui, 
iKtbeivrraOE, if uria«it miiednilb wine 
•id, aod Un enpoied to llus air. 

ng lalcnuiltmt frven, and especially diir- 
rMca uf the lirer, a ropioui nedimGnt of a 
td egleur ii depniiilM from urine. Tbia 

11 ia Dw maacic and of PrauM. Sehcvie 
nd thi* atdiment ai uric acid mixed witli 
iMpbal of liinc ; and the laoie apiDinn tiai 
ll(itala<<d by ulhrr cheiniita: but Prouit 
thai il «ia<ii>ti chitifljr ofa diflareni tub- 
towUrtihe haisiTCD the mmcarroiacic 
Ma lla colour, iniaed willi a certain pro- 
,«r«rio arid and phutphal of liiue. Tbi* 
•rid, he inlunni ui, ia dintinguiihed tVoni 
I b]P the firilitj with vhicb il diuultm in 
Icr, Uw violet preeipitale which il occa- 
■ Mvial of gold, and by the liltle ua- 
Akh II ha. to n'j^Ullfte. 

dl ariiM U evaporaled tu the conaitlean 
up, and muriatic arid ii Ihrn pniiivd into 
apMste appear* which poMcaici tiie pru- 
•f beaioie apiil. Scbeele fini diieotered 
anca of bivinle acid In urine. He evi- 
it Io drjne*', •eparated the wlina part, 
dM bnl to the reiiduum. Tttr bmiiuie 
a cablined, utd found rryntalliied in llie 
'. CMnidenblequaatitiet ufbMiuiaacid 
(■ be obtnined fWtin Ibe urioe oflionea 
■a, where il ii mnrh murt- nbundant tliau 
in vrioe. In huiaan urinv il varlei from 
l^of tbc whol?. Proutlafflnni that Ibe 
•iavd h) lifbrels'* prarcM ia not lUc ben- 
1 aaolber pat-CHc-dof ainiilar properlieat 
•riilg Ib thin eircuiuitaoce, Ibtl nitric arid 
MM It, whereaa il osl]' wbilena beoioie 

I u Uf»Ioo oflao i* dmpi tnia urine, a 
raeipitale appear*, lia*in( tbv.prDpcrlie* 
mUaatioTi of tan and ■lliiimen, or eola- 
rlftc ttrarafore fonlnina albuntvu or grla- 
haa* aabitancT* l>ad been aiiipeetcd In be 
,biallbtirpmrucewa«tlr«ldcni'»i<ilra)ed 
ta, wIhI diacoveml the aboie method of 
llbeoi. Their qiianlilr II 




TbU forntroTi^ uf lAe Mi*l tmijileiie'ii Uli Jnt' 
portaBt dittincliuui bvtwo-n Ibe uriuc ot IboM 
who CBJoy giiiKl aud bad hcaltli. 

irurioe isrcapurelcd b] ■ Ooirfipe to Uie con- 
lialenoe of alhiaU <yrup, it aaiuuiei a detjp brown 
Dolour, and eihalra a Iblid Bmniaoiaciil odour. 
When allowed to cool, it coueretci iiilo a mats of 
eriilals, roiupoaed of all Uie coraponeiil paria of 
urin,... If four limea im wright ii' ' ' ' - 
piiured upon thU m*^t at 
heal a.pp)ird, the in^ateKl 

decaiited off, did d'stilled in a 
tort in a saud-lteal, till the miiture hai b^Oed 
far aouie limr, and arquirrd the Ma>ialeD''«< of f 
*;rup. By tliia time the nbuleof llii-^|l<'i)ho1bu 
patatdoff; and tbe mailer, on, CoaliBe, fryit^ 
liici in quadrangular platei H liich intffaerl Wtoh 
other, Thia tubalBnce i« urea, nhfeh roiqjfp^ 
jtolthe urine, proiided the yiMetj. part ,i% .e\' ■ 
eluded. To Ihii aubslance Ihe la«tCAnd muell «r 
urine are owing. Il ii a aubt 
racleriaea urine, and niaUiti ' 
to whieb Iho greater pari 



Uai 



laall. 



e pre- 



n hralltiy i 
IhpWIof lbcwe>«hlarilie urine. It la 
' (UbMaMMa that the appearance uf Ihe 
I It la oatled, nr the muFilajcinoul mailer, 
I KnBoUiun depoailed aa the urine rouli, 
k It U probaM* that healthy urine con- 
\j griuin, and onl albumen, tbaugb the 

la too wuall to admit of aecurilu eaa- 
l; hut In mau) diaeawt the quantity of 
LttaraikTery uurb ineeaaaed. Tbe urioe 
inal pvoplB often runtaJnt to much albu- 
\X U cMgvlatet not •-dIj on the addition 

balatenon theappilcslionorbeai. Io 
t^rinpaired dig«<tiaa, tbe albuniinoiw 
rilHp pHt (f uriBO II lavaik iBcieaaad. 



lUituIca il irlikl it la^and 

irl of ijie Via* kiijgOliir 

of urine ia ta be ucribed. .Ska 



ij be detected by cwpomtinf urine to. Ill* 
conaiaientc of a lyrup, and pouring iiilii it roD- 
cenlrulpdmlrieaeid' Im medial ely n jf"'*! iiuvt> 
ber of while alifniaB cryatnU appi-'if ■<■ the foftt 
of plalei lery mUtli rfieulilioi; cryitailiwd ba> 
rarie arid. Tlieae ctytl^ are urea couiblttad 

The qnantiiyof ureavarwaeTcce.linEly iiidir- 
fercDl unoe*. In the uriuc vnidci mhiii ader.f 
neal, very lilllr of il it to be found, Mtd acaiolly 
any at all in that nhieh b}tlerical palicuta \iiid 

Aemriling to Fouromy >ad VauquiUin, Ihr >«■ 
lourofurinoitrpeadaupon'ilu'ui**! the cfaler 
Ihe prtipurlion of urea, Ibu deeper Ihc colour. 
But I'niuat liai it/tfrivA a reiineua mailer .in 
urine similar to the renin of bitci Uid tn tbia 
aubalnnee he ateribe* the colour of urine. IX 
urine, evaporaicd to theeonaiiteoce of tin eitraeti 
ia mUed wjtii anlphurio »rid and diililled, Ihi* 
roin, he inlomia u", iicpar»te* durine tlir dii- 
lilUlion. What ia lira obUined ii> aotl, but Iha 
laal poninaa are in Ihe alale of a dry powder. 
The oonaiitenoe and eolourof tbia retin reaembte 
caitori it ia tery aoluble in alcohol, nnd pro- 
ripitaled from iliaoluKou by water: but il it alao 
•oluble in water ; and, according <o Prau<il, U 
tbe reata of bile, aomewhat niodifltd by ill paai- 
age througb the urinary organ*, 

If urine ia ilowlyevaporatrdtolbaConaialCDoa 
ofanyrup, a number ofcrjilBla make Ihe^ ap- 
pearaaee on ila aurface ; Ihew poaaena tbe prn- 
pertie* of muriat ofaoda. Urine thereforeeun- 
lalni muriat of aoda. It i( well known that mu> 
rial of aoda crydalliaea in cube* j but wlwa ob- 
tained frooi uriM it hai Ibe form of oclahedroua. 
Tbi< ■inguliu' modiUcation of lt> form U owing 
to the arlioa of urea. It ha« been luuR known 
that urine talurated witb murial of aud* depoiila 
lliat aalt iu regular a'-tabrdroui. 

Tbe aaline residuum wliich remahia aricr Iha 
teparaliun of urea from cryt^Uidi]! urine by 
nioaoa of alcohol haa beta loii| kaiiwa under tb« 
nameaof fuaible xalt of urine aoi) isi''rvcnaii^ 
•■lu Various nielhodaof obtaining it hai* Ite^n 
giien by ebeiBiitii from Boeihaave, who Hnl 
publiahid a proceu, Io Ruuellc and Cliaolnta, 
wbegiia III* mnlhadiBitaentiuood. If tbe ■»- 



S 



J 



URINE. 



IIwai«nIidtAi>iTcati«miffli!^l4Uutlit;arhot 

«nUir, Kiid allnwcil lo rrj^ttltlM Hpontaneuuily 
In a c!a« teste!, tiro teta ot vryitali iire gra- 
dually dt'piniliHl. The lowrriuoX Mt hu llie 
Agure ol' tint rlinmli»lilat pritins ; tlie uppermatl, 
oa Itw rnnlrerjr, liu Ihe form of rerUogultr 
tabtct. Thdie two nny be euily uparated b]> 
CipoiinfClbem for inme limelo > ilr; atmiupljert). 
The rcclwi|[iilir tablei tIRamsrt tai i all In pow- 
der, buttherhaniMdllpritini reniain unaltered. 
Wben Ibe-iv xalls an rupiined, thej are found 
Id have Ihepropertin of photpbal*. The rlioia- 
boidal priaio* con*iM of pbnxplial of ammnnia 
united lo a little phoiplial al toda; the rcirtan- 
|ulir tablEi, on tbe cnalr^, ar« phoiphat at 
toda uDiled tu a »imall qiianlitjr of photphat of 
BDimoiUa, Urine, tlwD, caotaiiis photpbal of 
loda and phoipbat of ammonia. 

When urine i« caulioutlj evaporaled, a few 
nbie rryitali are ofleu deposited amang the oilier 
•alU; theae crjalali hare Ihe propertici df luu- 
rial of ainmunia. Now the ukual form of the 
CTTitaU of muriat of ammonia ia the orlabedron. 
The change of it* form in urine is produced alto 
by urea. Tlii« nail la oblaiDed in greater abund* 
ance Hhea the trrj'alali ut urea obtained from Ute 
■l{Bbol lolution are dialilled. 

When urine i« boiled in aailTerbaaon it Mack' 
ena the ba><jn ; and if the quantity of urine ii 
large, small rruata of aulphurel of lilver may be 
detached. Hence we «ee tbst urine conlaiat 
■uLplinr. Thia aulpbur exhale* along irilh the 
carbonic icid nhcn the urine putreflea; for the 
fumea which aeparate from uriua in that ttale 
blacken paper ilained nllh acctal of lead. 

Urine, then, cflotaim the following lubatancec 

^^^ I. Water, 

^^^b S. Phosphoric acid, 

^^^H 3. Pboaphalofliine, 

^^^^H 4. Phoaphalof magnaaia, 

^^^^K Carbonic acid, 

^^^^^B 6, Carbonat of liu*, 

^^■< 

^^^^B 8. Roudeaall, 

^^^H g. Bentoie acid, 

^^^^H 10, Gelatin and albUBMH, 

^^^^B 13. Ruin, 

^^^^B 13. Muriat of loda, 

^^^f 14. Phoaphatofaoda, 

^^^^^ 15. Phunphal orammoniB, 

16. Muriat uf ammonia, 
IT. Sulphur. 
Theac are tbe only auhitaneei irhich are eon- 
atanlly found in healthy urine j but il roDlaina 
alao ocniiiouaUy other lubilance*. Very nflcn 
muriat of pnlaih may be diitioguiahed among the 
ciTilala which form during ila eiiporatton. Tlw 
preaeaee of Ihlt tall may almiya be dcleeled by 
dropping Mutioualy aome tartaric add into uritic. 
If il contain* muriat of potaih, there nil 1 prc- 
ai|dlale a Utile tartar, iTlileh may eaaily be re- 
cogailrd by ila pruperlica. 

Urine aomvlimeialiiucunlaina lolphatof toda, 
•nd ereo lulphat ofliuiu. Tbe ^reaenre of Ihene 
aalt* may be aKvrlained by pouring into urine a 
Mlutloa of muriat i>f barylvt i a 'npiaua nhile 
precipitate appeam, coutiMing of Ihe baryCn 
Mmblned arilh pbMphorIc a id, and with tul> 
phurle acid if any i* prcaeot. Thi* precipiUle 
niuat be inwtMl with a auacient quaatll) of iuu< 
riallRBeid. TbephnaphatofliaryleiiadlaMilaed, 

I k<M lb* Htlphat of barytm rmnainii uaalten.'d. 

^^^vietfttth arc the pcopniOivt uf bumau utinc iu a 



atate of hHlth : but thlt etcWkV h dn^«HMf 
mudiOed by tliteate ; and tbe rbange* to «UA 
i^ia liable linrB attracted the alteiilion of pky- 
*lclaDB in all a^a, bcrauae they ht*« in aoaa 
meaanre l« indieale the atate of the palicat aad 
the progreaa of the diteaae under whleh be la- 
bour!. The follniriDg ate the moat reaaifcitil 
of Ibcac change* that liiite horn ohMTTcd : 

I. In iadammalor]' diunaca ilie uriiM b of a 
red colour, and peculiarly acrid « it depoail* ■• 
aediment oil itanding, but witb uxymurial *f 
mercury il yield* a copioua preripitste. 

3. During Jauodice tbe urine ha* alt ana(» 
yellow colour, and commuDiratet Ihe aaoelialU 
linen. Muriatic add rendera thi* nriae (IM^ 
and thuadetecla Ihe pmencenf a little Ml*. 

3 About the end of indammalorj diacaaea dM 
urine liecooie!. abundant, and depoul* a *opiaN 
pinh-colnurcd ledlmenl, compoied of roaane itU, 
a Utile phoaphat of lioie, nnd uric acid. 

4. During hyiterical paroxyinii. Ibe anH 
uaually Bowa abundnittly. Il ia Uuipid aadM- 
lourtcas, mnlaining much *all, but acarcely aif 
urea or gelatin. 

0. Mr. lierlhollet obaerred that Ibe arialil 
gouty peraoni contain* uiually oiurh Iraa pfcM- 
phoric acid than healthy urine. Bol iantf * 
gouty paroxyam it coutaina much more pboaplw- 
rie add than uaual i though not mora than CM- 
atantly eiiali in healthy urine. 

Ii' In general dropay, the urine la Inadfd «M 
albumen, and becomea reilky, ore*cn coagnlawt 
when heated, or at leaot nhen aetdi ait miM 
wllh il. In dropiy from diaeavd lirer, •• ^ 
bumen ii pre«ent, Ibe urine i> aniBty, lA|fc> 
coloured, and tlepoaiti the pink- co1ouivi)>ediB>4 

T. In dyiipepaia, the urine aiwaya yield> • 
copioua precipitate with tan, and putrcSn » 

pi.S!y. 

8. The urine of rickety patienta ia laid u to 
loaded with plioiphat of Ume, or, aecotdinf I* 
olbcn, witb oaalat of liue. 

It. In diabclea, the urine i* aweet-laalei att 

Ibe urine emiited dally by atliabctir pa(iaBl,» 
cording lo the experiateDt* of CrUlkahoAh, «^ 
tained 29 ouncea of aiigar 

The urine a( oIIkt animal* differ* iinilM* 
ably from thai of man. For the aualyaJaafO* 
Uriueolqu*ilni|>cdahilhertDniadc, weare<Mi% 
indebted to Kauelli-juaior. The lullr.wisr hA 
bate been atrcrtained by thai ihimiikt, aad ij 
Iheliteexperimrnlaur Fourrroi and ^auqiKtii' 

J. Tbeurineaflhehnntebaiia|>.'.uliare>I»" 
after eierdie it ia emiUul lliick and milbj , H 
Other tiuiEm It ia traatparenl, but beroran amMl 
toon after ioemlaaion. \\1ien eipoaed to tb ate. 
it* surface become* corered with a craM<f<■^ 
bonat of lime. II gitea a green colour <o mw 
ol'tioleU, and haa the oio^Ulcnce of aMIU^ 
The following are il* caailllucot* aaXli^ 
h> Fourcroy and Vauiiuelin tTMB iMr iq* 

Carbooaloriime . . . a«ll 



andmueilafe . 



1.000 

Fran Ibe late nrperiment* of Mr. CiiMr, « 
learn thai the quantity of benanal af and* tali* 
cuDiiderably in the urioa of borv*. I* f" 






1 It hi • 
p>*>(«) by oiiu'ialic ki.id. 
ittlroTDone. lie could iletcrl 
in thf foud at hnnci. Uean I: 
tottard wilhin ibc »aiiii«l, mii 
it appcan oul; in CMc* of diMU 

Ttw uriiie dT th* co<r hu ■ ilnine re- 
laaiT tuttutiof ihclioiMi it hu n»rt> tlic 
«4oiir, and tht tame muc^ila^noui rntitUl- 
ll lin^n ii}TUp of Tiuleli green, 



" The third dilTereneeeihibitrd hj thir urine gf 

Ihe Uan and Ihc rnjil tigrr from thil of maa 

mu Ibe alniMt totat absence of phoiphil of lima. 

" Thii is what niircht b« natuTal!)> expected, 

tinea thitialtCaBnotbodiuoIved in watercxcopt 

be mean) or a luperabuiidanee of acid, and the 

ine in queation ii nn IJie contrary alkaine. 

. . „ . _ "Itnouldnererthelesiwrniihalthckidneyior 

I a ctdalinoaa mailer. On ■landine, imall Uich animali (cparale a ocrtaia 'luanlily of tbia 

il» arr rnmrnl on it» (urface. ll canlain*, tail from the bland ; for J found ili^hl tnir« of 

^img !■ Raueltr, It in thue urioei ; and ammonia it formed jn Iha 

I. Carhonat of potuli, bladder only, where probably il preeipitalea phoa- 

9- Sulphal nf potaih, phil of lime : and thin ii iritboal doubt the mt. 

3. Muriat of poLaili, ■on that Ihe urine of IhMeanioialo iaiuea IramUw 

4. Beaiulc acid, bladder almoiil ainayihi a turbid (tale. 

i. Una. " ir.aecordiQftotbii.wecverfindcalcultintha 

L 1^ uriaeof [be camel yiu alaoeianiitied Madden ofthene animals, they ean b« formed of 



■etlr. Itiadniirrewmbleithalof tl 



rolou 



s thai 



laSiBOu*, and doei not dcpos 

it glie^ a grren col 
iCTnone* with aridi 



the u 



.ined fr. 
I. rartmnat of [Mitaih, 
S. 8nIphalofpol<i.li, 

3. Murial of potadi, 

4. Lrn. 

• The urine of Ihe rabbit hat 
'Wd by VaiH|uelin. When eapi 
t hMPiMi milky, and depoiit* carboual nf 

It circi a green colour lo ijrup of viuicia, 
aSer>e*eci nith acidi. That el)«ii)ial dC' 
1 ia it Uic folloiiiiii; tnbitlaDcet; 
I. CBrbuual of lime, 

5. Carbonal of mB|in>e*ia, 
i. Carboual of |H>laah, 

4 Suliihat of pnluh, 

£. Sulphal of lime. 

B. Nuriat of poiaih, 

?. Urea. 

«. Orlatin, 

V. Sulphur. 
Tauqiwlln baa alio made tetne eapcrlnmila 
c Vrlneof the guinea-pii;, from which ilap- 
I Uiat U rtvmblea the urine of Ihe other 
rap«d». It depoaitk carboiut of lime, (iici 
M lailour lo ijrup nf iloleta, and cuntnioi 
oal and muriil uf potaib, bat no phuaphat 

KM (I upeara that Ibe urine of the pnminl* 

• quaampedi aereei with Ibe humaa in 
iaUf Mfra, but diffcni from it materially in 
I daalllBic af phunptiorie acid, phoipliala, 

Utuellu hai alwi einmliied the urine of ia- 
^ber aaiuida.ajidlbu retulta wd ahall sire 

7^ ariae* of the linn (ud tiger are perfei^ly 
IT I Ibe) have alio aome memblanoe to Ih 
Ja, bat thcj dlfler In lome riaential pointi 
ValdllTerencc: thej Brcalkaliiie,e 
■t of bein( (aided ; lbs urine of 
n the contrar]', aliray* acid. 



'phat of.lliDe only, tiini« thia ii the only in- 
J it la not soluble lubitanee they rantaiu. 
nrhonat of " Fourth dillerence: the urinea ofthelion and 
up uf tioleti, the trger rontain but an inflnitclj iniall quantllf 
uf tho of muriat of loda ; nhema> that of saea ten«- 
rallt rxhiblli a great deal. 

'' We find in tlicae urioet a p«at quantity of 
urea lery much disposed to eryslilliialion, antf 
in Rtneral a lillle coloured; pbotphal* of auda 
and Bnimouia, aulphal nf putub, a muooo* mat- 
lately ter, and a tnne of iron. 

in the " The aboie are the pointa in which the urinct 

of Ihe lion and royal li|:cr reuiuble thai of man; 

but tfaey difler, aa has been ahown, in a auBlcicat 

nninber of pninia lo (rin-snl ui iu fonuin^ a pat- 

apeciea. It is conpowd u fullowa : 



I. [Trii 



6. Muriat of ammonia, 

6. A trace of pboaphat oflioia, 

7. Sulphat of potath in a large qnintltj, 

8. An alnoi of mariat of aoda. 

A careful analyiii aereial timet repealed of 
urine nf the beayer, proved that ii haaasrcal 



I 



" In fact, H-e there find rarbonat of lime k'epi tn 
tolulion by a aupersbun dance of carbonie acid: 
I'cninie and acetic acida, urea, murial of soda, 
and (ulphil of potuh; and n-e meet iHlh no 
urir acid in il, or phuaphoric aalt*. 

" Nevertheleaa il ditiiin in ao far ai it conlaina 
no murial uf auniouia, and aa pnaaeaaiog • coa- 
aidcrable quantity of earbonatand arclalof mag- 
nraja, whirh is not found, at li-ait In a great 
quanllty, in ttie urine of hi-rbiiorfus anin ' 



folloiring IT 



vcred Ilic carboual of magnesia ill 



ing cooocDtratrd by ■ gentle heat a 
that certain quantity of tliia urine, I diicanted the 
liquor, and washed irilh diatilled water the reawl 
to Ihe aide* of ttbich the earlKinal of lime ad- 
hen^. 1 aflrnrarda paued aulphuric acid into 
Iter, Hhieh prifduecd a frothy 
'a mUPoua mailer 



llBlotheproeODeoftiieaainoniadeTcIoped efTer^eacence i 

•■ oriaealhalwcoiJsbt tnaaeribclheatroag which carries offwiui ii iiic carnoDai oi iime. 

.iaagrwable amell which they diffUae, eien " PerceiTinglhallb''Sulpharicacidhadacqulr. 

U the ad uf iaiuiog from Ihc bladder of eJa bitter laalefrom lliiieombinalion,! dried and 

laaa of animala. cilcipcd the mixture, then I washed it with a 

iMBpd diflerence t they do not ronlain any litlle water, and I ablalavd by the evaporation of 

brid. tor any foitibiaatioa of tbia acid with Ibe lallera inall which had all Ihe propertin of 

8AlleaaI,lher« waa no aenaible Iraoe aulplial of magnesia. 

Bri men I wai four times repeated. " Withing toaacertaiDby another experiment, 

tof uric arid b these urinn wai the if thero wai muriat of auoioiua in the tulsc uf 



U R Q • / ' 

VMlrall»ln Hutofothn-lieriilTarMi 
aoimaU, I pul inlo ■ |Hirkion of thit ttaickened 

liquor B pierearnuiticpdtuh; kntluUieoilDur 

«rifackminan» <*m nal pemited eren ^Itti the 
wdof h«tl, I oancludeil llial,il did not CDnUin 

Any niuriHl ol' >niiiitnila; but a phmoaicDnti nis 
rxhiliilsd which BHlnoislicd me, und nhirh e\- 

'oiKxl ■ deoirr In civninc the raiiw of i1. The 
Ijqunr want into ■ geUlinous-like unut nu- 
P«>'tli>g Uiat tills elktX iT>5 produced b; the pre* 
ripil«tii>ii n( •ome earthy tubtlanm, I Irented Ibe 
TflioLe of thu ttii^enrd uHqc which I poiai^wd 
wllhrauMir polaah; I Altered Ibeliqaor, in order 
to obluu tile iniitter in quetilian i nnd Khar haiiqj; 

.wiihcd and rnJ'iiied it, i eoniblned it with tolphi)- 
rical-iddiliited with water, and ubUinnlmtlphlt 
of macncria mixed wilb a little Rolplial of Ume. 

' " Allhaugh I haic iTmounoed that the urine of 

'the boMpr roalaiiu acelal ofmsKatrsia, jrel I am 
not prrlbcltf certain of it : in faet, it may be po>- 
sible that diirinc the cTapnralion, allhougb ef- 
fecled with a pcnlie heat, a certain quanlil) of 
acetic acid inaj be formed, and the latter oiaf 
bay* acted do the earbonat of nacneala loll in 

i7'VW|««p«lljMi»rlS.t7 «*• "AH*. "mU. 

Wlijift^ OffmM Mr ih> pnfrtT whick 
^ l|M af-.tlM li>w i M Wiiii pt M-lBhw 

rifan«<.rijt|» tha ^M J wfWlw on whUk 

■MM aT iuaxpMbiM. I «WHtaWM< «*- 
,*VlowriuarUu;<riaarfHMlMroririllMrbH|[, 
ud lU ka*ivr;ciMiiv*«liM abNrratlH. 

*' Thrra nam to if eaan, UwfHbfe. lawbMt 
cnrtaia Tcietable avbatawM ■•; pata thrangk 
thn dlfcttiTB oTftM, sad Uw ttnattUam, wiUi> 
«iil anllreir lotfag tka pmurtlaa wbl<h db< 
tiBfolifc Ibem la UhU- ulwd MaMt 

■^I alao fcmd in tSw nlaa ortfca beaTsr a qnan- 
lilj or i(MI, which at lint ■itoniilwd nie ; but 
iaiins reOccted that it bad been eotleeted ia a 
'daaed Inm ve>M;1,and that iteoalaiued earbonio 
Wd, I Iboufht that the freatcr quantilj of thii 
aittal pmoiried from Ibe icuel. 

" The urine of the Iwaver U llw re fara aoM- 

pOMdof, 



5. AeeUt of nagaeda (dmiMAil), 

6. SulphatnfpotBih, 

7. Uuriat of pMaili or of itoda, 
B. Vegetable oolBuriag matter, 
0. lullj.aUlUeiron." 

- Urikb (Retcniiim of). A want of the 
•nliDBiy Hcrclinn of urine. In retention of 
' nrine there ti none lecreted : in a tui^rtnioo, 
the iiriue i* secrcieit but cannot be voi<led. 
Urinc CSuppRMMn of). See Iscbokia. 
To U'mwt, V. a. (aruur, French.) To 
make water. 

L"RINOUS.<t. (from urtiuo Partaking of 

URN. 1. (urw, French ; KTM, Latin.) 1. 
Anji vnicl, oF wbi^ the mouih i) nairowcr 
: than the body (Drudm). S. A witer-pot 

(OwcA). 3. The veiwl in which ih ■" 

of biimi bodirt were pill (mUti)u}, 
UROOALLUS, uomitholon-. Set Tk- 

TtAV. 



-• -T tUB 

URSA, in Mtranonrr, the Baar, a Ham 

conimon lo ttvo conitdlatintM of the northns 
hemi»pherc. near the pole, dbiingui^hed by 
Major »t.d Minor. 

VnsA MAiDK. or the Givat Bear, oneef 
the 4S oh) ccnttcitaiimis, and perliap* mac 
ancient than oianj of the other* ; beinf ISuBi. 
\iai\y knOH-D and alluded to b} the oMcM «ff> 
ters, and is mtalioncd by Homer w obsentJ 
by navi^tors. It is supposed that this ODoal^ 
laiion is ihnt incnlioDetl in the book oTJo^ 
under ttic name of Chesil, which oaf iiawW 
tioii has rendered Oriou, where it ii itid, 
" Canil rtioii looje the bandi of ChenI iOn- 
on)r' II is farlbersaid lint the ancitnii rt- 
prcienled each of ihcse two conslHUu-inf tin. 
der the form of s waggon drawn by a taw nf 
honcj, and the Grceki originally callM ihem 
waguons and Iwo bcarii they are to ih't ttf 
|>0))ularly called ihe wuins. or i«»Bgon., mil 
the greater of I hem Charlei'j Wain. HfMi 
is remarked the pruprieiy of the ixpmiioA, 
" loc« ihe bandt," &c. ihe binding aud lot. 
ing being terms very applicable IB a h»n«u, 
&c. 

Perhaps ihe Egyptians, or wlioevrr elie win 
the people thai invented the coiiitellainni, 
placed lhn«e stars, which »re near ihc pole, in 
ihi-liKUTenfa bear, Dibciiig: an animal mhibih 

G«iek<, in lAcir usual way, hare •dapledlOM 
of their fable! to ii. They say this beam 
Cnllisto. daiwhterof Lycanii, kmsof AioAt 
lliai being dttauched l^ Jupiter, he afwiwiiA 
plicdd her in ihe beavem, a* well U hctM 
Aretutus. 

The Greeks called this conslellation Arcua 
anil Helicc, from it) luniiiig round ilie oolc- 
The Latins from the name of the njmiih.u 
Tariouslj wtitien, Callisio, Mrgiaio, and fir- 
miilo, and froin the Arabiant, irimetiniet Fc 
relrum Majus, the Great Bicr. And ihl 
Vm Minor they called Fereiniin Mium.lht 
Liiile Bier. The Iialinni hive folloMd lie 
same ciisiom, and call them C^ialeilo. Thn 
5pol<c alto uf the Pheiiidani being n>iM 
bv the Lesser Bear, but the Gieeki ij ^^ 



icmams star. 



Hicreire two rcmstkabk surj in thitecB- 
ttellaiion, viz. tliote in the middle of his boch, 
consiileicii as ihe iwo hiadi^rmosi of the w»*i 
and oiled the pointers, became they alwi)> 
point nearly in b direction tnwardi the nenii 
pole stai, and m are twefiit in Ending !)>■> 

The stars in Una Major are. acconliug » 
Pliilomy's catalogue, 35; in Tycho'i »6j i" 
Hcvclius's 73 i but in lite Btiuaoic ciuik9>c 
87- 

UaiA H [tioK, [he Little Bear, caM ^ 
Arcio* Minor, Phoenice. and CjnoMm, «^ i 
of the 48 old coDsiellaiioni, and limt the aat* 
pole, the Urge star in the lip of iia iwl beitf 
very near to il, aud thence called llw fi^ 
tar. 

llie Phenicians ^ided their nMiptiombf 
rthis conttellatioti, for ivhidi reiaoB i( W 
cailetl Phenice, or the PbcaiducacMcllttiN. 




■ ^ ^ -^_. ■ -1 

„^^^ _,„0»UM by the GrMii, >iM<T. •((a\i«J in «tpll«piiS; SieMcnpio; 

xunlin^ ID ignie. that wm une of the (" i""!" I'"''' pow. 

e hnnirfM Cjlllislg, or Oie Grcal '■ D- Ameri.-uno.. Americ... be.t. Bl»<-k; 

•tcordifiK lo oil«r» Cvnowfa was thru.I .net cheoki rusty-b.o.iL Tht bb.k beat. 

«mrj i.™ . - .1... r,|-.. .. online: the nwrenoiig, nonlrrf,«ncl(.r»ye[ow- 

7li!^^"ll ? ''^•' ,<-»l'*"' wM i.b b^^„ e„ia„ b.t on ,h='b«ly aurt rimft. 

tlWia, »nd thai, (or Oleir care, they t,|,ckCT, m.ire .mDoth aad glo.t j than that of tiri 

I up tngeihcr 10 ihe skies. Eurcpc.n hind. 

plwei in ihii coiisiellaiion 8 star*, The »an>e v«rk(y it a1»o found in KatnichrtW: 

:itvr1>U! IS, and FlatnsiecH 24. they are -rery coMinll]', nii<] will nM atUck oiaa- 

A IlAEHX. Thcrootofthc plnnt kind unless i>ii>T<>kr>], ot in defence uf tliFir 

,-iiiuncj. SeeMlCM muamanti- foung. Ti>o>e aC Kiouchatlia will bitr (be n»- 
livM whm Ihey fiuil ibim ailcp, but aill nil de- 

Tt_. B,.i l> 1— Tourthcin. lo both couniTieithfv oonline lliem- 

;j|,:r:i.^.t."w ™ 1*", '""? °',r"s ■■■"I-"",'"' '"'rv"*"'- 

^r. li. fi^ .'.. 1. .J; "'»' '<='« pi«^": •"'. •<*" 'f"y "'"'s f«'th. 



I HUMll (ItDIUini 

reflrettwt onrach (bol, all contignnai 



1 of Virgin!, 
Uiose not pregnant. 

i"^lU ^^fo^fm i™'ba"'dT *^'"*:/ '* "■"' """^'"f T-""*" ■,*'*y ''"'"' '•;'• 

■a raiim - " ■•• ««,.«.. ^^^jy ihre^^ foBng at a iinie : tin cubi an- de- 

, aa isnow. firmed, but not a BhaiwIpM n.aas to Iw licked in(« 

fiftt, Blacll bwr. Five lanPlies. ,hape, as lhoai,ci*m. piyt inle.l. Ti-e civbj. even 

Mack, and tnullFr Ibaii tlm ml. oftlie bruwo bear, aie of a ulty blaelin«*i, an4 

I ** fcrrnplooui, ofte,, have round iiieLt Dcclix a circle of uiiiic. 

miicd with wbite baiti. The fle^ri of a bear in autumn, whm IbeV anj moK 

Ulrf. ' eiCMiiieJy f«l, by ftedine uB aeornt an-i other 
nail, if delicntE food, and t)»>l of, tiie lubi ■till 

■Ci'bU B long brad, tmall ryei, and finer ; but the pavi of the uld bean arc reckoned 

luODded Bt tlie (up ; limln •tranc, (be moil detlcale mortel ; Uieit fat is very whits 

Inn**: fcetlarge ; ttiil nrry short; lu ami ivect. 

t Kith eery long ahagjiy bair. The In the latter end of autumn, after they hme lat- 

lof tl^ «pfde* a>e the rnaty broan,C; lencd theni»tics to the grtitnt degree, they hHIi- 

, ttke d»<'p black, ■ Thuieontheron- draw tn Ihrir den«, where Ihsy tontinlH for B 

mIb black, )nix«l with while hniis, y, great number of dayi in total iuaclivlty and aU- 

' ~ - . ^^^ ij ,1 ttlnenc* from fiwd ; hailn; no other niiirriihUMnt 

itheieare than vhal they gel by nicking tlieir feel, wbCM 
Ihefatlodgei in frteal abiinilaace. In Lapland, 

Ait ttie noTtheni part* of Europe, they ptu tliC long iiight in dtna lined wannl]' 

AnhiB, the Al^it of SwitzeTland and niih a vast bed of mon, in which ttey rull them- 

Japaa and Ceylon, North Ameiu-a aelve). M-cure Irom tlie cold of that leivre teawa. 

Tboa they aiipear to be conBned to no Their retreati are either In Flcftioriocki i in tha 

I; btll to boar »>th atmgit any, tx- det-pett receatei of llic thiekeat wooili; ot in lh« 

WDgsBiul* of AfiicB- bailaoiofanc'ent trees, which thry ucend nndde- 

IB bitata are tometiines enriiiiorooi, srcml with eurpnaiiig dgility. At they lay io i>0 

V>J cattle, and eat carnmi ; but th'-ir wlntrr provliiunt, tliey are in a rettniii apace of 

I II toot>, (oiiK, and te^rtjlilei ; they time fiirced from their relrcan by the urgent calk 

t Oekli of |iea>; and whrn Ihey are I'f liun^r, sod come i>ut extremely lean. MuKh 

op great i]uaniitics of inrio, beat todtt oi thcin are killed annually in Amertca fut 

r, and carry away itie tira*. Some the sake uf their llMh of Ikiii* i (■Inch lail ttiak* 

Bln> on intcetiaiid hnney, Th'cn'ui- n c«iiiid>^iable article of cxmnterce. 

U inflate the carcases of their prey , T^ie an no bcBr> in Biitain or in PVance, en- 

liM )( left. They wash their ItH and cept, perhspi , a tew in the miMt unfrciiuented 

,<n when ID the dea : graeid abuodicJ nioiinlaiiiiuf the latter. They are loliiary bbI* 

4.>y>, and bring forth one: they be- mahj but the young t<ilbi<v thfir oiolher ao long 

ftoM [tw miiMIe of Noreniber till the a* they neeil bur aoiituDCe : they are laid to tire 

ij walk iluwly, unleit Irritateil, auil twi-niy or litenly-ri<e year> i Iho male and fis- 

ili-kly {Aghtwilhtbebre Feet,rtaudliig male liT« not tcgrttaer, but have each a aeparate 

III* bind; nnrt attack man unless place nf retreat x their amaning fatness mikri 

^ore balllc alwayi make the young them light iiit xwlinmiDgi and accotdiuily they 

xrt: deicend Ircec tail (oremoi't, of Irai^iK with ea<e ntrett and lakes. Upon tbair 

B(i>cBre(ot; ate not louiy ; Hy at mo- sidea aixl (high* their fat ii •iitnetitne* lmh iucbta 

ratify on ibr lilml-frct ; >wun j Ihe thick. The tolet nf their feet appear lo be com- 

lemliraii* remlar> the aspect horrid. p(i«Pii of nDtllKlsn^lii t ■boo wounded, Ihetc iinlei 

i« Mmx^rr lli^n the other toe*; t«ai( out a uibite miikv )oii-e: It li this perhaps lliat 

less idan 'I'll uf Hxi lien, brain Uiger ( ihev •utdt in>in their paw*, 

a as«iaulh< ui* of at llirrad by Iho llufliin meat Will. IMU diMlcatie bears, that in 

eatabkas tba gall' iwrj 1*711 were lit Bcnif, and bad bMD brought 1 1«« 



U R S U S. 

■««<yttiM>T*Mbd<iMthUpaIod. These be- Their Seah isvliiir, aod MMtOUMvOil 

gan lo faoerale at ibe age of five : mfter which Ion ; but Iheir liver ii »e'y UDwholewmei imm 

petiod the fnamU wnB in eeasoti every year in Ihe fut U melted fbt iniii oil. 

manili of Judi', and hcou^ht forlli in January : the One of thii tpeciei wai brought otn loSa;M 

produceil Ihe firjt time one eub odIjTi >'>'1 aDcf- a few ycara wo, kad exhibiled in nuuy pkco. H 

mril* tometiinei one, aameiiiDei two j bui never wai tery furiuui; almost tlmj' '" "c*™!; 

■note than three: >be wai exceeding fojid of them: roared loud^ and seemed verf uneaiy, eu«^ 

their eye* *er<! shut during Tour weeks. At fir^t wi.en cooled, by bsving pail-fulli oT tralei pouid 

thqr did not exceed eight iucb» in Irngth : .al tlie upuri it. 

^■td ur three [pnnlhK lliey meoiurcd only fifieen. Land bean, aometimet ipotted with vhilE, M 

Alter the death of the male, nhich happened i a oilier times wholly white, ate aomelim^i Hnit 

coniei|wonceofafallfr«iiiah<shtree, the female the parts of Ruitia bordcrio; DnSibenB.<aati^ 

appear"! lo be much afflicted; and refused every deriiig itate, and aresuppoaed to hare slrayrfMt 

kind o( iiinirlthinenl for sereial days; but unleu of ilic lofty snowy mouDtsioi which di'ilit III 

th.« auiuiBis be brought up logether fiom their two counlries. Tbey are lud lo drrad Ike ■bak, 

Batllett yonlh, they cannot vndurc one nriolher; who scenii and pursuea then, from anatiuiiab 

and afler bein; arciulomeil tn this kind of lociety, pathy ; because they eat brr joaag. 

the turvivor will not admit apnther mate- Tbt ; 4. U. luscu^. Wolrerene, or volvrreat kn 

(re Slid to linve weak e^gi, hut scule »ente> ,<f Tail liiiiKi tiodjr rnity-htowD j soool bU4a^ 

hearing, touch init, Mid sroeiling. When ihe biar forehead and sides yellowish-brown. TtniiyMM 

■■hualcd.fandfiiidi himself a«eipoirered, he leans of the bear hoo a black, sharp-pointed *in|i|nil 

bis back againm a rock or a tTFi', collects lutf and short, round eais, almost hid in the hair. Xi» 

■tooes, whic^ he th run at bit eucmie^; and it if hairun its bead, back, and belir,is r<ddi(b,ti(>littl 

generally in ihiL siiuaiion that he reccires the black ; so thai, at fint light, tho» pans inw 

jinishiDg blow. qutte blaeK : iu sides are of > y*ll' «iA tnn 

3. D. mariiimus. White or Potarbenr. White ; Tr.ii colour pataes, iu fv>m of » hand, qullta* 

Uil abort j head and neck lengthened ; end uf the the hind j«rt uf the back above the tail : il b*l 

nose hUck ; teeth very Isrge ; hair long, t-itt, ami white spul oa its throat, and on itt bmst aaMktr 

white, tinged in lome partt with yellow j limbi uf whilr loiifc, in form of a cteicent : iU hfs M 

fie»t size and strength. Tbia tpecies groivi to a very thick and ahoit, of a dr-ep black i U buiif 

vast bulk: the ikins of socia are Ihirteeo feet toe* on each fuot^ hut thay arc uW deeiily ^ 

long. Tbey are confined to the coldeat part of tided. Like the bruwn and tbti black bear, 'utm 

the globe, and have been found at far at navi^atoti on its foot as far as Ihe lint joint of tbt Ml, ul 

IiavB pcuelrated iiorthnnid, above the parallel of walk) with il> back greatly arched i clauiftlM 

eighty dc-grees. The frigid climates alone srem and sharp, while at their enrla ; tail clidbed vif 

adapted to their nalnre ; even the north of Nor- long coarse bairaj those at the base ilddM^ 

war, and 'he cenntty nf Mesen, in the aorth of at the end black. Some of the hairsarciiilKVl 

RiuiiD, are clfMituie of them; thfy ire fbuud long- Tlie length of the iDiniil lUrlf b itM 

chiefly on Ihe Glares uf tludson'sbay, Oieeiiland, twenly-eight inches: the Imnk nf Ibe lail ma- 

and S[]ilzbe'geii : they are also met with in great sures seven inches, and the hair six dot*, h 

abundance in Nova Zcmbla, and from tbi; river whole body i> covered with very lung and Itici 

Oby along the cua.it of Siberia to tlie mouths uf bair, which vanei in colour aceurding to IMio- 

the Jenesei and Lena; but rwvcr seen for inland, ion. It inhabit; Hudson's Bay and (;flnad(,«>b 

nnlcss lliey lose their nay jn milts. None are as the alraits of Michilimackiuac. 

found in Knmschatka or its islands. It is a voracious animal, but > low offoot) itii 

' They have been funnd as for south as Newfound- consequently obliged lo take its prey by inipm 

land ; bnt they are not pattvee of that country, In America it is called the beaver eater; iMJt 

being only brought there accidentally on iilandt watches those animals as they come out uflM 

of ice that float along the northern seas, ftom the houses, and souielimes also bi«ak* into (brir h)it> 

polar regions southward. tationi and davours them. Faslen* also on io 

During lumner, the white bear is either reai- as they pass by. Head like a gluttua's; giaa^ 

dent on some itiaiid of ice, or passea from one to siae Uiat of Ihe wolf. 

another. They swim admirably, and can continue In a wild (late it is extremely fierce, and ill 

lltat exercite six or seven leagues : they dive uilh terror l<i bulh Ibe wolf and (he beat'. Tbty # 

treat ngility. They bring two young at a lime ; not prey oo it when they Bud ii ilead, prrMiptd 

and to strong is the alTectioii between the parenia account nf its being so very fetid, since it taA 

aiid the olBptine, that they die rather than desert like a pole-cat. It makes a jlrong resiiUW 

cne another. Their sinter retreats are under the when allacfced. If it can lay hold on il, H*^ 

■now, in which thay form derp dens, suppotttd Iiy tear the itock from a gun, and pull lie (liplil 

fruien pillars of Ihe lOme, or etie under some iscaught in la piece*. It burrows, and hHlIt 

i;reat eminence, binealb Ibe Gxcd ice of tlie fruaen den under ground. 

oe<'Bn. S. U. gulo. Glutlon. Tai I tlie colour rf Ik 

They feed on flslies, <«als, and Ibe carcassct of body, tnwny-brown i midille of the back klidl 

whalei, and on huiinin budlei, which they will head rounil, a thicjc hlnnt oum, and sboitO'^ 

Hieedily disinter: tbey seem to be very fond of rotindcil cxi^epl at Ibc lip; limb* laigr, aulUa 

liuman blooil; uud are so fearless aa lo attack &Iraighl, mailed along itt whiije len.ith wilt* 

RompaniFB of aimed men, and even to bontd small tawny line: lail (hort, sad very full of MVi 

vessels. When on laod, they live on birds and hair in all other parts finely duniadiEd,arnl«W 

IlKiiegt* Allured by the ttzent of the seals Seah, like a silk, and very glotiy ; bul il tMHtiW 

Ihry niten break :nlo the houses uf the Oreenlaod- variei to a brown colour. Qne brought IhiB H> 

m- Thi ir grealcit enemy uf the brute creation hetia, and kept alive at Dtefden, mcaajited Mr 

is the mune, with which tliey have lerrible con- foul inclict, and ninelren iu heighL 

diclr, but are generally worsted ; the vast teeth of It inhabits the northern parti uf Eutops, Alili 

the loriiier giving it i dtctdod superiority. and America. Those uf Karascbatka difTcr ■■' 



U R S U S. 

theteto 

} bringi 



A full >1 



>ati no otiier ^srnienU. The 
ir tfie p»»ii uf (he while Mrt in their 
ttoTm (hr sktn of one (lie mcMC viluB- 
tlKir huibiii<di or kvm can make 

llmili ileri*e ttaelT nnme rrnm thetr 
appetite. The one »lrcady lopn- 
iinil kept at Breiden, wuuld eat tbir- 

tcirilnbin Bdafiandnr- ' ■■ " j - 

>rt of their BlIinK lhein« 



part of the (bod, leemt lo hefabulom. 
» of the ifatis or Arctii: fos, on (he 
B troten sea, complain mnch at' ibeir 
■ on thete iniaioli when caujht in a 
r* i Ibej dewonr the prry, but are too 
be cfiMired thenurtrn. 

IjBT and Canaitian carcaJDa, or wot- 

(tnttini lurk« on tbe bougha uf trePt, 
H any animal that pnasea beneath, 
1 il, and detlruyinE it. Ita hrourile 
Tiand abuul the l^ua, hunea- It may 

wbtn BlUcked by .lojcs, diicbargei, 
iMl.an iiKUppoitsble Mor. 

(tain lh« bear in ii« Iran hibit, and 
l| tmpid dnrine Ihe sinter; and ntto 
I entirelj on aniDnal Tood '* '~ ~ 



but will i-Bi til wttforfrilH, fnm vwn, M. f 

yet be ptefcn fi.hei. thell-ttihaf, ami ep|i, to al« 
mu9t e<"ry Ibiug. At low water, he (eisia much 
oil ovtten : Ihou^h be is very dexttruiis at opea- 
ing Ihpm himself, to save hiinielf tbe trouble, h« 
will wnti^h I heir opening, and match ont the Bab 

He climb! Ireet very nimbly : ascend) by leapt^ 
and ralWc cambnla than walks: hra uraveuieDtS, 
though oblique, are ((nn-k and liKhl! hit fur ta 
eilCBUieduest to Ihatof lliB bearer forraakingliata. 

A le|?er from M. Blaniiuatl lo M. Buffnn girea 
u^ aa aiiiuiing deiineatioo of the mannen of thif 



' My ti 



I, before he ci 



[0 my pi 



of 



. hnil alwayi been c1 
capii»ily, lie wai lery gentle, bol had lillle ini 
nation to careis. The people of the bouie were 
all «qo3lly kind lo him, but he received Ihem dif- 
feceuUy ; for what pleased him in one, he revulled 
ogaibtt m anulher; and iu ibit hit conduct wa* 
■ lie. 

a way, and liberty 



riitite. 






ofai 



t hat been called the ' 



liani Dime it raxomak ; the Kamschiit- 
i, and the Kutattki, haeppi. An ani- 
by the Oieenlanderi am 

il ibiokt to he a fjbulons er 
■■dcftitoleofwund. 
or. Racoon. Tail annuTile; a blai-k, 
•trip« by th?i eyet, Tliia ipeciea of 
f the ti/i- and A^nre of a >mal1 badger, 
aruke of ihe qiuliiiea of the Ibx, the 
Iw monkey. He liai a (haip-poinled 
) the upper jaw longer than th-- nndcr^ 
Mid rounded 1 eyei liurrouuded with 
palcbei of black i a dusky line down 
id to hia note; the rvat of liia face, 
il chin, white. The upper part of bit 
iTCred with hair, ub.caioured at (be 
lb Ib fh« middle, and tipt with black i 
aa bit body, teiy buihy, and sniiutated 



me difficulty tl 

bondage. Since he tiaa been onder 

iim into my maaa[Cmenl, I have fiequenlly given bim hit 

, more- liberty- Witlinnt loting siglil of him, I have al- 

From lowed him lo walk about wilb hliRhain J aodeack 

:ture of time hU gratitude has been eipretied by** Ibou" 

leii lie maket hit etcape himielf: be 

nil nni- tnen tosmi about, tomilimei for three or four 

ki, and daya togetlicr, upon the roofi of the neighbouring 

gluttKD, huuifs d^tcenda during the niglil-time ialo the 

ilurv, ai conit-yardt, entrn (he lien.hontei, altaiiglea nil 

Ihe poultry, and ealtthnr headt. Ilia chain duet 

net renJer him more humane, but only mure ctp- 

cuintpeut. He thin eoipluys every artiBcei U> 

make the fowli grow fatniliar with him ; he per- 

— ■'- •'■" •" partake of bit rictuBli; -■■■' ■• =• 



jiily after haring in'pirtd them with the highest 
lOtiOnt of tecurily, that he leiact one nnd tran it 
,0 piecet. Some young catt have met *ith lb* 



■hip; a 






ID the iiland* a I 
Uitmii^: ha eiin luppnrt eireiaive 
lilylaned.vcry gnodnitoredandaport- 
ir Bilii careuiiig, but aa mitchirtoutaa 



Neither cgp nor llitaei, of which the aniDial laverj 

w on each fjot, armed aith itrong sharp fond, can appenie hit reienlment. At the approach 

e t'let black, and quite diTJd.il! ho of the rervant, he Biet into a rase, bit oyei kindle, 

eariea in colour. Mr. Pi-nn«nt men- he tjirlngi at him, uttert dolorout cric«, and re- 

tving teen one of a creani-coluur. jcoit every thing that ii presented to him, till tbe 

via (be irariii and lcmpprR(c parts nf objcvl ofhii reieotmcot diaappeart. 

b hiiinri alto in Ihe mDuntaiDi of Ja- " If any person itrike hioi, or if he ba attacked 

'e mouth uf the by an animal that he IhioktdKinBer tlian biuitcif, 

' 'le makci uo retjitance, but, like tbe hvdi:e'buf, 
onceak hii head and feet, by rolling up hit bodjr 
n the furm of a ball; do camplBiiitcacapca hia; 

Bad implacable in hit rrtentmen- ; be and in t bit potition he calmly aubmiti lo be killed. 

Iwayt la nuiion, very in<]uititive, oiia- " lie abhors children ; their crying irrilatea 

ry thing with bit pawi, which In uiet him ; and he makes every elTort to tpnng upoa 

t« rrsta Bpos the Itrit juiat of hii hind them. He it equally irritated hy Ihe ilirill bark 

iu «r*ot W cat : be tofleni, or ralhi-r of young dagt. He tieeps from twelve oVJock at 

try kind of dry food that n niv'n him, niglil till iivelveai nuuni wuheihltlbrflaiidcBp* 

IbBiI: ha I* *«t>«mely fon<l of iwMI rit* il to hit muulh with hi) fore-pawt. bfinp 

I uf ttniaE Ilqitor^ and "ill .««t encei. fram tivp to thrpoyouug." 

•k: be drlt|{hli in bunting ipidert, y, U. uielM. Badser. Body above eiuenoua, 

St, faaitt, and worms : reurrs to a di- benetlh black ; a longitudinal buck tiripe In. 

Mylhtcalltarn^inre: hat all the cun- eluding the eyMBuileani nil tbe colour «f the 

riM*»<l I* <*ry d[iii>i;:live tu poultry, bvdy. 



J 



U R « U S. 






. . Thit (pacm kw iB»ll.aj«i^ It 
Md,Bahat Uk)cDMkt hb a» 



... i»s 

Anbaad,ai«wlittei llMlwtTMlmbodjlklMliMM 
«temi tebMtaM«f ■ yallBwiA'WhilBt middle 
UMfcj Hd a>b«oloiind tttto'wMbi Ui tkrort, 
*|i>M t ,Mi i baUf,' an Hutki -kn Mtl ta cotm* 
'■ttklMrh^.ofitaHMMloMwitkUwttrftbf 
bodri HtnareMrrflfOftndaiehi tbackwi«a 
M fen iMt wy lOBf: k fcUd w^ia aMttM- 
fOMM hooi'Uc oriac* b«nntk U( talL lb II 
M,aitaial of Afiv cla^iiji bmIm, cgmaioalj hn 
M.iix>4«t,Jii iMia: hii taU BBiniMilz 
Kmh: W.Mcbi firon fiKera to tbtitJNJbar 
JMondk Tfr, TtniimM mM itifb k male of OM 
m{^ Iwt RiMtKiucd in the veat lIWi bat ndi 

' Tli!i'M4#iDlttUUBotlpart*orBDT(i)ia,ttto 
Mii«UinMyBad!lariiB,Mdthe8teporto«t 
bajPMd Oraobiugb in the RuhIm Ailatle doul- 
■mt: is anatT*rt>i7, and In Siberia aboU the 
(ttwTodi, and wnabHitUM Lena i botilwnan 
anaa toithcnortli.. It inhabiu CbiM alw, and it 
^ItmtMmt h) HHt'ltatebera •bopain Pekin, tb^ 
fWnaaa bting tuni of (tab ganna for tbe, table. It 
It aaoarfAaN^Baliii aoit coontriMt VdiSdant 
aad^aoliUi* eTeatMe:.ft hUob wi>«an in tha 
d^; wlitalt etwfloea ttodT mneb to Itr boT«, Od 
; ftlHdcitnit ana AfffigtHtMlf rerj hi. ' It fewtt 
/ Ur"tiM|MdMUr&it«,flrnit>tgn«,iiHcet^aMd 
•Mi^bM b Adt'eanWorwu, aocoidlaff'to Itn 

Knatt, «bna Bdftjti kaMrt* tbat it picfm flnb 
My tbhw •!■«. ' n niM *ar; almilrt vhea 
tmtfkm (oawi 4* bar, •■' dHbnd* 'Ittdf tU 
feraoalriilibiuiihardanddanivaM. Itbhanb 
ad dmiof ihi aiKhl tbr Um aklq, wbicb lama fur 
final fbiMtan, and iti bair f»r laakint braihn ta 
aoirtca tbe tlwJti lii painiin;. lii Snb makei 
Tha iliviiioDoFthia tpeclMiinla tvo. 









Itr, Mr. pen 



It think 



bumnri ander jn^und, ai 
nenta, but furmi oaly 

Boflbn aajri, tlie badgrr retirci to the moit 
■eeret placrs, to the Inisoit recctaea of the fomt, 
■Dd there dip aniblFrraonnhnbitaliOn: faPlecnii 
to tj iociety, and e«en the light, and ipendf 
thracii^iartlit of life in hii dark abode, rrnrn 
wUieb he never drpart* but in qucitof >ubii>t- 
tnce. Ai hii boJy ii long, hli lagi iliort, hi* 
dawi, especiull)' those of the foic-feet, Tiiry long 
and atroni:, liedifi aud penrtratci the earth with 
frrater facility than any other aDiniul : be makn 
kii hole niodiDg anil ohliqiie. The fax, uho 
cannot dig with rquil dcxtority, availi himietr of 
the operation] of the baitfer. Brinj unable to 
make him quit bii liabitaticiaby forre, the fui prac. 
Diet erery art to renrfei him uneaiy. He ttaudi 
eentltwl at the entnlncc uf the hole, and et en do- 
lltal it wi'h bii ordure. lie oflcnrardl take po(- 
•etaion, eabrfiw, and filsit npfor bilownai^coni- 
, nodaikin : Uie badiier, ttioujtb obli;:cd to change 
hii habilBlioa, lenrra not hii country ; ha icor* lo 
a laiall diitanre only, abere he digl a frrah bole, 
Whrn huriod wil))in hii retreat, he ii loon how- 
•rer OTcriaken hy the dogti ; though they aeldoln 
BCCODipIitb their imrpoie without Buittancs. The 
hair of the b»<1 jer ia very thick, and hii leg*, jaws, 
teeth, and cIa*B, eiee'ilingly itrong . Tli^w' natit- 
ral watpoiil be wef with ctHitig* and deitetit/. 



He lies on bit baek, and nwitt* all fha rifcttoaf 
the do;i, and nouflda Ihem in the qtom daiifmii 
manner. He is beiidci tcnaooui of life, fi(K(i 
loiigiDiakeaabraredercnCFiaadpeniM^talbcfwi 

The joitng one* are eaiily tamrd; they piaywtlb 

thr do(:<. and follow the prrson who fecda tOcM; 

but U'liea taken old, Ihcj continue alarayawnf* 

They me neither miKhicvoiu nor r 

woir and the fox. They often i< 

three or r 

ncverdeflle tbtm ivitliexcreuieDl,ha<iiigBdisiiMt 
rvpxiitury vitbuul. The mile ii aeldam fuoaj 
niih the female. Wlico (boat to briuf forth, th 
cuti ilovn herbage, bundle* it up, and Imla H ailt 
bvr feet lathe boltum of her hol?,^iMi« Ibf Bikit 
a oiiuinodiuui bed for lieridf anil her yoongma. 
She bringi forth in summer ; and the litter coMMti 

It iEpmb.iblc IfanlthebiulgBrnaaquiti? nabdaa 
lo tliE Greeks, ai it ia But mentiooed by Ariilaflt 
in hii Natural Histur7 ; nor ia tliere any nameJ* 
it in the Oreck language. In Latin it h« ta* 
names, mrles and taxui ; aiid in, French it ha* If* 
■t>o, blaireau and tsinsan. Tlie citcuBHtaso (t 
a double name has led many to believe Uiat ttai 
nie t«o ditlinel apccita of the badger in Cunpti 
but botti Pi^unant nud BatToa I'^Krt the eaninrj. 
Theauthorloit mi'nlianedobseives.thia apect^ef 
qiiadrui)eri, an ori^nat native of the tnnperatedk 
malei of Europe, hs> neier spnad hi^ond S^alih 
France, Italy, Oermsny, Brilun. Poland, ud 
Sweden; and it ia every where very tcarct. II 
doei not appninch to any other (peciei! it* e)» 
iractcra aie deeply markiHl, and very <ia(titat, IV 
nlitftnite b>.'lii upon bia head ate pccaliui U 
body it nearly white above, and ainott hkl 
beluiT, which is coDtrary to all other wild »a>Hfl( 
tvhoae bellJES are alvaja bf a lighter cdour Itll 
their baik. 

B. V. Labrailoriua. Tail bairj at tk^ flh 
browD-yellow ; throat, breast, aaJ bHIy, ahilt: 
fore- re«t four- toed. Thii in PenniylvantaiiHW 
the gronnd hog. It hai a whit* lin« froai tki tf 
of the noie psitiog lieloean bia ear* to the ht^ 
ning ^ hii back, bounded on tmOi (ids whh Uai^ 
aa far aa the hind port of the benO) ttea byi 
white one, and immediately betweea that and III 
ears lliera i> another of long black hair. Hialaak 
is coloured Jike that of the camnian badger j tblgki 
dusky j tail diity yellaw tipped with white; IM 
end duaky. 

9. U. liidicui. Indian badger. Ilc«dainaB,iM 
pniuted, anl only a iinall pronilocnt niB roaadM 
oval or! fief for ear*; colour of the noaeand fiee,a 
lititc tM'VOnd the eyes, black ; crown, npptr prt 
:k and back, white, incliniBg tugHyi 



.highs, b. 



1, belly, 



irt of i1ie Uil, Mack : Shi ton on each bM; M 
inner ones iinall : cUhi very lung aiJ ilni^i 
length alwut Iwn tecl: vf the tail absat 1^ 
iucbii: hair short and smuotii. U deHHi ■)■ 
name from the country it inliabita: limylin^ 
playful, and good iiatureil : slee;il rolled np, W 
ill head between ill hind legs. On* in puaieHl^ 
of Mr. Juhn Hunter refused alt commerce ■■!& ■ 
Knglish badger that aai turned In to (I, Rndirirf 
»nmc time in the lanie plaie. It was •*■!» 
climb very readily over a division in lt»'*aj*^»" 
slept very little duriim the ihty-tiaie. 

10 U. trtriHlaclyliia. ' Laiid bear. Itfetlb^ 
toed; body y--lli>iii«h->rhit( i' eyes amall) bV 
ihort; claws white, ahirp; lailUlt; LMtb* ' 



U R T 

tft ■hnortOatiluteoflwi 

Ncnle. In bolany, a genus of 

ncKia, urilcr (eiraiidria. Mule: 

•L<di coruJlni} rudiment of ihe 

lid. Frm. : Ctlyx two-lt^veil ; 

nc, Mipcriiir, (mli.hBd. Fifiy- 

tered mer the globe; thiec 

jootil hair have ihcir leaves 
dtioui half iheir leare) allcmate. 
Ilowing are cultivated, 
lOnabina, Hemp- lei veil nettle. 
iial toot; fluweK ixilUry, in long 

ivc of Siberia. 

i*den*ii. Canada neiiie. Hoot 

flowen in axiUacy brunch ing 

ofCatinda. 

D. Iii»e». Chinese or whiic-lraved nci- 

^mtitial, the sialkt riiioj^ ihrec or fiiiir 

high 1 the leam Jirep-tc'een above, very 

t bdotv ; flowers axillary, in Inosv imeiiti. 

of ihe East Indies, They in^y be in- 

ipf parting or ilipiilD^ the tuoU in the 

. . _;! not omilW notice, 
I 4a U> dioica. Common nri tie. The leavci 
|Rbtui<d ; riceine^ much branched, in |>air), 
parfy dineioiii. The aculei or alingi have a 
Ml Uaddrr at their buc fnll of a burnine 
knoaio lienor ■ when louchtd ihe*e arc well 
HMilD to crciir a violent itchinv pain, though 
k HiBK doe* not appear to be inbolar, or [ler- 
■Mtd U il)c lop, nor any visible liijunr to be 
■nthKcd inio itie plnctuie ; there can be tin 
Mil hoieCTci thai some portion of the liqiiur 
M tata, tincc the dried atingi produce no 

'.>. D. nmw. Smaller ttingin; nettle. 1/^avrt 
IHwInIi. derply Krrjte, opposiic. In ihit 
MMl the aciilei are U|>eriiig. and finely 
nintorftBDd loaded, like ihv lait.wiih apoison- 

au ihcjr bntiooi t when (iresied upon they 
ily peffiirate the thin, and a pnrtiiin of the 
i/attie iuic* in the hag it furecl up through 
ti boliDW but nointed tube into the wound, 
trit ■!«> n found on oar cammont. 
to. U. i^luliffTa. Roman nettle. Leavei 
)att, annte ; feuiale (liiivcrs in heads. Pnn- 
BM i but lot Mj iban the preccdiiifc. Tile 
Mb ef ihi* were formerly given sgain't dji- 
jpt* of the chcit, bill it now ilwervcdly for- 

■hithefmh tiUnt may bo employed, ai pro- 
IBHg » more pctmaneat sting than the cuiD' 

i T Ii t W u inxm nelllc, though «;enerii11y de- 
ImI Mtt 'nosiou* wret, h.ii brtrn long nted 
r(ndic«l,ealinery, and rciinoniical purpose*. 
M]io>inf iHniu in ihe spring ivmcsi diutelie 
jil knincurli'itic- pmptilies, and arc with then: 
toatMin* boiled Mid etiett instead of cabbage 

The sulln »K so lite hemp in quality, thai 
I tomf (Hit* uF lLiira{>*, and npri-ially in Sr- 
iria, thry hate in^n mauufiicikueil into cloth 



ijs^jMA 



USE 

Febris DTticati, Ureda. Piirpurd* vKicaUr," 
ScarMiina urticaO. The nellle rash. A ipe- 1 
cies of exanthema to us fever, known hy pyrcxh J 
and an eruption on the skin like tnai prfr 1 
duced by the iiiuK of the nettle. The liu|^ I 
elevations, called uhe nettle ruh, ufieu appeik I 
instanl4iucously,especijlly if the skin berubbw J 
or scratched, and seldom stay many hours it 1 
the Mnie pince, and sometimes not man; infc> I 
nulcs. No part of the body is exeinpt fnm I 
lliem ; and where many of them rise logetbc^ 1 
and continue an hour or two, the parts tM J 
ofia'D considerably swelled, which patiiculafly 1 
hiiipens in the arms, face, and hands, llieiv J 
eruptions wilt continue to infest the ski^ I 
someltmes in one ploce and somei'"™ ■" — - ' 
other, for one or two hours logell 
three limes a day, or perhaps for the greatcft ^ 
pun of twcnty-fout hours. In touie couslitik* I 
lioiii they last only a few days, in Olbcis roaiy I 
manih). 

US. The oblique case of ine. 

VSAGR. I. (Eisa;«, French.) I. Treat* J 
meni iDrt/dm). S. Cmtom ; practice loi^ 1 
cunliuued (//ooArr). 3. Manners i behaviotirc J 
obsolete (SperutT). I 

U'SAGt^R. i.{iisageT, French.) One who I 
h»s the use of any thing in trust for another. I 

USANCE, incommerw. bt a dcleruiinaie \ 
time fixed fur the payment of bills of rxchang^ I 
reckoned cither Irom the day of the hills being I 
aix^ejiied, or from the day of their date; anS j 
Ihas called because regulated by the niue 
custom of the places whereon tlicy arediaw^ ' 
See Exchange. < ' 

USBtC TARTARY, a va*i country of 
Western Tarlary, lioundeil on ihe N. by tlw | 
cojnlry of the Kaluiucs and Turkeflan, E, , 
by Tibet, S. by Hindustan and Persia, and VV. 1 
by the Caspian sea. These Tiriart ere dlvidol 1 
into Kveral tribes, governed by their rapecliT^ f 
khans, or princes. When under one soverfigq* I 
they were the innst powerful of all the Tarld> 1 
rinn natioiii. The priiicinal khans pride them* 
selves ill being descended from I'amerlane, 
whose birthplace wti the ancient city of S*- 
mare«nd, the preMiit capital of the country, j 
The Uthecs, in ilieir personi, arc said (o haM I 
better complexions and more engaging fealiiict*] 
than the Kaltnnc. Their religion L> KluhtM 
nx-ianism; and they diiTer, in geneial, vciy I 
liitte from the people of the nonhcin pro4 
vinces of lliniluBtaii. ' 

USE. ». (M.U., Ulin.) 1. Theaciof ei 
ploying any thing to any purpon: iLocit). $, , 
Qiiulilios that make a Lhiuu proper for any 
purjicisc {Temple). 3, Need «f; oceosiou <ib 
which a thing can be i-mplayed {A. Pkilipi), 
4. AdvaniBve received I pow«r of receivinc ad* 
vant.igc iDrydrn). 5. Convenience; helpi 1 

-^ U^ir). 6. iiwej CHMOmaiyace 
7. I'rjciice; habit IfTallrr). h 
common occurrence {SAakipnrty: , 
1 ; money paid fur the ine of inoti«7'. 
.. V. a. (uier, Ftrncli j utui, Latin,} i 
iploy to any pur|K)*c (I CUranicUij, j 
itom ) la habituate iHaiemamiri'lm-, 
l/iiinUci. Adiliwn). 4. Tupiu>- 



Cuitom i 
Q. Intcesi 

To Use 
I. To en, 
S. To 



USH USH 

tiie (1 Ptier). 5. To behare> «nt of ue wilk before a penoo of hig^ vank (SWIif.)' 

iSkahtpeare). 2. An ooder-teacher ; one who intfodvM 

To UflB. o. n. 1. To be accostomed; to young soholan to h%h learains £i)fyd!flO. 
pracMe aecustomarily (Spenter). 8. To be To V'&HtK, u^ a. (frooi the noun.) Toih 

cuttomaril^ in any maoner; to be wont (fio- troduce as a forerunner or harbinger ; to ion^ 

e&m). 3. To frequent; to inhabit: obaolete run iMilion. Pope), 
iMay). U«HKJi(Jainet), arehbishopof Arma^^ii 

(JsB, is a trust and eonBdence reposed in Ireland, was boro at DubUD, .in I MO. Hs 

another who is tenant of the Und, that he ms admitted into the oolkgn of DoUia, ja 

ehal] dispose of the land according to the inten- 1503. Tlie study of history was one of hii 

tion of ceituy que use, or him to whose use it earliest pursuits, and before he was sisltn, 

^n,% granted, and suffer him to take the pro- he had made such a proficiency in chiwiologf« 

fits. 2. Black. 324. that be had formed in Latin an exact chieoi- 

By Stat. 27 H. VIII. c. 10, commonly called cle of the Bible, up to the book of Kingi. di^ 

the statute of uses, or the sutute for transfer- fering but litUe from the learned, work bei^ 

ring uses into possession, the oestny que use is terwards published under the title of Aoaak 

oonndcrcd as the real owner of the estate; In 1600 he took his degree of M*.A. and ia 

whereby it is enacted that, when any penon b idOl, though under canonical s^e^ he wai, sa 

leized of lands to the yse of another, the per* account of his great leamiogp ordaiped both 

^on intiiled to the use in fee simple^ fee-uil, deacon and priest ; and was toon after s^ 

for life or years, or otherwise, yhaul stand and pointed to preach before the ooort. In i&V 

be seized or possessed of the land, in the like ne was made chancellor of St. Piliick^ 

estate, as he has of the use, trust, or confi- Dublin. He was also chosen in |he wk 

dence ; and thereby thn act makes cestuy que year divinity professor in the nniversily thm. 

nse complete dwner both at law and in equity, in l6lS he took his doctor of diTinity*« dqm; 

2 Black. 30'Z. and the next year published his work Dt Ed- 

Uses (Superstitious). See Mortm aiv. desiarum Cbnstianaruin Suecessiooa fr Stataf 

Uses and customs op the sea, are oer- which was presented by archbishop Afaboi to 

tain maxims or rules which form the basis of king James, by whom it was fitvouraUy w- 

the maritime jurisprudence, by which the ccIvmI ; and his subsequent conduct in IioMd 

|y>liey of nivtgation, and the commerce of tl|e recommending him to that monansh, he mm 

•es, are regulated. in lO^X) promoted to the see of Meatb, and ia 

These uses and customs consist of three l626%o the archbishopric of Armagh. In ike 

kinds of regulations : the first called the laws sreat rebellion he retired to Entdand, wbsK 

or judRiiients of Olcroii ; the second, regula- tie received the bishopric of Carlisle fiM 

tions made by the nierchanu of Wisbuy, a Charles I. hut neriT obtained any advaaM 

city in the inland of Goililand, in tlie Baltic, from it. He died in 1656. and was nagnii- 

ancicnily iiiuch famed tor coinmcrrc; and ilie cemly bnrieH by Cromwell, who, however, 

third, ;i -^ct of ri'julations made at Lubec, by left the arch bishop*:} executors to pay the cx- 

th(* rlfpiitirs of thr llause towns. pences. He published, 1. Britannicaroni £e- 

I'SKDOM, an island of lliihcr Ponierania, clcsiarum Antiqiiitate?. S. Poiycarpi et I> .Jiii 

in tiic Bil ic scH, between ihc ir.ouths of the Epistolae, Grsce Laiine, &c. 3. Aniiij rf 

P';ene .imI Swin, with two forts named after the 01<l and Mew X^-'stamcnt, in Latin. 4. 

thebc tw(» rivers. 1* has a town of the «>amc Dc Grasce Septuaginta interpretuni Vcniooe 

nam :, oi» ihc S.VV . roust, 40 miKs NAV. of Syntagma ; and many other books which aie 

Stftu:i. Lon. 14. L^ E- l^t. ;i3. .^K N. esteemed. A consiiierablc number of bis worb 

IJ'.SFI'IJL. a. Cf/ie andyw//.) Convenient; still remain in manuscript. 
protUaM • -o n:>y end ; coiulucive or helpful to UsiiER, an officer, or servant, who ka<lhc 

anv p irp'i c ( SwiJI) care ond direction of the dour of a court, halii 

H-'SKFULLY! nd. In such a manner as to chamber, or the like, 
help lorv ir " sinu- end {Binthyy In the king's household there are two pa- 

IJ'^lih'ULNliSS. A. Contlucivencss or help- ticmen ushers of the nrivy-chamber appoi.wl 

fulni-^ to sonic end {AUdisun). to attend the door, anu give entrance to persAOi 

IJ'ShXKSS. a. (from use.) Answering no that have admittance thither; four gentleniea- 

pnri)0^<' ; havin<^ no end {lioyle). ushers, waiters; and eight gentlemen-osbco, 

IJSKLKSSLY. ad. VViihout the quality of qu:»rier-waiter8 in ordinary, 
an^wcrinf; any purpose (fjocke). UsriER also signifies an officer of the eooft 

U'SKLKSSNliSS. s (Irom useless.) Unfit- of exchequer, of which lliere are four, who 

ne^s to tiiy end iL'Eiirause). attend the barons and chief officers of thil 

U'.SElli s. (from use.) One who uses (/ro/- court at Westminster, as alM> juries, iheiii. 

icn) . &c. at the pleasure of the court. There b tl* 

USH ANT, an island of France, on the an usher of the court of chancery. 

■coast of the department of Finisterre, opposite Usher op the black rod, the eldoiaf 

C'Onqnct. It is ei|iht miles in circumference, the g?ntlenicn-ushers daily waiters at coort, 

and conuiiH several iiamleu and a castle. Lon. whose duty is to bear the ro<l l>efore the kinf 

5. 5 ''V Lilt. 48. 'JH N. at the fcabt of St. (veorge, and other solenuu- 

U'SHKR. s. (huisser, French.) 1. One ties: he has also the kccpint; of the chapw 

whose bukiuoss it is to introduce ^trangcss, or house door^ when a chapter of tlie order ofi^ 



^■^ us T 

iAer'tt ulling. ani in time orparlilmen 
rkU (hebeaworpm), «nil takrsitelinqi 
ira CMladif- He wean ■ ^i<I badge, em- 
wDishtd with ihe ensigni of the order of tlie 
piier. 

USK, ■ river which ri*e» in Wale*, on ihe 
fi. liUe of Britcknockihire, flowiby Breck* 
Hck, ontl «lMetiri!i Monmoulhihlte, pnsjes by 
|be*K*»««u>yi Usfc, Cierleon, ajid Newport, 
bio liw Biitlol clinancl. 

I U*K, ■ town in Monmnulhshite, with a 
pukd on M«nil«j, and a manuraciure of ja- 
pMtnl watt. Here arc the ruini of a casilt 
■d ptioiy ; part of the latter is cttnvened into 
■ IWD-houM, and ili church i« row the pa- 
■b-ehun-h. It is seatetl oa the river IMt, 
In nilet S.W. of Moomoulfa, and 142 W. b; 
V. ar London. 

'.. DSNEA. Miiscui eranii humani. Thit 
■Wai. lichen uxaiitii of Linn^u, when smw- 
WMt ibe huuinn ikulJ, wai formerly in high 
Muuiian, but now deservedly forgotleti. 
b^USQUEBAUGH, a moo^ compound li* 
■rdt, riiiefly tdken by way of dram. 
I Tbwv •re actcral difliircnl melhocU of mak- 
|q|ihi« liquor i but the following i; esteem ud 
|W( of the h«i : to two galloni of brandy, or 
Albn tfririt, put a pound of Spanith liquorice, 
blfa pound of laisini of the sun, four ounce] 
rieamnu, and ihieeof iliccl dites; the topi 
if Uin, mini, uvoury, thvme, and the top) 
*fdw flowers of roicmaiy, of each two ounces; 

on and mace, well bruijcd, nutmefu, 

I, and coriandcc-sreds, bruised likewise. 

_; lelall 

forty-eight hotin in a wuriii place, 
ins them together: ihen lei ihem 
I Mind in • conj jibce for a week : after which 
I Ite cUar liquor i> to be decanted off, and to it 
!m to be put an equal quaniiiv of neat while 
\rm. uida ictillun of Canary ; after which il is 
to be awcetcned with ft tunicii-ni quantity of 
»«Ue-re(inod .oRai. ^ 

I USTEBIA. in boUny. a ircnui of the clau 
llMiiiandna, oidtr monofrynia. Cnlyx four- 
jiBached fOnc oflliedivitiKiii mnch Utpor iliJin 
^of the r«l i enrol foi>ncl-fnnn, four-loolh' 
Nv Mpwie onc-ccllcd, tivn-»ec(lc<l ; iced ariU 
pat. One iprciei only, n throb nl Gmiiea, 
*~ilh oppotite branches, and panicled termlnul 



parts. Tt i) Mated on the Dwlnn.'at iTIe tnHitt 
ol the Siikhona, 4l>4 miles N.E. of MoKuw. 
Lon. ]6. 30E. i-at. 61. 15 N. 

UisTION. ». iMiien. Fr. urlu,, Lalin.) 
The act Di' burning ; the stale iif being burned' 

USrCRlOUS. a. (ailum. Latin.) Having 
the qi)ality uf burning ( Wa«i). 

U':iUAL. a. {««(/, French.) Commont 
freqneni ; ciiilomary {Hookvr). ' 

U'SUALLY. ad. Comiunaly; frequentlrf 
ciiscmiarily (Swiji). 

UtiUrtLNESS. r. (from atuat.) Conimon* 
nt»5; frciueiicy. 

USUCA'FrlON, I. (.una and copio, Lai.) 
In ihc civil law, the acriuisiiion of the proper* 
ly ofa 'hintj by poMOsion thereof for a ceriaiu 
term uf years. 

USUFUU'tT. ., {luufruit. French.) Th» 
lemiiftrnri' n»e ; < iijoymcnt of the profits, 



,) One that hii the use and icmporaty 

profit, nm the properly of a thing (.^yliffe}. • 

To U'SURE. V. n. (urura, Lalin.) To ptae. 

m<: usury; to take interest for money (Shak* 

t'lSUHER. 1. (•lurifr, French.) One who 

Cuts money QUI at inierett. Comtnonly u»eil 
tr one that takes exuTbitani interest (Shot* 
ipf'-re). ' , 

USU'RIOUS- o. (ujuoire. Fr.) Given !• j 
the practise of usury ; exorbitantly gieeily of 1 
prnfil (Donne). f 

To USUHP. V. a. (uiurpo. Uiln.) To po** 
wsa by force or intrtuion ; lo »ei*e or poiMA 
wilhonl rijihl (Ben JoNion). I 

USURPATION I. (from uturp.) Ford* I 
blr, unjust, illegal seizure or pouession iDry* I 

USU'RPFJi I. (from uiurp.) One wh» I 

Miiei or posaesses that to which he has iw J 

'iolil (^pmtrr). ' L 

USC'RPINGLY. ad. (from uturp.) Withi I 



I 
I 



kiih oppa 



L USl'ICA, a .mall island in the Mediterra- 
kao. ai oiilea N. of the coast of Sicily. It 
ln> finc«nturiei uninhabited, except by wild 
^BMU, till in the year n6f> a citadel was boili 
fad ■ colony •ettlrd. The island t) without 
BriM«, anil mily lupplied with fresh wsirr by 
MB IrM in citterns. Lon, 13. ir6 E. Lni. 

IrbsrlLAGO, a name amnnj man* boiani- 
(ri •mien fnr the piruylic plant called smnt, 
m hUck-mildew. See the miiclrs Mucoa 



dUa^i 



M alM IIU' 



, USnUG. u inwnofRixsia.in thcfEOvern- 
Menl of Volotida, capital of .i large province of 

Kand an archhisbop'] tee. fjreat 
of grain arc sent htncc to diCfcrcDi 



upon the loan of money, to filve the lender ■ 
certain profit for tbc use of ii, upon all «vrnu t I 
whether the borrower made any advantage W 1 
it. or the lender suU'ered any prejudice M I 
want of it, or whether it shall be repaid on ' 
the oppoinied time or ool; and in a l»^ 
letite. It seems, that all undue advaniaftn, 
taken by a lender sKainst a borrower, cautc 
under the notion of ntury. Haw. 34*. 

The ttalule lU Anne, c. l6, enncu, (hat na 
person, upon any conlract which (hall bv J 



of IIXI'. for a year : and all bnndn and aMM^f 
ancr* for the pBymrnl of any money to lie Ic 
upon usury, whereupon or whereby iherc sh 
be rcerved or laten abme five pouni'* in 
hitndred, shall be void i and every ptnoii w 
shall receive, by means of any eorruj)i barfxld^l 
lodn, exchange, ihifl, or inlercM. of any wanT 
nr nlher ihtngi. or b» any deceitful v" "" 
forlicflt'ng or giving ilay of |ifiyuieni 
jcaf, f^it their' money or «lh« thing*, abof*^ 



U T E U T E 

5^ for IdO/. for a year, &c. ihall (brfdt Irebk opfMted Co the entrance into tho faMofim 

the value of the moneys or other things lent. tubes; and at the place of junction betwcn 

But if a contract, which carries interest, is the cervix«nd the body of the uterus the cantjf 

made in a foreign country* our courts will di- ii smaller than it is in any other part.- Then 

rect the payment of interest acconiing to the is a swell, or fulness, of all the parts lowaidf 

law of that country in which the contract was the cavi^, which is sometimes distinseuishcd 

made. Thus Irish, American, Turkish, and by a prominent line running lungiiiidinally 

Indian interest, have been allowed in our through its middle. The villous coat of tbt 

courts, to the amount each of 12/. per cent, voginais reflected over the os uteri, and is con- 

For the moderation or exorbitance of interest tinned into the membrane which lines tht 

depends upon local circumstances; and the cavity of the uterus. The internal surface of 

reninl to enforce such contracts would put a the uterus is corrugated in a beautiful manocri 

stop to all foreign trade. 2 Black. 463. but the nigas, or wrinkles, which are lungilDdi* 

in an action brought for usury, the statute nal, lessen as they advance into the iilcrai,jilie 

made against it must oe pleaded ; and in plead* fundus of which is smooth. In the intcmk 

ing an usurious contract as a bar to an action, between the rugs are small orifices, like thotf 

the whole matter is to be set forth specially, in the vagina, which discharze a mucus, im* 

because it lies within the party's own privity ; ing, besides other purposes, that nf closiuz ibt 

yet on an information on the statute for mak- os uteri very curiously and perfectly duriag 

ing such contract* it is sufficient to mention pregnancy. The substance of the litems, wbie^ 

Uie corrupt bargain generally, because matters is very nrm, is composed of arteries* vcinib 

of this kind are suppwed to oe privily transact- lymphatics, nerves, and muscular fibres, cwi? 

cd ; and such information may be broiight by ously interwoven and coimected .togetbsr ly 

a stranger. 1 Hawk. P. C. 248. Likewise cellular membrane. The muscular fiSirrsHe 

upon an information on the statute against of a pale colour, and appear also in their kKr 

«sury* he that borrows the money may be a tore somewhat different from mownlar fibiq 

witness, after he has paid the same. in other parts of the body. The arteries of thi 

U'TfiNSIL. M, .{utentilep low Ldatin.) An uterus arc the spermatic and hypogastric. Tin 

instroment for any use, such as the vcbsels of spermatic arteries arise from the anterior put 

the kitchen, or tools of a trade {South). of the aorta, a little below the omulgents, toi 

UTERINE, a. {uterinui, JLat.) Belonging sometimes from the emulgents. They pan snt 

to the womb {Hay), the psox muscles behind the periioososi, 

Utbrinb fury. See Nymphomania* enter between the two laminse or dupliratinv 

UTERUS, (vmpa.) Matrix. The womb, of the peritonaeum, which form the broa<lIigi^ 

A spongy receptacle resembling a compressed ments of the uterus, and proceed to theirimii^ 

pear, situated in'tbe cavity of the pelvis, above near the fundus of which they inainoaie ibrv- 

the vagina, and between the urinary bladder selves, giving branches in their passage to the 

and rectum. ovaria and fallopian tiil>cs. The hypopsstric 

The form of the nteriis resembles that of an artericti ure on each side a considcmble branrli 

oblone pear flattened, with the depressed sides of the intrrn.il iiiars. I'hcy pass to t\\t sidn 

placea towards the ossa pubis and sacrum; ofthe botlyof the uteriis,seiidin{> off a nuniber 

out, in the impregnaie*! state, it becomes more of smaller' branches, which dip int«» iis fab- 

oval, according to the degree of its distention, stance. Some branches ulso are reflected up* 

For the convenience of description, and for wards to tiu^ fundus uteri, which an»tomoie 

some practical purposes, the uterus is dislin- with the S|Krniatic arteries, and others srew- 

suished into three parts; the fundus, the ilectcd downwards, sup; •Kin^ the vagitia. The 

Dody, and the cervix. The upper part is called veins which reconduct the blood from die 

the fundus, the lower the cervix, the space be- uterus arc very numerous, .nnd their siseia the 

tween them, the extent of which ib undefined, unimpre<;natcti »t'jie is proportioned to thst of 

the body. The uterus is about three inches in the arteries ; hut their enlareement diiritur 

length-, about two in breadth at the fundus prcgnanrv is such, that thr orifices of some "f 

and one at the cervix. 1 1> thickness is differ- th<Mn, when divided, will admit even of the 

cut at the fundun and cervix, bein<: at the eiil of a small fin;>er. The veins ansMooMse 

former usually rather less than half an inch, in the manner of the arteries, which thefsc* 

and at the Uttei s<iniewhat more; and this comp.mr out of tlie uterus, and rhen. halite 

thickness is prc>crvcd throgghout pr(»i;nancy, the>ainr names vith the arteric«,spermst»cini 

chiefly by the cnlarizeuieia of the veins a.id hypo-^abtric, the former proceeds to ihe^tw 

Ivinphatics; there beiniz a smaller chinge in ca\a on the risht side, and on the left to (he 

the si7.e of the arteries. Kut there is so ureat euiid^cnt vein ; and the latter to the intem&l 

a variety in the size and dimensions of the iliac. 

uterus in diiiVreiii wcunen, independent ot the From the substance and surfaces of lV.« 

states of virf^inity, marriage, or pregnancy* as uterus an infinite number of Ivinphiiie* arWt 

lo prevent any%ery accurate mensuration. The which follow the course of the hvp "anstric atrf 

cavity r)f the utcru> cor res|)onds with the ex- spenuaiic blood v«'s»eU. 'f'he ft»-si pa-s ints 

ternal furm ; that of the cervix leads from the the tzland of the internal ili c plexus, and tiM 

o^ uteri, where ii i« \ery small, in a sir.ii^ht other into tiie {ili*>d« which are ^ilimed nrsi 

direction, to the fundus, where it is expojidcd tht* ori(rin of the spcrni<i<-p ari(.iit.'S. Of then 

intH a triangular foruij witli two of the angles Nuck tint g^ve a deliuuatioa.. 



n the thini 



f tendcTi'd 



llTT E 

,iplietl wiih ner 
IlinrocolSe pte\us, and f("i 
4m drculir saneliim", which arc 
hlnl the mium. Thrte g:ingliui 
bj * kumber of imall braiicha fr 
md fbunh ucnl ncrvu. The i 
Acif nwiM from ilic rcn»l pies 
pul naail)cr nf ncrret thne pArti 
>trj iiritahle, bill ii ii byihuw branches which 
ibt otrno rrcciiM from ih« inicicuitiil that 
At iaiiDule coiiienl bclween it and varium 
olbff ptru h chiefly presericd. The tnuacii- 
Wfibmofiheuwrut hive been d«cribed in a 
wjr difltrani manner bj aniiamiio, wme of 
vtnnhareMKneH, ihoi ili siibiunce watchief- 
^BUWCuUr. wiih fibres miming in iraniverie, 
tfUenU'. or rciiculated oriter, whilii oihrn 
We eooiendfj thai there were no n»i»cular 
ttrawtiaKrrt in the oierul. In ihe umni- 
(nputed Uicnu. when IxiileH fbr the purpose 
rf a mnre |>errcCi e^amlnaiioa, ihe rorincr 
wn in he ■ ti^f rcpreseiiuiion ; tind when 
ik airrm iclistendcd lowird* the latler pari 
rf (raniuey. ihese fibres ar* very iliinly *ci1- 
tned jTivn ihey may be di-corcred in a circular 
tecUon at the juneiiou between ihe body snil 
A* certtK of the iiicrui. and surruundiiig the 
Mnncc if '^ch fallopian lube in a litnilar 
tnltr. Yrt it diicj iio( teem reasonable W at- 
thciiinc of labonr to iumutculiir flbm 
'Wt art to juditt! of ibe power uf a mus- 
"" number of fibres of which ii ii com- 
mit <« presumed ihai ihuie uf the 
■ttnnsrr than in common muiclci. 

, Ki Vi ihe pUnds of the uieiui, none 

MC*e(i<eMb(e di»D«r.ed through lis inbsunre 
ujm ibe inner turrice of the cervix ; beiwrcn 
na ntM ihete are Iscuiik which secrete mucus, 
■nl (hrrr arc i-mall folticln al the edge of the 
<■ oieri, Thpw latl are only ohwrwible in a 
Male «f ptegnancy, when thtv are much cn- 
Uipd. From the anglri al ihr fi.ndm of tbe 
«Hr« two proceue* of an irrrgnlailv fo.ind 
Un nriginatc, calttil. from ihe name of ihe 
KncitpicnbeT, the fillupian inbei. They are 
Am ihnt iochw in length. »nd, Ltco,ning 
MaallcT in their progress from the uterus, have 
•• MK**n, frmged lerminalion, called ilie (iui- 
brist. Tha canal which ]>»iiu;* Ihmii(;li these 
(•la* is cxircmely imall ai iheir origin, but il 
Si giailfiillt »mlarge<l, and tcrrainaies with s 
(Mttlaus OTifice, the diamelcr of which is 
■biMI nncihiid of an inch, surmimilnl by the 
Cnbrur. Ii is »l»o lined by a very fine vasfu- 
br mernbratiF, formed i lit" serpen line plicv. 
Through this canal, the communicatiin bc- 
Mcra the nirrus and ovarla it prr.rrrrd. The 
lilkipijin lubes are wiipped in diiplimtUFCS uf 
tW prfttnnxiim, which are called ihe broad 
ripnients of the uierm j but a portion of iheir 
Ciliemitia tbui folded hangs loose on each 
tide of ihe iiclrii. From uct) lalcrat an^le of 
lb« iMeriis, a liltle before and helow tliL- fallo- 
pian lubes, the mund ligaments arise, which 
uv eompcned of ancricj, veins, lyinphaiiM, 

CVRQecUKi together by celluLr membrane, and 
iIm i*bek it inuch mUrgied ilurii)( pte|;iiincf . 




tJT& I 

They fccfiv* their outward cnrrfmz !Vom iW* ' 
jierilonaMiin, and pass out of ihp pelvis thVough 
ihe ring of the n<ierna1 olilique muscle to ihe 
groin, where the vesieli iiiliiii^ide into imalt 
bnnchri, and terminate at ihe m'>ns veneris 
and tomiguoas pails. From ihe insrriion of 
ihete ligaments into the (iroin, the reason ap- 
puts wtiy thai p.iri gener;il'y sufTcrs In all the 
disea-^es und aflections of ihe ulerui, and why 
che inguinal glands are in wnmen so ofTen 
found inrfmoitidorenlargedtlate. The du- 
tiii&'turni ofihe perltonjeum , in which the fal- 
lopian tubes *nd ovarii are infoKeil, are called 
the broad ligamenls of the uti-rui. These pre- 
vent \hc enlanplement of the pans, and are 
conduciori of the veiieli and nerves, as the 
rv is of thotp of iht inieslines. Bi'h 
id and bro»d lig^menis alter their posi- 
~—. ..i^.ina pregnancy, appearing lo rise Inwd' 
■ltd more forward ihan in the unimptegnaicd 
state. Their use is supposed lo be that of pre- 
vciitin;^ the descent ol the uterus, and to regu- 
late its direelioii when itnscends iwo ihe esviiy 
of ihe abdnitieu ; but whether tliey ansn'W 
these purposes may be much doubled. The ute 
iif tKe womb is ftir menitrualion, cinceptioit, 
nutiitiun of ihe felut, and parturitiou. The 
uterus is liable lo rnnny diseases ; (he principal 
of which are prolapsus uteri, procidentia oteii, 
Iiydaiids, drp]'*v of the utenis, or tympanites 
uteri, inoles, iilceiaiion. See. 

L'thkus (Ui'ttover^ion of). See Mibwi- 

U'lICA, a celebrated cily of Africa, on the 
eoiui of ibe Medi'erranean. on the same bo» as 
Ciiihaiie. It b''Cnme ihe meiropolisof Africa, 
after the deitruition of Canhsge in the ihird 
Pimie war. It it ctlebmied for the death of 
Cat", who from ihence ii called Uiicensia. 

VTl'LlTY.i (aUHle. Fr. uttlitat. Utin.) 
Utefulness; ppifll ; convenience; adiantage- 
ou^nrti (B'imn). 

UTMOST, a. (iiemarC ?'»!t. from ntTfcp.) 
I, Exirenie; placed *l tbe«i1ieiniiT[^ff«ii;. 
9. Bein^in the hieheil degree (£)laftprilrrj. 

U'rMOsr. I. The mml ihit can bej the 
greairsi power; the highest d^rcci tbe great- 
est efiWtl (SobM) 

UTRECHT, one of the provinces of Hoi- 
land, 30 unlet long and 80 bn>ad -, bcmnded 



Utrei ht. a fortified city of Holland, capi- 
tal of a province nf the same name, wtlh s ii- 
moui univeisily. Il isof a square form, about 
three mrlei in eircumfervnce, wiilioiii its frnit 
iuburhi, which are consfderable. The inha- 
biunis are estimaied at BO. 000. The steeple 
of the cathedral is verv hi):h, and Ihe hand- 
tomesi in Holland, "nicre is a great ninnhet 
of churches and hoipiials ) nnd the tonrrthokise 
ii a noble liiiildin-i. The principal mannfnc- 
lures aie silk and Hre-nrnit; and iri a pl.sce 
iCnIleii The Mall is an cKtensive fi>onderv for 
cannon balls. Two canals, called the Neir 
Crtfi and the Vaert, run ihroughlhe eUj, urf 



vv A ^KBSr^ vu 

4ir«r tb«Ri are ih!rty-sis ilone bridge*. Tie ntd a tmoll quaoiity of commoif nil. and d 

cDviroiM are full of gardens, walk), and groves, terwards drying them in ihe tXutde. Thty ar 

which, ixiilod lo \.\\e puriiy of the air, rtnder med ai agTcCibJe. lubrtcaiingi aceM:cu( tvirtx 

Utrecht on« nf the moil aerecablc |iJare] for in jiectotal dcoicUDoj, and for oblunding (h 

midence in thne jiarti. Here the union of acnmon; of other aiedicinea, and icmlcticj 

Uic Seven Unilcd Provinces waa begun in ihcm grateful to thcpalileandilotnach. Thr 

lB79i and bete was concluded, in 1713, (he are directed in the decoctum hordei etuDp 

peace which tcrmiiated the nan of qtieen (iiiciura seiinK, and linctura CMtlamomi comp 
Anne. Utrecht surrendered to the Priiijians Uva FASsa MurOK. PasM corinthiaa. 

in I7S7. and to l he French in 1795, eacli time Tile c arrant*. The dried fruit of the *it!ieo- 

witlioul reaistance. It u icated on the Rhine, rinlhica. Their virtues are iiniilat lo tfaoatof 

I^ mileiS.B. of Amsterdam, and 35 N.N.W. the uva psia major. 
ofNimeaiien. Lon, 5. 3 £. Lat. 59. 6 N. Uv» uHSi. Tiailiog arbutus, or btar-beri^. 

UTRICULARIA, a geniu of plants of the Arbulusuva unsiof Linu^ug. Arbutus caulibsc 

eiau dUndrii, and order monogynia; and in procumbentibiu, foliia iniegerriinu). C. 0. 

ihe natural syiteni arraiised under the 24th dccandria, mono](^nia. This pbnl. ihongh 

(Vder, corydalei. The calyx is rin^nt, with employed bv the ancients in scleral ditratt 

a neclarium rti«Lnblina a apiir; the corolla requiring aibLringctit toediclnei, had alinM 

diphyllou! and equal i (he capsule unilocular, entirely (alleii into ili;u>e until the ntiddtegf 

There are 13 specieg, two of ivhicb are natives the present ceolury, when it firiid'reM iheiu 

of Britiiiii. They have been applied to iio teniionaf uhyaiijiaDsasa uierul reatedy mnl- 

parliculur use, culotis ami nephritic complaints, which di^ 

UTRICULES, in botany, (from utfr, n eosra il appears lu relieve bj its ad.trinpsi 

wine-bag or bottle.) Kesenoirs to secrete and qualities, 
ttceice Ibe iap. SeeVEssBLs. UVARIA, in bouny, agen.wof thecta 

J^V> ^c ("igs or bladders at the root of utri- polyandna, order polygyiiia. Calyx ihiee-ln*' 

ciitaria. ed; petals six; bcnies nncoeruui, pca(lul"Et| 

UTTER, a. (uttep, Sason.) 1. Situate Jour-scedcd. Eleven species, shrubs nf IiuJii, 

on the outside, or remote from the centre Japan, or China. 

iUilloa). t. Placedbeyondany cooipasi; out UVEA, [from uri. an unripe j-npe.) TV 

of any place (.Milton). 3. Exircuie ( exccg- posterior lamina of the irii j lu cjlh^l, btnmt 

tivei Utmost (.Jfi/ron). 4. Complete; total in beajii, which the ancients chicHy diisKUd, 

{Ciarmdo'i). S, Peremptory (.Clarendon), il is of ihe colour of unripe grapes. 
6. Perfecti men lAilnbuTif). VULCAN. ,Vulca«us, a god of the u- 

To U'ttcr. d. a. I. To speak ; to pm- cicnts, who presided over firt, was ihepaliM 

nnuncei tn express {Shaiipeare). S. Todis- of all artists who worked iron and meiab. He 

close; todiscurer; to publish (Raleigh). 3. was son of Juno alone, and, accordinstnll'' 

To sell; lovend (Carew). 4. To disperse; to nier, he was son of Jupitt-r aod Juno. Volait. 

emit.it large (.S'd/i). it is said, was elucaied in heaven with the t«> 

UTTERABLb. a. (from ulter.) Expres- of the gods, but his father kicksd him Af 

liblci such Bs mav be uttered. from Ulympus, when he atteniplcd todcl'tt^ 

UITERANCE. I, (fioni «(rfr.) I. Pro- his mother, who had been fjsiencd byaaBl<W 

n unci a lion i manner of speaking {Spenirr). chain for her insolence. He was niueMf)'' 

B. (oulrancr, Fr.) Entremity j Icruia of ex- coming from heaven upon eailli, and hefrB 

trcme hostility ; out of ute (.SiakipfaTt). 3. in the island of Lrmnns. Having limken ha 

Voeal ezpressioa ; emission frnm the mouth l<^ in the fall, he ever after remained ii"*- 

iHnldei). He fixed his residence in Leninos, whettl* 

UTTERER. ». (from u/f,^.} I. One who raised forges to work metaU, and taught l*» 

proncrances. B- A divulgcr ; a discloscr (A>.)- inhabiianij all the useful arts, Vulcan W 

3. A seller % a vender. been celebrated by the ancient poets for di 

UTTERLY, ad. (from ullrr.) Fully ; com- ingenious works and antoinatical Gguica wb>^ 

pletelv i pcifectly {Qartndun). he made, and il it said, thul at the requBt" 

UtTEIlMOST. a. (from uilrr.-) I. Ex- Jupiler he made the hrst woman thatevrTif 

trein* ; being; in the highest degree {,MiUon), piared on earth, well known under ibt n><^ 

a. Mwt lemoic (Abbot)- of Pandora. (See Pamooiia.} ThtC)Ctop»[ 

U'ttbkmost. i. The greatest (Hoaier). Sicily were his ministers and atleiidanlii ■"' 

UTTOXRTER, a town in Staffordshire, with him they fabricated, not only the ihuB- 

with a market on Wedncsda*; seateil on a dcrboila of Jupits', but alto arms for ibtp™ 

rising ground, near the river Dove. IJ miles and the most celebrated lieroei. Hii wT* 

N.E'. of Stafford, and 13(i N N.W. of Lon- were supposed to be under mount iF.tna,* 

don. t»n. I. .'SOW, Lat. J3. 10 N. the island of Sicily. The amoun of V'ukM 

UVA PAS.SA MAJOR. PassnU tnajor. xe not iiumeroui. X'eniis it mii.crullf •<- 

The raisin. Ttie dried fruit of the »iti» vini- knowlcdged lo have been the wife of VulWi 

fcra of Lioniu*. Vilit foliis lobalis (inuatis but her infidelity it well known, at wet! tsW 

tiudit. C. O. pentandria. monnzynis. Kaitini amourswith Muri. (See AlectrtoH.} "^ 

kre prrpted by immcrsiog tlie freih fruit into worship of VulcaQ was well akibbsWI. ['*'' 

» solminn nS alkjlinc salt ami soap lye, made ticuUrly in Ecypt, at Athens, and at 9>"^ 

Wlip^ hoij to whtclt (t added Hine olivc^pij^ A calf and a Mar pig w«« ili« ^Mipl ^ 



V U I. 

10 him. Vulcan was generally 
s covered with sweat, blowirpj 
fotis arm the fires of his fi)rgei, 
9 holding a hammer raised in the 
irike, while wiih the other hand 
pincers a thnn(!erl»It on an an- 
hi9 received ihe mmfsof Mulci- 
nes, Clytotcchnes, Fandamator, 
.^halaipoda, &c. all ex| rcssive of 
ind his profes:>ion. He was father 
'en us. 

ALIA, festivals in honour of 
ight to Rome from Prspneste. 
;re illuminated, inns kindled every 
limals thrown into the flames, as 
he deity. 

0. See Vo LOAN o- 

a, {vuigaire. Ft. vulgaris, 
'hcian ; suitini^ to the common 
ised among the common people 

1. Vernacular; natiiinid (Ft'//). 
v; Vieinsc of the conimon rate 
•. i\it>iic; commonly bruited 

t. (rrufgaire, Fr.) The comtr.on 
(^huries). 

iSM. *. (from vulgar.) Gross- 
< . : vulgarity {Reynolds), 
I rV. 1. {from vulgar.) 1. 
lie of the lowest |>coj)le(ij7oirw;. 
mt,< tnO(\e (Dryden). 
LY. ad. (from vulgar.) Com- 
[c ordinary manner ; among the 
le {Jhimmond). 

K, a very ancient Latin transla- 
*le, and the only one ihr clnirch 
iwled^csantluMHic. (Sc..'Ri blk.) 
nl^aie of the ol'l tcsi.i:iient w>s 
ost vvord f(»r won! from the (ireek 
The author of th * vei^ion is not 
) much as ;rnr'i'cJ a J. 

or THE NKW IK^TAMHXr. 

lanisH gf nerally h'»!d |)nT"r.:l>le 

n Grt-ek t'*xi, in r«Rird it is iiM«> 

L the Cvreektcxi, that the council 

Jw*clare(l anihemic. Ac<^<»nliiijtilv 

las as it were, adopted this cdi- 

riesiA HM.! n.> othrr at the altar, 

quote no other in liie j)u!j)if, nor 

tne >chools. 

.A BLK. a. {vulncralilUy Litin.) 

wounds; liable, to txt- rnal injii- 

frr). 

lARY. a. {vul'itrarius, Latin.) 

cure of wounds ( fflseman^.- 

lERATE t).n.{: ulturOf La'-n ) 

o hurt {GI(invil!.*K 

\L a. {culpj/mi, LjI.) Bi-|(m^in;j 

. Vulture. In zmth^v, a genus 
cs, ^rder accipitrr^. Bill str.ii;;ln, 
e i»o'nt ; hrad bare of feathers, 
skni in front; tongue cleft, neck 
ciileen S|>et'ie^, scattered over the 
ihem exotic to our own country, 
i rapacious iril>e,' feeding on car- 
r putrid; but, unless pressed by 
—PART 11. 



y u L 

hunger, seldom attacking living animals; bolJ, 
|:recarious, fly slowly, unless when very high 
in the air, and have an exquisite sense of smell. 
Tongue large, fleshy ; head, and often the 
cheeks, chin and neck, on the upper part, nak- 
ed ; legs and feet strong, mostly covered with 
scales; first joint of tne middle toe generally 
connected to the outer by a strong membrane; 
wincrs lined on the inside with dowo. 

The following are the principal species : 

I. V. gryphns. Of prodigious sitej a ca- 
runcle on the crown as long as the head ; 
throat naked. Inhabits South America ; mea- 
sures, with the wings extended, from tip to 
tip, not less than from twelve to sixteen teet^ 
builds under the protection of the highest rocks ; 
lays two white eggs. It is a bird of fearful 
and enormous ]>ower, but, happily for man- 
kind, in every country extremely rare. Feu- 
il!^ has well described a specimen that fell a 
prey to his own courage. 

" I discovered," says he, *? in the valley of 
Ilo, in Pern, a condor perched on a high rock 
before nic ; I approached within musket shot, 
and fired; but as my piece was only loaded 
\\ iih swan-shot, the lead was not afde sufli- 
citnily to j)ierce the bird's feathers. I perceiv- 
ed, however, by its manner of flying, that it 
was wounded ; as it rc.sc heavily, and with a 
good deal of difficulty rc;.ched another rock, 
about five hundred yards distant, upon the 
shore ; 1 therefore loaded again with a ball, 
and hit the bird under the throat, which made 
it mi!:e. I accordingly ran up to seize it ; but 
even in death it was terrible, and defended 
itself on its back, with its claws extended 
agaitiit me ; so that I scarce knc>v how to lay 
hold of it. Had it not been mortally wounded 
1 ^vhouhi have found it no easy matter to take 
it ; bi.t 1 at last dragged it down from the 
rock, and, with the assistance of one of the 
spjiiu'M, carried it to the tent, to make a co- 
Ituircd drawing. 

•* The wiri*^ of ihi-t bird, which I measured 
c\:!Cily, uPK* eleven feet four inches, from one 
c \trcnjity to the other : the great feathers, of a 
bpantiful sliinin;^ black, were two feet two 
inches long. The thickness of the beak was 
oroi'/ortionable to the rest of the body; the 
length about four inches; the point hooked 
downwari!», and white at its extremity, the 
other pan being of a jet black. A short Sown, 
of a brown colour, covered the head; the eyes 
were black, and siirroundt-d with a circle of 
r.'d<li.di Iruwn; the friilpTS on the hrea't, 
neck, an;l wing-, wen* of a liuhl brown ; those 
on ibc back r.iilitT daiker ; its thighs were co- 
vered uitb brown feathers down to the knee: 
tMe thi;;h bone was ten inches long ; the left 
live in<;ne> : the toes were thrte before and 
one l)ehind : the latter was an inch and a half 
loop, with a sinj/lf joint ; and the claw with 
which it was armed wr.> black,' and three quar- 
ters of an inch : the other claw?* were in the 
same proportion ; and the leg and toes covered 
with black scah-s. 

•• Tliese birds usually freriucnt the moun- 

P 



V U L T U R. 

(ain&, Ti'iicrc they find their prey. They affinity to the eagles : he is tB]}id, fierce, uri 

never Jescv'.td to the sea shore, but in the rainy courageous, and, like them, Trres by the chace. 

season ; sensible of cold» they repair there for His preferring live prey to carrion, his acmity, 

warinih. Though these mountains are situat* and evefy habit, sctni to brinis hitn nearrrto 

ed id the turri'l zone, the cold is often very the eagle than to the TuUure tribes. 

sevctc) for tliror^hout almost the whole year However this may be, it is probabk thit 

they are covered with snow ; but especially Ihis extraordinary bird is not confined sokly 

during tlic winter, when it is in great depth to South America. Some are of opioton ibai 

vpoii thetn. Tlic small quantity of nourish- it is also to be found in Africa, Asia, andctci 

inent which these birds Bnd on the sea-coast, in some parts of Europe. Garcilasso ionagiiKi 

except when the tempest drives in some of the it to be the same bird with the roc, so Eimoai 

larger fishes, oblige^ the condor to remain in the fables of the Arabian writers. Iho. 

there but a short time. He usually comes to bably the great binl mentioned in thevoyapt 

the co;iSt at tlie approach of evening, remains to the South Sea, uhicJi is said to be neatljai 

there all night, and returui again in the morn- large as an ostrich, is the same with the oat* 

lug.** dor. The bird of \*t€j^ in the neighbourboirf 

This condor, however, seems to have been of Tarnassar in the East Indies, and the vnhiir 

much inferior in size to those described by of Senegal, which carries off children, tie of 

Acosta, Garcilasso, Demarchais, and some the same species with that above deserifaedi 

other travellers, who affirm they have seen Several authors mention a similar bird, sow* 

them eighteen feet from tip to tip of the wing ; times seen in Russia, Lapland, and GerssaBj. 

that their beaks are so strong and sharp ihdt BufTon mentions a large bird shot in Fnin; 

they can easily pierce the body of a cow ; that eighteen feet in breadth, which he suupoKilv 

two of them can attack and devouroneentirely ; be the condor, not only on account ot ilsin, 

that they sometimes singly oppose a man. The but of its pie colour, resembling those biidiii 

Indians, in like manner, who are more ac- I'eru. This naturalist deems it scarcely pn> 

customed to see them, declare, that they can bable, that a bird which claims the. fint nnk 

carry off a deer or a calf as easily as an eagle in this class of beings, should be confined ios 

does a rabbit ; that their bodies are as large single district of the earth. 

as a sheep ; that their flesh is tough, and smells 3. V. papa. King of the valtares. MciBili 

like carrion : their sight piercing, and their carnnculate ; crown and ne^ naked. 

looks cruel. The Spaniards themselves seem lliis bird is a native of America, and vsnd 

afraid of their depredations ; and are not with- the East Indies, as those who make a traded 

out instances of their carrying off children of shewing birds would induce as to believe, b 

ten or twelve years old. Their flight is terrible; is lareer than a turkey cock, bat is cbirff 

and, when they alight, one is stunned with rema^able for the odd formation of ibeddi 

their noise. Condamine asserts, that he has of the head and neck, which are bare, tbii 

often seen them in the province of Quito, and skin arises from the base of the bill, and i^of 

on the borders of theMaragnon, swimming an orange colour ; from whence it stretches oa 

above a flock of sheep, some of which they each side to the head ; from thence it piocreds 

would have carried ofl', had they not been like an indenteil comb, and falls on citnei tide, 

scared by the shepherds. It is reported that according to the motion of the head. Thectb 

the Indians of these countries catch them, by are surrounded by a red skin ; and the trisbas 

working a piece of viscous clay into the form the colour and lustre of pearl. The headand 

of a child, upon which they dart with such neck are without feathers, covered with aflcsb- 

rapidity, that their claws are entangled, so as coloured skin on the up|>cr part, a fine fcar]^ 

to prevent their escape. De Solis, alluding to behind the head, and a duskier coloured ikb 

this bird, says, that there were among the before: farther down, behind the head, ariss 

curiosities of the emperor of Mexico birds of a little tufi of black down, from whence isuiK 

such extraordinary fierceness and size, as to and extends beneath the throat, oneachsiiki 

ap|iear monsters ; and that he had been in- a wrinkled skin of a brownish colour, uiiicd 

formed that each of them could devour a sheep with blue, and reddish behind : below, oo the 

at a sinscle meal. naked part of the neck, is a colbr, formed by^ 

After reading!: the history of these birds, the soft lougish feathers, of a deep a:»h colocr, 

fiction of Virgil's harpies appears less extra\a- which surround the neck, and cover the breait 

gant, or rather seems to sink into mere narra- l>efnre. Into this collar the bird soi:ieiia/9 

tivc. Later writers, however, have greatly withdraws its^wholc neck, and sometime! a 

softened these accounts, and assure us, that pari of its head : so that it looks as if it bad 

the countenance of the condor is not so terrible withdrawn its neck into its body 

as the first tra\ellers have painted it ; and that This bird, which we have placed at the 

their nature appears equally mild with that of head of the vulture tribe, on account of ibe 

the ea;;le or the vulture. superior beauty of his external appearance, * 

Mr Kay, and almost all the naturalists after no way distingui^hcd from the rest by (be 

lum, ha\e classed the condor in the genus of generosity of his manned, or tlie deiictcfof 

the vultures, on account of the nakedness of his appetite. He attacks only the weabcf 

his head and neck. His dispositions, how- animals, devouring rats, lizards, serpents, and 

ever, and habits, seem ai strongly to plead his every kind of exciementoi filth : flies very hig^i' 



V U L T U R. 

ton Caitidn ruhai^. Body grey* and New Spain, they are extremely numerouf $ 

quill featheni black ; bill white. A n- but their flesh is altogether useless lor food, 

iety: body black; quill feathers btown; From the foul nature of their subsistence it 

tHis. contracts a putrid flavour which nothing oaa 

•ird has been classed, by most natural- lemove. In vain the natives try to conc^uer it^ 

OK the vultures, because it is not only by taking away the entrails and the rumn^ or 

of the tame habiu, but» like the rest 1^ washing and applying spices ; their hard, 

snus, has the bead and neck naked of skinny, and Bbrous flesh has imbibed a stench 

The wrinkled skin with which these which nothing can either remote or render 

e covered is variegated with blue, supportable. 

nd red colours, somewhat resembling It is curious to be a spectator of the boa- 

a turkey-cock; a circumstance from tilities between the crocodile and the Bra ilian 

lese birds have been called f^llinassos vultures : of all animalj they are perhaps most 

'ortuguese and Spaniards. It is about at enmity. The female crocodile, wnich in 

of a wild eoose ; its wings, when the rivers of America grows to the tise of 

xtend beyorKi the extremity of the tail : twenty-seven feet, lays her eggs, to the nuof* 

lers of the whole body are blackish, ber of two or three hundred, in the sands, by 

lude of dark green and purple, llie the side of the water, where they are chiefly 

while, the le^ and feet of a fleshy hatched by the heat of the climate. The 

* " crocodile takes every precaution, while d«- 

»ml is an inhabitant of Brazil, Guiana, positing her burden, to conceal the place from 

id some of the West India islands, in every other creature ; but is unable to elude 

am it is more cowardly, foul, and the penetration of the vulture. A number of 

s, than perbaps any of the mitures. them sit silent and unseen^among the branches 

;h and rapid flight were attended with of a neighbouring fbreit, while she is employ- 

tiooable degree of courase, it might ed in burying her eggs, and view her opera« 

tbe chace ; incapable, however, of tions with the eager expectation of succeeding 

anger, it contents itself with earrion, plunder. They wait patiently till the crooo« 

y kind of filth, and will not attack an dile has completed the number, covered them 

even wbeiT wounded or asleep, unless carefully unuer the sand, and has retired to at 

overpower it, by assembling a great distanced then, as Goldsmith describes, they 

those of its kind. attack all together, encouraging each other 

Irazilian mltures afe generally seen in with their cries, hook up the sand in a mCK 

cks, fly very high in the air, and pass ment, lay the eggs bare, and devour the whole 

t upon the tallest trees, or on the most brood without remorse, 
ibic rocks, from which they re{>air by This bird is to be found also on the con- 

the neighbourhood of towns, where tinent of Africa, whence, prolNiblv, it has 

(ht on some eminence to watch their found its way into the New Worlcf. Their 

Their sight and smell are remarkably manners at the Cape of Good Hope are de- 

iog ; tliey discern their food at a great scribed by Kolben, who had often been a 

, which, as soon as discovered, they spectator of their mode of anatomising; the 

ipon it at once, and devour it in silence, dead bodies of cows, oxen, and wilii animals, 

are frenuently so glutted that they are " These birds,** says he, " separate tlie flesh 

to riic irom the ground. As often as from the skin and the bones with such art, 

le case-, they are said to have the power that they leave oiily the bare skeleton, covered, 

ting their food, till their bodies arc however, with the skin so entire and un- 

itly lightened, for the pur|)ose of m.ik- broken, that it is impossible to {u-'rceive that 

ir e$ca|)c. In tome parts of Suuth the carcase is empty, without a narrow ex- 

I, where the hunters destroy beasts amination. In performing; this operation, they 

fur the skin, the vultures follow in their first make an aperture in the belly of the am- 

vjst numbers. The numberless car- mal, from whence they tear out the entrails, 

lich arc flayed, and exposed to the air, and devour them : they then enter the empty 

loon render those parts unhealthy by space thus formed, and separate the flesh from 

trefaciion, were it not for the ministry tne skin and bones, without discomposin;; 

ultures. No sooner do th.y observe a either. They attack their prey by sur|)rise ; if 

abandoned, than, by a general call, an ox, who is left to return from the yoke to 

alight n|)on it, and instantly devour it his stall alone, should chance to lie down and 

mncs, which they leave as bare as If rest by the way, he is no sooner perceived by 

d been scraped with a knife. The the vultures, than they inevitably fall upon him, 

]m and Portuguese, who carry on a and devour him. When they attack an ox in 

I hides from these quarters, take these the fields, they generally assemble to the num- 

under their protection, from the bene- ber of an hundred, and sometimes more, and 

remler them in )>reserving the purity of thus overpower him by a general onset.** 

which the putrefaction of so many In Egypt vultures are held in great venera- 

eould not fail to corrupt. They eat in tion, because they destroy the serpents and 

tion with the dogs. other noxious animals with which it is infest- 

thjs circumstance, in Guiana, Brazil^ ed. Dr. Shaw informs ui that they arc ur Iv 



V U L. U Z E 

seen in great numbers in the neighbourhood of VULVA. Pudendum muliebre. The paiJ« 

Grand Cairo ; and that, from the harmlessness of generation proper to women, 

of their nature, the? arc regarded as sacred by VULVARIA. (from vulva, the womb; »<i 

the Mahometans. The pacha orders two oxen named from its smell or use in disorders of the 

everyday fur their maintenance; per ha|)s from womb.) Sec Atriplex olida. 

superstitious motives, or probably in consi.* era- VURLA, a seaport of Turkey in Asia, in 

tion of their services, in removing the carrion Natulia, situated on the S. side of the gulf of 

and tilth from that great city. Smyrna, on a bay to which ii gi%es name. SI 

in Europe there are several of these birds ; miles W. uf Smyrna. Lon. 27. 68 E. Lat. 

as, the ash-coloured, the golden, the brown, 38. 27 N. 

and the crested. There, however, they are far UVULA, (dim. of uva, a grape.) Colu- 

from being numerous; they produce young mclla. Tiie small conical fleshy subsiancr 

only once in a year, and, according to Aristotle, han(>tng in the middle of the velum prndolam 

lay only one or two eges. Tliey build their palati, over the root of the tongue. It is com* 

uests commonly in such nigh and inaccc8<ible posed of the common membrane of the moifth, 

situations, that it \s but rare to detect them, and a small mu.^cle resembling a worm, which 

They inhabit, from choice, the most deserted arises from the union of the )>alatale bone,aod 

and mountainous countries during summer : it descends to the tip of the uvula. ItwascalM 

it not till the frost and snow compel them palato stnphilinus bv Dou^^las, and sia{ihilinii« 

that thev retire into lower and warmer situa- epistaphiiinus by Winslow. By its coniiM- 

ti(ms. They seem more sensible of cold than tion tne uvula is raided up. i 

the generality of eagles, few of them being UVULARIA. (from uvula, l)ecau$eJt car- j 

found in the northern countries. Linneus, ed diseases of the uvula.) The plant which 

who enumerates the birds of Sweden, takes no bears tliis epithet in some pharmacopeias b 

notice of the vulture. fiufTon, however, men- the ruscus hypoglossum of Linneus: it iris 

tions one he had sent him from Norway. formerly used a^inst relaxation of the uvula, 

4. V.cristatus. Crested vulture. Ikxiy black- but now laid aside for more adstriiigeut reine- 



i?h-red ; head crested ; breast rufous ; legs dies, 
naked. This vulture is inferior in si: 



size to the Uvularia, in botany, a genm of the 

preceding; its magnitude, however, has been class hexandria, order monogynia. Corolnt^ 

deemed sufficient to entitle it to a place among ])etalled, erect; petals with each a necurireriMi 

the vultures. Its bill is black, and hooked at cavity at the base; filaments very short. Sn 

the end ; the feathers of a browpi^h black, and 8|>ecies, natives of the East or W^est Indies; oof 

the legs yellow. When up4)n the gronnd, it of Bohemia. 

raises two tufts of feathers on the sides of its UXBRIDGE, a corporate town in Middk> 

head, resembling horns; which, while the sex, with a market on Thursday. The Cob 

bird is on win^r, are not perceptible. The runs through it in two streams, and over the 

winjis of this bird, when extended, are bix main stream is a stone bridge. A treaty was 

feel; h's ilijiht is more rapid than the test of carried on here between Ciiarles I. and ilif 

the vulture tribes, a< his courage and activity piiriiament, in I()44; and the house in which 

are greater. He pursnes and preys upon almost the pleiii[)Otentiaries luei is still called il»^ 

every sj)ecies of bir^i ; but i^ mo«»i surcessi'ul in Treaty House. Near this town are there- 

chasing hares, rabbit^i, young foxes, fawns, and mains of an ancient c.imp, Uxbridge is 1^ 

fishes. When piir?uing his prey, his flight miles W. by N. of I^ndon. Lon. 0. ?3 V^ 

sccius to be the edict of much eff.ul ; and ii is LiL .') i.3i N. 

attonc!o«l wiih a jir-Nit noi^e. His favourite UXCKRK^rS. a. {u.vorius, Lat.) Submi-*- 

fo<»d IS the entrails of an^n^^l-^, whether dead 01 si\ely foiul of a wife ; infected with conuubiil 

alixe -, i«ml thoui^li reuiarkable Ct voracity, he d» ii<:e (Milton). 

can endure au ahstincnce of lounfeu days. I'XiyKIOLSFjY. ad. (from UTorioti) 

(Jesncr relates, tlr\i two of ihii species were With ff>nd snbujission to a wife {DrudfiiK 
caught in ilie pri>viiicc of A'oace, in a n it cc*:)- I, XiyRlOUSNES.S. s. (from ru*«rM'W) 

structcd up >n a t'ull oal; not t';»r from the towt r Connubial doia.'^c ; fond submission to J 

of Misen. wl\-. 

5. V. j)ercnopterus. Aqui'.ino \ uhure. y»]iil- T/IIKC TARTAIIY. Sec Tart ART. 

fejthrrs black, tlse outer e(li.c>», except of iho I /Ll>\, a town of Spain, in NewCa-tilf, 

ouierir.o^t, hoary. Another varixMv with the capital t)t .1 duchy of the same name, «iih * 

hn H' ied^!i^h-a>h, s;>oitcd wiih trov\n, the kcjs (.'s'l--. It is seuud on the Cogolludo, ifOniilrt 

naked. lnhi» it^ ^•^^'P^ ^>ria, and Per>i.i ; is If. by W. pf Alcala. and 26 N.N.F. of Mi* 

encouraged in Cairo to devour dead carcji'i^eb, drid. L«)u. 3. I'} W. I/it. 40. 46 N. 
and ju Palestine to destroy the vast mulmudes UZHL, a lown of I'rance. in thedcitartrnfiit 

of iTii<''» that «iwarm in the field?. In Egyj-.t it of ilie North Cna>t, 17 miksS.W.ofSi.Bricux- 

wa!» formerly a capital ciime to destroy one. Lon. 2. h'2 W. Lnt. -iK. 16 N. 
See Nat. Hist. PI. CLXXXIX. LZl'-S, a tov. n o{ Fiance, in the drpartnxiu 

VULTURE, in ornilholog}-. Sec Vultur of Gard. ?e*»fe(l in 1 country abounding in mrn. 

and Fai,v:o. oil, silk, an.J jochI wine, i? miles N. of Ni«- 

VL''LTCRINE. a. {vuUuriuus, Lat.) Be- me*, and vo S.W . o( Orau^.-c. Lou. 4. '.'7 F. 

longing to a vulture. I«at. 44. ? N. 







W A F 

fi-c) dam ihc last chleRy in 



h^Liing haiij 



T peculiar 10 the iiorilicm 
■WBRTS ini] pcoule; as llie En^ 

Rtli^i, *Qd others <,( Teutonic utd WACHENHEIM, a uwn of GermaRV. 
CofigiDal. ill the palatinate of ihc Rhine, 1'^ mites W. 

imn and^« sound of w arc exelutlcd of Manheim, and 31 H. of Deux Ponts. Loo. 
the Uisuagea dcTived Tiom the Latiu ; 8. I6 £. Ut. *g. 2U N- 
ti* not unpiobablp.sdyiDi. Johnson, WACHOVIA, a tntct of land in N. Cb< 
nitf V is exjircsacd llic suund of the niliiia, liluaic betivecn the river* Dan and 
». and£ulic/. However, the uf is Yadkin, 10 miles S.otPilot Mimntaiii. in the 
ei oilniiuvd into the Fcencli. Italian, county of Suiry. It coniisis of 100,000 acna, 
fBptr name*) anil vllier Icrm* borrow- purchased by the Motaviciiis, tn 17^1, and 
th« languagtt in which it is originally named by them from an estate of count Zin* 
zesilurf's in Amirin. In 17^5. by on act of 
assembly, it wa,i made a Mparate parJih. call- 
ed Dobb'j parish, and it now conwins several 
flouiishiugSL-liJeiiieuIs, of which Salem is the 
pcincip.ll. 

WACHTKNDONCK. a town uf Pnirtiaa 
Guelderlnnd, acaled in a uiorats, on ilic rivM 
Nien. live miles S. of Gueldres. ton. 6. 7 B. 
Lat. ii. es N. 

VVACKE, or W*cKBiit, in 
] species of i)ASALTE», which si 
WADD, 1 



i^uh, the H i> umally 

meb. ina^ go befure nil tli 

«; at m uianl, nieapan 

ice 

Baetimn also a vowel ; and. at such, 

iny ufihe vowelt, a, c, o; and unil 

em into a kind of double vowel, 






w iaaoundoti as in Latin 

t^lr*, iiagita. Iti sound 

ilw (hcKitM*, «i full u, rapidly pro- 

L In Fteoch. the Mund of the to 

t difln ttoui thai of the Mogie u, or 

». SeeU. 

a rivet of Hungary, which rises 
Taniathian mountains, and f.ills into 
mAt, opiKMiie lu the island of 



ninenilo^. 



topple of paper, hay, 
r low, rolled firmly : 



.L. > river of llic United Provinces, 
le S. branch from the Rhine belnw 

Jl timi from H. lo W. ihtaugh pnwdri 
. [Mnes by Nimegtien, Tiel, Rom- Wa 
J Gottum. and fulls into the Mmsc, 



''A'BBI£. 0. <t. (a low 

To mote from siile to side ; 



triandria. order monogynia. i 
led. unequal, inferior i cuiHule three- 



S, in gunnery, a. 
iw, ulil lupe-yarlti, 
the form of a \aii. 
nnd forced i 
kc#i> il dose ii 

to liie »hot, to keep it fton rujhng n< 
as lo prct'cni the powder, wlicn hred, from 
dila'ine round the sides of the ball, by ita 
windage, as it posses tliroiifth the chaee, which 
would cutuiderably duiiiniih the effoit of the 



n uiinn the powder, to 
lianiDer ; or put up cloie 






VVA'DDING. I. Ifwui u^ad. vad. Ulandic.) 
A kindof soft stiiif loosely woven, with tvhich 
the skiru of coals are stuffed out. 

Ta VVA'DOLli. tt. n. Kwaggkelm, Dutch.) 
To shake, in walking, fiom side tn >ide g lo 
dcviare in motion from a right line (/>«pr). 

To WADE. V. n. (from vadxm. Utia.) 
1. To walk throu^i the wairn; to pass watet 
npeitor. h'we species, natives of the without swimming (M'lrr). S. To paw dit- 
1m three followins arc cnltiialed ; Rcultly and laboriously {liilditan). 
ihytMitofa. Simple-stalked wacben> W'ADSTHNA, a town of' Sweden, in ih* 
Wtlh a ibick luberose tool ( Rowcii province uf E- Goihlaod, tenurkabic for ila 
I like thoM of the yellow (tphodet, castle, built by Guitaras Vua, in IM4, and 
a ItMM spike, tlie upper alinntt up- inhabited by his aonMaKiiiu, who wis tiiMtoc 
■c Lower nodding ) luiiy, and laflriNi It i* seated on ihe ]i. side of the lake Wetter, 
, Mnooih, bright yrlbw within. l60 miles S.W. of Siockliotm. Lou. 1>, 

' ponicolata. t^niolcd wachrndorfia. 37 E. Lai. SS. IS N. 
atnial. crerping ; stalk a foot high ; WA'FER. >. {ita/et, Dutch.) I . A thin 
I, downy, ali directed down- cake (.Ptjir). S. 'i*tie biead fciveD in th« 
euchariit by the RumaniiU Ci/o/i). 3. Pksl*> 
I. Hatiy wacbendoiGa. i>if- nodn to dote iMMt. 
LXi.— PARTK. 'B 



WAG WAI 

Wafers for sealing letters are inade by , dies were devised, t^d new fiMmt of 
mixing fine flour with glair of egga^ binglass, intiodiio«l, whowin no defendant iii at libcitf 
and a little yeast, and beating the mass into a ' to wage bis law, as in assuinpsit and trover, 
paste ; then spreading it, when thinned with^ Alio when a,ncw stati^te inflicts a pcnaltjr, and 
^m-water, on even tin plates, and drying it gives an actkm of debt to reeover it, it is 
in a stove, and cutting it for use. 'Ute di^ usual to add, in which no wager of kw shall 
ferent colonn may be given by tinainp the paste . be allowed. 

with brazil or vermilion for red; indigo, oir Waobrs. In general a wager may be coo* 
verditer, &c. for blue; saffron, turmeric, or stdered as Imil, if it be not an inditement to 
gamboge, &c. for yellow^ kc. a breach of ue peace, or to immonlitj, or if 

T« WAF1\ 9. «. (^baUy from iffovf.^ it do not affect the feeliosi or interest of a 
1. To carry through the air, or on the water, third person, or expose him to ridicule; or if 
{P^ptJ. 9. To-4)iipy; to make Boat { to it be not apiiost sound policy, 
hinder from sinking YBrowa^- 3. To beckon; WAG^. Sec Waoi. 
to inform % a «ign of any thinut moving. W AKjGERY, « (from laug,) lliadbievaai ' 

• To Waft- «• «• To float (Ekydtm). ^merriment ; rogpish trick ; saioaatieal g^cf ' 

Waft. t. (fromtlievcib.) 1. A Bit9,dof^/L9ckeJ. 
YMfCThomon). 9. Motion of a streamer. WA'GGISH. a. (from smw.) KnaviiUf 

WATTAGE. '«. (from t0a/>O Carriage merry: inerrily mischievous ;CRiucsoiae(X*i!^ 



by wat er or a ir : not in use (Siaktpeart). ir«mgij» 

Wa'FTBR. $. (fimn rnqft.) A passage- WA'GGISHNESS. t. (iiom w^^J 

boat ( Am$» orik)» Mtnymiathltf/BaeamJ, 

WA'FTURE. «. (from wiift.) The act of To W A«GGL£. o. n. /saaggUn, Go^ 
wmving: not in use (SAaifprare)! .To waddle i to aaove mm aide 'to oil 

'7*0 WAG. a. «• (yasuuDy Saxon ; waggmt^ (Sidney), 

Dnteh.) To move lightly } to shake sli^tly WA'GON. s. (poegao, Saxon v iciacg^ 

ISmfi)* Dutch; vagH^ Islandic.) 1. Abeavyeih- 

!7V Wao. a. a. 1. To be in quick or la- riage for boidens (KnoUn), S. A cbsMt: • 

dicrous motion i8hakt.^. 9. To go ; to peek not in nie (Spenser). 

tMfSluJapemre). 3. To be movc3 (Z)rytf at) WA'GONER. «. (fitom «Mi|[iii.) Qaewb, 

.Wao. t. (poegan, Savon, to cheat.) Am ' drives a waeon fDrydeuj. ^ 

one ludicnraslj^ misehievoos i a merry druU WAGTAULiy in ornithology. See Mo-' 

lUddisim). tacilla. -- i ■ ^ * 

■ WAGE. a. the plural wages is now only WAHABEE, the name of a new stetia 

nsed. (wagem, German.) 1. Piy given m Arabia, which is said lo threaten the caBK|i-- 

service (5!Mit.). 2. Gage; pledge (iliiM.). tionof the fiiith of Mahomed. ThisaaeteM* 

To Wage. v. a. (waegen, German, to at- menced little more than 40 years agp; ilt 

tempt any thing dangerous.) 1. To attempt ; author being Abdul VVaheb, a private imdin- 

to venture (S^s,), S. To make; to carry dual, who, after having devoted himself msaj 

on (Ihyden), 3. (from trogr, wages.) To years to science, proclaimed himself the le- 

dct to hire : not in uae {Spent fr), 4. To take former of the Mahomedan religion. In tab* 

to hire ; to hire for pay ; to hold in pay : stance, howoer, he adhered to it, acknowlei^ 

obsolete iDavies), 5. (In law.) When an ing Mahomed as the prophet of God; bat 

action of debt is brought against anjr one, the foroiddins to invoke him to intercede with 

defendant may wage his law; that is, swear, God, and cnjolnine that prayer be made fo 

and certain persons with hini, that he owes God alone. Hehddthat thekoran ivasabook 

nothing to the plaintiff in manner as he hath of divine inspiration ; but dented its haiiag 

declarra. The offer to make the oath is existed externally in the essence of the Dcitf* 

called icfager of law (B/oJin/). See Wager. He condemned the wonhipping of sstaiit 

WA^GER. f. (from wage, to venture.) and a few other abuses. But he piops|Slid 

1. A bet; any thing pledged upon a chance his opinions principally, by adding totneia- 

or performance {Bentiey), S. Subject on ducemcnts of religious zeal, the temptatiaeaf 

which bets are laid (5i(/fi«y). plunder; declaring that all the piopeity af 

To Wa'gkr. t;. o. (from the noun.) To those who did not become proaeiytca toka 

lay ; to pledge as a bet {Shaks.), opinions was unholy, and became confisoawi 

Wao BR of law, a particular mode of for the use of his followers. In 1809 ika 

proceeding, whereby, in an action of debt, Wahabees amounted to about 90,000: asi 

brought upon a simple contract between the since that period they are said to have iaeiMh 

parties, without any deed or record, the de- ed. See Lord Valentia's Traveb, val. i 

fendant may discharge himself by swearing in p. $85, Sic, Warin^'s Travels in Persia, kc 

court, in the presence of compurgators, that he WAHU^GMIA, in botany, a genus of dK 

owes the plaintiff nothing, in manner and dass oolyandria, order tetragynia. Caly^ fMH* 

form as he has declared, and his compurgators leaveu ; petals four ; fruit oolong ; styles far* 

swear, that they believe what he says is true, manent. One species only, a nati%*e of Jaia. • 

And this waging hii law is sometimes called WAID. a. Crushed (Skakspeare), 

making his law. It being at length consider- WAIFS are goods which are ^tolen sad* 

ed, that this waging of law offend too great a waved by a felon in his flight from those who 

temptation to perjury, by degrees new itmo- pursue turn, which aie foneited^ and liioail^ 



jCDcnll; tpnkrii of fpoii stolen, yet 
I be punued with hue and cry ai a 
id h« flee uul l»rc Itii own good), 
U be (otfMed u' giiixli iLolen i but 
prtperly rngiiue't guod«, anJ not 
ntrti be roiinJ belorc ihc coioner, or 
! of recunl, iliat lie Bed (or ilie fcbnj. 

tAT»- 

SAT^, tlMiis between Nova Zembia 

U.tlimug!) whicKilic Dutch alictnpi- 

J a N.E. [auajje to Ctnna, and uiled 

-i" E- loii. in Tat- 71, 25 N. 

AtL. p. a. (naforr, It^l.} To moani 

t; tttbewainPifO. 

AIL. V. n. To grieve audibly ; to ex- 

WW (Eiefdcl). 

,.t. Audible Mrraw [T^anlan). 

LING. t. Cfrom aail.) Lameniallon ; 

ullble wtiow (Ktalles). 

LPUL. o. (fiom ufaiV anii/uli.) Sot- 

moiiniful (ShakipeareJ. 

U, f. (comracted fiom wagon.) A 

I (Chulei'iL in lUronomy. Thevul- 
■ ' ---■--'! 'oimtd by seven 

n ihe coiMiella- 
Im major. 

4FLEE1". a town in Lincoln.bire, 
nikel on Saturday. It li Kaled near 
in a Tenny pan or the country, and on 
Wilhini, U inilei N.E. of Boiton, 
N. by E. of London. Lon. 0. SO E. 
ION. 

NROPE. ». (walH a<id tope.) A 
A, Wiib which the load ii tied on the 
attroiie (Skaktptatt). 
NSCOT. ». fioagfichot, Dutch.) The 
odm covering o7» wull (Arl^iKnalJ- 
fk'tyttCOT. 0. a. (taargftueholttn, 
I. To line yiiWi with board* 
S. To line buiUliDgs with diffirrent 

fOrtvJ. 

I. I. A piece of limber two yatdi 

lafiwtbfOad/'BBJ/rv;- 

fgw^^. Vf.Uh.) I. Tl.e 
MK oT Uie body ; the pail bciow ihc 
Mi). 

I, in «hij)-baitding. that pail of a 
;h it coniaiQed brtwecn itie ']tuirler- 
I ratcca«l1e, being utually a hultow 
ilh an atcenl of leteral iiirpt to either 

plim. When the wain u( » mer. 
j)i it otily one or two Ktejn of descent 
qiKiiler-d«ck and fnre-CMile, the it 
I gallcy-biiill ; but whrn with Hx ut 
b«, ihv it called frigate- built. 
mX)AT. I. fu^ahl and ei,of.; An 
Mia roat ^1o^e to the tiody. 
iTERS, in n«»l affair?, people jla- 
walking the ihip. Ai 
only tiiengih, without 
■Igmeni,' thcv are commonly triecled 
( tliongeti landtmcn and ordinary 

AIT. ». •. {trathltn, Dutch ) i. To 
tOil»7 kT{Sln>h.;. 8- To atirndt 
mpany »>iih tubmiision or tnpect 
3. To attend ai u cuntei^uenct of 



inraeiliing {Itowtj. 4. To walch ai an eneniy 
(Jotj. 

T» Wait. p. h. 1. To expect ; lo tiay in 
exnecLiliun (JubJ. 2. To pay teivile ur sub- 
mitiive attendance (Denkantj. 3. To attend 
(Shakt.J. 4. To itnyi not to depart from 
(SoiUhJ. S. Tostay by reason of soniehlnt'er- 
ancu. 6. To look watchfully I'BajoV- ?■ Tj 
lie in ambush as an enemy fMitlinJ. 8. To 
folliw as a conwauencc (Dican of Piftn). 

Wai t. I. Anibiuh ; insidious and secret at* 
IrnlliU fS'ttialiersJ. 

WA'lTER-i. (from waiV; An attendant; 
one who attends for the accomoiodation ot 
others fBtn JonionJ. 

WA'n ING GENTLEWOMAN. W*'it- 
IMD WAto. Wa'ITIKO woman. «. (from 
wail. J An upper seivjnl who attends ou a 
ladv in her chamber i'Su'l/V;. 

WAIVE, in law, a woman that it put out 
of the f loieclion of the law. 

She IS called waixit, ai being forultcn of tt|e 
law ; and not outlaw, as a man ii ; by rcaiun 
women cannot be of the deccnna, and are not 
iworn in leett to the kina, nor to the law, a« 
men are ; who are ihercfore within the law j 
whereas women ate not, and so cannot be out* 
lawed, since ihey neicr were within it. 

In this sense nemect with teaviaria rMditnt, 
as of the lame import with ulltgalio viri. 

WAIVER, signi6e» the pasting by of a 
thing, or a tcrusal to accept it ; tometiiues it 
is applied to an estate, or eomelhing con- 
veyed to man, anil loinciinie) to plea, &c. 
and a waiver on diiagrceiuenl as to goods B[u| 
chaitcU, in cue of a gift, will be cfTerlual. 

Ta WAKE. IF. n. fieatan. Gothic ; pacian, 
Saxon; u>a<ckfn, Duicli.) 1. To watch; 
not lo deep fLocieJ- !- To be laused from 
sleep (MUloH). 3. To cease lo sleep (Dtn./. 
4. 't'o be quick ; to be alive fDru^tiiJ- 5- To . 
be put in action ; to be esciied iM'tUunJ. ' 

To Wake, e, a. {peccisn, Saxon j ultcken, 
Du'eh.) 1. To rouse from tleep (Dfydrn), 
E. To excite J to be put in motion or •ciion 
(Prior). 3. To faring to life again, U if from 
the tleep of death fmlmj. 

Wake or a ship, it itie smooth wnlei 
aticni when the is under sail. This shewt the 
way the has gone in the tea, whereby the 
uiarinert judge what way she makes. For if 
the wake be right a-slccn, they conclude ihe 
makes her way fotwaidii but if the wake be 
to leeward a point or two, ihen ihcy conctiiJc 
the fnllt to the Icewaid of her course. \V hen 
one ship, uving chatc to another, it got as far 
into tile wind ai the, and railt diiecily tfier 
her, liiey say, the has gol into her wake. A 
thiji is laid in Slay to the weather of her wake, 
when, in her Maying, the is tu (inick, that ilie 
does not fall to keward upon a lack, but ilial 
when the it lacked, her wake ia to ilie Ic^ 
ward [ and it it a tipn the feels hei helm very 
well, and it quick of aleerafK. 

Wake i> the eve-fraii of the dedication ot 
ehutchei, which ia kept with feaiiinic and 
rural divei>iont, The Icmncd Mr. W biuker. 
in hit Hittoiy of Matici:*iiei. haij^iui a pit- 



WAKE. 

licular accmicit oFtbe ori^n of wiku and fairs, precedu! with vigils, anJ the cbiin:h-bBti6f 

He ob^rvrs, ihat evt^ry church M lit consccra- particuUrly to be Stuumlaaltd lix ihurcli vilt, 

lion leceiveil the numcofgmnepaiiiculjt saint: to religiously was the eve Bud fcsiiia) cf Ilw 

thii cuiiDui va» practised amnag ihe Koman patcOD uint observsd Tui many *kcs Ij tbe 

Britons, and coniinued among tbe Saxona ; Sasons, even ag late at ibe reign of Edgar, ihc 

nnd in tbe council of CealchytI.e, in eitf, the formerbciiig spent in thechuich, and taipln- 

naoie of ibe denominating saint was cxpccsitf ed iu prayer. And the waLe*, aod all W 

required \a be inscribed on tbe altars, und also other hobdays m the year, were put upon tbe 

on the walls of the church, or on a tablet ume fooiiiiK wlih ihe ocuvei of ChriiUsn. 

within It The ftusl of thii «aint became of Easter, and of Pentecost. When Gttptj 



tbe leiiiral of the church. 
Chriili.in fesiivsls were substituted 
room of tbe idolalious 
Ibenism : accordingly, ; 

lion of Christian ily Binone ibe Jutes of Keni, 
pojj. Gregory the Great advised what had been 
previ'iitely done among the Britons, viz- 
Christian leitivals to be inslitoted in (he room 
ftf the idolatrous, and ibe lofleriog day of the 
martyr, whose relics nere reposited in the 
church, or the day on which the buildi 



..jmended tbe fcsuvat of the pai 

advised the people lo erect bootbi rf 

of hea- branches about the church on the da; of tht 

tbe first intradiic- fesiivol, and to feusl *nd be meny in ihea 

with innocence. Accordingly, in every p»iiih, 

on the reluming anniversary of the Mint, bnlt 

paviliuns were construcied of bouglis, aod tbi 

people indulged in ibem to hosjiitality ud 

minh.- The feasiing of ihe saint's day, how 

ever, was soon abused ; and even in ine bo^ 

of the church, when the people were 



_.,jally dedicated, to be the establish ed feast bled for devoiion. they began to minJ 
of ihe pjiish. Both were appointed and ob- (ions, and lo introduce drinking. The gn«- 
•ervcd ; and ibey were clearly distinguished at iag inlemperance gradually stained the Mlritt 
first among Ihe Saxons, as appears from the of ibe vigil, till tbe festivity of it was cantertri, 
law* of the confessor, where the dits dedica- as it now is, inlo tbe rigour of a iittt. M 
Hems, or dedicalio, is repeatedly discriminated leneib they too jusilj scandaliied ihe PubUM 
froni tbe propria /eiticita) lancli, or ceUbratio of ihe last century, and number* of the mto 
sancti. They remained equally distiaci lo tbe were disused entirely, especially in ihe Ofl 
HefbmiBiion i ibe dedication day in 1536 and some WMiern parts ofEnglands bMlii) 
being ordered for ibe future lo be Kept on the are commonly observed in the uorlh, (MU 
GrsI Sundiiy in October, and the festival of ibe the midland cooniies. 

pairon sainl lo be cetebraieil no longer. Tile This custom of celebrity in the ntighlw* 
Utter was, by way of pre-eminence, denonii- hood of ilic church, on the days of «j 
naifd the ehufeh'j holiHay, or il^ prctiliar ticulat «int», was imroducHi into £i>^ 
fi;stival ; and while this remains in many from the contioenl, and must havcRq 
parisbes at present, the other is so utterly an- familiar equally to ihc Britons and !»»**! 
nibilsteil in all. I bat bishop Kennet (says Mr. being observed among (be churches of AiiaV 
Whitaker) knew noihing oi iu dislinet ei- ihe sixth century, and by those of Ilw wat«. 
isience, and hasailribuieirtoibedayordcdica- Europe in the seventh. And equally idAm. 
lion whal Is Irue only concerning the saint's and Europe on the continent, and in IM 
day. Thus inslituled at first, (be day of the islands, these celebriliei were (he cmW" 
tutelar saint was observed, most probably by those commercial marts which we de noW M* 
the Britons, and cerlainly by the Saxons, wiib fairs- The jieople resorred in crowds 10. Al 
gieal devotion. And the evening before every fesiival, and a considerable provision »odlk 
»jini'» day, in the Saxon-Jewiib method of wanted for their enlerTainmenl. "^^ J? 
reckoning the hours, being an actual hour of spect of interest invited ibc liiilc iradeit Oiw 
llie day. and therefore like ihiit appropriated country to come and offer their wirtSj M» 
to (be duties of public religion, as they reckon- thus, among the many pavilions for hotpitlRf 
ed Sunday from ihe first lo commence at tbe in the neigbbourhood of ihe church. ranM 
»un-aetiirSa(urdayi (he evenine preceding (he booths were creeled for tbe sale ofdiftntf 
church's holiday would be observed with all commodities. In Lirge towiu, surtounM 
Ihedevoiiun of ibe festival. The people aciu- with populous dislrlcb, tbe rtsoil of ^ 
ally repaired lo (he cburcb, and joined in the people to ihe wakes woidd be gieai, and" 
services of il ; and ihey thus spent tbe evening atleiidance of traders numerous ; andlbitl*' 
of ibeir nreatcr festivities in ibe nionasterits of sort and aiiendance cousiiiuie a fait.— BJ 
the nortti, as early as the conclusion of (be expressly nicntioni tbe numerous ap pf i nW 
seventh ceniury. of traders ai these fesiivuU in Asia, UidCi^ 

These services were naturally denominated ^i'lty notes the same custom to be cwniWB'' 
from their laic hours ivaccan or tfakti, and Europe. And as ihe festival was obsentaa 
vigils or evts. That of the anniversary at aferiuor holiday, ilruioralty assumed icitt» 
Rippon, as early as ihe commencement of tbe and as naturnlTy communicated to (be ^ 
cignth eenlnry, in expressly dmominaled ihe (he appellation ofXTio or fair. Indeed sn" 
vigil. But ihdt of ilie church's holiday was ofoiir most ancient fairs appear to hivf b^ 
.named cyric wieccan, or chureh-wake, Ihe usually held, and have been ciiotinufdMC 
church-vigil, or churcli.evc. And ii was lime, on (be original cbunrli-holidays <^^ 
this commeacemeiK of holh with a wake, places : besides, it is obier%-Bble that W 
which has DOW caused ibe days to be generally were generally kcpl in cburcbyatiJs, apilnM 



W A K 

tatha, and alw on Sundajg, till (Tie 
f ind wandal wtre so grral as lu 
mtAna. 

■oBtv. SceAKtiM. 
<\rit]ian>), wat born »l Bbndrord, 
re, l6a7. He WRE in 167s admUiol 
■chUTch, and brcamp prrachrr In (he 
n toeitXy. He wai ntxl drniity 
■he cloKI, and chaplain to Wijliam 
y, and (Oon sler canon or Chrisi- 
RCHK of Sl Jamci'i, WcstminHcr, 
jtetcr, bilhop of Lincoln 17OJ, and 
to Canterbuij 171G. He nu rn- 
cnnlrovenj' wiih AlWrbiiry with fe- 
he righti of convocAlion, txii ihougli 
' the clergy enirrtd tlie litii on both 
Stale of ilie Church and Clergy of 
ice. fnl. by Dr. Wake, was ibe 
inous and (atlifaclory performance 
ihieel. In other u-ntiiigt he ably 
I me church againU ilie |in[ii)1i, and 
ariihed 10 form an union belneen ihe 
of England and France, he wai in- 
timpnriJnz ihe righu of ihe 
edied at Lamht'lh, 1737. Uif- 
ilal woiki, he published a 
. of the Epiitlu of the a|iMi()lical 
8to.; Expmition of (he Church 
K. SeftnoM and Charges. 
iPIELI), a Irtwn in (he W. riding 
lire, wiih a market on Friday, Here 
tluTche*, and an ancient iione bridge 
;«Wer, on which BUard IV. ereci- 
Ml. in remembrance of ihnK whu 
livei in the t>a<t!e near ibis ul.ice, in 
1 1801 the inhabiianii of Wakefield 
. It has a trade in white cinibi aiid 
and it it n.ile> S.W. of York, and 
.W. of London. Lnn. I. 28 W. 
I N. 

nun (Gilbert}, averydistinguiihed 
ihoJar, wai lMriia(N<)iiin|;ham; and 
Km at Kingiton upon ThHUies, 
U Jeiui college, Cambridge. When 
locderi he obuioed SioeWpiiri euracv, 
and ncai ierii<iied lu Liverpool. He 
r chnrch in 1770 "> 'w <"">' in the 
academy at Wurrineion, and on iia 
I he removed 10 Hachney ciittrge. 
mcb Herolulion, which ei'gHgtd ibe 
itto many nicji who pnueueo warm 
■rirm heart*, w» loo interfiling nol 
le iilentiDn of Mr. Wakefield, who 
ThlH he wai drawn ffOn. the 
tuw of literature, in which he wa> 
•ti thine, into the boittriout regions 
t discutslon, where he loil hi> com- 
hi* character, and gained nnlhing. 
I Iroglh pfoiecuted by the al'omey- 
1 account of tome puiJECs contained 
a^idtcHed to the biilHip nf Landaff ; 
in conttquence, r-onfinr<l in Dor- 
d for iwoyeart. Hit ini]jriMinment 
I May, 1801 i and he rrinrncd 10 
dl of nojiet, and plant of future con- 
ihetc were never realized, as « tc- 
iled hit life the fullowinii Sirpiember, 
"bfEar. Hia principal publico 



colteclion of Laltn po?n 
noiet on Homer, 1776 — inquiry Into ih« 
opiuioni nf ihc chriiUan wriier^ of ihe three 
dnt ceniurirs ciinecrning ihe person of J. C. 
4 mlt. 810. — lylva criiica — a painnhlrl againtc 
public tvorthip, aniueri^d chiefly by distcnlett 
— irantlationoftheNdvTcilaii-enl.Srcli.Bvo. 
— IraftE'liiiuni Grzcarum deleciut, S vols. 
l?mo, — Lucmitiae<litcdK3 vols. 4lo. — Horace 
e<!ited, Sic fie also puUiihed memoin of 
his life in one Svo. volume, to which another 
voUime wat added by tonic Itiendi aficr hit 
ilciiih. His cootrovcrtial p<cce« are marked 
with ^rcat impeniotity, and undue wurmibt 
but in private life he wst amiable and uiias- 
luminit. We diiapjirove v«ty hiahly of both 
bis iKiJitical and bio theological principles ; fur 
he wai iienrly a republican and a decided soci- 
nian : but no difference of opinion can induce 
ui 10 wilhliold iiur tctiimony to hit moral 
worih. or ihe exttnl of hit clattical altiin- 
nienii there can be no doubij he was de- 
tervedlv reckoned one of the best Greek tcho* 
lartin'EnaUnd. 

WA'KI'FUL. a. Otakt and full.) Not 
tieeniiig; imil.mi fCta,l,a«J. 

WA°KKI-LLNKSS 



, Wai 



(from teak'fuL) 
nf sleep (Uacon). 7. Foibearanoe 

Sec VlGltAMCK- 



To WA'KEN. c. B. ffr 
wake ; to ceaie from sleep ) I 
ile-p/'Orurfrn;. 

/oWa'kkn. 

(Sprn'rrj. 



. I. To 






HI nction fReteomj. 



tince of Turkey in Europe, 88S miles long 
«>id ISS broadj bounded on ibe N. by Mol- 
davia and Transylvania, on ihe E. and S. by 
■he river Dinube. and on ilie W. by Trantvl- 
lania. It abouodi in Kood horMt and catile, 
hat mines nf leveral kinds, and produces wine, 
oil. and all manner of European fruil*. It 
was ceded 10 ihe Turks bv the treaty of Bcl- 
fsradein 1739; and the innabiiauli arc chiefly 
of ihc Gieck church. Tergovitia, or Tervit, 



1 the ' 



pitnl. 



WALCKEREN. an island of the United 
Provinces, the principal one of Zealand 
Ii is separated from ihc iaiands of N. and S. 
Hevelanil. by a narrow channel ; and from 
Dutch Flnnders by the mouth of the Scheld ; 
being bounded on the oilier sides by ihe Gcr> 
■nan oocun. It ii nine miles long and eight 
broad, and lieing low is subject to inundations, 
hui bos ftood arabk and ptilurc lindt. Tlie 
capilfii of this i'land, and of the wliole nto- 
vinee. is MiddM>ui^. 

WaLCOUH, a town of ihe Ausitiau Xe- 
thcrloiid*, in ihe county of Namur, belwren 
the Meuse and Sambn-. In 1616 ii was 
entirely deslroved by fire. 'I'hc French al- 
lempted t» lake il in l6st). bul were deleaied, 
and compelled 10 retire with stttt loti, bv the 
Prince of Waldeek. Ii it witrd on ilie Hnira. 
IC milet S. of Charlcioy. and 8? S.W. of 
Namur. Lon. 4. 30 E. L^i. 50. 10 N. 

WALDECK, a principititj of Gcruuo;, 



W A L W A L 

in the ctrele of Upper Rhine, 30 miki long Caidipat Carmarthni, O hiMitgim , Fob 
and 20 broad ; bounded on the £. an4 S. by broket and Radnor, in 8. Wakt. It h th 
Hesse-CaMcl, and on the W. and N. by West- countty to which the ancient Britona Bti 
phalia. It it a mountainous country, covered when Great Britain was invaded bv tht 
with woods ; and has min^ of iron, copper, Saxons. They are now called Wdsh« and eon- 
quicksilver, and alum. tinue to preserve their own langoage. They 

Waldbck, a town of Germany, capital were long governed by indepoMleni king^ 

of a principality of the same name, with a till in the reign of Edward I, ibeir lm>t prinee^ 

castle, seated on the Stdnbach, S5 miles Llewdlin, being vanquished and slain in th» 

W.S.W. of Caasel. JLon. 9. 4 £. Lat. 51. year 1S83, the country was united to En|^ 

10 N. The natives submittea to the English dominisa 

WALDEN, a town of Essex, commonly with extreme ndoctance ; and Edwanl, at s 

called Saffron Walden, with a market on conciliatory means, nromised to ^ive tbcoi ftr 

&turclays, and two fairs, on Midlent Saturday their prince a Welsnman'^ by birth, and oos 

lor horses, and November 1st for cows. It is who ^idd speak no other laiigiuge. Hm 

remarkable for the plenty of saffron that grows notice being received with joy, he invoiol ia 

about it This town was incorporated by the principality his second sou, Edward, tbci 

Edward VI. and is governed by a mayor and an infant, yrho had been bom at CarnsivQa. 

S4 aldermen. It is 97 miles N.W.byN. of The death of his eldest son, Alphonso."^ 







Chelmsford, and 43 N.E. of London. Lon. 0. ing soon after, young Edwanl became hear aki 
fO. £. Lat. 58. 4 N. of^the English monarchy, and united bsih 



WALDENBURG, a town of Upper nations under one government ; but some ip 

Saxony, situate on Uie Muldau. The old elapsed, before the animosity which had mg 

town of Waldenburg, which is directly op- subsisted between them was totally extin^iHli- 

posite it on the other side qf the Muldau, is ed« From the time of Edward ll, theddat. 

nmous for its brown and white earthen ware, son of the king of England has alwagfs bsA 

It is nine miles N. of Zwickau, and 44 W.of created prince of Wales. The. countiy ii 

Dresden. Lon. 18. 30 E. Lat, 50. 49 N. mounuiuous, but not barren, produciM aH 

WALDENSES. See Vaudois. the necessaries of life; the cattle and ttffp. 

WALDSTEINIA, in bouny, a genus of are numerous, but small, and it is particohilf 

the class icotandria, order digynia. Calyx famous for goats. It is watered by many liven, 

ten-cleft, every other segment less ; peub the principal of which, and other paiticibi^ 

five ; SMsds two, obovate. One species, a are noted in the different counties, 
native of Hungaiy, with five-iobed hairy Walbs rNew North and Sooth), a lufB 

root-leaves, and yellow flowers. country of New Britain, Iving W. and S,w. 

WALE. #. (pel. Sax. a web.) A rising of Hudson bay, and liule known* See Bri- 

part in the surface of cloth. tain (New). 

Walb, or Walbs, in a ship, those outer- Wales (New Sdiuh). U also a nameprtn 

most timbers in a ship*s side, on which the to the £. coast of New Holland. See jS'ev 

sailors set their feet in climbing up. They Holland. 

are reckoned from the water, and are called Wales (William), a rcspecuble mathtou- 

her first, second, and third wale, or bend. tician, who accompanied Cook in his fint 

Wale knot, a round knot or knob made voyage round the world, as astronomer, ao4 

with three strands of a rope, so that it cannot was recouiniended to the place of mathcDiau- 

slip, by which the tacks, top-sail bheets, and cal master at Chribi's hospital. He was an- 

stoppers are made fast, as also some other thor of account of astronomical observations is 

ro])es. the southern hemisphere, 4io. — remarks w 

Walb reared, on board a ship.a name the Foster*^ account of C*ook*s voyage— enauirt 

seamen give to a ship, which, after she comes into the popiilaiion of England and \Viic»— 

to her bearing, is built straight up. This way Robertson's elements of navigation improved 

of building, though it does not l(K)k well, nor <— an essay on finding the hmgitude by linl^ 

is, as the seamen term it, ship-shapen ; yet it keepers, &c. and died in 1701I* 
has this advantage, that a ship ia thereby more To W A LK. v, a. (tralen^ German ; peatcao, 

roomy within board, and becomes thereby a Saxon, to roll;) I . To move by leisurely steps 

wholesome ship at sea, especially if her bearing so that one foot is set down before the other a 

be well laid out. taken up (Clarendon), 2. It is used io the 

WALES, a principality in theW. of Eng- ceremonious language of invitation, for esse 

land, 120 miles long and 80 broad ; bound^ or go {Shaks,), 3. To move for exercise sr 

on the N. by the irish sea, W. by that sea amusement (Shah.). 4. To move the slowest 

and St. George channel, S. by the Bristol pace : not to trot, ^llop, or amble. Appli<<l 

channel, and £. by the counties of Chester, to a horse. 5- To appear as a spectre (Daviei)* 

Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It contains 6. To act on any occasion (Ben Jtiuss). 

5,200,000 acres, and the number of inhabitants 7. To be in motion (Spenser). 8. To act in 

in 1801 was 541,546. See Population, sleep (Shaks.). g. To range; to be siirriag 

It is divided into North and South Wales, (Skaks,). 10. To move ofl'; to depart (5/)(a.). 

each containing six counties; nametv. Angle- 11. To act in any particular manner: as, is 

aey, C^amanron, Denbish, Flint, Merioneth, walk uprightly {Mtcah)^ 12. To infd 

tad Moutgooiery, in N. Wales; Brecknock, {Deuieronomi^). 



W A L 

7 AUK. «. a,' 1. To pass through 
I. f . To lead oat for the sake of air or 

» 

C s. (from the verb.) I. Act of 
for air or exercise {Pope). 2, Gait ; 
UDOcr of moving {Dryden), 3. A 
f space, or circuit, through which one 
Ifti/oJi). 4. Au avenue set with trees 
I. 6. Way $ road ; range ; place of 
M^iSandift). 6. Region ; space (Rey.). 
f, Latin.) A fish {Ains,). 8. fraik 
iwest or least raised pace or going of a 
bfTter'j Did.). 

.KER. 1. One that walks {Swift). 
.K£R.\, in botany, a genus of the 
Qtandria, order monogynia. Calyx 
!d, inferior; corol i\ve-petalled ^ 
ve- seeded; not kidney-shaped. One 
iQ East-Indian shrub, with alternate, 
serrate leaves ; terminal corymbs ; 
llowish flowers, without smell. 
.KIN GST A FF. s. A stick which a 
b to support him in walking {Glan.). 
L. s. {ufall, Welsh ; vallum^ Latin ; 
on ; waiie, Dutch.) I. A series of 
stone carried upward, and cemerited 
rtar; the side of a buildini; {fydilon). 
ication; works built for defence: 
ly in the plural {SItaks.). 3. To lake 
L. • To take the upper place ; not to 
e {Prior). 

VLL. V. a. (from the noun.) 1. To 
i'ith walls {Dryden). 2. To defend 
{Bacon). 

-BYES, in a horse, are those in 
le iris is of a very light grey colour. 
* not deemed handsome ; but Gibson 
t hories which have wall eyes are 
good. 

LACE (Sir William), a famous 
I of Scotland in the reign of Baliol, 
at kinzdom was over-run by the 
he had been obliged to abscond for 
lin an English nobleman, but return- 
a number of aealous followers, was 
.tl regent, or viceroy for Baliol, and 
prodigious slaughter and numerous 
( among the English; he made an 
to England, and returned laden with 
flomuch that he excited the tt\\y of 
iiy, who gave out that he had designs 
! Scottish crown. King Edward, in 
on with many of those Scots who 
enmity to Wallace, gave him battle 
tied him ; whereupon he dismissed 
aift of his army, laid aside the title 
1, but still infested the English with 
riies. He was, however, at length 
into the hands of the English, and 
ly executed by Edward's order, and 
I bung up' Tn the most conspicuous 
LnndofT and Scotland. 
LAJAPKTTA, a town of Hindus- 
le Carnatic, which is regularly built, 
ttlous. Almost the whole of the 
ween the country above the Gauts 
leaooast centres here. It is seated on 



W A L 

the N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opposite 
Arcot, ^ miles W. byS. of Madras. 

WALLENIA, in botany, a genus of the 
class tetrandria, order monogynia. Calyx four* 
cleft, inferior; corol tubular, fourclef^; 
berry one-seeded. One species, a West- 
Indtan tree, with alternate, thick, polished 
leaves, white flowers^, and a reddish calyx. 

WALLENSTADT, a town of Swisscr- 
land, incorporated into the bailiwic of Sar« 
gans, but enjoying many distinct privileges, 
it is a great thoroughfare for merchandise pass- 
ing from Germany, through the country of 
the Grisons, to Italy. It stands at the £. 
end of a lake of the same name, nine miles 
W. of Sargans, and 16 N.W. of Coire. 

Wallbnstadt, a lake of Swisserland, 
10 miles long and two broad, bounded by 
high mountains, except to the £. and W. On 
the sid^of the cauion of Glarus, the moun- 
tains are chiefly cuhivated, and studded with 
small villages ; on the other side, for the most 
part, the rocks are craggy and perpendicular. 
Through this lake flows the Mat, which soon 
after joins the Linth, and forms the river 
Li m mat. 

Waller (Edmund), an English poet, bom 
1625, at Colc'shill near Amersham. He was 
Educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
bridge, and was chosen, when scarce seventeen, 
member for Ameriiham, in the last parliament 
of James I. He l>ecame early known to the 
public by carrying off a rich heiress against a 
rival, whose pretensions were espoused by the 
court ; but his happiness was of such short 
duration that he was a widower at S5. Though 
noticed and flattered on account of his wit and 
vivacity, he did not neglect the muses, but 
imbibed a deep taste for the lieauties of ancient 
writers. In his parliamentary conduct he 
opposed the measures of the court, and in the 
impeachment of judge Crawley, he spoke with 
such eloquence that S^0,000 copies of his 
speech were sold in one day. He was in l649 
one of the commissioners from the parliainent 
to the king at Oxford, but the following year 
he was accused of a conspiracy to reduce Lon- 
don, and the Tower. In this he was assisted 
by some members of parliament and others; 
but though they were condemned to death, 
only two were hanged, and Waller purchased 
his life, after one year*s imprisonment, by a 
heavy fine of 10,000/. After this he retired 
to France, and lived chiefly at Rouen, and on 
his return he paid his court to the men in 
power, and became a favourite with Cromwell. 
So great was the versatility of his talents, that 
after being in confidence with the usurper, he 
became the favourite of the second Charles. 
He continued also in the good sraces of 
James I L ; but died of a dropsy at lieacons- 
fleld, 1st Oct. 1687. In his character. Waller 
was agreeable, his discourse was admired for 
its vivacity, and in the House of Commons hb 
speeches were heard with unusual attention, 
not only from the elesance of his delivery> but 
the force of hb wit. Though oourted as a man 



W A L W A L 

of the world, he was in other respects, ttys him, and he opened his lectarcs there tlie 
Clarendon, of an abject temper, without same year. In l663, he published, in Latio, 
courage to support him in an^ virtuous under- a Grammar of the English Tongue, for the 
taking, and ot itie most insinnaiing flattery, use of foreigners ; to which was udcd a tract 
The viriilcT.ce which he showed in joining the De Loqueb sea Sonorum formationc, Ae. 
pcrsf^cution of Ciareiutoa is not free from in which he considers philosophically tbe 
censure, and though he lost by his means the formation of all sounds used in articolaic 
office of provost of Eton, he ought to have speech, and shows how the organs being pat 
shrunk from the appearance of an accuser into certain positions, and the breath poshd 
against him. As a poet, Waller is entitled to out from the lungs, the person will tn« be 
the highest praise. He may be called the made to speak, whether he hear himself or iMt 
parent of Engli-h v^'tbc^ anu the first who Pursuing these reflections, he was M • 
shewed us thai our language had beauty and think it possible, that a deaf person might k 
numbers. The Eiiglish tongue came into taught to speak, by being directed so to 
his hands like a rough diamond, he polished it apply the organs of speech, as the soond of 
first, and to that degree, that all succeeding each letter rrouired, which children learn hj 
artists have admir^ the workntanship, while imitation ana frequent attempts rather dM 
few iiave attempted to mend it by art. 

WA'LLET. 5. (f^allian, to travel, Saxon.) In l667, he collected and published bii 
1. A bag, in which the necessaries of a tra- mathematical works, in two parts, entided, 
veller are put ; a knapsack (//i/</f.to)0. 2. Any Mathesis Universalis, in quarto; and, is 
thiiij; jmituhr.in. and RwajT^^in^ (jS//{iA:i.). l658, Comniercium Epistolicum de Qno- 

WA'LLFLOWER. s. a species of stock- tionibus quibusdam Maihematicis nuper b* 
gilliflttwer. bitum, in quarto; which was a eollcctios 

NVa'LLFRUIT. s. Fruit which, to be of letters written by many learned men, ■ 
ripeiud, must be planted against a wall loM Bronnker, sir Kenelm I)igby, Fcnsat, 
{Mortimer). Schnoten, Wallis, and others. 

\V/\LLlNGFORD, a borough in Berk- Upon the Restoration he met with pest 
shire, %\iih a market on Tuefiday and Friday, resfH^ct ; the kingjthinking favourably of hin 
and ci great trade in corn and malt. It was on account of some servicer he had done bodi 
once surrniiaded by a wall, and had a castle, to himself and his father, Charles I. He wis, 
nov/dcniolished : aijd con.- ist^ of four parishes, therefore, confirmed in his places, also sd- 
but has onU one citurcn ttow* in use. It is mitted one of the king's chaplains in ordioirj, 
scaled on the Thim-s, over which is a stone and iippointcd one of the di\incscmpofi-eitdlo 
bridge, U njiles N.W. of Reading, and 46 revise tlie Book oi Common Prayer. Hcvis 
\V. uf !.•:;■ !o:i. a very useful member of the Uoyal Societr, 

VVALl-lS^Dr. John), a celebrated mathe- and kept up a literary correspondence with 
matl'-ian, v, ;»<i bovn ;'t A-hionl, in Kent, in many learned men. 

l()l<i, Ml'' cd. r.iud at ( -I'v.bri.lpe. In 1(>40 In*lf)7(>. lie pi.I>li>hed h'» Mechania; 
hf It -iNf;! hols (<nlei<, und was chosen kllow j^ivc dc Motn, quarto. In i()76, he pa^ean 
of y-i' rii.^ C('!!('^'0. lie kvpl his fell()\v«;hip till edition of Archuneriis Syracu>ani Arenario* 
it 'Art. x,'«Mi( (I Ji\ MJ- :".arrn;xe, but quitted his ct Dinunsio Circuli ; and, in l662, ^ 
cr-.iiv** 'O ^x cliAi'Lin to sir Ilichard Darley: published from ihe mann^npts, ClaoHii 
after;. yedr-,cni in thi? siiuation, he «pcnt Ftnkmai Opus Knnnonicum, in Gitfk, 
two more ;.> chaj l;iiii to lady Vere. While with .i Latin vcr-ion and notes ;^ to vhirh 
he iivfd i*. this t::nil'iy he culiivait.d the art of he after ward* added. Appendix de veteniit 
dfciphenng, whicn provetl very useful to him Harmotiica ad liodiernam coiiiparata. 6rc. 
on scvtrral ^cca^ions : he met with rewards In liiH/), he published his History ind 
aiid ireftTment from the covcrnment at home Practice of Algebra, in folio; a i^-ork dul 
for oecijiicring letters f«.r ilie»n ; and it is said, is full of learned and useful matter. Besido 
that ihc «'l»'Cinr ef Hrandcnhurg sent him a the works above mentioned, he published msnt 
gold chain and medal, for explaining for him others, particularly his Arithmetic of In- 
some letters wriiien in ciphers. finites, a book of genius and good invrntioOf 
Academical studies benip much interrupted and perhaps almost his only work that is «, 
by the civil wars in both the universities, for he was much moredibtinguishetl for hi^itJ- 
rofiny learned men from them resorted to Lon- du^try and judgment than for hi^ i^nio*- 
don, and firmed assentb'.ies there. Wallis Also a multitude of papers in the Philnylii- 
beU'i.Ktd to one of ihcse, the members of cal Transaci ions, in almost every volume, irom 
which met once a vvi'ek. to discourse on philo- the first lo the twenty-fifih volume, 
soph ical matters ; an<l this s'Ticiy wns the rise In l6()7, the curators of" the oniverwtf 
and bcfiinnmg of that wliich was nfierwards press at Oxford thonpht it for the honour «» 
iucor}M>rHted by the name of the Royal Society, the university to collect the doctor's madie- 
of which Wailis was one of the most early matiral works, which had been printed sefW- 
mcmbers. raielv. some in I^tin, some in English, ^^ 
Thi Savilian professor of geometry at Ox- pnl lishcd them all together in tnc LiW» 
ford hein^eiected by the parliamentary visitors, torigue, in three volumes, folio, 1699. 
in 1()49, WalUs was appointed lo sucoced Dr. Wallis died at Oxford the Wth ^ 



tuber, "17*3, in tlw eiplity-cig^ih ynir of ide nnha] nfRces of chmtMllor of die «(« 

age, k»ti>^ behind hnu ore ion and Iwo r heqiter and fit" lord of iht Ircasniy. From 

■^Mn. \\t >r* lold, rliat he was of a his cotiducl in thuie siiuatinni, he hai bnn 

jORKu coDsiiuiiion, and of ■ mind which called ihe (allici of CDiTii|iiifln ; and it laid lo 

aurnnp, csliii.iFivne, and not Fuiljmffled hni'c boasted that he knew every man's |itiee. 

durampmcd. He fgicaks of himself, in He wa> either niiitakcii in hii ttutriion, or h^ 

I leiiei lo Mr. Smith, in > «irain which had not the means of pnrchaiing, as it ii|ipear- 

nn htm lo hove liceii a vFry cau lions and ed «K>n after; for in 1T4! tneop|>Dslii<in pie- 

udaii ninn, whatever his secret opinions vailed oret him, and he w^s compelled to re- 

d iiuu-hnicnls might be. He concludes : sign all his places. To screen hiiD from all 

b haiii bmi my mdem-our att alonp, lo fi<r<hcr reeentmeni of the cnmmoni, he wu 

I by oioderala pniieiples, being willing, created carl of Otford, and graiiiied with a. 



hutrerside wa« iippcrniosl, lo ptu mote any pension of 4000/. n-year. He lived, however, 

oddeugn, for ilie true interest of reli^on, but liille more than two ye;in to enjoy these 

mitig. >nd of the public piocl." honours, for he died in 174s- He wrote 



MrALLOONS. ■ name formerly given to several poliric.-il pamplilels in ihe early pnti of 

It intubiianls of a onniiderable |>att of the his life. In the latter part of it he had too 

noclt atxl Autirian Netlierlands, .ib Artois, many venial pens at his command lo need the 

biMiih, Namur, LuscmbuT^, and a pail of use nf hts own. 
hnden and Brabant. Walpole (Horace), third and youngest 

Tf WA'LLOf. I. n. (pealan, to boil, »on nf ihepre<^iag, by his lady, the daugntei: 

aaa.) To Iwil. of John Jihnrier, esq. after wnnse deaih he 

7* WA'LI^W. D. n. iwalagan, Gothic ; married Marv Skercol, who bore him an onty 

■liean, S.»xnu.) I. To mo\e heavily and daughter, laily Mary Walpolc (aflrrwardii Ldy 

Inwily IMiltim). 2. To roll himself in MaT7Churehill). Mr. \Val|*le was sent 10 

life, nr any thing filthy {Knotlts'). 3. To Eton tchnol at the age of fiiuneen, where he 

Ikib any stale of filth nt gross vice (^orrfA). formed an inlimalc acrjwiintance with Gray, 

Wa'u.ow. (. U'mm the verb.) A kind of ihe t<oel. They both went in Cambridge to* 

ollltig wslk iDrvdm). celher in the year 17>4. — Mr. Walimle was of 

WALNEY, an island of England, on the King* eolleee : on ilie founder ol which. *i(, 

MMI of |^ncashiT«. It it nine miles long Henry VI. he wrote those vene* which, as • I 

■iOM broud, and trrtes as a hiilwiirk In the (ir^t produclion, miglil well liedeemefl no un> ] 

mdnd of Furiieis, against the waves of the favourable presage of fulure ujeni. — They are 

Wdi»(«, dated February, 1738. In ihe same )(at, har- 

VALNUTTRGE. See JifciARE. ing Just attained to maj.^ily, be was appoioieil 

WALPO, a lowu ofSclavonia, cupilat of a insp«clor-^neral of exports and imjiotu. a 

mniyof ihrninenanie. with a castle. It place which he exchanged for the sinecure 

*MHtil on ihe river Walpo, 20 miles W. of office or usher of the exchequer, worth near 

Back, ind 1 10 S. of Buda. Lon. ig. ss E. three thousand pounds a^ar ; and as hi) fa- 

U.46. :)5 N. thcrwaistill in the meridian of power, other 

WALPOLE, a lown of New Hampshire, favours were luccessivctv conferred oa him, 

■■ClMahireeouniv,!^!^! on iheCnnneciicui, to as 10 make his annual income above four 

^t»iki N. by W. of Kecne, and 108 W. of ihotisand pounds. The next year he set out 

^nmwiith. on a tuur 10 Prance and lulv, accomuanied by 

A'alfolc (Sir Robert), ifierwardi earl Gny, his hitherlo iiispparuble friend. They, 

■fOrfard, was bom at Houzhion in Norfolk, however, fell out at Rt^gio, on their rtlura 

11I874. In 17OU he was chosen member of bom c in i;4l. Altheend of the same ycat 

IlihHMal for King's Lynn, which he tepre- Mr. Walpote look aieai in thcHouteufC^im' [ 

txttd in arTeral lucceeding parliaments. In niont, for ihe honnigh of Callinglon, in Coni- I 

1701 br was made seeteiaiy at war, and in wall : and in Maich 1742 made an animated 

Mg tiMfUKr «f the navy. Upon the etianpe speech in defence of his father's conduei, a 

I* tolnidiy, he was rrmovea from all his commitlee of secreev bcingmoved fnr In order 

^'•Wi and in 171 1 the commons vuleil him 10 enquire into it — ^le appears 10 have eniet' 

pKllJ of tiolarious roiTtiplions in his office of talned no flattering npinion uf his own abilhie* 

^*nty ■! war, and reiolved that he should as an nraior, as although he was clinsen for 

Keammitted to the Tower, and explW the Ca>.tlc Rising in 174?, and for King's Lynn in 

"Kw, The wliigs, however, csnoosed hii t7M, and a^in in 1701, he wai never known 

*<ne, and by their influence had him re- in all that tirne to do mire Ihan aive his silent 

"■tteo (br ihe borough of Lynn. The house voir. ThccliMC of ihti lasi parli-unent put an 

'CltTcd his election void ; but his consliliienls end to hii political career 1 and on this ncca- 

*d friends periiiti-d in their chnice, and he sion the Idler he wrote to the mayor iif LyilQ A 

" in the next parliament Ji He was appoinied contained a passage which will iiul be fnrgmieo',! 

*7iBwtet-geaertl of the forces, and a privy while anyone li-es who knew his father ■» 1 

^wlloi, on the acce-sion of George 1. but well as himself. In offering the reason which 1 

' two yvars after he leaigtird, and opposed made him decline 10 be a candidate again, be 1 

•« ministry ( and in iwo years was again jays, "an expensive conteji maybe expeob> J 

'^'t faymaster. Soon after ihi^ he rose to a ed from ministerini corruption ;" and odd^ 

hMM mioislet had ever iitiainfd, holding ■■ which must etid in the ruin of the '" 



I 



W A L W A L 

Uon and the country." But though his poll- WALSINGHAM, a tovm in Norfolk, widi 

tical occupation ended here, his political^ a market on Friday. It is famous for the num 

opinions were a^ked and given freely ihrougb- of a monastery, which had a shrine of ikc 

out his life. These were most frequently ex- Virgin, almost as much frequented as that of 

crcised upon the French revolution, which he Thomas Becket at Canterbuiv. Among thoe 

condemned throughout. Hv professed at all ruins are two unco\'ered wells, one of wfaidi 

times a hatred to democracy ; and the decree is called the Viigin Mary*ft or the Holy Well, 

for the abolition of nohility taking place at the Walsins^ham i« 25 miles N.W. of Norwich, 

moment of his accession to a peerage, could and II6N.N.E. of London. Lon. 0. 63 E 

Dot fail to increase his enuiity to it. A few Lat. 52. 56. N. 

years before he retired from parliament, he WALTHAM, or Bishop's Waltrav, 

fitted up a tenement at Strawberry-hill, near a town in Hampshire, with a market on 

Twickenham, in a goihic sule, where he Friday. It obtained this last name from a 

opened a priuiing'pres6 i the first works from palace of the bisUop of Winchester, once sits- 

which were the two majestic odes of the ate here ; and here are the ruina oJP an abbe^, 

British Pindar, with whom he had renewed called by the country people, the Bishop's 

his acquaintance and friendship. His Catalogue Abbey. The statute 9 George I, commoaif 

of Royal and Noble Authors was among the called the Waltham Black Act, was occaaioii- 

other productions of his private press, a cata- ed by a party of the inhabitants of this town, 

logue of which has been printed in the Appen- who had retired to a recluse dell in the Nnr 

dix to the Walpoliana. Mr. Walpole*s poetry Forest, whence, being in disguise, or vith 

{us may be observed in his fugitive pieces) has their faces blacked, they issued in the nickt, 

little to recommend it, but elegant turns of ex- committing great depredations, killing deer, 

pression. His Castle of Otranto has been sheep, &c. for their subsistence. Hence tkcf 

considered as a proof that he possessed one of were called the Waltham Blacks. The place 

the qualifications of both painter and poet. It of their retreat was accessible only by a»b- 

18 a romance which paints the fancy of Salva- terranean passage : they dressed lifce fomifn, 

tor Rosa. In treating on antiquarian subjects, and the crossbow was their weapon. Tbey 

JAt. Walpolc was greatly deficient as to accu- were dispersed, at last, by the activity m 

racy, the proofs of which are to be found in the neignbouring gentlemen. Waltham ii 

his Historic Doubts concerning Richard III. eight miles S. of Winchester, and (i5 

Mr. Wal|)ole is to be admired principally for W. byS. of London. Lou. 1. 20 W. Lat.5(K 

bis ease and eloquence of language, with now 57 N. 

and then striking and sublime expressions. Waltham Abbey, or Waltham HoiT 

He appears to most advantage in the epis- Cross, a town in Essex, with a market ea 

tolary dress, as his Letters e\ince. The Tuesday. It received its second appellaiioa 

Mysterious Mother, and the Anecdotes of from a holy cross, pretended to have been flii- 

Faulting in England, arc cslecmefl as his raculously conveyed here; and it obtained in 

chief works ; though the latter is not ex- first name from a magnificent abbey, founded 

empt from chronological errors. In 177O he in hondur of this cross, by king Harold, some 

produced his Essay on Modern Gardening; fragments of which rcmam. Harold, and his 

and this is the lust employment his pen intend- two brothers, afier the battle of Hastings 

cd for the press. Mr. Walpole has been were interred here. A plain stone is said H> 

blamed by many for the unhappy fate of Chat- have been laid over him, with this incriptioo, 

terton, the poet. His friends, however, fully Haroldus Infelix ; and a stone coffin, suppos- 

defend his conduct; while those of both agree, ed to have been his, was discox'ered in the 

that an artist of any kind, following Mr. VVal- reign of Elizabeth. At Waltham Abbey are 

pole as a patron, must certainly have lost his some gunpowder mills, and some manutactatft 

way. Upon the death of his nephew^ the of printed linens and pins. It is seated on the 

carl of Orford, in 179I, Mr. Waljyole, then river Lea. which here forms several iilandf, 

in the 74th year of his age, succeeded to the 12 miles N. by E. of London. Lon. 0.3 E- 

title, which at his death On the 2d of March, Lat. 51. 42 N. 

1797, became extinct; the estate of Houghton Waltham Cross, or West Wal- 

thcreby devolving to the present carl Choimon- th am, a village in Hertfonlshire, which tik^ 

delcy (^ffl^/iiwj). iis first appellation from a cross erected bef« 

WALRUS, in zoology. SeeTRicHF.cus. by I'xlward I, in honour of his queen Eleanor; 

WALSALL, a corporate town in Stafford- and has its second name from its situation " • 

shire, with a market on Tuesday and Fri<lay. of Waltham Abbey. It is scaled near ibc 

It has several manufactures in iron, such as river Lea, 12 miles N. by E. of London, 

nails, bridlcbits, stirrups, spurs, buckles, &c. Waltham on the Would, a towom 

and is governed by a mayor. It is seated on Leicestershire, with a market on ThursM^. 

the side of a bill, 15 miles S. of Stafford, and almost disused. Uis IQ miles N.E. of L«* 

1 16 N.W. of London. Lon. J . 66 W. Lat. cesJer, and 1 13 N. by W. of London. Lon.O. 

52. 4i) N. 46 W. Lat. 52. 51 N. ., 

WALSIIAM (North), a town in Nor- WALTHAMSTOW, a considerable til- 
folk, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles E lege in Essex, adorned with handsome viWi 
of Norwich, and 123 N.N.E. of London, and seated near the river Lea, fire miles Nl^ 
Lon. 1. 31 E. LaL 52.40 N. of London. 



W A L WAN 

THERIA, in botany, a eenus of the and belored, and died l68S» a^ ahoVe go. 
nadclphia, order penuinrlria. Calyx .The best edition of his Angler is by sir John 

the outer lateral, three-leaved ; dccidu- Hawkins, and of his Lives is that by Zouch, in 

als £ve ; »tyle one ; capsule one-celled, 4to. 

ed, one-seeded. Six species, natives To WA'MBLE. v. n. (.wemmelen, Dntch.) 

•St Indies or Peru. To roll wiih nausea and sickness (L*£f/rangff). 

dlkiwing shrubs of this family are cul- < WAMPUM, the money used by the North 

American Indian;), li is made of a shell of a 

• Americana. American waliheria. particular species of testaceous worm called 

t high, bearing small yellow flowers in Venus ; and being strung together so as to form 

a zone or belt is much used in all their treaties 

Indica. Indian waltheria. Eight or as a symbol of friendship, 

high; flowers yellow, clustered, just WAN. a. (p'lnn. Sax) Pale» as with sick* 

out of their soft yellow calyxes. ness : languid of look {Suckling). 

angustifulia. Narrow- leaved waltheria. VV^an, far toon, the old preterit of win 

Ten feet high, with small yellow flow- (Spenser), 

Hind clusters, standing u|:ou short pe* WAND. i. (vaand, Danish.) 1. A small 

A native of India. stick or twig; a long rod {Bacon), 2. Anystaft 

.TON (Brian), the learned editor of of authority, or use {Sidneif), 3. A charming 

^glott Bible, was born at Cleaveland, rod (Miiion). 

re, l600. He studied at Magdalen To WA^NDER. v. n. (pinbHian, Saxon; 

and afterwards at Peterhouse, Cam- tcandelen, Dutch.; 1. Tu rove; to ramble 

ind became rector of St. Martinis Or- here and there.; to go without any certain 

idon, and of Sandon, Essex. He was course {Shakspeare) . 2, To deviate; to go 

iplain to the king, and i)rcbcndary of astray {PsalfHS), 

*s. Hisactivity in defending the rights To Wander, v. a. To travel over, with« 

hurch rendered him obnoxious to the out a certain course {Milton), 

rians, so that he was accused before VVA^NDEREH. jr. {Uqiu wander,) Rover; 

!nt as a great delinquent. He escaped rambler (B(*n Jonson), 

pd, where he was incorporated in 1645, WA^NDERING. «. (from wander,) 1. 
're he formed the noble scheme for his , Uncertain pcreerination {Addiwn). 2. Aber* 
It Bible. This laborious publication ration ; ini:itaken way {Detay of Piety). 3. 
ipleted in the midst of persecution and Uncertainty ; want of being hxrd {Law), 
war, and made its appearance in l657f WANDERU, in zoology. See Si Mi a. 
ols. folio, exhibiting the text in the WANDSWORTH, a large village in Surry, 
, Syriac, Chaldee, Samaritan, Arabic, seated on the Wandle, near its confluence with 
ic, Persic, Greek, and Latin languages, the Thames, 6ve miles W.S.W« of London, 
liutors in collating various copies, were At the close of the last centurv, many French 
r Castell, Samuel Clarke, Thomas refugees settled here, and estaolished a French 
Edward Pococke, Whelock, Thorn- church, which is now a meeting for the me- 
d others. F'or his services Walton was thodists. The dying of cloth has been prac- 
aplain tothekinit, and bishop of Ches- tiscd here for more than a century; there are 
is reception in his diocese, in the midst also manufactures for boltiuK clotfi, the print- 
xbmationsof ihous:*ndsof i)eople, was ing of calicoes and ker^evme^e8, and the 
tiering to his virtues; but alus ! he died whitening and pressing of >tiifls ; with oil, iron, 
eturri Xti London, at his house. Alders- and whitelead mills, vinegar works, and distil- 
xt, 1661. He published besides. In- leries. Here is a quaker's mceting-hoose, arid 
9 ad Lectionem Linguanim Oriental, two schools for children of that persuasioo. 
in able Defence of his Bible, &c. The tower of ihe church is ancient, but the 
TOjr (Izaak), was born at Suflbrd, church itself U a modern structure. In Garret- 
He for some time kept a shop in the lane, in this parish, is a mock electioti, after 
Exchange, and in Fleet-street, and re- every general eleci ion of parliament, of a mayor 
tb a comforiable competency. He was of Garret; to which Mr. Foote*s dramatic 
I to angling, and published a most va- piece of that name gave ho small celebrity, 
treatise on his favourite amuiement. To WANE, v, n, (puiiin, to grow le#i,^ 
lie complete Angler ; or. The contem- Saxon.) 1. To grow less ; to decrease {Hake^ 
Man's Recreation, l653, in ISmo. will), 9. To decline ; to sink (/?oire). 
tt, of which a fifth edition appeared in Wane. 1. (from the verb.) 1. Decrease of 
His time was afterwards employed in the moon {Bacon), 2, Decline; diminution; 
Dg accounts of the lives of several of his declension {Souik), 

and these exhibit a most pleasing pic- WANGEN, an imperial town of Suabia. 

the abilities of the author, and abound The inhabitants are papists, and carry on a 

iteicsting anecdotes of men eminent in great trade in paper and hardware. It is seated 

D talents, and in learning. Thecha- on the Overarg, 1? miles N.E. of Lindan, and 

mentioned are Dr. John Donne, sir 30 E. of Consunce. Lon. 9. 56 £. Lat. 47. 

IVottoD, Hooker, author of ecclcsiasti- 38 N . 

y, George Herbert, and bishop Sander- Wamoev, a town of Swisserland, capital of 

yalcoa lived to a good old age, retpectod the bailiwk of Wang^D, in Upper Argau. It 



WAN WAR 

it seated on the Aar, 10 miles £. ofSoletm* motion (Milion), 6. Loxuriant; taperflocmi 

ond S3 N.N.E. of Bern. Lon. 7> 30 E. Lat. (Milion), 7. Not regular ; iamcd fortuiiowlf 

47. lO N. {Milton), 

Wangbk, a town of France, in the depart- Wa'ntok. #. 1. A lascirimis person; i 

tnentof Lower Rhine, seated on the side of a strumpet ; a whoremonger (Souih). 2. A tii* 

mountain, and surrounded by a wall. It is fler; an insisnificant flatterer {Shakspe§rt/)» 

eight miles N.W. of Strasburg. Lon. 7* ^-S £. 3. A word of slight endearment (Ben JofMn), 

Lat. 46. 38 N. To Wa'kton. v. n. (from the noun.) 1. 

WANGFRIED, a town of Germany, in the To play lasciviously (Prior) . 2. To revel ; to 

circle of Upper Kbineandprinci])ality of Hesse play (Fenlon). 3. To move nimbly tend im- 

Rhinfelsy situate on the Werra, 13 miles W. gularly. 

of Mulhauiteo, and 30 S.S.E. of Cassel. Lon. WA^NTONLY. ad. (from wanioit.) Latci* 

9. 58 £. Lat. 61. 5 N. viously; frolicsomely ; gayly » sportively ; cue- 

WANLEY (Nathaniel), riear of Trinity lessUr (Drvd^n). 

church, Coventry, was educated at Trinity col« WA'NTONNESS. «. (from teanton). I. 

lege, Cambridge, and died about I69O, author Lasciviousness ; lechery (Souih), S. Sportive- 

Ota curious book, called The Woi ders of the ness; frolic ; humour (Pope). 3. LicentioM- 

little World ; or, the History of Man. ness ; nealigence of restraint (JRng Chariet). 

Wawley (Huniplirey), son of the pre- WA'NIa/V'IT. s, (want and teit.) A fool; 

ceding, was born 1 67s ai Coventry. He prefer- an idiot (Shakspeare) . 

red literature to trade, and ent to Eomund \^'A'NTY. s. A broad girth of leather, by 

hall, Oxford, and afterwards to University col- which the load is bound upon the horie; 1 

lege. He obtained the office of 8e'*reiary to the surcin|>le {Tnsser), 

Society for propagating Christian Knowledge, WARPED, a. Dejected; crushed by miserf 

and became librarian to lord Oxford, and ar- (Shaktpeare), 

ranged the Harleian collection, and kept a cu- WAPENTAKE,* is the same with what we 

rious diary of every occurrence in which he was call a hundred; especially used in the nurtfa 

personally concerned. He made extracts from countries beyond the river Trent. The word 

the MSS. of the Bodleian, and promised a teems to be of Danish original, and to be to 

aopplement to Hyde's catalogue ofthe printed called for this reason : when 6rst this kingdoo, 
boolcy, 
search 




and faint-coloured (Shakspeare), stable, as soon as he entered upon his oflBcr, 

WANNESS. 5. (from i&oii.) Paleness; Ian- appeared in a field on a certain day on hofK- 

giior. back with a pike in his hand, and all the chief 

WANSTEAD, a village in Essex, on the men of the hundred met him there with their 

skirts of Epping Forest, distinguished for Wan- lances, and touched his pikt- ; which wa^asipi 

stead House, one of the most magnificent scats that they were firmly uniied to car^i other ty 

ill England. The church, rebuilt in 179O, is a tt»c touching their weapons. But sir 'i horwJ 

beautiful structure of Portland stone. It is six Smith pay^, that ancienllx muiters were irJtle 

miles N.E. of London. ofthe armour and we.ipon«i of the several inha- 

To WANT. I'. J. (pana, Saxon.) l.Tohe hitants of every waperuakc; and from th^jc 

without fomething fit or necessarv (Loc^e). 2. that coul<l not find sufficient pledges for thfir 

To be defective in something (Milton). 3. To good abearing, iheir weapons were lak^n aw»y 

fall short of; not to contain (Milton). 4. To and given to others ; from whence he (Icnvei 

be without; not to have {Dry den). 5. To the^ord. 

need; to have need of j to lack (Holdft). 6, WAR. j. (werre, old Dutch; g-M^r^, Fr.) 

To wish; to long; to desire (SAflA-Apearf). 1. The exercise of violence under ^merfio* 

To Want. v. n. 1. To be wanted; to be command against svithstandcrs (Balrtgh) 2. 

improperly absent (DenAam). 2. To fail; to The instruments of war, in poetical la ngnage 

be deficient (Milion). 3. To be missed ; to be (Prior), 5 Forces ; army. Poetically (*V'^' )• 

not had (Dry den). 4- The profession of arms (Wisdom). 5. H»" 

Want. 5. J. Need (Afi7/on). 2. Deficien- tility ; state of opposition ; act of opposiii^^n 

cy (Addison). 3. The state of not having (Shakspeare). 

{Pope). 4. Poverty ; penury; indigence (Sw.), To War. v. n. (from the noun.) To tcikc 

5. (pant), Saxon.) A mole (Heylin). war; to be in a state of hostility (Timothy)' 

WANTAGE, a town in Berkshire, with a To War- v- a. To make war upon: not 

market on Saturday. It is famous for being the used ( Daniel). 

birthplace of kinpr Alfred, and is seated on a War, a great evil ; hut inevitable, and offe^" 

branch ofthe Ock, 12 miles S. by W. of Ox- times necessary. If he who first reduced '<^ 

ford, and 60 W. of London. Lon. 1. 16 E. rules the art of destroying his fellow-creai»f<^ 

Lat. 61 35 N. had no end in view but to gratify ihc pasMOti* 

WA'NTON. a. 1. Lascivious ; libidinous; of princes, he was a monster, whom it would 

lecherous; lustful (Milion). 2. Licentious; have been a duty to smother at his birth : but 

dissolute (Roscommon). 3. Frolicsome ; gay; if his intention was the defence of |)erbeci'trd 

sportive; ai'ivy (Shakspeare). 4. Loose; unre- virtue, or the punishment of sucres?fu I wickt*!- 

strained (Adidison). 5, Quick and irregular M ness, to curb ambition, or to oppose the unjust 



W A 

hM of mpcriof power, niankiiiil ought to Although bnveij ind conng* an the mait 

Xlallan to hii taemoiy. Nwntial qua tificai ions nf a subordinate office^ 

Wai, in the liut esse, ii the most uceessity jcl he should not be deficient in ihuM whica 

d nerul of all the scicncM ■■ ihc various kinds are lequircd in a general, and which have bcea 

knowledge which ought to furnish the mind already meDlioneUi obedience to the uiden 

1 wldier are Doi without great difliculty lobe delivered to him is no longer a viilue than 

m\vi. or moil other sciences the princi- whilst he comptehendi and knowi the inteiia 

tiare fiieif, or at least they may be ascertain- tion. of them. War, sa^s a celebrated author^ 

.b« the assistance of experience^ there needs is a business which, like all others, mutt M 

ilhiQS but diligence to leara them, or a par- learned ; it supposes some qnalilies to be bora 

lubt lulu of inind to practise theai. Philo- with us, and demands others wliich are to bf 

shf, oal hematics, architecture, and many acquired: but linre all these qualities muit 

ill founded upon invariable combi- have the original source in genius, a mun who 



livery rr 



.ofa 



■Piling, may remember rules. 






on theft 



projiose* 
:hem cn^ge iu 
' bent. 



lis to many particulars; it takes in so many 
Itieul paru ; there are «o man^ reflections 
KOnry to be niade, so many circumstance* 
s to be brought together ; that it is only 



fur his Diofession should never 
.vithout naving consulted his ni- 
without knowing the patllculu 
.ind power of his mind. AbilitVi whether 
general or an officer, is the eflect of hii 
IS, quickened by a natural liking to hu 



Ft continual applit 
nof his duty, and an 
HMD, that any man cai 
Td luatcb an army in 
heiber open, woudy, 
Mw how la futm 3 - 



with which ihe general must be ihorough- 
K^inintcd iit order to do it with iecuriiy; ic 
like* p^>peI disposition for a battle, whethci 
ilb ■ view to f lie pusture of the enciiiy, or tc 
* liluation of the counlrj' i to foresee -' 
kieh depend iu a manner -upon chance 
"""of making a good 



A <]uick eye, which is of great importance to 
soldter, \i natural to some, and in thctn it ii 
ufgeniuBi others acquire it by itud* 
experience ; he who knows how lo cotnmaiid 
of country, hintsclf, aod has courage enough lo keep bim- 
aiitous ; to self cool on the most urgent occasions, has the 
those coun- readiest and quickest eye. A quick, hul-hei(t« 
cd man, lioweier brave, sees nothing; or if ha 
doe*, it ii confusedly, and geneialtv too laie. 
It is ibit quick eye which enables a general 
or u> tojudge of an advantageous UOTI, ofa nianauvra 
:venls to be made, and of a gooti disposition for the 
10 be troops, v/hether with respect to that of the enc- 
> my, or to the situation and nature of the coun- 



1, grounded upon thi 
ncUnalion lo Ilis pro- the 



Ti' 



worn I (o direct the forages wiihuut fatiguing try. 
focpofiug the troops i tosendouidctachiDenia Tlie quick eye is no other than thai pene- 

ilh prccauliuo i to conduct the convoys iu Iraliiig genius which lets nothing escape ii. 

i^ti; tr> know how to canton an armyj to A ^(encral who knows how to unile ihisquali- 

Ublith (DagJtiues in places, both sale and ly with perpetual coolness, oever is in want of 

iihin leochof the army, so that il shall never expedienu; he will >ee how Ihesecvenis, whidt | 

t la want of subsistence; — these are the great lo any other would be the ptesage of his own 

■■Isofthe military science. defeat, may end in the overthrow of his enemiet, 
Il is commouly thought sufTicient For a mill- The choice of the general nfficers dcptndl 

itjiiUD 10 kuuw how to obey; and it is also upon this genius, whicri discoiets every thine j 

Imposed that the succeu of a dav cannot be they ought Iu be ibe ri^hi-hand of ihe general, 
iwuiB, if a general joins the confidenceof ihe <-•-'■- ■■ i .- 

ilditis to personal courage, a cool head, and a 






r* of perplexity, ml 
taciils hare in a great measure owed lo ih 
n ctpKciiv, and llic conhdence their soldi 
n« Kposed in ihem, the advantagri Ibey hi 
""" ' ■ i confidence will fore the business 



ind as cajidbic of commanding the army as biiti,^ 
self. Vi hatevci good dispositions a general ' 
may make, ihcy must prove iiicffeclual if not 
seconded by Ihe general o Hi ceii under bis com- . 
mand ) hecvDnotlic every-where, neither cad i 
he foresee all exigencie* |hal may aiise. Heia ' 
obliged to give only general orders ; il is iher^ 






iiite 



^ft be reposed by the toldiers in ibai gene- him to know how to lake the adTaniageoft 
''in whom they perceive cooloeisuniicd with wrong movement of the enemyi lo take upon 
'■"^te. At the liailteof Cnnnx, when Gisco ihcin to attack, or sustain ihe iioops which 
nned lube much asionishrd at ilic superiority engaged; and, as circumstances vary, 

the eneoiy's nnin 

« eoolly. ■* Then- ... «.-»;.., a 
^ surprising, of which you lake 



"eo asiiiiiji hii 

"inibal] thai in all ihat ^ . 

' 'nt mui whose name is Cisco." PluMrrh 

*»lm. that this coolness of Haonr 

uiutcd the Orilia^inians, whit < 

tagiDc that their general wouldjoke4t sfi iiii- ls th 

"^ni a time, without being ceitain efannt- own 



nibal answered thrui advance towards ihe enemy, eltllei W 
thing siill keep him back or lo attack him. 
no noiiee." But the (|uahtie» already menliuncd woul4 { 






and beM | 

m became hllle elait . 

ily ilian a Sody ul rjngeni who 'jeiug only joiloi [ 

:>i hy U>c hoj,e of UiKily. woiil'l lejMiaic us soon I 

-■1 J ai.d irtiAtiog each to bi) I 

'■•■i<ng hik..ov 11 Iiiiiiji>u^ 1 

.uja iiarlj hj panj : to that J 



WAR. 

if tbe gmenl doet not keep up tuboidiiuition We dull fkot attempt la.ticBt io tlin 

(the sool aiid strength of discipline)* his army of tbe art of war; because an aniele 

will he nothing more than a troop of Tartars eSrct, to be of any servlcey should Bther< 

acting more from the hope of plonder than a volume than a few pafpet. Bat we shs 

the desire of glory. What art. and what «nias pment a connected view of the peiin 

u there not rrquisite lo maintain this siibordi- duratioiis of the most remarkable wmn in 

nation? Too much severity di^gust• ihes.>l- this country has been engaged since tl 

dier, and*' renders him mutmous.; too touch with Scotkind« 106d. 
indnlgence sinks him into indolence, and lyakea 



him neglect his duty; licentiousiiess cauMS tliat 
subordination to seem burdentofuv. which 
should never in any degree be given iip: he 
loses that respect, and oilrn thai oonfiden^f, 
which he should have with fcg|snl lo his officer; 
and indulgence often makes'a well-^liscipiined 
body become a set of slnggaids, who march 
agamsl their will» and who, on the most press- 

Semeiynciesj think only on their own 
5ty. 

Besides these onaUties, whidi are essential to 
a general, and wiiich all who would attain that 
lank ouftht of course to have, there are still 
many otncrt necessary to make a g^ent man. 
A general who would merit the title of a hero, 
oittht to unite in himself all civil, militaiy, 
ano politieal exccllenee. It is by this that be 
win easily attain lo make war with sooeess: 
nothing w9l escape him; he will know with- 
out dimculty the senius of e«'ery countiy, and 
of the naflmis which compose the enemy's 
army, the id>ilities of the generals who com- 
mand, and the nature of the troops imder 
them; he knows that he may reniuie amotion 
with some troops that he would not dare to 
attempt with others that are equally bmve. 
One nation is vehement, fiery, and for midable 
in the first onset; anotfcuer is not to hasty, but 
of more perseverance : wiih the former, a single 
instant aeterroines success ; with the latter, tne 
action is not so rapid, but the event is less 
doubtful. 

No man is born a eeneral, although he brings 
into the world with nim the seeds of those vir- 
tues which make a great man : Caesar, Spino- 
la, Turenne, the ereat Cond^, and some others, 
showed, even in tneir earliest years, sucli Qua- 
lities as rmnked them above other men; tney 
carried within them the urinciples of those 
jtreat virtues which they arew forth to action 
by profound study, and which they brought to 
pcrleciion bv the help of practice : those who 
cauie after them, with perhaps fewer natural 
talents, have by study n.*nuercd themselves wor- 
thy of being compared to them. Csesar and 
all conquerors had this advanuge, that they 
were able to make their own opportunities, 
and always acted by their own choice. A man 
may be a good general without being a Marl- 
borough or aTur«fnnc : such geniuses are scarce- 
ly seen once in an age ; but the more they are 
raised above the rest of mankind, the more they 
ought to excite emulation. It is by endeavour- 
ing to surpass the intellects of the second rate ; 
it ts by striving to equal the n)ost sublime, that 
the imitation of them is to be attained. This 



War 



War with France, 1 1 16. 
PiMM»i»«tk Jdiito, It 18. 
*^*^'^'** }ScotUnd,1139. 
War with France, 1 lOl . v 

Peace with ditto, 1186. 
War again with France, with success, 
Peace with ditto, 1 IQ5. 

! renewed, 1815— ended, 
with France, 1M4— endedj 
l«60-Aended, 1807. 
with France, 1^. 
withScotUnd, \9gS, 
( with France, ISgQ. 
i with Scothmd, 1323. 
again with Scotland, 13S7- 
ended, 1388. 

tfSfin with Scotlaisd, 1333. 
_ with France, 1339. 
PMce with France, May 8, 1360. 

rwith France, 1308* 
War3civil, 1400. 

Cwith Scotland, 1400. 
Peaoe with France, May 31, I4S0. 

rwith France, 1488. 
War J civil, between York and Lam 

11468. 
P^ace with Fmnce, October, 1471. 

War 5 ^^\ *^' ^*^^' 

i with France, Oct. 6, 1 498. 

p S with ditto, Nov. 3, 1492. 

'^^^ 1 with Scotland, 1502. 

War5 ^*"'* France, Feb. 4, 1512. 

( \%iih Scotland, 1513. 
Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514. 
War with ^^^''f^. 

{Scotland, 153?. 

Peace with ^I'T^'fJi 
j^x:otland, 1548. 

War with Scotland directly after. 
P^ccwith France and Scotland, June 7) 
War«iih5^''^"J'»f;J- 

< France, 1 549. 
Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 

f civil, 1553. 
War ) with France, June 7, 1557. 

( with Scotland, 1557- 

Peace with \ S'T'/rilL^ '^"'^ 
{bcotland, 1500. 

War ) . . ,, S 150?. 

Peace J '*•"'' I- ""ce J, jg^ 

WarwilhV^"!'"";'' '^'W- 
^bp^in, K'>88. 

Peace with Spain, Aup. 18, l604. 

War with J ^P^'"-'^; 
C r ranee, 1027. 

Peace with S|>ain and France, Apr 



passion in a soldier is neither pride nor pre- 
sumption I it is virtue ; and it is by this only 16S9. 
that he can hope to br scn-iceable to the state, «y S civil, \'M2. 
and add to the gtory of his king and oountiy. i with the Dutch, iG^l, 



' Dutch, April i, |6S4. 
in, Xtib. 

■in, Sept. 10, 1660. 
Fnace.J3n.9fi, 1666. 
Denmatk, Oct. ly, im5. 
t French, Duin, and Dutch, 

■aiii, Feb. 13, l66e. 

Algcriix^, Scpi. 6, l6Gg. 

lo.Nov. ig, 1671. 

Duifh, Match, 167c. 
no, Feb. Zfl, U>74. 

nc«, Mav7, ib'sg. 

I, of RhyWick, Sep. QO, iOffj. 

mer. May 4, 17DS. 

;hi. Match 13, 1713. 

lit), Dec. 17 18. 

t(o, 1781. 

Spain, 1731). 

France, MarchSt, 1744. 

France, i'lbd. 
.Spain, Jai>. 4, 176«. 
.-^rance and Spain, Feb. 10, 

e Catibbs of St. Vinceat in 

in America, commenced July 

1774. 

'raucc, Feb. 6, 1778. 

pain, April 17, 17t)0. 

lollmd, 17H0. 



Fr-nce, I 

:&d,(sep.. 

■ America, J 



3, 1783. 



e b^ llie Eof-liih, Pruuiani, 
iher Oeiman powers, in t7g3- 
Q Pruitia and the French Ke- 

D Spain and the Fiencli Re- 

n the French and the Satdi- 

1 the French and the Auttiiant 

the Britith and Uppoo Saib 
7. 

he French Republic by the 
ians, Neapoliuni, &c. 179B. 
e Turks, and the invasion of 

I the French and the Rumini 

A the French and Aialriani in 

of peace commenced between 

the^)i(iiii>aji('iiiriitelnconM- 
luctioii of Egypt liythc British 

of peace between France anc| 



en nay him a correct estimate 
■ttendinc some of these wan, 
It the followiDi; tabular view of 
lidi this country has been ea> 
rerolutioniaioss:— 









mm 






p MoDtlu. 



»«. Yean. 

BK, MonUia. 
bS Day*. 



filling 



"i|■ilill^ 



2SS? 

ill ill s^ 

„;;^' ;§iii 
|!|}■illl'i^ 

^ lilllll 



If 



li 



It 



li 

ii 



W A R. 

Thus it ap|>ears, that of a period of almost points ; that the plan shall be Justly formd, 

1S5 years, which has elapsed siuce the revolu- and the enterprise conducted with order, k 

tion, upwards of one-haU, or nearly 66 years, should be well and maturely considered and 

have passed in bloodshtd and devastation. Tnat digested, and with the greatest secrecy; lotg 

in the present sovereign's reign, upwards of 30 however able the prince or his council may be, 

J ears have been employed in the same manner, some of the precautions necessary to be taken 

t appears tliat at the commencement of the last should be discovered. These pRcautioiis aie 

century our funded expenditure, in prosecuting infinite both at home and abroad, 

war, averaged little more than three millions Abroad, they consist in alliances, and secnni| 

per annum. The war with America, &c. cost not to be disturbed in tlie meditated expcditioa, 

more than double that sum, or six millions per foreign levies, and the buying up ot warlike 

annum ; and the late war with France added to ammunition, as well to increase your ova 

our national debt upwards of thirty*eight mil- stores as to prevent the enemy from geuing 

lions per annum, or a total of 347>000,UOOl. — them. 

What the average expenditure of the present The precautions at home consist in prorid- 
contest may prove, remains yet to be ascertain- in^ for the security of our distant frooUers, 1^ 
ed; but it was asserted in the House of Com- vying new troops, or auguicntinc the old onci, 
mons, without bein^ contradicted, that our with as little noise as possible; Uimishiug jfour 
present expemliture in defence of Spain and ma^zines with ammunition; comtructing 
rortugal amounted to one million per week, carriages for artillery and provisions; bu}ingap 
It is to be observed, that the accumulation of horses, which should be done as much as pea- 
funded debt is by no means the whole of the siblc among ]^our neighbours; both to prernt 
charge incurred in these contentions ; that the their fumisbins the enemy, and to prcKfie 
expence of them used formerly to be borne in your own for tne cavalry and the particalit 
some degree by annual grants, in addition to equipages of the officers, 
the loans — this was also the case in the last Defensive war may be divided into thm 
war, and is so in the present ^ but perhaps not kinds, it is either a war sustained by aprijicc» 
in the same proportion as heretofore. who is suddenly attacked by another lupeiioc 

It is further to be remarked, that on refer* to him in troops and in means; or a prinee 

ence to the pretences on which these wars makes this sort of war by choice on one side 

have commenced, few have been the instances of his frontiers, while he carries on offiBniive 

when the object originally contended for has war elsewhere ; or it is a war become delcfl* 

been obtained, and that peace has in general sive by the loss of a battle. 

been concludcMi, without the least notice of A defensive war which a prince attacked hj 

what was the primary cause of the dispute; on a superior enemy sustains depends entirely oa 

this point let us connne our observations to the the capacity of his general, llis particular ap* 

wars of tlie present reign.— The avowed pre- plication sh9uld be, to choa«e advautageooi 

text for a war with America was to impose camps to stop the cnenw, without huwcTcr 

tLixes upon that continent bv the enactments of beint; obliged to fight hiiii; to luuliiply suuU 

the Briti!»U parliament, witliout ever consult- udvantages j to harass and perplex the enemy 

ing the provincial assemblies; to obtain thib, in his foraging partierj, and to oblige tiicin to 

upwards of 100 millions of money was expend- do it with great escorts; to attack ihcircon- 

ed, uiid one hundred thousand lives <acriticed ; voys : to render the ]>a5ijges of rivers or defiles 

yet peace acknowledged their independence of as ditlicnlt to them as posbible; to t'orce ttico 

^he Mother country. to keep together; if they want to attack atowo, 

Tlie war of 1793 was ostensibly to protect to throw in succours l>cfore it is invested; in 
the Dutch — to prevent the Scheldt from being short, in the bi'giniiing; his chief aim sbookl 
opened^to rescue the Netherlands from France be to acquire the enemy's ros|>cct bv his vi^i- 
and restore them to the emperor. These, how- lance and activity, and by forcing liiui ti> M 
ever, werv: mere pretexts — the real intention circumspect in his marches and manner of en- 
was to iiiierposc with the internal government camj^mcnt, to gain time himself, and make die 
of France, aud to restore, if possible, the throne enemy lose it. An able g;encral, carefully put- 
of the lk)urbon&. Not one of these objects wjs suing these maxims, wifl give courage to bb 
obtained, though we contended for more than soldiers, aud to the inhabitants ot'the countryi 
nine years, at an expence of nearly four hun- he gives time to his prince to take proper pR* 
dred millions of money, and with an almost cautions to resi>t tlie enemy who attacks bioi; 
unexampled wa^te of human lite. and thus changes the nature of this vexathMi 

W \R (Ditt'erent kinds of). Tliere are four kind of warfare, 

dlfft-rent kinds of war, each of which is to be The munat^emcntof a defensive war rcquiiti 

co'Kluctcd ditl'eiently the one from the other, more military judgment than tliat of ano&ih 

viz. the offensive; the detcnsive ; that between sive one. 

equal powers; and the auxiliary, which is A war between equal powers is that ia 

carried on out of our own territories to ^uccour which tlie neighbouring princes take no pilt| 

a prince or ally, or to assist a weaker whom a so long as the belligerent parties obtain ■• 

more powerful prince has attacked. great advantage, the one over the other. This 

Otlen^ivf war must be long meditated on in sort of war never should last long if yoa waiil 

private before it i^ o|)rnly entered upon; when to reap any advantages from it. As 10 its 

the succcjs will depend upon two e:>)eniial rules, they arc entirely coniormaU* to thtn 



idinrivM: bui we mayWlio^itlsacer- 
l mum iu thiiMtiofwar, ihaithegcttcrat 
■ ii the DiMi iclin; and peiiel ruling, uill 
rin llieeitd picfxilovcr liiin, who pcmeuci 
K ^Mtlilin in • Ictt dc|T«e ; h«:*ii»e. by hi) 
m]PJniliwii«lialion.*he will multiply small 
uiU^, lill at LiM th«; iirocucc liini k 
itive tuptrinriiy. A girneral whi> U conll- 
1^ ■iWiitive to procute himirlf imalt aJ- 
bgei, MET obiaini hi« end, which i» To 
I (be mtiny'g annyj in which case he 
t^i ihe niLunr of the war, ami mukrs it 
awvc i wbich ihutild ever be the chief ob- 
; of kit piinec. 

Amiliatjr »« it that in which a prince 
Mm hit ncighlMiin, either in cunicquence 
Ktace*, or rnga«;roieiiU enlrrcJ jnlo with 
m, «t MirKliinei to fircvcot their railing 
ler tht power of an anbiiiam prince, 
'i W.VRBLE. i.,«. (n>fTtm. old Teutonic, 
trin. German, to twirl.) I. To quaver 
•ounij iMilloa). t. To came to qgaver 
•fiwi). 3, To utier muiicnily {.Mxllan^. 
'i W*'«in. >. n. I. To ■ 



Wa-rBlek. ».(rr 

JWter (Ttckrt). 
WuiLER, in otn 

ttA. 



.ly(iW«r5). 
iin tcofb/r.} A tinger; 
iholiwy. See Mo^^- 



WARBLES, in a hone, are tmill hird In- 
Wl. 0* IwelUnp, n|jOn the ^addling part of 
»»*'» twcli. ucciiioned by the heat of ilie 
Mk in tnvclliDR. They are cured liy bsih- 
[Ikeni often with i,iiriu of wine and oil of 
prminr. 

n^AftBUKTUM (William), ■ prelite, born 
Hewirk, Nuliinaham^hite, Mih December, 

r. He «■« etfucsiKl at Ukchiin school, 
bpM^I np lo ihebiivinntof hii fjthvr. 
anonieT anil town-clerk of the town of 
Mfk. Though h« praciltcd foi Mime yean 
kb native town, it is beli.vcd that he hod 
kbtuinew, ami cnn>equenily he applied hii 
Mied kittiwtedpe to pumiiu more congenial 
lit Uitc, and look orden. In 17^4 he pub- 
Hd UiaMlUneou* TonMClioui in I'row and 
Mfnxn Roman lliiiorianf. Jcc. and three 
naftor. hit Critical and Philotofihical In- 
ff into the Caum of Prodigies and Miraclet 
Kitted 07 UiKoriani. Hn Inrning reeooi- 
aded him to the notice of Theobald, and 
*r wiu, and l>y the rriendshi|i of Robert 
toa, 10 whom he bad dedicated hii two 
At, hewai pteaented to the living of Burnt 
taghton. worth SOOI. a yt*i. In IT«8 he 

kin|^> tiiil to Cambridge, and in I73C ha 
iTMbid the Alliance between Church anA 
», or the Nccctiity aiid Elquil)' nf an e«ta- 
had Beligoni and a Teit Law, Sec. and in 
i wffeanA hti lJi*ine Legation of Mom, 
MMUattd on the piinciprea of a reliKiout 
I, rmm the amlHioni of the doeirinca or a 
M Mueof rewBtda and iiunishinents in the 
rUi ditpenNlion, in aii U»ki. Thii work 

Bhim tevctal eneoiiei, and be vindi- 
I— i-ABT J I. 



WAR 

caTFd himielf a^iml them. In 1739 be de- : 
fended P<>]ie'i l^any on Man, and this enaureri < 
him the fiicndihip of the pnet, and a 
recuinniendalion to theereal, and among iheaa 
to Mr. Allen of Prior park. At liii ilf.iih in 
l7-(4. Pope left the publication of hii wnrhi 
to hit friend, a be(]ueil Wottli alHnil 40(H>I, 
At that time Wurhurlon publiAhcd an *M*wer 
tolheobiectiimi railed againtihii Oii'iiie Leu> 
tion, and directed hi< censure* a^insi Middle- 
ton, Fococke, and others. On ilie lollowing 
^e.ir he cemented hi* intimioy with Mr. Allc 
o» mtiirying hi* niece. Miss Tucker, an ei'er 
which prncureil to him the inhcrilaiice uf ihal 
eeniluman's pni|(eriy, and paved the way to 
prcf<:rmcnl. Though acknowleil^ed rs m\ Mo • 
divine, mid a »nlou) advocate In favnur of the 
church cttabliihment, he yet received no r«- 
wanl. In 1/41), however, he wai called liy 
the locieiy of Linci'ln's-inn to be ilieir jirrnch- 
er ; in 1754 was made king's ehiptitin, and pre- 
bendary of Durham. In ITSJhe waiadnnced 
10 the deanery of Bristol, and two yean afler 
hii serricn to religion and literalun: «ei« re- 
warded with the Ke of Glouerster. In the 
last yrar; if life he sunk into divp melan- • 
clinly, which was planted by the loss of an ■ 
only ton, who fell a victim to a consumption. 
Mi died at GIauce«icr,7th June, 1779.iiged HI, 
Hii wuiki nte nnmetoni and respectable. Ife- 
■iiltsthe l>i vine Legalion,a work alien rr printed, 
ill i vols. 8vo. and Svoln. 4lo. 8rc, lie puhlikhed 
Julian, or a Dincniine on the Earitiouake and ' 
liery £ru[>tioni which defeated that tiiipcrar'a 
Attempt to rebuild ibe Temple of Jero^lem ; 
Sermons, t volt. 9*0. Sec. i a View of Lord 
fiolingbroke-t Phili'soplly ; a tract on the 
Lord'i Sup|ieri a treeiise agnintl the Metho- 
dists nn the Doeirineof Grace; an edition of 
ShaknpMre, ttveicly criliuized in the Canont 
of Critleiam \>y Edwirds; Pope's Woika, 9 vols, 
Svci. Sec. 1Ii> wnrks have appeared together 
in (( mis. 4;o. edited by bishop Hun); and 
since Ihe ile.ilb of the tjltrr prelate, tlli're lilH 
beei.publi.l«-.Uio!nn>eofW«biirion'sleiieB 
to him, VVarburtiin foutided in i;6h u lecture 
at Liriculn't-inn to pmre the truth of revealed 

reliainn fioir 

pniphecie*. 

luninied up by Dr. Johnson. " He wnt." at 
he observes, "a-man of vigorou< lacuMea, ■ 
mind fervid and vehement, supplied by inen- 
unt and unlimited inquiry, with wonderful 
extent and virieiy nf knawlediie. To every 
work be brought a memory full fraught, to- 
gether with a laiicy fertile oforiginal cnmhiRa- 
linns, and at once exeiied the power« of ihe 
tchrilat.Nhe reaioner, and the wit. But hit 
knnwiedice was inn miiltifarious 10 Ire ilwtyt 
ex«et ; and hii ptiriuit* ino eager to be atwnyt 
cautioui. His aliilitiet ore him a hauithty 
consequence, which he disiliined to conceal nr 
mulliK ( and his imiiaticoec of npixniiiun di«* 
p(Me<) him tn treat nil advenarirt with aucti 
contemptuous superiority, as made hit traders 
commonly his enemies. Kni style is copious 
without salectioni and fotsible without ■»•(■ 



W A A' WAR 

; lie teck the wonb tStiak pwy HJ thf>> Battardrai^ lo iflSl he trai amIi Hbr 

advct} hW dietion k eouw and iiopiic^ and of thtRgfalSocklyf anddcMiafEMftWrMt 

hiijcBicpcei ■!€ iiiinmmnif,*' the acxt vtv biilMip ef ihst Mt. .l»lfl|rkl 

Nr other cttioMiM of the teleoti end che- ifis tfenieted to SelMiarf, end lti71< 

meter of thb oeat nea, tee the ChristiiB. the ehuieellonhip of iho 0wter^ ea 

Obwnwr, lor Sepmnbcr I8€0, aad the Qotf- which hehad theiiitcfert tooBmslOMiM^ 

tcrir Reriewt Now 14, otamt «t Senmi. In thelMtyeenof libhi 

WARD. AiyUebleainidiiiicdeienafis weidvpritedofhwfiMndtiei^MddM llUbe 

io cooipotitioD, ei ketummmdp with teodeoi^ melendioly tfitunee of week BMMrihf. Ml" 

tohceven; At/Aenportf, thitweyi flonoeejiftp hUcbaneterhe weioeradent^ jpiM|»eMeN 

Soon: il notes tcwiency Io orj^wei (MMy^ geniooe aNn» jKlminUv skilled not eiii^ il 

reWAlo. e.41. (foejlMeo, SeaoD » teerm, metheoaeticSf bat eho in all kiadaof fW 



^ 

i 



Duteh; Jftirder, Froieta.) 1. To gnids to litentiire, end he wes,as Biiroet heaabrab' 

Nnraleh (j^fiuer). 2. To defaid} to pnieec one of the greatest men of his a0^ HewM 

iSkmhpfON/). 3.To(enceoff; toobstraclor author of a phUosotibieal essav «» <he IdM 



torn aside any thing nsisdiievaas (Fai(f«r). and AttiibnlcsofGod.8w.: BaummmEwmi 

1VWakiko.«. l.Tobevifllant|tok«ep toliea iiv Hobbii PhUesophieBh •««.) !««• 

gnaid. S. To act apon the ddcnsive with a monsi an Ides of Tr i gpno m e t iy i C e u w iM i u l i 

ynwpoa {Drfitn). Asttonoinj* In. « ' "* 

Wakd. #..(fioa the ^erb^ 1. Waldi; Wakb (Dr. John)» boniatLBaiM»<B»« 

act ef gnaiding (Oiydm). 9. Uarrtsoni those In 1780 he was cMeen ptokmm of rhMk 

who are entreeied so keep a pbee iSfieium). in Gflesham college ; in 1733 he wasebMi* 

3. Ooeid OMide byaweapon m fencing (Sfc ia fellow of the RmI Sooietyi and in l7Miil.- 

jfMore). 4. FomcsBi stronghold (54eZi^eere). of the Tice-iiffeMifits, in which oAee hieil* 

5. Disirictofaiown(Drydm). 6.Cassod«} tinned till bis death. He was elccied eoitf 

eo o 6 aei cnt (Aelir). 7. The pert of a loA> the tmstecs of the British MneaM in tM: 

which, cortespondiny 10 the proper key, hindeii and died at Gfcshan cffAsfeln 17^1: Jh 

any other ftoaiopenas it Cwrvw). 8. One in wrote the Lii^ of the Pmfa spn of QmJ^tm* 

the hands oTa gnsarlian (Olwa^r). 9. The CoUe|De.end fjccuires 00 Ovasay. Sfok 

atataofaehildnnderagHaRBanCABceti). 10. WARDEIN(GKat),a strong town of la^ 

Gnanlianship} right orer orphans (SpeeftrV guy, capital of a connty of the 

VDJ>.), sidiolar of Chnst ^ a biJliop*s see with a citadel. 



Wakb (Samndl* DJ>.), s^ioler of Christ and a bishop's see with a citadel. Iha tsen 

eollcgei Mlow V £knannel, and in 1609 itsdf is not kit$e, bnt has three sitebsT 

master of Sidney, Gimbridge, was also arch* very considerable extent. It was token Ifii' 

deeeon of Tsontoni and Mvpret ninleiior of Turks in 1§60, bm the Anstrlans itssakAia 

dieinitv. He wes sent Io the synod of Doidt, |(^. It is ssatcd on the Keies, 117 mM 

where be rdaxed from his attachment to the N.E.ofPeterwaidetn,aftd ldOE.SJLefMk 

ckietrines of GsKin. He saflered persecution Lon. SI. 50E. Let. 47. b N. 
daring the civil war, and was treated with such Wardbin (Little), a strong town of Croaiii^ 

hanhncsSy that he died in consequenee, l643. capital of a county of the same naose. ha 

He was author of some theological tracto, &c seated on the Drave, 34 miles N. by £ if 

Ward (Edward), in the 17th century, was Agram, and 5Q S.E. of Grata. Lon. 15.ML 

an uncouth iroitater of Butlcr*s Hadibrastic Let. 46. 40 N. 

rhymes. He wrote the Reformation, a bor- WARDEN, one who has the cheqaM 

)esc|ue poem } the London Spy ; and Don keeping of any person, or thing, by «te 

Quiaote in Hudibrastic verse. He was a great Such is the warden of the Fleet, the keeper if 

lory, and the public house which he kept was the Fleet-prison ; who has the chargr ef di 

frequented by persons of his political opinions, prisoners there, especially roch as are tm» 

Ward (Setb), well known as a mathema« mittcd from the court or Cbancery Isr csi- 

tician and astronomer, was bom in BontiM* tempt. 

ford, Heru, l6l7t end afWr studying in the Warden, in an unirersity, is the hcaisfs 

school of his natiTC tuwn, he remored in 1 638 college, snswering 10 what In other cslkpli 

to Siditey college, Cambridge. After leaving we call the master. Warden, or kud ^w sw a 

Cambridge, he was tntor in various families, of the Cinque-ports, b the governor ofd 

and on the expnlskm of Greaves from the noted havens, who has the aothority cf 

Saviltan ptofessoisbip of astronomy at Oxford, admiral, and send* nut writs in his own aa 

he was appointed his successor, and entering Warden of the mint, is an oiiieer whase 

at Wadham college, he took the requisite ness it is to receive the gokl and silver ki 

oaths in I649. In l(M he had a dispute with brought by the merchaiits» to pay ihen far A 

Dr. Wall'is about preeedency in Ukins their and oversee the other oflkers. He is csibi 

degrees of D. D., and three years af^cr be was keeper of the exchange and mint, 
chosen principal of Jesns coflege, but was dis* War drk (Chnrcb). SeeCHvacHwaantV* 
appointed by the noinination of Howell to that WA'RDER. n(ffom W€rd.) I . A kcvpsil 

office by Cromwell. In idbQ he was elected a guard {Dr^d^). 9. A tnineheMi by wUb 

|>resident of Trinity college j but at the restoaa- an officer of arms forbade ht^i (JWaii^'t). 
tion resigned it, and obtamed the rectory of WARDHU YS, a seeporiof l^orway, esaU 

St. Lawiaoce Jewry, and the preeeatoiship of lal of a fsywinent of the 



WAR WAR 

faiAidB DmiIiIi laplaml. It atamfaon a nmll boitr h almost choked up. In I7fi9, lt*(f. 

Uind of the same name, near ihe continent, ihiftls of ihe lown was dolroTeii bj fire, bm 

iailliu,(nold fmt. where the soTernor resides, has been reliiiilt. Above the oritlce, over ihe 

[1 is ISO miles E.S.£. of the North Upc. Frume. is a ^ood s«lnion (iaher; .- and In lliC 

[«n. 31. 7 K. Lai. 70. S3 N. neighbourhood fine tobacco-pipe cliv ii doe^ 

WA'RUMOTE. I. (pNf-o and mme. or of «.hich nearly 10.000 ions ure iniiiMll; sent. 

»Dmii Saxon.} Ameeiing; ■ conft held in coasiwise. Waceham is the birth-place of 

leii wifd or diatiict in London, for the direc- <hc celehrsied Horace Wal]:ole. It ii twetti* 

^of th«>raflairt. niilei E. of Dorchester, and MS W. byS. of 

WAHDROBE, f. (gaTdtTohr, French.) A London. 

MM .here rl<Hhes are kepi (AJditen). WA'REHOUSE. j. (mare and hwU.) A. 

"WA'KDSHIP.».(fromi(wJ.) I. Guardi- iWrehouae of mcrcliandiM (Jjrfiion). 
kiUp ( Aia«). s. {>ui)ilage -, iiale of beiirg WA'RELEli^S. a. (from 'wart.) UncauU- 

fedc* •rjitl {Aide Charleil. (fas ; unw.-irv (Sprntrri. 

.W*ai.»HiK fn.mtaneirnumwrm,when WA'RELY. ad. (from K«re,) WarUy, 

K •enMU <)ied, and his heir was andcr the cautiou^; limorouslj (Spenin). 
^of iweai^-oM beiufi a male, or foimeen WAllFARE. $. Iwar am\/aTe.) MiUtarr 

tarn ■ fernatr. the lord ivas entitled to the service; military life) state of contest atiii < 

MMiiuDf the heir, and WIS called the guards solicitude iltogers). 

MnicKrvalry. Thi» wardship consisted in 7a Wa'rfakb. f. n. (from the noun.) Ta 

Wmc the cuslivly of the boily and lands of lead a military life (Caaiden). 
Idb tteir, without any •ecouiri of the profits, WARGENTIN (PeleT). a Snedith mn* 

I dMaseof t«riiij'(infl in males, and foi)r> tbcmnticiun, was bom in IT 17. In ihiscnun- 

•n (which w»« afterwards wlvanccd losixlcen) try he is best Lnmrn from his tables for com- 

I faiiak*. For the Uw anpnosed the heir puliop the tslipbos of Jupiicr'a satellites. He 

■t» unahtc to perform kniKnt's service till die<l at the Obsctvittary at Stockholm in I7H3. 
nniy-one; but as fnr the female, iKe w:it WA'RHABLE. a. («*;,aDd iMLilt.Lu..) 

Ifipoieid capable at foiitlecn to marry, and Militair i fit for war {Sprnitr). 
kn her hosbatid mizht perforin ihe olTice. WA'RILY. ad. (from.Hi'v^.) Cakilioinly ;, 

febek. 6;, This privilege of the lord's was with limoroits prudence^ with wise fore- 

boliihcd under the Mtnaion wraith, and the thnuvhi {Huakn), 
telition confirme.1 by siai. 18. C. II. c. 2*. WA'RINESi. j. (from juary.) Caotion | 

Ware. The prcleiit of ip^ar, more fre- prudt'K forethought ; limoious scrupuloiM' 

Milly imre (/.kAr). nest {,Spral). 

'Waai. a. (»e commonly hi; atvori;). I. WAItlMG(Edward,M.D.),L(icasian pro. 

Wag in cxpeelation of; bema provided fessur oriuaiheoiatics in theuuivcrsilyufCam- 

wlMt{!K«t.). 9. Cautions; wnry(Spffl)cr). bridge. Was the son of a wealthy farmer, of lh« 

TfcWaae. p.n. To take he«t of; to be- Old Jleath, neat Shrewsbury. The early part 

)tn{t>rifden'). of his rdiicaifon he received at the free- school 

Waiib, ». (papn, Sason i trofrr, Bntcli ; in Shrew»bury ; whence he removed to Cam- 

IM, Hiveiiish ) Commonly something to be bridj^c, sud wasadmitledon tlieS4th of March. 

MlBtn Jantan), 17^3, a member of Magdalen eullege. Here 

Waki, a town in tlerl fords hire, with a hia taknu far abiiruse calculation soon de. 

Mm on Tnesday. It is seated on the rivet *elo)ied themselves, and, at the lime of taking 

«, by which large quaniitim of malt and his drgrec, he was considereil as a prodif^y in 

»» are »ent to London, and the ban^es reiurn ihow; sciences which make the stibjecl of the 

fthnal. It is ino miles E. by N. of llert- bachelor's exam illation. The name of Senior 

iri, and »1 N. hy E. of London. Wrangler, or the first of the year, was thought 

At the disunee of about ■ mile from ihii scarcely a snSicieDt Iwinoor to diiiingoish ona 

Km is the origin of the New River, which who so frr outshone his eonlempotarica ; and 

nduct) water in a mervnir at islingloii, the merits of John Jebb were sufficiently bc> 

nlT far Ihe supply of [^lubn. knowledged, by bein^ the second in the ti«. 

WAHEE, a town of Goinca. capiui of a Waring took his first, or baclielors degree, in 

■MOyofiM name, in the kingdom of Jknin. 17*7. and the Lucasian proftMorship became 

Is 70 mile* S.S. W. of Benin. Lon. 0. O R. vacant before he was of sufficient standing fur 

B. a. 38 N. >lw neat, or maaier's degicr, ivhioh Is a ncces- 

WaTIEPUL. a. (iffare and /aW.) Can- lary qualification for that office. This defect 

M; thmwiudv nniHeni. "»» iuin>li«' b> a royal mandate, througli 

WA'BER'L'NESS. I. (from wattful.) which he becamamasler of artsin 1760; awl 

Mmosnes* : obsolete (SWnrv). shortly after his adaniision to this decree, the 

WAREIIAM, a borongh in Dorsetshire. Luc.uiian profenor. In 1763, he published 

s»iid liya mavor, with a marketonSatnr- hi* Miscellanea Anatyiiea ; one of the most 

h It seated betvM-en the Fionie and abslnisc liooks written on the absiriBcst puria 

, M their rotranee into Luchford lake, trfalxebra. Tliis work extended hit fame oier 

I waO part of Poole hartmur. It had eight alt Europe. He was elected, without MiliGiiB. 

BTchat, wm tnluccd to three ; alio a wall tlon on hb part, member of the societies o( 

t«lb, and a ca«le 1 but has snfieted much Bononia and Goitiugeii , and received flatlei- 

tunw of forlunc> and th« hn- in j marks of eMecm from the most emioeiit 



I 



b. 



||ri»M|toM» ti 



WARING. 

mathrmsiTCtaas al 1iom« anil :ibrtud. The litrtnied ftnm ihr memory of lhoMwlw;>lMJ 

cUSiciilty or ih'rs work nay be |)n;niinnl from llimuih his fiery nnlcjl. 
ihe milcr') own wotdi, " I laiiiiol say ihnt I Wiihiriit to do ninjile jiiilire in ibr uirna 

know any one who ihoughi il worth whik lo and viitin; (if ilie |iiofc»o(, wc IWI ouimJio 

rend ihrough ihe whole, and perlu|i* iioi Uie sooicwhai at a lou in ipuking of Uic wnun^ 

half oTic" bv which alone he wilt b« known lo |ja»tiiij. 

Malhemalict did not, however, engroM ihe He i< the discoverer, accoriliug to bit ownifr 

whole or ha altcnlion. lie couM dedicale count, of nnirlf 400 |iropmiiiani in llie iti\y 

Mme lime to the itudy of hit future prolewion ; lies. Thi» may ap|K3r a vain-gloriow> bMi, 

ind in I7tt7. he wat adniiltcd to the degree of especially as ihe ijrcaier part of thoie doom- 

doctor of phytic ; bill, whether from the in- rics ate likely to sink into obtition j biil bt 

capacity of uniiinp logellier ihe employments wat, in a manner, compcUcil to nuke ii bf 

of active lifewithabntrDieapecuUiioD, orfrom the insolence of Lalandt, who, in hiilifcM 

the natural diffidence of his temper, for which Condorcet, asserts that, in )T&4i there *u 

he was mon peculiarly retnarkalili:, the degree lint'rtic analyst in EoglaoH. In lepU U 

which gave him ihc right of exercisina his la- asatrtion. the profoAor. in a letter to Dt. IM 



. ich gave him ihc rijjhl of e: 

lent* in molicine was to him mciely a barren kclyncj fitsi nientiniis. wiih prouer reijwel, lU 

*i.ille. Indeed he was to enibarrBssed in his int'euiinn^ and wriiings o> llarriii, Rng^, 

manner* before slrangrti, that he could not Naaicr, Wallis, lialley, Bruncka. Wroi, 

have made hit way in a profession in which to IVII, Barmw. hlcicalor, Newton, Ue Main*, 

much is done by addrestj and it was fonunaie Macluuriu, Coics. Stirling, Taylor, Simpwa, 

■hat the case of his ciicumslances permitted Kmertnn, Landcn, and olben i of wlun 

him to devote ihe jvh>jle of his lime to hit Emetion and Landcn were living in IjCi 

Favourite piiriuit, ni) life patted on. marked He then gives a lair and full deiail of fab o*a 

out by discoveries, chiefly in abstract tcirncci taveDlioai, of which many were publidid 

aud by the pnblicattoo of them in the Philo- anterior lo 17t>4 i and concludes his Ictur ia 

aophical Traiiiactioni, or in leurale vohtmet, tbeie words. 

under his own inspection. H« lived tome "I know that Mr. Lalande it a fim-rtH 

vean after taking his doctor's deKree, SI St. Ivei, attrfluoiner, and writer of aitronomyi bull 

in Hunliiifcdmuhire. While aiCambrid^ he never heard thai he was much convcfdiii in 

married— quitted CambridKc with a view of the deeper parts of uiatheinalici ; for wbiA 

living at Shrewabnry ; but the air or imoke of reason I lake ihe liberiy lo aak biiu the foils*- 

die town being iiyuritiua to Mrs. VVariog't iDgqtiesiiom: 
'licallhi he removed to hi) ownctUtcatPlaiilry, " Hai he ever rend or underitoM the fcri- 

about eight tnilct from Shrcwtbiitv, where he inp of the Engliih niaihemaiiciant ' aod, a 

died in 1797, univerwlly estecmeJ fur luflexi- the queition cornea fiom me, I aid^oiB, (Mir j 

hie intcfcrity, modeaty. pliiio Deis, and timpli- cularly nf minel Ifiheanswcr heinltie>» 

city of manners. Hiey who knew the «reat- gaiive, as il it mvojiinion, if his aniwcr bt'lM 

nea of hit mind fiom bin writings luokoi up truthrthat it wifl, then tlierc is an enlaf ill 

to him wiih reverence cverywhrre; but he en- further con Irovctty ;— bulifheadcnitbttl* 

jnyed himself in domestic circlet with tha«e has, which it more than Condorcet did bylM 

chiefly amnni; whom his puniiiu could not be own arknowledi^ment. then he nuy kiW, 

the olyect e'lher of admir-.rioii or envy. The from the enumeration of inveniion* Bideio 

outward |Minip which i^ allECieil frequenlly in theprefacci, with some tubsequenionctaddi^ 

itie hiphei dfpartnientt tn M'-idirinic life waa that ilicj ate taid to Jinouni to more lluaM' 

no graiifieaoDi) to one whote babtu were of a of one kind or other. Lei him try Id redo 

vny oppoaite nature ; and he was loo mnch those to as low a number a> he can, witli U« 

occupied in wience to aiieiid to tlie intriguci Iciist appearance of cuniluur and tniiEii i^ 

ai the uuiversiiy. 'I'bere, in all quesiiont of then let him compare the aumbct widi llw 

poence, hit word wai the law ; and al tire an- number of inventions of any Ftcnch mtl^ , 

iiunl rxaminaiinn of the candidates fur the ituiiician or inalhematicians, either in iIk p^ 

pi'/e instituted by Dr.Smilh, he appeared lo sent ui |>att limes, and there will rtaulueu^* 

tlie gteaitti ailvaniage. llie candidate! were uatiion (if I mistake not) uot miich lo !"■ 

generally three ur font of the best pioGcitnM liking ; and, further, let luin cuiuparc ow 

rn the matlieaiHlict at the previous annual oftbe Aral inveiitioni of ihe French OJibc- 

exunination for the bachelor'* dcfcree, who malicians with toiiie of ihc lirst oonU'M' 

litre emplaycd from nine o'clock in the morn- in my works, both as lo tililiiy, gcncnlitji 

iiig 10 ten at night, with the excepiiuti of two onveliy. dllTicully, and eic^-ince. but wiid? « 

boms for dinner, and twenty minute* for tea, to utility, there it little contained in flit wr? 

in answering, i-it'o rare, or wriiina down an* parts of any science; he will tind ibrii i't- 

swert lo the profettor't quesiiont, from the first culty and novelty from hii ilitliculty uf itD^ 

rudiment; of jihilotopliv to the deepest parts iif siandiiiE (hem. and hit never having reid uij 



n and tir Isaac fie«-ton'» works. Pet- timilarWuri!: iheir generality, by tin tf^- 

o pan of Kiirofir all'urJi an instance of caiion of tbein ; priiiciptet of clepucv •<! 

>u severe a priK^essi ami ihere %os never any difTct in diffiti^iii prr>oiis.—I mu-i ■-». Dut 

Kuod for auapeeting the profistor of piitia- he will probablv not find the difleiaacta* 

. The leal and jud^ent with whwh b« peeled. After or before this iwauiry b iMtifli^ 

^oriBrd ihit pan « bit oSee csaovl Im vb* tor sta*. kt him perfom lU nme (m ilia 



WAR 

gligh RitilhcmiiieUni ; ind nhrn he 
tin ramnrdcO such inquiries, »iid not before, 
llr w'll wcome i jujgc of ihc jiislicE of hij 
mrrtha -, biu 1 am (fr^itl thai he is iioi a 
niSiclciii adrpt in ihne siuili» m insiiiiiie 
fut^inquiria) and if he wm, inch inaiiiriv* 
fit intidtoiu, ttoublctomc, and of laiall titi- 

liH." 

hj i(iilh«ini>iical traAen ihU account, which 
nsnol publithcH by ihc profcSfor himtelf, it 
4lini>rd to be >ery lilllr, ifal all, «Kjggrriifll. 
Y<nf. *cenrdine lo his own conresiinu, " few 
rtmnght it wnrth lh«f while lo read even half 
fl(lii) work*," there tnim be tome proiindifur 
ihiine^eel, eilher from ihe difficulty nf ihe 
tuhieci, ihe uniiti)iori»"ice of the dix-overici, 
HI dtfeci III ihe com munica lion nfthem to 
iblic. The lubjmt are ceruinly of n 
^ nature, ihe caiculxtiotii are abitnuc ; 
niiiaiiicd many persons not lo be 
tie moll intricate theorems. Shalt 
ll tll'cn. thai the di^eoverici were unim- 
. . iti If thi« were really the case, the 
«IM of utiltly would be a very tmall dispara^e- 
nnlunonc'ihrnemhocullivate science wilh 
i>ir*r chiefly lu etilenalnmcnt and ilie eier- 
civdf ihrir lalioiial powen. We are com- 
fdcd, then, lo alirihuie much of ilit) neglect 
IBiperplexilyinsiyle, manner, and lunonage; 
Dm imJer i« itopp^ at every insiani. Tint lo 
mlt( ODi the wnier'c meaning, then in lill up 
tke chiim in the demand rat inn. He must 

enunciaiinn of the theorem or pniblcm, and 
ihe mtnlion of a Knvilrpt, liide nuiftatice ii 
^trmd from (he profe»ot's powers of expbna- 

llie Praiirielaiet Algebraiearum Curvnrtim, 
*-»^'-' in 1772; tl.e Mtxlilaiiooes Alge- 
ibliihed in 17711; and the Mediii- 
ilytic«, which were in ihe prw» 
ftan 1773, 1774, I77i, I77S. »wre 
■M the molt talmrioui worki edited 
profe'ior : and in the Philowiphical 
inaction) '\» to hr fnund a vnriely of papcn, 
^ieh alone would be lullicient to place him 
^the firit rank in the niatheiiwtical world, 
^e nainre of them uiay bt seen from the fol- 
•Mrins catalogue. 

Vqi: liii. p. «04. Mxliemalical Problems ; 
"l^. Itft, New Pmperties in Conic* i It. 143, 
r*i> TheWcmi in Mn«hcmnlies ; {nix. Pro- 
"ItaM MKicemlne Interpolations ; 80, a Gene- 
**l Rnoloilmi of Att(ebra'cal EMiauianii Ixxvi. 
"0, on Infinite Scric*; lixvli. 71, nn Finding 
•he Valoct of Algrhraical QuantiiiM by Con- 
*C(|pnf SeiiAei, and OeniunMrtting and Hx- 
Icmiiiig Pmpnifiinii* jiiven hy Pappni and 
•llifiti txrriii. 6?, on Cenlripeul Force* -. tli. 
IM, aa nine Pinprrtiei nf ihe Sum of ihc 
Dtnaion of Nitmbcn ; Ixxix. 166. un ihe Me- 
Ib«d cf rmreipmident Value*, be. ; il: I8S, 
«iiih< Rnoliitiini of .\lirRCtiTe Powers; Ixxxi. 
^46, on Inlinile Serirte* : Uxxiv. 3es — ilS. 
•o the Summation of lho*e Seriesei whoie ge- 
Mnl term i* ■ deierniinatr runeiion of i, iK< 
Atuin of Ihe icfin of the Sciia. 



WAR ■ 

For these papers, ihe professor was. in IT)*^^ 
desrivedly hiuioured by the Hnyal Siiciety with 
sir G'Klfivy Copley's medal ; and most of th<-iii 
afiotd very strung proofs of ih« poweri or his 
mind, both in abstract science, and the appli- 
c-4tion of it lo philosophy; though they lotiOKr, 
in common wilh his other works, under the 
disadvantage of bcin^ clothed in a very nnal- 
iractire form. The maihematician, who has 
molmion 10 go ihroitgb ihem, will tint only 
add (Titch tt) his own knowledge, but be ustv; 
fully eing'lnycd in dilating on those articles fur 
the bcnt-rit «f the rante general reader. We 
ini^hl add in this place, a work writien oi 
morals and metaphysics in the English Ian 
piiagei but an a few copies only were pN^ 
tented tfi his friends, and it was the ptofeMOTV 
wish thai they should not have a more txltVP 
circulation, wc shall not bcre enlarge >tpon>l 



Id theraalhcn 



calw 



rid, Ihe life of Waib J 

a dbiinguished ei 
required by the 



be considered 
The sirictoesa of dei 

ancients had arad ua II y fallen into disiiKc^ 
a roorecomiiiodious, though almost mechanical 
mode by al^bra atid fluxions took iii place, 
ami was carried to the iittnoii limit by the prO- 
I'essiir. Hence n^any new demonsltaiioiis may 
be allFibuted to hiin, hut 400 discoveries can 
scarcely fall w ihe tot uf a human being. If 
ive examine thoroughly those which our pro- 
fessor would ditiinguish by inch names, nn 
shall find many to be mere deductions, othrrt. 
Bs in the solnlion of biquadratics, unticipaled 
by former wrilen, Bui if we cannni allow lo 
him the merit of so invcoiivc a genius, we 
niu SI applaud his assiduity^ and, distinguished 
as he was in the scientific world, ihe puriiy of 
his life, the simplicity of his manners, and the 
leal which he always manifested for (he truths 
of the gospel, will intitle him to ihe rcspeci 
of all who do not etleem the good quulitirs of 
the heart inferior lo those of the head. 

WAHKWORTH, a village in Korihnm- 
berland.a( the mouth of the Coquet, live mile* 
S,E. of Alnwick. It hat a caitle. the s«at of 
ihc duke of Northumberland ; and near i(, 
the bank of ihe river, is a hemiitngc divit 
into three aparlmenls, cut out of a rock. 

WA'RLIKE.a. (u-arandJiAe.) 1. Fit 
wat; disposed lo war {Philipj). S. Mihl 
relating to war (JMH/fln). 

WA'RLING. I. (from tear.) One oflen 

U-nrdlooir. 



Mandic, 



pep'oSi Saxo 



spirit.) Amalewilch; a wiiiard (Dryrfml, 
WARM. a. (icorm, Gothic I pesrim, Sax- 
on; HParw, Dutch.) 1, Not cold, though not 
hoi; heated lo a small degree (.ViV/diI, V. 
Zealous; aidcnt (Po^e). 3. Habitually pat- 
^ionaic; arilenl; keen. 4. Violent i furinui ; 
vehement (Drifdm). 5. Busy in action i 
heated with action [Drydrn). 6. Fanciful j 
enthoiiiulic (iecte). 7- Vijjoroui ; sprightly. 
ToWabm. o.a. (from the adjective.) I. 
To free ftoai cold ; to bcU ia a gtmle degite 



W A E V AH 



Xhmak). 9. To heal mfatallyi to omlct iWkUs). >, It b<i>i ty .Wrt#yw» It — 

vehemeot (l!)!ry<ifli). bkm waSwioftest* 

ri^WAiiM.v:fi,togmwfe«iQo]d(/MMA). 7WWA^fi|UNT.9.«.(fMitfir«liMMk) 

' WAWlNpFAN. #. (wm and ^ii.) A i.To auppoir or mainUMH s |o «^e«t (ImIA, 

ibotered Mm* paa for warpitiv a M by «iea«t 9. To give ai»thori«r ( &mhp m f€ ^* 9* lb 

dfhoicoaU. / juatify OSmM). 4. TorKcaiplI «»fnri|qp} 

.WABMINST^B, 4 torfp, io WiMbife^ to tecum OSMa^). 6.T#<Wm«|nBanBy 

' irith a market pn fiatnrdaj, a woollen mann- {VEiirmnge), 

^Mture, and % grM trade in mal^ It haii tivo Wa^hraitt* «. (from the fwft.) I. A«A 

chitrchiet. and la vated ^t tHe aanrioeof the eopfcrriiif icMn0irjfl^i€ra«lhorii»lCI«i^ 

Willr,99inik»N.W.orSa]igbarf«aiidg6W. 9. A wnt giTing the ofi#er of jwlitt m 

by S. of l>04bn. power of cuiion U'vy^)* .^ Aaaevitit* 

WA^Rl^lLY. «!#. (IfOtowitra), 1. With vbUble pant (Aa&r). 4- Jl jtHwif 

mitle heat (Jfl/^oN). 9. Eaoerly; aideatly. coanBiniMi (K«<<fe.). A. AtmtaliMi GSM), 

WA<l(MN£SS/W4itifTH.i.(rro«iiMnnO ft Rishci WfiiJtty; obaoleta CWrt^ ptii yK 



1. Geotir heat (^cUiiaa). 9. S&eal ; muon i WAiifti^NT, • pr«c«po «iider hind and mI 

fervour of aniod {8prai)f 3. Paaattblocai; to fone oflieer* to brns 4*7 ofandcrbtfat 

^nthosiaam (TMip^). tho pcnan gwjniing it } and w^nama af cm* 

rpWA^. v.a. Cf^eiMiiaa, Saxons jaMfiMfi, aitannt are iaiued by the frhy ooooail» a» 

Dutch ; wama^ Swedish.) 1. To ctuliofi oreiary of stale, or jwiee^f ihe fMfC^ te, 

fgaintt any fault or dan^sr; y^ f^vp pievioiis where thcff Ims boen a prmir iiifenpaliii»« 

notice of iU iSmtk). Bp To admoniah of « witncas bad depoMd ayinat an oAnfo 

IKiTdaqf tohaperforoiedf or practice or place Wood*t Inal. 6l4- 

lobe avoWfld or IbiaaiRsn (Jell). 3. To in- Any one under the di^pva of iiobail|r«ili 

Ibrm preyioaalir of good or bad iDr^dn). aneatcd for a iwadepaeanor, ibr any thias *"* 

WA^NIND, #. (ifioai M^eni,) I, Caution a|^ntt the peace of the Uogdom^bvwiiNil 

jninit^uitiordaogersrpieirioiii notice of ill frooi a justice of tbi» praoei bqtiftbepoHi 

ltr(ake)p 9. F^peyiout noiioe: in n senaain* iaa peeroftbei«alm,lMmuatheappniMM 

difierent (Paly t/* Jfiw), forahmcb of the neaoa by wnimtaaiit 

WAftP, in the manpftetoma. a naow fx B.R. Dalt. Joat^Sa. 

Abe thineadiu whether of ailk, wool, linen, Aconsiable ought not lo a wet »e %j0Uk 

hemp, te. that aie csileaded lengthwise on wanant, whefe the warrant ia nnlnHMf « 

.the wefvci'a loopi i and ainoia which diie the justice has no jufisdictiou) ifhedaHkhi 

workman, by ncpUM of his •buttle, passes the may be punished. Plowd. 394. . 

Amda of the woof, to form a ckHh, riband, fiut if any penoo abuses ic, fay thieited 

Aistiao, or the Kke, in thediit, mo. or refusea la eateania a twid 

WABPf a small rope ^mpkracd oceamonally wanant, it is a contempt of the kin§*t peoqp^ 

40 reoKwe a ship from one place to another, for which the offender may be indi^ wd 

in a porr, road, or river. And hence, fined. Croinpt. 149* 

Tp WAfip, b to change the situation of a A general warrant to apprehend all penov 

ahip, by pulling her TroBs one part of a harbour, suspected, without naming or particulaiiy ^ 

&C. to some other, by means of warps, which scribing any person in special, is 4Ucml ed 

^re atuched to buoys ; to anchors sunk iu the void for iu uncertainty ; for it is the daij of 

hottom i or to certain st^ons upop^e shore, the magistrate, and ought iK>t to he left to the 

as posts, rtngs» tr<:C8, &c. The ship is accord- oflficer, to judge of the ground of the sn^iiciia. 

ingly drawn forwarda to those stations, either Also a warrant to apprehend all penons gpiilf 

)>y pulling on the warps by hand, or by the of such a orime, is no legal warrant ; for m 

application of some purchase, as a tackle, point upon which its authority rests, is a hd 

windlass, or capstem, upon her deck. When to be aecided on a subsequent trial ; m»t^» 

this operation is performed by the ship's lesser whether the persou apprebended thereupue a 

anchoia, these machines, together with their guilty or not guilty. 4 3lack. 991. 

warps, are carried out in the boats alternately A warrant may he lawfully granted bj laj 

towards the place wlieie the ship is endeavour- justice for treason, felony, or pfaNOoeiit, « 

ing to arrive : so that when she is drawn up any other o0ence against the peace ; and it 

close to one anchor, the other is carried ciut to seems clear, that where a statute gives anyne 

a competent distanoe be(bic her, and being justice a juriMJictton over auy offenoe, <*/ 

sunk, servea to (is the other warp, by which |iower to require any person to do a esima 

she is farther advanced. thing ordained by such a statute, it imaiisAy 

To Warp. v. n. (peappan, Saxon ; lafrpM, gives a power to every such justice 10 make eat 

Putch, to threw ; whence we sometimes say a warrant to bring l>efore him any one accaisi 

ike Mwrk caslt.) 1. To ehange from the true of such offenoe, or compelled to do any ibiag 

situation of intestine motion; to change the ordained by such sutnte : for it canimt but ke 

position from one part to another (AfovoN). intended, that a statute which gives a pt>** 

9. To lose jis prmier course of dimction jurisdiciion over an efience, means alae to pie 

{Shaksnear9)» 3. To turn (Alt//#e). him the power incident to all courts, of ooei- 

To \V A R p. e. o. 1 . To contract ; to shri^-el. pelliog the party to oomc before him. 9 Hm* 

9. To tujru aaid^ fjrom fbe tpic directtoa 84. 



W WAR 

ircMc* when ihc king it not a ^rty, 
i« Boc*rpoTal|>uniihmentia appointed, 
•rq Ebr wrvints' nagea and llie like, it 



irrtnt from any of the justices of ihe 
if Kiti^'i Bench extends over alt the 
m, and it teilcd or daled England ; but 
Nit df ■ juHice of peace in one county, 
I tttckH, Lhu is tignedi by a justice of 
' county, before it can be executed 
And ■ warrant fur appretiertding an 
I or a Scotch offender may be indorsed 
opoiiie kingdom, and theoHeiidercaf- 
% Ut thM pan of the united kinedatn 
h theoScoocwaicoiniuittcd. 4 [Hack. 

iKAIty or ATToltirBV. is in authority 
rer given fay a client to hit adnrney, id 
ind pbad for bim ; ot to suffer judg- 
> pua against hiui by eonfcesing ilic 
h* Bit dicit, non sum iBformaluE, &-c. 
RRANTABLE. a. (from tcauanl.) 
bk; deietHible(&>ufA). 
RRANTABLENESS. j. (from war- 
r.) lu>ti4iBblencit> (Sidnri/). 
RHANTABLY. ad. Uiaai watraHl- 



10 gite* author ily. S. One who gives 

IRANTIIiE. f. Iworrantiio, law La- 
luthDrity; Mcurity (8/iakipearf). 
ftRANTY. (. (worraaria, law Latin; 
r, garanl, French.) I. (In the com- 
V.) A prnniise made in a deed by one 
laanoiher, for himself and his hein, 
e htm aiKl hia hein againit all men, 
M^foying uf any thing agreed of betn-ceii 
Cauttt). 9- Aulborii/i jiiMiGcatory 
e ('/"njp/ar). 3. Security (Lacii). 
ARRA'V. .-.a. (ffomwor.) Tumake 

in (.F^r/ai). 

UtK. «. (poepp, Saxon.) Worse: ob- 

tHEN, n name applied to a privileged 
y pnacriplioti oi gram from the king, 
ii U krap heaiiA or fowln of irorren. 

11 aiicieiii recuids were said to lie the 
-M coney, the pheasant, *ad the par- 
bot ihc word now Dpjilias to any por- 
httnMi.or t/nrt of land, appropriated 
reeding and pICler^'Jtion ef rabbits ai 
jMnpcny. Tliese hcewne a most valu- 
4 profitable Moeh i )>aying a much 
ranual rent thun can be exjicned rmm 



ii and free warrtn. The fisnchiK- 
dcpee li> a park, i* . 

iitiinui _ _ 

NgnilkatHni, imulic* nolhiug fjffhei 
iec<i4iai (put f»« the iiuoserniis nrodiic- 
tontn, with which the neighbourittg 
UvA tbc ourbeli of (he tacuopoji) 



TP- Aft. 

-are snpplted; and ihcK tnrartablT pan vnUm 
the deiiominalion of rabbit warrena. 

Warren, a town of Rhode Island, in 
Briilul county, which hai a good trade, jiarti' 
cularly iu ship- building. It sundson Wineti 
riveiand thcN.E. partof Natraganset bay.len 
nUes S.S.E. of Piovidcnce. 

WA'RIIENER. ). (from si^arrw.) The 

WARKINGTUN, a town in Lancashire, 
with a market on Wediieaday, manuActures 
of carivas, cottons, checks, hardn-are, pins, 
and glass, and a considerable tniflic in mnlt. 
Here are two churches, an cxcdieni frec- 
■chool, and a large academy for the education 
of youth- The number of inhabiiants in 1801 
was 10^67. It is stated on the Mersey, ovn 
svbicji is a bridge, l(> miles E. of Liverpool, 
and IBSN.N.W.ofljuidon. 

WARaiOUR. *, (from icar.) A soldietj 

WAKSAW.BcityofPoland, lately lhe«ne- 
tropolisof that country,nndin<he^1aiinatcor 
Masovia. It ia built partly in a plain, and 
partly on a gentle rise from ibe Vistula ; ex* 
tending, will) the niburb<i of Knka and iS-agu, 
over a vast extent of ground, and conlaining 
above liGjOOO inhabitunts. The sireeU arc 
S|>Qeion5, but ill paved; the churches and 
public building* lurgc and magniiiceni ; the 
palaceaofthe nobility numerous and splendid; 
liiit lUe greatest pail of the houses, particularly 
in the suburbs, are mean and ill -constructed 
wooden hoveli. In the beginning of I7(>4, 
the empress of Hiusia put a jrarriton into this 
city, in order lo compel the Fbles-to acquiesce 
in the uiutpatioDS she had in view; but thit 
fcsrrifon was soob expelled by the oitiiens. 
rhe king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, 
but was compelled to raise the aicecinScp. 
lemlior. It was uodif taken by tlw Rustiana. 
who, in November, took by storm the auburb 
of Praca, uuusacreij the inhabitants, and ocaHy 
rvdiircd it lo ashes. The immediate eoOM- 
oucnce was tlie surrender of the ci^ lo the 
Kiusiani, who, in I70(), delivered it up to U)e 
king of Prussia. Toward the end of ItMi the 
Freneli ocoapied this place; nud by the treaty 
of Tilaii, the oity, and this part of Poland, was 
givetl lo Saxonv, M be hrid under the title <^ 
tlw duchy of Warsaw, h is 170 miles S. of 
Konipfberg, and laoE.N.E. of Brellau. Lod. 
tl. oK. Lnl. bt. 14. N. 

WAHT, a Biiiull knotty kiiid of tumor 
which most fm^oeiitly lites on the skin of ihe 
hands. Many ndiculwis cures have Ivcn mg- 
Kcaied for them by old women, and ihese have 
been kc|ii in oountenanoc by Ihe spaiilaneout 
disappearance of watts, which frequently hap- 
peiu. When a remedy ii thought necessary, 
t'luchsne them once a dat with (inrluie of 
uiurialcd iron t* a vrrv good one. 

WAKTED SNAKE, iii amphlbiolcfy. 

See ActocoDDtis, 

Wa«tilo rLAttr. SeeVsRocoaB. 

WARl'ENBERO.aiowiiorSIMa.eafiiial 

of a lordehipof the same name, stifh a cialie. 

In mx it mm caitNly rcdand i« aibo, ex- 



WjA It 'W A It 

-ttlli the old: eirtf, :ii>bicli b ncMr Uwd M Ik .ofiivd Om CiM yut^if liit eduotfioo «t Wb> 
.Uk^npalct R£. ofBrnlMi. cbeHerpAiid then went to Trinity colkm 



Lo0..17.^o£. ^t.5i. loN. 4r. Qxibfd. b 1946 he paUi4»«l five pifM 

''.icWABTON (Joi^ph, D.D.)» vfts bofti teloso^ in which htbceutifalljdctcnbct the 

iSuwr towaiQElt the end «f idbc Jfc^r 17Slf mr in miierici of war, lo which the thq^heidt if 1 

^ifebttiPivAgof theyuiriTS^. Hewesthefldeit ijG^nuiny wcic expend. Bnt h» Tnumfkm, 

ftbn of Thomas Warton, B.D^ who hid been Isin. in answer to Mr. MiMin's Im, cfidhr 

^ipHow of Mag4^i«p cpllege, Oxfoid; poetiy jCiultcd hit repntaOon. In 17M hencoecM 

proicHor from the your 1718 to l7Mj; and to a fclkmihip of his eoUcge* and in 17^hi 

tjear of IMq^tok^ iit Han^hjrej and of .wa» deeted ptoleisor of poeuy» whidiote 

Q}bbam .in $niicy. Wheie the mlqeet; of he held for the us«ial term of ten yean.— In 

t^jM ineoyoir: w^ hum we have not karml, 17.71 he was was presented to the Uring if 



'noholi^ weie we to- haiaid a ooBjeclMie, .we Kiddiogton in QjUoidfhire. His 

'jKOuul M that if. w^ in Oj^Coidft as his lither English Poetry, the fiist ▼olume of which «p- 

tifohAbfy sesid^ in that city dating Jhis fio* pemd in I774« evinces a singnUr comhiaitifla 

HMOfship. of ^traordinaiy Ulenu and attainments, b 

■, Oor knowledge of the ptivate bntory of Dr. 1786» npon the death of Mr. Whitehead* th 

Warion is inded c&tremely limited. We do . appointnieut of poet-Uureat was confened ta 

not' even know at what school* or in what him, and at the same time he was ekcui 

ecdlcge, he was educated ; thou|di it wat.prp- Canlden professor of ancient history. His fart 

' fcably at Winchester sdiool, and certainly in |»iibtieati«n eonsitted of notes on Mihoei 

:eome of the colleges in the unhrersity of Os- stualler poems. He died rather suddenly ia 

- fold. For mmiy years, he was successively his collet in May, I79<^> 

vnder and vpper master of Winchester college ; W A&TWORT, in hotany. See Eurnoi- 

hut rrttsnip the last of thete oflSieen when ne nt a. 

ibnndihe infirmities of age ^ming upon him ; WA'BTY. a. (ftom wmrL) Grown c^ 

^nd was succeeded by Dr. Goddard, the present . with wans. 

cxcdlertt master: He was likewise prebaidary WARWICK, a bonudh and the cipM 

.of. the'cathedml d^nrch of Winchester, and of W*arwickshire« govemcd by a oMyor, viih 

inotor of Wickiup in Hampshire^ whm be a market on Saturday. It was forufied widi 

died, aged.78. ^ . a wall, now in ruins ; but has still a ftnecarth 

His publications are few, but valuable. A of the ancient earls of Warwick, inhafaitid hf 

nnall cotleetion of poems', withoot a name, the present possessor of that title* The lo«i 

, ires the'fiift <«f them, and contained the Ode was nearW diestroycd by lire in iQ^i. and wmt 

.' to Fancy, wlyich has been so much and so de- principally cmisisu of one regular built stren, 

'^aervcdly admifffd. Thcw were all of them at encti end of which is an ancient oi^ It 

afterwards printed bI>Qi»1cy[s collection. He had fiirmcfly six monasteries and sis cniuchci; 

was also a considerable contributor to the Ad- of the latter two only remain : it has liLewiie 

Venturer, published by Dr. Hawkeswonh ; a handsome ^hirehouse, a good free-school, and 

and all the papers which contain criticisms on a noted hospital for twelve decayed gemlemen. 

Shak^peare were written by him and his bro- In 1801 the number of inhabitants was SSjfi- 

ther, Thomas Wartoo, the subject of the next It is situate on a rocky eminence, on the river 

article* Avon, 10 miles S.S.W^ of Coventry, aud 90 

' The first volume of his Essay on the Life N.W. of London. Lon. 1. 36 W. Lat. 53. 

■pd Writings of Pope was published, and J7 N. 

passed through several editions, and an interval Wab wick, a town of Virsifiia, capttil of 
of lietwee|\ twenty and thAy years had elapsed a county ; <eated on the risht bank of James 
hjitai^ he gave af second volume of that elegant river, 16 miles S.E. of Richmond, 
mnd instructive work in the world. He had not Warwick, a town of Maryland, in Cecil 
only meditated, but had collected materiak for county, on the east shore of Chesnpeak bay, 
a literary history of the age of Leo X ; and 15 miles S.W. of Philadtrlphia, 
jpmposals were actually in circulation for a work Warwick, a town of Rhode Island, diief 
of tW ktnd ; but it is nrobable that the duties of Kent coon^. It has a cotton manufiicturr, 
of fab'suthm did not {nvejiim the necessary and is situate at the head of Narraganset bay, 
leisure for an nnderuking wliich required years eight miles south of Providence. 
of nedusion and indepcmknce. His las^ WA RWICKSHIRE, a county of EncUnd, 
late work, which he undertook for the book* 47 miles long and 30 broad; bounded at us N. 
sellers at a very advanoed agCf was an edition extremity by a point of Derbyshire, on the 
of Pbpe*s Works, that has not altosether satis- N.W. by Suffordshire, on the N.£. by Lei- 
fed the public ex]^ectation.' He retained, cestershire, on the west by Worcestershire, on 
with greet pibpriely indeed, many of the note* the east by Northamptonshire, on the S.W. 
of Warbur&mi tan^isseven^nprehendedby by Gloucestershire, and on the S.£. byOx* 
the aiittor. of t)M .Pursuits of JLiteiatnre for fordshire. It lies partly in the diocese of Lich- 
soppreMttg the name of that prelate on his lield and Coventry, and partly in that of Wor* 
tide page» or including it only, as subordinate cester ; contains four hundreds, and one liberty, 
\0 his own» in the general expression oihirs. one city, twelve market towns, 168 parishes, 

Waktov (Thomas), poet-laureat, brother and sends six members to parliament In 

•f the preceding, was bom in 17^8. He re* I8I 1 the number of inhabitanu wu £18^8!^. 



WAS WAS 

e air is very mild, pleasant, and heatth]^. nnderstaud from the inventors, by whom it wu 

rinc north part, called the Woodlands, is first used for cleansing the felts in an ex teiMivc 

i i «- ided from the south, called the Feldon, bv paper-njiil, that from fourteen to eighteen 

Ll^cri%-er Avon ; and the soil of both is rich shirts may be completely washed withm one 

3.&i<l fertile. It produces corn, malt, wood, hour; and that the friction is far less than in 

«%*ool, cheese, coal, iron, and limestone. The performing that operation by the hand; while 

I «riDcipal rivers are the Avon, Tame, and Ar- ihe foul water is nut suffered to flow back 

Tf^*"^'' The capiul is Warwick, but Birming- into the linen, but is continually renewed. If 

ham is the laroest town. table-cloths, &c. happen to be gitAsy, they 

Wa'RWOKN. a, (war And worn,) Worn must be whirled round in the machine for 

%%-iih war {Shakspcare), the space of from 20 to 30 minutes ; when it 

WA'RY. a, (p<£)i, Saxon.) Cautious ; will be necessary to take them out ; and, after 

sorupulous; timorously prudent iAdditon), rubbing them well with soap to expose them 

^^'AS. The preterit of To be, again to the action of the engine for half an 

To WASH. D.a. (p3r<^an,Saxon; waf5c/i^fi, hour, when they will be found thorotishly 

r>iitch.) I. To cirnnse by ablution (£i*£i- cleaned. Fine linen may be inclosed in a bng, 

#* cJN/rO. 3. To moisten ; to wet : as, the rain and washed in a similar manner, so as to pre- 

agr<Eikn the flowers. 3. To affect by ablution vent it from being injured by friction. There 

r I M alii). 4. To colour by washing (Cu/- are, however, two points which ou^ht to be 

/<**7). strictly attended to; namely, the agitation of 

TV/ Wash. o. ». I. To perform the act of the water should not be too violent; and ^ 

a L> luiiun (Pope). 2, 'Jo cleanse clothes {Shak- suflicient quantity of foul linen must be thrown 

>^iire). in at a time, in order to amount to sucli weight 

Wash, s, (from the verb.) 1. Alluvion; as will cause it to descend, after having been 

riy thing collected by water (iVor/tmrr). S. carried to the uppermost part of the cvlinder. 

lx>g; a marsh ; a fen; a quaf^mire {Shak- The only obstacle to the general introcluction 

'*are). .'4. A medical or cosmetic lotion of this machine is, that it cannot be adopted 

^'•S'lrf/'O- 4. A supeifieiul siain or colour in those situations which arc not provided with 

< OTo/Zirr). 5. The feed of hogs gathered from a current or stream of water to work it; but, 

^^~ Sishinl dishes (Sftiikspearc). 6, The act of wherever a brook or rivulet occurs, such ap- 

^'^* .a&hins; the clothes of a family ; the linen paratus will be found highly serviceable in 

^^^ashfd ai once. workhouses, great fchools, prisons, and hospi- 

Wa'SHBALL. f. (wash and hall,) Ball taN, not less than in private families; as iitX) 

K%^S(leof»oap(iS»/r{//). shirts may be washed by one person in the 

WA'SIIER. jr. (from wash.) One that spec of twelve hours. It may be erected in a 

^^''^ allies {Shakspeare). mil I -reach, so as to be set in motion by the im- 

1^^ Washing machine, a contrivance mediate pressure of the water ; or, by connect- 

^^ means of which dothes are cleansed from ing its mechanism with the main cylinder of 

^ * ri. The following, given by Dr. Willich, is the water-wheel. 

^^ description of a washing machine lately in- WASHINGTON (George), the founder of 

^^^nted in Germany, by M. M. Fischer and American independence, waa b«m 1732, in 

"^ocrzig. ' the county of Fairfax in Vir^nia. He was 

(PI. 173, flg. 1.) — a, is a section of the descended from an English family, which cmi* 

^^^tthing cylinder, with its sixteen ladles, pro- grated from Cheshire, about 1030, for Vir- 

^"^'ing Tour inches; but of these ladles only ginia. He was edocated under a oriyate tutor, 

I'ut out tnternallvi as repre&cnted by the and^ embraced the military profcision. His 

liqr at b^ h, I, ^. abilities were (irst employed by OSowiddie in 

r, the iron roller, which is on the outside, 17^3, in making remonstrances to the Fiench 

^Ked tb the bottom of the c) Under, by means of commander on the Ohio, for the infraction of 

^io iron croM at J, c/, </, f/, with screws or nails: the treaty between the two nations, and he 

^t rests on the beam r, so as to be upheld in aftcrwar(is negociatcd with the Indians on the 

the Ibar excavated columns or posts y,^*, /",/*, back setilemcnts, mud for his services was 

ftf the lever g, and to be either raised or thanked by govcmnient. In I he expedition 

loircned, end afterwards secured by the pins of general Rraddeck he served as hit lid-de- 

if kg acoofdiiig to the greater or less depth of camp, and he displayed fcreat talenta in con- 

iseler. docung the retreat, and in raving the armv 

j» ibe cistern, at the sides of which the four from a dun;!rc.rou« |)08itic>n. He retired with 

pecli are firmlv inserted. the rank of cojojiel, but left the fieaceful em- 

(Fig.9.) — A bird's- eye view of the machine, ployments of an agricuhurisi at Mount Ver- 

Tlw latht between the ladles may be here dis- nnii, to become senator in the natinnal council 

dMCtly seen, together with the roller, r, r, as for Frederic county, and afterwards for Fairfax. 

il rests on the &am or supporter e, e, r, c, and In the American war he W8> early aclccied by 

is secured by a cap, K. the leaden of the insurrection lo command 

/, the boarded floor abeve the cistern or the provincial troops, and by his prudence, 

reservoir of water, on which the person stands, his valoi, and his presence of mind, he de« 

when the cylinder is to be placed higher or served and obtained the gratitude of his coun- 

lower. tr^t and finally triumphed over all opposition, 

Hy means of this excellent contrivance, we Distiuguished by the jname of American Fa- 



^•eiled 



WASHINGT O'K* 




tim» he rt«wd hiaudf wpter cf aailitMy luijami dwp fcr hi witiw. It 

stntafemty tnd whHe tent hbncil yt pre- in mlyhji. Tile l i h l ei^ ^Mi-Iifehiii^hwK 

eaoCMH!»asccywaidioe,lie|myredtketlieeocild tofy«r AioMflM iadneafaiee^ qai ^ 

ficht whciievef lie ceicMleied vpoii ine pieepcct thefe WMf be nen hqs ■eefi^'flie 

€W ABciflHe edfint^^ ^ certun fidoiyp A ' ivhae tlicy wNUBt bm oMBicmlcd fc ^ 

mofv nsn Buuem nuuit nefe xxmmo/BBnfOk ohs in fovera^B eyuiuii^t n u bsub hp ne ibbvb 

«elie(y of hfi codtttrr* ngrMijgopeQlj^ db- Umt menjrinwretiom ^htll notdipip^ Wev 

eipltncd tio6pi ef fenf^iiiilp Set thp nggKioin eone eqennr fimmate bat wnm^m'^dtiam 

genenl ksew thet ca ti e Bi e^ertciem wvoU chirf raaj boUl? teise tlw^-fifai m rfhialrite 

pcoi^ moic decisiTe tlien llie mMi MMtafit ^ipuiiiia»')MkleKebiiiiian wepei y i w r o wr 

^ieiefy over en eneeay, wfaete fCK KU ce t ^were tbe|ibe|ticsofliUeptlB*c4oeBB«rftr AwMi 

•npphedl with 4tfieidfy<iDm ^Httint Europe, eceeont of hii IHe hw beea pultflilwi byjiijy 

After aem^ the kidepeiideoee of his eoimtiy MeieheH in five bigi volt, tvo.! e^ m & i 

■citeUidi^ til 1783> the bcioie ditef fejtyKg tereeting coUcetkNi of hb oSeHlleltc|p.lteiei 

hit Uj^h offi^ of emmenckr to the QMigraNf pns m 

end tii the n^t of the eppteutety the edi^in- tii 9 volt. 8vo. 

tioQf end the teen of bit fellow eiticeos, he WAS«f v«tov» die ntow of 



Mtlm to e private atetjeii. With firmiiett he tiet in the United Stalei of Amefieeiimek 

deefinedthehpnoanoiieiedtohiBiliytbegn^ in Bhode fthnd, in NewYork^ jmWmmf^ 

titode of AniaicQ, he defnijcd eH hit miKtny vanie, in M«iylMM|» in Vtrnnia, in TniMt^ 

expeooetdoring the eight Teen ofthewar* end m North Caiouna, tn Sooth Cerrftne^tyh 

fliodeiUjr dedareri himtrff tatitM with the Geoigjuu Thete, and teveiil lownt tf *• 

reeoHeciioo of hit eervicet, and the ipod opt* tame name* take their denoniiiHitioo tap At 

fiiion bf hit feUow eiUient. In 1769 he wat illnttnoat oenefel Wathi n g le a » whe «■ 

nened iirendenty for whidi hb witdom. and eleeied the mt pretideat of we UoiitiflMn 

fbodetanon to fbUy qiudi6ed him. It wet a ki I7M, 

period of diffieid^; ibe nntobdued tpirtt of Wa^himptow, a eommercial lows, ef At 
liberty in America wet •jK**^ hindbd into Jt ' United States, in Notth OBfofioa, wttA^ 
flame by the retolotion of Faancey endnote the river Tar 36 inibt W. by B.of Mw bt ft 
iraroftlieAmeiicaottii^bcAet home for that LoR.77«3fi* liirt«S4.40ri» 
'IBqnality whbh teemed to promite more i^- WatBiKorovt a town hi the iMttf 
tenttve Imbinett lo the renovated tobjectt of Geoigb» in the eoimty of WHket. A ^ 
Lewb 3CV1. WathtngMHi anticipated the and a half from thb town b a ■itdiuu J fi'l 
phot of the tetiontt the pmdeiMe of hb ed- which hat bern fonnd veiybeoeieblb'A** 
mhiittration checked intunrection, ditoontent matic eatct : k ritet fimn n h a ll ow tm^ lb 
wattilenced, end the peofde» whom the in« tntideof whbhbonered wMineotftefiilR^ 
trtgucs oC the French envoy rooted to rebel- an inch thick ; and the leavet anMod tm 
lion, were convinced of the wildness of their spring are incrusted with e tubstanoe ts whb 
measures^andof the wisdom of their governor, ei snow. It is d6 miles N.W. of Augostt 
The president completed in 17^6 the business Lon. 89. 30W. Lat. 33. ISN. 
of his office by signing a commercial treaty WASHiNOTOify a city of N. Americt, ftm 
with Great Bntain» and then resigned at a the metropolis of the United States. It is 
moment when aH hearts and all hands were seated at the junction > of the riven Poloeiie 
nnited again to eonfer upon him the sovereignty and the Eastern Branchy extending about bir 
of the country. Restmd to Mount Vernon, miles up each, including a tract of terrimy 
he devoted himself to the cultivation of his scarcely to be exceeded in point of con veniceor, 
landst and though he accepted the command salubrity, and beauty, by any in ehe wsdi 
of the army in 179B, it was more to unite to- This territory, called Columbia, lies partly it 
«ther his fellow citizens to one general ooint, Virginia ana pertly in Maryland, and «it 
Oie good of the country, than to gratify am- ceded by these two states to ine United Sum 
bition or pride. He expired at his seat rather of America, and by them established to be ^ 
nnexpectedly, after a few days illness, 14th Dec. seat of government, after the year 1 600. tb 
179i>. He was buried with national honoon. plan combines convenience* reguiirity» d^ 
America, in a public mowniing, deplored in gance of prospect, a free circulation of sir, tad 
him the loss of ner father and her friend, and every thing grand and beautirul thrHcanbeii- 
a new city was erected on the borders of the troduoed into a city. It is divided intosqmia 
Potomac, whichf in becoming the capital of or srand divisions, by streets running doe K* 
the United States, records to distant times, by ana S., and E. and W. ; which foroi lb 
bearing his name, the patriotism and the gb- groundwork of the plan. But, from the ca- 
ries ofher illustrious founder. Wisdom, says pitol, the ivresident's house, and some ef tke 
a contemporary vrriter, was the predominant important areas in the city, ran diag— I 
feature in the character of Washington. His streets, from one material ohject lo anmit, 
patience, hb fbihearanee, his firmness, in ad- which not only produce a variety of ' *~ 
verse as well as in prosperous .events, proved of prospects, but remove the inMpad 
'more aolid advantage to his country than his which renders some great cities nn, 
bravery and talents. Thou|jh, perhaps, in- The great leading streets are aM Ito leet vridie, 
tarior to dther great characters in the extent of including a jKivenieni of 1 feet, and a gravel 
b idcas^ and the bcddness of his plans, he walk of 90 feet pbnted with trees oa each tadeg 



WAS WAS • — -■« 

rill IttfC 80 trti of pDv«d Mreel for ear- only tn nccl the puUic buiMinp, but to dig ■ 

Tha tat of the MncU are, in geneni, canal, lo coiuluct water thiough the cii^, and 

■ride, with a few only QO feet, rxcejil to pave and light the ttrccU. The ctly being 

Kuulh, *iidEi*lC&pitcil Sireuii, which iiluiite on (he great pmtroodi equidistant frum 

feet. The diagoiul iiieeu are nuoivd ihcN-andS.eKiremitiesofiheUnion.andneai- 

reipecliie tUtutcompOMQg thellnion, ly so from I he Atlantic ocean lo the ritcr Ohio, 

Kne running N. and ti, irc, from the upon (he licit naiigalion, nnd in rlie midst of 

utward, itiiiued East firit Sireci, Eul (lie richeit ctimtnereia] territory in America, ii 

BUvct, ftc ind ihoM W. of it «re, in by far the most digjble situation for the resi- 

~ 'naer, called Weit Firit Street, tience of the eongreu. The EaitErn Brindi 

StNet, Set. Those running K- >* one of the ^afat audinoali:on)ti>odiukM hai- 

ttm the capilol northwurd named bnun in Anieriea, being lufhcieiitly deep for 

i Street, North H Btrcel, fee. an4 thuM the lu.r|:CBt ships for font miln above lu junc- 

•n called Souih A Stroei, South B tion with the Htftomnc ; while ilie channel 

fcc. The iijiiarei, or divisiuni of the lies cLmi; .ilgng the cdeu of the city, and U 

•aunt III 1160: iJ>e reciangulM ones obundunlly eBjiaeioui. The Poiomjc producei 

from three to lUacres.andaTcdivided i einnnuinicauon by water bdwrcn the city 

I of from 40 lo 80 feet in front, and and ihe interior paru of Virginia and M^ty- 

pth Frotn 110 to JUO, arcunlini; to the land, by rtieansof thcSliannandnah, the South 

'*" Huare, Tile Jrrcgtdar diviiioiis Uranoli,Opecan,C«neC3paM,PaiiersonCrcek, 

1 by the ditgonul Mteets are some of Conoocheguc, and Monocaiiy, for upward of 

luir, but generally in valuable liiua- I'OO uiilet, through one of ihe moai healthy 

'~eif aeutejxiiuisaie all to becut ofTat regions in America, producing tobacco of lu- 

M that no home will bate an acute )iertuf quality, hemp, maize, wheal, and other 

All ilie hou'Kn mu>i he of brick or small srain.wiih fruits and vegetables in abund- 

rhe area for ihe cj)hiiiI (or house for aticc. ~ The lands u|ion ihr Potomac, abore 

ilaiive bodies) is on the mott beautiful the city of Washingion, all amiind it, and foi 

■e in the city, about a mile from the ttKty inilM below, are hi^'h and dry, aboand- 

lh»Bel), atid nM much mote from the ing with inniuucrable iprin^ of excellent wi- 

e, eommaiMJintr a full view of the cily, ter, and wHI covered with tioiber-ireesofTa- 

n a eonsiUeraWe extent of the eouniry rioiu kinds. A few miles below the city, upon 

fht ptCMiJent'* houfe is on a rising the banks of the Poiumoc, arc meihautubia 

, not far from the Pntomac, |»Mc»ing mouniain') of rxcellenifreeitoiie, of which ifae 

ttfbl water pratpetl, with a view of ihe public etHlicei in the oiy are biiiMiiig. Above 

and Mme other Riairrtjl parts of the the «ly also, upon ihe b^nks of ihc river, arc 

iae 8. from the pmtdrnt's hnute, and immense quantities of excellent coal, linie- 

I frmn the capital, run two great olea- stone, and niarbte, with blue slate of the belt 

fb *r malli, which inietsen and ter- quality. The Ty^r, which is the ptiadjMil 

npotilhe bntiki of ihe Poiomue, and sin-ain that [msscs through the ciiy, is ti> be 

learfMrnenied at the side* by a variety coltectod in a i^rand reservoir neat the cajiitol. 

Ml baiMInp, faotnes for foieign minii- whence it will be earned in pifiei In dinerent 

I. loienpened ihrough the city, where parts of llie ciiy ; while il* lutplus water will 

It aMtnial itreeta ctoss each other, Btv fill dawn in rascajrs, through llic public gar* 

t of Men ■tea*, formed in vaiinui repi- dens W. of the capilol, inio a caiul. The plan 

m, uniich, in great ciiiei, arc extremely af'ihis cily was formed by nmjnr L'l^nfant i 

and omamenial. The be^t o( the^e and the founding of it in such an eligible ailin. 

MNU be Bppro)iriated to the different lion, uponsiichaliberul and elir;;int plan, will, 

ampotlng ihe union ; not only u> bear by fuinrc gciienttions, be considered as a lii^h 

vpecitTe names, but as proper pWes to mtiot' of the wisdom nfthe tiriipre-ideiitof the 

itim, obcliski, or column*, lo the me- L'lutcU States, while iu name will keep fienli 

t their tclebraled men. Upon a small in mind ilic obligations they are under la ihat 

tr, where a line due \V, from the cO' illustrious character. .Since 175)2, many woik- 

md due S, froin ihr prcsideni's house, men have hecn employed, and cvety exertion 

iOMtiwci, it Hi be eredcd nn T({uesirian is mikinR lo cnnplcie Ihe plan. In IHOO, 

Df wneral Washinghiii. the linl pre- a/iet the ailjiuirnnieiil of congress, at thcit 1^)1 

If Ihe UniledSialcf. I'mjier places are «ewton in I'hiladclphia, the jiablic oIKcci, te- 

I Mil far other public btiiMin^ ; a» a cords, am) property were renioved to lhi» rity ; 

iiaipilal, with ttt (cnrdcnsi a genetnl .-indhere,oiiihe27doCN<itemhrr,ihecoiigres9 

nam) irs iKtfalic wnlksi a rott, magi- assembled (or the fitil time. In 1804, a io- 

iM Hicnal; a city hall, churches, rtil- ciety of agriculturo wan incorporated lim-. 

mriici- house*, Iheaire, He. The pre- Washington i> l44niilc<S.SV. ofMiibtdelphiii, 

of Ihe Uniie<l States, in loeatinj the theliieimpitalof ihe llniudSusn. Lon. 77. 

ihceiiy, prevailed upon the pM|irieiors t> W. L.it. 39. 07 N. 

oB le c*dc ■ certain portion of ihe toM WA'SHPOT- : Ivaih and pvt.) A »e»el 

r ntiiniion, to be sold by hit direction, in which any ihiti^ i> >\M>1ieH {Cutlrv). 

1 ptoreeib to be applied solely lo the WA'SHY. a. (fn-in wani.) |. Walcfvj 

4M<Uin^. TMt grani will proditee damp (^i/JonV :. Wn-k i not soliil ^Vof^ii^ 

*"■■# kits, toi will be luflickni, tioi W AW, in cnlomolog]'. See Vi«rA. 



mMh\ 



^Watch. 




WATCH. 

wWI brgimtotimdrxirnlnrttw action of ihe |i waiinall piece of metal, called lIie«aA,1«W 

ntain-eprin^E.markingihcvibrdiJoiuhjimo'ving in^ a notch In it to rMcive liie iprrngr ilie 

the handvGH; it ii, however, stupped im- Bciing)Mrt of ibespriiigiirroni filoilieccntiet 

inei!i»irly by the nest tooth at the io|i of the aoil a» the curb, p, \y oioreablc, the aciii^ 

wheel mecliii^ the upper pallet of the verae: length can be alleteH : tbc curb v 

the hatanceanU pallet wa93l thai limejuaiue- leclh, and turned by a fintODi 

ginning to return, and ihe tup of the wheel which rcprcKnls the piece, ittti _ 

moving in contrary direction to the boltom, from ifte |>late R, and titrDcd up: iheni 
the tonth preuM aopinst ihe pullet, and asiista " it i. i i- -i ■ . . i - . 

l!ie balance to tnaintain the sanM arc JB il> vi- 
bration : ivhen the balance i* about tnTeiuro, 
the upper tooth of the wheel tlips off the pallet, 
anil the lower one catches on tne lower pallet, 
and awiM^ the balance an before : one of ihi 



which il 



. ihenmiii, 

ill dial, divided into tbirt;, fiaed » 

the upper side of the plale, o.ln 

) be set so M to rtfiubic t}ie wiitb 

tn the utnMHt aicety: Itli (% 1) are iix^t 

piltan by which the two piaiei, E E, af the 

tvalcb are held together; and //If (fig.S>re< 

sniall present ihe heads of the s«ine pillari cssiiDji 

iliioiigh the up)>cr plaie, and scnul) me?, ptii 

tlimiish Id keep the plate down. {BnUtkitt.) 

Mr. Dlioi, of Ckrkeuwell, a few yeani^ 

ii;venled a veiy simple repratinfi watdt, iP 

which the nwlion is perfoimcd with euvpin- 

lively feu* pnm. Thus he ii enabled In rnhn 

the price of pKH(iepeaier& to low as ei^htni- 

to add ibe Rpealing w«rk W UMW 



of the verj^e workiin ihebollnmorit alw, »ml 
the upper pivot lotnn in a cock, F, screwed to 
the plate E, and covering the haUncc to de- 
feorl it from injury. 

The hnnJg, G H, are moved hy the central 
arbor which projects through the lower plate, 
E, (fi?. 5) and receives a pinion of twelve teetlt 

fixed ou the endofalube which lililightupnn WBich for three, 

the arbor, but will %\\p round easily to act the The method hy which thi« tv^ler b n 

hands when the watch is wrong: the other end much itmplificil, is by the use of a tingle put, 

of the tube is aaaare, and receives the minute «o contrived as to perform tbc apcrarmNoTik' 

hand, H, which points out the ininutrs o\\ a veral : this it, a flat ring, or ceiitrekn iirhMl, 

circle of sixty opoii the dial-plate M M i the of nearly ihesame diauieierai the watch.tva- 

pinion on the tube turn> a wheel, L, nf forty- poiieil In its place, so ai to admit of clicew 

eight (seen in plans in Rg. 3) on whose arbor miition, by four grooved pallcyt plneed nwid 

il a wheel of sixteen, lurninfi another wheel, its exienui ciiciunrctcnce, iniheume muiaei 

K, of forty-eight, Ihe oibor of which Is a tube as the part in common oloeks which denow 

fitting on the other tube, ixiA has ilie hour the moon's as'- This part is put in mMiiM 

hanil, 6, fixed umn It : by this arrangcnivnt by turning mc pemUnt, whoK cxittniit; ii 

ihe minute hand, H, turns round twelve times formed into a small vertical wheel, wkieh 

for one revolution of the hour hnnd, G. works in leelh cut on the external part of dM 

As the time the balance takes to perform flat ringfor almost a thitd of iiscircitiafeiatN. 

a vibration depends upon the arc it pisses The lowerpartof iberingcontainsthepitHial 

through, the least incn^seoffoKe in the main- right angles to its face, which lif^ the Wb- 

sprinz would alter the rate of the waich; there* men for striking the houn and qwtnen; the 

fore Uie fusee is cut into a spiral, diminishing internal part of the ring contains indenliliDM 

from top to bottom, a* the spring draws tlie of regularly incrca»ii>g depthf, which, ncen* 

chain with greater force when wound up than in^ llie tails of the levers, whwe other ealr^ 

when it is more released. The chain acts u|ion mities are pressed t)y their springs againit Ac 

a shorter lever when the spring is wound up, hour-snail and the qHArter-inail, is by then 

and upon a longer when il is down, «o as to prevented from itiovinic beyond accriaindwn 

tcgiiiate the unequal action of the spring to a proper for the time ; after the pendant if tuto- 

per fee tly regular force u|H)n ihe wheel work. cd, the ring is brought heck to lt& first petiust, 

Aaitwillmost probablyhappcn that awatch bya box -spring, round which a Goeclwiiiit 

will not always keep the uiine time, it ii n«- coiled, whose extremity is connected witblhc 

ccssary to have an adjnsinicnt that ma; cause inner |Kirt of the ring. 

it to move faster or slower ; this can be done By turning the pendant to the )ei( die bw 

by two ways, either by increasing or diminish- is struck, and by turning it to Ihe right ikt 

ing the force of the wain-sprins, a, which in- tqu^rters are repeated ; and the retumitw SDritq 

creases oi diminishes the arc ihe balance dc- just mentioried is made to upeiare in both » 

scTihca; or it may hedoue byMmiglheningor reclioni, by its chain pasting between tit 

weakening the pendulum spring, o o, which little pulleys, which on either side comcrt !*• 

will cnu'c the bnlunce to move quicker or direction of the chain to th« rmeortiacliMiof 
slower. The drit is done by turning the tachc 
wheel, I, (Hg: b and 3) on the end oflhe arbor 
of the main-s)1Ting, thetehy winding up or 
letting ilnwn xht spring without turning the 
fusee ; but as this is a very coarse adjustmeal, 
it it never used but by tho maker, and recourse 
ishad to the pendulum ^prioRid, (fig. 9] which 
is deed 10 a ;lud, r, upon the plate E, by one 

end, and the verge of the balance hy iheothei: 4. -'The Miae for the ijaaiui 



the spring. 

Hence. It is evident this single Oat rlngpW 
forini all tlie followieg oporati«ns ; 

1. It receives the motioit for (Irikin; ill* 



C, — The same fo 



:.te^^ 



^ W A T 

rbthrf ibe indeatBiians I'V trhidi the 
inail opmlei on it by lis \e\er. 
MNHW, by wh'Mh the (I'latKi-snail 



I icIU Ifi 



ihe hour, to iLs tint pa- 
ne* the part, for the same purpcte, 

lliiiii 3 cavity, which i 
wn, ih«( •' 

nngi the urae patia, in tliree in- 
iiBtde to pertbtm double openitinns, 
rimplieity of c-inilniciion li ad> 
prrenlly to its grcstnt «j:lent. 
■•flLAssBft, in ■ ihip. ate ^laM« 
lo IncasuK thE peiiod of the natch, 
t It into any number at raual parts, 
Mf'bourK. he. to (hat tUr scvenl 
'n nMf be regularly kept and re- 



WAT 

hnusn, wliicli are long and Epacioits. "Hi* 
manners of the peoiile, (heir gtiienl habits of 
life, aixt their method of treating alriinK''i 
gieBltr rcEemble those of Olaheite, ar>d i 
iieiahbouri ng Itlandi. There ia alao a grml 




HET, n town in Somersetshire, 
rtt«tmi Saturday. sealed on the Brit- 
I, H llie mnnih of ■ good harbour, 
[Mcnieii by coal ihipt, which arc 
letice with limettone, alabaster, and 
» ruoileen miles N,W. of Bridge- 
153 W. by S. of London. Lon.3. 
<t.5l. ON. 
«BT. a. (p)Me%, Saxon.) Blue; pale 

MFUL. o. Iwstch and /«//.) Vigi- 
Blive; caulioui i nicely ob)et\'ani 

HFULLY. ad, Vigibmlyj cau- 
llentiTety i with eauljous obscrva- 
\ta\W(.Beyh). 

IHFULNESS. ,. (from wclehfiil.) 
oe; heed; tuipicinus attention ^ 
ganl; dtliftent obserration [Jfitlli). 
y totteep (Ariulhnal). 
IHHOUSE. >. licalck indhaaie.) 
» the watch ia kI tfiinj). 
'HING. ». (from .iafrft.) Inability 

UMAKER. t. {waick aud mairt.) 
< inule i* to malcc wuichci, or pocket 

;HMAN.f.(walcAandninii.)Goaidi 
me MI M keep ward (Tayhr). 
UTOWER. ». (lca(fi and /nurr.) 
irhich ■ irntincl wat pluccd fnr the 
•peel iDonnt). 

:flWORU. «. iwaick and Kind.) 
nitri to the tentineli lo know iheir 

KOO. an i^and In the Pacific ocean, 
byeaptain Cook. It i4 sii lea^Euet 
jj i iiujwil of bill* and pl^iins, and (he 
roM with Ttrdure. The rail, in 
. It It^t and wndy; but futihcr up 
r. a reddish cail nas icm nn the 

i^^hm ibc iilsoJeti build ihcii 

I 



Water, (aqua.) a transparent fluid, 

withsul rolnur, imell, or taile ; in every degrea 
comprewihle ; when pure, not liable to spoata- 
neou* change; liquid in the coiaman tempura- 
lunr of our atinospheiv, asauming ■ aoUd form 
at a-i" Fahrenheit, and a (viseaiii at 213", but 
retumiog. unaltered lo ita liquid alale on remm- 
ing an; degree of heat betireen theae pointa ; 
capable of diaaolring a greater number of na- 
tural bodira Iban any other fluid trltatever, and 
capccialty thoie knowa by the Dime of Uw 
■aline; perfbnuing llic luoat ioportaot fnne- 
tiooi in the tegelable and animal kingdoms, and 
entering largely Into their eompoailion aa a con- 
atiluent part. 

n'lter ia found throughout Ihe earth, not 
only in the uncoiobined' atates of ire, liquidity, 
or uleitn, hut penaanently united to a tait num- 
ber of tHMlies, botli aalid, fluid, and ganeous. 
For iDHlanee, tlie Hiiumaii air of die almo- 
apheiv and water are niulually aoluble ia each 
oilier; all natural waters cootaiaing air, and 
CTen that nlr wliich is apparenlly Ihe dryeBt, 
hotding a portion nf water in tnie solution. 
Again, many aolid minerals and all crystallised 
neutral nalta rontajn water lo tbelr mmpoaition, 
aonie of the lalter to full half tbelr weight ; and 
by all tbrae combinations water, in changing ita 
funn, lo«es mauy ul ita dittinguishiDg proper- 

Chemisla have long hem occupied in the 
ImpoTlanl nmaideralion, whether naler be ■ 
aiinple elemeatary substauce ( and two or tbree 
totally different eontroveraies bate aucceeded 
each ollwT on tblt ijuestion. It was long since 
obMncd, eren by Uippocratea, that all natural 
waters mntain air, which is separable from them 
by beat or hy frceshig, and that, under particu- 
lar rirrumstancea, Ibey all depoait a portion of 
earth. Tliese events conatanlly aecurriog iritb 
etrry oalural water as it apringa from the solt, 
several ingGDiuua men liaie imagined that carlli 
and air were neeesaary conatituenl parti uf 
perfW^t water, and liave attempted to allot la 
carh ur tlitm their peeuliar ahare in pradueiag 
the various appearaoces of thit fluid, and its 
effect on the human body : so Hoffman obscnes. 
that " water is eomposed of watery moli-luni, or 
water, properly «o called, of a fluid expinaivD 
ctber, and of earthy and aaline particles." A<- 
sumingltiiacoinpositianas lrue,he(;ae<iia toaa- 
sign the part ioular properties nf each ingredient: 
" the etbcrial part is the cause of the superior 
lightUHB, brisboesB, inleiline motion, and ci- 
eioptlon from pulieTaction ; the watery part, 
which ia by far the greatest in quantity, is com- 
pusrd of very aubtile and mobile }iarlidei, whicb 
iaainuile Jato, and pmelrate etcory subatanaa 
capable of ululion ; whilat Ibe earthy and 
saline matter ia flu'd, aad nill nat riw ia 
diatillalion. Hence tou Ihe quality of dlA-rent 
wilera uiusl, aecurding lo llii* opiniou, depend 
on the pruparliun Af eaeh ingnrdient The moti 
salubrioui waters am ihoic whieb eoataln niutl 
of the etbeitel particles, and are lighter than the 
otbcn. Thej also heal and coal lb« aooarit 



4 



V A 

(bnl baiBK Ml J Ottt bielia* orUn higUr mMk 
-^ -•-■ -^ ■ tmA oihvr), tol bMM tm 



TEB. 



■tUalpM, ■■ tb« adtafT Mrf htiamt mlatL 
a^cHwHIiiUBkaUybeMrtMliMd )■ botttM. 
mti Ibcrdbn an tnudi ilore wlntcUi i* *hca 
druk at Uwfbuotaln head. Hcaf* tbantfalata' 
ab Mot MDl tha badj Ilka eanuaod walcr.'bBt 
tteaaaa tha iMattla ud f altkca' Oa ^reoU^ 
tlhi. TUaaiherbU)aMlTarM)*nMt,thaMNd, 
m ft mn^ oT HbilMk. Vtaa the abnaduea 
«r Iha aqoaaM padi, tha IntapHr af Om bDdr b 
_L .._ — d jgiee, tttMurt^ tha •»- 



qutwtiiHl, anil tlw f^nduiU ■dTUCcx wllifh tbk 
opiiiiuii )ii« iiiiilc to an aliDoiil uQiimal «.(■■ 
blifihmrul Biuna^ dwiiiii>t* of eto^ caonlrf. 
Wjiter Ih, Bocnnliiit la Itiii opIaioD, acsiu)Hiuail 
flufd, made up i>f Iwo siimtanca, uvilbcr at 
whluti ru be eihiliiled kcpkrolel), eaccpt in Oim 
fiwseoui ronii ; ind wltea aeriforin, Uu-j ut 
kuon n, tiie onu ■< hydrogtin |[aiiH,<ir iulUionabht 
■irj the other u oxjsi'n gxta, nr >iUl air. 
, Time KK^Ki in the protmrtloii of ahniil thrr* 
or hftlrofcn to rleien of oxyrFx, mhi-n unilod 
rticntiiill), Biid rcducml from Ihu fnrm of m 
air ti> Ihiit of ■ liquid, nil 



3 



thought to he loo lubtila ibr 
tiori, ftnd «ere rather CMitdcnd ■* aamllal 
[iirii of er<^ry vater In the itala af tha hlfh- 
rtt prrfc«tion, iotrcHlDs ib gmnl HtmhAtr 

u ■ rviunion drink, ui irell u *Uuf ' 

Divdicul poniT*. We sb&ll prffMU^, 
■hoiT Uk freat acquisitton to o<t ' 
'■ *( irhlrb laodem ( 

^nbhing accuratdf tha 
■ parlM, frooi the ' 

a ar«l 

I' of dbtmafloa oftn 
(cpMtai, and ladepMdHt af tha a<k)Mwledfad 
«arlhj mMtM of all aatval mttfn, was aa- 
olhar apInioB miuh eaatiarertcd U that tlaw, 
wbldl WH ipparentl; (Upport«d bj tctj itnniB 
betit, idd eniployt^ the ikin, atlmllon, and 
oiperinllf the pitieace, of m>D; of the ableil 
cheniiiti. A moirt exagprated accoaol of the 
qualitf of earth produced bj diitilliag rimple 
water a auinber of tinei (ueceHirel;, haTioff 
been f ifcn to the world, tupinrted bj Ihe ireat 
authorily of Bof le, other ehemiala inade nriout 
experiment! to aicertain the truth of thin re- 
port. The most armrate and Imponaot in 
■upport of thi* opiaiiin are tboie of the entl- 
aent Berlin cbemiil, Mnrgraalf j he found that 
water, thoucb purified bj repealed d i (til lationa, if 
cTanorated to drjneu, tlirtji left ■ amall eRrthji 
mtduuiB. Thli amnunted, afler aevenlj-two 
dbliUationi, to ten grain). But aa Ihe enrth 
that obtained wai moallj aillceoua, and wai 
produced In Cf^tler quantity by lioli.'nl bollinit, 
than bj (cotTc beat, Ihoufh the aamc quantitj 
and kind of watrr !n both cawt wu opcralcd no, 
it wai lulpacted that the produclion of earth 
wai enlErclj (iw<ii| to the abraiion uf the glan 
tewela In whirh the diitillatiun waJi carried 
on. Arcnnliagi}', I^voiiler repeated the esperi- 
nent with tbia tIvw, and bj wrif hing the veaael 
before and after tlie prootu, he found a lota 
of Wright fullj equal to that of Ihe earth pro- 
daced j and thia explanation i* now gcnerallj 
aeqabteed in, and hai long put an end to tb« 
eoalronnj. 

Water had hardlibeeo reeilabllibed on the Ibl 
of aleBieDtarT lubitance*, befara tbo importasl 
qSLitloa of Iti dtcompoiilloo, aenirding to tha 
•plataB of amdam rhCBtlifri began ta be agl* 



It b t« ha nMerved, howeier, that tkit rlra 
MWM af Ihe cooiposiliou of Hater bt.% ' 
Utila aaaeam with ihc chemical knowlciUo at . 
wliiwal walen. None of the methodK of ». 
s^altf tbete watcra appear in may asutik 
dogna te n4u<x timiile waler to it* uri[iaat 
alMaC«tt,bBl onl)' Id teparate front il tlirfiinifa 
aaatMtl of eirerj dencrlption. In which It oiia- 
p, whib aowing under tlie lurfim- of tb 
aartht BapronM^ of obtain in g the adieolilival 
gBMaa af «Btuntl water* aeeni to decvmpon «i] 
part of thb fluid, but, in all chemical cnquria 
•MMMlcdirith the analjnla of uiincral aprbpi 
the afMD>i prinriple maj be ecnurailj coudw- 
' ad aa antlnn mrrelx ■• nler. at leaat in lb 

liiaaiint alnli iif imi 1 Inl lii Ii ilji TM 

priveifal hds, lo the expianaliou of xhlcfa lb 
d aeew p w J tbn of water haa matrriall) awiilcd, 
•re Tariwu eircumtlancei in the aolutloa at . 

Af metallic bndin ; lereral of tb 
BKwt iaipottant ehangn that lake plan ia tkt^H 
TeRetafek kbigdom, nieh ai that of Ihair iMiM 
oat oxjgaa p»>i io aunthtne j Ihe fowMlb a]^^ 
olb, tcahu, and other tnflammahlc bodiM d«ifH 
their growth; Ihi.' coniunioii of augar bk . 1 
ardent iplril during fervicntalkin ; aad Ike 
ultimate analjalk bf the proeeaa of ^aalMaaH 
putrefaction. It lUll renuuB* for eb^bttjli 
delermine whether the deoo^potitioa of WiM 
perform anj material nait ia the r*iiaBM Art 
are going on in the liTio); aainal. II b a» 
tainly by no iu>^ui* an inprobaUa eiq)MbM, ' 
linn the matcriMi of animal bodbaavaiaAM 
are pcmliarly liable to ehaogc, and «apacbII|M 
the prncen of animal putrefavtioa I* tapfiM 
to bo principally hroufhl about by Um fc i ai^l ■ 
aition of water naiialed by a aHidiarato laMp«a> 
' o una mnteriata, aadv M . 
if Itea*. may pawlUy aadv 
go (omewhat of a aimilar dccompoailia* aiH 
during animal lift. At thb aulOeet, haM*cr,li 
entirely conflnrd In llie rc^oaa af ea«|a4M^ 
and not connected with our preaeat aaqaMai 
we aball take no farther notice af Ifca allb^ 
drCooipoaltlon of waler. 

Of all the claiaei of natural bodba Aat ■• 
none, into which watw eoloi ao laifati m • 
constituent part, at thoae af the TtaUh l a M 



kingdom, by puaaeanag a aliMtan rMMffaNl 
liahb to deeompwilioB, and in whbb tbefri» 
cent aSnitie* are nerar •• a4)«atid. thai tta 
ronalituent part* of th^ bodba easa Ar % 
mumcBt, during life, rem^n at rert wMm*! 
forming new eunpoundi. Maat fdaaili iM 
tontlauo fur agea aaaltwed, whva fMbalit . 
from cKtenal rbralral BfMtf i ^ •■ 4^4^*^ 




WATER 

i» twit p^riotli prpciwly llii 



J Ii«We In 

T tnlemal 

nH hjr tbplr peculiar ai^nniiiitian. 
iiKtinn, whirh i) more or ten mm- 
frrfiit ptrli lad larioui cluaoii, 
n of k i]n(en of eylindrical tchscU 
niff Ine into minulc briuirh-'i, and aT 
eh l« fontlantly eimilating irilhiD 
.. Then, m all the nolidi ue formed 
•Itinn rrom the eirculBliog Duidji, 
'rndereil unfit for perfonniaf; their 
' Boxiou* to the body, i,™ removed, 

Ibe Suidit, it i* necenifjr Ibil the perspiratli 
I be espable nf holding in tolutfon, ingredient prudoDilDBtes 



(ipeodine, all Ihe malmata nfiiliirh cireuliitine n 



bj the vioTent aMioa of rSreiiUlinn. and |biM 
■ItJifactnrily eiptirined the bufff coat oil ioBi vi- 
ed blood vhicli iiad been rrroneouslj- Imputed t« 
inipimalion from a low of the watery partn. 

Water i* that part of the blond which apptan 
to be Ihe leatl animaliied whilst perrormtDg Iha 
round of drculilion, the Iobi nf wbieh leenu t» 
be the euicr to bear, and la admit oftlic readicat 
lupply ) but aa there !< an ample proriaiop ia 
lilt ejicrelioni for cUTjioe off whateieeportintl 
nf Hill fluid i« Euperfluoui, ne may reasonablf 
■iippu»v Ihat there ia little daDger, in beallh at 
leatl, of nn exe«si in this niut iunoccDt of alt 

"" isl abUDdfnl extrcliorn are the 

d urine, lud in thetc the aqueoua 

lliaa io tha 



• (ompaMd. Tbia, thererun 
OrlBnt propertj ia water, that of r 
iriaof all the Huidii that are perpe- 
UIdc through CTcry luhc of cjery 
\i Uring animal or TfitcUble. 
be a mod Taluable diii'sverj ifn 
I aieertain the prednc degree of sr 
le nrioui materiati of Ihe eirrulal- 
Ibe water whieh holds them lus- 
the extent to which siiupio chrmical 
aid act Endependcally of Ihe drcum- 
«, wlllch ippeari to prod ure regular : 
tt cfeapget in a manner, and aecord- 
to the eiplaoatina of which nalural 
i iaadequale. Samethinc, however, 
cml conililulion of the fluids of the 
I we Ire already acquainted with, 
'leblich importaare of 



Inicutible penpi ration cdd- 



*!>ta largely of pure nnter, with ■ very uitnut* 
quantity of lalt, and still leu of nnjmai matter, 
■o little indeed, ai only to bo detected by the 
iDCll. The liquor thai moiitens Ihe cavities of 
lie body 11 nearly of the taoie nnlure. Th* 
animal matter appean Io inrreaie when lh« 
pprtpiralipa beromea violent and teniible, and 
the odour proportionally stronger, and o(tcn of 
> very peculiar kind. The obvious uiea of Ibia 
rnpiouf vicreliun seeia to be, not only to ro- 
uiovc a lupcrabun dance of water from lbs 
■yslem, but especially, by carrying il off in 
a gueoui form, to conatilule the great cool- 
ing proeeis, and thui keep in proper check 
the produdinn of heal by the loiigi. In Um 
npioiii evi^retion of urine, the proportion of 
ivalcr, though leii than ia the former caw, la 
ilill very ereal. It is ralculated bf Hallcr at 
fluid, am) the large share which it about {) to JJ, and it appears to have regular 
ill the circulating jui res. Thus we variatiooa according to the previous diet, tha 
he blond i< a very rompouad liquid, time which this secretion require* fn fonningi 
'animal gtulen or Ihe mngulum ; of aud the frvqumcy offtiiichargine. Our cbeiuiral 
I, Ihe nature of which we are but knonledge of Ihe alher ingredienla ii aliU very 
iBttfil with; of animal albumen, ioiperfbcl, but thej teem to be moru varioui and 
■table from the servm fay heal ; of a peculiar Iban those of any other natural leere- 
alti of the muriatic and phosphoric tinn. No other, likewise, ilicws (ucb a total 
■Miy and cbicfty, of a very large discavd change in chemical compotilion. ai 
Mer, which enable* Ibe other con- thai which occun during lareharine diabclca. 
aw Ihe fluid slate, and to rirniUte On the whole, it is probable that tbc purely 
hrery minute canals. This quantity elicmical properties, wbi cb water cxerciwa when 
beat timei, but, on an averaec, is fanning a eonstitucDt part of Ihe animal fluid*, 
' Halter at nearly Ihree-fourihs, or mny depend on the prnporliun il bear* to tha 
i, or sometimes 103 to 138. Nut other ingredient*, or the degree of temperature 
■ntily of the rdpcclive coutenta and form of action to which the whole hai been 
irobahly Ihe atalc of tha ingredienli e\pa*e<l. which wilt increase or diminish the 
'lie (olvcnl power of this liquid, and poiubly 
a nu the order io which ihe other conlcnls haw 
en pmenled Io il. This last circumstannt 
* ~ little Bllendcd to by physiulogiili, 
*e must «uppo>o that the laws of 
lily are not entirely luperteded bj 
Ihe tivinf; power*, it ia certainty probable Ihat 
T of loluliuu of the dilferenl ronlenta 
of the common animal fluid may, in aotoe de- 
gr^ce, ■AVel Ibe reapectivu proportion of tha 

It is not only in Ihe animal, and atill more in 

the vegctitble fluid*, thai water appean the moat 

abundant ingrcdlcol, but even tba solid* of holb 

111 are found, when dta< 

ly ilissulved, a* il coagu1atc< organised, to have Ijccn composed most largely oT 

In Ibe body, *■ Mr. Ilcwwin aquiou' fluid, bat altered in il* teilure aaA 

(ithout dlminnlinn nf temper- deprived >if its frnprrty of lluiilily by Ihe iinloB 

tn air. Thi* pmpeny the nfnver; imall porllan of other matter, av>litad 

ilogiil fooud to beretardad by tbc gvadoal prwean af growth and etslulisn 



mstancei of solution. Bo it i* found ' 
anion of eoagiilBm i* greater in I 

llrd iiennos than in the wrakty ai 



The proportiiinal and yel, as i 



'd qaalillei 
ealeasmcy, and Ihe like. 
imUncpt of •ointion deserve tome 
liemlcal polDl of view, or Ihe con- 
ibxid, amne, such a* Jelly and saline 
easily soluble in water; oUiera, 
imen and Rluteil, probably with 
llOi-ulty 1 and the hitler is rather lhe*o natural prodi 
an tmly ilissulved, a* il coagulato organEsed. * ' — 



S&^^T' 



i 



W A T E Bj- 



ffnin- •« orewiiied boty. The ■iperiineDt* nf 
T«n lU'lmonl, TiUol, and nlher>, have >biiiiil- 
kdHj proied, that by fw Hie gri'iileT part of the 
eulritioD of ifCtfUblev ii thv iraler itluch tLcii 
absorb from the cartlj throiicli llic porei of 
tlleir rmli, aod thai, bj Kubinlttine tb^iB lo 
dlxt illation, thej arc again molvihle, for tlie 
mutt pari, in vst«r. Sodic plRnl* eiinlain mucb 
more of thii Diiid than othera; aiid in gcoeral 
■11 <raun2 pUntu more Iban Ihiiae llist ate idvanc- 
«(1 la growth. The cnlid unnd iif Imn i> inditd 
Ompotcd of ■ cuniiderable quanllty ofctirbonT 
•Ccou*, Mrtiijr, and aalini! mnlter, and Ihii ii in- 
crmsini; irirb m^t ; but eteu Ihudrienl and ridbI 
eftDiiiact wnoili iiu''b lu tbc heart of oak, wticn 
eonicrleil into charma?, lowi iluring the proo'u 
full Ibree-fuurtiiiofila weight, which i< aluio it 
■ i^rrly pure water, 'i'iie wiilon aod other 
itiatk tre«i, though their nuod eahibiki a prclty 
B Icxlurc, oontain onlj about a faurteenlh 
■[ of their weight nf xotid nrntler, all the reit 
ng reoolvible inlo water. nraEX totes, in 
ring Into hojr, about two-thirda of it* weight ; 
' cVrn the drical haf , if Hubiuitled to dittilla- 
, ]ielOi Iwo-lhirdi of lit we<eht of pare 
liet. Ai the animal aolidi are all fomied out 
vegetable uiatfer, direrll; or iodirceUy, we 
ight mnctude a firigri that the aqueous fluid, 
- prinripal e*ni|>oDenl part of legclahleK, 
iM alw enter largely into the romiHHilion of 
iia] aubtlance, and Hiii ii found tu be the 
. J l>y actual experimenL 
It appeart tn be u diatiuguiBhiog marli ofor- 
Iter, that in il a viul proportion of inerc 
eapahle nf being "i inliniBtelj united 
Ih Other tub^taaeca m to low that fluidity 
ila unoombiiied >talc, it auauMa at a 
iperature above the freeiing puint, aud of 
lling that pemliar eladicity, fleiifailit), und 
'*' -^tioQ, whirh are lo nereiiiary la a body that 
pmwH the poiFcni of loeouiDtinu, or at 
Inbe furnUhed with a ijilent nfteaMlain 
I a oDDitant ra-action of parti and perpetual 
lal moieniFnla are goinf; on, without de- 
lying that juitapusitiBn wbidi ii necealary to 
orRanie structure. A miniril, a simple aalitiB 
'y, or. Id ihort, anysubitaDoelhatianat an 
ledilte aHHtilurnt part of an animal or 
'table, ii scareel) ei«r susceptible of anj in- 
'diate stale between the aolid and the Suid 
produced by an union with any propor- 
_.. of liquid mcDstruum ; a erjatal of Olautwr'a 
ill, fiir iBBlance, though it ronlaiii half ita 
Ight of water, is neiUier flexible nor etaatle ; 
1 if healetl, pasm inuncdialely into the alate 
Mlution, owing to IhP inrreaaed lolirent power 
"■» irater of crystallianlioa ( but the glutinoiu 
of wheal flower, though dry and pulverulent, 
ooncr cuiim into eontad with water, than it 
<rb> a pari, heronm Ihcfrby highly duetilc 
id Irnadoui, and tfra Kfuiio to unite with an 
Iditional quantity of Ihe same fluid, eicrpt by 
' mce of a d^tce of heat, which entirely 
original propertie*. If, therefore, wa 
lider water, cilber a* Ihe priadpal lulmnt 
all the alimrstary niatter which the animal 
ly pcvitetiiBlly rereitea from without, or aa 
baaianf all the aerreliotig and excrplioui that 
, aitiivlar hiarlioai, or a> a largo ruu- 
IllQcnl part of Ihe aillidt of eiery dcnoiaiualion; 
' wo larfry Iti afcury aa diffuUHl tlinugh ciery 
Ibe of tlie rotapliraled ayalcm of an organlied 

•rwHteM(d.iato «tn>r«i«lbto Ibtci: 



ive shall have Bn bealUtlon Id allowiitit El ■ K^ 
plare among than iiii|^rlant but aiuipb; ma 
teriali, nut of which it brmcd the curioui an 
inlerettiag itrui^ure of erery animated bciag. 

There in a great variety i.f watcn employed li 
Ihe prrparilian of food, to manuflteturca, am 
•louinlin purpOKi, wtwre Ilie otfteel ii to uaai 
iliiupir pure water; aud all lb* foreign matic 
whirh the liquid niay contain i> cumidered b 
delrinirnlal, or, at he*l, uiHeas. Aotne nolin 
■il'lbeke ia requiiitc, oo arrountnflhe alNMdaai 
daily ute whirh wc make of them ; and the lari- 
OU1 aubalaoeea which they eoolun ihouM b| 
noticed, ax they here conctilulc inerr impuritif^ 
some of whii'h are innncvnl, others prijudicail; 
Dame may lie got rid of by limplc mcihods. olhcn 
can only be removed by ebriuical piwcta>^ 
whtdi can wMoiu be adopted for eomuM vm. 
As tlw standard of (icrfertly pure water, ■• 
mail have TMonne to that wbiid) ii arURciatIr 
piirlfled by dlitilUtJoo ; for etery natural waUt 
containi toioe foreign ingrMtienlsi aadlbaib 
oellence of Ihew wateri it dirvelly In propwtiM 
aa Itapproachet in properties to that wlidk 
diiililled. 

1. Dislilltd ir<Mrr.— This is the ligtitat rfill 
olheri, contdning neither wild nor gatoal kW 
■lances in sdIuiIod, ii perfeetl] v«id oftadaHd 
smell, colourleis, and beautifully tninspMBI, 
has a son feel, and wets the Angara moiv i«dill 
thnnany other. It miiea unifonaly withw 
into a smooth opalinemiature, but cnaybeadM 
to a aolulion of soap la iplrlt nf wine w it ka t 
iT^uring Ila traasparenry. The elcanoa d 
diatitled water is not ioipatml by the n 
Urate cheiiiiral re-agenti, au 
solulinn of barylcs in any acid, Bilrsted 
or acid nf sugar. When evaporated is a 



acceas of forelgb mailer Boating id the air, >l 
may he kept fur ages unaltered in ve wia ifM 
whirh it lias no action, ai It dsoa notpwa* 
witbinitaelf Ihe powerofderooiparftlak All 
frmea exactly at 3^ of FahnablJI.udMllM 
2^° under the atinoapherlral ptWM B Pi «f Mrf 
inrhet, ihcu: poiitl* are made use of m tti 
standard onas for their momelriol dl^daaj 
and iti upeeific weight boiug alwaya tbt Am 
under light preuure and leiuptraturw, it b Mr 
ployed for the eomparaliie slaudard of froll 
gravity. 

Pure diitllled water can nnly be | ii a iW<W 
from water which ronlaiaii no volattla awnm 
that will rise in dittillatioii, 
In union with Ihe vapour wbai i 
Many ■ubstaooca are voUlile during dl 
but most of the gasscs, auch 
carbonic add, and the like, i 
uniting with water at a high I 
otiier bodies, however, aueh a* vt^etahib «a 
oil, and In general, nuch of tliat wbldi give* ft 
pcruliar odour lo vegelabte and aaioul malM 
will remain in water after diitillatioa. Satt 
sleoDi of many animal and i rgvlable 4««*i' 
hai a certain flavour which dlaiiagukhaa ft tea 
pure wateri and the aquaniB — >■- 4aa— im 
living bodies, which la a kind at 4MQiiki 
baa a similar latpnnualiua. 

To obtain disUlled water pwCiMty f«M, mi 
atrnui was laid h> forurr eheadali oa •arMli' 
llie pivcets a great number of llmei i hM itwl 
found by Lavoisier, that r*l« water umiilMU)B 
J^wti^l^ataft BAd laat pM4n«lH tmmlfa 



WATER-. 



:»ld climulec i 



d in hish Ulituilis, iham 
•nilant drink of the i 
and Uia lait roM! 
t pnlw kh* alTard an abjudM 



iMUvMcaoMbf pioramd bj *ay subuqucDt 
diilitliliani. 

DHUIIrd WBlrr ■ppean lo pa*)eu > hisher (nan fonni tin 

pfHir Ihaa anr other ■■ a wlTenl of all animal diirinf; wialci 

mi ttfUahlt uiatlCT, aad the» it holds in kIii* which Bnat on 

tiga w liltlr ai ptuiible altered from the italc iupply *" the marioer. It ii well kdom 

it wliifh tbej exlilud in tbe body that jielded In a freak hrioe, exposed to ■ mnderale Ti 

llvm. Uencc the great practical uti lily Dflliat cold, it i« onl; llie walcrj pHrl that mi 

Uad at (tmnical analjiii which preacnlii tlie leatliijE the unrmieD liquor proparii 

|»t ri aial g mnitilunit parli oflhew bodiea, and ilmu^r oflbe anil. The lame hoppen* 

■UAhflft-Tled particular) J by llie luaiitanee of dilate wlu lion of vegetable seidt, irilh 1^ 

y«««*l»r, Holheatberbiori, aialine, earthjr, cd liquora, and Itie like; and adTBiitaiie 

aMkanriap inipurc watrr, will alter the textuM taken of this property to reduce the aaline ] 

((■■• of the iHirta, impair their solubility, pro- lo a more ooaccDtrated forn. Snon MatiT 

tei ■■tarial rlianfn on the colouriag matter, tang lain under the inrputalioTi of Deenior 

m4 tfmae a imt* aceiirate analyier ua account thoJie Mrumaus iwcllingii in Ihe nerk which 

•tie adMliilure of rore<in> eunlenti. frirm the inhabitants of many of Ihe Attihl4- 

Dialille<d wrder i* ■rliliim rmployrd to any rallcyti but tbia opinion is not ■upporled by aaf 

utnil ■■ the prrparation of food, ur in manu- irulUauthentieated, indinpulable fncln, and Ml 

IMbiM, mi aerount of the trouble of proeuring rendered still more imprnlnble, if not enliferf' 

ilia UOfc qnanlilJet j but for preparing > great Dnerturned, by the frequency of the dii«aw tji ' 

'— • ■■ ■ u, and in almott every one Sumatra, where ice and mow are ncier see^.: 

I proeeaaea, llitt arr carried and Its being quite unknown in Chili and ISj 

MqBid way. this water is an esseoKal Thibet, though Ihe riren «f these opuntr" 

Tlic only cssei in ithich it baa been are chiefly supplied by Ihe melting of tile inonl' 

rlifle of driik have been in with which the mounlaini are oorered. *' 



rflhtain 



practicability 







ia urf liar; passacrs. i 
Dm mtj aialeriat advantage liai 
fi Ihne eaaei fmn rery purv n 
<M knev a eoune of di*lillrd water hi 
oferperliiii 



% Amu ff'^irr. 1 



with which the mounlaini > 

4. Sprint IKolir — Uader this caraprehMidta 1 
dais are included all (latere that iprinc frtrifta 
some depth beneath the soil, and are u*ri1 at tkS 1 
foUDlain head, or at li;asl before they haT« na( ff 
any eonslderabte ditlanre eicpnied In Ilia air. 11 M 
in obviout that spring walcr will be as Vniious U M 
its eonlenlK aalbe aubstancei that caiitjMRe IMS 
ere Mil through nbicb il flows. When Ihe ingi*~ 
to dienta are not anch as to give sny peculiar '* 
ith cal or scniible properties, and thv wnlcr I 
>n- t.iT eomuion purposes, il ia Utsiingulsbcd as ^% 
.iw hard or soft spring, sweet or brackish, dear af 'f 
fed lurhiil, and the like. Ordinary iprlogs 
■;>i, aeatibiy pass into mineral apringi, as lb 
!en foreign nmlent* beeome mora oolahle and i 
though ■ 



lalillation I 



which ham 



ity lo distilled quired great medical reputation fur mere puritfTfl 
la natural By far tliegri-alcr number of tpriagsare mttf^l 

ne earm, ana is eondenied in but as Ihey take Ilieir origin al some deplh (Vnaf.f 

t rain. This is ■ wali'r so nearlj ap- the surface, and below the iaBueDce of the < 

to abnoluU) purity ■■ probably lobe teroal atmtuplwre, tbeir Umprratur 

t^asl IH 4Jililled water for CTery purpow eKcepI general, prelly unifuroi during ercry fieimituM 

h llw DiMr cbnalpal PXpcrlMruii. The foreign of seasoo, and atwaja seTeral degrees higher tha" 

•latsal* «f rain water appear to vary areord lag the freezing point. Otben, again, ariw oal 

I* lb« atste of the sir through wbirb it falls, slantly hut, or with a tempcrilur* always 'S'^ 

The hetssufneoiisntmnsphereof a inii^y luwn rreding the summer heat; and the w smith I 

MIcl<« aoaar Emprrcnallnn to rain as il pssses pnuessed by the water is entirely Independesf I 

' " ' lugli it may not be at uni-e uf that of the atnosphcrc, and varies littW 

piinlaneous rbsnge ; and Uneof the principal inmnvenleaeies in almswl 

mg kept, ospeeiallj jii hot every spring water is lis lisrdne>«, owing lu th« 

ilrong iniell, tweomes full pieaence of earthy aaHs, whirA, in by fsr th« 

,«f asiasalruln, and in some d^rer putrid, Ac- grt«ter number of run, are only (he Insipid 

' ■ ariiaK la MargmfT, the coa<tant foreign oon- aubstanoE^, chalk and ■eienite, which do ant 

Itaataaf rain n*ler ipprar to be some traces of Impair Die ISsle of Ihe water j whilst Ike aif 

itta ■niriati* and nitric adds ; but as Ihit water which il contain), and it* grnleftil n>olnenf 

iWalwa^asvry sofl, it is admirably adspted fur rvnder it a mnsi agreeable, and ganerally i 

jt — t --'--■'-- aoluiion ofslimanlary perAjetly innocent, drink; though *omeliitK% 

it is acevnlioijly ''"^ ''" ""-^ slamachs, it is a|it lo oeraiion an oft- 

|t'hrfelf tor ituae purpusrs. The >p«iflr gravity easy sense of weight in thftt organ, followed hf 

iat fata wat»r is to nearly the same as that of a degree of dysprpiy. The quantity of eartbr 

'tf (tilted water, thai il requires Ihe moil delicate salts tar!e* consldrraMy; bnl. In geuoral, n 

lo asn-rlain Ihe ilillifTenre. Rain, appears that the proportion of Sve gniai of 

1,'ftal falls in lawni, acquirea a unsll quantity of tlu-se in llie pint will eonslituti- a hard walWi 

iljakal of line and <alfart>eu« mailer from the un-flt for waahiug with soap, and for many olhar 

ind plaisler of the houir!i, purposes of houxfhold use or manuniFturea. tVt 

I aad AiMD ^alrT.-~This equal* rain water of deep srells is always, crltni prrribm^ 

piritf , and, wbcn I'rcsfa aielted, ermlaiitf much harder tliaa tbai af apriagi whiah ~ 



* D-i 



'4M 

1 



water: 

iofWlMr duunM ; ttr oMMh icUatiMi and ex- qm^tHf sf Uidt ribqrH«l, 

jumnm to kir prodttoo a gradittl dipaimo of ttpiah and MDaikabty M« 

the odMreMu Mrtk; Mid henfleapriaf wafter Tha Maa kaaatbigli ai 

aAca iaenHtii to a eMuidflvable ttkkaaH the aad apaaafa fraai aeeaiato asi^aiiaMa 

iatid0araByklBdeCtiAethroag1iwhldi.it riiar ef gaeat porHgr. IlBightheaip 

fowl, atitariMafitNB Oe earA. Thm wpmiAe a river which haa paaaed hgr a ta^ga t 



ggarHraf tiiate waleta ia alia» ia gaaaraU greater jreeeited all Ita iaparillem aad haea 

thaauataCaoyotherkiadaf wafar^that ofthe Bimieniaa djen, taaaen, haltan» aad 

aeaazemted. Spriaga that orerdaw their chaa- that eiawd to ita haak* for the eMW 

■alt aad ftrm to theaitolTei a ttmltod bed» aaaa pleoty eC water, riiadld therabsr aefol 

laaeaalbly lato the itato ^ atreaoi, er liter foalacM ai to he ynrf p e rce p tl h h i to 

wator» aad haeoBM therdby alterad ia aaaie of esamiaatlaa at a ee ad dwr a hto dhiai 

tfieir chenleal pwopa rtl e a . the towa ; hut it appears tkom the aee 

6. Mbtr JPeier.P«-Thia ia to geaaial oiaeh ezaaUaatioa, that where the atnaoi !• i 



aaAaraadawra Urea ftwa earthy aaHa thaa the siderahle,theie.hiBdief iimri^havB 

tedoeaee hi penaaaaatly afteriag thai 



laalp hateoatahia leaiiirar aayUad; istf hj 

4ha a g iiali ea of a leag eaneat* aad ia aMtt the water, eepeeiallj at they an tor 

aaaety a gmi toeiaaae eC teawtratart^ it lanee part ealy aatpeaded aad aoc tmly i 

aniatitB air aad Barhtaia acida, aad with thit aad, thmfiMra, aMre reel, aad et p teh 

laat, MMh aCtha Ihaa which it held hi aolatioa. tioa, will reahm the wator to ita orlgia 

The qpaeide gratito thereby heeaiwi Icet, the Prehahly, thcrttore^ the ana aeearat 

tfite M^ M banh, hat leei freth aad agreeahia, woald tad it diftcaU to diatiagaith wi 



aad oat of a hatd qpriag it oftoa Biada a ttnao^ vp at Loadoa, ftoai that pvaeated at 

Coorl, after each haa hata pariied 1 



of aoAdeat Mnity ftr aieai of tho parpeeet 

where a aalt water iaraqnired. 8o«e atrtaait, dltiatioa. SeeRmia. 

howaw, that ariae flma A deaa 8iliee*aa rack, 6L dtfaalidirafmr-Thawaiaratli 

' ^twr to a aaaay or ateay had, are ftaai the the greirtett isparitice tothe eeaata 

mtaitoMypaMi Bach are the iioaatato of ttagaaat poola aad tow OMunhy 

aad rifidela hb'tha.rocky dittrleta of They are dlled with the ■ iialai of ai 

Walac^ the aoaiaa of . tha heaatllhl watora of the legetahleaMttar aadeggtiaa d ae fp ttl 

Dee, aad aaiahtriaat othmr rtvera.that low dariag that procata, baeaetlatia paf%i 

t hr eag h the hallaw ofafory valley. BwHaerlaad water, therehy aftrdtog a ridi aeat 

hiu leag be^ etUhralBdiilhr tha fttrlly aad ax- the twnwttioa of Utto^ plaato aad iaai 

of ita waten, fMn poar ia copiaaa btapplyiagthaplaeeofthoiwthatpeii 

ftma the aataataiaa; aad gita rue t^ the weat of aafltoicat agitatioa to Iha 

of tho flaett rivcra to Saropa. Aa ex* fegetatlea goto oa aa dittut hod, aad tl 

eeUeat o ht enfe r and Bataralht, the illattrioat he c etce coiered with eeavmra a 

Haller, thaa taBaka of the Swlat watora, ^'vuU aqaatieyteatai aad at thcee ataadhtg< 

garthoa aqyit Heifatto taper ttiaea fcra Earapg to geaeral thailow, they atceive thetoU 

lagioaee exeellit Notqaam Hqaidaa illaa «|aaa of the ana, which fhrther piu iae H 

& crysUlli timllliaiat te mihi obtulfuce ttemiiii ehangefi that are goii>g •& within th 

pottquam ex HtelYetia excetni. £x tcopulit ttHte it generaUj Tapid, aad dcstitnl 

onim nostne per pares silioes peroolata aulla frenhnets aod agreeable ooolnea.n whii 

terra Yiiiantur." Some of them never freeze in guUh sprini^ water. However, it tboi 

the severest winter, the cause of which is pro- marked, that stagnant waters are gene 

bably, as Haller conjectures, that they spring at and many of tlie impuritres are only s 

once out of a subterraneous reservoir, so deep as and therefore separable by filtration ; 

to be out of thd reach of ttowt, and during their haps the unpalatableness of this driah k 

abort course when exposed to day they have not it to be in worse credit than it deserve 

time to be cooled down from 53^, their original source of salubrity. The deddedl] 

temperature, to Iwlow the freesing point. effects produced by tlie air of marshea 

Some river waters, however, that do not take nant pools have been often supposed 1 

their rise from a i^cky soil, and are todeed at to the internal ate of these waters ; i 

first considerably charged with foreign matter, especially to hot climates, a reaidf 

during a long course, even over a rich cultivated these places has been as much coodi 

plain, become remarkablv pure as to saline con- one account as on the other, aad, in lih 

tents, but olten fouled with mud, aad vegetable as improvement in health haa been as 

or animal exuvic, which are rather suspended tributed to a change of water as of air. 

than held in true solution. Such is that of the Water-brash. See Pyrosis. 

Thames, which, taken up at London at low Water-cress. See Nasturtiu 

water, is n Tcry soft and good water, and, after ticum, and Sisymbrium. 

rest and filtration, it holds but a very small por- Water-dock. Sec Hydrolafj 

tion of any thing that could profe noxious or im- Watbr-flao (Yellow). Sec I 

pede any manufacture. It is also excellently i^usTRls 

fitted for sea store ; but it ^^^^^^^JJ^ Water-germander. See ScoR 

marksble spontaneous change. No water earned Water-hkmp See Eupatori 

to sea becomcit putrid sooner than that of the „ WATER-HEMP. &cc i:.upatori 

Thsmes. When a cask is opened after being liiDENS. . . e xt 

kept a month or two, a quantity of inflammable WATER-LILY (While). Sec Kl 

air escspeii, and the water is so bladi and offen- ALBA. 

aive as scarcely to be borne. Upon racking it Water-lilt (Yellow). See Nl 

aff, however, into large earthen vessels (oil jars LUTEA. 

are commonly used for the purpose), and ex- VV^atbr-MELON. Sec CUCORRIT 

posing it to the air, it gradually deposiU a Watrr-parsnip. Sec SWM, 



A lecd-like plan I, 
iquaiica or Linlijiu, which gcoivt 
'xnifiy parli a{ Jamaica and Virginia. 
an* UK HM«ding1y fnnd of iu grain, 
uat it more dehcious than rice. 
:rs (Mincnt}. See Mineral v/a- 

it<>i.CA, in cnlumologf. Set Gy- 



WATERING-POT, 



hclminiholoCT. 



uroiihology. 
ia entomology 



See 



tJ-ttn- V. a. ittova the noun.) !■ To 
to supply with moinurc (7Vi»/i/f). 
tpply with water for drink i,Kaoilti}. 
fliliie or accomnindaie wiih iireaiui 
)• i. To divcr«iry ai with waves 

Vtbx. t. n. I. To ihed moUiure 

a. To ipt or take in water; to be 
Kl|)plying walet {SiioUn). 3. The 
'atbb*. The minloiigii ihereUa 
t.Aaire(Cat»di!K). 

lillCOLOURS. «. Palnten make 
nto n toft cunsiltencc with water ; 
J call lealercvlmiri {Biitle). 
'EKC'IU^ES. t. iiiisiHbnum, Latin.) 
;Jft//er). 

l^RER. (. (from water). Ooe who 
3«mn). 

KitFAl-L. I. <iE<Urr and /am Catti- 
icade(ifWrigA>. 

KKFLAG. i. (iri) a^uafica, I^tin.} 
Dwrt-'Ie-liice. 

ERPOllU, a city and ataporl of 
in * county of the wine name, with 
'i we. It i> the lecund place in the 
, and i* a wealthy, pojiuloui city, 
«Mny ample privileges. The itrccii 
wr, and the air is nui very heuliliy ; 
I at) excellent harbonr, leaied as well 
Siany in (lie world, and ihipi ofthe 
burde.n may ride at the quay. It 
k lh« nver Sure, eight mileiN. ofSl. 

Cbaanel, tweaty-«ix louih of Kil- 
lud icircniy-fiTe S. by W. of Dublin. 
t4 W. Lat. an. 18 N. 
lKVOBt>, ■ caunty of Irclattd, forty- 
inknglh, and twenty-five in brendth: 
«n itw wnih by St. Gcorgc'i Chan- 

ihe weit by Cork ; on the north by 
Sow, which teparaiet it from Tippe- 
Kilkennj; ; and on the cult bv Waier- 
ren, which pans il trom Wexfurd. 
M Krcnly-one |iariihei. It is a line 

very p!«uanl and rii.'h, and the prin- 
ce it of the uiiie name. 
•EHFOWL. : Fowl that live or 
futrl in wmcr {Half). 
•ERGRUKL. .. Iwaifr and gruel.) 
adc with oatmeal boiled in water 

XRHEN.J. ^/ulUa, Uiin.) Acoot, 

'bUINESS. *. (from wa/cry.) Hornl- 
ike (.irCiit^M}. 



WA'TERISH. o. (from trater.) 1. Re- 
sembling water (DruJcrO- 2' Moist; boggj 
(ffo/e). 

WATERISHNESS. j. (from watfrisi.) 
Tbiiinesi ; rcsemhlance of water (Koyer). 

WATERLAND (Dr, Daniel), a leamof 
English divine, who distinguished himself 
greatly in theological cootroveriics, especially 
ontiieiuhjcct of the Trinity, was born in l683 
at ^Vailsby, in Lincolnshire, of which place 
hit father was rector. He had his academical 
learning at Magdalen college, Cambridge, 
where he drew up a useful tract, which went 
through several editions, entitled. Advice to a 
Young Student, with a Method of Sindy fur 
the lirst four Vcars. In 1713 he became 
master of the college, was soon after appointed 
chaplain to George 1. and in 17W pmched 
the first course of lectures founded b; lady 
Moyer tn defcniw of out Lord's divinity. He 
went through several proniouons ; and at the 
time of his death in 1740 was canon nf Wind* 
mr. orehdeBCoii of Middlesex, anil ricU -of 
Tivickenliaw . Besides his contruversial writ- 






lie published ti 






ferryman : a bnaiman {Aitdimn). 

WATERMARK. ». («■«/«■ and mari) 
The uimust limit of the lise of (he flood 
(DrsL'f,,)- 

WATEKMILL. t. Mill turned by water. 
Wateiinill« are of diflcrent kinds, oveishoi or 
undershui : and (hey are constructed for various 
purposes, as for flour-intll<, nil-mills, piper- 
mild, &e. See the respective words. 

WATER-SPOUT, an fk traordinary tbeteor. 
or appearance, consist ing of a moving; column 
or pillar of water ; called by the Litins lypho, 
and lipho; and by the French treape, from 
its ih.ipe, which rcsrniblesa speaking trumpet, 
the widest end uppenuost. 

Its first apprarance is in form nf a deep 
cloud, the upper part nf which is white, and 
the lower blirck. From the lower pan of this 
cloud ihcre hangs, or rather fnlU down, what 
is ptonetty ealleii the spout, in manner of a 
conical tube, largest at tup. I'udei this lube 
is always a j^cal boiling and Hying up of the 
water of the sea, is in a jet -rcan. hot some 
yards above the sufCocc of the sea ih< water 
stands as a column, or piHar i from Ihc ex- 
Ircnlitv i>f which it kiiresils, and e<>et olT. as 
inakind nf smoke. l''rct|uently the cone de- 
scends so low a to the uiiddle of thii column, 
and co'itinues fur some lime conlij^uniis lo it; 
though soutciimca it only points to it at some 
dbiaiice, either in b iwrpendicular or in an 
•bliquc line. 

' Pnquenily il can scarcely be dlslingTiishei) 
whether the cone or the column appear the 
first, both apiieiirinK all of a sudiien against 
e«ch other. But sometimes tha water li"il» 
up from the sea lo a great height, without any 
appearance of a ttioul [Kiinting to il, cither pet- 
pcodicttlarly or oDrKioely. Indeed, gentrBllj, 



VATEE-SPOUT* 

the boiiiu or fl jii^g op of t)be 'wiMer bti the cxHilHitf ^ which wtd to firave kid to 

fnontft uus always preceding iu haibg fbnoet erer i« fiMod nodctncatii. 

loio a. column, for t)i€.^nii||i.pait 9i^ cjmic . A wMaUe inttanct of Uut bwj ho i 

4oct not appear hollow uJl towaidt the «i4f the Fbilotaphical TkpiMOCtioiia (noak att 

when the sea water is violently thrown np Abr. Tol.'iy .pa. lOd) lelaierl in Dr. *^'~*~ 

Along iu middlcy at smoko np a chinnfy: 'ton* . A wool; in 17I8« bwafcuig on 

toon afier lhis» the spout or canal breaks and moor, ni^ Cloln^ in Lam^shirej, the coiiot. 

jdisappean : the hoiFiiig up of the water^ and hsm iDi»e4ialely overfloi^ ^ a' hi«iok» in 

^n tlHipular^ continuiog to the last, aqd ll^r few minotes, rose six feet petpendiwbi 

aome time afterwards isoivetimes till 4ieip9i(i high; anltho.gronnd.iipoa w^eb the 




Mn iiaelf again, and t^ppcar anew, which it £tu, which was 66 feet over» was torn up _ 

^iH.do several timps iu a «iarter of an hour- the very rack* iriiich waa n6 ]«i thou 7 fece 

a descriptipii of several water-S|^ti by deep: and a deep gulf was made forabofchnlf 

, Gordon, and hy Dr. Stuart, in Phil, a mile, the earth being ratted ta vast nap 

. ns. Abr. vol. iv. pa. 103, &c on each tide. See a deseriplioB and ^gnre af 

)1. d« b Piyme, iroin a near observation of a waler-spout, with an attempt to aoeawit 

ifVro or three spouts in Ypr|^ira» described in for it, in Franklin's Eap. and,Obs.pa. tv(^fc» 

the P|»}lQsoph>cal Transactions, pum. 88|, or Sigoov Beccaria hm taken p6Lins.lo itm 

^U»r. voL if. pa.J06, Goocludmi^th^t the water* that waterspouts have an electrical ori^ To 

Ipont if nothing but a jgyration of c(ouds by make this more evident, be 6rit descnba tbs 

ooQiraiy winds «peeting m i^ point, pr centra i circumstancet attending their appctnan;, 

It9fi tliere, where thf neatest condcn^atioo which anx the folbwing. 

pd gtavii^tion iit, lalhng down into>i^ mpe« or .^ They geoerallv appear in calm weather . TW 

great tiibe, somewhat tike Archimedes « spiral sea seems to boil, tod to tend np a smoke otthi 

fcrew i juiL in iu working and wnirltog roo- them, rising in a Jiili towards the mot^ . At 

tioUf, absorbing ai^ raijUDg. the water, m the the same time, persona who have been aor 

saoka inann^ as the apiral screw does ; and them have.heani a rambling noise. Tbcfam 

^lis desimying ships, &c. of a water-apoot is that of a speaking maoM 

Thiit, June thoSlsl, he observed ^ clooda the wider end beins in the doiali, and ibt 

mighiUy aaitaicd above, and driven together ; narrower end lowaiu the tea. 

«pon why:ii ih^ became ^erybl|K:k, and were The size is various, even in the tame §fnL 

hurried round i whence proceeded a most audi- The ecdonr it tometimes inclining Id wkil^ 

b|e whirling noise' like ihat'uaually beard in a and sometimes to black. Their poiiinn ii 

miU. Soon afier there iisned a long tube, qt spmetimea perpendicnlar to the tea, tomtdan 

flpoQt, fiom the centre of the congrcgjsted oblioue j and sometimes the spoot iitdf ii ia 

floods. III which he obiensed a jpir^ motion, the rorm'of a curve. Their continuance Iivot 

like that of a screw, by which the water was various, some diuppeariog as soon m fimad^ 

raised op. and some continuing a considerable tioie. 

Again, Augiut 1.5, l687» the wind blowing One that he hod beard of contiuucd a wiiols 

at tM same time oqt of the several quarters, hour. But they often vanish, aud preseotlj 

created a great vortex and whirling among the appear again in the same place The very 

clouds,, the centre of which every now and name things that watrr-spouts are ai sea an 

then dropt clown, in shape of a long tliin black some kinds of whirlwinds and hurricanes bf 

pipe, in which he could distinctly behold a land. The)' have been known to tear up tits, 

motion like tbat of a screw, continually draw- to throw down buildings, and make cavensin 

ins upwitrds, and screwing up, as it were, th e earth j and in all these cases, to scauercsrtbs, 

wherever it touched . bricks, stones, timber, &c. to a great distancs 

In its progress it moved slowly over a grove in every direction. Great ouaniitics of witer 
of trees, which bent under it like wands, in have been left, or raised by them, so as to mike 
a circular motion. Proceeding, it tore off the a kind of deluge; and they have always bsm 
thatch from a barn, bent a nuge oak tree, attended by a prodigious rumbling noise. 
broke one of i IS greatest limbs, and threw it to That these phenomena deper.d uponelec- 
a grcai disiai\ce. He adds, that whereas it is tricity cannot out appear very probable frost 
conimoQlv said» the water works and rises in a the natnre of several of them ; but ilie con- 
column, ocfore the tube conies to touch it, this jeciure is made more probable from the lbUo«^* 
is doubtless a mistake, owing to the fineness ing additional circumstances. They geunsHy 
and transparency of the tube^, which do most appear in months peculiarly subject to thun« 
certaiuly touch the surface of the sea, before der^siorms, and are commonlv preceded, *^ 
any considerable motion can be raised in it ; conipauicd, or followed by ligntning, rsio* 
but which do not become o{>aque and visible, or hail, the previous state of the air beioS 
till after they have imbibed a considerable similar. Whitish or yellowish flashes of li|^( 
quantity of water. have sometimes been seen moving with ^ 

The dissolution of water-spouts he ascribes digious swiftness about them. Ana lastly, tke 
to the great Quantity of water they have glut« manner in which they terminate exactly re- 
ted : wnich, oy its weight, impeding their mo* sembles what might be expected from the pi"* 
tioo, upon which their force, and even exist- longatiou of one of the uniform protuberanccf 
CBoe depends^ they break, and let go their of electrified clouds, mentionca beiMe, It- 



"W AT 



WAT 



^Wttfli "^ m ; itit water and the chrad dncribed. The water, iie mjs, in • ipaec 
" " "" "" "' "■ ihpy dftyoriixty falhomi, moved ti>wtiid# ijie CI 



niuhuIW 



end llicre rising into vapont, by ihe (orae 
the cloiid rising, and ihi^ waipf or the wluriing loolion, aiceiided in a spiral 
' ■ ' "* ' level. But fiwBi lowird* Oit cloudi. Directly oief ilic 



moil farourdble to the <ufi]>ositMn of thrir de- gradually lapercd 
vending on eleciricity, n, ihM they have been which seemnt to 
abpcrsed by prctenting to them Bharp-pointed tpiral, anil soon united 
fcnivc* or iwoidi. This, at leasi, is ihc cod- 
K»at praciiceor mariDeis, in many parts of the 
vrodd, where lliese wtter-ij>oul3 ahound, and 
Iw wai iMurHl br several of them, ihat the 
method has ohen been undoubtedly cDeciual. 
The uulngy between the phenomena of 
water-fpouts and elcciriciiy, he siys, may be 



long (lender tube, 
to meet the riaing 

ilh it into a aliaight 
3iunin of a cylindrical form. The water wai 
'hirled upH'ardi with the greatest violence id 
~-~~~it, and opjmred lo leave a hollow spaix 



iiible by hingine a drop of waier 
vrirceommunicating wiin the prime 



ihc centre; lo thai the water teeinwl to lorm 
a liolJow tube, instead nfa solid column; an4 
that this was the case wm rendered dill more 
probable bv the colour, which was cKactiy 
like Ihat ot a hollow gloss lube. After some 
time, ihii last column was Incunaied, and 
broke like the otlicr; ; and the appearance of a 
iiaih of lightning which attcnoed its diigunc- 
•*— - -^•--■•- ■ '- wliioh (ell Buhe 



^S\., 



ai,.!v t 

le their formation lo the elec- 
, at leasi, thai thc^ have Mme 



anil placing a vcskI of 

iheK circumstances, the drop assumes all tht 

T«nmn appearances of a water-ijioui, both ir 

tb rite, form, and manner of disappearing, lime, : 

Nothing is wanting but the amoke, which spouii 

nia7 require a great ibrcc of electriciiy to be- trie matter, 

«oine visible. connexion with ii. 

Mr. Wilcke also considen the water-spout WATEHWORK. i. (walrr and avri.t A 

M a kind of great electrical <-oiie, raised be- play of fountains ; anificial gpouia of walerf 

tweeit the cloud sirongly electrilied, and the any hydraulic performance. See HrufiAV- 

Na i>T the earth, and he relates a very remark- Lies, &c. 

able apiearance which occurred lo himself, WATEflY. a. (from waler.) l.Tliin; 

«itd which sironaK confirms his snppoiition. liquid; like water (Artullinol). S. Tasteless; 

On iheSOih of Jiiiv 17^8. at ihreeoctock in ii»ipid; vapid; ipiritle^s (SliakipcaTe). 3. 

the ■fiernoon, he observed a great qiianliiy of Wet ; ahounding with water (iVior). 4. Ro 

dust riling from the grnimd. and covering a laiing to the water (i>rji(kR). 3, Consisting 

firld, ina panofthr town in which he iheo at viMt (Millon). 

was. There was no wind, and the dun mo' '" •■^•"""• 
cd gently towards the emt, where appeared 



WATFOHU, a (ownin Hertforashire, wiih 
a gwji corn-market on Tuesday. It is seoto* 
on the mer Coin, seven miles S. by W. of 
St. Alban's, and 1» N.W. of London. Loo. 
O. 17 W. Ijit.&[,4lN. 

WATUNGTON, a town in Ojtfnrishire. 
vilh B tnatket on Saturday. It is seated on 
the Chiltem Hills, on a brook, -which, with 
the eoiuinued ridge, divides ihe county from 
Buckinghamshire. It is 14 miles S.E. of 
Oxford, ami 46 W. of London, ton. }.0\V. 
Lot. fi 1 . 37 N. 

WATrON, a town io Norfolk, -with a 
market on Wednesday. IH miles S.W, of 
Norwich, and go N.N.E. of London. Lou. 
).53E. Lat. 68.36 N. 

To WATTLE. V. a. {fieelnr, Saron. 
wigi.) To bind with iwias ; lo form by plai- 



,pm black cloud, which, wheii l _ 

KJ xcDilh. elccrrified his apparatus positively, 

Wm) (a as great n degree as ever he had observ- 

«I it lo be done by natural eteciici 

doud passed bit teniih, and went gradually 

■owani) ihc west, the dust then following it, 

am) conlinning to riw higher and higher lilt 

it composed a thick |riilar, in the form of a 

togar-toaf, and ai length seemed lo be in con- 

tacl with the cloud. At some Jijlance from 

this, there came, in the unie path, anulhuf 

great cloud, together wtih a long stream of 

tmaller clouds, movinz faster than the preced- 
ing. These clouds eleclrilied his apjiaralos ' 

■Mf^tively, and when they came near the 

pofitive cloud, a flash of lightning was seen • 

lo dart through the cloud of dust, ihe positive i 

dotnl. the large negative cloud, and as far ds 

the eye could distinguish, the whole train of • 

itBairernegalivectoudtwhichlallowedit. tipnn from a stag Cyoung game cock) at iheiaRia 

ihti, the neKatiie clouds spread very much, time with his comb, as sum as they arc sufli* 
4thI diitdted in rain, and the air was present- ciently crown far the oprntioa. wliich ia pcf* 

ly clear of all the dust. The whole appeal- formed before ittey are lutned down to amasicf 

anec lasted i>ot above half an hour. Sec walk. The liiilc linger is insinmiMd into th« 
Priwiley'i Electr. vol. i. pa. 438, ire. (hioat of ihe eocli, wnirii being property tH»- 

Thia theory of water-spouts hu been fanlier tended. Ihc ivaitlet ate cut off chnc all i«tio4 
eonfinned by the accotinl which Mr. Fojstcr wiih i1k- scisurs ; and, lastly, the cotoh ; the 
fives of one of (hem, in his Voyage round the whole being slightly washed tviih a liiilc wealc 
Wotld. vol. i. pa. 121, tec. On the cnasi of salt and water. 

>Jew Zealand he hid an opportunity of seeing WATl'S (Dr. Isaac), a very l<«mci] and 
T which he has faiticttltrly emiKtittliKcniinginiiMter, wisMfaMSwtiK 




WAT WAV 

IttMlon b I674» of nreDts eaiaoit 'fa pidj. dooTiaf Uie ion mtk dnr tlqr* ^ He Ini («|i 

and eoQsidaableiiineRni^ eoatckuc^nkM- JohnMO) pioyidcd iottnmoa te all B^a, 

In l4|0 ht wMMBtup loLoiidoafiDr.aca^ irom.th^ wlMi«ielM|iiai(iMr fint Imhm 

nioil odocatioo ttiider tbe tnttioa of thoieve* to ihe <ipligMro<ri femn of Maibfaacbooipi 

j«iidMr,TbomatRo«e;aiidiiil6^wftshin». Lockej he hai kft iieithtr coppond om ipiiU 

•df enga^Bd at Uilor to tbe ton of tir John Ual natore oneaaajpttd ;,he hat un^t the Ml 

Haito^ henmet, at Stoke l^ewio^o. He of reatoniffgi.and the toieooe of the tiaiii 

bag^ lopreacfa in l^.and met with general ** Hit ehafarier,.tbeveiQie| aontt be fqiwii 

4MOiptanoe|<and afttr officiatioK for three yean ffom the nuiltaplioity, 9fiA diyfffiiy of .Ut i|^ 

«» an attittant to the revefend iJ^.itaac Cbaim- taiomentt, lather than fton^i anf - nasla. |fa» 

cy» ;betaoceededinhbj»ttoialchatBcinl708, foriDancej-lbr it would notbcaafii (pmfi| 

and' ooBtinocd to piende over that chnich at lo claim for him the highttt nnkin^V^, ~~ ^' 

Jong at he livoli- tboogh he wat often inter- dcnominatioa of JUieiaijr dknilfi Wl ~ 

wofitd in the ditchaipe of hit minitterial fano* there wat tiotbiog in which ha wotdd^ 

tiiMit by feng and pamfol inditpotitiont. Hit ezcelled if he had not divided hat.powdvla 

eonttitnthm indeed was my weak; but toch dtfierent portidtt. 

"wefe the ttaenathof hb mind» the lemUarity of ** At a poet, had be bean only a pqcl» ha 

hb babitty and tuch hb tolicitndelo be otciiil» wonid probablv bare tlood bigb aoMOg the 

that- ha produced nuny^ leamed, piout» and aoibotf wrthWom he b now attociatad, . Rw 

valuable workt*. At thirty-nine yrart of agt hb judgment wat exact* an^ he noted Wit 

lie became acquainted with tir ThomatAbncy, aod bcaqtiet with very nioadifoenimcatf hb 

in whota fomuy he found an atylnm for thirty^ imaginaiioo« at tbe lltcian Battle jifOfet»- wai 

dght yeart^ rad where he died «748« aged vigorootandactivi^andthetloretorkiioirlidlil 

aetenqp-five* He had been in 17^ faonoored were law by which hjt fan^ wat to be «p*, 

in a very flattering manner by tbe nniveititict plied. Hb ur wat well toned* and bbdielbll 

Of Edittbutgb and Aberdeen^ with the degree wat elegant and oopiont.'^. Jotintoo* H b wd 

of O.D. ' knowur affiroicd that WalU*a ««.d0roliQHi 

Hb worict are very nomeroot, and most of V^^iy. b» lik« .that of .oih«tfmMttitfo^oi|,*. 




•/ 



tliem very valuable. After hb death they But ihb lamark eotaualcd fnpm one of ihaM*. - 

were collected and pnblbbed in tix vob.4to.; rincible piejudiott with wjiieh the amdef .. 

and about twelve yeart ago» a new editfon of that geat roan wit cnoumbered*^ Itwo nld bi 

them waa pnblithed at lleeiU in leven octavo atty for any man of tatte who ia aeqMatm " 

vohuaet. A tmallvolume» containing nine of with Watit't Pkalmt and Hymna»aadJifrit .. 

Iiit potthuinout tetmons, hat been recently Poem^ totele^ from them tpacuneot. of dti 

pubiiihed by Dr. J. Pye Smith* of HoniertDn. votional jpaelty <|oiie at rich intnhlimityani- .: 

We need not here tpeetfy all hb workt} but imaainaiaon at any other poema whieh he km . 

«ve eannot forbear to mentioii at very excel* proouced. * 

lent in their respective kinds, his Divine Son^ WAVE. s. Cyatge* Saxon ; wofgk, Dotdi.) 

for Children; Pialms and Hymns; Lync |. Water raised above the Icvd ofihetorboc) 

Poems; l^gic; Inrtprovcnient of the Mind; billow (.fFoUon). 2. Unevennets; inequtli^ 

Jdiscellaneous Thoughts, Remnants of Time {.Newton), 

improved; Guide to Prayer; TreatifC on the Tq Wav^. ff,n. (from the noun.) l.Ta 

Putions; Ontology, Orthodoxy and Charity play loosely; to float {Drydem). 2. To be 

naitecl; Sermons on Death and Heaven; Ser* moved as a signal (Ben Jonson). 3. To be it 

mons on the World to come, &c. an unsettled state; to fluctuate ^ to wrarcr 

■ Watts it deservedly ranked amongst the {^Hooker). 

highest class of English theological writers. To Wave, v. a, (from the noun.) 1. To 

His doctrinal views were what are usually raise into inequalities of surface (J$Aiiib^eAre}, 

termed ** moderately orthodox.** "^ He held ?. To move loo^ly {Milton), 3. To waft; to 

£rmly those peculiar doctrines of the Gotncl remove any thing floatmg {Brown). 4. To 

vhich indicate Christianity to be a remeaial beckon; to direct by a waft or motion of aa^ 

system : and such was his extreme desire to do thing iShahpeorc). 6. To put off; to qutt 

fijood, that, at I>r. Johnson remarks, ** what* {f Pot Ion), 6. To put aside for the preteot 

ever he took in hand was, by his incessant so- {Drudeti). 

licitude for souls, converted to theology." Wavis, in philosoplijr, acavity inthesuibcf 

Hbtlyle is usually tweet and flowing; advanced of water, or other fluids, witn an elevaiioa 

indeed mnch above the general level of the aside thereof. The waves of the sea are of two 

timet in which he lived. He is remarkable kinds, natural and accidenul. The natural 

for simplicity and perspicuity : he never eviocet waves are those which are exactly pcoportioocd 

a detire to turtle or to dazzle ; but he is tome* io siye to the strength of the wind^ wboM 

times, notwithstanding, to carried away by the blowing gives origin to ihero. Tbe accideatal 

magnitude of hb subject, and the pious ardour waves are those occasioned by tbe wind's re* 

of hb sou], at to pour out hit sentiments witli tcting u|x>n itself by repercussion from hilb 

wonderful elo<|uence and sublimity. He wat and moMntains, or nigh shores, and 1^ the 

a man of considerable learning; but he aimed washing of the waves t&mselves; otherwne of 

rather to conceal than to exhibit. He was abo the natural kind, against rocks aod thoals: til 

a man of real genius; but that wat not to be these caKs give the waves an elevation, which 

oonccabdj any mo|e than the meriditn tplea^^ they cau never ^ve in their natural ttate, 



WAX WAX 

jy, inhcikldry, ii taiJ at a bfir<1iirr. Wax combino readily with fiiced c^b wbn 

iiauy or chirge, in ■ coat of mma, assisted liy heal, and foim* with theiu a lub- 

ouiliua indenlcd in niKQiier of ihe siaaceof greater or lui consittenc^ accuidin^ 

Ulia°orwBTe>: it is uwdlo denote, loihcqiuutiiy ofoil. This (.■omtMHition, which 

im of ^e finiilj in whole aim* it i> knoivu by the uame of cerate, u much cut* 

gutted ill honoiin by &ea-service. ploved by surgcotin. 

L'VbK. u. a. (fOFiin, Saxon.) I. To The volaiile oiU al^o diMolve il when heat- ' 

J froi lo more loowly (Bogle. Them' ed. This is well known, at leut, to be (he 

To be unsettled ; to'ba uncertain, or cjm wilhoilortur|)ei)tine. A ^anof the wac 

: ; K) Hiicuiaie (.AllerbuTy). precipitates usually ai tlw loluti.m cools, bat 

IlHEH. I. (fioin loavc.) One unset- of a luuch aofter consitleuce than usual, and 

nwlaie ISkahpcan). therefore containing oil. 

if. s. (fruni itavc.) I. Rising in The tixed alkalin combine with it, and 

ryden). 3. Pltiyiiig to *uil fro, as in form a com[M)und which potsnKs all ihc (;r<v 

IPIiiiipt. PrioT). perticB of common loap. When boiled wiitt 

_i, or matt. I. flit waves {Speiutr). a solution of ftned alkalies in water, the liquid 

iVi'L. V, n. (pa, grief, Saxon.) To becomes turbid, aad after loine time the »oap 

iwl iShattptare). separates and swims on the surface. It is pre- 

(i« lirt, French; uacki. Germ.) ci|>iliiled from the alkali by acids in the Male of 

' surface of the lr<ivn of many iiiti fUkci, which arc the wax very little altered in 

with avatnibh, which may be te- iis properliei. Punic wax, which the ancient* 

A obtained in a state of purity, aud employed in painting in encaustic, is a siiap 

I poMcss all the prupcriie* of bcca'- cooipiMcd of twenty par u of wax and one at 

Muce inlerred ihatwax isave^iable s'xla. Its composition was ascertained by Mr. 

lltd that the Ix-o extr.ict it unaltered Lorgna. 

are* of trees and other ^cgelable sub- Vvhcn boiled with liquid ammonia, it forms 

Jteonuinil. Several plant* coniain a kind of aoapy emuLion. At the mixture 

ch abundance u to make il worth cools, the greatest part of the cominund tiks 

'xtiact it from them. We shall now u) the surface In the stale of white Aakci. 

he properties of bees'-wax. This soap is scarcely soluble iu water, 
when pure, iiofa whitish colour; it The acids have but little action on wax; 

I of taste, and has scarcely any imell. even oxymuriatic acid, which acts so violently 

:, indeed, lias a pretty tiroiigaromatic on most bodies, produces no other change on 

It this seems chiefly owing to some it than that of tendering it white. Thii pro- 

With which it Is mixed i fur it di^ P'^f'y which wax possoses, of resisting the 

tomteomplcUfly by exposing the waK, action of acids, renders it very useful as a lulc, 

t into tliin rihbaiiji, for some time to to confine acids propeily in vessels, or to pre- 

ifkhcfe. By this procest, whieh is ^enl (h«m fiom injuring a coninion cork, 
tehiiu, the yellow colour nf ihcwftx Mr. Lavoisier, by means of the apparatm 

I, audit beciimc* very white. Hlcach- which he employed in the anal^iis of alcohol 

BSI affected by the air. Its specific anil oils, contrived to burn wax in <ixygcn i»ss. 

OtJfiOC. Thequantily of wax consumed wasSi-ograint. 

I iiMoluble in water; nor arc lis pro- The oxygen gait eni|duyed in consumitiK that 

«ml though kept under that liquid. ijuantiiy amuunled lu tHibi grains. Conse- 

lieil i) applied ro wax it becomes quenily the subsiancct consumed amoimted to 

Bl the leoipcraiure of liV, ifun- 6U-45 grains. After the mmhusiiuu, there 

orufl5i<>,ifUeached,iiiiiclisiiilo3 were fuund in the glat* vessel 0^-68 grains of 

tranaparent Riiid, which concretes carbonic acid, and a quantity nfwatei, which 

Imumoiitfoniierappeaninceas Ihe was sup)>osed to amount to Sb'BJ grains. 

ite diuiiniilies. If ihe heal ii still These were the only producu. 
ef«Ba«d, lliewax boils axilEvaporaletr Now 62 m grains ofcaibiinicacid gass con- 

nd Iwal ji applied to iIk vapour, il tain 

Uidbiimswllh a bright flame, li ii 44 j6 of oxygen, and IBOS of carbon : and 
my which rcnden wax w useful for fi&-87 grjini of 

uwles. water cnntuin 

I acaictly acted on by alcohol when Sl-gg of ozj'gen, and 3'R9af hydrogea 

boilina alcohol diMoliM a portion of 

WB* Srit obsencd by Dr. Pearson, 6(i'jS SflyO 

Into since vetilieil by Dr. Uostock. Consequently 81J) parii olwsx arecompoirj 

lOn tlun twenty parts of alcohol are of 13 (I2 of carbon and 3»t< of hvdrogcu. A^id 

10 diHolve one part of wax i and as 100 [larls of wax arc cnmpdted of 

ion cools the greater [tan nf the wax 81 18 carbon 

ga,Mtd ihenuuaindct Dihrowndown ITTd hydrogen 

lua but little action on wax nhilc 100.00 

, when aisiitcil by heai, ii takii up But this analysis can only be copsidercil as 

if ilt weight of it, and lets (lie great- an approximation to the iruth) the qutniity 

""' i»i« op fOoliog, of water beitig only estimated, ijtd that of the 



M^aic 



WAX. 

gass being liable to uncertainty. There cui be grows abundantly in Looitiana and other aitii 

no doubt, from the little action of acids on of Noith America. It produces a beirr ami 

wax, that it contains oxmn as an ingredient, the size of a pepper-com. A my fertile shnb 

We must therefore consider it as a triple com- yields nearly seveo ponnds. The benrio m 

pound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; but picked off, thrown into a kettle, and oorentf 

the proportions are unknown. with water to the depth of about half a fest 

It wax is distilled with a heat greater than The kettle is then boiled, and the bcnia 

SIS^, there comes o\'er a little water, some stirred and squeezed agiinst the sides of ihi 

acid, a little ver^ fluid and odorous oil: the iTssel. The wax which th^ con tain is mcM 

oil, as the distillation advances, becomes out and swims on the surfacse. ItisskimoMi 

thicker and thicker, till at last it is of the off, passed through a cloth, dried, ncked 

consistency of butter, and for th'is reason has a^ain, and cast into cakes. From the obsem- 

been called butter of wax. There remains tiuns of Cadet we learn that the wax fonu 

in the retort a small quantity of coal, which the outer covering of the berries, llie 



is not easily reduced to ashes. When the but- thus obtained is of a pale green colour. In 
ter of wax is repeatedly distilled, it becomes sfieci fie gravity is 1*0130. It melts at the ten- 
very fluid, and assumes the properties of vda- pera^ure of lOQ^ ; when strongly hcand it 
tile oil. Durns with a white flame, prodaees litdi 

Wax possesses all the essential properties of smoke, and during the combustion eraiti ao 

fixed oil. We must therefore consiaer it as agreeable aromatic odour. Water docs oei 

a fixed oil rendered concrete. Now that spe- act upon it. Alcohol, when hot, difsolvet^th 

cies of fixed oils, distinguished by the epitnet of its weight, but lets most of it fall aguu oa 

fat, have the property of becoming conerete, cooling. 

and assuming the appearance of wax when There is another species of the myrica, If . 

exposed Ions to the air ; in consequence, it is gale, found in many of the boggy mosses of oar 

supposed, of the absorption of oxygen. Hcnoe own country, that produces the same materid. 

probably the difference between wax and fixed It is also obtained in Sonth America, u «ie 

oils consists in the oxvtgen which it contains as learn from M. Humboldt, from one orlws 

a component part. The wax at its first form- of the palms, and especially the cerotjioa 

ation was in all probability in the state of a andicola. 

fixed oil; but by the absorption of oxygen it Thereare^also, various other tnseeti» bcsida 

gradually concreted into wax. Wax, then, the bee, that yield either wax or a oiaieral 

may be considered as a fixed oil saturated with very nearly resembling it, as the corcus lacci» 

oxygen. or gum-lac insect, and perhaps one or tut 

It is natural to suppose, if this theory is just, other species of this genus. There is, mne- 

tbat fixed oil will occur in plants in various over, another waxy material, collected in a 

states of hardness : and this accordingly is the ma n ner some what similar, in China, and whidi 

case. Sometimes it is of the consistency of is called pela, well known to be the product nf 

butter, and this is denominated a butter; thus an insect, thou>rh tlic name of the insect ii 

we have the butter of cacao, the butter of coco, not well known. 

the butter of galam. Sometimes it is of a It is |)robat)le, as we have observed alrvaiiv, 
greater consistency, and then is denominated thai in all these cases the matter of wax isfO- 
tallow; thus we have the tallow of thecroton, taincfl by the insect from the \cgeial)lc k\r.i' 
extracted byboiliiiG; water from ilie fruit of the clom. And it has l)ccn usually supjxKtd iMc 
croton sebiftra. When its consistency is as it consists of the pollen which the bees vi«li.y 
great as possible, it then takes the ap))cllation collect on their thighs, and aften\ard^cUio- 
of wax. Thus we have the myrtle wax of rate in some unknown way. The ^rt-at Jirivr- 
America extracted from the berries of the my- encc, howc^er, bttwccn wax and ttii^ atzutt 
rica cerifera, and the pela of the Chinese. The which the bees collect has bci'ii lon*» remjrk- 
sprcie:! of wax, then, which exist in the vegc- cd. When examined by the niicrosco^io. i"' 
table kingdom, niay possibly be as numerous as little mass of {Killen is obviously c«>Mij'^.«d of 
the fixed oils, l^l us take a view of some of a numlxT of hard grains compri^sed i;n;ciiKr: 
the m'jst remarkable. and if it he laid on a hot plate, it d-^e^ r;^ 

Bers'-wax is the species whose properties melt as wax wouhl do, but Mookes, dries, anJ 

have been described in the former part of this is reduced to a coal, and, if kimllcfl, hn'"* 

article. It is snp|X)sed that the bees collect it without melting. S<»mc inte and very niriom 

from plants; but it hab been very well ascer- experiments, however, of M. Hulxr, onf*^ 

tainrd, thai in many cases ai least they manu- the most celebrated apiarists in Kurope, 1.:*^ 

tacture ii from honoy, and even from sugar : shown that the |X)llen has no share what^^r 

for bets confined and fed solely upon these bub- in the formation of wax, but that this suS* 

stan(*e<i produce wax. Its consistency is said stance is produced indiscriminately from honf^i 

to be le^s when the bees are conhntd to sugar sugar, or any other saccharine niattcr, whic;» 

than when they are allowed honey. serves as food for the l>ecs. The detail* f' 

The myrtle wax of North America is ob- these experiments would occupy too int«*'i 

tained fmm the ujyrica eerifera. We are in- space: it is sufficient to mention that tiny 

debled t/> Dr. Bostock and Mr. Cadet for a were performetl by onfming scnnraie swa-;* 

very exact account of its properties and extrac- of bees within their hives, and feei'inp; «'3* 

tion. Tlic myrica cerifera is a slirub which hive with honey, another with mujcuii--' 



W A X. 



ft^'i uiothct with itncic, another with re- 
litcd mgat, in all of nhich ahundancr i>r wux 
Km pnduced: uiil on the oihct lund by feed- 
lag uimhcr biTC with only polloi anil Tcuitf, 
W wn whaletcr wai (oimid, though ihe bees 
prauineda week ill their coiHintmriil. Other 
IJlaenatiMu «od espetimenu by tliii tnpenioui 
fuaatitt Mill furtnet explain (bi* lubject, by 
iitviag what it the rtal ute of the pollen, 
■Mndfi laaRuid luiienanceroitheUneofthe 
hn Ihe monimt il k hatched. 
' TtWfc ii a v^eialile wax which hoi lately 
bra dUeoveted in the BrtzilH, though ihv tiee 

& which it ii pitidiiced is not sccuraiely 
B, that bidi fair 10 [iro«e «ii sriicle of 
fcifhiy t»*rol and extensive commerce belsveeii 
W couiitiv and our own. The oulv sped- 
'pm of U which has bfen received in lingland 
>» ItiDunilted to lord Grcntille Irom Kio de 
Jiociro, by the c«mie de Gnlvus, as a new 
|lMtek lalely Utoughi to that riiv, from ih< 
>]Hnhr(naio*i (aruof the Biaiiliun dominioiiG, 
iidu eipi(ciica> or Kio Urande and Setta, he- 
'ifnta the Ulitudei of three and [even degreel 
I.Mtili: it i» uld lo be the iiroiluciion of a trre 
..•(lion growth, called by the tiatives tamoufn, 
Bhirh alio produrei a gum uk<! as food fot 
I nn, and another lubstaiicc empluyed for fat- 
, Mu poulify. 

Whuilhcconitewroieto lord GreiivillenM 
mt Iff!, Otdtn hod been icnt to the gotcrnon 
jfuudittricli where it gruwi, reifOinni; ilitm 
,,<• ifpon mars pacticutarly on the nature and 
iJBilliinof thii interesting tree i wem.iy ihrrc- 
tn hope thai informalian will sunn be ob- 
j^Dti whether itie atiicle can be procured iti 
iltawlance, and at a reasonable pricr, in which 
^Mc il wilt become a valuable addllinn to the 
tnnbrU of mankind, by reducing the cilice 
W ioiptoving the quality of candin, ilam- 
hcaiM, &c. 

} Tbe article, in the itale in which ii was 
bW( HWiiililiii much thai de*eribed by Hnni- 
bUl, U llM produce nf the ceroxyion andico- 
bi I»mU il nol likely to beihe aame, as Hum- 
UUe* WIS n collected ffom a siatcly palm 
Em, which gntw« oti ihe hi"h mountains, 
turn 900 to 1460 loim above the le*el of the 
»i iikI on Ihe cigeof the regions of perpetual 
MW. On the other h^nd, the Brazilian plant 
" xl ■* a tlow grnwini; tree, but not as 
e. and there are no high loounUini 
in the most accuiaie and recent 
Nttf lhe<M|iiieneai where it i« found. But 
e deciiive araumecil a^^inst their identity 
t aiialytLi of Vauquelin, published by 
Intdl, which shows, ihat the |>rodiicc of 
.mntylnit coiisisli of two-lhirdi resin and 
lyoae-third waxj but the BntKilian article 
slifcly wax, and iifTonls nol the imallrst 
^.^ofmin. The Brazilian plant, however, 
pta ikm en lire It unknown 10 HumboMi, for 
E appcsn fiom tiii book, thai Mr. Correa hud 
pfomieil hiiu, ihai » palm, called earnuuba by 
Bte names of Bteiil, produced wax from its 



of a coarse pnle gray powder, soft to the inudi, 
and mixed with i-nriniis iiupuriiiiii, consisiinj 
chiefly of fibres of the bark of Ihe tree, wh •^h^ { 
when ie|»rated by a sieie, Bi.iount in alioutTL 
forty pet cent. It posseases the rotbwinif cha^'fl 
raciers, accordins to the atuly&is-'r Mr. Unndc^ , 
asgiveninthe Pliil. Traus. inr Iflll. 

" It has an agreeable odcinr. snniewhal 11 
sembling new hav, but icircelv anv taite. 

" At 'JtXi" Falirenheil it eo'iers 'inf. p<-iff 
fmioTi, and in this stale it may be fanhe' T't 
tied, by passing it throuzh fine linen. '' 
process, it acijuim a dirtv green col<'t: 
IH peculiEW smell becomes more e 
Whi-ii cold, it is nudFrately hard and brilll 
lis aperiiic gravity is 

9. '* Waurexertsnoaclionon tOe wax. an- 1 
leu boiled with it for some honrs ; it thru ic- ' 
quires a slight brown linge, and the peculiar 
odour of the wax. 

3, " Alcohol does nni dissolve any pcrtioit ' 
ofthe wax, unless heat be a;i>)'ied. 

*• Two fluid oonces of boilitig olcohol, spe- 
cific gravity O-eee. diwolve about ten grain? of' 
the wax, of which eight grains aic deposited n 
the solution cools, and the remuining Iwa 
gtuins may be aflrrward precipitated by ihe' I 
addition of water, or may be obtained unalter*' ' 
ed by evaporating the alcohol. 

• tfu- i.,.i„_ „r.i :.. 



' The solut 



1 of the 



alcohol has t I 



[ Tilt WW, in 



I rough state, is in the form 



iidphuric ether, specific gravity 0'7563, 
dissolves a veiy minute portiuii of the wax, al 
the temperature of 60». _ 

■■ Two fluid ounces of boiling sulphtuh I 
ether dimolve tbiny f;raini of ine wax, o^l 
which twentv-six fcmius are deposited by coar-~ 
ing the solution, and the remaining four griinl* 
msy be obtained by allowing the ether to eva- 
porate iponianeoiisly. 

s. " The fixed oiU very readily dissolve the 
wax at the temperature of boiling water, an^ ^ 
form with it compounds of an inlcrmediatc J 
coiuislence, veiy analogoui to those which Mxf^ 
obtained with common bees-wax." 

From the detail of cxperlineiiis, it appeii^T 
thkl, althougit the South American vegctaUo] 
wax possesses ihe characteristic properties " 
bees*-nax,ildifl'i!isfrom that substance in nia. , _ 
of Its chemical habitudes j il abu diRers frota' U 
ihc other varieties (if wax, namely, the niu 
the myrica ccrilcra, of lac, and of while lac. 

The attenipu made by Mr. Br.tnde lobleMJ. 
the wax were conducted on a small scale p 
but from ihe expeiimenU related, it appean, 
that, after the colour has been changed by tl" ' 
action of very dilute nitric acid, it may be re 
dered nearly while by ihe usual means. I 
hail nol had iiiflicicni time to asceitain wb^J 
ther ihe wax can lie more efTcctuallT Hcitclief^ 
by long cotitinued expotiiie, nor hid he hid 
an onpurtunily ofsubmitting ilto ibeproc 
eniploied by the bleachen of bees'- wax. ■ 

Perhaps ihe most iniporunt part of the pre- I 
sent intjuiry is that nhich lelatri 10 the cuiua J 
I jjf iiip vegetable wax, la the form of 



WAX WAY 

Tlie trkb which ham betm made, tQ.uerr- diagli iborc^ ud.itir the mnrtil Ac «Ul 

tain iu fitncu Bat tbii pwraoM, *r extremely ia intiiaaiclT incarpantid. 

Mtiifactor; ; ajMl, when uic wick u oropeily Th« baid Maling-wax M fcmed nMaaiii 

fnfionioDed to the tiw of tha candki tlie bjr rallis^ the maii on a ednef-nlatB ar rio^ 

coinbiMioB i* at pcdeet and iitiifi>nn u tbat with ■ ipUing-boaid, linH wuh cop^ u 

«fcoininoB iiaea'-wax. blook-tiu, ifHonlb of m req^nd we. U 

Ttw additioii of from ooe-ciBlith lo not- onla to giTo them the fiie-palkh or ^at^a 

taadi pan of ultow U wfficieiit to obviate the funwce or atarc, like a pailt wilb fam aMha 

MalMieHof the waxiniti pare itate^ without bottam fartaMKiiitingtbecbaicoataadMiihB 

^«it^ it any unpleomu imfll, or mitcriallj at the top of the tidaa iu poMioa iht nUkU 

qapauitu ifaa biiDiaiKj of ii* flame. Amis- waxaircrtbefire,u vniall*|iKKiM. %■■■ 

tore of three p«nt of the vegetable wax, with of thit alam (he Ui^ of wax oiqr ba «a*a> 

ooc part of beea-wBx, alaonukei Ttrycucl- niuttlj oapoaed to tbe fiRitaodunadahM 

lent candle*. till the wax ia m. melted on lliii iwfiiliMli 

' Wax (Sealing). Dnidb or Sfwiuh wax. A become (mooib and ihiiung. Hud (afa^ 

wax seed for *caU or lipwti, and piepared wax may be formed into bdl% hj iiajiim 

fiom gnm-lac> neited and interduxcd with ^ofier qnaniity on the plate or Moaai mi 

voriiit,aiKleoloaradwithafariB9afpgniant>, ha*ii« faahtoned it into a round (arm, ntt|| 

according lo the fapry of the maRsbeturer. it with tbe board till it beoonie aoMMb. 

Hmk ate two kind* of lealing-waz in gene. Tbe toft wax ia eaaily formed into kOt, m 

lal ma: the one baider. which ittbatcom- oako, b; pouring the m(liad(iiaMoCibip> 

aonlynaed for letlcn; and tbe other lofter, and giedienti, at tooa a* ihej ampr^panitiili 

employed for recdTiog the imptetMODi of leali coU t*aiet, and wotUag it with tbe bind iW 



of office tocharteit, patentt, and other public any deaiied figure. Soma nerfimw bail 

iptlrumenta. kind* of wax faj miiw, fur a .pwad cf tti 

Tbe fim b eonunonly of a red colpor; and wax, half an oanoe of Mbaoia, one tciaaltif 

tbe belt aort u made by mixittB two put* uf oil of rhodiuma ten grains of muik, aniin 

abclt-lac, wdl powdered, witb one pin of gnini of ciret aitd ambo^i rubt>nH,,lW 

TOHo and Termilioa in ])owdcr, oret a gentle (hI with tbe other iogicdieuu powdntdi itl 

fire. Hie ingrcdieau will aaon becon>e in- when (be wax it r^dy lo Ik- nroiuhiim 

corponted, and are then lo be worked into lticI(l,t|lrlDklinginflw<•cUtlimngLncllu^ 

atiua, . Seet^lac may be tobititutcd for thell- ture: and in i&t manMr dillecem jjCi^v 

lac, and Venice turpentine for ratio. The may be employed at tbe opiioo of ttie a]Uf 

eoaner red t«altng-wax of thit Itard kiiyliDay bciuicr. 

be made bj mixing together a larger proiMir< 7a Wax. o. a. (from iht hoibl) TaiMdi 

lion of Toain, and employinc iiairvermiliMi tojoin with trax (AjrrfmJ. . V ' 
and half red lead, inttead of all the former Te Wax, p. m. pict, war, Mn»A pvLP*- 

aubitance. Sometime), in a lery caeQc wax, teajed,a!axai.{yax*n, Saxon; KUttitm, Get.) 

the vennilion ia entirely o mi Lted, and tbe shell- I. To grow ; to iiicitate; to bnwme bi^,« 

Uc also, ietiTing nothing but nuin and red more iUaietcM}, 2, To pati. into anyitiit) 

lead. to becomej logniw {Hooler). 

Hard black tealing-wax may be prepared in WA'XCHANDLER. ,. (fiom waa 1^ 

the tame manner, using the bctt ivory black chandler.) A makei of wax candlet. 
intliad of Termilioa for the beat tort, and WA'XEN.o. (trooi wiur.) Hadeof wu. 
common ivory black, or lamp-black, for tbe WaXUOLM, a fortreu on the ceati tt 

coarser tort. Swtden, in tlie Ualtic, liiuated on a wiO 

For hard green lealiDg-waz, vetdigreaie it island at the entrance of tbe lake Malar, wbot 

emploved in the place of vermilion; and for all homeward-bound ships are icaiched. Iii) 

hard Slue sealing-wax, nell-powdernt smalt ; IG miles E. of Stockholm, 
of fur a lighter Que, verdtter, or a mbcture of WAX-\^'ORK, the representation of iht 

both. Fur vellotv hard sealing<wax, masiicot facet, Stc. of )>trsons iiving or dead; mtdt b» 

mavlie substiiined ; and fur a bright yellow, ai>)jlyingpluiier of Paris in a kind of |i*btc,ts3 

tiirbilh niincrul. The hard purple wax is thus furniing a mould containing the rxsctK- 

made like the red : chiinging half the quantity proentaiinn of llie lealuret. Into ibii unikl 

of the vermiliotk for au etitut, or gri-aier pro- melted wax is poured, anil thus a kind of o>i>ki 

portion of sinull, as thrpurple is desired to be it formed; which being juinl^'d and set wiib 

ofa redder or deeper tinge. glass eves, and the figures dretted in ibetr pn- 

The usual preparation for uncotouied soft per habiia. they bear lueh a TescmhUnce ikii 

•ealing-wax is as follows: take of bers-wux it is ditlicult to distinguish between iheoff 

one pound; of turpentine three ounces; of aod thr original. 

oliire<oil one ounce. Place them in a proper WAY. >. (jixg, Saxon.) I. The rotdtt 

vessel orer tbe fire, and let them boil for lome which one travels {priar). 2. Road made fat 

lime ; atid the wax will be then fit to be form- pauengeri (Shaitpeare). 3, A length of 

rd into rolls or cakes for use, For red, black, space (L'Eitrangr), 4. Count j direruuoet 

green, btuo, yellow, and purple, sod sealing motion; local tendency {Loekr). 5. AdvsnN 

wax, add to the preceding composition an in lile (5pec(a((ir). 6. Passage ; power of pi«- 

ounce or toon of an/ of the colotuiog iogre< gressioB made or ^tco (ZVnj/r), 7. VtuDrf 



W A Y 

■ r« peel fill I 

«"■ 

ir ptogrm 

ed : company comft in my way irhfa 

irUtllhifpa). 10. TfnJeneyloany 

or kCI : ill apiniont (end the wronc 
(rterjr). 11. Aec«»i niMiia of aiJ- 
: Ik madt kii way lo lli' judge {{ta- 
li. SpbcK of ahicnauon : there have 
m]f wtvnuny leanedmen {Temple). 
It ', niMiatrinslniincDt : inter mediate 
thynymtlyna prate il ? {Tillotion'i. 
od; Kheme of manngemeni : Aitway 
•rmt kujriendi in bis sscceii {Dan.). 
lie deiermiiiatinn ; particular will or 

ktfoUiirBt hit own way icilhout hear- 
I (fin/anten). |6. Manner; mode: 
■pTttentwirnfdreiilAilditBa). 17. 

manner of' praciiee : hit way tj to 
I {.Sidney), lit. Method 01 pbu of 
inct, or action : he it very tarejkt of 
{MUtan). ig. Processor things good 
\t affairi are in a proiperavt way 
. 80. Right meihod to act or know: 

XTajlabemie(LBcte. Rnwe). ei. 
ichetne oT actinj ■- he jaent out of hit 
''rrt Iku iClariiia). St. By the wau. 

any nemstry connexion with tEe 
ign (Bofonl. 53. To go or comr 

or wayi. To come along or ilepirl 
V). ?4. IFay and ways are now 
I conuptTy Tor wise ■■ he was no ways 
or him {Sieijly 

fi panage or road. The Roman ways 
dinlo connibr, prxlorian, military, 
e; and or these we have fonr remark- 
in England : the BrsE, Watllnic-slreet, 
Ffing-ilrHT, leading from Dover to 
Dilutable, Touceiter, Aitersion, and 
11, cxltniling as far as Anglnea in 
The iMOiid, called HikenilTor Ihc- 
;, tiretehes from Southampion over 
Im BI Nenbridge; ihence hy Cain- 
JcHfield ; then pat'ps the Derwent 
by. ind ends at Tlnninulh. The 
leij Pnste-way, because, in sumc 

wu never pcrfectcl, but lies as a 
li, lends Tiom Cornwall ihroitKh 1>- 
bvTelbnry. near Slow in iheVVold!; 
■ Coreniry lo Leieeiter, Newark, and 
Vin. The borlh. called Erniing or 
-*lrcrl, mends Troai St. DavitTi, in 

Southampton. 
Cotert, gong, batch). SeeCaveitT* 



or l«n fnrwnrd or bnckivard r but 
if most coiQiuonly unJciiiuod of he( 

Milky), SeeCjiLAXV. 
(Right, of) in law. Thii may he 
an a special permiuion ; as when the 
:hf land grants to anmber a liberty of 
tr hii ground), to go to church, to 
r the like 1 in which case the gift or 
imeular. aud confined lu tbegrnntce 
did with the jierton ; and If ibc 



W E A 

gnntM leaves the country, he cannot anipi 
over his right to any other ; nor can he justify 
taking another person in his company. A way 
may lie also by prcsctiptixn ; ai if all the 
owners and occupiers ol such a farni have im- 
memorially u^ed to cross another's ground : for 
■his immemorial usage supposes an original 
grant, whereby a riahtofway thus appurtenant 
[i> land may cleailylie created. A ripKl of way 
may aho ariic by act anil opentioii of law ; for 
ifa man grants rae a piece of ground in the 
middle of his field, he at ihe same time tacitly 
and implieilly gives me a way 10 come at it; 
and I niay crow his lattd for that pnrpnw with- 
out trespass. For when the law doth give anv 
thing 10 one, it^iveth impliedly whatsoever U 
necessary for enjoying the same. By the law 
of the twelve tables at Rome, where a man 
had the right of way over another's land, and 
ihe roart was out of repair, he who had the 
right of way might go over any part of the land 
he pleased : which was the established rule in 
puWic as well as private svays. And the law 
of England, in both cases, seems to correiponi] 
with the Roman. 

WAYED-HORSE, in the manage. >s one 
that is already hacked and broken, and shews 
a diKpnsition tn the manage. 

WAYFA'REIt I. (troy and /ore, to go.) 
PasseiiRerj traveller (Corrui). 

WAVFATIING. 0. Trarellingi passing j 
beinpon a journey (Ilananand). 

M'jirrA RISC-TREE. Ste ViBusmiM. 

To WAYLA'V. t: n. {way and /uy.l To 
watch insidiously in the way; to bcict by 
ainbuth {Drvdm'], 

WAYL.ATfER. 1. Cfmm leoy/oy.) One 
who wnits in ambush for another. 

VVATLESS. B. Cftom it«y.) Pathless; un- 
tracked (Draylon). 

W.VYMARK. J. (icay and nart.) Mark 
lo guide in travelling {Jerfmiah). 

To WA'YMEE'r. V. a. tea, Swton.) To 
lament, orgrieter obwiltte (spefwrr). 

WAYNESBOROUGH, a town of the 
ii.iic of CJeorgia, in the county of Rorke, 30 
miles S. of Augusta, l^n. 82. 4(5 W, Lat. 
33. 4.S N. 

WA'YWARD. a. fpa, woe, and peajfo, 
^ix.) Frotvard ; neetlsn ; morose ; vesatlous ; 
liking hi. own way CFoif/wV 

W,VYWARDLY. ad. FrowarJIy; per- 

WAH'WARDNESS. .. (from wayKorJ.) 
FriMvarrtnessj potvishnecs {JVottnn^. 

WE. pronoun. The plural of/. '(See I). 

WEAK. a. Cpic, Sajon; week. Dutch,) 
I. I'eeble i not stronE {Locke). 3. Infirm i 
not healthy {Shahpeire). 3. Soft ; pli^nt^ 
not stiff. 4. Low of sound {Aieham"). i, 
Ferblc of mind; wanting tpirit {5wj/11. 6. 
Not mnch impregnated with any jn&redinil : 
D<, a tteak tincture i u'ratbeer, 7. Not pow< 
etful 1 not iKiient t5u'i/D . 8- Not well tup. 
ported by argumtnt (WootT).' ft. T/rifpnifieil 

■fn WEA'KEN. 0. a, Tudehijltite; to fii- 
focble; to ilepiiveof strength ^{foy}., 



W E A W E A 

WF.A'KLTNG. s. (from weak,) A feeble men! of offence; something witbuiMcb osf 
ereatv:r(^ \S a/ispcarc) . is armed to hurt another iSkakspemre), 

\VEA'K\ Y. ad. (from weak.) I. Feebly ; WEA'PONED. a. (ftoai weapon.) Armd 
faini'y . v.iii:oiii strength. 2. With want of for offence; furnished with arms (Ha vvanO* 
effir.- , (h:..nm). 3. I irdiscreetly ; injudicious- WEA'PONLESS. a. (from wmipM.) Hai^ 
ly : ; 1 >. i.*<'ly ; with feebleness of mind. ing no weapon ; unarroed (HiZtoii). 

^ ' A KLY . a, ( from treoA.) Not strong i not WKA'PONSALVE. #. A salve which wm 
h*.:^;hy {Raleigh), supposed to care the woood, being applied la 

Vv'Ka^KNKSS. s. (from weak,) I. Want of the weapon that made it (Bojfir). 
strt-n'^ih; want of force; feebleness {Dryden). To WEAR. v. a. preterit wore, participk 
2. Wur.t of sprightliness (Pope). 3. Want worn. (pejiAn, SsLnon.) 1. To waste i^lh Me 
of stc dines^ (Rogers). 4. Infirmity ; un- and time (Peacham). H. To conaome t«fi> 
healthiness {Temple). 6. Want of cogency ously (Carrtt;). 3* To carry appendant to dtt 
{Tii^oUtm). 6. Want of judgment; want of hwXy {Shakipeare). 4. To exhibit in appfSN 
resolution; foolishness of mind cA/i/Zon). 7. ance {Druden). 6. To affect l^ oegrccs 
Defect; failing (Bacon). {Locke). 6. To Weak out. To harass (i)oi.)i 

WEA'KSIDE. 1. (weak and tide.) Foible ; 7. To Wear out. To wasU or destroy byde- 
deficiency; infirmity {Temple), grces {Dry den). 

WEAL, f . (pelan* Saxon; weolust, Dutch.) To Wbar. v. n, I. To be wasted wiihoM 
1. Happiness; prosperity; flourishing state or time {Exodus). 2. To be tediously »pCDt 
(Tef»ple)» 2, Republic ; state ; public interest. {Milton). 3. To pass by degrees {Rogers). 

Weal. 1. (pa!an« Saxon.) The mark of a Wear. s. (from the verb.) 1. 'Ine act of 
stripe {Donne). ^ wearing; the thing worn (Hudibrat). S.CpcjH 

Wkal away, tit/m. Alas : obsolete {$pen.), Saxon, a fen ; war, German, a mound.) A 

WEALD, fFaldfJFait. Whether singly or dam to shut up and raise the water; ofta 
jointly, sisnify a wood or grove, from the xvi'iiicn weir ot wier {fFalton)» 
Saxon peaEh> {Gilfson), We a r, a river, which rises in the west pt 

WEALTH.!. (paleS, rich, Saxon.) 1. Pros- of the county of Durham, and di%'idci itmta 
perity ; external happiness {Com. Pk). 2. two parts ; flowineS.E. by Stanhope to Bidn^ 
Riches ; money, or precious goods (Dryden). Auckland, and tnence N.E. by Durham 19 

WHA'LTHILY. ai. (from toea/My.) Rich- Sunderland, where it fails into the Genua 
ly {Shakspeare). ocean. 

WEA'LTHIXESS. i. {(rom wealthy.) \VEARD. s. Wcard, whether inity fli 
Richness. final, signifies watchfulness or care, from tbc 

WEA'LTHY. a. (from wealth,) Rich; Saxon pean'T>any to ward or keep (6ii^s•ll). 
opulent; abundant (Spenier). WEATHER. 5. (from tffeor.) l.Oneirhq 

To WEAN. p. a: (penan, Saxon.) 1. To put has any thing appendant to his person {Add-). 
from the breast ; to abliictate {Shaksprare). 2. 2, That which wastes or diminishes (/^ir). 
To withdraw from any habit or desire (•SVzV- WEA^ilNESS. s, (from trearu,) 1. Lw- 
linii fleet). situde ; siati' of being spent with laliour {H(dt\ 

WEA'NEL. Wea'nling. s. (from wean.) 2. Fatigue; cause of lassitude (Chrtndon). i- 
1. An animal newly weaned {Spens. Milt.). 2. Impatience of any tiling. 4. Tediousness. 
A child newly weaned. WEA'RING. a. (trom wear.) ClJiiitt 

WEANING OF INFANTS. See In- {Shnk.p^nre), 
FANCY. WEA'RISH. a. (from pxp, Saxon, a qua^- 

Weaning, in respect to colts and other mire.) J. Boggy; water)'. 'J« Weak; wdjhjf 
young quadrupefli, must always depend upon {Carew). 

circumstances, both of season and ihe direct WEA'RISOME. a. (from ;/'fari/.)Trmiblf« 
object in view. Thus, a foal produced at the some ; tctliou*; : causing weariness {Dt'nhan\ 
latter end of April, or the beginning of May, WEA'RISUMEF.Y. ad. Tcdiouily; so a 
will better bear weaning in the eanv part of to cause we.iriness {Rahl^h). 
October, than a foal dropt in June will in two WHA'RISOMENESS.5. (fromttvflriJWJf.^ 
months after ; and this is readily accounted for 1. Tlie quality of tiring. 2. The slate ui' beiiij[ 
by the great length of summer the former en- easily tired {Aycham). 
j(»ys in respect to growth, strength, and ex- WEARMOUTH, a village in Dmham.oo 

f>ansionover the latter. Where the foal, from the north side of the mouth <»t" the Wear, 0|)- 
mving fallen late in the year, is observed to be nosite Sunderland. It is nI<o called Nlnns 
weak in body and constitution, or stinted in Uearmouth, havinjr, before the dissoluiiwi, 
growth, great advantage may be obtained by belonged to the monks. Here is an iron bridiC 
letting him run in an unrestrained state with over the Wear, of one arch £30" feci sjan, 
the dam during the remainder of the winter. erected in I7<)^>- Sec Iron BRinnr. 

It is in general the custom^ and es|)ecially Wearmouth (Bishop), a village in Dur- 
with colts and Allies bred for the turf, to wean ham, one mile S.W. of Sunderland. It hast 
them the latter end of September, or the be- mnnufaciurc <:f sailcloth, 
ginning of October; as the dam i-' then again To WEA'IIY. v. a. (from the adjective ' !• 
ocra*ti(>nallv in a state of gestation. To tire ; to fatimie ; to harass ; to sulxlue by 

WEA'HON. s. (peapon, Saxon.) Instru- labour {Addison). 1*. To make inipaucni« 



f WEA 

mm t&ldiipnm). 3. T« •uWtw or 
v*ay thing itkMimc{^iloa]. 
'Kt. a. CpcpSt Sji. uatren. to iltc, 
I ). SutwuM by fjliguei tired wilb 
[SfientrT). S. Iiiipatiunt or the coti- 
c of uif thing palarul or irkMm« 
ira]. 3. Dcsitoui la di^otitinue 
4. Causiag 



tioudy written.) The winilpipci the 
ibuDUfth which ihi^ brnth is drnwa 
itUil ; th* lnTvnx ISpfiier). 
ISEL. (S« V.VEMA.) Tbi. ani- 



i little 



> the 



i< Ml aniaul very well kQuwn in most 
ibe couMrj; it varies ia nu great de- 
nt the tloit, either in «hape, mahe, or 
ity. Its favourite alimentary enjoy- 
■SM the detlruclian of e^p hy suction ; 
Ix 11 (lOTWie* and dotroyi pnnlrry and 
ith equal iiidity. By some instinctive 
of leent at sagacity, the weasel is en- 
fellow a hare, which it punues with 
thiisiasm 1 anil whenever the hare uii- 
oglyMiuats if thi» iDveieratc enemy 
lo get up, it immedialcly makes a 
leiwi llie liarc tMar ihc poll, and never 
I hnid till the animal (ruanini! in a 
diainclion, and with the man piteous 
at lenglh d'us. The weasel nitiy justly 
the list of vennmnus animals, lor ils 
tmang quadruncds, almost aniversaliy 
hare or rabbit bitten by ibe weasel ii 
tncnni to tecorer. 

pursuits, il has several pmnta much in 
ir: itsactivity, and the peculiar torma- 
ttt cbwt, enable it In icale wills with 
I rasc^ thai no spot i:i srcntc from its 
ion*. For its luxurious tcpaiU, hnw- 
«ii egfi? ami jfouna; poultry, it makei 
jenils to the lurmer by ill inviierocy lo 
I mioe ; having something of tbc fer- 
I iialnre, it is lo these an implacriblt 
•nd panuea ihein with morial haired. 
ig pgeong it if likewise a destructive 
«t; and when il has ynunif a more 
d indefatigable in its researches. In 
: of the evening, and by mnuiilight, it 
qtscniJy )>e seen stealing fmia iti lurk- 
t tinder fdgini-pilet or corn-ricks, near 
i-hcHue, I*kin)t (be burnt, sublet, pig- 
id pouUn-ltoiuc in ttntch of prty ; 
•rhen il nas Itillnl, if not loo large, it 
iuplaoeofielrcat. In the summer it 
tor* fanhrt fnim iu haunts, and may 
traced by the side of ri\u1ets anil near 
I Ixtih placei in qiirsi of rats. 
/TllEU. >. (p<^Sep, SixouA I. Stale 
ir, rcM>eeling either coiil oi tieat, wet 
i» (rEtlrirngt-i. S. The change of 
B of ihe air {Baconi. 3. Tempest; 
>yden). 



a. (fro, 



the I 



IM to tbc uir ISptiurn. i. Ta pais 
Realty (GarMj. 3- To Weaiheii a 
T« pip a pouit against the wind 



(AiSMi»), 4. re Weatuxk mi^. Ta nii- 
dure {.■t.ldimri). 

Wt ATiiEH, denotes ihe stale ot ilis|«<itton 
of Ibe attiioiphete, will] rcoard tn heat and 
cold, drought and moittute, Inir or foul, wind, 
rain, hail, frosl, snow, fiw. ic. See Atmo- 
si>HBS.£, Hail, Heat, Frost. Raiw. itc. 

There does not seem in all philo^phy any 
thing of more immediate concernment to us 
ihanihestatcof theweaihei ^asilis in, and by 
njc.ins of the almusphcre, Uiut all plants ai« 
nourished, and all aniinali live ana breathe } 
and as any altetatioiia iu ibe density, heal, 
purity, &e. of that, must necessarily be attend-, 
cd tviih propotiionalle unei ia ilie state of 
the«. 

The great, but repilar alterations, a liitla 
change of wcuthet makes in many parts of in- 
aniniiiie matter, every penon knows, in (ha 
common insiancG of baiomeiers, iheruio meters, 
bygmmeieri, &c. j and it is owing partly lo 
our inatlcniiun, and pjniy lo our unequal and 
intempei.-ite course of life, that we also, like 
inaov olhcr animals, do not feel as great aud as. 
rcj^ular ones in the lubes, chords, and fibres of 
our own bodies. 

To estublisli a pru|>er theory of the weather, 
il would he nece^arj lo hare registers candiiliy 
ke|it ill divers parts of the globe, for a loi^ 
setiea ofycars; from whence we might be en- 
abled la determine ihe direclions, breadth, and 
b'lundi of iheivindi, and of the weaLher they 
bring witli them ; with the cnrrespoodenca 
beiwcen ilie wenther of divers ijlacci, and tha 
diifcrtiicc between one son and another at tlie 
same ulnce. We might thus in time learn to 
foreiel many great emergencies ; as, extnor- 
din^iry heitU, ruins, frosu, droufthts, duailhs, 
and even plagues, and other epidemical dii- 

Mr. Kirwan, in vol. v. of the Transaclioni 
of Ihe Irish Academy, has la'd down the fol> 
loivlnfc rules, as (be resnli of a careful exa* 
mination of observations which had beenmaije 
ill Knsland, duting a period of I IS years. 

I. When no ciorm has either preceded ot 
followed the vernal equinox, ibe succeediii); 
summer is, in general, dry, or at least so fiv* 
limes out of liK. 

a. If asiorm happen froman easterly point, 
on the igih, eoih, or sistday of May, the «>• 
suing summer will, four times in five, bealsa 
dry. — The same event generally takes place, if 
a slurm arise on the SbA, Sfnb, or S7ili days 
of March, in any pointof iheoumpisi. 

3. Shnuld there be a storm, dlher at south- 
west or at west. sou ih- west, on the igtb, SOtb. 
fflst, or 3£d a( March, ihc folbning summer 

In England, if the winters and spring be 
dry, they are mostly cold i but, if moisl, they 
Me generally warm ; on the contrary, dry sum- 
mers and autumns arc usually hot j as moist 
summen are cold. Thus, If the humtdity or 
drruess of a |articular season be delEnnineui ■ 
tolerably correct idea may be formed respecting 
its tcmpetaiurc. — To tbcic indicaiioDt may be 



I 



J 



W-BA WED 

wUdi'ibe Jbllown^ maiunir; «whidi, bdog VEATIfER<yLASS.''flBeSiiKomRl: 
the Kstdt of obwnratiooft made bj aocomte in- WEATHERSPY'. «.- (MtCto* ifldl iff.) 

^mn, UM^f tofiur be depended opony as they A fUifuer; afa ■Hwlqgiri one tint kmrn 

will aflKiid a oriterioa of the mildneit or te- the weather tl^smtV. 
wity^aadof thediyoaiyornioistnRi of fittme VnSAa*aERW]SE.c.(«Mlfar«iid«M) 

emoos. ^ SkafbttefiNtttrilfitt the weather; 

I. A lAoitt aotomn*. aoececded faj a mild t WEAfTHEftWlSER. t. C 

winter, b ijgeoerally followed by a dry and eold vtm/Dttteht tbibow*) Avf '" 

•piing; in oooteDoenoe o£ wniehf rcgetation abowi ■ the weather (Derhmm), 
ia greatly retardccU^ .- i ' Te WEAVE, a. a. |Nelerit: 

S. .Should the tommer be pnoomipoQiy wet» part, ftm^tmsem, wmntd. (pe|uA*Sani.) I. 

«tfie toopeediDg winter wiU be aeveres beeanw To form by texture (Drydbi). •> Tbml i 

the heat or warmth ofthe earth wil^be carried fay intermiztnre (^Mdbaa). S.T^w$m/mj 

off by foch unnsnal e^poiatioiu Farther, wet to intert {Skmh§ie9r^. 
•ommerBareroostly attended with-an increased 7bW«4TE. o.«. Toworic witkahMib 
quantity of irait on the white-thorn and dog- WEA'VER. r. (from me m9.) Oaa vhi 

me ; nay; the uneommpn fhutfulneti of thcie makes diread into doih jShaitptmrn} ^ 
ahmbs is considered as the presage of an ii|- WEAVING. Sea Glotb* ConQt» 

tensely cold winter* Look» ke. 

3. A severe yrintfr k alwavs indicated by WEB. «. (yebba, Saxon.) 1. TnlRtii^ 
^eappeaimi)eeofcFaMiand|merbirdaofpas- thing woven (Daaiet). >• A kmd-.Qf|M^ 

' cage at ap eai)|y period ii^ mitnnn; becanae film that hinders the sif^t} soBsshm UfUk 

my never mi^sai)a somhrwards, lill the cold up we) . 

aesaott has comnrnkcad in the northern regions. WFBBED. «. (fiom m^J) Morflft 

4. |f fieqoent ^wers iail in the month film (DorAoai). '^ 
^Se^eiyber^ ij^seldomiamiP May i and the WEBEEIA, in botany, ageaBSoT ihajni 
Mvcise* pentandriat order monoaynia. GanI lWBis> 

5. On theoil^}upd, when die windoAen berry inferior, two-ceUed, the aA4BM8riils 
falows from the sonth-west, doting either snm* stvie devated ; stigma davate ; calmt fiv»M 
mer or antmnn; when the air bunnsnaily eold Two species^ one a shmb^ifi i a l i h a r yeBCia 
for tayas^ssasoi^, b^ to onr teosations, and Indian tree with uob es c e n t bmehnl tf|h 
by.lha tMmouieter; i% the same time, the mneh longer than tliecorol. * ''J" 
nercvy beii^(^ in. the barometer s-^-onder WE'BFOQTED. a. (vd^aad/^alr)!!!- 
these eeoditioni^ a profuse fidi of rain may be mipede ; having films between the tomiRtfi* 
expected. WE'BSim«.(pelq^,8aBw)A«tM' 

o. Gieat storms, rains, jor other violent com* obsol ete ( Ce aid^). ^ < " ■ 

modons of the clouds, prodtioe a kind of eruis . STe WED. a. o. (pc^eum, -Saxon.): l.-^li 

in the atmosphere ; so that they are attended niairy ; to take for husband or wi(e IP^ft^* 

with a regular succession, either of fine or of 2. lo join in tnnrrisKe {Shrnhpeare). 3. tV> 

bad weather, for tome months. unite for ever {Skakspeare). 4. To take (or 

Lastly, an unproductive year mostly succeeds ever {Clarendon), A. To imite by bre or 

a rainy winter; as a rou^n and cold autumn fondness (rt7/o/#on). 

prognosticates a severe winter. — See also the To Wed. v. n. To contract matfimaaif 

article Climate. (Shakspeare). 

Weather, in sea-language, is used as an WE'DDING. #. (from wed.) Msrriigr 

adjective, and applied by mariners to every nuptials ; the nuptial ceremony (Graaa/). 

^ng lying to windward of a particular situa- WEDliLIA, in botany, a gcousof tbecfan 

tlon : thus, a ship is said to have the weather- syngenesis, order polygamia necessaria. B» 

gage of another, when she is farther to wind- ceptacle chafiy; seeds crowned with fiom bar 

wanl. Thus also, when a ship under sail nre- to ten teeth ; calyx simple, four or five-ksvc^ 

sents either of her sides to the wind, it is tnen Two species : one a plant of Cartbagcns, ttt 

callcil the weather-side or weather-board ; and otlier of Mexico. 

all the rigging and furniture situated thereon WEDGE, i. (vegge^ Danish ; wnr, 

are distinguished by the same epithet, as the Dutch.) 1. A body which, havin}{ a snip 

weather-shrouds, tne weather-lifts, the wea- edge continually growing thicker, is vsei ^ 

ther-braces, &c. cleave timber {Spenser, Arbmtknoi). t* A 

WE ATHERBEATEN. a. Harassed and mass of metal (5pnii^). 3, Any thing ia Ac 

seasoned by hard weather {Suckling). form of a wedge {Miiion), 

WEATHERCOCK, t, {weather and cock.) To Wedge, v. a. (from the noon.) I* To 

1 . Ai^ artificial cock set on the top of a spire, cleave with a wed^e {Shaktpeare), 2. Ts 

which by turning shows the point from which drive as a wedge is driven {SMttfeur/), 3«To 

the vvino blows {Brown), 2, Any thing fickle force^as a wedge forces {Miltnn), 4. To fisIA 

orinconstani (Dryd^). bv wedges (^. Phillips). 6. Tofixaaawtii^ 

WEATHERDRTVEN. pari. Forced by {iB^nileif), 

storms or contrary winds {Caretv), Wedge, in mechanics, one of the five «•• 

WKATHERGAGE. s, {teeathernxulMage.) chanical powers, orsimpleenginei; beinga#^ 

Any thing that shows the weather {Hudib,), metrical wedge, or very acnte tnanguUr pBi0t 



WED _^^_ 

the ipliiiin^ tif »ood, OT Tockg, sr 

■I WMgbtS. 

vJgE it made of iron, or sonit othti 
iliTT, »nA appli«l to the raisinj; of 
^1*. or separating Isrpe or very firm 
f wond nr Mnne, tn imroducing the 
! oT ilic wedge, anrT driving il in by 
rock apon wc back b; haoiniiin or 

'niae u the moit povrerTul of all the 
Actiine*, liBviiif an almosl unlimiteil 
lite >d*aniue over aH the other siniple 
cal potven, both n: il miybc made 
lin, in propotiion lo in Fieight, in 
inwis hg own naliiral pnn-er ; .lod a.i 
lerf ifj (he foice of pctciiwon, or of 
flws, which is a forec incomparably 
MB my mere dexl weielil or pre&ure, 
it eotplDyed upon other inichinet. 
nrdiiifly wv liitil il proilucn eRecIs 
ipetior lo thoje of any other power 
'1 «aeh aiiUEsplittinganiJ rainna the 
nd bariJai rochi f or et-eii ibc raiMitg 
H the Urged ihip, by dnving a wedgp 
; which a man can oo by the blow of 
: and thiu the smnll blow of a haiii- 
(he back of a wedge, flppcan t<i be 
[■My g^ratcT ihan any men; pressure, 



WPS 



tuniff may be rcfcrrnl :illed^c-taols, 
I'Aal tuaea lituji poinl, in order (o 
m, ilit, (pJi(, chop, pierce, hore, or 
; M ^nivc», halchel), swor^i, bud- 

wtdgr, the frictioti ajain« the fidei 
Ml, at leaal etiu-il lo i he force loV 
!^ liceawte the yej^ kiaj/is any po- 
Khieh it i> drill') ; and ihcrrforp the 
ifiat Iraadniibled by tl)c frictjoa. 
ti \t»yt been of vjutout opiuiuut ciio- 
bt fuaciple (rum ivhnir* the vraipi 
• panxT. Ariitoilc cnniirjen it m 
aaf ihe firu kind, iikelined lowDrds 
!r, and aciinK oppotUe wayi. Gniflo 
Ifmeni e, &..-. will hive ihcm lo b<^ 
the •M.>i>d kind. But Dt Uoii 
lai the wt-dge cannot be reduced lo 
*lall. Other; refer the wedge lolhc 
cLtie. And olhcn ngain, with I>c 
I hvtdly alluw die ly^upc lo have auy 
all in btalfi wuit'inx much the 
tnw ihCBcllet which drivca it. 
«aiac flf the Atrcc of ihe wcd^, ic< 
p avnc wnien, i« cornuintd m thii 
ft: " If a power dirtclty appliad la 
tt a **«4|R, be lo (be resivunce to be 
, M ih« breadth of the bnek GB, i» to 
I EC ; then the power will be ci]aal 
foncf ; and if iiicreaied, it will over- 

qa^4i*n hat pioi«d ihat, wbeii (he 
.acu flKfl^i<:»UTly a^initt^ (ides 
Imr, UMMi«>'i.T iv to the whole rwiai- 
inc ihk)inet> of ifae back i> lo the 
iKMit theiiiU; taken logcihrr. And 
ptopqoiop is ailopled hy Wallia (()p. 
I.i. p 1016): Keill (Inir. a.l Ver. 
GramaiWe (Elcm. M^ih, IH). i. 
!U.-PAftTir. '• ' " * * 



Of. 14). and by almost all the Btadeni inRllw- 
uialicjaii*. Cinvcsaiide, indeed, disiinguithci 
the moile in wliich ihc weJ^ acU, i'lto twu 
casct, one in vhicli the paru of a block of 
wund. Sir. are Kpi rated farthei than ihe edje 
haa peneirdied to, and tht other in h hich thi-y 
have Dot (eipataled (ariher. See the wnr>i.jn»'l 
ineniliincd: see aiat) ihe tieaii<iti on \le- 
ch.tnlc's by Emctton and Grrggiy, and Lui> 
laiii't )'!,ssay on the Wedge. 

\Vt.tiefc-siiAi-eD LEAF, In botany. Folium 
cuneilurmf. Having the longiltidinal diameler 
exceeding the transverse one, und narruwiiig 
gndiiully downwards : at in apium graveoleiti, 
Nxirraea trydactylites. 

WIVOLOCK; I. (fev and be. Sax. mar^ 
riige and girt.) Marriage ; maiiitnony (C''ii*f • 
lanJ). 

WK'DNESDAY. i. (poaeni***, Saxon.) 
The fourth day of the weak, so natiied by the 
Gothic nations from Ifoden or Qdui. 

VI'edkesdat (Ath), the first day of {jtai. 
Some think the day received this name, or 
Dies cincrum, from thecutUim, in the early 
age* of thcdhurch, of peniient* appeariiiz ii| 
iBckclnth and with ashet on their hcmlh 6i)t, 
hnwcvrr certain it is ihal luch a praorice yn- 
vailccl, there n no eridrtm thiu il was dons 
preci'riy on ib.i' day. 

Inde^ il is lij no rneani certain yAtO flrti 
adJol .Ash-wnlnevlny, and three other dayi, lu 
the hr^nningof Leni, in the Roman church, 
10 njokc the whoje number fony. Accoj^ling 
to Chrysoitnm (Hoot. 1 1 - in Gen.) il^yn of re- 
fre^hmcnt werv allowed in the s>k Kecks as- 
f ipiied 10 J^ni in his lime, reducing the hating 
dn^ to Ihiny^ne, or, at bishop Giinningsayi, 
ihirtT-six. The four additional days are sup. 
po^ed by manr to be Ihe iptioinlnieiit of 
Gregory the Ciicati otliers aacibe tbeni yi 
Gregory ihe Second, who liatd in the l>tgin« 
niiig of ibe eighth eeniury. But one thing I* 
dear, say! Azurius, (Moral Inalii. lie. vii.cap 
m.) lliai Leni ha^l hern observe! niorj- tlua 
»i\ hundred teat* before Ath-wedncwtay waa 
added. 

WEE. o. {weeing, Duich.) Liu)e; an»11 
{Sl'aktprare). 

WEeCHElM.i. A sptdesofelin [Bac). 

WEED t. (peoe, Saaoo, laies.) i An 
herb noxious or incleisCMOTffnef}. e. (fccftj, 
biaxiin ; ward, Dutch.) Ag*mict)i; elollies i 
babili dress (/Zoailer), 

To Weed. t). «, tfromtbenontt,! l.Torid 
of noxious iJania (AfrWiwrr). «. To take 
any aa noximit planii (Hhak^^are). .3. To 
free from any thine hurtfiil iBowei'). 4. T9 
root na. vice (/.«lf). 

^^'FEDliR. I. (from -^d-) One thtt tahat 
away »nv ihinjr nnxiouii(S*n*jpMre). 

WFEDHOOK. I. ("•red and (hwi^ A 
hook hv I- *iich weeds ate extirpated f7V(»^>. 

WE'EDLESS. a. (Irtni wrrf) free (iwm 
weeds : fiea from any ihing ineleia or iinxlooi 
(/Jon.eJ. 

WE'EDY. a. (from meti.) 1 . rr-rtjl.titre 
of weedi {SialitpnTt). S, Abomwlliig nitfi 



v 



WEt WEI 

WEEK. f. (peoc» Sax; wek€» Dutch; Dot) .l.ToesaminebvUielnlaDefClfHM* 

««dU, Swcdith.) The tptoe of seven days. 8, To be eqiuTakiit t04n weight iBmfki, a. 

WE'EKDAY. «. (w^fik niid (%.) Aoy day To pajr, allot, or take fc^ weight (ZfcA.)* 4. 

not Sunday (Pope). To nuae; to take up the anchor (JGntfet).. A. 

WE^KLpY. a. (from foeei.) Happening or To examine; to faalance in the mind^ tocah 

done once a week; hebdomadary (Si^t/^). aider iClarendon). 6. To compare liy the 

We'bklt. oi. (from week^ Once a week ; scales (Pcpe). 7- To regard j to omsidcr m 

hy hebdomadal periods (il^^i^. worthy of notice (5ilaisp«ore}. A. 7oWii«i 

WEEL. «. (poely Saxon.) I. A whirlpool, down, Toorerbalance(DM.). Q. TeWBiai 

f . A twijBERen snare or trap for iish. . down. To orerburden ; to oppress mtb we^; 

To WEEN. V. II. (penan» Saxon.) To think ; to depress (AddUon). 

loiinagiUie; toiancys obsolete CSpexf^). To Wxich. tr. n. l. To have wd|^ 

7b WEEP* 9' It. preterit and jparticiple pas- (Brown), 8, To be considered as impoitiBt 

siire weptp weeped, (peopan» Saxon.) l.To (Addison). 3. To raise the anchor (D»3fte). 

. ^faMmr sorrow hy tears iDe^teronomlf). 3. To 4. To bear beavilyj to press hard (Skahptm)* 

Jied tears from any passion (JShdtsp€are). 3* 5. To sink by iu own #right (Bmem). 

To lament ; to complain (Numbers). ^ . WEflGHED. a. ((ram w€igk.) ExptnauL 

To WiBP. 9.0. 1. To lament with tears ; to WBIGHER. s. (from weigh.) He «b 

bewail; to bemoan (Dryden), 2p To shed weishs. 

moisture (JftUw). 3. To drop (Pope). 4. WEIGHT. i. (yihs, Saxon.) UQaMOlf 

To abound with wet (ilfor/tiiier). meaiored by the balance (drbtUknot). f. A 

WE'EPER. s. (rrom weep.) I. One who mass by which, 4s the standard* other Mb 

sheds tears ;.a mourner (Jhyden). 2. A while are examined (Swfft). 3. Pondenos wm \ 

border on the sleeve of a moum'mg coat. (Bocoa). 4. Gravity ; heaviness ; tendcafflv 

VVE^ERISH. a. (SeeWxARisH.) l. In- the. centre (^^ifcnu). 6. Pkcssoiej bvMi 

aipid ) weak ; waahy* 9, Sour ; surly (4sck.). overwhelming power (Sknk^emre). & li- 

WEERT, a town of Dutch Brabant, takqi portance; po.wer; influence; efficacy; cHis* 

bv the French in 1794. It is 18 miles W. of quence; moment (Locke). 

^'•"SSife^^*^ 5. 38 E- Lat. 61. 7 N. Wiwht, in oommerae* denotes a bsilrer 

To WEET. 9. n. pretent wot or woie. e known wdght, upeiated to bopatlattsto' 

(pisan, Saxon; i0e/«ii, Dutch.) To know; to luoe agaiasi other IhmUm^ wheat weight h » 

.be informed : obsolete CSpriufr) . .fulred. 

WE<ETLESS. a. (from i0#s/.) Unknowing. The seeurity of q w s^ee dgmidhf, ia a 

WEEV£R> in ichthyology. See Tra- good measure* on the Justness of w«ights,«liA 

CHIVU8. are usually of lead, hooy or brasa, xMSt asIWi 

Wbbver, a river, which rises in the N. kave taken care to prevent the IhlsliealiM d 

part of Shropshire, runs across Cheshire, and *^™' ^J itamplBg or marking them by ^^ 

receiving the Dane from the E., enters ihe ^'f^Y*' •^!L'^^1« i*^""**^ by some^ripsd 

estuarv of the Mersev. It is navigable to "*'?t*/*! ,,^V\\° England, the «tsi»d.itl of 

Winsford, some mileJ above Nor.h^ich in :SXt;;„^c^^^^^^^^ 

«'r^'[?;rTr I O r- WEIGHTS AND ME ASUaEI»(ReguUtioO oP. TIlii 

WELVIL, in entomology. See Cur- |g » branch of the kin^'i pPcrofatiTe. Foftia 

CULio. ^ public ccmTenience, these ought to be uaiTcntl^ 

WEFT. The old pretcriland participle pas- the same throughout the nation, the bettrrto ic- 

sive from To wave (Spenser). duce the prices of articles to equiTaleat Tilaci. 

Weft. /. (guaive, French ; vqfa, to wan- But as weight and measure are things in their 

iler, Islandic ; vagus, Lai,) That of which the nature arbitrary and uncertain, it is necctisffj 

claim is generally waved ; any thing wandering **>** *hey should be reduced to some fixed rrit 

without an owner (Ben Jonson). ^^ standard. It is, however, impossible to to 



Weft. s. (pepta. Sax.) llic woof of cloth. ■?** * ^^^dard by any written law or oral prf 
7FTA(5£7 (from we/L) Texture. ! ^ V.''!!^." "L^.":? 



the 

delbei _ _ ^ _^ ^ ^ ^ 

WfilCHTERBACH, a town of Germany, which all iwjighVind meiwlirea ma itdscf* 

m Weteravia, and in the county of Isenberg, to one uniform sise. Such a standard wsi •*- 

seated on the river Kintz, with a caslle, where ciently kept at Winchester ; and we find in tkt 

the count resides. Isws of king Edgar, near a century before Ibr 

WEIDEN, a town of Germany, in the up- conquest, an injunrtion thai that measure shsiW 

per mlatinate of Bavaria, seated on tlie Nab, *>« observed throughout the realm. 
10 miles N.W. of JLeuchstLnberg. Lon. 12. Most nations have n-gulatcd the »l"dsi* cf 

10 EL Lat 40 34 N measures of length from Komc parts of the at- 

iScfr-n-V I A iw, k^*«.«» ft »•»»« «f th#. man body; as the palm, the hand, the spaBftbi 

WEIGELIA, hi botany, a genus of he ihe cubit, the ell (ulna or ai^). £ pt«, 

class pentandria, o^er monogynia. Calyx ^a the fathom. But a. they «r of diffrrtst 

five-leaved ; » corol ftmncl-fonn ; siylc from dimensions in men of diflerent proportions, a- 

^e base of the germ jstima peltate, one- dent hUtorians inform us, that « newstandsi^ 

seeded. Two species ; shrubs of Japan. of length was fixed by our king Ueory the KnA: 

To WEIGH. V. a. (poestn, Stt. way ken, who conunaadcd that the nlaa» or aacksnl A 



a the n 



AV E I G H T S. 

n yird, ihould b* 3. Grecian 



Iha ■■iitd Imglh of hi 

dml at Innc meMurp being on« naiopd, 

r* are c»il) dcrifed rrom it j thnne of 

knglb by nulliplying thul originiil 
LltaBWorifmbyiltiiidinicit. Thus, by 
ulc Mlird rempotilio ulnnrum et prrli- 
S( yanl* make ■ perch ; uid tbe yird it 
loA inlo thnw fwt, uid neh root inlo 
e«ch of the 
at Ihrrc barleyro™!. But lomp, on the 
r. drrive all ineaiurci by CD(npa4iUoD, 

-■riiil mCMum are derind by •qiiiriiiK 
r IcingUi i and meuuroi of npacily by 

iLamtard of weifhti wmi originally taken 
alB(*r rami of wheal, whenw our loireit 
ulluD of mighti la ilill called a ^aini 
HO of which are directed, by the iiatuis 
mpunlio raenanraruin, to eumpnie a 
l(ht, twRDtj of which oiake au outic«. 



>nd Roman we'ighu, reduced to 
eight, will ttand a« in tbr UU 



|3S3SgS3S=S 
8SSSS33S 3£3 



rkipg Ririiard the tlrst it wai ordaioed, 
a« 4binilil bi: inily one weight and one 
> I^rauc1laul Ihc naliim; and that the 

oTUie wtiae or ttandard of weight* and 
■a ahould be oominitted lu rerlain per- 

«t«n eitj and borough; fraiii whenre 

ml olBrr of the liinir'* ulnaiier a<emi to 
•ea drriicd. Thetc original *latidanla 
illed pondui regii, and meniura domini 
nd arc directed by a tarietyofaiibiequcnt 
I lo be liept in the Eirhniurr-cb amber, 
(Hear called tJie rlerli of the marliel, ei- 
t wi»e gallon, whirh ii rommilled to tlui 
London, and ktpt in Guildhall. 
lieoltiah itandardiaR dialribuled among 
wt borough*. The clward ii kepi at 
irgh, the pint at Stirling, the pound at 
., ami the flrlol at Linliliigow. 
Ifw principal wtigfatmlnhliihed in Great 

am troy weight and awinlupai* weight, 
ra ntcntio&ed. Undtr the head of the 
It gaay farther be aililfil, that a rarat ii a 
at biur gnioK ; but when llie term ia ap- 
o golil, it rieoniei Ihe degree of fineneu. 
•antily of gold n ■uppuunl diiided iola 
four ^arti, If the whole 



= MMi!:j| 


niiiMiiJ! 


I : : : : ■ 






ill"' 


'■i 

f 


itii: 

r 





i>»ldto be Iweuty.fuur 
r« twcniy-tbrcc part* of pi 
i of alloy or baae uielnl, il 
■llun carat* tint, and nn on 

gold i> tiw infl In he uted ( 



I* Mtid'tobu of the ear. 
The make 



The Roman ounce i* the English avoirdupoi* 
ounw. w'lirh they divided into aeien denarii, a* 
well a* eight dra[4iu>: and lince Ihty rerkoneil 
their ilensrlui equal to the .^llic dr>rhn>, lliia 
will make the .ttlie weighta one-eighUi heavier 
than the corresponding Itutnaa weighli. 

Wai/rrHEuTopnm»'»^A(i,— l.Engliali weight*: 
By tlie twenly-Myenlh chapter of Magna Chart* , 
the weight* all oter Kngland %n In be Uie (ime ; 
but for dilTercnt romniodiliei, there are two dif- 
ferent aortt, fiz. Troy weight and aiolrdupina 
weight The origin fraoi which they are both 
grain of wheat salbcrcd In tltc toiddlo 



■d win of thi> kingdom i* 3d carat* 

Id of 'landard gold i* roiaed Inlo 44^ 

I, and therefore every guin))* aliould weigh 

VU graina. 

rand «f direr for coin eonlalat II oa. 

. pore lilTer, and IM dwt*. alloy; and 

•A lilier plale 1 1 uuowa pure tiWer, wilh 

tea alloy. A pound of alandird ulier i* 

Into ea iblllluc*. and therefure Ihe wiHgbt 

llUog thould be i dwti. 'JU^ graina. 

[bta Btaj be diotioguiilied iuto sDcicnl and 

I, ftiraign and doinealie. 

■ml Wn^U.—i . Thotvof the ancient J«nn, 

1 lo tbe Kngliah troj wei^hli, will ataud 

tvbtlowing labia: 



(Ml UO Mi U-J) 
. Oi IK) OS Il4 

'|Talmi,..,lU ig 01 luf 



weight* make one ounce ; and Iwelte uuncea ui 
pound. 

By (bii weight we weigh gold, diver. Jewel*, 
and liquor). The apolhircaric], alio iwe llu: troy 
pound, nunce, and grain j btit they dHf^ from 
Ihe ml in the inlemiediale diriiion*. They 
divide Iheuunn inlueightdrachnu; Ihe drachm 
Into three *miple», and the (erujile into iweuly 



in «Toii4upoi«e n 
aixteew nunen, but tl 
twelfth thari Ihe tray 

ing A'M graina. 



'ighl the pouBiI raolainc 
r ounce la leaa by near one- 
iUBc«| thi* latter MO) ain- 
' only 418. Tb* 






nunce contain* 18 draehnu . 

dupol* are only equal lu Ti ouocea truj; and 17 

pvutiili tray equal li> 14 pound* avoirdupoi*. 

By avoirdupoii weight are wcigbtd nercaifj, 
•ud grurerj ware*, baae Dwtai*, wool, tallow, 

lieuip, dnin. bread, fcs- 



W E I a H t s. 

l OwJni . 

Ml 



« Unfit 


-Jo 


a Ihia.^ 


«> 


M siom,. 


irtb 










mA wrifku In- FlM!«r<«> '*>» 41!%* 

AMm, or ^Btd, lbrawtMrM*4MMMaK 

Uia larp IwtaMe fbr r«# iflk*, ■»« tt«MiO 

batUCD fur tha tse cowMdMca. KM^iM" 

itMiolo, M «■« ■ half pomtaof NntlM. 

Oamny, FlMdert, H»Hud, Ike Wum 

Mr.F«BnMBjtwath«.followInt«OBvarlKiB ^,,^ 8«#4»n, DtwMrit, ^tXimi, t* •»« 

bcl«M9> traj «>d avoMupeb welffht. iMt atMnxHidl, whltk «l'A«n«n Mi ■«- 

|?A ti«r pound* are «^ul to 1<4 aToirdupob ^^ ,. ^qq pomaH; «t Ubnfc, M»i Ml «■ 

pom**. . ^ , ConiB«tikerK,4(»|BaBAa. UAwdM,fb>«Mr- 

173 tt«j •»«« » c^"*! to 1^ *™'^''I^' pMdtfi>rMFVW)a3S0po«Qdii«D*lta«Mr- 

ouBMa. Mirtt hr p raf M awa 400 payaJa. iUU|t«< 

1 tnipaimdeaMaliiiHmfntni. ■efd, AcmMbbdiiAi h 4«0po«n«ai MIM* 

• — olrdupobpoinid<«aUiD»7000pwai. ^ie.MO Mundi; in Nomr, 3D0 *«■*;•> 

- ■ - -•««^«ltE?'"'. Amrt«rdam,300(toatrtitot»ly^a«fc,««* 



i Iroj jwand tOBtaiaa l> ob. 3.6S1138376 u (tmenTj, HKy w«i|1ilhdr twiecMiW' 

dnoi* AToMnpoli. . , HUM b* Um berAciMl, or bn%ewlta, uariikil 

1 aToirdupaU lb.0MiWln»llb. ao«.lldw*. «o af tWr pow***. Tfcci »«»• bIm^M* 

lep. irof- ^ ,^ or pciade, conUiaiDR 40 pounte, or aM IM*« 

thtrefaretlia »""**"" •h>**°'","^'~' IbekaAetoM. 

U 175 to »«, and toe atoirda^U oi. U lo »a in«tdarto»liewUi«propofH.« •rtte««" 



Tbe cwMjera^ewaiiei^', k«. obw a pvumi*' nduadok i 

dBM »t mitku tor «oW und predojj* itoB«, jo, luWl A 

vim. catat aad mlB* aod for aitTBr, Ihe pwiny- , p„,^ 

wtigbt an« (Mv- TIm »onejera bara al*a ■ ^i^ ^ | 



Moaqnal la 



B«nilUriBbdiii«laBortb«tn>||rkuiitbtti,di- ' Thel00lb.orEMlaB4,BeMlnd,M4feikM 
■Mlof 

ibe cnln Into 90 ■Itci, 

tba ultB lalQ 94 droltt, 

Ibc dnll iBlodOt«riob, 

tbs periot into M Usnk*. 
tit dMlcn In woolttav* lUuwIic a ptftlMkr 
art srwel^tii tIs. the HCk, irdsfc, lad, Hone, 



if Antwerp or BrabUt 



WEIGHTS. 



in II aTToulouKknil I'pperlAnguFdiii^. 

lU at M*ndll« or Pn>«nln^ 

«1 f DfOaim. 

ft A oTIUniburgb. 

n 7 of Rnodori, &c. 

W I otlcipiic, &c 

13T 4 or Own*. 



isa 



II ofLrfbor 

II or.'ViW. 



134 orVei 

97 Oori^r^lr, Cadii.bc. 



Ill « arn 

m / or Si 

^ 1 of D, 



100 posDill or Amitcrdun are (qiinl U 

lb. 

14« orAliaul. 

109 of Knimerf,, 

lae ofArdiiiBn-l, <ir3pM<lM. 

■00 nT AnrkDl. 

IW ofAviBnup 

M or RmII In S<Ktter:iiuul. 
IW •TKayaDlie in tVanoc. 
I81> afBrri^aBio. 
'yf ' rf IW r ie«Kop -Boom ■ 



111 of Bern, 

loo aC Brwn^n. 

m •rBilbok. 

IM rf Bail If due. 

W1 «rBol<«ni. . 

NO of BoonlMui. 

' tm oTBauKcnBR 

m of Bmnni. 

IM i>rBr>tl». 

IM ft Briifn, 

l«i of BnuMls. 

IM oTCMlib 

tW >fCo>«fiie 



10*4 •^CoprnJiMn- 
HT .rMIM ofCoiulMitiiioplp. 

IMi of Dbiuw. 

U» nTDort. 

Vt ofDbhlin. 

97 of Udinburgli. 

149 BfFlor«fiw. 

9H of Pnnrfnrt on Ihe Maine 

MS ar OannL 

W erOonen. 

t«3 of Genoa. «Mh iwlBhI. 

Ids •rUawburih. 

IOC of l^jdoi. 

10& ofL^puc. 

UUt ofUi«<. • 

114 orLialv. 

143 nf Leghorn. 

lOr^ ofLuboo. 

tO!< of Londnn.amirdupoUwtnrh 

106 af Iflikine. 

103 orLuhK. 

Ulf oi LocCB, ligkl «ci(bt, 

1 III at IdDnf, cigr iliUD. 

lU of Madrid. 

IM of MMliMa. 



134 of Meaiina, liftit wctshl. 
IGS »fMi]aD. 

\-i(* or Mootpelirr. 

135 bmberoati ef MuMOTy. 
100 urN'anlea. 

)M orXaocy. 

HV.i or Naples. A 

SB nf Nun-mbpre. 

!00 of Pari.. 
lla{ ofRcyeL 

\m oTfiija. 

too of RodiellF. 

146 of Rome. 

iW orUoUwdam, 

il6 orHaucn, li^munlj veielil. 

100 ofSi.Mab. 

100 ofiKt. Si-butljui. 

1M{ urSaruou*. 

M)6 or Seville. 

114 Qt' Smffp*. 

110 arstetin. 

HI ofTbul 



13 orVeolw, imaU ireiebl. 
e iball noir ooiice Itu e 
ID KngtiiU weigbU and son 



lb. OI, drnu. (cruplei. grain*. pumncM, 
] = J2 = !je = aa3- 37flO = 372,96 
1 1= 8 >= 31 . 4«0 « J1.08 

1 > 3 = 1)0 =■ 3.B»3 ' 
1 - 90 - 1.399 J 

Jteiriapai IftifhI. 

I . 3.'^$ » 7000 •= 453.23 

I - IS - 437.0 > 3g.38 

1 - ST.9TJ => 1.81 



71 llw. or gt%. Eosliib Iroj, " Til1t|s> o 
Oeman apollteoarica' wiMclil. 
loa.NureinberK, toedicwcilhl, ^Tdr.aja 

{I Kraina Bagliili. 
I mark Colofne, — 1 ia.2 dlU- Ifr. £n|lUk 






3oi. 16dirl. 7p-. E»^ 



1 lb. Dutch, ■> 1 1 
781^ lb*. Dutch, - I0381b«. Englith Inur- 

Sirt<Nih tytigkti, uKd ly Betswmn and Schtdt, 

TheSvediah pound, whjrt i^ ditided Jilie tfel 
EnnilBb apalhcearf, or (r^, jMiuDd, wciglu 
fA56 ETiin. troj. n 

The honne or pure water, arcordlng to Berg. 
m»n,'iir\i:haVI3'V>\itin!Hthgnini, andoamplM 
too SHcdiih cubinl iacbea. Ilenre the huM 1 
or pure water wi^ighi 4W8fI 71114-14 Enslikb VmrM 
rraini, or t* equal to 189.9113 IfnglUb euU«<l 
iacbeai and ibe Swedish longiludinal Inch W'^ 
«4U>I to IJ£)043J Eosliah loncttudioal indioa. ■ 

Fiwi tbeao dau, the ralloviog ruin are dfr 

I. Tu redure Swediih lonsltodiDsl inchei t« 
^^lUli,maltipljl>il-OMier4itidcb]r(}.8(i74T, 



WEIGHTS.' 



8. To reduM Swedish to Engliih culncal 
{Dchen, multiply by 1.9, or divide by 0.5265. 

3. To reduee the Swedish poiindy ounce, dram, 
•eruple, or flpYin» to the correspoDding EugUsh 
troy denomination, multiply by i.ld82| or divide 
by 8.786. 

4. To reduce the Swedish kannes to English 
wine pints, multiply by .1620207, or divide by 
6.57804. 

5. The lod, a weight sometimes used by Berg- 
man, is the 32d part of the Swedish pound: 
Therefore, to reduce it to the English troy 
pound, multiply by .03557, or divide by 28.1156. 

Correspondence of EngUtk WeighiM xtilh those rued 
in Prance hejfore the Revolution. 

The Paris pound, poids de marc of Charle- 
magne, contains 9216 Paris grains ; it is divided 
into 16 ounces, each ounce into 8 gros, and each 
gro% into 72 grains. It is equal to 7561 English 
troy grains. 

The English troy pound of 12 ounces contains 
^760 English troy grains, and is equal to 7021 
Paris grains. 

The English avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces 
eontaiiis 7000 English troy grains, and is equal 
to 8538 Paris grains. 

To reduce Paris grains to English' 
troy grains, divide by 

To reduce English troy grains to i 
Paris grains, multiply by . • 

To reduce Paris ounces to English 
troy, divide by 

To reduce English troy ounces to 
Paris, multiply by 

Or the conversion may be made by means of 
ihe following tables : 

I. To reduce French to. English Troy fVeigkt. 
The Paris pound. . = 7561 "J 

The ounce = 472.5626 f English 

The gros. . . =» 59 0703 f troy grains. 

The grain » .8204} 

II. To reduce English Troy to Paris Height. 

The English troy pound of ? _ -aoi ^ 

12 ounces { 



1.2189 



1.015734 



585.0893 
73.1354 



29J2641 



Y 



24.:i7s4 
1.2189 J 



w 

B 

a 

A. 
U 



The troy ounce 

The dram of 60 grains 

The pennyweight or denier, ) 

of 24 grains { 

The scruple of 20 grains. .... 
The grain 

HI. To reduce English Avoirdupois to Paris 

H^eight, 

The avoirdupois pound of ^ 

16 ounces, or 7000 troy V = 8638. 
grains } 

The ounce = 633.6260 



Tablet skewing the Comparison between French and 
English Grains, fPoid de MnrcJ 




French grs. = Eng. grs. 


Eng. grs. = French grs 


1 
2 
3 
4 

6 


8203 
1.6407 
2.4611 
3.2816 
4.1019 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 


1.2189 
2.4)78 
6.6668 
4.8767 
6.0947 


7 
8 
9 


4.9223 

5.7127 

6.5631 

.7.3835 


6 

7 
8 
9 


7.3136 

8.5326 

9.7515 

10.9704 



French grs. 


« Eng. grs 


Eng. grs. ^ 


Frendign. 


10 


8.208 


10 


12.m 


20 


16.407 


SO 


24.378 


30 


24.611 


30 


86.5aB 


40 


32 815 


40 


48.757 


50 


41.019 


50 


60J»47 


60 


49J223 


60 


73.136 


70 


57.427 


70 


85.»5 


80 


65.631 


80 


97.515 


90 


73.835 


90 


109.704 


100 


82.03 


100 


121.89 


200 


164.07 


200 


24^78 


300 


246.11 


300 


365^ 


400 


328.15 


400 


487.57 


500 


410.19 


500 


609.47 


600 


492.23 


600 


73i:36 


700 


574.27 


700 


b53.2J 


800 


656.31 


800 


975 W 


900 


738.35 


900 


1097.01 


1000 


820.3 


1000 


12184» 


2000 


1640.7 


2000 


2-M78 


3000 


2161.1 


3000 


36564 


4000 


3281 .5 


4000 


487&7 


5000 


4101.9 


5000 


60M7 


6000 


4922 3 


6000 


73136 


7000 


5742.7 


7000 


853iL5 


8000 


6563.1 


8000 


97oU 


9000 


7383.5 


9000 


1097U.I 


10,000 


8203.0 


10,000 


131S9e ] 



New French fVtights f calculated by Dr,Dwnem^}» 



English grains. 



Milligramme. . . ss 
Centigramme . • =■ 
Decigramme ... a 

Gramme s 

Decagramme.. . «= 
Ilecatograranie = 
Ki lo^raninie. . . =: 



.0154 
.1544 

L5414 Avoirdopok 

15.4440 lb. OS. dr. 
164 4402 » 5.65 
1644 4023= 3 8.5 
154410234= 2 3 5 



Myriogramme. . = 15 1440.23'14 = 22 1 2 

Weif^hti used in the several parts f>f As'-a^ tkeEed 
Indies, China, Persia j Si.c. — In Turkey, at Snuymi, 
&,c. they use the batman, or bnltemant, rosliit- 
ing six oec(;s, the occo weighing three pousdf 
four-fifths English. They ha\e another halmia 
much less, consisting, as the former, of lix 
occos; but the occo only rontaiiiing flflers 
ounces English ; 44 occos of the first kind ntke 
the Turkish quintal. At Cairo, Alexandrfttii 
Aleppo, and Alexandria, thej* use the rott«. 
rotton, or rottoli ; ot Cairo, and other paiiitof 
Eg>pt, it is 144 drachms, being somewhat ©wr 
an English pound. Al Aleppo there are thiM 
sorts of rotlos; the first 720 drachms, niakio; 
about seven pounds English, and seniog ti 
weigh cottons, i;nlls, and other large commodities 
the second is 6*24 drachms, used for all silks ^nt 
white ones, which arc weighed by the third rotl« 
of 700 dracluus. At 8eyda the rotto ii fitl) 
drachms. 

The t>lhorpnrlst»f the Levant, not named herf) 
use .some of tlicse weights, particularly the •<Wi 
or ocqua, the rottoli, and rotto. 

The Chinese wei^hU are the piece, for larft 
commodities; it is divided into 100 eatif, c 
cattis, though some say into 1 25 ; the cati iit<> 
16 taels, or tales, each tale equivalent to Ij'f 
an ounce English, or the weight of one rial a^d 
i^j, and containing 12 mas, or masses, andeKcii 
mas 10 condrins. 3o that the Chiaese pice* 



WEI 

^Vkaonli to 137 pDundu Eagliah mvoirdupoii, 
■bI tbe ndi to I paimd 8 ouncn. Tbe pirol 
<br nlh nonlkint G€ (wlii and J; the bih&r, 
bduire, or barr, cnnlain^ 300 ralii. 

Teni|iiia hu iIid IIi» Mme wrighli, mra- 
■■W,lu.Bt China. Japan haa only one wcigM, 
tia. lb* r»ti, which, hawcTcr, it different frou. 
iulorChia»,aicaDtain>iigaotuU. Al SurM, 
Afra, and IhrDuehaiil the ttalei ot the Great 
MoKul, ihej UM llie man. or maund, when- 
of Utrj hate two kinds, the king'i man, or 
kiBK** Height, and tbe man limplf ; the first 
«<*4 for the weighing of comiooD proti»ion», 
malalnioK 40 acers, or aerei, and «nrh s«t a 
Jul Pari* paund. The ramnlOD man, uwd in 
Hw weighing of mrrehandiM, conajsti likcwiae 
I* 40 trm, hot eaeh seer in onlj estimated ul 
ItPuiiaunen. or i of the other leiir. 

The man inaf be looked on t* the eamuinn 
■tight sf the Eul Indiea, though under aoaie 
didNvnoe or name, or ralhir ot pronun^-iation, 
It being called mao at Cainhafa, and in other 
rUns luein, and maun The keer i» proper); 
, and of univrrial uif ; the lilce 
ifht aaid of the bahar, loel, and eatti aboTe- 

le weighti of Stam are thepieec rontaining 
^ i»^an(, or rattii; but the Siamcue ettli ii 
Mblwlf the JapineK,lhelattPr mnlaining 20 
^A, tmd lb* fonner nnl; 10; though game 
■nfce tbe Chinew ealti onl; Hi lack, and the 
8 iwi t» & The tad eoulaiiui 1 baalt or ttcals, 
*»A Ibant a Paria ounrc j the bnal 4 icIinK*, or 
VajMli Uk majon 2 fauangti the fouang 4 
Pi^nj the pa)c 3 rJaiui; the aonipiyc half a 

It ii to be obKrred, that theie are the namea 
^ttcireaiiuasnGll r> wciglita; hilier and gold 
Wltg anniiuiditiea there lold.aii oilier thincB, bv 
«k*>ritclgbu. 

la the iaie of Jan, and particularljr at Ban- 
*•■, thty uae Ibo gantan, which aniounli to 
Mr Ikne DulHi pnunda. lu Uoli»Dda, at 
V'lHMar, and (Ina, the; have the ruratellc, con. 
t*i*Mf I pouiid 14 ouneen Ungllah ; the mangalia 
"■angvUn for weighing dianiDiid«aDdpreriauii 
^■■M.weigtlilie at Ooafigtaiai, at (lalconda, 
*^ grain*. Tbcjrhaiealuthcrolaln, containing 
'^ouDoeaEnglikhi Ihcuirlrlcol.rnnlainlng the 
'™k part «r an ounce; the wall Tor piaalen 
**'4«»la, nxitaining the TJd pnrt of a rial. 

I* Pltnlatbcf Die twn kind* of halmani or 

^Ma, lb« soa palled rahi or clieray, whjeh ii 

!*" king'i weight i. and the other halinan irf 

^^rla The Hnl weigh) 13 poiindi lU oanna 

^VUalil the teoond 6) pounda; ]■■ diviiiuna 

"^ the raid, or a 16lh ; the darbcm, or drachm, 

jg**t ia tbe^Uth; the mcadial, wlliuh u half 

^ 4frii«w ; tb« dung, which la the Gth pari nf 

^^ *M«ckal, Mng ri|uiTiltnl lo *ix canH-gratna; 

5*. fcillT, the ){Taio, whifb ia Uie fourth part 

* *Wdung. Tb«} hate alao the Takic whirh 

l~^**Ja ■ lilUe our ouofe; the uh-cberai, equal 

■^ ^ il l a 1 1 70Ul part of t he derhem : and ifie tomanj 

^^•'•toweigh out large payineii*»ofmoni7 witll- 

^*- MlitMl) iUanigliliathatofJiOabauia. 

■*'■ . - ■ . hi,. We have 

r Aniericaj tbe 
?< making uae of 
,>~* wdgbta of Ihcatale* or klugdoiDi of ICumpe 
"r^ bclung to. Ii'or, at to the nroae uf Peru, 
T*«<(h wei^,a 27 pi.und., it i> et idintly no other 
,.^*th.Hpani^harrob», with a lillk- diRvnoce 



WEI 

Ai to the weighti of Afrtc*, 

irea that have anj, except Egypt, and tha 
comitrii'i bordering on the Mediterranean, who» 
weight! hare been already eBumi^rated among 
thoio of lh<^ porLt of Ibe Levant. The island of 
Madagaiinr iudeed ba> weighia, but none that 
eiceed the drarhm, nor are they luod for «nj 
thing but gold and lilver. 

Weigbts a.Mi HK:iHuiKB. The ilnadardof 
meaaurei wni oriBiniillj kept at Wineheslei, 
which meaaure ira<, by the law of king Edgar, 
ordained lo be obtencd Ihroagh the kingdom. 

ByidBl. S.'SG.III.c. 103, the juatieet in quar- 
ter aeaaioas in every county are required to ap- 
point peraoDi lo examine the weigliti and ba- 
lances within their retpecllYejurisdlrtiolli.Thesa 
inapeetora may wiie and examinn WB^ta ia 
shops, kc. and wiiD falie weights and balanceii 
and the ollender, being ooniiried before ona 
Juiticc, shall be Uned from Hi. to SOo. Per- 
sona oba.rurting the inapoctors to forfeit fnini 
5i. to 40*. Inspectors to be recompensed out of 
the cuunty-rale. Standard weight* to be pur* 
chased l<y Ibe tesiians out uf the oounty-rat^ 
and produced lo all penons paying for the pro- 
ductioa Ihcreof. lufarmalioos to be within oQa 

Weight to thk scjM.b, in hone-nwin^ 
Bringing the proper weight to the scale iinmedi- 
Btcly after each brat, iiiniacingaveijrimpurinnt 
coDjIdcrilion. Wliateicr wei^lit b; the condi- 
tions, nlieiher in pbir, maicli, Ewee|>sUke«, or 
subscription, a horse Is appolnlnl lo carry, the 
lidcr or jockey must have asjtiluined before 
the (tewards, or clerb of ihe course, by the 
(ca1c9 and wcighls piililicly BQixed \n ttie start- 
ing-post of every race ground for that purpoic. 
Ai loOD as every hfat la ended, such nder or 
jockey it to ride his horse up to the scale*. 
there to be weighed in succeuioo ; Bod any 
rider or jocliey aeelcctin; bo to do, dismouni- 
ititi. befoiE he reacTies the scale, or not bringing 
hii full weigh! when tltere, the hone in eiihcr 
caiC is deemed equally dittanccd, aadcan iibR 

WeioHT FOR ace; a rrt^uenl phr.iw upon 
the tiirf. In lacing ndveriisemciiu, pto|UMili 
of various kinds appear in respect to the 
wcighlt which are to he carriud by linnes a 
year younger or older than others. Such ad- 
veriiscuieiits vary, in iome degree, between 
the weiffhti of one place or«[iort and another; 
biiiai the g^ild cup welnhtsolOifdrJ are con- 
sidered a fair criterion, ibey ate here inuiodi 



inuoduce^— 

» 7rsn 



ll.^^j!ricaa and American wcij 
l|J**« to ttij ■■ to the weighU ■ 



1^ *•» Ihi' Kpani^li a 



And aged . . . Q 4 

Weight fok ikciiei. When a plate m 

adtcrlited to be run fur by hones " to carrj 

weight for inches," it is tlien called a Givi 

AHD TAKE I'LATB, whlch See. 

Wli/IGHTILV, ad. (from wrigA/y.) I. 
Heavily i punderuasty. 9. Solidly; tmport- 
antlv (firoone). 

W MIGHTINESS. .. (from weigktg.) I. 
Ponderofity; gratiiy-, hcavinen. Z.Solidity^ 
fotce iLaeii). 3. IiDpoiiuic* Utagturd). 



_ __ __ Tiitiom'htigii.j Ligliti 

haling Ao BrtviiT iSmAua). 

WBlGaXY. o. (Ihiiii irrftjif.l 1. Hrtiys 
yoai<rox)i (Dryden). t. Imjuxtuni ; itiooieni- 
oiWicflicaciou»(Siw/l): 3. Bigoroug; (Mere : 

WEIL, <« Wvt, a free imperial io«* Of 

Suabia, In the duchy 6f Wiri*thbiirg. The 
inhabiunts ar« Roman cfltholics. It is leaied 
on the Worm, twelve miles weit oT Suiigatd. 
anil iwcniy north oF Tubingen. Li.n. B. 
ioE. U..*a. i6N. 

WEILBURG, a lown of Germany, in (he 
circU of Upper Rhine, slid county ot Nauau. 
It ii Mated on Ui« Latin, &S milia N.E. of 
N^i-tau, >3 N.W. of FcBncfort, and 99 H. of 
MrniZi Lon. 8, S6E. Lai. iO. 18 N. 

WEIMAR, a town of Upper SaXony, in 
Thuriii^i'.i, with a magnificent cssile, the r«- 
aidtnce uf the duke of Sine Weimar. It Is 
sealed on the llm, fiO mile* N.E. of Erf.irl, 
anil Iwcoty W.S.W. of Nauinhurg. Lor. II. 
62 E. Lhi. :.i.6N. 

WEINGARTIN, a town of Germany, In 
the palaiinale of the Rhine, aeaied 011 the 
Pnniz* fiiur mites N.E. of Dourlacli, and 
nine loiiib of PhJliii^bura. Lon. y. 30 E. 
Lat.4i;. SN. 

VVLINIIEJM, Blo»nofr;,„„,.ny. in the 
pabtioAirofiiu-Rhme, 0.i<ilaN...i [Icidel- 

'R'EINMANNIA. 11 , , 

(he c)a» ooiinciria, order ilTg^.nia. Clyx foui. 
leuved: comI loiii-|jetalleil ; r;t|isutetwo-cr|lcd, 
twn-lieakud. S^ Vvti »pcf « : irtt* of llic W«l 
lnHi>-t. I aiie, •>: Ausiislatu. 

WEi511.\UEN, a lo*n «f Getmanv.in 
Ihr electorate ol MenLf, whtrt th< re an hot 
b^i'i in high eitnm. It it eight tniles N.E. 
of ^ienlI. and lA W. of Frincibrl. Lun. 8. 
BO E. Lai. 4p. ;'6 N. 

WEISBHAIN. Sec V/sPHaiV. 

WIJsELMUNDE, a l>..ir«is of Weitern 
i?fii6sta, se.iH-d at the oiouil' of the Vi'iiila. 
belnw Uantaic, whose harbour il defends. 
Lon. 18. 40 E. Lai. 54: 84 N. 

WEISSEMBUR'., a tow., of Franw, in 
the ilrpdrimeni of Linver Rhine. Between 
ihi) ^ace and Lauterbiirg ate tiic famous line* 
from which the French drove ihe AnMtians in 
1744; and, in 1793, ilte l>rujsiaus drnve ihc 
French from the same siiuiilion. ll is scaled 
on iVii' Lauter, 10 miles S.W. of Und»u, and 

52 N.E. of Stnuburg. Lun, e. tJ E. Lat.4S. 

53 X. 

Wkis9bMbi;bi:, a free imperial town of 
Francnia, io ihc bishopric? of Aichsudt. The 
inhahttanis are proleatants. It is seated on the 
Rednith.fivc miles N. of Pappeoheim, and .10 
S.W.ofNuiimbtirg. Lon. Il.sE. LaL49. 
*R 

WBls»ewBohG, a lown of Gctmanv, in 
tilt duchy of Saxony, SO miles N. by W. of 
Wititmburf-, and SO N.E. of Deslaw. Lon. 
IE, 31 Ki Lat5U. » N. 

WEtMEMBURG, or AibA Julia, a city 
Bf Thti^Ivanii, capital of a cOiiniy «f the 



f Ulm. andC8W.tr 



W E L 

*iiM nime, with i bishop's rit, M k AMS 
^iiy. Itis sealed cin the udc of > hill. nfvAl 
riier Ouipias, 3» miles W. of HemanMA. 
Um. s*. E. Lai. 4s. Sti N. 

WeiiiEMBGRe. orSTaaLwtinsatMii 
a town of Lower Hungary, MOTed at (N K 
end of the Hailvn See, 36 milH S.\iF. tf 
Bidi, Lon. 1 S. 30 E. L»t. 47. S9 H. 

WEISSENFELS.a townof UppetSwoay, 
in Thurinsio. tjpon * white lOck, abuit the 
lufvn, is I fine citadel, called AugustoslM^ 
It is seated on ihtr Saal, I7 tnilct S.W. 3 

Siiabi 
Roth, 

Wbl&ENSEE, a town of Upp*T SanbttJ, 
in Tliurin|;ia, <>Eilh II soperimcndeney Uo 
commundrit' of the hnighls of Malta tU 
lake formerly in its neigh boo rlw»d was rfnn*- 
ed, and converted into arable' land in I7W. 
h is£l miles N.E. of Lam^^-nsaU,,. 

WE'LAWAY. ininj. (f iI^ik., ■«« n Mj 
Saxon,) Alas (_SpfiafT) . 

WE'LCOME. o. (eikunt. S«xnn,feyftth 
Dutch.) 1. Received wi li ^ludnm; adKiitM 
wiillnRlyi gratrfuli pIrasinR (.LotM. »H 

bid Wblcome. To 1..--1.1. — fc.^**. 

of kindness (.Baesn). 

We'lcome, inlrrj. A fortn of 

ised to s new comer. elhplicaUy Bstd forrii 
an «.Wro»f ( U,yd€H). 

Ws'LtoMt. I. 1. S.luUtion of« ■(* 
comer [Sbduiirarf). «. KiDd rewpliaft a(l 
n(w com<r (i*WHti). 

I'bWv'LCDne.v .>.Tosalunranewtn«S 
Willi hindni'ss (.Huron}. 

Wt'icortfc TO out Mooit. ». AnM 

WfLtXJMHNESS.i-.GtaieToWeM (BM/L 
WE'L' OMhR. . crr<.o. wfkoUe.) TK 
saliitet or receiver of a neu corner tS/Mn. 
WELD, in botany. SecRtceuA 

other 40 as a. incorporate ihrm ■ ' 

WELDING, in ihe mrr,,li 
male union |.hiduced bei 



n p.c.t 



i-jhlc n 



c 



losimng, ihat whei. iwn bars of nKialm 
>|)cr!y w'Flded. the place of ji.nctioo a m 
me, relJiivtly to its ihlckoM*. as ai.v odv 
Wf the bar. Only tWo of ihc old mt>S 
ipaWe ot firm union hv nTljn« 

.lamely platma and iron ) yel the nme ttt^ 

ty belongs to the newl) dialnvcrtJ nMn(.,p 

lasalum and sodinm. 

WELDON, a town in Nonh.impienikim 

with a market on Wednesday, e«hl mMW. 

ofOondle,and83 N.N.W.if London. 

WE'LFAHE.i.(«.,«i,ndyi,r,.)HaifW*l 
success iprOspirily {SrldUan). 

To W^LK. V, a. To clouJ: to olaCMt 

WE'LKED. a. Selwith ptt>(ubOTiic«:fi» 



I favoul 



kawo bdieret, irkelkrdt ftoAl «lUtt 

>«Y). 

AlN. I. (pealtin, 10 toll, or pcinn, 

iiKon.) The vitiblc ngiuiis of ihe ait 

•. WWpjJ. 

L (■ (fwlle, iKEtt, SuKon.) I. A 

TOW pU ftf w»ter (Drji/rli). 3. The 

wbicli ktairi tre (ilnccd. 

III. t. n. (peallBii.SuanoTofptiiigi 

I* Awn a ipMi^ (Sprniir). 

BLL. K i> li' |>Our any ihlng forlh 

' Not lick) bcina in healih 
. t.H^vpjiSpTal). 3.C.I-- 
MM (Lotte). 4. Beiiit; 
). 8- Ki«iivcml fnnii any slcLness or 
MtUf/tn-l. 

U«(L (pell, SjKon; ve/, Ditlch.) I. 
am Mnlwppilv (/Vtarj. S. No! ill; 
:«d)y (JK/fon). 3. Skill\llly ; iiropecly 
}. «. Nift iniui not UiMUci:es9fully 
). b. Not i mil flic ici) tly ) not dercc- 
Bwan). (i. To a degtce that gives 
(Bsrvti). 7■^^'ill■pT^it*| ftvourably 
nicnilyi '-'"' '"'■ " 
Tojcilii 
IoAVe 
C dOTN; tolerably. 
IthmfmiEcdui). 
klmbu [.Wfan^ 13. Il isu«cd niucli 
jmhioii, to txpKu any thing right, 
. rt not drf«ll»e. 

ULADAY. iniey. t» conuption of 
I.; AtuI (,Sh«ijpitirr}. 
.LAND, k rivet wbieh thu In Norlh- 
itiirt, ind frparatn that cnuoiy from 
lihire, ItulbiiHiUirc. and Liiicoliuhire: 
by M>rlL« Dreping to Siamrord, and 
» nivi^jble lo the FotMJike Wuh, 
I enura Driow Spalding. 
X8EING. 1. imtU u,4 t<t.) H*p- 
ptOiHrity {Soulk). 
XBCVRN. 0. Not meanly dwcauled 



n. VtLi,"i 

lEcdu,)'. I?. WuLt nig*. 



^K 



(u'fll and trfrf.) Elepnl 
iirrj. A ward of praiie 
) Hi.ppi- 



LLPARE. I. fvr/;.nd/fl 
ntperiiy Cfloludvii). 
XVa-VOUREU. a. (wrHand/flfow,) 
il; plewrnz ici [he eye (Shaiiptare). 
,LINGBOR0l)GH. a town iu Nonh- 
■hiic, trilh a uiiriel on Weilneiday. 
cmanofKiiirct of ihnciand bee, snd 
it • line chalybcBtc tpiing ealird Rrd* 
K file happened here in 173(1, nhlch 
irf' above BOO hoiitn. It 11 aealeil 

ride of a hill, on llic ti'er Nen, 18 
f.B. af Nfliihaniplon, und tij N. by 
.^ndon. 
XINGTON, a town in Shroptbite, 

amket on Thursday. In the neigh- 

>d are ftniDderia, lion miiKt, and coil 

It Ji waitd neat Wtckin Init, 13 

S^prnribDi?, antl \n) N-W. of 
L 



\V E M ' 

WtlLiHcTOK, a Mva in StfAlMtoblitK, 
with a market un Thursday, and inaniiEietnrM 
of ittgri, (ItuHEcW, and eanhen wire. It ii 
leaied on the Tone, 15 mile* N.E. of ExetCT, 
and 148 W. byS. of London. 

^VELLMET. intrrj. (iBf/i and wel.) A 
IcrmofialTilation (SAatiprarr;. U 1 " 

WE'LLNATUKED. 0. ivtll ai nali^.) . 
Good-natured ; kind (DoiAom). 

WELLNl'GH. ad. Almoat {Sprol). 

WELLS, a city in Soincrsettbiii:, pntrned - 
by a mayor, with a market on Wedricadby and 
itaturday. Il is teaied at the foot of a hill, and 
hai iu name from the welh and spiinei about 
iti and is a bishop'i sec, jointly with Bath, 
Theeaihedral is a tialcly nilei ind the bi*hou'i 
palace is hke a caitle, tieing surrounded tn 
walla and ■ tnoat. The city i« well iMili and 
ntatly paved, with manuracinre* of knit wot- 
*led stockings. The summer astiiea arc held 
here alternately with Bridgewaier. Ii is iQ 
miles S. of Bristol, and ll'O W. of London. 

Lon. 2. 37 W, Lat. 5!. IS N. 

Wells, a town in Norfulk, which hat i 
large church, and a considerable corn trade. 
Il stands near the sea, £7 milei N. by E. of 
Swaffham, and I IB N.N.Cot l.ondon. 

Wills, a town of Ihe diFtriet of Maine, 
in V'nrk coutitv, on a bay of its name. RB miles 
N. by £. of Boslon. Lon. 70. bS W. Lat. 
43. SO N. 

Wells, a town of W. Florida, on iheW, 
side of St. Andrew hav, 00 miles \V. of St. 
Marco. Lon. 85. 50 W, Lat, 30. !4 N. 

WELLSPE'NT. a. Poascd wiih virt.ie 

Wl^lLSPRING.t.CpallgerPI'iS.SaMn.) 
Fountain ; source {Hooter). 

^VELLWI'LLER. .. (.writ and miiler.) 
One H'ho means kindly (Hw.jtn'). 

WELLW I'SII. I. {wtU and wiih.) A wish 
of hapuii^ess (Additon). 

WELLWl'SHER. .. (from »»««-/.«,) One 
who wishrs ihe Rood ofanother (.Popw). 

WELSHPOOL, a eorporale town of Wale*, 
in Man igo me ry shire, with a market on Mon- 
day. Il It the x'C'i marl for Welsh enttooi, 
naonels, &c which are tent lience to Shrewa- 
buri-. Near the town ate ihe lemains orPnttis 
easile, a large structure, built on an eminence. 
It is seated in a rich vnle, on the rirer Severn, 
nine mites N. nf Mnniaomenr, ^Q W. of 
Shrewsbury, and 176N.W. of London. 

WELT. I. A border) a gtiardj an edging 



m). 



Tn Welt. r. a. (from the noiin.) To tew 
any ihing »iih a bonier. 

r<. Wl^LTEIL p. n. {pealtnn, Saxoo) I. 
To roll in water <a mire (Drydai). 2. To roll 
viiluniatilv; in wallow ( JteAam). 

WELWYN, a village in Hertfordshire, fiic 
miles N. ufHallield. Dr. Youitz was reclor 
of ihi> place, and here composed his Nielit 
ThouBhU.. 

WEM. a town in Shropshire, wiA a mar- 
kri on Tbumlay, seated on the Roden. nine 
miles N. of Shrewsbury, add 172 N.W. rf 
London. 



W E R ^^^"P WES 

I. (pem, Saxon.) A spot; ateir - WI^RLE. a town of VVctifih*]!*, ia |1« 

90th. bisliopricorMuniler, 3Fatedi>nlli«riv«(Swk, 

, Snxon.) A flejiiT or cillons ,10 miles S. of Munsier, Lon.7.30E Ul 

otiiberance. Sm N«vus, 5|. 3S N. 

WENCH, ..' (pMcle, Saxon.) I . A young WERMELAND, or W ARj««tAwi>. i pn- 

woman {Sifbiei/)' 9. A yuuiig noiDia in lincc of Sweden, in W. Goihland. lOOniiB 

contempl (P/tor). 3. A atrumpcl (Speclalor). iona, and 50 hroad', LounJed on ihc N. bj 

To Wench, g. n. (from the noun.) To Pre- Daleurila, od llic E. by VVcsimania and Nf 

qatallotKev/amea (Add'tau}. ricia, oil ihe S. Iiv the Uka Wftiwt lai 

WBNCHER. I. (fiom wenfh.) A furnic*. Dalia. and on the' W. hy ihc mouni.in. J 

iQt (Grew). Norn3y. It ii feriili;, and diTcniKcd by moDn- 

7*0 WEND. H.n. ptet. weiif, (peiilJn.Sjx.) tains, rijcki, bills, and ilalrs. clolhnl wiih*^ 

,1. Togai 10)M>» III oi from {Jiballinol}. S. r^iiG of birch, pn|i1ar^niniiniam »>.h, iiint, inl 

To turn round (JltiUigh). dr. h al^o ahoundi with lakes, i^liiehaK- 

WENDOVEH, nbnioughinBucUngharn- eced each olhcr almoti without intcrmiuim: 

thirc, nviih a market on ThufiUy, scien miles ihey are from' four lo 40 miles io circuaiiia> 

S. E. of Aylesbury, and 35 W. by N. of Lon- tace; some so nirrow as lo SMicar like brtJ 

don. Tivcti, and olhcis of a circular shaptj inoi 

WENLOCK, or Mcch Weklock, o sboica,inrnmeparts,ttee|i.indrocky; inMlwn 

borough ill Shropilnre, will) a. niatkrt on gently sloiJin;, and feathered tvith han^oj 

Monday, 13 miles S.E. of Shrcivibury, and wnodto the ma^in of the water. NumnoB 

146 N.W. of Loiidan. rivuletj flow from these lakes, and forTTiiMM 

WEXNEL. i. (corrupted from weaaei."] times, small picturesque calaracls. Ottdl 

An animal neivly taken from iticdain (Tuner), is ihe capi'al- v 

WENNER. the largest lake of Sweden, WERN, a lo« n of WestphalU, in 4| 

lying In W. Gothland, to the N.W. of the bUhopricof Miinster, wiih a mouaalciy, m^ 

lake Welter. It i> lOI) miles in length, and ed near the Lipp«, SS miles S. by W. of 

iu some places 40 in breadth, and contarns jMunster. Lrui. 7, 30 E. Lai. 61. 3S N. 

Kveral islands, ll receives iwenly-foui riiers, WERNERITE, a colouring earlh or ncbn 

and its onjj oiitlel is ihe river Gotha. found in the iron mioci of Noriho in Swokii, 

WEN>>£RSBORG, a town of Sweden, in and near Arcnd^bl in Norway. Its hue ilia 

W. Gothland, with a caslle. It is the sbiple intertnediaie lielween pislachia-green and l» 

for all the iron sent from Ihc province of Wvr' bclla-ycllow: generally found in civitalt, iiiuS 

nieland lo Gotheburg, and sealed on the Go- and laterally aggregated, more or less ihinii;:, 

thai near Ihe S.W. exlremityofthe lake Wen- with a lugire between etea^ and peaily: ill 

ner, 50 miles N. by £,of Gotheburg. fracture is curved-lamellar in two diteciioiu 

WE'NNY. B. (from wtn.) Having the na" passing into uneven: it is iranslueeni, lad 

ture of a wen [Wlieinoii), somewhat inferior lo fcld^tar. Before ik 

WENT. p-f/,r//. KeeWEKoandGo. bk.vvpi|ie it inttimesccs and mi'lis irnoa »l>i[c 

WENTLE-TRAP, in hdmiiithobgy. Sec opke enamel. 

Turbo. W^KNIGEROUE, a totvn of Upper&a- 

WENTWORTH, a villa^te in Yorkshire, ony, capital of a county of the Mine taat, 

three miles N.W. of Rotherhatn. Here is wiih a castle. The principal business af the 

Went worth-house, a noble seat built bv the '■- '- '- ' '"' 

late marquis of Rockingham, and now belong- 
eail Filzwilliani; 
^OBLEY, a boro .. 

a market on Tuesday, and famous for its WERRA. See We9 

excellent ale. The site ofits ancient castle is WERST, Wurst, or fW.l, a RuaM 

now abowling-areen. It is eight miles N.W. measure equal lo3^(J0 English feet. Ad^ 

of Hereford, and I i7 W.N. W. of London. of a great circle of the earth coniaim aboni iM 

WEFT. The preterit and participle of we rata and a half. 

weep. WERT. The second person singularoflki 

WERDENBERG. aforlified lownofSwis- subjunctive imperfect of /o fe. 

serland, c^piial of a bailiwjc, in the canton of WERTH, tfeoaih, ff'yTik, in the M»f» 

Glarus, wiih a casllc un an eminence. It is of places, signifyafjrm. court, or villagcjItM 

seated neat the Rhine, 10 miles S.S.E. of the Saxon peonSig C^'V-Mn). 

Apiienzel, and 3ti E.N.E. of Glarui. Lon. WERTHEIM, a tmvn of Franconis, rapi- 

g. £5 E. Lai. 4ti. 5B N. lal ofacoonly ofthe same name, hisieii^ 

WERE, of the verb lo Ir. The pli<ral in at the confluence of the Tauber and Miiot, 

all persons of the indicati<e imperrect, and all 20 milet W. of Wunibuig. Lon. 9. UH- 

persons of Ihe subjunctive imperfect except the Lat. 4<). 46 N. 

second, which is leetl. WERWICK, a town of Austrian Flaidav 

Were.!. Adam. See Wear (^I'Jitey). taken by the French in i;i)J. ItisieaicdM 

WEUEGILD, the price of homicide; paid ihe Lis, eight miles S.E. of Vpres. Lon. I 

partly to the king for the loss of a subject, 58 E. Lai. bO. 46 N. 

partly to the lord whose vassal he was, and WESICL, a town of Westphalia, in the 

partly to the next of kin of the person slain. duchy of Cletes, wiiti a strong citadel, utu ik* 



WES 

It of ibe Rhine and Lipne. Here are 

ro CiliinnI cburchn, one foi mi: Luilierant, 
•111] •luHher (or (lie papisla ; but the rcgciicy of 
ihe town it in ihc hands of ihe Calvlni^is, h 
'■Hfarmrtl* an imperial and hansraiLc [oah, 
boi il now belctnc^ lo the king of Prussia. It 
■u ukea by the French in ITSg, but rcitnred 
JD t7(ja. It i* ea niilei S.K. ofClcve!, and 
*i N. orColouiiL-. Lon, ti.37 H. Lai. 51. 

■*:N. 

. H'kibl, a lawn of Geimanv, in the arch. 
Vibounc of Trevei. 20 miles S. of Coblenti, 
■dJ 46 E-N.E. of Treves. Lon. 7. 30 E. 
La. 10. 4 N. 

WESENBURGH. a foriifiid town of Ra$- 
w, in (he gnvetnment of Eiihnnia, seated nn 
Jbi Win, bb milri S.E. of Rvrel, and bi N.W . 
|«rNarva. Lon.So. 18 E. Lat. 59. 10 N. 
' WESER, acoiuidrr^ibleriverofGernianf, 
ilcUeb ttM« in the cniiniy tif Hennebur^, being 
^ ailed the W( rra. It jiaaKs by Smnlkald', 
jtmt* a corner of Thuringia, enters tlic ducby 
XBfutKwjck, and receives the Fulde, at Mun- 
itn. It (lows along the confines of Weslphu- 
it and Lower Ss^nny, and, passinji by Bre- 
mta, cnlcn the GerrnDn ocean at Caii&burg, 
. WKSIl. >. SccWeasand. 

WESLUV (John), one of ilie mwl extrs- 
•riinaiy cliaraclers that ever existed, whclticr 
M coutidet him at a varmus and t-olumiuoiis 
viiter, 1 icbIoiis and inilcfatigable preacher, or 
4lM (iHiiidcr of the mMt nuineroun lect in the 
ehrixian world, was the wnnf the rev. Samuel 
Watty, rector of Epworlh, In the isle of Ax- 
Jwlow, id Lincoliuhire, and waa born in thai 
tilligc in the year 1703. 

In themr 1713 he was entered a scholar 
M the Coarierhuusc in London, where he 
MUiaued teven yeari, inider the tuition of the 
Rltbrated Dr. Walker, and of ihe rev. Aa< 
ilfMrTwik«, auihorofThe Pantheon. Being 
riMUd 10 Lincoln college, Oxfont, he became 
a Ulow of ihat college about ihe year I7SS, 
•ndi the degree of mazier of atti in 17X6, and 
»«t j»int- tutor with the rev. Dr. Hutch ini, 
(lie icelor. He ditcoveted. very early, an 
elqiaitl turn for jioclry : nnme of hia gayer 
^ical eSiuii'ni arc proors of n lively f<ncy 
' M 1 line clauiot laiie ; and wroe translations 
AuD the Latin pueii, while it college, are al- 
VMtd ID hai-e grcjl nivnt. He hnd early n 
^Mit, impttuiun, like cmmt ZinKendorl', of 
JJii doij^anon to time exiruordmary work. 
'Thti impntsi-m iecei«e<l adilittoail force from 
*MAt doineilic Iticiden'i ; all which liis active 
^aqr turned 10 one account, liis wonderful 
fwmuion from* (ire when achild, nMiirally 
InM lo clw'ith the idea nf hn being dciJKn- 
H ^ Providence to accompliih Kime purpoie 
k i^er, that wu out of the ordimry counc of 
■aiMii cvcnii. 

The teadini- of the writing of Mr. William 
Law, ibo Fclchratcd author of Chtiilian Per- 
brUMt, an4 of A terious Call lo a Holy 
Jd, roD III billed, moreover, U> lead Mi. 
«hn Weilcy, and his brulher Cliarlrt, wiih a 

Euiij^felloW-iiiutenif, inlna more 
tUictocti of (cligious life. They 



WES HH 

received the lacrament of ihe Lord'* anpper 
every week ; observed all the fasti of the church; 
visited the prisons; roual four in ihemornii^g} 
and refrained from all amuKments. Eroin 
the exact nictliod in which they diaposed oT ] 
every hour, ihey acquired the appeilaiion gfX 
Mpihadisls, by which their foUowers hafC'l 
been ever since distinguished. Sec Mbtuod^ | 
isTs. 

The boundaries of this island 1 ._ 

deemed by Mr. Wesley too conhned for a xe^ I 
which ilis)>layed ihe piety of an apoitlc, and oSm 
an intrepidity 10 which few miKiionatiei had ■ 
been snpttiiir. In 1/35 he euiharked fv I 
Georgia, one of our coloniet, which was, il I 
that time, in a ttale of pnlittcal infancy; and J 
the great object of this voyage wus lu pieaob^ 
the gos|>e1 ID the Indian nations in the viciniW-'l 
of ihat province. He relumed lo England iaf 
1737- or his spiritual labours, both in thv I 
country and in America, he himself ha* given 'I 
a very copioua account, in n series pf Journals, I 
printed at difTerenl periods. Theie Journab I 
drew our laborious preacher into a contmverijr I 
with Dr. George LavinglOQ, bishop of Exelei^ I 
and Ur. WiUiam Warburlon, bishop of Glou- I 

On his return from Georgia, Mr. Wesle* I 
paid a visit 10 count Zinzendorf. ihe celebrated | 
ibundcr of the sect of Miiuvian*, or Hcrnhi^ II 
ters. at Herrnuth, in Upper Lusatia. In the f 
followini; vear lie tippeated again in En^laitd, J 
and with his brother Charles, al the head 4^ 1 
ihc Methodisti, He preached his first field f 
sermon at Bristol, on the second of Aprils I 
■738, from which time hii disciples coniinued 1 
to increase. In J741 a serious altercation look J 
place between him and Mr. Wtiitelield. 
174^4, aitempring 10 preach at an inn ut TnL... 
ton, he was regidarly silenced by the niiigit- a 
traies. Although he chiefly resided, for iIm 1 
remainder of bis life, in the meliopolis, he 1 
occiuionally travelled through even- part of I 
Great Britain and Ireland, cslabhshing c 
gregaiinns in each kingdom. In 1750 _._ 
married a lady, from whom he was afierwnnl I 
separated. By ihlii ludy, whu died in 1781, f 
hehadnochildieii, ' 

li has been jiisily ohierrcd of Mr. Wesley, 
ihai his labours were princip;illy devnied to I 
ihoac who iMd no itiiiruclori 10 the highways 1 
and hedne*; 10 the miners in ('oro wall, and I 
the colliers in Kiniuoo']. These uiihappf J 
crcataresmamed and buried nmonatbcaiiclvea,.f 
nnd often cnniniiticd murders wiih inipnnity, J 
befare the .Methodists sprung up. By the hu- 
mane and active endeavours oV Mr. Wcley 
and his brother Charles, a stnie of decency, j 
tuonils, and reli^ii, wni intruduccd 
toweai classes of mankind; the i)cnf>r. 
intiructul, the wruii;hcd relieved, 
abandoned reclaimed. Hiapcrwnal iDflucuMil 
was greater pcriia^i than ihat of onv other T 

Srivale (i,eiitleman in any criimlry. He died J 
larch -i, 17()l. aged »S. hating preached llie I 
^V>dn^sdi<y before ni Leuilierhcad in Surrey,. 1 
Hii works, OS already observed, an vtiy voliti J 
jninout, and consist of loiious lubjeciii .Thf~ 



WE4 WiSS 



WftSLtT(Gliitflte)»a2im9erbrotlwrcif(li« lifl0iMbiN.W.orfl&bmy«M9iW:if 
ytfeeding, Wtts bom at.jg^worth fn ]0D6: be LoqdoB. 



mt^ «tetttd at Westmiiisier-tehool, from . WBSTflUS,stownorS#«iai^flfeiilM. 



^iHiAee, in lTi6, be wn «!eete4 to Cfanitp WesUMuna, ukl ■ bbhop^te^ vltfi 

^elMteb^ CMirds where he |Ninued bit sliiaies and a fitmoaa oollcae. it CKric|0Ba«i4^> 

ii^ll' gieat migenoef and pioeeeded M. A« ttetable codpieiee widi 8ioclilio|W| jartilJB»« 

In 17^ be accompanied his brother to GcOir ly m eopper and inm fram^lieai ^* ^~ 

Jl^ After faboarf ng atsidnoiwil|sr in Aiinerica* mines. Here ate the mhis of an 

waA uodemiog many dMietddes* he retmved lace« fomerlyiabAhed by die ISmi aTl 

lb E ngiiBW in 1796. H e <»trtinBe< tojreacfa ^en. The eathediafl, boilt of WtfE, b 

^ivflb mnettdtMig ewertiott ^amoog the Mediod* bmied fm- its -tower* csieanod ifae bUamlLj 

irtatill Ae'tfme of hbdealh,wlifeh happened the kingdom. In this eatbednd is mtmi 

it 1998. He wm an bidnii^itHis and popohv of 4be unfbitttittie BricXiV, Lon* Vt*^%i 

tlHttb tef ; of a character bfce tha t of his bro ther* l^t. M.d8E. 
Mroupy marbcd wtni |N^f^ iBsbitegctted o esty W-ES1diHAli» ft town n 

tod fen e v oience. He ks two Bons,Chai1es maritet on Wednesday. Itiadie] 

vndBamndy both e^bmted for thesrcxiraoN WshopHoadly and general Wolfis: An IM 

< Haiy aHa imiients fa motic. - is uitctred in the ebnreh. Irii«mrii'«ii 

WESTfeilbert), eon of ibeter. Dr. West rirer Darent im¥kk rises ftoni nn* 

€0d eC a Aner tyf sir Rkbasd denude* after- near this town) Monies NJW« of Vti 

"smds lord Oobham, waft edoeateff at Eton undneS^-E. of London. Lon.«i€&- 

nnd at*CMbrd* wirth a i^ewtbtheehttdh: bat 51. IB N. 
^ebtwdiKfrom bisnnelea eemmifsion cither WfiCTERINO. «. ftoiqg to ifaa nil 

In tt imneftt ef-dntgoonsol* dragoon giuifdst (JCIto «^> *' ^ 

entered into the army* where he continned tall WEffSTERLY. n. (ham wewi.ySmiSmJti 

^into the oifieetxf lord Totms- being toward <he west iOnmrnfj. f^t^ 



miiu^iuiutBieBvi __ „ ,_ 

Ittnot secretary of snrte, with whom be ai- wBSTGiW. <a. (ftom ssMl^' 

^enddl tlie king to Ramnver. fie wsiitiomf- weit* ^r -totnud 4m pflrt wh ea e 

nated cierit'ea ft r a ordiniary^of 'ibe privynponncil iAdifmi), r r.^ 

in May l^; soon nfter %rlvieh be inarried, Wnmnn feuinM. the Anottfa erf 

Md aeitM at Wickham in ILent, where be HsnsiweHJ ' '» 

idevoted liimself tolearniAg, and to t>tety. ¥m Wnimnv TnanfMne, n «s«nlqr4o % \ 

4I1S YaittfbleOfaitti^nc^ns cinine Rcenrtccnon« Anieridl« tNMn[ffenendnig wL -Ihaa nasnywpj 

which eppeared in 1747, be received Irom United States which -fin to the MiW^^fflft 

Oxford, Vy difdoma, Hhe dd^ of LL.D. ^fwer Ohio. It 'it bounded on ifan'W.Mb 

March 30, 1748- In 1749 met appeared hk Missisippi, on vhe N. by the^Labes, en4heft 

translation of Pindar's Odes. He was very by Pennsylvania, and en the 'S.'ET and&% 

eften visited by Lyttelton and Pitt, ^is in- the Ohio. It contains 1 l^OOO s^oare «nbi» 

come was not large ; and his friends endeavour- equal to 269^040,000 acres; from which, if ni 

ed, but without success, to obtain an augment- deduct 43,040,000 lor water* tlieie will lennB 

etion. In rime, however, his revenue was 290,000,000 aeres, belein;mg -to the Mml 

improved; he lived to hare one of the lucrative -government, to be sold wr tlic d iad b s r y if 

clerkships of the privy-council in 1752, and <uie national debt. This •coontry, which nia» 

Mr. Pitt at last had it in his power to make tended lo be divided into sevend new alatct, ii 

him treasurer of CheKca Hospit&l. In 1755 srffirmed to be the most healthy and ftttileipit 

be lost his only son, and died himself the year in America that is yet known to -Euiopeaaii 

following, on the 26th of March. WESTERWALD. See Wnrmdieia. 



West, one of the caidinal poinU of the WESTERWICK, a ftcanovt of S«padei^ b 

.borizon, diametrically opposite to the east; Srooland, seated on the BaKk» 60 milcBK^ 

«nd strhntl^ defined the intersection of the Calmar, and ISO'S.'W. of Stocbbolm. L* 

prime vertical with the horizon on that side r6. o E. Lat.57*40N.' " 

fbc sun sets in. WESTLANDIA, in banmy, argenm aflk 

WfesT. a. Being toward, or coming fmra^ class hexandria, order heaafgfnia. -Calyx sia> 

the region of the setiinp;siin (Numbers), leaved; eorol six-petalled ; «apeoks aia« m» 

Wist, ari. To the west ot'uny place {MilL). ceHed, many-seeded. One species, aehssMjk 

"West Point, a strong fortress of New climbing plant of Carelinay with small «Ht 

York, in Orancr county, on the W. bank of "flowers. 

theflixlson. It is situate amid the high hnds^ W^TMANIA, or WnaTMAKUtWBi s 



and so strongly fortified by nature and art, thai province of Sweden Proper, bet 

h is called the Gib^'Itar of America. It is SO mania, Gestricia, Nericio» end Unlend. Iti> 

miles S. of Poughkeepsie, and 54 N. of New 75 miles long and 46 bioad»and afaoi 



York . copper and iron mines. The Uct of tba 

WESTBURY, a borough in Wiltshire, try is diversiied like Wetmeknd. Wr ' 

govcn;ed by a mayor, with a market on FH- the capital. ^^ 
Sflfv. «n(! a manufacture of broad cloth. On a WESTMINtTTER, a cinr of 

brn to the F. of it is Bratton cs9tk> the re* the residence of fktt monrnw of Gsauli^ 



in, iW «st of the parliameut and of ihe 
■h cDwm iM jiMiicc. •till conitiiuiiu^i t*iib 
cfldon j(nl Soinlmurk, <bc iiiclni)iolii uf ihc 
iiNh Tuipiii. Oa ilir diiMiluiinn of ii< *b- 
f, n IMI, Ilmry VIII. ercctcil it iiilua 
^bojuk, >p|»iut>n)t ihe whole of Middlctex 
wlbaiit nceptcU) for ilie diornc. It hod, 
N>«v«r, but uiie ptrlsir, Ui. Thiilbyei for 
Iwartl M., men ■^wr. diwilted it. The 
f i> iMw only a rolleaiate churrh, Ihe 
IH) of which ii iiltvayi bithop of Rocliesier i 
M WcMiniiuict Kill bean ^ titit or i city, 
M il wn^ Iwu Menbcn to pirliunenu In 
kaiyan!i«o p»riih cl lurches , St. Mari^rci'i 
H St. John'ii and wvca in the libvnic*, 
m^. St. Ckmeni Dan», St. PaiiVi Covcnl 
uAm. St. M3fy-li--^lriind, Si. Martin's in 
» Field*. Sl Xnn'i Soho, St. Jatncs', and 
. Gram'* I lanover-BquaTc. The uiLCtncI 
' S4. Marl i n't- le-^nd, though witliio the 
\m of Loadon, it under the ]uri*diclioii of 
ranMUDticT. See London. 
WESTMORLAND, a cnunly of Eng- 
nit. *3 wiUa long and M broailt bounded 
t the N. wid N.W. bf Cumbcdaod, oa \hv 
> ind S.E. by Voikshire. and on the S. and 
>W. by Lanmthirr. It it genrralty divide<l 
IM ibtiiMODiM of Kendal and Wrsuitoiland; 
W bnner u very inaiiuiaiaoin, but the lalier 
• • liayB cbaoipji;;" coiintt]'. Thnc are the 
lir fcindfMl divitiun!^ of tbii rountr. uf 
iMCti (he eail ol' Thaiict is hertitilary theiifT. 
I liM paitjy in the dinceie of Cliciler, and 
Rlly io Umk of Curlisle^ contains eight mat- 
l^tDwra and Ui pariihci ; and tends only lour 

rben Io patliaiucnL I'he infaabiranu in 
anotninl u> 4ft,9S6. (Sm Popdla- 
1«W.) Tbr ail it c-trar, *hatp, and salubri- 
Wt, the natives jfcneially living to old i/K- 
Ik Mil U vatioiu; that on the mountains 
MHtny hairrn. wtirli- that in the vallrp ia 
Mm, pmdwcinK k"^ '^"'" ^^xJ £■»**, ttpc- 
bUyin Urn mtHilou* iwar the riven. Id the 
H|)r f«n* i>» i))« \V. borders are some mines 
i'€Bffn, Uu liic fltc Ilea very d«ep. This 
■aalf yield* «buiidaiicu of linie-«laoe, and 
' ' ' ' ' ' . Il il bIm famoM for 
I1TC& are a coarte wnollen 
, wocardMackiiip, floancU, tanned tea 



W E T 

anil pun of ibe letritorici of ihe princes qf 
NoMUiii the t;oualits of .Mark, Raveiiibei^ 
!>ic'iLifuii, TecklenburK, Lingcn, Biniheim, 
Dicplicili, Ho^'a, S«baue<iburz. Spigjcibui " 
I.i|jpr. Iliiberg, and other timaller unci; ai 
sevcraJ lordships und ubiiict. Bni in liMtO, ■ 
the |jaits uf ihis circle l)iog on the left bank d 
the Rhine, being lull one-ihiidof the wholi 
teiriinry, became united lo France P' 
is ihe cipittl of this circle. 

Wt^sTFHALiA, a dnchy of Germany, in llu J 
circle of Wtsiphalia, 4U miles lung and S| I 
btnaiT; boundiMl on the N. by tb« urmcJpalitici \ 
of Munstcr and Otnaburc, and uic county of ■ 
Li|)pc. W. by that of Mark, S. by the terrila> 1 
rin of Nauau, ami E. by tlie conoliei of Wi^.j 
geiistein, Harizfcld, ^^ aldrck, and thclaiuVf 
gravaie of Hesse, It ii a mountainous cou^ 1 
try, full of wood, but moderately fttiile. 4 1 
be1oi7gcd to the elcctM- of Cologne, but is noif J 
snbjeci to the prince of Hesae-Jlainisiadt. I 
ArcDihecE is the capital. I 

W-tSTR.^.ooeoftheOikueylslandj, dd^l 
milri long, and fn>iD one tu three brogd. "Tbt J 
nuoibcr of inh^hilami ja abutU J300. It ■ J 
nine milas TS.H.!-.. of UainUnd. I 

WKSTRLNGIA, in houny.a ganut of tip I 
cUaa didyiiamia, uidct gynii>nip<i-nnia. Calyc I 
fiTe-elcfi half w!iy down. live>siiJcd| cotol tK>l 
verged ; the border four-c^ri i the longest scsr 1 
mtnt crcGi and cluvcui tiameiii diatani; iSf J 
two luwer Ok-es abonive. Oneapeciei.a Naw | 
Holland shrub, with silky sqiinre branc!iM{ 
leave* clollitd with while silky down hencalhj 

W'liSTWARD. -J.' (pertpeofTo, Saxon.J 
Toward the wot. 

WL'STWARDLV. ad. With tendener lo 
the n-eii (Dunni). 

WET. a. iyax . Saxon.) I . Humid i hav- 
inK tome tnoitiore adhering; oppos«d lo dr^ 
{Barjn,). 3. Rainy: walcry IDrndeii. 

Wtr.i. Water; humidity; moisuua (,Evf 
U/ni. 

/o Wkt.v. a. Urnat the noun.) l.Tohu- 
mecialr; lo mniifcn {MiUan). S. To iiioistan 
wiih drink (.IFalton). 

WETHKR. .. (p«S*n. Saxoi»( wafrr, 
Duich.) A ram castrated {Craunfi. 

VVEmERBY, a town in the w«t riding 



Ifea ■■ Windrrinerc, the lur^wt in Eogliuid. 
wplcby n the eoimty (Otvn. 
r\l^TPUALU. one of (lie circles of Ger. 
■■>, bo— dri IMS ihe £. by L^ wet Sanony, 
r^ H«iie. Weum'ia. aad Trevcr.. W. hy 
it Wwhiriawili iiriil Holland, and N. by the 
Bw M M M MtM. The soil produu's pasliin) 
piiamt earn, lliaugh tliere are a great inany 
jMMbca. The boi3«s aie large, aiul the Itogi 

Ehl«h okeai, esfiecially tlie hams. ).iu>nu b^ 
a lUMie of Wottphalia ham*. The wino- 
pi nicri we the Wettr. £in>. Lippt, 
mi Hdw. It ooBuinMl the biibopiks ef 
HutHlrt. Liq^, f^derbom, and OtDabuaj 
pt p«iaripaliiies of Emden or E. Fiie\laud, 
Hcun. ikitiiden, and Verdrii i the duchies uf 
Wnifhalu, Bctg, JuUcr«i Clcve, Qldeuburg, 



' of Yorkshire 



*ith a 



and 177 N. by W. of Undon. Low. I. 20 W. 
Lot. .'■3. A7 N. 

WETNESS .. {fiotti wri.) The stale of 
bcinK wFl; moistiin;. humiditf (Storliaier]. 

WETSTEIN (John Ja...er). a t.ty leirii- 
ed tiernian divine, botiiatBjsil in ^i^^. On 
hit adniisoion lo the niiiiisfry, he niainttiiuaJ 
* tiie.il Dr iiorii. AVit Tetlamtmli /.cclUm- 
tut; ill wliidi he shewed that the gKtt 
variety uf leatinfci of the New Trua^Mmi 
aflbrd no anc'iuicul against the authoittcitT of 
the text. * He had oMde these varidut i*Mbng) 
ihc object of his aticntioii -, and travelled ii,io 
fiitcivii couiitriei 10 examine all the MSS. he 
could conic at. In 1730 he iwbtished Pro- 
ligomna ad .Voi'i Tt^lamrnti Crtfti idUianftr 



W E X W H A , 

mccuraHsiimam, fs^. Some divines, dreading wviod. Tt » 50 miles W. of CalfDar, and isi 

liis unsettling the present text, jnocured a do- S.W. of Stockiioiin. Lon. 14. 67 E. Latift 

cree of the senate of Basil against his uodertak* 41 N-. 

ing, and even ^t him prohibited from officiate WEY» a river, which rises in Hampihii^ 

ing in the mmistry; on which he went to flows ihroogfiSiirrerhjfGodalminff and tWI^ 

Amsterdam, where the remonstrants named ford, and enters the Thames at M^bridg^ 
him to siiceeed the famous Le Clerc, then WEYMES, a town of Scotland, in FA- 

sopeiannoated, as professor of philosophy and shire, with a harbour, whence m«Kh cosl sal 

histonr. At last tie pnblishea his eaition of salt are exported. It stands on the fiift sf 

the New Testament, m 9 vob. folio, 1752 ; Forth, four iniles N.E. of KirkaUy, aadlt 

in which he lefl the text as he found it, plac- S. by W. of Copar. 
ing the various readings* ' with a critical com- WEYMOUTH, a seaport and boioagh ii 

mentary, underneath ; subjoining two epistles Dorsetshire, with a mancet on Tteesda^ sii 

of Clemens Romanus, till then unknown to Friday. It stands on a hay of its name, in the , 

the learned, but discovered by him in a Svriac English channel, and on the south side of i» 

MS. of the New Testament. He also publish- month of the Wey, which separates h fnm 

ed some small works ; and is said not only to the borough of Melcomb Aegis. The tae ' 

have been^ an universal scholar, but to have borooghs are united as one corporation, gmn* 

abounded in good and amiable qualities. He ed by a mayor, and the cornmunieatinn bstwM 

died at Am stcawam in 1754. them is by means of a bridge. See Mblcomi 

WETTER, a hke of Sweden, in Gothbnd, Regis. The harbour is injured by the m4 

S.E. of the lake Wenner. ' It is 100 miles that its trade, which was once considenbki 

from N. to S. aitd 25 from E. to W. is much reduced. This decline is, in mm 

WETTING, a town of Lower Saxony, in degree, compensated by the great icmt d 

the duchy of MagdeboiVf situate on the Saale^ perKws of all ranks, for the purpose of sdh 

34 miles S. of Magdeburg.. Lon. 11. 40 £. bathing, for which it is excellently fitted liyii 

Jjit. 11. 31 N; reraarluible ^ne bach; and the royal (tiS^ 

WETTINGEN, a town of Switzerland, haveofbn honoured it with their lesideDeeftr * 

on the Ummat, one mile S. of Baden« Its manv weeks. Here is a handsome batteiy, a 

wooden bridse is a beautiful piece of mechan- royal assembly room, and an eicgant thaM 

iam, S40 feet long, and sospepded SO feet above In the churcn is a fine altar- pieee, cjwti l rf 

the surfiKe of the water. It is the iasi work of and presented by sir James Thomhill, whawil 

Grubenman, the self-un^t architect, and is bom at Melcomb Regis. A few plam sni 

•Tar more elegant than his bridge at Schaff- striped cottons are m^le here. Near it, at Iks 

hawmm. village of Nottington, is a famous sufphnicaH 

WETZLAR, a free imperial town of Ger- spring. Weymouth is nine miles S. of 0^ 

many, in Wetteravia, surrounded by ditches Chester, and IS8 W.S.W. of London. Lon.l * 

and walls flanked wiih towers. The inhabit- 34 W. Lat. 50. 40 N. 
ants arc Proiestants, and have a council of 24 WHALE, in astronomy. See Cbtus. 
members. In \()y3, the imperial chamber Whale fishery. See Fishery tod 

was transferred hither from Spire, on account Balana. 

of the wars which ravaged the palatinate. It Whale, in natural history, compri^ 

is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle, the whole of the seventh order of the Liniieas 

and Diilen, five miles S. of, Solms, and ys class mammalia, constituting the cetactout 

N. by E. of Spire. Lon. 8. 32 £. Lat. 50. animals geuerally : characterised by blowing 

lib N. holes or spiracles placed on the fore part 

WEXFORD, a county of Ireland, in the of the skull; feetless ; pectorni fins u-ithool 

province tifMnnster, 38 miles in length, and nails; and a horizontal tail. The genera thsi 

V4 in breadth ; bounded on the north by Wick- belonfc to the order ar^ the four following: 

low, on the east by St. George's Channel, on monodon, narwhal, or nar\'al ; baltrna, «r 

the south by the Atlantic ocean, on the west proper whale ; physeter, or cachalot ; mi 

by Watcrford and Kilkenny, and on the north delphinus, or the dolphin, including theeoai- 

by Catherlongh. It contains 109 parishes, mon dolphin, porpoise, and grampus. Sec 

and sends 18 members to parliament. It is a these respective terms, as also the article 

fruitful country in com and grass ; and the Cete. See also Nat. Hist. PI. XXIX. 

principal town is of the same name. LXXIV. LXXV. CLVIl. 

Wexford, a seaport of Ireland, capital of The cetaceous animal.^ constitute the (ml 

a county of the same name. It was once order, according to the Aristotelian division; 

reckoned the chief city in Ireland, being the and have obtained from him that name, M 

first colony of the English, and is still a large account of their enormous size, and their 

handsome town, with a very commodious producing a perfect aniuta) from semen, aai 

harbour at the mouth of the fiver Sbna, on a not from ova. These animals, from the moie 

bay of St. George's Channel, O3 miles south perfect conformation of their organs, as wffl 

of "Dublin. Lon. (5. 3 W. Lat. 6i'. 18 N. as their superior bulk, arc fully entitled to the 

WEXIO, a seaport of Sweden, in Smo- firft rank amon^ the inhabitants of the ocean, 

land, seated on a lake, which contains a Amon;;^ the terrestrial animals, we have sera 

group of woody islands. Though a bisho|>*s aome endowed with higher powers aiwl more 

•ee, it is very small, and the houses mostly •f various Instincts^ and thereby challcogiug a pi* 



_**.. 










WH Al,E. 

4atfliptw therarficej KCor^M to othpn, iuii7«MiiiMt d^po«tdto li]MBd¥uU|tl(ili 

v^a the mednM A Ma-blnbtwr. Itt ftwd, we ditpatilioD^ and mapiilade for ctom. Ifa 

■K certain, muit be cxtKmely minnU, fiir iiafQ^aniinal ortbetMMCDoiUnil, tM 

the GipMii; of ittihnMt don not exceed bur the iriw|e>)oMe, tliatKwha taito fagd*, mm 

iBcbe*, a *i*e beyond all propoitioii iiwUer' tee dtdli itick to the fMrf faoiwai pf mik, 

dunibat or other taigcMUueaDtvuli. TbftenaloKiiiiEnMttf itMsIfrhMvtmdiTf 

ThetoiaJl quantity nT /uod thunEcea the finai apd, ip^cfiaiKie or all ibeciMtatfia 

' 1 we con- wbrif, atiHkecpt it« hM, apd GfttWVlhi 



^Mda that oftan heed together. Had thairvp* to cxtiaat. The tisheniien, hoKCKTi dta 

tU*tJ bcea proponioiKd to (heir bnk um iviiimn the eneoumm of the wWe «i|k • 

■ininben, the occaa itarlf wovU hatdlf h»« miKh more tontile triemj. At the Jf^ 4 

a»Dr(|c4 a luffdetit aapelj. The iONCta upon the nrord-ft4i diis largest of loimaliif ■■■ 

which tbegr feed aic wick, and about (he agitated in vi cxlraordiiianr manoCT, ti 

dseofa^hcap: they anof a roiuiO rorm, like lea^n^frofp the wattt aeif with ficar. Wb(H> 

■paOaio their fhella, V>4 are wrn fioaiinE in ever it a|>pniT, the tv hate pemitn it »*<>■ 

doaten i^mb the warn. These ihe nhak tancct and flita fcom it in the oppMift dim 

at Bumbcic, anil bru»cs ihcin tioD. The yhde haa no iiiitninient of tlLfwci 

or pipta with which it) niuuih exQCpt fhe taili niih that it eiuiea<oan l> 



la fattMMlly corcraa. Nourished with this atHke the enamj: and a singk blowi^ii| 
fcodf it Iwcomw Um fattest of all animaU, fl^, would rAeciuallf destroy Ihe ad<tnH]ri 
arbetber teirtatrial at aquatic vol dw fwonl-ftih ii ai active ai the ailu ft 

To 1 aitadcf appetite the wtude adda peace- atrons, and eaiily 
alle uid hwpalna inaiwieta: it ponoea bo bomidifw into the i 
»dKf iithabilaiila of the watcra. nut Ieai)a pa jaccnt eiiemTt and 
oay and indolaat lift on 4w btwotp tf m It widi iu pctnted U 
'waMa, and ia la^fenaiT^ j n^xamt^ t* ha '•4p*- The m atl 
■jUli^ o tf> miacWr. Anwug lantnuiiiatt. Mood, praceediDg ' 
■w% bv«e had oocfqw to elmnie, Mat fin- wh»k { while the 



kf op ip Rrcai anmbcic, anil brutso them tioa. The H>^ h^' 

h lije Wba 01 

iiiMtwUj con 

), it wconua , . ■ . ■ - - - 

arbetber teirtatrial at aquatic. vat dw fwoid-ftih ii ai active ai the ailu ft 

To a altadaf appetite the wtude adda peace- atrons, and eaiily ivoiH* the Mrofce; ilMa 

"~ ~~' hwpalna inaiwien: it ponoea bo bomidifif into the air, it falb apoa XuwiA- 

_...-. ».■__ ...i._j — . - d endeavotwa not to fMiit 

beak, bat tQ cut it Mid) iu 
\\ abore i» lecn Ayvi wiili 
fmm the wound* ti ibt 

_ _ _._,_,^^ __ __^^_._, ,_^. ^ ...,_.. tnonooifs animal taial; n- 

ifa^ doa* not dw^ fellow ttmii^ or dcmaia to reach it< iovidcr. aiid »irita«iih 

; tha eleidtfiLt and canid ty bafgrf the iu tqt a^nat the suitaca of ^ wattf, mtt 

f and Ihe 0011} while tbe.HV< pq if ij a iu a repot «t each blow louder than (Ik aN| 

• oecidolawmkirity over thevttltBM aifd tba «ac«iiiKin. 

Mirieh. The woe law obtaitM auMMB ibc ta- A atHl more blal enemy of the wMt ■■ 

lialMtapti oT the occap: where the wl)«w, if V uiattl of ib owp order, hcnee ^M If ■ 

ImU tha acepttc, hoUa it by a iKe ^i bta lii b at i i a Ht af Mew ^gtand, the UM: ^ 

(cnore, for it nuTcaaily he wrnted fiam hiip mean the otcuT^oipus. Of (eracaoaaW^ 

by his auhjecM. jntere ii a atrons analooy be- and furnirhed tritli strong >harp tee^, tkot 

iween his inaoners and those of the ele(£3nt: anitnnli when thev surround a whale tcUaa 

both aie the itrongtst and largest aoimals io allow it ta come off with life. They trv and 

their icfpcetivcelcmentsj neilheroflertiiijuTyi maD^e it* flesh (fn all sides, till latigiKd wilk 

Mid each ii teirible when provoked to resetU- lighting, and ortrconie with wouadi, it hlb 

ment. a prey at la«t to their fuiy ; moA sAei it ry 

But these peaceable and inooxions haUta do pire*, the tongue is e\tracied, the only pn 

note<{oa1ty belong to the wholeof the cetaceoua whirii they aie said te ilevour. 

order: thelin-fishdiSetsftointhegrratwhaleiii By the constant hustllliiec of these nMB 

thisrespecti itsubsiitachiefly upon herriugs, and animah, the race or wh.itei has ptobahljlMi 

is often seen driving rast shoals of (hem nelbiE gradualU Himiiiiitijiig in numl>cr for menl 

it. Thoae of iha cachalot tribe are still more ages- Froni the lar^^iicss ol their »ire ihef 

'us, and commit greater depredations: cannot tasily be ctincntvd from their d^ 

e fumisheil with testhboth'tn theupijer strojerij and as ilicy are diitingnisbed If 

:.„.. .I..;, Ik — > .kn — u :..r .>__i:h. (j)p finny tribes, iheitdertn* 

^ ._ _.. _ ^„- - , _ _n be rejwir'd : but of all dj 

s much Urgtt tban in the common whale ; camci of the w.isie nnd dimiuution of A* 

and theae powen of deglutitioa were probably order of fiihes, ilie inicrrerrnce of man ha 

conferred to gratify tlie cravings of an appetite opeiaitd by far tlw most ))OwerfiiBy. Hi* 

proportionaMy more vnraciou;. I( ii savt that hostitiiin have been inepmparafaljr aiMa M 

die animals of ihit gn>ui are possessed of a than those of all the rest of their cntanni 

courage, that often proves fatal even to those and a greater number is {irobably dcatiuyd ia 

of their own order : they pursue and terrify a season by the ingeniuty of the fifhatav 

the porpesses to such a degree, that they often than is devoured by the lapacioui ■aintili la 

drive tlstiii astwre. '"JF* 

The common whale, thercfbrc, whalever The inhospitable ihorei of Spitxht^pRM 

honours vulgar prejudicei may have confetied foundto be the gieat reymof the whalcaiaM 

upon it, has but little ptcunuoa* to the for mote than three cenitiijea, n 

sovereignty of (he ocean; on the contrary, as the coldness of ttve cliin^e, an .._ . 

it i*^ a iwaceablr and inoffrjitiTe animal, it has the icy i>e'>f a jreat ntimhcr of Eurt^can ^\f 



iniull} frctiuent^d ilioie drearv abodes, «d dUhn (or the royal tward i and rrom llieif 

Itaffb tliiuncd the iiuiDbei nr their in- m:)i;iiiiiiile ilivy muti liavc held a very rc»|iect- 

il*. able nation (here. S«eh dainiies cnniiiiucd lu 

whale fbherytvli carried on. Tor ihc vogucmiateailhereianofHenry Vllt.; for.iii 

tile oil, long befure ihc u%e o( wlule- a hoiiieli"l<t book uf that |iciiic«. It is ordercj, 

rat discovered. The inbsiaiice which llim if a porpoJae should be loo big for a horse 

■ined ihjt name nJlieres lo the iiujwt toad, tfllnwant^e should lie mnite in the |iur- 

id iifbriiinlur ihiu parallel Inirtiux, veyor. Even in the reign urqueen Elitabcil], 

r lh< lonaesi font yards in length. Of we find dirrcliotiB fir the dtesaing null ae rv- 

lere arc about seven huii'lrviTin all: iiii; iiii oflhu dolphin ^vith porpnitc sauce; a 

twilhirdi of that number are of a coiinmsiiion of vinegar, cruui* of tttadi and 

fii for UK, ihe rett being too »bort. lupr. 

\ ii rsimctcd ffoni diflerenl nam of i'he (lejli of ihe whale has always made a 
jr ; ihc tongue alone of some fish yi^ld- part of the foo.1 of some »vage nationi. The 
"--. five lo six barrel*. iialivei of Greenlanil, a* wellai the barbaroiu 
dy aj the beginnins; oflhe fnuriecnth Itibcs thai inhabit liie vicinily of the loiith 
, ihe Biicayneers were in iiusseuion of pole, eat ihc flesh prepaied in various ways, 
considerable trade to the coait of and drink the oil, which ii nilh them a first 
ind: Ihcjtlong enjoyed the iirulilsora rite d^ticicy. The finding of a dead whale ii 
r traffic in iiain-oil, and wnale-bone, an adienture considered among the most fvf. 
liw Ertglish allemoted to obtain any lunate circom>lan»i of iheir wreiehed llvei. 
'that commerce. What probably first They nviki- ilirii abode beside it; and seldom 
— — ;j._ ^f jdp a(lvaota;(es to he teinnvc till ihey have lefi nothing but the 
identof one of their bones. In ihcdiytof Willoughby, thcraling 



ineinK,acaicOofu'liale-bone and train- whale was merely growing inln din 

I the niay of Sl Laurence, |>ar( of the lanil; and at prricni ilia Dutch taiiors, a 

of twoWgc Biicayan ships that h.id well w our own, w^ll not taile it excepl I: 



'ttdted there about the year fifteen eases of nr-rtit Neeessiiv = it is said, howe*e,, 

I and ninety-four. that Ihe French seatnen rrc(]uenlly Oress and 

V year* after that period, the town of lueitosllidronlinatyfuodal sea. Thewrctch- 

Slht honour of tinl auein|iilug that ed inhahiiantsof the ishndof Keroe, who live 

iebiancl) of irade. At pretcut, itseeins onehilf of the yrat on silied xulli, art also, 

n the decline, tlic number of whales we are told, ve;y fond of salted vrhale flrsli i 

jMtl* reduced bv tbeir constant cap- the fat of the head, aAer being well seasoned, 

sneh k vast lent-ih of lime. 1 1 is now they bang up in ihe chimney, and cot like 

it the fiihen, ftoin a defect of whales, bi>cnn. 

ttmtelves to seal fishery, from which As ihc erlacenns fiihei resemble Icrrestrhl 

diCy ako extract an oil, and turn Ihe animals in ibcir confurmaiion, m ibey are also 

gdM accouni. I'hii trade, however, dislinguislicd by jintilar ap|i«tites and man> 

. I^Obably he of any long ro'itinuance, iters: aiming ihem the act of copiilaiinn .ia 

I *j and limiJ creatures will soon be raid lO be (lerformed mere kunana, and the 

to, quit thnsc shores by being per- female once in tivo years feels the accett of de> 

hanised. ' n'e are informed too, that lirc In ilie iiifi-rior Irilics of fisbei, wccan 

na'of Gretnlandalrcadyhegin to suffer disci-m Imrrtly my tiling title pairing heiweeii 

t scarcity of seals in their seas. The the males ami f.-mnle-, and have no vesiiges of 

'these aiiimali constiluies their -jirtnci* conjua.il lidrlily. 'llie mutual alUch men t of 

fislence; ami should Ihey he at last tlie whale*, hnwe\Tr, extwds whatever we aw 

rd, or desert the coast, ihal nnt^iable told of the e^infiUiicy of hints, 
roiildbc iiiEtangerofnerishiiigllirotigh Whenever n [laif of whales are attacked h» 

The Antarctic teas, nowever, are mtw hartiooiier*, tliev niulu.illy assist, it is asserted. 

at, and ihe success which has of in ilicilereiice of each other ; and when oi 



n accompanied the advemutes lo the nuuiided the Olhtr still ailends, leiuling every 

r .SiiSlialasia have greatly tunied llic aid in iti power; and no motives of feir or 

t of mankind to thiinuirler. self prcserv jiion can uri^e it to desert its atK>ci> 

t the year i5<)8, the whale seems ate. An instance ii rn-onted of one, whicit, 

have iKcn taken on our own coatti hat after mainUtninp an oUltliale conOiet in de- 

wal accidentally driven onshore. It fcnceofiis eortipaiiioii, that had been struck 

h deemed a iO)-al fish, and the king wiih a hnrpuon, and on aceing it expire tuidar 

m Avided the 'puil between them 1 (he the wounds ii tiad received, siretelied iKelf 

trting hit right ta the head, anil the n|iOD the dyins anItAal nnd ytdd«d op tit 

r prcrooalive bring entitled ti) the uil. breath at the same inttanl. 

tvoluuuii in itrc fuhiun of eatablis. The period of gcstaiion ainlAig the CMacaoua 

sranqunnliiy of iheie animals ilut fishes la said to be nine or ten monllist die 

ninpltnrd, has rendered this prcmga- female eommanly prifbicei one, and never 



^inpltnrd, has rendered this prcmga- female eommanly prifbicei one, 

Walty Qflite importance, and even above two ypuii)!. During the lime i 

tx Kntnetly^ltowever, the wlijle, the piegnaney, and particularly at the birth 

iand<hilitliir<. a)>|icara[l 10 have fortu- ofTsptin^., she is uucoinuionly fat. 'J'h 



i 



:v 



W H A W H A 

bryo, when first perceptible, is about seven- ly half of the produce that is obtained feba 

(een inches hmg ; and the cub when excluded tneui when sucking. After two yean the 

IR of a black colour, and ten feet in lenf^th. young whales are called skull fishes: antf 

The two breasts of the whale are hid witnin though for a while they continue of an io- 

the belly ; but when she suckles her young* ferior size, there is no mark by which their 

she can produce them at pleasure, at which a^:^ can be ascertained. Sec Nat. HUt. p(. 

time ihey are protuberant about two feet before XXIX and LXXV. 

her bodv. The teats resemble those of a cow; WHA'LY. fl. (Sec Wbal.) Marked in 

while the colour of the breasts, in some is streaks : properly toeafy. 

white, in others speckled; in all, they are WHAKF. i. {wharfs Swedish; iceff, ; 

filled wuh a lar(>e quantity of milk resemoling Dutch.) A perpendicular bank or mole, I 

that of land animals. raised for the convenience of lading or empty I 

From what has been said concerning the ing vessels ; a quay, or key f Child J. 
pnxrreation of whales, it appears, that these WHAHFAGE. s. (from mhorf.) Dues 

animals, in fecundity, are far inferior to the for landing at a wliarf. j 

rest of the inhabitants of the deep. Nothing, WHAHFINGER. s. (from wharf.) Oqi 

however, can exceed their care and tenderness who attends a wharf, 
for their offspring when produced. The female WHARTON (Anne), a lady distinguished 

whale carries her cab with her wherever she for her poetical talents in the reizn of kioj 

foes ; and when pursued by the fishermen CharU» II. She was dau|^ter and co-heireu 

eeps it supported between her fins. Even of sir Henry Lee of Ditchley in Oxfonbhiir, 

when wounded, she still clasps her young who, dying without a sod, left his estate to be 

one ; and when forced to plunge into the divided between this lady and her sister, the 

deep to avoid the strokes of her pursuen carries countess of Abingdon. She was the first vrifeof i 

it down along with her; but rises sooner Thomas, aftenvards marquis of Wharton, and 

than usual, to illow it time for resniraiion. is author of several poems, printed in Drydeo'i 

In defence of her young, the wnale it mid and Nicholses collections. She died in l6S5. 
to display a fierceness anrl courage far beyond Whartoit (Henry), an English dinne, 

what could be expected from an animal to was born in l664, atWorstead, in Norfolk, 

gentle and inoffensive in its nature. Waller of which parish his father was vicar. He mi 

escribes the conduct ofa whale and her cub, chaplain to archbishop Sancrf)ft, vicar of 

when surrounded in an arm of the sea, in a Alinster, in the Me of Thaoet, and fectorof 

xuanncr which strongly displays the maternal Charlham, in Kent. He died in l6^, apd 

tenderness of these animals. ' Being deserted 31. His principal works are, Angiia Sacia, 

by the tide, they were iiiclorcd on every side ; fi vols, folio ; liistoria de Episcopis S DeGUiii 

and the people from the shore observing that I^dondinensibus, &c. ad annum 1540; and 

they had no means left of escape, poured down Sermons, in 2 vols. %\o. 
upon them in boats, armed with such wea« Wharton (Philip, duke of), an eceentrie 

poni as the occasion ofl'ercd. After several in- English nobleman, was born about 1699. Is 

eflVciual viliempls to escjpt', the mother at last, 1716, liaviiii^ lost his fjther, the marquis 01 

by hrr superior streiiglh, forced herself over Wharton, he rejjaircd to Geneva; but diJ- ; 

t!ic shallow into deep water : but though in agreeing with his tutor, he left him, aiid went j 

snfeiy herself, she could not hear the danger to Lyons, where uaying his court 10 the jirf | 

that awaited lier youni; one; she therefore tender, the chevalier cJc St. George,'he wa j 

rushed in once more where the smaller animal received with the greatest marks of cstefm, | 

was inclosed, and rcsohed, when she could and lud conf'.rrctl on him the title of the Juke 

not protect, at least to share lis danger. Hap- of Northumberland : he retnr;ied to Eng'anJ. 

pily foi the safety of these animals, the rapid however, at the latter end of ihesr^ me year, orJ 

mset of tlic tide soon enabled both to escape soon aftjr went to Irelind, whore, on account 

from their enemies though not till they had of his extraordinary abilities, he A\ai admii'iAi 

received many wounds, and tinged the sea all to take his set in the house of peer*, ihoa-:h 

around with their blood. under ;uo. Hcic he became a violent partiun 

It is, however, hut for a short period ihjt for the ministry, and hi) conduct procurcJ 

the young whales stand in need of this parental him his dukedom; in which chiracicr, ^ 

assistance: their growth is so remarkably ra[)id, smou as he was of age, he appeared in Eud-r'. 

that it may occasion some doubt concerning Nevertheless, he again changed sides, anil c;w 

the accounts that are given of their exlraordi- po«efl the court, not only in parliameiii. K* 

nary longevity. The cubs continue at the breast Ly ]iubli?hinL.a j ?pcr called The True Brii« "• 

oi the mother only for a \e.'r, duiioK which tliou-aiuls of which were dispersed weffc •■ 

period they atuin to a considerable size, and His uoundle--; ]in)fi^sion having ruined hisVit- 

are called short heads by the ^nilois. The tune, and relriceilhim to an annuttv of r.Oi?' 

mother, at the end of that perioil, is extremely per annum, he rv:lirefl to the continent, wV.err. 

lean and emaciated, while her cub is so larue after attaching himself to the intcre-i of ".'e 

and fat, that it freoiicnily yields alwve fifty preteniler, and after \arious vic:ssi;n«!o jni 

l)arrcls of blubber. The year after they have adventures, he died in 1731. 
left the brcAk^, they are called stunts ; because WHAT, pro'.junn. (hpxjt, Saxon, t"-:', 

iii^y dtcrwisc in their fatne>s, and yield bcaicc- Dutch.) 1. That which * what he th::\:, 't 




^ 



^ "W H £ 

^(Stuhprarr). 9. Which pan: in ore 
^maaltUl markt what ii melal and what ij 
k {ttckty 3. Somellting that is in nne'i 
i iildrliiiilcly: lU tell Ihce what iShaki.). 
tVhicb of Krernl : ke it in daubl what pur- 
<r fa wHite^ril iAriulhnol). S. An inler- 
ton by wuv of Burprise orqtmiiDn : What! 
)rn( (Aeri- 1 (Dryden). (J. What (Aoirg* / 
of im|>oris it though f iintwilhtt audi tig 
*i(T). 7. What lime, Whal day. Ai 

limr whcni on the day whet) {Pope). 
kVluch of Rlany? inictrogaiivcly : What 
nr dn you /tilf? ISpensrr). g. To how 
III dcitccc ^ what mir mm were Ike eoun- 
») (Dr^Jeti). 10. It is useJ adverbially 
jNftlfi IQ part ; he ii overcome what wiA 
frr, what wi/4 weanneii iNorrit). II. 
UT Ab/ An inlcrieclion ofcallinK {Dry.). 
VHATE'VER. WhaJso'. Whai so- 
ts, prtnimai. (from uihal anJ teerer.) 
lotfs ii not nnw in iiw. I. Having 

Mign: or another; being one or an- 
ct cither Kcncticallv, apeci Really, or 
aeriealljFi fU cafck Ihce whatsoeier 
> art (Benhan). 8. Any thing, be it 
■t it will : whatsoever / lose, t/ou win 
«ktr). 3. The same, Ik it this or thai : 
wocver U u'ai, U it Ml iP-pe). 4. All 
(i the whole that; all particulari thai: 
tttnever ihe moon Ithaldi it periihable 
itkipeart). 

»HEAL. .. (See Weal.) A pustule; a 
iH iwctling filled with maltet ((f^wna.i). 
THEAT. Sec TBtTicuM mid Ht;*- 



^ H E ' 

inconiidenblf degree of lucceat. The hislnrj 
of ibi> lery rvcent expcTiment ii highly cnrioui 
ai an artJL'le of chemistry, and we reailiiy prc- 
aeiit our readers with the fiilluwing anonuui of 
ii in the Annates de Chciuir, 33 abtiJgrd by 
M. Bouilloii. Lagranga from M. Vugcl'i n --- ' 
elaboTdle detail. 

No che'inisi hax hitherto b«en able to f^irtn 
sugar by chemical ageiiti. It js irue, tliat 
Fourcroy atKl suuie otiien su|)|ioscil thiit at 
some lime or other we bhuuld perhaps effect 
" ■ ' ■ ■ gar, at the 



t; 



ipproach each other. 
:roy, anr 

than gum : we may say. 
inai |[ comes very neat to saccharine uialler; 
and i*e shall sfe hcreaficr, thai it appears in 
fact capable of flf rilling ii by a jiaiticiilai olter- 
aiion of it» own substance *• 

Under the hrv) gum, the same chemist «• 

Eresies himself a> iTillows : It 'n not improba- 
le, that art may eflecl the conversion of nnml 
into saccharine matter ; and it has been 
several times tetnarked, ihat an aqueouii solu- 
linn of eiim, ihroi^h which oxymurialic ^n 
is naued, acquires a lacchtrine laste, imxod 
with a strung bitterneis. This view of the 
iubji»;l, at preient (|nitc novel, wiU lead la 
many researches, and to uieful results. 

It' ii even preteudcd, that tevtral author* 
say ihe^ have cH'i-cted ihis tran; mutation u[ 
fecula into saccharine matter: but how is it 



Vheat (Buck). See PoLVooVcv. 
V|ia«T (Eoitetn buck). Sec Bvci 

*«T lASTCHN. 

ViiiAT (Indian). SeeZE*. 
Vmr (Turkey). 
FbkAT-EAK, in ( 



of such iiiiporian 
'On lookinit over whit baa been published 
by nniural philosophers, it appt'irs incontesta- 
ble, ihAt it was reserved for M. Kirchuff, of 
leeZE*. the imperial academy of St. fcicrsliurK, to 

ec Zea. cnni-crt starch into gummy matter, and thia 

lilhology- Sec Mo> inli> saccharine mailer. 

Hi« discovery, which 0|>en9 a new career to 
vei^etablennalysis.andmay lead to interesting re- 
sults, haiiniluccdM. Vni^el to purine these new 
fiict*. His firtteKperiinents, some particulars of 
which he haa^iven in the Journal dePliyiione, 
j:ir._ ,jy ju ^jiy ihing from those of r'- 



t^HtAT-iUDAR. The difficulty of iim- 
ng Wisi-Indian siigsr on the coniincnt 
It the whole of its coast it blockaded by 
Briiish marine, and the whole of the 
It- India iilaiidaare in the |iosscssion of the 
i>hgavcriimeni.h;isprnvedn9tningstimulua 
r«ib«(pirii of chemistry to exen iiaelf to 
itmott in examining the quantity of saccha- 
mailer conuiiiMl in indigenous plants, 
laoiewof determining the practicability of 
ilni; su^r from ihcm, us also the possi- 
irof obtaining this material by agents purely 
aical. Hence, the buds, the pntpt, the 
a. and the roots of different plants have been 
rinl in succession, but ultimately in vain. 
■llhoush a certain pio|>ortinii of succharliie 
tt has been obtainable fiom most of ihese 
M, and especially from ihe beet-root, it 
not appear to have Ikco in any instance 
tleot to rejiav the expence of the lebour. 
tDKth. M. Kirchofl' of St. Petcisbti^ has 
leded in converting a considerahtc pro. 
nn of the tiaroh of wheal iino a saocha* 
natter, and dtimately into a liquid sugar; 
;h* hint having been thrown oui, il hat 
' B roUowtd up in Fiance, with q» 



I 



I 



of two hours boiling, and that the proportion 
of two hundredths of sulphuric acid produce! 
more than ihal of one hundredth, the ouinliiy 
mentioned by the chciuijt of St. Peieisburg' 

Since that time M. Vogel has followed up 
his CKpetimenu with more care, in order to 
acquire an intimate knowledge of the saccha- 
rine matter, and the mode of its formation. 

To remove every iilct of the saccharine 
malt4;r being the result of simple cxuaciion ; k 



* According to Messrs. Cay-Lu>tac and 
ThciiAtd. starch is composed of 

Carbon 43.55 

Oxygen 4!l.ti8 

Hyiifogea 6-77 

10000 



•Fe 



WHEAT-SUGAR. 

vtiiUer thil, baving eieaped fermentation, was in a store* and dried in tin mooldi, afibidcdt 

concealed by the starch ; he washed the starch perfectly transparent elastic substance, in ctoj 

with a stream of cold water, before he made respect similar to the paste ofiujubes. 

use of it. The author has no doubt that apothectiia 

Wlicn well dried and reduced to powder, may avail themselres of the syrup of stsieh, 

ht mixed 2 kit. (4lbs. Of os. avoiro.) with for all this kind of gummy saccharine medics* 

8 kil. of Seine water, acidulated with 40 gr. ments, particulariy those that may rrmaiD ia 

<0.03 of the weight of the starchy of sulphuric a soft states for the syrup of surch, thai 

-acid at 56^ (1 .63 1 .) reduced to a solid state, attracts moistnre fnot 

He then boiled the mixture in a silver basin the air. 

for thirty-six hours. There is no danger of its M. Vogel substituted the fecula of potitos 

burning, except during the first hour, when for starch, and equally obtainbd a veiy saocbp 

it must be kept constantly stirring with a broad rine gummy syrup. 

wooden spatula. After that time the mixture ^ The gum was separated by boiling the synp 

grows much more fluid, and requires only to in a close vessel with alcohol at 30P (0.868.) 

be stirred occasionally. The matter, on which the alcohol had no w> 

It is essential to keep up the quantity of tion, and which was found in the most ocr- 

'water, by addini^ fres^h as it evaporates. feet syrup to the quantity uf two -tenths, Vni 

After this boiling, it is to be clarified when very viscous. Being dried and powdeitd, il 

cold by means of charcoal and chalk, and the exhibited all the characters of gum anfai^ 

whole is to be filtered through flannel. namely, its solubility in cold water, ibnniqgi 

The liquid having been evaporated nearly to thick mucilage insoluble in alcohol, 

a syrupy consistence, it must be left to cool. The only character that appears to dotth 

that more of the sulphat of lime may fall guish this matter from gum arabtc n its HI 

down ; after which the clear liquid is to be forming mucous acid with nitric acid, 

decanted ofT^ and the evaporation finished. It has been asserted, however, that ihi 

The sugar thus obtained with two hun- gummy matter precipitated from synp if 

dredths of^snlphuric acid in a silver basin was starch is a compound of starch, water, mi 

much more saccharine, and less high colour- sulphuric acid. 

ed, than that made in a basin of tinned To satisfy himself on this head, M. Vsgfi 

copper. poured a small portion of alcohol into sjfrapof 

in general the latter cannot be used for the surch. llie precipitate first formed was oni- 

purpose, the tin being strongly attacked by posed of sulphat ef lime and gum. Whea 

the long continued boiling. A leaden vessel this was separated, he fioured more aleoW 

has been substituted for it with success. into the syrup that had been decanted fnMniL 

The 2 kil. boilt^ with two hundredths of The second precipitate was eummy matta, 

sulphuric acid yiehled, in several comparative unmixed with sulphat : its somtion in watrf 

cx;>erimcnts, sometimes a little lcs>, some- was no longer rendered turbid by nmriat of 

times a liitle more, than 2 kil. of syrup at 3'j* barytes. 

of the arromeier ( 1 .295) ; so from a mean of The author, however, was not content wl:h 

them wc m>^' conclude, without any material this ex|M.Timeni; for it might be ubjecteii w 

error, that starch yields its own weight of him, tiiat the sulphuric acid bein«/ chemicsl!)' 

syrup. combined with the j^um, wouM riotquiiii'p 

As many substances have a decidedly sweet uni:e with the barytes. HedijsoKrd this sura 

taste, forinsUuice, snjjar of milk, the sweet mat- therefore in barytes water evaporated ioclr)nftS 

ter in liquorice, the sweet principle of Sclicele and a^ave the mass a strong red heat in a pb- 

(formcd <luring the action of fat oils on litharge tina crucible : thus the sulphnric arid shmili 

in making; plasters), without, howe\'er, con- have been set free, niid no doubt would lisve 

taining an atom of sugir, M. Vogel thought feizcil on the b.Trytes: BesulLS, thi» iuIpfcJt 

it necessary to ascertain, in the first place, woidd have been decom|io<e:l by the carb«i 

whether the sweet liquor from starch contained of the p;um, and converted into a sulphurci: 

real sugar. but muriatic acid |viurcd on the cnU ined maitrr 

For this purpose he mixed some yeast with extricated noihinu but carl>onio ari'l ga^f, uwl 

200 ^r. C-iOHj) grs) of syrup of starch in warm not an atom of ^^lplulruttcd hydiORen gat tliU 

water, and put the whole into a phial, com- could be rcnderi'(l sensible by pjj>cr impregMt* 

miiiiicatinj: with the pneuniaiic apjKiratus, by ed with acctjt of lead. 

me.uH of a sigmoid tube. Besides*, the Eum distilled on an open firt 

Fetmentaiion soon took place, with a very did not "ive out any sulphurous acid, or sul* 

bribk extrication of carbonic acid gass. phuretted hydrogen ^asn. 

The i.M)0 jriains of syrup yielded by the fer- It is not therefore a hydrat of starch com* 

mentation upwards of 5 lit. (near 6 quarts) of bined with sulphuric acid ; which afford? u«s 

carbnnic acid g.iss ; and a notable quantity of fresh proof, that we must take care n^it la 

alcohol was obtained by disiillation. frame nypothcses before we consult cxperiirrflti 

it is certain, that all syrup of starch contains He made the sanr.e trials with the syn^p de- 
more or less gum, the quantity of which prived of gum by alcohol, which did not pre* 
varies extremely, according to the time of boil- cipitate the muriat of barytes; but he c^W 
hi'^* and the weight of the acid employed. not discoxer in it the least trace of comUoe^ 

Th« most saccharine syrup evaporated slowly sulphuric acid 



WHEAT-SUGAB. 



t «sptTimenb could not nut gnduslly 
loan maminaiionof ihc action of aciili 
wtlh water nn lome othrr substancet. 
>f milk fini d[«w tiii allcnLion ; and 
le pcirer tcnsoo, m nc have alrcad; 
eed this »ul»t»nce lo become mofe 
in witct afiGi ii hu been tmted with 

Voatl boiled 100 gt. (1^45 en.) of 
"miU iviih 4U0 gr. of wMer, and 8 gt. 
httric Bcid at btt" (i-G31), for ihri-« 
addiii|; mote w^iiet ax it eva|ior3ied. 
Ming ncuraltd the cxcest of acid by 
ilof limi, he fiUerod. 



liquid, thpuah dear, was ilighily 
Evaporaicrl slowly ' ~ " "" " ' 



CTyiiaUine 



thick 

hich eonctcicd 
at the ex|)iraiian of a 



matter rcMmbling lofL uigar bos a 
niOie Mcchirine t»ie lliao the mou 
:ni«d w]ueinii wilutiDnofttigaraf milk. 
hie extremely taccharine lute the au- 
i» M to luipeet, that a real augar had 
irmeil, capable of giving riie to the 

ot, itiu product mixed with yeait dilui- 
1 water waa scarcely jitaced in favout- 
mirattaiicel for the alcoliotic fennenta- 
cfore it comnMnced in ■ ■cry brisk 
'; though lugir of milk never ferments, 
!l) known to all chemists, and ha> been 
I plated beyond all doubt by the numer- 
leruncnM at M. Buchola. 

fermented liquor yielded a condder- 
aniity of alcohol. On varyine the pru- 
aofaulphitTic acid to three, four, and 
't huflUreilthB, vtrytaccharine crvBtaU, 
n into fcnneniation with extreme fa- 
were conoanlly obtained, ptttticularly 
rebondrediht of acid. 
R two ot with foDT hundiedths of niiric 
B tUf^r i>r milk could not be conTcncd 
vrmentalile ntffir. 



rup ca)>atilc of the ilcotiolic Icrmcnta- 
■bile « p. (30,89 ""■) "^ radical vine- 
de tio alieratioD in (he loear of milk. 
lke*e *yra|W reduced to the crjitallinc 
ifTer fiom annar of milk, noi onl;^ in 
(unplible uf llic alcoholic fcrmcnutinn, 
n in brtnit very wluble in alcohol, a 
ly that sugar of milk dnet not puites). 
rUrA to drynri* by a gentle 6re, a while, 
ir, and extiemely MCchariue mai* la 

emaim to explain the manner in which 
tic acid acta on ttarch and sugar of milk, 
from them the principle ihnt in»»k» the 

itabje taccharine matien. The author 
«*, that il Is diflicult, and out of his 
. to give a clear and plautible ihe«ty n( 
iCtannrphoiia ; and if he ti*k some nn- 
» ihit mbjeci, it will be with much 



i 



HtfOted 10 adopt the ojniuoii. 



that lugar ciual* ittdy formed !n.ttlirch, I 
that ihe iulphuric acid only distolici or dfr- 
ilro}-! (he principle that holds it enchained. 

It it obvious, that ihii leaMinin^ is in a 
considenible degree vaguer and besides, that 
il is founded on no experiment, direct or in- 
direct. In ibis hypoihciia too we must ima- 
ftiiie a compound altogether new, sngar com- 
bined '.vilh a subitance that reiidets it inaolu- 
ble In cold water; and (ugar has ncTcr yet 
presented us with such a compound. 

Others have supposed, lliai heat alone ia 
capnUc of effecting this convcnion of fccula 
into aaccharinc matter ; a fact which, if it 
were contirmi^, might throw fresh light on 
the saccharine fermentation of Foureroy, 

Accordingly, starch has been boil«! with 
water four days in lucceasion, till it became 
extremely fluid. The filtered lifjuor uas 
evaporated, and the iciull was a thick muct- 
lage, very bitter, without the least taite of 
sugar. The starch remaining on the filter 
TMislcd the action of boiling water, and ex- 
hibited a very hard hoiny matter. 

It remain ■ to be examined, therefore. 
whether the sulphuric acid, or the »tarch it- 
self, be decomposed. 

To judge by the Icttitr from Petersburg, the 
Russian chemists seem to suppoK tliac a de- 
composition of the sulphuric acid lakes place. 

To account for these phenomena, we should 
operate in close vetscV Accordingly, iht 
author introduced into a tubulated receiver 
a hundred grammes of sugar of milk, four of 
sulphuric acid, and four hundred of water. 
To the neck of the retort was adapted a tubu- 
lated receiver, from which proceeded a siainoid 
tube, opening under a jar nlled with water. 

After boiling for three hours, no a.n* had 
come over, except the air coniaineo In the 
vessels, A i^cce of blue paper introduced into 
the necic of the reiott was nut reddened. The 
water that had pused into the receiver was 
without taste, did not redden litmus |>aper, 
h^id no smell of sulphurous acid, aiid did not 
precipitate lime-water, miiriat nfbaryies, or 
aceiai of lead ; cOitsequenily it contained no 
sulphurous, sulphuric, acetic, or eaibonic 
acid i in short, il was nothing but pure water. 
BarytM-water iiaversed by the bubbles, ex- 
Irieaud during the prucen, was not tendered 
turbid in the least, and the ga^a that had 
passed into the Jars was nothing but the alt of 
the vcsseli. 

It ia evident, that the sulphuric arid had 
not undrr^ne the sll^htesl decoui|ioii'tinn : 
nevertheless, the sugar of milk was decompos- 
ed : it hod a much more saccharine taiic, and 
after aaiiiratjon wiih chalk It fermented veiy 
readily with yea^t. 

It was nccesMiry, ihcrelnrc, to cxaifiine the 
decompnaing action of the sulphuric acid on 
the »ul>siancet in question. Pot (his purpose 
the same expeiimt'nt was begun afresh m cloM 
vessels, with lUUit".of luprof milk, 400|;rs. 
of «aicr, and 4 grains ufsiilphuiic "cid- Dur- 
ing the process no gats wai cn)li><d| V la iba 
f rKediog cxpeniacnt- 



WHEELS. 



Cntt applied to Ihe cirnim fere nee, m ihe 
ighl it can lU'Uin. Thu;, fnr example, in 
» eonibinailun ur five wheels and ax1e«, id find 
the nei|;bl a man can lustain, or Tai^e, whose 
force is eijual lo 150 pounds, ihe radii of the 
-wheels being 30 inches, and those or the axe> 
^ inches. 




Her 



S*3, 



and 30 X 30 X 30 X 30 K 30 = S4300000, 
flbeTerarra*£43i 24300000:: laO: lAOOOOOOlh. 
hhe weighl he can susiain, nMch is mnre ihan 
\CSg6 looi weight. So prodigious is the in- 

■' w of power in a cambinalion of wheels! 

at il II to be observed, that in this, a« well 
It e*erf other inechaDicnl engine, whstevei is 
~'--^ 'n |X)wer, is lost in time ; that is, ihe 
will move as much slower thnn the 
as the force is increased or muliiplicd, 
Ivliich, in the examplu ubore, is lUCKHKl times 
[llowcr. 

Hence, hsTinK glren any power, and the 
' 1lt to he raised, with the proportion be- 
ll the wheels and nxirs ncenury to that 
etj lo find the number of the wheels and 
9. Or, having ihe number of ilie wheels 
id aslei giien, tu find 'he t^tio of the radii of 
lewherli and anles. Here, putting 
f ^ the power aciing on the last wheel, 
- -= the weight to be raised, 
= the radius of the axles, 
R =: the radius of Ihe wheels, 
n ^ the number of the wheeti and axles j 
B, by the general proportion, as r" : R° : : 
m; therefore pR" = iDr" is a general iheo- 
1, fmm wh«n» nuy be fnunH atty nne of 
N fire letters or quaniitiei, when the other 
a aregiren. Thus, to find n the nninbcr 



If wheels : 



e first 






^ log, w- log p 

log. R. — log. t' 
of the wheel t 



taniral wheel, great wheel, lecond 
llird wheel, striking wheel, detent 



AVith respect lo wheels nf car- 
fnllnwing panicuiars are enllccted 
' nenu ai)d observations of Desa- 
n.C^miis, Ferguson, Jacob, S.'c. 
e of wlieel) ii> carriages is two- 
It of diminishing or loore easily 
g the resisiance or friction IVoni the 
nd that of more easily overcoming 
I Ihe road. In the first case the 
n tlie ground ii transferred in some 
il the outer surface of the wheel to 
idvtle; and in the Utier, ihey serve 
" t the carriii-te over obstacles and 
t with nn the roads. In both thnc 
I, the height of the wheel in of material 
'deration, as ihe spokes act as levers, the 
if an obstacle liem^ the fulcmin, their 
nables the turritgc more ca;ilj lo lut- 



mount ihem ) and the greater proportion of 
the wheel to the axle serves more eaiilv to di- 
minish or to overcome the friction of the axlft^ 
See Jacob's Obscrvalians on Wheel Carriaget, 
p. S3, &c, 

S. The wheels should be exactly round | 
and the fellies at right angles lo the naves, tu 
curding to the iocUnalion of the spokes. 

3. Il is the most general opinion, that Hm 
spokes be somewhat inclined lo the uavei, W 
ikai the wheels may be dishing or concaye. 
Indeed, if the wheels were always to toll upoa 
smooth and Inel ground, it would be best ta 
make the spokei perpendicular to the iiivci, or 
to the axles ; because they would then beu 
the weight of the luad perpendicularly. But 
because the ground is commonly - — ■ 

wheel often fall) intoBcaviiy or ri-., 

other does not, and then it bears much more of < 
the weight ihan the other does -, in which a 

il is hesi for the wheels lo Ixr dished, becai 
the spokes become per|>cndiciilar in the ml,- 
and therefore have tne greatest strength whMf- 
the obliquity of the road throws most of llMf' 
weight upon ihem ; whilst those on the hi^ 
ground have less weight to beat, and theiefoiv 
need not be at their liill strength. 

4. The axles of the wheels should be qni 
straight andjperpendicidar to the shafii, or 
the |iole. When the axles are straight, l(u 
rims of the wheels will be parallel *" 
other, in which case they will move tht 
because they will be at liberty to , 
straight forwards, But in the usual way 
praettM, the enoi of the mIm an bent do' 
wards, which always keeps the sides of 
wheels that are next the ground nearer to 
i<nother than their upper sides arej and ihll 
not only makes the wheels drss sideways as 
they go along, and gives the toad a niiieti 
greater power of cruthing them than when 
they ate parallel lo each other, but also cn- 
da'igets ine ovcriurriing the cirria^ when a 
wheel falls in ft hole or tui, ur when tlfc 
carriage goes on a rood thai hai one siile lower 
than the other, as along the ride of a hill. Mr< 
Beighion, however, has offered scleral reasnni 
to prove that the axles of wheels oii^bt nil ta 
be straight ; for which see Desagulict'a Exp, 
Phil. vol. it. appendix. 

5. Large wheels are found mareadvanlaEeniit 
for rcilling ihao small ones, both with re) 
to their power as a longer lever, and lo 
degree of friction, and to the adi 
ling over holes, rulis, and stone. .. 
coiisider wheels with regard to .the fricti 
upon their axles, it is evident thatsinnll whrdtj: 
by turning ofiener round, and swifter 
the axles, than large ones, ~ ' 
more friction. Again, if • 
as they sink into holes »r loft earth, ttw 
wheels, by sinking 1e«, must be much 
iliawn out of them, as well a* mori: easllv 
■tones and obstacles, fmm their greater le 
of lever or spukes. Desaj^uliers has broi 
this matter to a mathematical calculi 
his Kxperim. Pbiloe. vol. i, p. 171, B 
also Jacob's Olsnv. p. (J3, 



]aile 

nr to 

t(u ^m 

i 




WHEELS. 



Prom hence U apprars ihen, tbat nlieeli are 
the more advanuguoiu a* tlicy arc larger, pru- 
vitlcJ ihey aie Dot mure th^n live or tU feet 
dlutiietei' ; far when tiiey exceed ihe^e {itineo- 
sioDs, ihey become loo iieavy ; nr If ll)e;are 
made light, their gitenj^ih is proporiiondbl^ 
(limmi&heit, and ihe Iciiuili or tlie spokes ren- 
ders tjiem iDore liab'e lo oteak : beside*, honet 
a^jilied to lui'li ivtiecU would not be capable 
01 exerlin^ ihtit uimosl »ireagth, by liaviog 
the axlei htglier ihsn ibclr bicaits, so that ihey 
ivauld draw downwards ; which i> emu a 
gre<iti^T disadranloge than Mn:ill wheels have in 
oci'^ijioning the horsea to dru»' upHaidi. 

G, Carriages whh four wherb, as waggons 
or coaches, aii: much more adviinlagtaus than 
Cdcria|jei with two wheel), us carls and chuiieii 
fur \viih two wheels it is |>bin the tiller horse 
carries part oTlbe weigbi in one way or other : 
in going down hill.the Tretuhl brnrs upon the 
hurse; and in going up hill, the weight falli 
Ilic otber way. and lifts the horse, which is 
still worse. Beiidvi, as the whceUsiiih into 
the holes in the roads, tomeiimei on one »tde, 
: the other, tlie shafts sirike 



sinks into a hole or rut, half the weight falls 
thai wa^, whith eudangcrs the urcnurning of 
■he carriage. 
7. [i would he much more adi antageous to 

Eakc^he tour wheels of a coach or wa^on 
rj^i'and nearly of a heichi, ihaii to make the 
fore wheels of only hall the diameter of the 
bind wheel*, as is usual in many places. The 
fb^ wheels have commonly been made of a 
Uu liie than the hinJ ones, both on account 
of turning short, and lo avuid cutting the 
braces. Crane-necks have also been invented 
for mining yet shorter, and the fare wheels 
have been lowered, so as to go quite under the 
bend of the crane-neck. 

ll is held, tliat it is a great disadvantage in 
imall ^vtltcU, that OS ihcir axle is below the 
bow of the horses breasts, the horses not unly 
have the loaded carriage to draw alon^, but also 
part af its wefghl la l>ear, which ures (hem 
«oan, and makes them grow much stifTer In 
their hams than Ihey would be if ihey drew 
OB » level wiih the fore aale. 

But Mr- Beighlon dispuies the propriety of 
fixing the hne of traction on a level with the 
breast of ahorse, and says it is contrary to rea- 
•OD and experience. Hordes, he says, have 
lilile or no power to draw but what they i^erive 
from iheir weight i without which they conid 
not lake hiild of the ground, attd then they 
Ktutt shp, and dia>v nothing. Common ex- 
perience at>n tcaciies, that a horse must have 
f I'ciiaiii w.:i^hi ou his back or shoulders, that 
DC iiiii^ (iruw ^<'- belter. And when a horae 
draws h.ird, ii > observed that he bends for- 
.iwanl.and LrLi>^ hts breast near the ground) 
and ili^n ii lilt- » lieels are high, he is pulling 
ihr (arriage against the sronnd. A horse 
^larklrd in a wappin will draw two or three 
toil, because the j.uinior lineof trai-tion is be- 
low Uii bteas^ bji the lowncM of Uu wliwl** 



It IS also common to see, wbeavBeboMif 
drawing a heavy load, especially up bilU hif 
fore feet will riie from the sround ; in whidi 
caie it is usual to add a wei^i on hi« bock, a 
keep his fore part down, by a person nMuntini 
on bistMck or shoulders.wnichwill enable him 
lo ciraw that load, which he could nnt moit 
bcfuie. The greatest stress, or main buuMSi 
of drawing, says this ingenious wiila, ii W 
overcome obstacles ; for on level plaia the 
drawing is but litile, and then the horse'i bwk 
need be pressed but with a small n'cighl. 

8. The uliliiy of broad wheels, inaincniliiu 
and preserving the roads, ha: lieen so kin^iiiil 
genci.illy acknowledged, as to hate occiManl 
the legislature lo enforce their use. Ai (be une 
time, the proprietors and driver* of eirrii^ 
seem lo beconrinced by experience, tliataou* 
row-wheeled carriage it more easily and tn» 
dilvdrawn hy the same nnmbei of horses uin 
a broad- wheeled one of ihe same bollhtar 
, obably becau! 
have less friction 

On the subject of this article, tee JacstTt 
Observ. &c. on Wheel-carriaRes, 1773, p. lij 
Desagid. Exper. Phil. vol. i. p. 301 1 Hw- , 
giison'a Leci. 4lo. p. 56 ; Martin's PhiL Biil. 

vol. i. p. asg. 

Wheel (Bltming), is a machine eon iriild 
by Desagulien, for drawing the foul ah MUo( I 
any place, or for forcing in fresh, oi <loinj 
both successively, without opening doars >r 
windows. SeePhilos. Tram, number UT. 
The intention of this machine isthesamcn I 
that of Uales's vcntilafv, but not w efleciial, 
Ror so coDKDient. See Desag. Exper. Ptiika- I 
vol. ii. p. bGs. GfiS.— This wheel is also cilU 
a centrifugal wheel, because it drives Ihe lii 
with a centrifugal foicc. 

Whkel (Water), ofa mill, that vihiehic- 
ccives the impiilw of the stream bymeaoinf 
ladle-boaids or float-boards. M. Parenl, of 
the academy of sciences, has determined thai 
the greatest eflect of an undershot wheel it, 
when its velocity is equal to the third partiif 
the velocity of the water that drives it ; bal it - 
ought to be the half of that vetocily, as ii hUj 
itiewD br subsequent writers. In fmm 
an undershot wheel, it ought to be conadnei 
whether the water can run clear off, so saw 
cause no back-water to stop its motion. Coo- 
cerning this article, see Desagul. Exp. Ruka. 
vol, ii. p. 4SS. Also a variety of eaperincali 
and observations relating to undmhot wd 
overshot wheels, by Mr. SmeatOD, in UH 
PhiloE. Trans, and Gregory'* Mecbanici. 

WuBBL (Aristotle's). Sec Rota (Aril* 
totelica). 

Wheel (Measuring}. See Pebamidlv 
Ton. 

Whebl (Orffyreus's). See OKFmBOi- 

Whebl (Persian). See Psksian. 

Wheel, in themililary an, islhc ssmdof 
conimand when a baltalion or squadroo is w 
alter its front either one way oi the otber. To 
wheel to the righi, directs the man io the right 
angle to turn veiy slowly, attd c«ciy one m 
nliiil fiimilliiilifl Id llii liflil, iiyiiliiighw 



r 



WH E W HE 

IS tbtir centre ; and vice versa when they are ally demonstrated, that an equable motion h 
Id wheel to the lefi. When a division offncn produced by the action of these curves on each 
•tt on the march, if the word be to wheel to other ; if we cut two hoards into forms tcr* 
Uk right or to the left, then the right or left minated by them, divide the surfaces by linet 
hand man keeps his ground, only turning on into equal or proportional angular portions, 
his heel, and the rest of the rank move about and fix them on any two centres, we shall find 
qdck till they make an even line witti the said that as they revolve, whatever parts of tht 
ndit or left hand man. surfaces may be in contact, the corresponding 
n*HEEL-aAROMETER. See Barombtbk* lines will always meet each other. 
WHEEfLBAHRO W. 5. {wheel and bar^ Both these methods may be derived from the 
rov.) A carriat|;e driven forward on one wheel general principle, that the teeth of the ona 
[Bacon), wheel must be of such a form, that their out- 
WHEEOLER, *. (from wheel.) A maker of line may be deicribed by the revolution of a 
wheels {Camden), curve u;>on a given circle, while the outline of 
WHEEL-WORK. Of all the modes of the teeth of the other wheel is described hf 
communicating motion, the most extensively the same curve revolving within the circle. It 
OKfiil is the eiuplovment of wheel-work, which has been supposed by some of the best authors 
tt capable of varying its direction and its ve- that the epicycloidal tooth has alsb the ad« 
kdty without any limit. vantage of completely avoiding friction ; this 
Wheels are sometimes turned by simple con- is however by no means true, and it b even 
tKt with each other ; sometimes by the in- impracticable to invent any form for the teeth 
Certentioii of cords, straps, or chains, passing of a wheel, which will enable them to acton 
over them ; and in these cayrs the minute pro- other teeth without friction, in order to 
tnberance of the surfaces, or whatever else may diminish it as much as possible, the teeth must 
be the cause of friction, prevents their sliding be as small and as numerous as is consistent 
00 each other. Where a broad strap runs on with strength and durability; for the effect of 
a wheel, it is usually confined to its situation, friction always increases with the distance of 
not by causing the marKJii of the wheel to pro- the point of contact from the line joining the 
jcct, but. on the contrary, by making tiie centres of the wheels. In calculating the 
middle prominent ; ihe reason of this may be quantity of the friction, the velocity with 
understood by examining the manner in which which the parts slide over each other has ge« 
ft taglii strip running on a cone would tend to ncrally been taken for its measure ; this is a 
Von towards its thickest part. Sometimes also slight inaccuracy of conception, for it is certain 
pins are fixed in the whceU, and admitted into that the actual resistance is not at all increased 
l^omttnas in the straps ; a uiode only prac- by increasing the relative velocity ; but the ef« 
ticsble where the motion is slow and steady, fi'ct of that resistance, in retarding the motion 
A imouth motion may also be obtained, with of tiie wheels, may be shown, from the general 
Considerable force, by forming the surfaces of laws of mechanics, to l>e proportional to the 
the wheels into brusU's of hair. More com« relative velocity thus ascertained. When it b 
Qonly, however, the circumferences of the possible to make one wheel act on teeth fixed 
eoniiguotis wheels are Ibrmed into teeth, im- m the concave surface of another, the friction 
pelting each other, as with the extremities of may be thus diminished in the proportion of 
ID many levers, either exactly or nearly in the the difference of the diameters to thetrsum. If 
common direction of the circumferences ; and! the face of the teeth, where they are in con- 
sometimes an endlc<s screw is substituted for tact, is too much inclined to the radius, thehr 
Oat of the wheels. In forming the teeth of mutual friction is not much affected, bnt a 
wheels, it is of consequence to determine the great pressure on their axis is produced ; and 
cnrratiire which will procure an equable com- this occasions a strain on the machinery, m 
aunication of motion, with the least po^isible well as an increase of the friction on the axu. 
friction. For the equable communication of Ifit is desired to produce a great angutarvelocitv 
motion, two methods have been recommend- %vith the smallest possible quantity of wheeN 
cd ; one, that the lower part of the face of each work, the diameter of each wheel must be be* 
tooth should be a straigtit line in the direction t ween three and four times as great as that of 
of the radius, and the upper a portion of an the pinion on which it acts. Where the 
epicycloid, that is, of a ain-e described by a pi nion imjiels ihc wheel, it is sometimes made 
point of a circle rolling on the wheel, of which wi'th three or four teeth only : but it is much 
the diameter must be half that of the opposite bet ter in general to have at least six or eisht ; 
wheel; and in this case it is demonstrable that and considerin*^ the additional labour of in* 
the plane surface of each tooth will act on the orea ^ng the nuinoer of wheels, it may be ad« 
curved surface of the opposite tooth so as to vi>ablc to allot more tor th to each of them than 
produce an equable angular motion in l>oth the number rc^ultin;: from the calculation ; so 
wheels; the other method is, to form all the that wx may allow thirty or forty teeth to a 
•nrfaccsintoportionsof the involutes of circles, wheel.tctins on a jMiiion of six or eight. In 
or the cun*es described by a point of a thread works a vhicn do not require a fjreat degree of 
which has been wound round the wheel, while strength , the wheels hive sometimes a much 
it ii uncoiled ; and this method appears to an- greater ntnmber of teelh than this ; and on the 
twer the purpose in an easier and simpler man- other hai id, an endless screw or a spiral acts m 
than the former. It may be experiment* a pinion of one tooth, since it propels the 



[__ HE W H E 

whed ihnnigh the breadth of one tooth only The leeth of wheels of melal ire (^nerally vA 

in each revoiiition. For a pinion ofiix teeth, by meuiis of a machine; the wheel is find on 

it would be better lo have a wheel of ihiny- an axis, which alw cirrics a plaie furniihrrf 

Cveor ihirty'Seven than ihirtjr-aix; for each with a variety of circles, divided inio diScnoi 

tootli of the wheel would ihui act in turn upon numbers of equal parti, marked by imall ei- 

each tooth of the pint'on, and the work would cavationi { (heie are brought in luccaiion na. 

be more equally worn than if the lame teeth der the point of a spring, which holdi tfie im 

continued lo meet in each revolution, llie firm, while the intervals between the teeili uc 

teeth of the pinion should also be somewhat ex|)ediiioujly cut out hy a reiolving taw of 

Mronger than those of the wheel, in order lo ilcel. The teeth are afierwardi finiihedbf t 

itipport the mace frequent lecurrence of Trie- file ; and a machine hu al^io been invented loi 

(ion. It ha4 been proposed, for tile coarser holding and working the file. It ii rreqiunilj 

hinds of wheel-work, to divide the distance neccssaij in machinerr to protract theiitnenf 

between the middle points of two adjoining opplicationora giten force, or to reseniannt 

teeth into thirty puns, and to allot sixteen of it for futureusc. "niis isgenerallyefleded^ 

lo the tooth of the pinion, and thirteen lo that suffering a weight todoceud, which haiben 

of the wheel, allowitig one for freedom uf previously raised, or n ipring to UDbend itsdf 



The wheel and pinion innyeitk~ibe Mtualcd plified in the ivcighiiandspMngsof clnckiand 
ID the lamv plane, both beincH'oniinoiily of watches. The cominon kitchen, jack itilio 
the kind dcnaminale<l Epur^KUtels, or their employed for protracting and eqnaliMng lt« 



planei may fonn au angles in this case one nf operation of a weight; in the patent jiek the 

them m.iy be a crown or contraie wheel; or Mme effect U produced by an alternate luoti'in, 

both of them may be bevelled, the leetli being the ax'u being impelled backwards and Tw. 

cut obliquely. According to the relative m.ig- wards, a> in clocks and watches, hy means of 

nitude of the wheels, the angle of the bevel an eacBpemeDt, and the place of a InUiKI 

uiust be difTcrent, so that the velocities of the spring being supplied by the twisting aixi ra> 

whceh may he in theumc proportion at both twitting of a cord. 

ends of iheir oblique faces ; for this purpose. In these m;)chines,as well as in minyothm ' 

the faces of all the teeth tnust be directed to the of greater magnitude, the flv-wheet is* tttj 

— ;_. ...I .1 would meet. In cases important pnrL its velocity be"ing incieMed liv 

"" " ted, the uperation of any part of the force wbitfl 

_. .. ,.. n tif happens to be siiperliuoui, and its lolJtMy 

clocki, hut more treqiienllv in orerics, the power serving to conlinue the moiion wbcn 
wheels may eitherbcinvidcdaliltle unequally, the force is diminished ot withdrawn. "Run 
or the axil may be placed a little otil of the when a man tnrniawinch, he can exert l»ki 
centre; and there eccentric wheels may either as much force in some positiont a> in oihm, 
acton other rcconlric whtels, or if iney are and a Ry enables him in »omc case* to At 
made aa contrate wheels, u[ian a jenglhcnefl neatly on c-thi id more work. In the pile en- 
pinion. An arrangement is sometimes niad« gine, also, wiihout the help of the fly, ibi 
ibr separating wheels which arc intended to hottes would fall for want of a counterpoiie, u 
turn each other, and for replacing thrm at soon as the weight is di'engnged. Such a R7 
pleasure ; the wheels are said to be thrown bj pught to be heavy, and its motion must not bi 
these operations out of gear and into gear too rapid, otherwise the resistance of theiil 
•gain. When a wheel revolves round annther, will destroy loo much of the rootioa ; bnt b 
and is to fixed as to remain neatly in a iiarallcl the kiichcn jack, as well as in thesiribiogpon 
Jirection, and to cause the cemral wheel to of a clock, where the superfluous force ispta- 
turn round its axie, (he appargius is called a purely destroyed, the Hy is made light, anJ 
(uD and planet wheel. In this case, the cir- strikes the air with a broad surface. Aneflifl 
cumference of the cential wheel moves as fast similar 10 that of a Ry and a spring is sonieiiiM 
as (hat of the revolving wheel, each point of produced in hydraulic machmes by the inns- 
which describes a circle equal iu diameter to duciion of an air vessel, the air conliintd is 
ihedislDiKe of the centres of the two wheels ; which is compressed mure or less, accordiogn 
conKQiiently, when the wheels are equal, ihe the intensity nf the force, and exerts a rncM 
central wheel makes two revolutions, CMry uniform pressure in expelling the fluid whid 
time that the exterior wheel travels round it. is forced irregularly iu(a it. See Yaati{'> 
If the central wheel bo fixed, and (he exterior Lectures. 

wheel be caused to turn on its own centre WHEE'LWRIGHT.r.(w*re/and«rTifU.] 

tluting ii^ revolution, by the effect nf the con- A maker of wheel carriages {HorliKfT'j. 

Uctoflhe teeth, it will make in every re\o- WHEE'LY. o. Cfioui whctl.) Clreol'ii 

liilion one turn more with rcAprct to the sur- suitable to rotation {Philipt). 

munding objects, than it mould make, if its To WHEEZE, c. n. (hTcortm, Saxon) To 

centre were at rest, during one (urn of the breathe with noise {Flot/n-). 

wlieel which is fixed; and ilii* clrciimstunec WHELK, i. Amnniualily ; a prottibennfr 

niuu lie recollected when such wheels are em- (SAoiipeore), 

.ployed in plaiielariums. Wrglic, in helminlhology. See ficc- 

Wheels are usually made of wood, of iron, cihu'm. 

either cast or wiought, of steel, oi of biau. To WHELM, v. n. (njihilpao, Saxoo; 



W H E ^^-VlS W H E 

wtJMB, likndie.) I . To cover wiih nomelhing WHEHEON. ad. (where and on.) 1 . 0%1 

Boltobeihfownoff; tahury {Papi). 1. To which {Millon). 2. On whalf m, roA«rfM J 

throw upon wniL-lhiiig so » to coter or bury did he sitf . 

U iMiUan). WHE'llESO. Whbresoe'vsr.oc/. (leJIn* 

WHELP. I. (icWp, Diilch.) 1. The young andinfirer.) In what place loun. iVhrretoa 

nl (be dns I ■ puupy (Brown). S. The yuuiig obsoleie (Sptntcr. Sliakspeare). 

«>f»07bi5»tof preyCDonie). 3. A son ■ in WHERKTO'. Whebeonto'. aJ. (mktrt 

BCMlcmpt (Shahpiarc). 4. A young man; and to, or unlo.) I. To which (ffoo^rr). C. 

Inooatrmpt (flt-n Jamnn). To whiti? lo what end? . 

. yVWHBLf. u. ii.TobtmgyOunR: applied WHEREUPO'N. ad. (.where and iij>«ii.)i ' 

lohMiti. (tenerallybeaElsofurey (Millon). Upon which (Clarendon. Darin). 

. WHEN. od.(w/-fln, Gothic; hpiniic, Sax.) WHEBEWITH. WntnEwiTHA'L. ai. , 

I. Al the lime ihai [Cunidcn). 2. At what (trhrrfmd wilk. or tpillial.} 1, With whidi' 

Ibc? inlrrrogntirely (^Jiiiiun), 3. Which (fVyckerlev). 3. Wiihwhai) (Mallhew). 

inu (.Skaitpeart). 4. Afii^r the time thnl /b U'lIE'RltET. v, <r. 1. To hurry; M< 

VtV-oMe Tongue), fl. Atwhal time (Dan.), trouble; lo teaic. 3. To give a bus on tbf J 

L Alwhat parlituldr lime (Millon). 7. Whbh ear (Amu-rlh). ■ -■ 

—B. Al the lime when ; what lime : obsctlBte VVHE'aKY. t. (of unceruin derivation.) J 

Milton). lig'il IhwI i"ed on rivers (Draulan). 

WHENCE, ad. (hmitd from uhrri; by 7o WHET. a.a. (hp«Mn. Sjxon, 

he tome analog with hence from here.) 1. Dutch.) I. To iharpen by ultrilion (Bo^Ir)M 

bom wh*l place (Millen). S. From wh.1l 3. Tu edgCi to make angry ot acrimonioof^ 

rwn C/^iur). a. From whalcauseCKn'.). (Druden). -M 

Prom which pren>iie» (Druden). b. For VVhet. >. (from the veib.) 1. The act oM 

ihtch ante (Atbatknafi 6, From what tharpeiiine. 9. Any thing iliat makct hun-' I 

9v,Kc (Loeke). 7. From which cause (Blaek- g,sy, as a dram (Drgden). 

terr). S. R-on Wkbwcb. A vitious mode WHETHER, ad. (hpa^ep, Saxon.) A 

tlpttcb(Atillait). 9. Q/Whkscb. An- panicle expressing one jmi of a diKJunclive 

^er barbarl«ni (Drydrn). question in oppotiiion lo tlie oiher : answered 

WHENCESOE'VER. ad. (whence aad by or (Tillohan). 

W.J From what place soeveci from what UHB'THER.nronoun. Whichoriwn tft«i/,> 

MMMCvct (Lacke). WHEiTSTONE. J (tehrl and tlone.) Slooe 

WUENE'VER. WHEiisgE'vER. ad. Al on which any thing is wl>cti«l, or rubbed lo 

battorier time (Mi/Jon. Locke). make it sharp (FoiWhj). 

WHERE, ad. thpap, Saxon 1 »aer, Dul,) Whetstone, m mineralogy, a ».t»Unee 

. Al which place or plaeeiCSidnry). E. At foTme(l9oiiii.-iimeii>uiarBi|>eciM orAUDBSiA, 

rfaat place! (Pope). 3. At ilie place in and loinelimeioutora ipecmof AiiBMARiai. 

^'^' '^.(Shakt.). 4. /inij Where. Al any See ihuc ariicln. 

(Ountc/). a. Where, hkc here and WHE'ITER. .. (from irhel.) One that 

h» incompoiilion a kind n( fronoininsl whets or sharpens (Man). 

._ , J. whercqf, of which. 6. It WHEV. 1. (hpcej. bnxon ; wey, Dutch.) 

« the natureofa noun (iS'prnirr). The lemin ot watery p;iri of milk, whicli re- 

WHETIEAHOUT. ad. (uihert and about.) mains after the cream and coagnbble matlcr of 

I, Ne»r what place. S. Near which place thai Huid are removed, either hy chnrning, or 

"Siiiii.). 3- Concerning which (Flaoker). by Kparaiingit with rennet, vinegar, cream of 

WHEREA'S. a.i. Mf'""'! Dj.) i.When tartar, fcc. 

the contrary {Sprul). 8. Ai which place: Whey is an agreeable and wholeaomeliquiih 

-'-- (Skaki.). 3. The thing being so thai the best is that scparjicd by nnuet; as a cun- 

iMArr). 4. but on the contrary (ffeod- siderable pnrlion of curd and soccharine pir- 

arj). tide* arc suRprnded in it; whereas the aeniin, 

WHEREAT. o(i. I. At which (Kettle- aiisingfrom the spontuneousdccomnniiionor 

tit). 2. Atvihatf milk.possc»c*aniicid lasle, is tolaltydivaled 

WnEREBY'. od. l.Bywhich? [/;m*(t). of the nourishing properties of milk, and 

'' ^ wlial ' ou^lii in be Uivd only in ccriain cases offerer 

t WHEliE'VEB. nd, (tchcre and rtrr.) Al orinflammition. On the other hand, the 

kvlulvoei cr place (ililion). latter is a pWsant, cooling beverage, during 

■ WHEIIEFORE. ad. (mkerr tnii far.) I. the heat of summer, aud maybe advaniast- 

tor which le.ison (Uooker), 8. Fur what ously drunk by the scorbutic and conaunip- 

"-"iiOil (ShaiipeuTc). live. 

WHKHKl'N. ad. (where and in.) I- In Scaldinc fFkeuhmepiTri bya slmplets- 

Uctlt (Stnif)). 3. In whair (Malacht). pedient, adopterrin tne midland count ics. fai 

hWHEHEPNTO. ad. (ahcre atiA into.) Into improving ilie ijualily of wlii-y btitlcr. It coo- 

lich ( (faodmard). sisu in sutiiendnig each meal of cream, aa it it 

WHE'RENESS. i. (from where.) Ubiety ; taken off the whey, over the fire, till it become 

frfecl localilv [Cre«>). sealdina hot ; carp being taken that it may nti 



tV: 



fVHE'REOF. ad. (lehrre and of.) I. Of boil. Thin, the Uiiler is greatly improved ; 
'arbicb (Dryden ). S. Of what 1 indf hiiitely and, if the niiik h.ive become rancid or hitter, 
(Millon). 3. or what; iwtcrrogaiiu'ly. from the cow» (laving caieti lurnips, or bjilcj- 



W H 1 W H I ^ 

itnw, (nch diiagrenble uMe will be com' WHt'GGlSM. i. [riom wAig )Tbt DMm> 

pkwljr reuKwed. of a whin (.SieiJI). 

- Miulard IFktg \t mule b; boil in|: H oi. of WHILL. i. Ucnt. G^trmso; hpile, Siieit) 

musurd in a |iiiii of milk, and an equal po'- Time; >yace of lime {Btn Jotium). 
tianorwater.iilliliccunlbcentirelytepiniedi VVhilb. WirttEs. Whilst, ad. iVk 

afler whicli the bijiiid » airjiocd ihruugh a Saxon.) If^iUs'it nomouicf uk. I. Dunnj 

cloih. This prepiraiiiin i« one of ihe mosl the iiiii« lki( (jViffen). S. Ailm^ti IH'tUi), 

ple«i>nt and cfiicaciouj furmt in which tnuf- 3, At ihc lame time that {JddinaJ. 
latd can be ubeo ; the dost being one tea-cup- To While, p. n, (fiom the noun.} To liKttr 

ful, which may be sweetened with a lilUe (Speclatm). 

togat, atul uken ihiee or four lime* in ihe WHILE'RE.aJ. (loMfc and rtf. ar liftn.) 

couKe of the day, A little white ago: not in use (ffa/tig*). 

'"•^■■fwine Wity i« made by pouring equal WHl'LOM. ad. (hpilnm, Saxon.) Fannn. 

white wioeand shimmed milk into a lyj once; of old: not in use ilHillvB). 
. and. afiti ihev hate stood for a few WHIM. i. A fieak; an oild faneyi *» 

ninuio, by adding a double potiion of boiliug price; an irreguW moiion of desire (.^vi/t). 
water, in a iboil lime, ibe card will cotlcel, WfilM I-latb, in (he language of the urf. 

and kubside at the boilom : the wbey is now lo ii where ibe hones who tub carry wtighl lt( 

be ■trained into anoihei vesicl, and iweeiened age, and wciehl for inches, 
with sugar: a sprig of balm or slice of lemon WHIMBREL. SccScotarxx. 
will greatly improve iu flavour. This kind of To WH I'M PER. «. h. {viimmern. Gn- 

whey afibnls » salubrious beverage ; and, when man.) To err wUboui any loud poit« (ItewrJ. 
talien immediaiely brfuie retiring to bol, il is Wlll'MSEV. i. A freak ; acipticciU«dd 

particularly serviceable lo ibose who hate nii- fancy i a whim (/,'£Vronge). 
dergooe sencrE bodily fatigue ; oi been cNpostd W Ill'MSICAL. a. (from loAinin.) Fit^ 

to the inclemency nf the ivealhcr; at it will ish; capriciouii oddly fsncifiij {jiddtnti), 
eiciie a grnile penpiialioiti and thusobviale WHIN, in bolany. See Ulek. 
1 sudden cold or caunh. Whin (Petiv). in botany. Sec GiNifTit 

WHE'YEY. WHs'vian. a. ihom w**y.) WRid-cHAi, in ornithology. See H»- 
Partaking of whey j tesembling whey (Si - - 



nutioi 



Pbilif^). To WHINE, r. b. (panian, Saioii.) Tl 

WHICH. prDRSua. (hpilc. Sax. atJk, lao/ent in low mumiui^) to utake a |iUiitliN 

Dulch.) 1. The pronoun relative, relatiog noise; to moan mniily and cScminaiclj (9^ 



to tlunp iSoiUh). i. It formerly was uh^ nev). 

fur utke, andiclattd likewise lo pcTsam; si in WHtyi. r, (from the verb.) PlainliTcn^l 

the tiru worils of the Lord's Prayer (6'Aai- mean or affected complaint (SourA). 

0ferf> T'aWHI'NNY.r. n. (from the KHmd) 1) 

WHI'CHfUDEVHR. praitmn. {wliuh and moke a noise like a hm« or e^li. 

»o«(T.) Whether one or the other (iucic). WHINSTONE, in iiiiiieraloav, a tavM 

WHIDAK, a kiuxdom of Africa, on the of Bacalth, which st«. 

CODSI of Guinea, and to the weit of ihe Gold To WHIP. d. a. (hpeopan, Saxon; nifpn, 

Coatti extending about len miles along ibe Dutch.) t. To sitikc with any thing loaili 

•cs. Il is a populous couniry, well rumished and flexible {Addtton). i. To sew iligbilf 

wilii large villjges; and there aic so inauy {Cay}. 3. Ta drive «ith laslic* {Lb*Ii). 4. 

smatJ oiiea, ihni they are noi abuve « miwkcl- To correct with lashes {Smith), b. ToM 

■hot from each inher. Whidah was conquer- with sarcism (5Aaii]>eare}. 6. To iainlf 

cd by the king uf Dahomy. Their trade con- {Moxon). 

■itls of ilaves, elephaiiu' teeth, wax, and 7*0 Whip. v.a. To take an; ibii^ m- 

liorMy. The Englitn faclnry is SOO miles east biy : always with a panicle aacertaimnft tht 

of Cape Coaii Cattle, within land. Bowi, ai . ■ .- . 



raivs, beautiful asaaiuays, and clubs, 
~ ~*icipal weapons nfihe nation. 

VHIDAW-BIRD. SeeEMBemzA. trangt). 



Ihe nation. To Whip. v. n. To move nimbly (£'fr- 



WHIFF, in ichthyology. See Pliuro- Whip. j. (hpMtp, Saxon.) An inMnnneirtff 

SECTBt. correciion lotigh and pliant (Posr). 

Whipf. 1. (chu-gth. Welsh.) A blast; a WHl'PCORD. >. (Kr<li;> and nr^} Coidtf 

pulTor wind (SAal-ipnirr), which leshci are made {Dndrny, 

r<,WHPFFLE.«.«.(rromiDA.;^)Tomove WHI'PGRAFTING. t. (in gaRknittg.) A 

tncnnsiantly,' as if driven by a puff of wind kinsoftirafring. 

{L-Ettranet). WHPPtlAND.i. demand Am^) A4ni- 

WHll-TLER. I. (from whiffie.) I. A tape over (Z)rydm). 

harbinger; probably one with a horn or Irum- WHl'PLASH. i. Tl)e lath or sawU wd rf 

pet {HkoAifMre). 8. One of no coniciiience ; a whin (Tutifr). 

■nemnved with a whiff or puff ($;pecJafsr). WHl'PPER. i. (from vMp.) Om who p» 

WHIG. a. (hpvg, Saxon.) I. Whey. a. niihes with whipping (SAoit^nrrr). 

The name of a faction. See Tort. Whippbr-in, among sporumcn, aaiMil^ 

WHIKiGISH. a. (froDl wAig.) RclatiiiK lo ant subordinate to (he huntsman ia mrt 

lb* whigs ISmtfiy. huaiiog emUMiiiKBt, wbtcfa, if npoo a m 



W H I 

»i\t, i* nercr comiilerHl cmnpletc ivilh lew 
duD iof>. One of thcw h«i a su|ie<ifiiily of 
povtei, and 'n called tlie fiiili lUe oilier, ihe 
KMikI, whipixr-iii. The firsl, upmi eixiy 
OcoMon, is coiiiidcrcd m ■ teconil hiinisinan, 
npuwrrvJ Ui act upon ciery emcTgeiicj^, and 
a til ^Dici diirias a lemporai)' Mparnlion (if 
ibcbunuman In ine chaie, or hi« uiuvoidaUe 
Awocf. il r» hU <Iui¥, however, la trmnjii 
iiiiolv obcdicni loihehui 

CoLciiL hit mjiinclinni wim iirc anm LiiTcrjtu 
ikajlji am] nnweier lar^pl; he niay be qua- 



II with ihe [iH»t cheetfiil 



.uu. Ill oiher t«s|KCU. it Ji impossible hi 
ckt hccome a gond whippei-in, if he 
mHMioi) of a bad lemper 
Ur. Bcckford decUnt a 

la lo bt of ""'"■ mniwi, 

kni hum 



client whippet- 

, _..- that lie hi» no doobl uf 

kilct tpoti and killing 
dmie fiiiiitsiiian and ai 



■vnic iiiiiiDiiiait ami au cxccllFnl whippet-ln, 

tluN HTiih the bcit of huut>men witlioui such 

When hniindi are htknn fiom the kennel, it 
miIk place of the lini whipjKr-in logobclote, 
•nd pf the iccond lo come at tutne dii'atice 
bcfamrt them. The fidt whipper-in ihould be 
oT lij^t wriulit, gncai w>i<y> quick concep- 
Cmi, of muJii pcnnnal foitilude, aiHl an ex- 
cdlenl horiFinafl. Wilh thci« quaiificationt, 
^ hu ilitwayi in hit power to exert anddi»- 
iliay hU ability to advaniage. While (he 
iLfuiunan uli-i,. clojc Vt hit lieadraoit houndi, 
proof of his judgment 



if"""""-' .- 

\fi trannm wayt : he 



^! 



Tlh thai 



J be open ; he may link the 



t»ind, U> titn ami Iialloo a (••% when the : 
Ihila, or keep him olT hit foil: he mav avail 
kuirif of Ihe finl opportunity lo slop iKe Tail 
lioitndt, and get thrin [ntward ; and he has it 
BHwUntly in hi4 giowrr lo astitt the hounds. 
It 1m have perieiTaiuiii ii> discover where, and 
R what lime, it ii most wanted. The making 
■ad keeping a |iack ttcjdy, depend emircly 
MOO bioi i at il u iiot the provlnec of a huniv 
pim ckhei to rate ur fliig a bgundi if iiun 
buMWWi'ly be avnidcH. 

I JDndti^ tlie chase, whcnevrr it may be im- 
■MnrT to Biop till: hnunilt, the whi|i|)er-iii 
Bmium always he ai ilieit hnd brfuie h« begins 
p nake the it(tm|)i. Ruiinfc behind can 
Meet tnit little; and if ihry arc tunning riot in 
luictt, it miy prevent him from kouwing 
tarbich ar« the jgrciKiri. Whtppct».inare frc- 
pnetttly in ih« extttmc, and cnnlinue rating 
fans after they find that rati ii); will not av«il: 
fc boand should ncier be struck, unlrit hi be 
lot niMleMn^iblewhat it is for; if ihry were a 
•Kle teaa haiiy, and idoic di!p<«d to reflec- 
Aon, the* woald never tirike a hound th^l 
Aoea not ileterve ii, and would ainkc those hard 
riuMdo. 

' WHITPINCPOST. I. (trAtp and p„.l.) 
A pilUr tn which criminals aic bound wlieu 
8l« are laihrd (Iludibrai-,. 
\ WHl'PSAW , .. {^ehip -nd 1-7X7.) TJie whip- 



baniUaw will oM. euil; rcacb 



1^, 



W H I ^^ 

TVHrPSTAFF. J. (On ihipbMTd) A pieM 
of wood fntencd to the helm} which ih« 
■leeismin holds in hi< hand to move the hclna 
artd lurn the nhip {Bailty). 

VVHI'PSTEK. ». (from ttrAi^O A nimU 
fellow (prior). 

To WHIRL. V. a. (hpyjvcan. Saxon; irMrvl 
btUn, Dutch.) To Uiri) round rapidly (Dru.).'! 

To Whirl, d. n. I. To run round rvpiiily I 

tilk). «. To move hastily (Dryin). •■ 

'Vkirl. t. (from the verb.) i. GynitioDf * 
quick rotation ; circular motion ; rajiid elrciim* I 
volution iDrgdtn. Smilk). «. Any thing 
moved wilh rapid rotation (AddtKinJ, 

Whirl, or Whorl, inboiany. SeeVtK. 

TICIL. 

WHIRLE-BONE, among farriers, ttiM 
bone in ihe hindiT exiiemily of a horse, whiell 
reachei from ihe hip lo the stifHe. It is pro- 
perly the thigh-bone, the uppet enii ofvhich> 
moving; round in its acetaliuluni or tucket^ 
when the limb it in action, obtained ihM ^ 
name amongst farriers. 

WHl'HLIGIG. i. (whirl sod gig.) A KW 
which children spin TTOindCi'riDr), ' J 

WHI'HLPlT.WHi'BLrooL.i.ChpJnppoIft I 
Saxon.) A place where the wiler moves cirettl J 
Urly, and draws whatever comes within tb» | 
circle toward iti cenice; a vortex (Saiidgi I 
Benltev). ' ' 

W iTlRLWINU.a wind thai ri«t SI 
it czcuedingly rapid and impetuoui. 
whirling direction, and often pro^retsivel^ J 
al3o; but It is commonly soon spent. ^^4 
Frjnklin. in his Phyiicat and McK-oinlngWal I 
Obseriaiinns, read to the Royal Society iM'1 
1766, Buppotct a whirlwtud and a waier-timft:! 
to proccru from ihe tame cause: ihcir oiil^l 
diflcience being, ihat the lailer ptatt over ih^'l 
water, and the former nier the land. Thai 
opinion it cnrrobomted by the observation! of ' 
many oUieri. who hive remarked ihc appear* 
ancei and cffrcis of both to be ilie wmc 
They have both a prngrcttive at well as a cir* 
cular motion ; they uiuilly rise after calms and 

{;r«it beats, and motlly happen in tite wnrmet 
(liludet: the wind blows every tray tutta a 
laige turrounding inoce, Unh lo the wstei* 
tpout ami Khitlwinilj and a waicr-tpnul haa, 
by iit prngicMive mnliiin, patierl finm ihe tea 
to the land, and produced all ihc phenomena 
and eflecia of a whirlwind; ao thai there ia no 
leasou lo Hiiubl that lliey are meienrt arising 
from tlie tame geiit-ial cuute, and cxiilicabk 
upin the same piineiple*. furnished oytlec* 
liical mpetimrmi and ditcovetiet. 

WHI'RKING. a. A woid formed in (isiu< 
lion nt ihr sound tupreneA by ii (.Poftt). 

WIMSK. 1. (iritcAn. lo wipe. Oermao.) 
I . A small hernm, or bruih C5«1^0' '■ ^ 
pan of a womun'i dreit (C*iW). 

7"i- Whkr. b. o. iitnteh/a. m wipe. Go- 
■van.) I. To fwop wiUi a t<>-all besom. I. 
T" move nimbly, tt when one swccpa {.Budit 
biai). 

WIII'SKEK. J. (from whM.) The hait 
giowiiiK «n the uppa tip unahawsi ihi BMM 
tuJiio (I'vptU 



W H I 

WHISKV, « term signifying water, mi 
■pplieil in Scoilnnd and m IifUik! lo a dis- 
tilled li(|i>nT drawn from liarky, which 1» hy 
niaiiy thought picrcrablc lo inj English mill 

nWHl'SPER. ■. n. {lei^t'en, nmch.) 
To tpeak with a low voice; lo speak with tui- 
picinti. or tiuioroiiii cauliun (Sit/uej). 

To Whi'sper- v. a. I. To addrew in n low 
voice (Sliaitpcare). 2. To uller in a low 
Toiee (BfiUley). 3. To prompt iccrellv (SA.). 

Whi'sper. I. (froru the veih.) A low soft 
taice iSoulk). 

WHl'SPtRER. I. (fioni whnper.) I. One 
that ipeak) low. S. A private ulker; a idler 



i.(B 



ron). 



WHIST. I. Are »ilent {S*n*.p^nreV ^ 
Still i lilAit; put to silence (MiVfun). 3. Be 
Hill. 

Wui*T, the most perfect fjame on the 
nrd Uble, requiring great mttention and >ileDi>e, 
(rheiiM It* name. 

Tbii ^me hai more than an; otbrr bren 
honoured b; the calcuUtioni e( the tint mith«- 
matioiaiu of difTerent couDtricii and igei ; puti' 
cularl; of Dc Maiire and (liinam, u» lo Ibe 
more important ehanrcs il preiwnti. It i> p1«y- 
ed bj four penont, who cut for partneri ; thoa« 
who rut the two hieheit rard» are parlnem 
■gainit the two lowetl, and Ihe penon who cuti 
Die lottett card ii entitled to the deal. In 

Tboush il is ciutomary for only the elder 
hud, and af^erwardu the dealer, to ihufile the 
cardt, yet each player has a rig fit w> lo do before 
the deal, hul the t:lder hand oueht to iLufflfl 
1*it, excepting the dealer. 

The pack it afterwardu eul by Ihe ripht hand 
adiertarj, and the dealer 1> In diitributu tlie 
card*, alleroately, one at a lime, lo each of tlie 
players, beginninK with the left hand adversary', 
till the last card, xhichmuit he turned up, bcinE 
Ihe trump, and left on the table till the Aral trick 

No one, before hi> partner piny, may inform 
him that he hai, or hajt not won the Iriek ; even 
the attempt to take up a iriek, th»ngh won, 
Mbre the last partner haa played, la deemed 
TC*9 improper. No inltmat<nn> of may kind 
dtlriBi the play of the eardu between partners 
*r« to be admitted. The mistake uf one party i( 
tfle game of the adienary. However, there is 
AM aSMptioa to this rule, in case of a reroke .- if 
• person happen nut lo follow suit, or should 
ttuntp a suit, the partner is permitted lo ini|uire 
whMfaer he i< lure lie has none of that suit in 
\ttaA. This Indulcence oiuit bate arisen from 
lfe« aerere penalties annejied to moking, which 
■Act the psrtners equally 

The person on the dealer's left hind is 
tktdder hand, and playsflntj and whoever wins 
tb* Irick bcrumei the elder hand, ind itliys again ; 
fjisa on till all the cards are played out. The 
^A% li^luniring to each pirlj shoulit be turned 
■nd eollerted bj the reipei "' 



W H I 

he four baDOMra, the; eonat bw 
palnli. Ton points mske the eaiB«. 

i\. De Muiire ha^ shewn, in bis DoetriMsf 
Chnnr«s, Ibnt the ralculation is nearly as ZTl> 
2 that the parlrurs, une of whom deals. Will Ml 
have the four hoooun. 

That it is abonl 33 to r that the adnraria 

I'hal it is nearly 8 lo I that Ibey will n»t ta 
found on any one side. 

That we may bet alwut 13 to T. without to- 
advantnee, thai the partners who are tlnl Is 
hand will not Eouul honour*. 

That about SO to T may be belled (hat Ibe si- 
Terse parly will not count them. 

.\nd lailly, that it is 3j bi 16 one of tt* 
two lidei will count hunoiiri, or tbatUityMU 
nul be equally divided. 

The following general acMunl and n~aluia 
of this game is ilrawn up chiiSy front Ilajle a4 
P.,ne. 



Zfurfn.— I. Kegin with the suit of wUdi Jt 
have most in number. V>\t when the Irjnpa* 
out, you will probably make several Uitkliail- 

•I. If you hold equal nua>t>crs in diftnM 
soils, b«^in with the strongest. Because it k 
the least liable to it^jure your partner. 

3. Sequences are always eligible leid*. B»> 
eaiise they support your partner w 
your own hand. 

4. Lead fWim i 

lead tVnm those sui 
ace will do mnst bar... 

a. Lead from a king rather than fJnma 
and from a queen rather than a kBa<# 
the strongei- the suit, tlw has 1» jour p 
endangered. 

e. Lead not fram arc-quetp, or arnJiMn^ 
till neee'isary. For if Ihsl soil is led bytto 
adversaries, you have a good ehanoM of taakttg 
two tricks in il. 

7. In all sequcni** to a queen knave, «e Iff, 
begin with the hlffhekt. Deeauie it will <ie- 
quenlly distress your len hand adrariarj. 

8. Having aee, king, and knave, lewl lb»h(s» 
For If strong in trumps, ynu nai watt Use retsn 
of that suit, and flncne the knave. 

•J. Uaving ace. kin-, and one snail oanl. W 
the smsH on*. For by this Ind your parlMT 
has a cbanee lu make the knate. 

10. Haiiug ace, king Md two or tlirH sBsfl 
cords, play arc and king if weak in t^UInp^M 
a small rsrd ifil ^ . . 







n them. For when si 



lYi your 



s the t 



tnd. Eaeh 



tridt above sii li reckoned ui 
^ |ame. The ace, king. c|Ueen, and knave of 
trumps are called honours ; snd when either of 
liwpulies has in his own hsad, or between him- 
artTand his partner, three honours, the) count 

■ mn falBU towardi Uw fWM ; ud la cms Umj 



.. .jahinc the tint trick. 

11. Ilaving king, quern, and one sosaltnri, 
pisy the small nne. For your partner has •■ 
equal ehanee to win, and you oritt nul Utt ■• 
maku king or queen. 

12. Having king, queen, and two or thite 
small cards, lead a small card if slnma, aid 
Ihe king if vn>ak in trumps. F«r sttosKtb ■• 
trumps entitle* you lu illay a bsrkwn/d (sb^ 
and give your poi'lner lb* (juuicr of wiantac f* 
erst trick; but if weak In trump*, it iiaiiiMIt 
Id secure a Irick in lliat suit, h) tssAiaC It* 
king or quevn. 

\:\. Having an see with four small ^anl^ a»* 
na other gnnd suit ; play a •mall eanl if t*r^t 
in Ivumps, and the ace If weak F-* str»B jUi*i 

tnnspa aMj mmM« jou Iff oaka «wi«r t— <<!*»' ■ 



I. Iltting I'inCi koiTC, and ten, lend tlie 
tNi fof iTjoUT p«rtn(T lioId« Ihe bcc, ynii huve 
1(m4 cbknre to mkc Uiree Iricks, wtielber he 
fiiia the Ivn or not. 

' IS. Ilnine kinr, qiteen, and l«n, lead tho 
U«(. Forif ilftiU,b>pultill'oa Itie len u|Ma 
w Ktnrn of Ih>l luit from jour partnvr, you 
km ■ rhance of niiking two tricki. 

16. IIirtDK (|iiHii,kaivE, and niiic , Teid the 
fiKO. Par upon the rrlurn at thit luit from 
JMT pnrlncr, by putlios on tbe a'lat, yau nill 
fnkibly make the knave. 

Sfemd intil. — 1. Hiving ace, king, and imall 
•m. ptajr A iRiall rani if atrone in trump*, but 
Ikkiac if IT ■ ■ - " - - 




imped i, 



with Tew truin] 



at ao haurd* thould be n 

. i, Ilav'iDC arc, iiueeti, and imall card), plaj 
itiBall one. For upon the return at Ibat >uit 
}0H bIU probabl) make two tricks. 
I 3. Haiiflg are, knave, and ainall eardu, play a 
•mM one. Vm upon the rahira of that tult 
ifn will perhapt make Ino Iricki. 
I i. HaiiBg ace, Ira, ur nine, MJth aDisll eania, 
;flif a •nail onr. For by Ibit method ynu have 

I i, HavIuE kiDg, queen, ten, aad nuiall cards, 
iflljrlbe qurra. For by playing the ten upon 
kt return "f Ihe tuil, you nlll probably make 
In trieki in it. 

(. Hating king, queen, and small carda, play 
• laall eatd If itrung in Irumpi, hut ibe queen 
awMhln thein. For (Irength in trumpa war- 
iNta playing a backward name, and II it alwa^i 
Jfranlagpoui to keep back your advenarien auil. 
1. If you hold a aequenpe to your liighect 
•Ml la the luit, play the IohmI of il. For by 
IMi amm yoar partner ia larorucd of your 
*n|tli. 

0- HsTJng <Ium;d, knave, and itnall ODe*, play 
Kakaif*. Hei'auic you will, in great probabi- 
Ity, anvre ■ trlrk. 

9. llaTinp qoeen, ten, and amall onei, play a 
ftkali one. For your partner haa an equal 



10. Uaving eilber are, kin, 
Mlh avail cardi, play a 






lall u 



r y..u 



>e trick. 
II. Having eilher ace, king, queen, nr knave, 
lib aoe avail card only, play Iheimall one. For 

■Kjae lite advenary will Sneite upon yau. 
JIX. If a queen be Ird, and you hold the king, 
bt 11 Ml. For if your partner holds the aoe, 
iil^a aa harm j and il the king i« lakeo, the 
kcfBarlc* haiu played two honnura to one. 
llS.Ifahnatebeled, and you hold the queen, 
.. .. _ _ ^1 jji^ ivoral you bring down two 

'14. Ifa king be led, and you hold ace, knave. 

rMnall aac«, play the ace. For il cannot do 
•diwaarin a greater Injury. 
iTOrJ <la»4.— I. llailog aue and king, play 
»«tt. and relun. the king. Becnune you are 
H lokvepUteeoiiiiaandoryourparlni-i'i ttrong 

^ Hating ace and queen, play the ace, and 

Iho queen, yet in 
r partner ii beat supported by the 



order to ibvngthea y*ar 

4. Havius king and 1 
if it wini, return Ihe 
atrcngthen your partnci 

5. Alwaya play Ihe be»t »ben your partaar 
leads a amall rani. Bevauic it best support* . 
youT partner's hand. 

G. If you hold 
onlv, and tour partner lead Die kingi puton tb« 
ace, and return the small one. Fur olbenrlw 
youT aec will be an obilruction to his anil. 

''. If you bold the king, and ooe small tard 
only, and your partner lead the ace ; if lb* 
trumps be out, it ii good tn play the king. For 
by putting on the king, there is no obstruction 1» 
the suit. 

Faurih hand. — I. If a king be led, and you fanid 
ace, knave, and a small card, piay the nnall ooe, , 
For luppoiing the queen to follow, you probalilj ^ 
make both ace and knive. 

■2. When the third band is weak in his parW 
aer's lead, you may often return Ibat mit to' 
great adrantagr. Out this rulti mutt nut M ' 
applied to Immps, unles* you are very ttntof , 

CoKT in Khich iiou •hauli rtlam ynur pvt«e^r 
Uad immedialtlf. — I, When you win will) the ace, 
and can relurn an honour. For tliat will greatly 
tirenglhen hit hand. 

2. When he leads a trump. In whieh caw 
return the best remaining in your hand (unles* 
you hold four originally): except Ihe lead ia 
through an honour. 

3. When your partner has trumped out. Far 
then it is evident be wants to make bis grraS 

A. When you ha 
suit. For then yr 

Cti't in fchifh y"n tho-'M ml rrlam ymir parinrr't 
ttadinmt<l,alely.— \. If you win with the king, 
queen, or knave, and have only small cards lelt. 
For the return of a small card will more distrcu 
than itrcnglhen ]our partner. 

i. If you hold a good sequence. For then 
you may shew a strong luil, and not it^ure hia 
hand. 

3. If you hate a *(mng suit. Because leading 
from a strong suit dirccis your partner, an J cao- 

4. If you have a good hand. For in this a 
you have a right to consult your own hand. 

ii. If you hold Sve trumpi. For llien you arM-'l 
warranted to play trumps it you think It right. 

Of Itaiting t 
■IrODg hand, but never froni a wcnk one. By ' 
good cards , 
rom being Iruuiped. 
'2. Trump not out with a had hand, although 



I 
I 




WHIST. 

intinps, >mu 1 >iiia1l one. TliT« ia Id Irt your kni*c Fir thr knivf nn Iw of do imir% 

pntnar otin the flnt Uick ; but if yaa hivr good ainiu thr qiirvn i) on ynur Irfl. 
nHUOO for Kctllni; oul Ihr Irunipi. plaj Uii«e '21. Ifin Iwnoiir be (urocd up bj yaurpartta, 

nMiadi, or plij a<e knd Udci "nft thtii prarr«l unil you ore ttrong in Irumpi, lemii ■ (»>II OM^ 

wMli TOUT >tn,De rail. hoti(«i-»k in Ihiu, Irad (IiebvM )du hatr. h 

& Ifyour Bd>Fr«ariei>bcFl);hl, andjott hold llifi pU; Ibe nokeit lutid will inppivt Ol 

■o boooar. tliroir off jour bent (rump. For If (IrongPM, 

yODf partner hneiinll«ohDnaur*,ynuh4Tc)Bit SM. If an trehe turned up o> 11m ritbl.iil 

th«e*nif, indirhc bold two lionnuro, it ia moat ;ou boldkins, qarca, and kiiRiP.imdllwkim 

'MiTUitaKCDua to lead a tniinp. For It is a aerure lead. 

7. Hat i Of arr, qurcn. koafr, nud amal) K. If an an br turned up on llw r1^t,ul 
tnmpi, plajthc knaie. For hy thii iMeaa the fou bnid kini, qiirm, and ten, lead th* Vlafj 
kiDgnntjcanmahoagalnitfau. and upon IJie relum «f truiBp* jitk; tlw ki. 

8. IlatiDg ace, queeu, ten, and one nr (iro Pur bjr tliis aran* jau ihow a f ml alNA|tll « 
■nail trumpi, lead a amall one. For it wl II jour partner, and will probabljr make liio trid» 
ji« jDor partner a chaD« to win the trick, aod in Iheni, 

' kt«p the rominand In >our okd band. S6. If a kiDR be turned tip an the rlfhl,^ 

V. Uavirg kin^, queen, ten, and amall Tou bold rguecn, knaie, and nlni;, lead (IwkMNi 

Irump*, lead tho king. For if the kini; i« Init, and upon llie nluru of Irump* plaj tlir lUm, 

Upon llie return of trumpa you ■aa)' Guciic llie Beraute it may prefent the ten from wakiag, 

Wn. ~~ If a klos be turned up on the rifM,lU 

to. liaiiBg kin*, knaTt.tc >1d knave, Irn. and nine, lewl tbt bImj 

load Ihi' knave Benukc it n hiq the relnro of Iruuipa pUy the to. B^ 

wmariea from mabiog a a— > liia uiilbod will beat diadoae jma Ore^ 

II. Ilavio( quren, kn .. , _iid noK, 

Inimpa, lead the quten. -ou' " If a queen be turned up on lh«ricM,M< 

bold (lie ■«!, you haic a tv ie • >1d ar*, king, and knave, lead lb* Uhfi 

Ihe Khole luil, ion the return of trump* play Ibe kmt, 

Vi. Ha*inf; quern, ■-— — le you uv then arlain tumaJkalkekMit. 

(mall IruBpa, lead tht If a queen be luroed up oo the rt(U, a*i 

DCr hold the ace, yoi , . , M ore, king, and amall dum, l<^ B* 

naakinit Ibe whole auit. , and u|i<in tbe return of IranM lan wb 

13. Ilaving knoie, ten, cigh* -' ,UD!eiia the qucwn faiU. Fw i 
trumpa, lead the hnaTe. For on wtll i ' ' ' * 
Inlmp* you probably may flntaai [fa I 
•dtantagr. 

14. Hating knave, ten, and three > 
(nrmpa, lead tbe knave. Beeauae H will thU meani yuu will make I . 
dUtrean your adremariei, ua!«i twu bnl Ifalinavobo turned tip on the ri^ lad 

■re lield on yeur rlfctil hiad : Ibe odda ar >-.- ..-Id kinci n<"v>f "»1 anutl aaei, Ictd Itt 

KbiMiBn-aliouldto I. kin;; nnd it' that rtiiiiot home, ptnj a k.utii 

15. Ilailnft only amall trumpa. play Ihe l.igh- ooe. For it it proLalile yuur partuei hulda Ibe 
«l. Dy whi<-h you will aupporl your partr.kr all MC. 

foil ran. 32. If a knare be turned up on Ihe hebl, iM 

16. IIav!a( a leqncnre, b>f;in with Um high- you bn1<l kin| and ten, or queen and tea, nila 
eat. Ry this neana your partner ia br*t in- two aiuall carda, Uada imallone ^ and upsa lb 
itrurted bow toplayhiM band, and nmnol poi- return of I ruin ;» play Hi c len. Fnr it iaSiti 
libly be injured, thai your partai-r holda one bunour. 

17. If any hnnour be turnip up on your left, (t'*r* jpuu luniu^on Aniiuiir.— 1 , ITyantanW 
■nd the game uiiirh againit you, lead a lnini]> no »ee, and bold oolj oue small tmap with h,s 
flie lir»t opporiunity. Fur your i;nuiel>plnifde- filiier adicnary leads tlie king, put on UwMr. 
■perately bad, Ihia melhnd ia the mott likely to For il cannot do creater injury. 
Rlriereit. ^. If }ou turn up an aor, and bold tn* N 

18. In all other raae* il ia danKerous leading Ihnw imntl irimipi with it, and cither adtanay 
Ihrough an hnnour, unleaa you ore atnin; ia leads tbe kinf, put on a ainall olw. F«r • 
Imrapa, or have a good hand, llcraute all Ilia you play the aw, you siie up the conaaal h 
•drantigeof trumpinicthrDagh aiiliouour lie* In Ininipi. 

jonr partner'a Rncaain;. 3. If you turn up a king, and bold esly Na 

19. Snppuclnf; bercaner it ia prnptr lo lead ainall trump with il, and your right-baad tdMr- 
trump*. If an honour ii turned up nn your left, ""ry leada a trump, play the king, "njaaMtli 
■nd you hold only one honour uilb a amall aomewhat doubtful, and Ti;ry good playvrallM 
trump, throw off Ihe honour, nnd next Die anialL diflerently. 

one. Benuae It will greatly alrengtbcn jour 4. If you turn upa bing,aiid hold twaOfllia 

partner'n hnnd, and cinoot hurt your own, amall trumpa wilh i), if your right-haad nlW' 

90. If an bonvur be turned up on Ibe left, and aary leada a ti-ump. play a amall one It b^ 

yon hold • teqtienn, lead tbe higheat of il. Be- tbe beat way of Kruring )our kiog. 

(ante it will preaeat the lait hand from injuring S. If you turn up s iiultii nr kna>7, a»d Ml 

J^urpartacr. only auiall truuiji. wilb it, if your riabi tail 

». If a queen be turned up on Ibe lelt, and adienaryleadu a l.iinip, put on a loall M*. U 

fmi hold a<T, king, and a amall one, lead the being the aeeureal pl>y. 

HrbH innnp. Kecauae you will have a channe 6. If yan li»ld ■ tequenrw to the benenr ••■■• 

ofcelting thequeen. ed up, play it la«l. By Ihia mean y«MiriiartiM 

Vi- If a qiHen lie turned up on yourleft,aod will be I|k bctlae^unioted with yvnr 

you bold lli« kntve, nllb matl ou>», lead Ibe trumi". 



WHIST. 

0/fJBfitforflktoJilriik.—l. Be nulioiu of 21. Ifyou lead Iheklnf; of aoyiuit, and ni«ka 

tmpiiii; oul, DotwithttMidinK yoii han' • good il, }au mukl onl Ibeoce kliraji cuoclude Ihat 

■a4. Fur iiaiK jnu want the odd Irick onlj, it jour pmrluer holdi the sc«. 

wuld be abiurd lo plaj ■ great game. 22. ll i« itonieliiuH proper lo iMd m thirleenltl 

% Nn«r trump out if your parlnrr appean card, in order to force the adteraarj, aod maka 

fcaljr lo Iruinp a luit For il u etideatiy beat jour parloer Ibe lul pUfcr. 

t lei jour partner make hit Iruoipt. 23. Lfweak in trumpE, make jour Irickiiooa; 

3. If jou are tnixkralelj slmog in trump*, it but wlica atruug, }au maf play a Diore bai^wafd 
I right lo force jour partner. For by tliii game. 
waklou probably gain a tiidt. ^^4. Keep a tmall rard of your partner'* Aral 

<- Make your Iritki «u1y, and be cautiuuii of lead, if poisiiile, in order lo ruturo it wlieu tbs 

kcanaf. That jou oiay not be greatty injured, IruiDpt are oul. 

kMifh jmi fail ufmikinictlie odd trick. 'ii. Sttc 

6. It yon hold a aingle rard of any luil, and bed card c 

ptif t«« or tbree auiall trumpi, lead tbe single benl alio. 

ird. For il nill gitv jou a cbince of making a 36. In yc 

aMil truoip. the commai 

bwral ni/'i.— 1. Be Tcry cautious how you owe. 

nnc« auiti, and lei no arliflce of Ihe adversary 'Zi, It yon hate a aaw, il ia gcDerally belter lo 

MaoejDUloil. punue il Iban to Irump ouli allhough you 

%, Keep ■ commanding rard to bring in your tbould be alrong In Irump* wilh a good auil. 

bmg tuit when the trump* are out, if your :!». Keep Ibe trump you turn up aa loDg as 

fmd wDI admit of iiucb preltntinnn. you properly can. 

9. Never keep back your parlner'i luil in di>. >V hen you hold all the remaining Irum pi, 

flmpa, but relum them Ibe Br>t opparluuily. play uoe of tbem to inform your partner ; and 

4. IT you bold a «troDg suit aud but few Iben put the lead into hit baud, 

rnaipa, ratlicr force your adver^ariea than Lead 30. Il it betlerlo load from ace and nine, tban 

ILtoinc. 91. II il belter to lead trumpt tbrnugh an aoa 

0- Be (ure to make the odd trick, when in or king than through a queen or kaarc. 

^r power. ^2. If ynu arc reduceil lo the lail trump, mum 

, S. Alwap cooaidiT tbe tcorea, aud play ac- winning cards, and one lasing card only, lead lb* 

Iftfiacif . loting card. 

?. u ■ backward game, you may oflen riik 33. If Dolyyaurpartnerhaatruinpiircmaininc 

|M trick Id order to »in iwo ; but iii a forward and b« leada a nuit of whicb you hold nnne ) if 

■Me fOu are to be nuHV cautioui, uuleu yuu yuuhaveaguudijuarl (ortequeuoeof four) Ibroi* 

»tw a food probability of gelling up. away the higlieil of it. 

5. 1b (duming your partner'* lead, play Ibe 34. If you liave an arc with oDC imall card of 
pt ywt hare, wlicu you hold but tlira origi- an^ luil, aud ncvenil winniog cardi iu other 
pll]l> suili; ralher throw away MUiv wiuniag csrd 

9. Bvmember what canli drop from each hand, than thai small one. 
tm naay of earh *uit arc out, and what ii tbe 33. If you hold only one honour wilb a small 
M rmaining card in each. Irump, and uisb Ihe trumps out, lead tbe lio> 

10. Lrad sol originally from a luil of which noiir. 
ba hai« Boe and quern, arc and knave, or king iG. IT trumps hare been lod thrice, and tbcra 
p4 kaa»Di if you Uotd another moderale sail. be Iwo remaining in Ibe adi enaries bands, ca- 
ll. U Dcflhcr uf your adtemsriu will lend dcatour lo force them out. 

)am Ote aboie (uitx, do il jaurtctf with a small 31. Never play Ihe bent card of your adrena- 

tri, rim lead at setood band, unlets your partner baa 

' U, You are strong in trumps wilh flye imali none of that luIt. 

Mst^or three imall onei and one honour. 38. if you have foi 

13. Do not Irump a card when you nrc strong of ■ kuil whereof yo 

I ttnupa, and more eipecially if you hold a «mall card in order Inni ne lusyirump it. 

boof suit. 39. Ifyou hold file Iruiupi wilh a goodbaad, 

11. If you hold only a few small trumps, make play truupi, and clear your adtenaries handH. 
^H if you can. 40. If you hold the aoe and three soitll 

1^ 1( yi>ur partner refute to Irump a auit of Iruoipi when tbeadvcriaricalead Ihcm, aud bav* 

rUcb be koowi you hate not Ihe bcil, lead blm an pDrliralar reason for slopping the uil. Ie< 

•*r bail trump tbe tint oppDrlunily. them quietly make king aud queen, and on lb* 

' m. If your parloer bate trumped a suit, and third round play Ihe aoe. 

pAtM to play Irumpi, lead bim that tuit again. 41. Supposing younuilf leader willi Ibree M . — 

17, Xeivr force your partner but when you are trumps, oau strong luit, one moderate null, anj I 

|rD«g ia trunipi, unless you hate a rmauace a single card, begin with the ilroog suit, aud^ 4 

pantXt, or want only Ihe odd trick, neat lead the siDgle card, 

IS, If Ihe adtcrtaries trump uul, and yonr l:f. Be camful how you sort your rardi, 

iartan hate a rcnounccigiie bini that suit wliea a tbarp and curiuuseyo lUould discover the uuoh) J 

W» gel Ihe IcBil, if you think he has a small ber of your tramps. 

'TS*Le«liiolfrom«naceiuitoriEii.allj,lryou PtanctiA. ouila oB csan, 

MI4 f«uf la number ofsnolher luil. 1. To ouMre ynurirlf lAal your ptlna 

M. Hbrn liumpt an either returned by your mativfilumtplaii'iiilhe'l-yjvuutlJ'aTim,- 

iMtncr, or led by tbe ad>i-nnrie*, jou may pnio you bad from quecu, ten, nine, and Im! J 

wear deeply in them, keeping Ibe command aU imiall cards uf any tuit, the tccond hand pi 

1 in your own hand. Ibe kua\e, ]our partner playi the eight . m tlu4 

.XI.- 



I 



I 



1 






WHIST. 

n%t, yoa fiaving quoon, ten, and nine, it it a de- eorered by the Ibmier example ; and tlial your 
moDstrmtion, that he ran have no more of that partner hat knave and five amal cardi in h\% 
suit. Therefore you may then play your d^ame strong suit ; you having the lead are to play 
aceordingly, either by forcing him to trump that your queen, and when you play again, your tea ; 
suit, if you are strong in trumps, or by playing and suppose him to have the long trump, by tbu 
Bome other suit. method he makes four tridis in thai suit; byf 

2. Suppose you have king, queen, and ten of a should you play a small card in that suit, his 
•uil, and you lead your kin^, your partner p!ays knave being gone, and the queen remaining la 
the knave, this demonstrates he bai* no mure of your hand in the second round, and the kni; j 
that suit. trump forced out of his hand, the qaeen ressais- ' 

S. Suppose you have king, qneen, and many Ing iu yours obstructs the suit, by which metkod 
more of a suit, and you hcgin^ivilb the king, in of play you lo^ three tricks in that deal, 
aome cases it is good play in a'partner, when he 8. In the former examples you have bca 
has the ace, and one sutafl card in that suit only, supposed to have had tlie lead, and an eppoita- 
to win his partner^ king with his ace : for sup- nity of throwing out the best carda in jour hssl 
pose he is very strong in trumps, by taking his of your partner's strong suit, in order to nukt 
partner's king, he trumps out, and after clearing room for the whole suit : we will now rappm 
the board of trump*, returns liis partner's lead ; your partner is to lead, and in the coorae of plifi 
and having parted with the ace, has made room it appears to you that your partner baaone gmt 
for his partner 'to make thai whole suit, which suit; for instance, ace, king, and four shiII 
possibly oould not have been done, if be had ones, and that you have queen, ten, nine, and s 
kept the command in his own hand. very small one of that suit ; when yonr partacr 

And supposing your partner has no other good plays the ace, you are to play the nine ; wha hi 
rard l>esides that suit j nothing is lost by the ace plays the king, you are to play the ten ; by wbkk 
taking the king ; but if you have a good card means, in the third round, you make yonr qnen, 
to bring in that suit, you gain all the tricks and having a small one remidning, do not «^ 
nade -in the same by this method of play. And struct your partner's great suit; whereas if jM 
as your partner has taken your king with the had kept your queen and ten, and the knave had 
ace, and tnimpa ont upon it, you have reason fallen fnom the adversaries, you had UmI tne 
to judge he haa one of that suit to return ; tricks in that deal. 

therefore do not throw away any of that suit, 9. Suppose, in the course of play, yoa M 
even to keep a. king or queen guarded. your partner to have one great suit, and ftat 

4. To etvleavour to dtceicr and diitress your adver* you have king, ten, and a small one of the saiK; 
$arU$, and to demonstrate your game to your part- your partner leads the ace; in that case play 
«fr.— -Suppose I play Ihe'acc of a suit of which your ten, and In the second round your uac: 
I have ace, king, and three small ones ; the last this prevents a possibility of obstmcUnf yoar 
player does not choose to trump, having none of partner's great suit. 

the suit ; if I am not strong enough in trumps, I 10. Suppoi>c your partner has nee, king, aii 

must not play out the king, but keep the com- four small cards in his great suit, and that yoa 

mand of that suit iir my baud, by playiug u small have queen, ten, and a small card in the itaM; 

one, in order to weaken his game. .w hen he plays his ace, do you play your ten, aad 

ij. If a suit be lead of which I have none, and a when he pla>s his king, you play yoiir queen ; by 

moral certainty that iny partner has not the best which method you onl) ri^k one trick to getfour. 

of that suit, in order to deceive the advcrsar}-, I 11. Now suppose you have five cards of your 

thrww svway my strong suit ; but to clear up partner's strung suit j vix. queen, ten, niae, 

doubts ^o' my partner when Ik* has the h'ad, i cirjht, and a small one, and that your partner 

thn»w away my weak suit. This method of play has arc, king, and four small ones ; when your 

will generally succeed, unless against ^cry good partner plays the ace, do you play the ei^M; 

players; and even with them, you will oflcner when he pliijs tlie king, do you |)lay the nine; 

gain than lose. iindin the third round, nobody having anyoflhst 

(). To run the risk oflnslnzonft trick onJtf to nain suit, except >our partner and yourself, proceed 

thrfr, — Suppoc clulis to !»e trumps, a heart is then to play the qucvn, and next the ten; sad 

piaffed by your ailvcrsar}- ; your partner having having a small one remaining, and your paitMr 

none of that suit, throws away a spade ; you then two, you thereby gain a trick. 

judge his hand in composed of trumps and dia- 12. When cither (f your adiftsariex furnj up et 

mond«Y ; and suppoi^e you win that trick, and honvur, — Suppose the knave is turned up ca 

bi'ing too weak in tnisnp'*, dare rot force Iiiui ; your right-tiaud, and that you have king, qiKeo, 

and suppose }ou shnll htMC king, knave, and and U'n ; iu order to win the knave, ly^in with 

one sniall dirniond; and further, your partner your king; by v. hich method your partner nsy 

to have ({ueen, or.d live diamonds; in that case, suppose vou have queen and ten rcmaiainCf 

by throwing out yr»ur king in your first lead, and especially if you have a second lead, and do nut 

jour kria\e in your si»rond, jour partner and you proceed to your queon. 

may ^ in iive tricks in that suit; whereas if 13. 'I'he knave Iwini; turned up as tJofore, saJ 
you hnd led a small diartiond, and yonr partner's that you have ace, queen, and ten, by playifi{ 
qiii>en having bt»en won Mith \\\t ace, the king \our queen, it ans\>crs the like purpose of tit 
mid knave n-i'iaining in your hand, obstruct fonner iule. 

the suit : and tliouirh he may have th«' long 11. If the queen be turned upon your righl- 
trump, yet by playing a small diamond, and his hand, and that }ou have are, king, and knavrt 
long trump h;>.>ing been forced out of his hand, by ploving your king it answcr^i the like pur- 
you lose by this uvthod of play thn»e tricks iu pose. 

that deal. \C). Suppose an honour is turned up on yonr 

7. Suppose, in the like case of the former, you left-hand, and you hold no honour, iu that ca»e 

ahould have qu(^>n, ten, and one small card in lead through that honour ; but if you should 

your partner's strong buit, which ii to lie dii- hold an honour, (except the ace) you must to 



WHIST. 



win« 



njoll 



Ifi. Coiti, titd calcaUUrmi, flnnonriraling rrAm il ti 
id iaKd, to put up Iht king, quttii, 
■m our m»ll card of oaf suit, fcc— 
hai« four iiaall truinpi, in tbe 
nntw Mtier aniU joa havo one trick leeure in 
••Hi : mill gappiK jour partner hu do Irump, 
IIhfb Ihe tcmaiaing nine truuipa must be diiided 
balWBi n i fnur u]ier*anF«i auiipoH five in dik 
hand; kmI four in Ihe oilier; a* oftm a« jruu 
have llie kad, plaj (rumps: and nhouid jnu 
]«(« tour Icndt, in thai cnie jour adicrmrict 
MAkeonljIiie trick* out of ninelrumps; iriiem- 
M if full had Buflered llieui tn make Iheir 
tmipii klogle, thcj night pnnibl; have mada 
■inc. 

Thi* example ihewa the nemulj of laking 
•M two trunipi for one iipau most ofca«ions. 

There ii an emption lo Ihe foregoing rule ; 
If ^uKnd thit your adrenariet are very atroog 
(■•njparlituUr auii,aDd ilul your partner can 
(Im yuu nn uiiotanre in Ibat luil, in lurli a 
nac you atv to examlni^ your own, and alui 
JMOr aJteriariei' inircii; becauke ttj keeping 

£e trump ia ynur haud tii trump mich auil, il 
™ be pithcf a meana lo save or win a jtame. 
IT. Hoppote you have are, quiwn, and two 
M«n eatda of any «nit ; yi>ur right-hand adviT- 
■•fj Icadt that tuil ; in that case, >ln not put on 
fttor i|ween, beoauae il ii an eiiual wafcer that 
M«r partner hiu n belter eird than the third 
■MUd; if no, you havelhu <x>miuai<d of that (UiL 
An exreplion Is the for.'»oiiiB rule ii, in ca» 
^•a muil the lead, then play your i|urea. 

I8L NuTcr cbouM to iMd fniiB kioc, kfltfe, 
tad fiDC Mnall card in any tuil, beraune it in 2 to 
J'ikal }«ur partner hat not Ihe an.', and aliultJ 
H 9a,«r sh«ul 5 to 4, that he hat iico or queeii ; 
md Ihererore, ■« you have only about i to 4 in 
jT fcwmr, and at you niu«t have four cardi in 
MM* «llirr toil, luppntc the teu to be tbe hi(;h- 
«|t, Uad tbat luil, because it i* on equal wagrr 
tint your partner baa a butler card than tlie lait 
al^er. and iftheaee of the fiml mentioned luit 
MM fcehlad you, whieh 1» an equal wager ilshould 
M hkppm, in eaae your partner has il not ; in 
Iht* cu*, on your adTenariet- leading Ibit auit, 
JOM probably make two tricki in il. 

tii, Sa{>i>txe in the cnune of play it appean 
Aat yaur partner and ycni have four or flvc 
lm»pa remaining, when your adcertarici haie 
linr, and that yon im~c do winning card, but ' 
hkvereaann tu Judge that your partner hna a Ihir- 
tODilb or Hiae oUier winning rard in hiit hand ; 
!■ thU eaie, play a itnall trump, to givo him the 
Jgad, -D order to throw away any loaing card in 
jawr bond, upuo luch thirteeutb or oilier good 
Mid. 

90, Caio for pulling np at ifcnnd hmd, im^, 
ftf, i»"iif. Of itn of any i-ni, &r, —Suppose yoO 
&■*« Ihe king and one small rani of any (uit, 
^■d Ibat your right-band adfenary playa thai 
wA; If he ii a good player do not put on the 
kl^i «nIe«K yuu want the lead, because a good 
^teycr teldnm leadafroin a tuit iil' nliieh he hai 
lim art, but kccpi il to Uriug in hii itrang auit 
■Jter the trump! are out. 

SI. HuppiKe you he>e a queen, and one imall 
- l«f any ' " " " ' " ' 



turn, yi'iir adversary ITaetse* Ihe knare, wlilfb 
ia geniTiilly good play, especially if bin partner 
baa placed the king, you thereby make your 
qiieen ; but by putting on the queen, it tliew* 
your adtrrtnry Ibat you bare no >ilrrngth in 
that auit, and coosequeDtly puta hiiu upon 
Hneiting upon your partner throughout that 

•2-2. Lihewiao obaerre, in eaie yon ihnitld hare' 
the knave or ten nr any tuil, with a small card 
of tbe lame, il i* generally bad play lo put up 
either of them at teconil hand, becauie it i> AtV 
to two that the third hand hat either aee, king, 
iir queen of the luil led ; Ihervfore, aa Ihe odda 
againat you are Bre tn Iwo, though you tbonld 
succeed tamctimet by this raclbod of piny, yut 
in the main you uiutt be a loter ; becauH it <le- 
mODiilralei to your advenariea, that you are 
weak in that auit, and ronsequBDlly they aoeats 
upon your partner through out that whole tuil. 

23. SuppoMt you have ace, king, and thre« 
small cards of auy tuit that your right-hand ad' 
versary leads ; upon which you play your aoe, 
and your partner the knave. In ease you are 
strong in trumpa return a small one in that auit, 
in order to let your partner trump: Ibcrebyyou 
keep Ihe command iu ynur own hand, and at Ihe 
tame time give yoor partner an intimation Ibat 
you are strong in trumps, therefore he may 
play hit game accordingly, either in altcmpling' 
lo establish a taw, or by trumping out to yuu, if 
be has either iilTTn|lh in lrumpi,or tlte coinuianil 
of Ihe other tulla. 

3. Suppoie 4 and B't game it acarrd 6. Iha 
adversaries C and D 1, and Ibat nine rounds are 
played out, of which A and B have won teven 
tricks, and no honours are reckoned iD that dell ; 
in tkis ca>e A and D have won the odd iHek, 
which puis Ihelr game upon an equality ; and 
suppate A la hare the lead, and hat Iwu of tbff 
smallrit Irumpt remaining with two winning 
eards of other suits ; and C and D have Ihe IITO 
best Irumpt between them, witb Iwo ollirr win- 
ning cards in their Innds. Il ii 1 1 to 3 that C 
bis DDl the two trumps : andlikewlMlltnSlhal 
D hsH lliera not : the odd-i being so much In A'a 
favour to ivin llic whalv tiake, il li his interest 
to play a trump ; for suppose the itake la ba 
TUf. depending, A and B win the n'hole. If htt 
sHccee-.ls by Ihit method ; but, on Ihe contrary, 
thould be play the close ginie, by forcing C or 
D lo truuip flrst, ho having won the odd trlclt 
_ already, and being sure of winning two mOTC in 
' his own hand, hy this method bit game will ba 
■cored 9 tn 1, wlUch ii nbout 3 to 3, and IbetV 
fore A and B't shan- of Ihe 701, will amount 
onlyto43[,, and A only secures 7/. prollt; bulla 
the other case, u|Kin supposition Ihnt A and P 
have II to Soflhe slake depending, as aforesaid,' 
A, by playing liit trump, it entitled to 3^. out of 
Ihe TOf. depeuding. 

85. Gamt when an ace, kinf, or tjtiftn, art lamni 
v;i on yaur righl-hand. — Suppuie the aoe Itti^meil 
up on your righl-haiid, and that you hive th* 
ten and nine of trumfii only, with arc, king, and 
queen of another tuit, and eight e«r<li of no 
valut! ■■ heglD with tbif ftoe of the luil of whidi 
you have the ace, king, and queen, which It an 
information to your partner that you have lh« 
command of that tu<1 ; then play the ten of 
trumps, because it it d to 3 thai your partner 
hat king, queen, or knave ; and Ihouf h it 1* 
7 la 2 that your parUer hat not tw« 
t, yal, tbould ba ditnce to bava Itaenl, 



b 



Bud they prove la be Ibv king ftnd knsie, in IhftI 
rm«e. ■■ your psrlner will puss jour leu, kod il 
;■ 1:1 lo 13 nguiniit llie Iwt plajer holdini: 
(be (iiUHD of Irumpi, uptiQ luppositioQ your 
partner han it not ; Iheu wlirn your parlner hu 
Ibe load, be pUyi to your tlrong >uit, and upon 
jrouT having the lead, piny llic a'lae of trunipk., 
•rhirh puis it in your purluer's power to be 
almuat Mrtain of wiuuing llie queeu, if lie lies 

I The ruregoiog case ahpwBliow an ate tutued 
ap againit you oiay be made leas beneficial to 
your adireruriet. 

26. If (he liiug or ijueen be turned up on your 
right- huid, the likemelbodof play may bo made 
nw of; but aliraya contidpr ynur partncr't 
tkill, becaute a good player Kill usually make 
k proper uie of >ucb play, but ■ bad one 
•eldom. 

27. Suppote your riihl-baud adienary Icadi 
the king of Iruiapt, aud that you have the ara 
and four ouiall trunipi, iritb a fiuod (uil ; in 
tbi« CBic pau Ihekinit; and ihouEh he ibould 
bcaidci bavc queen and kaaie of trumps witbaue 
more, yet if ■ moderate player, he will play Itie 
small ooc, iuagining ihat bii partner liai the 
ai'c : when he pUy> the nnall one, prui il alio, 
bcrause il i* an equal diance (hat ynur parluer 
hiu a bcller trump Ihiin the lul player. If >o, 
and a lolerable player, he will jud^e you haie a 
good rcnsoD foe thii uulbod, and conaequeallj, 
if he haa n Ihird Immp rcmainlag, will play 
II, if not, he will play hii bed BuiL 

SS. A erilieal nte lo win an odd iHck. Sup- 
poie A and B parlnera asaiuit C and D, and tlie 
Kamc tu be nine all, and every trump oul, A beios 
the lotl player, has the aw and four olher amnll 
carda of a auil in hia hand, and one Ihirleenth 
card iwnaininE: B haa only two arnaill card* cf 
A'a niili C haa queen and two other amill 
cardn of that auit ; D hu hinp, knave, and one 
nnall eard of Ibe aanic. A Mid B liave won 
three, C and Dfuurlricki; UiereforeA i»to win 
four Iricks in order In oblaio the gniiie. V leadi 
thi> auit, and D puta on Ibe king ; A give* liiai 
that Irirk, D rvlums thai suit; A pawet Jl, and 
C playi hii queen : thus C and D have nan lil 
Irioki, and C iniii(;iaing the nee of that tuil la lie 
in hii partner'^ haud,rclurniiti by which meana 
A wins the four laat tricki, and conacquenlly the 
game. 

20. Suppose you have the king and Eve smnll 
>run)|i*, and your right-hand adversary plays llie 
qdeeo i in that caie do not puk on the kint*. be- 
cause it is an equal wager that your partner has 
the ace; and auppoie your adveriary should 
hate queen, knave, ten, and one small trump, it 
ia also an equal wager llial the aie lies tingle, 
(jtber in your adversary'* hand or partner'); in 
eiUier of wbidi canes il ii bad play la put »d 
yunrking; but !f the queen oflrumpi is led, aod 
joa have the kijig, wilh only two or thrns 
trnnpa, it i* then bett lo put on the king, 
beraiiw il is good play lo lead iVoni the quern 
and nne mnnll Irump ojily ; and in that ease 
ahould your parlavr have ibe knave, and your 
left-hanil «<!vefiiaiy hold the ace, you oeglsi^ri; 
lo put on tlie kioKloao B irliM. 

iC Tht In or niHt i"nj turntd up on jnnir 
r^*t-Aainl^i>np)iiuie the ten turned up, and Utal 
}in> have king, kuav«, nine, and two suhU 
taimp*, wllb eiglil other catds of no Tiloe, and 
d)^ it i* pruppT lo lead Iruaipa ; in that raae, 
b^u witli ilic knave, in onkr to prcienl tlic 



; a Irtrki and Ibougfa iliikl 
I yuur partner holds an hiiaaaf, 
lid fail, by linesting the BiacN 
mpi from your partner, you bsl* 



eighl.ai 



n the I 



ten. ila 

32. Make a wide dilTerenr* between alttdaf 
clioioe. and ■ forced lead of your par«ier'<| to- 
raiise, in the SrsI case he i* supposed to M 
from his besi suit, and finding jou deSdnH la 
Ibal, and not being strong eoousli ia Irwifs 
and not daring to force you, he then playtbis 
DUt best suit; which demooatratea Ibal bt is 
weak in trumps: but 'hould be peneterf, b) 
playing off his fint lead, judse bim tlroag i* 
tnimpn, and play your game accordingly. 

33. Nfilhingismoropeniidauathantochuii 
orien, because in every new suit jou ninlhcni 
rifgiving your adversary the troare) aDd,lbiK> 
fore, though you lead from a auil nf wbirb jVI 
have Ibe queen, ten, and three mall oneStiKl 
jrour partner puts on the nine only, id lba><w 
if you should happen to be weak in truaipa, ■■ 
liavD no tolerable suit lo lead from, il is M 
to pursue Ihe lead of lhat auit by playing isv 
queen, which leaves it in your parlner's opiiaa 
whether be will trump or no), in ease be bH)s 
more of lhat auil; but in your second lead,it 
case you ahuuld happen In have the qiittB f 



or kna 



luldbi 



,uiall e 



o lead fn» 



34. Wbf 



□ the SI 



•ndone 



heller 1 



, _ ■, king, 

luit, wilh four trumpa; ifyoiurifU- 
lary leads thai uiil, pais it. berant 
Lial wager Ihal your partner bat s 
in the same lb«n the thiid liaad : it 
so, you ([ain a trick: if otherwise, aa jau but 
four IrumpB, you may nol lose, beouM |M dl 
probably have the long trump. 

yavi adutr$aTitt grtal iuil,ii:.t. — In ttaw JF9« «• 
weak in Iruinps, and il does nol appear juar 
partner is very strong in them, be cautious liM 
you part with Ihe eonimand of your advenaiy'i 
greal auil ; for tuppoK jour adversary plaptW 
ace of a luit of which you have the king, qnea, 
and one small card only, and ujion playiif lk> 
HBino auil again you pul on your qarm, wkM 
makes it alnottwrtain to your partner llMlrH 
have the king, and your partner rrruaea la ui> 
■uil, do not play Ihe king, because if llie ■aader 
ofthal suit, nr his partner, haa ihe long Irvaf, 
you risk Ihe losing uf Ihree Iricki tu gel «n«i 

36. £uppoae your par.ner has ten cat^ 
remaining, and it ap|>ears lo you lhal lbc| ega- 
kiil of (rumps and one suit only ; and wpp"* 
you ihnuld have king, ten, and one tuiall eaH i* 
Ilia strong auil, witti queen add iwo aa^l 
trunipa i in Ihia eaic you are bi Julgv be kst 
Ave eardi ofCBch, and Ihendoreyou iiugbt lo pt>T 
out the king of his strong suit i and if y«i wu 
lhal trick, uexi throw out Iho queen of tr«aa>. 
if lhal likewiae ruuies home, prneeed to pitr 
trumps: Ihia method may be uiadr UM of MB*r 
(core of the gaiue, except at i and 9. 

37. The tnuap tumvd up to bu rrmiibmil. 
Il it neceisar7 that Ihv trump turned up abaaW 

'mill by Ihe deal*r and hia pa>>- 



«Blfafltf,uidlIiaIl1ie dealer butirn mnrpivii. 
the u» Biid ninr, ir h'n pirtnrr Iruaipii out with 
•<w BOd kiDK, he ou^hl lo play lii* <il nnd niitp ; 
bcfcuw luppniiDg your partnPT had are, king, 
•Bd four (mall triimpi, by kndnini; ynii have 
the Htc remaining, you may win many Irlchii, 

38. Your right-hand adieniry tetuli a luit of 
Whlrh fouhiveibr ten and Iwo tin:i>ill odi*!i; the 
third hand put* on the knave, jrour partner wlna 
n with the LiD(> ; when your adTer«ary leadn that 
■nil afain, and plaja a itnaU one, put nn your 
Ira, twcaune it may nave your pirlaer'i ace, 
Vpan tinppoiiitian that your right-hand adversary 
wd fWta the qupcn- 

39. Suppune ynu hafe the beat tramp, and the 
■drenar) A hat one trump only remaining, and 
that it appear* tn you your adrer«ary B liai 
B great «uit i in thia i^«e, though you perniil A 
(a make hit trump, yet by keeping Hie trump in 

S«r hnnd.you preirnllheadicraar^Bn'amiuak- 
g hiigml uiit ; irhcrcM, iryouhadtahrnout 
A'l trump, it had made only one liiek diHirrtn »; 
Wt tj thia method you probably nave Ihree 



^IbvrWrka. 
r 40. The fid 
PTbal you halt 

Pa^ATurieii h> 



ifing ai<ii happen* Trei 
! only one, and it appei 



■ml,. 



^plajr a tninip, bersuse, by removing the Irunip 
^Wut or ynnr adven.ry'* hand, Ihi-re can be no 
f vbltniFtion 10 your partner'* luit. 
• fl. SuppoM you ha*e Ibree trumps when no 
''^ane'plw haa any.andhavconlyfour cardaof any 
f tartolB Kuil remaining f in ttii* eau play ■ 
rlnmp, which ahent ynur partner that you haTe 
all, and alw giTCa a fair riianee for niie of your 
tedienariei lo throw away une card Hf Ihe atrirp- 
'iktd tuit ; by whjrh mrani, nuppoiing llint auil 
'ta baie been once led, and one thrown away, 
MBkea flue, and Tour rpniaining <u your hand 
SMkn nine, there being only four remaining 
three hand<, and your partner having an 






than the laht player, it tht-nrrorc follaws that < 
70a have an equal rhanre to make three Iricha, 
wi>!eh probably muld not otherwise have been : 

43. SnppoH- ynu have Ave trumps, and lii 
■OmII cardl of any null, and are lo lead ; then 
lead from that of which ynu have sii, berauie, 1 
mtjoa are deflcient in two tuili, your adteriarj ' 
will probably trump out, whirh is playing jour ' 
Own game ; wfaereaH, had ynu begun with play- ' 
laf trumpi, liiey would force you, and conse- 
^uvntly drutroy yniir game 

43. Hi™ lo play far an aM Itirk. — Suppose you 
are elder hand, and have the ace, king, and 
IhRia amall trump), with fbur small eartit n( 
another luil. three (mail cards »r the third, and 
Mie amall card ot Ihe fourth null ; lead Ihe 
idagle card, which, if won by the last player. 
|Mt* him upon playing trumps, or In play to 
four weak auil, in which caie ynu gain Ihi- le- 

41. Suppose ynur parloer <i to lead, and pliyi 
UiK ace uf the suilof xbieh ynu have only nnt, 
and pmrveds to play Ihe king of the name, it 
and that your riglil'hand adven^ary Irumpi 
with th» queen, knave, or ten ; do not overtrump 
hia, but lhrn>r away a sniall card of your weak- 
Mr! a<it{ because it makes yonr partner tlie last 
player, Wlil gives him the teuace io your ymtii 
■Dita. 

4). Vpm rMppsrIIMn i|<>« Miantfimr or fiatpainli, 
■arf «r(«MfpA*nd — najra amall trump, and if 



your partner hai ■ Tieller trump tlian the Un 
player, and returns Ihe lead, put on Ihe kin|!, 
and Ihen proceed to play the tuil of which you 
have four in number. 

These examples duly allended to, nn all pari* 
of Ihe game, mutt be of great consequeoce to the 
player; because when he has no gaud suit Hi 
lead, his partner, l<eing Ihe last plajer, gains the 
lenare in bis weak aulls. 

46. A and B are partnen against C and D, 
twelve trumps are played out, and WTeo earda 
only remain in eaeb hand, of wbirh A has Ihe 
lasl trump, and also Ihe ace, kinr, and four 
imall cards of a suit. A ought lo play a amall 
card of that «uil, because it is an equal wager 
that his partner has a belter card in it than the 
lasl player ; and in Ihii rave, if four cards of 
that tuit should happen to be in eithe.- of Ihe _ 
adversariea bands, he will be able lo make lit* 
tricks : when, if he played off hit ace a 
lie had made nnly Iwo. If oeitbrr of 
versa ries have mora than three cards 
auit, A has an equal cfaanea to win six tricks II 

it. 

47. Suppose A and B am parlnen agaiaalC 
and D, and that ei i;ht trumps are played ouU^ rf 
that A hah four of'lhose remaining, C having tMi| 
heal Irump, and to lead. C ougbt nol to play hia J 
lrum]> to like out one of A's, berause be wonU \ 
leave three trumps in A'l hand ; but in case A' 
pannrrhaaany great suit to make, C, keeping tt 
irUDip in his own hand, caa prevent him A 
making that suit by trumping it. 

48. A case of curiosity. Suppose three hi 
of cards, conlainiog three cards In each haul 
lei A name the Irumps, and Icl B ehofl«e whh 
hand he pleaites, A haiing his choice of eilheraj 
Ihe other two hana*, wint Iwo tricVs. • 

Clubs are lo be Irump*. ' 

First hand, ace, king, and i\x of heart!. 
Hecond hand, queen, and ten of hearts, aal 
ten nf trump*. 

' " md, nine of heart), and Iwt 



ind IhrakV 



impa. 



1. Ofdcatiag. — If a card i> turne< 
the adverse parly may call a new deal ; but Ji 
cither of them liare lieen Ihe cauie of luraiS| 
up such card, in that case the dealer h 
option 

2. Ifa card Is faced io the deal, there muat b*^ 
a new deal, unless it is Ihe last card. • 

3. Ercrypenon ougbttn seelhat hehBilbir> 
teen cardadeall t therefore, if any one should bap- 
pen to have onlylHelve, and docs not ftnd it odt 
lill several tricks are playvd, and Iho real of the 
players have their right number, the 
good ; aid also the person who plays 
cards ik Lo be punished for each re 
made ; but If any uf Ihe players should hi _ _ 
lo have fnurlecn earda, in IbaL I'aae Iha deal ll 
lost. 

4. The dealer ought In leave in view upon Q 
■able hit Irump card, till it ia Ilia tu 
and aQer be has mixed il Willi hi* i 
nobody is eniitlod to demand what ear4 U lu 
up, but uiay ask what is Irumps. Thia e 
qiieOK attend* such a law, that Ihe dealer a 
name a wrong card, which otherwiH he migfe 



Vf H 

«al if tiM dralFT «hn«1d happrn Is nii» ik>*l, 
.in that cue lir thall deal again, mint it ariwii 
rrom bis parluerS fault; and if a nrd i* tu>DMl 
up >n draliiij;,Qo dcit dpal aball be callrd iiulut 
(liE parlucr hii> bten the rauac of it. 

6. IT tfac dealer, instead of lurnlng up tfae 
tninip, puU the Inimp nud upun tbi.' rod of bis 
nrdi, nilb the face dowanard, he it to loic 

7. OfplwpiVf out «f turn — If any perwa tJ*f i 
out at bi. turn, Uu card lO played m* j be mIW 
•t an} Une in tliat deal, provided it doca not 
eauto a mnke ; or i;ilher of the adventarin maj 
tcquin.' of the pinon wbc alight totiatalead, lo 
playihe luit theikaid adversary may cfanuse. 

8. A and D ore parlavn a^ainHt C aud D j A 
piayi Ibt' ten .if a »uit, ibe odienary C plaji the 
knaTe of the laiue, B play» a tmill card of the 
aanie, but before U pU>s hi* parlnei C leadi 
another card, Ibc fienBllT (hall be in the op- 
tiim ut A or B to vbli,;B U to win the trick If be 

. Q. A and B are pulni?ni agalnkl C and U; A 
1,'ad* a Hub, Iiii partner B play* before the 
adtenarjr (J ; in thi« caie D has a riKliI lo pUy 
ueforshiapaitnrTC, became B played out of hi* 

10. If any rard of a «uil in led, and the 1a>t 
player play, out of bis turn, nllclhiT hii paTtnrr 
ha* any of the mil led or not, provided you do 
not uiJikrv him nrioke, h« i* neither ealitled to 
trump it,nor to win the tridl. 

11. Of rivokiiig^~U a reioke happrnii In be 
nado, the adTcruries may add 3 lo iheir own 
■eorv, or lake three trinki froin Iht revoking 
parly, or lake tlotrn a Irooi Ibeir ipure ; and the 
tcTokiiiE party, provided Ibey are up. nolnilh- 
alandiuK the penally, niuat remain at 0; tbe rr- 
voke take* place of any other sfoiv of the tame. 

IS. If any pennn rciokei, and diwoiera it 
ore turned, the advertc parly 



leU, « 






13, No revoke to be rlaiined till Ihe trifk ii 
turned and quitted, or the parly who revoked, or 
liiri partner, liai played a^ain 

\i. If anjpenwn rlaima arevoke, tbeadvene 
parly are not lo mix their cards, upon Ibrfeiliire 
arthercfoke. 

t^. Np revoke ean be claimed after the card* 
•re cut for a new deal. 

16. 0/allmg ftonouri.— If any per-on rail* at 
■oy point of the game eicepi fi, either of the ad- 
ToTie partiea may i:all a new deal j and Ihej are 
at Uberly loeoiuult each other Hhellier they will 
bave a new deal. 

IT. Arter ibe trump nud ii Inmed up, no 
ponnu mu«l rmiind hit partnrrto call, on penal- 
ly of losing a point. 

I^. Iflhc trump card i* turned up, no hunoun 
tn Ihr preeeding deal can be let up, uolcsx Oiftj 



I S T. 

1( ahallbeiatlieapllmt ofiheMfvaratriaa la nil 
• new doal. 

ns. (>rMp«'ili'<fM>'idMr»<n«i4rcw>i«L— Uaay 
penNin Reparate* a rard fraii tlw ml, the ari- 
verse party may cull it prmidcd be o*nvi it, and 
pmve* Ihe naparalion^f but in ca«- be nil* ■ 
trrong card, he or bi* partner are UatiU for 
ODce tn have the bigkeat oi lovreBl eaT4 oUlad in , 
any mil led during Ihe deal. 

23. if any person thrum bii canU upon Ik*^ 
table, with their face* npffardi, »paB (uiipoJ- _ 
tloB that be faa« loal tl .. . ■ 
have il in their poiter 

when they Ihink pmper, prmided tlKy do ^_ 
make Ibe parly revoke, and ho i* doi Ib '''■--i_ 
up hi* card* Dgaio 

24. If any parMii is »urc of nioning iin«. -y 
lri<^k, he may shew hii rardi upon ibu tabl^^ - 
but ba it tbcB liable to have all liit rti^m 
called. 

Sa, QfomiHing lo plofta ■ Iric^ —A and Ban , 
partner* agaioit C and D ; \ ir*d* ft rluh C 
plnyi 111* an. B plays a club, and 1>, partan ts 
C, taken up Ihe trick wilhuul playtncaoy cai4> 
A, and Ibe other ptayen, play oa, lilt it ^tf"* 
D ha* one uiorc rard than Ibc rest: pcoaityl* 
be ia Ibe option of tbe advenarie!) Iv nil a am 
deal. 

Each ptTEoa in playing oucbt to lay hli aid 
bL'forr biiu ; after be has done rko.ifcllber aftki 
adverte partiea mix Ibcic mrda with bis V» 
parlDPT i* entitled to iniisl llial earh pcrvin llf 
bis nrd be(or« him, but not to inijuirv whu plat- 
ed any partimlar card. 

KxriMiatmi or TSCHvTtai. wwiidb. 
nulling, mean* oodeavourins to (■'"Mil- 
Ttntace thn* : when a ca>d is 1^, and yoa ItN 
the beti and third beat of that suit, you pul jmt 
third bt-Ht ran) upon that lead, and ran Ihe tA 
of yonr left-band advcrtary btviug the urgtd 
tie&l ; if he has il not, which it 3 to I againti hia, 

foiciniiiueaoir ubliging your partner or advH" 
■ary to trump a Uiit of which he bu none. Tk* 
raiwii mentioned in tbii treatise will tbew pbn 
U ia proper to force eilber of tben. 

LouK Immp, mc«D* having ooc or non tniaift 
ind, when all Ibc real ar« out. 
ml, i> a card of no value, and, cosk- 
quently, the propcreil to throir aw.i). 

l^inti, ten of Iheui make a gaoir , a* maai ii 
are gained by tricks or bononrs, i>o oiany puinti 
are ael up lo tbe scure. 

Suarl, is a teiguencir of aoy four cards imiardi- 
ately following one BBOlher in Ihe ume suit,— 
S'larf-NiDb.r, is a Miiucnce of ace, king, <|ma, 

'^uiiit, i« a *er|uenai of any five carda inneA- 






1?. If any pcrion calU at Ibe point of 8, and 
bispsrliieT answeri.and bolb llieoppnuitepaiiirs 
havctbrovni down , their rafd*,an(l il appear* Ihal 
the uilier aiiie had nrt two by lionDiin ; in thi* 
«■« Ike ailversarlea may consull with one 
■uolhrr, and an at liberty to itand the deal or 

30. And if any prraan antoera whenhehai nnl 
an honour, iho adier«e parly may fonsull each 
•U>w, aod tn at liberty to aUad the deal or mil. 

31. If H7 0MMUaat8,an«i tMbaapUyed, 



Smnl -irrtiar, i% a taquentx of aoe, king, qu<i«< 
Luate. and Ion. 

K'tcite, nieani naly plajiof the band U * 
diSiTeni manner J Ihal ■•, if you arv siruat i* 
trumps, you play one awaj ; if n«*k in truiapi, 
you play the reverae, vis. another. 

Seriav, la when each partner (rumps a adi, 
and play* thoM auiti lo ao« another, Ivr Ihal 

£iur>. il the number of poiala kI up, IM id 
whirh make a game. 

S.'n.-n. ii when uilher party win every (ri-k. 
Jotmer, im Jtariuc tba »nl and Ikinl W^ 

«ardt and Mnf tail plftfaT) ud, iiaiif miIIj. 



W H I S T. 



NUMDtAemdwmrTirheDUiat *uii in plajed: 
*•, fiir innUiicv, in use you hate see and qiieea 
attaj nil, joat adTenitr* IhiIi, jou munt ivin 
Iboie two IridcH : and •« of an; other lenaoe Id 

Tmr. or U«r(w,is B KqUMneof an; Ihreo catdi 
JMawllUtelj'follaHn; one aanlher in Ihe aaioe 
wU. Tfot-tKritr, ia a lequMiEe of aw, king. 



I. Plirc, orevCTjKuit in your hand.lh? worst 
to the left hand, and tbe bEit (iu ordt^r) Is the 
lifht ; and the Irumpi, in the like orilcr, alwiyi 
to the Icnofall Ihe other nuilt. 

3. If ia tlie Bourse of plaj jou have Ihe beat 
tvi KBtaining ia any suit, put the samu to 
ttw left af your trunipi. 

3. Aail If you And you xre potwurd of the 
Kcoad Iwkl rsrd af any &uil, plxe it on Ihe light 

4. And if you haTe the third b»5l eard of any 
tail, place a small rani uf that suit, beliTccn the 
IrumpB, and tliat third bett, to the rif ht of the 

3. To remcniber your parlaer's flrat lead, 
pUm a small card af that >uil in the iniiltt of 
jour traiBps, and if yon bare but one trump, on 
tbe left of it. 

£. Whun you deal, put the trump turned up to 
thsrlcht of all your Irumpji, and keep it ai Inng 
M f«u ran, that your pirlner may, knawing you 
feate that Lrump Icfl, play arcordiagly. 

7. Te jfnrf u.-4rK yuur uJntriarm rtvokr. — Sup- 
poae two suit! on tbe righl-hand to repre^isnl 
jonr advenarira in Ihe order they til, a< to 
fDur righl and Irfl-hand. tVben you sunpurl 
«Ubar of tbeiu to bare made a leroke, elap a 
•Hatl mrd uf lliat suilaniongit the carda reprc- 
•ativg that adversary, by which you record Dot 
oslf tliat llHirc may haTe been ■ rvtoke, but also 
who maiki il> and in what suit. 

If tbe suit represniing the adversary that 
wade the revoke, happen tn he the same 
Kioked in, chsnse that nyil fiv anolhrr, und put 
>an*ll card of Ibosuilreiokod in, in ihr middle 
*or Ibal vichinged suit, and if you have doI 
• card remalaing of that suit rcvvrw a rani of 
Miy other juu have, (eiivpl disiuoadii) and 

8. A> you have a way to remembtr jniir parl- 
BCT'i Cnl lead, you may s1>u rt-roid in what 

' aalt either of your adt^Harieri made (ueir finl 
load, hy pultin; the suit w led in the plan) 
wJ^dl in four hand repreienU thai adcerisiy ; 

, aad If BihiV mils were already placed lo repre- 
•cnt Uieni, then ciebsnge thnw for the suits in 
W&ldi Ctkcfa of tliem Biakc* his first lead. 

Tbe (errgaing luothod is to be taken, whan 
aaora tteeeakary to reeord jour advcrssry's llrst 
lead, than Iu cudeavuur Iu And out a revoke. 



That bo has one of tbcm only, il 31 to |^. 

Thai he has not both of Ihem 17 •-,) 

But that ho has oDe or both. Is about 

5to4,or 35 

3. tVliat are the chance* of havlBg 

tliree oerUia mrda? 

That he holds one of them only, it 395 

fur him toSTSagaiait him, or about G .. . 1 

That be has not two of them only, " 

1^6 fur bioi to 347 agaiasi hioi, i _^ 

That he has not a11 three of theoi, is 33 

for him to 681 against him, or about \ ...m 

But ibal he baa one ur two of them, is 
4Si for bim to S22 against him, or 

And that he has one, two, or all three of 



£lplaialion mJ applkalliin »/ ihe ttttulali 
In. CalcuUliiiTi.—H is 9 to I that mypai 
hss not oae certain card. 

Tn apply this, suppose the right haad 
■ary leadu n suit.of ivhldi you have tbe kii , _ 
one aiiiall eard only; obn-rve that it is 2 lo3, 
by putling on your king, that the t«fl-tian4 ad' 
versary cannot win i(. 

Again, suppose you have Ike Ung and tliree 
a mall cards of any suit, likewise the queen and 
t)ircD small nrds of another ; lesd trnm the kin;, 
bL-eause it Is 2 to I Ibtl tbe ace does not tie 
behind you; but it is 3 tu I that the see or king 
«r any suit lies behind you, and consequently, by 
leading from your queen, you play.to a disadvw- 






tage, 

•2it Cu&iJafmn.— II i" S to 4 at teut, that 
partner has one out of any tiro certain ci 
the like odds aie in favour of your adversaiiflgj^ 
thererare, suppose you have two honours of any 
suit, and knowing it is .'i la 4 that your partner 
bold\ one of the other two, you by tkis play 
yuur game to a greater degree of rertaiaty. 

Again, suppose you have the queen and one 
small card I'uly, in any suit, and thai yo ' *^~ 
hand adversary leads the Aaiiie, if )uu 
your qneen.it is 3 to 4 that your left-bai 
■ary can win it, aud tbCreCsrc yon play 

3i C^iu!i.tii>H.—It la S tn I Ikrt yovr pai 
hasone out uf any three oai'' "~' 

Therefure, suppose you 
nne uuall card deaR, and Ihsl jour righl-hl 
adveriary leads froB thai suit, it is ^ tn 3 1 
your leCVhsnd adversary has either aocv M 
or queen of the suit led, and therefore if yo« 
on the knave, you plsy aeainst ymrsetf ; benii 
by making a discover), jour right-hand advei 
flneuea upon ] our partner througluul that «l 



Thai hohaa it not, i> 

3. n'hat is the chance of bating tl 

«ClUillGWlU^ 



Ta explain Ihe necnslty af pulling oi 
It'iTciit of sequeutes, •up|ia«etha( your advc 
Ivd a suit at Hbieb you have Ihrkiug, qu«a,k 
huate, i>r queen, kuaie, and Im ; by puU) 
on your knaie of one suit, or jour ten of I] 
otlwr, it gives your partaer as oppurtuoily uf M 
. eulating tbe odds in that, and also In alt iuferT 
auili "( which you have sequenrvs, 

Suppose that you have the aw, king 
aniall tnitnpi, with a quiat-mitl<>r «f 
wiaajof cards in any olber suit, and Iu 



W H I 

tnlntjil tm rmniit, und earh pmon followed 
suit; in thn CUE thure are figlil tmiupi out, 
SBdIwomaBiningin four hind, which makelen, 
and three trutup' dividnl between the reuiUDin!; 
three pUyer*, of which Ihreo, the odrts ■ 
S Ihit your purlnvr hu nne ; and, ibrrcfnrr, out 
of acTCD rards JD your band, yuu are eiititlud 
win die IrickB. 



9 . . . 4 ii aboM . , 



8 to 7 U above 3 la S 

9 ... 7 ii about 12 ... 8 

S Id 9 in about 8 ud a half in the bundrcd, iu 
fhToururSwUblbedcal; BKUDit the deal, the 
addi are dill, ihouRb ■mall, in faiour ofS. 
Caiculaliaiu far ikt tthalr raHitT. 
S^poM A and B are al play, and that A is I 
faBM,'and B lore of tbe ieeond game, with the 



W H I 

SviTe. Wbat are the odd> throuetaoot the nfr- 
her? 

First ganiF love and 9 love of Ihc Mcondfiu 
(upon nupp'uition of 9 love with Lie dtal beii; 
ncrlyBtol.) 
First f;nnw and 9 late of tbe seaand 

catne is nearly 13 to 1 

Firht game sad » Ioyc of the wHiDd 

game ia a little more Ihso the 

rermw 13.. lit 

First same and 7 love of lh« senwd 

is nearly 10.. I 

Do. ud 6 lave of the ■e>.-ond i> nearly N .. I 
Do. and 6 love of the ■eFoad ii nearly 6 . . ) 
Da. and 4 love of the seoind ii acarl; i .. } 
Do. and 3 love of tbe Kcond i> nearly 4{ . I 
Do. and 2 loTe of the secood IS nearly 4 .. 1 
Do. andl love of the seoindii nearly T .. i 

The above eakulsUons are made with Itt 
(leal. 

Agtdml I'le dtal. 

Suppone A and B at pla;r, and thai A ii 1 
pame, and any number ofpumlsin Iheaocsal. 
FinI nme and 9 lore of tlie »e»nd 

isnrarly lllil 

Do. Bud H love of the sMond game U a 

liltlemare H .. 1 

Do- and71uveoriheweoiids*i>>e B- I 

Do.ande 7.. I 

Da. and d A..1 

Da. and 4 4^.1 I 

Do. and 3 «.. 1 

Do. and J )..t 

Do. andl ej.J 

MBTUooa or scomiNO at wnist. 

1234 S67 8* 

00 000 0000 00 000 • 



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ToWHl-STLE. t.ii. (hpirtUn. Saxon.) 

1 . To foriu a kind of musical sound bv an in- 

aniculaie modulation of the breath (JK^tes)- 

5. To make a sound with a saiall wind insim- 
ment. 3. To sound shrill iDruden). 

roWm'sTLB. n.a. To call bv a wbink 

Whi'stlb. j. (hpir<W Saxon.} l.Socnd 
made by the modulation of the breath in the 
niouih ( Drydm). S. A sound mide bjr a imal 
wind instrument. 3. Theniouthi theorp* 
of whistlinjc (IValten). 4. A small wind ia- 
suument (.S'ijn^y). 5. The noise of wiixb. 

6. A call, such as snortsmen we to tbeit dap 
aiuililrai). 

WHI'STLER. .. One who whistles Utf- 

'"wHISTON {Wilhain),wa» bom. l667,it 
Norton near Twjcrosse, LFicestrnhire, and 
educated under hii father, atiJ afierwinb at 
Tamworih school, and ai CIsre-hall, Can- 
bridge. In iCgS lie became fellow and som 
after tutor, but llie hbour was inn great for hll 
constiiuiion, and he leiizned lo bmocoe chap- 
lain 1o bishop Moore. His New Theory of the 
Eatih appeared in 1G96, and excited geocnl 



ta»i»n pmressonhip. About ihis litne 
^nirnt )o the church of England began 
r i he prftciHled lo discover ihal the 
A centuries or the church were Iruly 
in ai)d Arinn, and that afterwsrdg doc- 
ni congenial to Chrisiianit^ had been 
Thne opinion* were heurd with 
imenl by his friendi, but he disregarded 
, and wrote warmly in support or hii 
nl». ThU drew upon him ihe di»- 
! 6f the urtjirersiiy. and in 1710 he was 
I orhi«pnir»M)r!nip and banished rrom 
Hncis of Cambrid{>c. R^ardlesi of the 
, he retired 10 London, where he lec- 

philosophy, aslronomy, and divinity, 
ole ott hi* fsvouriie topic of primitive 
nitj. The (caniy pinaiice which he 
Wed was icarce sufficirni l^) supply him 
*c»!stiei, yel he waj cheerful, and in 
la: of his dislreises he often found the 

1 thoK who revered his lenrninjc and 
[tended to relieve him. Though he 
f rreqnenled the church of Enaland, 
u for«Kiit it in 17-17. when the elergy- 
kI in allusion to him as he lopponeil, 
arvuinn creed, and he repaired to the 
nretirxE, till, ai he obtcned, he had an 



l7iS. iiged 84. He wa-. as bishop 
Mrrvet, a fjir unblemished character, 
his life h*d cultivated piety, virtue, 
kI learning. By his useful works of 
ihy and maihemaiics, he endeavoured' 
ty the ^Inry of the ftreat crealor, and lo 
ynf nature he early joined the iiuily 
icripiures, The best of liis works arc, 
^isTheon-, Astronomical Lectutea. flvo. 
linn of Jotephus, with eight vnltiulile 
tiiMis, 4 (ola. 8vo. i AsironomicnlPrin- 

Relioion ; History of the Old and New 
mt. 5 *ois. Svo. : Vindication of the 
nr of Phlegon; Memoirs of his own 

T. I. (hpiT. a thing, SaKon.) A point; 

TW,' > sesporl in the N. riding of 



manufacture of sailcloth, and a grrat 
t the building of ships, and in the cat- 
luinesB. In the nrit^hbourhood are 
larfte alum-works. lt» harbour is the 

this coajt. and has a line picr^ but it 
iver communication with the iriland 
Several ships are sent hence to the 
nd fishery. Whitby i* ihe birthplace 
great circmimavi gator, captain James 

Id Dtcembct 1787, a iimng new- 
ay, running parallel to a higti cliff, and 
n^ a pile ol building, fiwhiy feet above 
pn of the sea, fell with a thundering 
sittnreil bv large masses of (he clifT, 
ng stones from ilirre 10 lix tons weight 



The Tcntains of tlie massy churcb of an ancieni 
abbey stood on ihii clilT, and ihc ground wu 
nbsencd to sink, at the distance of ten yard* 
from its lower; but it stood till Novcmbtr 
17Ct4, when the greatest part of the W. end 
fdltotheground, Whitby is 48 mile* N.N.E. 
of York, and ^43 N. of London. Lon. 0. 
S4 W, Lat, 54. 30 N. 

Whitby (Dr. Daniel), a very learned Eii- 
Elish writer, was born in 1(J3S, and b ted at 
Oxford; where, in lS64, he was elected per- 
petual fellow of his colleKc. He afterword 
ticcaine chaplain to Dr. Seili Ward, bishop of 
S;.lisbi>ryi who cnllaied hira in l66e 10 the. 
prebend of Yaii^bury in ihalchuich, and soon 
after to that of Huslmrn and Burbach. In 
167? he was admitted chanter uf the said 
church, on the death ofMr. John Souih, and 
then, or soon after, rector of St. EJnmtid'* 
church in Salisburv. He was made a preben- 
dary of Taunton Regis in 1696, and died in 
1786. He was eicr strangely ig;norant of 
worldly affdirs, even lo a degree that is scarcely 
10 be conceived. His - - 
and well 



WHITCHURCH, a decayed borough ia 
Hampshire, with a market on Friday. It send* 
Iwo members lo parliament, and is 24 miles E. 
by N. of Salisbury, and 59 W. by S. of Lon- 
don, Lon. I. lU W. Lat. fil. 15 N. 

IRCH, a town in Shropshire, with 



■ inaikel on Friday, SO miles N. of Shrewt- 
bury, and 161 N.W. . " 
40 W. Lai. 59. N. 



. of London. Lon. S, 



LiTTtE Stanmobe, « 
village near l-!dgeware, in Middlesex, ei^ht 
miles N.W. of London. Here was a magnifi- ' 
cent seat, called Canons, built in 1719, by 
James first duke of Chandos. who lived here 
in a kind of regal stale, and died in 1744. It "^ 
was demolished in 1747. find ihe materiali 
were said hy auction. The church contain* 
all thai now remains of the magnificence of 
Canon* : the body of it was built, and beaoti- ^ 
fullv ad orne d, by ihe duke. ^ 

WHITE, a. (bpit, Snion; lutV, Dutch.) , 
I . Hailng such an appearance as arises from 
(he mixture of all colours ; snowy {Seicltin'i. ' 
9. Having the colour of frar; pale [£'Aaitjpear#). ^ 
3. Having the colour appropriatrd in happioea* '' 
and innocence ^Millun). 4. Gray with age ' 
(Shaispeare). 5. Pure; unbleinished (Paft), 

White. (. I. Whileness; any thing whtie; ' 
while cotoui. (Sec Colour and CnaoHA. ^ 
TICS.) 8. The mark at which an arrovr it ' 
thut, which uW 10 be painted while (Souih- , 
rrn). 3. The albugineoiii partofanegg ^Betfit). ,, 
4- The while part of ilie eye (Aou). 

7^ White, v. a. (fnim the aJjectirc.) T« n 
make white; todealbaie (Jfnri), 1 

White- ANT, in caiomoInay.iMeTkilMII. . 

White-bait, in ichthyology. Sec Cy- 

White-beah, io bouny. Se« Chats- 
White-leaf, iu boiiiij. See Ceatjc- ' 



^ WH I 

White-thorn, ialKiiany. 



Iibolo^. SeeMeitcus 
in oruilhology. Set 



White-t 

MOTACILL, 

White vitriol. See Vitr: 



ZlN( 






White l 



, SmPh 



BUM and Lead. 
*rk upon ■ hacse's 
ftce, deficriidiDR from ihe rorchciid alnioil la 
the now. SceSlARK. 

WfllTE-roOT, a white matk that happen! 
in the Teet of a gc^at inuny hocEiKa, bolh l>tli>it 
and behinil, from ihv fuilock tu ihccottia. In 
the manage, the hones thus marked ate either 
tiaoimellcd, croEt- tram melted, or white of all 
four. See llie arlicles Mark, Trot, and 
Trammelled. 

Whites, in metUcine. the *ulgar name for 
a fluor ulbui. Thli diKa^c is m^ifkcd b^ the 
diKbaigeofa thin while oryelloiv mallet from 
the utcTUi and vagina, attended likewise wiih 
tome degree of fetor, imarting in making waier, 
paini in the back and loini, anotexia uiid alto- 
{ihy- In some cases, the discharge ii of %a 
BCtid a nature, ai to produce efTecls on thoie 
who are coiinecled with tbe woman, loine- 
what limilar to venereal matter, givine rise lo 
It about the glani pcaii, ani] preim- 
, and occasioning a weeping from the 
urethra. 

To dihtinguith leuorrhsea from gonotthxa, 
tt will be iciy necessary lo attend Li Ihe tyii]|>- 
tomi. In the latltr, the running is coiislant, 
but in a small quantity j there i« much ardor 
urine, itching of tlie pudenda, suvtlina tkf the 
labia, increased inclination to venetj, and rer; 
freijucnilv an enlargement or the glandi in ihe 
ETOin; wlieii-'as, in ihe former, the dischaigi: is 
itiegular, corner awny often in lar^e lump. 
■nd in considerable quaiiliiies, and is neither 



Immoderate coition, injui7 done to the parts 
by difGcult and tedious lalxiur*, frequent mil- 
carriages, immoderate flowinga of the mensei, 
profute evacuations, poor diet, an abuse of tea 
and other causes giving rise to general debility, 
or to a laxity of the parts more immediately 
concerned, are those which usually produce 
the whites, vulgarly to called, from the dis- 
charge being commonly of that colour. 

Fluor albus, in some Ciises, indicates that 
there is a dis])ositiou to disease in the utrius, 
or parts connrcied with it, especially where 
ihe cjuaniiiy of the discharge is very copious, 
and Its quality highly acrimonious. By tome 
the disease hat been considered as never arising 
front debility of the system, but as being always 
a primary affliction of the uterus. Delicate 
women with lax fibres, wVio remove from a 
cold climate to a warm one^ are, however, very 
apt to be attacked with it, without the paru 
mving previoujiy sustained any kind of injury. 

The diseate shcwi itself by an irregular dis- 
cbarn from the uterus and vagina, of • fluid, 
which in diflercnt women varies much in 
colour, being either of « white, greeii, yellow. 



W H I ^Tl 

or bicvra hue. In the beginning it i^ 
ever, most usually white and pellucid, 
the pro^tejt of the complaint acijutrcs I 
rious discolouralioDs, and diflereni d^ 
acrimony, from nhcnce proceedi a iht 
grec of imarting in making water. J 
the discharge, the patient is ftet|nent]tal 
with severe anil (instant pains in the mi 
loins, loss of sirenpih, fsilore of appeti 
Jeciion o( spirits,' pulenuas of the couotci 
chilliiieu, and languor. Where the i 
has been of long coniinuauce, and veiyl 
a slow fever, attended with dil^cult reap!) 
palpitations, lainlings, and anartaicoui 
inge of ibe lower extremities, often cnssi 

A perfect removal of the disorder will 
times be a difficult matter (oprocutei 
will be much more so in cases of long 
iii^, and where the diicha^ ii accom 
with a high degree of aeiimony. la 
iy disorders, such as ptolapttn 
i of the organ, ati0| "" """ ' 
take place, which it 
fitnl. 

Where the disease terminatei in deal 
internul surface of ihe uicrui ai'peatt, i 
scclion, to be pale, flabby, and T(lix« 
where organic atfections have arisen, 
the same appearances ate to be met ■ 
have been noticed under the heulofl 
rhaaia. See Leucorrhjea. 

WntTB SWBLLIMC. SceARTBKOr 
andHVDARTHRUS. 

WHITEHAVEN, a leaporl in & 
land, with a market on Tuc»day. It b 
on a creek of the Irish sea, on the N.' 
a great hill, washed by the tide on tl 
side, where there it a large rock, or qo 
hard white stone, which gives name 
place, and which, wilb the help ofs 
stone wall, iccures the harbour. It t 
much imprmed in its buildings, and m 
its trade in coal and !>alt, there being di 
prodigious coal mine, which runs a co 
able way under the sea. A good trade 
carried on to Ireland, Scotland, Cbcitei 
tol. and to the W. Indies. It is 10 
S.W. of Cockermoulh, and 306 N. 
London. Lon. 3. 34 W. Lat. 54. 36 

WHlTEHOllN,a royai bntghof Se 
in Wigtonthire, governed by n piovosL 
a place of great antiquity, and said b 
been the first bishop's see in Scotland. 
eight miles S. of Wigton. 

Whitehorh, au island of ScodaDi 
the S.E. coast of the county of Wigtoii. 
4, SO W. Lat. 54.40 N. 

WHITEHL'RST (John), in biogru 
ingenious English philosopher, waa i 
Congltion in the county of Chester, th 
of April, 171.1, being the ton of ado 
watch-maker there. On his tjuittin^ : 
where it seems the education lie recctr 
very defective, be was bred by hit (ai 
his own profession, in which he soo 
hopes of his future eminence. 

At about tlic ase of twentv-one, hit 
■^ itrcd iiini U> I 



ness afici new idea 



WHITEHURST. 

rin^ bctnl of an iogpuoot piece of mccha- purposes of human life, by leading mankind 

•m in thil cityj beini^ a clock with certain to the discovery of many valuable subsuince* 

rioiis appendages, which he was very de- which lie concealed in the lower regions of 

WIS of seeing, and no less so of conversing the earth. 

1th the maker. On hit arrival, however, he May the 13th, 1779, he was elected and ad- 
old neither procure a sight of the former, mittcd a fellow of the Royal Society. Before 
ff draw the least hint from the latter concern- he was admiued a member, three several {tapers 
g it. Thus disappointed, he fell upon an .of his had been interted in the Philosophical 
pedient for ticoomplishins his design; and Transactions, viz. Thermomctrical Observa- 
coidingly took up his residence in the house tions at Derby, in vol. 57 , An Account of a 
ibe mechanic, paying the more liberally for Machine for raising VVaier, at Oulton, in 
s boaid, as he had hopes from thence of Cheshire, in vol. 65 ; and Kxiyeriments on 
ofc readily obtainmg the indulgence wished Ignited Substances, vol. 66 ; which three 
r. lie was accommodated wiui a room di- papers were printed afterwards in the coUeo- 

aoi'er that in which tlie favourite niece tion of itis works in I70'^> 
ept carefully lockcil up : and he hau not In 1793* be made a second visit to Ireland, 
a to wait for his gratification: for tlie aritst, with a view to examine the Giant's Causeway, 
I one day employed in examining his ma- and other northern parts of that inland, which 
lioc^ was suddenly called down stairs; which he found to be ciucfly comi>i)Bed of volcanic 
e ]^nng enquirer hapjiening to overbear, matter : an occount and rt-pre^entation of which 
Aly slipped into the room, ini|)ected the ma- are inserte<l in the latter ediiions of his Inquiry. 
me, and, presently Kntisfying himself as to During this excursion he erectf<l an engine for 
e secret, escaped undiscovered to his own raising water from a well, u> the summit of a 
artment. His end thus compassed, he hill, m a bleacbing-^romid at TnUidoi, in the 
oitlv after bid the artist farewell, and return- county of Tyrone, which is worked by a cur- 
io hit father in England. rent of water. 

About two or three years aAer his return In 1787, he published An Attempt toward 
MD-lrL'bnd, he left Congleton, and entered obtaining Invariul)lc Measures of lA^ngth, Ca- 
10 business for himself at Derby, where he pacity, and VVeiglit, from the Mensuration of 
m got into great employment, and distin- Time. His plan is to obtain a measure of the 
ishcd himself very much by several ingenious greatest length that convenieiicy will |)ermi(, 
crs of mechanism, both in his own regular from two pendulums whose vibrations are in 
e of busineas, and in various other respects, the ratio ot 2 to 1 , and whose lengths coincide 
IB the construction of curious thermometers, nearly with the English Mandard in whole 
RMKiers, and other philosophical instru- numbers. The numbers which he lias chosen 
ati, as well as in ingenious contrivances for show much ingenuity. On a supposition that 
ler-works, and the erection of various larger the length of a second*s |>endulum, in the lati- 
chines} bcins consulted in almost all the tude of London, is 39{ inches, tlie length of 
Jcrtakings in Derbyshire, and in the neigh- one vibrating 42 times in a minute must be 
ifing counties, where the aid of superior 80 inches; and of another vibrating 84 times 
11, in meclianics, pneumatics, and hydrau- in a minute must be 20 inches; ami their dif- 
^ was requisite. fcrence (JO inches, or five feet, is his standard 
[a this manner his time was fully and use- measure. By the experiments, however, the 
ly employed in the c^**ntry, till, in 17/5, difference bciween the lengths of the two pen- 
en the act bcint; passed for the better regu- dulum rods was found to be only 5gsg2 
on of the gold coin, he was appointed inches, instead of (iO, owing to the error in 
nper of the money-weights; an ofliicc con- the assume<l length of the s<.-cond*s |xMululuai, 
red uiwn him altogether unexpectedly, and SQl inches being greater than the troth, which 
.hout soliciution. lJ|)on this occasion he ought to be 3g\ very nearly. By this expcri- 
lorrd to London, where he spent there- mcnt, Mr. Whitchurst obtamcd a fict, as ac- 
ioder of his days, in the constant habits of curatcly as may l>e in a thing of this nature, 
livatingsome useful parts of philosophy and viz. the ditfcrcnce between the lenoiths o( two 
chanism. pendulum rods whose vibrations are known . a 
!n I77^> Mr. Whitchurst published his In- datum, from whence mav be obtained, by cal- 
ffj' iiiio the Ofiji^inal State and Formation of eolation, the true lengths of pendulums, the 
■fearth; of which a second edition ap|)eared spaces through which heavy bodies fall in a 
178(>, couikiderably enlarged and improved; given time, and many other ))ariicnlars relat- 
1 a ifkinl in 1792. This was the labour of ing to the doctrine of gravitation, the figure of 
ny xcais; and the numerotn investigations the earth, &c. 

:ca»ary to its completion were in themselves Mr. Whitchurst had l>een at times subject 

a of so untoward a nature as at tiines, though to slight attacks of the ^^out, and he had for 

was naturally of a strong constitution, not a se%'cral years felt hinifelf ^rradually declining. 

Ic IO prejudice his healtn. When he first By an attack of that disease in his stomach, 

tcrrd upon this species of research, it was after a stru;!gle of two or three months, it put 

I altossether with a view to investigate tl.e an end to liis laborious and useful life, on the 

maiion of the earth, but in part to obtain 18th of February, 178ft, in the 75th year of 

*h n competent knowledge of subterraneous his ngc, at his liousc in Holt-court, Fleet- 

igra|4jy as might become subservient to the street > being the liouse in which another emi* 



H I 

rent self-taught philosopher, Mr. James 7«- 

Eusoii, had inimediattly befotc him llvcil and 

' WHITELl'VKHED. o. (from wHtf md 
liner,) Envious; malicious; cowanHy. 

WHITELY. a. (from tchite.) Coming 
near lo whiie (SouMtm). 

WHITEMEAT. 1. (inAi(«andmeo/.) Food 
madeofiiiitk (Spe*itr). 

WHITE MOUNTAINS. tl« highest ran 
of a ridge or niounlain«, in iheatale ofNeiv 
Hampsliire, in N- America. They cxiend 
N-E. and S.W. i »nd their height above an 
adjacent meailnw h SiOO feel; and Ihe mea- 
dow ii 3^00 feet above ihe IctcI of the sea. 
The mow and ice cover theui nine or Icn 
mnnlh) in the year; and during thai lime ihcy 
exhibit the brij^tit appearance Irom which they 
are dcnomindted the White Mounlaini. A[- 
thimgh they are 70 miles inland, ihey arc seen 
many leJ({uei off at sea, and apiiear like an 
exceedingly bright cloud m the horizon. 
Theit higliesl Buroniil ii in lai. 44" N. 

To WH ITEN . P. a. tfrom w/ii/r.) To make 
white ITenple). 

To Wiil'TEK. V. n. To grow white iSmilh). 

WHin'ENER. I. (from lehiirn.) One who 
makes any thing white. 

WHITENESS. I. (from Kkilt.) I. The 
stale of being nbiie; freedom from colour 
iNtwlon), S, Paleness {^Shaktpcaie). 3, Pu- 
rity i elcanncits (Druden). 

WHITE SE(\. a bay of ihe Frozen ocean, 
in the N- put of Russia, on the £. side of 
which stands the city of Atchaugcl. 

WHITEWASH. ». lu>kilt and wmA.) 1. 
A wajh lo make the ikin seem feit (ddditon). 
2- A kiml iif liquid plasier wilh which wiilli 
are whitened (Hurle), 

WHITE-W^ ASHING, i. the act of cleans- 
ing ceilings and w.ills, wilh a solution of iime 
in water, lo which a little size is occasionally 
added. 

The practice of while- washing apanmenls 
eminently eoniiibuiKs to the preserifation of 
'health; hence we would iccoinmcnd ihe pro- 
prielors of cottages to enjoin their tenaon 
regularly lo perform this operation, al least 
once annually. In countries abounding with 
lime, the expence will be irifling; and, even 
thongh this article should be purchased, the 
whole cost will not exceed one shilling, ll 
ought to be remarked, however, that hot or 
-quick-time is preferable lo any other, and must 
be emploj-ed as soon as pouible after it is 
slaeki-d; for, by attending to this circumstance, 
its cllects in desiroyinj vermin, and removing 
infection, will be considerably increased. 

WHITFIELD,orWMiTEriELi>CGeoige). 
one of ihe litst and most celebrated preachers 
■mon^ the melhodists, was born in iTH, at 
(he Bell inn, in Gloucesier, which was then 
kept by hii mother. He received his education 



Oxford. At ihe .ige of twenty-one, the fame 
of his piety recommended him so efiectuaJly lb 
Dr. Bcnwn, biabop of GlonccNcr, ihit be 



W H I ^f 

olTeied him orrtinatiiin, which hewcqik 
applied himwlf taofl indefaiigabiy to iJm 
ot hi; chaiactrr, preaching daily in p 
fields, and open Glreeti, wherever he v 
ihere would be a chance of nuking pw 
Having made himself nniversjlly kno 
England, he embarked for America, 
''" of methodism had begau M' 



very fast under his friends, John and i 
'!y. Here he gained manrconvcn 
iteil the orphan-house at Geor^a. 



Wesley. 



a long and successful course ofitiiicnnl] 
ing, his fortune improved as his fame iiH 
and he erected two cxlensive buildings G 
lie worship ; one iuTollenham-court-ro 
the other in Moorhelils, where, with the 
some assistants, he continued for aeicnl 
attended b^ oveiilowin^ congregations; 
altoestpblishmenisorihe same kind in 
parts of the kingdom, besides being con 
s* chaplain to the countess dowaucr ol 
ingilon, with several chapels built um 
patronage. By ■ lively, fertile, and p| 
ing genius, by ihe most aaweoried m 
by a forcilile and persuasive delivery, h 
failed 10 produce a good effect upon his 
cd and ndmiriiif* audiences. Ametioi 
ever, which had consianily enga^ n 
his at lent' on, was destined to close hi 
and he died at Newbury, about 40 mil 
Bosion, in New England, iu \^^0. 1 
mnns and other works are well known, 

WHITHER. D. (hpysep, Sa«on.J 
what place? inicrrOEarivcIy {Dn/ien)! 
what place : absolutely (tf i/ton). 3. Tt 
place 1 reialivcly (unrenrfcn}, 4. t\ 
degree : obsoleie (BenJonton). 

UjIITilERlTE, in mincraW. ■ 
carbonat of baryies ; colour yellowii 
passing into greyish-white and pale a 
low: It is found massy, dissemtnaied, 
crystallized, ai .Angtezach in the onrtb i 
cashire. al Schlangenhtii^ in Liberia, ai 
Neiihuig in Up|ier Slirid. 

WHITHERSOEVER ad. Imkia 
inratT.) To whatjoerer place (TauiorX 

WHITING, in ichthyology. SeeC 

Whitihc (Foul), in ichihyok^. 

WHITISH, o. (from «,hilt.) Soi 
while IBoulr). 
WHl'llSHNESS. I. (from vtihsJ 



Leather dressed wiih alum, rcmarlu 
longhne^s (Chapnan). 

WHITLOW. SfeSuRGEHY. 

Whitlow-worm, iu helminitM^ 

GOBD.US. ^ 

WHITSUN-FARTHINGS.oi 

called Smoke-far things r>r Quadranlu 
Dstalei, a cnmposiiion for offeriop 






Whin 



igland, who orcupied 
Willi a chimney, lo the cathedral chuit 
diocese in which he lived. 

WHITSUNDAY, a sokmn fMin 
Christian church, olwerred ffii the M 



WHO WHY 

rnv in memory of the descent of the Sale in the laitap, not in teptrate small paicelf. 
lott npon the apostles in the visible 2, The whole mass(IPa//i). 
« ofoery cloven ioug;aes, and of those Who^lesalb. a. Buying or selling in the 
It powen which were then conferred lornp* or in large quantities {Addison), 
n. It is called Whitsunday, or White- WHaLHSOME. a. {heeUam, Dutch ; from 
because this being one of the stated hael, Saxon, healthJ) 1. Sound {4tterhufy), 
bapusm in the ancient church, those S. Contributing to health {Addison), 3. Pre- 
: baptised put on white garments, as serving ; salutary : obsolete (Psalms). 4. Use- 
that spiritual purity they received in ful ; conducive to happiness or virtue (Den- 

As the descent of the Holy Ghost ham), 5. Kindly; pleasing {Shakspeare), 

t apostles happened upon the day WHO^LESOMELY. ad, SalubricHMly j 

e Jews called reniecost, this festival salutiferously. 

the name of Pentecost among the WHOLESOMENESS. s. (from 'ktWcu 

istians. <»ffi^.) 1. Quality of conducing to health; 

rigin of this feast is by Epiphanius salubrity {Graunt). 2. Salutariness ; con- 

I high as the time of the apostles, duciveness to f^ood. 

ige, however, (Acte XX. 1 6.) to which WHOLLY, ad, {(rom whole,) 1. Com- 

, in proof of his position, has been pletely; perfectly {Dryden). S. Totally; in 

iken in another sense. But it was all the parts or kinds {Bacon). 

observed in the time of Orieen ; for WHOM. The accusative of who^ singular 

of it in his books aeainst Ccisus, Mb. and plural. 

illian also mentioned it before him in W HCMSOEVER. pron, (oblique case 

on Idolatry, cap. 14. And Irenaeus, of whosoevfr,) Any without exception (Locite). 

her of them, that is, about A.D. WHOCyBUB. s. Hubbub {Shakspeare), 

itioned it in his book concerning WHOOP, s. See Hoop. 1. A shout of 

5 the author of the Questions, under pursuit {Addison). 2. {upupa, Latin.) A 

of Justin Martyr, informs us; Qu. oird. 

7&WHOOP.v.yi. (from the noiiu.) Toshout 

^UNTIDE ISLAND, one of the with malignity {Skakspeare), , 

>rides, in the Pacific ocean. It is 12 2o Whoop, v. a. To insult with shouts 

g and five broad, and was discovered {Drydfn) 

n Wallis, on Whitsunday, 1767, WHORE. *. (ho ji. Saxon ; Aoere, Dutch.) 

. £0 E. Lat. 15. 44 S. K A woman who converses unlawfully with 

[TLE. 1. (hpyrel, Saxon.) 1. A men; a fornicatress ; auadultress; a strumpet 

!ss for a woman : not in use. 2, A {Ben Jonson), 2, A prostitute ; a woman who 

akspeare). receives men for money {Dry den). 

ti^TTLB. V. a. (from the noun.) 1. To Whore, v, it. (from the noun). To 

iih a knife. 2, To edge ; to sharpen : converse unlawfully with the other sex {Dfy^ 

Hakewill), den), 

^LEBURY FOREST, a forest in 7o Whore. v,a. To corrupt with regard 

Jt of Northamptonshire, nine miles to chastity {Congreve), 

, and, in some parts, abo\>e three in WHO'REDOM. s, (from whore.) Fornica- 

Here the wild cat is still found. In tion {Sou(h). 

I first duke of Grafton was appointed WHOREMASTER. Whoremo'noer. s, 

ranger of this forest, in wnich the {whore and master, or monger,) One who 

ake has a fine seat, called Wakefield keeps whores, or converses with a fornicatress 

{Shakfpeare) . 

1IZ. V. a, (from the snund.) To WHO'RESON. s, {whore and son.) A 

iid humming noise (Shakspeare). bastard {Shakspeare), 

pronoun, genitive whose; other cases WH(>RISH. a, (from whore.) Unchaste; 

ipa, Saxon; wie, Dutch.) 1. A incontinent (5Ao^n>^arr). 

relative, applied to persons {Allot). WHORTLEBERRY BEARS. See Uva 

I of many (Locke). 3. As who shall URSI. 

tically for as one who should say Whortleberry (Red). See ViTis 

4. It is used often interroaatively id^a. 

WHOSE. 1. Geniuvc of loAo. (Skak- 

EVER, pronoun, (who and ever.) speare). 2, Genitive of wAtcA. {Prior), 

without limitation or exception WliO'SO. Whosoe^ver. pronoun, (who 

and soever.) Any, without restriction. Whoso 

JE, a. (pal^, Saxon ; heel, Dutch.) is out of use (Bacon, South), ' 

»ul; containing all (67«aAr5pearf). 2. WHURT. s, A whortleberry ; a bilberry 

; not defective (Waller), 8. Un- {Corew), 

animpaired (Samuel). 4. Well of WHY. ad. (hpi, pofihpi, Saxon.) 1. For 

rr sickness (Joshua). what reason ? intcrro^tively (Swift). 2. For 

n, s. 1. The totality; no part which reason: relatively (Boyle), 3. For 

the complex ofall the parts (Z?roofMe). what reason : relatively (Milton). 4. It is 

fm ; a rrgnkr combination (Pope). sometimes used eniphatically (South), 

LKSALE. 1. {*chi,le and sale.) 1. WIIYNN DYKES, id niDtralog}-, dykes. 



W H Y N N 

Imtn, or nsliiral wtitl* of whin-swne, a pe- 
ciiiijc siiccirs nf liaiilt, fnutu) in Tsriiius \nt\9 
of i\)e world, but nowhere OHM' grind ami siu- 
pcndoutatCiileagon the Scotch and [tishcoaiU. 
T'le nature and origin of this singuliirlT ar- 
mngrd and niosi tvonileriul mincnt produce 
lion have fur many yean sirongly attracted the 
Mieii'ioti snd diviutd iheojiiiiiiiii of i^eoli^itia. 
ThJe Swedci and Germans, witli M- Bct^ 
man al iht'u head, hare ccaiendecl that it ts 
oria at]ueo(» iirigin ; tod their argummli are 
hiphl}' plaiMible, and have met with emensive 
lupport in Gtcat Briiniii. The French atitl 
the Italians, on the contrary, with variiw* 
other Kngliih philoMjihcTs, liave CDntendecl 
for its being an igntoui forraaiion ; and henoe 
wtijnn djkei are by the Tolluwcrs of this 
ichool uniformly dciiotninaied lara vcina. 
But here the latter clan of geolDgiiis a]ipc»r 
to disagree : one division of ibem, with Dr. 
Hutlon and professor Playfair in tiie fore- 
ground, believing thcin to con^iBt ofnnetuplMl 
Tai-a, or of matter fused by Mine enoriuoufl 
Mibterrunenn heal, and forced up the haiahic 
cavities and inleriticei in which it is usually 
found, byiOQie onknown power; while an- 
other division of ihcm, led forward by Dr. 
Hatnillon, as plausibly conjecturinz them lO 
consist of erupted lava, thrown forth from 
rolcarun in a state of violent aciivilv, and 
Ibrced down the same cavities, as it roth for- 
ward bj its specific gravity. And hence, while 
the aqueout system is denominated die Neji- 
tuitian, the first division of the izneoiu system 
ii denotxiinaled the Volcanic, and ibesccond 
the Plutonic. 

Dr. Richardson, who has lately written se- 
veral valuable and important iiaprrs on liiis 
carious subject in the PhiloaOpnicitl Trarsac- 
lions, aupeais to have adopted a third opinion, 
essentially tiill'crine from both the preceding. 
He shows evidenlly thai the whynn dyhcd of 
Jrelund and ScolUnd cannot be of ignenut 
origin, whilil he believes that instead ol being 
posterior to the basaltic oioiintainf or the 
other rocks they cut through, all of which he 
conceives to be of aqueous hinh, he supposes 
them to have possesii-d an antecedent <lui«, 
and to form the frame-work or skeleton of the 
globe. His lut paper upon this subject is of 
too mncb iin|,nrtance, in the present nnceruin 
*i3le of mineralogy, to be past by, and we shall 
hence prescitt our readers with the following 
eiiRtcts from it. It occurs in the gih vol. of 
ihc Hmil Fr^-H A'-i--^- 

■■ T' ■ '■■! : '■■ ;!-(>ric!cs ire 

itc, . , . I, rices from 

those on Che i.cinhern CMSt of Irdand. Tliere 
they are found on, and above, the surface, ge- 
ucrally a few feet ; and often serve ai fences, 
whence they obtain their name. In this form 
they run nnrthwards quite to the extremity of 
these islands, ascending and descending mouti- 
taint, crossing teasj and nhete iheK are nar- 
row, the dykes that run into the water at one 
tide of a channel are teen rising out of it at 
the other side, steadily pumiing tlicit formed 
lecttlintal coune. 



'"H'te 



DYKES. 

" With OS they are sometima exhlliiird li 
B vcrydifTeteiir manner. TTieir first anpar- 
anee is in the {acei of our vast |icrprriaimbr 
precipices, where they aie seen caiiin|( •eni- 
cally the several strata of which ihnc are eum- 
posed, and then burying diemidtei 'm the 
northern ocean. 

■■Theohfervnlions made on tireie whrna 
dvHes in Ihe two countries, taken toieititr, 
make our inroritiation on the hiihjeO enm. 
plere. In the Hebrides we ate surpriirdat 
the incredihlc length lo whidi these mighij 
walls prtieecd, and we see them peii«fatiii| 
itidillertntly all tubsiances they encoonw^— 
with us we can measure a part, and i pvt 
only, of iheir slupeitdous height, a* >t ibt 
Milestone ItXf feel, at Port Sparta 330^ 
at I'aithead pmbablj more; and we wo Bij 
serve the effect, or rather the n^in— ffiwt, piw 
duced at their contacts with the di(R:rrui ttit" 
Icrials they meet, as the;- art setn in the Eica 
of our precipices. 

" By Mr. Mills's accnunt, tPhil. Tub. 
17!l0,) the island of Lisniore, entirely liw- 
stone, is crossed by whynn dykes, «a is lU 
limestone at Gartness; at lonsgtaaii; ittbc 
contiguous matter, at Juva chert, at Prntbia 
a whjnn dvke is crossed by a lead vein, loit 
another at OUkow B^i at the itic of Ana 
Jameson Rnds them cutting thnw^ 
■ Micaceous ichistui. 
the whjnn dykes at the w«- 
ward of the Giant's Causeway cut ihiaogi) 
strata of table bn-ali, an J ted nchtcoui mUbf, 
placed alternately ; at the Gianl*s Caumnf, 
and Port Spagna, they cut thmn^ sttitt af 
finer basali, dis))oscd in prismatic pillaii iwtnk 
at Fairliead they encoiinlc/ new iiuti^iill, to 
wit, alternate strata of freestone and coal. 

'■ In both countries these inishn svath u* 
always of bdsalt; their gener:il inicknn* >• 
from twelve lo fifteen feel, though in cm 4^ 
two instances they do noi exceeirtwa nr Ullft 
feet, and at Gartness the whynn d}ke it S) 
yards across; but it has not been aMvnaiMd, 
in any instance, to whit depth the}- rc«k | 
beoeaili ihc surface, even in the'dtepe' 

"Though the material of which ibcieirllh 
are composed seems to be in general ihcnRC, 
yet from Mr. Milh's account ihere »i» in- 
poitant differences between the Scotiih whjia 
dykes; and with us scarce any two of oat 
dykes, that are acccj'ible, exactly (is will ap- 
iieat) resemble each other. 

"Asihcwhjiiii dykes Mr. Mills eb.B«* 
arc uiiqoe^tinnably basalt, he calls then) ■! 
lava, and attempts to prove it by a sort oTvspC 
inductinn : page 75, he says, Islay wh^ 
dykes resemble those at ftallycastle, whit* 
take their rise in a country confessedly abova'- 
ing with volcanic matter. 

" Now the specimens from the Islar drlj'" 
strongly resemble (as he says) the Derbjriui^ 
toadsone, formed, as he asserts (page gs), If 
anblerraneoiw fire, 

" Of Derbyshire X will not presume to «>T 
any thing, having uevei viuted it ; but tt« 




WH YN 

r«i» upon tlic 

4dwie tosdsione tirju were rotnicti by >iir- 
Iftwire eigptlons of ■ volciing at iht cenire of 
'|lhee*nh, ivhich |ioi>riiig »p repcnied toirenti 
itf liqaid Ieka; tbrse tprrail wlien they ap- 
IjoTOKited the Isiiifacc of the ctrih ai different 
I disTulKS. and formed ihc loadstone itrata. 
I ■• When Mr. Milli endeavoun to eslablish 
I'tiitnoinions bj HMcrlioni relative to my coun* 
try, 1 will venture to reply to him. 

'■ The precipice from which the wh^nn 

dfkei isue at Ballycajtle, by liii owd account, 

nruiiti of iltrtiiatc sirala of fieeilone and 

ttil, not very like volcanic mailers: and a: to 

iit potilivc and general aucriion, that our 

lua'lic cnuiitiy confessedly aboundi with vul- 

np\j in hit own st^'e, 

ilively and (^netatly, thai it doe« not attoril 

tingle particle <if vnlcanic matter) that I 

— cxmnined ihit uael for a lunger tiihe, 

probably with niore Rtlciitiou, than any 

.__r [leraon ever did, or 1 would not preauine 

baxan) (lie asiertiun >n conlidenilv. 

When your lordship a mi good as to per- 

' the proniiie ym made mo, of spending 

time witli mc at the Ginui's CauKway, 

rill be able to judge for yonnelf at to the 

. of these coniradictQiy asscriioni. 

The advocnm for igneou* operations over 

•urface ofour ;:lobe are su prejudiced, that 

lUiRoiciii to refute ihem merely 

'^■atelheir own words As Mr. Mills'; paper 

-now before mc, I will give your lordshiji an 

itance 1 He says, (page i)3,) ' in short, from 

K *ety TUile and irreaurar nppeannce of the 

nnnrtit of the hill (Loffi thill), from its rising 

•wUenlyfiom ihelimeiloneiIratii,and from 

r whynn d^lie that run* through it, 1 am 

Bongly iiidincil lo believe it (>f volcanic 

if^a. Now, Bi limesione and volcanic mat- 

n ne not very congenial, and as we do not 

■d thai I whynn dyke has been met with in 

e fwlgtibourhood of anv volcano, I conceive, 

itb gml deference to Mr. Mills, Ihil iF he 

H determined lo draw a conclusion fioui 

nedotn, it should have been a contrary one." 

I>r.Bichar(l!ion, however, does not rest upon 

m flbwrvalion, hot followg up the enquiiy 

r ■ loti^ and concluiive stjileuienl of lacis, 

bicfa we regret that we hare not room lo 

tpf. He then ub»rves as follows : — 

' " Thou^li the bajali scpis in mines in ge- 

._!, and er^ty one ofour own whynn dykes 

Ballycaiiie, arc attended by a deuresitcin of 

I ittaia on one side ; yet thoM: I have dc- 

ibed il Bengnre Head are accompaaied by 

' ' ig similar, except ihc one at tttc Cause- 

and proceeding furihcr eaitward, eoast- 

'" promontory, wc meet with three dc- 

_._ s of our iiliaia, where nothing lilie a 

. _ ^'nn djke is to be found. 

J •' The first is singular and besullful ; it Is 

Br « D^ile east from ihe CauMway, and a 

MTtCTof a mile beyond the last dyke. "The 

ndpiee here a uncoramonly magnificeRt, iti 




L 



N DYKES. 

height more than 3i0 TcH ato' 
and the upper part of thi: , 
|ierpcndicular, and extends half a mile ( 
cither side, is 150 feet. 

" Thii whole face is composc<l of lhre|| 
strata, two of them farmed of superb basalt, 
pill3is4S and aa feet long, with an inierme~ ' 
diale stratum, near 60 feci, of anulhei rartelj 
of basalt i ihe lowermost of these strata, when 
produced westward, dijis, and at its intersect 
tinn with the sea forms thu Gioni't Cause* 

" Thi) grand facade, together with th*. 
whole promontory, is as il were cut down and, 
biiciMed by a vertical plane, on the west side 
of which the pronionlaiy and all its atrutft 
hare sunk and subsided about 40 feel, without 
any olhcr shake or disturbance, all the itrala 
in the subsided part still remaining accurately, 
parallel to the permanent strata, and proceed* 
jng westward in their Ibrmer direction, ouly 
from poinli 40 feet lower. 

" An account of the variety, arrangement, 
and allcraliona of these strata, so couipleieljr 
displayed in ihe nipcrb face of this precipice, ' 
where nature Ecenn to have intended to ex>, 
hibit to the philosopher the order in whicb ' 
she has disposed hermaierials, without putting, I 
him to the trouble of Df^netraiing into th«- 
bowels of the earth, would leail me iar beyond 
the limits of a letter. How these siraia, with 
their asceiil, culminations, dip, and immer- 
lions, have hilhcrlo escaped the observation of 
natunltsis is quite beyond my comprehension. 

'* The two depressions furlher east are mucU 
inferiur to this ; I shall only observe that thert 
is not the least appearance of crack or disrup* 
tion, the strata on both sides of the depression 
are nil consolidated into one mait. 

" When searching for whynn dykea upon 
our iiQtihcrD coasi, I was obliged lo omit 
about four miles of it lying between Bengore 
Head and Carriekarcde, us being too distant ' 
from PorltUih and Ballycastle, where I wa* 
used to take boat, nnd totally void of shelter^ ' 
even for the smallest craft. 

"To Ihe westward of Bally castle I saw only 
one dyke. On the cast side of Kenbaan Point, 
a rock emerges from the water, which I hava 
no itoubt is part of a dyke, from the appear*, 
aoce it made ; and as I apiiroached it, i per- 
ceived it was formed of horj'ontdl prisms : 
here tbo a new fealore occurred, common in- 
deed in the dykes further cistward, but whicli 
I had not observed in any of ihoie 1 had yet 
examiaed ) ihc cenire and sides of thi* one 
were constructed difleientty, the prisms in the 
centre being larger than those in ibe sides, and 
all very neal, the Krain loo, probably, as in, 
oiber ciKi, also dihered ; but 1 was precluded.' 
frnm examining any of the circumsunc** which 
■Itcnded this curious little snlitaty rock, by th« 
violent surf which then broke upon it. 

" Hitherlo the precipice cut through by the 
whynn dykes, and ine roclti from among, 
which they nmeitioe* emerge, were all basalt. 



WHYNN DYKES. 

VDifbrmlyitralilied; bul the accumululioo of ever, diuin^iihed b; theoanmof ^ 

ttieu sitaia, after regularly dipping, imuicigea aud PlutoniiU, thai have of bie taku. (—.a- 

beneath the bea to the westwarJ ot Ballycustlej sion ufall the basalt in the woflU, •I'd tu*t 

and a new system of maieni^b arises at the divided it between iheutselies, under the d(- 

cad of the strand tu the east warii, (□ iv)i, al- scriiiiiuns of erupted aitd luuniMcd lava; mi 

tcrnalc strata of freestone and cual ; these sic tbey have go cunvinced Ur. Ueddoei a( the 

cut through exactly in the tame manner the validity of ihcit claioi, thai he My*, 'Iihall 

basalt strata were, by retlical iVhynadykes, assumciheoiigiiiofbasaltes fiam tubtctnuos 

which all run into the tea, acroiis the bcacif fusion tu be thoroughly esiablubcd.' 

■I the foot of the precipice. " After such a round assuiupuo* il mif be 

"These singular walls are iiot'confined to deemed uncivil to qucsUoD the iggeuuaoniia 

fhe northern coast of out basalt cuuinry ^ its of our basalt dykeaj but naiutal Tiialaty iiiwl 

eastern side abounds with ihcmsljll nioie. It to be sacriticeJ out of rLSpcel to canfidenlM* 

was not in my potvet to examine any of those scriiun ; ] will theicroie try by the Mu «{ 

except auch as lie m the bay of BelfuBt, but facts whether that deKrjptioa t>f b«ttllM 

my ingenious friend Dr. M'Donatd (a zejlgus (which your lordship wiabes for isIofiMtMU 

mineralogist) whose pursuits iu that line have ujion) ever was in futiou. 

of late been much impeded by great success in " Foreigners seem to know little of wbfU 

hi) proffsainn,^ informs me that ihcy cnm- dykes except in mines. Mr. Su Food finiol 

meiice near hiurUigh, when: my tour on that at Chaniareile in Vivaniis what UobvHMrijt 

tide ended-; that they are very numerous about whynn dyke, and it embirraaxd hint w»e 

Torr point, Garrou point, and in general iiti than any fact he ever wet witb ^ ii will b* 

all projecting jrainti on that coast ) and he found euterlaining In look iitio tut Vol. csdt 

cDncci\es (I think judiciously), that paints be- Vi>aroi>, and into his Min. dc* Vol. MM* 

ins found where the dykes aru most numuroui, the diltculties into which (his nurant 4* te( 

arises from the proicctioii they ^ve (he land in compaclr, this ruiiaeau dc LaiiUir nt fitmi 

those places, iiteiendiif; the sea from making has thrown bini, and the swingeing potiuUid 

ihc same inroads there it did ou the adjaceiil he is ubli(red to make, in oidct to get «tt 

pari). them. 

■' Dr. M'Donald and ! exam! OL-d together ■' Dr. Hamiltonon hthalfof the Volcaniui, 

the dykes at While-house point, four miles and Dr. Hutlon, the great advucata fur ibt 

from Belfast i seveial of them are crowded la- Pluiouic system, arc uioie ready at ihci/ a- 

Kelher, three or four run patallel in an £.S-t£. pedicnisj the lint uf Iheie forms our vibjm 

direction at about I bl) yaids from each utbcr, dyke) by pouring in erupied lava ai ihe upfici 

and are in one place crossed by anoiher >l aperture of mighty chasms; while Dr. HulM 

acute angles; several of these dykes, Iain toM, conceives ttiesc chasnia were filled up If 



ate traced across the county of Down on the his own unvrupied lava, forced 

opposite side oi Belfast lough. lower. 

" Though these dykes were so near, yet they "In discussing the opinion* of ihese gcoilt- 

differed materially fiom each other ; in many men, I will make them the most liber.ii ceo- 

tbe middle part and ihe sides were not uf the cessions ; lor insiance, 1 will coiicrUe t^baita, 

same grain, nur constituted on the same princi- that ihey have discovered the procisa by wbKli 

pie; in some we found zeolite in Ihecentte, but nature lias formed chasuis of iiuuitasoiaUe 

not in ihe sides; in others the middle pait was length, luimeatutabtc depth, and of incDu- 

formed by cutting it across (no doubt intit sidrtablc, ih^gh unifatWi breadth. 
prisms), while the sides were a rude mass " 1 will concede to lit. Jliuiilioa that he 

studded with coarse lound stones, about the has brought lo theedgeuflhechasias hit Ian, 

size of an eighteen- pound ball ; these lust Dr.^ ' this foreign substance, t^hich usnina (tarn 

M'Donald assured me he had often broken, the vast mass of basulics that I 

and found tlicni composed of concenlric nonhtm extremt^ of Faiilwad, has 

■pheies, tike the pellicles of an onion; some over the adjoining strata,' and (Imi he hnil 

of the dykes wen uf solid massive prisms laid ready 'to &ll upeacbcleflaudiiicuily.' (Hm. 

3uite across, while one or two hada longitu- Antrim, let. 6, part I.) 
iiul division runniog through their miodLe, " 1 will also admit m favour of Dr. Ilailol^ 

as in the iccond dyke at Faiihead. that he has his unerupted lava ready at )M 

" In all, the lines markhig the construction bottom of these chasms, that he lias his ar 

of the dy^Les, whether accurate or fiiini, were chinery piepareil for foiciug it up, and that bt 

across Bl right aiulci )o their directions, but has snrmounied his great ditbculiy, anddi*- 

the peife<;t[an of the workmanship was very covered a mode of supporuug such a nM 

diflerent; and when we attacked them with when raised; a point iipoa which, lMvia| 

a ligjll sledge, wc found tome to crumble, be- tailed himself, he would iliicoungo oliMn 

ing in a state of decomposition, others resisted trom forming Gonjeclttro. (kiliubui^ TnoL 

our eBbris, while some broke iiitoimall qua- vol. 1. page yi\i.) 

draii'gular prisms, like the dykes at PotiS[iagna " Noi wit hi landing these cuiKnaiooi, it will 

and the Gnni i Cdiiwway. not be dilhcuh tu show thai ibcw gcDil*n«i 

" Therf ate ttvu leGlt of naturalist}, how- have uot discu>ci«l ibe icctei of uaiui* tu C 



W WHY 

idlniftrchnctinjiulnr nulls Sn<l itint 
re not farm n] by liquid Lvd titling uji 

Many of oiir colitigiious dykes differ 
It rrom cneh oihei, yicl llieir prusiutilj 
uui, ac<'i>rdii)i to tlie theory of eiilirr 
nilutu or Ur. Hution, they uiuat hiive 
ed up (lom the unit source, aiid with 
t material, 

r. Min; of these dykes, bolh iu Irc- 
I ScMland, .hew a nia'crlal ditTt-mice 

thdr iiiiildle pini and iheir fides, 
gn>i> mkI inieriial principle of con-'' 
I ; tliG change too ii not gradual, but 
a, SI if the dtuimilnt parti were >c- 
hota each other by planet pamlltl id 
Iw: all thli it perfectly incompatihlc 
: high Miile of fluidity in which ihe 
a hare beeni-t" enable it to fill up va^t 
■finch diiiiiuutiTc brradth. 
I, Our whynn dykei come in cnninct 
great mrieiy of dlficrcni sulxtaiices, 
prMJocinK tucb efTcct upou any one 
M laight be expected Irom the coii- 
Tm Rowing a ma»i but however ihit 
:l may bear agiilnit the Vulcjiii^'s, the 
ti wiU lay it dnei not apply to ihen>, 
henic.il nperationa of DBtiire are car- 
:> Dr. Ilultoii'i subterranean lalioralory 
ittntly rrom what we ser on the »ur- 
urgbbc: in the former Dr. Hution 
careoin alruia are coniolidaitil by the 
ii>flieatatid tiinple fudon,' .-ind ajuin, 
proted that thue strata h^i'l bren cnn- 
Djrainiple fusion,' (iM^c SiJ.) Ur, 
however confnart it- h not easy to 
cud lliii : ' and to be convinced that 
uenus Uone, which calcines hi ca&ily 
nt, abould hare been brought into 
• lubterraneouf heat Kiihout suffering 
to, BUM rt(|iiire a chain of rcaiuiiiriB 
try une i* nut able la coinpiehend7 

It i* not rteceisai; on ihis occastin to 

the mytteriva of 3 Ijbnratnry, to 

1 have uoi accoa. uor 10 calculate ilie 
Ir.lliillan'i great agent, compreatinni 
BbKrvatimii on the rontacis of the 
oar whvan dykei with the substances 
lunier, wing made no the aurface of 
I, in the open air, cieii admiliinij 
:a to be fonncJ as Dr. Hutton aup- 
ia nnerupted lava is uow becouie 
ind of counc, Iu use hit own word*, 
ibMancn which calcine and vtlrifv in 
(hould auffer aiinilar chaoses when 
rrom 4 coniprruion which reiidi-n 

id,' <]vlinbursh Tran;. pa»e t'«0.) 
Mbalancta, when i^iiiicl, are in a 
lerdtUtalioUi ihisis AiUomcxI, when 
I, faf a mninctiun, if>i« Telrailt, by 
ity aocupy leaa arace than ihey did 
atat i 01 course, nad otir dykes been 
|i«l uu viih glowing lata, when ihii 
onolnl and contiaclcd. it could uo 
I up ihcac chocmi at before, but muM 
i Mparatc from their tides, Itiiiina 
-"^PABT II. 




ifrterriilj nij dlsmptions; but nothing lilie (h'n 
h oli^iied, the dyke and comi^uous iiinticr, 
'■''"'—■' ■■ '"- are tulidly uiiileJ logi'tlicr, 

wJ'ivnn dykea luggc^t other curloiia 

« COUligUOUS II 



H but o 



^^P/ 



'■'fliLW why; .. ^ 

Jnesiions : VVere they formed at ihe Mine 
nic with the couliguous inuleriJls I 
" Were ihev poiterioi to ihcm, «a Dr. 
flaniiltoH and Dr. Hutton aupposc i 

" Or, were they antecedent |o the itialiliEi] 
maMCa, that every where cjiue in touiacl with 
them .' 
^., " The inntilily of such «pcruIalious detera 
me frxiii rnierinii: into lliein. ! must however 
confcis, that the facts seeoi to give itionger 
nrgniites tn the two first queMions, than to 
the last. But who woulil iit,zinl\ to bold all 
opinion, li that thene mighty W11II5 were iIm 
lir^t pnof our world thnt was formed f Whiit 
an idea must it convey to ua of ihii fiauic- 
work or skelcioi. ofourgbbcl 

" A new theory 1 conceive more likely to 
be a iiuiiauce than an acquiiiiign to naturaJ 
hittory ; and thai the road to the advaDcement 
of llic acience would be belter laid oneii by 
deairoying tome of those we have already." 

WHY'NOT. ad. A cant word for tioleol 
or uereinptofv ptocedure (lluJilrrat). 

WIBURGIA, in botany, a genu; at the 
class di.adeljihia, iiidcr decaudria. Calyx five* 
toothed, wttb the cavities niuudod : legiuuc 
turgid, erooved, winged. Three *[iccica, na- 
tives of ihe Cape. 

WI8UBO, or VitoRo. a goTcmmant of 
Hunin, loriiierly Bassian Finland, and com* 

Erised in Krxhnlm and Carclta. It wai ceded 
y the Swedes to the Russians, partly by the 
pence of Nysiadi in 1721, and partly by the 
treuty of Alio in IJ43. Bet'ide pasture), th« 
country produces rye.oats, and barley, but not 
(ulTirienl for the inhabitants. In the ^• 
vrrnnr*& rourt, biisine>s is trantocied in the 
Swcill>b, German, and RumIbq timguea. Lu- 
iheranism is the cttablithed rcliginii ; but 
Greek woraliip has Inen inituduced b* ihc 
Ko».uns 

WiBURO, a fnrtilied seaport of Ruuia, 
eapitui of a jt^vcmineni of the same name, 
and a biiliip's see, with a slroiijc citadel. 'The 
hnam are dmrnl entirely built ol stone. The 
rhirf ">Port* are planks, tallow, pitch, and 
Uf. Tne surrounding country is pleasant; 
and near it. at linatra, is the famous cataract 
of the Wou, which makes a noise ninrc 
siunoiiiglhan that of the Rhine at Lauflen. 
Wibur^ tlands on the N.E. point of the gulf 
of rinhind. 1 10 miles N.N.W. of Petaraburg. 
Lon. !&. lOE. Lat. Oo aSN. 

WiBCHG, a city of Denmark, in N'mh 
Jutland, capital of adioceicof iheaimcnamc, 
and the seat of the chief court of justice in ihe 
province. In I7il^. a lire burnt the calbedrol, 
a church, the tawnhouac, and the bisbop'a 
palace: but they hate all been nagiiificenily 
rclfuilt. It is sraicd on • lake, in a jienltisula, 
9.'' milea N. MfSlcswiek. Lan-9-SoE. Lit. 
iQ. vo A*. 

•H 



A 



WIC, Wict, comci fram the SmUA pw, dwriAr.i !■ the pian dme Vf^kliffwHp»i 

which, sccaidiiig to the different t^ture and Mileill^llwkingUi tlKncUH^bfLniUtwonk 

condiiion of plans, hath a ihrttfold MguiBca^ 19 Lnccitei shirr, and in IS7& he obuiDdi 

(ion; hnplying either a Tillage, nt ■ bajr niaitc prebend in Uk.- (^tmich of Wettboiy b Qg» 

by the winding baiifci of arirer, or B caitle ccftenhlrt.' \^ idliET continned tuitn, 

I {Oib*0M), - . without moll-Mi. I ion, 10 oppoM the pt^ at- 

WICK. (. (peocc, Saxon; m»ctt. OutO ihority ; bai in 1377 a bull wM ttntamU 

.. Th« lubstiuiM round which ia applied the the iKhhiiL'iii ^>f Caiiterbuijri and ta€M^ 



onienng (faein id 



in« lutMimiM round which la applied ibe tile iKhfaiili'iii ^>f Caiiterbun 

mx or tallow of a torch, or candle (Difiy). ncv, biibopoi l/^ndon.onienn 

Wick, a borough of Scotland, lod the thii(iTGh-bei<^tic^. nnd tij him , 

: capital of Caiihncuihiiv, with a harbour uii *ame time tin |;'ii>ewiote(o ibe ktBg,npHl> 
,aninktof the German ocean, at the mouth of, ing him 10 r.ivoiii the biihopain theHwa- 
ariTer of the Mme name. Much kelp it made lion: he also smi a bull to Oibra, ram- 
here, but' the titberiei are (he cliirf object of inanding the iitiiit'rsiiyto givehioi up. Bcibk 
inponance. Il 11 55 milei >'.£. of Doinoch. ihetc bolls icnrhcJ Eiteland, Edwanl Hl.ini 

. Lm. e. &1 W. LaL 58. ei N. dead, and ^Vid.lilT, proit^ted hy Jolin dab 

"WVCKED.: I. Giyea to vicej nolgood; of Lancaatcr, uncle 'o Richaid II. Unvd 

fbgitloiia; DMially bad (.Milton). E, It it a by the qiieiL'ii-n:i<:ihn-, an<i soppoiled \^ ila 

w<vt1 of iDdtcioiii or tlight blame (Skali'). citiacnt of l/>iulcii, cliuti^I ilic pf^necmma <i 

■ 3. Caned ; biiieful ; pemiciouB j Iwd in effcU pune Gn^ry W . who died tu 1378. In lii 

<,^taktteaTt\ following ye:ir this iiiLrr)>ld rcliinncr pionvl 

WICKEDLY, ai. Criminally g cormpllyi tomrliament ^ icicii: paiK-ragiinsT thcl^tinn 

badly {Clarendo^. ofltome, v.<<ne i>L'''>mu ihe papil (uorcanrr 

'. WlfCKEON^. 1. (from mektd.-) Cor- and inbllibilU^. and published a bvufcoDilw 

tuMJnqiornanDatigiiilt; moral ill (jWfha)'. Tnith of the SL-iipluits, blenilrd tr> ntt)BN 

WlfCKmi- <>■ i'ign, a tni^ I^aidi.) the wa* for -^ti Ej>g1i!h traiislotinn f4 vat. 

Made of jpiall itickt (&niMrj. in whicn he had made eoniitleTsUe ptognu. 

WiGKKKTRBB, in Dotanv. See Soaau*. In 1381 he puhlislicd Sixteen Ccnclmnoi.ia 

WICKET, a (mall door in the g^te of a the lint of which he Tcniiitcd to eipcMiiE 

IbrtiAed place. Sec. or a hole in a door through gnnil . artick of tranxibuatiiiaiion. Th« 

' which U riew what paitea witbouL con^»lunt being cnndcnined by ibe cbiDol- 

. . WICKLIPF (John), the Grtt diTliw ia lor of Oxford, Wic).l>ifB|>|iealc]t«tttt 11^ 

. £arope who had retolution to attempt a re- and parliatncm ; but Uma dnnted by ba 

fomuujon of religion, nat burn about the year nnttc^dy ptron iheduke of Xaficatlcr,be<» 

' .. Its*, in the pariih of Wycliff, near Rich- jobliged to make a confetfion at OtSoA ; ri 

tnoDd, in Yorkthire. He wat educated at <by an order froai ihe king wai opclfcd *c 

' Osfoid, fint in Queen'i, and afterwards in unirenity. i\e now retitol 10 hit Itring <f 

Merton collese, of which lie was a proba- Liitlcrworlh, where ht finiihed hit uaut 

lioncr-fcllow. ' H.iving ac()uired the rcnnUlion tion of the blhle. Thia version, of vhick 

of a man of great learning ami abiiiilN, in there are seicrdl manuscript co|iie* in tb 

13(>1 be wat chosen n}u«(er uf Baliol hall, and libraries of' tlir- nnivcr.-ilits, Briiitb MMRm, 

in 13(33 Constituted warden of Canterbury kc. is a rery literal 1ran^lation from ihe Lioi 

college, by the founder, archbishop Simon de vulgalc. In' 1 '.ri3 he wjs suddenly slnick « ilk 

Islip ; but was, in I3(J7, ejected by the regii- the iinlsy ; a n peiiiin'i of which put an end 1* 

lars, tofcether with three secnlar fullowi. He hij Ufc in Uec ruber I3!U. He was bnritdul 

thought their procei-dings arbitrary, and there- bis own chun li. where his bones were irf» 

fore appealed to the pope ; but instead of ub- eil to rc>t in ]...ir<^ till the jear 1-128, when,hf 

taining redress, in 13/0 the ejccinicni wat an onler from ilic poi*, ilwy were taknif 

confirmed. Tliiii didappoiniment probably and burnt. — lti>.ldet a Dumber ofworkitbtf 

conlribiitrd aomcwhit toward) hit enmity lo hare been piiiiitd, be left a ptodigioui a^ 

the vec of Rome, nr rather lo cnntirm that bcr nf maim^rripls ; an aecuraie lut nfirkiik 

enmity ; for he had long before mitten a^insl may be seen in Ijishoji Tanner't Bib. Brit. Hih 

thepope'texaclionsandrorruplioniofreligion. Some of them jre in ihe Hodkiau litan. 

However, hit credit in the utiivet^itv conii- others in ihe Hriinh Museum, &e. 

nued; for having taken the degree of (loctoi in Vickliffiva:. iloubtlest a very cstraonlivn 

dirinity, he read public lectures with greak man, coniidering ilir liuu-t in which behiM 

applause; in which he frequentb- ex|)otcd the Hit natural 5Jiaciiy di-cmcred ihcabHriiiM 

impositiont of the mendicant friart. About and iin|KK.itio'i'' of ibe church iif Rone, jdJ 

this time he publithcil a defence uf his sovc- he h.vl the hoiio>ly .ma rcMilution to pnw>«i- 

teign HdivanI III. againsi the pope, who g»ichi!< opinion, n-hi.li a little more tuptt 

had intitted on ihe homage to ivhich hit pre- would prolwlly li;ue enabled him lo etUMak: 

decessot king John had aBrccd. This defence they were riiJciitty the foundation of the lik. 

was the cauie of \VicI(liff"t intrnduclion at acquem reroni!;nioii. 

«^rt, and of hit beint; tent one of the am- WICKUJW. a countv of Ireland, iaiW 

baHadorsin 1374 10 Bruges, whcr.- they met protince of l.AiiiJiM, 3j'iudea long tai 9 

ilic P7;>«'b nuncios, iit order to Mrtllc Jereral broad ; boumlKl on the N. hy Dubho, E h 

cectoiMtkal maticrt teluiive to tho pope', au- the liish tea, S. by Wcxlurd, W. by O-^ 



W I E WIG 

loQI^ and Kilflare, and N.W. by KilJare. It Wibd, a town of Westphalia, in tlielowel 

IS divided into 58 |>ari^hesy has about 58,000 in- county of Wiel, with an ancient decayed 

habitanis, and fends two members to parlia- castle on a mounuin, nine miles N.N. W« 

ment. It is very mountainous and wooJy, in- ofCoblentz. 

tcrspersed wi I h rocks and boss; but the vallies To WIELD, v. a, (peaboan, Saxoni to 

are fertile and well cuhivated, and watered by manage in the hand.) i. To use with full 

Dumrrous small risers. command, as a ihinR not too heavy for the 

WicKLOw, a borough of Ireland, capital holder (Milton), 2. To handle: in an ironi- 

of the county of the same name. It is seated cal sense {»Shaktprare), 
on the Irish sea, wiih a narrow harbour, at WI'ELDY. a. (from tcirld.) Manageable* 
the inoiilhofthe river Leitrim, 26 miles S.S.E. WI'ERY. a. (from wire,) J. Made of 

of Dublin Lon.6. 12 W. Lat. 62. 58 N. wire: it were better written wiry (Donne), 

WICK WAR, a town in Gloucestershire, 2. Drawn into wire (Pencham), 3. (from 

Sverned by a mavor, with a market on Per> a pool.) Wet j wearish ; moist : obso« 

onday, I? miles N.E. of Bristol, and 111 lett {Shakspeare), 
W. of Undon. WIESEN.STEIG, a town of Suabia, capi- 

WIDDIN, a fr>rtif]ed Onvn of European talof a lordship of the same name. It is \6 

Turkc}', in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. miles N.W. of Ulm, and 25 S.E. of Stutgard. 

]t has often been taken and reUken by the Lon. l&. 2 £. Lat. 48 35 N. 
Austrians and Turks. It is seatol on the WIFE. s. plural triF^s. Cpi.-, Saxon; »f/f, 

Danube, 100 miles N. by W. of Soflfa, and Dutch.) I. A woman that has a husband 

140 E.S.E. of Belgrade. Lon. 24. 27 E. (Milton), 2. It is used for a Woman of low* 

Lat. 44. V^ N. employment (Bacon). 

WIDFl. a. (pibf-, Saxon ; wijd, Dutch.) WIG. s. Wi^^ being a termination in the 

1. Broad; extended far each way (Pope), name of men, signifies war,' or else a hero; 

*. Broad to a certain degree : as, three inches fron\ pt^i, a word of that signification (Gib.), 
wide. 3. Deviatins; remote (1/ammone/). Wio. s, (contracted from periufig,} 1. 

Wide. a</. I. At a distance (TV/np/r). 2. False hair worn on the head (Swijft). 2« A. 

With great extent (^rV/on). sort of cake (^i;ttipor/A). 

MfViyELY, ad, (from wide.) I. With great WIGAN, a borough in Lancashift, with 
extent each way (Benlley). 2. Remotely ; a market on Monday and Friday. It is govern- 
far iL/iKke). ed by a mayor, and sends two members to |>ar« 

7V> WI'DEN. V. a. (from wide.) To make liament. , Here the strongest checks are made, 

wide ; to extend (Shak»peare), and other articles of linen and cotton manu« 

To Wi'den. r. ft. To grow wide; to extend facture. That clccrint species of coal, called 

itself (£or^r). Cannel, is found in plenty and great perfec- 

WFDENESS. f. (from wide.) 1. Breadth ; tion in the neighbourhood. The" river Douglaa 




Welsih.) A woman whose husband is dead WIGHT, s. (pihr, Saxon.) A person ; m 

{jSondys). being (Davies. Addison). 

To Wi'oow. 9. a. (from the noun.) I. To Wight, a. Swift; nimble: not nsed 

deprii'c of a husband (Drydcn). 2. To en- (Spemer). 

dow with a widow-right (S/iakspcare). 3. To Wight, an island on the coast of Ifamp- 

•trip of any thioK good (Philips). shire, from which it is separated by a narrow 

WI^iWEU. s. (from widow.) One who channel. It is 21 miles long and 13 broad, 

lu^ V^X hii wife (Sidney), and divided nearly into e(|ual parta by the 

• \VI'DOV\ HOOD. 1. (from fcriotp.) I. river iMcde or Cowej. which ristnj in the 

The state of a widow (tVotton). 2. Estate southern angle, enters at the northern, into 

lettled on a widow i^hakspenre), the channel, opposite the mouth of Southamp* 

WinX)WHUNT£R.i.(irt(/oi9andAMn/er.) .ton bay. The S. coast is edged with very steep 

One wh*t conns widows for a jointure (yi(/(/.). cliHs of chalk and freestone, hollowed info 

WI'DOWMAKER. 1. (fficfoio and fnaXfr.) caverns in various parts. The W. side is 

One who deprives women of theit husbands fenced with ridges of rocks, of which the mosc 

{/Skakspeare). remarkable are those called, from their sharp 

Widow-wail. See Mezkrbijm. extremities, the Needles. Between the island 

WIDTH. 1. (from wide.) Breadth; widt- and the mainland arc various sandbanks, es- 

fle«!« (Drudtn). pecially oflf the eastern part, where is the safe 

WIED, a county of Westphalia, at the rode of St. Helen's. Across the island, from 

conflux of the rivers W*icd and Hhine. It is E. to W. runs a ridge of fine downn, wiih a 

coini9o«ed of two j)arts, the Upiicr county, or chalky nr marly soil, which feed a great num- 

Wied-Runkrl, and the Lower county, or ber of fine fleeced sheen. Kabbits are alto very 

Wrcd-Ncawitil, each ctnerned by its own plentiful here. To the N. of this ridge the land 

coont, and the former m 1791 was raised to is chiefly pasture : to the S. of it is a rich 

the rank of a prince of the rmpire. The capi- arable country, producing gretit crorn of corn, 

tals areDieidorfand Ncuwicd. The vaiiety of prospects which tnis island 

•11% 



W I L iri L 

afFords, its n\\]d air, iind ihe neat maDner Sn the exlilla rating and enlivening wenes (!!«• 

which the ticlcU are laid out, render iiji very ployed in the ditTcr i'l kinds of cliate in our 

dcli;;htfid 8|X)t It i:» devoi-Ml almost sokly lo own country. Wild U>arB are v*ught aficr, 

husbandry, and is one of the principal resources and tric-d for, in ttic largest and tiiickest wuodi 

of the London market for barley.. Amonjc :ts and coverts (having unj^ular and ciok^ ridti cm 

y,roducL> are a nure white pipe-clay, and a fine throuf^h ihem for tin jurpOflC of ihe c)uk) in 

white chr}'atalline sand ; of the latter great the same manner in which sta^** are roused, 

quantities arc exported for tl^e use of the glasi- or foxri nnkcnneUed, in ihii C(Mi:.ir\'. Tm 

works in various jiaris. Its principal town is dog^ iited^.for the hport urc klo-i¥ and heaty, 

the borough of Newport : it likewue ctiutains much more like a cfo»s lietween a masiiff and 

the two binall boroughs of Newton and Yar* a wire-haired lurcher than any specic» of thi 

mouth. hound kind. When the b(i;ir is once roused, 

WI'GHTLY. a(f. Swiftly; nimbly (^pr;i.). nu>re by the inceksant uoi&e and clamour of 

WIGUTON, a town in the E. riding of the multitude ilun by any peculiar pfO|itrtycf 

Yorkshire, with a market oo AVednesday, the dogs, ne u,-(»cs moderately' off, nut inucfa 

seated at the source of the SkeUlefy iG miles alarmed at, or sfreminglv afraid of, the exnlia- 

S.E. ofY'^ork, and 1 93 N. by W. of Loudon, tion of his pursuers:. X)uring the clia»e bt 

Lon. 0. 40 W. Lat. 53. 6S N. frequently turns round lo face the dogri, aiid 

WIGTON, a town in Cumberland, with offers to attack them: again proceeds; agiio 

a market on Tuesday, seated among the moors« tunis ; and the animals for a while keep eKh 

13 miles S.W. of Carlisle, and 304 N.N.W. other at bay : till at length the boa? becoata 

of London. Lon. 3. 4 W. Lat. 54. 50 N. completely tired, and reiDses to go any iarther. 

Wi&Toir, a borough and seaport, the The conflict then begin^ in eainckt : his d^ 

county-town of Wigtonthire. On the S* side fence being fiowerful and obstinate, bcicwt tin 

are the vestiges of an ancient cattle, and to the dogs, particularly the younger ones, can be i»- 

N*£. is a great morass, called the Moss of duced to attack iiim behind, in which attcottl 

Cree. It is situate on a hiU, which overlooks some lives are usually lost ; but during loi 

the bay of Wigton, 95 miles S.W. of Edin- stru^le the hunters get up, and put a period 

borv. Lon. 4. 43 W. Lat. 55. N. to his existetice with their spears. 

WIGTONSHIRE, a county of Scotland, Wild carrot. See Daucvs m* 

sometimes called Upper, or West Gallo- vestris. 

way; bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, on the Wild cucumber. See CucuMia acres- 

£. by Kircudbrightshire, and on the S. and ti5. 

W. by the Irish sea. Its greatest extent, in W^ld navbw. SceNAPUt. 
any direction, does not exceed 30 miles. The Wild olive. SeeELEACNUS. 
N. part, called the Moors, u naked and WILDEHAUSEN, a town of Westpbi' 

mountainous. Great numbers of sheep and lia, capital of a small bailiwic, united tothr 

black-catilc are rai-ed here ; and ihcy have a duchy of Bremen. It is sealed on the H.iinlr, 

small breed of horses peculiar to thia county : 18 miles S \V. of Bremen. Lon. b. -7 t 

they are called galloways, and are very strong Lat. yj. :,5 N. 
and pentle. To WI'LDKR. r. a. (from uilj.) To iosf 

\\ ILD. a. (pilb, Saxon ; wild, Dutch.) or puzzle in any unknown or paihle» iraii 

1. Not tame; not domestic {.Milton). 2. Fro- {Dmd^n). 

pagatcd by nature ; not cultivated {Murtiim^r). Wi'LDERNKSS. jr. (fn.m uild.) 1. .\ f.c- 

[i. Desert; uninhabited {Milton) 4. Savage; 5iri; a tract of solitude and savjuciifss ^Sf'- 

uncivilized {Waller). :». Turbulent ; tern- 2. 'llie siitr of being wild or diiordcilv : »»i' 

pcstuous; irregular {Addison). (». Licentious ; in U5C {Mil/on). 

wn^overnt-d (Prior). 7- Inconstant ; mutable; WILDGOO'SIX'H.A.^^K. s. A puriu^K*" 

fickle {Pope). 8. Inordinate ; loose {Dru.). soincthirij;: as unlikely lo l»v cju^hl as the w.^" 

9, Uncouth ; stranjje (^AflAipearr). 10. Done ^o^ysc {i: Est.nn-v). 

or made without any consistent order or pKin WI'LDING. 5.' {nildiiini^U, Duith., \ 

(.Woodward). II. Merely imaginary {Sw\ft). wild sour apide {Philips). 




their eyes. Charles L procured wild l>oar-. ncv^; disorder like thai of m cull ix.^tid jiiou: J 
from the ctiniincnt, and had them turned down (liucou). ^. Inordinate vi\aca> ; irreguLii!'.* 
JO the New Forcit to pn)inote the breed ; but of innnners {ShaLpeart). J. Sa>jien<fc. 



IJKy were entirely destroyed in the civil wars bruialiiy (i!>Wney). 4. Ferity j thesUtcoiiE> 

that ciiMiotl. Hunting the wild boar is con- animal untamed: contrary 10 iumennt. :■ 

.*ulcred a niazimnnnous sjwrt with the L'nculti\ated state (.Drydlh) Ck Di/uiion 

>ir,ui(ItL- of tlio!»c countries in which ihev from a settled a»urse ; irrcRuIariiy C/fa//i.- 

abound ; but it is not to be compared with 7. Alienaiiou of mind iSkahptau\ 



DSERVICE. .. UraMgut, 



Ui.) A 
; I fraud; 



otTj.) Cunning; 



J- '■ (p. le,' Si son.) A "Iccei 

fUL. a. {will ana/all.) l.Sttibbam; 
n»ui;jierverKi infleilbleC/'rnBn-h). 
nr«(]Rcral l>y ilnigu {Drr/dtn). 
^\)Lt,\.ad. i .OtutinatelyjKLibboiifl)' 
I). C. By desifrn t on tiurixMeTMani.)' 
mtmil^S. f OUuaucy; >t..bb«rii- 

ILY. (trf. (from wi'^.} By iirattgem ; 
kIv iJoikna]. 
iiEb^. I. ( 

tESBOROUGH, s town of Pain- 

capilil ttf the county of Liiznne. 
tie on (he N 1^. lintich of ih? Stit- 
ih, lis mika N.W. ofPhiladeliihla. 
ig W. Ijit. 4r. 13 N. 
liNS (Dr. Jnhn), in Wo^phy. a 
nioiM and Ickined Englnh btihop and 
tickn, wu lt)P «rin of a gxldsmiih 
d, and born in i(ti4. ARer bdng 

in Greek ami Ijiin, in whicli he 
ay quick progms, he was entered a 
riiew inn in that uuiveraity, when he 
hirlecn yeara of am ; but atier a ihnrt 
', he wa* remov^ to Mjplalen hall, 
' look hb drgren. Having entered 
iirdepi, he first became ctiaplain lo 

loni S.iy, and ifierward; lo Charles, 
laiine iir ihe Rhine, with whom he 
I for wme time. Adhering to the 
It diitins ihe civil w»rt, ihey made 
Jen of Wadham cnllcge about the 
1. In irt56hc matrieJlhe tiitcr of 
omwcM, ihim lord praieciar of Eng- 
Kranicd him a di^nenMiiun to hold 
uihip, iKitwiihsiaiiiliiig bit uisrriage. 

he vrai by Richard CiomKrll made 

Trinity colli'^ in f'amWidBei but 
le year following, upon the reitOM- 
; wat then choMii preacher to the 

Gray'i inn, and rector of St. Law- 
vtf. L«idon, upon the prnmoiion of 

Ward to the biihopric uf Excirr. 
if lime be became a Diemher of (he 
ei«y, «■« cho»en of their council, 
id oiw of ihcir mu«i eminent mem- 
uafWrwards made dean of Itippon, 



mucli lodlted after. He was naturally amFiitI* 
ous, but was the n'tiest clersyman 1 ever 
Imew. He was a lover ofmantind, and bad 
a delight in doing gr>od." 

or hii publications, which are at! of them 
very iiigenious and learned, and many of them 
paniciilarly curiont and enieriaining, the fint 
wai in 1638, when he was only twenty ■font 
vean of age, viz, the Diicovery of a New 
World ; nt, » Discoorte to prove, that it i« 
probable there may be anolher Habilahle 
World in the Moon; with a Di^conrae con- 
cerning the PoMibiltty of a Pjtiage tbilher. In 
l&M, a Uisconne concerning a New PUnct, 
tending to prove that it is probable out Eirih 
ii one of the Planet!. In J64l, Mercury ; or, 
the secret and swift Mesjengei; thewing how 
a man may with privacy ana ipeed comntDni- 
ciile his thoughts to a friend at an* distance ; 
8vo. In like. Mathematical Mapc; or, thi 
Wonders that may be performed by Mathema- 
tical Geometry ; Svo. All theie pieces were 
published enure in one volume. Svo. in 1708. 
tinder the title of, the Malhrntatica) and Phi- 

lOHtphi -.-..- 

Wilkin 

Joined an abiimct of a briber worh, printed in 
ItiOe, fiilio, eniillrd, an Es<ay luwanli t reid 
Charaeter and a philosophical Langutiie.- 

WILKUMIEH, a io«n of LMmahiAV In 
the iiaiaiinalc of Wilna. sealed on the Sweiia; 
4i niilet N.W.of Wilna. Lon. 24. 54 H^ 
Lnl. 55. 19 N. ' 

WILL. .. (pilla, Saxon; wiVV, Dtttch.) 
1. That power by ' ' ' ' " 



lat power h* nhith we desire and pitf 

vclleiiy (ifeaktru i. Choice; arbllroty 

iitocke). 3. Diseietioo: ■"' 



iihor>i>fCbetl 
at (ifiy-eiglil 



yejrs of age. 



a jud«nii 



he made no iither use of that alli- 
tn du zood oilicn, and to cover the 
of Oxford from (hetonniessofO.ven 
win. At Cambridge he joined with 
sludiei) lo propdgaie better tliousliu. 
en off from VmK in jurtiei, ot frOm 
otinnt, from "tnperttitiotii conceits, 
ite^ about upiniutls. He was also a 
trver and pfomotrr of ex pert mental 
"■, irtfleh'wil UttD a new thing, and 



. Ve/«.T. 

.>ii]>osiiian i incliruiion ; deiin: {Sliakt.y. 
6, Powet ; government {L'mlie). 7. Divine 
di'ierminaiinD (Shaktprarc). B. Tetlaraeiit; 
diiposilinn of a dying man's eflccn {Stfpheni}. 
g. CmdWtLL. Favour 1 kindness (S/iai.). 

10. CoDii-WiLt Right intcnri<in [Philemwy. 

11. /W-WiLt. Maltcc; n.alignitv. 

Will asu tkjtambst, in faw. Every 
person eapaule of bittding himself by cvntraet 
IS canaille "finaking a will. 

Alw a male infant of the aje of I4yeanaft4 
upwards, and femote of I? yean atid upivarda, 
are capable of itiakhig a will rFSjiecting pet^ 
tonal etialcs only. 

Bui A matrieit woman cannot make a will 
unlet) » power is reterred in a marriage settla- 
meoi: but wherever personal properly, how- 
ever, is given 10 a miitried woman for her sole 
anil leiuratr use, she may dii|Ki9e of it by wll). 

If a fnne tole maliM her will, and aflrt- 
1, such marriage ii a legal tevoaj» 



'"wlir. a°. 

the former : 



'ill. 



kind), wmftn andVetbali 
'e most usual andiccare, 
absobtely nremuty that ■ will 
should be witneited ; and a te>titraeni (if chat- 
tlei, wriilen in the tntitor's own hand, thouftb 
it ihould hare neither the testator't name not 
seal to it, noi witncnei pietenl ai hU publica- 



W I L • W I L 

lion, will be good, provided sufficient proof and took a tour with him throng Englind. 

can he iiad that it is his hand-writing. Some lime after lildward the ConftssJr dvint; 

Glib. 2^)0. without issue, in lOdd, appoiiiu-d nim his heir. 

By Stat. 29 Cur. II. c. 3. all devises of lands. On which William sent to demand the cronu, 

and tenements, shall n(»t only be in wriiing, and soon after landed at Fevenbcy, in bus^x, 

but shall also be signed by the party so dcvis- with a jx>wcrful army, and thence uMceeiing 

ing the same, or bv some other pcr>on in his to Hastings, built a strong fon. Harold b^d 

pr^^'sence, and by Kis express direction, and placed himself on the throne, and now march* 

Btiall be witnessed and subscribed in the pre- ed to oppose him, on which a bltxxly bank 

sencc of the person devising, by three or four ensued, tne 1 4th of October, l<i66, in which 

credible witne:>scs, or else the devise would be William obtained a cpmj>lete victory, though 

cniircly void, and the land will descend to the he had three horses killed under him, and lost 

heir at law. ^ a great number of his troops. On the ^deof 

A will, even if made beyond sea, bequeath* the English, Harold was slain, wiih m'liiy of 

ins land in England, must be attested by three the nobility, and about sixty thousand soltiiers. 

witnesses. 8 Pere Wms. 293. The Normans had besides the advantage of 

A will, however, dc\'ising copyhold land^ long bows, of the use of which the EngFuli 

does not require to be witnessed : it is sufii- were then ignorant. But, in spite of the<e, 

cient to declare the uses of a surrender of such the English with their battle-axes kepi so cIidc 

eopyhold land made to the use of the will. The together, that they remained invincible, tiil 

party to whom the land is given becomes en- the Normans pretending to fly, brought thera 

titled to it by means of the surrender, and not into disord<?r. Notwithstanding this victorr, 

by the will. 9 Atk. 37> William could have Utile ho{)es of gainingi t'le 

A codicil is a supplement to a will, or an ad- throne by right of conquest; he, therefore, 

dition made by the person making the same, gave out that he came to revenue the death ojf 

annexed to, and to be taken as part of, the will pince Alfred, brother to kin? Edward, to r^ 

itself, being for its explanation or alteration, store Robert archbishop of Canterbury to hb 

to add something to, or take something from, see, and tn obtain the crown as his ncht, oft 

the former dis|)osiiion, and which may also be account of its being bequeathed to him by 

written or verbal, under the same restrictions as Edward the Confessor. He cannot, thereloir, 

regartl wills. be properly said to obtain the crown by enn- 

If iivo wills arc found, and it does not ap- ouest, since thc<e motives eneaged many of 

pe^ir which was the former or latter, both will trie Eliglish in his favour. William was bN, 

DC void ; but if two codicils are found, and it broad set, and had great strength. His pM- 

rannot be ascertained which was the first, but sions were violent, but he had much wisdofOi 

the same thing is deviled to two persons, both and an equal shjre of dissimulation. He 

ou^lit to di\ide; hut where either wills or marched directly to London, but on the way 

co<lioiIs have dates, the latter is considered as was met by n lar/e body of K<:nti>li men, cacii 

valul, and revokes ihc former. .See Adminis- wiih a buu^h, or branch of a tree in his hjt.!- 

TBATOR, Executor, and Legacy. This army wns he.idtd by Sii^.ml tne arcn- 

Will with a wisp, or Jack tcith a laU" bishop, who m:i'!e a speech to the co:iqu-:i:i 

ihorn. Sec Igkis fatuus. in which he boldly demanded the prt -cr ar-n 

y'o Will. r. «. {tvil^un, Gothic; pillan, of their l:bc;tic^, and lei him kimw ih.ii : ■;•* 

Saxon; ivlUen, Dutch.) I. To desire that were resoivtd rjthor to die ihan to | an "'-^ 

Rnv lliim» slionld be, or bodone ; or n<n be, or their laws and li\e in bon»'aL:c. V'll om 

not be done {lIo'>krr), 2. Tube inclined or th«np;ht proper to gr.ini their dc.n.udr. ; ii.' 

rcitolvcd to have iShahspeaic). 3. T«) com- agreed to p;o\ern them by the laws of VAw '^ 

jnand ; to diri^ct (l)rydin). 4. It \a one of the Confessor, and i<i suffer them to ri'jin 

the sip:ns ol" the t'utJ ire tense. their ancient cnv.inins. U|>on his coroja'ii 

WILLI and /'//z, among the En::lish at Wesiininsier, he was sv\orn togowm b. ii"« 

Saxous, as vic'e at this day anions:; the (ler- laws of the realm; and though he JIi;T^^a. !• 

mans. signiiK-d ;«f//<iy. So ff'i/lit hnus is the imrodnced s )inc new form«». he pir-trvid tr-i'' 

defend/r of many ; fWfrcd, peace to many bv jnries niid tiie horonjih law. IleniMitiiv' 

{Gihon), ^ the cjmrts of Chancery and K\ch»nmr; *.i 

WILLIAM 1. dnhe of Normandy, king of at the same time di.-.irm'ed his Knjjii-ii >ul':r- '■. 

I\ni;lun<l, and one of ilio greatest general}, of ihe and forbade their luunii any liuhi in &• ' 

citvintltceiiuny. was boin at Falai-e, and was honsos after cii^ht oVl- cK atUi;^hi, whin i 

the nilni:il ^^)n of.Kohert, duke of Normandy, bell Wijs rnivp called corfrw or ciner'irc, ■•■' '^> 

by.\r|: iie,a fur' irSdan«;i iter. Afier llie death sound of wlncii all were nbli^rd tn pot on: t*'" 

of Uobort, v.'hldi haiJ|iencd in 103^, \\'illi.im, fire-, and camliC'. He co^queird •■f.i'.' 

who was hi^ liuiy son, siicc».edo<l him. Ilii re- p-.)wers who inv.ided Ki:rjland, cb'iizeJ t-f 

lalion*. hovvciCr, di>|)nled ilie snc<^c<sion, but Scots t(i iie-ervi- ilu* jx-.ut' ihrv hid hr.'k-i- 

beinji fa\onred bv Ilciiry I. kin;;ol' I'Vance, be coinj)eIled the We.-.!! to p:iv hi'ii trihiirc. •> 

trimiii)lu<l ovci them, defeated count d'AnjUi-'i, fused to j)av hnm.m- to i;»e jmiK*. hiii:t ihf 

look Niaiiie, and carried the war into Anjou. tower of Londo «, and ciu^ed all pibirr ai:'r 

Some lime afier he p.iid a visit to Edward the be made in ihe N«»rman tor^^ii--. !lt -f 

Cuaft.'»y->ri who ticaicdhiin with great respect, pressed the peuple by taxes, and cji^oJ --i 



W I L W I L 

9tj»nA to be surveyed and rated, and had Eogland, &c. was the son of William of Nas- 
le men numbered, in a work called Domes- sau, prince of Orange, by Henrietta-Maria« 
iy-book» which is still extant He resolvied the daughter of Charles I. king of England, 
» chastise the French, who invaded Nor- and was bom at the Hague, the 4th of No- 
(andy, and after that to reduce his son vember, 1650. He was about twenty-two 
jobert; but Robert no sooner found that he yeirs of age when, in 1^72, he was elected 
If ongaged with his father, than he dutifully stadtholdcr, and declared general of the Dutch 
ibmitted to him, notwithstanding his bein^ troops, in order to put a stop to the rapidity of 
ctorious. Some time after William declared the conquests made by I^ewis XIV. In 1073, 
vagainst Philip I. king of France, laid waste he took the strong town of Nacrden, and 
IS country, burnt Mantes, and n\rngcd it obliged the French to quit Utrecht, and several 
ith fire and sword to the eates of Paris ; but considerable places where they had garrisons, 
jprotching too near the flames of Mantes, Soon aAcr he engaged the French at Senef, 
ic heat of the fire, together with the warmth where he gained great honour by his courage 
fthc season, threw liim into a fever, which and conduct, and obtained a victory afUr a 
eing increased by a fall from his horic in his mobt bloody engagement. On the 17th of 
turo to Roan, he died in a village near that October, 1077, he embarked for England, and 
t?, the 9th of September, 1087. in the 6lth the 4th of November was married to the prin- 
arof his avje, after a reizn of fifty-four years cess Mary, the eldest dauzhter of the duke of 
1 Normandy, and twenty-one in England. York, and the Sgih of the same month de- 
It was interred at Caen, in Nurmaiuly. parted from London witli his princess, and 
William II. surnamcd Rufus. or Red, landed at Terhyde. In August, 1678, he at- 
om the colour of~his hair, was the second tacked and defeated the duke of Luxemburg in 
nrivingson of William the Conijuemr, and his quarters, near the abbey of St. Dennis, 
cceeded his father the 27th of September, In the beat of the action he advanced so far, 
M?- He was then thirty years of age, and tliat he was in great danger of being killed, 
the same time Robert, liis elder brother. On the SQih of June, lf)d4, a treity was 
cceeded by his father's will to the duchy of signed at the Hague, which put an end to the 
ormandy ; but he resolved to a<isert his right war. James, duke of York, having ascended 
primogeniture to the crown of England, and to the throne of England, after the death ^ 
reral of the Norman nobility esimused his his brother, Charles II. endeavouring to re* 
UK. William, however, defeaten a body of store the popish reli2:ion, and to destroy the 
I troops in Kent, and soon after prevailed on civil and relii^ious liberties of the people, they 
n to conclude a peace. The two brothern naturally cast their eyes on the prince of 
en made war on Henry, their youngest bn)<* Orange, and applied to him for deliverance, 
er, whom they besieged in Mount St. Mi- on which he landed at Torbay, the 5th of No« 
sel, where the king riding one morning un- vember, 1688, and was joyfully received by 
ended, fell in with a party of IIenry*s soldiers, almost the whole nation. James now mtde 
d endeavoured to force his way through them, his escape to Prance, and aAer his departnre, 
t was dismounted, and a soldier was going to the lords and commons agreed, after much 
pitch him, when he saved his life by crying dispute, that he had abdicated the throne, 
t,"IIoId, fellow, I am the kin;; of England.'* u|>on which the prince of Orange and the prin- 
lon this the man dropping his sword, raised cess Mary were proclaimed king and queen 
: monarch from the gmund, and received the 1 3th of February, 1(589, ^^^ crowned the 
m him the honour of knighthood, and other 11th of April following. An attempt was 
ours. The brothers being now soon rpcop- then made by the op|)osite party to secure 
w!, William turned his arms against Scot- Scotland for James II. but on the 25th of 
d, and defeated the army of kino; Malcolm, May. lO'So, the two armies meeting at Killic* 

with his son were killed just before in an kmnky, in the shire of Perth, lieutenant- 
bash laid by Mowbray, governor of North- general Macka^, who commanded for king 
berland. fiut snon after, Mowbray finding William, obtained a complete victory, after 
t th«? king neglected to reward his services, which the whole island of Great Britain sub- 
icd with other noblemen to set the crown mitted to him. In the moan time Tyrconnel 
the head of Stephen, grandson to William had disarmed great part of the protestants of 
Conqueror : uf>on which the king marched Ireland, and formed an army of papists^ 

1 Vorkshin*. reduced Ramborough, took amounting to thirty thousand toot and eiaht 
>wbray prisoner, and put an end to the re- thousand horse, ufiile the prou'stants in the 
ion. But at length William hunting in the north took up arm?, and scixing on Kilmore, 
w Forest, was killed by an arrow shot by Coleraine, Inniskilling, and Londonderry, do- 
ilter Tyrrel, his particular favourite, who clared for king William and (^ueen Mary. A* 
ling at a deer, shot the king in the breast, this time, James landing at Kiusdale, the ISth 
which he immedialdy (\pircd, on the 2d of March, l68S-(), made his public entry into 
August, 1100, aged foriy-t'air, after a reign Dublin ; he soon after put himself at the head 
thirteen years. It is said so liiile respect of twenty thousand men, and was twice rein - 
» |»aid to his body, that it was conveyed in a forced by the French, who each time joined 
1-rart U* Winchester. bim witti 6000 men. He took Coleraine and 
Villi AM I II. of Nassau, prince of Orange, Kilmore^ and laid siege to Londonderry' ; but 
Itholdcr of the Cinied province?^ king of soon aAcr returned to meet bis partbment tn 



Di>Min,M%fVe he fus^pd an >ct to andni (mi 
lit llirre lhni<i>Qad Prouxuni - \nnii, ta<ltes, 
clerBymrn, uTid prndemen, of fcigh ireswu. 
In ine Qir:)ii lime itie liege of 'L«n()tiii<lBrtir 
vm vigiirniiUy carried on. The ({arrimn nf 
JiiniEkiJIing. at ilieHiinc liine, dtil warden i 
partici'larl* ihe da^ before (Ik «Kgt of Urnj 
was taitta, \ht^ advancnJ near twtniv luitei 
ta meet alwot OOCHI Irish, aiid dtStAtrd ihemv 
ktUiiieni^BT3000, though ihey ihcniEclvcti wevc 
not above SOOU, and had noiobove so kill«d 
ami 50 wounded. In Auguit the duke of 
Scfaiiinberg arrived in Irtlaod wiib iU.OtiO 
mm, took Catrickftrpis in I'otir days, aiicl per- 
farmed other at^ts'ofhnicrfand oorkduct. In 
Jur.e, Ifloo, Wm^, Willinm landed in Ireland 
with a gillanl armr, and on th« (si of July 
fought the memorable battltof ihe Bnyitc, in 
which he g»ineil a complete victoty ovtr ilie 
J^Mnch Biiil Irish, and nbliged king Jamci to 
retire to Dublin, and make all lh> haate he 
could back 1(1 France. King \VilliHio also itro- 
cwded lo Dublin, and lix^ncc ID Enghiid . 'I'he 
nCKt vftr the Engllth, under the bravt j^ncml 
Ginkle, made ihemjilres maiteisof Baltimore, 
willi incredible bravery poswd the Shannon 
aroidU the fite of the enemy, and (nok Aih- 
lone, and ilw ISlll'of July fou^hi ihe glcirinui 
bailie of A«hrim, whetein 4000 liiili, end 
tb«iT general Si. Ruihi wemilain, and all ihrit 
leaiF, arms, 8;c, lukcn. Afierthii entire Jefcat, 
Galwiy Aurrrndcrcd. and l.inieiick capiiubt- 
C(t : and lhu9 ><> cud Vr.i« pu: lo ihc wiT in 
Irelind. Abciilihii lime kmg William formed 
a gMml alliunc* a^^iiiin Louit XIV. and com- 
mahdeU the nlii«d anniet iit icveral batllea in 
I'^'andetti lill at leraih the French acfcnow- 
]«lgeil him kifignf F.,i(:1.ind, bv the tre.ny of 
IlpMirk. co<ic!uded in iCgT. Beina tliriiwn 
from his horse, his collar-bone ivai disliwated, 
and he dial the Sth ul March ITD3, in the 
Uthyearof hi) rei^.and the jQd of hit age, 
and wat interred next to hii queen, who liad 
died before him, in Heni; VIl.'s chapel. He 
Jefi no issue. 
WiLLiAHiCFort). SwCalcbtt*. 
William (Fort), a fort of Scotland, in the 
enunty of Invernen. at the extremity of Loch 
i.iDne, where that arm of the ara bcnda to the 
W. and fonni Loch Eil. It i* of > irianguhr 
figure, and 64 milei S.W. of Invime^. 
' Wji.t.iAiii Hevkt, a town of Lower 
Canada, «ituate at the conflux of the Sorrl 
with (he Si. Lawrence. It ha* a ].polesi.inl 
■lid a Roman catholic church. The principal 
diannel nf tntereourse wiih ihis country and 
•lie Linita'd States is through this luwn. It i* 
iO milei'N.^ of Montreal, and ISO S.W. of 
Qiiel>ec. Lnn. 73. *S W. Lat. 45. SS N. 

WILI.IAMSBO HOUGH, a town of N. 
Carolina, chief of Granville «oupiy, with a 
flauriahingaeademy. llh:is a brisk trade ivith 
the bach cotmtry, and ilandji oit a rtecJi that 
flmvs into Ihe Koaoote, 50 miks W.N.W.fif 
Halifaz. 

WILLIAMSBURG, a town of Vir^i>ia, 
fonuedy ibecapital o( that state. It liaituate 
botwern ttra ottAt f one flowing inM JamM, 



;ind the Other into York liver; anrf 
stance of cech landing plioe -it aboai 
from the tnwr. Tke college of Will 
Mary is li:nd here ; but lince the rei 
the seal ot gorernuicnt, cliis and otbc 
buildings arc miKh dcciynl. ll h t 
E,S.V.. of Richmand. Loa. 77- 6 W 
37. ION. 

WlLLIAMSPOttT, a townofH 
in Wadiiivtoncouniy, Mated on thrl' 
at the month of Gonrgocheaquc en 
nAhi S.W.al CiiEabethtuwn, and Ti I 
ofWathinaton. 

WILLIAMSTADT, a stmng se 
Dutch Ijrabani, buih by William I. ] 
Urange, in 1685. It> it one uf the 
Holland, is well built, and haa a giivd ' 
I'hii place made a galipot det'cnce, 
noainft the French, who were oblijEctl 
the liec^c; but it suiret^jercd to tbcm 
It stniids on that par* of tlic Uon 
Butterflicl, 15 miles W.N.Wj ol 
Lon. 4. aoE. Lat 51,30 N. 

WILLICHJA, in botany, a gem 
class triandria, order monogynia. Ca 
clefl ; corol foucHcIcft ; capsule Inr 
miny-secdc-d. One species, a Alexia 
with creeping, branched, haiir stem, 
hairy leavei, beneath leddiih ; hoiri 
fluwen itnall, rosy. 

Wl'LLING. fl. tfmm wUI.) I. la 
anj^ thing; constnliu- {Beiillry^. 2. 
desirous (JUiUon'i. 9- Favourable [ ' 
(lused to any thing (Jjwifu]. 4. BeM 
(•lying (lioektr). S. Chosen (JKit 
Sponianeoui {Ttruden). 7. Cnnientine 

WI'LLINULY. oif. (fVom wiini 
With one's own consent ; without 
without rtluclance (.Millon). 'J. 1 
own desire U^i.oiil. 

WI'LLINGNESS. ... (fi»m u>min^ 
scut; freedom from relottance; rea 
pliance (Ca/am^). 

WILLOW (Common). Se«S*t 

Willow (Crack). See Sauk. 

WiLLOtT (French). Sec Emlob 

Willow (Spiked). See Spiraa 

Willow i.Sweet). SecMviTDSi 

TICA. 

Willow (^VTiite). SkSalii. 
WiLLOw-HCRa. See Lvsimaci 

Willow-herb (Bosebaj). See T 

WiLLOw-LtAVED OAK. See g 

Willow (Wpepine). Sec Babti 
WILLL'GHBKIA, in botany, a 
the class peiitandria, order mont^jyaii 
twisted, salver -si I aped ; stigma capual 
oni; or iwo-cclird, T«-o tpecin, •n-' 
and clini bins shrub of Guiana. 

WILLUGHHY (Francis), « c 
natural hiiinriau, was the only so 
Francis Willughby, knlaht. Ha s*a 
study from his chiidhoocT, and heU td 
ablinrrence ; he bring so great an • 
with legaid to his time, m not wiUin 



W 1 t 

(iiftinqipV iheleasiTiart nfU, by which mniis 
heilldian) prM »hill in nil brunclKnofliarn- 
ing. aiul inniculatly in ihe fmihcmiiK:). But 
otacning ih>t the niiiory of sninialt was in a 

Cat RKMgre n(^lTct«tt by liii eoiintrydicii, 

tn>r lijt ihM ()iirpo»e cBrefully renil ovm what 
hid been wriitcii on ih.it subjfci by others, 
H( thta travelled tcicial limes urer hii natite 
cuairy [ and afierwBtils iiiio France, Spain, 
lulf, Germany, sad the Lnw eountrica, at- 
lexled \i<f hit iii^uiouD friend Mr. John Itav. 
h h remarkablr, ih»I noiwithttanJitig Itie atl- 
MBu^ of btnh, fortune, and i>atl«, lie wat 
H twiDUe ac iDV man of the meanni fortitnr ; 
WMnbcr, lenperate, andehajleg scnipulnuily 
jn; M tiua ta hi& word anri promisr, thai j 
'Mil Dtiflht venture h'n caiaic ^ind life upon ii i 
K btihrul and coDiiarit to hit lii«nd, a> nevct 
» imn him when ibrtune frowned upon 
faint) and rewaikahly piout, patient, and aiib- 
mlMM to the diiiiie will. Tbi!) is the cluric- 
ttr giten of him byUr. Slay, whote veracii}' 
IMk will dooti, Thin ingtiiiuus and learned 
■mJcnun died in Ibji!, at 3? jatn o( ngci 
bring impa'rK) hi* health by his apiilicatiuii. 
Btarteie, i.Ornitholnginilihti lie'. fnho, which 
Mtafinwnidiiruitlatcd iniu Kngjiih, uith ui 
Anmdix by Mr. lUy, in rolio. 8. H><t'>tj« 
pMHm lilxi qiiaiuar, toli'i. 3. Leileis of 
Bt(uiiW!llughby.E>q.a>hlrd ti>l>hit(Hn|ihi«i1 
Unm ' briween lh« learned Mr. Ki'y and 
Mnl at hit cnrreKuniidtnti, uiiUliilicd, in 
Kb. fay W'a\am I)erh«in. 4. SeviTiil iii- 
imiouf papers in the Piiilosophical IVant- 
tciimu. 

, UlLillNOTON, > io*n of N. Carolina, 
m New tlanuver conniy, rupilil nf the dis- 
Kcl of ill name. Jt has a ennaidcrable lrad« 
P Ibe Wc*t Iiiilim. and standi on the N.E. 
W*Mb of cape fear river, 34 inilet from the 
ha,and90S.S.W. of Nuwberii. Lou. 76. i^O 
If. iMM.bS. 

' WiLHiNSTox, a tenpartof Delaware, in 
■ewcBiiie enuniy. Hen- arc six rdiiicci for 
tublie MTonhip ; und ihc lowu iind ilt iiei)^- 
Inuthowl it dmunl the )c'eaic>t wit of minu* 
hctufn in the Unilud Stuira. Alinoit the 
ihole of the forri;:!) exiHini of Delaware ar« 
Rint ihii place. It is tiiuale on ihe N- lidc 
[rCliHtiiana crwlc, two mile] W. of ihr river 
IcUwaie, and V8 S.W. of I^hiladclphia. 
Un. )j- *0 W. Ut, 39 « N. 
, WILMar (John), enil of R.,elw*ler, n 
Mat wit in the reign of Charles II. tliv son of 
lenr] carl of Rochester, nat Iwrn in 16*6. 
ie Mat 1(11^1 awnmjt and c1.i°^>ii^iil Irarmiig 
■ the ftfc-Khoin at Bntfonl ; where he nU- 
■ilted a (jntdi reliih afthe beautin otihe l.alin 
Inpic, and afterwaidt became well verted in 
ptrsBiJionofihe AujjuiiinenRe. In I fog tie 
Ml admitted a noblcfnan of Wadham coll<^, 
thete he obtained ihe degree of mailer of uU. 

taftetwardi iravcllrd ihrough France atid 
ly i and at hit return wai made one of the 
pntlcnxn of ihebrd-chnniber tolhc kine, and 
■MKfUoUti of Woodttock iiaik. In lliii.'t he 
J — 1. . -..J iji (Jip Hftcnge, coro- 






mandetl by «ir Thnaies Tiddiman, when a 
aiuicii wa^ made on thcpntiof Brr^en in .No 
ivay: duriiia ihe « hole acll'ni be shewed ll 
grvaiciil rCHiuil'in, and gainvd a hijih lepuUi 

' liitn f»r (.-nuriiKC ; which he mpporied ii 
iccund enpedhion, but oftfrwardt '"" '" ■ 

' piiiaic adveulurc niili lurd Mul^rat 

Bel^re Ihe carl of Rochvier iraie'lcd, hehi 
given in Iti the titoil diiurdrrlv and inlotnfKra' 
way of living i ut his reinrn, however, tL^ 
■eemcd to have ent ihc lielicr rif it ciitirF^ 
ftni falling into ine ciniipany of ihe oounicri 
who cQiuinualiy piactiud ihcK cxceua, b^ 
became to lunk in deba>icher>-. that he wall 
fnr fire year* logcilier to pvta up ti> dtii ■"' ~ 
ihat diiriUR nil that lime he wai neve 
enough tnbe ntaitet ol himself. Hit vinleo^ 
luvi^ of pleasure, and hit dicpnsiiic 
iravBgaui niirih, carried him to great excrMeM 
'Hie firsi involved him tn sentkulily, and tl 
oilier led lum ittio many iidieDinie* and. i_, 
diculoiii rriilics. . Unce ditguiiing himtctfM 
tliai lie cuiild not be kiuiwD by bis 
frieiidi, he set im in 'ioneriirecl 
Italian monnicbsnk, and iheio diipersed ) 
noslrumii fnr some week*. IJe ofien di>guiM 
himielr as j poricr, or at a beggiir, tometim' 
lo follow a irican umnur ; at other 
wontd IP about merely lor divcraio 
shajkea ) and acted his part tn naturally, tin 
he could not be known even by hit friendi. 7 
th<Kt, by his conntjni indiikence in wi 
women, and irrrgn'ai ^rnlic^, he entirely w 
imi an cxcellini cuiibiiruiion before he i. 
tliiiiy yean of age. IliUctuLert lO'}), wh) 
recoirringfiom a violenidiseMe, wliich ended. 
in a cnnaiimplimi. Iir wa> visiied by Dr. Bui4 
net. u|»ti an inliuialion that such a visit wool 
beajrvealileio him. -Dr. Bi>rnet pnblitbcdai 
areoimiof liiteooferciicc* wiili hml Uoclicste 
in « hich it ap|>ean, ihat though he had liri 
the life of a libertine and aihriii, \ci he dio, 
ihedralli of a ]jcnitcui Christian, 'llii dealll 
hap pencil In 1680; vimw which time hi> poeiMl 
have been varioot limes piinled, bolh it|urau^ 
and lo^L-ilirr : but when unce he olxaiiieil tfK | 
cliaracler of a lewd and oUccoc ntiler, eveiy, 
ibini; ill ihat tlriin nat fathered upon hjin* 
■ml ihug many piece* not of his writing "^ 

cre^t into the laieredilions of hi* works. 

author of the Caialoguc ol' Ruval and Nolj^l 
Authors says, he wai "» it«n nhnin tl»c t 
were foud to impirc, and athamrd lu u 
anJ who praciiHd witiiout the Iratt re 

ihat teerei which can make verses more 

for Iht-ir dcfeeis than their nreiits. L«t4l 
llorlirstcr's poems have much luoie ttbtcini 
than wit, more wit than poetty, Ind ma., 
|>oeiry than pnliten est. " Hit wriiinin, betid^l 
ihCMC already ineiilioned, are, A Satire «;^ini ' 
Mankind ; fsothing, a porm ; Valeniinrani _ 
Vtiigaij t Fifiy-four leUert lo Henry Sav illei. I 
and oOiert: Seven more to hit Wife and Son t f 
a Letter on his deathbed to Dr. Burnet. H* 1 
alto lefi behind him several other pii|v-rt, aiMA 
a Histnnr of the Iniriiuo of thi' Court i)F J 
Charles U . but hit moiner, a very devout Udfl T 
ordered all his papers lo be burned. ' 



W I L WIN 

WILNA, the capiuil of Lithuania, in a The number of inhabitanU in 1801 wu 
palaiinate of the same name, and a bishop's 186,107> and in 1811 vvas lp3,8S8. The air 
see, with a university, an ancient castle, and a is sharp on the hills in winter, but is mild 
royal palace. It stands on several little emi* during that season in the vales. The land in 
ncnces, and has two considerable suburbs call- the N. |)aris is generally hilly and woody, but 
ed Antokollo and Rudaiska. Here are upward very fertile; here being made that kmd of 
of forty churches; and the magnificent one cheese which is so nuuh esteemed as Nonii 
belongmo; to the castle luisa very rich freaiury. VV^iltshirt*. In the S. it is rich and feriilc. Id 
In 1748, a dreadful conlla^ration destroyed the midtile it chiefly consists of downs, tfiu 
thirteen churches; ami in 1/49, another tire afford the be»i pasture for sheep; and in the 
happened by lightnin-^, which consumed six vallics, whicti divide the downs, are con- 
churches ; biesidcs these, the Jewish synagogue, fields and ricli meadows. Its chief com inoditin 
the council-house, thirty-ihrcc pnl;»ces, nu- are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of this kit 
merous stone edifices, and other buildinp;s were there are excellent quarries on tlie banks of the 
destroyed. The churches have been rebuilt, Nadder, where some of the stones are 23 \ar4i 
and some of iheni in a more ele;:!:ant maimer in len^Eth, and four in thickness* wiihnut i 
than before ; but the ciiy has not recovered its flaw. The chief manufactures are the diflerrat 
former grandeur. ^A'i^la was taken by the branches of the ciothing-tr^de. The principal 
Russians in 17<)4, and with its territory an- rivers are the Upper and Lower Axon, tlie 
nexed to that empire. It is seated on tlie Nadder, Willy, Bourn, and Kcnnet. Salisbury 
AVilna, 180 miles E. of Konig^lnirp;, and 240 is the capital. 

N.E. of Warsaw, Lon. V5. 28 E. 1^1,54. Wl'LY. a. (from wife) Cunning; sly; 

4 1 N. fu I h )f St ra ta -jo m ; fra u d u Icn t ( Soulk ) . 

WII^ON (Dr. TliomaO, bishop of Sodor Wl'MBI.K. j. {trimpcl, old Dutch, from 

and Man, liorn at Burton Wirrai, in Cheshire, tcemvlcn, to bore.) An instrument with A\hich 

in 16(5j. He went to Trinity C(»ile;:e, Dublin^ holes are bored {Shatp), 
vrith a view to study physic ; whicii he rclin- Wi'mble. a. Active; nimble; shifiinstfl 

?uished for divinity, andwae ordained in lf)80'. and fro {Spenur). 
n I()92» he became domestic chaplain ti) the AVIMBREL, in ornithology. See Sco* 

earl of Derby, and preceptor to his son, lord loi'Ax. . 

Siranee: he was so conscientioits as to refuse a WIMMES, a town of Swisserland, in the 

valuable rectory, in Yorkshire, on account of canton of Bern, seated on the Sibneo, I* 

non-residence. The bishopric of the isle of miles S. of Btrn. Lon. 7. 8 E. Lat. 4f).34N. 
Man was in a manner forced upon him, after WIMPFEN.a free im|>eri;il town of SunMa, 

It had laid vacant three years, lie had already seated on the Ncckar, eight miles N. of Hail- 

been created LL.D by archbishop Tennison. bron, and 52 £. of Heidelberg. Lou. g. ?3 IL 

The revenues of the sec jre said to have been Lat. 4f). 20 N. 

but r?0()/. a year in n.oney, out of which, how- WF-MPT^E. s. (guimple, French.) A hood; 

r\cr, lu- ?i aic»l a n^iition for the poor of his a vi^il {hn'itilt}. 

iWiiCi'.Q. Ill Km)<) li? I'urjliNhofl a suiall tract VV. W'i'mtlk. z'. a. To draw down a-jahn;J 

ill ^ianks and I^tic;!i-.h (ih-.: Inst honi; ever fsr v; il ' Sjicj'srr). 

printed in the M;'iU;s lani:;ii.«;:t) eniiiled, the WIN, in the name? of men, pKtv I'rm'ri 

principles and Hiuips of C'lirisliaiiiry. 'i'hi«; in-'.-cnlinc temper, from the S.ixdii ,-^ii», v.:*:. 

worthy prelate died Majch 7» 17.''r», in the f.j.:d s::on^lh, ^c, or else !o\e and cs;tein, :"r.'J 

of his A'ZCf and the ^^-Sth nl' h.is consecration. p:nf, dear, b(floved. In. tlie nann-^ ol' pI^c^, 

Ilis works are piinted in two volumes folio, it implies a hattltr fought there (Gt/ jo:*). 
His sermons have been puhilshcd bc'|)araulv. To A\ in. v, a. prct tiurt and wofi : \v. 

fir<i in four 8vo. vohiuicb, and aflerwirds In pas>. u'u}i (pmna, Saxon; jiinucr.\ l)i:\':- 

fo'ir ICino volumes, lli^ HihU* v. itli notes, in 1. To p,ain by ctiiKjucsi ' Mil*tn\ 'j. To ..:.; 

3 voh. 4io. the victory in a contest {D'uham^'. .T. To . . : 

WILTON, a hoToii^rh In Wiltshire, govern- sonieihing withheld, or SfiimiliinL; \...i.j' ■ 

cd bv a mavor, uiih a mark*'; on Wednesday. (Popr). 4. To oht.iin ; to alhuo i * k-,:i. . 

li w'as r.>rnuT;v thf (apifl oT the cunly, hut or compliance (Sidhn/). o. To L^ain ! v ■ ".v 

i< no\^- Mi-'ch r»-'Iiiri'd. Here is \V ilton-hou>e, i. -/(/<// .<(>//). (.). To ^jniu by per-^uaiioa !^I: :.]. 

the mr'-.'ujiu. rnt <-rai nf the « arl of Piinhrcke, 7. To liain by courtship ijiai/^. 
i.i V. h.;i h ^ .1 Ci ii hraied ci'lii ition ot*anti<jiK-»^. 7'o W'l.v. e. n. I. To i.a';n t!:e \:c' rr 

1 1 lu^ a ni:ii'.''V.:n'rc ofc'cp ts and thin wocl- [M:h'or\ 'J. To pain intl.nn'v or \\\ • : 

\r:\ s!i:iSi, :*\\<\ i."> ^^•alt■.i l.iMwern the rivrrs {Drifda}. :\. To ^ain «:r »» nil Siti.f^.j 

W I'.K and Nnil !rr, thrte niilrs W. by N. of 4. 'To Ik- cniupieror or ^!..i..i-r .•( j.l iv . N ,.' 
^ali^inrv, a:- ^'^ W . oy >>. of London. W I NIUM.vN, '>r WiMionx .Mr\^:r.. .» 

WILTSlllUK, a roiir^iy of England, .'>.'? town in DorsiM-hire. wiih ;; market mh 1 r " ■-. 

miW* li'iij: and .'!-» hroad ; boundrd on the IC. It h k' a monasttiy, in whirii wi ti \:\;.r. : 

by BcrlcslMre and Il.tnipshin'. S. by Hampshire the W. Saxon kin^s Erhel-i:;'tl arti S . v r •? . 

aiid Dor-fi'hiro, W. bv Souicrs. 'shire, and and (juren ^'.lheIl)ur^a. lis nfMo i'.. 

NAV. and N. bv (iloiic'sicrvhire. It contains calletl the Minster, wa- f'^-nu il\ ■ :'i,..r. 

81'l,iyO r.cre*; 1- dr/ulc-l into ii[) hundreds, It i> sealul hetwei-n the St<Mr au:' .\''.:ri, ^ 

pnd 304 jarishr<; l.is one city and C:} market- miles N. of I'ool'^, and lOj s.W*. i..' I.. .; ' . 

to'.rn-^ ; and sen.ls J4 mcir.beri to ijarliamem. Lon. 'J. 1 W. Lat. :>{). 47 N. 



WIN WIN 

WINCAUNTON, a town in Somerset- pentionen. ' All travellers, who call at that 

rire» with a market on Wednesday, seated nos|>ital, have a right to demand some bread 

a the side of a hill, 84 miles S. of -Bath, and beer, which is always brought to them. 

nd 108 W. by S, of London. Lon. 8. 18 W. Near the £. gale of the city is St. John's hos- 

^t. 51. I N. pital, in the hall of which the corporaiiun 

Tp WINCE. V. II. ifwingo, Welsh.) To give their entertainments. Winchester was 

kk, as impatient of a rider, or of pain {Shak» of great note in the time of the Saxons, and 

pfve\ here Egbert was crowned the first solc'monarch 

WiNCil. #. igttincher, French, to twist.) of England. Here Henry II. held a parlia- 

^winJIace; something held in the hand by ment, king John resided, Henry III. was bom, 

vhtch a wheel or cylinder is turned (Mori ). Richard 11. held a parliament, and Henry IV. 

Tq Wixch. v. a. To kick wiih impa- was married, as was aldo queen Maiy I. The 

knee; to shrink from any uneasiness C5AaA.). city is governed by a mayor, and sends two 

WINCUCOMli,aU)wn in Gloucestershire, members to parliament. It is seated in a 

Vfth a market on Saturday. It was formerly valley on the river Itchen, 21 miles N.W. of 

loied for iu abbey, who^ mitred abbot sat in Cliicnester, and 63 W. by N. of London. 

9srliament« Ii is seated in a deep bottom, Lon. I. si W. Lat. 61. 5 N. 

10 miles N.E of Gloucester, and Qi W.N.W. Winchestbr, a town of Virginia, with a 

3f l»nflon. Lon. 2. W. Lat. 51. 55 N. great manufacture of hats and another of sad* 

WINCHEIjSE.A, a town itM^ussex, one of dies. It is seated on Uie Potomac, 1 15 miles 

ihf cinque ports. It wa^} built in the reign of N. by W. of Richmond. Lon. 78. 22 £. Lat. 

Edward I. when a more ancient town of the 39. 15 N. 

same name, which had 18 churches, and was WlNCKELNfAN (Abb^, John), a cele* 
disunt ab'iut three miles, was swallowed up by bratcd antiquarian, born at Stendull, in Bran- 
ibe »ea, in a terrible tempest. The new town denburg, in 17I8. He was son of a shoe- 
bdii!; sacked by the French and Spaniards, maker, but rai^ himself into celebrity by his 
■■d deserted by the sea, dwindled to a mean industry and genius, and became finally pre* 
fbce; but it is governed by a mayor, and sident of antiquaries in th« Vatican. His first 
Kads two members to parliament. It is seated public situation was that of pnifessnr in the 
oi a rocky cliff, on an inlet of the sea, and college of Seehaussen, and he was afterwards, 
iMd a haven, now choked up. Three of the during seven years, librarian to count Bunau, 
wm are still standing, but much decayed, at Nothenitz. In 1734 he went to Dresden^ 
vTinchelsea is two milts S.W. of Rye, and 71 and in 1765 to Rome, where he enioyed the 
SW. of London. Lon. 0. 44 E. Lat. 50. friendship of Me ngs, the pain;cr, and the pa- 
is N. tronase of cardinals Albaiii and P45sionei. '/lie 

U'INXHENDON, a town of the United elector of Saxony, in !7^il, gave him the di- 

States. in Massaehusets. In October, 1795, rection of the royal cabinet of medals and ati- 

it Suffered considerable damage by a drradful tiquities at Dresden ; and in 1769 he was ap- 

tornado. It is situated on Miller*s river, 60 pointed president of the antiquities of the apos- 

BilcaiN.W. of B<»ston. tolic chamber, and had splendid offers made 

WINCHESTER, a city in Himpshirt, hirn by the king of Prussia. He wrote the 

vith a msirket on Wednesday and Saturday. Critical AccountoF the Situation, Destruction, 

t is one mile and a half in circumference and Discoveries of Herculaneum, Pompeii, 

otirKl the walls, which are greatly decayed, and Stubia, a work which obtained him so 

tod through them are four gates. Here are six ^reat reputation, that he was in\ited to Vienna 

churches, beside the cathedral, a beautiful ni 1 768, and received by the empress queen in 

tructuie, in which were interred several Saxon the most gracious manner. Her majesty pre- 

tinga and queens, whosf; bones were collected sented him with three valuable gold meoals, 

ly bishop Fox, put into six small gilded coffins, one of her imperial majesty, another of the 

ukI placed on a wall in the S. side of the choir, reif^ntng emperor, and the third of the pre* 

In ibis cathedral al«o is the marble coffin of ceding emiieror, Francis ; a present which 

jITilliam RuAh, and, amonjc other monumen to, nro^ed fatal to the receiver. Being arrived at 

ire those of William of Wykelum, cardinal Trieste on his way back to Rome, a traveller at 

Beaafort, and Benjamin Hoadly, all bishops of the inn where he lodged requested to see these 

his see. On a fine eminence, overlooking the medals, and while Winckelman was opening 

rity, is the shell of a palace, built for Charles the bmc which contained them, the villain 

!L bot nev^T finished ; in the late wars it was threw a cord with a running knot roond his 

ittcd up for the reception of prisoners of war, neck in order to strangle him, but tiK knot 

)ut is now inhabited by a great number of the stopping at his chin, he stabbed him in five 

?rench emigrant clergy. Near this palace is different places with a knife. The unfortunate 

)t. Mary's college, founded by William of abb^ being laid upon the bed, received the sa- 

iVykrham, for a warden, 70 scholars, 10 fel- cramepi, made his will, and expired in the 

ows, three chaplains, three clerks, a school- afternoon. This melancholy catastrophe hap* 

naster, u>her, organist, and 16 choristers: the pened on the 8th of June, 1768. In a few 

eholars arc educated for Newctdlege, Oxford, days the villain was anprehended, and broken 

4ear the S eml of the citv is the hospital of alive on the wheel betorc the door of the inn 

It. Cross, foundefl by a bisnop of this see, ibr where the manler of this learned and exoellent 

. master, nine poor brttliren, and four oat* maa was perpetrated. He corresponded with 



WINDS. 

afl ft* IftroH tntti hRffflfi','' and two »o. d«iini«tian sf the vapmr. 

\nmei of ht» Letters havt, since his death, iieen 4hnT»t ini> j be pennanrM aa^ 

published m Amsletdnm. Hij other worki orer ■ larjp portion of ihr Bloke; 

were a HtBiory of Art, siid Monomemi ■" "he In*iuin««>ii ornrirtK 

In„lit,. oKuional. or at lea.l an.«ruia, ■• thai 

nearir in the uotc ilirertinn. In Ihi 



■sfro... , 



1. /finrf i> when any .tract of 
the pUcf it IB in, to anjniher, 
pi'tui unsible to us : ivheivfare it was ni 
cilletl by the ancienu, a swiAer cnurt* oi 
■ flowing w»ve nf air; a Sin, dTnsior 
stn-nmrrf air iJIftiicAMtrDPil). B. Directi< 
the bUi< ir>in a puriicullt )>oini (SAiiii.i.] 
Brealli; power ir act of respiration (5Aai».). 
4. Air caiiaed by any action (Millon). 5. 
Breath nioduliled by an intitutnent (Bacon). 
6. Air impregnaied wiih Kent (StoiJI). j. 
FlUuleiice ; winilinest (.Milton'). S. kaj thing 
Inlignilicini or %ht ai wind {Milton). Q. 
Dawn lilt WiwD. To decay {LEitrangr). 10, 
'to tnkt or hate Hit Wihd. To gnin or have 
the iipricr hiaiX {Baton). 

To VVisD. V. a. prel. and part, loovnd. 
(pin'oan, Sosoni lEinden. Dutch.) !■ To 
blow; toMUiid by iiiflaiinn (Diydrn). 9. Tc 
turn rou III! ; lo twisl (Wo«dh). ' "^ - 
; to turn to thi< 



md Pacifir occani, under the vqdmtor. 
.'" is almoKl alwaja eutf rly ; it ttloiri, r 
'i IhU direction, on bcith nidet of tb« 
or the latitude of 28*. More In lb 
•>f the equator, Ibc niod ceneisUr 
3. the nnrlb and eaM ; and the * 
prorecd, tre Sad tbe wind I 
northern direetion ; more to 
llieequalor it blown between tl 
and Ibe hrtbcr to the laulh, 
in tbat diiertion. 

Between the parallrU of 38° and 40* 
lat. in tbat trMt wbidi extends rrom 30" mM 
to lOu" east longitude fTom Loadnn, Iha attd 
i> variable, but it mMt fre4u«itl)r binwa (rdntk 
twcen Ibe \.W. sod S.W. k> that (lie ouNnaf' 
bound Katl- India *hi pit i^eiwrall] ruDdowaMt 
eaii(in(Dn the paraUel ofSdovth. 

NatlgotortliateeiientheapiirilUlMafMi^ 
To teali- >"od» to thine p-nen>l m ind*. 

" (Periudieal). ThoH Hlad* wklAlta 




%: 



.... (Siiahf peart). 4. To nme : lo follow ■ 

icent. 5. Tolnmbtshifts or expedienl* *»>«> «"«i; ehange.and bWw for •• ^* 

irfiiMO. 6. To inir^uce by iniinMlion »P«™'rf«'«'>»™ 'teoppontepoin. ,jf ita^ 

i,S.^^..r^. T.To.chansefc.^. a Tji;;S,t'^j:^Xi,,'!:j^T'^ 

cle (^tftofti.]. t^|„r, the wiad b1nw« f^MBtoutliWBrriawM 

{C/orenrfnn). »tiole lHi«th of the Indii 



. To WlK 



fl«(. To 



grrw {Htyword). 14. To Wt» 



IO,rii\VtNI>i<p.TohriiiuuiaMnallrompaM, thepar»llel.of88'N.imda«'S.l.l.»«lWI«a 
aa a hiiitom of thread {Lockt). W.To Wind the cutcm e«ut of Afric* and ihe -'f - 
up (uied Ufa waich.) To convolve ilie spring irhivhpuieilhnHiiththeircaternpairtnr Jayn; 
{Skaktjtrmt'). 13. To Widh up. To put into hut In the other nxinihi, UfioIht, Nii—ftw. 
a itMu ol' rctiovalcd or continued inntton Derember, Januitj, Februarj. and Mar^ito 
[Grra). n. To WllrD vp. To raise by dc- *'"''■ '» ■" "'e norlbem p—\\ ot lfc« li*M 

" .. ~ %%, -I. ocean shin riiuad, and bbiw directly natnafW 

the rnune tbo; hold In the fomi^ us aailft 
Far aone da^ before and atVr Ike '^haafr, tim 
arealMi>,variBblcwlndi, and tfnaind«ui ilwfc 
with IhiindpT, kc. 

Philosophen diHer ia tlicir aqiiniaoa nap*- 

. To turn ; to chan^ ingtJie cauM uf lliew peeiodiral windat b<la 

m i to be convolved more probable theur; of ihii general triji mjlk 

eroimd {Utnham). 4. >•• (hat Ibej are nrruioned b)> t tie beat af fla 

nflexnrcs{S/'D*<.). 5- To be "un in the rtjionii ■hmil thee^oalnr.wfcM (to 

extrii-Meif; lo be tiisenlangicd (jKiZ/un). ■iri.heatedtoagrealerilrfrre.aad 



straiten a suing by turning thnt on which it is 

.-ii-j. ., .... i- ,un^ {miltr). IS. To 

a ontcr for regular action 



nllert i ti jRii 
Wiwo up. To put 

(Skaitprarr). 

7o WlBID. V.«. 

{I>y4r»). 8. To 
(M«xm). 3. To tr 



nthei 



TnanWnfMli' 
n«f(hr^r4ttM 




Wimp, a •rnsihle nirreiit in the tintoaphere. the globe. 

The motinna of the alraoaphere are lu^eet, in a tropical reciona, toe Uenaer air, W M^v ^ 

earlala degree, to the ume lawa ai thnae ef tudea, ruibci violently towand* (fas aifustirBiK 

Aaamt 4u«da. If we remoTe a portion of the both ildei of the (lobe. Bf llwi Imnllwi rf tl 

water in a Ur|:« mtervoir, we we the lurrouud- denaer air, nithoi 

ing waive flew in to realure the eqailibrium. If tenening, a direct nArlherlf i 

we impel, in any dlreetioo, a irrtun portion, an dueed in tlie Dorlbera Irupio, 

equal quanlitj mores in s tnnlrary dlrertion in the other tn^ie j bul a* tb« emrtb' 

from tha unnie eaase. If a iiurlioiii rH'ing rarided motion varir* the direct inflnrarcnf UMaaia«> 

by heat, or ri-Ddenwd by nild, aurendi or de- Iheiurfaee of the earth, aad aa by ikalaalM 

ircnda, a ' uiinlpr-'~urrenl in innther part it the thin laBueaee iarommuniralrd fimaaa^laaa^ 

seeeasary and visible reiult. It is thus in the an easterly wind would be pntdurn) (T tkli^ 

almiHphaer- Nn wind can blow wllboul a BuencB alone prevailed. On anvani i^ iha i» 

ooanler.ruivnt in an oppOtHe direrllnn ) or operation of tJieu two rausei at iIm> •■■• t^ 

arise without a previous dentruclion nf Ihe equf- the trade-wind* blow naltwally frM*> Ik* JUL 

librium,tbpgeaerBloati«eaof whirh ansi I. The on tb? north, and fnmi Ih* S.K.aa (tewatt<f 

he air over rerlaln traets, healed by Ihe line, lhn>u|hoal the whaiit fikri hal mtt 

t. tCsapoTBlion oauiing an aetaal la- tun approachoa nearer the trwpte of CaSMrM 

levulonieol tlienbnoipbcre. U- Basn, our summer seaaoD, Ibe polal Mwa*^ «MA 

<»utiag *t> A«l<ial dcrrMW ia %o\uiike bj ib« thew wlodi at« diiMtod irill KM -t* I warirt^ 



I Jcail, 



tbr fCDtfal Irkde-viDili; uid (be «n»c of 
He It ii Out wry difficult to exploit, Viina 
bkr bnnf > better wsductor nf btU Ibaa earth, 
» « il«r ii >iiT*Ti of « DiDrc ricn tenipf rkturr. 
hriB| Uw daf , IhrnToTF, the )anil twromes coD' 
(■nblji hMted, the air nirefiL-d, nnd ci>iik- 
MUt tn lb tReniMD brerae BfU in rram 
k M*, alilch i< leu bested tt Ihai time ihsn 
^ lU^ Ob Um other hand, durio; the night 
■ mtib lom it tui^lui beat, Kbile Ibe cei cou- 
loca aiaT* vra in iti temperatuiv. Towanlii 
Ininp, IherWnre, a brecie rtgularlj procrcila 
IM Uic land luwardi the ottan, where thr »ir 
Marver, and omtcqueiiU]' mure isrcded, than 

Wbe otiHC of Ibp mutiiooDi i> ant ■» wetl iin- 
laload u that vt the ^neral tradir-niuilt, but 
WlwatMta jml reuiatked iu(Kealt, ■' 
frobablc llu.ar> eu (be lubjert. Il 
pma, ILat at tb« equilor the changct of heat 
i cold arv occuionnl by the diuiuil motinn 
■k* raitk, and that the diflereow bel»wD the 
U aT lb« day ftud Ibe niglil ii aJmuat all that 
y i w i ia d in ihote (ropiral rrEioni; nberem 
lb* polar leeioiu the gient * iciuiludeii of heal 
ri «Dld arc ocvMUtned by the anaual motioD of 
pglobe, wliicb pradveei the leniihle dian^a 
Otntar and nunmer; awEcqueDll)', if the heat 
Uc aou waa the only csuif itT (he tariiliau of 
VwlBria, lh« HiaDget, ir au), that would be 
><i K » J by lliow ptcana in ci|iiatorial ri'gloni, 

em be diurnal only, but the dianEPa alioul 
J» tbda\A be (aperii'nwd only onw in lix 
INtha. Ai lh« e&cu >ritin« from Iba heal of 
I —m OpoB (ho air miut be grealer at Ibc 
fUar UuB at Ibc pair*, the cbanf^a of th* 
pi iriJmg fron tba cipaniinn of tlie a<r by 
t tBafi t*jt BUM be nore alcady in wiunlnrial 
Ml ia pniar raninua. T)w iDOmtronrliblc 
•MM of uaniitalara pro'c* (lija truth, llial 
Rda ■•« wore variable loirardi th« [lolei, and 
m fOBitant toBiird* the equator. But lu 
MMT, the ecmtiaual hiat, ervn in biiti lati- 
Im, eoaoo to be wotibly hit, and prwlurea 
■■Ca *■> the nind, which arc ditliDCtlj por- 
nlfcle. in our own mid ntian, Ibo cff^PtK nf 
I tarn •> the wind are fell darine the aummer 
)■*•; (iar nUlle the - - - 



that the eurrtntortbrcenenil trldc-«[adi>iln< 
temipted, aa aa to blow, al Ilial aeawii, trvai 
the houlh lo ihe oorih, conlnry to what it wouiit 
do if no land wan there. Hul lu Ih.; hiph moou- 
laioa of Africa, durin(Bll Ihe yeat, arevxIrcmelT 
cuM, the low Pountriet of India, lo Ihe ea«twiLrd 
of il, beroiue botUr Ibnn Afrira hi tummcr, sud 
Ihe air is nttiirally drawn ihcnreluthi-eiiiitiVartf, 
From the nnnie e«o«e il lolloivi., (Ijat llie Itade- 
wind in the ladlati ocean, front Ap: il l?)l OrtDher, 
blowi in a north-«a»t direcliun, contrary tOlMl 
of Ihe p-aerst trade-wind in npen ims in tli* 
■amc latitude ; but when Ida nun Tetimtowxrdt 
the Inipir of Capricorn, I bene northern part* be> 
comt! I'lirTcr, and tbee<'4L'niHrade-wiadauuaiH 
ilb nalural direoliun. 

IIsTineeiVen Ihc moat obiiout eauari of 11m 
periodical nionaoooa in the Indian aeaa, Jl ia 
rcKMnr)' to obierr«, that no moasoon takim 
place lo the wutbnart of the equator, exerpi in 
that parloribeoecnna^oiningrto New tlolland. 



TherK the t< 



.r to pro 






r la 4or 



rally b 



a of lb* day adrkniw*, and 
|B*aiijlotrardalheeteuin(.and laaaDiei that 
Mataf Kirrnlty m delithtftil lo our feeliaifv 
irh H« the diurnal ehanxea of Ihe wind in 
Hbm tlinalea. 1 he annual refolulioa of llie 
I fndDcaa tlill mora wnaibla tSttU. Th* 
|eal«*t* nf ihe wottm wiudk iuriuf iiimmer 
) mat allfibut* In Ihia cauae, which i* Hill 
tic perorpUbl* in Fraaoe and Hpain ; bccauao 
I aanlitml of land to the csatward, beinf 
Had vara than the walrra of Ihe Allaolic 
tm, the air ia dnwn, dunni; Ibat leaKn, to- 
iHa Um vait, and cvnarqueutly prod urea a 
■Hnawntd. 

Bat Ihnaeffeebi are lourh more perorptibin 
nawtriaa near Ihe Intpiea than with ua. Fur 
Ca the Inn approarbea the tropic of Cancer, 
raailof Pcraia, Benpl. I'hina, aad tlie ail- 



I 



ltd Uie touHiwunl uf tbonf ceunlrie*, 



I the northeni Inapic. and limilar 
lake pIsL-c. From October UU April 
ine moiiioon >etii in l>oni the N.W. to 8.B. <ip- 
pniite lo Ibe Keni3-alcour«c of the trade-wind on 
Ihe olher aide of the line; and here aim Iba 
general trade-wind fasumet ill mual eourae 
during tho other mnnlha, which cunatilute Iha 
irinler aeason in Ifaeic regloaa, Il may not be 
iiopruper lu conclude tbia account of Ihe tropical 
wiailt, by eiiunicrating aome of the principal 1b< 
QectEona of the montooni. 

Between tlic montht of Apiil and Orlober tb« 
wiD±t blon- conttanlly from W.SW. in «II thai 
pari of Ibc ludian ocean which Ilea betwced 
Madafraarar and capu Coinonii, and in the con- 
trary direelioa from October lill April, wilk 
aumeamall variation in ililbivnl pluva; hul in 
the bay uf Bengal Ihete windt are Qeitlicr to 
(lroii( nor ao eonatant aa in llw Indian ocean. 
Il inual alao lie reaiarked, tlial the 8.W. wind* 
in Ihoae aeaa are more aoutberly on Iha AIMcu 
tide, and mure irealecly ou the aide of India ; 
but ihme rarialiona are not to great u to be re- 
pugiianl to the general theory. The cauae af 
thii variation it, at waa before iutimaled, that 
the ninuntain»ui landt of Africa are coljer thaa 
Ibo Uiiitcr rcf iuna of Arabia and India ( eon- 
■equeolly Ibe wind nalurally bloita IVon Iheia 
rotd moonlainii, in Ibe aummrr araann, lowarda 
Ibii warmer landa of Atia, which ocCMiona HMta 
iiiHectlona of the wind to Ihe eaatward duriag 
llie numuier ^antha. The peniniula of India 
lying ao much Ikilbarlo Ibe aouth Iban Uie king- 
dnaa of Arabia and Penia, adda graatly to thia 
effect 1 becauae tho wind uatiirallydrawa lownriU 
them, and produce* Ibalraaterty varlatian of the 
moDBOon nhicJi lakea plan in thit part of tlia 
«WeaD, while Ihe aandy dcwrtanf Arabia draw 
the wind* nore direatly nurtliward, near Ihe 
Afriran nail. A aiiailar chain nfreaMwiog will 
ame lo uplain any other inBerlinfli«r aariatiuBn 
Dial tnaj uerur in Ilia perui&i of twukavf mrela, 

Wi>D<i (Variable), In Ihe tiniprral* woam 
tbedirrolion of the winda la by nn oiruia ao i«. 
gular aa between lb* lrfl)iica. Even in the unw 
degree of Utiludn we And Ibein ollm blowing im 
diderent dircctioa* al Ihe aana liBMi j wbilc their 
ebangea arc fnqurulJy an sudden and ao «•• 
priciuDi, Ibat to aiKwunl for tlirin baa hilbola 
Ihvh found impoiaible. tVheu wiuda an liolcnl, 
logg, ibej (cnanlly cxtvBd ot«r ■ 



I 
I 



Winds. 


Davw. 


Wind«. 


Dij« 


South- west 


112 


Snuth-eaikt 


:»2 


Xortlioavi 


^ 


KllAt 


•Jti 


N<)rth-wc»l 


.sa 


South 


IS 


>\\'Nl 


5a 


North 


\6 



WINDS. 

large tniH of country ; nnd this \n mokv certainly south-west and north-west ; at Pekin, thesortl 

the caiie when they blow from the north or cant and the south ; at Kamtsrhatka, on the mrtV 

than from any other pointn. By the multipH- cast coast of Asia, the prcrailiai; windt bbw 

ealion and comparison of meteorological tables, from the wesL 

»ome regular conneilion between the changes of In Italy, the prermiling winds differ crtuidm* 

the atmosphere in diflforeut places may, in time, bly aerordingto the situation of the placc«ahcif 

be observed, which will at last lead to a satis- the obsenrations hare been made : at Rone ni 

factory theory of the winds. It is from xuch Padua, they are northerly, at Milan eaitcrij. 

tables chie6y, that the following facts have been All that we have been able to leani roaemisi 

eollccted : Spain and Portugal is, that on the west eotrt d 

In Virgidia, the prevailing winds are lietween these countries, the west is by far the auMt cnk 

the south-west, west, north, and north-west ; the mon wind, particularly in summer ; and thtt ri 

most frequent is the south-west, which blows Madrid the wind is north-east for the gieslal 

mure constantly in June, July, and August, than part of the summer, blowing almost roaibsllj 

at any other season. The norlh-west winds blow from the Pjrenean mountains. At Bene is 

most constantly in NeTcmbcr, January, and Fe- Hwitxerland, tlie prevailing winds are the mmH 

bruary. At Ipswich, in New England, the pre- and west; at St Gnthard, the north-east jri 

^-ailing windfl are also between the south- West, Lausanne, the north-west and south-west, 

west, north, and north-ea^t ; the most frequent Father Cotte has given us the result nf tb^ 

is the north-west. But at Cambridge, in the servations made at 86 different places of Fraarr; 

same province, the most frequent wind is the from which it appears, that along the vMt 

south-east. The predominant winds at New south coast of that kingdom the wind blows surt 

York are the north and west; and in Nova frequently from the north, north-west, and Dortl- 

f^cotia north-west winds blow for three-fourths east ; on the west coast, from the west, isaik- 

of the year. The same wind blows most fre- west, and north-west ; and on the north fsol 

qucntly at Montreal in Canada ; but at-Quebee from the south >wesL That in the mteriar pan 

the wind generally follows the direction of the of France, the south-west wind blows moil l» 

river St. Lawrence, blowing either from the quently in 18 places; the vrest wind in 14; tke 

north-east or south-west At Iludson's-bay north in 13; the south in 6; the north-esAii 

westerly winds blow for three-fourths of the 4 ; the south-east in 2 ; the cast aad north-vftf 

year; thenorth-west wind occasions the greatest each of them one. On the vrett eoast if fks 

cold, but the north and north-east are the vehi- Netherlands, as far as Rotterdam, tiie prrvaliic 

des of snow. winds are probably the sonth-west, at ieail, tka 

It appears from theM farts, that westerly winds is the case at Dunkirk and Rotlenlan. It it 

are most frequent over the whole eastern coast of probable alHO, that along the real of this ewt. 

North America ; that in the southern provinces, from the Hague to Hamburgh, the prrvaiBK 

south-west winds predominate; and that the winds are the north-west, at least these wisdi 

north -west become gradually more frequent as are roost frequent at the Hague and at FkaMbr. 

we approach the frigid zoae. The prevailing vrind at Delft is the south-etH; 

In Fgypt, during part of May, and during and at Breda, the north and the east. 

JuiH*, July, August, and Scptt-mbor, the wind In (formsD}-, tbo enst wind is most fteqofr? 

blows alnu)st conslsnlly from the north, varj in;; at (lotlingeu, Mnnirh, WciNwnburch, l)u<fc-i- 

fioniHimc'K in June to the wc^t, and iu July to dorf, Sa^nntiiii, Krl'unl, mid at Ruda in lli;.- 

thc n<*st nnd the east j <!urinjj part of September, garj ; the soulh-oa"»t :it Pm«;uc nnd WirtiSur:, 

nnd in Ortol)er and Xoveniher, the winds are the north-east at Katisbon ; and the uttl t* 

variable, but hlon* uiore regularly from the cast Manheini and Berlin. 

than any other «iuartcr; in Decemhor, January, T'loni an averaffe of ten years of llionsi*ti: 

and February, they bhiw from l!»e north, north- kept b> order of tlie HoynJ Society, it api"^ 

we«it, and \>est; towardti the end of February that at Ixindon the winds l»Iow iu the fu.lw* >•( 

thry chanfjp to the Koulh, in which quarter th»y order : 
continue till near the end oi' Marcli ; durin;; Ww. 
In^t days in iNf areh and in April, they blo^v from 
the south-east, south, and south-west, and ut 
last from the east : and in this din>ction they 
continue during a part of May. 

In the Mediterranean the >\ind blows nrarlv 
three-fourth -J of the year fnuu the north ; about 
the equinoxes there is a1wa\s an easterly wind 

in that sea, nhirh is fjenerally uiore eon««tant in It appears, from the <*amo register, that tbs 

spring than in autumn. These observations do ^oulh %%est v«iud blows at an av- rage mpiv ^•- 

nol apply to the put <»f (JlibrnUar, where there are quenlly than ?u\ other w ind during 0Ter3f ■ra:5 

seldom any winils except the cast and the west, of the year, and that itb.o^^s lont^itl in Juh trt 

At Rastia, in the islnnd of Corsiea, the pre\aii- Au;;iist ; that the northeast blows nio«t f^-'' 

inp wind is the south-wt st. stantly durini; Jnnuun , March, April, May. wi 

In Syria the north wind hl<»ws from the au- Juni', and must seldoni during Febniarj, Ja'?. 

tnmnal equinox t«» No\rmber; dnrinp l)eeen»lier, S^eptjMuber, and Dereutberj nnd that th ooriv 

January, and February, the winds blrw from w«'sl wind blows ollenrr fiom Novouibi<f •<> 

the west and south-wcsl ; in >!t«r«-h they l)low Mar- h, and mon* seldom during S«-plemUrici 

from the south, in .Ma} from tlu' east, and in Oetolur than anj other luonths. 'Ihe soiitb-i*— ! 

June fn>m the nortli. From this mouth to the winds an^ also most frrquent at Briai©., ami Btrt 

autumnal equinox, the wind ebai^pes cradually to them are i he northeast. ■ 

■s the siui approaehes the «'ijuit«»r ; first li» the The fol.owiiigla!>le of tho wlncK at J.^n.-sOrt 

east, then to the south, and lastl> to the west, has )*een drawn up fioiu a rcgihlcr kept tor M^ti 

At Bagdad, the most frequent winds arc the years at that place : 



WINDS. 



inih. 


Days. 


Wind^. 


Daj^ 


Ii*neftt 


U3 


South-east 


a> 


ib-eait 


67 


Xorth 


30 


h 


;>1 


North-west 


26 


t 


41 


Eftst 


17 



following table is an abstract of nine 
ibsenations made at Duoifries by Mr. 
id: 



inds. 


Days. 


Winds. 


Days. 


Ji 


82i 


North 


364 


t 


&J 


North -west 


2^ 


t 


68 


8outh eaxt 


28i 


:h-west 


50} 


North-east 


14i 



followiog table is an abstract of seTen 
sbsvrvations made by Dr. Meek at Cam- 
g, near Glasgow: 



Ind*. 


Days. 


Winds. 


Dsys. 


Lh-west 


17 t 


North-east 


104 


Ih-west 


4U 


South-east 


47 



ppears from the register flrom which this 
was extracted, that the north-east wind 
much more frequently in April, May, and 
and the south-W(*st in July, August, and 
\tbeT, than at any utlicr period. I'he soulh- 
% by far tlie most frequent wind all over 
nd, cvperially on the west coast. At Salt- 
in Ayrshire, fbr instance, it blows threc- 
s of the year ; and along the whole coast of 
.y, on the north-east side of Heotland, it 
for two-thirds of the ^-ear. Kast winds are 
Ml o\-er all Great Britain during April and 
but their influence is felt most seterely on 
%\em coast 

( following table exhibits a view of the 
■r of days during which the westerly and 
iy winds blow in a year at different parts 
• island, lender the term westerly are 
cd the north-wtotit, west, xouth-west, and 
; the t(*rm easterly is taken in the same 
le. 



luf 




VtlSD, 


TT. 


Places. 


Westerly Easterly 





fiondon . . . 


S2;VJ 


1^)2 


7 


I^ncasitcr . . . 


216 


149 


• 1 


Livcrpoul ... . 


urn 


17/i 


9 


UumfricK . . . 


2-J7.5 


137 i> 





Branxholm, fiHy- 
fuur miles suulli- 








went of Berwick 


2:V2 


133 


7 


]('anibuslang . . 


214 


151 


b 


■Hawk hi 11, near 


« 






1 Edinburgh 


229.5 


I3.3.0 




Moan 


220.3 


1 14 J. 7 



Treland the totith-weit and west arc the 
trade-wind?, blowing most in summer, 
|D^ ^nd winter, and least in spring. The 
:cast blow«i most in spring, and nearly 
c tp what it does in autumn and fi inter, 
outb-east and north-weiit are nearly equal, 
re most frequent after the south- went and 

Copenhagen the prevailing wind.s are the 
nd Koutb-eaHt ; at Stockhulin, the west and 
In RusHia, from an average of a register 
yeani, the wind* blow from November to 
in the following order : 



W. N.W. E. S.W. 9. N J:. N. S.E, 
Days 45 26 23 22 20 19 14 12 

And during the other six mouths, 

W. N.W. E. S.W. 8. N.E. N. 8.E. 
Days 27 27 19 24 22 16 33 18 

The west wind blows during the whole year 
72 day* i the north-west 58 ; the south-weit and 
nortli 46 days each. During sumoier it is ealm 
for 41 days, and during winter for 21. In Nor- 
way, the moat frequent winds are the south, th* 
south west, and south-east. The wind at Bergen 
is seldom directly west, but generally south-west 
or south-east; a north-west, and especially a 
north-east wind, are but little known there. 

From the whole^ f these facts, it appears that 
the most frequent winds on the south ooastaof Eu- 
rope are the north, the north -east, and north-west; 
and on the western coast, the south-west : that 
iu the interior parts which lie most contiguous to 
the Atlantic ocean, south-west winds are also 
most frequent ; tmi that easterjy winds prerail 
in Germany. Westerly winds are also most fre- 
quent on the north-east coast of Asia. 

It is probable that the winds are more con- 
stant in the south temperate lone, whidi is in a 
great measure covered with water, than in the 
north temperate sone, where their direction must 
be frequently interrupted aud altered by moun- 
tains and other causes. 

M. De la Caille, who was tent thither by the 
French king to make aidronomical observations, 
informs us, thut at the Cape of Good Hope the 
main winds are the south-east and north-west; that 
other winds seldom last longer than a few days ; 
and that the eaHt and north-cAst winds blow very 
Ecldom. The soulh-ca»t wind blows in most 
months of the year, but chiefly from October to 
April ; the north-west prevails duriug the other 
six months, bringing along with it rain, and 
teinpestfl, aud hurricanes. Between the Capos^of 
Good Hope aud New Holland, ttic muds are 
commtmly westerly, and blow in the follow- 
iog order : north-wext, south-west, west, north. 

In the Gtvtii South Sea, from latitude 30^ to 
40'' south, the south-east trade-wind blows most 
frequently, (Mtpocially wlieu the sun approaches 
tlie tropic of Capricorn ; the wiud next to it in 
frequency is the north -wcNt, and next to that \h 
the Houth-west. From south latitude -10^ to 50°, 
the prevailing wind is the north-west, and next 
the .soutli-west. From 50^ to 60^^ the most frc- 
qiii*nt iiind is also tlto north-west, and next to it 
ih tlie >\eit. 

Thus it appears that Uie trade-winds some- 
times extend farther into tlie south temperate 
zone than Ihoir usual limits, |>articularly during 
summer; that beyond their influenoe tlie winds 
are eomniunly westerly, and that they blow 
in the fotlo\uug order : nerlb-west, south-west, 
wesU 

Such is the pre«ent state of the hixtory of the 
direction of the winds. In the tomd suae Ibey^ 
blow couHtantlv from the north-east on the north 
side of the equator, and from the south east on 
the S4iuth side of* it. In the north temperate xone 
they blow moi*t fmiuently from the soutJi-wcst i 
iu the Houth Icuiperate xoue from the aorth-wrst, 
changing, however, frequently to all poioli of 
the compasM ; mid in the north temperate sono 
bluwing, particularly during spring, from the 
north-CMst. 

As to the velocity of the wind, its voriationt 
are almost intiuite ; from the gentlest brveiCf im 



W I N 

the hum rnne which tears up trees and bloirx 
dowu hons4'<. It hRK bi^n remnrked, that our 
most violent n ind> take plare when neither the 
heat nor tiie mid is f^rcatrM ; that violent wind« 
generally exu'iid over a gn-al \rn.e\ of country, 
and that they arc aceouipnnied by suddeu and 
i:reat falls in the mercury of the barometer. The 
reason appears to be, that violent winds suoreed 
the precipitation in rain of a large quantity of 
▼apour, ivhi<'h previously eonMituted a part of 
ih« bulk of the atmosphere ; and this precipita- 
tion rannot take pla{*e when the general tcni* 
pcrature approaches to either exlretnr^. The 
wind is Kometimes very violent at a distance 
from the cartJi, while it is quite calm ot its sur- 
face. On one occasion I^unardi went at the rate 
of .70 miles an hour in his balloon, though it was 
quite calm at Edinburgh uhen he ascended, and 
continued so during his whole \oyage. The 
same thing happened Xa Oarncrin and his 
companion in their aerostatic voyage to Col- 
rhester. This again may hv illustrated by the 
motions of dense fluids, which are always im- 
peded in the parts contiguous to the sides and 
bottom of the vessels ; and tlie sauie thing hap- 
pens in tide-rivers, where the Iwatman, when he 
wishes to pitieeed with the tide, commitK himself 
to the middle of the stream : but when he has to 
strive against it, he keops dose to tlie shore. 
It is, therefore, not the upper parts of the atmo* 
sphere which are accelerated, but the lower are 
retarded by friction against the surface of the 
earth. 

The following table, drawn up by 7\Ir. 
Smeaton, will give the reader a pn^ty precise 
idea of the velodty of tlie wind in diflerent cir- 
cumstanoes : 



|^";f*]Feetper 



1 

o 

:\ 
i 

10 
15 
20 

2r» 

•to 
'\r, 

.00 

60 
80 



Perpendicular Korep on oav 
square Foot, in \voirdupoiK 

PuiiJuls and Paris. 



00.0 
.0-20 ) 
.041 C 



100 Ut>.7 




WlMi'i 



Hardly pcreeplihle 
Ju'il pcrcopliblc * 

Oonlly pleasant 

Pleasant, bri<k 

Ver} bri^'k 

High wind 

Vc^^ hlffh >\ind 

Storm OP tempest 
(ireat storm 
llurrirane 
Hurricane tliat tears 

up trees, and onrrii-*; 

btiildiiii^^i biJ'jire it. 



WIND \C;K OK A C;1:N, is tli( (Il.VL'rcnre 
bi-lv. M-n tlir (!ia:iM-UT 111" ilic borc of l\\c puii 
a:».d ibc tliainvu r ol* the b.ilJ. 

!l'T^M(»b».-j tlu" v\ iiidave appointcl in tl)e 
Ivipli-h ^clvlrl•, xiz. I-^dlh ot flu- dianicur of 
the l»;»!l, v. iiirh has hren Uo^il alii-.r),! fpMU tlie 
b ■;:iniuiii:, \v.\> Ikm'h t;ir too much, f)\ving, per- 
il. ip"*, \') tIm- t.rt wnni of n'iin(Iiu*s> in the ball, 
r>r lo riKi, f\)ulni-,-, »>r ijrei'ui.niiii -. i:i l be borc 
ol' the gui). I)ut lately a b.'^iitiiin*; hai> btai 



M' 1 N 

made to diminish the windage, which cari/jof 
fdil to be of very great advaniuze ; as the »iot 
will both go much truer, and iiave lent roon: 
to bounce about fioin side to side, to tlicgrrjt 
damage of the gun ; and besides, nmcb ifs* 
l)Owder will serve for the same effect, as i:i 
some cases } or j the inflamed powder escape-* 
by the windage. The French allowaiict ot" 
windage is l-25ih of the diameter of the Inlh 
For more on this subject, see the valuaUe n- 
periincnts described lu Uutton'sTrjcts,Tob. 
li. and iii. 

AVINDAW, a town of the duchy of Cour- 
land, with a ca^ile, and a harbour at the iDouili 
of the Wctaw, in the Baltic, 70 miles K.W. 
of Mittaw, and 100 N. of Memel. Loa.Si. 
5 E. Lri. 57. 20N. 

WPNDBOUND. a. (wind and honl) 
Confined by contrary winds (Specfalor). 

WI'XOKGG. j. An ej^ not im|>re^atrd ; 
an e3;z that does uot contain the principles of 
life {Brown). 

WI'NDER. f. (from wind,) 1. An ii»tni- 
mcnt or |)erson by which any thing is turned 
round (S^tf'i/7). 3. A plant that twUu iisdf 
round others {Baron), 

WINDERMERE-WATER, orWwASt- 
DER-MBBB, the niost extensive lake ioEog* 
land, lying between Westmotland and In- 
cushirc. It extends 10 miles from N, to S., 
but in no part broader than a mile ; and a- 
hibits a greater variety of fine landscapes thai 
any lake in England. It is famcnis for itsliix 
clirir, and abounds also with trout, perch* pikf» 
and eel. It has a communication on the W. 
with Esthwaitc-water ; and its principal feed- 
ers are the rivers Roihay .ind Bi^ithay. Th» 
lake is frequcnily intersected by pronionton?*, 
and spotted wiili islaiuls. Amonji ihtM-, ihc 
Holme, or Great Inland, an obloni: tract 0J.>> 
acres, crosses the lake in an ol»liqne iiia*. i :r- 
roundcd by a number of infi^rior i^les, f.nfiy 
wooded. Not one buliiish, or swampy rffU, 
difilrs ihe margin of lliis i.iko. 

U'l'NDl'ALL. 5. (inndiirnUali.) I. Fruit 
blown down from the tree {EiiUu). Q. -An 
U!iex[>ectcd K*pJ»cv. 

AVIND-FLOWKU, in botany. See :\x!- 

MON'F. 

W'IND-GALTm a pofTy kind of swel!!ne -r 
ttimour on the joints ol" horses which y.f I '- t'> 
the pressure of the fiiiL^or, but, upon reir.o\ir,.' 
the p^c^sure, recovers ii«elf. and pushes mh ^■ 
bef .re. It has been thus named fronj a fal't m* 
tioM of its containing noihin^ but air, or w :■■'■ 
These tumours are ot*.en seaiid on both ?i''e>i'« 
the back- sinew of a horse, above the feikxrk ti . 
ihc f(»rc-le^s, but most frequently on the hii.il* 
\i'ii^. They are quite loose and detached iV»r« 
the jvirtson which they prow, aoti evhiti;: !"t 
h.inie siuns wherever they are met wiih, *■ he- 
tber in the bocks or about the knet** ; for iK- 1 
swelliniis are not confined to the lower lin-' i 
only, but appear in any of those n.irts <\ » 
horde's IhkIv where the cellular incmDr..n<* (. v 
be easily se[)a rated ; and they exi<i, i"or li.i 
ni^'^t |)art, without occasioniiis any \z\n. 

Wind-galU are usually caiusJ by ti ir-^- :h 



I 



w I :ec w I N 

(Irdail:), nronilry liillrsronmlj. Some- Arise, alvove the fetlock, ami suinpiliiics lie hu^ 

ivcl : in;; horses, when th(*T arc workt'i I Itnown bli^ttrinp; alone to Micctod in ilies-^ 

ig, bsfure ihc limbs arc prown finii tijnu.'nr* wIkh &irii.i?erl on iheliurhs; Lut ihia 

ontiis, will have them. Gibsfjn s:us has ijc.n re;>Ciittil, ai lime-, (i>r ihr spscc of a 

rnetimrii proccefl from coiistiiuiion il y<-ai or u )('ar uni) a half, u>'i'Uti2 tiic horse as 

iSy especially in bulky borers. They ufur.A in all the intervals. Tlu-^e accidents 

!' rec<»Yer, however, with a dny's rest. b;i|jpen chicflf to coach-horics ami others that 

aiiilent swrllinss, indeed, that cumc draw heavy loads, and the Ik-.U way to manage; 

gaqncnts of the hocks, are always trnii- their btisitfrs is this: a liiilc bli<>terir{; oiut- 

, disfigure the animal, and, unless nient should be laid on every o'her dry for it 

assistc-d, will cau^e incurable lameness, week, which brings on a |ik'niiuil discharge, 

the\- arc but small, but in time they and when this is dried up, which generally 

the size of a pullet's ep;e perhaps, and hapjH^ns in a fe«v diiys, the horse may go to hn- 

on each side of the hollow of the hock. UMial work for thrte weeks'or a monvn, afief 
;s of the same kind aUo ap|K*ar above, which the Lli^terin" may be repeatecf, if it be 3 

!, where they often precede a diseased convenient time for the owner, or at any oihctf 

I'ery f^mall smiilar 8welIiAg;s under the season when the horSv; cnn have a little rest, 

of the knee, in the interstices of both Horses hnve been blistered in this manner six 

he joint, are also dangerous ; but these ' or eight times within the year, by which mean* 

iap]K.'n, and are usikally caused by some they daily got >somc grouud. The swellings 

ittain, especially when a horse falls gradually Were red uccfl, tiiciKirt^ sir en>;ti ten cd» 

ion a dohcent with his whole weight and no manner of blemi<ih has been left, not 

kneis. The other flatulent sweltings any loss of hair, and the lameness has been tn* 

orK's arc subject to seldom cau^e lame- tin-ly removed. Firing is, iivleed, a more ex- 

. are, for the most part, easily curetl. peiliiious remedy, b^ing but a single Operation, 

[1 lb ise that arise in the instersiiccs of which is seldom «»r never repeaterl ; yet firing 

muscles of the hips and thighs, which not only Icavci blcniiAhts, but Gibson asserts, 

ided like little bladders Hiled with air. it is, for the most jiart, an imperfect cure, as 

inc by strains and over exertion ; for there always remains a stiffness and fulness 

liurscs are the mo^r subject to them of about (he joint; and the only good obtained 

(. Wind-galls that proceed tirom mere by it is, that it stops the progress of the malady, 

i arc seldom curable, unless the con- and renders the horse mutn more useful than 

can be imprnvi'd ; but we often ^ec he was before the operation. 

lat were subject to wind-galls when For those flatulent swellin-z^ that sometimes 

cl the better of ilieiu as they grow lo rise noar the joint of a horde's knee, if asirin* 

gent applications have not force cnoii^h to re-* 
frails that proceed from hard riding, move them, the bc^'t way is to blister without 
lier causes nho\ c-nientioned, are tn<T'^ delay, n»r when these ure seated near the knee 
rented than cured; for though few they prove dangerous, uij!''?s 5|)redi!y removed. 
> lame with iht>e tumnur;*, vet they For this rej-son firing is alt>o proper af-er blis* 
sBgure the part where they arc situ- tcrinu; but this should he dene wiici a small 
d therefore young hor>e.i of value iroj», and the linc^ or rnsc-! made as near to one 
I to travel much, eipi'ciaFlv with heaw another as possible, a'*lerwards covcrin::; the 
fore ihey come to ih.eir full slrengtli. whole knee with a mercurial applicaiio!!. 
k-eil about the paNierits,nnd tlu■^UIM^ \VIN'I>-(i.\(tK. See Axemometer. 
U'H ascend toward-* the knee, but WIN! )-Cil.'N. See Air-gl'S. 
ipparent fulness on each side tiie back V\'I'\l)INiiSS. *. (frojn windt/.) 1. Ful- 
ls to be siiopectcd wind-calls are iu-m of wind; flatulence (Fluycr). ii. Ten« 
a*^. With a view to uri-vcnt their dcnrv in pen*. rate wind {liacon). 3. Tumour; 
C/ibson advise- us to bnhe iheni wi-ll pllf^:ne^ ; (Brcrtwnod). 

epir or vLrjuice, or olficr powerful Vv'l'NDlNO. *. (from trind.) Flexure; 

ts. meander {Addixott), 

len wind- fi.dh arc grown pretty large, \Vl|Nl)INC»Si!I''ET. j. (/Wm(/ ai^l^AeiV.) 

like ki'iiKl*^ or iiuluratnl tjaiids. If A sheet in which the dead arc enwrapped 

in the hi'^'l lep-, if is «<'•;. rce worili {Shtikfpeare) , 

nied:! e v. sh t'li m : ;is v. r si-c ni;niy WINDLASS, or Wind LACE, a partirub' 

;• .»ntl rfi'i'.l lif"" <■* i . » !'.n.: ';niir;i' \'t i::.irhin^^ used for raising hea\y weij*,ht;, .?:-. 

-" liel'ci, v.Miif- . . « ..'■ liTi.e ; b-.i? giiis, •'tonc>, anchor?, ivre. 

vprev." :.-; O'j ! ii' i ■iv'-ir :• ilicv 'I his i^ a vfry '•nnplc machine, con-^i-il'' : 

niakf i lot-f ir ;! M-.d ■■.:.ii»i.l", nr. it oalv manaxi^or JoiU-r, sup|j.>rtc:l hor'/'ni:-'' •. 

K-ar \cry ^-jilV ti';«:r ^.« . In liu* :.i r. e trvo tr.ds bv «wo fj-i* 'e^ of won'! :•.•■- i. 

Mire mav ijr \.\H'. ^,' I i v o.iM hiis- iimIU'v: the two '/leci-s of v,*o(.i! incei a: J • 

Tic nirrelv pi'. r..'' • im '. • u n !. r:r ■', oun;^ placcil di.i^'oinllv «>'■ as to prf»j) r.j M 

tfti'ii ii il :i'.'V- ...! . '.• ! •' ln-.rj ,1V.: i ■'.".. r : and the uv I- or iol'f r TOr- throiij: i'.- 

whilii lil-'lCf', ••■ ■; :■ /I..I' -i, f!.- I". t» j.i.c ■•, r.nd ii.! ua in il.t* ■>. 'I'he pu!Ii ', 

in etf/ctu' !'•.(" ■ • ; -. • .. :■■;••■:; f -.'i md :-.: i-p, v. hereihi- ;.icc •'. j'-io. I.:i-rly, 

s thi:» ••■■•• ' 'I *.' (•■'.- '.-. 'i!- ..I- ■'. ui liiinj .Tt: tr, ... ^M^ur rr •«.:ii«!--p'k' ^^!l"'.!i ^j 

XI.-PAlM'lf. • M . • 



WIN WIN 

through the roller, to turn it by ; and the M>pe» on the axis. The aaib are braced by an iroQ 

wliicii coiues over the pulley, is wound off and stay/to each arm, proceeding from the end of 

oil tl)e ^anle. a pole g, which is nxed at the end of the cast 

Windlass, in a ship, is an instrument, in iron axis. The sails are formed of a sail cloth, 

smull ships placed u|x>n the deck, just abaft spread upon a kind of lattice-work or framing, 

the forenia>t. It is made of a piece of limber composed of nils morticed into the arms of the 

9ix or eighi feet scjuare, in form of an axle- sails B B. The plane of these frames isio- 

tree, wliusc length is placed horizontally upim clined to the plane of the sails* motion, at such 

two pieces of wood ai the ends, and upon an angle, that the wind blowing in the direc- 

ivhich it is turned about by the help of hand- tion of the axis, act;! upon them as inclioed 

spikes put into liolcs made fur that purpose, planes, and turns them about, with a power 

This iusirument sen'cs for weighing ancnors, proportionate to the sixe of the sails aud force 

or hoi»ting of any weight in or out of the of the wind. It is necessary as the wiod 

ship, and will purcha5e much more than any jphanges its direction to turn the sails aboat, 

capstan, and that without any danger to those ..fhat ue ajtis may be always in the direction of 

who heave: for if in heaving the windlaia the wind ;th'is motion b effected by tumiDgthe 

about any of the handspikes should happen In bcMl of the mill rcmnd upon the walls or ffaiae 

break, the windlass would pjll of itself. > % L, composing the body of the mill. At tht 

WINDMILL, a machine turned by the 't^ of this is a circular kirb, upon which s 

power of the wind, whicii is caused to act number of rollers are placed, and the kirb K of 

' vpon vanes or sails, and give them a rotary the cap lies u|X)n these rollers, which are kept 

motion. The external structure of the ooiiH e^uidisunt from each. other by their centre 

mon windmill is well known to every penon, pins beins fitted into a circular hoop. By thb 

but the interior mechanism not heiiis so jge- means* though the head with the wheels and 

Dcrally understood, we have given (m plate sails weizh many tons, they can be tanicd 

175) a vertical heciion of a whole mdl, which round lo face the wind by a slight power r bat 

is upon the bcs>t construction. The foorftili in the best kind of windmill, such as is repit- 

are £xed to an iron axis A A, by screwing tented in our plate 17df the head iscontnvcd 

them to an iron cross at one end of it. Two to turn itself aoout whenever the wind changes, 

of these sails are marked BB: upon the axis This is done by a small pair of sails M, fixed 

within the mill a co^ wheel J3 is fixed, and up in a frame projecting from the back of tht 

this turns a wheel C, on the upper end of a head ; it hat a wheel upon its axis turninsan* 

vertical shaft, EE, extending from the top to other upon ni4 »iclined axu h, and this hais 

the bottom of the mill, to turn the machinery: pinion tumii^f a wheel s upon a vertical sxis, 

on the lower end of it is a large wheel F, at the lower eid of which is a pinion workio; 

which turns two pinions aa^ upon the spindles in a rann of cogs, fixed round in the outside 

of the millstones hi; these are on the same of the kirb. By this means, whene\-er the vane 

coMstruciion as those described in our article M is turned it moves the head of the mi^l 

Flour- MILL, to which we refer. Ai G is a slowly round, and with pro|X)rtionate i)Ower. 

wht el upon the main axis, givinc motion to a Now if ever the wind varies in the Icati from 

pillion on an horizontal shaft Ii, which has the direction of the axU, it acts obliquelv upon 

one or more wheels upon it, to receive an the vanes M, and turns them rounrl, at the 

endless ro|)e for turnin^ the bohing and dress- same time setting the head right asain. But 

in^ UMchinc-sj for a description of which see when the axis is right, the wind blow» in the 

BoLTiKG*MiLL. plane of the vanes, and has no etTect ujvn 

We will now enter more fully into the me- them. Tht head of the mill is kept f.TiiAy in 

chunibiii of liie upper part of the mill, which its place by rollers, fig«. 5 and 6 ; the frames n:' 

is called its head or cap, marked I I, and con- these arc bolted to the lower side of the frimin; 

tains the axis A A. This is supported upon of the head, atid then the rollers apply to the 

bearings, one near the sails and the other at its inside of the kirb K : there ire eight of these 

extreme end, as is shewn in fi^. 2, plate 17(), rollers, four of each kind. The pivot at iSe 

whickwis an horizontal section of ihc head, upper end of the vertical shaft K is sup[X>reJ 

shcwffl^ the circular kirb or wo^nlen rinix K, in a bearing bolted to a cross beam in tt:; 

and the framing which is bolted upon it to framiuic of the head of the mill, and this it 

support the axis. precisely in the centre of the head, that itmiv 

The coiistru( tion of the axis is shewn in not vary as the head turns round. Many other 

fif^N. 3 and 4 of plate lyti. It consiMti of an things are so e\'ident in the drawings a^ to need 

octii^onal iron shaft with two cyliiuirital necks little explanation. Such arc the walls N Ni 

at c and (/, where it rests u|)on its bearings, the difierenl floors O O : at P P is a circular 

At the end it hj> a kind of box e, which has gallery all round the mill for the mi'.lor t.^p 

two mortices through it in per)>eiidicular di- round, to take the cloth ofl* the snils in h'cK 

rcrtious to re( rive tlie sails B K, At the hack winds, or when the mill is to stop ; this is H'^nc 

ofoitr ot ihc-e mortices, and the (roui of the by untyinj; the cloth at the extremity <•?' the 

other, a projecinu arm is left in the casting to sails, and twist ini^ it up like a roi>c, aiiJ tun<; 

receive vcrew bolts, which hold the ^aili f.ist the end of it n^iin, in which st.te it prrsenii 

in the inortires: the cog wheel is fitted tni at no surface to the wind. At Q is a roller turn- 

l>4 its irms bein^ bolted agdinsi a flaCmch,cadt ed round by a wheel on the vertical shaft i-; 



WIN WIN ^M 

.t nted to draw up (h« sacki of corn fmni ihe licut, siluaic on the riv«r Connecticut, llirce 

bMtam of ihe mill into ilie u^pur \mn, wliicli niilra N. of Huriforil. 
U ukA am <lnr«hoiKc. Winoior, a uiwn nf N. Carolina, (UmM 

For other piriiculara coivieelMl Ailh wiliJ- on ihu Cushai, 53 miles W. orEilenlon. 
mills ihc leatler tmy consiili SiiR-amn't HxjX- Wikdsor, a conitdi- ruble borough in Berk* 

nnirtitsi Eiiiuiitica, and Grcguiy'i MccUdnici. iliire, seated un an eminence, on llie Thamei, 

WtNDOVV, an apcruire or o|)Eu'pIace in wiih a iiiarktl on Saiufday. It ii crlibraied 

ihc wall uT a lioiue to lei in the lii^lit. (See for iu oi-igntlii'enl cisltc, bulll oriK>nstly by 

AkchitictlkeO The word is Wclih, Mwn( 'W'illiain the Conqucfor. and enlarged by 

^, lignifyiiig the |iBUjge fur the wind, VAu- Hciir^ [. [t wu the residence of thu «iic- 

dow ii vet provincialty denominated leinditT in cceding ninnarch.', till Edwird III. (who wu 

Lancashire; i. r. wind-door, or the puMgc for born in it)cai»nl the ancient building to be 

»ir, ai thai fur pe(i|>|e vim pteuliaily called the tjken down, anil erected the pre*cni tli^ictuVe 

d"or. BcCoie the use ufglatt became genei^l, »nd St. George'» cha|)el, (nd inttituled the 

.which wu not till lowardi the end of the order of the girler. Gre.il addilioni were 

twelfth century, the windont in Britain ictm made to it by I^dward IV., Henry VII.. 

ttiterally to h»ve been composed of paper. Henry VIII. and EIiMbeih. Charle) II, te- 

.Ptupcrly prepared willi oil, tbii (<jrni3 no con- iioreil the caalle to ilt priiiineiplendoiir: he 

leinplible delcnce againit the intiuvioni of the entdriiied (he windows, and oiade ihera r^a- 

WMilier, and makci no incompetent oiicning Ur ; lurnished the royal apailmenti with painl- 

. farthendtnlHion of the tight. It u still u»ed in^i enlarged iheleirace walk, nude bv queen 

,1a bur architects for the temporary windowa Elisiibeib on the N- tide of the caalle; aoil 

.nfunfiniihed hotuei, and not unrretjucntly fur carried another lerrjce round the £. aixl S. 

..'fcoreguUr ones of onrwork-thopg. Biitioinc aides. His ptcjent iiiajesiy has also made very 

Ipf the principal buildings we niny reasonably fine iinpnivemenis in it. This castle is leaiea 

^.NppOK to have been windowed in a supctior nn u high hill, which riies by a (gentle ascent. 

Awnntr. They could, however, be fornibhed On the drcliiitv uf thi( hill is the fine terrace, 

fUerelf witli lulticcsof woodor thceuof tiaen, faced with a rampart of freestone, 1370 fcM 

.*• these two remained the only furniture of in length : it Is une of llie noblest walks in 

t Cut CHhclmls nearly to the eighth cenluryt Enrope, with respect to sirctigth, grnndenr, 

. and the Ltiicet continued in some of the ami prnspeeis. Prom that part of (lie castte. 

ncanrr towns of Lancashire to theeiahteeiilh; ciilted the ftound Tower, is lO eitensite view 

, Mid in many districts of Walts, anilnianyor lo London, and into the onuntiei of Bcrki, 

l(>c adjoining jians of England, are in useevcii MidcUescx, Essex, Hent, Bneks, Oxford, 

K» the prciCMl moment. Thci* seem all lo Wilts, Hants. Surry. Sns-.ne, Kent, and Bed- 

V'^e been lixcd in framri that wrrc caltnl ford. St, GeMjp's Chapel, or the cnlk-giate 
"lP*ameritii, nod now therefore caseinenu in ' ;hiireh, whi^ iltind-i between the upprr and 

Wales and Lancashire. lower courts. Is a beantifiil Gothic iiriiciure. 

To Wi'hdow. u. o. (frnm the noun.) I. originally erected bv Edward III., in 1377. lii 

To furnish with windows (?f^.(/on). a. To hoiiniirofihennlerof (hcg»rtcr. Edward IV„ 

P>*cc at a window {Shukiprarc). 3. To break finding it not completed, enlarged the design, 

- ">'*> opcninzs {Sliakipeari). and b«ipn the preteni building, which waa 

Wf'MUl>IPE.,. (u,i„d and pipe.) The pas. finished bv Heni^- VII. The interior archi- 

••W for the breath (JfrtuMnof). lecture is' (trraily admired, panicularly its 

"^IND-SAILS, in a ship, are made nl ihc stone roof) nnd the whole was repaired and 

Boroinon sail clolh, and are umally IiFiiveen beauiifieiMn 1700. In this chapel are Inlemd 

'•«nty.Eve and thirty feet long, accord i np lo Henry VI., Edward IV.. Henry VII L, hte 

■he aisc oC the ship, and are of the form of a queen Jane Seymour, and Charles 1. The 

•^''cendtngobtusely: when theyate made use r'jjrjl fnundaiinns in this castle are } theorder 

"!'. ^ey are hoisted by ropes lo about iwn- ofihe garter, instituted in I34g, consisting of 

^>inl* or more of their tieight, with their biiset the soveteisn. and Sb knights companioni* 

jMeiidrd circularly hoops, and their apes exclusive of the princes of the blood royal; 

f*.''K<ag downwanis in llie h'tchwaya of the and the royal cotlcgc of St. Genrge, csniJitina 

each of these one of the common of a dean, 18 canons, seven minor Canons, and 



^1* is so disposed, that the greatest part nf the \6 poor knights. Opposite the S.E, : 

'I'riiihing against it is directed into the wind- the castle is a modrrn-built mansion, celled 

|^< and conveyed, as through a funnel, into the Queen's l»d)u. which ii the myal resi- 

"••Jpper parts of the body of the ship. dtncc in lumuier; and below this is the Lower 

■^tNIXTHElM. an imperial town of Fran- Lodge, for the acconimodption of the younget 

?*5'*. !8 miles S.W. of Wurtzburg, and 3(i branches of the royal family. Adjoining Hm 

r.S.\V, of Bamhera. Lon. 10. 21 E. Lit. Qi.een's Lodge is the Little Park, which ex- 

"•; ».^ N. tends inund l^e N. ami I-:, sides of the castle, 

W-I>;dsOR, a town of Vermont, in the and forms a beamifol lawn. fouT miles in cir- 

r~**niy of Windsor, where the assembly eom- cumfcrence. On the S. side of tlie town it 

?^t)ly holds iu session, although Bennington the Great Park, which is l4 miles in circum* 

^ ^« principal town. It is seated on the river fcrence. It has a noble road from the tmvn, 

- **«>«MCtieul, 98 milcsN.E. of Bennington. through a double pIsBtntioo of treea. to ttM 

'IMSloa, • lovro of the state of Cotinec* Kanget'a Lgdge, which was » fainuritciad^ 



'■'V 1% 



i 



llcnce of WMmm .li.lce of Cumberland, who 
lti.1 out vail ikxnn m iheJecoration nrdifTerpnt 
jwm of iht p:.rk. On ths ticaih of ihe la»I 
rsopir, Hriiry Frcaeiic diiku of CumbfrUnd, 
l)j> niJjely tnuk tlie maase;en)<;Dt of ihU p<irk 
iotu hi« own hands: and ihc imprarFmeiir^ 
Oia'Ia tiy his inajcitj are «cr^ coniidvnible 
jvilh K(|i«t to aencnltiiral iililily, aa ndi nS 
Ji§»j1 branly. Windz'or is 17 miles E. by N. 
ftf Jtcadine, ami i:2 W. of London. Lon. 0. 
3flW. L>i.5l.aoN. 

n iliE E. pirt 

Vbui'gK llie soil i> gcMierHll;' barren iiii<l un- 
rillllVai«i It is.Bnrly divrniliRl by liUli and 
t\aiei, ivnodt and lawns, nnd dcli^ntfnl vtllai. 
]k iMtitains trveral (owns and vllla^s, of vrhicli 
Odkin^hatn, near the centre of the forest, ii 
(he principal. 

„ WI'NDWARD. ad. Cfrooi uind.) TuwarJ 
the wind. 

c Wl'NDY. a. (from loinrf.) 1 . ConsiMin-f 
of wind (Baton). 3. titxi the wind (SAoi. 



Pnifyi flatulent (Shakspeore'). 

WINE, the fermented juice of the grape 
nr other vegetable (hiib, aa brer or waih in ths 
ftrDicnted deeorljiin of Tegelable Eecdn, for which 
■ce Sri BITS dUliUcd. 

Tbere i* ■ ronniderable number uf ripe fruit* 
from iibith ■ awcek liquor uiaj be expreued, 
having, at the isnie linir, a certaiD degree of 
Aridity. Oriiich (hiili ne have in lh!a eounlr; 
Uie apple, Ibe cherrrt Ibe Eoocebeny, the cur- 
rant, ke : but by for the moil valuable at Ibeie 
fruilH is tlic crape, whirh groir* luxurianllj in 
ilie si.ulhuni parli or Europe. 

Froni ^aptq fully ripe may be exprcfi^ed a 
liquid «f ■ »»etl Ustp, to whii-h the namp oP 
nun hat b«m (iven. Th» liquid ia compo< 
■Imoat entirely of five ingTcdlcnls, via. niter, sii- 
'f>r, jelly, gluten, and tartaric aeid pnrtlynalu- 
nledwillipotaili. Thequuitilyof EUf^ar nhich 
tboroughly ripe grapes cnnlaio is eooiidcrahle : 
it may be oblaiavd in rrjslali by evaporatin); 
must til Ibe eonsiMence of syrup, and then setting 
Ihc liijuor aside for tome montlii. The rryslali 
fil sugar are gradually formed. From a French 

Eiul of must Ihe marquis de BallioD extracted 
slf(Frencli)ofsuKar,andime-tentUoranoui>ce 
ef larfnr. Arcordiug to Proust the Miiicadlne 
-fripo eoniaint about 30 per cent, of a peculiar 
^aperin of sirgar. 

TVht'D must is ptit into the temperature of 
'kbnutTO°, Ihediflbrent ingredients begin load 
' Vpon uarh other, end what ia called (hie vinous 
-faiuenlBtiou cammencesj and ti this rhango 
'(ak«i place nitliout adding ■oy fermenl. It ii 
fbtioua t!iLit tho requisite lubatance is preieut 
in Ibe juiee. This sutntanee ivai separated and 
found by Fabmni to be analogous to the gluten 
«f pIsoLij sn^gluten being substiluedfor it, the 
femieiilslion Mii:i'(eded. The fomialion of nine 
then W rmiiii; i.. Ilie action of this glutinoiuniat- 
teron the i-^rcharliie subslaum oflhe juice, pre- 
cisely a. lukcn plaice in the fermentation of ale. 
' WeliaienfUltyears been HO much in the lii- 
>klt «f iiHpnrlinf; and drinking foreign wioei, and 
tfaa folly of pride and parade fccnu so ■aueh.to 
nsiti the iniroducliou of doneitic wines, that a 



tiroper atleulinn bos seldom been paid (fi Ihf 
maDufBelurv oflhe latter. YelnbKii sudiiltcn- 
lien liu been paid it has been atlendrd siUi 
abundant surocw. Tiie writer of this snick 
hksl4ilcd a ''•Inc as clear, rich, andrari,pr<>. 
diiwd fhim a free use of the best Jnr nM<i\ si 
the liest rnrrien Mdlsga or Hnunlain. Yit llw 
tre\h juiee of nur dome.ilie fruits imty pfHisv* l>f 
PnpVnfA still ni»re ndrautaeeously | sod IW 
h'ahler foreign winct. at Bm-cUas, Teaenf. t-i 
l.i«h«ii, inD] bi- and baie bwn so acpurwell imi- 
tnl'd bj ibe em p I o} men I of English grajKissJ 
CTirranl juice, witli a due proportion of «!]!•', 
and a proper nltenliim upoti the process irf fri- 
luDDIalinn (tsbieh is ■ point of the utmost 1»- 
porianee), aa lo deeciTeproteisMjudgoaadlsi- 

II has, Bgnin, been enquired whether the cs- 
tlilaraling power or npirll c«n(ained !b wins U 
pnrt! dIcuIioI, ttie same as that obtained by div 
(illation. The more oimmOQ opinion has bilWf^ 
to been, that the alcohol obuined by the diilil- 
lation of wine does net exist ready formed in tl>s 
liquor, but is principally ■ product uf the opcrs- 
lion sritiug put of a new arraDgenwitt of lit si- 
limatc eleuienti. There it a very exwllepl paper 
of Mr. Brando's, howeter, intrndiired iotn tbt 
Phil. Trans, for 1611, which lias nutnoUiuffl- 
cienlly proved the existence of such a let-bo), (put 
ri'nlains a useful table of its relative properliog 
in diiitrent wines, and, eonsequCDily, diowi in 
their relative potency. 

" The proofs," say* Mr. Brande, " nhlrh h»»s 
lieen breu^t forward fn support of (he enaoKni 
throry are chiefly founded on (he mosnliesDl 
fabraai, who attemplnl lo sepanil* alt'ohul b] 
aaturating the .wme with dry aubenrbaua) ft 
pntasb, but did hot liienial,, ^Itbough by tk 
tanie means he cnuld detect very minute porlioni 
ornl™biil, 1. huh h!-i!bttn |iurp,.«I> sJiVj, 

Ihe rclli.iu' .■ ■ , ■ ■ ■ ■- 



■-irj 



■.A been added j 



'onsidrrnble addition af 

even before they are imported into this eoua- 
iry. I Iherefore oerasioaally used Burgundy, 
Hemiilage, Cote fioti. Champagne, FroaUgnar, 
.anil some other French srinea; to which, whea 
of the best quality, no spirit con be added, ai 
even the suiallesl proportion impairs the delicarj 
of their flHiour,Bnd is, consequently, .readily de- 
tected by those ivhn are accustonied lo ttsW 
them. For these, and for the opportunity oTel- 
amining many of the 'scarce nines enomtnled 
in Ihe lablesDneved to this paper, lam indebted 
to the liberalityof Ihe right boBourable sir Joaifk 
Banks. 

" Dr. nai)lie,wbo look considerable iatemt i* 
this invcligulion, was alho kind enough to pee- 
.eurc for me some Port wine, seni fpMi fortufal 
for the cipresji purpose of aseertainiDg hnw l«a( 
it would ronisin sounil, without any aMilisa 
nhatvver 1. 1' -spirit linving U-en made to il, 

*' Lsslt) . I emplojed ^ai^io wine, whith bad 
been fenueiited withoul the addition of spirit. 

" At n lery early period of ihepreaent ivioiif 
I a.ierrtained by Ibe following •xperimeots, Ihil 
the separation of Ihe aleofaot by means ot sal^ 
cavbonat of pnlaili was interflred with, and«f- 
tea wholly prevented by some of the atbs JW* 
dienlsul'tlieniae. 

" Apiot of Fori nine waa pnt into a rnfeirt 
placed in a land lieat, and dgbt fluid oisnto 



AV I N E. 



inn 4i>tniv>I over, whitH. hjr milunilinn wlih 

*iu4 ouun'i of tolcrahly (lure iplrit ltD:illng on 
tkcMrfka. 
"It^MtcillhisduUIUtinnprepiicljiinilfrthr 

^iMf wWh llie nniduun iu tijii rctorl, cjiiMiviOB, 
UBl.lniwipirit were ■ |>rc»tui:t, 1 iiciw ilioiHil 
k*M no tUfflcull; in wpanitini; it rram tlie.nine 
b) Ihr •ddilion of iijbnrWnvt of [intiuh: but, 
•lUwugh ctit; piscautioD wu lakcn, no "iiiril 
Mparalvdi ■ portion nf the tutinrbouil, in n>m- 
binaUoB with mme of llie innrcilieDU of Ibe 
wiacr foTnnI a gclatinokx a»!i;iiiiinil, nnil thui 
yceiCniFd th* (ppeanum of Itii^ nlnilinl. 

" It tui> lircD remarkril by l''clirnni, in a 
TslukbU .Menioir, that aup-liuailredlh pu-l v( 
aleabttlpurpDwIj^ded to wiapiuay be>cpanili»l 
bf Bul>nU'l»tiat of potuh ; liul i^vcril rppvlJ- 
■li>o«orihe (iprrinirnl hate not cnabtpdtneto 
TrrilV Itlii mult : whrii hoiirter a cfloslilcrable 
■dditSmofBlHiliDl hiu bron niiidi-to the wine. K 
pad «f It oimy bo acaia obtntned b> uiunttion 
witb the (ubrarbonat. The ijeEeuar) adiKtioa 
of i^il tu Part wide, for thin purpous will be 
*oc* hj the futluwinc vipFriini*nl>. 

" Four BUBITI «f irj aiid warm tubr'Brbanatuf 

paUab were adited lo «i|cht fluid ouuna of Purt 

viaa, wliieh waa prevjounlj aarvrluuBi] tn a'Tunl 

. hjr dlatilUiatlonSOperanil.afilruhal (btrmea- 

I •(u«).orthi!>p«<!ill<-(CratitTol'"'rr2'^aI6i)'>. 

" -Imtliroly-foiirhiturt Ibe niivli'rFhad Mpa- 
rmtad Into twu diitinci porlion^ ; at ihu huttoin 
oftbo kvmI nxanlronic lo'iilloii nflhc iiubcu'- 
boaal, npuii whidi liunii'il ■ et'lxiinuuji lubiitnce, 
•ra«(iiMtiuiitletii7 u lo |ircii'Ul Ibe »>™po of 
' Mht Wq»or beneath whcu Ibe vcuel wan inTt-rIrd, 
•Ml.wliidi apprarrd to Cnutaip Ihealrahol oftlw 
wia*tiilUi IbF principal part ol' Ibeeilrait, tan, 
■■d MWurinjc matter, Hon of tlie aiibcurbonat, 
aad-K portion of walcr; but at thru: cvpnii- 
MCMa Iflatc c-hieD) In Ihi' apirit Mitlained in 
miatk I'm other iasrrdlvoU wtrc not miuulcly 



mluble eonipoundi produrad by iQcnnn nfa R1- 
UT. The addition ot potaah rendered Ibe nilcreil 
li4Uor turbid, lonie loluble aalt oflime, pnibably 
the malale, hadng puwnl through llii> paper i 
but the wparalioa of atmhul wai ai indittiurl 
Bd in the experinienln jiiat related. 

'' II ii eouinianly staled that the addition nf 
lime water lo wine not onlj' fomalnwlublceonii- 
l>ouad£ with the aridi, but alio with Ae co1i|h 
JDK matter, and tbU Ihev! iD^rcdirt ' 
lliui wparntpd without heal) but or 
llicie rxperimenli thejr did unt auMord, d 
ronld I deviw any miiili! of perferll]' ■epara''' 
Hie arid*, and the exln>'tiie and rulouring i 
Icr (pxtepiine by dUlillalion), which did ootli 
IcH'ere irllti the almhol. 1 

" If the apirit afforded by the diitillaDoil J 
nine were « product, and not an oducl, I edf 
oeitcd that bj poiformins the dlntilUtlDBj 
dlfleront temperatures, dillbreiil projiorllon* i 
iipiril (liDuId bi! oblained. ' 

■> Tlie follotfing are the expet 
aKcrlnin tbia poioL 

" Fuurouncea of dried murialoflime wcre^ 
■oked in ei^bl Huid oune«« Of the Port wini 
plojeil ia tlie farmer e\periu>eiiti: by thi< 



linn. Ihe hniUng Oo 


ul of Ihe wi^^ irhieh iM 


IWFflhri'uhiril, •» 


raI>edloWO^ The mM 


tiou wa. pul .nl^ . r 


vUirl placed in a tand btJH 


and wa< kept b.iiliii 


unlil four flnid nua>^ UH 




e.-el, rr, Ihr. ^-rilir i,'raTH 


ofwhiehwa-;!!-..!! 


„,/.„. f..,,.,.„,,si,. 2« 


"Therxpr.! 


..■ ..['■■■■' '"iibHithtllalJ* 


imnwi of tv.- ■>■ 1 


- . - >.'di;ion- an*' 




. ■'■'.■ XT. at in llio' 


lait e»[jeriiiu'n: i- 


... . ,.-.;M,r,nll»«F»h^' 



"< Taactru fluid uuneoi of Ibe aame wine, I 
•ddadMfHuidouamuraleul.io^spi-riflceratllr 
0->tSt),«nd the >lnu!4U«ntilj'i>f Ihesubcarbonnt 
Iff potash w in Uie lail ux|>erimeDt j but afler 
twKBtj-fuur huuni had elap<ieil no dinlini-t te- 
yantivu nf the alcohol had taken pi are. 

" When twonuldaunceaiiralronol were added 

la alx Suiil nuneei of tile wine, and the mixture 

alfowcd to remain uiidiilurbL-d for the aatne 

haitth of tluu- aj> in the fanner e]i[wriment>, a 

alrktum of Ibipurc alcohol, of about a quarter 

' MM Indi In IhirkncH, aepafated on Ibe aurface. 

I " The addition ofthrre fluid nunee* of lite al- 

' Cohal to fiio fluid nunpc* ot Ibe wine, rnrmed 

■ MlsUre fnini whirh a ijuaalitjr of aplrll readily 

ivparaled on Ihe lurface, when |he ■ubearboaat 

VH added, aod IIik gelalinoii* rompnuad aimk 

anrlj lo the bottoui of Ihe *ea<el, there being 

b«lMt it a atmng Mtlutlon nftheiuboailwnat. 

■■When In theiiee<cper)iuenli Madeira and Sher- 
Ijr Kvfe employed initcadof Purt wine, the rckuitt 
wiere nearlj alinilar. 

" II wat nu^^rilod In me by Dr. WnlUtton, 
Uial, If tlic wine were pmiiiuily deprived of It* 
•eld, tile (obac-quenl vparalb'n uf tiie alcohol, 
by oiraua of polMh, might be leu inteifercd 
■Mfc 1 lliervriire added, lueighl fluid nuneci of 
.Pert wine, a •iiArlenl qitaniity of earbonat of 
ttlBlWrtB Ue add, and wparatcd Ibe in- 




renheit, tn* iJ-JiWll. 

" Eight iluid nuneei of Ihe irine werT'dlMilt^' 
in a water bath; when fhur fluid ounrea had' 
paiW'd over, tb# heat wiji wliKdrann. Ttte tpK-' 
eitlc sravltt of lliu lli|u<ir iu th«' tei*lter wrt' 
O-mna at 60' falitfiihi-it. ' * "* 

"The xamequanlHy nnUe wine, a* in the Tut' 
etpiTiinent, wa« dlitilled at a Icuipcrature ifot' 
fxeeeding HSfV Fahrenheit. TMi teinpvraluro' 
(ra* kept up from fi>ur to iivchaar<, for five miiC 
oe*i>>e dayi, ol the enJ nf ithieh |a-rii>d fou^ 
nunivi haiin; pn\>ed iulo the rePKtv.T, itt •(*- 
ciflr sravily at (In" «a» anitMalKed toh.' WFJI 1,' 

" II may Iw eoudnd^d,t'^^mthr>e^.'ilU1u, that 
the propuriian nf alnlial ■■ n"t inlluHiiKd by the 
lem|ieralute al whtrh nine ia diKtitled, the n^ 
riatiiio of the ijierlSe graiitim tn IheahoTeex- 
perimeuti btins^tCn l«u than nishi haiebeeij 
e-npi'ded, when Ihe dclieipy of the operation by 
which they arc auerlatned 1> roaiidered, 
' "IhaTarepriledlyrodeaTouredtaaeparatellia 
apiril from H;nc by nubjeetlng it lo low ton- 
p«rmlurcii, with a (iew to frveac Uu a<iu>.vui 
parti but when lliu tera|irralure it tuAlriirutly 
rvduoed Ibe whole of the wine forwi a niKiugy 

'' Inaailiturenfoorfluidoaorenrnlroholwilb 
throe of water, t diitolnd Ihe residuary matter, 
■fl'urded by etapantin| four Iluid ounrei of Port 
wine, and attempted tnwparale ttw alrsholfhin) 
lhl( arllfli^l mixture by IVerainK ; but a ■pongj 
cake of Ice waa produtx-d a* iu Ibe lait eiperl- 

" When the lempiralureii mar* eraditally re~ 
dumi, and when larRr qumtilie* of wino are 
a|>eraled upon, the wpaialinn of alcohol ■uerred* 
tu a cerUin ettenl, and ihe portion which llrtl 



WINE. 

frMMI U priaripally, If nul cnllrel)', water ; 

heni* In »onie«iunlriesUilii luelliod is >'iiip1i>](ril \f 

toTcnder wliii' tlmpg. 

" Hairing a-<onlair>riIlliiitBln>hnleiiMi ill nioe Sherry . 
ivndy fiirnwd, anil IhM it is nut produced during Clnrvt . . 
diilillDli.m, 1 rin|il(i;pd IIDr profvu In djiienver Ditto . . . 
ther«Uliire praparlion of Blroliel coDtaiued in "'" 
drtfercnt »' — 



CiilniTella . . 



"In the rnlloiringcxperlnH-nli thewtne wiu LiilMin 

diatillcd ingliH rFlorls, and the Mrxpe oF any Malif^ 

u n CO ndpn'vil vapour wai prvtenl«i] Ijjr emplny- BuMllaa . .; 

inr sufllnrallf raparipui nvriren, well luted, Bed Madeira 

and kL'pt mid during the rxperiment. Malmtey Madeira . 

"By BptDper maniipfiiirBtnrilielieat tnitardi Marsala 

Ilie end of Ihp prurraa I rould diMil ottr nearly "'"" 

tbe tthole or the wine wiliioutliunimg the rr*'- 

M»deira,ofSherr),&e.I 

fluid uunre*, to fin^en fluid ounivi and a half; I>Tltn 

and from the same quantity of Malaga, and olber Wiitlf MermiUe" • 



apttite (iwllr tnv*fIMi ^ 



I0-3V 
Id 10 

17 M 
\H4» 



Hed Champagne . 



Duld r 



ontaining n 

•dily diilil from bui 



DilU 



" In ordertoaicerUiD the proportion of alcohol Vlo de Ora»e . . . 

with prediion, pure water HBi added to the di<- Fronligoac 

tilled niD«, no an ni'arly to make up the oriftinal <'<<le Roll 

meajturr of Ihe wine, ■ very >niBll allowanee be- Rouiillan 

iog made for Ihe spare oi-cupiid l.y the aolld io- C'P* Madeira . . 

gredients ot Hie wine, and fop the inevitable Iota Cape Muarbat . . 

during the utperimeals : lhu<>,l{velliiiddraphRia Conrtantta 

ud a halfof dmUllrd nak-r were added to 12 fluid Tent 

ouareiRndaquarlcrartlieliquarpmeurcdhj tbe Sheeraa 

diltillati<iiiDrBpintr>rPartwine,andinDthercaM<i SjraeuM 

nearly Ihe same proporlioni wereobierved. This "ice 

mixture of tbe diitlilled nine and water wai im- Tnkay 

mediately traniiferred into a well stopped phial, Rai«tn Wjno .. .. 

and having tieen thoroughly Bj[iUted wai al- Orap* Wine . . . , 

lowed to remain at real for nonio houra; ili ape- Currant Wine .. 

dftr gmvily (at the temperature nf BO" Fahim- 8oo»eberry Wim 

heil) wa* then very rBfrfiillj Bawrtained, by Elder WiM .-. 

We<Rhm)-ii in n bnltlehotdinjc tiartlj one Ihou- '-jder 

■and graiudifdutilled water at the above tem- ^^'J 
pcraturr, and the proportion nf alcohol percent. 
by meaiure, was eiitiuialed by a reference lo Mr. 
Oilpiii'i tabIni,ttieHpei'ifie uravily of the atand- 
•rd alrohul being I}'S2500 at CiP. 

'Mj lienuMl ciM.«tjii..nl modfof eihibillng Ihe 
mulli lit Iheie nuncroui experinienli, I have 



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0Ha8£3 


5!*}" 



Wioea, lbereft«<>, tike dlBtHM iptrtn, eoataH 
thrown them Into the form of a table; in Ihe a certain quantiljofalealiol InaftveaMtK Tko} 
tnt column tbe wine fa ipeeifled ; the aecond alao contaiu a ealain portion of acid, tartar, o- 
eontalna iti ipecitc gravity after diatillatlna, aa tract, aroroa and eolourlng natter, 
•bore deieribed ; and tbe third cxhibiti the pro- The acid, wbidi haa naaally beea m ajjal « 
portion of the pure ipirit, which every hundred acetoui, la rather the bbHs mixed iMfaaHMII 
partaaflhe wiDeconUin. 1 have bIm inaerted 
porter, ale, eider, brandy, and tone other ipirilu- 
oua Ilquon, for tha eoavenitoce of comparing 
Uielr iUengUi wilb that of the wino. 

Piawtlm df 



S'C'i'il!'- 



IHtlo 

IMho 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Kadeba... 

Dillo 

Ditto 

Ditto 

fiherrr ... 
pitta..... 





:tl-40 


0-97438 


S2-30 


0-97430 


83-39 


O-9740O 


83-71 


0^346 


34-30 


0-97300 


S3-83 


97810 


19-34 


0^616 


21-40 


0-97380 


33-93 


0-97333 


34 43 






osfiaes 


1,879 


0477U 


IS 81 



aceioiii, la rminer me kkub Hii&n wnnw »■«■ 
etirle, both of which are eanvertlbia ia«a »!■»> 
gar by apontaneoa* decoaipoaltlna. I^a skM 
that contain tbe greatett portloa ot fti ll lilli 
an thoie of wet and enid elfanam, w fc we tht 
grape-JulcetK-muateontalitabtilaBBall qMiMi 
oftugar. Tbcae wine* prodaoa by dhlllhUil 
the wont bnudiea. 

The tartar exlaU paiUv la tbe HMt, Wt la a 
nueh larger qoantil* Id taeirliw,ia <iiiiB>jr»B 
of renoBDtation. We hava alnadjr iM ttO m ft 
dnder the article Taaraa. 

Theaitrmrtive mallfT U to«tei»ad Mtif U 
the lauil, and Ii afterwan li fcvad partly la tfia 

leca, though a part at ' 

nay be pniduoed by 
ii dlmlaiibed by age. 

Tbe annua or euMntial anell ta peooKar I* tm 

tecultar kind of vrine ; it ha* M*cr bMM ji- 
lted in thefbra oT MMBQa) ati, flf «Mi«M' 
b aay athtr Aim, ■ ... v 



WIN 

Thvcolonring naleriil i* derived rhieflj frsm 
tin nnut, which fim forlli (bli miti^riftl when 
IIm fruit ]* rlo»e1; pmnnl. II may br iippantcil 
fnun Ibc wine b; lime-wiler, &iid h; bat, wcll- 
barnt rfwrcoil, in pretty <lnu powder. 

The qualilln of wiim, lioweirer, drprnd not 
Mily upon Ihe diffemiM ot the pmpen, as eon^ 
tiisinf more or leu of nccbarine Juice *nil Lha 
add antler wbtch aMuinpaniit* il, but alin upon 
rireuautuicea alteodinK tbe proreti of ftrowDla' 
tiaa. New irvncaare liable ID a ttning degree of 



thereby accaiioB luueh flatulency *ad eruelalloDK 
nf Bci4 matter ; hearl'bum and rioleat paiui in 
tbc ttooiBcli from apaiiaa are aUo often proiluccil ; 
aad Ibr add matter, by pauing iiilu Ihi inlea- 
Vn*m and mining wilh the bile, ■■ apt in aixaaiiHi 
anliei or «cile diarrhiria. Sweet winea arv 
likrwlae mare djipaied tn Ireeonie aemcrat ia 
Ihc atomarh tban nilum ; but ai Ih« quantity of 
BleolMl whirh ttiey enataiii in nierB cnntidcrable. 
Uiaa appean uakibly to the latle, llieir aer>- 
(esey ia Iherrby in aifreatateainre raunlefacted. 
Bed llort and luMt of the ml wine> Itaie an *d- 
■Iringeat quality, by which tbey (Ireo^hea the 
Mouadi, and prove uieful in ivttraiuiDg inino' 
derale emnitiana ; on the mntrary, thote wliich 
are at aa acid nature,a* Rbrniib, pais frerly by 
Ihe kidneyt, and fcntly loosen the belly, But 
Ihia, and perhapi mil Ihe thin ur weak wine*, 
ttumsh of an agreeable flavour, yet ai cootainlo j; 
liule aleobol, are readily diiposed to beeoaie 
•rid in Ibe iloniaeh, and thereby to aKKraiale 
•II tf^brltie and raleulann roiBplaiiita, an <r«ll a* 
le plUHllwc the eiart* of new wine. The feucral 
-•AaOa af wiiic are, to ttlinulale the ilnmarh, ex- 
UUntle Um apirits wann Ihe habit, 4iuickeD the 
(iroiiatiaD, prauMlc perapiralion, aad, in lirjie 
f oaHtltiea, to proir intuiiuling, and powerfully 
aadaliic. In many diwrdeia wine in univenally 
•daiitlMl to be of impunant lenice, and etpe- 
•ially in fetcnaTthe typbn(kiad,ar of aputrid 
tmdCB47 i in which it it found to rai«e the palw, 
•UppMl Ihe atreoglh, pniiuotc a diapbareain, and 
t» r»1«l palnefaction j and in many raae* it 
MOTca of Bura iuimediate adiantaee than Ihe 
Pemiaa bark. Delirium, wliirb ia the eonae- 
^DCTiee of eireailve Irritability, and a defretiTe 
Mate of Bcrtoua energy, ia often entirely removed 
fcy tha free u» of wine. It ia alu a welt- 
lnuded obaenaliun, that Ihoie wlio indulce lo 
the naa of wine ar« leaa aubjeft lo fetrra of lh« 
MBlIfaaBl and inlermilteni kind. In the pulrid 
Mvalbmal, 1b theimall-poxwheoattFaded witk 
gfcal debility andi)Bptni&inf putrid'ty, in gan- 
iSmwa, aad ia the plague, wine ii to be a>nmi- 
r4w*d M a principal remedy ; and in almoit all 
Baaa of languor, and of great pRHtiatiou uf 
'•Uoglbi wine ia eiperteooed lo be a more grale- 
lAl aM cBeaeiaua cordial than can be funiiabed 
tnim Ibe wbols claai of aromatlu. 



W I N 

enlnxr a^ Ihe pemirioua lead. Many « 
etinntJi »f the gmteal reipeptabilily rendered h 
thc>emcananupecled,haTebeeii ruineiL "" 
wat wanting Iheo a re-agent, whirh shou 
cover in wine thuae melaln only which are prgu 
dicial lu the health nf man. 

Tlw foftowing liquor preeipilatcx lead an^j 
copper in a blark form, and arsenic in ae 
colour, &c. but dnes not precipitate iroi 
lasl, which ia not nniiouii, and rather 
to the cnaililution. freqneally geli into i 

Mfthod qf preparing (he ptvring U^vor, 
Mix equal part* ofoyaler ihelli 
phur in a fine powder, and put the nialuroJalk 1 
a micibin i heat it In a wind turnan', and ili*\ 
crcaaa Ihe lire (udden'y, no aa lo li ring the 

hie lo awhile heal, for tlie space of fifteen -. 

nuk'ii ; pu!vt'riEe the mau, when it ii eo!d,aiilF, 
prewrve it in a bollle clnnely (lopped. To pMM* 
pare the liquor, put 120 ^rainj of tbia powdoF 
and ISOgrainiof crcBmoftnnBr(acidu<ouilalV 
Irjt ofpolaiih) iulo a alrong bottle, till Ihe be 
wilb common water, whi.b boil for an hour, 
then let it coot ; clow the bottle immediately 
thake il for aome tlow ; aflcr it hiu mnainrd af 
rciit lotetlle, di'cani the pure liquor, and pour it 
into amall pbia% capabic of hnlding about an 
ounce each, flnrt putting into each of tliem Iwentf 
drops of muriatic acid. Tbey must be slopped 
very doaely willi a piece af wat, in which Ihcra 
of luqienline. One pari aC 



thin liqun 



nill diici 



mixed with thrc< 



e blar 



, Unltd ailh anf mcUU prr/udil 



cJul- 



I tothehtatlh. 



Tb* proprrly which linr of aulpur. the alkali 
laalpboraluia, and hepatie air, or aulpbaTatad 
fefdragen, poaaea* uf prcdpilatinglead in a blail 
tforoi, baa bepD Inng ago made public ; and thta 
1 pr o perty bai been cmpluyed to delerniine tha 
^aalily of winea by meaui nf Ibe liquur praba- 
lorin* Wirtcmbergeiiiii, nr Wirtenibrrg pmv- 
l*C Uquor. Bui in trying wioet luppoied to liava 
ikaMl kdoltaralad, Uua proof doca more barm tlian 

h tocftiuc It prccif ItUct ins ot Itw waa 



cipttale Ihe leul trace* of lead, copper, 3ac. bal 
wjll produce no elFect upon iron if it contain aaf 
of that metal. When the preeipilale hi ' " 
down it may alilt be dincovered whel 
winecontaiai iroD, by aalurating Ihe decantcA 
liquor with a little salt of tartar (Urlarvoua tiA- ' 
duluiu of potash), by which the liquur will !■• 
aiediately become black. Pure wine* remala 
clear and bright after tbii liquor hai beva added 
to them. 

WING. *. (sehpi"5- Saxoni winge. Dan.) 
I, Tiie limb o\ a bird by wliich it flics (.S'ii.}. 
V. A Ian to wiiinnw {Tuner). 3, Fliditj 
ji.'k&Bafff bv the wing (Skatipearr). 4. '''•- 
inollte or ll.ght iSMipeure). i. Thi 
bodiet (if ail army {Knollni. 6. Adj fid^ 
piece {itiflinrr). 

Ta WiN9. v.a. (fmni ihc noun.} I. T* 
fiiiniili wilh wings: to enalilc to fly {Pep'"^ 
S. I'o iiipply Willi side liudict iShaki^earr). 

la WiKO. V. a. I. To pais by IHkIu (S*at 
iprnrr). K. Tu exert iic powef of tlyll^l 

wl'NGED. fl. tftom wing ) i. Fvnnitboi 
wiih w\nBs; flying iMiSlon). 2. Swifi ; rapid 
(A-ioiiprorO. 

^^tirCED riTioLE, in boliny. AUtttl. 
Having a ihin mcmbiatie or border on ejch 
(itie; or. dita<«(l on ibe tiift: at ia oranfc 
Winged leaf. Sec PiKHitTB. 

WiHGBD PEA. SccOCHRVt. 

Wl'NGSHELL. r. (v»x »•■ iWL) The 
ihcli that coven the wing of invecu {Crew). 

WJ/NGY. o. (fKiin iring.) Having winpi 
resemblinD; wing* {Addiiin). 

Ta WINK, r. n. (rmccan, Saion ; nrinrjlfn, 
DiUcbO 1. Toibailiueyeacri/fn^ioii). 3. 



I 
I 



i^HF w 1 N 

toVinl, e/dir«l, liy the moiianQf iheeyeWs 
USwift). 3. Til vU,K. awl exclQile ihe Ijglit 
(OryrtKn). 4. To Cdmiivti (oseem n.U In irt ; 
to loiemelliotcomtnutt). b. Tube dim (Dry- 
den). 

WiliK. 5. (CrQat the verb,) 1. Actordoiing 
the tyx \.Trmplc). S. A biiil gjv«j 1>y inotiun 
of the eye (.Si'lurii'). 

WI-NKKR. .fOne who wink,. 

■Wl'NKrNGLY. aJ. (Ifom urmiing.) Wiih 
iheeye bIuiosI clusfiJ (Pcae/iam). 

Wi'NNKR. .. (from win.) One «l.o wins. 

Wi'NNING. parhripinl o. (from icin.) 
AtlrRcliicj cliArmine(Jii//en). 

Wi'TJHise, (. {from icinl) Th« *umwon 

WINXIPEG. a lake of Upper Canad.i, 
N.W. of LAc Superior. It U 240 Iniles long 
jinil fmm 60 10 lUU bmail, and exhitliH a bmly 
of water next in lize to Ijihe Supcrioi'. It 
receives ibe waten nf several smiill lake) in 
pvety direciioQ, aud cimiajns a nuiijlier of 
■mall island). The lands on its bauk« produce 
»ut quanlkiies of wild rjce, and the lug.-ir-iree 
in great pleoly. 

- Ta Wl'NNOW. V. a. (oinl^iin, Saxon.) 
1. To separate by mtiins a( ibe wind ; lo |)arl 
(he grain from the eluff lOrgden). 2. To 
fun; lo l*rat ns with win|?s (Jlfi/Zon). 3. To 
fifi; 1(1 exaiiiine {Dryden). 4. ToiCiaraie; 
to \ml {S>i'd,p,nr,). 

fa Wi'nkow. ti. H. To pari corn frooi 
(:lii.lT<i,Vc/,«l. 

AKI'NNOWER. J (from winnaa.) He wW 



1 Ciillcge. ll stands 



> WINNSBORUUGH.aiownofSMnltC: 
foliiifl, chief of FaliheUi coiiniy, with a s^m 

,.,-i.v citl.d M.1.1,11 /.ion C<i!l« 

..-.Waierrecr. 

i>r that name, SO mites N. by W. of Coliinc 

WINSCHOTF.N. a fortified town of Hol- 
land, in Groninaen. Hcie, in IsCa, was 
fnnght the first tiaitle between the revolted 
Uu'ch and the Spaniards, who were defeated 
bj Lewis, hroihcr to the prince of Ofanae. It 
is six miles S. of Ddlaii bay, and Ifl E.S.E. 
ofGronmaen. 

WlNSf:N, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
iiluchy nf Luneburg, with a caFilf, scaled on 
the Luhf, near its confluence with the Ihne- 
nai., !.■> miles N,W. tf Lnnebnrg.— Another, 
•e.itfd on the Al'er, six miles below ^11, and 
47^.S.W. orLiinciinrg. 

WiNSLOW (.lames Benigous), a Danish 
■nnatniii't, bom Iti Ititti): he studied under 
l)n?criicy, at I'.i'i'., where he was persuaded to 
a'lii,ii the catbnlic fairh; and Bo^suet, bishop 
ofMcaus, «-h.. b:.|.(iied him, Mve him ins 
iiivn name M hisCTntitmation. He «as :\ few 
years altcnv.irds appuJnied phyirian of the 
f.t^lully of Paris, deimnMratof in die Royal 
Girdeni, and mcmhei nl' the Academy of 
Scirneci of P.iri^. He died in thai city in 
I7f>0, »nd left two gteat works behind him, 
his Anaioniv, nml the Unreriainjy af iheSifttii 
of Death, Itiiih which' hire been iramtuicd 
hito Engliihi ' >, - 



w I p ^ 

WiMSiow, n town in Bucklnjhitrnlifn', 
with a market on TurHlar. •ticn miles N.W. 
uf Avlesbury, and 49 W.N.W. of Utidon. 

^^'INTKH, one uf tile Ibur seoMiii or qiiif- 
lers of the year. 

Winter property commencM on the i^sy 
when the 3un'« di«uncc Irani the zcitiih t>( the 
jilace is the greatest, or when his decliDuU<in u 
ihc greatest on ihe contrary side of tile t^M- 
tor ; and it cndu on the dajr when ihtl dtiuiu 
i« a mean between the greaiist and Ie4tt, ot 
when he next crosses the eqainoctial. 

To Wi'NTER. ti. n. (froin tbe aoun,)TopNI 
the winter (AuiflA). 

, 'i'o \Vi'n ibe. v. a. To feed or nianage Ul 
l)ie winter (ZimpM. 

WlSTKR BABK. See WlHTWAWI 

COKTBX and WiNTEBA. i 

. WiBTEiiBmRV. SecPKi«o». 

WlHTtiR BLOOM. See AZALBA. 

VViVTER cHEHxr. See Phy&alu nl 

SOL*HfM. ' ■ "■■' 

Winter saVorV. SeeSATn««iA. 

WiSTEB SLEEP. SeeSLBsr. 

WINTLRA, in botany, ? genus of ih 
cliisa polyandria, order telragynia. Calystbn^ 
loh«f : jietals six or twelve : wrtns cl»«i(i 
berries foiir or eight, oborale. TTiice siaWj 
natii-es a\ Soulh Anitrica, or Puljnnii. 0( 
these the ftrtlowiog is well wonhy of noiiee. . 

W. anmiaiicB. l^tdunclei Mtlbiy, tffnir 
gale, about ihree-fluweicd ; leavoi oral, ub 
Wic, ciilirc, siaiteitd. A lolly cver^ncn iar 
resl-iiee of Terra del Vatm, riaiiig tthj fca 
highi flowen M itt unibcllol duitrtr, tU 
terminal, saccecded by roundish betria. Ite 
baik Is cinployM DieUicinallv under the mrait 
WiNTERAsns CORTEX, iah. Canella *l- 
BA. See thrii-aniclcs. 

WINTliRANUS CORTEX. Wiimaiw 
cortex mugellaiiicus. The bark of ttic Uin- 
tera aromaiica peiluiicnhs aggregatis letaiioi- 
libut, piaiillis qiialuor: it is very much ilM 
in its properiiei to the canella alCo. Sec Ca- 



Wih 



js. See Canell* 



WI'NTERBEATEN. a. (win/Tajid hal.) 
Hatasseii by severe weather {Sfri'tr). 

WINTERBURG, a town of France, in the 
department of Rhine and Ali>si-llc, lately of 
Germany, in the county of Sjioiihcim, IP 
miles W.N.W. of Cieuizpach, and 12 S.:i£. 
ofSimmcrn.* 

WINIEKlNnilA>L a town in LiD«4a- 
shire, p»ern<*d by a uiayoi, but has %M nut- 
kpt; aeaiiul near ibc Hutnhcr, .^3 ntiluaX. <J 
Linoln. 

WINTERLY, a. (wln-.rr and tikr.) Sucll 
asis»uilableii>w.i,teriof.uiiu.ykind':**«i. 
ipcarr). 

WrNTRY- 0. (frnm vinlrr:) Brutnil ihje- 
mail suiiaUe 10 winter (.Drvdtn). 

Wl'NY. a. Cfrojn nine.) Having the laneix 
qualities of wioe(/ioeon). 

To WIPE r. a. (pi(«n, Saxon.) I.. To 
cleanse by rubbing with soiitelbiDg*<HV(Jfi'- 
^)^.->£l'7« uluiwit; by.'tenioii iOtefrf 



W I.R WIS.. 

3. To strike off gemly {Addison). 4. stance in use among iherei on several occasioQ««' 

^vfoy {Shukspeare)* 5* To •€ heat; to which is much of the ihickncss and .appear- 

XSpefiser), 6, To Wipe out. To ance of our sliver wire, and is therefore calltd». 

socke), by those who do not examine its structure or 

. 5. (from the verb.) 1. Act of cleans* substance, LipUnd wire. It is made of the 

A blow ^, a stroke ; a jeer; a gibe; a sinews of the rein-deer, wliicii being carefully 

{Swift). 3. {vanelius,) A bird [Ains- separated in the eating, are by the women,, 

after soaking in water, and beating, spun into 
ER. X. (from wipe.) An instrument or a sort of tnread, of admirable finenj^ss, add 
y whicn any thing is wip^d (iS^ JoR- strength, when wrought to the smallest fila- 
ments ; but when larger, is very strong, and fit 
E. s. {virer, French, to draw round.) for the purposes of strength and force. .Tbeir 
'awn into slender threads {Milton), wire, as it is called, is made of the finest oC 
I'REU^llAW. I', a. {ijoire an^ draw.) ihese threads, covered with tin. The womeii 
)in into wire. 2. To draw out into do this bnsiness, and the way they take is to 
Arbuthnot), 3. To draw by art or melt a piece of tin, and placing at ^he edge of 
{Drifdtn). it a horn with a hole through it, they draw 
EJKAWER. s, {ivire and draw,) these sinewy threads, covered with the tin, 
3 spins wire (LocAe). through the hole, which prevents their coming 
KliU AWING, the art of drawing out out too thick covered. This drawing is per- 
3 of metal, by pulling it through holes formed with iheir teeth: and there is a small 
te of steel, or other fit metallic com- piece of bone placed at the top of the hole. 
In order tiiut a wire may be drawn, where the wire is made flal, so that we always 
nisitc that the metal should have con- find it rounded on all sides but one, where it 
tenacity. Gold, silver, iron, steel, is flat. This wire they use in embroidering 
and their com);ouiuis, are most com- their clothes as we do gold and silver;. they 
sed in the arts, 'i'tie process is of con- often sell it to strangers, uqder the notion ot 
simplicity. A nmiibcr ofholc^, pro- its havintr certain magical virtuts. 
/ smaller and smaller, are made in a WlRkSWORTH, a town in Derbyshire, 
9tcel, arid the pointtd t.{\i\ of a bar of with a nii.rket ou Tuesday. Lead ore is found 
i\\r^ j>a>sed through, one of ihi'm is here in piroat abundance, and it is the greatest 
drawn by strong pinchers, so a^ to mart for lead in En^ian^l. Millstones and 
it by the j)resstjre arising from the fe- w^rindttoiija arc alio f</Uinl in the neighbour- 
f the greasctl iiok- : this is liic wire; hood, as well as vcinn of antimony. It is 
a^^ain passed in like manner through seated in a valley, near the source of the£c« 
Iwilcabttle smailtr; and, by contiim- clesbom, 13 miles N. by W. of Derby, and 
M«»ce^s, the wire has its len^^iii incrcas- 140 N.X.W. of London. ^ , 
it* <li.iineier diminished, to a very j^reat WIRTLMBURG, or WoRTBNBURC, a 
The larjiest wire may l>e nearly an sovi-rci^u duchy of Germany, in the circle of 
dtjinetcr, and the smallest wt* have Suabia; bounded on th;r N. by the palatinate 
»aboucoiio-thou^aiulili |>art of an inch; of the Rhine and Franconia, E. and S. by' 
are assured, that b;lvcr wire hjs been sexeral provinces of Suabia, atid W. by the 
e fifteen-hundredth of an inch in dia- Black Forest and the marquisate of Baden. It 
The si^e of thes'.* sinall wires may be is (J6 miles in length, and nearly as much in 
ed from the weight iti a known mea- breadlii; and is one of the roost populous and 
vn^ih, and the 'pacific gravity of the fertile countries in Germany, though there are 
Or, less correctly, the wire 'may be many mouniains and wornls. It produces 
round a ptn, and the r.nmbci of turns plenty of |)a Jure, corn, fruity and a fi^reat deal 
which ma!(e a given length. of Neckar wine, so called from the river Ncc* 
. arc drawn sqoare, and ot other figures kar, which runs, iltiwu^h the duchy. There 
sector. In particular they are drawn are aUo mines and bjlt springs, and much 
so that any small (xiri will form the game. Stotgard is the capital, 
fa clock or watch vvork. /o WIS. ». a. prei. and part. pass, wist 
e violent action of the drawing plate (f(;/W/i, German ; wifsen, Dutch.) To think } 
he wire hard and brittle, it is necessary to ima;;ine: obsolete {Ascham), 
1 it ^veral limes durini; tiie course o( WiSBADEN, a town of Germany, in the 
Verv small holes are nude by ham- prineijaltiy of Nassau, capital of a lordship of 
up the larger, and the point, in very the s.'ime name, subject to the prince of Nas- 
e, i^ made by rolling or crushing the sau-Saarbruck. It is famous for its warm 
a smooth burnishing tool u]x>n a po- bathi, which were known to the ancient Ro- 
ate. mans, and is five miles N. of Mentz. L<m. 8. 
said that soft steel is as ^ood for the 20 E. Lat. 49. 66 N. . 
wer*s plate as that which is hard, or as WISBEACH, a town in Cambridgeshire, 
tponnd material wiiich comes from with a market on Saturday. It is seated in the 
in wire plates, an<l is highly esteemed, isle of Ely, between two rivers, and pos»e^sesa 
I not been vet chemically examined. considerable trade in the export of corn, and of 
E OF LaPLAND. l^he inhubitonts oil ptess^ from seeds at mills in its neighbour- 
lad have a tort of shining slendv^ sub* .^ood* , Bargie^ only, can come up its riyer^ 



r^^ WIS 

bfgc veMrb Slopping six mild below. Ii ii 
18 mile* N. ofhlv. ami sg N. by E. of Loii> 
don. Loit.O. 6E. Ijt, 52. asN. 

WrSBY, 3 swpo" of Sweden, in ihe isle of 
Gfllhland, with a cuile. It isEfxtcdon the 
tide of a Toclt, oathe Baliie, 88 miles S.E. of 
SLuckholm- Lou. 18. 41 E. Lai. 57.36 N. 

WISCASSET. a leapnn uf the dislrici of 
Maine, in Lincoln cuimiy, which has a c«n- 
fiderablc Irade. 'i'he judicial conrli for the 
raumy sre held here and al Harriogton alier- 
nalely. It is seolfd on the Sheepscul, near 
(he sea. 66 miles N.E. of H<jrlUnd. Lon. 6g. 
4&W. Lai. 4J. 57 N. 

WISDOM. ,. (pirotm. Saxon.) I. Sa- 

leci ihe power of jniiging tiahlly i ihc 

wlcdjte of things Uiioker). 3. Pruilence ; 

tkill in cifl'aitj; judicious conduct (Sliakipeare). 

Wisdom op Solomon, one of ihe book* 
of the Apacirpha. It abounds with Platonic 
language, and wu piobably wiliteii arier the 
rodUceil among 

Dutch.) 



r: 



'■WIT ^ 

WISHFUL, o. (froDt mik and fill.) t. 
Lon^inc ; shuwing deaire iShaitptart). t. 
Desirablei exciting wishes tCAflUmonl. 

Wl'SHFULLY. aU. (from kU^uI.) Eu. 
neiilyi with loitglug. 

W1'SKI£T. ». A b.iikei (Ain$K«rih}. 

WISMAR, a stconiiKaporiof GcinunT.iii 
the dochy of Mccklenbun;, tealcd at iheW 
torn of ■ bay of the BaltTc, 3ti miln E. tt 
I.ubec. and 66 W. by S. of Slraliund. Lm. 
11.44E. L.11.S3. i4N. 

WISP. (. iirup, Swedish and old Datdi.} 
A small bundle, as of hay or Draw IBacoa). 

WIST. The piEleril and participle ofiwi. 

Wl-STFUL. a. Alieniiie; earnest; full of 
thought (.Gag). 

Wl-STFOLLY. ad. (from Kht/ul.) Autt-. 
tivcly ; earnestly {Hudibrat) . 

WI-STLY. ad. (from bu.) AltcntiM^) 
camntly (.VAaifprarr). 

WISTON, a corponiie town in Panbi<l» 
•hire, with a market on Wednetdiy. |i ii 



WISE. a. (pir. Sax 
Sapient ; judging riihlly ; having 
Wge (Addiioa). 2. Jiidi" - - 



ich knr 



iJ?™ 



iKffo. 



Mum), a. Skilful i dexterous iTillolion). 
Skilleit in hidden arts {Sliaispcarr). 5. Gutc; 
becoming a uiiie man {Mii/on). 

Wise. (. (P'r^i Saxon; wgit, Diiich..] 
Mnnner ; way oT being or acting. This word, 
in the modem dialect, is ofu'n corrupted into 
moyr (Sidnev). 

Wl'SEACRE. ». (icMfg^Aw, Dutch.) l.A 
wise or lenteniiotii man : obsolele. S. A fool; 
a dunce (Addi ten"). 

Wl'SELY. ad. (from mie.) Judiciously; 
prudenilv (Roem). 

Wl'SENESS. *. (from wu(.) Wisdom; 
sapience; obsolete (Spenser). 

To WISH. V. n. Cfifcian, Saxon.) 1. To 
have strung desire; to long (Aftulknal). S. 
To be disposed or inclined (Addiion). 

To Wish. v. a. I. To desire j to long for 
{Sidney). 2. To recommend tw wishing 
iShakspeare). 3. To imprecate {SluihiieOTr). 
4. To ask IClartndoa). 

Wish. f. (fiom tlie verb.) I. Longingdesire 
iSoHlh). 2. Thing desired (Mitlun). 3. De- 
sire expressed {Pope). 

"A wiih,"*aysDi.Cog»ii," isoninoclive de- 
lire. It ii the rrsuli of that loncingafict hap- 
fnaaa mi uaUinl U> man, in caica wlicie do 

CKpectation* on be formed, no efforts can be 
mwe. It ia the breathing after something de> 
iiiable, where the means to obtain it are not 
in mir powerj or where the opportunity may 
be for ever test. We may wish lor impossibi- 
lities, which cannot be the objects of our ac- 



tire desires. TKe beggar 






tingi who cannot seriously dcaire it. Wemay 
t*itn that we could fly, even without wiugs, 
,wid paj a Tisii lo some of the planets; though 
■yrt know that the wish will be in vaJD." 

W1'SH£DLY. ad. [from miked.) Aceoid. 
IBS to desires not owd {KnoUn). 

WPSHER. J. (from wis*.) 1. One who 



llislOmilesN. ofP«> 
Eroke, and 135 W.N.IV. of Londcn. Lab 
4- 68 W. Lai. 31. 5.1 N. 

7a WIT. e. n. (pitin, S'xon.) TokM*. 
It is niiw only used in the phrase lo in/, W 
is to say {Skakiptarr). 

Wit. I. (rS^piE, SatoD. from pmn, i* 
know.) I. TnepoweiKofthcmind^ibcBia- 
tal faculties; the inicll<«ts (.SkahpttM). t 
Imagination; nuickiicM of fancy (Loflr). 3. 
Sentmients pioouced by quickness of Iumt, ■ 
bv genius (Sprat). 4. A man of iuuj (ftj- 
dm). 5. Amanofgenio4(PoM). O.Snnr, 
ju'lgmcni {Dri/drn). 7. Facutiy of the ititsJ 
(Shaispeare). ». (in the plural.) Saundmiid ' 
(Tillolion). g. Conirivaocci stratagem ; pnaw | 
of expedients ; iovectiun ; ingenuity (Jfit i 

/OH). 

Wit, is a qunlilyof certain thoughts tti 
expressions, mucheaiiir perceriedthao drfincd. 
According to Mr. Locke, wit lies in ihea> 
semblage of ideas, and putlii\g tho<e togrlhei 
with quickness and variety, wherein oa be 
found any resemblance or coogmiiy, ihefcbf 
to make up pleasant pictuiri and' afrtobk 
visions lo the fancv. Mr. Addison limiirJ 
this dtRnition consiilerably, by obtrivinE. tiui 
every resemblance of ideas does nut cmkuidU 
wii, but ilitne only which pioduce deligbi Hd 

surprise. , Mr. Pope defined wit to be a qad 
conception and aa easy dcliverj : whik^ » 
coiding to another writer, it coiubti tn ■) M- 
iimilatioa of distant ideas. Ad iimi iikM 
writer in the Quarterly Review dcscnbci W 
M " judKineni at play," and dbtii^uUict il 
from " tbe fool'i or the fop's imitatioo ef ha 

The word wit o 
A wiite w 

nagemot, or Saxon padiaL , „ ^ 

of wise men. So lale aa the reign of DiM 
beih, «inanofpreg(unt wit, offireit irit,Mi 
a man of vait judgiiKat. We atill mj, ■■ bii 
win, out of w wiu, fiw ia at mi^wMd 



irisinallf signified wUbb 
Qi^ a wise man: the wint 



W I 




l>«]. or ha- 
I (lolifiiiinit of our otvu where so many 

luea li«re Tjiled, weihall eiidcaiour 
id »hai inic vr'ii con«iju. 
ridriit llijt wit exr'nes in the mind an 
! BiirpriK, and ihit ihii isowjiiKcn- 
Ihe strange araetnblaac orrelaled iilcu 
I Id the minil. This rnit is ef^^clcd, 
ibuing thinin jKinipnui iir lermiiiely 
!. 1(y agj^raniiiiin^ iliinzs little or fri- 
!. By selling ordinary o^ecta in a p.ir> 
ad aDComuina |ioiiu of view, by means 

rcinoie but afipnrentlv contrary. Of 

con»niifnce are jurptwe ati'l novelty, 
hins it more tatieless and lonictimcs 
ig. inuiajukc thalhashecomegtateby 

lejietiiion. For iliefsme reason, even 
It bjppy jliusion will apjiear excellent 
irown out extempore iu convcrsaiion, 
rould be diTmeil execrable in [irint. 
iiinner, ■ wliiy refiiirlre it inliailely 
a&ing ikan ■ wiiiy utiack ; for though, 
aie*. ihe ihia;^ may be njually arw lo 
N'or bearer, llic tilect on bimisgretl- 
i, wbva there i> icceii to suppose ihat 
>e ihe ilow prudgctiun uf Mudy and 



;r i that our old 
buundcd with wil, and nnr old actor* 
imouri ihjit humour alwayt exciiei 
, but wU doe* Dot ) iImi a fellow of 

will Kt n whole company in a roar, 
there ii a tm^rloest in wit which cuts 
pteaie*. Wii, )ie udd«, alwavs Inipliei 
n abililie*. while humour iloei not; 

i* chiefly relinhed by the vulgar, but 
n i* leijinsiie lu comprehend wiL 
• < fait (ccoiil ol ihe jKipular accepta- 
ibe wordi, accnnling to which, nu- 

« low and locul, hut wii a high and 

li(e accomplish men (. What divert* 

dlwitl* "^ ' --' ■'"" 

ttt abrn 

Irasted to the ramie pBs*ioni but hu- 
lu at ibe ridbilily, iiid wit al ihe ad> 
. Mumuur it Ihe Kuoningof f^rcc, 
if comedy. Mollcrc'i Medecin tnalgi^ 
uiecc of humour loo coane for a |m>- 
idieoeci his MIunlhro|>e iia piece of 
(efined lo be inirreaiing among the 
e. Ilumoui teemi lo exclude and wii 
le the idea of ihouuhl, iiudy, and dif- 
onquered j yet both are exened with 

ia»Unlaneily. Humour judges by 
wit by compariinn. 
ilronx a ditpo^ilion men of humo>ii 

atleoiIinK lo idea* ph]isicilly na«ly. 
infened from the wrtitngi of Swift, 
ich more frmucnily ihe wit i* evolved 
crfumed cUsm of socitiy. m»y be de- 
tm the turn of Pope. Sliift the places 

SDien — fliii^ Pope among barba- 
KHi Swift in the mctropulit, ibe 



author of the Dmeind woiHd h«Te alvtniB- 
a wedding-nlglit; and ihe author of Gulliver 
would have haxardnl nothing ciatwr than the 
Memoirs uf Scriblerus. 

The most coinprchensiveand lively lecount 
of these enlertaiiiing qtialiiies with which we 
hive ycl mei ii in Dr. Barrow's Sermons, vol. 
ii. Serin. 14. : as il ii not so generally known 
as might be wished, we here present it lo our 

" Il miy be demanded (says ihis learned and 
elotjueni preachei), what the thing we apeak of 
'hill ihis faeeliouiness (or wit, o: ' 



which ivi: all see and know.' Any one belief 
apprehend* what il is by ncijiiainlnncv, than I 
can infcmn him by description. Il ia, indeed, 
a ihing so versatile and mullilbrm, appearing 
in 90 many shape*, lu many postures, *o many 
garbs, so \ariouily apprehended by several eye* 
ami judgment*, ihai it »eemi:th no lets hard 
to settle a clear and certain notion iherrof, th:in 
to 'make a portrait of Prolens, 01 lo define the 
Rgiire of the fleetine air. Sometimes it tieih 
in pat alluiion 10 a known sloiy, or in a sea* 
(onable application of a trivial saying, or in 
forging an apposite lale : somelimei it pinelh 
in word* nnd phrase), taking ailvantnae ftom 
the ambiguity of iheir senw, 01 the nmni^ of 
iheir sound : sometimes il is wrapped in a dreii 
of humornui expression . loiiiciimes it lurketh 
under an odd limiliiude: sometime* it is lodged 
in B sly question, in a tman answer, in a 
quirkisli reason, in a shrewd inlinution, ia 
cunningly diverting or cleverly retorting: an 
objection : iomctime* it is cnuclied in a Dold 
scheme of speech, in a lait irony, in a lusty 
hvperbote, in a iiartling meiaphor, id a plau- 
lible reconciling of con tiadici ions, or in acute 
nnnien«e: somelimes a scciiical reproenuiion 
of persons or things, a counierfeil speech, a 
mimical look or gesture, passeih for it : some- 
times an afTccted timpliciiy, *omriime« a pre> 
■umpiunu^ bluninest giveih it being: «ome- 
time* it riicih only from a lucky hitting upon 
what it nrange; sumetimes from a crafty 
wreatine obvloui mailer lo the purpose. Often 
it codsitlelh in one knows not what, and 
apringeih up one can hardly tell how. li« 
way* are unaccouniible and inexplicable, 
being answerable to the noiubctless roving* of 
fancy, and winding* of language. Il ia, in 
short, a manner of speaking nut of the simple 
and plain way (sueti at teiMin leacheih and 
provetti thing^s by), which by a pretty surpris- 
ing uncouthncit in conceit or expression, doih 
adecl and amuse the fancy, stirring on il tome 
Wonder, and brerding tome delight thereto. 
Il raiseth admiration, >* signifyint a nimble 
tagaci^ of apprehension, a spectBf felicity of 
iiiveniion, a vivacity of tpirii, and reach ofwit 
more than vulgar; it seeming 10 argue a rare 
quickness of parts, ihat one can (iitoh in remote 
conceiCj applicable} a notable skill, that he 
can desirouily accommodate ihem lo the pur- 
pose before him i io|futici wiih a lively brbk< 



4 



WIT , I I • \V I T 

nMi«f iiiMMout, iiiit agit to dMnp those apon- Witck or Ei 
ful flailies lit' iinagiuulion, CWhc[>cc in Aris- Wuiuaii tVhu liail 
telle sucli penons ure urmed nJ^isi, dcKtruus 
incn, and rurg'f'^, nien of I'acile or vetMlile 
nunneni who cud euilf turn tliemielvea (o 
sit things, or turn ali ihicigs to theiniu!\'e9.) I 



hll>iic:J h'nior 
r tpiril, kiid iiii* 
jiitult the dcMinJ 



il)la[ice of diGLEulty : 
as Dioiimen, nai lor [iielr beauty, but ibtir 
nriiy ; ai juggling tricks, not fat Inoir use, hut 
their abilruteness, are beheld wiih pleasure:) 

rjiveitinz the niiiid from its rood of serious 
ughn; by instilling gaieiy aoil airiueu of 
spirit, by provuking 10 such dispositions of 
ipitit in way of emulation or coiuplaisance ; 
and by seasoning matter*, oiIierniK diiLastefk)! 
or iiuipid, with an unusual aud ihEoce grate- 
ful tans-" 

SaUtieal wit Is well described in the cele- 
brated lines— 

" True wit i> like the polished stoDO 

DufrA'iHi OuIcuhiIb's mine, 
Wtiwli ImiiMs «w<l'd>IG!n^|lt powers in oof ; 
To eul at well a« i/iiwe." . . 

Wit (Jolin del, a celebrated pensioiief of 
liolhnd, and one of the Kreaieet poliLiciaiis of 
his tinie, waa the son of Jiicob dc Wit, liuteo- 
mosiei of Dort, and wan bntn in iGif.i. He 
became well skilled in civil law, politic, ma- 
thematics, and other sciences i and wrote 3 
tieatist un the lilcmcnu of Curved Lines, pub- 
lished by Francis Schooleii. Having taken hii 
degree of doctor of law, he travelled into 
foreign courts, where he becatoe catctHned. for 
bis'geiiiui and prudenec. At Ms return to his 
native country, in l6^0, he became pensionan 
of Don, then counsellar-iicn^iooary of Hoi- 
laod and West Frieslaiid. intendant and rc- 
eal. 



but his opposition 10 the re-cslabliihmcni of 
the office of stadlholder, which he thougtit a 
^iololilJn of the freedom and indejiendence of 
the republic, cost him his life, when tile 
prince of Orange's party prevailed. He and 
his brother Cornelias were assassiriated by the 
populace at the Hague in t674, aged 47. 



WITCH. 1. {piece, Saxon.) 1- A wc 
^iven to unlawful acts (fiiron). 2. A v 
inn sinuous bank (Spemer). 

To Witch, u. o. Cfrom the noun.) T 
wiichi toencham iShaispeurt). ' 
. Witch, in the higher geometry, a 1 
defined by the equation 



A point !n the curve may be thus obtained : 
the iemicircle ADC on the diameter AC being 
ziven, the point M in the curre is such that 
era" ina MH uptoendicular to the diameter 
AC (B beina jii AC) 10 cut the circle in D, 
it may be AB : BD : : AC : BM. This curve 
has two opposite, equal, and infinite branches, 
to whjch a line drawn through A perpen- 
dicular to the (liamcut AC of the circle u an 
asyaiptote. 



was eiuptoyed by Saul tocoi 
Samoel concemius iht Umee 
the I'hiliiiines. »ee 1 Sjed. 

The explicaiioi) of iliii [urt of sacred hiiinj 
has greatly perplexed coniuitnut'>r» and eniio. 
Some havegiveii a liicral inlriprelaliuu oi [hn 
history, and suripotrd that b^niiiel acuullr 
appeared to Saul. But to thi^ opinion it hu 
been justly objected, that it is repiuiianl lo ibe 
order of the nutural world, and to the doeitiii') 
of revelation reipectin^ the stale of ihe iai 
It cannot be aupnoud cinsisieni wiib a jnri 
revereiicf of GoJ to believe, iliat hchu tub- 
jecied the souls of (he departed (not exR^ilinf 
iliosc of the most eminent saints and pra|ihclt} 
to he remanded back from iheir dititncl abaiii, 
by the piactice of the most execrable rilci lul 
at the call of some of the vilest morult, ani 
compelled ID reveal what he lias teen btiOMD- 
c'cal. Natural reason confirms the juffijgr tf 
ectipture, when it W'iids the whole inijoe nt, 
to which evocation* of the dead, aud *!) Boa* 
mantle divinations appertain, as foiindU it 
imposture. Others, wiio cunnot ailiuit tlul 
\iitches arc abli: to disturb the souU of ^ 
men, much less of prophets, arc nerenMlot 
of opinion, that these wreictied women ral 
cat7se the devil to counterfeit the Nuk of (be 
dead { and that in the ca«e befote lU, an nit 
spirit anpeatcd before Saul in the Itkenet* (if 
Suinuel. See Pain'ck on 1 Hjm. xxi'iTt. It- 1 
3ul this opinion gives 3n un war ntn table aJ- | 
vantage for the support of idolatry to ihoK iiB- | 
posiurei that were practincd by hnihcn >«• I 
cerers and divinen. Beiides, the ler; apfi* 1 
ririon of a spiritual and incorporeal brinz, la^ '' 
the gift of prophecy, are rral niiiacin, «i4 I 
cinuot lake place biii by divine apgiointin'nii 
and lastly, tne historinn calls the ipjieanim 
to Saul, Samuel, which he could not do wiili ] 
truth, if it was do other than the dei-il, vho 
here apjiears, not as a tempter, bni jt 1 11.7 
severe re|iroveT of impiety and wickcdi'n^ 

Miiny learned men have, therefore, miin- 
taincd, that it was neither Samuel, nor an et\\ 
spirit, who here appc.ired to Saul; but ibi 
the whole was the work of human impostu-t. 
In support of this opinion, it may be pleided, 
that the woman, to whom Saul applied 10 cill 
up Samuel, was merely a veninloquiii, fu- 
seiEing an art very serviceable to ihote "Ix) 
couinerfeiied the answers of the dead. Thii 
o^iinion, however, like the foregoing une,c0D- 
Imdicii the sacred liistorian, who not ualj 
represents the Pythoncis as adirniing, but him- 
self affirms, ihLit she saw Samuel, lad iha 
Samuel spoke to Saul : nor has he dropi the 
least hint, that it was not the real Samuel at 
whom he was speaking. 

Others have supiiosed, that the appeannn 
of Samuel to Saul was a divine miracle ' 
thnu"h whether the miracle consisted in tsu- 
ing Satnuel, or in prrsentina an imag' " 
repesentaiion of him before Saul, it i> nnt 
necessary to determine. ArcordinBlv, the ip- 
parition miitt be aKribcd not to the |<cwcr of 



v^ 



• * * • * * . • 

tcnent» but to the immediate appoint^ that went away {Garth), 'l 3. Among': IwetU 

fGod, as a rebuke and pimishment to with the crowd {Rymcr), 14. Ojion : my 

This opinion is maiuuincd by V}t, friend has great power with me {Addison). 

and, in his Sermons^ vol. ii. p. 267, 15. In consent : he served with jl/if/o, and 
fended by Or. Delany in his Life of with Milo he deserted {Pope), 16. With, in 

^but combated Iw Dr. Chandler. composition, signifies opposition or privation j 

rCH-CRAFT, the crime of sorcery, except withal, 

\y in women. Many think there may V\ I^HAL. ad. {with and a//.) 1. Along 

e foundation for what we call fascina-r with the rest ; likewise ; at the same time 

iid witchcraft. We have innumerable {Hooker)*. S. It is sometimes used by writers 

?s and histories to this purpose, which where we now use with {Tittotson), 

J not be fair to set aside, merely because WITH AM, a town in Kssex, with Ji 

: .not reconcileable to our philosophy : market on Tuesday, lis church, an ancient 

it happens, there seems to be some- gothic structure, stands one mile from the 
n philosophy to countenance some of to>vn, at a place called Chipping HiU. It is 

eight miles N.£. of Chelmsford, and 37 

^, the ridiculous stories that are geoer- K^.E. of Londoa. Lon. 0. 41 £. Lat. 5). 

I, and the many impostures and dehi- Sl^N. 

at have been discovered in all ages, are Witham, a river in Lincolnshire, which 

It to demolish all faith in such a dubi;- waters Lincoln, and enters the German ocean, 

ne ; if the contrary evidence were not below Boston. From Lincoln it has a com« 

remelj^ strong. Wherefore (says jud^e municaiion with the Trent, by a navisabFe 

9ne), it seems to be the most eligible canal, called the Fossdike, cut by king 

conclude, with an ingenious writer of Henry I. 

n (Spectat. N« 117.) that in general To WITHDRAW, v, a, {with ^d draw. ) 

las been such a thing as witchcraft, 1. To take back ; to bereave {Hooker), 2. To 

one cannot sive credit to any particular call away ; to make to retire {Broome), 

instance of it. Some readers will. To WithdraV, v. n. To rctiie 5 to retreat 

r, probably dissent from this inference {Tatter), 

Addison, and the opinion of the learned WIIUDRA'WINGROOM. j. {withdraw 

and incline to consider witchcraft in and room.) Room behind another roora^ fdr 

as a species of imposture. But this is retirement {Mortimer), 

i which we have neither room nor in- WITHE. 5. 1 . A willow twig {Bacon), 

a to discuss. S. A band ; properly a band of twigs (Mort,). 

XTHERY. 1. (from witch.) Enchant- To WITHER, v, n. (jepitSejiot),' Saxon.) 

{aleigh). ]. To fade; to grow sapless; to dry up 

'CRACKER, s. {wit and cracker.) A {Hooker. South), 9. To waste, or pine 

3ne who breaks a jest {Shakspeare). away {Temple), 3. To lose or want anmial 

'CRAFT, s. {wit and craft,) Contriv- moisture {Dryden), 

tiveniion; obsolete (Caw^e-n 'J . 7o Wi'ther. v. a. 1. To make to fade 

'ITE. r. a. (pitan, Saxon.) IV) blame; {James), 2, To make to shrink, decay, or 

ftch {Spenser), wrinkle for want of animal moisture {Milton), 

■:. 1. (from the verb.) Blame; reproach W^ITHERBaND, in the manage, a baiid 

0* or piece of iron, laid underneath a saddle, 

ENA MOT, or Witena gemot, about four fingers above the withers of the 

the Anglo-Saxons, was a term which horse, to keep tight the two pieces of \i*ood 

signified the assembly of the wise that form the how. 

nd was applied to the great council of Wl'THEREDNESS. s, (from withered',) 

ion, of latter days called the ixarlia- The state of being withered; marcidity (itfor.). 

WITHERING, or Shrivellikc, in 

H. prrposit. (pi^, Saxon.) 1. Bv: botany. Decaying without falling off. See 

1 sorrow {Shakspeare). 2, Noting the MarcbsCENS. 

she icon him with promises {Dryden). WITHERINGEA, in botany, a genus of 

ig the instniinc.'U : he was struck with the class tetrandria, order monogynia. Cbrol 

ne {froodward). 4. On the side of; subcampauulate, with four gibbosities on the 

' friends arc w'lih the king {Genesis), tube; calyx minute, obscurely four-toothed; 

posiiiou to ; in competition or contest : pericarp two-celled. One species; a South 

np with yuufvr a wa^er {Shakspeare). American plant, with herbaceous stem, slightly 

ig comp^iribon : he ts compared with villous, and pale yellow corol, obtusely sqnare. 

ns (Saiidys). 7. In society: it is WITHERITk, in mineralogy, a native 

to lice with iad men {Shakspeare). carlM)nat of barjtes, the bamlite of Kirwaii, 

smpany of: jfou were with me when of a yellowi;>h grey colour, passing into greyish- 

ild {Shakspeare). i). In appendage: white, and pale' wax yellow. It occurs ih 

goes with wy promise {Lo(kf). 10. mass disseminated and rarely crystallised. The 

al dealing: the English trade whU all crjstals are in general very small, either im- 

{Shakspeare). 1 1 . Noting connexion : planted in the massive varieties of this minerdt, 

always leaves \\'\x\\ fruit {Dryden), or grotiped in himdlfs : their surface is gencr* 

lediately aFter: he lav^hed, and Yi'wtk ally rough. The longittidtnal fracture 4f 



W I T 

withoite ii belwcen radiated am} kmrilar, 
and hat ■ ihinine luslre : ihc aoa fracmte i) 
finc-gijincd, imcien, ami aliinmrring wii1i a 
gKusy iuslre. lit rrs^menu are ivt^gc-sliitpcil. 
Tii) iran^lucenl, pii[siii§;int'iafmi-lriiLi9|iarcnt. 
Iti harJneu it abouL equal lu ibat ul' fluor. 
lis foriiit ure ; 

J. A flaitened hFKBbedral piism, terminaletl 
hj hexubedral pyruniidi. 

S. A pytaniidal dmlecahctlron. 

3. Tbe raiiie n the lirti, with iht lateral 
cdsenof ilie prism aoci pyMmid iruncalnl' 

Wiiheriie is an active piiiion to aniin.ils- 
It was finl Ji>eoveie<l Lv Dr. Wiihcrinc 
AltgleiachinlheDOtthof Uincashi 



found ill D'lirr plai 

WtTHERlKOll. 

, WITHERS, i 
Ihcniaueends, be! 

the tip of the ihouli 

when well raiiei) 

rengih and ^oodi 



Ixith i 



It hM 



ing at 
,d from 



'V I T ^ 

T« WITHSTA'ND. b. p. (mtk and ami) 
To ^lainttaiid ; (o otiixhc; to retist {SiintM). 

WITH^TA'NDER. ,. (fmm •I'iliHtU) 
A" n])^^!^! ; re>iuiii)t power {fialritk). 

wi'rHV...tpis>i. Saxon.) wafaw. 

WITLESS, a. tfiom K'it) Wanting undo- 
■tandin'^; incooaideraie (J-'oir/iu). 

Wl'TLING. ». Cdiininuiitc of wil.) \ 
preieiider to wit ; > man of pctiy ttiMtiDoi 

WITNESS. .. Cpiiierre. Sa»on,) (. 
Tmiiinony; atlrstntinti iJoha). «. Oroho 
^i>es tettiniony (.Gtnttii}. 3. fftlk a Wit- 
UBSS. LHeetually j to a great dcgicc. A lew 
phra^ IPrhr). 

To Wi'TNBsa. P. a. (from the noun.) To 



See Bahyth* To Wi' 



I a horse, begin where 

igjoiiied 10, and eoding at, 

•^ t-bbdw. The withers, 

re reckoned a *ign of 

p. ^ ., Thrv keep ihe saddle 

from coniing forward upon the horae's shoul- 
ders and Deck, which otherwise wnidd gnil 
him, and a hurt in that part ii very iliHiculT to 
cure. The wiibers should not be loo fleshy, 
for then they will be more subjecl tn'be galled. 

To WITHHELD. V. a. preterit and p,nn. 
tcilkkrid, or wtlhlioldeH. Iwilh and Md.) 
1. To restrain ; to krep from action ; lo hold 
back (ShakipeoTf. Dtydrn). 2. To hinder j 
to obsicud {Booktr). 3. To take away i to re- 
fuse (Slimter). 

WITHHOLDER. <. Cfrom mlhhold.) He 
who withholds. 

WITHl'N. prrpoiilion. (piSinnan, Saxon.) 
1. In Ihe inner pari of (Sprat). 2. In the 
eomuass of; not beyond itFollon). 3. Not 
reaching lo any thing external (J^cite). 4. 
><'ot longer ago than {Skaktpeart). 6. Into 
the reach of lOlwav). 6. In the icach of 
imtlon). 7- Inlo the heart or confidence of 
iSeulk). e. Not exceediog. y. In the en- 
closure of (Bacon) 



{Sidneu' 

Wl'T 



lell with asseveration (Dob , 

Tu bear latiman} 



Wn 



.ad. 1. In the 






wardly ; internally (Daniel). S. Id the nilnd 
iDrvarn). 

WITHI'NSIDE. ad. (within and lide.) In 
the inlerior parts (S/iarp). 

WITHCUT. prrpoiition. (piButan, Saxon.) 
I. Noi with (Hall). 2. In a sMie of absence 
from (TallfT). 3. In ihe slate of not having 
(Boron). 4, Beyond ; not wiihin the com- 
pass of (Bttnul). .">. Sup|ioiing ihe negation 
or omiision of: without praee Ikere I'l no 
pleemre ^Addimn). 6. Nol by ; not by the 
use of i nol by the help of (Bacon). 7- On 
the outside of (Dryrfen). B. Not within C-J-fii.)- 
, g. With nempu'on from iLocii}. 

WnHO'OT. orf. I . Nol on tlie inside (Grew), 
t. Oot of dom (.Bolton). 3- ExtemaJIy; 
' not in the mind. 

Witho'dt. cenjtmctieti. UnleM; if oot ; 
, cnept (Siinei/). 

WITHOUTEN. prefMium. (piSutin, 
ium.) Without : obiolct* (^cnifr). 



Wi'tkess. inlfrj. An exclaiDaiion lipHj- 
ing that person or thing may aliesi it {ildttii). 

WITNEY, a town in Oxiordshite, «iih » 
market on Thursday. Here are manu&ciom 
of the finest hiankeu, and other riiick troolfau, 
called beurskius and kerseys. It i> cij^tnila 
N.W. of Oxford, and G* W.N.W. of LtoJe^ 
Lon. 1. 18 W. Lai. SI. 53 N. 

WITSENIA, in boiany. a geniw of ik 
class iriandria, order monogynia. Coral oar* 
pcialltd. cylindrical, siK-p-nrted ; iiijima einir- 
ginaie; ca|)iule sniKrior. Two ipccies ; naiiics 
of Si.uih America. 

WIl'SIUS (Herman), a tenmal and emi- 
nent divine of North Holland, bom at En^* 
huisen in l6l6. He was profeasor oT AriM} 
successively at Franrker, Utrecbt, aQd InAu 
and applied him&elf luceessively ID amM 
learninti, of which his cai'iial work Styf- 
tiaca affords suflicient proof. Hii Ecocwmyu' 
the Covenants between God and Idea, is 



WITSNA'PPER. I. (wit and wi^.) Om 
who a ffect s raprlec (Shaiiprarej . f 

W'lTrED. a. (from wii-jHaiusgwiliU, ' 
a quick wilted toy. 

WIlTENBEltG. a strong town of Go- 
many, capital ofSaxonyPmper, wilhabBMN 
univeriiiiy and a casile. It is the place who* 
the general assemblies of tile circle of Vffa 
Saxony are held. Manin Luther bc^n ^ 
refomiation here, in iA17, and isbunedini 
chapel belonging lo the castle. Witienbof 
ha* suffered greatly by wars, particnUrly in ibe 
liege by ihe Ausirians in noo. Iii«tutcdoa 
the Elbe, over which ii a bridge, 6a nila 
N.W. of Uiesdcn. Lon. IS. 45 E. Lai. II. 
S4N. 

WITTICISM. 1. (from ^itiy.) A now 
aiiemj.tat.vit(L-;;.r,«ngO. 

WITTILY, ad. (from «U9-1 I- I» 
Keniouslyi cunningly; artfull* (Pry fa). I, 
With flight of ImagiDaiion (AmJMma'i. 

WITTINESS. *. (froin wiOy.) Tta 



iLY. ud. (p» 
) Knowing; 



Sa^aa, 



■^ ^V O A 

Tt^EA, Of WiTTLEiET Mere, a 
nil wnier Lkc in the feii> nr Hunling- 
e. BDd on the border or the Ule o( 
I is about tix mile* in IcQ^lh, and 

fium one lu about ihrce ill brcadih. It 
1 two niiica ftom Yaxley, and five froin 

Migh, 



nows the faisehood of li 



**' . 

m'. a. (ftom wi7.) I. Judicicmii 
ut; invFnlivc {Judith). *. Full of 
itioii (South'^. 3. barcutici full of 

rWAl-i. (ptrti, L«IO Abird(A'B..)- 
rWORM. .. imt and worm.) One 
diunivili acanbcrof wil (JJ«H JdH.)- 
'IVE. ». •>. tfrom wiji.) To mnrryj to 
wife (.Skaktpeare). 

Vive. p. a. 1. To match to a wife 
•fwt). 3. TotiikeforawifeCSAnAiO. 
'£LISCOMl), a town in Someraet. 
lilh a marhel on Tne»lay, and a coii- 
t manafacinre of blonkeiiiig, kcrseyi, 
t*r MMtie cloth). It Eiaiidi on the 

SO railM N. of Exeter, and 163 
S. of London. 

ifELV. ad. (from ifiiw ; wifely ii more 
nl-] fielnngillg to a ivife {Sidaru). 
'ES. ». The(,Uiralofw./f. 
!^AHU. I. (from uii$t.) A conjuror; 
JDter ; b he wllch {Miltan'j. 
. I. Ifa, Saxon.) I. (irief; lorrow) 
; calainily (_Pope), 9. Il \» often used 
>aeiatioiia, wo ht ; or in cxclainaiion* 
•aw, wo it ; Bncienlly ura leurlh 
d. Jrreviiah). 3. A denunciation of 
jr; »e»nf(.Seulh). 
AO, a (aluable Jyrins drug, who^e uie 
r hat been cuiiiHlerably iu|>crKt1ed by 

Il sivo I full-bodied and very fait 
wool, though not Tcrj hrifiht, to that 
m.j» TDisl with indigo at jirewnt. 
mixle of cultiraling and ineparinB woad 
rtnfia i« thui given by Wedelius. Woad 
I a Terv rich deep mil, well niinurcd 
id. The Mcd i> put in the ground in 
7- In June ihc learei turn yrlluwiih, 
! plant begini It fli>*rer, which I* the 
^■jslhetini; ihe first crop, which ii done 
'tng down the whole plant cloMr to the 

Il it then rinsed in wntrr and spread 
ihe Min, and when dry enough, il ia 
ininil1«tualinepa»te, which ii further 
f tenliUtion. This pailc is then nude 
> eakca, which arc heaped upon each 
I a covered room, whereby they >oon 
, hcai, and exhale a most peneirating, 
N, ammoniacsl odour, whicn apreads lo 
diaance. This fermenlaliun i> kepi up 
Sctent time, oecaiinnally watering the 
'hen the heal is loo great, lill iJie whole 
o, a coarse powder, in which itate the 
•gain madc«ip into balls, and ii ready 



WO H ^^ 

of yoiing ihooti, which are fit lo cut in about 
■ix weeks after the first harvest, and are 
managed in the Mme ivay; and sometimes, if 
ihe season continues dry and warm, a ihird 
croji may be goi in the same year, but thii ii 
mitch inferior lo ihe two first. 

The fermeniation of the woad plunl ia pe> 
culiarly violent, and much practical «kill ii 
neccsuiy in ihc management of il, for if suf- 
fered toneal 100 much the whole is converted 
to a black effete mass, and the blue colour, for 
which the plant is cultivated, is totally de- 
stroyed. The fermentation is both moderated 
and prolonged by the great hardness of the 
cakes, which cannot easily be broken up tiir 
they crumble lo pieces of ihemielvcs by thcit 
iponOneuus action. 

WOAHOO, one of the Sandwich islands, 
seven leagues N.W. of filnfotoi. From the 
appuranee of the N.K. and N.W. parts, it i^ 
the finest island of the group. A bay is form- 
ed by the N. und W. exlrrmit-ei, iiiio which 
a fine river empties ilsclf, through a deep 
valley ; but the water is brackish for 2D0 yards 
fron:i the entrance. It eoniains 60,000 in- 
habitants. Ljeutennnt Hergist, commander of 
th^ Daedalus storuhip, who had been aeut 
from England in I7()l , with a supply of uro- 
visionii for the Discovery *\oop, captain \ ali- 
couver, ilien on a voyage oidiscovery, waa 
here surprised and murdered by die natives, 
together with Mr. Gooch ihe astronomer. 
Lun. 157. 61 VV. Ijt. SI. 43 N. 

VVOTJEGONE. a. {uio and begonr.) Lost 
in wo i overwhelmed wiili sorrow (SAJiAi.). 

WOBURN, a town in Bedfordshire, with 
a market on Friday. Ii is sealed on a rising 
ground, and was formerly famous for its abbey, 
which DOW belongs lo the duke of Bedford, 
and il his country tnt. Wobum was burnt 
down in 17S4, but has been neally rebuilt, 
and has a free-school, and a chafiiy-schuot, 
founded by a duke of Bedford. Near it is found 
great plenty of fuller's carlh. It is IS milca S. 
of Bedford, and 42 N.N.W. of London. Lod. 
0. 3a W. I.at. 6£. 2 N. 

WODEN. SeeOniM. 

WODNAV, a tuwn of Bohemia, in the 
circle uf Prach, seated on the Bianiu, IS mile* 
N.W. of Budweis, and id S. of Prague. 
ton. U. SOE. Lat.4?.9N. 

\\ OEUDEN, a town of the United Pro- 
vmcea, in Holland, seated on the Rhine, Ifl 
miles S. of AmtlenJam. Il was taken by the 
French in IS?! «nd I7g4. Lon. 4. 61 £. 
Lat. is. (i N. 

WOFT. The obmlele participle passive 



I 



ndjull.) I. Sorrowful; 
afSiclcJ; mourning lU^dra). S. Calamit- 
ous ^ im\ciht{I'kiUpi). 3. Wretched; paltry i 

WO'FULLY. orf. CFrom leefut). I. Sar- 
rowfnllvi mournfullv. £. Wretchedly: in a 
sense of contempt dSoaMi. 

WO-FULNESS. : (from w<tfiiL) UiaMj; 
calamity. 



Ibe pilot tbrowi out a freth crop WOHLAU, s sttoiig town of Silesia, cap!* 



JW Sf3 Alcliy of ilie (OinL- name, wii 
The ftHoWM (Fiiri of hli>- inliabiuuis Wc cm- 
jilojc-u in A noulltik nvii>u!i<curre. It h t(Mird 
nenr llie CWcr. W) miks K.V\'. of Breiljii. 
Btxl-^a S,Ii. of Cl,£a«'. iLuu., lO. M E. 
Lj.i.S[. i»i\. ■ 

"!* \VOI.l>. «. H'uW, whf(h« singly nr^nintly, 
'Jn ilic iiBiaei of places, siiiiiifira a. piuiji ojien 
, country i UrOtn the Saxon piilv, a iiluiii anil a 
ulncB HitligiH wowl iGilioK), 
' WOLB. (Ste Cajjis.j ThU gninMl. al- 
ihoiigh not 






aiid ill 


Wk^ill. . 


en mpacjoiis i! 


0.1 lU " 


fftcl ir III i 


^uniiih 




Mr lain 


number of 


Wnlr. 


lie lax of 


b_«^ 


for an »aw 



ii^iiiitlili)! the 
II iiioducinft a 



I tribiilc of iheir lirmtU, 
e centuries aficr ihe) hail na.iin incrcMrrt 
■o niiBiProuslj' as once more to brcoajc an 
oli)eci.vr roral aticniicn., and gceat tcwarrit 
were Dftain ileitis furvb for ThHr (Ic^lTUciiffD. 
£dwa(d the Fir<t istuti hit rofal nuiiilulc 
to Peier Corber, in supentitrnd nnj i»i«t in 
the dotniclion nf ilwta in itic arvcnl cniiniKS 
6f GbucHier, Woicnln.Hererortl, Sakip.anil 
Smffoid. In oilitt coumits. ceridn penora 
beld their land) upon Ctinditinii nf huniiKg, 
taking, and deurojing a niiuilitr nf wctlvts 
uinually, in proportion 'a ihe qgnntilv nf IiikI 
_io held, Tiiey were lo niuncruui in j^cntland 
Bbout the niiddle of the fifieeiiih century, thai 
Ifaey completels ovetrim itic country) lo the 



1 of the flocks, and 



to tliecominniiily ; norweT* thrv, with m-i 

tlieyrar l6tu, iil .■;! ir ;.:.■. !■ i . ' r .t.: .' ■ 
havefdlli-iibvi! ■ ■ ■ .. i 
Cameron !>■ !. ■' . . 
-Iheir itntn.'iv, . .... .,, ■■. ■ ■■! ,■■■ ■■ 

■wilhEtwl'Jiid. Scod,!!.^;, :^ihI WnlfSi ai"i -l- 
iuSercd for n ir.ueh Ipn^cr tiiue, at they «ei 
Vtn pcifocily anniiiilaied in that cnoniry ti 
the cariirr pa:l ol the hn ccnlitry. 
See Ca 



Wo 



e AkA 



UdLl'li tJamesJ. a celcl,rated i-:i>;;li.h I 



dii.ii[i|i;u,^Ltd hinisilf -j 


libe 1 


•llle 


ot U F«ld. 


anrt was prrseni olltrwpnls u 


ev 


'ZT'^ 


t\tvt during the mat. 


M ih 


.r 


Ik-Chapcllc, iBMrotl nf 




nvK to in- 


riolcncp, herie'mcd hi 


.self n 




asHdooualy 


to niitiwry bbour.. OLu 


i..li.-.d 


re. 


Mich <U!.r,. 


llic Hnldlirsiu ih".' plai 


-orsi 


• .■.k 


1 is(,TOifr. 


Li.il t.i il.ii-h-v- U'l. 


1, .Mr. 


V,'\ 


alitrw.-,,.!. 


e.,rl ,.! 1 ; ,!'. ,1 , ,. .- 


l>hcrcl 


at 


hf bead of 



nsSl'iry ^ratietm, iinri lh« Cn^lttfa triinjijtfi. 
nitiphed otft all opjiotitioii ; bui in the no- 
i^tiTi of vieit'iy, tnc oonigttrrof rereiieri • 
ball thruugti Ills wri^t ; vet, 4t»r(ipariliiig ik 
wnt^il. hesiiimaicd hit iiicn. A uy<Midhll 
6hot <iini through ihe iiody. and rmiknl < 
nt^-riury in eni.ry him nfl to ihe rear ei dc 
tr(K>|u. in tlic liui agOiiio his ■-iiientiun im 
f!a-.fti \iy the cry <if " they roil !" mhI e^tsr^J 
^nqnirinji «r))n »»• br »a*onnrr hc3i4iti«i» 
piv " tliedeftaied Krenrh." ilan Le cxcbiinrj, 
" then I thsDk God, and diecunieatadr asl 
iititanlly expired. I3ih ft*pt. l;5!). His »- 
iliaiti! ivere brought to Ei inland, and tuKvi 
with becoming jioiiip in WMimimm «tAn, 
where a Bpienoid iimiiuincnt wa* crecUrdiolit' 
baiiour. Hi< glerioui death forais the »u!^«i 
of a bcautifut p.iiiitin'< by Weai, ruffian^ is a 
ttliiNtcly niEiniir. Ijv Woollcl. To the ablhlia 
ofihegcnrr.".! Woffcuniu-d the mitdet rinaa 
of llfr. While he hnre (be nieed o(tapa» 
rity in conttitiilioiial cnum^iviu ptnflrdlpii, 
in cool judgment, und iii amhjkcif preiaad 
mind, he M'a* eqn.illy rotpecbd ;o( bcitcfiljtiier 
and tharity, and the efiimalinii i>f ih* ^at 
wni aecnmpanitd by ihi love of tbc wUaf 
and the enititude of ihc poor. 

VVOLFKNBL'rrLI^ one «f the stn^tf 
town* of Gernnoy, in the dixhv of Br«M> 
wick, with a,cast'e, where ihc tlukc of B««^ 
U'jrJ( Wnllcnhiuilr letidcs. Here ii an t^ 
(eilctit library, with a rabiari nf cuikwini 
rplaibjilD tuiural bimor). It NM«(d(Wt^ 
Oekcr, seven miles S. oi Hniniwick, ud 3t 
W.of Halh(r>lailt. Un.10.42 li. Ul.iS-1|)t 

WOLFF (Cbristiin), was born at Bn% 
iSji). At Jena imivrTiiiv he made a on* 
..li.K.dln..vn,n...,-. ..,■MU.■in^-0■^r<ep,m^l 
11' ) ■ 1- ■ . 'vii r I . . ..].,, kcliiinlnl 

..... :-..,uti cr-n<*<^ 

II >■-•- L'. .1. ! I '. -h. ■iNUi-t 'if GiwM 

my.\ oi llulle lo ai-c,|.l iIr- pml'r*«jrisl dn.i li 
mnthemaiict. lie wei'.t lo Halle t;Oi,iai)» 
his academical honours was soon ufitr t4M 
the tide of couikcIIot to the king of t'runii. 
In hi* Latin oraiion rni tile moraliiy of Ilk 
Cliinese, in 17m, bespoke with tucti ■nfaB* 
('f their |ihilntnphy and vitiuet, that tM aM> 
vertity Has ofTcmletl, and not only hit natf 
werereprobaii'il, hut hewai, Ity ihe rrpwBl 
atidii ot the l>ody tif (livinea, ordered w ksw 
thecoBnlry-in Inentv-fuur hotirt. Bcnonf 
to Cflsfel. and b./camr otafettat a( inadmm^ 
tics nrKl^hi1o!inphy at Marpurit- andeoBnidkr 
to the Innd^rav'.'. The fatounihle opinMmrf 
the learix'd atoned (at tlir narKCUiiati of Htb 
vniveraity. he n-is dcHairt hoiinniy pntHew 
'if the Wletsburgsrjdwny of acienw^andit 
niiitrd a ni>.-n>ber nf that of l'iiii>, \t- fn- 
judices at last pued away, and in 174l> *iA 
wme rebii;tpnre, he utuntrri thr cfin d 
privy counaelliir, of viiv^haunlltw. ainl r(f^ 
feasor of the law nS viMtn ni^ ol'itatimtvia -I' 
univcrsitv <•( Mullr. He afrrru irdt «■« raX 
to the dignity ot cbanrrllni of ibc uufitiuif. 



fif il 



R«lr.» 



litis great ^n,^liot« wlfjle life KUds^ite' 



<* O L 

'■Advirtgc.dlFi] stfii 
the gont in his slomach, 1754. aged 76. Hf» 
wort, 1.1 Utin "nd Urrnwiti aic mr.te rlun 
risly in niuohcT, (tie bwi of which Lniiwri are 
« Coiirtc Tif Maihmuites. S roll, 4Io. ; PhilO' 
tophUlUlionalis, iiv« LbnCa, 4lu. ; b System 
HHctiph^ics,4in. ; JusNatiirc, 8vuh.4ta;} 
Hmc SonecivK Magdeburg i Dictianaty on 
Om Malhrnuiics, ftc. 

WCLFiSH. D. (from woif.) ReiembliDg M 
mrfr in rmiliiies or farm. 

WOLFRAM, in min*rilogy, a species of 

tnnZS*TI>. Sec TUKOSTEHUM. 

WOt-KSBANK. SeeAcostTE. 

WOLFSPERG, B town of Gtrmany, in 
Lower Carinihia, with a castk, on which the 
diilrict about it drprndi. Il it leiled on ihc 
Lnvutd, ai the foot of a monntain coveifd 
wilh wood, and full of wolves, whence (he 
town took irs niinc. Il is 3tf milei F.. o( 
CUmnfun. I»i.. 15. 10 H. Lai. 40. i(i N. 

WOLGAST, > considerable town of Ger- 
ttaay, in Swedith Pamerinik, eapiial of ■ ler- 
tttarf of the lanic name, with a c-jsite, and 
one of the best and hrgeti harbouM on the 
Ibltic. It it icatedon ihcl*fin, IViniluS.E. 
dT GripiwaM, 95 S.E. of Siriliund, and 4S 
N. W. of Sietiiii. LoD. 14. 4 E. Ut. S4. 
IN. 

WOLKOHKor. a town of Ri 



, ;lnd rem- 
1 If.ie nc 



fwti Bt ein of Novo^rud, 100 miles S.E. of 
Norogprad. Lon. 34. eO E. Lai.a?- 3DN. 

WOLKOWSKA, a (own of Lithuania, in 
IIr pablinsle of Kovogrnilcc'i, sealed on the 
Bat, 23 mild S.E. of Gtudno. Loo. a*. 
«FE. Li>i. 53. 4N. 

WOLLASTON (William), an emiAeni 
iknBt. w»9 barn in Sufrard«hire in l65i}. and 
educated al Sidiii-y-^uiKic Cirlle^-, Cainbrtdiic, 
trberehc U(ukhitdci;rec>ini[U. In i6eshc 
bMiai« aisimm ■» ihe head matrer of Bir- 



became pot- 
MMcd of an ample fortune : he settled in Lon- 
4mi tlir >aine vfir, but hit manner of living 
<*•> tvtifrd and siiidiou*. He wr»ie tainj ts- 
liMbl* piece*, but ihc iniut celebrated it hii 
griiirin of Naiurc delincaied ; ■ work of gnat 
iMraiDg sod arunirn. but fcondcd upon a 
vny ^ucsiion^ye thenry. He died in IT34, 
htouueqiwnccoran accident. which praveiMcd 
Ua eninplction of a pri^ecied work, tn which 
mt to be dHitiemed "The Religinn of Jesm." 

WOLSEV fl'homa)). cardinal, was botn 
•* Ipswich, in Suffotk. in 1471- He mii ilie 
•(■a of a butcher, .ind cduc.iic<l .-it Oxfiiid, 
tthcrc he bc^mc fellow ii( Magdilcn c<>>let» ; 
4wl when nuitcr of iru, lud the cafe of ibe 
•chool a^fttiuin); Vi i). Moving the cart of 
■krac wiw uf Tlioni^M Gtef, iuMi|iii' uf Oortet, 
UkM oeUcmau pc«aBni«d hloi to the reeiurj of 
Lforiagpnn in 1500. He afifrwarde, b; itiii- 
awiiaft hiMNlf into the faiuur of several 
jrmt prriiKit, rrocured a recoinmetidslion 10 
Heniy Vll. who Sfni him on an cmbap^jt in 
The emperor Maximilintt. Oa hi* ictiim h* 

VOL. XI.— PART U. 



W O M 

nhh the dfanrrr 
and a prebeiiil in ihe uuie chuieti. Doon il 
accc-sioD of Henry VIII, h« lurcrcileu in iiu- 
laiiiiiig the fjTOur of ibai kiiif:, whu gave hitn 
ihf reciory of TorrhtKtaOi '" tXtomnirc ; he 
Was next made canon of Windsor, ;ii 
firjir of the order of il 

afier to the rfemiefy. He ai- 
tended the king Jn hit expeiliiinn to France, 
and upon the lakins of Totitnuy, Wolscy wai 
made Diihop of that ciiy, in ISI4; he was 
made Li^hop of Lincoln, in Novemba follow- 
ing; archbishop ofYo'k in ISlJ.ranliDal of 
Si. Cicely, by theioiereii of ihe kings ofEng' 
land and Fiance, and tn December, lord chan- 
cellor of England ; he was also legate d latrrt 
(O ihe pope. From these preferments, and by 
presenlf and pensions from foreign prince-, his 
income 1* said 10 have oxceeiled the revFDues 
of the crown) and he lived in the tiale and 
siyle of a sovereign prince, keeping 800 sei. 
«anlii among whom were S T 10 lords, 15 
knights, and 40 esquires. Ociohet SSih, ISlg, 
he was impeached, and his immense properly 
seized for the king's use. November 1^30, he 
was arrested at York^ but died in his woy to 
London, at Leicesier-abbej, where he was 
buried. A very interesting life of ihiscaidi- 
nal, by Cavendish, has been recently ^iicn to 
the public by Dr. Woi^iworlh, in his Extj^ ^ 
siastical Bineraphy. 

WOLVERENE. SeeURsus. 

WOLVEItHA-MPnON. n town In 
fordihire, with a m:irkt-t on Wednesday. 
has ad aueieni cdlegiaie church, annexed W 
ihe deanery of Windsor, and a fa.iiidsome 
ciiiipel. Here is a ^reat iron mannfaclure, 
coniisting of locks, hiiii^f, buckles, curh< 
screws, and japanned w^iie. It ij ttdtcd on a 
hill, 13 miktsTorbiafford, ami 184 N.W. of 
London. Lon. S. W. Idit. 58. 47 N. 

WOLVES-TEETH, in veterinary Un- 
auige. Teeth that grow in such a manner that 
iheii point! jM-ick or wound eiiber'ilie tMiiBU 
or gumi in eating. Old hotics are mosi balde 
10 this peculiarity, und those whose upper 
-.erihoot their under icelh in a great decree. 



To remedt this, some chip olT ihe sujmt 
i»ru of the teeth wilh a chisel and mallei; 
bui tiling them down is mtich the wtt 

WOLVlSH. a. (from uMkci. of aulf: 
tvdfiik is more ntonri.) Resembling a wolf 

WvMAN. J. (fijrmao, ptmman, Saxon) 
whence we yet pmiitHincv wmsm, in tlie plu. 
lal, teiwtmtH. dinner-). I. TIk f^mal. 
Ihe human race {Ol*>iy). 9. A fem.ili 
lendgni m> a person of riAK iSfittftf*)' 

TaW&M\H. V. 0, (fnini ihe ncnr ' 
make pliant like * wonmn iShaitftat<). 

WO-MANED. 0. {from iromos ) A< 
panieii or uniled wilh * wuman (SJuJi'Pfaf 

WOMAXHATER. .. (waman t-nd hQt 
One that has an aver^On fur the rtmalt 

WO'MAKHEAD. WoTmarhood. 
•K 



lale or 



WON WOO 

(from tcoman.) The character and collective i. To a strange degree (Dray/on), f. Id f 

qualities of a woman (Spenser, Donne). strange manner (Chapman), 

To WO'M ANISE, r.a. (fromioojiiaii.)To To WONT. To be Wokt. v. n. preterit 

tfmabculare; to eHeininatc; to soften (StWiiev). and participle wont. (punian» Saxon; gt- 

WO'MaNISH. a. (from woman.) Suitable woonen^ Dutch.) To be accustomedi toiue; 

to a woinau ; having the qualities of a woman; to be osed iBacon). 

rest* nibling a woman (Asdtam). Wont. i. (from the verb.) Custom ; habit; 

WOMANKl'ND. s, (woman and kind.) vat: out of use (A/t/Zon). 

The female sex ; the race of women (Sidney), Wo*n*t. A contraction of would not, vad 

' WC/MANLY. a. ((rom woman.) 1. Be- for iri// no/. 

eoming a woman ; suiting a woman j feini- WCVNTED. pari. a. (froni the verb.) Ac- 
nine; not masculine (Donn^). 2. Not child- cuntonied ; used; wi\^\ {Dnf den). 
ish ; nM girhsh (.Arbuthnoi). ^ WCNTEDNESS. *. (from wtnaed.)^'» 

Wo'manly. ad. (Uom woman.) In the of being accustomed to: not used (J^a| 

manner i^{ a woman ; efiemindtely. Charter). 

WOMB.*, (fraw^a, Gothic ipamb, Saxon; WO'NTLESS. a. (from trant.) Unseens- 

fccemb, Islandic.) I. The place of the feiiis tomed; imnsual: obsolete (Speiwr). 

in the n.other. See Uterus. 2. The place 7o WOO. v.a. (apo^ot), courted, Saxoo) 

tvhence anything is produced (Dryden). 3. i. To court; to sue to for luve (Popr). S. 

Any caviiy (Addison). To court ^ohcitously ; to invite with imponn- 

To Womb. r. a. (from the rioun.) To en- nitv (Davies). 

close; to l>re^ in secret (Shakspeare). f'o Woo. v. n. To court; to make fere 



VN UMBAT, a *pccirs of opnssum peculiar {Drudm). 
New South Wales, destitme of tail, about Vt-OOD. 



to New South Wales, destitme of tail, about WOOD. a. (pob, Saxon; iroerf, Dutch.) 

twoftcl two inches long; weight about twen- Mad; furious; raging: obsolete {Spenser). 

ty pounds when full grown. There is a va- Wood. s. (f»ibe, Saxon; woud, Dutrh.) 

riety of this which the natives call roala, and i. \ large and thick collection of trees (Dnf 

whose flesh they are very fond of. It is cover- den). 

ed with a fine soft fur. lead-coloured on the " 'Woon, the hard and fibrous subsuncenf 

back, and while on the belly : ears short .erect, ^^^^^^^ concerning the growth, utmetuie, sad 

ai.d poimetl ; eyes generally rununating, some- eheoiical properties of wbich, the f«Uer asf 

times fiery and menacing : u^ual poi>ture sit- tarn to the articles Botaxy, PHTaioiAflT, Tmi- 

ting. Ii has rw pouch, anl the voungarec.ir- tation. 

ne4l by the mother on her shoulders. See Dx- There are^ however, two eartoni powers vhick 

DEL?His. the tiood of plants potaeRsea, which we haveiwt 

vVCVMBY. «. (from womb.) Capacious hitherto had an opportunity of Doticii«« sad 

(Shnktpeare), i«hir.h we will therefore briefly touch upoa ia 

"waMEN. s. Plunl of woman. *^r P"^^"* *^''*^*'' ^"^ ?*f""» ''J cupmritT of im- 

V. ON. The prct .nd pan. ..as.. o( win. »"\'»?P colouring malrr.a.n, and ot u-nJerpuinr 

7u W ON. V- ri. (piu'ian, Sav.n ; wonen, * 

G* rriKui.) To i!\vc!l ; K) live ; lo ha\e abode : capacity ov imbibing coix>rRiNO MATcantN. 

not in u^e (/'i;r/«.r). The fcorfnct- of wood is rt ad. ly stained b> e 

Wok. 5. Or<'"» the verb.) Dwelhng; ha- >ari«-t> orsubstan.-e\; and if Ihe^^e be aUourd to 

biraiifMi : ob>o|»*fe {Spe/tsfr). remain in contncl t»ilh it, tliey sink intothr in«t^ 

7 o \V(yN Dl'-lt. r. n. (piinTPian, Saxon; rior, and oflm pnMli:cc an aprc^ah'.e rtK-rl ;b 

ft'ondrrf Duirli.) 1\) be j«»rMok with aclmira- cabinetwork: and not unfretjiiently gi»e t»o'- 

lion ; to he plruMil or surprised so as to be dinary timber a %ery i^nod re^ewiMance of IK 

sst(>iii-«hc(l (Sou/h), nic»reexp<'n^iver(ilo\irt*d wood*:, trunks of fi»rc:cn 

Wo'SDER. 5. (P.nit.'fi, Saxon; vondrr, ^-o^'tnes. The following experiment* mi: f^ 

Dutc h.) 1. A.'iniratu.n ; aMctnslirnent ; amaze- ^^}^^;\^^ fiom ninny others in pr<»«f of the truiS 

iiieu< ; Miri.ri^e c-u.^ul bv ^on.Hhiii- u,.usual «f «»"- "'"-nrk, and are fiireD by Bcckman lotl.^ 

\ I r% X '/» /■• f J same eilci'l. 

or nr.cxi,ecic(l (/?m.«). '2. ( au>e of wonder; j.^,^^ mnplo-wood .ra* ,awi, into thin .lip*. 

a slran-e ihiii- ; MHUCth.njr ,nore or greater ^j,^„j , j^^^j-^,, ^j.^„ j^^.,^ ..,, thieknr^- ; «oe .< 

than can f)o cx,>ccied f C../( /r\ 3. Any thing ^he slips was immerst d in a *oluiion of dra^n* 

n)enli<»r.ed with wonder (ffatfs'i. blood in oil of tiin>«ntine. .\flera conMilm")* 

WO'NDI-Kri'L. a. (n'umltr and /«//.) time, the wood had nb^orbed fco much of iLr 

A(l:i:ir..l)le : Mr; n'/.e ; astonishing {Milifu). resin as to sink in the liquor, and it was thsa of 

\\ O'NDl .R I*T" i-I.Y. arl, {(rm\ wonderful.) a fine mahogany etdour, vhowing the teiofc of the 

In a wonilerfnl manner; to a wonderful de- wood by a lighter »hade of red. Another »lip tf 

arte {/tddisoti). wood was dyed in the itaroe manner, in a so!u- 

WO'NDI.KMKNT. s. (from icondcr.) tion of pambope in oil of turpentine, which nrj 

Astoni^hmenr ; an::7emvnt rSpemrr). ^ fine yellow; and by a mirture of gaaabor "<» 

WCrNDIvKSriU'CK. a. (wonder and ^r*?^ ' ^^^^*" ^'^JT""* T'^r*"^!!^ 

..... , , ,v . : ^ of dirn'rent tintK may be produced. Becea woi>d 

'''(>Vlv r.'?>^'*.' ( />rV(/r«). ^H. found to toke the eolour aooner, but it -si 

WONOUCn N a. (contracted from Wim- i„, brilliant ; a aolution of these ravins a]««. is 

dermis, o^wuNfin.) Admirable; inar\ellouSi alcohol, answered tery well. With the** k Hit. 

»lr.wi;'e ; surpri-in;? ( Dnjden). of subatances, howe^-er, it i« De€«a»ary, in iKdcr 

WO'NUliOl-SLV. •{/. (from wondroyii.) t« produce a good colour, eitlicr to boil tlia «v»^ 



lv d O D. 

k tfee 1iqaor» or at leut to continae the di- tutpended. Wood tlitt has undmoneUiifchtD|e 
f«iioD for a contiiderable time, ho that they can in Knid to be petrified, or mioerEnzed. 
only be employed to ^ecnt advaotaK^e with Kmalt There are three Nubstances by which thi^ 
pieces surh ax are used for the finer kinds of in- chang;^inay be brought about ; namely, pyritef, 
layinf or veneerinf;. But many Rallne and me^ oxyd of iron, and Ailireou^ earth in the form of 
tallir «ntution!i produce a more spc*edy efleet fn afpaleor horn-ntone. These oonatitute so man/ 
ehancinic the colour of the wood, Which' may hm apeciea of petrified wo«)d. 

applied to a xnrfare of any extent. ^ The pyntousfouil teood oerun principally In the 

All the white wood« are rendered much irhiter independent cone formation: it ii oompoaed eo- 
by hetnfrnoaked inaiKolution of alum Thia ii tirely of ooamion pyritea, often in a atata of 
fimhably uwinpf to a derompoRition of the salt, semi- decomposition ; it appears to contain na 
and a deponition of ita earth within the porea of lignooui parliclev, but retains with considerable 
the wood in Tery fine division. exact nenn the external fl|^ure, and, in aome de- 

A deep black i^ given to wood in Tarious ways, grre, the internal organization of wood. Tho 
Oak« and other woodn fliat abound In gallic acid reason why this species presents a leas atriklng 
receive a black from the solutions of iron, but rcseniblanoe to wood than the othen do la pro- 
these vrood% are conipantiTcly rare. bably tiA strong crystalline polarity wblcfh pyrite 

If conceDtrated lulphuric arid besmeared over poxsesses: in splitting longltndinally li pteoe of 
thenurfsceofwood, it blackens it very speedily; pyrlticed wood, it not unfrequently happens^ 
and this colour spreads deep within the wood in that the fibrss representing the coneentrielayvrt' 
a few hoifrs, its surface being at the same timer Af wood gre composed of minute cubes laterally 
eafered wHh a tenarioun froths When this is ajsgregated to each othel'. 

thoroucbly washed off, and the Wood dried, the The ferrut^inous fostil xcood l« found in htmalttc^. 
anrfare In of a deep charcoal black, and hard ^^d enpecialty in argillaceous iron ore. Exter- 
eaough to take a good polish; hut it is not easy nally it presents the appearance of tmnka and 
to get rid of every particle of the acid. A much branchcK, and its internal texture has a close re*, 
fiaer and better black is given, by first soaking semblance to that of nood. In ita chemical com* 
Ike wood in any solution of lead, and^fterwards po»itioh it doesi not appeal^ to differ materially 
tar a day or two in a solution of arsenical liver from common argillaceous iron ore. 
of sulphur, made by b-tiling in water a mixture But a^athed at«r/ is that which has been th«' 
of two parts of quick lime and one of orpimont. nost examined. It haHi been made a' distinet 
Probably the simple sulphuret of lime would an - mineral species by Werner', who has given it th« 
•wcr m well. All the other metallic solutions name of llolsstein, or wtoodstone, of which th* 
that BcHiralty blacken with the salphurets will following are the characters, lu oolonr is ash- 
produce an equal eflfect, as those of silver, bis- f^rey, passing into greyish-black, yallowish, 
mulh, and iron, but lead succeeds the best. brownish, and blood-red: the colours run inta 

With tlie woods that contain no gallic arid, a each- oilier, forming clouds and stripea In a lon- 
yellow-bromii dye, varying to broH-n -red, is given, gitudinal din^ction. It occurs in the form of 
%y aoaearing them over a few times with a soUi- trunks, branche!«, and roots ; and presenta in tha 
lion of iron in dilute nitric acid. This dye id utmost perfection the internal organisation of 
very permanent, and does not change by the ac- wood, not only the longitudinal fibres and oou- 
lioB of light or air. centric layers being visible, but even the knot« 

A greenish hue may be given by the solutions ^^^ medul'ary processef. Its internal lustre is 
of eopper, but it is difficult to make wood take it ^arioui, being l»etween glistening and dull. Its 
cqumlly, or to give any depth of colour by tht's ^''oss frarture la imperft^ly conclioidal ; its 1ott« 
SBetainc aolntioir. ffitudinal fracture sp'.intei^ and fibrous. It Ii 

DHhmt hoes may be produced by strong de- moderately translucent j- is harder than glass, 
■oetion^ of the colo iring woods and other dyes ^^^ ffives fire with steel, but is easily frangibla. 
mixed with alum, which need not be here enu- '^ occurn in aaud and sand-stone in various 
aaerated. countries, especially in the hill St. Symphorien^ 

*Ib aM the above proce«srs, and'''^srl4ci7UrIy near Ktaiupes, in France; in Saxony, Boheaiay 
■rbece any saline or metallic tolution is employ- '^"<1 Huugary ; near Loch Keagh in Ireland ; ia 
td, the natural ginss of the wood is much im- ^^« ^^tl** o^ sand-stone that lie above the fuller's 
p^red, which re«|uires thai it should be finlslied ••^th, near Woburn in Bedfordshire ; and als» 
with linseed or nmber, or any similar tarnish, *" !*»*' "■"Jj' deserts to the wiest of Kgjpt. 
wbfch has the effV':t Iwiih of midering the dye . ** "''• unftvquently happens, that agatlsed 
mmt permanent, and of cunsidcrubly iacrcahing wood, before the pt-trifying process has begnn^ 
Hi beauty. ^*^ Ix^o corroded by n^rms ; in which case Hot 

cnly the perforation ia flllrd with siliceoos maV- 
PCTRIFICO WOOD. ter, but even the substance of the worm itself hat 

Woad, In ordinary cimimstanccs, whether ^■«" completely agaUsed. 
■pan the surfkee of the earth, or buried under it, . Aca»i»«d wood discovers alight traees of its 
la grMlvally decomposed by the eoncurr^nt ac- «r»^"f hy afibrding a few drop* of a watery en- 
lioa of air and water; its texture is broken pyrcumstic liquor by distillation; it coasists^ 
insm, th« connexion between the several vege- ho**«^*t'r, for the most part of sitex. 
table principles of which it consists is dissolved, '^^*^ ofxtiin of petrified wood is generally at- 
Its iBgrsdients enter into new combinations, and tributed to the gradual Infiltration of the pietri- 
i9 vestige remains either of its organisation or ^y^"* nubstan.^; but to tins theory, howiwer 
dtaaklcal properties Sometimes, however, it simple and ingenious, there are many important 
lappMk, that the external figure and internal ohjections. See the article CHALcaooitos. 
mrangemeat are- preserved, while the chemical VVouo (Anihony), an eminent lHOj[rii|iher 
prpptrtte s have undergone very notable altera- and anitquarian, was the son of Thomis 
Amis ia ss n s eq aen'^ of which the natural decay Wood, bachelor of sns and of the ettil law, 
« pndlfioMly tvtasdfld^ and oftan evm wholly and was bom «t Oxford io l(ilV. He studied 

«K3 



AV O O ^^^^F '^V O O 

at ^leVMtl (MlcgCi and in lt)i!i look the dt^Aff ihj^Jthri ctcril^ni tpoti, mA *^ tw \ 

of inasiet orarls. He wrow, 1, The Hisioiy as ivrll with inmicn a* «rtlh ■panitli, (At 

sn<l Auliquiu« of the University of Oitiodl ^ ooiuters being tiunltd in thecovmt with bcBt;) 

which wjs afKrivaiils ttnnslaied into Laun by bul oock «liooliiig wilh npanifU ll jlmoit uoi- 

Mr. Wast and Mr. Pem, under the title of verwUj preferred, us it is niore (ntivenioslo 

HtitoriB & Aiiiiijiiiiate* Uaivtintaiit Oxnni- heuT tlie t|iniikls DCcaiioiwIlr in ijactt, iW 

rtisif, S Tolt. folio : 9. Atheiia Oxonimtes i punue ihesanK in * loiil «ileiicc. 

or, nn exact Aerminl of all ihe WtHcn and WOC>l>l>KiNK. -. Dncirtion or toftMim 

Bishops ivho have h^ct their EftnFalioii in the of ni«licin*l wnnls, a* SaskslrM {Pltftr^. ■ 

Ultiversityof O)[for<l,fn/mlhe Year IflOO to WOtyUKD. o. (frooi ie»ci ) SnpfW 

ifJtW, 5 voh. folio; which was greatly rnlsignl withwoixl lArtuthnal). 

iiiatei!ond«ditioiipoHiihediii.l7Bl by bishop WOCDPN. a. (fri>ro «»«/.) r.lJpww, " 

TaViner. Upr>n the first publication of ihw mJilc of wwhI {fS/iatipeott). 9. aoWji ■ 

wnrVlheaiilhof was attacked byihe uniferaily, swkwaid iCollirr). 

in Jefeiiee of Elward eail of Cia.cndcii. !onl WOOUUOAT. S.-e CafkJE. 

higli-ehancellot of England, and chancflloi of WOU'DHOLK. i. {waiiti aixl tott.) " 

the uniccruIVi and waa lihewiw aninnulTerted where wovd \a laid up {Pkilxpt). 

upon by bishop Burnet ; upon which he pub- WOO'DLaND. i.(M'nD^aiul 



o of the hislorio^raplier nf ground covered wilh woods (FfMeii)^' 

the univtt^iiy of Oxford. He died at Oxford, WOO'l>LAHK. &-x At-nvuM. 

of a reienilon of tirinr. in 1f>Q6. WUODLXMJSE. SecOsiscvs « 

WOODBINE, ill botany. 'See LoNlCEB A- Lbfedeb. 

WGODBRIDGE. a town in Suffolk, with WO<)D OF LIFE. See CvkiMtn. 

amarkeinn Wednesday, seated on the E. side WOO^JMAN. >, {w»od vtA m»a.T t 

of a sandy hill, oh Ihe rivet Deben. eight iportiman; a huni«r (Pa»c). 

miles from ihe sea. It hu docks for building WfjODMONGER. i. (mtodand miffrj 

ships, has a great corn iraje, and is famous for A wnodjeller. 

tefioing sail. It had an abbey, of which there WOO'DNOTE. >. Wild mosic iMUtm). 

ace no reoiarkabU mint, ll h seven milca WOOO^NVMPH. >. iwt»d and iqlfl.) 

E.N.E.of Ipswich, and7GN.B. of London. A fabled Koddetsof the wooda (Sriflvir). 

Lon. I. 85 £. LaLiS. 11 N. WOODO'KFEni NO. .. WooU bm 

WOODCHAT, in ornitllolwy. See La- the alior(iVrA»miaA). 

Ktus. WOODPKrKER. SeePioos. 

WOODCOCK, inomiihology. fSeeSco- WOODPIGF.ON. SeeCotoww. 

toPAX,) The woodcock is a bird of p.issage. WOODHOOF. See AsramnA. 

on-l arrives in this country about ihe month of WOODSORKblL. S«w LvJV vt 

Octoberj though his eaihcr or later (tightde* O&alis. 

pendi upon the prevalence of the winds by WOODSTOCK, a town of Ovfiltdshlich 

which ne is brought over. "Hie north and EngbnJ, pleasantly seated on a riun{ , ' 

north-casierly (parucularly when accompanied and on ■ rivulet ;'a\rell-cooipiclnl I 

wilh fcg') aie the mosi favourable fat iheirar- town, and sends two menibrts to paili 

rival. Faiigued wiih the length of their flishl, bui i> chiefly uuled for BicoheiiD-tuiu* 

when rejching oar shores, th«e birds drop palaee.biiihin mctnoryof the viciofj t 

under any tire, shrub, or bush, bearina the by the duke of Marlborough tnci th< Fn*^ 

■ppesnnec of covert ; after rest and rernsh- and BivariAns in Au^osl l?M. il wutnc^ 

mmt, they in Inneer {lights disperse Ihem- ed at the public eii]keiicc, nnd is o«r td ite 

■tl*es in the different woods, copses, ihawi, noblust seals in Europe, One m' the fMMpB | 

and hnlge-rows, in various pant of thecoun- toil is over a bridae with one arch, IQOleRh 

try. They are by bo means remarkable for iliameier, resenibling the Riatio at Veiiiff. 

Kn^ninj; inng In one pUice, or even in tiw The itarden* take up i hundnil aem tf 

Mjse neighbourhood i on ihe contra it, they irrmuid , find thr nlTnri, nhirh arr irrj pMJ. 

pcverconiiiiue man than Ua or twelve d»s have tonm enuugh to occomtncidale 300 1(»- 

io 4ny particular spot, though favouisbty pie. The apar'menU of the palace an «H|- ' 

adapleil to iheir reception. nilicently f>irnialied ; and the staircase*, M- 

The woodcnek is a very clum»y waddling tues, palniinftk, librarv. tec. a>« lery ipliMJI. 

walker, as ii the cue with every kind of fowl while the |iark ii boih *ateir>(>« aad fkta* 

^BlhasshorileKsnlidlongwingsiwhenfliished, rrsque. There is also an ufatervaiorr, widi 

he rises heavily from Ihe grouml, and mikes a some excellent insmimenis. In lll«i' ' 

coniidtTflhlc nofse liefocc he can gather wind pirk orii^inallyainivti riwal tsiUre ihrfi 

fulHcient for fUght. If found in a ninhy spot, ite retreat "f sever j1 kinc ' '' ' 

'a diich, or a hedge-row, whence he is ubliaed the frign of Chart" I., vh.. 

10 prcH-ni ail open mar«, be ficriuently ikims wholly in ruins. After ihe i 

slowly over the KTOUnJ, andii very i-asilv shoi; heiin, evcrv Ifitre o( the ai. 

ai, [iidcnl, is ihe cjsc elsewhere, prnvitkd any miioved. iind two elmi "i... , .- 

oVsKuciion does not arise from intervening its sue, King Ethelrrd heir! a iiiulli 

bruittlics of irecB, and houghs of DnJctwnf<d, Wofwlsmck paUrv ; and ihere Alb*d iIk 

wbioJ), iu cook .iiid co>eci ihoonnR, mwi al- Great nansUlrtl Boetius de Cpiw' ~ 
jwi^^jipeeicd. Afier a pliutiful aitiral, IcnophiK. Henry l- 1 " " 





■ woo 

midtil Riuamond, miilrcMorilt/iry 
auuidi SK«n(l KHiuf Edwant 1., nu 
ihii mUcci alMi JAlwurd, eldest sod 
lid Ill.;.aiid hen Ihc priitCLii. Eli.-^- 

couGomI by h«i lUicr ility. Wooil- 
I* nuHiuteiure uCelgtts, and of giccl 
uin^ TIte iKxt Cliaiieer urai born, 
d (lint hiftu l> is c'lftlu miUa N.VV. 
*, »nd fo W.N.W. of Loroloii. 
OTIN. SeeSxABMUM. 

DWAHUIA, in botany, i ^ix 
Hi crypUigBmii, order filfces. Fruc- 
in obfoiig diitinci don, ditpo«ed in a 
■ow ilong the ribs : involucre sunrr- 
ullcd. opening toward* tiie rib. rivr 
fnitkn letni. 

DW'AXEN. gecGsmsTA. 
DWR0J. SceMoTAciLLA. 
'IIV. «- (fioui icoai'.) I, Abnundine 
Od IMUIOM). S. Liuneoui ; coti>iil- 
oaiiLoclle]. 3. HcUtlng to woudi i 

■ YHIOHTSKAOK. S«enULC:tMAIlA. 

rEH. ,. Cftoiii Koo.) One who courts 
I (CiapTaen). 

F. I. (from wovf.) l. The set of 
tlut cro«sc9 (he warpj ih« weft 

9. Tesiure ; cioth (Sttllin). 
riNGUV- ad. ittDta leoaiag.) PItai- 

t UtQ Itivitc t« tiajr Ci$AaAi;>rHr(). 
iL. «. Cf 111. SiKun; woilcn, Dutch.) 
Imo* nit (h*rp; that which ii woven 
lb (Hdlriji). 3. Any tboit thick 

I. (to*//.-. Germ.; /niV. Fr.> This 
ii (b* bulH of nanunieluMr* (o in- 
imd bs« been urerteined to patim iiii^i 
hmiiail iiraperlin, IhAl II would be iin- 
ll« not la Ddtiw II Bl uma length in ■ 
yditcrtlir Kppruprlated lolhetiTirieciir 
(to ud (cicnns. 




M>«ne bair. Th<n U a nibjeel ivlii<-li list not 
bif n (uffldenll; itudied, but >■ t^ntitied to til* 
muil ■eUi'« altuotioii of tlu iihysioiufiiL 



Wool, ellber in • nn or mAiiufarturrd lUl^ 
buftlfra^t been Ibe prin^ipAl oflheittpk- article* 
oflhiicountty. The price of wool w««, In w-rj 
earl)' timo, mucb higher, iu pi-oiMiliun to Iho 
Wijc* oriabnur, Ibe rent of land, mU Ibc prie? 
ofbutrher'a mo»l, thaa it prvieul. II wru, be- 
fore the time of Ldwaril IU. ■;<!&}( cup rK^d 
ra», the art orvorking >[ into clolb and djine 
bcingsolmpcrlerlly knoHn, IhalnnpcminuBbnte 
lli« degree orworkincpi'i'pleeou Id £0 dre»|ediO 
Hnib orEoilinb inanurntlun'. 

The flrtt ilep* taken to encourage tbe manii- 
factun;tifiYDa11eiidolh(wa«b}G<I>TVtlIt|-»hi> 
pror;ured looie good tiorltmtD from Ibe Nrlber- 
Uudi, liy morn of protectioD and enmuragc- 
nient. Tbe value of wool was foniidered a» 119 
eiienliall) loiid, that taxei were Teiled in tbat 
coniinodil]', rci^oniug by Iha oUiiib«( of (cVi; 
and in proportion to tbi- price ntihe DMetMrtt'4 

ind value of uUcr, w"ol was at lout 

T. TVc 



tliroe Umea dearrr tbea Iliad 



MBni o( the wool ia uauilly auppoied 
id upon ttie nature of tbe uiil. of Ih'' 
or of belb (ogelher. It ii a tiiifular 
»ee, however, and in (omr df^rfc ad- 
Ihlaoplnlos, Ibal oTIIielwo flnetl bind* 
M are al pmrnt arquaiuled uitb, thai 
, and that of New South Walea, fhxn 
ecim^na have tKwn lately imparted of aa 
lyutture aa llii: beat Merino, tbv for- 
■r prodnn: i>f • ral^areour aoil. covend 
lelcguRilnou* oUpl, of tlie vetch family, 
■tier ofa w>ll Ip wliicb moI a yartirle of 



»ael Haridrii, ptinelpal rhapl^n lo the 
' New South W«le<,hu lately inpnrled ■ 
iwM, the itenaral atoi-k i( ail nff-art from 
loffloodMoiie. YeltbatK>norcliu>iile, 
i|plher,baveacondder*bleiDfluea<ie,aut 
r Uie e^lear, but 0*er Ute texture of the 
uaqiieaiiuDftiU i djire it iia well-known 
1 the wool of tbe Aneola ibevp, «i iIm tbe 
he Anenta loat *iid rabbit, are pcrfrdiy 
ind rr>ii«tllOte a direct gilfc ; while the 
MMK^aU tbei'P, on the nppoailt side of 



inanufact urine of cloth beiin onc{ introduced 
into the coniilry, tbe policy of pre>cnli^ the 
exportatiatt of ibu mw nut'cri*! wat noon eri- 
denl i «Dd tbe flrat act w«> (hat of IK-ury rV- 
c, 3, hj wbirb the ciponatinn of thuep. lambii 



ipfctiai; |b«!«iportaliun of n(H)l and »bpep are 

4a(edin that alalule. U) ■><<<> ai^li ifaoy perm? 
ihflt aend or rerrivp any »hcep on buiird any 
te«i<>l, to be oirni-d oul of the kiogduoi, luch 
teaaet (li(ill be forfaited, and Ibe perran ao of- 
fending (ball forffit ([. for every alieep, and *uf- 
fer wlitsry impriwnniFDt far Itirce ntonlbs. But 
wether aheep, by a llii-nce from the collector of 
the euitunu, may be taken on iward, for the u<ie 
pr Iho ahip'a coiupauy ) aad every per^oa who 
ahallenportany wool, or woullen articles lligbtly 
made up, to a* eiuily lo be reduced acain la 
wool, or any fkillir'* earth, or tob^ccv-pipc clay { 
and avcry iwrrivr, ibtp-onner, cvniniaitdvr, n*' 
rioer, or oilier perwn, who ih»ll knowingly a«- 
■irt ill olportinn, or attrinplioK lo export, tbete 
article!, ahall forfeit 'i>. (or every pound migbl, 
or theium of SO/, in tlicf bole, al ttie election of 
the proaecutor, and ihall aUa auifer Kolitary i|n- 
f riaonineBt for three mootbii. B"t wool uay be 
aarricd eoaalwiae, upon being duly entered, and 
aecnrity being given, acenrdiog to the direcliona 
of llie alatute, fo tbe oOlcur of (be port tron 
wbeuce Ibe taiiin abail be conveyed ; and the 
ouiiL-n of (beep nithia II n> mileaarthe tea, and 
li'D miks in Kent and Sutui.cannol remove the 
wool, nitbout giving aolice to the officer of Iba 
uearctt port, aa directed by Uie italulu. 

ginc of the timplc ^niical propM^iv* of 
I bnto been ciLaniiaod by M. Achard, (iv'l 



rompared with Ihc correapoudipg propertiea of 
lh«haJraf ditlcreut aoimali. The copioiu gooe- 
ratiea at a>alic add by trealnienl oi wool with 



Kric acid, baa been particularly deirribed and 
eipUiaed by U Benbolli-i iu hi* k-aaliful R- 
acarrbei on animal oialteri aiidthegrcal»olvent 
poBLT 'f |Le cauitie Aicd alka>le> h»a been h*^ 
pity applied to loue uie by U. Chaptal ■••«>- 
paoacouua eowpound, 

Vfuol ill Uie >talc in which it if takcD from 



■WOOL, 



)(ha Amp to >hr^* hIs^ wMk^a^rMt 4>«1«( 
Sr\ BBd bubMH at diawnl kli»4li, nd In p*]t- 
Itaalar Ii alrafef If hnbtHd with ■ aktnnl ttroBB 
jM lHu gTWi. Tb*Mk>piMittw Madrid of 
\j WMUtf, ftelUac, Mid •ombUg. by «kiDli4lH 
inol It w i l ii n d iwHukiUf ii:b>t«t mA, cIomi 
H^rtfMdipriiiiTWdOTtlMbad. WbMi.boltad 
|b WBlar fbr MMr^ kMN la ■ Mpriog! iau«l, 
iM*I to Ml to uy way tlMMd In tni^ o^.lei. 



f ha a«Ha|l af th« ^bto ad^ e^ >aol ^ «f^ 
riatn. Wb«i aald, Uda acid dbIj itojagagaa 
^iwteaaaiitt^afaMtlacaM, bwlwbea wanard, 
vaab •llnoa faHfaiiMB oat, and illeaallira 
}fMr add* an fbtvad, ii*. tb* lULlle.aad tkc 
^aUa i Iha Uttar to In fTcaler abuadanca tha« 
•«Hft«BaBfar aHdmitiMW arid, or an othar 
.>yd f a Baifca»»w» bad*. Amall'aaiM ^a pa- 
-«lhr alt «lwi9* HtoM daring Xbm acUon of 



. WMl, b«t Iba «atiallBftaa«a]kalto« wbM d1|aited 
:i(HkHapniIlrmBkcaltoibrit,K4ae*U tea 
'«a gatottooaa p«lp, and faallf wiIm a .pattoei 
•Wlmttoa. TliaabaUatlheMwcUmali^ lu 
" • pnpeftkf aa It daei In oamaMS aMp. 

._•. — Jwool if uitiSe for 

c« In IwHIdb bit! of 
B a MMIto wkaiine lalul^ii, 
■—d H hM baan idef wdtd b| ChapHI Id he 
■Mplayid laitoad af «oo»wbB toap in cloiuin^ 
'^iAam awl atbar'feada In luanuruturtii, m b; 
tkbBMM aMafearof MftweliitsiDd clipiiings 
f^woalaadw»oU«ictolh«-l.leliare DOW UiroHu 
■way, aiav be pM to M*e we. ThU mi«{ij ki- 
SaUaa doaa not lafbw wall wlien agidied with 
mU Tcr) powerfully in 
II baa a •IroDs and iH>iuewhit 
ra MDClI, whiA ii left at flnt In tba dolb, 
.|)ut (oei <iffb)i abort exposure to tbc air. 



Upon thit subject we hafe latelj Kcctied a 
very exreltenl anil inlellijtenl memoir, drawn up 
bj MM. Thcnard and Board, and coniinuuirated 
(o Ihe Phjainl and Mathematical CUas of the 
Prvnch Imperial loatilulri and we aJiall aelect 
from il lucti oburvaliuna as aie moat norlh; of 

Tbe name of mordant ii given, in tbe art of 
dicing, to thoae aubalanceo nhich icnre to pro- 
dui^ a isnre intinialo combination of coloiirine 
D»tlera wilh Ihr dlHerent •tutT-, and loaugoMnt 
tbe brigbtnna and b^-aut; of llmu. 'I'bia pro- 
perly belnngi In K great nuuibr-.* of naline and 
wctaliio nubalBTifvi ; but Iboie trliirh pimivKa it 
' In the hi (beat degree, and Hhirh, rurlbiHmiion, 
are exrluiivel}' oiadr uae of by djerv, are alum, 
acetal af slumina, tarlar, and the luiluliuni of 
tin. 

]. /wifrtgnalioii ofaoeiailh oJim—Thr manner 
of applying Ihe alum variea urcording lo Ihe iia- 
4uT« of Ihe ilufTi, and aerordin; lu Ihe rnlxura 
we wi>h to obtain. Silka are |iL-rmilled to ma- 
aerala for *e*enil daja in a 'olullun nf alum, 
^uffldently diluted for tbe aalt not to eryirtalilxe. 
Wool li boiled for two bnuro In water, coDUin- 
(ng a fotirtb part iif iti ircighl of aluu. Colton 
•nd thread are aoaiied Tor it Irail tiresty-four 
boura in warm mnn-nlraled aolullona or alum, 
|o' wbirh frrqurnlly lome potai* ia added. It 
baa hilbertii been thouHht that in tbia opcntion 
lb* aiuiu 1* dacwapoivd, and thit lbs mlomiu 



Htmbiaet wilh Ilia abifT, fauaiag II llirrrli} III 
more ctiily to laka tbc colour wlu<n plunjird iw 
the dyeins bath; but Iho rxpFrinieiili of hw< 
mute ioduH ut is adopt ■ diflerrnt opioioii. 

Til dfrt«nuiav llie tart a^ruralely, it wuoa- 
OBmnr; louiHployforllHwcxpFriiurDlaenljBB- 
leRti} puce walcriali, cunipLe'eli deprived of tb* 
cartiuuat of lime, wIiirU ia guicrally rootaiwd 
ia ronjuderablr qui^itj. TaHiMrate IbenluM 
i>f lliia, WF bniled llie wbdI teieral lucoHin 
limoa is ■ nuiltrBH with wuk nanatic mat; 
but in order lu tak« up tlu! lait porliua* af Uui 
aeid, we nercubji^ to make ute of »n<h lar«t 
qimnliliiHi of diitilled water, lliat we wvMMtk* 
point of aiiaAdoniiig lueh Inllou* WKftri inra u, 
n^uiiing M much time and puiancv, >• waU <• 
Ibf grraleM care. Tlie i^paraliw) ofalttboav 
rialic aoid Tram Ihe llnl twv berlOKrawam if 
wool wbiPh we purified rcquirwt SOO nmtUtl 
di^lilled water, at 1(X> degnira of b«l ISIJR) 
diTldad 1bI» -20 iucM;uive.upenli«Iu,eubaaw 
pyuf tmrnttcien lo right Ikuura. Wtu-aataaad 
ftod properlj' tried, il aflordoi iwitlur liiMMT 

Ona biiarlred grsmmrt of tbia mal mat 
alvncd wllti Ihc >aiiie rare H fairh baa kM* l^ia 
witblbadlb. It ttwafl<Twan](HaaliedtMa4f 
tinea, c^phicing tix quirt* of diollled mtia, 
IWnlaJ to aa buodrrd drgn^ea, tat cadi wadu(. 
Innadtotoly after the ilumiuc, tbia wmoI l^a 
laf jil wpeatnur, nhilsl, afler llii- laol wad%,il 
wevld aat lake any more n)1i>ur in the dynv 
" ■ " T tbe «»< 

Tbew 
the. luhslanM whicb had kaa 
•1 by aloniing, tuwi lM4aHM4il, 
*ri«V«a deep a ootou to tlw AM 4Mt«tod 1 
. bw« carried od'bf Iha wUv> ,%b»ltal 
b«tb,.*AM evaporated, aCHdad M, h Iha Mil 
ofrryataliilvo-tbirdt oribequaalilya/atoBM 
bad ofigiui.l] i-uiiiloycdi very nearly Ibc irtala 
■>f the renaiuing tbinl part w«« obtaiaed (ma 
tlic residue of the bath, io an un<TyntalliBcd iteM, 
and from lie waabing* of thr ..ool. Thi>«irt- 
riiuciil wan repealed aeversl timea, and alwiji 

to ut so de<i>.ive as the ei|H.'rii«enl upon >iik,(a 

accouulofliir diltirutl; »t •epsrating ■*- '— ■' 

niiiller froiD the In-.! porliei>« of Ibe alum Mt, 
we alumed toLiii^ nool in [he coLd, ai we had dM> 
with llie ailk, being penuaded that in Ibiaaa 
Ihe bath would nut aepMbly Jiuolva tbia iik> 

We alumed in Ibo cold lome clcao weal aM 
all the preratitioD obnerved vrilb lb* liib, mt 
we oblaini-d frvn the balh and tbe waabiagilto 
aluoi employed in Ibc operatioB, witb a Ivaaal) 
•f i^ part i we were Ihcieforc aaauml, thai ia 
the aluuiing uf all animal aubalaueca, lb* alv 
eoiabiaea entirely with thcB, without MdMpiig 
any decomp nition, and that il fbnaa wttb ttoa 
cnmbinatloiH more or leal aolublc, wbicb halts 
gmt afflnily for the oolauruf aaUeim. 

But though the analyaea ommI doddadly da- 
monatrale that ia the aluming of all aalaaal mt 
vegetable ■ubstani-oi, the atan 
them withoutuudenoingnuyi 
thought it neoeasary lo repeal tbc 
meataapon these sijbilaaoei la tba stale to whHb 
lliey are oonsaoaly awt wiib ia nnMsstiis, m vt 
had done la tbdr porited sUto. Wool, aka 
Impregnated wilh alua alone, alw>ya laBdan O* 
bath turbid, which, upon aooltoCi tbrawa dan 
w abundant lAito f iwipitatt> u hM ban ab- 



WOOL.' 



t/ftmmi efamiiiti. Snnvl aTitlytei of 
llnwut, mrtrr brini wrll wuhed, b»te ran- 
•ffonled ut wme mlphit or liuip, »lu- 
iilphalnfilumiiiB, ind wimctiiurit m little 
* Th( balh foiitmidKj k remiirkiiMe 
y atxiam, or*Hdu1al«cl iiirplinl of potnn, 
H irilh B -1011111 prapoFiinD of animal mil- 
pvn IliF wiiol WF found ■liim, unit it rcr^ 
prafMrtinn uf the prcdpililc> Thcwcx- 
It* upon (he icdtnivnl, foirord in IhCBlnm 
not diffpr from Ibote iu«dr h^ M. Ber- 
; hni lulu Intrni^d ehnulil nut tiatioE tx- 
the niolhrr-mlcr*, nor IhcftlumMl wool, 
t fftteo, ■• be hiinielf lajri, ■ niear (ad 
UplKOilioii of the eSrctH produi^d by 
Lad tartar In the D[wriilii>n of djein^. 
nvdpilaln, nblained by Irratin;; FoiainaD 
ilh «tuin, n«ver lake plan nilti purifipd 
aaJ M thne only differ fram each sther 
rormrr conlainine wnie carbinat of Diiip, 
liBtural in Ihii cue to allribuk In Ihii 
lee the iknimiwiItioD of ■ part of the 

nIKflMi nunetTra of thii, bj' niixinit in 
naFlcMluliun* of aluiD ia hailing water 
iiment ptopnrliooa of pure cmbunat of 
Wc aloaya found the alum wa* <l(icani- 
irlheearbnnalariiiiip, and that, ifanuf- 
qoantilj wu Kdd»d, Ihne rrmiilned no 
' til* aluminout ult in solution. The 
-■ralFn ntotalncd ver; acid lulphat of 
aaA the ledimcal waa farmed of lutphat 



t Bid aeidulale sulphi 



nfalt 

the properly pni- 
nquifiD wnoi oi lorniin^ a prrrlptfato 
u balh, and rendering the fluid lerr 

The aanie reiuit waa oblaiued by 
vonl Ste or iix aHirtuiTe time) 
« bath. But in order to arriic ala 
I aalntlan af thi(ft>'e*t'on, it wm aereMary 
rtain the nature ef the prvHpitalen fiiraied 
Blutian of alum, by ditt'erent nllialtae and 
■ohitaiKv*. We look, therefore, alnina 






uonia Bi 






aniphal* nf aaimit- 
knd oflho pre- 



nnwofaluiu. The 
1 cantaincd very arid 

[ lo thenaiureoflhralu 

> cnployed. The tedli 

ilphat of aluminB and potau, or amino- 

Btol with Milphuric arid, alTarded alum 

Idutalcd mlpbat of alumina ; boiled after* 

• grral nuanbrr of lime* irilh dialilled 

, nod pure alumina. There wbh ahtaya a 
r quantity uf aHdnlaled anlphal of puUu 
ralum.nca in tlie lait WMhingl. 
ilioaa of alum, lr«wled at a bnilinc heal 
ure alumina, were ronierled iolo a very 
il|iltBl of putBia, and inio acidulated aul- 
f alamlna and polau. Tbew mulla do 
all rormpond with tboae ohlninrd by .M. 
elin in hia rapehnwnta upua Ibc alum* of 
ine, for we have netcr bivn able to oblain 
(uralFd aulphat of atuuilna and potua, 
I of by that oclabraUd ch«ni>l. 
■ all the alkailoe and enrlliy iub«tBn<»* 
in auilable pro[<nrtiona with »oluti<m« of 
■ >ul 



far whieli re«^ «• h*Vc «uwtl' U tba ■r«hi> 
latrd aulphat inalMid of the naluraml aulphat, 
the name it haa bsmr until unw. Il i> eTirient, 
Ihal If InD great a cgiiinlily of mrbonat nf lima 
Ire employrd, and the came hoidn good with Ilia 
earbonat or bar)1e< and ttrnutian, ne ahall only 
oMain alumina and the auiphatiorpoliui. lime, 
hnrite*, nrslrDnlUn. Then) reiuaina no donbl, 
Hierefarr. of the Batut* of tbB rbange* prnduiia 
in the alum hnlhii bj llic rommon woola, and of 
Ihr Itn5<idicjn1 etfbiRla of Blkaiieiin the hatha fati^ 
tended fur esttons ; for Ihr addition of theae autf 
Etanee* dimmiiAet the qmnliiy of alum, kml 
even iiirrewra the aeidlly uT Ibo halti. 

i. t-mpief^Gtioa el' tt-pJatiU onrf aumuJ nmOin 
Kilh iictil ef al:<«iiia.—\\aa. <dlk, ealtuii, and 
Ihrmd, iu Ike dilferent alalea In wAieh Ihrae nitb- 
(taniwa are caiployM tor dyeinic, were Inaled 
wilh nretat of alumiuB, which nioibiiinlcatirrly 
with thcin. Dut aain I'tpnaini; then to Itae nir, 
or to a tvmperatarc a lIlllerimBted, the mordant 
alwoja liiii'i a ainalljiuntily of aeif), It fotlowt 
that the eanibiiiBlion Airnied apoo the aluff hi aa 
acrlat wllh e.ieeatufbaw; Ihua, by Irettinc it 
with boiling mler, h ia Tsnlerled into acidu- 
lated Bwiat ofalutnina, whii-h iadlaaolroil, atnl 
into aluninaivlticli eannut b« cairtrd olTby tfaa 

3 ArlinH of tadtlaini tartril oftotoif M iteol. — 
PurMnl wool wna treated aa in tlii! fsrawr vipe- 
rinienti with verypuro ireaiu of tartar, free from 
tarlrll of llnw, and totmvA dirertly by the tar- 
larir acid and polaia. T.it wool wu waiheil a 
grrat Dumber of liases, unUI llie latt «aihingdi>t 
nnl cnntain any of Ihe principlet whi'h had 
been enmbined Ailh it. The balh airorded by 
cvaporwlinn | of the rreani of tartar e«iplayTd, 
orratlier neutral tartrtt of fwlata. The wnahinp a 
were tery arid, and we obtained from them • 
amall qoaiilllyofereaai of tartar, and ittery add 
romponilion furmed of lartaraua arid and wool. 
Thcae faeta may be Ihouxhl aulDcieully to ex- 
plain Ihc phiFnonirnn whieh take plaee in ini- 
prrgnatiii; i>uol with Blunt and tartar, alnre wa 
alriady kiiuw fruni Ihe cxpcrriiaenta of M . Ber- 
thollet, Ibat lhe>e two •alia are not deromrwiird; 
and an tie haiv ihotta thai Ihc Wuol (nrabinec 
ntnip1i:lely wi<h IIm alum, and llial it «r1a upon 



I 



wilh which il Uflilki in Ihe uwtl inliatate 

iiclim of aim ami lartar upm vaol. — Brfore 
■reatine th« ivool with aluia and cream of lartar, 
we made aane iHaU of lb* rerlpn>ral aotiou nf 
tbeae (*u aalta. We aMrrlBinrd that water, at 
Ihe lenipcratun of 13"" or 14-, (M V.) holds in 
kolullun only ,1, part of ila welfht of rrr.aa of 






tily of wat«r rt-i'ii'i'd 'o i 

Berthdili't, wlio ha* ahn 
pr-ipcrty of incraaaiog Ui< 



r iu 



ready oblainrd by M. 
n Kial Blun ha* Ihe 
aulubilily of rrean of 



If wool ia alumcd in tlie ordinary prnporlion*, 
whit-It are 1 of lliv y—t^i of Ihe ■lulf nf alum, 
and ^, of emm of tartar, all Ihe lubilanoabeinK 
prrfeelly putc, we abtaiitt^d froni lite bath Whi-n 
cTa|iarate<l, alum, eream of (artar, and a rcaidue 
dilllniltlr rri>lalliiable, nmpoaed «f larlrll nf 
polan aud an Bniinal naalleri tho waahint* ol 
Ibl wool «UI fif* ■Im, • «|»U ^UMlitfe 



\ 




WOOL. 



Mwtyjifp wu Ufc U .<f«t— p<f iTlar, and t 
Cpry ni-iJ roniliiiiiiiion, funiiBil of ■ I>r|[e quku- 
til) of Ikrtiiraui wid, >iliiiu,and uiiiiial uwtler. 

Xliiife«if«rtinui>ta rcniaieai) uarwtMatj nto- 
wniini nmny prnr.ijnl facb) vUicli *t imatnt 
ftTf only nitliixil lij Ihe dyor io n ttfrnc way, and 
paint All to bin the preciie nitlhod of spplyiuK 
the Bmrdanlii nccurding to the fiatura at the cu- 
hur b* wuliu t« ohUin. Indeed, aiuee by 
Miakidi; um of aluin sad tartar, tlic wool ii iu- 
plcimled willt ■liiai aaij ■ Urge quantity »t 
tartaraua airid, tt)eie tm aall* iitiould nvicr lie 
,#ui(i1afHl tosclber, except trb*n the ciileur is 
■uice|i(ililu (if being hpighlcocJ jiid rendered 
fcritllker by adds, m ii thti caw irilh Bncliineal, 
txujdtr, «■(! kernwi, tin tbc cuDlrii^, alum 
iheulil nrvur Iw cniplDjeiJ for wouU inlcnde-l to 
^ ityvd wUJs woad or Bnuil Hood, the wluur «f 
irhlcll » niily •Iteteil or duilroynd by acida. 
Aati>D( all Ihe iP^lable KDd aniuial Hubatiunn, 
*>« Imva Biaile cboiot of wqal only far trial willi 
bImdi and alunp aad tartar, becaute it it only 
frilfe IbUaubttanoo ttieK mordauti arc madeujie 
ef in djc'we- 

1 munlaMi WWR tLODf.— Although all rai.(srrb<* 
kitharto made liavc bLtv ioellectual to boil a 
(ubalitUtD for aluoi, no harr, BavertlieleKi, niado 
trial of a great number of aubtlanivs wilh wnnl, 
)cu, lionetcT, for tlic purpute al' dU' Dveriog tlw 
bchi Biardanls Itua fur Uetermitiiiig the artinn 
of aeircral Kobtieacpa, ter; lulubk, and at tfae 
tiaine time eadoived triili (rvat powtn. We 
bqil«d irual for luo botiri in waler, in whlrh 
were put Biuall quaniiiiL-n of .uilphuric, nitric, 
niiirialH^ and t.artaric atida. In each inMaBoc, 
Ihe n-ool, eupcaially nlien combioed wilii ml- 
liliudd acid, ilrui-'k niUi cntliiDcsl and maddtir 
dccprf colour* thin ivUcn iinprcgnalcd Kith aliua 
•lid tartar. No doubt, therafoii', can be enlfr- 
lained of their tuperiarity in tiinilar eaaca; but 
of a1( the DHirdanti we t>ied, tbiw« ii not one 
wliich gi*ea audi bright colours ai irbat are nli- 
tained by arani of the acid tartrit of alumina 
(BotnilbManding Uie oplsioo of M. Hau>BiaDn 
to Iha ooolrkry). Tlila latt would, io a great 
n limber of CI Ki, be preBsrable la tartar aBdalum, 
if iti pride wai not m uueh higher thaa tlwin. 
Wliilii we were acmpied is eaquiring with tho 
gmilc«t care iiila rterj thing relative to the na- 
turp aud mode of cotnblnalinn uf mordants with 
Varluui •InB'a, we did not forget to examiae Ihe 
krii-rat uwlhod* which hare been adopted in all 
The Hurkahops for a long lime paal, in order to 
KiiNivlitiH if the pmporttoB* of aluai and ttriar, 
Ibe nnl genenlly eui|ilo>rp4, Wefr thow the 
liunt miitable for the purpow. If the lime eu>- 
titwjmt far the alum haib waa MiKeienl to iu- 
^igaata the WO«l HtScientlr, and if the expo- 
aun |u Ihe oool air afloriri.r.l*, fur Mtural da)*, 
wlitrli ii 90 g«)<i'all)> ibeu^lil neniaar], in at- 
tTBdri] itith Uie expn-led adtvulafn. 

Ifqual paHit of Hw niorduiti, tbat ia, half tlie 
wcigbl of Ihe ilulT, inwlilred iiu belter effiKl lb«B 
a«ic-(bflrth i but between Ihli quantilf and sim- 
tovntielh part, tlie mlnuri of eochirteal, kcrmd. 
•ud aaaddM-, winr weaker In puiiartiou to the 
tli<ni«nii*n of llie ^uantiir of the xBlta ; whiitt, 
•>ii Ihe oontrBry, Itc etfo^ti were n-iened with 
nvad and JJraiil vond, Hi that in (hinc laataub- 
alatiDDi, IJiecutunr *>a* deeper the aiure t^> aalla 
wen Aimteitbed. No diAennii nuM be ob- 
•nvrd in tbe.tolour whether tlie wwK bad bM« 

in tki BluM jjtlbji* Xw^ fouTr or •» hoan i U 




halb longer tliao tno boiiri 
did out diaoiniK tbat there waa any t 
the colour, whulber the dyeing look i. 
diUely ■ncTIhe alumiaK, cr waa pnl 
aquie time, exrept onl) that «ool lui,^ _ 
tvitli alHn alooe produced a deeper eoluut mtt 
woad, afler having been eipovd •mun ttnw !• ■ 
cool air, which we aUributed to the a>pnrali»i at 
the acidulated uilphat of pataxt, lb)* beiag ni^ 
ried ofl wilh llie uneombined mwiluit ia Irjitf 

6. Of tl.e aarUt wjMi.—Scarlrl ia tbat kti(M 
aad ahlning ootour wbi'-h ia produced is wmI 
by treatlDg it iTiih tartar, enrblncal, u4 i 
highly osydiisdaolutionol lie. JOtdon Um «•■ 
coicxy of ihis iiietbod, foe which w» are anlindi 
isdebled to Drebbel, thote eoluun mr* MlW 
ararlet which are produi-ed in woolleB ■!•• >! 
kermeii or cochineal, when alum aad Uftar m* 
employed a» mnrdanU. Thei>e proecaara taii^ 
taiuing thii eolnur have long btt;a koBnn iaibi 
dyeing hauae», yet Da Iheorellc iatrttl^liM* 
halt' been made into Ibe ptuenouicna wbldlbte 
pUiT wheo a solutios of li« i> u*rd wMh ooa 
of lartar and cadiiueal. l>r, BancruA BOiMldad 
lu cxpUin what paaKa in tbe ftintiati— vf UM 
colour; i>ut as hi* ojiiniou dB<>* ddI *f p aaa W 
be founded on any etpcnmeau, we 
the qimlion al nnt at all datermincil 
boun. We hate yet, Utcni<< 
cliLiuiual ualure of the coBbiaalMi* far»adna» 
wool by en hinea', tarlar, aod a ■olnUoa ttM, 
•Sd to make kMi<rn Ihu reauU »r M)r la ^ ^ rfc 
upon the eolnur uftearlel. 

7. tjiamiivilW' </" tht fimifili^ flrttt^ jf lla •■ 
tnlian dT Ii", and 'Ac «xWa(crf Itrlril q( faltm^lM 

mcnta were perifctly pure, aad wtr aim^mOl 
Muide ute of ghui ve»el« and dtetiUad aaHR 
Ji^'Chty gnmrae* of addulaled laitrit W' fa** 
diaaolted in three kilogramiaea, aarfCTClai^ 
gratiiuics of dialilkd waJer, WM« aiam»li< A> 
two huuro, at 100 iegnf <al8 k'.) aC kaM. wHh 
oaeliiundred pad twenty-i«egiwi»af a aalMia 
of tin, The pncipitata which wcoWaiMdMt 
washed weeral liuic^ aad dialilted 1* a mall 
cuncd relort, Ihe beak of whieb ii-iag M>«** 
iota lime water, there was dlaengagrd a ma^ d a 
quantity of carbeaia acid. |*n>pcr n>agtst( la- 
dicated in olber porlionii of il IW f mawCB rf a 
great deal of tin aad murialic acid. TbM M« 
cretin of larlar aad nvlultun ol lia an ^M^ 
powtd, asd prudaee a pn<<|iitala, 'waiMaaf tt 
lartarou* acid, lad a great qaaalil) mC BatMi 
arid and tin. The aoltoer-walar <«wlBtnc laMMl 
of potaai, aadulaled uriHk >vTj acid — »M 
of til), and a niaaldtrablc porliaa *t praciiilak^ 
bold in aoliUiaa by rxce** ofnurialJi aeid. 

Very pun white wwil, trealed with Uw «dt 
iiary pruparliaaa uf anlutiun uf tin B«rd rwal ^ 
tartar enplni^d in dyeing ■rartrl, ■•awaatod t 
great niimlH* ^ limtt ia boiling wsav, »iM 
oari'iod offall llie nBhaiaBwa combiaad wtab •(■ 
J'hete waihiagi, collrfted a ~ . 

Corded ui Uie ■■•«' prliiiii|>le- ■• bail 
taioed ftxim the |iifei|i>lBl<- 
lioli of tin and erBam ul Im Ur 





woo 



arid bm addtri, whlrb »u>ea the Miour to pMi 
frsB Tcllnariih lo ivd, kiid »l It^ngUi la a brigbt 



with Titrioiii othrrt, proTVd to ns Unl (he wool 
li not mlifumi yellow by lli« mmlnniillfln it 
form* oilh tb« nitric ■Hd in ctpmi in the ro- 
luliu of tin, far Ibia wmI comn out perfrrlly 
iriutc hon alt the botKne" il uadergon with the 
Ho, when DD Onlsoring matlrr it pmployrd. 

0. <iri<u1ntitftin, ami mmr olheKHtMlie tir^- 
Iw. — The fiTDori w« hate already f iven or tha 
bmalioD of neariel apftear to ui «o decitiTe, 
Ihat wr (bould not have thau(;hl ot increaiiag 
III* ouisber, bad not the impaHatire ofthe que<>- 
liiHi Indiiopd ui to eilcnd furlher our laliouri oa 
Ihit anbjwi. 

We tried upnn wool, In Ibe umial proportions 
far ilTDlec irarlvt, all the tDlphili and murUli 
of •ailmoBr, lii<Tnulh, tine, and anenic. Soqic 
aftllri* •elullona affbrded very agrreable eolaart, 
Ml *M7 diiferpBt front that nv wt>re ■eektng to 
I abtaia. We wervnionr fortUDile in our Bttomplti 
with Ike unril »t' tin obtainrd fruin ttrlril of 
f t M « BOd auila, and a bifthty oiydiicd muriat 
ft Um, Thii (alt di«uNrd in murinlir a--id, 
iMi uird in tbe operation of dyejn^, affardpd ui 
■ aearli'l oDloiir as heauliful and bright m thaw 
«M*laedbfrreamnr tartar and ■ nolulioa of tin. 
ThalartiSI of I in, aUn, diaaulved lu an eice''* of 
lla tim arid, praduwd »ery guod cffeclii ; huw- 
«Trr,aa ihU method would he more i-oitly than 
Uw vrtiairy prtH«wei, It ta bvil to employ the 
wlirtUa nT (iih aalt is murlalle arid. But be. 
tarn nrotnwndinK ibU moedaai to be uH-d in 
ttottfe-hawpa, we iatend to make trial of it in 
Ito huf way, M ■< to diiUTBioc predwly the 
npam af It, and what adtaatH(n will bu ub- 
l«ln«d by ilD enployiiienl. 

9, Krprrviuari upaa Ike ttJa-it ef Kvrif! B«rf tayili 
^ tat. — bmrlrt, a* we hate already •t'cn, ia oli- 
tM**d by tiTatiDt wool irilb delenuiaed propor- 
4lMiaarr«<hiaml, aridulated tarUit uf potui, 
MidBbicbl]o«ydia<^ wlutionof tin. Tbc ope- 
nMoa uf djelog 11 ditided liJa two parti: the 
ftnl trnkiUE up an liuiir lud a half, the (alter 
half BB hour ; ibit dlritiim ii nifcnary to pn>- 
4Me a land mlsur. whlrh W'luld be weaker and 
■at* }«ll*w if all the tuttiUijoei ners nivrd in 
<lm Am opT M iwi, and apptir^ to the mnl far 
•n lM«n. I'kia iMtTBiiHbuivc la owiaf; to Un 
«W| mM otkle uf tlie batb, wUrb faolda in aola- 
Iha • fr(«l part orilie niuntanl, 'iid <if ihe a- 
1— f to f Bia'ler, \Sa <ibta<u Uu i-onlrarj effect 
irhM iIm mnrdna'a only are rmployed in tlw 
■eM ■(Wraliuo, Bid the eerbliKai niaarnid Ibr 
tkawwri. 

fftcvn of TCTj bevMtlfUl aearlat etulb, luare. 
talMl ia dictllird natcr, at i tmiling beat, gave 
Ml to the water a psflhiD of their mlaur, and 
<tbn tiae operatloa WM Iniiibed, appeared nnlf 
■1 a liglM Onb »Uttr. Tbe wadrhlR calM«4 
Mid c iap n i-Mcd wmi i«ry acid, awd oontaiard, 
htaMoa iIm- mlBtcinft wiliataara afld aataal laat- 
Iw, tartar Ma a. id, nuriatic arid, and avyd af 
Uk. Kfaricl, ttHTefoTp, aa oc haw aln«df 

Ma, *blih 1b panine »'th n >u>all i|uanti*< of 
Mid HMnt a ill ahadc. anil ma), ' 
waaUac* ■■ elnati'il limpfr<inrr., 
ISfSe tmlk of tluld, be mdvrad ci 



WOO 

ftOM n« eXpOTttnelU rMftled U^ 
»rtlrl»: 

l*t. That in aluniiii|[ all nirrliMe and ammal 
tubilan<<e4, il i« sol the ahininfwhieh eombinrs 
with Utem, but tbc entire -Inm; and that when 
ItWM matli-r* *tf not punfli-d, the line which 
Ibey ronlain oe<ii<lnn> a d'-Ciimpositlon of a 
pill of Ihia inBrdani, 

It. Thai all llie alkellne and rarlby htUtt, 
miaeil with a tululion of aloni, deronpnae It, 
and roovrrt it into acid nilpbat of potMa, and 
into an inulnblr lall. Icaa acid llfiti alum, which 
niaji by repeated waahintt*, be eonmted into 
pure ilomioa, lulphat of poiaaa, and alum. 

3. That Ibc arelal of atuoilna oorabiDei alto 
in iti eulire stale Willi lilb, woo), eolton, and 
thread ^ that thlt rompoutid retatn* ill add but 
feebly, and lorn a portion of il by simple ex- 
poiurc to the air; and thai it is Iheo Ranged 
into acid aeetal of alumina, whirh ii carried off 
by water, and iaie alumioa wbirh remaina upon 
Ibe alufia. 

A. I'bal alum and tartar are not decomposed, 
hut that Ihe solubility of Ibc laller is inrrnted 
by the Diirlnrei and that in ImprvicnatinK wools 
either wilh tartar, or aluni and tartar, the tartar 
■lone t* decoiBpOMd, that Die tarlarous arid and 
tlam combine wilh Ibe sliiff, aud tartrit of potan 
remains in the batb. 

i. That the ovist powerful actdabaivUieprO- 
perty, when combined wiib wuol, of fixing tha 
colouring mailers, a properly poaaeaacd in a bigti 
degree by Ihe acid larlfil uf alumiaa. 

6. That alum and tartar rannol be employeil 
indifferently fur all coluiiri, and that their pro- 
portions muil depend upon the nature of the m- 
lourinf maltCTi that the tiraanf aluming thonIS 
not be mere than luro hours, and that tbn et- 
puiBre of llic slMlTs in a luoiri plasc, afler lb* 
BO rdints arc applied. Is of no utility in BUguent- 
ing the mlcnaity of their colour. 

7. That highly saydiiod larlrit of tin, dls- 
solivd in muriatic acid, aiay aupply the place uf 
CTt-am of tartar and i1m aululioa of liu la d]Cin( 

S, LatUy, thai thea^eiperiawntafnmishaomo 
Dseful bints ft>r roialiiuinc mordanli with tha 
tluA to be dyrd, and for improTisg atiartl of 
Ibe proceiaes of djelnf ■ 

WOOLER. a (own In NorthumbcrlanO, 
Willi a maikct un 'lliursday. In a plain near 
thii lowii (lie Scots, under itie comiuanil of 
carl Dnigliu, were dcreatcH by lord Percy and 
carl March, on Holyiond day, 140S. The 
baiilc Kfti M bloody, that it gave the name of 
Hediiggs lo the place whei* it wa* fouglii. 
Wooleiit BCiKtlon lheTill,1>ear ilie nterlol 
hllU, 14 milM south of Berwick, and 318 N. 
by W. of LondifD. Lon. I. 4t» W. LBt..i&, 
34 N. 

WOO-LFliL- ., (woor»nd/</0 Skin nnt 



'Uruin waol) Made of 
w<K>l Dot finely (IicsmJ, and ihancc uacd like- 
wise fur any thing coarlc (Skakiprart. Itarori). 

Woo'llkk. i. Cloth nindeof wool iHudt' 
ttai). 

WOCLLY. a. {botn u)oel.) I. nnthrf 
Willi w<Hil {Sfialiipmr). S. Ctimi'liM of 
wnnHDndr,.) 3. OewinblingwoolC/'Aimii}. 

\VOf»4,P,\lK. Woo'LlACK- J. (ico.^, 

f arl, and »aci.) I. A bagof wtMl; abundle 



W O R W O R 

€\f wool. 2. The seat of the judges in the governed by a mayor, carries on a conaiHcraVie 

iitmsc odoidi {Drudefi), 3. Any tning bulky trade in cjqiets and glo%'es, and ha» a UrEf 

without wei^lit {(Aeaveland), manufacture of tlegjnt chiiu-ware. In idOl 

WOOLbTON (Thoiua.<>), a famous dei^t, the nunrber of inhabitant was 13»67K Hrie 

was bom at Northampton in \Gf5^* aiid Cromwell, in l()jl« obtained a victory o\erUie 

educated at Siiliuy college, Cauibrid^^e. His Scotch aruiy, which had marched into Eng- 

first appearance a» an author was in 1/05, in land to reinstate Chai Its II. wiio, after thii 

a work, ciuiiled the Old Apob^iy for the dei'eai, escaped with great ditficuhy into Fr*j^. 

Truiii of the Chriitian Rehgion against the Worcebier is seated on the Severn, o'i lui In 

Jews and Ge:itiles revived. His Six Dis- N.N.K. of Bristol, and 111 W.N.W.ofLoik- 

courses on the Miracles of Clirist occasioned a don. Lon. 2. OW. Lat. 52. 9 N* 
great number of hooks and pamphlets upon WORCESTEKSHIRE, a county of £ng« 

ihe subject, and raised a prosecution against land, 30 miles long and SO broad ; bounded on 

him. At his trial in Guildhall, before the the north by Shropahire and Statfordshire, ta&t 

lord chief justice Raymond, he spoke se^'eral by WarwicKshire, S.K> and south by Gtouces- 

times himself, and urge<l that " he thought it tershire, and west by Herefordshire. It coii- 

vcry hard that he should be tried by a set of tains 43 1 ,360 acres : is divided into 6ve hun- 

men, \^ho, though otherwise very learned and dreds, and 162 parishes; has one city and II 

worthy persons, were no more jud&es of the market-towns; and spends nine members 10 par- 

suhjects on which he wrote, than ne himself liament. l^e Dumber (»f inhabkunis in \m\ 

was a judge of the most intricate points of the was 139,333, and in 181 1 was tGl,001. Tlur 

law.*' He was, however, sentenctd to suffer soil in the vales aud meadows is very rich, par- 

a year's imprisonment, and to pay a fnie of ticularly the vale of £ve»iiam, which is stxitd 1 

lOOl. Being unable to pay the nne, and to the granary of these parts. The hills bate 

find securities for his future conduct, he ob- generally an eaw ascent, except the Mahrcra 

lained the liberty of the rules of the king's- hills in the S.W. part of the county, and fecit 

bench. He died in 1733. large flocks of sheep. The other hills are the 

WOOLWICH, a town in Kent, with a Licky, near Bromsjnnove, toward the north; 

market on Friday. It is of great note for be- and the Brtdon hills, toward the S.E. This 

ing the most ancient militaTV and naval arsenal county had formerly two large forests, bdi 

in England, and for its royal dock-yard, where the iron and salt-works have in a manuei 

men of war have been ouilt as early as the destroyed them. Here is plenty of fruiu of 

i;cign of Henry VIII. At the eastern part of most sorts, especially pears, which are iu nijny 

the to%vn is the royal arsenal, in which are plapes found growing in the hedges. Tu« 

vast magazines of great guns, mortars, bombs, chief commodities are coal, corn, hops, dotb, 

balls, powder, and other warlike stores ; a cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The principal 

foundery, with three furnaces, for casting rivers are the Sc\ern, Tctue or Tend, and 

ordnance ; and a laboratory, where fireworks Avon. 

and cartridges are made, and bombs, carcases, WORD. s. (popb, S.ixon ; tcoord, D.r^'i 

grLnados, &r. charged for the public service. 1. A singln pan of bjH.Hrh {Pope). *J. A -i.:'! 

A liule to the south of the arsenal are exlen- discoun^e {Tillotson). 3. T.ilk ; di<. •• -^t 

sive artillery barracKs, lor the accommodation {Dcnham). 4. Dispute; \erbdl coniti-ti". 

of the oHTicers and privates: and a little further (Shakspeaic). o. Lanf^mge ; oral tXfTC':i<:i 

is a royal military acadeniv, where the maihe- {Uoyle). (i. Promise ilJri/dtn). 7. SiiZiu., 

niatics arc taught and cadets instructed in the token; order {^haksptart) , 8. Account, 

military art. VVo(»I\vich is seated on the tidings; message (Prior). Q. Dec-arjiion, 

Thames, wbich is hcri; so deep that large ships purpose expressed (Drydtn). 10. AHiru^jt -"^n 

may at all times ride with safety. The num- (Decay of Piety). 11. Scripiuro; woid uf 

her of inhabitants in 1801 was 98C6, and since God O^hit^ift). 12. The second perw.j 0: 

tbat lime the^ have more than doubled, the ever adorable Trinity. A scripture i«ci 

"Woolwich is ci;iht miles east of London. (Milton). 

WORCESTER, a town of Massachusets, Word, or Watch-word, in iniri:::r, 

capital of Worcester county, and the largest affairs, is some necnliar word or scnitr.cc, bt 

inland town in New England. It has inanu- which the soldiers know aiul disiin^ui^lt c.:c 

fdciurcsof pot and pearl-ash, cotton and linen anotlier in the night, &:c. and by whicli >^.iL< 

goods, and »onie other articles. It is situate and designing pcisons are discovered, li .» 

in a healthy vale, 45 miles W. by S. of Boston, used also to prevent surprises. Tl.e worJ .1 

Lon. 71. o5 W. Lat. 4*. 20 N. given out in an army every night to ti.e Sinti- 

Worcester, a city and the capital of nant, or major-grneral of the day, whouifn 

Worcestershire, and a bi-jhop's see, with a it to the majorsof the bri;;ades, and ihcv 10; « 

m irkct on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, adjutants ; who give ii lirst to the ticld-«ri\rcr.', 

It contains nine churches, beside the cathedral, and afterwards to a scrjeant of each coni;j. ;•, 

and tuo more without the walls of the city; who carry it to the subalterns. In ^arr-.y ni 

also nu-L'ting-houbCS for various sectaries as well it is given after the gjte is shut to the tinv"- 

as Roman catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong major, who gives it to the adjutants, and tlicy 

portal, i.i part of its ancient castle; here are to the Serjeants. 

also three grammar-schools, seven hospitals, a To Word. t*. n. (frQm tlie o«un.} To w.£* 

'C iufiruiury,aiid a well contrived quay. It is pule (L Eilrang^,) 



■ W O R ' " 

' T» WoBD. i.a. To «xpr«» m proper 
WORDY, d. Cfrom word.) V«rboK ; full 

WOKK. Tne prwcrit of 

TuWORK. e.JupreieiiiWwiifii.otKFrougSi. 
■CfcnjiUD, SiKoii i atrktn, Untcn.j I. '" 
labonrj to iiavnil; lo mil {SUakspfitrr). 




w ni'iiiiin (.DruaeH). 
opcralinns {Mtltaa). 



•S. Tn . 

'A. T>i ojirrdir «t a muliuraciiJiYr (Aoiaft). 
T» fefinciil [Baron). 0. Tu 0|>er-te ; lo Have 
*Bcc( (C/arriiian]. 7- Ti> oblaiii by diligence 
^^$Aakt|>ll«n). S. To aci inlcnully; lo i.pe- 
taie at a purge, or uilicr physic (Ur^iff). 0. 
ToaeiMonaxilijMi (Aur/f). lu. T» make 
iway (Jf/Uejt). 11. To be toascd or azitatnl 

ToWoRit. P.O. I.To latmur; W mahn- 
Swiuie i to Ctm by labotir (.RuMgh). -.'. To 
bring hy »ciioi> inw »nj »Uie (JiWijnw). 3. 
Tb influence by tuccoiivc impulses IBaeon). 
24> To iiwke by gintlual labour, or cuniinu^ 
vUtiiCC CAddii-n). S. Tu prodiwe by loUiur ; 
la tVeeilDntniwnd). 6. Ti> niina^c in a 
tete or mniTon ; lo p(il Jiitu nioiioii Idrlulh- 
WfO- 7- To put in labour ; to excrl {.IM- 
iBk1« 8. To embroider witli a needle iSprcl.). 
^.ra WniiR o«l. TocfTtctbyioilUiJ^JiwiiJ. 
10. T'c^'O'tK up. Tneratei vorSacv (Diy- 
atn). 11, To work iipitii rniie (.l/Zivtur^). 
1*. Ta Work up. To expend in i;iiy work.ji 
JauiMisI*. 

Work. j. (j>cnjic, Saxon ^ ujiri, Dulcli.) 
l.'Toil} labour; empliiymeui CO''*'''"). *■ 
Ji IHte of Ubour {Ttmpir). j. BMugliiig ai- 
tetnpl (StOtingJi^tt)- 4. Fl^^wen or e<ii- 
fcrviilery of ihc needle (Late). 5. Any f;ibric 
W cnuiiiat(ci of art ipape). ti, Aelioii -, fcal ; 
^etdHifimmBid). 7. Auy ihlngm^deCDonne). 
■». Operaiiiin {Digl.ji). g. Effect i conse- 
auence (if aocnry (Milioii). lO. MjnaEemeiii; 
tieatnent {S!.aktpeart). \l.To set on Work. 
'^avmploy; to engage (//oojIit.) 

Work. In ihe manage, to work a horse 
-H to excrciK him ai puce, iri^i, Or gallop, and 
-ride hint at the niinagr. To work a horse 
Vpon n)Itf, or hcn<l and haunches in, or be- 
tween Iwo heels, ii to paswge him, or make 
lliin RO tide W.I yi upon ti*o paiHlId liun. 

WtyKKCR. .. (from Ber*.) One that 
VOtV* ISoulli). 

, WO-RKPHLLOW. j. (icBri anA feiUu,.) 
One engaged in the same work iititU another 



(ff'^ 



,.). 



WORKHOUSE, n plare ivhere indigent. 
T(gr>nl, ind idle ivople are let to work, and 
.Mpplled with food an-l clolhing. 

Workhonm are of iwu kinds, or at leant 
me employed fur two tliircrent |mr|iose*. Some 
■re uiM a* priaoo* for tagranti or iiurdv he^- 

Bn, who are there confined and compelled to 
bnir for <lie benefil of the kocieiy which 
maintaini ihcin ; whil.n oihrrs, mmeiimn 
oallei] poorhoute), arc charitable asylunia for 
•Itch indigent person* »% through age oi in. 
* <imiiiy are unable lo nii>|Kirt lliemselvn by 
ibeir vvm 1ab«u(. The lurinet kind ef work- 



Day on winch laiour iipciuuiicdj aot I 
Mbbath iSf-akspeare). 

VVOUKI>jU'lUN. A lejpoft in CvtiAt 
lund, aejied on the Uei^eni, uvrr wtncii i> ■ 
iiane iiridge. From this |.oit a Ur^-e ^uamiiy 
of coal i» exporlL'iJ. Tliti wai ilie Un.linjf- 
plnce uf Mary ipieeit of ScuU, when 'lie viji 
(lii\cn to take refuxe in EiiftUiid. ' In Ihc 
neigUboiKliuBil Is a l.iryc iron ri.niidcry. Work- 
ington is seven miles v/cn uf Cocketniuuth, 
and J07 norih of London. Lon. 3. 3j W. 
Lai. 53. 17 R 

WOfllKMAN. I. {teark 3»A man.) 
■riilicer ; a maker nf any thins [Add'unnX 

WO-RKMANLY. a. (fio^i «■«,' 
Skilful; welUperformed ; wntkinnitlik< 

Wo'sKMANLV. ad. Skilfully , in a manner 
bcc>ininR a workman {ShakipfUTF',: 

WOTRKMANSHIP- .. (from aotimon.) 
I. ManuPiciure ; something niadr by nny one 
{TUhlion). 9. Tlie ikill oF a worker( ihe 
i]e|(ree uf ikill discoicred In any manuruciurw 
{Sffiier). 3. The ait of working (ireoii- 
Iturrf). 

WO-RKMASTER. i. (.work and maUtr.) 
The perrurnierofanywork {M.tlait). 

WORKSOP, a lowi in Noiiinnham»hire, 
with a market on Wednesday, It u nolwl (bi 
a magnificent seat uf tiic onke of Xoifolk. 
Here was once an abbey, the gaie of which 
remains, and the room over it ii converted 
into a ichoci. On ihe we»l lideoftlic lOwn i( 
a circular hill, which w» ihc siie of a castle, 
Quantiiiei of licorice are^jtown iu ill viciniir, 
which I) u1m> peculinrly remnkable for IDe 
number of nobfcnien't seal*. The canal from 
the Trcnl (o Chetierfield pattia ne^t thin plaee. 
It 19 !4 milet north of Noiiingliam, and 149 
noTih by wckt of London. Lou. l.oW) L«. 
53. 20 N. 

WORKWOMAN, i. imork tai KomoM.) 

1 . A wAman (killed in needlework (5penJrr], 

2. A woman Ihat works for hire. 
WORKYDAY. ». (corrui.led from aerk' 

iiigdau.} The day uol ihe Mbbalh (Cau). 

\VORLD. t. tFoplt>, Saxon ; wereW, Dot.) 
1. ^or/iii ihc great collective idea of all bo- 
dici whatever {Lotkt). 3. Syilem of beingt, 

3. The ejith ; the icrraqueoua globe illr^lin}. 

4. Prescjii iiHie of existence ishakiptarr). 5. 
A seeuliir life (Bogn-i). U. Public life; the 
public IShatipf art). 7. fiusinest uf life; 
(rouble of lilE (Shakipeare), H. Greal iDulti> 
luite !6'ani/rTtan) 9. Mimkind ; a liyiierbo* 
lical aipreuion for uiany : all l\f wur/d i» ■ 
faviiuriie phnise, in French, for Mauy (CVarn- 
don). to. Course of life (CfarrMo}. 11. Uni- 
veriLdl empire (Prior), lir. The inannen of 
men ; the praciice oflife {S^T). 13. Everv 
thing that [he world conuiui {_Lav). 14. A 
lar^c iract of country ; a wide compaia uf 
thingi (Cou>/ry}. 1£. A colteeiiou of won- 
tlciij a wonder iOkolcialffna/'ei). iC.Tiiuit 



W O R W O R 

now only used in the phrase frarld wiiiaui WoRMi cPetrifiec)). These «re ontorihe 

«»(/. 17> h tht WoRLO. In possibility most commna fossils that occur in marbU and 

lAddison), 18. For all the WoRLD. £x- orhcr rocks. In this form they are deoouiBMed 

actlv {Sidnty), JJeiminthoiiihiies i and we have nrcn varinui 

WO'ftLDUNESS, 1. crrom worldly.) specimens of them in Nat, Hist. Fl. LXXX. 

Covctoui^nesn : addictedncss lo gain, LXXXIV. CLIV. CLXXV. CLXXX. 

WORLDLING.*, (fromu/or/rf.) Amortal CLXXXVllI. 

set upon profit {Hoqker), Worms, an imperial city of Germany, ii 

VyCVRLDLY. a.(fromi0or/<;.} I. Secular & the circle of Upper Bhin«« with aa episcojpal 

relating to this life, in contradistinction to the see, whose bishop is a prince of the empire, 

life to come {AUerhury), f. Bent upon this It is famous for a diet heU in 152l» at which 

worU; not atieiitiire to a future state (If i^'<>")* Luther assisted in person. The protcsianis 

3, Human i common ; bebnging to th^ world have a church here, where Luther i« repit- 

(Raleigh). sented as appearing at the diet. Worrot ii 

WoMiLDLY, ad. (from world,) With re« noted for an excellent wine, called oar Lidvi 

lation to the present life ISouih), Milk. In the war of l()89, it was taken 17 




more proper for small arms, 4^ toe other for fort. Lon, 8. 29 E. Lat. 49. 32 N. 

cannon. WORMWOOD. See Absimthidm vct- 

WoRM, in chemistry, is 9 long winding 0AR£ and Artemisia. 

pipe, placed in a tub of water, to eool and WO^RMY. a. {hoaiworm,) Fullofwonni 

condense the vapours in the distilla^oQ of iMUlon), 

spirits. . WORN. The part, passive of wear, Wtm 

Worm (Blind or Slow). See Akouis, on/, is ouiie consumed [Dryden), 

Worm (Earth). See Lvmbricui. WORNlIf. s. In the backs of covvs in the 

Worm (Glow). See Lampyilis. sqmroer are maggots generated, which in Emr 

Worm (Silk). SeeSiLK^ they call aronit77(Z)^Aa«). 

To Worm. v. n. (from the noun.) To To WC^RRY. v, a. (ponijen, Saxon.) U 

work slowly, secretly, and gradually C^er- To tear, or man^^le, as a beast tean iu piey 

^^JQ' (King Charles), 2. To harass or pcnccuic 

To Worm. v. a. 1. To drive by slow and brutally (Swi/i), 

secret means, perhaps as by a screw (5tc(;7). WCHRSE, a. The comparative of 5a4/,(pijiri 

S. Todepriit: a dog of something under hi* Saxon.) More bad; more ill (Locke)* 

tongue, which is said to prevent him from Worse, ad. In a manner more bad (St.). 

running mad. SeeWotMiNG. TAf Worse, i. (from the adjective.) t. 

Worm bark. Sie (Jeoffr^-a. The loss ; not the advuntagci not the bcn« 

WijRM GRASS (Perennial). SceSpiOBLiA. (2 K'lnf^s). 2. Something less good (^Ciaruiu). 

Worm GuiNhA. Dracurculus. Asi.e;iildr V'o Worse, v. a, (from the adjt-ctivc.) 'lo 

worm wliich insinua:es it^cif under the skin, put to diNadvanUige : not used {Millon). 

and creeps ainn'i the ci'llui.«r membrane ii is WC^USKR. a. A barbarous word, formed 

nt-culiar to Africa and warm climates. See by cn'^ripting worse with the usual comp^rs- 

j'rf.ARiA. tivetermin.it' \\ iDryden). 

Worm ring. A species of herpes. See \\ CVHSHIP. Cpe^nSrey|)e. Saxon.) I. 

IIlrpes. Di^Miiy; eminenci-; excellence (P^fl/wiV ^^ 

Worm seed. Sec Santonicum and A Vlia'ractcr of honour {^hah^part). 3. .\ 

CHENoi'oniuM. title c.f honour {Drydcu). 4. .\ term of 

WLVRMKA TL"N. a. C /rrirm and cafrn.) ironical rfsp<*ct (Pt>/)f). .*>. Adoration i reigi- 

1. Gnawed *.v WO! m? (iSV/aAAy^car*-). 1*. Old ; ons act of Tt^vvrvtxctt (Miifon). C). lionouf ; 

worthies^ (D'm«f). re«.pcct ; civil deference ( Lukt). 7. liiola:rf 

V\'ORM1Nl», an opi^r.uion p«rformed on ofloiers; submissive rcsptci (j$A«/lipiu'Tf . 

puppies?, under an ignorant supj?o>iiion tiiat It 7(* Wo'kphip. v. a. (Iroin the iHMin.; I. 

prevents their j^oints mad ; but in r^^ditv to To adore ; to honour or venerrtte wi h icligi- 

rure them, a^ ii jj^'uerally does, of the d:sp )*«i- oi:s riles {MUton). S. To ropict ; u> bonor.r, 

ii'm to ^n.iw every thine ni their way. It to treat wiih ci\ il reverence (.S'Ai.A>piarf). i. 

''onsibis iu the r inoval of a small u'orm-Iike To h'»rioiir wiih amorous res|>cct •^Carew). 

ligament, situittd l>eneaih the tongue; and 7o VV^o'RSHir. r. n. To pcrlcrm act5 of 

the pan bei UK afterwards sore for some days, aclorni'o" (I Kiuf^a), 

tlu: animal is thus weaned of his mischievous WO'RSIUPI'UL. a. (worship d^n^iS full) 

habit«i. I . Clnuuiug respect by any ciiaru:ier or di^u«iy 

WORMS, »» a distinct cla-^s in zoology. {Sotiffi\ '*'. A term of ironical respect. 

SccVer.mes, HixMiNTHOLOGY, and Zoo- WCVRSniPFL'LLY. ad. Res{Kcttul!v. 

Lor.Y. WO'RSHlPPKR.f.Cfrouittu/iiiip.) AiitTCi ; 

Worms for angling. Sec Angling. one who worships {Addison), 

Worms (luiestiiia!). Sec Inyermiva- WORST, (the 8u|>erlative c( lad, formal 

Tioy. from worse.) Most bad 3 niost ill ^UtiiU). 



^" W O R 

WolrST. t. The mtm calamilo-i* ftr tflcticd 
Ki\t -, TtiF ntiiioH height or de^'x^ cf >"y ihing 

To Worst, i-.o. (fmio ihc»ilje<live.) To 
Untj to orertbiow [Sact/tNgl. 

WCKR.STED. ,. ((torn Wor.W, » town in 
Kr-fMl(,(>nious for Uiewoullen many file ciucj 
H'n^llMi ytrn ; woolipun (Pope). 

WnnsrED, ■ lovrn in NorfuJk, with a 
miTlnrioti Sjturday. li n noted for beine the 
pbce where worsteds were tint made, it is 
It mih-* north of Norwich, and Vjn naiih- 
cm r»f Lnrxton, Lon.i.s6E. Ui.5s.5?y. 

WORT. J. fpijtT. S»xoni aiort, Duleh.J 
I. Ohgrnally a general nsme for an herb; 
wheuM il still cuntitiuvs in many, as lien- 
tcpH, tpltt*teorl. 8. A plaat of toe cabbage 
UfA. aecDRAESiCA, 

WoMT. An infmron of mnlt. In its me- 
«lariaal wic iIim hai been found cKtremely xr- 
•ieviMe in tlic ciik of scufvy. 

Dt, Maehridc, in his tery in^nioai wperi- 
Kiraul eiNivs, having litid down as ii pritici- 
j)le, " that ilie cure itf the scurvy rippendi on 
die fermcnUiiivc ijuality tn the remedies muit? 
vtn of," wj> led 111 enquire aflct a substance 
capable of being preserved during a lone tea 
«M«^i and yet containing mitcrials by wliicb 
amtncntalion niltihlocctiiooally be excited in 
the bowel). Such an one a|>peared to hini to 
be Igtind in malt, which is wdl known lu be 
«ke pain of barln, broB|(h( suddsnly to a »r- 
nlmtitnt Mate by 'heat anil moisture, and tTicii 
imA, whereby tti utecharinc principle is de- 
Uhrped, and rendered easy of entraction by 
Wuery liquors. The nveet infu<loi> of this lie 
pmp>t«e(( to give as a dietetic ariicte lo scorbutic 

Ksuni, expecting that It would fiTmeitt in 
if boH^B. and give nut its fixed air. by iJk« 
Mubtptiepoweri of which the strong tendency 
h> (fotfefaetiun in tht> discaw might be cor- 

It wM tome time befure a fuir trial of lliis 
af w p u«J nmniy cnuld be obtained ; and dif- 
'ttrent reporli were made cnnremintc it. By 
vlrae enn, however, piibliihe<l in a imstserijit 
•f the aeeotiil edition of ihr doctor^ work in 
I7O7, il apprits thai scorbutic eninplninis of 
the motl <ijna;eroui hind have ocnially been 
rated at *«a by the nw uf wort. Its ^ncril 
■Saet* were to keep the patient's boweli o»n, 
■imI 10 pruvc highly nutntinai «nd ttrengtncn- 
iM. Ilvmrti'mci puticed loo mach, but thu 
tiket was euily ohtiatwl by the linciuM the* 
kaiM. Ulhei unqnriiionaWe eases of its uic- 
cwt in this<li*Mtoareto he seen in the Loudon 
4l«tical K'savs and Itimiirits, 

The »eof^ won has Wiice hern adripltil in 
'rtbcr eaaes where a stronp putrid dispoiiiion 
in the fluidi a^ipeareil to prevail, » in caneer- 
'00* and phifcamnic nleen; and instanmaie 
^dUiAed in the fnorlh volume of the work 
'above menttonad of Its teKUiLabla^iood elEMtt 
in tlicse cases. 

As the (Acacy of ihe milt infusion depends 
■wpon its producing ohanxei in the whole nuts 
'•f Huld*, it iiobvioniihat it mu>t be taken in 
■iRCa'^uwliMa for a coMiderabte Icngrii of 



WOT 



trme, and rather 
From 



article of diet than 
fnur pitili daily h.i\c 
Tlic proportion ro- 



gcnerally been di 

Gnmmcndcd in pi . 

ground malt to three Mjnal measBret of boiling 

water. The minlurc must be well iOrted, and 

Itffi to iiaod, corered, thtte m four hoori It 

should lie made freeh every day. 

To WORTH, or ITurth. r. pt. (peonKjo, 
Sax.] Tube. NowonlyrcuijirdinKK'ificrft, 
or Kurtk ; wo U iSpmier). 

Worth, in the termin.>lion of the names 
of plBcrs camrs from popB, a court Ot fariit, 
or p'pSiJ, n street. or road t,trit!im). 

VVuRiif, t. (PeopB, Saxon.) 1. Price; 
vnlue (WbdAcarrf)- it. Exccllenco; virtue 
(Diinat). 3. importance; valuable naaliiv 

Wo.TH. n. I. Equal in price to) cquat 
in value to (.Shaksprarf). K. Deserving of 
i fTal/i). 3. Equal in posjK.i-jns to (SaddyO- 

WO'HTHILY. ad. (from worrAy). i. 
Suiiably) not below the rate of(Aav). 2. 
IJeu'rvedly ; according to merit Clh-y^n). 3. 
Joiilv ; noi without cause {South). 

WC/RTHINESS, .. (from kwiAj,.) i, 
Ucseiii merit (//oairf). 8, Excellence; dig- 
nity ; virtue [Holder). 3. Slate of being 
worihy; quality nf deserving (Sirfn™). 

WO'HTHLES.S. a. (from wprth.) 1 Hav- 
iiig no virtuu, dignity, or excellence '■Shak* 
iprarr). J, Having no value {AilJuoa). 

WO'ftl'HL.ESb'NESS. 1. (rinm ie»rijUeit,) 
Want of excellence ; want of dignity ; wsnt 
ol" value lAUte). 

WOUTHY. o. (from »orM.) l.De.er.-- 
ing ; such ni nieriu {Skaiiprart) . S. Valua- 
ble; noble ; iilustriotii; having excellence or 
difiniiy [Uduifi]. 3. Having worth; having 
virtue (Digt'f). 4. Suitable for any ouality 
good or bad ; equal in value ; equal 111 dignitv 
(X>ryi£rn]. 6. Suitable tn any thing bail 
^Sliohpain). a. DcMrviog of ill (Deii'iru- 
norvyl- 

Wo'rtky. I. (from the adjective.)- A man 
laudable fur any eminent uiiutity, uatticuhiil* 
forvfll<.nr(T<.f/CT), ' 

To^VxTHY. r. o. (from the aitjcctii 
To rtnder worthy; to aggrandise; ' 
not used (ShaiipeoTt). 

To WOT. P. ». (pitan. Saxon ) To km 
to be aware : ohsnlelc (S^alfpcari). 

WOTTON (Sir Hcnryl. a learned Engll 
man, born at Bocinn-hafl in Kent, in I," 
Prum Winchester schnol he tvat sent to 
furd ; iftcrwardi he »et nut on bia tisrcis, s| 
one year in France, three in Germany, 
live in luly. On bis return tn EnG;land 
wit and piiliteness reeomiDcadcd him to 
earl of £uex; but whea bis unfuilunalc, 
iron was beheaded he went to Florence, 
was rrcciied into the conlidcnee of the gi 
duke of Taseaoyi who huting intetctptcd 
Icri discovering a dctign upon the lif 
James VI. of &Wlland. <li.p«chcd \\, 
thiihcr inifive hm notice of It. On the. 
c"»imi of Janin tn the crown of Engl 
•VVottuu w*9euifk>y«d in many iiiipotiant 



w o u \v ov 

Ki»sif9, particularly to Venice. About lS23 ing, uid are not attended witblbeprodaetMBf^ 

he was made provost (if Eton collet, which much permuien lly elastic or mal-eondeoriblen- 

iilace he held nil his death in 16.39. His I'^"''* ""'h at water impraicoated with tlit uv- 

Staie of Chrineiidom was published aficr »natic part* of vefftablea, alcohol, fce.j whilrf 

his de ilh. Also. Reliciiiia Woitoniana : or, I*'® '?"'^» ^}}}' '}* tla«» reee;*-er, was iwntd 

;x Collfciion of Lives, Uiters. Poems, wiih ^-Jf «»^«jl» »»»»»» "on of thejtrooKer acidi, t^ 

Q« .^- f- ^,1 i>- -^^ . .^ ^.L. other »ubiitaneea*oooinpanied by imiehuBconqei- 

i«raciers of sundrv Personages, and other tn- ^^^ ^^ B^^ ^^ ^ ^^ inconfeaieof. 

C«.n,,arablc Piecej of Lansuape and Art. By ,»y,„i«ted, for either enoniio.»1y large rereitm 

the curio.is P^i.cil of the excr-memorable Sir ^erc required, or a considerable niimber of tbno 

Henry w '»non. ^ilh double openiof s Uke aludeU, or eiw it wii 

VVoTTON cWiliiam), an English divine of neKniuiry to avoid the rupture of the vei^Uby 

^rat learning:, horn at Wrenih^m in SuHoIk, havinfir a imall bole, ithicfa eould be opvoed oc- 

in 1(366, of which place his father was rector. eaftioDally, irhen the quanti ty of coofkoed vapour 

He had made so j2;rcai a propress in classical wa« judged to be too f^rent. Biit even this did 

Icarnii'j^, ihnt l>cn)re he was ten years of age »>• answer the frtirpose of the chemist complete- 

ho was ;Hlmitiid of Catherine-hall, Cambridge, ly; for much of the vapmir given out during th«f 

In I67() he took the degrre of B.A. and after- distillations is only unoondensible for wut «( 

wardM;hu.incdafcllowsTiipin.Si.John'scollege. ?nding water, or some other substance with whwh 

1 .it.. I ■ u II I u* .1 It msy unite, so that a larre proportion of the 

In irx)l h|.hop Lloyd pave h,m the smecure p^j^s of distillation wefJt^allVwast«L U 

ot Llandr.llo in Denbighshire, and the earl of Uperinicnts of research, too, the old apparstst 

Noinniiham, to whom he wns chaplain, pre- was peculiarly defective, as the gaseous produrti, 

ftntpd him to the rectory of Middleton Keyns. which sue oftiiaby farthemoat inlereating, wen 

in 1(H)4 h? published Reflections upon An- entirely lost. 

cifnt and Modern Lesming; which work was Glauber w.is aware of many of these defects 

followed in 17OI by the ili:;torv of Rome, and hence as early as about the year lt>o5, pn 

from the Death of Antoninus Pins, to the a very ingenious method of aubKtituling to the 

Dealh of Alexander Sevtriis; for the use of the »«"^" of peri»endirular aludcl-ahaped nrceivcn, 

duke of Gloucester. As Dr. Wnilon was to- » l«tP™l sehen of plain stone or earthen jan, 

Lillv void of oeconomv. he was in I7 i4 obliged f***** w*""^'^''^ ^»»h the other by earthen hA« 

to retire to South Wales, and while thrrc hent at nght angles, and the rover of earhjsr 

d^g ^c t.u^ r> .u 1 1 /^L. I having two holes, one to rereive the tulie bnag • 

rew «p Memoirs of the Cathedral Churches . ^^^ ^ ^;^^ ,^^ adjoining jar or the ^ 

of St. David s and Lindaff. He published ^\ ^.^ the other for thVpassai^ of the ttki 

other works of great learning, and died in which ronwyed the exi-e^^s of this vapour inlalht 

I72i5, aged 60. next in suecesnion. This arrangemeiil is prr- 

WoTTON Bassbt, a borough in Wiltshire, cisoly that of the bottles of the modem Woulfc'i 

with a market on Friday. It sends two mem- apparatus, but itie jars which Glauber wed mtn 

bers to pnrliampiit, and is 30 miles north of empty, and set in a larger vennel full of eold 

Salishiirv. and Xj) west of lx)n<iou. Lon. 1. water, so as to be kept alwsys cool. 
54 W. I.it. .')!. :n N. '1'1^<* ff^^^ improvement to this apparatut by 

\VoTTox-T;Ni>i;R-KnGE. n corporate town *^^ *ate Mr. Woulfc consisted in tilVm^ th^-^rU- 

in Glovicc-ersh.re, uiih a nuirket on I'ridnv. 'j;^^^ vessels with watrr into t*hirh he dipp«t 

'T^k • K I •. .., ^-« .-;.«: «n ^i^ti.:>. -.1 1 the extrcmitv of esen tube, briucm^ into it iw 

i he inh.u)il:nu^ are prmcipnlly cloihiers, and , ,* . i-.i i . • 1. _ 

, , ' ' T -. .11 unrona«*nsed nnrt of tn»»vn pour, by which meiES 

It ,. governed In; a nv.yor. It .s seated mider . vast qusntitv of product i. saved, ^hirh e.« 

^^.?t'\V- '- r \ ^ ^'\''^ Hr:nol and 108 ,„ Glauber's liieihod eould not be u1tiHiat.-u de- 

\\ .N.W. ol London. Lon. 2. 1 1 W . Lat. tained ; so DmI by bsMr.g a suffirient bu:ki*i 

5 1. 40 N. water in oo'j or more of these Interal le^M*'*. t» 

WOVK. Th:» pret. an-! part. pas«. nfireave. part «f the product csn escape detontiou e\«»9l 

WO'VICN. The pnriicif)!e pas^jjve of weare. that which cannot eondenve, either alonf or it li'i 

AVOl'LD. The pntiril of w///. I. It is parsed throuprU any liquid. F<ven thli Iimi mi? 

tenerollv used a^ nn :ni\iliary verb with an in- readily he saved by addini:; to the last in thf »- 

fi'iillvc.'to wh'ch it jiives the force of the nib- ries of boti U-s a curved tube, whi-h conve\*lh# 

innrtive m -od : n>n/\ 2. Was or am resolved ; »?■*'» *" **^<-' pnenmatie trout;h or gazomeliT.wbf 1^ 

*l wish or wi>;,.d'io: I nm or was willinir its nature may be examined. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 

fQj N o ft ;. ^ r.,»;'; ... i«r,., f^^ .«.*ofc /? Instead of having the mouths of the IslfTti 

(Sidricu\ .i. It IS a tamiiiar terrji lor if:5A /o . ,,, ., ** . 1 ■• u .1 . • .1 .. 

J -', , c" / . V « 1. I .u bottles wide enough to admit both lul>cs 'tint In 

(/o, or to hn: r ^Snrdsprarr^. 4 It h.s the ^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^ ^^J ^^^ ^^ .^^^ ^^; ^^^^^ 

•*^",'JC;i''V\'x;x///'' '• '•; ^ '"'"." ^r/-^,"'- »nd the other whi.h conveys the uncnndm«4 

\\0'l LDINC. !f. (from ivon.d.) Mclion port ofit out of thelwtlle), it isa creat impre^e- 

of desire; di-^positiou to i.ny thinj;; propi n- nient to have thebottlf*s blown wUh two oprt- 

sion; inclination; incipient purpose (//ai/i- in^rs, and sometimes even with a tliird for psil- 

mori'l), eul UP purposes. 

\VOl'Lri:*S APPARATUS, a very im- The e>tsentisl parts of this apparatus ther»- 

porlant ninl useful nppiratus for rhemicnl pur- fore, are a retort or any other vr^isel io i« In*') 

pos«'s, wliojie iiivcnti'ni f(»rms olniovt an era in the materinls aru heated; a peoeiver in lU'li's 

the science. BcJorc it wa< known the only vcs- that part of the product which is eond^-nsiblr t? 

sels that chemists eui]do\ed for distillations were mere cooling ; and a bent tul>r procrt^linc fr.."» 

either the ali-mMc ^>ith its refriperatory, or the the receiver to the bottom of a bottle p'arrd ^T 

retort with itn n-cviver. The former was de- its side, and full, or nearly s«», with water t^ saj 

▼oted slninsl exclusively to the distillation of other liquid. 11 more than one bottle be en- 

the«e lluids which are reiulily condensed by cool- ployed, these are ranged side bj side, and cua* 



won 

Wvlml w^lb r*A nlbcr l)j hent tnliP*. eneh of 
>l*hirh prD(«*il( Tram tht tap of the- hnltle imms- 
,di*(rl7 pjTccding, and plunfco i»lo Ihe bnUum 
«r the liquid or inc bonle ntxl 'U onlf r. Every 
•an of the tppmnitu) in tlMight ciO'pt the end 
fbrttir*! frnm Ihereloil, sothut nrrj pBrticle of 
— pour or gBi» !■■■ to Inrem the whole iierie* 
vrsaeU, ud Id p>a« Ihrnugh the liquid in fvery 
•■ of Ihe hnllli"., before it exnpea into Ibe «ir ; 
d Ihui, if Mall oondiqitibie bjr llie liquid uied, 
mn hardly ncapc con den sail on - 
Another part, bowenr, i> nemaar; to the |ter- 
''' apparalui. Whrn tbedintillalion 
, and the pnidaolian of put or »a- 
il«dicii( nr ream allo^ther, a degrr* of 
ta Ik alwajra made in the relorl, onin^ to 
llttf of Ihr eU«tie rapuur which it 






8ul we mint oinlent nurMlTeiwilD Iijlne JiMf 
the priiiriji1c,aDdiie*eril>itig it* uiual farnia. 

WOUND. ,. Cpuno. Sjit-m; K-,adt, 
Dutch.) A hurt gi»en bjr wiolcocc. Sec 

.} To hurt 



bj violent* {Sliaitptare). 

U'ouwc. The pret. and part. pa>^. nTuf 
WOUNDLESS. a. (i-iom u)«ur,d.) Em 



from 






>!•( 



« ACHII 



Thip. 



tiiUr 



n In theren-iter, to fill 

ilion nr iiinionoflhe liquid lakci plarc frois 
hnttle bach into the rrfeiier thmiifh 
t iMnt tube th*l dipt into thr bntlle. Thi* 
■Jljn mum an equal vacuiiin in (he llnl bottle, 
i«llieh In mied by nbuirplion of fluid frnm the Ba- 
nd boltl* llirou^b Ihe conununintins tube, 
d to on to Ihr ImI ; oo Ibat the mcnnpnt ab- 
tpllun bi'fpDi a rclmipwle motion Inkei pi* 
Ivugll Ihtt nhnlc appirMuK. The Inmnrn 

mvTthia i-% Ihe niluiire of the proiturti Ibm 

*taM : for if. for example, the didillalinn of 
WH«arid he the pn>ep<n, after the mateHali in 
W i*tort h«»r (jiirn oul eienr thinp, the reoeiT- 
h,Wb)ehwai at llmt left enipty, ra^lnina Ihe 
Mcmraled arid, and the boltlei ninlain water 
MNHgtji iinprognalrd with uitrnui vapour. But 
t^m MMoenl that nhviniiioa besini Ihe dilute 11- 
y ai of Ihr flnl bottle i* pourvd into ihe ruwiver, 
irtMl makei it impoaaible In n>lleet any PDnern- 

Blm«d arid unlr4( the operator ia on Ibe wkleh 
la Immoi the 1utin|; helwren the retort and the. 
eeitcr the momml he percriTci Ihe liquor to 
■e in Ihe bml tube between the rerriier and the 
Mlwttle. To remedy thii defwl wrrnl (NHi- 
'Mvaam have been ajlnpted. The invrntor, 
'tlr. Woulfe, who writ fully aware of it, employed 



t k; 



CK. I. (wrnrt, Dutch -, prtzci^e.Sai 



1 to 



n the 



and 



■rat water- liollle, whi<4i wiilcft emply, aad 

'lata whirh the bent lube frum the rcniver waa 

MB awed only to a abort di'plh. Id ronuqirenrc 

whirli, wbtn tbo abiorplinn lunk pla<«, the 

idovfrnm the flmi bollli - - --■'-■ •• ' 



Halo bi 






o rur;l» 



Thi^ 



■ very uicful wlKTe only a tinch 
ik employed, hut when more than 
« h uted It ia ohvinii* that llie liquqri enn- 
■ 11 tnvnt mlnit'f , Ihnnsh thcj all herp 
■nsratefrotn llic eiintenta of Ihe re.-elter: for 
NwB any of the Itqiior of the drat bottle 'pa aw* 
4ito thr intermedinlebolllc an eqiilvalnit por- 
-Um Oftbe aeeond miKl pour Into Ibe flnt hollle, 
'■Tlhe third Into the weond, and lo on. Another 
MnlrlTanco, thrretbre, and nhich i« nowfcne- 
Mity sduplnl. I* lo prevent Ihe atMarplioo alto- 
' * irby 1i-ltiiiE in the external air lo Bll the 
Mutial vaeuuiu. Thla it tlnae either by inirrting 
; SirMitht eapitUry lubea into the dilTercDl veueli, 
or b]r a eurveil tube of particular r.inatruction 
hivailiMl by Writer, and called Weller'i lubei or 
~ ' s of tafrty. 

There nre various other moJei by whifh 
'^onlfe'i apparalui hu br<:n iwpruved, and 

' If forni <udfr, irhldi II bu bc«D oodiflvd- 



WOUNDWORT. 

WOUTEHS (Ft;.ucis), of Wai.ier. _ 
Duich p;iiiitcr if liaJicapva *nd hiiiory. wm 
born in ilili.and btouuht nn imdrr Reultm*, 
TliP riiiueror Fcnlinand III. »pp"imtsl him 
hit jiriiicipjl painter. lie wiii alio ponirr I9 
Cimrlea 11. of Englaiid, when prince »l VV'jki. 
He died in iG^. 

VVOUWEBMANS (Phili|0. ao ««llciu 
Dmch l9nfl»c«ijc nuhiter, waj born at Hoep. 
lem, in iGiO. He grnenlly cnnL'tied ' 
Ian(l9ca|>es n-ith hunlinav encnmpmciiii 
other siibjrcts wlirre hi.r>« cool.l lie ir 
duerd. which he pdunrayrd belter Ihin 

of hU liinr. — Ht had iwo br'ilttiVi 
1(1 Juhn, buth dii'iina.aished «r">ii in 
the tame wuv at Philip, ihuiiKh not equal to 
him. Hedi^diii iGtW. 

WOX. WoxB. The prtirrit of 
Becsme. ObioUle (Spfnitr). 

WOXF-.N. The pariiciule of To 

WRAC 
I. D."<lriiaion i)F a ihjp; wfecit (Dnjdtn^, 
i. Htiin; deitfuclion (Jlfi/Zon). 

To Wbacr. ». a. (fr.>m ilic nnim) 1. T« 
'IciimiF in Ihe warer; t"' wrtek. !. ll 
in Mitton to mean, to rock, to thaki 
torlTire; i.i iot..ient ; U. welt C&wf«v). 

ToWRA'NGLE. ». n. (Ft-.m ttwoBgAui 
Duieh-l To dUputi: pnvjjlilj j to qi^iaricl 
venrlyi rnaiietcn^i i(iM|uat.ble(^ 

Wra'sole. t. (from the verb.) AquMi 
a iwrverie diaunte (S'^il" 

WRA'NGLER. s. (r..,m arnwi 
vem, pccii;h,di.(,iiMtivc man ilia 

Wrascler (Scnio), ih» tule given it 
Ciinhriilpe lo the uiulcr-^raitii-ile who ditthi' 
g-ikhei him'elf mo'l hi ihe exaniiomi'in for 
the bielirtni'ii drgrce. See Univkk&itt. 

To WUAP. r. a. prtirtit .ind participle 
xniM. wrapped nr tcraet. (hfe-inpian, Saxon, id 
lurn; wrr#«-, D:.m-h.) I. To r, ■ ' 

to com|.llcale [.f<ii'jar). S. To 
cover WTlh aomcihiiig ruilnl or thrown round 
(Oryrfrt). 3. T^^ connpri«i lo cnnUin iAd- 
di,o«). 4. To Wrap up. To involve totally 
iKitotlf!). S. It i« oftencorti.pily wtiiten lot 



inim.) I. H) 

!. ll Micini 
lake. 3. '£»^^ 



all toeeihi 
iiivnlvc i 



l-rap.) 



I.Onetl 



wrapa. 8. Thai in which aoV thine \t 

WRASSE, in it-htlivnloEV. See 
WRATH. J. (ppnB. Sixonj wi. 

Diileh,) Anseri fiiTv >»tx iSptmer). 
WRATHFUL n. (w.uM aid^«.) J 

gry; fuiiousj raging (.S)ara(), 



Oil- 



^ 



tV R E iv R E 

WRATHFULLY. ad. (from wrathful.) property rniire foVWm, and if poHibl« to pre- 

Furicmsly ; panionately ifilmkspearc), Taat wrecks mt all, our laws have made nurny 

WRA^'rilLESS. (f. (froni wrath,y Frpc very humane regulatfons^ in a ipirit quite op- 

from anpc'T (lf^a//rr). (>oskc fo (ho»c savagt lalirS which formerly pre- 

To WR^IAK* V. a, old preterit and-partiel- vailed in all the nprthepi regioina of Eur&pri 

plo passive icroke and tcroicjit now u^cdketL and a fe^ yean a^ were stAl said to aubsisioa 

(p|iaecan, Saxon ; tcrtckfn, Dutch:) \ I . To the coasts of thc^^tic sea, peraiuiog ihc in- 

revenj^e: wt used {Faiffaj;^, S<«^ f^eeute / habitant lo aifize on whatever they eovldgrt 

any violent design {Smifhi^^ r^ *^ U wfuf prite ^ .or, as an author of^ their ovo 

WitE A K. 5. (from the verb.) jOJ^Milete. ,1. expresses if, ** in ftan/ragorum mtitfiM ti ci/a- 

Rerenge; vengeance {Spcnscxl^, , <f. (Passion j mifaie itiniiuam wihirrs ad pn»dwm aintn^ 

furious fit {Shahfeare)' For by the statute C7 Edw. ill. c. 13. if any 

WRE'AKFITL. a, ..(from wrtak.) Ke- ahip be loift on the shore, and the goods come 

Tejiseful^; angry:, not i'tiusc'(C//afMr(in). to latid (which cannot, says the aiatute. be 

wRKATn..|. (p^'i^^, Saxon.; i-^ Anj called wreck), they shall be presently deliverfd 

thing curled or iwfsted (6^ai/A}^, S^^ garland; to the merchants, pying only, a reasonable 

a chaplet (Aoicomifron}. ^ ,^ ' reward to those that saved and preserved theq. 

To VVkeatb^ v. a, pret- wrea/hed; parti which is entiJed salvage. Also fay tbecdoi" 

fMss. wreathed, wreathen. iSpm the uuuq.) nion law, if any persons (oiher than tnesharifl) 

1. u'o. curl ; to twist \ to oonvolve {Bacon), take any good« ao cast on shore, which aic not 

S. To writhe (Gfl^). 3> To inicrweavc; to l^gal wreck, the owners might hare a eooBiwi 

entwine one in another {Sofith\i .4. To en- sion to enquire aod 6nd them oiil,.and eoniil 

circle'as a garland (Prior). ^ 5. .$|Jq|l encircle as them to make restitution. An# by 19 Ann. 

with a ffiiriand ; to drqsy in a garland c£(ry</pn)« ^lute 8. c. 18. confirmed by 4lireo. 1. c. lif 

To Wrbatv. v« n. To bc( iij|klerwoven ; m order to assist the dibtressed, and pre«%}it 

to be ioterlwined (/)q|i«ik).i r,; . the scandalous illejpl practices on soipe of oar 

. W^xATii. in faerm\nt)iok!§g9,Sec Tvrbo^ sea coasts (loo smnlar to those on the Biltie)i 

WRE^ATHt'. a. (from utrpith.) Savul ; it is enacted, that all head officers and othps 

curled; twis{ed (firotc»)( j, ^ of towns nea^ the sea, sliall, upon applicMP 

jVyRECK, «^ ^pnaecce^ ^toti^i^. miserable niqde to them^ surpiiion as many haadaasi^ 

person ^torpdU, Dutch, a ship broken.) J. noscssarv/ and acod them \9 the relief ofa^ 

Destruction. 6v bcing^i driven on rocks or shal: "^'M' ^^ distress, on forfeiture of \S30L and, ji 

lows at aeia; destruction, M^sea O&ayite/). 9i., ^^'^ <»( assislance gii-en, siilvase shall be paid 

Dissolution by vi^ence (itft7to»). 3. Ruin; by the owners, to be assessed by thtte ne^ 

destruction {Shaktpeare). 4o The thin^ bourfn"; justices. AH persons that secrvttaij 

wrecked. ' fl^oods shall (t>rfeit their treble value; and if 

In order to constitute a legal wreck, the they wilfully do any act whereby (he ship ii 

gouds must come to land. If tliey continlie at Io«t or destroyed, by making holes mi her, sffs!* 

sea, the law distinjiuishes ibcin by the. bar- ing her pumps, or otherwise, they are pi\iij 

barons and uncontli nppellaiions of jcham, of felony without benefit of clerȣy. La<t!y, 

flatsaptf and li^an. Jetsam is where goods by the statute of SCGeo. II. c. It), pinoderii.c 

are cast into the sea, und there sink and remain any vessel, eitlicr in di.<>tr(-s> or %^ recked. au« 

under water : flotsam is where they continue whether any living creature be pn board or b««: 

swimming on the surface of iho waves: ligan {^or whether wreck or oiherwxse» it i» clorly 

is where ihey are snnk in the sen, but tied to not the properly of the popuLce;, such 

a cork or buoy, in order to be found again, plundering or preventing the cfcdjie of irt 

The:iC are also the kin2,*$, if no owner appears person that endeavoiirs to ?ave his lifi', •: 

to claim ihcni ; but if any owner appears, he woundinpi; him with iiiient tq 'destroy him.o* 

is entitled to recover the possession. For even putting out false lights in nrdcr to fjriog an* 

if lhc;y be cast overboard, withoni any roark vessel into dan/jLer, are all declared to be capiti! 

or buoy, in order to lighten the ship, the felonies ; iu like uianner as the des:ro>in^ of 

Qwner is not by this act of necessity construed trees, steeples, or other stated tca-mariiS ^ 

to have renounced his property : much Ici^s punished bv thc' statute 8 Eliz. c. 13. with i, 

can things ligan be 9uppo*ed to be abandoned, furietturr of 100/. or outlavvr)'. S^Ioreoifr h; 

since the owner ha^ done all in his power to thr statute of Geo. II. pilfering any goods cxm 

assert snd retain his property. These three Ishore is declared to be |)eiiy larceny; ahl 

are therefore acccnntcd so far a di^^tinct thing many other suilutary regulatioiu are nuidr. jb- 

from the former, tliat by the king's tyrant to a the more efl'ecttially prescning aiiips ol ^; 

man of wrerks, thinss jetbaui, flutbrni, and nation in distress, 

ligan, will not jiass. " By the civil law, to destroy prr-ons «irip- 

Wreck?, in ibeir lesral acrc|.tailnn, are at wrecked, or prevent their saving the "hip. ? 

present i;«t very frcfjnent : for if nny j?kvU capital. And to steal even a plank from j 

come to land, it nrely happrn<, since ihc im- vessel in distress or wrecked, inalic- tnc |Mr-.r 

pn^vciii'-nt of commerce, ii.i\ i?.uion, and cor- liable to answer for the whole shi|( .\;ul Vi:-- 

re^jioiulcncc, tiiat the owner is not alilc to The laws aUo of the Wisinoihs, and the i.**- < 

Ss'orr his prct^KTiv uiiiiiii the year (Mid day early Neapolitan c\)n<titntionp» piiiJi'l.f. I ■■•:■• 

limUcd bv law. .And'iii onler to preset ve thi^ th<x utmost ^\eiity all thu6« ^ho iic^K. :•.*'. :• 



IhI*I my ihtp in ditimt) oi pluitdned any 
fpoit C3ii en thore. 

r« Wkick. CD. trrom the nnim) I. T" 
iaunf by lUthinic od iac\% or sandi [.S>nufr). 
Jr. To ram {Damitl) 

r. Wmcd. 0. B. To luffw wrrclt. 
. WitKN(8ir€liriii'>p)vO, inhinCTaphy. a 
pBU V^i^'iaphrr and inal}Mnisiician, and iiae 
oftbe iniMi IcimCil and emineni nrchitecBorhii 
M.HMilheMinnf ih«R-v.' hrHcrphec Wren, 
*jn or Win'l3or, and wi% born at Knoyle. in 
iWiluhiic, ia l63i. He ttudled at Wadham 
BoUegc, Oxford, whrre he tO"k ihe degree oT 
piawrruf iru, in l(bj,and wsi chuicn Tdlow 
■r All Soul* college iherc. S<x.n afier he be- 
^■iBe onr of ihai in^rnioui and learned society, 
Wtio (hen mcl ai Oxrnrd for the imprmement 
•T natnal and cKjicii mental philnv'phT, and 
■Aieh ai length pmlucol ihc Royjl S icieiy. 
'. When very young he iliscoverM a surptll- 
mfniut foi the mithematio, in which tci- 
fOfit be inade sti-al advance befuie he wm 
Mnca yean nr li^e. Jn l6A7 he was made 
hmftwor of a^iraiianiy in Gmham college, 
uisdtfn; and liii Icciurcs, whieh were much 
pMuented, tended greiily (o the pioiuotjon of 
tmi kiKinWjte. He propoKd terrml methods 
hf which to Bccojnt for the ahadowa reiurn- 
Bl tMckward irn dqreei on ihedialof kins 
Rt!«. by the law. orna.urc. O.^e lut^eet oT 
|Ut leciurta was upiin lelewo|>e<, to the im- 
bmrement of which lie had greatly cunlri- 
■HieJ: another wj( on certain prnperiict of 
neair.and ihebarampUr. In the year l6iS 
h« teail n <le*rripiinn of the hudy and dilTerenl 
ifaMea of the planet Saturn ; which tul^cCT 
« ptopowd to iiKCstipte, while his colleague, 
'"**"' , iheo prnrmor of geometry, wa» 
un hi* obiertalioni upon the <atet> 
JupiiCT. The uuie year he comnm- 

^ ,_ ionic demotutrinioiis concerning cy- 

dtmli U Dr. Wallii, which were afierwirdi 

EUi4i(d by the doctor at ihe end of hu trca- 
E apoa that subject, Al>out that lime also, 
LrMolved ihv problem proposed b» Puwal, 
rt the felled oatne of Jooii de Montford, 
W all the Knglisb iiialhematicianii ; and re- 
lumed anoihcr to the maihematicians in 
prance, fornierly proposed 1^ Kepler, arid then 
>MOUcd likewiM by himself, (a whtch iliry 
B*T«T give any toluiion. In 166O, he invented 
a mcihnd for thecon*trncuon ofmlar eclipsn) 
mat ill the I.iticf part of ihc aame year, be, 
Iriih ten other jtenllenien. fntmcd lhem>elve« 
Into a «ncieiv, 10 meet weekly, for the im- 
prnvemeat of nniuni au<l experimenlit philn- 
Mfibyi brini; Ihe feondntion of the Hmiil 
Sorictj. In the bcrinuin*; of I0(>i, he wbi 
iefcoa m Satttian prDfcuaTor atirnnitaiy at Ox, 
Cofll, in the mom of Dr. Seih Wan) ; whei* he 
vat the ame year cn.11«(l flnclor "t laws, 

Amon;! hi] oiber accnmplnhmeni*, Dr, 
Wnn had vainrd m> cnniiileiable a ikill in 
kT^tnierture. thai be w«» lent for the Mirae 
1ie«T from OxfmH, by order of kini; Charitt the 
fiCcoriH, in B>«nitte Joha Denhsm, wirveynr- 

I of the wofka. In (Mj he wm choicn 
of ibe Moyn) SociM, being on* vf 
.XI^PARTJI. 



cipaWj 
.e>i(h»T] 

i, but*! 



W R E 

thot wtiowere fini appointed 1^ the ci 
afiiT ihe ftrant of their charier Nol 
after.- it being enpecwd ifiai lite kini( wnid 
nnke Ihe society a Viiit, ihe lord Rrounki 
theti preiidcnt, bys letter, tequesird the 1 
Tice of Dr. Wren, concerning (he expetimer 
which miehi be raort proper on (hut occ. 
to wliom the doctor trcommended prim 
the Totrjocllian ciperioieot, and itic v 
Dceiiie, ai being not mere' affiu»r mem 
uiefut. and liso neat in ihrtr oueritinn. ^^ 

In 1665 he travtilM ioio Pngce, 10 ewl 
mine the most beautiful edifice] and cutiouf | 
mechanical woiki there, when be made ma|i» L 
lueful obicrvatiani. Upon his return home,*! 
be was appointed arcbiiect, aud one of thft f 
comniiistofien for tenaiiina Si. Paul's eaihe-' | 
dral. Within a fcw days afierlhe fiM of LoB.* 
don, ifiSI), he drew > pnn (or a Dew ctly. and L 
presented il 10 the king; but it waa nil ap^'l 
proved by (be parltamcni. In thii model Iha' I 
chief aireet] were to crois each other at rig;ht~r 
•ngies, with Imer itTceti beiM-een ihem; ihii*j 
churches, public building, &c. 10 disposed ki* 
nol to interfere with the stiecti, aid f 
paiias placed at proper distances. 

Upon the dtilh of tit John Denhan 
16IJK. he >uFceeded him in the oHice «f siif I 
vejfot- general of the king's works, and from 
'■'" time he had the direction of a grtat mauj J 
rhirh he aeqtijred thtt 1 



Ciiblic edifices, by ' 
tghesi icputi 



thcalre at Oxford, Hi. Paul's 

mon omen t, tbc modern pair of Han., , _ 

Chelsea college, one ot ihe « ings ofGrcenwi^ 1 
hospital, the churches of 81. Stephen Wa|ff 
brook ,ind St. Maty-^e-Tluw, with upwards Af I 
sixty tnhei chvrcties and jAiblic worki. whieti I 
ihat dreadful fite made iicmnry. I)i the m*! 1 
nagenient of which bminei) he was ossified ilk L 
the meaniienicnie, and laying out of pritaMtJ 
nroperty, by ihe ingenioiii J>. Unben Hook^VT 
rhenineiyof basinesi in whieh he was ^ | 
this mean) engaged nwuirin^ hi) conslaiit a-' J 
teridaoce and concern, be reiigned his Savilirfk- I 
Mofcuonhip HI OiforO in tb73, srid the veaf f 
lollowimhe reerired frotu the fcine ihe'ho^ J 
nour of knighihond. Re was one of^ihe coiiil. | 
Miissionen whfl. 011 the mniion '^f sir Jonu' I 
Moore, surveyor-general of the ordnance, hat 1 
born appointed to find nut a proper place (dt- f 
erecting an observntory, and he proposed J 
Greenwich, which wai a|i|iror«d of; t^~ 
foundaiion done uf wbie4i ivas laid (he irn 
'if Awtuat, Il>i7!>, and the buildins w«* pr^ I 
teiitly liniiheil, uTulerihr direction of urJfiTuu^ I 
wiih ihe adtice and a«»isunce of sir Chrino^ 3 



In 1600 he wm chriwn prriideni of \bM I 
Royal Sueiriy 1 afierwiirdi appninitd arehticM I 
and commioioner of Chelsea cMt^t; and tol 
)684, principal officer or eompiriiller of iho I 
work* in Windsor cavde. Sir Chriaiophrr *U I 
twice in parliament, at • irpreKiiiatirc forf 
two different Imroughs. While hi- eonunuH % 
survcyor.geneml, his ret'idsncc was in Scot*] 
liniUjard) but afiii hi* removal from 1 
«Am, in I7ia> ha Und in St. ia 
• b 



^VttUninUet. He din] ih« McntT'fiMi of 
ye^rn»t)r, 17*?. "t iiinelj-one jeara of »|»i 
And be wai inietred with gtcal Milemnity in 
^t, PjuIs MlbwJwl, ill the vault under tlie 
(aulti wing a( ihe choir, iiuf tlie (att eaiL 
Wrek, in nrniiholoay. Soe Motacili.*. 

To WKENCH. 0. a. (pfiisin. Saxon; 
jKTeaghen, Dutch.} I. To pull hyriolencfi 
to wrtut; 10 fo'cc iBatm). ». To ipraia ; 
'iodhwH&L-i/t). 

- WkBMCH. *. (from th« verb.) 1- A no- 
IcDt pull or twiit. V. #i|ir4in (i^citO- 

To WUEST. «. a. (pjxjerMti. Saxon.) 1. 
To tviist by violEncc; (o cKioii by ivriibinenr 



tnree i^ddiion). 8. To diitori: 
to force (Utoitr). 

Wrest, i. (rroiu the *<ib,)-Diii«tion( 
\iokntflHooifi-). 

WRE^STER. I. (from tcrnl.) He wbo 

" T« WRE-STLE. ». n. (from urre./.) I. To 
contend wbn thM ihrnw the othei down 
(S/iakipratf). f. To urugg'^i "• contend 
iCIarendoa) 

WRE'STLER.f. [from icreslle.) i. One 
who wiiitle) i on< who profetsei ihe athletic 
«It (DrnAcm)- S. One who eumendt la 
*rreilina(»W/CT). 

WRETCH. 1. (ppecM, Saion.) 1. A mr- 
Krable monal (Pnor). 2. A worthleii sorry 
'ireatute (,&dnty). 3. 1i it uMil ly way of 
(IJiihli or iTdD'C-il pity, or cnntcm]it(/)rau/nn). 
■ WRETCHED, a. (ftnm wreUli.) I. Mi- 
■etsble ; unhappy ^Drgdea). St CaUaiiioui; 
afflictive. 3. Sorry; pitifuli paltry i wDTlb- 
ieat {Booker'), 4. b»|jicable; htfufully coa- 
temiiiible (Sidntu). 

\V RETCH ED LY. ad. (from a-rf/cM.) 
I. Miierably I unhappily iClarcndoa). 2. 
Meanly; detpicjhiv (iioH/A). 

WRETCHEDNESS. ». (fmm u:r,iehtd.) 
1. Miseryi'unhap|jlne»«; afflicitd siaie iRa- 
leigk). 9. Pilifuliicss; d^pic^thlcneM. 

WUETCHLESS. a. Carelcs.; mitKlleu j 
hfdlirss: properly rrcAIeir (/Taifliiionef). 

WREXHAM, a town in Denbigbshirc, 
with a market on Monday and Tbursdav. It 
b the iiiojt populous town in all Norlh 
Walcj, and a place of considerable traffic. It 
ictains the lanattage and ap])carsnce of nil En- 
glish lOKH, and hoi a Gothic cliurch, the lofiy 
ilccp'e of which is ifie lioast of this jiart uf ll*« 
ODuniiy. N«*r Wrexham It a larce foutidery 
/or caooon and other article*. It i* sealed on 
.a (iver, which falls into the Dee, Id a country 
^ffordlng pIcQly of lead. 13 mites 5. by W. of 
piuter, and 1B8 N.W. of London. Lon. 3. 
)0W. Ui. sa.eN. 

, TV WRl'GGLE. o. n. Cpjiijan. Suton ; 
ptggelen, Diiich.] To move u> and fra witli 
"jliort oigtiont {Sw\ft). 

Ti. W'bi'ogle. v. a. To put in ■ quick re- 



|acii"rt (CA™nf). 

To WRING. V. a. prcteiit and part. pait. 
Wniigrd and wrung. (piiin{in,'Suoa.J l,,To 



W JR I 

twin'; to'Wm mLioH.witli violence (£ra</iewti 
a. To force by contoiiloo (Wel/on). 3, To 
sqiicne ; to presi (SAaii^ore). ♦. Te 
wriihc (.Skaktpeari). h.to pincb {Ckrtt- 
dan). 6. To force by uiolcneei to eitM 
(JViZ/on). 7. To baia^'i li> ditiren ) to i» 
lure (AufMB non). S. To diaiurt; V» Uubib 
a wMng purpme {Aichon). 9. Tu perMcak 
with exiotiion {Bai/yiatd). 

I'aWslNr. ir.'a. To wnibc wiltiap0nh 
{S*«*iprorr). 

WRI'NOtR. ». (from tering.-) One *ta 
tqiicexe^ the w aler uiil of dulhca iSUai^ntfy 

WRi'NKLE. I. (jipincle, Saxon i mtuM. 

Dt'lch.) I. Corruption (it fuiTOw of .lt« 

skin or the f.>ce {Uawd). -2. RumfJe of elo* 

Any rough new (Dryrfen). 



J. Any roughn 
To Wm'nk 



To cortuQie; to coniri 
coil). 9v To make niusli of unevcM (JfUlM!). 
WRINTON, M town in SomcMiriii« 
with R market on Turxlay. Tl>e most eMri 
niioes for calamine are \q iu lirighU>tith«afc 
the birtlipUce of Mr, Lo^c, and 



WKIST. ». (pypiT. Saxon.) The iolntij 
which the hiinil iijuined to the arm ( Ar>M^ 



the manage- The brnlli 
ii tliat of the left hand. A borwnian'a «at 
and hit dhow shouhl be eniially raised iiri 
the wrist should he two or ilirec ftoKFrsakaN 
the pommel of the saddle. To ride a kena 
fixim hand la htind, i. e. to change hand* Bf«a < 
one ttead, we nt«d only to turn ihc whuw 
that side we would have the horse tora t>, 
wiiliout advancing the haod at all. Rut V 
the horse slop, the use of both Ifgt i* »■ 

''"WRI-STBAND. .. (arf** a<id hand.) Ti» \ 
fajLcninc of the ^hiri at the band. 

WRl f. .. (from unit.) i . Any thing -ri«- 
ten; icriplnre {Knollti). 9. A iiidiciil yts- 
cess, by which any one ii suinmonal as t(i 
olTcnder (Piior]. 3. A le|^l iattrutacnl {df 
lif'). 

WkiT. The pieietitof iprt(«. . 

Writ, is the kliigfs precept, by vbichaf I 
thing ii commanded touching a suit or aelMi I 
a) ibc defendant or timni >o Ik HiiniDtio(ri,a , 
dislresi to be l;>k{n, 1 dis'.cUlii in be irdpcw^ 
&C. And thou writ* «/c dtieriJy daxiMt 
tome in letpcct of their oidei. vt BWuMt if 
■rsi>tingi, arc termed origiBal, and Mnb j* 

Original wriii an thoae ihst »n «Bt M 
for the inmmoningof (hcdciimdaainsfi^ 
lonal.or ihe tenant in a real action, bafctttli 
suit begins, or rather to benn the toat. 

Tlie judicial wriuare tfaow wbiA Meirt 
. odi by order of the conn where ibe caMtd» 
pends, upon occation after the toil ii be^- 

Ori^nal wiiit are inued oat iit the ooottif 
chancery, fiir the tummoning a defcntea H 
appear, and are araiUcd belbre the toil b b^ 
pun, to bmn we tatnci anri j^ieiak vita 
uiMC otitoC.iha«owtwfa(ntlM«ri|»iwlJiW* 



W R I tir^R I 

tnmcdi afto the tutt hcf^n. The origin*! WRxtiiftf.theartor act'pf ku;nirying«D(^ 
bear <|jte in the name of the king; but the conveying our ideas to oihen^ by ietieis or 
judicial writs bear teste in the name of the characters vuib'le to the eye. See CompJ* 
chief justice. sition. Grammar, and Language. The 

VVkit of ASSi&TAifct, issiies out of the most ancient remains of writiiiit, which haift 
excheouer, to authorize any person to take a been transmitted to us, are upon Ifard sub- 
cbiistabie, or other public oIBcer, to seize stances, such as' stones and metals, which a ere 
jpods or merchandize prohibited and uncus- iismI by the ancients for edicts and matters of 
tomed. public notoriety : the decalogue was written on 

li is also a writ issuing out of the chancery two tables of stone; but this practice was t;Ot 
toffive a possession. peculiar to the Jews, for it was used by most 

Writ op inqoirt op damages, a judi- of the eastern nations; as well as by the Greeki 
cial writ that issues out to the sheritf, upon a and Romans ; and therefore the riaicule which 
jiiclguient by default, in action of the case, . Voltaire attem|its to cast upon that part of the 
OM-enanfy trespass, trover, &c. commanding book of Geue:^is, Where the people are com- 
him to tumnion a jury to inquire what da> manded to write the law on stones, i§ absurd ; 
mages the plaintiff has sustained oecasione for what is there said by no means impliea 
pfKmissiorum ; and when this is returned that other materials might not be usecl on 
with th^ inquiMtion, the rule for judgment is common occasions. The laws penal, civile 
giren upon it : and if nothing is said to the and ceremonial, among the Greeks, were en- 
^ntrary.judgdlent is thereupon entered* sLill. graven on tables of brass^ which were callel 
Abr. 721. Cyrbes. 

A writ of inquiry of damages is a mere in- We find that wood was also, used for writ- 
quest of office, to inform the conscience of the ing on in different countries. In the Sloaniaff 
eoort; who, if they please, may themselves library (No. 486S.) are six s[jecimens of Kufic 
assess the damn^es. And it is accordingly the writing, on boards about two feet in length', 
practice, in actions upon promissory notes aird and six inches in depth. The Chinese, before 
^frills of exchange, insteatl of executing a writ tlie invention of i^ajMU*, wrote or engraved ^ith 
of inquiry, to apply to the conn for a rule to an in)n tool upon thin boards or on bamboo, 
shew caiise why it should not be referred to Flinv says, thai table books of wood were ib 
the master to see what is due, &c. which rule use* before the time of Homer. These table 
b made absolute, imless good cause is shewn to UK)ks were called by the Romans puoillares. 
the contrary. The wood was cut into thin slices, and finely 

To WRITE. V. a, preterit trr//, or tcrote-y ptainerland polished. The writing was at first 
pert. pass, written^ writ, or wrote, (ppicau, upon the bare wood, with an iron instmineiu 
RfpiCaii, Saxon.) 1. To express by means of called a style. In later times* these tables wercT 
letters {Shakspeare), 9. To engrave ; to im- usually waxed over, and written upon witk 
press iLocke), 3. To produce, as an author that instrument. The matter written upon 
\Glnnvitte). 4. To tell byletter(fVtor). the ubles which were thus waxed b\er was 

To Write, v. n. 1. To perform the act easily effaced, and by smoothing the wax, new 
of writing (.SAaibpeorr). 2. To play the au- matter might be substituted in the place pf 
ihor {AiiisoriS, 3. I'o tell in books {Shak' what had been written before. .Hie Grcel^t 
Mpeare\ 4. To send tetters (i Etdras). 5. and Romans continued the use of waxed table 
To call nne*s self ; to be entitled; to use tlie books long after the use of papyrus, leaves^ 
style of (Ben Jonton), 6. To compose; to andskins, became common, because tlicy were 
fofiri compositions {Felton), so convenient for correcting extctiiporaiy cota^ 

WRITER. 1. (from write.) 1. One who positions. . 

practises the art of witting. S. An author Table books of ivory are stilf used for me* 
XSwift). morandums, but thev are commonly written 

Writp.r or THE tallies, an officer of upon with black lead pencils. The jiractice 
the exchequer, being clerk to the auditor of of writing on table books covered with wax 
the receipt, who virrites uhon the tallies the was not entirely laid aside till the commence* 
whole letters of the teller's bill. ment of the 14th century. 

)V WRITHE, r. a, (pjii^an, Saxon.) 1. The bark of trees was also used for writing 
To distort; to deform with di<>tortion {Shak,). by the ancients, and is so still in several oarU 
S. To twist with violence (Addison). 3. To of Asia. The same thing may be said ot the 
wrest; to force by violence; to torture; to leaves of trees. It is needless to observe the 
ihuifn( Hooker). 4. To twist (Dryt^n). use of parchment and vellum, papyrus and 

To Writhe, v. ji. To be convolved with pajier, for writing; it is too well known. ITic 
^offiy or ton ore (Addison). method of fabricating these substances has 

WRITHED. Contortoplicatns. In bo- been already de<cribed as they occurred in the 
tmnj, twisted very much. See Tortuous, order of the alphabet. 

This word is sometimes confounded with It i» obvious, that when men wrate, or 
fbreathed, which is of very different import. rather engraved, on hanl subsUnccs, instru* 
* WRinlNG. f. (from writ.) I. A legal ments of metal were necosnry, such as the 
Rtstruincnt; as the writings of an estate chisel and thr stylus ; but the fatter was chiefly 
iSetler). 2. A composure; a book (Hooker), used for writing upon boanis, wax^ lablctStf 
i. A written pa])er of any kind (Shakspeare). ot on bark. 



When iht ancicTits wraiF mi lofler ma(enali> 
♦h Lin wood Of nie'«l, other iluiriiini 
OMil fell -ivriiin^ wiiht «f wliicli rctils anil 
caiics seem m have bteii the first. Rcedit >ii(l 
nnn me ttill ii9«l as iiiHrunirnia for vrriiiiig 
wrth by iheTartjn. the lodiain. ihc Persi.uf . 
(he Turks, and the Greeks, P«nci1i made of 
hair are tued by the Chiii«e for llieirwritin": 
Aey first' Ijijrtefy their ink, and dip their ven- 
dls into it: Hnir-mAdh have likewise been 
ifwd f^^r(vriti"B ill Europe. Larjecflpltaltcl- 
tere weVe ,'ipade wiilj, tliem from ihc ticiF p^ 
the Rnman cnipcrors Itll tlie l6th cftiuiry, 
A^ the, .invoiiliwn of prJnltHK they were 
drawn by the Ultiminaion. Quilkof geew, 
twana, peacocks, cfotva, and oilier birds, have 
bocit' used in these wuiwrn pns for wriiing 
with, Uut hon long is not taty lo atccriain. 
B(. I»i<lofe. of Seville, who lived abont the 
middle iif the 7ih ccniiTn, detcrllies a pen 
made or a quill at uwd in histime. 

Methvd •>/ Teitonp^ decoyrd ffri!iig3. — In 
lhe77t'i vol. of the Phil Trans, there is a 

Slier <m this subjcel by ur Charles Bja^en. 
ie nf A\ti best mctbodi ,nc (ftiind upon m- 
|ieiiineni to tiCi coiitnTWt the letters with 
(ihlogiMicsicd or pruisic nlknli, mth the ad- 
diiiou of a diluted minercl acid ; upon the ap- 
plieaiiofi of which,* tbo ktteis changed very 



oohnr,' which, by hlonitia the parchment, di 

Iracit greatly fmin the le|;ibi[iiy, the alkali 

-^ould be ]iat on first, and the diluted a dil 

added u]>iin il. The method found to ao^n-rr 

beit lias Iteen, m spread the itlkali thin with a 

feathc' OTer the traces ••( the tellen, and then 

Id toireh it gently, as nearly upon or over the 

k-rtera as can be done, wttn me diluted acid, 

by means of a feather or a hit of stieit cut to n 

blont pgini. Though the tlkali should oc- 

easion no sensible change of Colour, yet the 

moment ihc acid comes upon il, every Irtee of 

a letter turns at onw to a hne bine, whieb soon 

acqnins its full intensity, atid is beyond com- 

parnon stronger than the colour of the original 

— SBce had been. If, Ihen, the corner of a bit 

jfldnttlnit paper be carefnlly and dexicraualy 

"'"' ear the lelleri, so m to imbibe the 

js liquor, the staining of the parchment 

ly bcin a ercatineaiure avoided; fortiisihii 

rfluinis liquor wftich, absorbing part of the 

lilonrlQg matter from the letters, becomes a 

'v ti) whatever it touchn. Care must be 

bentiiit to bring the blotting paper in eon- 

ihe letters, because the rolmiring 

_Mler h soft wbilat wet, and may umIj be 

llbbcd off. The acid chicRy emploved (ras 

'C murine ; but bethiliecilrtulie Nnd nitrous 

eed very well. lAwy should be so far 

"" " ot to be in danger of eorrodii>g the 

after which the degree ol jtrengih 

.!ni»o**"'nittttcrttl'niurh nieeiy. 

Ifr-Vitmwos Xloitrbiuonl for eupyinf). See 

* WaiYirft-iNK, thcliqunruied fnrlhepur- 
■^'MMUfntHlte.utiialtvor^tihUiHilour. 
p^' 1b the UUelalWKHeUiffelwtieedUietarioiu 




Minn wH 111 ,, . _ 
bti'DniwlEUXhvFRiirhi 

Uf I) MM. Berlhollel, Vnuquctio, mnd Oiycia, 
upon » lai'iimir iif M\ Tarrt'ii, eaaUlDll)| an. 
riely of iu^uirits iu Itri-I relaOBo tu the Mti)M 
bernreni.NDdof IniiiiiiiPhhDpurhOl^tabeMitl- 
lHl. We idikll mer-lbre (Ue l( »■ the aMiltirf 
farniill«h)BliUlet«p.irluN(l«KxodMi«Ili«ai4li 
iu lbe\iinaladeOMi»ie,.4U,lKiv. 1" 

TJle ulitieM of this mMMir (rW <an>MI»1-4. 
Thefiroouin cn>pl4>;«d to* 4ia<*w«taf onW^ 
froi paper. 2. U.epnrmMt faMIW t il t ** 
'- - wUoh have be«i np;«viotl} dftllMiit«4.> « 



TtaclH 



".inf n 



ThB followiiv ir«n«bridKiiHM nCllMak' 
sbrvUiuRs ODDlaiiynl uixlge titnr rMpa^N 

l.—P,oefitl, fat'jiilbnrtinf trrftk0,_ \ 
TheartafdiaebMTcinff»T«tlBgia. a i Hi aa t lfci, 
■nd the mnss emplajad 'trr tea; liialplr. t>^ 
faol, we knoir that it ia iiith isM tm M^aira* 
wrilleB paper nith ■•]' aaidi,-«lMatha«Mv 
vrill Krailuiillj diaapyear. IlolaHlkr Mi4ik^ 
■iotl>eeiuplo>edwitk«iiu>l«Ui-.a^ St i a m tmil 

Ottten eBrrode anil tvadn- tbe ; ipil aMtnlii 

lo make choirs of an >eld«liidk*kaU MiMlli 
wriliD^DDtr, KJthniUli^uriiigUirpapvriul*. 
ins !t a eulDUt dlfleml froM Ik^whiAH^M 

In erdirr t» dismtrr tueii' i4 llH aiMaaaM 
best suited far lb* opcrstiiui i*. ^m^.*, * 
Blithor detenaiBrd la lubnll nowiH*- ailtii 
ink la II w afllioB of dUrnenl aiid^ muj In il i w 
tmntallj the pbrnoneaa whid 
seal at lb* time of Ibrir uUta 
him, Ihe lulpliurte arid eaall) laliM oat ivitiM, 
but at the tame Ume U give* an oil f tlMMIkt 
paper. 

Theaeld Milatorpolsth pmdnora buitc, art- 
tain and more prompt rfteta. I'ln c^ jtiaia * 
Diurittie ai-iJ, if it be newly ikadr. ■arai tu v 
preferable to the abate two ■rl<i.. 
sametiawthaili takeimilibr n 
IliP paper wilhoiil allerlni; Ir. 

It Is not the lamc raw I'll!: 
wliirh nlwajt tiUiA qui the int, 
Iralet the paper ami faraualiniL u ■ml.'ti"^ 
lines orayeltow colour. 

Wc tnaj .urceed, howiNer, !■ larWa^Wt 
their effi-oti, b; takiBf the piv<-aa1iaii i*<Kk 
Uie nitric add witli a nunrient iiiianilty arM*, 
or to mth the paper JitinmliaU^f aflar tfa «A- 
ing ha* been taken nut. 

A Mixture or the maHalie aad al^lr adh k) 
hK a alow allun Itjma wrillac. II bl i&«lM *» 
paper and doea iinl ap(>ow tti «nimiiiMi,M 
whrti we «iBpln)r the oitrip i> id aJiwir. 

In general, whatcier be the hisd of arU tm- 
ployed todU<t«f|e «mine. it S sIWAtv jfr^r- 
ihen IbeuptraiHiiii. T" n.i-.i.'.t i.. ■■:- ii---- 



peril 



H, In «r.1 



bin«lan wltt.-h II.. 
parliolei ofinl^ mh v 
M. Tarrj, at ir,. 
doetnatnullovtMviv 



~ W R I 

<«wiiw ink vitk ' the •ridii, m Ita mm- 
I'll qultBilibrfal faun that wh ilk wc oh 
\mt alM kindL So (m ftvm ib« Mid* 
« Ctriak ink, tbvy lakke il, oa Ibe a*n- 
f ■ deap blu-K : it Oksout be iU«:h>rg*d 
«*ttMH«uiDgit. 

ticf$tetfor archttuntng uhal fS'nIina flas bftn 
\ufrd for KM>f(Ai*s lairn ml, a"^ M'iMi 
•ting tit tt'nluif ic)at\ Au duafiptared. 
U aM!thr»d* obicb b«vr hen (inn (vr A\»- 
■ writinf DDnrUt, >■■ mboTemcDtieard. In 
oang Qie ink uid in forcing it* (nnititu- 
'U ta form nttMf conibinktiens. Tbeu 
ktioiUi bciiif tl«oaapo(«l iu their turn by 
it Agmtjt, 'may regva > lint, whiiJi, if it 

Ibkt of ink, aX Iriiit eitiibila a abide 
leoMnefl jwripptibLe enougli for ascertain- 

kHtriiad WDi'di whidi had been Iricvd 
pBjx r brforv it was touched bj tbe uid*. 

pllio arid iis Bfcerdiog to tbe author, 
'Iiirb in Ihii cue su«cedB 




III. 

Uqnid pruxiiat of li 



e alM> prod up 



Mmecaw ailfa the alkaliDehitdraKcn- 
UuratK <Bnt it ia tct; rrruin that 
aMaia aty aucceaa fi-oni the ewploy- 



«*V •" 'n>r ruXIr roDKire, that in iMa 
• •sMHliwnaiitrtBortheink which were 
•d vMrlAe and, and bsrl f.'rnipd inlta it 
Bi^*ilabl||>tn Tralar, hbnng been ttikm 
MttuMjni^rDOl to leaie any Iran of 
lialance loBKer; aiitf: Mnia]ueii1l]r it il 
tWe thai tbe a«inin rmpluyHl far di)ro- 
UWBi cMi nndertham •l*ihle. 
•du far thia rtiaton fliat the Kt\\\« add, 
uid'prumdal at linM, ihe alkaline hjrdM- 
I taliiliurdii. and tn ma.n-fm'hei r*«ipMM 
ha*e bn'D *o luurh prahed, of Bo longer 
iHed al Infidiblu nteUnUa for reviving 

HI. — illfiJWnKlI q/ GirMK"! /nl". 

\ <^ yif lBb.iui>^. in aw ire of a bad 
[■-.^W? *™ s^pojaaaeaunly deilrojrd; 
ItapwcetrtiMy ia>e their Liack colour, ii^ 
I a ynlloM, opt ;, leieral, aRer a liuiglh uf 
nter inlolhcKaper, aud,Apail it; latlljr, 
kn »na wbicb are tn\ pak and tbeu bc- 

tlntv dlflbrrnnes ante rum (lie nature of 
nlanpe* whiih hate been nnplojrMl in Ihe 
I of (he ink. 



, - e^JUHca/ AgenU. 
The anthor deaetibci hli infantion in Ibe fl>l- 
lainait worda: 

. "■ iij ink ia founded upon principleii didrroat 
from Iboae of all olhi-rs. It mntaiaa arilber 
gall-nut*, Braiil wood, or Campeacfyi <Ht"i >■■" 
ant preparation of iraa : il it purvly vegetable, 
reiilsta the actina of Ihr moll powerful vegcl^i 
ble», the moit higbly oiincentraled allutiDe »lu- 
tlona, and, Anally, ail Uie mItmIi. 

" Tbe Dllric add aeti Terr feebly upon Ibe 
writing performed wiih thU ink. The axynni- 
rfntle >«id make* it aMiimc the nihiur of pi' 
geunt' dung. After thr artion nf th)> Utfl add, Iha 
rauilic alkaline aoluliona reduee it to Ihe mlnut 
of rar'buret of Iron: the eharactrra of the writ- 
ing aererlhelcsi remain wilhool alteration, aaJ 
it (SDnot pa« tbrough these diffenait alatca <»• 
tept after long marcniiuna. The pril)''i|ilea of 
which it i* couipowd render il incorrDplible, and 
it can retain id properties many yean." 

The reiulU wbicb we obtained oiinrided eii- 
lirely with Iboae of tbe aulbuf, and we h'are do 
heallatlon io •■ying, tbai hit i« the brat wv hate 
erer wM iif the klod which in called indellbla 
Ink. His liable, howptrr.tudrpnvl a •cdiiR'UT, 
a ditadTiDtage whivhwettimk might bf reii>nvr4 
by M. Tarry atler n few more e«|wrimf IIM ' Wa 
hale tried to diubarfe it with all the kanwa 
ehemiralngeulK, but without «SiM<t. Il }«t re- 
wains howekei for M. TarTy toMmmunitala Uf 
proft'U to tha public 

VVRirnNUMASTER.1. OaewholeMbw 
to write (Dryifra). < 

WUlTiEN. The participle (••*«, of 

WRUIKKN. The part', paia. otTo wreai. 

\\'BONG. t. tfr^njc^twxuo.) lAniiv- 
jury 1 a deiigne^l or knosvu idetriraant i not 
liglii.^ Dot juiiicr(i>ryf^V 9. Eirour ; not 
rixlilt KOI truth (Reuommeu). 

Wkohg. o. (bum ihc noun.) I- Noti«»- 
rdly right ; iioi jmi i not agreeable i« pra- 
prietv or truth l,idiii'i-n). 2. Not fbif- 
MOalif right; unlit i uniuitibic CSwi/9). 2, 
ActiriR imiKOpcriv {i'oitllg), -^n 

VVnoNc.atf. Noiiizliily.i nnii«(i^e)... 

^0 VVooNo.v. a. (fTom tlienuun.) l^in- 



ituurHius pcrwii {Aflfffa). , 

W KONtiER. •. (I>t.i» terang.) He thai »- 
Jurci ; he that dati wtniif (Aa£-igA), 

WHCNUniL-a. (wrong m^Jvll-y In- 



.nrthi(kind.th 
'eireH.»ei>iv b 
Bat diir 



Ut il furred to admit that 
my ndp* lupetior In that 
■ publiihi-d by Lewia. Thin ink, 
iof to sar avlh'wr, ininbinai eicry adtan- 
bat WA mual Dbienc that it it no nwra ex- 
than the ff^l rron being dluuUed in tbe 
and in tbianupertllhaa an isconvenioncr 
tbow wknwi-h to dlwAarge writing from 
koow rary <"-I1 how Is profll by. ThU 
■MaDK, no dnubl, iDdiinxl M. Tarry to 
■OHM new (^ptTiment* In order to obt^D 
wfcleta mbould be inalterable by rbaminl 
H M^b«»ppcanK| M.lalHie*uc«Bedc<l 



jj^*^-*: 



WttONfih'ULLY. eil. Unii»tl«(SUR<«|. 

WRl/NGIlliAI). Whokgme'am*. •. 
(m-ong and Arai^,) Having ■ pervMrw ii(i4tr< 
UaadinK IPop*)- 

WnaNGLBSSLY. ad. Ittom wrMgUn.) 
Williout injury to any (A'ldnc^). ' 

WRU'NC^LY.mI iimawrmg.) Ut^mC^^ 
ani'x iLvckt). 

WKUTE. Theptel. andpcrt. nfmifr. - 

WROTH, (ppn. Saxutii trrarf, Daniab.) 
Ai<EC%' : mil iif use (twnmij. 

VVRarHAM, a town in Kciti, with a 
matk i-l on Tttcaday . Il hat a itofit church, in 
,wtucli uie ittaU^, Mip|>OK<I la bata b««i 



o for the clergy aitf ndlng the Brchbishi]! 
at Caiiierbury. who haJ a pnlace lictc, lili 
■)chbiaho|i Ipiity, in the 14th century, <it- 
molisheil ii, ami built tmnilier ut Maidtuine. 
It i< 11 miles W-N-VV. of Maidiion., and 5* 
S.E of l^indon. Lob. 0. »4 E. Lai. 61. 18 N. 

WHOUGHT. (j.po5b, SAon; The prei. 
Mid i'»(I. paM. R« it sinrm^, of icnnt; as the 
t)ui«n BifTct^ maVrs gerochl.'^ 1 . EfTcctcd ; 
pfrformed {Stephrni). a. lofliicnced ; pre- 
yailtd on iSlillo'i). 3. Froi'ucird; CBi>t>nl 
(Adduitt). 4. AttHineJ ; wnikcil iMdlan), 
6. Guiiird; labourol {Sliakspcart). 6. OpC~ 
raled , t.Wii/on). 7- Uicil in Ishour (De«- 
inwNAny). B. Worked ; dtiv«n t^con]. y. 
ActaaltiHIhyden). 10. MRniifaciuTed(Aa/.). 
II. Fiirmtd (3 O'Tinlhiaus). 12. Excitai by 
Af^r.- {Sirifi). iS.Guidtd; managed (Aff A 
'fan). 14, Agirati-dj djsturbnl {Skakipeari). 

WHUNO. The pret. aiid part. pass, of 
tmng. 

WRY", a, (from jcfili/.) l. Crooked; dcr 
yUdngl'mm iherifiht ditrction (.Siilaey). 2. 
j!)i*iotJert (i<rfM(/i"«>0. 3. Wrtrng; per'cried ; 
wr(si«l£W»irW«). 

' n Wftv. I-. «. {from the arijeclive.) To be 
icbntonnl and wnihcif; to deviate from tlw 
ligbt 'liieciion (Sandui), 

Jo Wrv, 0. a. ffrom ihe adjcclivt.) To 
ffiake; itnleMatc; to disioil (Sidncn). 

WRYNE.(:K,innmiiholnCT. SecYrxK. 

WULFKMA. in boi&ny. a geni't of ihe 
clau diamlnn, Order monogynia. Carol rin- 
Ipiu ; upj>cr hp ihorl, entire ; lower lip ihree- 
parlMl ; ihnial bearded ; calyx five-patird ; 
capsule two r(41ed. Ope tpefiea; a stemlesi 
plimnrCaunLhij, with ueduuclcd, one rotved, 

■ WURMBEU, in boiany.'a grmi nf the 
class hfxaniltij, order irif^ynii. CalVillfW ; 
carol Mx-|iarie(l, wuh a tii-angled (ubej fib- 
nenti inkcrifd in ihe throat- Three species ; 
heriisofthi'Capf. 

WURTKNHUHG. See WimnMBtTRd. 

WtJRTZBL'HG, a diichy of Gerniflnv, 
oooiprchcndiDK fl Ecot part of Franconia. 1 1 
is Hb miles l<iiia and Ml broad ; bniinded cix 
the N. by Hennriierfi, E. by Bamberg, S. by 
Atiipaloh, Hohrolohe, and Meri(eiilhi.'im, anil 
W, by Werlhelm. Menw. and Fulda. The 

wine than ihc r ' 
torriioiy nai ^'i'-' !■ 

i»f th« empire; bill it «-B3 giien ai a prin- 
cipality ID the elecior of Bavaria, in 1H03 ; sad 
by the treaty t>( Preebtii^. in 180£, il vi3t 
ceded to the archduke Ferdinand. whoM elec- 
total title was itamfkitred from Salzburg to ihia 
place. 

,'. WDIIT7BIIIIC, a fiiiiified oity ofFrsnoonia, 
capital of n duchy of the same rmme, with % 
najtnificeni palace, an univerahy. an atjenal, 
•iid ■ handwnnc hospttal. The Ibriress stand;! 

'cily by ■ ttoiie bndge; it includes the lale 
'^piscoDal pdacr, andachuivh, tnppowd to be 
tbc oldcu in fniwfpij. .Baaidc the uihcdial, 



il 



W Y C 

iherp are several collegia tesndpwiihdtuieba, 
colleges, abbirs. ami convents. Here is ar 
rton and' belt foundciy, »I»o cloth and ■ 
manurBciurci nOblitihed in the huitie of . . 
rtclinn. Wurliburg ma taken, in ITjB, 
by the French, who were defrjinl hcie nwa 
after, and the eity retaken ; but tiny tvcaiM 
matters <if it again in 1800. It is seated on tlie 
Maine. 40 miles W.S.W. of BamberR, wd 
()6E.S.ii.ofFriukio>i. Lon. iO. 14 h. Ui. 
4S. 4fi N. 

WUBZEN. or WoRTzEir. ■ in«a .f 
UjipCT Saxony, iti iMtsuia, wnh a cattle, it 
was formerly a bishop's $ee ; and has a catb(> 
dial and two churches. Here are fine bleacb- 
ins grounds f'lr linfti; but the ptmcipil irwh 



W7CHERLEV (W'ili;«n.).a comic wm«, 
bom at CIcvc, -Shropsliirc, ilJ4o. At lihs 
>veul to Fr.toce. where he embr.ieed lli« H* 
man catholic te.ie is, and on hii retiitn in iinA, 
he resided at Oxford, thnnjrit not as tiiembii 
of the university. He rciunieil t» <hep»- 
lesimii faiih, anil entered at the MiJdleTeiA 
pl^, but preferred litenture lo the law, W 
10 years lie produfed four c^ediej : tjnt^ 
a Wikm!; the Grnileman T}3Dciii^ MiMCr; 
pUin Dealer ; and Cnuotry Wifr ; ,">iuitt<l »■ 
gelher in |7I3: sad ili|i populaiii) of ihtt* >ii 
roinnitudtd him to the uoiicc o( the gieaiiDl 
the fait. >le was DOtieed not only tn- VlJJien, 
duke of Buckitighaoi, and by tbe iluchtn sf 
Cleveland, who adnutled hiui to the )a«idfr 
grcc uf intimacy, but by Charle* II. wbs 
viiiiied hioi when ill, and eiiableil him w rt- 
mnvc to the ^outh ot France fi>r bis htJth- 
Oii hid return, Wycheiley »»■ ofTetcrf byihs 
Ving the pbcc of goiefnor lo Mi 'f>n ; bol ti* 
msriiape with "th# eountciit of Drogtud* of- 
fended his royal patron. Thou^ih the cnntest, 
who wa^t fond of him to a tidicnlovj dtgi«, J 
bestowed on htm all her prt)|icti>, yet at bet I 
deiih soon after, his right was d^ipnied, ft \ 
in consequence of kiw (uils he was tbmM 
into' piison. Here be languished for arw 
vears, till James IL goini lo see the Pliio 
Dealer, was so pleased nilh it, ibai he offered 
thedfbisrtf the auihof. and sen ltd la 



.■r ■:■ 



\\* 



rtcd, nnd with ibis singular passion, lie tnak 
(ot his second wife ■ lady worth ISOOl. sad 
died eleven days after, in i7IB. Besides hn 
comedies be wrote pnems, * fiilio Tt>tii<Derf 
which appeared in 1704, and his posthumnB 
works, in iirose and verse, were pubtiihed bv 
ThchalJ. ■ ■ r ■ 

WYCKF (Thomas^ of Haerlem, -as emj- 
pem as a painter. His jea-poits, and kii 
.jnsrine views, drawn in Italy, iverc biftbh a^ 
miiod. He di.d in mH, '^rd ^u. >Im sm 
Jaha resided for aonK vears in London, when 
he issif ted Kuelkr. f] ii idintinm of battles. 
and especially of hui>tt, displa^nl Miprnoc c»- 



WYK WYR 

• He died in London^ ITOfi, aged che&terj bywhomhewasmaiouiiiedatschoo 

at Winchester^ afterwards taken into his fa* 

X)MB,orH;6HWTcoMB, a borough mily, and appointed his secretary. Uvedak. 

(inffhanishire^ governed by a mayor, and Edvngdoii, bishop of Winchester, intro-, 

narket on Friday. . In 1744 a Roman duced him to king Edward IIL He wasap* 

d pavement wa^ discovered in an ad- pointed surve^r of tlie royal buildings, and 

leadow , and near it are manv corn and also chief justice in Eyre. , It was by nis ad<- 

tills. It is seated on the Wyck, 18 vice that the king built Windsor castle in the 

S.E. of Aylesbury, and 31W.N.W. of magnificent manner in which it now apiieart.' 

f n 1359 he was constituted chief warden and 

if a town in Kent, with a market on surve}orofthe king's castles of Windsor, Leeds, 

ly, seated on the Stour, 10 miles S. ef Dover, and Hadlam ; in 1363, warden and 

urv, and 66 S.E, of London. Lon. justiciaiyof the king*s forests on this side Trent ; 

Lat. 51. 10 N. Keeper of the privy seal in 1364; within two 

, a river of South Wales, which issuing years after secretary to the king ; and itt* 1367_ 

lynlimmon-liill, veti[^near the source of he succeeded Edyngdbn in the. see of \^n[n^ 

im, crosses the N.£. comer of Rad- Chester; and in the same year was jcoostitutcif 

'• f^^'ing name to the town of Rhyader- cfaaucellor of England, in which he continued 

'all of the Wye), where it is prrcini- lill 1371. He was not wanting in attention to 

a cauract. Then flowing between this his diocese. He repaired the palaces andhouaes 

nd Brecknockshire, it crosses Hereford- belonging to his see at a^reat expence, audi 

id dividing the counties of Gloucester was very active in establishing strict discipline 

nmouth, £lls into the mouth of the and reforming abuses.— -He founded Newc^U 

below Chepstow. The romantic beau- )ege, Oxford, and tHa^ at Winchester. ^ H# 

he Wye, which (lows in a deep bed, died at Sooth Waltham in 1404. ' J 

I lofty rocks clothed with hanging WYMONDHAM, orWiVDHAM, a towti[ 

indKereand there crowned by ruined in Norfolk, with a miurket pn Friday The 

have employed the descriptive powert steeple of the church is very hi^^ on U^'i^a& 

m and pencil. " huns Ket, the rebel, in the reiffn of Ed^ 

• a river in Derbyshire, which rises in ward VI. It is nine miles S.S.W. of Norwichj^ 
y. part, above Buxton, and flowing and lOo'N.N^E. of LondoO. Loil 1.'6£. 
la into the I>erwent, below Bakewcll. Lat. 62. 30* N. 

, a town of Swiixerland, in a territory W YI^ENDALE, a town of Aostrian 

bbey of St. Gallen, with a palace. It Flanders, inhere e^n^I Webb, in 17O8, witi). 

on an eminence, 16 miles S.S.W. of 6000 mep only, defeated 1^4,000 French. It 

ee. Lon. 9. 4 E. Lat. 47. 34 N. is'eisht miles E.N.E. of Dixmudjc. 

iCEHAM (.William of) an illustrious WYRE, a river in Liticashire, which riaei 

prelate, born at Wykeham, in Hamp- near Wyreadale, six miles' S.E.' of Lancaster, 

1 1324. He owed his greatness to a and passing by Garstang,' enters the Iri^ ft^ 

I patron, NichoLisUvedaie, lord of the bejow Poulton 
if Wykeham, and governor of Win* 



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^(T A donUe consansnt, aDd dve'fwtntjr. 
y\f trcimd leiiri in the Enfdisti'ali^htbeii 
wliicti, huvt'trver, beeii|> ng £rif,lit{'l \vnid, 

The J- nr i1ie I^iim, and £ iiT, the Gicckt, 
4U« ctiiopoiiiided of a, and « i^ whence to 
thin d^ji ihe IcUer j, in i,\^e Enftli^ aDil 
FtHich. hu the t^n' m-iuA %vith CI, HI k4. 
Thu* we pumouiice 4Urmudrr, cuielly as. if 
.wriiicn A'^uandet, <m Althander.- iji^ . ii 
- TVx lalian- hMcino j' ui nil invhrir !*»• 

frufce, bu( bith fpi-alfltiiic) wr)ic Atmandra, 
lit gi.:.iiiaK(» ji(.>f«,iifice thf r', rftt*' our c 
^e'aj'ir?. Alejandro, u ifit wefe^'.^^/tf- 
dJi*o'. Tl'C Potlueu^e pronounce if, tike 
jA _ " ' '. 

\ Til' jjreisfljVjofd^, U3fd in^Engliih. weffime- 

^ TtiU Ict^ ii not kcou n >D tii« Heb'ew. or 
<Khel oticutal bn^iMgeii hut, i in lieu ol, it, 
-Ibey.wtiu ihe^ma umpleleuemahereof k'u 

cnnip'Minded. Ar.d ilie like do ihe modem 

Ottmani. 

' ''Petrr DlatoniM relatei, ihat ihe leitn' X 
-WM' imrodniccd inltf ih» Romaii »luh»bet in 

the t!n]f tif Augustus; and that, befor* his 
'rei'gii, iht Rlimjiii ^ufipned Ihf want of It l>y 

O^tUdiT^ C ir^_ S- Uii Mr; Aailc .ihsmei, 

pt thVia.a am.aU; the Ih.m 5L ben% 
'Iqua'l in tl^ l^ileiin pillar,.) ascribed' in the 

yiwr, nf 5o.ii« 40*. and "^O before Chrihl. 

.Unttfi aTH^ Progr^tf -of Writing, p. 78. 

. X-ia»tM''fU]Ba«i*l'IelieT, and si^niiiei ten; 

•1 fpre^emiEig twu V't placed viic at l^p of 

tlMmtlim;- bee Vi- 

■■■:.S^£iipTa-4*mr^ imntraMi dot re/itfudai, 
'(W,^*pn ^^ BaJ,, iIjuaX'. it Minifies a tliou- 
'«tldi and when a dash is adileil over ti, X, 
dt ti^nMIM un it>(nnMrf. ' I h^orc X tlenefr; 
(he 9iiblracti(nT,"aM'^f\er X the «)di<1ni) of 
^Wiil; ih<JsIX=iiQ,tti(i*I = n. Xbefore 
L AiXl. de^otbihe siif.rfi-tion r.f io fVoi^ SO, 
(irlOO. ,Tli..iXL=*).ii.dXC^.'(tfl:\' 

j. X-OJl I'ie Pmifji CfilW*. tlfJOOlei lh,(ifu tUuck 

, jit,jAiiutn(. -,ii ■ I, 

.,,, M^coi'irn laeettvjuiiiba GteckldiienX and 
.'PjiMfwl iii'ihw'iMtn'ef^t «aam>)NH medab. 
■7M flnt'wvMd nfe on waelUM'bmdi Mm 



AX 



' I' > fl irt«i> iMTw) .Inluia^aa , 



oTAe Ptokniaa,kiiigr.ar£g]>ps^ wlywii «■ 
pbced on a civil acanunt. , ■ •'.-■-\ , r* 
Soaiewriicn ban- laken i) I«a4na«^ 
otticrs for ihe initMl tetlei«'of a pn>pn«li«t 
but a^ no RBwcis arc aMif^ed foriMMva 
ihlMo Oi^.cKictfi, Mr. Witd ralhat iMpON 
it an abbti->tau.'nof th^orctJ XtHitAimaim, 
iai^itatii omi\<M\fite*!i\ to Hraota Uiala** 
r*acy a* nimey; Mhirh lAiiicht bVAMrit 
pTttprr; tat [hr> fa^ve DM thf M»ib'#* 
tiampcJ upon ihrni, like Cli*it^ 
rni,»; but aka>« l»lA of'V Jl.J, 
front, a.id «« eag^a fjlj^ip},.??, 1- ' 
un the rev4r»i-. ,. ,,^ ,.,^, - . ■ v' 

a Vtry. mBncty ,pmn^ by i.<(Mi«lyHV<»l»t 
G«a<, whQ D>a4a »>-«ll t|. lOjdiisaMxjucTMv 
both in hi* cuifH and wiibitaij aailfioan -^— 
in 1m vu foU*w(il ngt aatlv byM>aHi| 



.ntietnpero 

oui(ildeToiuui,)koiwHin U 

olensil'ii ■ ■■ . ""^ 

It afterwards eaiOe ib'tif t«ed n«r«frVi 
critical note. 10 poir.f nln^'mn'>tbbfc |>M» 
in mantijcrifiti ; arhf'^i^A'ii'^Riod ftw ihtiep- 
liuUbf itpHCiMOK. »i^,uL a> w^UanjAoo 
Ifi^^l^e, Ojig. lib. i. cjp..20. ^ r 
, X.4BEA, a wivpriof Suuj>.inVakac>>. 
ia ifiilfliN-E, of Allcant..«t«l S4,S,S.W.<.f 
;ValrlK:i«.: luon. O. 25 £. Lai. 38. 40 K.* 

XACCA, ot baccA. • aeapnn W' Stfth, 
wiib an vld a^le. It ii .keanxl oti ibe S. 
toasi uf the ialand, at the Am hf a niWh 
lain, SO mitw S . l-_ of M«,*ni, an(r4l'9a.W. 
•f ftitermo. ' Lon. \3. 8 E. Lat. 37, 41 S. 

XAGUa, a Kspon on *f S. cittt tt dtt 
i*Ijiid of Cnba. one of the finest in Amm*. 
84 mi!« S.E. o( Havanna. Lon. 80. « w! 
Lat. 23. 10 N. 

XALAPA. a Io)vn of New ^paici. tn iW 
province of TIaicala. with-.i biaho^'i ar«. Ii 
CO mains abtMil (»o thousand inhaki'aaa. 
This tijwn ia said In yive nanir to.ih*fa^ 
gative root calli-d jaliip, or x>lai>. 4) if iR) 
inilei E. of Aofteto!. Lon. r)9, 40W. LM. 
ig. 39N. ' ■ ■ ■ 

XALISCO, a »wn nf NeWSpainl'ijilfc 
province of Guadalajara Propct 'M*Hf j«,jlc 

I io,'s W. Xii. «. 30 lj„ ^ ™^!^ 



X A N 



^^ONTinUM. Small burdock. In M^ 
ttDj, a ffina of llie «Im> manircui. onlcr peu- 
badm. Male: otys common, imbtkau:! 
Ivmi •nc^pcullcd. funnel-forni, tivc-cleft i 
McptBcle cluffy. Female j calyi iwo-lreve<!, 
nro-flowcrrd ; coTollm ; dtupe <li^-, pricLly, 
bi6J i nul inO'Ctllcd. Thrre »pec\ei: X. 
OiicnuU. ■ native of India: X ipinoaum, of 
Fr*[K« Mid Puitugal : X. iirunianoin, of nur 
<nvti country, and found on out diiiiB< 
bill*. Slciu unariDcd ) leave* heitt-shaprd, 
tttrw-ornrd ai iht baw. It was once csiermed 
in the cure of icn>[)hula, but, like incnt other 
KnMdtMagaiatI ihio dbeue, prova inetlrpiuat. 
The Mcdi At« administered itHcmally in tonic 
CDuntriet tjnin^i eryiiHlas. 

XANTHORJZA. in boUny, a genus of 
ibedu* pentioMlni, order polygynia- Calyx- 
Ins i pcul> live; Qcet'.iiies n>e, pedicel led i 
MpMllettii'e, Hiie-senJeil. Une surciet, a shrub 
aTCiuoltns and New Georitu, 'ntif feci hijhi 
Iwvn alieriiaie, pinoatcj flowen dark violet, 
nanklrd. and (ctmin: ' 

V xM'rii/~iuitun 



X A N 

or the Individual tree, ba| j 



XANTI10URH<£A. Yellow rr 
b baMBTi • ccoui of the tlui buandi 
fnia. Cur^ iii-|i«talled, pemu 

nakni i cajiiule Uirva-aidi 



.; Ua- 



nol fet been 

" ■ Hithertu bolanUl* have admitted only 
aperiet of \intbarrhica, llie ha^illi, Jnil " 
tioMHl: but at IrpH uf thin kind are 
tliraughnul the varlou* parti of New HoHi 
bn Pilcnt of oaUDlrj equal la all Eumpe, It 
very probable Ihal ni-versl apiTiei cxlut. 

<■ ' Ouiemor Pliilip, in hi* Voyage lo Boti 
Bay, |). iiO, and plate In p. 1 iO, )ia> giveD • 
'i?ffaiplelc deRcrlplion of Ibe lanlliorrhd^a ; i 
fl^re, ivliirll, thou|;h not very earcrully 
culi.<d, ii KulBeienI to alTordan idcaofthii e 
ordinary tree. 

" ' II it parlirularly abundant at Geogra) 
Bay, Itfuwin'i Laud, an ' * 
lany Bay; and appran 

barrm mil. The nhnvU, niiifh tbc Mvagvl 
for tlieir, apnra, extend lo the tcaglh of thl 
four, or even five yardi ; and are nearly otj 
KBnie liie, nhich i* icarrety eiiiial to It 
Ihumb, ihn>uf[hout IhL-'r who^ lenfcih, 
"'Earlinf IbeM tliiinUU'miinale'^in 
•pike, or ear, nfa larger nite, and fron Bfli-.. ._ 
«<rmty-foUF inohri lonp; IVom tlic >urfBre if 
whieli exudn a kind oi' tlMnua liquor, of a pl«*- 
■Hntueahartnetaitr, andaMruuiiarDiuatlewitel). 
The navaeek are very liind of it ; and 1 faund^it. 



a<UI«, 



Onu 



tupt of tbe XI 



JlMrtb Wain. 

Vat llMO(h al prHenl wo do nol know of more 
IbM one •necim belouEinc tu thii geniii, «■ have 
~fMMnt«ho1leve there are varlaniolbvra. F.om 
IteSnriBC - ttb a kind of yellow gum, l>r. flmllh 
baa claaa la Ihli |llanl Um eoMrie nam* of nan- 
llmlkiiia, «bteh it a Greek eompound to eiprtu 
Am EaitIM ycUoir-iaii ; tod fniu the ortlinary 
Me ■irie<*ylbr Balivaof New Holland of the 
«WB4«f tha drteeMd opecia*, Ibal, we mean, of 
aMUilnjiiiff It Tor llieir ipran, hv haa given it tbe 
-.a ^ of haaJilu, whicli ii a l^tin term 



InBorttnt Ihia ■uuliralion. 

Tb«)« 

oTa V 



• jelfow 



■I nudn from the tree la 
nd, and emplnyed for the 
«M*t valuable phrpotea both la uinlicini and in 
tb* ar». The whole plant baa heare bm an 
ab)«n of Ulnale tnvesliKalian, both in our own 
ooUBlry and abroad.- and Ilia rallowiag la M. 
baugio'* valuahfc ilcirrlpliun both of lt> hialory 
aa4 chaaiical |in>penl(a, drawa up ehicay ' 
tafonxatiun eninioH ' ' '- ' " •" ' 

a»dalwbralnllraM 



e dixribed. To 
liorrlioca. lUc 1«- 
,iul.. [<^u<-llKi. 
whirh Ihey throw witb aurb ^Irvaglh and^akiU, 
that Ihey are <urc to ml qd' the ear al wbal 
length they pleaie at (he fint ilruke 

>" The minllonooBturmllylrOMilbe trunk of 
tbe tnv, making Ita way IhroUKh the halt. The 
porlion of the itCM thai is bulled la the laad 
appear* to funiith tbc (crealer pan ; atleaai ^argv 
pieeeii are foand In the liind, appnrettOy ilill ad- 
heriug lo the bark. Itanie of Ihra* iiietva Av («• 
markahtetbrlheperfci'lngutariljroriHirmpltvli- 
cal fonu. 

" ' Tbe Englinh emplny thii renin Accinrt^y- 
(entcry, for which tiicy erieoujl M eineUeal 
mrdinnr, Tbc •amgn aar il lor n^aqy dnin«». 
lie pnrpo'ea, and parlirularly for orawatinc the 
poiuU of their ipean tu the abaft, \Vllb tlfia 
MitiilaBec loo they prepare tbe eelelkraleO in«l«^ 

'nt that vrvrt lu .litrlian^ tlieir ipeari ; alM 



their flthlng iiuplm 



., ihcir « 



K> hill 
rrH.Peron. 



•t*Th»r- 



loitliin 



,' aaya M. 
frrva. ' eaude* naturally fran tbe bark of a 
ti«e peeulliu tn New ILnlland, and of whlrb Dr. 
fMlh ha* mad* a new Rcmia. under the oanic of 
aauUiurAica haililli ; Ihua Intending lo expreaa 
ia UH Irm the colour oftb* tnld of ihli alrange 






Li for IboiT ■) 



« olilrh (be ui 



ever, that Dr. 



Uhe r«iln il Kry IWqiirutty brown, ead like dra- 
laa'i bkMdi graea, &r. Uenoe Ihe diArnil 
■ail 1 iif Ji llnr. r*d, grvcn. Jke. gn« planl, or 
|W« li^, givca aimoil indlnrriadnalrly to (he 
MalbMvJm by Iba Kngli.h at Port Jarkion. 
Whrttef- tb>«n ta^letin of rolour indinle lo 
■uMy •IWdtr* or tarir^ea i.( thf trre that pro- 
4ar(a ikan, or dfpend aiepely on tbe age or 



Icf. They iikewlte ei<i|>fi>y it lo mile the Dfi 
of wounila, howervrlar)^ nr dancvrnu* Ib'cy Mn 
he i and I ha» wn ■nM healed in llii< wpfHf 
tba flnt intcolion, tbal lu>«e appeared lo Mft 
truly etlraordiaary. 
' 'Thcwnod oflhr xintliorrhata, wbeaburveii 

(Uilaaee troia Ihe lire, but aenned to ■nc'laa 
powrrrul if Inhalitl nearer. Hvtb ioderd la .|^ 
odurlnruu* aircnrlh urthii wooil, that you n>| 
ioinrllinn iliaroier a parly arMvacc* uuialiMB, 
a>|uarl<Tora Icai^e [half a wile] diataw, uMntr 
by the tmrll it rviila bi burning. 

" ' H. Mnnln>Mnue»n, foniicrly asnl of Ol^ 
French gaivmauyit to Ilydvr Alt Kliaa, I4U mt, 
on aeeing a (•*<¥ nf Ibv nanthnrrbira and amotl- 
ing to il, tlial It twy niui-b mvnihini Ihc 1 
braled ea^le wnnd, whirh iVlehn 
prirc in India, and the rounlry 
hiibrrio naknnwn to Eamprant. 
Mouran esnaidercil U a* by no meai . _ 

Uiat tbc Malagf, «ho io fai't iMva loug b^itT 
coniuardal Int<^uur<ie wilb New UoUaad, viall 



whirtrHb 
. MbKI«., 



ir^ If J.X A N T H O R R H CE Ai- V 

|||i#nMltapMe<maei»MlarUiciimntt»trHMB«, Ihii niacBt wSih iht yt^imr naii.'hft f'm ttht 

whirh hx hnlieicii la bt Ibu ea^la ffocd ilwlf.' ■ nilficical quistilf of it, lakn rrua ■ htlAtl 

' Tb« niin nt |1h^ ^tnllion-bcEait.ri^li;, md brougM hame by M- pcmD, >nd wbich W ■»- 

•uil) ■ciioTklFH inlo xralv! before Ilie naii. Ilb jetty, Ihv imynu JawrpbinCi itri|[iatd In *fN|t 

finrlli'c iixhinini; j«u^ fn<n[iu'l. Il hMa^'Uflrr from ttaiil oaiicator, u » tmiiiabtc praaf vt tk 

eoloiir, mil ■ k'fj plritniit lialuiniir hiuoU. r*- imlui^tr} or llm iuli<e«Df Nujt'i L^od- 

tcinblin^ thai of piiplar %ui1<. Whi-a tutili«d lit " A ]iiiDftr«il pwif of tbe hniim powdfr fur- 

« mort»r, it r'et", and mlhrm to it utroDcly- It ni>ti?d by Ihc rmnent trcredi^wted lo •l™t»1»l 

h rMidrryd trry p^rnriillblj (i(*i-lrir bj friiiion. 40* [»p. gr, 0-8fT|. Tito portlnnnoflMn li^slC 

Thapip^r on whr'h il hia b«*n put when pim- added in nicrvtiion were luSriMit to !■*# np ill 

datvd m*int vnoHch of It to BMiuire m d«pp jut- tbe min thai (be frmenl rnnlainrd. What rv- 

bvMlour, ntiicb cannot be rmioi-rd. KMiiuHt kHlT lh« simian of Ihc tlnibal ml 

'' Cipoml lu * iBcnlle bttt, it iuell>,inelUHp, IKilhinfC but ■ bladiiili fray powilrf, willMvl 

giieii aiit a ooDiltleiable portion of ai|u«ou» ta~ amrll or laur. Tlic neitht of Ih'i rmdBua 

Kur, diniiniahe* ia bulk, and Bnjturvi- a brown- nan 51 parli, H> that the alkobol bad Ukca ap 

i|red Doluurin^liains to purple. PlBitd on t'J, 

Ijurolat Mali, it ri>,e« |n denw fuw^i, ten pua-i " The altoholic ^ulion bad a itff Rd >«■ 

EpI, andao kUvhs't "roiaalie a> to be diugree- lour, and hm cx*ellj umilarlo (bat obialotd bj 

le; and aooD aRer il flHineB, anclU up eonai- inai.-vralln;; in the aanic menstruum Ibc ^IIm 

|«rabl}, and leaies ■ rerj bulk} uid rcrj llgbt re'.in, aHcr It hnd becu uiclled aod luraHl brow* 

#0«l)) reaiauum. bj hr«. On rtnponlion it yielded a i«l r"!*, 

-"" FrnmaVariFTyorciperliBenlttt appnrs.tbnt which bad all the eharactcr< of th« reain *f !•» 

Ika jellnii .uhMaoni wliith flows from Uw xan- xanlborrhm*. 

thn|Thtvai><oni[ni<>eduf alarge portion iiTruitln, " On tttr &I pin* net diuo lied hyllir aInM 

Cwubiuud Willi ■ Ibn bundredthi of ■ bind of I bnlluil lo dtjuexatmall quinli1,i ofniirii-afU, 

•puOii; K»<>'. intolubleiD water, of b»«iia acid, whlsb cauud the miduun In auquire • n^HH 

Utd of aMr; acrid, jelloHlbli ToUlile ail, ivrr Ullc that oToajdof irtm, and I Imriiid ibi* n- 

glcMant to Ihe aincll. aiduum wilK nnirialii- acid. After tlia •rdas rf 

' *' Tbe ]cllowii>ti 'ubilanceoflhexaatlloiTbvk thia acid, tha rmiduum, beii>( XJ piU^a, *«a a 

then Faimnt be cuniiilrred aa a iviin, property lo whilti, dry powdi-r, roufh to Ibe tiacr'i •"' ir. 

ifttWd ; tiait it dltlcri frii<i) reilnii in coalaininc leaibliaf Out annd. 

ribptoie Hrid, In wliidi il it indebted, at le»l in " A nil nun in, pn»ivd into the murialle uArtSn*! 

«infeme*uire.riiril>p1ra>an1 imellt and on lliis aepamled wtra pnrto nf oxyd of iron; aiidDn' 

aesount il leeni* to beioog rather lo the balaaiua, lat of nuiiuonii prndiiool • pneipitata c^atn- 

IbBB lu the rrnloii. lent to 3 pmrti of lin>e. 

i*-Wbmtiitrurkuieniot>,obscrTwM.LBu(irr,in " Thia rheniWI ciaiainalinn iifcnwn, Ibrt W 

Hm examinttiiiB of thi* jelluw aubalaooe, iaila part* ofllM minouii nuwul <uv fomad at 
ONfmhlMicv lo thai tualtn' wbieb the bica em- 

{Injr for tlopt>>D| rracka ia ib«'r bivei, and ta VtUow min . . . . W 

Wfh Ihn UBtDe ufpropotia h»» been given. J^jra aaiul 37 



eoacvalcd, e.vtiibilii Iho rliaraiMar* ol tlie yeilc 



... . , led to Ule » 

cfotM, ramportli itwlf in the name luaDiier. 100 
^ *■ liU Biii<idmd by nalurnliito tui aaeertaincd 

■Invn'l til' B (IcmoiKtrdion, Ibat the reiiaoui " It appear*, that nerenity hs(t*i>eM the *t- 

maitiT icbli-tl roien the buit* of poplar Irt'ei, UTeaofNcw Holland ■ praatin- whirh i-nf>i*i<n 

aM prcierneii (two) froni niulMurr, ia thnl n hich employ every day. I( baa lauelil Itwia In mil a 

Iho bei'i HI carefully rollart, to form ihrir pro- proper 4)iunl>ty of uod wilta the yollon rent 

I|ali«. Tb<- iDiell of IIiIa mailer, Hbii'h.ii prp- kept anioe ttue in fii<ioD, am) lbu« lo .mBpaie * 



luftliepropalis, itruDfly oenwot capable of arquiriiiK o 

■uppurtf IliUoiiiiiion. IB"*- 

''The HiurllnflheycllowiubatanKlooisMqiU "TbisiithetnadeiniThirlilbere 

lar Id thaloflbe pnplar biidd : and, if nv eannut railed in Ihe kbopt mcravera' wax, i* pirpairiL 

bence lufer ilt perfect identity irilb propolis, it Drickiluat it addrd In mniinon rrain • the ait- 

it> al Icasl rerlatn, that Ihc diOercace between luntin melled.and nut .n oioutdi ; aiidlbuaiili 

tbnn itlAO trill In* lo idmit tbeiuppoiition, Ibttt fomicd inio t*i eabei, whleli ura anid to ihert- 

Am* MMid uot employ Hie ]clto>v aubaluoie for graven. 1 have laliined myielf, thai lbi">n>Ba 

the Mme purpote. 'I^hia ecnjeelure, bon«ver, tlii« iiilxlure b*f been nellvd the bankr il >a. 

■itghl eniil] )«■ verified io rounlriex wlivnj tbe " 1 itRniined CDXTiven' want in ewmpcriii* 

li«e thai pri'drirea il n abondaully Rrowt. wilh the Cf^menl of UieuTixei of New llalla*4i 

••Tlie rMinlhaieJuM Hiulywdenliminlatbe aud I obtcned with aurprite, th&( Ibe pmpw 

coapoaili"' of ■ reinenl, wttirh Ibe nativ4"-of tioni of ^^^in and brickdtwt ware pneiwli II* 

Htm Uallan.l employ fur Hxiag Ihe 't.mc oV lam* with Ihow of tbe yellow reaiu aDd (Mid <a 

their hali'lH'iK lo Ibe hBuillr, andlor leriiriiig Iho the ceiuunl 1 analyted, 

poinU "f llieimiicnr*. Thi> n-nieul is CBpsblii 'I (t 4ppeared to me, luiw«Trr, thai the t>- 

ofa'iialrinjriui'ii barctneHi', tliai llivbardeni tub- graier)' was, tbough very hnrd, parflewlulf 

rtanrek eannol •rparnie it. or even loosen the when il bat bMU melted tever*! linm, ttlnfMir 

atont nntriu'd bj 1^ III colour i> » doepbrOHn; in aoliJity lo the remenl oflho nalitea of Ne" 

•nd ira rubb.tlE it r'nlli a frni;rafit nidcll, ivhldt Holland ; a dmerenn itial nay b* amrribed 1* 

doe* aot dlffrt- from rtn( of Ihe jellrtw r*«in. the diflt^rence brlwi-<>ii the rearftn, aoil Ihe pn*" 

" I wUatodMyaelf oftta eowplela ideatilj oT or leu force wilb wbieb their partidra rabet*." - 



X E B ' X E N 

XANTHOfXYLUM. Tooth^h-tree. la 24 cannon, and carry from 300 to 450 men, 

bnianj, a genus of the ctasa dioecia, order pen- iwo>thirds of whom are generally soldiers. 

Undria. Olyx five-parted, corolless. Female : ^ XENOCRATES, a celebraieil ancient Gre- 

pistils five ; capsules five, one^seeded. Two ctan philosopher, was bom at Chalcedon in 

species: X. irifoliatum, a Chinese shrub; the 95 ih Olympiad. At first he attached him- 

A. clava Hcrculis, a native of Jamaica. self to ^schines, but afterwasds became a dis- 

XANTIPPE, the wife of Socrates, and a ciple of Plato, who took much pains in cul-. 

ifDoian of a violent lempcf . The philosoplier tivating his genius, which was naturally heavy. 

was mH unacquainted with her disposiiion be- As long as Plato lived, Xenocrates was one of 

fofe he married her. Xenophon ask&l him* his most esteemed disciples; after his death he 

'^ why he iu that case married her?** ** Because closely adhered to his doctrine; and, in the. 

shecxercises my patience," said Socrates, ** and second year of the 1 1 0th Olympiad, he took 

in bearing her ilUhuniour, 1 am able to sup* the chair in the academy, as the successor of 

port eveiy thing ehe from others.'* Speusipiius. 

XATiVAf a town of Spain, .in Valencia. Xenocrates was celebrated among the Athe- 

Having taken the jnrt of Charles HI. in 1707, nians, not only for his wisdom, but for his vir* 

^ilip V. ordere<l it to be demolished, and a tues. He was an admirer of the mathematical* 

new town 10 be built, called St. PhiUp. It is sciences: and was so fully convinced of their 

Mated on tiie side of u iiill, at tlie foot of which utility, that when a young man, who was un^ 

runs the Xucar, 32 miles S.W. of Valencia, acquainted with geometry and astronomy, de* 

and AO N.W. of Alicant. Lon. 0. 14 W. sired admission into the academy, he refused 

Lat. 39. 4 N. ■ his request, sayiiiK> that he was not yet poa» 

' XAVIKR, or Sabi, the capital of the king- scssed of the handles of philosophy. In nne, 

dom of Whidah, on the slave coast of Gniiua. Xenocrates was eminent both- for ihe purity of 

h is not^ Ibr its gn-ot nnrket, which is held his morals and for his acquaintance with set- 

it th^ distance of a mile from the walls. The ence, and supported the credit of the Piatonio 

lAar^t-pIace is surrounded by suttlers* booths, school by his lrcturc?t, his writings, and his 

irhidi fie only permitted to sell certain sorts of conduct. He lived to the first ^ear of the 

medU a^.tifcf, pork, and the flesh of goats and 1 1 6th Olympiad, or the H2<\ of his age, wheii 

do^ ijere slaves of both sexes are bought he lost his life Ij)* accidentally falling, in the 

■qitt iold« as well as oxen, sheep, do^s, hogs, dark, into a rcscrroir of water, 

fish, and binls. Here are to be found various XENOPH ANES, the founder of the Deatie 

ohmmoditics of Whidau manufacture, and sect of philowphy an>ong the Greclu» was 

ncTv thing of Euro^iean, Asiatic, or African born at Coloohon probably about the 65th 

profuictioii. Xavier is seated one mile from Olympiad, trom some cause or other he left> 

ihe river Euphraies. his country early, and took refuge in Sicily^ 

XEBEC, or Zebec, a small three-masted where he suj)poried him>e!f by reciting, in the 

reji^l. navigated in the Mediterranean sea, aiW court of Hicro, elegiac and iambic verses^ 

>n the coasts of Spain, Portugal, and Barbary. which he had written in reprehension of the 

The sails of the xebec arc in general similar to theogonieb of Hesio<l and Homer. From Sicij* 

;h(MC of ilie |)oleacrc, but the hull is extremely he passed over into Magna Gra.H;ia, where he 

JifFcrent from that and almost every other vcs. took up the profe»»ion of philosophy^ and be* 

icl. it is furiiislicil with a strons prow : and came a celebrated preceptor in the I^tba^reaa 

the extremity of the Ktern, which is nothing school. Indulging, however, a greater free* 

nore than a sort of nilcd platform or fsallery* dom of thought than was usual among the 

prn^ecu farther lichiiid the counter and hiit* disciples of Pythaguras, he ventured to intro* 

lock than that of any Euroficfln ship. Being duce new opinions of liii own, and in many. 

S^rierally equipfied a» a corsair, the xelicc is particulars to oppose the doctrines of Epi-> 

nmstructcd with a narro^v floor, to be more nicnidos, Thaler, and Pythagoras. Xeno- 

swift in pursuit of the enemy ; and of a great pitanes po^srsscd the PythagrTrcan chair of 

breadth, to enable her 10 carry a great force of philosophy about seventy yearb, and lived to' 

sdil for this purpose without daiiaer of over- the extreme aire of a hunilrcd years, that is» 

turning. As these vessels are usually very l(»w acconling to Eti«rl)iu!(, till iiie 81st Olympiad, 

buiii, their decks arc formed with a great con- The doctrine of Xcnnphaucs concerning natiure 

vrxay from the middle of their breadth town rds is so im)>crfectly pre^ierved, and ol>scurely ex*- 

the sides, in order to carry ofl' the water which pressed, that ii is no wondvr liiat it has been 

fills aboard more readily by their scuppers, diflcrently rcprefentcd by ditl'crcnt writers. 

But as this extreme convexity would render it Perhaps the truth is, that beheld the tniivrrsc 

icry difltcnli to walk thereon al sea. par- to be one in nature au-i snlMtam^e, hut distfiw 

licularly whA:n tlic vcs^^cl rocks by the agitation gnished in hi* conception between the niattd^ 

rvf the wavfK, there is a platform of grating ex- of which all things consist, and that latent 

tending along the deck from the side« of the divine force which, though not a distinct sulw 

I esse! towards the middle, whereon the crew sunce, but an attribute, is nccet^sarily intierCo^ 

n)3y walk dr)--footod wtijlst the water is con- in the universe, and is the cause of iitl,.iif nerr 

k'c\cd through the grating to .the scuppers, fcciion. Xenophanes was tlie anilior^ ^tiMf-^ 

rbexcl)ec», whicli are Kcnerally armed ai« \es- veral poetical works, amonir whidb are aivbix* 

kU of war by the AlgcrijMS> mount from 16 to ;ioi)cd a. poem ou the ibutidniiuu iKplMopknii^ 



kdOW.af lh« ellglH above tthmi *»■ «nd «> 
ireatuc concerning oauire ; aU irf iffbicti, Vtoii^ 
«vtt, wiib tho eitceptwn of a lew ftagincnLi, 

XENOPHON, an Athenian, (ton of Ortl- 
lui,c^\eitriUd ai a general, an liistorbn. and * 
]ilubM|ihcr. 1b ihe;^liool of Soemcii he rn 
ceive4 iIkhd pKcci'tt lyliich afi«r»'4iril« («(^mi- 
nimlj iljilUnguiihcd him. Betflf^. iqvUwl by 
I^uMiiiJB> one fft Wn iiuitu.iie iffHsad^ i*> af - 
e^aiptay Cyj'fis tbc yoiufgcr ii).fl> cuieditiwi 
a^inii hij. htoil|e( AitBKtriiiF,kiiig5il Brrda, 
be pnyio\>AyxoTiiu\\^ SocTaLflB,,wliii tuoue'y 
opfioseit it. X^noplmn, howei'tF,aiMbi)i(HWiil 
g,u>ij, liiMftd will) precj|ii4aboii' t? b«i<lM>, 
trhcie ha wu uitioitui;;(cj to tho'youva |>>>M:e: 
In (liB a[i0]| ofi^vius, ^«nei>hon shewed that 
he IV4S a in*s, iTiiciple ofj^wits. 'A'lw ihe 
tlcciiiv^ battle in tt)G |i)aiDS of Cunaxa, and tha 
&Iluf ('yru%.'ih(t piuilpucA ami rignur ufitiit 
miiiil w«e calLeit into action. The ten ihou- 
sand Gfeekt ivba.liad r"l1uwnl tiie prince 
VKre ni>vf at thcidiiUucc of abivv tiiM) leaguva 
ifun^ home, sucrFiuiidcd qo H>ciy si<h by a vic- 
Mripui^eiianiyrWiihotu i^i^npy. icitUiiut jifif- 
viali>iiii,,and wi'bo*)'' a luailor- i^ycnuphnn wan 
leveled <'r(>ni'U]>y>isUje^ll^eu'>.liiuiperiiiivDd 
the rrlrcal. .l,i»it. cclcliiatecj rciivul was at 
IiJ^hap>iily.eiI^l|^ll hy tiu (/j-rcks, who rftiirn- 

Cfl houit-.-iil'Kr sMf^rcl) of .1 ia^ paraMngs, 
or h-agiies. which was potfoimed ia 8is iliiy*, 
Aiwran nbfcnce oiyl^ nionllM. Be baii no 
tooiiet retur'ie^ froiD Ctiiiixa, tliarthe s(>ii|iht 
liuw boMura in bUtaving ih( foiiuot «l Afce- 
•ilawin^iia, nibcia.tie ci>n<|uei^| >vilfa him 
in,^)\e ^kiiaUO prpvincra.iM well att at. the b«- 
Ufu^CoiWi^^ Hii roa>c.<bowi(v«TF>liA nM 
l^apc l^i' ii5tf csioiif of jfatiiiwy : Itc-wns pub- 
JM:lyibwi^htJ,,r[iJin A[|),^m fui-aMi.inpiijinj 
iijjlf*"lfi'°-^'ri<''» brother j n|iil hi;in$ni>w with- 
Otft^ l^t^^Frheirnir^ilioiiciltivi,^ small town 
^9 ;W; ttfrighbourbood {>r .Olympic In thi* 
•o\^a^,TC'(Eal. hededic^ird hii lioi* 10 lileiary 
puravM|tr bi>l hii peaceful ntt'Opatloiii were 
Mon r)i(ttirlir<l by a vuaf vtbicb atrisc bMwtem 
■be L ■t>*d3ziiioiiunf and. EMa. . Cioid ibc lal- 
,Kr place lis lettKil 10 tiic cily ot Cuiinih. 
viitir W<linl m the !)Oi)).yra« of his eft:, 3^ 
van hcfsr* the Chruti«n era. The wotkc of 
^I'HwJion are^he Anaba^i'i the Cvroi-ndia, 
)fU I Hellenics, ^cniprabilat, fcctHlw other 
tiiiCW^, The tini^liciiu and the Elcunce of 
3Crfiijp|>f4«i'a,7dic^r)n o.ivc pntured him the 
nami^rpt-tiia Athetfiao Mu^c, antt the bee of 
Greece. Hit. M:iviii)|roi*i at Li> the ditinily and 
rel'gion, wra^e i»aic m ihow of the rene- 
raMc.Srxntiri^. ... 

Tm WW'llionii of ttw wnrksofXenophnn 
*jejViiePf-V'aMokffltf'uW'74, aiidofOnloril. 
in Grrrk and l^(iiv.^ l^li, a*o> <I7S3. Hia 
jCyrn^^\f,.^^a^\ii^^,allfi' AJeutftuliiliD ,So- 
cra(ct. ha«e been piiblithcd KpaaMely at (>«- 
•l-XADfJatino pl the 



. tQt«A0( Spain, 

.lMit«i»jior)'«'iTm-ia- 
Lc ,iiTulU-Anlilla,,S7 






KHei G£,of Badt^ L1M.0.MW. tat. 

3». g N. 

.\eRBs-De-Gt;ADiaNA, a totvn of Sfum, 
in Audaltniai Mated on ' the Giiadnnt, 
IS oiiks N> of Aya«iaaie. Loo. 7- lb W, 
L3l,a?.30N. 

XtKANTHI^UUM. in iMw^.a Reiiuiaf 
tit6 olats lynifeoeaif,' i>tdt:r pnlyfamia lupai 
^a. Rrceplaclc cbai))' ; down chaff* ani 
binilyri ci\lvx imbricate, riuiiaM, wiib ibe nj 
o^oored. ThtM tptotoi oiJy, oatitct of tM 
K}uth of£itnipe: X. aminutu^iiX.iinapenuBii 
X. nrieiiule. 

Tliit^onui hai a near TeteinbtMuM 1 to (be 
elicfaiytuoi. Lion, or ctomtl flau«tr^*peci<* 
of avhicb have been cfKn 1 ^ditded oialei it ; 
ihey dilfoT chUfly in having. a iNivple e> (»•. 
th^Ty (lowHi instead of a chftify 01 bciailyr .Sm 
Er,icH«itDM. y , '.w 

XhRASIA. Cfi09t|l<««.'<'>'0 Aamxmm 
t«nniiy nt ilu bairt Miiii<itt to dcwRn. 

XtROFHYTA„in b-.wny, a gnoitofth* 
gI^»> liexiiadria, order tODaogynia. Oiral to: 
parted, eqnal i ihediviliou* uartowrr ; iti^vl 
cla»flie ( capsule inferior, ihree-eelW, nan* 
seeded. One »)k:c1«*,, a Ma4*^icat Atti, 
wilh^mreriat ihe end of the bi.utcUNi. 

XERXl^'^. the fifth kiD;^ of t'rr.U. add 
fccm^fuit of lliicius Hjitai^io. lie rtdncoJ 
Egypt, tinder hti power, of which )ir kfi hit 
brothiT Acheoteiie ^veinor. Euowrasal by 
tliia «ucc«at, he oiBrcbed.as»i(iH iht. CtfotJH 
will) UR armfi of HOOJMU iMPniarul a fleuaf 
muoahipi. llKiiuewia bridff«>ertlK.Uiil> 
lesponi, and cut tbapoah iBOfnl Ailhai- &• 
Uuig arrived at' the 'irwto ot.iVklVioft^ka. 
I^MiidiH with paly^^gOfl ■ jLac et l c nwiMiBi di» 
pueil iha piiiw^e with hiin fai a ionatime, 
mukiii^t an immense slaughter nt the, P<9»um< 
The Atiiraiun^ E>uon after ^iuoi ibe-famaM 
i>a<al battle of Silamiue, obliiiMe>^aixc* la 
retire iolo his own dominia(istlnir'E>s bs te- 
iKial, Maidunius, iu Grerce ao aonntwid \in 
leniaint of his troop*. Noiwilltaiaadut^ hi 
waa vain and insolent ennu^hrtofrsire io«it» 
trol the clement), by orderiog the tea tab* 
wfai|ipcd and chaini 10 be ihnomn iuto-tt, iii 
he wai cjpahle of making BMltMaryitrfleaiiuA 
aa waa seen by hii shedding lean one dayM 
beholding his vatt army fniin an rnuMMi 
On ilia btinf^ aaked (he, cause, hie ti.H,il tmt 
the tliought of niorialityr whidi ilvaliM*yian 
would not leave one of thai tinitici^e ba^ 

XJMENES (Francis). arcWiisbop' of To- 
ledo, b><rnitTi.Trelaci>oa, in('«Mitr.is M3T. 
Kin^ Ferdinand c^nMcd iw h(n••.■beedmln^ 
stiaiiuu ofti^ite a&irtt which h« trmJtitd 
with great ability aiwl inicitriiy. Julim IL in 
1607. creeleil him cardinal of S|>aMi. Ha 
fbumlt'd the cullrtie ol AlcalB, and the ai^ 
ni Been I library there. In ibewarhiiwirriei^ 
undertook agajust lb« Mount, tlie sardinal <th 
lerail vietorioiuly inIA Oren, at tbe htwi oi tfar 
■roapa. Ht gaintrf firat pnpuUtiiy h» tbr 
Mcw't'O'ta be look anailxt kn aiifodarod**! 
Utitutie, attifky preurvifi^ gical ^uai't'iKa 1^ 




I dettti nf Fiiilinaiid, he wai left tfirm, ilK 
ban ('hKdiM briiMEM iIhii tiiM in FMideti. 
Thr g|tind«» or Spnifi bFCume his tfneMies, ai 
he had not only [liminl?h«(l the inftuance A^vf 
bail bocu aocii>i(j'iicd lo dcriTc frtfm their laW 
poucsiioii*. bOHmlucof niimoftitspFriKionathiil 
■wtm pIkMw; . He wM a patrmi and prMccior 
•rhicniluK,' H«dicd,»u»sRiil,of poiMiD, 
in 1AI7. H»(»'iwd In be printed at AInli, 
ili» )Rc*t lUy^lM Bible, which bein ihe 
maw tif lh» -Complrnrniian edition. This 
Wnilc it tinw *i;ry icaicr and valuable. 

X1MKN£»IA> in boiatiy. a ^lu of the 
cla» lyiijccuesii, order )>nly^amia lupcrfltiB. 
Hriwplaclc chaffy; ilawnles)) ieedi of the 
■narKin nilinl, cmarginair, of the centre 
^iQjCBii nt-'ihe mar)iin t calyx in«ny>ie«led, 
(kcirl;^ i-qiiiil. One ipccici, a Mexican plant, 
~ 'ibvprntifc IcJtra and peduncW flowers. 
XlMbMt]^, in botany, a pcnin of Ihe clan 
IUrin4,oT>ltrniono^v»ia. Calyx fiiur-cleft ; 
ja ai lt tovi, hairy, tenolutc; itrupe one-«edcd. 
^Thw* tptcie*, \tret of itie Weil Indira and 

XFMO,' an iilTnd of Japan, Ihc <^erniid in 
li/c d(>d nriincficp, (itnate to the S.W. of Ni- 
^hoii, -frnm wtiich ii h divided 1>t 






it abn'ot 430 miln 



XtFHlA!^. HMtrd-fiih. In roolo^, ■ 
MiiMof ihectkis [Hsm, ordtrapodalia. Head 
^ ^mTlihcd Wkh ■ I'ttiii hard, iword'Shapcd 
M^pFT j.iw; mniiTh whhout (e«(h; ^ll'meni- 
bnnr I i^hi-raycdv bndy mondcit, without ap- 
pMriii k-b1«. Two sptcict, 

I.X- Klailiua-. «fith ihc dorsal fin fulcalc. 
The name i< crideihtty dcritfil from ihii pecn- 
liar CAnfuTmaiinn «r the iipjier jaw, which 
pMigwi) ' abiiiit four limci ilw length of tht, 
inwer tm^, is cnuapreMcil al llie Kip and bot- 
tom, and iharBencd towmdaihc |K>ini. TMs 
enorntout modi If three feci Idh?, rrtcfflblina 
a tword in ahapei iin Milnmtic^ i<i imigh ana 
hard, and capabi* of piercing undsinkingsmvH 
•*»*!» in the MB, as is aucrted by Pliny, «ikI 
at i» probably cirreei. .. r I 

The aword-fiih omwa to the length of lw*ft- 
ly feet ; liter 1)«nd aton« being in Mm* inttanm 

fcl*n to wM^h npwndi nf wvenlv jjoutid). 
*<v)y i» !«)(! and tlcAdcT, thicli wwanh 
Jl^ hrjdi bin tapi'ring dff into a imnll a<i« at 
il'«|niraM:h<B the latl: Colour jboie black, dn 
ftw'Wlly of a *itKr^ whiter mnuih wilhoul 
Icetb i the lower jaw terminBto like the ugt>er 
01*. in a ihaip i^intr-We pcini, hot fjrrally 
tDferiflf in leiHth ; the 4onal On label im rise 
ftbMe theplfi, and wlntinitM till l(* oArfy 
KWtie* thr tadi lE'i»iuppoTted by-lwenty-tin 
ray* i the fini of whicti ts by liir llie Mronffnt 
■Bd Miilirtt, ihc ulbcn t;raA»lly dl«nintibniit. 
tUvhr (uuri^', wbii4f agiih rne hitrher, tnd 
KiTrtheaMUannr^of'a wcnud lin. Thf tall 
VmietukiiM'il fntV it Uriieenl: there ire on 
MchtMn aMttteabitti'tM (ail. two Irii.iKidir 
pmitrWNHMMi. rfbrmed by'ihi^ >lin; ttf^mMinx 
th*'*)MrMM fltis (t|t the lltiinm': the p<rMonl 
fiitt are bheed at itw ptt* i' the liM ny nflbMc 
fa also by far the iongeii, which gitca iheut 



X Y L 

rte^ppeMafict-of^scyihe. T-he-anmis^tf 
ataotH one Ibiitl pxl M the body frotn ihe tail, 
and bi^^mw itatr twoaiMl fwi eonnvciMl by a 
common niembianc. I'he iwpTiJ-&9li i> n- 
cccitingly ioracWms, imd is a great enrfiiy of 
llie Ihuiiny, which divcovMs it) frat ai toon it* 
it ttpproacnm. Ottd and Beton take notice of 
ill hottililiei H[W(nn thia timid prey. 

Thi» fish winetimia freiiuenu the Bntith 
seas, but is nitich more common tn <hc Mrdi- 
lernnenn : the Straits of Kleitina sre pariicn* 
latly famoui for il ; and it wa» probably upon 
a promonlory there tliat the speculaMrei, or 
persoria ernployed to watch and give noliceof 
lU approach, were itoiioned. WNhmghby in> 
forms 111 that he went himself to Scyllulo be a 
spectator of the Italian inelhod of Killing ihi$ 
animal : the spin tbore, on seeing the awurd, 
make signals to the boaU below, diiectitig the 
sailor) where to steer: bs aoon a* (lie vend 
rraches the stxil where the lishei leside, one of 
the mo>i skillul of Ihe fisheTinea gets iipon a 
mait, erec[<:d for ihe puipose, ancfdirCcis the 
boat lill itcomrs wHhin leAch of ihe paniceUr 
fish at which be iBlenil* to aim t he then dc- 
tcendi, and pleices it with a s|ii;ar, failening 
the in^tnmiciii loa ropci when the animal » 
allowed to simple till overcome with Intigue 
and pain; after which it it cither taken up 
into the boat, or drawn uhote, accoidtna M 
ilssiie. Flesh good. 

?. X. piniyplerut. Indian sword-fish- Dor- 
sal fin very broad ; thorax with iwo very long 
pointed appendages. Body silvery blueiih 
while i npper ptirt of the back, head and tail 
deep brawn ; dotMl fin palo-biow*, flnely 
spoiled with roundish bl;ick marks ; skinsnioolh, 
wiidom ihe appearance oftcalesi tail scmi- 
Innar. Inhabits the Brasillan ami East India 
seal; growl to the lent-th of iwenly Icet or 
indre ; is a rery powetfal fish ; rm)iiently at- 
tacks %t'hales, and pieieeslhesidF>orshi[iS'wi(h 
its »wofdlike inr.ut, m part of Ibebodnmbf 
« tirge Kmi Iniliaffmii with the -wftrd of tViii 
lith drivm compktelj ihmnEli is now in-ibe 
Hritish'Muieiiim. The fish waa killed l»tte 
vIoicMr^oF' iheeffitrt, Hnilth^Vtfyel probabh 
Mved -from' ftHindcfina'by its noi'haviWa rtdwet 
tO««illh»lra*fii. St^Nal,Ht5r;M;CXC. 

X J PHI AS, ill islttWiomy. Set DOftAHO. '^ 

XIPHIIXUM, in botany. « ^(tni oftha 
class triandria, order monogyiii:]. 'Coml tij^- 
pnalM, eifiiat; cdptuM tiiperior, ihrCcucelTefl, 
many-seeded; Two'spnriei ; oue <n bMi tit 
Ciiraanj, iheothe^nrGuimaL 

XlPMIUM<BolbottLi]. geelieit. 

XIPIIOII*. (from f.,f=(, a iWoBl, and ,A;. 
likctTCS^l A lermt^eiibyatiaiQtdlfll toparii 
which had «oma"reaea«blirf<:<« to an ancitnl 



iwnrd, I 



Ihc Xipliii 



XYMJALOES. See LtoirUM Al oaa: 
XYLOBALSA-MUM. Sec Om,>»((d!,i 
ott.tfVoffifsi&v . " ' I ' ■ 1 ■ .1 '.■ 

- ' XVL(X!XkPUS. !>^ bniany; '• «4t^ ttf 
the clMC'ueteintrb. «td4>r nioAo|cv<«'*i' ^al^ 
four-toothed ; flotol foui-peullcdi «ecuty eiglil- 






F. X Y L 

r1cfl;filBiiicnti inserted into the nKtary; irrwe 
juicele», liffic, four or five-grmiied ; nuts eigkt 
or un. dittcrcnlly BhB|ie(i. One sjieciea, t 
branclird tree of ifieEaii Indies. 

XYLOMELUM, in botany, a genu* of the 
cliiM tclrandiia, older monngyniii. Arncnt 
wilh a aingle scale; petals biir, in spoiling 
the siamcin; style eiavale, nbiusei capiile 
one-Celled, iwo-srededi seeds nringcd. One 
Sp«ct«s, a nniive of Ausinjiisin. 

XYLOPHYLLA. Lnve-flowtr. In bo- 
tany, a genus of the class pcntandria, ordet 
Itigjnia. Calyx fivc-pnrled, cnlourcdj corol- 
Iea> ; stigmas torn ; ciipsule three-celled ; seeds 
donble. Seven sprciet, n.ttivo of the E-i»t 
anil West Indies and Sibcci^. The rollowiiig 
an culli«ated. 



* i. X. falcaln. Falcated I oi-c- flower. 

" They are all slove-plunti; and ninj' be raised 

fcy offsein, slips, and cuu. 

XYLOPIA, in botany, a Kcnui nf the class 

Klyandria, nrdei piilygyiiia. Calyx ihiet- 
ired ; petals six; capsules about one-sevdeil, 
ftiiir-iided, iwo-ialicd; srwls coated. Three 
■ueeiet, trees of the Wc*l inities. 

XYLOSiMA, iti botan^vagenuivf the class 
tnonocia. order ieoiandfia. Calyx four or 
five-parfcd -, corolleis. Male : siBRicni sur- 
ratindcd with an angoUr nectary. Female : 
a^yle minute; stigma obicurelv three-cleft; 
b«ry dry. or two-celled, the eells livo-teeded. 
ywonxrir*. nalivesorNewSoiilh Wnles. 
' XVLOSTEUM. Sec LoNK-EBA. 

""YUMTROMA, in botany, a genus of 



X Y S 

the clfl» ctyplogamia, order fungi- 
Iraibciy, expanded, dcforiued, jier 
Mnoolh, cvcti; seeds globular, ininuK 
the fibres. One specie* only, a natiieof g^ ^ 
awn cniiniry, and well knoun by the nai 
oak-leather, as being fnqucoily fuund o 

"'XYNOECIA. in Grecian .oii«i«ii_ 
annircrsury feast obrerred by the Atbe> 
itiaiU in honour of Mineris, liyan i 
sixieenth of Heeatombzon, lo comaianac 
their Icaoing, by the petiiHsion of TbeMOi, 
ihcii country-seaiSi in which ihev lay diipenal 
here and there in Attica, nuJ uiiltii^ u— -^~ 

XYIUb, in bolan<i>, a genus of the dM 
tiiandria, ordei itiimogynia. Curtil tliic»>^ 
inlled, equal, crenatet gluniei twn-vilvtd, iia 
hcndi capsuh: (iipcrior. Four specie*. naiNS 
of the Eatl or Vv«9i Indies, or of tbeCspt. 
SeeBoTANi, PI. CXCI. 

XYSTARCHA. iii antiqnity. the nutter 4 
director of the xvalut. In the Ore^k tyTBM: 
sinm, the xjrstarcha was the second Dfficcr,inii 
the gymnasiarcha the first ; the toruier wIm 
lieutenant, and picsided over the iwo systi.nd 
all excTcisea of the athleix therein. 

XVSTUS, among the Greets. wai*hy 
portico, open or covered at' the lop, wbtnAt 
aihlelA praciised HTt'lliop and rttn(ilng:lhr 
gladiators, who prscliicd theirin, wetcoM 
xystici. Amon^ the Rnmaiit, the :^ih iNt 
only an alley, or double row of treet, ineciinr 
like an arboat, and forming a iKidclOMB 
under. 



t ■ ' ■ . . • < j . 



Y. 



Y A L 

^ The twenty-thirci letter In the English he. written witk ay.,, An<) ^^^ reason ^ sioco 

• alp)iabet« horrowedj originally, fiom our Greek y h^sloat , the sound it bad* inahe 

Vreek V. languaicc whence we. borrow it. Bulfc ii ia 

I it occasionally both vowel and consonant, certainly ridiculous -.to use it, a& many do^ ia 

a voweU some authors have judged it words which indeed'havea Greek origijA, l^a 

iccessary in our language, in regard its have no u in the Greeks as in,eclip§ei yet 

ihI is precisely the same with that of the t. some affect to do ihis. ^ . . ... , ^ . 

:ordingly, it is but little used, except in Y is also u numeral letter, signifying ij^Q^e^ 

d^ borrowed from the Grerk, to denote according to Barqnius, t5i9i as iu the vc^e. /v 

r origin, by represeiuing the Greek u4.x«.. y ^ ^^^^, ^ guinamiiMa nwenoi. ' 

ne vowel y, however, has a place even m ^ .-, -i. : i r 

te. words purely English j and that both When a dash wa^ added at top, Y, it aigtii* 

he middle thereof, as in Jycng.yrytt/g, &c. fied 160 thousand. ,. n^ 

at the end, as in lay, &c. Pythagoras used the Y as a symbol of huinaA 

ome ascribe the use of the y, io pure En- life; the foot representing infancy^ and the 

ti and French words, and those that have forked top the two paths of vice and virtUGt 

f iu Latiii qr Greek, to this ; that anciently one or. the other of whichpieople aip to tn\9 

1 of those words were written with a double u]K)n, after attaining to the age of diicretion. 

.vhich having*6omething awkward in it, the Y on the French coins, deuot^ tb^te 8ti|(ck 

as subsiituted in lieu thertrof. at Bourges. 

>ihers say, that those words being anciently YAC, in zoolo^. See Bos. 

tten as well as pronounced with a double ft, YACHT, or \atch, denotes a vessel of 

ihey siill are in the Walloon, as paiing, state, usually employed to convey princes, am- 

Isan, &c. to avoid their being mistaken lor bassadors, or other great personages, from one 

u with two dots over it, ihey made the kingdtjm lo another. 

>nd i longer than the 6rst, and so formed The word seems derived from the Dutch 

w without designing it. Some ^ive a )>ar- iachi, hunting, by reason of the lightness of 

.lar reason, why words ending m t came these vessels. 

tie writun with y ; viz. that the topyists As the principal design of a yacht is to ac<- 

id the tail of the y very commodious, in commodate the passengers, it is usually fitted 

ming the margins and bottoms of pages. with a variety of convenient apartments, with • 

^ was much used by the Saxons ; whence suitable furniture, according to the quality or 

I found for i in the old English writers. number of the persons contained in it. 

Vhen the ^ follows a consonant, and at the The royal yachts are commonly rigged as 

of words, it is a vowel, and has the sound ketches, except the principal omc reser\ed for 

; and when it precedes a vowel, or diph- the sovereign, which is equip|)cd wiih three 

ng, and at the beginning of words, it -is a masts, like a ship. They arr, in general, ele- 

sonant. gantly furnished, and richly ornamented with 

ome have thought that y is in all cases a sculpture; and always commanded by captains 

'el ; but Dr. Johnson obscnes of y , as of w, in his majesty's navy. 

: it follows a vowel without any hiatus, as Beside these, there are many other yachts of 
' youth. a smaller kind, employed by the comnti&iniKn 
ne Romans used the y for the vowel ti, of the excise, navy, and customs ; or UM?d at 
ch they had no character for, distinct from pleasure-boats by piivate gentlemen. 
V consonant; their way being topronounce YACOU, in ornithol<«gy. See Penblopb. 
common ti, as wedo the diphthong ou\ and YAKUSTK, or Jakui skoi, a town c«f. Si- 
Greek v4*'^» >* ^hc Englisn and French ti. beria, in the government of Irkutsk, capital of 
n our own, and some other mo<lem tongues, a province of the »ame nuiite. with a wooden 
lors begin to dispense more and more with fort. It is seated on the Lina, glk) miles N.E* 

nise orthography, which requires all ^f Irkutsk.^ Lon. 1^9. 48 E. Ltit. ()9. S N. 

at hare an upsilon, in the Greeks to YAX^EN (Thomas}i a poet boraatExeier 



H^r Y A R 

in 1871. He was <ducai«d it MnC^In eol- 
1^ >ch«J, »Liit tiler being cuiinnunrr of 
H'jjfla'fn hull, he obuined a icholjnhiii at 
Miteilaleii collrjir, where lie had fot hii fvltuw 
lEudcDH Addiiiin ami Sachevcrell. He pub- 
liilieJ an ode on ibe lakjng of NimiTr, awl a 
pociji ou the (lt»ih of the dulic of Glouccatei, 
aod ill I7l0obbiii>od a £ello>^>hlp, and the M- 
lowing yi^or vtai prewnieil toaBrnall living in 
Warwickshire- lo 170O lie wm received into 
the ilitke of Btautoci's faaiii)'i and tbc neat 
vcar lesienrd hit rellowihip. He aitcriraicls 
obtained Ihelitiiigi of Cbaltaci and Cicnnvillc, 
ill Heriftirdshire, and ihe linecuro of Dcan^, 
Maini, and Pci"llea, in Devonihire, and iitcd 
in jxraceful reiiiem«it uniil the iriiil of Aiicr- 
biu). As Dr- Yalden wa& inumaie wi^ Kel- 
ly, ihe pcrttLe'i lecretai^, he was re^mrdt^ n 
«n .iccumplire, and arresied ; but u no direct 
chur^ could be brooght ajpinsi him. except a 
treasonable explanation uf the words " iho- 
roiiEh paced ducirincs" discovered in hi> pocket 
boot, he wat set ai liberty. lie died in I73fi, 
He wrote besides, Hymo to Ligbij Hymn to 
Darkno), kt. 

VAM. S«e DioscoBEA. 

YANG-TCHEOU, a eiiy of China, of the 
first rank, in the province of Kiing-nan. lit 
-dwricl ii intersLCted by a niimber of canals; 
atid it carries 00 a great trade, priiculatly in 
salt, which i* made on ihe seaeoail of this ju- 
lifdiclion. It standi oa the left bank of the 
Jfian-ku, where ihc impciial canal ctoisei that 
river, 4Sa miles S. by E. of Peking. Lou. 
118. ME. Lai 39.«6N. 

YAO-GAN, a city of China, of Ihe firK 
rank, in the province of Yun-nan. lis terri- 
tory n intermixed with mountairrs. fine forou, 
and rruitful valleys, and produces abundance of 
mask. Niar ihe city it a nil spring, which 
p(oduc«s very while salt. It is 11)0 miles W. 
by N. of Yiin-nan. Loo. 100. 45 E. L« 
«S. \2 N. 

Yao-Tcheu. a ciiv of China, of ihe first 
rank, in Kiang-si, on the W. side of ihe Idle 
Poywip, 700 miles S. of Peking. Loo. liS. 
40 E. Lat. 19. 8 N. 

YAPON, in botany. Sec Ilix. 

Y AHD, virga, a long n^eaturc, used in Eng* 
land and Spun ; chiefly to measure cloth, 
tUiSt, fto. 

The English yard contains three feci. It 
wM firti sMtlcd by Heniy I, ftom the length 
«fhliownann. becMensonc. 

The English jaid is jiwi acvm-ninihs oTihc 
Paris tW; to thM nine yaids make lereo ells. 
To redoce ells, therefore, inio yards, say, if 
•even ells give nine yards, how many yardi 
will the given numba of ells gife i 

Yards ire convertwl inio (Its Flemish, by 
a^ing a third fan ; into elk English, by snt- 
oactii^ • 6fih part; or multiplying by eight, 
•ikI eaMtng off the right-hand figure. Elli 
English arc Bonrerieil inio yard), by adding a 
fourth. To turn ells Floaiih into yardi, i«l^ 
oacl one ^uricr. 

The Spnnish van, or yard, thicly osed at 
Seville, ie, ia iui|ie ptMO, called bam. It 



«i>(iIiIm etrw uw 1 

*U ( s» thui wveatcen eO* make twemy-fMi 

Spanbh yjfdi. 

Ya«d, in anatomy. See Piirii. 

YaKO, enclosed ground adjoining loahoo. 

¥a«i>OF ASHlF,alonKpieceofuiDbtr>ia> 
fended upon the nialti iiT a ihip, to ami 
ihe satis to the wind. 



Yaros also denotes placet beknf^lla tolk 
navy, when the :hip; of war, &c. arcliid ip 
in harbour. Thciearc, bclonaiug 10 hitn*- 

Ky'a navv. sis greil yards. Mi. ChilliB, 
piford, Woolwich, Potl^'muulb, Stiecrica^ 
and Pivinoulb ; these yards arc fitted wilil^- 
Tcral docks, wharfs, taunetaes, and pmf^ 
placn, for the building, repairitto, lad dofr 
ini of his m^etly's ships; ano dtenin m 
lodzeil great quaiiiiiies uf limber. iwutt, iritfibi, 
aocnors, and oltlcr oiatefitlt: then si« ika 
renieni ttoie-lHHUes in each yard, bwtiidi 
laid up vast qoanliiies of cahtct, tigpa 
sans, block*, and nil other sona of »altt,aH( 
flit for ttie myal nary. 

YA-ROVTANa .. (gard and 
measure of a yani iCMfr). 

YARE. a. (.M*ji?f, Saaon.) Hairfjt ^ 
terous; caxer (S"akiptaTe}. 

Yase, a river in Norfolk, fcrtM^ hf*! 
confluence of several lUrams that lim m At 
heart of the ixruniiy. ll pawes by 
whence ii is navigable to Yarmo * 
enter* the Germi 



I M«a4.) A 



armowih, whwh 



YA'RELY. ad. DexmoMly: ailfoHyfft). 

YARKAN.orlaKSM.a tnwn oftsMT, 
in the rouniry of Cashgur, with a larga (alHt 
where the kban of 'he Eloih Tartars geD(nl)v 
reiiilrs. It has a considerable iradc, and tlaud) 
in a feiiile counin, nn a river of (be t*mt 
S.E.of Caiihgiir. L«d 7$. 



4 E, Lor. 39. 4 



'N. 



VARM. a town in N. Yorkshire, wi* 1 
iBarkct Ml ThurMlBy, asd a neat na* is ««■ 
and taad. It is tcated on (be Tcca, tj ■!> 
N. t^ E. of Northallenoa, ud S^H. ^W. 
of London. 

YARMOUTH, a vtapon anH bontngh m 
Norfolk, governed In a mayor, with a nuikn 



m WerioeHiay_and^8aiurdav. It ia seait 

" ind enjoy* the npan 



Ihe mouth of ibc Tsr 



business, ihe vessela Uinps in ihe 
very ntetMnc quay. In foteiira tf'de it no- 
Mderahle, and it aho svnda sh>|i9 to itar Ufita- 
land fidtery. A grtai otTmbct of ketrinan im 
cured hcrCf and, urdcr lUc n.iNMof n^hd- 
rings, are either vniiiiimcd m hnmt. or ripen- 
ed to touthErn Conntrie'. Yarb«ith is Dnxtt 
frequented for sea-biihtni, and bai |ao 
chiirohei. The market-place i*TCiyi|anBai; 
but the streets, in ganetal. an very naif . 
In IBOI ihaaumfaerof lnh•bitanl■waiI4,4W■ 
Ofi' the mouth of ihc harboor it a bar, n W fc 
prcTcnta the enrry of thin of la^ff faurimi 
and tlH manf aaotfbanki tiff ikc cwii kuk Ac 



TEA 

ft-. ;!(lN. . . r, ' irfV .*|i {«irit.?«r'l.- ■' - .-■.•4' 

> VlthM«DTtl, N>bAMn|H'«n nMnf^flrnf, nn • 1 KAK, 'ii> ,i-U< nnirtp nnil rhrnnnln^,- tfir 

ikr N.W. c<y*a of tW* I'^le-nf Wiehf, wj.h j (Wtr-iin T.«f Irific otTUpfni W llw- rtt\ in jiii<Ar.z 

' mm. urtH i*'fenii^t'F*nflinA. Iflis *»-,■(■ tlie iwcli* ■iifna 'rt ■iwi^tltw, and in 

ihe uiouili of tfcfe Yaf , I U mllrf- W , wbfe>i ii coiiiprcheiirfcd tlic rtvcrwt «liartj«4 of 




itlceminiy.on thcN. lidtofiKpilrnrh- 
■kpcCit, uy^-n\it- S.N.W.ofHam- 
!■ ■»!. »»N. J' 
..; SjftlB ««Wl j 

Sctf AenttLEA 

*«N-Hdlr,e«fYiJrli- 

■ niifWt m|-Tllut*day. fi is scaled 

oH!rrs,vhKh- i« a (ftme brl'ltce. 4(1 

..-(F.WY/«-k. iind«SB itf. hyW. of 

ijftirff I?i«-W. L>ii.M.»lN. 

YAWL.. I. A liiib vend bfluncin^ lo a 

«p,firfmr*rnkiiceof piwtng loand from it. 

yaYAWN. <.. «, (Teonan.Ssxoti.) I. To 

'g^lC^tM'ntniiat^. to hnvvttir mnuth npentd 

M«l(nqt«rily b) fumeS (tHjdtit) t, TiJ opn 

" TlWw'. J. rftom till Tcib.l I. Ou^iMlinn 

A'WNING. a. (fmm yor.'n.)' iSteqiy ; 

t -Vl>5i«»c.' nn ini'oluniarv opfniWR of ihe 
■kiaUf! g^cnllv prodnKd bV wsjHiifM rtr an 
KcIHtoBon ro ili.'^ri. YaVniiif, se^nlin^ to 
BvbhlUuvf, il pcrfornici) hy i-xpsndiii^ at one 
M^ihc'umr ^"nt all ilic ntiucln i^apbli? of 



■1. . . :,..lwj 

.*'" -' .■■'^- ' 'K<;i» 

lnri'i(»fuiici>oi]i. Wli'-n y^wiiiiiB ij double- 

MbK, Hi[ir*K-fMi:«-MV«lhfil tpi(>lW*I> fWrifl*- 

moHm draMln^'in t'lie »t at tdnz imcHili 



TtremriinilfiliT )Mt. fleror«tii tft theft 

Cftlldi ; Ae 'qii ■ r '1 . . . , ' '.■,' rij" 
•frfieGtrft%ri..'i ' ■ tVj 

4g mill. Bt. l,f 

ihisycjr-otily '-'•iiiii':^ I ■■!'■■, I'itcpiertri 
4lh 'taK.whJdi -,..<.■.,.„ ..W) ■ . ■** 

Tlw »ieiaiiudC'tif-»r«iiin ternn 
^VCn nccnnm tu iHt ftnt insihati«' 
yen'. Miin. iialur.iHj' <fm(6u) to- In 
CBU't* of ibt^rdivcniiy^'^MiA (mimrR 
proiriitiity nnd duiarre« of ifl^iiiit ) -«f 
fi)ii.'civ« tiieinwicyH^wOi^spaceofiimS'ii 
wliton th:ii' lominEirj' pi*rf«imcd hit wlirai 
cnune, by reluming 10 llle gunie poiitt'Of M 
oibii. AecnrdiT^ to ttit '«ci:tlr3cy In (hei 
obscn-Biinm, itie vmr 'oT ionif nriliirti MtJ, 
more prrfrel rha^ihit aV Mwn; but nnnodi 
ihpra qiiiie *>t4Ti, iidr wlio-.c jioif* iHif ndl 
shifi with *cg(ir^' Iff tb^ paru of ihi Mh^fl 



Aroordit|9 ^■ Hcrf^Iotm, it »« Ihp EjH|V4 
ti»a?wfw hiiilofmCJ tbey.-sr. milting UvV 

Iri.'h !hrt.'(ttl»l^tld^ in»(#| 






IS munilib of 3Udi)iPacli. Mcicufy TtilniM J 
giilinqddect tiicdayiimrrio ihpanrhoni. Aaf fl 
on thM fooling it It Slid tbit Thain InMititM ' 
tti« y**r tiT'Mig ihp GrerKa ; ih*Hti!:tt (hat fon 
ofihic year dnl iwt hold tliroiicHimr'till Otmo 
AIjo, ihr ifwi»h, Syrian. Rmnart; PmiA 
ElSfopic. Arabic, ftf.Tesm, Wf re irti (fiflij 
IrilV.ri. rrntiidering rn'i' tinpcrfWi i 

■ c 3gM, it il no wi 

''■• itJoufd clittgrrr in ihc cAlftifa* 1 
- cftuhs. WeareCTrefl an 
■-■. lib. l,'PluIat*h' irr'Nrtf 
fliTW. Iir,. 7. CJP- 4«, lfilttlltt:5I(.li ,, . 
iiMtf H'ot (I tint tery difftreni front 'ihftt^M 
Teprt^rnlcd, 1 I - ^ 

'ITir s'll'r-ypat 'u (iiher a*iiTin6«filWl 01 
Tlic A^ttoMmical S«lar Yif^, i. l^i 1 , _ 
il determined precisely b*' imrooortii:?' tbj 
»tiTBti'ort» ! and i) of tvnuliin* 
nilnnl or ailfal. 

. Jh)ftral, nf Ifatmat Venr. 
>«iil*l<m>i|>Mftintcihroi< ': 
a« before nlwrrved, ii 3<i 
oT3«Sd. 5h. 4I1B1.' 1 






frpt, with jT') 



' VCLI 
•CWW; ■ 
VDH' ,. 

YE. -i .- n..m,n.- 

1 yp.A. Ai. i«, 

^jYWvD, o^ Vttw. »: I.. iwWi ^. 
'Towi fimnrch: ob>oh£e C^Miff)^' 
V0L.X1^PARTI(. 



I "f rt««. 
8«lr«n:j Y'» 



YEAR. 

ftfltn pwigee to perigee : It » Rfe»ter than the not intnxloe«J by counting ihe Od ol Frbni- 

sWerrtl year by the lime r»qaitcil to dwctilie ary iivice over, bui by adding s dnv »t ihe ni 

the »nimEi[ pragmtion of the apogee. The -rf^lhsl mauih, whicli tlicftrure in th«t jwt 

length <>r the DiiomalUlic year ti 36id. 6h. contain* 99 days. 

14 in. I i. A ratthet rerbnnaiioR nb made in ihit ytv 

Z,HuryMf.'»iheip*ceori?1nnaiinonths. by pope Grezory. See Gkecokiax !<»», 

H«n<v, from the two kind* of synodicnl taaar CAt-enBAii, BlstexriLe. and I.eap-VU*. 

RinnthK, (lierr •rise two kinds of laaar yAri; The civil or legal yent, in l£ngland. hmtu 

Qte one aitranomical, ihe mlicr civil. ly cninmenced on thedayofihc Atmitncialim:, 

Lunar Aitronomical Year. consUti of 1« of *5th "f Mareh ; (hoogh (he biftariut ywt 

lunar lynodicdl tnonihs; and ilierefotc eim- bej;»n on ihcdny of thecifcunncision.^ir Irtd 



t 354<1. Bh. 4a m. 38s. and Is tbctefore Janosry; ou whitih day the OtfiniM^ *Bi 

lOd. 81 fi- Om. 10s. shorter than iKc wlaF Iluliwi year aljo begin*. The p*rt of rfie jrji 

tenr. A (litTcreiice which if ihc foundiitkiu of betwten these two terms was ustiallf tx^taxi 

ihecpact. both way*: a* 1745-6, or 1743. «ul by At 

Lunar Cii'il Kenr, is eillier common at em- pet fur altrtint the .rile, the ciril y**f taw 

bollimic. c-juimcnces wiih the Uiof Januafj-, 

The C'*niK9u Luaar Vtar.conniH of 12 Auiitnl Homun Yfar. This was tbelmu 

lunar civil monihi ; aid thcieforc coniaint 354 year, which, n firM Killed by Romului, eai^ 

4ay^. And tiined only tea tnonthi, of unequal nofnbtn 

The kmiBlitmic, Of Inlerfulery Lunar Yrar, of days. In the fnllowin; onter : via. 

consbniflf 13 lunar civtt monihi, end theie- March 3i; April 30; iMay 31 ; June 30; 

fore cunUini 384 'iayi. Qninltlij 31; Scxiilii 30; September 30; 

Thi» fur we have conidcred yeati anJ October 31 ; Noreiuber 30; Dcccoibei 3fl; 

mooilis, with regord to asironomieal [irin- ilTall 304 daj-i j which came «hnr( of the Bae 

eipln, upon which the divisisn is founded, lunar j«at by 50 days; aiid of ihe aotcr IrSI 

By ihii the various fbnnt of civil yeat* that dayi. Hence, the beginning nf HainiirBi 

bare formerly obtained, nr thai do »lill oblaia, year waa vague, and unfixed to any pradv 

in divers iiaiiun«, are lo be examined. aemon ; to remove which inconTcaientt', dnl 

Citil Yiar i* that form of year which etery prince ordered so many day] lo br added jcniy 

nation has contrived or adopted for comLiiiting aa wouM irxoke the itaie of tHe heavrni co^^ 

their lime by- Ur thecifilis the tropical year, apond lo the first monih, without calling lixai 

eonaidered asonlyconiiiiinftof a certain nuui- by ihc name of any month, 

bet of whole dayi: ihe odd hwin and minutes Numa Pompilius conecleil ituk im^dq 

being get atide, to reader the compulation of eonititutiun of the year, compoatng iwo Mq 

Mne. la Ihie cmnnion occoiiona of life, more montha, January and Februait. of ilie dqi 

(Bay. As the iropicsl year is 305 d, 5 h. 4g m. that were nnd >o be added lo (he foVmer yor- 

or almost 3ti.^d. (>h. which ii Sfis Javi and a Thus Noma's ycnr consisied of 15 uionthi, of 

quarter ; therefore, if the civil your lie made different day*, a> follow ; m, 

3fiS days, every 4th year il must be 36(i days, j^ayarj »J; Febnwry e8; March - Jl. 

lokeepaeMlytolhecouiaaof the sun. And April- SO; May - 31; June - aj; 

iet.ce iht civH ji:at is either common or Quinlilis3li Senilis -2Q; SeplcmUt;?. 

bisaexiile. Tlie . - ,- Ociober 31; Novcmhcrfi.); DecewUi-iJ, 

(kmaum CiBii I ear, ■* thai cunaisliii« of 

363 dnvs; having seven aionihs of 31 days in all 3i9 ^ysi ihenfere cnc«ding the 

each, four of 30 dm, and one of 28 days; as quanlilyofa lonar civil year brtwe day; lUt 

indicated 1^ the following well known me> of a lunar aatronomieal year by Iftb. Iloi, 

roorial verses ; SSa | but ftlling ihnrl of the commoa aoKr 

^.. . . , ,„ . yearby lOdays; solhat itabeginning w»(kill 

Tb,r y days l.a.lj Septen.ber. i^/„d unLW. ^ ^ 

P^h™™",';,"1- j^m"?„"' Numa, however, desiriife to have it bns 

intercalated m Frimiary ereiy 9d jtar, M 

BissertUe, or Leap Ytar, conaiats of 366 every 4ih, S3 every Otfa, and 83 ererj pb 

days ; having one day extraordinary ; called the year. 

intercalary, or bissextile da<^ ; and lakes place But ihu rule failu^ to kee^ raatien ^rBi, 

every 4th year. This additional day lo every recourse was had to a new way of intcRUaftif; 

4ih year was (iisl introduced bv JulniaCKsar; and itisiead of S3 days every S'h year, anl|r'* 

who. 10 make the civil years keep pace with were lo be added. The caic of ibe whole iha 

the tropieal ones, contrived that the six hours committed 10 the pondfex makiimk; wbo. 

which the latter exceeded the former should however, neglecting the trust, let thittp nin 

make one day in four years, and be added he- to great confusion. And thus tbe Roman yett 

tween tlie Stth and CJd of hhruary, which itood till Julius C«iw icfbnnel it. 9b 

was their 6ih of ihe calends of March ; and as Calewbak. 

lijey then counted this day twice over, or had The ancient E^tian year, caBcd al« tfcf 

£11 tfxto calendai, hence ihe year itself came year of Nabonassar.'nn aeconol of tbe epo^ 

to lie caHed bii textui, and buiexHIt. of 'NaboDtSMr, is the solar year of 30S dayt- 

However, among at, the intercalary day ij, divided into IX mnmhsofSodajtckcli/beMFi 



fKihrj dayi tJdeJ M the end. The 
iic. of die monttikue at follow*; J. 
S. Rionhi. 3. Aihvf, 4. Ctinjac. 
. 6. Mccheir. ;. iHunicnoUt. ti. 
ilhi. 9. Pactwo. 10. Pjii'ii. II. 

tncicnt Crrtk ytafWM lunar; conuii- 
8 monib), which ai dtn haiT 30 ilajw 
licnftUernaielf GOandSdiim.coaiput- 
dte 6r>t apfiraralicc of the n<->v .moon ; 
! addiliou of an cnibiilJimic month i^ 
Fv«ry Jd, ixh, 81I), lUh. I4ih, ,il><ti, 
h jear o( » cvcl* of ig years ; in orilet 
tnc Dcw BiiJ full uuioni to ihv lanie 
' MMont of the jeir. Their vmc cum- 
wiChthal new muon, the full moon 
tl GODNS next after the wmmer lohtice. 
ler. Sec. of ihdr moathi wag ilius : 1 . 
•Hit, containing 39 day*, a. MimtyiiTiiur, 
iWr^^M, E9. 4. Maif<wnf<Bn, 30. 
(•PS, Sg. 6. n^irriJiwi, 30. 7. rafiiMwr, 
Aifij*(Uff, 3(J. Q. 8iatii&)u^, 30. 

nr^M. 30. II. eofri^wf. sg, is. 



1 30 and , . 
I igrre with the lolar year,, elihcr by 
ng of II. Mid sometimei 13 day*, ■( 
oE'lhc jfcar. or by 30 (-mbolisiuic 
The nan^et. and qunntiiiet nf ihe 
•itnd ihm: |. Nitan, or Abib, 30 



aa 4. 



Tllal 



f EUia- 



* ye»ri, 
nliinfu 



30. B. El.il, SiJ. -. Titii. 
I. 8. Mdrchovaiu. ot Bull. S<). (k 
30, 10. Tcbeth, eg. U. ^bat,. 01 
I. 3IJ. IV. Adar, in ilie einbolisiuic 
I. 'ndar. hi the comoion year, v/m 
tmi. in. the defrctirc year, Cislru 
r i^fyp i and in thr rcilundaiil yur, 

Prrnsa vear i» a solar year of tiinui 
» i caniniiuj "f I U uivmli' of 30 duvt 
kb r>M iuiercalary day* Mtd at the 

trMe, U«t»mef aw. and 7'urAiit 
Im the year of ihe Hsaiii 
|iiai to 334 davs 8 hut 
, >nd eoniuK <it 13 in'<nLlH> wlikli 
nltetnately 30 and 2gtli>i. 
^mbt yeai diffcrt fiotn dll iliete, and 
d dilfcrftit in d.fffreni iinninwa of 
Tba bmt accuunt that we have of it ii 
C»v«ndith, in Ihe Pliii. Tram, of the 
Muiyof Loiidon for llx ynt 179S- 
■, in the plutjl, often dvnnie old n^. 
AVD BAV, ii a time ih>t deitrinine* 
Q laanv eatn i and in tome worlii an 
M>, aiul ID olh«n ■ pitacripiion ; »\ in 
Ki Citny. .tf li)< owner. prucl4inntiiiii 
ade, challciigEi it nui within the time, 
nt<il. 

the yeax and day (d«tn in caic of ap- 
hU|c of ,dMceut after entry 01 claim. 



^: 



cienl,..Juae4UB^ .jif a man lore bruved o. 
^onntledj oT pMiectionti esjoins in mpact 
of ibo k44g'^ service i of a wreck j and 4iy«n 
other caaes. Co; 6. Hep. fol. 107. ,. ,. 

. VcAR.ftOQK^,, re^rit in a itgnUitttiiea, 
fioui >JJw^d,iI. inelutjvo, w the time. P^ 
Hrniy Vlll-. wluch vtee taken by, ibH> pTO' 
ili^inotarief of,theri)nti, fj th^ expenc« ft f (h« 
crown, «id pulil^Ual aontjallj. 

l^AR u,«,r Anp w^TK, K a.Mif of th? 
kiitftV j^rogaiive .whetvV h« <;:i4)«0sei,llH 
proht^ (if t^eir laiidi,^ nd ttneii)en|s ^^.^ JK»t 
uid a (Uy ibal are atuintcd.of petty tiei^oA 
or Teluny ; ivhoevei is Inrd of ihc maiKU whcM 
lite Uiidi ur leiicnients bebogi and iiM^Ofily 
so, but In the end may waste the lencinciltai 
deiiroy the houtet, ^■ot up ^he niwudi, guiileii, 
and pasluRi, and plouj^ up tlie meadowt, ex- 
cept the lord of the ice agrees with, hint for 
redemption pf,auch waste, afterward- r^toring 
it to ihe lortiiOlT the fee. SiiutKlfi EiMiog. 

'YE'ABHNQ...a, Ifrom y«r') Being a 
year old (/'«<). 

YE'.AFCLY. 0. Lfrom year,) Annual ; hap- 
pening every jrir ; lu'ingayeat (.Prior). 

Ye'arly. Oft., Annually; t^jiee a yt4r 
(Siaiiprart). 

To YEARN. V. 1. («)nj>aii, Saxqn.) To 
feel g^reat inieriul uneaiUKM (Ccn^tiii. 

ro Ye *im. B, a. To (time i u) v^K C,SW/.).. 

YEA.ST, ft BM'I*, it the irjiH or tcum 
which risei on beet iltuiug the act of fetinenia- 
lion. ScgBarh. 

. Yca>i itai) .iiticle oC^he firenlcil importance 
ill domoiic erononif ; itrmlug 3 necenaty 
ingredient in bre*d,.which Wouli^ oiherwiie 
become lieavy aud unwholesome. As it can- 
not at all timet be obtained jn sulficieui ^ua»- 
lilia. we pro|>o>e to ii^te vailoua, mctli^dlt 
which have been contrived fot^cucf^ng aii^^ 
pmer^inttthit eoinmodilv. i> . 

I n tiM Kd 1 ol. of the Memoir! nf the Plrilo- 
simhical and Lileruy Society of Manchester, 
Mf. Heiirjr has^publwhed aineth<|il tif.prtpsr- 
ing arii5cia1 veaM, hy nhidt gpud brad may 
be made, uiihout the aid nf any other l«nu*ni. 
He dirreit flonr and water 10 be boiled In the 
consilience of ir»clei and, wh«n the mixture 
ii cold, to aaiunie it with lixed air.- Kent, it 
muit be iK>ured into lane b«lltef ^Mth natrow 
tnuuthi, which ibnuM Se lootcly covered wiih 
pap«r{ Bitd, over ihia, with a lUle.and 4 wei^t 
to keep them iteady. The bottjei ought now 
to be pbceil in a room, the temperature of 
which 19 from TO to BO" ; and the mixture be 
Mirtfd two or three timci in Uie course of 84 
houif. Al the end of about two d«yi, accord- 
infi lu Mr. H. such a degree of lenueuutron 
will have ensued, ihit the mixture acijiiiiei 
the coniiiteDce of yean. In this date, thellout 
intended 10 be mode inlu bre^d muM be in- 
curporatcd with such artificial barm, to the 
prujK'f cioii of (i Ibt. of the formci to one (|uart 
of llie latter, aad a due qiuniiiy of wat'm water. 
The whole is now to be kneaded togethei m a 
proper veaicl, covered with a cloth, and •■uflrr- 
td to iiand for 13 hour?, onillit betufiiclcnllf 
• M2 



Y E 

UrmnMi ; wbsa U I'louU be fotm«t tnio 
hwvn, «nil buktd. Mr. Henry acitii. ihat 
(hi) ■yi'*it wotilii Vie iBiirc perfect if a tlccoc- 
tion or iiiaIi were lubstiiiiicd for watEN 
,.A tirnple dccucliun of malt, hovrever, is 
Sow fully proved to be conveiiible riiW yeait, 
fit (fit brewing 1 this tlitcoVeiy was m^e by 
fit. Jiweph Senyof, on whom the Socieiy for 
llicEitcouragcmciil DfArli, in the year 17(|0, 
cuiifcrrei n bounty uf ^0/. He dir.-ris three 
wooden or ejrihtii \e.-.-els to be procoTed, one 
Itcin^ capable of holding tvvu quarli, (he olber 
three or four, and llic ihiid five or ijx quarts. 
A (]iT3rier of a peck of malt is then to be boiled 
for eight 01 lonminules, in three pints of water; 
ivtieu one c|iiari must lie poured off the grains 
inio the 5rit vessel ; aa soon as tbe liquor be- 
come) cool, such vesKi ought to be removed 
towards the tire, or to a temperature of tbawi 
7tf or 8D° of Fuhnnheit's theruioineier. In 
the course of 30 hours the fcimenlation will 
commf nee ; when two quarts of a similar cool 
clecQciiun (made, we suppose, from the tame 
mall) must be mixed with this yeast, in tbe 
tecond, or larger vessel ; and be repeatedly 
ilirrcd in the manner praeiised in comnion 
vau. As ihe fermentation increases a greali-r 
portion of ihe like decoction must be added, 
aod be worked in (he largest vessel : thus, at 
leoath, a sullicient quaiiiity of yeast will be 
produced for brewing 40 gallons of beer. 

This useful contrivance of Mr. Senyor is 
ftrther confirmed by tbe recent experiments 
of a correspondent, whose plain and intciesling 
account we are induced to quote in hi) own 
Wirdt : " I canted (iays he) a gallon of rather 
■Weak wort w be made ; with part of which, 
when ciHil, I filled the middle part of Nooih's 
machine : as soon as it was thoroughlv saiuist- 
ed with fixed air, I mixed ihe whole and 
pinced ii in a wooden vessel near the fire, ihc 
weather being raiher cool. In about 24 hours 
there were some faint signs of fermentaiioa ; 
yet, at ihe expiration of the fourth day, 1 ob- 
tained no more than two table-spoonfuls of 
very indifferent yeast i and the wort had be- 
come extremely offensive. A« the yeail was 
Aol only very poor, but in too small a quanliiy 
for anv doniestic pur|iose, I made an infusion 
of malt, and a decoction of hops, in the nan- 
nei UKdamons ihe inhabitants ofthe inland of 
Jeney, when they find it necessary to increase 
a amall quantitv of brewer's yeati. To this 
preparation I adaed tny mo spoonfuls of yeatI ; 
Ut the mixiure stand 24 hours ) then poureil 
off the waiery pari; mixed the sediment with 
an increase<l proiiortion of the niali and hops; 
which fL'rmenleJ, and produced yeast coouKh 
la work a oulloii of strong beer, that yieldnl a 

tint of very fine yeast, of which excellent 
leail was nu'te. Having some reason to sns- 
]i«ct that the fixed air was of little or no use 
jh this experiment, and that a wort might be 
mad* whtch would ferment of itself, before 
Ute liquor were tpoikd by ton long keeping, 
I caused lo be made four sallons of f^ood wort, 
raiher abore potter sitength, well hopped, airf 
with a considerable quantity of coloutj and 



AST. 

treacle, to pteserri! it from pcilrefaelien. Il 
was equally ilividvd, one-half inirtcgaitfd 
nrth hsr'} air, as iu <he fir^ eapcfiiNcnii txk 
was put into a wnmlen vew*! i and bgili vnt 
placed in an equally wKiui siiuaiio^ Aliht 
expiration of 84 bntin, there Umfl no swui <J 
fermentation, 1 siiirc^l in a lea-ipoonhd at 
sail, and ahook a littlcBour oiiitJi'- wrfMrof 
each. In 15 hiinra itroro. iltc I'uiiopiegiuMd 
won ihewnl tr)me'uf')>':M«iice "f reriu«ataiinii 
which went off. aiiit wo* niicwnl l^ fi^t 
the liquor near the fine t anil at iba 7't'l* iim 
it hud a tolerably i^uodi beari of )-•*« ) bol tit 
imprcgnnled wort waa o;ily beH'louTt *• fw* 
ment. In S* hours aAnt, we took < pMf «( 
yeast from ihe wnrt which ^vaa wA m^Kf/ltlt 
ed with fi&ed ait, aad obiiui a lea-cu|ift|lJliHa 
the oihcr, which was as inforior in quali^ii 
in quantity. The worn were iben tnowL pat 
into other vetseU, and bid fair to btcoioa« 
cellent beer.— I cannot uy that thia i> a it^ 
expeditions inode of making yeasi ; but It^ 
Here it is a sure uiie, and witliitt (be paMI 
of every person who can procure ttie lucniMf 
inpredienis for making goiid beer."— Uor ««■ 
respondent, therefore, conceives to tiave frarti 



Kr'"*™ 



t, that lixed 
to produce 



Dr. Leitwm (Hints for proowtioz BcmA- 
cencc, &c. 17()7) recomrocridi the Wknti^ 
preparation as a tubatiiuug fur ycMt : boi) 4m. 
of flour in two qunrts of waicr, fot half m 
hour; and sweeten il with 3oe af M njt Bwil 
sugar. When ihe nuxinre i» nearly 1)«I4 
pour it on four ipoonfiib of ycail, into a 
earihen or stone pt sulficientty ileap to idiail 
the new barm to rise: it must now be acU 
shaken ; placed near (be fire for one day i ad 
then the thin liquor he poured off ihc aorbce. 
The remainder is nexi to be^ciiated, stninot. 
clojed up for use, and kejit in a coal 
place. Some of the yeast thus pt^areil ought 
alwuvi to be preserieil, for renewing or nU- 
irwlhe next (juantily that may be wanNd. , 

The followine method ofprcparingcBcdlMl 
yeast we slate from the Tranmctions of tha 
Economical Society of Petardnirgh, om the 
auihoiily of baron Von Mcslmadwr: what 
the wort is made, and ii baeomrt nrrnsity id 
provide yeast for its fermCBlalsoD, bcidiKM 
40 gallons to be drawn off intaateMc) proriM 
with a lid, and capnbla of holfbug wi^tbinl 
morethan that qoaniity. Nest, ?IU of 
leaven a'e lo he dissolved ina. little wortiiad 
mixed with the 40 galbns t *l7lba. ol'lyf 
meal, and an equal quantity of ^lenad Mb 
must now be added, by aKiSaCon fafrMlDe 
minutes, nnd suffered to aland far half nn hour. 
At ihe end of that liow, a spoooful.of ihrhel 
yeait nuiiht to be inentpotaicd with thw oo*- 
piiaaA ; ihe lid be placed upon th« (aal \ ti 
the whole remain undisturbed for 4S.hoeB; 
when the mixture will be found convened iniD 
6o gallons of reoiarkafale pnd barm. 

In the 1st vol. of Aneals of AgricnUere. 
Mr. Kirby suggests mealy potatoei to be faailell 
till they becotne perfectly soft; its shich state 



YEAST. 



AWKitntbemMbtil wirtthot water, ki » to 
oojuire ilic ninsjitCTici: ulyeaai. 'I'm- dunce* 
tiTormrtt ii^ir, or molasMsi itt iheii id hr. HcUcd 
to e»eiy pnnnit <if tbiUIoct; mid. when ilie 
tnjitinre h lukf-warm, two «|ioi)nriil9 r>< burin 
Inuft be (lirred inlo ti, nct.'oriljtig (q the |ho> 
poninn above stated. This enitipo»iiion thouU 
new bt trmovrd inwards tlie tire, oi lo a wirm 
pl»*r. till Ihe frrmertt»li*o ctajei when a 
Cmain poriioi) inay be kiimli'd wilh flour, 
■■Htirfi <n))^t 10 «ain) eiitlil hnuin btfore it is 
l>died.-->lr, K. otnnvM, ihat every pcMiiid of 
IMCaton thai msnagcd ptodiico iicn'tly 3 <]»!>n 
wf Jfwit, which ivili rtmain pun) tor ihrre 
.^UKRhs. — The inoU, howe»er, ought, in ih* 
'opioion of Mr. Hnidley, lo be |i«rlecity ripe 
SM well-sproum] ; as in the cDiiinry cate no 
■ftnMntalioit If ill emot. 

■^ Stmllir 10 ihiipreparBiion ii the sii>wiilule 
Ibr ycaii contiivcd by Mr. Iticbard Tillyer 
Bhint ) m conse^uetice tif which lie obtain^ 
%jaieui, it) October, I787.— He direct! slbs. 
BTpnlai'ieitn be boiled in water, in the same 
IBitW as for the laUe : after which they 
an be mashed ; and, M*]iile ihay uie watm, 
I*, of hoiicy, or Other jacchnrine maitcr, 
i one ntiart o( eommon yeasi, should be 
aMed. — 1 hree pinli of thJB curn pound are suf- 
>fict«nl, with iheaid of warm water, for iiiakii>g 
ihe sponge; and, when this begins to sink, 
nbadongh oaghi to be formed into loaves end 
teked. 

An Tuefiil mbmiliiie IVir ycasi maj be ob- 
4tn<Hl by nearly Rlline ■ tinsim or lei'Tiip 
Mlh brniMd or ?jilii pease, and pouring on 
tfMm boilini; water : the whole is now to be 
•Mon the hcArih, or other w-arm place, for 
>'ar 48 hnott, according lo the temperature 
Ihc teiMn : HI the end at that lime, a froth. 



Tlie pmervalion otyeKt, fora eantideniUa 



imendi.'d to put a quantiiy of thut 
niodiiy inlo a cnnva* bap, and to submit tha 
H'hnic 10 the action of a scrrw-piesa, to ai lo 
rii-piivr il of all moisture ; in coiiiequeiice of 
which, the barm will remain in ibe liag, ai 
(tttn and inuj^h as rlav : in this slate it Ritul 
be packed in casts, well secured from the 
access of air, and n*ay l<e kept in a sound slate 
for aoy period of time. We believe, however, 
itwonldbc more safe and advieible to form 
the |iasiy yeast inlo citculer, flat vesiele, re- 
aemblin|t lea-saucers, and in that slate to dry 
the whole mats, Oilhcr in the open air undvr 
(hade, or in the moderate warmth Of a baker*! 



Mr. FeltOi 



Malhew'i mode of srpam 
»nd preserviitg the Imwr 



e nnrientand, is commonly ptaclised in the 
■tein countries ; and the barm thus procured 
. «id to render the bread Itghi and |i.i]3lab1c. 
"'To the different modes of procuring yeast 
llMAtty specilted wc shjll add an easy and ux- 
(wjiltous process, which appears to be very 
■Uiisible; and has lately Iteen conioiunioied 
wlh* editor by an anonymoits correspondent ; 
aniioi vouch for in snecesi. — Take 
qnarts nf soft wnipr, and two handfols of 
-~'tn or barley-meal ; stir the latter in, 
the mixUiie is iilaced uver the fire, 
II must very giadnally simmer, *v\ at 
ih t)i>il, lilt iwa-thiids of the fluid tie eva- 
Bwaicd, so ihnl it may cnniisi of iwu rjaaris. 
IFlMn Ihra decoeiton bw^oines irool, incor- 
ij^ome with it (by meant of a whisk) a powder 
Umrittins of two drachms of salt of tartar, and 
Mw' ilracnm of cream of tartar, previously 
The whole should now be kept in a 
plaec' — Thtis, ■ very strong yeftsl for 
tfennrinf, di*tiltiiiar. and b.iking, h said to be 
,<ibnlntd. For the Imt meiitifHied purutee, 
.ho'^ertt, such barm ouglil lo be first diluted 
with pure water, and )>a>sed ihri>nc(h a sitre, 
LbeAirc it be kneaded wiih the dotigh ; in ordbt 
Mb Jejxive it of its alkaLine latie. 



which he obtaitied a pattrir, in Pcbriiai 
■ 79'>). in many lespeett corresponds wiih thai 
just described : the principal riiffcrenee ti, 
ilvit he directs ihe Iwgs to hr placed in Irnniihs 
perforaicd wiih boles, to pievclil the ferniet 
from htirnin;;; and then to «ubmil iheiti"*' 
the action of a leier. ajHril by incunil 
weights. When the beer is ihur e 
the yeast reiheintni; in ihc hag* wilt 
into ciinrsc powder: this must be tpreAt)' 
cnn»35, hair-dtith, or similar pftroos ' "" 
ainJ gradually dried In • fnali-kilti, 
roo.n OF siove, where a rrgtjiftr itmjiewit 
from BO to {jO degrees is maintittned; 
lastly, us sonn a* il becomes neircetljf dry, 
barm must hi; packed in Iwliles or cistij ' 
which llie nir u comptttely excluded. 

Anmf.er (nWe of preseivtiig jrast « 
in throwing a tvhhy. Or ittc yaunj> ihooMi 
wtllowt iwisttd together, into the vessel whr 
the yeast is working ; and suspending iheni 
a warni room till the next oppormniiyof brew^J 
ing lirrves. We cwWceivc, rwwei-er, the fe*- 
lowing expedient lo be preferable, bolh 

point of ""teanlinen am' --'■ ■ ■' ^^ 

successfully practised by 

wives ;— Take a ' 

si7.e as may be most omvenient 

regular coating of yeast aroimd It* 

face; and, ui ofien as this dries, 

proce^, lirl ft thick cuke be fnmied : ide * 

must be kept in a diy place. When any bi 

h wanttwl, a sinatl piece may be ciit out i 

afierdissobing it in warm water, the snli . 

will answer all the purgioses of fresh vo^fl 

whether designed for baking or for BrnfCl 

The ffillowing process tieing advantageo 
emploved in Germany,' for presertina iMrm, I 
as tu be Rt for all domestic luci, atler 
sitterable time, we have inserted it fot I 
bcnclil of otjr coimtiy riaden: When tl*eyi 
is taken from liew beer, it must be put tr' 
clean linen bog, and tie laid in a vessel 
full of dry sifted wond-ashis : ihe whole i 
then to be covered to *e ihicknets nf thtec A 1 
four inches with similar ashes, and he presaA j 



wooden bowl, of ti>4v 
spread'a] 



wgcther. Id diii Jin 




y E L Y E O 

KOuiB Rirv daf , orlong«, ifii be nKesraty ; of win, makes its wnler ipptar af j 

^hcn ihe Dihcs will absorb all the inni^tuTCi cotour, 

and ll)«™stact)uircihetonai»ienceofa thlek Yet low (Naples), a fine pigment, «»cmw 

Cte. It must now be fanned into small from the city in which it wai long |ire|ttKi 
rips,' o( balls ) dried )» • modciaie heal ; It hnj the appearance of an tarth, it wjj 
and kepi in bags, in an airy, dry place ; when friable, heavy, porous, and not allereiJ by ». 
any barm is wanted, a few of such halU may po^ure to the ait. The prenataiion is kept a 
be dissolved in warm water ; or, which is pre- ■ scfrel, but by analyaia it is fonnd u> be a me- 
ferable, in beer; and ihey will aiisweT every lallic oxyd. A similar pigment niiy ^ f^ \ 
pijpSte of fermeuiatiiln. duced by mixing twelve parts of cwvni ihite 

BesiUcf its nlility in baking and bnwing, late of a diaphoretic antimony, and of aluoi lod 
rxneiinieiits have fully proved, that yeast is of fial-a.inmonisc one part each : heal ihem (u 
air^lnr efii«ac^4A' pWfti] fe*ers, putrid wre ' Bome lime to a lemperatnie btlow rednfV.and 
throats, and similai malignant -complainls : afterwards in a led heal fur three hours louor, 
fw'ihe first dticorer* «f lKi« impottaiil ftct after which ihe mass will have acquiicd « 
we nrc indebted to the Rev. Kdmilhd Carl- beautiful yellow colour. 
wi;;hi. The dose -of barm, according to his Yeli,ow ska, a Rulf of Chinj, buwem 
eipeVicnce, and ihaf of other praciiiionert, is the provinces of Pe-teheli and C hang- tang oa 
two large )foodtult, to be t«|ieat«tevCiy three the W, and the peninsula of C«fe3 n 
hours ; in some cases thlahas been suiheient ; the E. 

but, in others, it was necesHry to admitiibter VE'LLOWISH. a. (from veliaw) Ap. 
the j^ruviBLi bark, bctweeneanh dose. ]ri a preaching to yellow [Woodward}. 
few iiiswncw, indeepd, entetics and laxatives VE'LLOWISH NESS. i. {(r,yin ftlbnmik] 
weie given previously to labiiig the yeast ; but. The quality of approaching to yvllaiv (Svylr). 
in general, this simple remedy seldom failed to YE'LLOWNESS. ». (from yW/«,) I. 
cfTeei a cure i prtnidcd due attention was be- The quality of being yellow {ArbHlliMl). t 
Slowed on the diet and regimen of the pa- It it used in SHakiptare for jealousy, 
lie^t. ■ To YELP. n. 0, (5alp«n. S«.) To tarii 

Yeast condBtsof gluFen, sugar, and mucil- as a beagle-hound aflei his prey ;S*«J' 
a];r, withaOtTtealcohoLanda pottion of malic, ipeare). 

BCelic.'ana cdrbonic acidj; but the essential YENISEI, or Jehiba, arivet rfSlWiia, 
parlsof yeast are gliilen mixed wilh a vegetable which running from S. to N., enters ibi 
acid. and'HlWWfbte dried yeast, which must Frozen ocean, in the E- of the bay tsfOby- 
hnvcloMsaKftVf'iti camponem pails, is fit for YENISEISK, or JEMSKOl, a Ui^and 
fetitiMtMiM t^UaHy with that which is fiesh populous town of Siberia, in Ihe pfmtaM«( 
aitdnWf'u'"' . < Tomsk, seated on the river Yenim. Lija.Si. 

YELK. I. (from iealept,yit«Mo, Saxon.) 3a E. Lat. 67- 46 N. 
TlWj^llew pm of tnee^, II is ewnmonly YEN-PING-FOU, a city of Chitia. inilie 
jironuiinced, and often winien, yo!i (Briimn). proiiuce of Fokii^n. li has iii its disiricLicai 
Th YELL. » n. To cry out with horrour cities of the third clau, and is seftted nn the 
;iRd ti^\Pf'.l,SltetUtr). brow of a mountain, at the foot of which is 

Vit'IiJ J> A cry of^mrrour iDn/dcn}, the river Minbo. Il is 276 mites 3. of N»o- 

* Yext-, one Of'flie Siielland islandj; to the kins. 

9;«!>rtM(i»lMMiiIilan& It ia twelve iivllet YENrTCH£OU.FOU.,a «i^of ClriD«,iB 
IbHif Wl'tetght braadg-and ha»iaeve*al gotxl tlte province of Chang-toog. lu ((iMrkte«o> 
hJrfbobi*. 'J-- ■ r 'i.: tains four cities of the second and S3 of dk 

YELLUW, one of the or^itfil colours- oT thtrde)iu4; anriit is4Kiiedbetwecii M*a rirni, 
light.- -StWCoGODW.- » -- ■ ^■'■■' e^s miles S.E. of Petin. ' 
'Vt\tt,ii rBvEN,-' '6w <FsiKH cob- YEOMEN, the fiM or highot dfgM 
TiNUA. :,'- ' 'i atnong the plebeians of bngland, nexiiaatiki 

•-Vvi.i.^'<lnvXuMtntU itmiiho'hgf. See tiythe gentry. The yeomen ua y^flr fi**- 
Ehbbriza. -a ■ ■■ ^ ■ ]■ hoMers, whn having bud tt ttatU-tMra, IMc 

'ykLig>w-»HA)tiC*,' in cknilholegy. See an good husbandir. ■■- • ~ 
SooLo^A ■.>•"•<:'' i •- YmoMEHisaUoatit1(^raAWin«bekii^ 

YiLLow-roLE, Id ornithology. Sec Mo* hoiMehold, of a mithlte pBce bnuftltirtiMl 
ItAiciLCA? s^'l''<^ :-i^ ■•!- an usher and a grootf. /[^l-ji 

! YELWtuAfl;,s> in Ichthyology. Set ''Ytostiii- op tbi oflMtiKweK aUtMr 
SoDMBMtJ L,-erji JK." . :::' :, -i sM-rncn of the bett H^lpondcrlpa^j all 

-"^Li.«^^i(KUMDKU.' S* •SivTM.vlt »^ laWerst^or^thaB Mtlitluyi caiAftitiDk/re- 
«SB«s(; - •<>»/. quirecTto be six feet higlw '«t preKiuoM 

Ytai.0*' Rtvex-, st HoAMo-HO, ■ larct are but RHI yeomen In dDDiCnifJutyy^dd^TO 
t'lvn «r AA; srtkich, aft^'a bourse ot ^rly more tUft'on duty; ami M anV'of tiM lOb Hi. 
foo lo^iws Mrot^MUry airf China, enun hlsfittix iisuppKedfeul o{jiblV70:"'TSij'jp 
the liasiern sta, to the N. of the moutlftor ill* dressed afterthe manner of kingHeiurVIlK) 
yBN-4ie-kiaitg. 4tn<verybroMa«id4b^itl,1iat tiAtdfnw^- roimftty had litS ki^wtHm 
W shallow, ihdl itisscaretlynaV^abk. It f* ni^^tn^lo tvailing'i btit: dlii Wta'tlka 
««ll«d the Yellow Tiien beoawse iifie diy^od nfffti kWrtJihi efqiiiHt AttflV.) ■ '■.. 
MOl} MiMi-ii tiMtmiv^^ o^pttoiBny ki kTM -' YeoMjMntWKni, iit-jfioi-it-iikmfi 



Y 1 E 



E^BMnneiiFd In li'»BiiU«ity'9 buntiugnu- 
4>liJ<riicu^ (>f ihtM; lUm aie mk, whu"; 
Olki^ial <lctuttn>eiil:io,io be lul^otdirtHic tu tbe 
,hHi>u>itM>i. aiiil 111 'Hceuu bit onjen in ull 
iBuiirt» nUiitr lu lilt MBg hotuid*, utidbtrnl 
ttlwK inttinv and ;iiiiiiti*> "i (luring iliE diatc. 
iSer KiNo> nouxna, atiit' Stao u(jNii«a. 
: YfcOl'IL, 01 IvfcL, 8 Ci>r,-:.r.w io«n iu 
SiH«rT!4 III lire, wiih u inukri im l-'rii!av. Mere 
3* • m lauiaclDrc uf cliuh, l>'it ili<: |7nDcipJ 
!«CM is o( kIwcs. ItoKdwl on iIk Ivi.l. so 
iBlkab. (if Weill.,:....! 1£3 W. t>v S. .'f Uu- 
ld>0. Ltt.. ?,37W. Lat.S0.i.5N. 
I . 7»\'EilK. ¥. a. To throw »ui or mav* 
mib*<twin:!. A hoiu <i Hiiil tuyrrA, whi-n 
ni flinp an.l kic'-^n wiih hU whulc liititl quar- 
lin> ifatrter' Vkticaari,). 
I . Ymk.3. (from tli< verb.) A quick minion. 

r-YERN. ...a. SvrVEAlN. 

YiiS. *J. {jirc. S-N.'ii ) l.^ A term of af- 
nnDBlioiii tlie >illUitia:ive particle nppiscit to 
Mm CMon). i. It u ■ ituiO of ciirorcemciit: 
jMwt M>i' not only sk. Iui mote tfope). 
r YESO. a t-un gf Fcr»i-. i.> Ir.nc Aeen.i. 
OB the (Mil fri'm Kemuii to lupahan. U his 
Ut jilk inaiiulaatiire i Bfid liete aie niailc ihe 
fatti arucU in lt>C wortil. It is SUO mile* 
P&E,4rl>p«haii. LaD'd(>- S0£. Lai. 33. 

I VEST. SecYKAST. 

V£fST£Il. d. {^'Aii/rr, Duich.) Behig next 
Were iiiovK'ifa\.iiay-{l)ri/drn). 
' YE«TbUDAV. 1. (geriapbies, Siuoit.) 
i'VltC lUy Imi Mil; Ibe div next before lo-day 

.Va'^TVaiDAV. td. On lli« lUy last pist 
'(«««"). 

..YlisrERNl'GUT. i. The nqjht before 
BnnieiK. 

, YtNTBRNi'aiiT. a. On ihe night last pait 

_ yE'STY. a. (from j«/.) Frothy i ijiumyi 



:Kevcrthct(i9 ; iiuiwithUdiHliii); i however 
t&«lA). 

YiT- *il- ■• Be&iiici over iruj aWe (^t> 
.IrrbtiT^), S.Still; ihr BtBleelill remaining the 
iwine (/UJiMHi). 3. Onc;c ugaiu U'«p'). 4. 
.At (hit time; au tixHii hiihrrlo (Aaccn). .^, 
•Al-k«M CBttltr). 6. It ilcnoici continuance 
and cxlcnaioR, ^xlct or iiualleT ; (Ac tlorm 
grrw louJrr andytl Uudrr iDryiUH). 7-Slilti 
,M) a new dqiree iLEMlranit). 8. Eicrii 
•Osratl (Biutia) O. Hitherto (/Tiw^rr). 

YE'VEN. fo. ,:,.-r„ {Sf>en.fT). 
, YEW. ». (.F. Aixoo ; yu., WeUho A tree 
af louftli «>oo<l, ine4 for Ik>wi. Sec TAXUt. 

YEfWEN- a. (from jfoe.) Made of ibc 
Vreac) of few (.f^raitr). 
. YEX,i. (SceYvi.lTI.ehiccooRh. 

Te Yn. c. n. To bate ihe liiecnurii. 
.YFETIE. od. (^F<H*. Saxon.) Togcthci 



•^SWe 



> YfELD. I 



. (selban 



y. To untduc 
a aOtnli to 



y o R 

h'bit-(£M£e). 4. To give, . 
riffbt (.aiilloni. i. To allow. 
(^anmvHcJ). Q. To pcroiit ; la grani (JD 
dan). 7. To cuu i to e:^iic (Cenrru). 
'I'o resign i |o ^-.e up {IFatti). 9. To » 
reiidtr iKioIln). 

T» Vl£.l.D..>l>. 11. !• To give up the coBa 
ici.i to tobmit Cf?a//««J. 9. Tocomiilywi-'' 
anj |)cri>t>n, or iBjlive |K)wer {^P'ovnbt). 
Til ronijily wiib ihinu> required 1. 
(WU911). i. To coiinHk; 10 au(.. , 
low; not li. deiiy Utoifwil!). 5. To « 
plaee, as JiiRHout ia esoclleoce o 

Vi£'LDKU. >. criDm yieU.) Ooc )vl« 
jiBlds (Siai^tvt). , 

YNCA.an np)>dlaliDn anclfnilj ;iven IM 
ibc kia^ of Parki, and the princes of ■hcff' 
lilouJ 1 the vroni iiierally tignt^ing lord, kjn^ 
cnipciar, and royal blood. ' .L 

YOKE. ,. (leuc. Saxon ijotl, l)uich.;g| 
I. The bandage placed on ttte iiet^k of dtaugti 
oxrn {hape), u. A mark ofirtvitudci s' 
veiy (.Drytin) . 3. A rbaiii ; a link ; a bi; 
{Drydru). 4. A *i»(ii)le; tvtO! a pair. I. .,^._ 
Uicd in ibe pliual wjlh ilTe (iiigultr Krotiiutn 1 
tiun(B.oB«,>). ,|,f 

nVoKB. I>. a. (from ll>r noun) I. Tar, ( 

bind by a yoke 10 a catnajK (Dijufea)- 2- To ^ 
join or simple with Mto(tl<-T iDfgdev). 3.7^ 
enslave; 10 lubduc CJiiaitificdrr), ». To - 
strain i la r^nliue (Odcon.) 

Yo'kk-elm. t. A liw {jfiiumtrlhi. 

YCKiiFELLOW. Yo'k«m*tb. .. (j#Ji 
ucuijellaui, or aio/t'.) I . Cotapnnion tn Ir 
hour iS/iahptart). 3. Unt ; felkiw (,Hud 
iiraj. Slnaeft). 

YOLD. for y<V;rf«t OlHolcte {*>«" ,_ 

vol J(, the yellow paiV in the niidOlcof «S 
ew- (Sec Eae.) It conuiiw a lymphatif* 
HiMiance inined wiib a ceruuik ^uanuiy M 
uiild oil, wbicb, on aceouul 'if tUii misiuK^I 
it aoluble ju water. When cxpi»ed I0 heai|!ti ■ 
wsiiitirs a conaiMence not to baid as th« whi'^ftf I 
of the egg i and when bruited givra out the mL I 
which it contains. This oil li.nt been uted ex*f I 
icmally as t> iinimcut. *" 

YON. VowD, YoiKOiE a. (jeons.Sa«Ji 
Ueinfi ai a dis(anc« wiibia view [S*«lipcW(u J 
Urn Janion. Bactn). .J 

Yon. Vomd Yo'icd». ad. At a dliiince ^ 
wiihiii view {Milton: Arl-ulknot]. 

YONU. a. Mad i furious : perlMpi irons- 
pnried with rage; under alicnatioii of mind 

YUNNE, a df piriment of France, ccnutia- 
ini; part of the iale jMovince of Bu>ipundv. 
is Ml calird from a nver that rise* in the deMi* 
ncnt tif Niei-re, and passina by Chaieau Cht 
iitin, Clameci, Aaierre, JniKny, and SrOt 
falla iuto the Seine Auierre is ibe c*ru< 

YORE, or 0/ >'.*.. ad, (seosaiu. Saj 
I. Ltfns (.Spnuir). a. (X old liimc; 
•ICO iPopt). 

YORK, a ciiv. ih« capital of YotIu 
with un arehliiibnp'i see, and ;. nuiikel 1 
Ti'^sday.ThurMlav, and Saturday. It ii ' 



K V O R Y O It 

^hBiw, nmii c«inii &c, hav« beta fotmH N.E, «n(L'.fi W. riirccuon. BarMul dw iili- 

bcrr. It hflxalwaiibMn i-oiDitirrctlit thcca- ganjr tnouoptns, however, the cuaatij a 

pilwl of ihc nnnir,'»«d, in pninl of aiiU, t^ i]jile level, of a fine rich toil, wiertd in » 

Uic second oiiy in the kinpJinn i nud, hIiIiuu^ natural >iaie niih vaiioui kiiiHt uf iirci. 1^ 

itiinaw turiwued ili wrjilib snil j»iiuli>niii«« of iliew inMtn tains it ii broken into hilband 

by tiiaiiy uf the mure nioilcrn trading loiviii, il vsllays: the hillt bw thickly i;lolheil Hiihi» 

tttll Mifipolti ■ coniidei»ble degre* of cooie- litr, and, when cUared, aflbid fine [>MU|>*i 

qucnct, atid i» the rMiileiice or nwnj 7«tUrel and the lalleys |iroduc« wheal. kwi»p, nu, 

Aaiiliei. In lam the number nf iiifiabiuji)^ pew,' s'>i*i ob'>. >"<' Indian cote. Uf iki { 

3.l4fi, The CBihedrai of St. Pcler, ge- ciiain'.oditici pI(ldulu^d from culiu ■- -■ - 

■ '^ ■ pie, o/whi ■ 



(lltally catled the miniicr, ii reckoned ihe the Mspic, u/ whieh i: 

9MleiegaDt and n^aenificciilGotiiicttrucuirc rairad aii^ ejiparicd. T)ie besi lindi ih ^ 

in 'llw fciii^lum, Lincoln perh^pa excepted, niovince, which lie along llohawk ri>ir. tni 

Beside Ihit cafhe<lnl, Ytiik cofitjim hut 17 W- of the Allegany mouataint, »" «i w * 

t^iiichttinuse; though tn the reign of H(ii. elite i>f natuie, nrju5( biginninc in bewiW. 

ry V. there were 44 pitiih churcbe), J7 cha- 'litis tlaie uboundi with nereral fiac mw»«« 

pelt, and ntnr rcligioiM huiite». It la ilivWed lakes. 

by the Oti^ into two patH, which era imiied York (New), a cily of the Uiu'ieJSuto, 

by s none \iiiAi^ >•( fiicarohes, the centre one CB|)iiiil of a ttate of the tame n>R>c. Il i> 

Si fcut wide i and the river i« navigable 19 this cilusle on the S.W. point of an itbDil. t» 4« 

City (or vcurls of ;« tout biirlheii, ahfiDugb it confluence of HuHion and East riieti, atid m 

il 00 miles ftoin ihv «a. Vork ii surroutiilcd tour milci in nrcomfeiencc. SutrouwW M 

^ « slronif wjill, iliriiiif-lj which aie entrance* nil tiilfi by water, it ii refre>htd by ftti 

^ four gate" ,nc(l f^rt ]in»irtn> ; nnd il hti a brecMS in lumnicr, and the air in winM la 

Ciiitlr. built by Willjitni the Conqueror, which niorv temperate than in other place* under ih* 

wat tWiiicrly .1 jibcv uf ^'ai itrcii^ih, but ii ume |iatslle). York iilanrf ti Ii niiM in 

is now a rouu'y prison for deh ion and felont. length, but [lardlyone in breadth i antl >*J*** 

WTibmil IJor'thum bur Mood the maBnificent cd 10 the mainland by » brid^ ciJM luqA 

obbcy nf St. Miry, mme roios of wbich re- bridge. There is no basin or bay for the *■ 

main, and on iheaiie ofnirtof it is the manor cepnon of ship* ; bm ihe road wheic ibcyl^. 

or royal |«lace. built hyTIenry VIII., where in Etst riner, is defended from (he *iiArttfti 

Hvcral i>r (Hir kinRt bure IbdaeJ, tliougb it ia the tea by some istanda which inlei1"Cli nnd 

now neijlecird. York it a city apd co^iiilyor ctich other) ;o that, excqii that of Hho^ 

iMe}[;goi'«TiieilbvaU<td-ma;<ir, aiid«cnthl%va island, the harbour of New York, whieh mU 

nte'nibera to Mtflanieni: its cnuriLv indutln miuiliin^ of any burden, i* the best of ih* 

AWly LiberiJ, in which arc 8S villages- and United States. Tlie number t>rtoSabiiaailt.in 

hamleis. The guild-liall, buiU in U.4fi, ip b 1786, wai £3,614. Ne« Vork it y", aifn 

giilnd struetun^.-au|i|i'trlc(l by two rows of oak N.E. orPhilailelpbia. Lon, 74. 9 W, Lti. 

pilbrs, each pillar, a single free The cdtpo- -lu. 4J N. 

rtttiOn built a man^-ion-lniiisi;, in 172B, for the YonK Rivia, a riTerof Virginia, fctn>(4 

Irtrd-mayoTi and, auionz the modem hiiild. by the confluence of tbc Paomnky ui<t M«i- 

iil^*, arf a nnblc- asscinb^-hoiise, desJKped by tapony, 30 miles above York town, bcUns 

the eafi of tlarlio^ton,' and an eleaant court- wnich place it enters Chciaprak Lij-, 

hou^e. iHi the r!f;hl of the casllei here is alv* York Town, a [own of Vi^u>u>, titu^ 

a I bm I re- royal, and an n^tluin for lunnlies. Ota the «outh side of York rivtr. It his ik; 

Yoth i«70iDilcsS. by E. of Uuibaoi, anij igs best harliour in the sinie fur rcttiU ef tM 

N. by W.of Loudoo. Lon. 1. IW. L»l. largcji iiw. and is 13 miles east of Wiltfan* 

,63. .*9N. bnrch. 

yo)ll(,a'lownofP*nnsj!vani9. rapitalofa VOHKSHIRE, the l«rpe*t eeunly in Kf^ 

coimiy of thcsainc name. It is an miles W. land, bnundnl on the north by Wcstmorlibd 

of Philadelphia', Lon. 7fi. 43 W. Lai, 39, anri the bjihopticof Duihato, east (7 IheOrt- 

7N. ' man ocean, south by Lincolnabire, Notlint- 

VoilX, a town of Manaehnsen, in ihe di- hamshire, and Derby shire, v»"b-wFsi byltK- 

«lrict of Mainr. Tbe riier of the same name shrre, wcit bv Lancashire, and noiih-weM I] 

fall' JDtn Yirk ha'liour at the town. It Is 75 Westmorland. It extendi ftO iiwtes f(9n),n«ttB 

■iiilt* V.N.K. vCHritiffn. Lop. 79. 4G W. to sou'h, a,nd I is fram eact \i> ne>i. aojl «■»• 

l^t. 4.1. 7 N. ' taina 3,6im.337 acres, from ft* great ennil 

VolK (Mew), niM of the United Stales of it ha^ beep djvided into tliree riilipxt, 4a)M 

Amerira, bnu&i&don tha!\ B. by the J^tlaniic tHe North, ^st, ainl West; anci i< M%(tinU 

otWii; ilti the C by Connecticut, Mas^achij- inio&G wajieniakes, anda(>3l'aM(bT«i httoge 

fc(i',*aiid Verra'-dti'Pn the N. by ttie 46" of city and flOmarhet-iownt, apd semis 30 vits- 

lal. which Slllflba it from Canadfi; on' ^the bers to pf^liameni. The niimtiei nf mhlttfl- 

N;W'. by iKc r!*er Kr, Ij>wrence,ftnd ihe lakes onls in letil was S^S.SQS, mil in 1911 wn 

Oniari.iand Erie; ami on the S,W. ai^d'S. by 978,.'>59. [Sec Popijlation.) llnairaaJ 

Pcnnsykania tln^New JrWey. It is am miles v>il of )Iiis extensive county vary ex n em el;, 

long arid 31)r) b'rnail, kt«< is divided into 13 The e.Tf rldii^ is less healthy tjiaii ihc oihetn 

conntkt.' rfcw York,' ill eenerat, is intft- but this iogohvcniriice decreases iji pnjpynina 

MCMJ by tklge* o[ aOuniaini ruQuing in • u the county recetlcs Aam tlie kb. On ib« 



RY O U 
fills riding, Mpcciallv lA What it 
l>e Vork n-olds, riie soil Is gtnttally 
ihy, aod uudy; but great number] of 
epiK Mid htnce, anil seni inio otiier 
be &tlene). The wet riding, which 
ihe bfgw, moyt a sharp but hcalihy 
ine laira on int wesltni side in hilly, 
nd nut T«ry riiiiirnl ; but the iiitcruie- 
»llrTS consist of niuch good arable 
and pasrore for the hrgeai catUe, ll 
idum iron, coal, lime, jet, »]uin, 
md goal*. Hete ihe clothing matm- 
piiDciiiall}' flniimh. The norih (id- 
j^aerali exceeds ihe other two in the 
f of the air. llie worst ihins bteed 
:1c i but, on the iidet or the hillt, in 
i^tand pliiins, it produces coud com, 
I imtoK* for Urge entile Rirhmond- 
n the itonh-w»t of thii liiliJig, was 
' t a)Ulily of itielfi here many lead 
IR worked 10 great 'aitvaniagr. In 
re lAewiae are the districrs of Holder- 
Ihe borrlm of the Hurabtr; Clene- 
Ihe corJfincs of Durham ; and Craven, 
bonteri of Westmorland and Ijinca- 
[n this Ui district are three of the 
hilli in Enibnd. named Whcrn«ilc, 
-otigh.and Prnuyganl, which fuim a 
I'ani^ from their tops, at the distances 
Ave, tix, and cl-;hi (inlci, while their 
OS bates nearly unite. 'Fhe iirtiici|>n] 
■e the Oiuf. Dun, Derwenl, Calder, 
Iff, Nidll. Ure, aud Hull, aiul Ihey 
tnau in the Humber. which enters 
vaM ocean, between Yotkiliire and 
ibire. 
:sittmi SAN1CI.E. Sec PiKevi- 

■CKEOU, a city of China, flf the firtt 
l)oii-(iuang, It l> seated on the river 
, and on the lake Tung-ling, which ii 
in 70 league* in circuit. The great 
of batk) and merchandi^ thai are 
hither rctitltr it one of the liclmt 
the enipilrei and ilie country round is 
lifTcTcnl kinds nf oruoge and Irmon 
is 7fO miles somh l.y west of Pekiua. 
t. 3S E. Lfll. 59. S3 N. 

proWMi. (enp. luh. Saxnn; of je, 
111* Dblkjiie case ofyr (fi/iAeitoBi). 
tMdln thenomiiutiic (,Drydrn). 3. 
rerriAonial tvord fur the second per- 
ibr, and it always used, except iu >o- 
jjoage (Paprt. 

Jti&l.,* (Ktrouch and •e.nitori of Ire- 
ihr county ofCork. It is ■urmuiidctt 
,and hviacomnKidtmisiiarbmir, with 
fended ^tiay. tt has a (naliuficiure 
n ware, anil it sealcJ on lllr side of a 
I bjvt'f lt« tiame, 2H niilct call l>y 
Cork. Lwi. B. 10 W. L»t, 41. 

*C a. (mnj, ^ettt>i, Sitxmt . Jang, 
I. Beii^^in the fim |i»ti«-riif<i Mt 
*jf). 1. Ijoorjoij W(ik {.$!iak- 

Cva. Tlic Dflijinna ofjiRijitab c^l- 




dcrgyaian of the same name, and was boril 
about the j-ear i67y, Wtieo tufficienilv tjoa- 
liKed, he was matriculated into All Soul* col- 
lege. Oxford i and dwigning to follow the eitil 
law, he look a degree in ifiat ptoleasion. In 
this siiualion he wrote his ntietns called Ihe 
Lnsi Day, pnlilithed in 1704 ; which cotnifjj 
from a layman gave universal lallifaciion : lhi> 
wiiB soon afier followed by another, enliiltrf, 
the Force of Religiitn. or, Vanquished L"\t. 
Tliesc produclioni gained him a respectable 
acquaintance ; he wo* iniimate with Addison, 
and thus became one of the writers of the 
Spectator : but the turn of his tnind leading 
hiin to the church, he took orders, was made 
one of the ktng^j chaplains, and obtained the 
liiing of Welwyn in Herlfiirdahire, worth 
about 5001. per annum, lint he never rose to 
hijhrr preferment. For some vearj before the 
death of the laic Prince of Wales, Dr. Young 
attended his court prcity cnnslanlly ; but upon 
his decease all hit hopci ofehnrcli preferment 
Tanithed ; fiowerer, upon the death of Dr. 
Halet, he was taken into the tertice of the 
PtioccM Downgcr of Wales, and succeeded 
him ax her privy chaplain. When iirctly far 
advanced in hfc- he married the !adv Elizabeth 
Lee, daughter nf the late carl ol LichReld. 
Thii lady was a widow, and had an amiable' 
ton and daughter, who Iwth diet) voting. 
What he felt for their toss as well at fbr that 
of his wife, it finely e^presied in_hi» Night 
Thoiigliif, in which ihc young larl^ii charac- 
teriaed under ihr name of NarciWa; her bto-' 
iher hy Ihnl of PhilarJrr. He wfnte ihree 
liagnlies, The Itevcnue. Bnsirii, and The Bio- 
thi-f.. His tatires, called Li.ve of Fame the 
univertsl I'assion, nru by many esteemed hii 
priiiciiial pcrfotmance ; though Swill said the 
]ioct »nould have been cither tuore aiijrty or 
more uicrry : they have Wen characieiited ar a 
siring of epirrains writlrn on one tubjeci, that 
tire me rta'TiT bcfoie he gets through them. 
His Complaint, or Nijlii Thotighn, exhit^i 
Uim at a moral and loelaticlioly jpoCt, aud a-q 
e^lecmed his m;i tier- nicer. Tliry forui a 
specie* of jMicirv [•cciiluilj his uwn, sad in 
which he has Dten unrivollcl by all ihoic 
who atumpted to write in ihiE mannft. Tlwjr 
were wiitt-'ii under the ii'ccni prmuie of hii 
totiow fur the lust of hit wife, daughter, and 
son-in-law i they are iid<lrrt««1 lo Lorciizo,, 
a man of plea<ure and the wuild, and who, aa' 
it ii iiiilnualvd by oniv, it his own Win, but 
then labiiuniiit under hit fathei's (li^p'< uiiic. 
At a prose.wrner, he atraiuned ibe prcvjiUng 
mam-en of hi. lime, in a work called the, 
Ccotaor not FaUiWi ; and when he was' 
abiive 81) years of age, publithcd Ciuijcct"r« 
on Original Coii'piiiition. lie uubliibrd >Oine 
oilier pkcct ( aiid ihc wV>le oi hi* wftks .iie 
iitlucird in 4 and 5 vuli. tinio. ])f. Voung'a 
irn ui~ mind was naturally loleniu i ttl, iwi- 
'ith^-anding thii plouniiutu of tcu.per, tie, 
t/uiid of iiiiivceiii apntii and an i tie mc in. 



_ I ¥ O D ' 

npnmaicd ihe gaie^ ofihe company 
in ptnoa- HU wk wag Benerally nviffiuxlr, 
aiufetcr levelled oLibose who tMlinea aay con- 
lempi fof deeeuc^ and religion. One Siiaday 
{ircachiag io oi&ce ul St, Jamcs'ai be tbuniC 
lh>l ihotiuh he strove lo make his audience 
■ueptirc.lie could not preiuil. Upon whicb 
hit pity for their folly gnt the beiur nf all dc- 
ccinim, and be lal back in ibc piii)iit tuiil burst 
inlo a flood of Icsrs. Toivird) ilio lalwr part 
of life he knew hi* own infiniiilies, and luT- 
fercd hiinitif to he io pupilage lo hii house- 
keeper ; far he eonildcrtd ihai, at a ocrlain 
time of life, ihe sccnnti thildhood of age de- 
maiuled iu wonted |irotccliaii. 

He died in IjSs. "Nature (says Mr.Stuck- 
dale) lud bestowed on Young; an exuberant, 
vigorous, and origiail genius. It wis boundless 
la its venatilitji ii was incshaiistilile iii its rC' 
lourcei. Bui iit unconinion and splendid 

rilitic* were darkened aod Jislionoiirvd by 
ir opposite chancleristici. He hat len us 



often lires us with wtiai I can tcnn no bctier 
than pociiFAl trick* or letenlemata. He it apt 
to prolong a forcible and shiniog thought to 
il« debility and its dealb, by an Ovidian re- 
dundance and puerility ; and he teemi to have 
exQtted the whole tirengih and pasp of liid 
miod (o unite remote iinagei and ihouglitt, 
which couJd never bare been astocialed but 
by the most elaborate affectation. By au over- 
heated faucy breaking through every pic of 
judgment, be Eometimet loses him^Elf in 
fustian, when he imaj^es that he has aitaioed 



: prt 



i the 



z U-^d 



occupied a rathci smaller portion, in the pre- 
ceding picture, it would have been exactly as 
we should wish to draw it. 

YOU'NGISH. 0. crrom^^oung ) Somewhat 
JOuneCro/(CT). 

YOU'NGLING. i, (yeonslu'S, Saxon.) 
Ajar crealure in the Bisl purl of life (Bravn). 

YOU'NGLY. ad. {from yoangO I. Earlv 
iu life iShaispeare). «. Ignoranily; weakly. 

YOU'NGSTER YouTkker. .. (from 
young.) A young person (Prior). 

YOUNGTH. I. (from young.) Youth : 
obanlete (Speaser). 

YOUR, prnnonn. (eopep, Saxon.) I.Ik, 
longing to you (.Pope). S. YouRS is used 
when the suhatantivc goes before, or is under- 
stood : as, thh ii your book, lliit book it youn 
CS*o*ipeor«). 

YOURSE'LF. *. {your and k^.) You, 
eten you : ye, not othen (Shaktpeare'j. 

YOUTH. I. (yeojuS, Saxon.) 1. The 
part of life succeeding to childhood and adole- 
Kcnce (Arhulhnvt). S. A young man (Dry- 
dm). 3. Young men. Collectively (fini 

"youthful, a. (youth itajall.) 1. 
YouDz (Drwdtn). 3. Suitable to the first 
part of life (Firfr)' ^- Vifprout, a* in youth 



Y UN m 

YOU^UFUIXY. ad. In a youikbl nmT 

YOUTHLY- o. (fro«. s^tii.) Youngi 
earlv m life : obsolete {SMiutt). 

\OWlWi. o. (rnim yowi.) Voimn; 
yoothfiU. AiwilwM'USpKJalw). 

VPUGin'. parlidpl*. (y and ptgili, fnua 
piUh ) Fixed (Spcn-iff). 

YPHES. 11 forlilied city .rf the NriheilaiKb, 
in Flanders, aud a Ualiop'i i««. i( ha* raQ< 
sider^ble niauufacluica of clulh aitd tctgn, 
which are the principal articles of iti cob- 
meicc There ii alto a larse fait etcry year in 
t ._. T. ;. M^jicd i„ a itrtile plaiu — ■^- 
" . SO. . 

__ n of ^_ 

Flaiidert, in ihc isle of Caltand, acainl o 
branch of lli^ river Schcid, called Blie, rich 
miles east of Sluys, aod isN.W.of Ghcu. 
Lon. 3 :]8E. 1^1. .'il, 90N. 

YSSELBURG, a town of Dutch GikUk. 
land, twelve miles east of Cleves, *iid K NX 
ofGoeldres. I/..1.6. I^E. Ut.J>1.4sN. 

YSSELMONI). an iiluid of Ilobwl, 
situate between the .Mtrwe 011 the boith, vA 
another branch of the Maese on Ihc sotilh. b 
h.is a Inwii of the same name, neat three inte 
west of Rotterdam. 

YESSELSTEIN, a town «f the UoU 
Ptovincrti, in HolUnd, with ■ cattle, set^ 
en the river Yasd. five miles S.W. lA Vti^L 
Lou. 6.5E. Lai-iS. 7 N. 

YSTAO, Of Y'dita o, a icapoit of SwnIrK 
in tlic province iif Schoiieu, so mites S.Efll 
Lund. ]/>n. 13. 44 E. Lat. ab. se N. 

Y1T80TANTAL1TE, io . 
species ofTAKTALiOM ; which 

YUCCA, in h.)iaiiy, a ^enusof the etas 
he.taiidi lit, order uioiiuayiiia. CuioJ cant' 
panulaic, spreading i stylelcji; capsule ibtw- 
celled. Four species ; thtubsof the Wrsi India 
or America. All of them are cultivsicd. 

1. Y. jloriosa. Commnn Ad-m's iiedk- 

2. Y. hiamentosa. Thready Virginian vucn. 

3. Y. aloefolia. Aloc-lcaved v'ucca. 

4. Y.drsco-.ii. l>Kuun-irce-Icavti) jwcj. 
YVERDUN, a strong town of SwisserlMJ. 

in the Pays de Vaiid, capital of a bailiwir of 
the same name, with a caslle, a college, and 1 
hoKiital. Near ihe town is a sulphurous s|itiD|, 
with a commodious bathing-house. The priik- 
cipal trade ii in wine, and merchandise pMung 
" ' ' , and France. It Im 

intiquities, and ttiudi 
on the lake of Neuchatet, at the influx of the 
Orbe aod Thiele, 38 miles W.S.W. of Bern. 
Lou. 6 69 E. Ut. 46. 44 N. 

YULE. .. CsmI. yeol, yehul. Sax.) Tbi 
time ofChrutmat. 

YUMA, or LoHS IsLAXD, ooe of the Ba- 



hama islands, iu the West Itidie- 



lying 






north qf the east end of Cuba, a 

part under the tropic of Cancer. It it icvent] 

miles in length, and ten in breadth 

YUMEltlS, • cluster of small islaod^ 
among the Bahama islands, lying to Ihe S W. 

YUNG-NINO, a ci^ of China, of tbt 



Y U N 



Y U X 



5rit rank, at the north extremity of the pro- grey» blacky and tawDy, Id wares aad ttroket 

rince of Yon-naiif on the borders of Tioet, to hnely fn:i^led and contrasted, as to produce 

230 miles N.N.W. of^Yun-nan. Lon. 100. a rich penciling, even of these sombre colours. 

94 £. Lat. (f7- 60 N. The wryneck has been compared to the 

Yuvo-PB, a city of China, of the first woodcock, in iu hues; but it is much more 

rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 170 miles variegated. Its tinu are more livelv and dis* 
N.W. of Yun-nan. Lon. 100. 34 £. Lat. 26.-.tinct ; and its feathers softer to the touch. 

44 N. When perched, it stands so erect, that it seems 

Yujro-pivo, a city of China, of the first bent backwards. It retires into the trunk of 

nnk, in Pe-tche*li, on a river that enters the a tree to rest; but does not gnaw it, like the 

Sf of Leao-tong. Near it stands the fort woodpecker. An6, which^are the chief food 

oiL-hail, which is the key of the province of of this bird, are not taken by the beak,- but 

LcMHtoDg. This fort is near the beginning subbed with the sharp poi^t of its tongue, and 

sf the great wall, which is built, for a league thus drawn into the mouth. The nest it in 

teedier, in a boggy marsh, from the bulwark the holes of rotten trees, which these birdt 

lortlie sea. Yung-pins is 115 miles edst of line with dust. Their eggs are from eicht to 

Mim. Lon, 108. 34 £• Lat.- 39. 55 N. (en, and as white as ivory. The female, during 

YUNX; Wry-neck. In zoology, a senns incubation, and the ycmng, are both fed by the 

f the class aves, order ptc». Bill smootnish, male. The hrood is commonly hatched about 

ointed, a little incuri'ed, weak ; nostrils con- the middle of June. The young are soon ca* 

are* naked; tongue very'long, smooth, worm- pable of providing for themselves; when they 

ha^cd, aroMd at the point ; tail-feathers ten, all dispene, without shewing the smallest aU 

lezible^ feet climbers. One species only, Y. tachment to their parents, or to each other. 

Mmailla'; gr^,varied with brown and blaclcish ; The food of these birds being ants and other' 

ftltr raddiah.white, with blackish spots ; tail- insects, and therefore not easily procured, it is 

riEineh waved with black spots, streaks, and hardly possible to keep them -in a case. The 

■m. ^ few experiments that have been made to do- 

This genus is not numerous. The indivi- mesticate the wryneck have been unsucoesa^ 
Inbr afc no where found in flocks : they arrive fol. It dies with hunger, rather than^nbmit 
fcthemontfa of May, a little before the cuckoos, to taste any other species n£ food. About the 
lotf -nre ooosidered ias the harbingers of that end of summer it grows Temarkably fat, and 
sird. Their food is the same, and their man- is then said to be excellent eatins. It has, in 
Ken pretty similar to those of the woodpecker, some parts, been called an ortolan, from itv 
rbcy have ^receifed their English name from resemblance to that delicate bird. The bird- 
their awkward conforsions of Uie head and catchers take a few of them before their de- 
neck bftckward and forward, like die undulat- partore, in the beginning of September, and 
ing motions of a reptile. The bill and tees of oring them to account in the London market, 
the wryneck resemble thpte of the woodpecker. There is a variety of a rustv colour with trans- 
sod demonstrate its neaiLaffinity to that tribe, verse spoU, beneath whitun with longitudinal 
[t haa, however, always been considered bj yellow, streaks. 

naloraliits as forming a seuarate family. It it YUX, the name sometimes given to the 

abom the size •f a lark r-'pinmrige a mixture of hiccough. , 

• • 



I . ■. 



^v^t*-■■■ 



/■^ 



J ji.- 



M 



.1 . * i 



* t 




Z A B Z A 

ZThc lutlFticrin thealphBbcl.'aniloneof ZAClNTHA, m bolan;, a . (^u» a( l)« 

) the doubli: r<-iiH>uanu, both aniung the cUu syn^cncsU, oider polygami* »iualw 

Laiius and Gfcelis Hrceplack naked ; »«ils i/( ihc uiar^jin iaeuo- 

lib uiniiundaiiou i> much more »>fi)[>(l ob- ed, of the centre straight; down vcij iluKt^ 

(use than ihat a\ ihc t ; which makes Quiiui- tomewhal feaihciy ; calyx Inmlttl « jih int» 

lian call iijucuniitijiiua, and dulciitima, Ne- braouceous scales. Oue ipccirt, a ntuic «I 

venlwlc»9 the sound was not always ihe Bnnic Italy and [he IiCvanl. l 

a> it is now I which i« but, m it were, half ZACYNTHUS, accnmpa»i« TTcftuIn 

that of BD »: o( thai, e«presicd by its name ivbcn he went into Spain to d«|MvGff]|«, 

iitari oi_t hard, of an > uttered wtlh clwer He ivas eninuted witfi the care ofGtr}i»'i \ 

L'oniprtssiun of the palate by the tongue, ai Hocksby ihchero,aii[iotJei»I tocDtiducttl«B* 

/reest.Jroir- to 'lliebcs. As ht went oo bh jowr*<y. It 

It bad someihini^ origiitalty in it of the d ; wn bit by a serpen i, and •nmr IjIde (fttt dill 

but only wh»t aoiiiuJed very suiouihly: ihu^. His companions coriinl bU boiy ^wtj, ot 

JSezmliut yvM prououDced as if it had been buried it m an islnud of the lontantea, wUA 

MciUmtiui, &C. fr"n> that lime was called Z^cynthin. nw 

The Z had also an affinity with the g: (hut called ZanllK. )t it situate ai the walh tt 

Capella; z.u Giardi senil, licet eliam ipii Cephalenia, and al the west of ihc Ptlojitti- 

privto g Grieca ulel-aiilur. Miui, and it about 60 ini]ei in citcuItUc^ 

. Z begins no woid □tlpinally English ; al- ence, 

Slowgh 11 ia found in the Saxon alphabeln, iet ZAFFRE. is the oiyd of cubalt, (mplnid 



oriain«Jly Teutonic i.Jol:iison). blue colour. The method of prrMrin^ it VB 

Z wuaJsD a numeral letter, fignifjing Iwo follows: the cobalt laken out of ihe nine i> 

tWuvud ; occurdiug lo th«v«t>ei broken with hamnieis into pieces Ifaont tht 

T'li: t . 1- e !■ -H . u. *'*" of ahen'sMgi and the slbny Invtilgcruif, 

When adash wi; Rdded al ihe top, Z, it tig' di^lingniihiblr by the eye, are scparstcJ b 

nified two ihiiu->aad limes a thousand. much ai po>&ible. The chosen minen! it 

Thil letter runiicrlysloodas a maib for scve- then pounded in stamping mills, and uM 

--' ' eight!. Sometimes it signified an through bra's wire sieves, 'I*hc lighter pra 



anil half, and very frequently ii stood for are Hashed off by water, and it is at'ierHrjrA 
) ounce : someltmes fui ihe eighth part pul inln a large ilat-butionicd arched furn:cF, 
mwce, thai is, adraniTroy-weighl; and resembling a baking oven, where the Raise of 



T times been used to eapresi the the wood rcvetbrratei upon the ore ; which ii 

third part of an ounce, or eight scruples. occasionally stirred and titTt>ed with long- 

Un Fiencb coius Z denotes- those struck at h.iudled Iron hooks or rakes % and the pnieeM 

Greiinble. i'i continued till it ceases tf " '" ' " - 



ibcse iFtiers were used by Fome of the The oven oi furnace is terminated m a Ion; 

^hvsicidus, 10 express iiivrrb. At pre- horizontal sallery, which series fur a cnininni 
It tbey arc often used to siguify zinziber, or in which the arsenic, naturally mixed wiihihe 



ginger. ore, sublimes. If the ore cnniains a litile Us- 

ZAARA. See Zama«». muih, as this semi-iuetal is rerf fosiMe, it ii 

ZABUI.ON (anc. geog.), one of the twelve eolkcitd at the bottom of the furtiacc- TV 

irlhes : bounded un the north by ihe tribes of cobalt remains in ihe slaie of a dark greymyJ, 

Ashcr and Napihali \ on the east by the sea of and is called zalTte. One hundred pounds ef 

Gahlce i on the south by the tribe of Isvichar ihe cobalt ore lose SO and eren 30 p*f «««. 

or the broob Ci:nn, which ran between both ) during this operHiiort, which it caniiDtKd4« 

on ihe nest by the Mediterranean ; so ihat it even g hours, according lo the qtuli^ of ^ 

touched two seas, or was biuiatous. ore. The roasted ore being taken oat nnn the 

Zadulpm {anc. ficog.), a vcrv strong Iowa furnace, such parts as are concreted into loB^ 

in the Iribc t>r that name, on tlie'Mcdiierranc- are pounded and sifted afresh. Zafire, incn^ 

an.surnaiDtdo/mcn, i.ear Piolemais: iis vici- merce, is ne?er pure, being mixed with lw»« 

niiy [f which niake4 it pT<>tiable that it was rather three parts of powdered flints. A pf*= 

al'i'Chahiiloii. unless cither name is a faulty |>cr(|uanliiyofihobest sort of these, after h»in 

reiidins In Joscphtis: diit^inl about (>0 stadia icniied in a furnace, are thrown into nrain m 

fitm rtolcuiui. rendi;r ihera friable, and uiotecnily itstucrito 



Z A M 

imvjer; whieh, being tided, is mixed with 
Ihe cjffre, accordit^ lo the befor«-uicniione<l 
■Afiti and ihe mixtuK is pat inio caiks, afier 
VingmoLittnnlwiih waier. Thiioxyd, Ttisnl 
■Willi ihret pSrli of sand, and one of poi-aih, 
f iriiu ■ blue gbM ; which, when |>oun<ted, 
•ified, and afierwanli graiind ia mills. Included 
in hrg« caski, folin* ninall. 

The bliM of tnHjv ii ihc mcni lolid »nd Rued 
■ftll lUeenWun that cai) be employed in viici- 
jcttiun. Il mlTtn no chang* from ihc idihI 
»i>r>iiifirc. Il i),mcce98Fiilly ernplnyed to give 
jrtls'ki of blue lo enamcli, and iii ine ciyual 
[I'lwc! made in itniuiion oCionic 0|>iiqui! und 
l*iitp4reDl podont aloncs, 39 Uie lapis laru'i, 
c lurquois, the g'ippliire, and otiien of ibis 

bZAGAtlA, a ramoua monDtain or Turkey 
Earape, fn LtmJia, on the guirofCorimh, 
mr nmiiit PurnaMUs, and almosl alwnya 
»*«red wllh sr.o v. ll was the ancieoi Hcli- 
ion, from which i»ucd the fountain Hippo- 
tvnt, ind wai ucted to ihe Muses, who had 
tan a (emplf . 
■^ ZAGKaO. a iironit lown of Scls.'onia, 
ipil«l of a county of lite tame name, wiiii a 
jbop'a ve. It ii tnted on the Save. S5 
lilta N E. of Carltladi, and 13? S.W. of 
lid*. Lnn. IS. 41 E- Lai. 4ii. '^ N. 
ZAHARA. a strimg lown of Sp»in, in Au- 
'""*), fealed on ■ craggy rock, and (Irfendcil 
_ itadel. It h 4? m>le) S.E. of Seville, 
no. 4. » W. Ut. 36. 58 N. 
ZaHaha, or the Ub>bRt. a vwl cnunity 

ftA^rica■ bnundcJ on the N. by Barbaty, on 
lK. by F-eimi and Cnihna, nn ihe S. by 
rwnfaiKloo, and on the W. t^ ihe Atlantic 
eoan. Tlie aif i» »er» hot. but whulesomc lo 

Re TUlirri. The wil ii (trncrally sandy and 
ttm, invi;uiich tlut ilie caravan) crossing ii 
^ and from Negrolnnd nrc often reduced to 
Ml eictiMniiica. TUc inhsbitBiil* are wild 
idiipwriul. 'lltcv have a number of petty 
iufr% i and tlie MahonKian religion ii pto- 
M«d )^[«ighriDt the countiy. 
ZAIN, in lite maniee, the French Bppelln- 
M 'f» B lrar>e nf .1 dark cnlmir, neither grev 
amhiici and wiiliout any while apoi or nurk 
*aa biot. 

ZAIRE, s tircr of Ccnpj. which fisci in the 
iiorMAiiinli.). n'>v*N. lothecKtrFme 
of Con^o, where il lurns lo ibe W. 
t«patales the kin^domi of Loanao anil 
per, and enleii lb* Atliniic oilcan 



Z A N 

e<l ibere ovet AnnitHil. B.C. !02. McIcIIm 
besiegeil it. and was obliged to reiiie with ^reat 
Ius>, After Jub^'a death it, was dcalTDVol br 
tht Romans. 

ZAMIA, inbotany, ageDUSofitiecIatsdia 
^1, order polyandria. Male : aaieiit conc-lik< 
ihe Kales covered uudertieaih with pollen, Fm 
male: ament cone-like, with tcalei at caq 
margin 1 beriy soliiary. Five species, naliT* 
of the Cape, WciiTln^ies, or America. 

ZAMORA, a strung 'awa of Sjisiu,. 
LeoN. ami a bishupj ate. In !ts Mrvir'^ * 
lurquuts stonn arc found. Iiis tented 01 
on Ihe ri*ei D-aetn, over which U a 
.^e milet iiortli by wen of Sihmanea, aod 1< 
nnuh-we»I<ir Madrid. Lon. ft. &6 W. * 
41. 60 N, 

ZAWtmA, a lown of Peru, m the audi 
of (Juito. In ihe nci^hhourliood are 
mtnrt if gold. It ii seated neir the Aiidai 
S3V mii'-g south of Qailo. Loti. 78. 20 V 
Lat. 4. lis. 

ZdMORA, aiownofMexico, In thepmtir)^ 
of Uiu'l^iijira, 40 miles S.E. of Guvlalajan 
Lon. 103. 30 W. Lai. 30. S9 N". „' 

ZANFARA, a kinsdom of Negroland, B 
ihaS, ofZ^gjeg, between Cassina and Botiioi 
The inbabiunls aie tall in sUlure, of a va 
b!d(.'k comiilcxiiin, wiih broad faces, and » 
vage diipnsiliani. The eapilal, of the 1 
ii^ime, suods on a river ihit forms a lake N. < 
GHiana, and iheni flous throaah tliai cily tnt 
ihe Nigri. It ii 330 miles NR. uf Glianta 
ami 45Q W.S.W. of Bocnou. Lon. 16, O B 



ON. 






p ZALEUCUS, a hw-piver of (he Ucrisns 
B luly. ual one of (he dnciplei of Pyllu^rj*. 
~aiLC. He aliL-iit{>ii:tI lu eiifurce hvi Idwi 
J ini^iring ih^uie ilun drrjd. Il« hn'l 
i, thai a pemn guilty of adultery ihould 
bcinz shortly after infoimHl that 
:i atlullerer, he onlrred tl)« 'aw (a 
• Mtecutfd. The i>«npl* iuldfeTed, but Zi* 
l.and r.iibrt ih.iTi%ittUm bitown 
■sliuiitvm, hccoimntodcdoneoThianwn ryea 

r of ihiTw uf hit fou to be pill nut. 

t ZAMA, (U ZAG.MA, a lown of Numidia, 

■tUbialcd fo( ihe vioiofj- which Scii>io oUain- 



ZANUUKBAR, n country on the 
of Africa, between 3 N. and g S. hi 

cludci Mvetal peliy kinudoms, in wl . 

Pntiuiiaese h;tve sciilemenis. Tlie InlaibittQIia 
are all hiacks, with curled woolly hairj am" 
except liiosC converted by the PorUi^ncse, m 
either Maliainetans or pa^ni, the latter a 
ihe more (lumeroui. The urtncipal tertiti . 
arc JiiImi, Melindt, Mmnbaia, and {^i»lK 
The Putiuguesc imde for slave), >*oiy< fP^^ 
a,trii*he« fi'aiberi, wax, and drop, l^e ini 
hud cumitry ii reprnenied as lying lovir. an< 
iutersecied with frood*. foresu, uiatshei, lakeij 
end liven, ihc latter, for the uiiMi pari, covef 
ed with wccdaand ihlckcis) all which aosiagrl 
n.ile the air. thai ihc products of the earth av^ 
corrupted, and the inhabiunu lickly andindoi' 
lent. Bui.herc arc rich mines of euld, eMtf^ 
got, by ihc help of which, grain, roots, fruiU^ J 
xc. are iiuichaicd fmm othcf parts. . J 

ZANNICHEL1.IA, Pondwee-l. Inhoianjf/J 
a (CIS""* "' '')" ^''■*> monOBCia, order 
drij, Male: calyt1e*i| orollw; I 
one. loni, erect { anthers ovate, erect. Qn^ 
i|ii-cie(, Z pliutris. common lo the ditches 
out own cotinlry. 

ZANONIA, in boiany, a ;^nu* of ih? elm* I 
diosoi^, ordci peataiidria. Gdyx ihiee'trxvedi V 
corol lire-parted, ronislo : iijlcs three, b-rij^ 
inferior, tlirce-crlted : scedt two. Ouc s|»f 'P 
ciet-niilv. nnaliTcof MaUhar. 

/.ANTIC. an islantf of the Me^iwranmc'B 
nut the cuasi of the Mores, ig iHtlci 3 E. i^-« 



■fe'A'tl • ZEA 

tilt island of Cephaloiiia, bdobging lo ihe ZAttENG.DTSECESTAN.a inwn nrFVnii, 

Veiicliiii!. ll is about 24 inil«t in length, the capiiil of the province of S>^-tMn, ttW- 

■nd it in breailih, anil very pleanant and ftf btaied for itib^^utiful pollery. Ii iimimila 

tile; but its nrincipal richei coniisl in cur- W. of Cnndahar. 

rants, with which it pcatly ihoundi. They i£ARZA,anaticienl ani) pro\incialiii(M«f 

»tt cultivHtcd in a very larg.' plain, under the the snrsnp:irilU. 

»licltM of nioonuini on the jhotc of Ihis is- ZAWKH, a town ofPenia, intlit pnnriiKt 

Ijndi for which reason the «un has gienler lifKhotasm, «ituale on the Tc^Jen, 4beut W 

power to brine ihim to pff fret maturity. The miles from the Caspjnn sea, PO inilrt N. «[ 

town called Zanie may conloin near 30,000 Me^the(l, and 135 N.N.E. of j^itribad. 

Inhabiianii; ih<- whole ialand contains about ZBARAZ. a town of fuUnit, in Pvddlb, 

40,000. The li"u»e» are low, on aceuuut of 70 mile* N. b>' W. of KamiDiwIt. 

the frequent cirthquBkes, for scarce a year ZBOROW, a town of Au>lri.iti poIandj'Ta 

fanes wirhojit one; however, they do no th« fialfllinale of Lemburs- ll<tt. In l(Ug, 

gieil Oiiniage. The natives speak both Greek John Casitnir, kinfj of Poland, with BO.dOP 

■nd Italian. There are tery few Uoman men, was attacked in hii camp by >l(l,OU| 

catholics amonic them; but they have a bishop C'ossacs and Tartars, for three dart 4ucrtui*dy,' 

as well astbt Grcrks. This place has no foi- but defended himself sn bravely,' iliii ih«littti 

tifications, but there is a (flriiess upon an eini- were glad to cnnsent to Icrnti at aeceaa^ 

nenee planted with cannon. In one part of dation. Zborow ii ITS niilel W. t>t ZUn*. 

this island is a place which shakes when Irod and S7 P.. by S. of Leniburg- txn. 1(5. 40 & 

upon like a quigniite; and a spring which Lai *g 4(i N. 

throws out a ereat deal of bitumen, rsj-ecially ZEA. Maiie. Indian corn. Turkejo)^ 
•t the limeorsn canhqiiuke. It lertes instead In botany, :i genu; of the cbu montECUlj oi^ 
flf pilch lo pay the buitoins of the shiiit, and mandria. Male: calyxa Iwo-floWefe^j^ak; 
about 100 biiirels in a yeai are used for (his corol a two-valted elnme, awtilevt, tra.f 
tnirpoie. There arc about 50 tillages in the calyx a one-flDWcred glume: cotf<l « t?i^ 
island ; but no Other large lowo beside Zanle. raited glume; style one, penoulou*. fllitotV) 
It issnted on Iheeoslernsiileofthe island, «nd seeds solitary, immersed in ao oblong Kap- 
has a good harbour. Lon. 20. iO E. Lit. 37. lacle. I'wo species. 
43 N. I. Z. curagua. Leaves serraic. Analiiial 

ZANTHOXILUM. SeeXAiiTHoriLDM. Chitt. 

ZA'NY. I. One emploTed to taiie lauphtef t. Z. mays. Lcsves very entire. A tia^'C 

^ ■ a merry of America. This ii cnliiwted r»ol «a^ ia 
America bnt in many parti, of Hurupc, > 

, — . .iiarni Of Aiiicu. OH tne --"-'-'-' — "^ ■ -^ - - 

of Zanpuebar, 

Peiiiba and ^loniia. wilh llle lilie of a kin^- crain, and are fi«(ucntly raised lo our ^airjoii 

doni iriliolary lo Pordigal. It abounds in by way of curiosity, whereby ilie plant kv^, 

siigat-caties and citrons. The inhabitants are known. It is the chief bread com in some af 

MahomFtnn;. I.on. 3H. 55 K. Lat. 6. S. the soulhern parls of America, but since ik 

ZAPATA, s kind iif feast or ceremony held inirnduclion of rice into Carolina it it hut 

in lialv, in the courls of certain princes, on Si. little used in the northern colonics. It isakcs 

Nichofiii's diiy ; wherein people hide presents a msin part too of the food of ihe poor people 

in ihe shoes or shppers of those ihey would do in Italy and Germany. This is the sort ol 

honour to, in such a manner as niay siuprise wheat mentioned in tne book ofRuth, wbm 

them on the rrH)rr'>w«1ien they eomeiodress; it ii said that Boaz treated Roth with p*rcheJ 

hrintE done in imitation of Ihe practice of ears of corn dipped in vinegar. TTib meibc4 

S(. NicholH', who ttsed in the night-rime lo of caiin([ the roasted ears of Turkey whesi ii 

throw purees c' iri'iic}' in at ihe windows to slill practiced in the East i ihcy gather in lb« 

marry jioor nml.l^ withal. ears when about half ripe, ao<I having storcW 

ZAKA, ll slrongcityrfVcnetian Oalmalia, them to their minds, eat them wilh as much 

capital of a eminly of the lame narne, wilh an faiisfaction as we do the best flour bread. 

Srchbishop's ice, n ciladel, and n harbour. It In several parti of Suuth Amcricalheyptitti 

was fornierlv much more contiderable, the cir- the ripe corn, never making >i inlo bre^ba* 

eumfercrice of the walls being now but Iwo grinding it between two stone*, mix it »iifc 

miles, and the inhabilsn's nut abr^ve 6000. water in a calabash, and so eal it. Thelodiu) 

Ne:ir llie church, which (he Greeks call make a sort of drink fmta (hit grain, whieb 

St. Helia, ate two flimd columrs cf ilie Co- they call bid. This liquor is very windr and 

rinlhian rrdcr. sitppmed tt- have been part of i mo xi eating, and hu nearly Ihe laiteolspn 

the temple nf Juno. There ore fine piimtingi small beer; bul iheydo not use '" ' 

ir) the churches, done by the best mi'ieraj being too liiy to make it ofieni 

and they preterd lo have i(i- bod) ofSt.Sime- it is chiefly kepi for the cclcbraiioaoTj 



the churches, done by the best mi'ieraj being too liiy to make itofieni aod t hmfc w 
' they preterd lo have i(i- bod) ofSt.Sime- it is chiefly kepi for the cclcbraiioaoTfiaM, 
hrnuj^t from Jndea, and kept in a shrine, and weddings, at which limes tbcj man]; gn 



vAlh a crystal before It. Z>" (■ leated on a intolerably drunk with it. Th< 

ttnall iieiiiniuta, in ihegulfof Venice, 8u miles making this precious beverage is lo airrp 

S.W. of Jaieta, sihI 150 S.B. of Venice, parcel of corn ina veuelof water, till upo" 

I.on. ^G■fi £■ Lai. 44. so N* sour, then ihcoUwotncD, being proiidnfint 



■Z, E A ' 

lie purRa9e.che»«em«^inf iel.iqil uilieeje can nrach; bitl thelund W^ 
co»n in ilifir n-.-jotlij, .i-i'l ipiliircjii dlcriTU a» ijie ,s>^-cnut ii pIoHikI itvck with 
• r•InW^«, nuplf thcin, ipilile ai>J vau^dj* o'^osl dpwa to tl|c nftier'a tdgt. Tbc 
!> ihf loiir liquor, having pn^viuutljr _ii3tth(Trninu«i.isIantl Km t much bciieiappcai- 
ifrihc Uit^r <ntL> another ve»H. tucci fnr the Mill oud innunlaius are coMreil 
;tw»«clgriin*oonr]iMiar«rmrntaMoi)i Wttli w(kkI, and every vjliey kn a rnulel of 
tn (liit ccami llic liquor U Id off fioin excellent tviier. The >otl oflllCK rtUeyt, irtd 
W. »nil wt hy lill wantH. I;i some of iht plaint, or which llJere lire uuny utrrgioivn 
iitUin rheSiiuih Sea, whtrceoch imli- wiili wooil, it in gcnenlli^hl, but friula. Tb* 
I hiinwn )iiw;fiver,il i! nouncomiu'ru vriiiiers are milJcr ihin in Hnglind, and the 
f J neii retiiiun to exciisea inunjcrtr, lummen not bolter, ihnuKh inure equally 
ml (Ininlccn boutofciri. watm. There arc fumit of vail extent, liiU 
I.. 1. iitXtc, Greek; zftui, Lat.) Pas- of the tinishtnl and larj^eat Itniber, lil for 
Kilour for any DenoD or cause. burldinffa nfany kind. Wild celerv, and a 
LAND, or Zeei-amd, au island of kind of creain, grow plenlifiilly in alouM 
rk, of a triangular form, 23V milci Id every cove. Ynuii, sweet poiaioet, auU co- 
er«nec, and the ]ar|;est of the iilea be> coua. are raised by cultivation. Cook, in 1773, 
; lo the kinf> uf Denmark. It lin at planted sereral spots or ^rmind niiti h^urupean 
rKDCa of the f^altic. bjviQg the Catmal gardeawmlsj «id, in 1777, intovcral of itlFtc 
notlh, (he Souud od the east, and ine *\>au, although totally neglected and OTcrrua 
Belt on the west. The coast i» much by WL-eds, were found cablMK''<i onions, leek*, 
ted by brsc hays; and within the purilaiii, radtJIshes, mustard, Sec. and » few 
' are several Ukes, whieh, at well a« the line poiatoci, greatly improkcd by chanoe of 
ibound in ft^h. It is exceedingly fer- toil. In other placet, every, tiling had lieeu 
tMlucint; gjainof all loru, with excel- routed out to make tuoinint lampuraryTiUugaa. 
tore, a(id in most pJrt^ plenty of wood. The only quadrupeds are dne* .iiid Mi : the 
rticularly famous for its breed of horsn. former are domeitic, atui fo> luod; nnd the l»t* 
lagm b the capital of this itlantl, and of ter, ihouah not numcnius, seem also to bt 
Stekin^oni, eaien. The bird>, like the tege table ptoduC' 
[.IXD, a ptotince of Holland, bounded ti<ii:s, are almOKl entirifly peculiar lo the coun* 
north by the isles of Holland, east by try. Cook iniriKluced Eiiropc»n pouliru, and, 
Brabant, south by Fbnilers, and ivest auhi*lutviiil,hadiheialiibMii>n lofliulllKm 
German ocean. It is composed of v- iucreaied, both in a wild and dametlic *iate, 
inds, liiQ principal of which are Wal- beyond all danijei of being ever exiermina led, 
Schnwen, N and S. Bevrland. Tulc", The men arc stout, well made. Bud fleshy j 
ind, ami Woirendike. The inhabit- but none of ihcm cnrpuleni, like die inbibii- 
at acreat e.x[ience to defend themselri^s ant) of Otaheite i and they arc exceed infcly vi> 
ichMchments of the lei, in keeping up corou* and active. The women nossna eccu- 
tfi- The rifer Scheldt form* the luoti ii.ir graces of form and ))crs<<n. THe liodirt of 
t itiatult i and (he toil of them in fruit- both sexes are marked with black stains, called 
Tie principal lownt are Middlcburgh amncA, which it the s^me us laltowinc at 
ishing. Olaheite. Ttieir dress consists of ati ob^iig 
:&H0 (New), an iitand in the facific prmeni, about five feet long and four bnjaiU 
(nicov«ml byTa^min, in 16+1!, He ihey bring twocorneriof it o»er tlicir shauh 
il ipe t\^t C03SI, from lat. 34 to 43 der9,8«d faslea iion the brcMi with tbc other 
od enferol a *i>¥it ; but being attackat narl, which covers the body ; and ;iboiH ihs 
Cllrbiiounsller he cameloan anchor, belly it is again tied with a gitillc of tMI. 
[4m« In which he gave the name of They ornament iheir beads with fcalhcn, 
enbay, he did not ^ on shrjce. He peMl-shells booet, «(«. Tbe women some- 
he eoutilry Stolen Land, though it has limes wear necklaces of thaik's leeth, oi 
tnerallv distiiiRuivhed In out map) by bunchy of long Iteads made of hone* or iticll*. 
M of New Zealand. From the imie uf Their houses ate atlKrabke lodging place*; and 
I, the whole country, except that.p«tt their uiily furniture is a Caw siuall baskets, in 
KMil ietn by him, rnn.iineJ allngciher which inrt put their tisbing-liooks and other 
■a, and was hy niiny 4iipiK>iiod to make trilles. Tiieir food coiiiiits chirlty of litb t 
L wulhern continent, till 1770, whrn ii and, ictiiead of bread, they eti the root of « 
ItiilUUvigaied bjr Conk, who fDund it 10 kind t>f fern, wliicli they aaanh over llic fife, 
of tWn larite lalaoJi, te|ittJitc>l by a and llini beat with a suck till tlie dry ouitida 
>UT nr five le-tfuea broad, ro which he fait* alt. Beiide their dir|(t they (Jsitcanlrita 
leWn name. On the wni tide of this 10 kill bird*. Their cugLe^ consitti viholly. 
QrtMn Charlotte Sound, which w.11 m roasting and bakingi which Uiict-is per- 
principal pUce of rcndetvout In hit f'>ruied In the loue nuancr as m OiaJ]otir, 
rat voyages. Along the enaal ate mJny Tbe,wnmeii eat.in cnaijjiun with ttw triMi. atiti 
landi, and il is indrniri) by defp h»ys. th«u method of feeding ran««tK>nd« with I lie hm< 
g rxeellent ilieltcr for ihippin^i and tincssaf their penom. I'rcun CaiieKiiUip^jtit, 
eataoseverjl rivers capable uftccetv^ng in lat. 30. 43. for upwanh of ei^tf Ita^yu 

***k. The wiithcroLnoit island is for lo the ' '' ■'- - ' ' 

AiMf4. Ri9tinuinoiis aiyl bartrii, a< fjt wvercr, 



Z E C Z E O 

flubordioate cliiefi, to whom great tctpect is Epiit. 3l# aayi: << It aiay &ecm the EvaQjqeusf 

|xitd ; but whether his authority be hereditary woulJ inform iis that those latter chaptcn a»- 

or delegated m uncertain. This part of tK« cribedtoZacharyCnaiuelyp th«9th, IOih» iiOi, 

coast is much the most populous; tilk^^ ^c.) are indeecl the prophecin of Jeremy; 

we.-ivins(, aiid the other arts of |>eace, beioi; and that the Je\rs had not rightly aiiriUiiol 

best known, and most practised. The canot-s them. Certainly, if a man svrigh thecontati 

are more decorated, the phntations more nu- of some of them, they should id all UkeliboJ 

merous, and the clothes and carvinz finer, than be of an older date than the time of Zachsiy; 

any where else. In other parts, they are scat- namely, before the captivity : for thesabi«eii 

tered along the coasts in sinj^lc families, or in for some of them were scarce in faemgr after 

larger triboii, and each in a state of perpetual that time* And the chapter, out of whicfa 

boslility. For such continual wars, and the St. Matthew quotei (ch« ».),• may teea li 

inhuman banquet that is the consequence of have somewhat much unsuitahks with Zs* 

victory, amont; a people in other respects mild chary's time j as a prophecy of the dcsttactiBo 

and gentle, perhaps no better reason can be as^ of the temple« then when he was iDe a cu ui y 

si^ed than what at first ori<::inated in ncces- them to ouild it. And how doth the riiih 

aity, has been perpetuated by habit, and cxas- verse of that chapter suit with hi^ lime ? Thcif 

Derated by revenge. Up!)n the whole, there is is no scripture saith they are Zachary'*; brt 

utile room to doubt that these people are can- there is scripture saith they are Jeremy 'i, ■ 

nibals. These two islands lie between lat. this of the Evangelist. As for their Ma§ 

34. and 48 S, and Ion, l(>6. and 180 E. joined to the prophecies of Zachary, that ^nm 

Zealawd tba fNew). See Phil adkl- no more they are his, than the Hkeadjoiniafi/ 

Fuus. Agur*s proverbs to Solomon's proves iiK)rari 

ZEA'LOT. s. (teloiettr, French ; ^tiXu/ntc.) therefore Solomon's ; or, that all the ^lu$ 

One passionately ardent in any cause iSpral), arc David's, because joined in one vo]ua»«i| 

ZEA'LOUS. o. (from :4>^7.) Ardently pas« David's P»alms.**, Bishop Kidder, adopts Ife 

Vosnte in any cause (7a^/&r). same 0})inton, and employs it to silence tbr 4 fwT 

ZEA'LOUSLY, ad. (from zealous,) With jcction of the Jews against the su}ipOi«f «» l^^ 

passionate ardour (Swift). neous citation in Matt, xx^'ii. Q, kCi SerJQjk f,^ ^'' 

ZEA^LOUSNESS. «. (from zealous.) The der** Mcssias, part ii. cap. 3. p. iggMi /(J\ 

quality of bein^ zealous. 8yo. edition, aeoalso Hammond on tiefan^ |).-1 

ZEDlD,acityof Arabia t in the province of Wii. (); Newcome's Minor Pronbetr; Mf |f>)l'\ 

Yemen* It was once very considerable, but Smiih's valuable little work on the WritiiyW 

its walls are demolished, ancl the present buiM- the Ptophets. 

ings scarcely occupy the half of its ancient ex* ZECHIN. ScqSbquih. 

tent. It is seated on a river, 10 miles from the ZED, the name of the letter «. 

Red sea, and 140 N. of Mocha. Lon. 44. 88 ZEDIC, a town of Barbary, principal pbrt 

E. Lat. I.'>. 10 N. of a district, in the country of Tripoli. It? 

ZEBRA, in masiiolo^-. See Equus. seated on a bay of the Meiliierranran. io«hiA 

ZEBU, orCRBU, oneof the Piiilippine is- it ;?.ivei name, 180 miles E.S.I1. of Tripoli. 

lands in the Iniiinn ocean, between those of ZEIX^^ARIA. {vox sineH^s.) 7^^- 

Leyte and Negro's. It is 140 miles long and The roots of this plant, the ariwmum ledww 

30 broad. of Linii^us, are broajght to us in Iwigpicff' 

Zfbu, in mastiolopy. See Bos. about the thickness of the liiilc finger. »*** 

ZECH A KI AH, one of the minor prophets, three inches in length, bent, rongfc, «n^»* 

who prophcsicil in the rei^^n of Darius Kystas- gular, or in roundish pieces about an ir-oj* 

pes. The design of the first part of Zfchariah's diameter, of an ash colour on theouwdp-"" 

prophecy, like that of his contemporary, Hag- while within. They have an agreraW^**!' 

gai, is to encoumge the Jews to proceed with phoraccous smell, and a hiltfrish arouirte 

rebuilding* the Temple, by giving them assur- taste. Though formerly much esteenicoM*** 

ance of GixPs aid and protection. From this rheumatic afl'ections, they arg at P^ 

he proceeds to foreiel the glory of the Christian thought to possess vcr}' little medicinal ("**• 

church (the true temple of God), nmlcr its although they have a place iu tlit «»«*• 

great High-priest and Ruler, Jesus Christ; arornatica of the London Phannacopoia- ^ 

of whom Zenibbabel and Joshua were figures. Amomum. , 

He treats of his death, sufferings, and king- ZEGEDIN, or Szeged, a »t"'"S**!'J' 

dom, in many particulars not mentioned by Hungary, situate near the confluence^ '* 

any other of the minor prophets before him ; Marob and Theisse, ()0 n»iles ^^-^^'^'^ *?? 

e\'ery thing relating to those great e\'ent3 be- war, and 68 N. of Belgrade. Lod.21-*'' 

comini; more explicit, in proportion as their Lat. 46. 8 N. ^ 

accomplif^hmcnt drew nearer. His style, like ZEGZEG, a kingdom of NcBn)bna»'fJ 

that of Hagg:\i, is for the most part prosaic, on the river Niger, by which it is sff^n'*' 

eriKciaUy towards the hciiinning; the last six on the north, from the einpireofC^^»»"- 

ch;»plers are more elevated ; for'which ronson, the east it is bounded by Ziinfara.w ihe^J* 

aniontr ethers, ihe>e six chnpters are, by many by Benin, and on the west byunkntrnfio^ ^ 

cornmciiiaLor-, ascribed to the ])ro[>het Jure- It consists partly of plains and p"'"?^ l'^~ ^'■ 

jiiiah. moimtdius. The latter are estieiiKW** !**• • 

iMcdf, inhifiemajkaonMalt. xsvii.y, 10. while the former are iniokntWy Mi ^* I\>e 



' 1 oi 









t. 

k. . 






'.L 



ZEN 




I 

B|M, kD(l He riHeJingty friNf* br a eciM^nt rcftiripctlon knd juilgnMni j alt3 

^k Ihat just niriliutions ^hall be rciideml unto 

HkIM, ■ tiiwnorCenTMU;^, in men accoriiing to ilicir worhi; ihst the an^l 

Vi^HeMe CaisrI, 90 iDiltt ft. of o( datktics* twilh liii ruUowera shall be voii- 

I. 9. ig E. I'tt. fiO. A£ N, sixnol in ■ |>l«c> of evrrlaEliii* datkncst ani 

I towiiuf Ufiper SaKonv, in ihe piiiiiihinrni, nnd ihF angel of light with bii 

laumburi^ wiih n csMlt, anil a ditciiilei Liiiroili>ce<i iaio a Watt of cverlattina 

Md cu)l<^ge. li u teaird on the ti^bi und bnp|iinei9 ; aUer which lijhl ana 

In S.W. of Leipsick, and 45 H. dirkiicfi tliall no more interfere with each 

^n. lu. a v.. L*x. bO.yj N. other. Tii« Zmd iklio enjoin* the coniiani 

Inivn of Lowtr &<xony. capital of inaiiiienuice of sacted drn, and Rr«-lcTnplei, 

he UiD« name, wbich dtvnlveil 10 f<>r relij^iuus worship ; [he ilitliiiciion of clean 

Hinuvrr bv mairiage. li is lur- and urictcan benitij ihe payment of tithri to 

diielies anil ramparti, on wrhich ptictis, which ire to be of one family or tribe ^ 

cheanut and lime-irer«.. It it a a maltilude of waihingtand purification*, re- 

wiiliaul trwle or manufactures ] Mmbling those of the Jewish Jaw ; and u ta* 
I courts of oppral for all ihe lerri- rieiy of riil<.-aaiiil exhortations dtt the exercig* 
tketoral houK of Brunswick Lu- of bcnevolvnce upd charity< In this book ther« 
held here, and the inh^hiiants de- are inany passsgei eviilciilly taken oal ol the 
ncipal means of subsistence from Hcri|>torM of the Old Tntatnrnt, paiiiciitarly 
ancc. The catile, a stately build- nut cf ihe Psalm* of Darid. Moreover, Dr. 
led by a innat, was foriuerly the BaumgaTicn aiierU, that ihi« work contain) 
the dukn of Zell ; and was re- iloctrinct.'ipiniont.nnd facts,acliullyl>orTow(d 
orgelll. king of Great Britain, from ihe Jews, Christiana, and Mahotnciana ^ 
DC* of his uiiforlunuie sister, <h« vihcnce, and from olhci circumstances, he 
nmark, who died here. In 17S7 concludes that both the hiilorj and willing* of 
reduced the iiiburbs of Xell 10 ihii )>ruphet were probablf invented io the 
en set Gte to the oruhan htuuiial, later agn, when the fi re-worth ippers uiiiler ihe 
;tea( number of helpless children Maltumeun gorernment thouglil 61 Io vindi- 
lave petifihed. Zell is sealed on cate ibclr religion fiom the fusincioii of idol- 
miles N.W. of Brunswick, and airv. 

of Lunenbutg. Lon. lU. IS E. At whatever period the Zend may have been 

J. wriiien, we atr asHired bv Dc. Hyde that it is, 

imperial town of Stiahia, Minted in ihe pure old J'ersian IiniEunge, and in lh« 

%. S» aiilea S. of U^iden, and ■'•2 character, called Pelavi. Some paria of it 

Itutpid. Lon. H. 8 E. Lai. 48. contain iheotlKitial lent, and olheraZornaster'i 
■ecind thou^hlB inhjoined, for ekplaining 

, (Nova), a very la i)iC island \j. more fully his ducirine. These w«m ooca- 

dorlhrin ocean, to the north nf sioned by iheopjmsiiionDfailveiMriei.Mtd ud- 

which it is separated by ilic strait foreseen circinntianMi, which occurred dorliiK 

It has ng inhahitanii except wild ihe fabricaiion of the irapoalure. About 3GQ 

ilaily white foxes and beats. In veitrs a^, when the old Persian lan|Mage bad 

^h vcuel w«i c«»t awuy iin the becomir antii|uaicil and liiile undetsioad, otM 

c ahip's company were nbli^rd lu uf the ilesloiirs, or hieh'pliest* among the Per* 

bul they did Dot see the sun from sees, Gomfuse*! the Sidds, ivhicli Is a compen- 

r Noveiulwt lu the beginninR of diinn, in ibc vtilgar or modern Persic longUC) 

id had gieaX iliRieiihy (o keep of Ihoio (iittt uf the Z«ii<l ibat raUie to tdi- 

imi being frozen 10 death. flion, or a kind of code of canons and precepu, 

Att. See litHnvtTAN. drawn fmui the theulDgiciil wrilings of Znror 

F ^KVCAvtsTA. a buoit ascribed aster, serving as an auUioiitalive rule of fatlh 

and ciiiilaiuing hla preiriided re- anit piaelice for his followin. This Hadds it 

•Ml the ancieoi Mugicians and wrilten in u low kind of Persic verse, and, aa 

M, called alio GauR, observe und Dr, Hyilc ittfoni)* u*. it is bonprura rt maionim 

iMMinc manner astlieChriitiaiu farrago, baving itutn^ good and pious, Hi inpt 

and ibe Mahomclans the K->ran, and other* veryiiiper»iiliout toi iriAiug- hn 

iade rule both Iff iheir faith and Phrseies and ZonnasTea. 

Im (ford, it i« said, oridnally sif^- ZKNITH (Arabia), io mttoiioniji, tite ver* 

iTttineni for ktiHHing^re. and 11 lical p»iiii, or a point in the hnv«ii» directly 

ii bonli in denote il> aptitude for over out beads. The aenilh it ealled ihe fusle 

lame of rcligioa in (he heuti of of the hornw, becjuM it is miietv<l«gTeMdi> 

id k, stani f.oin every point of thai ciroic. 

«MUia> a reformol sntcm of Zenith distahii, ia ilte eompUmonl of 

NMhitiK thai there is a Suptcma ihr aliiKidc of the luii, star, or oilier object. . 

1. •alf-exltteiu, atNl indepemleni, ZJtNO (I^Ualof), an eminent Grecian pbj* 

Iwth light and darkncii, out of kHophei. was bum at Elea about AUl yram 

idc all other thiitgs ; that lhe»e bafuie Chiitl. lU was a tealntit friand uf 

■f «aniicl, whicli will oouiiuue civil liberty, and i> u:!ehr>Ic4 foi hit cHira^eou* . 

jgMvrarld i ibatitMB tbcie atMU Mtd(iKec*«U>l oj)[K<NiioBi t4 tjURU; ^.''~~ 




^^ ■ ZEN''' 

tpconilsienpy of the swrle* reliitfd by rfinerCTii 



r„.ng bin 
iri-dil- He cho'^ 



greal me 



Ide ii 



re.fe. 



liiiiill naiiiFcily or Elcn rather ih^u at ^ihriii, 
(if-cniise 11 iiffoiiled freer soi|ip to hi* iilcfe- 
)ii:[>'l>:iii iiiid generous spirit, which cuuUI iitit 
cluilv siiliiiiit In the reslrainrs of Bulhoriiy. It 
ft kIiU'iJ, [liiii he viiiilicateJ lUe warmth w>lh 
which he rewmcd repmach, by »»)ina, " If 1 
Vttr indifterenl to censure, I should also be 
Wiffereiii to |iia>9e." The invention of tlie 
tlulectic art has been iiii|i[0prtly ascribed id 
'Zciio^i biii there can be nu dmibi thiii ibis 

{hiliMHiher, and oihc inet»|tHysic]l dji|ni'n<ils 
llhe'Elenlie sect, employed much ingciiutly 
'•ltd tuf>tleiy ill exhibilinu examiilei of innsr of 
the togiciil »rti. which wete afterwards reduced 
.l[n rule by Arittolle and olhem. If Senecj's ac- 
eiiiiiil of llir» |>hilnsopher dcnerves cfrdil, h* 
Rj6hed the bixheil point of ice|)tici«iii, and 
denies! the reul cxUienCi; of exleinnl nltjecU. 

ZcVO, another Greek philnnnnher iif eon- 
(idenhlc eminence, w«? Imm at Ciiimn in the 
'tkle nfCyurut. He was founder of iheSinict, 
■ tccl which had m uume ftom th:ir ^f a pur- 
' "' tehcre Zell' " 



ilqtiv. 



hi^ diM 



^ r^ihr 



of mir 



philmn])hc( W.19 a merchant, but r«iidilv 
ed hi> luMi't inrlinationt, and devoted him tu 
the ^iirtuiti '>r tiicratnre. If) the iv.iy ofbii^i- 
nes* he had fri-qiient iiccasioii 10 »iair A'hen>, 
where he pitichased for his srin sevrr.il of the 
■DMl reii6wiied ivorkt of the celehrateil HiKratic 
pMIOMifthen. These Zeim re«d wilh uvidity, 
And (leiermined lo viiii ihe city where ti> mnch 
_ wUdofu wat (blind. Upon \nt tirtt arrival tn 
'Alhi'r)*. ^in;: accidenially into the iihop uf a 
iKiokstlkr, he iiHiK op the inniiiient.irica of 
XeiMiphnii, with the peru&.il nf which he wai 
L|o mnrh deliiihied, thai he :i<lced the U»>k«ell«r 
~ where he mi^hi mcei with tucli iniin. Crates, 
'th" eyidc philosopher, wa! at thai moaicnt 
paMiiie: by; th? tMHikteller pointed to him, and 
; laift^ ibllow thai man. He jmmediaiely lie- 
" came his disripte, bat was kmi'i diwatistied with 
"tl'w doctrine, and jiiined hiinM:lfiD other phihx 
wphen , whoie instructions w-^e more accord- 
ant to hit way of thinking. Zeiio' staid long 
with no nuuteri he studied uLider all the nitMt 
celebrated teachers, with a view of colIectiii|j[ 
uiaierials from laiioui quarters for a new aysieiii 
<jf liU own. To Ihis PidemO alluded when he 
aaw Zeno cnniing inui hit school ; " I am no 
' strannr," said he, " to jnut Phcnician arts. 1 
peft-eive that your desifjn h to creep tlily into 
,. ^ly garden, <ind steal awav ihe froil." Fruni 
' ihii pcriud Zeno arowrd Ills iitteniion of be- 
•bniinc ihe foumler of n new sect. Tlie place 
which he chose for his school wai the painted 
porch, the inosi famous in Alheni. Zenn ex- 
eelled in thai kind of aubile reasoning which 
wat ill his time very |iopular. Hence his ful- 
liiwers vverc very iiuiiienius, and from the hi^ch* 
eat nnk* in society. Among these was Anli- 
gnniK Gnnalei, king of MaceiWn, who eamestly 
solicited him to «" to his ciiiiri. He poiieiied 
•ol^rxeathareofesteem aino.ijlhc Athenians, 
itutl JB iGpAut of hit iuiesriiy, the; deposited 



Z E O ^ 

Wke^toftheircita/lelinhishanAi ifivj'A 
hanodredliim willi a golden crown and attalii 
ofbrass. He liie<I lo the aeeof {)S, andatlai, 
in conscnuencc of an accident, ivIuatanlyMI 
aii end to hi. life. ~ 

7,Ef)LlTE See ZeoLtTHos. 

/.l-OMTHUS in Qiiucr-logy, a genuiof 
ihc elan eotthi, older argillaceous. Coobbuii 
uf a'litile alumina and a loi^e prupoiiinn 41 
silri, wllb fteqticiilly a Inile carboiui of tisit, 
and a siiiiill ifilantiiyofoxyd of iion andHalui 
lighiish, generally hreakine inio iudeienninait 
fra^menls, parasilieal, falline >p(M)iineaal; 
iiilii ftranular IraenienU ; soluble in ciitrit acid 
wiihoni effervescence, and aften formitiii; wiili 
it a eelatinona niitu, easily frotbtnK before dit 
blowpipe and einittinn a phospbocciceiit li^, 
and ineiting; info a while semitrsnstMreni tui- 
met. Tweniy-une sjtecics : ihe fullosriiQ ate 
the chief. 

I . Z. lamellosui. Lamellarreiilile. SliKiitf. 
Solid, ahiniitj; liiiernHlIy, wbiir, with ofieas 
shade nf red, iliavhunuiii, LmelUr, nub ttit 
foliaiioni uiwlulaie and brittle. Found inOnn- 
gciih and Iceland, aoiiietimrs brEakiiifc iats 
ctutlnae fraffnieiits, and is THlher bard. 

■i. Z. fibrosuB. Cumokou leoliie. Mo^ 
ivpe. Siilid, ahining like moihei' of pWI, 
librotis, wiin the fibres couver^ni. FoiliiJii 
Scoilaiid and various Other parti of Eiiru;:e,ia 
bauilts, and in the lufasof Iceland, often at- 
(Uiiipaiiied with cbalcedony, rarelf in [Ih^ 
Ilia : odoilr while, reddish, biawiiisb, JtUtm, 
or ctnereoui ; laiire silky or ueaily ; rtfnai 
double, and absorbs waur; wnen neaitd k- 
Goinei elt«trie: specific Rraviiy S'0B33; cok 
laiiij iilex b3 00; alonlina 5700 ; liow g-4£, 
«4ler 10-00- (.f'auquclin.) 

3. Z. pri- ma liens. White, pellucid, ihininj, 
hariliili, in f<>ur->idedpfisin*, lhe|>risaisneua- 

fnlar or ulilique-angled. Fuunrl in the FelM 
il.iiids, Iceland, ilercynia, and Jemtiai tte 
piisin* comuiouly very small. 

4. Z. Tiridis. Phreiiiie. Phrenii. Apfib- 
fcreen, hard, semi- pel lucid, ofa partly IbliaM. 
partly radiated texture; ^Fa coiniuon form, M 
III thai ofa fnur-cidedconipTenedpriim. Pooud 
in Scotland, al the Cape of Good Hope, aod in 
D.inphiiiv, sonielimei so hard as lo strike frt 
with slee], and to admit a fine polith ; einiali 
in groups and confuted ; when amorpfia*. 
presenting a foliated or sirialed Icxiure : apedfa 
gravity e-(in97 to 3 0t>9n; Contains silex 43U; 
alumina 30-33; lime 18-33; osydof iicnlfl; 
air gild water 1-16. (.Klopnlh.) 

5. Z. cvaniles.^ Cyaoile. SappuK or mf- 
pare. Dislhiiie.' Very briiile, trampaitoi. 
shining, ponderous, hartlish, striking lire «tii 
■teei, leaking transvctsely iuin lung tpTinm. 
texture foliated in a ntdiaie nuni>er. Fooni 
in Scotland, on the Carpathian mouotaiiu, at 
Si. Guihard's near Lvons, in Siberia. Tria> 
sylvania, and ai Zitierihal, in Tyrtil, ;;eMt^ 
in granite and );neiss rocks: colour wblie, unia 
aliadea of sky or Prussian-blue, wmeiiraei btbc 
ish-oie; OT ycllowish-giey ttreaked iriih tan 
or deep-bliiF, often in spots reflecting i ulnry 
while : -AKUid in distinct LamflU't CtUKittiAui 




Z E O L I T H U I 



h Ift in part tcramuUied in graius, and 
kI» iOintwhii Eicasy i ihc pliITlili^e foiai of 
1 eryiial' a A)ur-si<led obliqur priim. but 
b4neiui)cacr]rs(allizc(liD!U-ii<l>^il pii&mi; epe- 
pSc er»ily f'Oin 3-.SI7 lo 3 (>£8 : ci.iiuin* 
^ — 'I W98i aiagimii I3-S5; tilcx lE'SI j 
I 31. (&ui(urr.) 

of this genw. or 

3 rank ai a species, 

iliKoven^, aiiii which 



t powder, 



( Tlwxe i» 

> ii Al pTMCDt aHowed 
a hai Ijitrly becd iIik 



ii any propo'iionof lime, 
......,...«! nalrol.te. There U, 

wBvcr, loRie dcftiM of doubi ainniig the 

. emlMi MFhelh<!t ihii ariaiigeiiiciil be correct. 

** Zculitc (Ihc Z. meMtype uf Haily>^iul 

pKttio1ite,"ubKrvn Mr. Stnithwi), Phil. Trans. 

II 1, •* h«vc been uiiiverwlly acknowledged lo 

' •peck* diitinci from each other, rrom Mr. 

|jpn>thhat'inKdi>coverei1acoD*idecMblcqu*n- 

_ jr of MMla itnil mi hi'ie in ihe compusitinii of 

ph« laller, while Mr. Vuuquelin had not found 

■njr portion ofeither of ihe fixed alknhcs, but a 

|0o*Kler«bl« oac nf lime, in hit unalyiU uf zeo- 

l" "ITiB nairuliie hu been Uiely met with 
toder a regular cryiiatliiie form, and ihii foim 
■tpMi* to b« perfectly limilar to that of icoliie ; 
Em( Mr. HaQy hut nut Jtulgcd biinHlf warrant' 
U by UiU rircuiasuncc in cnnnider iheie two 
■odies ai of the lanie ipcciet; because zeolite, 
Ki nvi, ' diiM nui contain an atom of wnta.' 
L " 1 hd many yeanagu fuuiid toda in wliai I 
MMidcrcd to be neolilet, which 1 had collecli'd 
pi ihe island of -Siaifa, having formed Glauber's 
Elk b^ truting iheni with sulphtiric acid t nnd 
Lh*>e Hoce repciilrd<y asccnaintd the prcwuce 
|N ibc aaiiie (iri»ciple in simiUr stones from 
mriftuioiber places; and Dr. Hulion and Dr. 
Kennedy had 1ikcwi>e detcclcd toila in bodies, 
ID which they ga*e Ihe name of zeolite. 
f » TiKre was. howexi, rui certainty thai ihe 
piti)ccla of any of these expcrinicnts wtre of 
^ Hme nnure as what Mr. V'auqueliu had 
•umined, or were of that >pi.-riei nhicti Mr. 
jllaay calls niisoi)'))*. 

I " Mr. HaUy was to obliging as lo send me 
kldy tume s|iccimens of minerals. There 
kppcoed lo be amonpt ihem « cluster ufieo- 
■ta in nclairgular icvahcitral priims, U'lui- 
BUed by nbtuK teir^hedrat pyraniiJi whme 
fceei coincided with those nf ihc prism. These 
MWaU were ofaconsidenblesijse, and perfecl- 
nlKiinogrncnus, and Ubcllrd by himielf ■ Mf- 
ig^tfpf pi/ranidfr Ju dtpart. du Pay dr DSntt' 
I aeailctl myself of this very fjvourable oppnr> 
BUSM, to •ircriaiii whether lh« niesolypc uF 
■!*• li'ty and iiulroliie did ur did not differ 
pB tbcJT ciM(i|KMilion, and ihe leiults nf ihv t%- 
Merimcnla have been entirely unf;ivourable la 
lipwir Mparttion, as the following ' 

jtbtm will show, 

, '■ Ten graini of this leolile being kept red 
ptdibi ficc (ninuiei lutt 075 grsint. and bc< 
opake and friuble. In a second experi- 
' K bcinc exposed for "" 



" Ten grains of this woliK, which \tai ti 
been hutcil, were reduced to a fini 
mA diluieil muriaiic acid pouted upc 

>laiidiiig !Ome hours, wjihout any applic 

of hcsi, the icolile entirely dissulrcd, and Mm*' 1 
hntiri afier, ihe solution beiame u jelly : ihiil J 
Jelly was evaporated lu a dty lUte, and theV I 
made red hul. I 

" Wilier Mas icpeatedly pnured nn to ihUi'fl 
ignited matter till nothing more could be ex- ■ 
trocird from it. This suluiion was gently ev»J I 
poialed 10 a dry slate, and this residuum n '~ 
slightly led hot. Ii ihen wci^ied3-ISgra 

" The sijluiion of this murial of soda bi 
tried with suluiiont nl' ciibonat of amnti 
and oxalic acid, did nnl afford the least p 
picnic, which wnuld hare happened had 
zeuliie cnnlained any lime, as ihe miiri>il of I 
lime would not have been decomposed by tt)* 1 






igniii 



" The 



pealed ly dl 



from whici 

ditji'iied with marine acid, till all thM ] 
lubtc was dissulved. What remain^ ] 
wns silica, and, after being made ngd hot^ I 
weighed 4 g grains, I 

•' The niuriuiic solution, which had been \ 
decantol off frum the silica, was exhaled to a 1 
dry Slate, and the matter left made red hot, tt I 

'• To discover whether any magnetia v 

solved in sulphuric acid, ihe solution etapb> I 
i3Ced u> a dry slate, and ignited. Water USA % 
extract tnme saline matter from ibis ignilM 1 
oliimiTia, but it had not at all the appeannc*' fl 

of sulphai uf magnesia, and proved to be ti 

sulphat of alumina wliich hid escaped dec. _ 
p^iiion ; for on an addition of sulpbat of auto | 
monia to it, it produced crystals or compou^ I 
sulphai of alumina and ammoiiia, in rqpilM f 
oc'ahtdrons. I 

" Tiiii alum and alumina were again inix«4 I 
and digested in ammonia, and the whole dri«4 1 
and made red hot. Tlic alumina left wci^t4 I 
J' I grains. 

" Being sus|ircied lo oonufn still tome luW 
phurlc aeij, tbii^lamifia was dissi>Ivcd in nitria 
acid, and an excess of acrlat of bsrylcs added> 
A precipiiutc ofsulphnt nf barytes fell, whidl« I 
after being edulcnisicd and made red ho(> J 
wcixhrd I'll grains. If we admit one-lhini of J 
sulptiat of tnrytcs In be sulphuric aeid, !})■'( 
({U.iuiity of the alumina will be=3't — 0'4a* 
li'7 grsins. 

■■ From Ihe nprrimenitofDr. Marcct, h 
appear* that 3' 16 ^insoriaunaiof sothaSord 
I '7 gr:iins of soda. 

" llenre, according to the foregoing eiipmiv ■ 
mcnis, the icn grams of zeolite analyicd G~ ' 
sisied of 

S-70 




2 E O ." ' Z E T 

>'KtVhne«KpeTiincnuhadbeen tindertuttn the stTtnl minml lubttanM* U vet far 

nt loi ibe purpose of ascerisioiiig ihe nalure ihaccuiate la rrnrler it ]>ossible tv (loinl 

of the cuiiiponent parti cf this zeeliteilian their wUh any debtee orcertaimy the onenf uhicb 



|iTop<iilicRS, itiE o!iJH:iiir thtin nai comidemi inilit« ii ko hydrat; hoiveicr, the igrct- 

m ■cGoinfilithed, nfihough uetivci accuracy in meal uf the Ino lubitanca in the diUik of 

thr Uitvr reipcci bid noL brEO iiiaiunl, and dirir contthucni [aru, aod in ihrlrbeii^bedi 

vbich* uidrvdi the aiialvsii we posteii of ni- ekcirical b; heal, dirceu conjceturt lewatdi 

troliie by ihc illaitrious cnciniM of Berlin rcn- tourmaline." 

den uDiicccssary. ZEI'HANIAH, a canonical boric of At 

" 1 am iiidiiecd lo prefer ihc name rtf Moliie Old TeHanieni, canuJninc the prediciiow of 

far this ftpccies of stone to any other name, Ztphaniah. the son of CimIii, and gnti^«n ct 

ftom. an unwillingness to obliterale entirely GMallah ; bcingthe ninth of thclwelitlnvr 

Ijfam the nomenchiure of tnineralo)ty, while prophets. He prnphe^icd in the lime of loaf 

■tLilrary namei arc reUineii in it, all trace of Josiah,- a little afiet the captiiity of ib* ta 

•iienf Lheilttcoverieiinr the gteaieM minnalo- trilies, and before thai of Judah ; «> tlial be 

^1 who hai yet app^arctl, and which, at the was conlctnporary with Jeremiah. He pro- 

time it WOE made, was cnniidered ai, anil wu, phesiei chiefly against Jinlah, who c«D\Iatit4 

■ very contideiable one, being ihe liisl addition ten corrnpi, notwiihsumlin); the king'i pioot 

nf an earthy species, made by scientific nleansi aeal (or [tforinatiou, and the ^onii example he 

ta ihoEC c*labli>he<l immeiuorially by minen ^vc ■□ hit siibj«l«. Bni. while lie dcnunscv 

aail lapidaries, and hence having, wiili tung' jtHJgmenls a^lnal the wicked, he eahorii >!l 

Uein and oiobel, led the nay to the ereat aiid the jp>ud and faithful to patience ; and ono- 

linltiaai extension which mineisti^v has ainea fnna them irith the pmmiie of (lod'a reilaiiiig 

Tceeived. And orthcMveraliulisianccs which, and enlarginfi the chuich in the tinienf iht 

fruiB the Male of science in hit time, ceilain Mmiahideclarlng^lsohowbe wcuI'lidKU^. 

(ommcu) qualilics induccil baron C'ronstrilt to hlcM, and glorUy them, by ottrmiiiiatiiiit til 

associate together uoJer the name of scolile, it their enetniei. ' 

ki tbli whioTi has been mnt ia>mB<liatcly nn- ZEPHVUI FCETUS, a term timl by Hail. 

derstuod ae *uch, atid whnt? qualiiies haie raati, and lonie oilier writers, to eiptM* 

been aiaiuncd as the cliaracieiisiic oiita of the mole, or false cimcepiion, 

ipecin. ZEPHYKUS, or Zeprvr, (Z^,>pc) it 

■* in^ed, I think that Oie lianie imposed on nest wind ; a wind hlowing from thai m- 

a wbatance by the discoverer nf il ought lo t>e dinnl paint of the horizon oppoule to iheeuL 

held in Miue ijcgrec sacred, and nui altered Tlie poeti pcnonify it, and rtpreaeni Zcplif- 

wilhonl the most uracni nn:es»ily for doing it, rns aa the mildest aind most ^iide of all at 

Itia but a feeble sniljusi [etriUniion of respect deiiieiuf the woods: the charttterof hispis 

(or the lervice which he has rendered io sonaee ia ynnth and gentteneu. li b ab* 

fcietice. called Favo'niua, and nccidens ; and, by nuoi, 

. " Professor Strwve, of Lausanne, whose skill hai been confounded with the Africoj. ' 

in miueralagv il well known, bating mention- ZERDA. See Cakis. | 

ed to me, in'onc of his tetters, that (rom aamt ZFHUMBF.T. See A mom om. 

ei£p«riineni! of his own he was led lo su>p(c< ZEST, ilic woody, thick skin, ([tiaiWitB 

the existence uT gihosphoric acid in aevcrst the kemcl or a walnut. Sume phyiiciaiupi^ 

itoiMi, and particnUrly in the leoliie of AU' scribe this zest, dried, ant) taken with wbitt 

vergne, I have directed my inquiries to thii wine, as a remedv against the gravel, 

fxiint, but have not fDund the phosplioric, or The word i> also ustd for a chip of oni^ 

any other acknoivledj^cd mineral aciil, in this or leninn-peel, such as is uaually squeeiH inn 

■eolile. ale. wine, &c, to give it a flaToat) orfialbe 

' " Many persons from cKiierieneing much fine thin nil that spurts out of that peel oa 

difficulty in coniprehcndine the ct>nj'»ni union niueezing it. Hence, lo icst an otaitge ot 

of the earths, have been led tu suppoac the ex.- lemon, among c«d fee I toners, is to cnt the 

jslence of oiidJEeovefcd acids in stony crystals. ])cel ftoni lop to bottom into amill slip, n 

ifquartzbeitselfconBideredaaBn acid, to which thin ai poasiblei or, 10 test, ia tosqiMcatAt 

«rderof bodies its qualities much more neatly peel over ihesuifkceof any thin^. 

asiimilaie il than lo the earths, their compost- Zest (tenoia Kkefriae a nliA, a MM 

tion becomes readily intelligible. They will added, 

then be neutral salts, silicate* cither simple ur To Zest. t>. a. To heigbleo bj u M- 

compound. Zeolite will be a compound saTi, tional relish. 

a hyilrated lilicaie of alumina and soda, iind ZETA, or Zetecola. a little ckMt, «t 

-iieilcc a compound of alumina nut very dissi- withdrawing chamber, with pipea nnidq 

milat 10 alum. And topaz, whose singular in- along the milt lo recerrefrom bchxreilhK 

gredicnts, discovered by Mr. Klaproth, have the cool air, or the steam of warm water. 

called foith a auery from the celebrated Mr. The word is formed either from jW, ta ^ 

Vauquelin, with regard to the mode of their warm; or of ^-n, vttiere, lo lire, on arcomtaT 

existence lugelhcr, will be likewise a compound (he use made hereof for love ztmI agtmaoK. 
aalt, consiitjng of silicat of altitnina and fluat - ZETETM, {ZaMiO among the AOwniaM, 

sfalumina. were officers appoiQtrd upon -estrlordha^ 
*' Our ac^oaintaoce with the compoutioii of wcatioDa t» eo^ttirc tfut Uk ptMie <Ml% 



ZE 

^Itcn, tlirongh 'he iifglrct of the" rtcfin'n, 6c 
'hf olher mcjiti, ilicy wne lun up in large 
Isiinis, and brgui to be in danger to be lost) if 
WHolWin. 

• ZETE'I'ICK, (Zi^nt™. formed from fir^ 

wiBek,)or7,RTETic methou, ininathcmaiic^j, 

[idte Dirclhud made uk nf la invesligat«, or find 

kci loliilion ofa probUrii. 

The ancient Pyirhoniani were sometinm 

■lied Zriciici, q. d, smkrrf. 

ZEUGMA, CZ'i/y^, laerally denotiti;; a 

liaBi|l leather; from {^luvvu, 1 Jnin) aRgure 

.J fntaoai, whereby an adjeciive, oi verb, 

trhtch agrrM with a nenrrr wnrd, is bIm, bj 

l*i])af tiipplcmeai, referred to anothet more 

Tboi Terence, Ulinam aat Ate lUrdat, aut 
Wemwiajiitia lit. Ss Virt^il, IlicHliuiarnia, 
ir eBrrui fiiil. Ill which eates, the wiirdt 
■eta 11/ asrevtiig primarily with liac nula, 
le abo maae to ai^rte or PSiend la hie Murdtn : 
m1 (be Terb fuil n not only rcfeired to hie 
WM, which it properly tesiircis, but farilier 
I Ate Uliut arma. 

Oflhn species of elliptic, nrhlch differs from 
e aUtini) properly so calbil, in that ihe vrord 
Ineh IS tn be undcntoocl once or ofiuncr baa 
Btn already menlinned, Mesiieurs Ue Port 
ojral cntiiiieraie three sorts, vit. when we 
tpeu ihe aniin or rcrb in titc same manner it 
~ been already expressed; or, when the word 
iKMCd cannot be repealed wiihoul receiving 
W Riteraiinn, in sender, case, number, or 
Ion i or when, aiter a wnrd which includes 
wliolc, a disiriburion of the parts is made 
rithout repealing the verb. Latin Grammar, 
il. ii. p. 183. 

ThcLAiiis, it may be here observed, takes 
Ibeily in const ructtun^, which some of the 
liter Clitic* aniong the modenis, particularly 
hm French, will not allow in ine modern 

ZEUS. Dnr^e. In zrwlngy, a genus of 

C clan ptsces, order thoraclca. Head com- 

CMtd, (lopini! duwn j upper lip arched b^ a 

membrane; inngne lubulute; gill- 

: with seven perpendicular rays, ibc 

ntverse i body compressed, ibin, 

Iteing) ra^'s nf iho lint donal fin (mntlly) 

bmentnus- Eight species, Mattered through 

' BMW ofthe glnhe ; two common lo those of 

a own coasts. The following are the chief. 

I. Z. faber. Common John Dorde. Tail 

~ ; sides with an oval brown ocdlate 

he middle; anal tins two. 

Thia ipeciea is in all parrs of an equal thick- 

" kt lb* body it extremelv deep, and ^tron^y 

ipreiied laterallv ; ao itiat in shape il re- 

ible* the flounder ; hut awims erecl, and 

lot on the side. I'he bead is flat lalcralty; 

moiuh immoderately lai^e, being, together 

*' the htad, bigger than The body. The 

correspond in size with ihe head; the 

large and protuberant, and the irids 

low. Il is snliiciently diilinguished from 

rf tidtei tish by ihe round black spot on each 

!. of about the site of aiixpcnce; acireum- 

ace from which iupersiiiion hn made ihe 




iroofiof the ideniiiyofU*" 
fish, ihe marks of that a[i(iitle's lin^r tat 
thumb. It is a foot and a lialf long. 

The hideoiTi aspect of this lisli long banished 
it from our table, lill the celebrated cooiediaii 
and epicure Quin introduced ii. It lequired 



a delicious 



the n 



mnn^ 



found on our own shotM, is ray cc 
Ihe Mediterranean, the Bay of Siscay. ai^d o 
the French coast; ao when Ovid terms it — 
it must have been owing to iu delicacy, i 
than i(9 srarcivy. 

S. Z. hma. OpalL Kinp-fish. Tail mrx 
what lunalCj body Iteautifaliy red, green, ■ 
purple, with oval white ivoa. 

'I Ills bib belongs to tne genti) of Aniii 
alihough 11 far surpasses them in inagnhiii 
weighing in some imtances an hundred a 
forty pound) ; measuring ihiee or lour feet tfl 
length, by two and a quarter in dcjiih. Il l^f 
BO milch compressed laterally, that lis neaiai'' 
Ihicknesi is only four inches. The colour d 
ihe opah is a viiid transparent ramish of se 
let, burnished over with gold, and bespangli 
with oblonc silver S|ioIs of different si 
breast consists of a hard bone, lesemblioc ib 
shape the keel ol a ship ; and the flesh has the 
taste and appearance of beef. 

The opah has only been foor or five timet 
caught on the British shores ; and as i>o mtWf 
lion is made of it by Linn^us or Willouj^bj^ 
is probably eiery ivhere a rare fish. The iiq^ 
as well as the body, are of fine scarlet ; and 
from ihe high encomiums lavished by ihoa* 
who have seen il, in its most brilliant cotourt, 
we are led to suppose it the richest and most 
splendid of all The Europeati fishes. 

3. Z. insidiator. Mouih namnv; head 
small J iris si h*ery- yellow ; jaws wiih small 
sharp teeth} sides silvery, spoiled with black ; 
back brown, spotted with black, the edge uriih 
a double row of recurved pKckles, and ahollov 
to receive the dorsal hn. Inhabits the ft«dl 
waters of India; iwimt ncarihe lur&icv of the 
water, and feeds on aqiiatic iniecist which iC 
catches by snckhig water into iti gills anS 
casting il f>>rcibly inroiigh its month, by whi^ 
means iheir wings are welted, and they beconM 
incapab1e«f flyiug : skin thin, silvery, withool 

4. Z. gallus. Tenth ray nf the dorsal fitt, 
and second of the anal, longer than ihe bodji. 
Inhabit* the American and Indian seasi sm 
inches long; bodv very thin, wnhoui walea, 
greenish iilvery ; feeds on woims ac " 
iilsects ; flesh very good. 

Zl^UXII^E. a daughter of Laomedon, 
She married Sicyon, who, .ifter his faihcrio" 
law's deaili, became king of that city of P'l#- 
poiinesus which from him ha* been caT 
Sicytm. 

ZELOilS, a celebrated painter, bum 
Hcraclca, He fiomuhed «bottt 4^8 yean 1 



Z IE Z I N 

B-C contemponiy with ParrYiasitis. In the xiberia Smithii, a low shrub, tolerably hfij 
art of painting he not only surpassed all his in the pjeen-housr, with a white flower. Vrn. 
eonteoiporaries, but also his master Apollo- pa^ble bv cuttings. See Botany. PI. CXCI. 
dCfTus. His most celebrated paintings were his ZIG ETH, a strong town of Hungary, which 
Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the has been several times besieged and taken by 
gnas; his Hercules strangling the serpents in the Turks and Austrians. it stands^ on the 
the presence of his aflrighted parents; his Alma, by which it is surrounded, 48 niilei 
modest Penelope ; and his Helen, which was S.£. of Caiiischa. Lon. 18. Id £. LaL 
placed in the temple of Juno Lucina, at Agri- 46. 8 N. 

g^ntuni. This last piece he had painted at the ZIGZAG, a word sometimes used for 
request of the Agrigentines, anrl executed it flexuous. 

vrith wonderful success. For bb contest with ZIMMERMAN (John George), bom at 
-Parrhastus, see Parrhasius. Brug, in the canton of Berne, in 172R. Hri 

ZEYLANITE, in mineralogy, a species of father was a senator, and his mother a French 
•chorl. SeeScoRLUS. woman; from which circumstances bespoke 

Zl A, an island of the Archipelago, to the S. and wrote the two languages with equal facili- 
4>i Negropont, 15 miles long and eight broad, ty. Tissot, his biographer, praises his ami;ili)e 
It belongs to the Turks, but most of the in- cfisposition as much as he commends the 
habitants -are Greeks, and have a bishop. It language and doctrine contained in his fine 
abounds in barley, wine, and silk ; also a fine dissertation on irritability. Haller was one of 
sort of oak, whose fruit, called villam, is the his masters; it was upon this good fonndation, 
best trading commodity of the island, it being with further support from the remarks of 
used by dyers^ and tanners. The principal Clisson, that Zimmerman finished his Disser* 
town, of the same name, is seated on an emi- tatio phjBiolop;ica de irritahilitate, &c. He 
nence, and has a good harbour, with about S600 read a gfeat deal, not only in physic, but in 
houses, all flat at the top. Lon. 34. 24 £. morality, philosophy, literature, nistory, tri- 
Lat. 37. 48 N. veU, and periodical publications. His mind 

ZIBETHUM. (from tohelh^ Arah.) Ci* was in consequeno^ stored with facts and 
vetta. Civet. A soft, unctuous, odori feroas snl>- images. He formed them into detached pieces, 
stance about the consistence of honey or butter, and published them in a journal called the 
of a whitish, yi-Uowish, <'r brownish colour, Monitcor: but the work to which he was 
and soiitciiincH blackisli, contained in some most attached was his Treatise on Solitude, 
excretory foliich-s near the anus of the vii'erra " I love solitude,** says he, *'and I find ples- 
zibetha of Linnirus. It has a grateful smell sure no where but at home. 1 write lo pm- 
when diluted, and an unctuous suhacrid taste, cure myself amusement :** he adds, " I hare 
and |K)ssesses stiniulaiing, nervine, and anti- learned, like a philosopher of old, to live with 
spasuiodic virtues. myself* He made a journey to Berlin, aril 

The ci\oi cat is snucezcd out every other had a lonij conference with the kinc of Pru«:i 
day in sn:inm.r, and ir. v\ infer twice si wctk. at Potsdam, in 178(3. As he had bt-en 2y» 
The qmt.tity |)n>cured at cnch liir.e is from pointed phybician to the king at Hano\er, ihc 
two srrii;)lt.s to vaJher more than a dram. Hanoverian regency <eni him to the Ha^e in 
Thus collected it is much jmrer than that 1788, when George III. was so alarmingly dt, 
which the animal sheds a^;iinst shrubs or that he might be nearer London in case tin 
stones, hy its own exerlions. Several of these presence should be nccfssafy. He had )mi^ 
.ininials have hccn brmcht tn IloUund, and given himself up to lat>ours which sikwll 
have alVorded a considerable branch of com- destroyed his health. He died in 1795. 
mcrcc, particularly at Amslerdain. See M us- ZIaC See Ztncum. ' 

lELA and V'lVKKKA. Zinc SPAR. See Zi.vcuM. \ 

ZIKGILNHAYN, a fortified town of Ger- Zinc (V'iiriolatcd). SeeZiNCDM viiaio- 
many, in l^owor Hesse, with a fine castle latum. 

beloni»ing to the prince of Hesse-Cas«el, and ZINCKR (Christian Fretlt-rickV a painter in 
an arsenal. Tlie suburb, railed Weinban^ien, ennnirl, (>or[iai Dresden al>out I()tt4,and can»e 
is a handsome place, and inore CNtcn'^ive than to l''n;il.nid in l/'J'^, where he studied uiultr 
the town. In 17'>7 it was taken by the B')il, whom at length he not onlv surpaved, 
I'Vench ; and in I7f»l it was int-ITertu.illy hut excf!le<l Petitot. He painted' pnrir.iii« of 
bcsicg«*d by the allies, who reduced two-thirds man? of tlie royal family, and died in 17^7 
of the town to ashes by their cannonade. It ZINCUM. Zinc. In mineralr>2v, a jrn m 
stan<ls in a morns*;, sui rounded by the river of the cl.iss met.ils. Brilliant white w.ih i 
Schwahn, 28 miles S.S.lv of (.'a««K'l. shade »)f blue, h.irdish. a little mille^ble. hut 

ZIKUIA, in hoi.my, a vc'nus of th»? class not (Uictile, slighly sonorous, of a fibr- '-^ .' 
and order tetandrii, innn( vtynia. ('lalyx vil- scaly texture ; S|)ecific eravity 7" IVO ; bunitri: 
lous, four-toothed; corol t'our-pelallrfl ; the with a brilliaut white Hame when lna:ri| i.. a 
petals ovaie-acute, somf »\h jt rovolutr, exceed- «;troivj: decree, atid emitting light white t: i^r^. 
ini» the c.dyx i stiunen*. fr)ur, hypojenou'^, with when fu*>e<l with copper givin,; it a bT.>»r^ 
a ;:)obular inland <»n thf io'^ide of the base of yellow colour ; ea<»ily soluble in acids, -m;'.-:!- 
eaeb ; germs four, united internally ; style mg no colour to the solution, bm depuvinj i: 
erect ; siiguia four lohed. of its acrimony, liight species : the ijllowi. ^ 

JFuur s(>ecici j of which the most elegant is are the chief. 




Z 1 N C U M. 

•cbracfom. ix>ott or frinhle 
^ white, without histre« Fou^ 
fiweden, and Cnrinthia, in a loose 
brni, and sometimes effervesces with sulphuric acid, dnd it ii hence purer than- tV^e 
In Oiina it is used in the forit>4tion of foreign* though it still possesses a considerable 
il called I utenaji;. quantity of* iron. " . - 

SfKitosum. Zuic $par. Lnmellar, dja- The uses of this nictal under different fortifii 
, decrepiiatins somewhat before the are c^nsiderabfe. . Jn its metallic stai^ it fb 
p,biitnot emittinfl;suiphurons_vapours, employed by the Chinese for coin^, and hS§ 

~ been proposed in this coumry as a substitbtcf* 

lining for lend and tin, though injudiciousfv, 
as it is easily' sol ulile in all acids, and all ift 
saJrs arc violent emetics. In combination with 
copper it forms brass, and all the useful and" 
ornamental gold alloys. 

The ancients were acqiiainted with a min6» 

ral to which they give the name of cad^,ia» 

from Cadmus, who first taught the Greeks (o 

use it. They knew that when melted wieb 

acid. Found in various parts of Great copper it formed brass; and that when burnt* 

New Spain, Poland, Silesia, Saxony, ft white spongy kind of ashes was volatilized, 

which they used in medicine. T\m minertii 
contained a §ood deal of zinc ; and yet there 
is no proof remaining that the ancients were 
acquainted with this metal itself. Ihe word 
zinc first occitrs in the .writings of Paracelsus, 
who dic<l in. 1541. He informs us very grave- 
ly, that it i^ a metal, and not a metal, and that 
it consists chiefly of the ashes of cop]}er. This 
metal has also been called spelter. 

Zinc has never been found in Eumpe in k 
state of purity, and it was Irmg before a me- 
thod was discovered of extracting it from itf 
ore. Henkel pointed out one in 1721 ; Von 
Swab obtained it by distillation in 1748; and 
Margraf published a process in the Berlin Me- 
moirs in 1746. 

Zinc is of a brilliant white colour, with a 
shade of blue, and is composed of a number 
of thin plates adhering together. When this 
metal is rubbed for some time between the 
fingers, they acquire a peculiar taste, and 
emit a very |)erceptib]e smell. Its hardness 
is six and a half. When rubbed npon the 
fingers it tinges them of a black colour. Irt 
pewter. All the solutions of this specific gravity, after it has been melted, is 
acids are precipiuted by lime-water, O.Htil ; after it bas been compressed 7.I9O8; 

so that its density is increased l-^Oth< 

This metal forms in a manner the limit be* 
tween the brittle and the malleable metals. Its 
malleability is by no me<«ns to be compared 
with that of some of the metals; yet it is not 
brittle, like others. When struck with a ham- 
mer, ft does not break, but yields ancf becomes 
idpasHiodic. The use of zinc in the somewhat flatter ; and by a cautious and equal 
cry considerable. In medicine the pressure, it may be reduced to pretty mm 
f zinc, or white vitriol, as it is callerl, plates, which are supple and elastic, but can- 
not be folded without breaking. Thi^ property 
of zinc was first ascertained by Mr. >ffre« 
When heated to about 400^, it becomes M 
brittle, that it may be reduced to powder in a 
mortar. 

Its tenacity has fK>t been ascertained* Wtien 
heated to the temperature of ibout 700^ it 
melts; and if the heat is increased, it eripo- 
rates, and may be easilv distilled over in efose 
t article V it a i OLU m. ' It is prepared vessels. When ariowed to cool slowly, it ^s- 
Rammeliburg and elsewhere in Ger* ullizcs in small boodlet of quaditn|(uiar 



minon or globular form. Found in 
haiR:ihire, Austria, Carinihia, &c. : co- 
te, with often a mixture of greenish, 
or blackish; it always contains some 
It not in such abundance as to cause it 

fire with steel. 

caKiminaris. Oxyd of zinc. Cala- 
Lapis calaminaris. Soft, tinged with 
lour, of a couiinon form and earthy 
opake, without lustre, totally soluble 



I, Austria, &c. massive, disseminated, 
isly imitative; coIoi|r greyish, greenish, 
1, reddish, cr brownish ; fracture 
ocnetimes splintery, rarely conchoidal : 
gravity 3 '434. When the «inc dote 
ed a fourth part of the copper it mikes 
lid becomes malleable and ductile ; 
tree parts of zinc are etmibined with 
:opper it forms pinchbeck or prince's 
* a deeper orange colour than brass, 
so malleable. 

pseudogalena. Rlack-jack. With a 
tallic lustre, of a lamellar texture, 

sulphurous flame and vapour before 
vpipc. Three or four varieties in 
rolour, and hence denominate<l yellow 
brown blende, black blende, round 
us parts of Great Britain, Siberia, 

Sweden, Gertnanyi Hungary, 5rc. in 
hapes and mixtures, with frequent!/ 
nal lustre, sometimes emits a phos- 
nt light when scraped in the (iark : 
xed with lead it forms the metal called 
and combined with tin it is an ingre- 



fixed alkali, and ammoniac. 
te«l zinc l)e exposed to intense heat, it 
oxydat<;d, and the oxyd is volatilized 
irrent of the flame, ascends, and is af- 

condensed into little white flakes 
)res zinci, or flowers of zinc, which 
ine are exhibited internally as a pow- 



iteroalJy in the dose of from 3j to J^s, 
lit. In small doses it cures dropsies, 
ent head-achs, and some nervous dis- 
kI is a powerful antispasmodic and 
\ solution of white vitriol is also used 
e gleets, gonorrhoeas, and for cleaning 
rs. 

alt called white vitriol is an impure 
)f zinc, and has already been noticed 



Z I N C U M. 

ftiin*. d]t|AHnt !if alt 4treciioni. ir thej ue >r ittotig h«it in w mli vrkkti (MM if f>M 

expoaed to ihe air while hor, they auunie a. the cnninci of (he cxiernal air. 

blue chiDgenble colooT. Mo^i of the timiile combustibles conbiiii 

When cxpoicd W ihe irr, its luiire is soon «ilh tine. 
iMtiiahed, dul it Bcarcel; umletgoei any other Hydrogen pH dissolrci 8 tittle of it in a^ 

change. When kcpi under waier Iti lariace ti^in ailualinnt. It a cinis) to pTocu<« h^Mp« 

•Don becomes bUch, ihe walec h slowly de- pa bv diisoliiug zinc in diluted *elfihiHic 

cmiipoKd, hijtlrogcn gabt is emitted, and iht^ acid, ^hc ga» thus obtained U u puKBM 

oxygM cumbiiies with the melil. If the heat which can be prucuted. It nniei along win 

H incieaied, the deconiposiiioti goes on more it hnwcYcr a liille linc in tuliition ; b«i il it' 

npidlyi and if the siciin of walK is mide lit poiil. ii again upon the sides of tb« ghxjmt 

SIM over line st b very high temperature, it )■ and nn the lurfiice of ihc water over orhidl il 

ecompoied lo rapidly, that vety violent deto- staudt. This fatt, if we beliete the F'fDEtr 

Sationi latie place, ehentiitt, contains oflen a Utile carborrtrd b;* 

When line ii kept melted in an open ves- drogen mss ; a proof ihai ilni; frequenllj «■• 

k1, its iiLirr»ce ii »ooti cuveicd with a grey- lains carbon. When this niel>l bdiuobcdia 

coloured pellicle, ia consniLience of iu cum- sulphuric acid, it deposits a black tnsnlDblt 

bination with oxygen. When this pellicle is pnwder, which the French chemists fbund i* 

Vemoved, another soqd succctdi 4li and in be carburet ofiion. It is unceriain tvbeihn 

this matiner may the whole of the zinc be it ia carburet, or carbon combined with line, 

oxidated. When theie pellicles ate healerl which gitei occosion to the production o( IM 

■ nd uitated io an open vessel, I hey soon as- cut bureted hydrogen gass. 
■ume the furcD of a grey powder, ofieu having It is believed at |ireient ihat lulphor ton 

a shade of yellow. The powder hds been not combine with iinc in ibc metallic snici 

lulled the greyoxjd of zinc. When line ia beoauae no attempt Io form the combinaiivo 

nised to a very itrong red heni in an oiien ves- nriificially hat tueceedrd. Suluhm miin 

wl, il lakes hre, and buina with a brilliant wiih the oxyd of zinc when melieu alon^ tritti 

white flame, and at the >ame lime emiii a vast It in a crucible. This was first discovrird tj 

^ant'ty nf very light white flikes. These arc Dehne in 1781, The rxperitnent wu aCte- 

Tnerely an oxyd.of zinc. This oxvd woa nell wards repealed by Morvean. The sulphuittrd 

linr-wu to the ancients. OioscoTiiles dcscnlwa axyd of tine is of a dark'broivn ealuur,»J 

ikt methvd of iireparing II, The ancients bntlle. It exists native id great abundann, 

called il pciinphol^x ; ihc early chemistt ^ve and is known by the name of blende. Mr. 

iuhc name ot nibil album, lana phil tnphica, Prouai, however, bai announced it >s hii opi- 

aiid flowers of zinc. Dioscorideg comp»e*il nion. that blende is a aiilphuret oF itnr, «r« 

to wool. compouiul of salpbur and zinc in Ihe meiallte 

Two different ox)-d> of line are al preHDl siaie, 
linnwn. Zinc may be combined wilh pho^phnnu, (^ 

The peroxyd, or while osvd of linC, ii the dnipjiiiig amnli bits of phinpbonn tniu il whiif 

exyd usually formed in the diflerenl processes in a siaie nf fniion. Pelletier, to wboa «« 

to which the metal is subjected. We are in- are indebted for the experiment, xidcd iIm a 

debled to Mr. Prouil for an exaci analysis of little resin, to prevent the oxydatioa of iIm 

this oxyd and its combinaliona. It ii' com- zinc, nio^phuiet of zinc is ofa whiteeolDdr, 

posed of eighty parts of zinc and twenty of and metallic splendour, bnt resembles lead moM 

Dxygen. It may be formed not only by burn- than zinc. Il is somewhat malleable. Wtas 

ius zinc, but also by distnlving ii in diluted hammered nr filed, it emits the odour of pbo^ 

aulgihuric or nilric acid, and precipitating ii by phorus. When expoaed to a smmg beat, il 

potass. Thisoxyd is of^d as a paint i bul ili ourns like zinc. 

<bloLii susl be perfectlv white. When zinc Phosphorus combinei also wiih Ihe end of 

tuppens tocontaiua little iron, which is o Tien liiic ; a compound which Ma^raf bad ab- 

Ole case with the zinc nT commerce, the tained during his experimenta on pbo^botM 

oxyd obtained has a linge of yellow, lie- When twelve parts of oxyd of line, twclv* 

cause it is mixed wiih a litlle yellow oxyd of parisofphnaiihnric^lasa, andhro paittofehHu 

iron. coal-powder, arc distilled io an arthen-wiR 

The protoxyd, or zinc comliined wiih a retort, nnd a strong heal applied, ■ metaHiB 

ntininium of oxygen, is obtained by exposing subiiance sublimes of a iilrer-white ookia^ 

tbe peroxyJ to a strong heat in an earthen- which when broken haia vIlreonrapficaiaMB. 

~ ~~ overed crucible. From the Tbli, nceordinft to Pelletier, is phoapbuRltJ 



experiments nf Desntmea and Clement, it ap- oxyd of zinc. When healed by tncblowpiae, 
pe.-rs that by this proceaa zinc loses a portion the phosphorus burnt, and leaves bebina a 
of its oxygen, ant! aiaumcs a yellow (»lour. glass, transparent while in fusion, bot OfMqM 



. „ o ihcanalyiisof these chemists, the after coolini;, 

pioioxyd i)f zinc is com^Kned of eighty-eight Phosphuteted oxyd of zinc i* obtainad aba 

paroof zinc and twelve pans of oxygen. Tlie when two parts of zinc and one part of pha^- 

Tcdnciiim of the oxydg of litic is an operation of phorua are distilled in an earthen reion. TV 

difficulty, in consequence of the strong affinity products are, I. Zinc; 9. Oxyi) of ztne ; S. A 

which exfats between zinc and oxygen. It red sublimate, which is pboaphnntal aai 

niiiat be mixed with charcoal, and expo*ed to oT linci 4. Necdklbnn erfttala «f DCtafiii 



Z IN 



EnH B bliteUh oHoar. Thttt nlw 
Wen ai phnspltuTcml OTyd nfiinc. 

ZinO doci nil combine with otMe, Mu- 
^ic acid reailiiy oinveiis ii into an nnyil. 

Zinc eambiiiM wiih Almost all ihe tncuU, 
p*d «mc «( iu alloyt aie nrgre.it iiiipnriance. 

It maj bo iiniieif lo ^ulii iii any pru|Mition 
hf fuMun. The alio; is the whiter .in<l th« 
■ PW britite, the grrniEr quinlily of xinc it 
pooUHU. All alloy, coniiiiinuof equal part* 
|rf ihne meiali. is »rty liaril unci white, receivM 
I fine polikh, iii't liors not tiiniish resJity. It 
In* ifaetcforc been prn|)nicd by Mr. Malnuiii bb 
^•ly profier for the ipecula of lelesconci. One 

Kof line i» raid to dcitroy the duciility of 
paiuofipld. 
h Hatimim eonibiiiei very readily with zine. 
Tike atlov b biililc. preiiy hani, very fusible, 
pi ■ blucish-while colour, and not lo clear as 
I^Mof line. 

r The alloy of tilrer nnd xine i> raiily produced 
W hMiDn. It ii brittle, aud hai not liecn ap- 
flM to an)- me. 

I Zinc ftiuv be combined with merciirf. either 
%f ttUutBiin^ the two meiali ta^eihrr, or hy 
jiniapn^ tnEivury into melted linc. Thi* 
■■wIgiMi i* lolid. It cryatiilliiei when iiielleil, 
pad ooojed liowly into laraellated hexni-urial 
lft|iireai with can'itin bei>vecn ihcm. They 
^M eomiKHid of one part of «inc and mo nnd 
• half of mercury. It ii uMd to rub on 
Wecirical oMcIiinei, in order lo excite elcctri- 

Zinc eombinn readily with copiier, and 
fcriDi one of the moii iitcriil of all the metallic 
•lioy*. The meials arc imially combineil 10- 
Mrtlier by ilrjlifyinii; plalea of copper snil a Ilk' 
■*t oxyd of line combined with cdrl ionic acid, 
Willed 'culamine, and applying hcjt. When 
'ihc lioo don not excrol a fourth part tjf the 
copper, the alloy i> known by the name of 
kiM. It if of a beautiful ydlow colour, more 
Juatblt than mpper, and not to apt tu tarnish. 
It is malleable, and lo ductile that it may be 
drawn out into wire. lu denitty ii graiet 
ihatt the mcaa, It oushi ti> be by calcula- 
te I.Glfjb. but it actually is S.39S8 i to that 
iiiden)iiyi»ii>crea>ed by about l-ioih. When 
Ibe alby conlaini ihr«e parti of zinc and four 
<•( coppCT, it anumei a cnkinr neatly the lanie 
with ^d, bat it ii not >o malleabfe as bran. 
It ii then ca\M |iinchbeck. prince'* metal, i>r 
yrioee Rupert'* metal. Brau wai known, and 
very much valncd, by the aneirnlii. They u*ed 
tu ore of line tn form it, which they called 
.odnia. Dr. Waiion ha* [iroted thai it wia 
%o brat* that ihry pave the name of urichaleiMn. 
71>«irai wMcojiper, or rather bionte. 

Ii la T*Ty (iiffinih lo f»rm an alk^ of irnn 
md line. Wallctiut ha* ahcwn that iron ii 
■apcble of eombininc with ■ *niill portion of 
■nc: and Malnuin ha* shewn that line may 
k nwd inalrad of tin to cover iron plain, a 
proof that there i« in alliiiity between the two 

Tin and line may be euily combined by 
fcMi itfc Tbc alloy ii much barder than cine. 



':3 



Z I N 

and *enredy lesi ductile. Thi) alio; ii B 
the piincipal ingredient iii'ihcconipouDdci 

^Thc'alloy of lead and aine I 

cd by Walleriui, Geltrr. Muichenbnwck, 

Gmclin. Thit last eheniiii aucccedeil " 

inij the alloy by fusion. He pui some i 

the mixture, and covered the crucible 

10 prevent the evaporation of ihe zinc, 

the iin< exceeded the lead very niucli, the allt 

was malleable, and much harder than 1( 

A mixture of two parts of zinc and one of lea* 

fiiTined an alloy mure ductile and harder ibia 

the laii. A mixture of equal part) nfiinc and 

lead formiKl an alloj* differing Utile in duclilitr 

and colour from lead ; but it wa* harder and 

more iiifcepiiblc of polish, and much ruOM. 

sonornuj. When the niislurc contained 

imaliet quantity of line, il ilill a|>pi 

nearer the ductility and colour of lead ; but 

continued harder, moie ronoroi ' ' 

ble of polish, till the proportion* approacl _ 
to lofaincand l6of lead, when the alloy difrl 
fcTed from the tait mcuil on]y in being Mmia^' 
what harder. 

ZtvcuM i;ai.cihatdm. Floret zinci. Ni» 
hihim album. Flowen of zinc. Thi* prepa> 
laiioii of aiiK ii called in the new chemic^ 
DamenclatuTc, oxydum linci lubiimatum Ii 
posaetMS slj-piic qualitie*, and ii admiuittcred 
ai an antiipasmodic in tpatnKxIic aalhnt 
against ascandct, epilepsy, nyiteiical ipaimiu 
and hooping cov^h. 

ZtMCUM viTRioLATUM. Impurcwhitt 

ZlNCtJM VITSIOLATDK rtlKIFtCATDI* 

Oxydum lincivitr iota turn. Viiriolum albuo^' 
Vitnolum linci. Sulphas zinci. Whitevilriok{ 
Thi* pieparaiian of ainc ii given intcruilly u , 
a tljpiic, eiBelic, adstringeni, and tonic, is 
cases of tiKmorrhise, intermit ten Is, and Aiit^ 
rhtsas; and is emplnyed exlernally in the fom 
of lotion, bath, or ointment, in the cure tf.^ 

Sleet, ophthalmia, haemorrhoids, ptolipsut^ 
iscaicsof the akin, and aphths. 
Z1NGI. An ancient naitieof the siellatct 
aniteed, See Ahisvsi sTei.(.ATt;M. '' 

ZlNGIBblR. (^.yr.<r«i(, Indian.) Zingifalt 
album. Zingiber nigrum, Zinsiber coafrfl 
mune. Ginger. Amoinum lin^ibei of Liai| 
n^ui. The white and black ginger in ' 
produce of the Mm« plant, tht ditfc 
l>endiiig upon the mode of preparing thenK I 
Ginger il geiiervlly considered is an aroinalil^ | 
and less piingeul and heating to ibc ayatMkl 
than mi^lil be expected from its cfTeeli upoii.fl 
the orsan of laite. It it oied a* an antiipa" 
modic and carminatine. The ca«« in whi(__ 
il is more immediately lervieeable ate HniulaAii] 
colics, debility, nnd Ikiily of the iloitiach ai ' 
intetiines ; and in torpid and phlesmaiic ea 
dilutions to excite brisker vase ulur action. Iv 
seldom given hut in eombinaiinn with 
meiliclnes, Iii the pharmacoprriii il is ditacBl 
ed in the Ibrm of a ayriip and rondi 
iti many cootpMiitoiii ordtied a* a lubsiditff 
ingRditni. 



ei9,| 



ZiKCtBEK ALBUM. The root of (he 
■ niomutii liiigiber of Linti6i9 it so letitied 
whfn (kptivrtofiLi railiclts and jordei. 

ZlNCtBER coHUUNs. CoRiitioii gingcr. 
Srt Zingiber. 

ZtHGiaEH HtCRUM The TOOt of the 

afnomum iliigibcrof Linii&is is so callcil whrn 
Mif&rnl la dry wilh in radiclct anii the sorilej 
which uiuilly hang la it. 

ZINNIA, in boliny, a genus of ih« clast 
■fngeneiia, order polyf^imia ■ii])t'rfliia. Recrp- 
uel« chulTy ! seed crowned wiih two creel 
awnsi raljx cn»\.t, Mmdr\c!i\, imbiicale ; 
AottU (if ihe raj> about hve, u^rmancnl, enlirc. 
Fire tfyteia. i^otivn r>f Mexico and Peiu. The 
two roltowin^ are cultivated. 

I. Z.. pancifloia. Few-flnwered vrllnw 
l>i>Tii(. An aiioual. HooU iibrous ; alalk ihcee 
fert hiah ; flowcm ydlnw, terminal. 

8. jVlany-Howcred red niiinia. Alio an 
■nnual. Erecl ; florm of the di:.k yellow, of 
the ray dii^y red. They nre both hr!i props* 
piled by »eed» afiet the manner of hot-hoiuo 

ZINZENDORF iNichulas Lonia. count 
of), a celebrated nnblemnn, who united him- 
telf to the Uetrnltuterf, belter known by the 
•ppetlationa of Moravians and [Jnita« Fralnjni. 
He built a house foi ihit >eci, and became 
tbcit bishop. The count came U> Ijondon, 
and pabliihed nome reli^ioua pieres and scr- 
inoiu- He died in. lyCk). The count D»hna 
■ucceedcd him in (he government nf the bre- 
thren. This todety ii commeiidahle for iu 
tnoderalion, forbearance under persecution, 
•od teal in propagating the gospel, without 
Btion, and with great lucccii, in heathen 



ZION, or -SiojJ (.ific, ?eOg.), a very famoiis 
mountain, standing on the north side of the 
cily of Jeruialem (Pul. xlvii. S.) ; containing 
the appct city, built by king David ; and where 
Mead the royal palace iJesephui). A part of 
Zion, situated at its extrcinity, was called 
Millo, of, or in, the city of David (3 Chrxin. 
miii, a). Modern travelleis, who have been 
upon the spot, say, that Zion is the whole of 
the mountain on which Jerusalem standi at 
.tbi* day, Ihoush not to the extent in which it 
Bi>cicnth( stood OD (he same mountain, u ap- 
•ears, I^al. ix. 13, IS. Ixv. I. Ixxxvii. 8, 3. 
1«. Ixii. I. It is swelled into several eminence* 
or lops; as Moiiah, Acrti fieaeiha, Zion, a 

Rrtieular eminence of the monnt, and Zion 
•pCT, &c. encompassed on three sides, east, 
west, and south, with one continued vei^ deep 
and sleep valley ; by means of which it was 
impregnable on these three lidei, sitd always 
attacked and taken, according to jAsephiis, by 
the enemy on the north side, where mount 
Zion beoomei level, and the vales of Gihon 
and Jehosophal gradually lose themselves. 
This deep and sleep valley inconteilably < 



ZIRCCW, In mintratogy, » name tpfH* 
tn the hyacinlb, and to proper jsrgim. hs 
G1-.MMA andCiacoKivs. 

ZIRICZEE, a strong lotvn of Hollaixl, in 
Zealand, and capiial of the iile of Schonrn. li 
wa<i the ancient residence of the eauni* «f 'if*- 
land, and then a place of much niorv r«>i<» 
qiiencr, ihe pott having been sinee filtrd wiih 
sand. It is IB miles N.E orMJitdlrlwn;, art 
IB SW.of Btiel. Lon. 4. 10 E. LM.il. 
36 N. 

ZIRNITCH. a town of Orniols, ia A( 
cirHe of Austria. LaL 46. .J7 N. Iod. 14. 
40 E. This town is remarkable for iii nriih- 
bnuring lake, calleil Zirnitier sea, which b 
siiiiaicd in lat. 4S. 4R N. ton. 14. 43 F, inl 
a nearly seven miles long, and three him*. 
On its south side \htn h a great fuivu. on ihi 
north the couniry is flal, but the nbiilr'sitci 
H ci>comn.n&«cd with hi^h hillt, ai »r>mc tinlc 
distance from il. Thit lake is well filled mh 



only by percotaliun, but by rclirinit ihinufk 
many holes al the bottom. In the monib of 
September il returns hy (he same, aixl in ■ 
short lime covers the tiact rif earth again. 
This return and ascent is so speedy, iKit ttw 
water springs or spout- out of ihc ground •» 
the height of six or eight feet. Dmingilu 
reiircment atid al»rncc of the wster, tht 
ground is very fruitful, not only aflorliiKSUi- 
lenaiicc for the bea*is of the field, but yitliliiil 
plentihilcrnpt ofbay, and sonieiiinetcomi » 
that this spot is noied for ibe prodnclioa of 
glass, corn, 6sh and game, reguWIy every }«n. 
This lake was anciently known b* Ihc name 
LiiRea Pei1u= : ' ' ' 



nmlin 



ytwilhei 



-".PS! 



of the old Jerusalem 



on those ihree sides, as plainly appear* to 
any person who has been upon the spot. 
Tt>eieisBDotheiZioD,thesaine witbHcroioa. 



be seen in l&e Phil. Trans. Mas. lOy lai 

igi. 

ZISCA (John), a famous getteral of the 
forces nf the Hussite*, in the 15th centani 
was a genllemaii ediicaied at the conn of Bo- 
hemia, in the reign of Wenceslaoi. He enter- 
ed very young intu the army, and after distin- 
guishing himself on several occasions, lost ui 
eye in a battle, whence he was called 2iici, 
or One-eyed. Al length the Refbmatiaa, 
b^iin by John Huss, spreading throogh al- 
most all Bohemia, Zisca plac^ hiaisnf H 
the head of the Hussites, and had sdoo nndrr 
hi* command a body of 40,000 men. Willi 
this army he gained several victories over thcie 
of the Romish religion, who carried on a kind 
of crusade agniiHt them, and built a town ia 
an advantaflcous litiiatioo, to which be pre 
the name of Tabor ; whence the HnatiKi were 
afterwards called Taboriltt. Zisca lost kit 
other eye by an arrow at the siegeoftbeatyof 
Hubi ; but this did not prevent hi* conlinoiai 
the war, his lighting battles, and pinina scle- 
ral great victories, among whktl was mu of 
Ausig on the Elbe, in which gOOO of its 
enemy were left dead on the field. The em- 
pert>r Sigismnnd, alarmed at hi* piag>«»> 
caused very adtantageoo* propoMhts DC ofli^ 



k IS him; which he Kadily acerptri, snd 
M onl ••> mrci SixiBrtiiiiid, hiii diet) nn (he 
Bad. He nrdcrpil l>ii)i hii Ikv); should h« lErt 
I pr«Tr to the bttds *nil wild bt-ail^ ; and ihat 
idmni ihuntil be made nf hii <kin, hrin); [wr- 
IMmM thai ihe rnemy would ft;; as sunn ai 
bey heard. lh« M>ind. Ii i> addrd, that ihe 
UuMitn Mtculcd titi will ; ami (hat the news 
it thJ* ordir made inch an imnrasioa nii the 

£taibed i magi naii mil u( ihe Geimnn |M|ii9is, 
.t iu mouy bniiln ihc-y aciiully lli'd nt ihe 
bc«( of the drum with the uimiKt)i(rcl|>itAlinn, 
bsving Iheii bagpigc and ailillcry belli nd 
Ibnn. 

" ZI'tTAU. a f..nificd inwn of Lu.Mit. 
brhich has four large and ilx imall ^lei. It 
k*« • very exientivc Irade in linen, white il.-i- 
Bnaln, woolleu cloLh, and blue paper. The 
euheclnl h*» three nrgani; and near it i> a 
inllcf^e, where the langiia^ei, Hrawine, and 
klber artt, are laniihl fcraiii. Joining tn ihe 
Uobtcn t« R libnr*, ihe finni in all L<»alia ; 
■nd at a imall distitnee frum it it an nriihnn 
Imww. Ziiiau lieing occupied by ihr l*rii»- 
-*-- I, in 17*7. w»i lahen by ihe Au' " 



Itnitei S. W. of Gorliii, and 85 S.E. of Uroden. 
fLon. 16- I E. L*'. M). S4 N. 
t ZIZANIA, in bntanj, a Rnut of the elnn 
|CM)|iaM!ia, order hexandfia. Male: calyxlesi ; 
ffOral, glume two-valccd, awiileu, mixed iviih 
Mlw females. Fern, i Ciilyxlefa; corol, glume 
kmi*-Ti)vrd, bonded, awneil i thrln two ; iced 
«rtc, inmied wiih ihe |>laiieil enrol. Two 
i*pecie*| one a native of Ntirlh America, (he 
/other nf Malabar. 

I ZI21PHOKA. Syrian (ieia ba;il. In bo- 
[tttiy, • gcntit (if the claH diandria, order oio- 
•IWgynia. Corol tincrnt, ihe ujTper lip reflecU 
cd, eniire; calyx filifotm i wmj four. Two 
••peeie* i "(le a native of Syria ami Armenia, 
.with the Aowert all irrminal, the corol imma- 
.«iilaW; ihvolhcrof.'ipain. 

ZIZYPHUS. Jujv.l.e-tri!e. Calyx Inbii- 
Ur; petali live; ical» nppMi'e iheiiamrn*; 
l4iajK wjih a one or a iwo-erllcd nol. Trn 
iipecic*: ci);ht prlcklvi Iw» unarmed. N.i- 
I liTe* of the wiilh of Hnrniie, Hait Indies, or 
• Camtina The fijlowin^ are (he chirf. 

1. Z. palttirui. Christ's ihorn, Ptieklw 
double, the Inwer mm rcHecied ; Hnwrri 
I ihtee-iiyled ; drupe corinreoui. with * wingctl 
marjtin. Fruit drr. drprevwd. T\\n h tu|>- 
poaed to be the pluni from which the crown 
I af ihonu wn* made ihat wa> put round our 
Sariouf '* heail. 

t. T^ Inini. Prickin donblei one of ihtm 
' ncnt*^; ham i»aie-Dblang, nl»oletely fre; 
I tMle. -Ji ihrul) wiib weak Hexunu* hianebct, 
.Mid Miliary flowarj, wdiisry nr ^Inoieriiie. 
- Thi* i* the inie lolii'.if ihe «icient>. 

9. Z.jnjuba. rodincln fdiurv, rcciirTed ; 

Icairei rmindith-ov.iir, (lowtn ht\t iwn-aiylnl, 

4. Z. rolgarii. (.^mmun jujube. Pricklm 

doable, anc of them recurved; leatei ovale, 

g-mtaw, IMlhad, flabroiig. The whole of thii 

' ■" approach to the thainnua. 






Z O D 

and by the older butantai) i* included i 

ZNAIM, a iirnng town of Morsiia, 
of a circle of the lainc name, with a ci 
which arc i grcjl many pagan amitfuiii 
vicinity yieldi excellent wine. It ii w 
the TevB, 3S mild S.W. o( Brinn, and <__ 
N.N.W. of Vienna. Un. l6. E. LoM 
4». 4B N. 

ZOARA, a forliRed town ot Barbary, in ll 
enuntrv of Tripoli, wiiha good harhmir, fl_, 
the Mediierranean. 60 mile* W. of TripoR 
Lon. 11. S3 E. Lai. 32. 45 N. 

ZOBLITZ, a town of Upper Saxony, _^ 
Miinia. The inhabilanli aub<i>i principalH 
by woikine the sei pen !•> lone, which is fuuiT 
in the neigliboorhood, iniopiichi-n, bawls, ti 
and eoffee-eup(, Jec. The reil specie* of llf 
gionV, which i< considfrrd ai the (inesi, b 
loitgj »nlely to the lovereign. Il is 17 n ' 
of hre»brnr. 

ZO'CLE. .. (In nrchiieciute.) A mnll aort 
of siaod or pedestal, being a low square pieCe 
or member, serving to inpport a biisiu, iiatuc, 
or <he like, that needa lo be raided ; alio a lo«r ^ 
Fqnare member »erving lo lupport i 
inslend nf a pedeilal, bate, or plinth. 

ZODIAC, in aitronomy, an imaginary rfgj 
or bioad circle, in ihe heavent, in form o 
belt or girdle, wiihin which the plan 
mike iheir cKCuniont. In thetery middle dl 
it runt the ecliptic, or path nf ihe tim in fcT 
annual conrte ; and i» brendlh, comprehend 
ing the deviaiions or laiiiudes nf ihe earti)| 
known planets, i> by tnme aiiilinr* ■< 
iG.some 18, and others W degreei. 

The lodiBc, cutting the equator oblique 
makes with it the m me anxle as the ecliplH^ 
which iaitj middle line, which angle. e<mD 
ntiaUv rarying. is now nearly equal to 93' SW 
which it called ibe obliquity uf the eclic*" 
and conitantly varies between certain lit 
which il can ncTcr exceed. See EcLtn 

andOBLIQDETT. 

The iiidiac is dirided into 19 equal parti 
of 30 dezret! etch, called the signs of the ■ 
diic. being so named fmm the cunsiellatiw 
which anciently pa>sed ihem. But the il 
having a moiiim from west lo east, lho»e Ci 
itcllaiions do nut ninr correspond te 
|i«r signs ; Trom whence arises what is c 
the preceiiton of the equinoxes. And thep 
fore when a star i< taid lo be in inch a ■■■ntj 
the Eodiue. it is nni to be understood of^thf 
ennitelUiion, but only of that dodecatcm 
or leih pan of it. 

Cawtni hat alio nh*erTed a tract in ill 
Tcna, within whnie bounds most uf the t 
though nol all nf ihem, are nh*rn-ed U 
and which he itiercfnre rails Ihe lodiae 
t^unelt. This he mikri as broad aa the otw 
indiae, and mnrkt it with >ign> or cnnildl^ 
tinns, like that ; n* Anlinmtt, Prgaiun, Andl% 
moda, Taurus, Orion, the Lnnei Dog, liyd" 
the Ceniaiir, Scorpi'm. and Sagiitary. 

It il a cnrloiis fact, that the lolai division • 
the Indian tixliac is tiw nme in Hibitanre w* 
ibat of the Greeks, and yet that ii hat not b< 



ZO D ZO N 

%nrrm*ei) ntW from the Greekt or the Ara- iphen, which producct thr mdiin) Usht, tl 

bianH. The identilj, or at least elrikin; «imi- which i« thrown oft'chicH; ami loihf 

Inrity, of the division, is univsTsallv knowit ; distance from the cqtialoiial para uf 

snd M. Monlucia has emleatouied (o |>rove, hy means of ihe loialion on hif axis, and (i 

that the Bramiiii received it !mia the Arabs, leading visibly ai At ai the orbit of the nn) 

Il!s opinion, we believe, hai been veiy gene- where il fdlli into the upper rrgiuM of cat 

ully adiDVited i hut in the lecond volume of atm09pbcre,aHliscolrected chiefly tnvrardii^ 

the Asiatic Researchei, the ■ccompliihed pre- polar paru uf the earth, in cwiKc^uencc of li» 

Mdent tir Williain Jodci hai proved unaiiswer- diurnal rerotutinn, where it forint the »■"— 

■b!)', thai neither of ihtwe nations borrDwec) bgreilis. And hcure ii hss been su^^etu . 

that division ftom the alher ; that ii has been ft prijbalile conjecture, thai the sun may be lbs 

hnnwn unong the Hindus frnm time immc- fbunlain of the electrical fluid, uid ihalihe 

monal ; and iliac il was |>robiibly iaventcd by Eodlical light, and the tails of comeu, a* wd 

the first progenitors of that r;ice, whom he as Ihe aurom borcalis, the liebiniii^. nod art*- 

considers at tne most ancient of mankind, be- licial eleclriciiy, are its various and not >ciy 

«ire their ilitpersion. dissimilar raodificatioDi. See Biot, D'AiWo- 



'Flic Greek zodiac originally contained only nomicPhyfl(]ue,an.2o4i andGrntory'iTni 
eleven ligns: Ihe Scorpiuti in their ZMlinc oc- Utinn of Hatly'g Phtloiophy. vol. ii. aiL 6M 
Copying the place of two. See Montucla's ZOE, the tbuiih wife of the emnerot Ln 



Hiitnrv of Mathematics, vol. i. ^a, Tg. VI. and mother of Comianiine PorpJiymEtnc- 

ZODIACAL LIGHT, a briglitneai some- tas, io whose minority she eoveiueil the etn- 

limes obserrcd inthexudiac, resenibUng that pire with great Rritinessaad discreti'm ; oucil- 

of ihefalnxy or toilky ivav. lta])|jearsalccr- ing ihe revolt of L'onsUntine Dncu, ahhgia^ 

tain scasont, viz. towarJs the end of winter the Biilgariani to return lo their own coumiy, 

tiul in spring, afier siinset, or before hia rising, and making a peace iriifa the Saracriis. Ha 

in autumn and beginning of winter, rMeiu^ ungrateful son, on coming of age, seol ha 

bling the form of a pvramid, lying lengthways moilier into exile, where »he died. She is not 

with its axia along trie Mxhac, its base being to be cnnfouaded with Zoe, the mcotmI ni& of 

placed obliquely with respect to the horiton. the same emperor Leo VL who wot aftcrwatai 

This pha:iiomenon was flrsi describeil and crowned empress, and died in 8g6. There hm 

named by ihr elder Ca»ini, in ICB3. U was another of the snmp name, who wa* daogliia 

afterwards observed by Fatio, in 1()M, i6S5, uf Constaniine VIIL and mairini Argjim, 

and l6lj6 ; also by Kirch and Eimmart, its whom she murdered, and took to her uinwe 

llieS, l6a9, 1691, I6g3, and i6g4. See Mai- and bed Michael the Faphlagonian. She died 

nn. Suite ties Mem. ile I'Acfid. Royalc dcs in 1050. 
Sciences 1731, pa. 3. ZOEGEA, i 

The zodiacal light, according lo Matron, is lyngencsia, ordt. , . 

Ihe sol.ic aimospheie, a rjre and subiile fluid, down btistle-like ; Horeis of the ray lipdoK 

either luminous by itself, or made so by the calvxinibricale. One species, a native of the East. 
rayt of the sun surrounding its ginbe ; but in a ZOI LUb, a Thcacian rhetorician, who 

greater quantity, and more CKten&ively, about flourished in the limeof Plolenty Philadel^'hm, 

ft equator, than any other part. about 860 years B. C. He ii icmembered to 

Mairin uya, il may be proved from many his captious criticism* on Homer, Plato, and 

«bieivations, that ihe sun's aimoaphere some- Socrales. Hence he was called HomeromMtii, 

timea leachet at far as the earth's orbil, and and after him every marling criue it calkd t 

there meeting with our atmo«phere, produce* Zoilui. 

the appearance of an aurora borealis. ZOLNOCK, atown ofHoitgiiiT. cuit^ef 

The length of ihe zodiacal light varies some- a eounly of the tame name, il wv alien l^ 

tiinea in reality, and sometimes in appearance the Turli* in 1554, and Rlahan in l685. It 

oaly, from vanous causst. is sealed on ihe Teyate, at the influx of He 



Otily, from vanous causst. it sealed on Ihe leyate, at the influx of lie 

^ Cassini often mentioni^e great resemblance Sagelia, Gs miles N.E. of Cah>cca.aad 6<E. 

between ihe xodiacal light and the tails of co- of Buda, Lon. 20. 50 £. Lai. 47. 10 M. 

aeU. '^he same obtervation has been made 20NE, in gcfBiaphy and ■ttixmoBn, ■ di- 

by Fatio : and £u1er endeavoured to prove ihtt vision of the earih 1 tnrfacc, hy means ofpu^ 

iney were owing to similar causes. See De- lei circles, chiefly with respect to tbcdq^tf 

couverte de la Lumiere Celeste oue paroit dans heat in the difierent parts of that tarbee. 

k Zodiaque, art. 41. Lelti« i M. CaMini, The ancient asironomen used the lemivti 

S rioted at Amsterdam in l68fi. Euler, in to explain the difi'eicnt appearance* of dtctm 

lem. lit I'Acad. de Berliu, torn. S, and other heavenly bodies, with th« kaglh af 

This ligbl teems to have no other motion the days and nishts ; and the ge M i ap bcr*, at 

than [hat uf ihe sun itself : and iis exieni from they used the climates, to mark tne nluaMn 

the tun to it* point is etldom lest than 50 or of places ; using the term climate wbcn th^ 

60 degreea in length, and more than SO degrees Were able to be more exact, and the teixi MM 

itt breadth: hut ii hat been known to extend when lest so. 

to 100 or 1U3*, and from 8 to 9" broad. The zoaet were commonly aoeooBtcd ft*c a 
It i* now generally acknowledged, that the numbeTi one a broad bdt round die midlled 
electric fluid is the caiue of the aurora bore- the earth, having the eqaUot in tbe my nit- 
wit, ascritied by Mtuaa In the lolai auim* iU« of it, ukI bounded^ iBtmd* tbe w»m >^ 



zoo 

f. tiy paraH«I citcte* pa-sing ihroneh ihe 
7i Of Cuncer iriil Capricorn. Thw iliey 
Cftllrd llie wtiiii imic, which ihey suppnicil not 
btinuhW, on necoiint oF ili cxiii'mc heal. 
13u(U^ Htmetimn thej ilividcd this inlu t«'0 
■jmI torrid eoiio, by ihe eqiialor, mie lo the 
tiurth, andihcoiluTMiuibi and iheuilie wbuU 

imbct oriones was nccounted 6, 

Nexi, from ihc ir<ipi« of Cancer »nd Capri- 
Mfiii tu the iwo polir circlri, were Iwo other 
•pMei allfJ lemparaie zones, s> bfing mode- 
nlcljr warm ) and lliese ihej aiipposcd to be 
the only hnbiuble pnrts of ihr enrin. 
' f^illy, the two ipacvt beyond ifie lempemte 
totK*. altnut either ]>n1c, bounded within the 
polii circire, and having the poles in ihe raid- 
•Ite af ihcin, ere the iwo fri^iu oi frozen zonet, 
mpA phicli lliey stipposed not habiUible, on 3c< 
(aunt a! the extreme colJ there. 
-. Utnce, tlie brcudlh of ihe torrid zone is 
a^ual ta twice the Kicitc't dccliiiaiicm nf the 
MB. or obliquity uf the ecliplic. equal to 40*51/, 
W iwicc 93^ SS'. Each frigid zone is «ln of 
the ame brrnihh, the distance from ibe pole lo 
Ae polar circle l>eing equal lo the tame obli- 
^ty ZS" se". And tlie breadth of each leai- 
Igente «oii« is cijiial lo 43' 4', ibe loinplcuictit 
•f twice ihe same obliquity. 
' Tht diETetEnce of zones is attended with a 
ifkaldiveTiity of phenomena, t. In the lotrid 
SMC, >l)c lun piuf sill tough ih«irnith of every 
|ii«CC in it twice a year) making as it were two 
•Mamert in (he year ) and ihc Inhabitants of 
ibUione are called amphWciani, because they 
ha«w (heir nnon-day chadou-s projected difTer- 
•nt ways in dilTereni tiom of the year, north* 
«*«ld xt one leaion, and souihuaid at the 
uhrr. 

9. In the (einpeiat« and frig^ xnnt*. the 
MM) riae« and sell every natural day uf 34 hour*, 
yet every where, but under the eijuaior, the 
artificial diiyi are of unequal Irnglhs, and ihe 
InfqtMlity la ihi* greater, us the place i) farlhtr 
^OB the rquttor. The inhnbiiaots of the 
icaapentc zones arc called hcteroiciatu, becauie 
tbcu ooon-day shadow ii cut iho Eeme way all 
llhe yor tmina, viz. ihoic iu lite north zone to- 
wan the north pole, and tlitne in the »oulli 
sone mward ihc south nok. 
' - 3: Within the frigid tones, the inhabilanit 
:|ian ttieit nrtificiil days and nij^hls cMeiidcd 
«ol to a great length ; the sun somelime* skirt- 
ing raund a liiilr nhovc the hnriiun for nisny 
.^y* togcllwri aod at auuilicr seaion never ris- 
'ug above the horizon al all, but making conU- 
•tttl night fur a coniidernlile apace of lime. 
Th« inhabiiBnti of ihtse zones ate tailed peris- 
'«iaM, because sumctimes they have iheie >h*- 
Atwi going quite rouud ihcm in the space of 
S4 hoars. 

ZONITIS, in zoology, a genus of ihe class 
jfuccta. order cnleo pic ra. Antenna!) Itstaceous^ 
fefcrt foai, (iliform ; jaw enlitc, longer ihan 
(he feelers ; 1>|> emarginate. Nine species, 
*eaiWt4 over the warmer climate* of the 
if ihem resembling the caa- 

'UEB. f. (;.i and Kf-0. Out 



ZOO 

whi^ Ascribe; <he nature, pto)Krties, and feari|f1 
ofanim*!? (Brown). 'J 




ZOO-GRAPHy. J. (of f..,atidy.; 
deacriiition of the foicm, nuiurcs, aud ptiiptA 
lies of animals {Glanvillt'ii 

ZOOLITHUS, in mineraloi^, a minii 
the clasi petrifactions ; cotuisting nf the 1. . 
of some msmmiilian animal, bciuw the rank qj 

frjssile substance. The species aire nuiueruuai 
the ftilloning are the chief.' 

) . Z. turcosa. Turquoise. The teeth. 
Hardish, nf a blueish-green colour. Found Ji^ \ 
the copper-mines of Cuniberlaod, in ['ers' 
Siberia, Bohemia, France, Germany, tie. a. ^ 
are held in great estimation by thi: iuhabitun|| 
of the I?a-:l : the colour, afierlong exposure ^ 
the air. becomes a ditty yellow-brown or blaeli^ I 
ish, opaque, hard, adhering a little lo tbftj 
tonviie. and admitting M>me degree of pol^ 
aittriuitrG : Ihe colour seetiit <o be acquired b| 
th«oivdi of iron and copper Sei;Ti;KauoitL 

S. %. oslcoliiiius. The bones becoming % 
Mlcarcous subtlatice. Found in Gteii " ' 
inin, aitdsoine parttoftUecontiueot.conTe 
inio common limestone. 

3. Z. stmi«. The entire tkeleton ofthe jim 
Found, in \~?3, at tlennebiirg, near Gluct 
imbvdded in bituminous marl Inline 



latcd » 



ci.ppe 



tbarif^ 



^Irpfiautis. The lu^ks, 
bone* of the elephant. Found it 
of EnBlaiid awl JfelaiiH, 

S. Z. meesiherii. The \vhule, or nearly tlM^] 
Minle, sli<.'leiun of the mammoth. Found i% 
Noilh America. See the article MiGATiici 

ti. Z. bovis. The skeleton of the OK. Found 
•hout a cenlory ac,o. between QuetfoTt 
Gatterttedi, in Sanony. 

7. Z. cun'i. The tktlr.ion, horns, t 
lioues of the stag. I'ound iti Ihe m 
CngUnd and Ireland, and i ' 
near Bayrroih. in Silesia. 

ZOOLOGY, (fwt, life, an JMy^.adito 
Tlie doctrine ur ik-scriptrion of tke a 
dual, aa botaiqrorphyiulo^ is that oflbcsi. 
bl«, antl minnriJaFiP that of tb* Mineral or fu^_ 
kingdooi. Natural hiitory, propcrl)' spcakiag 
einbraou the whole of tlirHdepaAiDcntsofliBC 
ledge, iliuugb occasionally but imprrqtarly resiii 
edlotliBlint. lathe arljck intirwiui-' 
tCitti Ire bate uaol it in this coaaprd 
and eviiii limilcd nurselrai to rHMtki 
npnlHl as kd inltoiluoliDn to llie win 
Iu ibc article betiiie us, us wall aa b 
Uie termi BoTtKT and Miii(>«i,Qf 
(ailed cUsailicalioii uf thi^ toTiral braarhes ofM 
tumi hiiUcy ohirh they riipcclitely li 

As the itifnior iniicaii ujion our gl 
Dumcfoui, it would be Imposiiblc for mankind N 
distiafuikti Ihwnfram uoe aootlMrior ~ 
cuDt'derabln kimnlailiis of tlicir relt 
and bnbiis, if ttiry did not exhibit 
diiaTHOcn •Fhieh rendra is easy lo r 
tinclioiM mudbk thrm. Hauee soolafisU It 
always baen attesitin to Ibese dil&TcDcn, aad k| 
dividiDf aaimal* accordingly, allbn ii 
fewer cUsiBi, bate coarcsusnlly fotiuei wbal 
««lltdaKiWf, Iliaec[Uiia,iiutocd,UtKiieM 



Z O O L O C Y. ^^Vl 

re alJ the tkrlooj anioiajc that (uckle (heir jroiuip tia ebWK. 

. . led anJ uninter> ten of Ihif du&s are tbcte: itie brut hn m 

■Ul>le.l cHsIq; yet lliey coiiiidenlilf BSBiit th« ventticlrt anil (wo auricfci j ibt bluod ii iH loJ 

BKaiarTi anil nay be leadered tnilj uicful kukIb) warm ; and tbe aniinali bduugin; lu it ue Tiii- 

in the study of auiniuleij being. Melhudi mre, parous. 

the(erore,tubecuius«)ereda* iiiilruaientiiuiicdto Cla» tl. Atet, or birdt. The ehantlen an 

our VIBkiie%t, whicb mny be beneficiilly roortetl Ibe ump witli Ibow of clau I. eicrpliag'tlMIUM 

to in tracing Ibe widti Acid over wliicli Ihe itom aoiinaN bi-Wgin!; to ll are avipunnu. 
of namri' lie atiewed iu an iinni«>«irable harreii. CUit III. jimjAitia, or amphibioui aniBMh. 

The cliTiiioH* which Aiii<utle aduiited irrra rerjr The besrl hai bul unu •cnirick and one anMiii 

(eneral and %iaiple, being chiefly taken iroai the the bloeil ii reitanij cold; and theaninulibtb^' 

aitetual thariclera of form, fuud, habit. of habits- ing to thia ctai>E> hare the cxiamaod of ibeii [a«^ 

aoolugy was lufficienlly advanced fur any Ibing ipiTalion art in »nie meuurc Toluntary. 

cf oumpielieiiiive urmcthodkalarTaugeaienti but ClaiJi IV. PUeti, or 6ahc*. The heart haitiH 

kt wa* luffii-'irnlly lentibls uf iL> advabtagei, and lame Mruutiire,aad Ibe bloui) the lame quiiitin, 

Strou^ly reconiinended lo euocradingnaturaiiita ■ with thoie of the aaiphihii { hot the iiimali bc- 

linute attention tu the iaternal ai well oi the ex- toning to thii clnn are eokily dutine:niihed fris 

teinal orijaoi «f aujuiati j aiid i[ it upon thii re- the ainphibia, by haTing nu auch ruluntaiy com. 

oommeiMlalloii that moil uf the lyuemt of modern mand of their iiuigi, and by baTinf uitcul 

tloiei haie been lo inded i a« Ihoie oF Oi'tner. AI- braochiB or gills. 

dniraadi, Ray, i.ihnilon. Churlelon. Klrin, Lin- daw T. 7ai«ta,or inteeti. Thehfait bum 

D#ui, Ar<ed>, Bnisnn, Daubi-nlun, Gmffroy, Cu- TGatri«le, but do auiidc; the Mood tj cuU u4 

vie(, and Bluoienbacb : aJI >if i*hoiD have fluurish- while ; and the tDiniBli are funtiabed with ium» 

wl MRUB the nuddk: of Lhe njileeuth i-enluiy; aaa or leel-rt. 
nioat uf vrhoin bnire cootributod foniclbing of im. CluM VI, F'rmei, Or wonnt. 7^ eharadtn 

SortaiiM lo a su'ntific melhud uf itudyiiig and are the name with thow ol clau V. unl; itie lai- 

iitributins eninials. and the mutt celebrated of luali have itu antenna, and are fuinitbed viih ia>- 

whomare Ray, Lionet, Curler, apd Blumenbach. tacula. 

The tytleni of K«y it di^rived in its uutliiie* Tlie fint clasi, Afimma^a, it cubdividc^ luls 

from llie recmnienilaliau uf Arututte to acteiij Kien ordetii Ibe rhariilen of irhich «* Uki* 

ta the different itruclurei of diObrent dtarrip- frulu the nUDiber, itructura, and (iiuatioa of Ibt 

.of Iheae iliffiTcncn cooiisu In their p'-iHt>ing Order I. Primatei ; thete bate foor tueievm. « 

)ungi and a aangaiueoui sydtcjni or their bein; lure-leelb, (n each jav, and oitc dog-iovih. V.I. 

deititute of luiigt and eiaaiiguiiieuia. The Liu- By one dug-loulfa, Linnitii meani uoe oa each 

jrfan method it) for the noit part, built upuii thli >id« of the fure-tet:tlv in boih jaaa. Tlut wte 

icneral ansniieinent of Mr. Ray, npeeially in re- iiiCladm four geueia, rix. homo, limia, leii>at,t«t- 

fird toquadrupedf; itjt, liowever, an exien^ion pettiljo, 

af It, aud Cettainly an iut'ravement. Thai of M. Order It. BruU i tbtie hate no fore-vetfe la 
Cuiier, in it< (ubordiaale diviniuni, i< founded either jai>. Thii ordpr includei acvrn ftnti, 
upiin buih llusi'i but in iCii jiriuinty and leading tiz. rliinocerni, clejiha?, trichecbu-, Wndypin, 
diitiiiLtiiins upon the Dervuui or neiiianal, iustfjid myrmecuphaga, inaum, dii.-yims. 
of upuu ilic iiBpifBlory and unguineuui ly ■[»□)> j Order III. Fciz: iliesehaie, fjf Ibe at»i piil, 
all aiiliiiuli iMiujtiUponM. Cnvier'a sclieme, di»id- iix cjuical (ore-leeih in each jaw. Th is onlei lo- 
ad into lartebraled aud .inverUbrated; those eludei ten genera, tic. phoca,caiii>, ftdia, liTcrra, 
ftamiihtrd wiih a baok-bune, or TCitebrat chain for tnustela, ursui, didelphui, talpa, Mrea, erin^tM. 
,the putpote of inctoiing the spinal marraiT, ami OrderlV. Ctlires: tbrie hare two fora-t»tliii 
tboie deilitule of such a cbain; l)ie lecondary di> each jaw, and no rlug-teeth. Thii order iscledn 
vitiuni cuuililing of Brrlrh'fted animmli aitk ten geoera, viz. hyitrii, tepui, cattor, mm, laa- 
*»Tm biead, ot blood warmer than the lurround- riii, uiy<>xu*,caviii, ^loiumj's, >lyj>u', tiyiui. 
ing medium, and nrrtrh-dlrd anhnaii uUA taU Ord-T V. Pecoia.: tliete hareno loiettcLb ludii 
ilBOd, or bloud colder tlian the aurruunding me- upper jaw, butiit or ci; ' 
dium : inatrlttTled animali ailli bleed-BiutIi, and order indudea eixbt g 

imitrltbTaltd animalt mlAnit blotd-vtatU. The rbus, giia^, cermi, xiiteiupe, Cp.pca, orii, biB. 
lyuam of Blumenbach in ili general dititioot i* Older VI. Bclluc ; thne bare ubtuse toit-Vf.i 

"the aame at that of CuTier, and uierrfy diSen in each jaw, Thit order include* four |eti«». 

II would bean nielF» I.-uk to run throngb Ibe Order Vll. Cete, or whuUkindi tbeichinM 

whole of llie arrangemcuts ue have now referred nniform character in iheir teeth, beiug tttj ill- 

to and explained ai lo their principle!. The fereut iu the different goieiaj but are tuBicieetiy 

■cheme of Linoiui ia at present the most popular ^ distinguiihed from th^ uihcr ^jrdcn uf m^T^n^^fa , 

tbiwgh that of Cuiier pirsFci hard opou it, and by liriug in thaocean, having pectoral fin>,arfa 

Buy, perhaps, hereafter take the lead of It ; it i> fistula or spiraculuui iipun ike hi ad. Thii mdrt 

■omewbat more •bitrnie. but coniiderably more includes four gratra, viz. muiiodon, I»l£aj,p1if- 

daSnile ; and often a noble specimen of (cientific aeter, delpbiuus. 

ingenuity applied to one of the noble*! branches The generic character* of Om Ma^maUt art, 

of >cieoliSc study. It la to these two method*, like those of the orden, almoit entitaly takm 

therefore, thai we shall chiefly ronfloe onrtelTei. from Ibe teeth, excepting in the reipeKilra, ahieh, 

Unniiu divide* lhe whole animal kingdom Into betiile* the chancier of the onier derived fiea 

als clauei. The character* of tliete *ix clattei Ibe teeth, ha* this farther mark, that then a * 

atetakfofnim lhe inlu-iial ilructure of animals, membrane attached to the feet nod lit^ ly 

' Id the folibwlng manner : . monu of which the crtatuie ii caablad ta ty - 

,.CIlH. L MiaaaaUt, oi Jfcnno'r, iocludn all tbe hptryi, wbaK bgdjr ii nreni ivith ikif 



2 O O L O G Y. 

^itoei : fend the whole oriler of pecora, whoie breathe by the mouth. This onie^ oonteina *is 

feo«*ni, besides the cbaractpn taken from the genera, vis. crotalus, boa, coluber, aa^is, am- 

tt*etb, are distinguitihed into those wiiich have phifibcna, carcilta. 

born>, those which have no horns, and by pecu- The generic characters of this class tre ttikrn 

liaricies in tlie horns themselves. from the general figure of the body; from their 

The s^vMfie characters are very various, being having tails or no tails; being covered with • 

^kenfrom any part of the body which pottse^scs shell; having teeth or no teeth in the m<Nith} 

a peculiar uniform mark of distinction. As ex- being furnished with lungs; having covered or 

auiples of these characters are to be found under naked b<Klies; from the number, iiituati(»n, and 

the proper name of each genus, it is unneceMary figure of the scuta and scales; from the number 

to say auj thing further concerning them in this and situation of the splracula; firom the situation 

place. of the mouth, Stc 

The second class, Aves, is subdivided into .<ix The specific characters are so very variouty 

orders ; Che characters of which are taken chietly that it would be superfluous to enumerate them, 

from the structure of tlie bi.l. The iuurth class, Puee$, is subdivided into si« 

Order I. The a^ripiti-es have a hooked bill, orders, the characters of \rhich are takeu from the 

the superior mandible, near the base, bein? ex- sitnoti >n of the belly fins. 

t^ded on each side beyond the inferior; and in Order I. The apodal have no belly fins. This 

some it is armed with teeth. This order includes order contains eight genera, vie. munena, gymo€»- 

lbiir*p'ci«*s,viz. vultur, fiilco, strijT, ianius. tus, trichiurus, anarchichas, ammodytes, ophy- 

Order II. The picse have a convex, compress- dium, siromateuf, xiphias, steraoptycs, leptoee- 

«hI bill, resembling a knife. This order contains phalus. 

twenty-three genera, viz. troohiius, certhia, upu- Order II. The jugular have the belly fina 

pa. glauco|ii«, buphaira, sitta, oriolus, coracias, placed before the pectoral fiii^ This order in- 

l[racula, curvus, parudisea, mmpharitus, tro^^un, eludes five genera, viz. ca'.Iiunymus, uranoscopos^ 

|»fittacnSf crotophaga, picus, ynnx, cucuius, buc- trachinus, gadus, blenniu% kurtuA. 

cOf lK>cero% ait^edn, merop«, todns. Onler HI. The thoracic have the belly fins 

Oriler III. The anseres h;ive a smooth bill, placed under the pectoral fins. This order com* 

Woadest at the point, covered «ith a smooth fkin, prehciids nineteen genera, viz. cepola, echeneib^ 

•nd firnished with teeth: the tongue is fleshy; coryphsna, gob'-us,cottus, scorphssna, sens, pleu- 

mnd the toes are palmarcd or wrbbed. This order rouectcs, ciictudoo, spams, scaros. labrus, sci«na« 

includes thirteen genera, viz. anas, mergus, phae* |>ercn, gasitcrosteu;!, scomber, ceotrogastety mul- 

ton, plotUH, rhvncops,dionied<'a, uptenu<lvta,alca, lus, trivia, 

prucellaria. pelecanu», larus, sterna, colymbus. Order IV. The abdominal have the belljr 

Order IV. The gralUe have a somewhat cylin- fins placed behind the pectoral fins. This order 

drieal bill: the tail is shnrt, and the thighs are contains lixteen genera, vif. cobitis, amia, silu* 

naked. This order contsin^t twenty genera, viz. rus, Uri^this, loiicaiio, salmo, fbtularia, esox, 

pbftfnicopterus, platalea, p^lamedea, my<leria» elops, argi-ntii»a, aLhertna, mugil, eiucaetus, poly- 

tmntalus, ardea, corrira, recurvirostra, scolopax, nenius, clupea, cyprinus. 

triage, fulica, parra, rallus, vaginalis, psophia, can- Onder V. The branch iostegous have the fills de* 

«nHHa, scopus, gUrcola, hiematopus, cbaradrius. stitute of bony rays. This order contains ten ge- 

Ordcr V. The gallinc have a convex bill: the nera, viz. mormyru^, osiracion, tetrodon, diodon, 

' aaperior mandible is vaulted over the inferior : syngnathus, pega»u*, centriscus, baliatet, cyclop* 

tbe DOitrils are half covered with a convex carti- terus, lophins. 

tagiBOiifl membrane : and the foet are divided, but Order VI. The cbondropterygioiu haveeartila- 

coDnectcd at the mmost joint. T hi m order con- gi nous gills. This order containn five genera, six. 

taint ten genera, viz. struthio, diduii, pavo» mele- acciptnser, chimsra. stjualus, raia, ptroayxun. 

9%n»f pcnelope, crax, phasianns, numida, tetrao. The generic characters of this class are takes 

Older VI. The paiteres have a conical sharp- from peculiarities in the head, the mouth, the teeCb, 

poinced bill ; and the iiostriU are oval, wide, and the nostrils, the rays in the membrane of tbe giillsy 

•aLcd. This order cuntaiiis seventeen genera, the eyes, the general figure of tbe body, tlia 

wis. lusia, culius, friugilla, phytotnma, emberixa, figure of the tail, the situation of the spiracula,l&e» 

^aprimulf ns, hirando. pipra, tunlus, ampelis, ta* The specific charactL*rs are taken from peca« 

oagra, mncicapa, parus, motacilla, alauda, stur- liarities in all tbe ports above enumerated^ and 

siB»« eotuniba. many others. 

The generic characters of this class are taken The fifth class, ImecU, issubdivklad into eaves 

frora peculiarities in the bill, the nostril^ the orders, the characters of which are takeu fiom 

tongue, tbe feet, the fcaiheni, the face, the figure tbe t^iugs. 

of the body, dec. Onkr 1. The coleopterous have four wiof s» the 

Tbe chaructcn which si-rve to distinguish the two superior wnes being cri^ueeoua, and furnished 

•pcciet are very variuus : (or example, the colour with a straight suture. This ordor comprebeads 

of tbe particular feath»^s or ]>aru of feathers; foity-seven genera, viz. scarabcuSi, lucaaits, der- 

crettt oif feathers on the head, disposed in differ- mesfes, melyrts, byrhus, silpha, tritoma, hydro« 

•ot Bunner^ ; the culour of tlie cere or wax; the philus, bister, pausui, bostricbu4, anthrtuus, uiti- 

colour of the feet; the shape and length of the dula, coccinelU, curculio, brentus, attelabos, ero- 

tail; the number, situation, dec. of the toes; the diuf, staphylinus, scaurus,xygia, meloe, tenebrio, 

eokmr and A gure of the bill, Itc cas^ida, opaii-um, mordelia, chrysomda, horia, 

Tbe third class, Ampkibia^ is divided into two apalus, manticura, p'melia, gyrfnus, coei^os, 

orders. cryptocephalus, bruchus, ptinus, bitpa,biipfeatiey 

Older I- The reptiles have four feet, and necydalis, lampyris* cantharis, notuxos, dater, 

breaibe by the mouth. This order contains four calopus, alumus, carabu% lytta» icnopalpitSy 

f enCIra, vis. te^tudo, draco, lacerta, rana. cerambyx, leptura, rhiuomaceriXOiiitii, ciciudida^ 

Order il. The ferpentet have no lep, and dyttcuS| fprflctUa. 



zoo 

«9WM-tr. ThtliMliptFraiiiiliavBfunrwUi^.lhe 
tto luptriOT «n(u being (cmlcnnlanoai ami in* 
Cumbcm, i. >. <lie int«ri<ir eJftt lie above one nii- 
«ther Till* onier iurludr* fomiiwn feneia, fiz. 
bUttaipncuAorB, niBiili<, gijllus fulgora, cicada, 
MoWncel*, ntfa, clmex, nacioCcphilUa, uphta, 
Acmm, coEciU, lhri|is. 

-Otder III. Tlicle|>iclQpteroD;hai-efauririDgi,aU 
•Fitiem Imbriralrd with iPilei^ Thii order ctm- 
Mini thief ^oer>, vli. pa|)illo,ipliiiix, phalKDi, 

OAlrr IV. The neBraplermi) have fourwingi, 
iljtenniven ivith i-eini, like a piece of oct-wutk, 
ae^ twitlng m the anoi. Thii order indudei 
•«i(ti gmin, viz. libcllB, (phemen, Henierobiui, 
■BTrnlcliun, phryganea, panarpa, rnphiilla. 
' brder V. 1^ hraunopteroan have the lame 
rfianclari with the fbrmsr.nDlylheaiius ia anned 
with a' sling. But thii mark ia peculiar lu the 
fnnain and neuiera ; for the malea have uo iling. 
This order comprEhrnili fifteen geuera, via, cy- 
nipo; ttfnlrede, airux, ichneumon, Fphex, icdIib, 
ItiyntlU^ leiicoapia, tiphia, chalcii, chrylis, teipi, 
cpii^ rnrnicB, mmilhi. 

Onler VI. The dipterou< havctwo winga, and 
tiro claTated hnllere* or balaima behind each 
•iu'g; This Older containi Ivclve genera, vii. 
didjiii*^ tipula, muaca, isbsnu*, eiupis, cuoopi, 
eislrui, aillu), itumaijrt, culei, bomby liui, hip> 

" Otdnr VII. Tlie »ptrrons have muting*. Tliii 
order conUlni llneeii gt'oria, vie. lepiiina, podu. 
ra, terni<-i, iMdioului, |iuIck, acarus, hyiliachnn, 
al^nc^ phalangluni, arorpio, cancer, niunoculus, 
•iriKDi, ft«topchdra, julut. 

'T^ rixtH dan, VinHrs, h diiided into Dve 

. 'Order I. The intettina! are the mott aimple 
■lAtnbt lwin( iMrftctlfnakrd, and nilfaoutlimba 
Bf any kiuH, Thia ord*r contaiaB twtniy-ooe 
gAiera, viz. a'carli, Iriehocrpfaalai, uneiniria, ft. 

lai^.scoltTi, liFiilaJingralula, «injii(!yIm,pchi);Qr. 
hynchus Lieroca, cucallniiin. earji)pliyll«u», fus- 
" " , gordiu", hiruiUi, iumbricus, 




Upon this arrantirincnt of Linnju irt ihall 
make a few general »l>«erT«liniH, fulluwing Uia 
coune in whirh it uoh Ilea beibrc lh« nailer, lad 
teferring h.oi for a moti- oimutedeatrli Hon of lb* 

will be found inidvr their diMineliTc naait. 

In the Grst or n^MMUjaN ti.WB, >o drnooix 
naied rrom the limuIiiB Having a oiamoial, «t aatt- 
ing organ, which ia found m ao oiher data vbal* 
ever, the character of tiw orders i> takca ia the 
6nl place, ai vfe have already observed, frnn tlie 
structure, number, nr poiitkin of lite iRth. !<u> 
it M happeae that tberi! are a few •nintili llialia 
tliie respect have a rvaeaihtance to mankind; or 
in other words posaeaa et^ilaily four front or ^"ab- 
tin; teeth (incisorra) in each ja*, with anal 
tuak or dog-toolh on each aide oF Ibe ulher toBrj 
and from this trivial eircuni(bince L-inatua liu t>- 
■ociiled all theie into noe cooimun order, to vhicb, 
iu cDDKqumce of its enbraciiif tbo rate tJmt, 
be has given the name of prnuUa or rhif/i : aad 
hence the bat it ludicroutiy hoaouradwnfa (hii 
crxntDoo title. Id the articlei Uoxb and Hm^ 
ivc have puintcd out this obnirdily at *ua« 
length, and have obaerved (bat man [laaiaSMi 
characlen peculiar la himself, and vhich on^tif 
separate him from all other aiiipisl* whalenri 
and wc are gild Iu linil Hint the nme idem hatpin 
vailed in the nrra»g>'in--nt of Dr- Shaw, sol )i 
irainiiic t; round amnng oihEi zoolugiita o( tbt ptt> 
«nt day. 

There is another inMingmily in titc ronienli rf 
this clata, which wi: eimnol avoid pointing ost, 
thuugh wilbnut being able to tiod a vtry eaiy >c- 
medy. We mean thai oT niakiitg it embtaee Itt 
vhalt InAei, which oonitilulB ilsacTCathnnlel^nl 
thus associating dogs, borar*, oxen, abecp, •*# 
ball, in nnc icmiii'in diii-niii "iili the dilphin, 






I'bn 



'Order II 'llie mollosconi are likewise simple 
naked animals, without aajr shell; but tbey are 
biaChlated, or famiahed with a itiod of limbi. 
9"his order comprehends thirty-one genera, viz. 
»i; tin ia,' -lava, maminacia, pedicellaria, ascidia, 
•alj, ..d;<^yaia, pterutrBcbea,limaz, aplysia,dorit, 
teth> Liiuolothuria, terebella, trilon, sepia, clio, 
lolwi '«''>;nica, scyllea, glaucus, aphrodila, am- 

er - Vpio, nereis, nai% pbyssopboia, medusa, 

Oidc; III. The teiiaceoushave ibe tame eharae* 
Ir.-a withthoic of order II. but are covered with a 
ahell. This order includes thirty<aix genera, viz. 
ehtton, lepas, pbulat, mya, solen, teIlina,CBrdiuni, 
fuactra, donai, vcnui, spondylus, chama, area, 
ortrea, anumia, mytilua, pinna, argounuia, Douti' 
Ink, conus,cypiBa,bulli>,volula,buceiDU[n, strum- 
baa, inniex, trochus, turbo, helix, nerila, haliotis, 
patella, denlalium, serpuli, tere<fo, sabella. 

Order IV. The zoophitic are compound ani> 
Mais, fumi abed witli a kind offlowera,aBd having 
a vegetating root and stem. This order conlaios 
fifteen genera, viz. lobipora, madreporl, millepo. 
ta,cellepam, ilia, anlipathoa, gorgouia, alcyoni- 
wm, spongia, Austn, tubularia, corralina, seitula- 
fia, pennatula, hydra. 

. Ordec-V. The iufutorial consist of vriy small 
^mple aniapata. This order contains Bfleen ge- 
nera, til. hrachioDus, vorticclh, tnchgda, cenaiia, 



flcuHy in Ihii (u'oJMt : for tlifHigh the whales m 
cetai:coUi aninijls aic nearly approiiltwted M 
Itibea ill their eite rosl form and midence ia the 
waters, yet they are ia reality aquatic BaMBsaalai 
tbeir whole intcinal structure i^setoMei thalti 
other nammala, and their skeletun is fbraed •■ 
the lame plan; differing chiefly iu the wast |f 
biud-lcgs, the peculiar atnicture of the tail f^ 
plying that delect, beiiig^ Extreinely atroBg aad 
tendinoua, and elighlly divided into two boriaMtal 
lobes, but not Airuiihed with internal bones. Their 
lungs, inteftinie, Ste., are romied on the iima flat 
aa those of quiulrupeds. They have alao wai* 
blood, aod, like other mammala, nckte their yoai^ 
And hence not LinnJHS only, bat Curtrr aid 
Blumeobacb have tliau|bt thimaolvea o u w ti eM 
to introduce the citaceousaDlmals iaiD tha mmt 
clan ai quadrupeds. 

Yet, oil tbe other band, their geotraJ habiM,« 
well as tbeir external form, are .acrlike UNKtf' 
fishes, that other nalurahits hats (ett eqaaflr 
compelled either to arrange tbem with tbe fallv, 
or to make a diitinct cla» of tltem. Piupsilt 
speaking, tbey have oeilber haoda iMr foet, tUMf 
of them no teeth } instead of oostrila they bars a 
bloiviag-hole, and tbcir eltemal int^meat aod 
tbepotaessionorbnagive tham a oeaf altiancct* 
the Bsb-tnbcs ; and hence BIocbliuadiMiMtlH 
porpoise, asd Willoatbby 41m wtagli ttttHf !•!■ 



Z O O L O G ■ 

)iM kfc>fayoto»yt <'^''* f*Dn>"'< fo'lowinf the lity ; but Uia piakioi ebai«b tbdT oflbprl^ t» 
n«ic f^Cf*, l>M eicludeJ llicni (ram Lii wurk oa ihe tut. The poulUf clu* axe bilhlen ind pro- 
^wdrapodt. miscuoai in their caiirUhip; but lluac live ia 

TliSM ire Ihe chief pecullaiiliei, or dlScuUii^s p^iii. ind Uior (ItBchnienU are wholly ceoSoed 

that occur in the dnl cUu ol the Lian^n lu*- tu each other. The ipjrrov kind fretjucDIIr uver- 

UWd. Tbcir U initwi] mme lauongiuity in oirang- leap the bunndt of nilufe, nnd make illinit vane> 

iflg Ihe hone, a> in Ihe fuurth iinlcr, wjlh tbc hip- tiea; but thi-K uitw. Tbey lite ia hannoaf 

ponolaBiui, t>ine, and loi'irj ■hicti three liit vith e«ch oliwr. Every ipecici ii true to iti 

h**c ■ much nearer KPOeial reacmblance to Iho kind, and tiAiiuniu no uiipo!Iu[oil race lu pMt*- 

tfe^tiAal, ihiuuiTio*, &C. vl the ai-cuud order, iu rriy.'' 

<a«*ri)t>etiRe al which Ilie reaili r ivill Giid Ihein Birdaof thitonler,tbeicfaie, geoerally liveuia»- 

w itad lorrtber m the nethuil ui Cuvier under the ru!ty,fut wbicbibeir habitj ■rewonderFullyadnpU 

lille of pachj/drtmau, or tUii-ilanrd atiiinalti ed. Bolh male and female uoite their labour* in 

vhileihe hurae ii conitituted u dliiinci family un- building thnr oeiti; and in general, both are aai- 

dcr Uw nanw of itJipala, or a/huit-hoii/tU, In ployed alternately in Iheduty ufiucubaliuu. Wliea 

Uua riipMt tbe ui'iliod uf fUy liu lotot oJvan- thcyuuog arep(oduce<l, they are abundantly iiip- 

lagc* am that of Linni>i)> ahich, vitbont out phed by U>e)oliillabuunof botliparenti. They arc 

eopyiiiiE ii;cain. Ihe reader will God under (be aiti- pi-culinrly di^<lillguiahe<I for etiablithing a kind of 

de OtAaHtPcn. Ruy'i methuJ has, in Ihe in- ^oTemmrnt Fir tbe general ufely oF the ■uciely, 

Rancn behire iii, bMO \a\<-a ns an outline hy Qtie bird watiliei For tht whole floek, itbile il it 

Klein, Penuani. Cu«ier, ati'l Blumi nbach. The feeding ; ati'l ninong the cruwa, there hai been 

aaannDnth, and vanoui othi-r huge and lalely dia- obmved a «>rl of dialributive juaticn, by obicb 

foveied quadruped ihelelant, have been pluwd by every individual li punuhedfurhuuffieflceiagaiatt 

Cutier among xne ftthyilrTmala. the lawi uf tne (oriety. 

In tbe >i«j>-(<Lua, coiutituliDg Ihat branch of At they in general live by pi]fleriii| from the 

oatOflil hitiory M hirh ii dennmiDated orniAolagg, property ol man, all the tribe* arc markrd hy • 

citatce ufthc fona uf tbe Itll fui tbr chief generic elude more iucuctifully tliaii uther birds all lb* 

dkeractar: aJvuiiing only avcoiidarily to Ihut of eOiirtt of innii lo dsatroy them { eAirta, ivhirbi 

lb* daw, or o( ihe tongue : obile hit ucdcis ara ft^'ta ihcir Fieiguent pillage*, he is continually ob- 

dnwn iuilitcrioiuiati^ly fruulhi^irttruelureorlheiT Ufri lu practiie. lu the jar kdav Ihe habit of 

habila. Klain haa taken the claw, or lots, as tbe tliFetina aerfni to be iustinelive; for, eten in hit 

«U*fl«atare oFdi-ti'iutioo; Cuvierhaiueaily unit- iloDiektie stale, when ptared aboie Ihe reach of 

cdihe melhodtuf tiiiin^na onU Klein in hiiunjerii iiNeaiitV. he carries uff In hit nett every toy or 

aad haa bIm> miwd tbtm in hit generic ubatactan. s''*'*^"'' luht'anue which be nn And. A whale 

The ateifUra, at prcdid-ioui birds, ari' gene- family baa hnn Blarawd at tbe loos of a riiig^ 

t^r raaiaikable for bullUing a oegtigHit ot tli^ihl- every servant hat been ai'cDxd ; and all in iha 

If-Mrwd nest in lully siiuatiun*, and laying hou>e, conai'iout of iheir owa luuoi'cun, h«te 

ftom tira ii> four rrat. The feronle in tbit untrr bKii'Utpccling each other, w)ieii,t<> thvir lurpHc, 

ta kiwayt larger than tbe male; aud tlie whole the abtiiaiited good* have bi'un IuuihI id the 

tribit, hi the laiiguaiic oF IJonfut, may be cootider- neat of a tuuie magpie or jadulaie, whit'li, tbjufb 

•d a* analugou' I" the onler/cm anioug quailru- alune guilty, ha'l alone r-scaped tu-picion. 
peda. Tliey are nalurally warlike and deitrur- The oaieret, veli, or paluiale-fiMti'il, are con- 

(■••I ud wlicii taiui9l,afewofilKm claim import- lidered hy l.ini<<<is ■• analugoiu lu the order 

•^ froM tlieir subMrviencv to our pleasures in Uhv, among tha mammal elait. Tliry are 

the Add; a inbta-viency *hii*h laid a (uundation pmcly aonetic, and Ihe peculiar en ofiirruatiii of 

for tbe now aegUoled art of bleonry. But they the frol clrirl* demuntlnte t^e detigo of rial < 

«ra olbcrwiae <4 an imiaediate utility to mnn. lo accommodate ihem <o tbe wateri. Among 

Thep^.orpiei. comprehend B iinmeraniaiiem- next order, or irartert, we obvrve tome tbal n 

Uag*. ani are so various in their fonuanil habilt, light in inanbv vround i olhet Tentunujc lo isi 

thai kanlly any ehaiacK-rt, hnwevai iseiicrwV, will in tha Hum watery and a iliird sori making bolder 

apply Ui Ih'm til. Tbcy live upon Iruiit, ecaina, JSIiempts, and pn'CUring their fund at tome dii- 

•■urcti, and fleih. Aa an article of (ouil, they are tanct (rvm Ihe •hnre. Tbe pulmated tribes, how. 

(•nerally reckuneU impure : thmr Initliiiri are of etet, alune laiincli huldly lulo Uiv open ocean, and 

lil'la uic for any </ Ihe purpira of human lii'e. led tUeiiiirlri a tmrly independent uf lanl : and 

■|1hw|^ tlicy are fund of the ticimly uf man, tliere ia nu pan ot tbe watery clrnunt inti ahich 

(bay are Iks l«aat prub able of lut aenantti fur ibrv liaix not aomrtiaH-* been too to penetrate, 
tlwy lire upon Ihr iruil* of liia iudutlry, while Th>i urd«r grtilt, or wsdrr*, it lUiopsrrd by 

llMlf dculh iiiuki'i iiu (unijMUiation fur Ibe oiJa- l.ii.njui ti Ibc urd'r Irata among (juadrupeda. 

ciikh tbcy have oimaitiitd. Tlwy aie nuiay. They bM a kind of middle rank, bciiiem land 

icttleat,BBd loqiiBvioiiBi aomeof Ibeinp^tseM Itw and walei-Fu rls, riitting witli <qtul ea>e on boA 

facully of imitalifw Ibe human Toivt-'i and intlnicl. i-le ntnitt, and by »>m' naturallitaare denominated 

tag Ihem In Ibc art of apeaking coutlllulrs Fre- t:teMn-/>oM tMJer-fintlf- There are, indeed, lOBe 

floautly the amnieroont of (he idle. of bulb orders lhat uiake to near an appruach to 

Thaugh uaeleai or hurtfkil (o man, hirdi of Uiit each oiber, at to have been selected for > peculiar 

oedcr are, by Iheir rcnuikabi* iiigeuuiiy, and ac- aubdiii>Kio, i>r addilloual onler under Ihe name of 

tt<a hahita, orll ni'ed for Hiciely. "Could we,*' Jlin-/>i>l(d orpiwiaUd(pi'dibua loball>) j ai. Fur In. 

•nya an iag«iiuiu eatuialiit, " auppuM a kind uf tUacr, Ihe phaltr<'pe and coot among the waders, 

natality atnuot (he ball-cred rare, wesbouM Hnd and thegrebea among tbe web-fnotcd; all Uieia 

tliBl Ibii order ii by far the mutt iiiduilrioui, tlie being Funr-loed, with lobet or pinnated inlcraec 

»iu*t faithful, lite muil cuoilanl, and Iha mult Ciuns. There are alto a (ew other pecutiaritiei ia 

oonuubial. The rapucioui Linda di\tt out their which they coincide. Though Incafmble of lauoch- 

ig before they are lit to (iruggte with ailver. ing out into tha lait ocraa, they all (catuie inla 




ZOOLOGY. 

t1tt11**»«i^H»«»tiy*winiiiiinf. Some of thaw, Ai Ihe duck 

a»tltecw>tjand jrrebej, rttide upon the wntet al- *itt* nf the Wat 

nHitl cun-ilBatIf , beinf: incDpable of nalktng lo this geiiuHniDr 

■ny ifistJace oil the ■bore. In lhe[ia«nroF flight ap|>can in aThoatand *Bri«tin; 

Ihty ore slinost si defei-tive hs in nilkiug. Id of each ipeciea httxcevA ill campiitatliin. Tin 

con«rq»rni:p ofthpte limitEd powen tbeir jmir- watn^fowls, of ohich Ihis fonu the vbkr, thai 

B»J» lire roniintmly ihorl, being only fruin one frequent the shores of Eun^ie, m prwligiuut : 

lalu to another: th<-y ate performed, too, mottly bnt s^till they bear no proporlion tothoaummiiiw 

dtlAig.night, wilh-grenl effortand difflruJIy. floclii thai swami upon the shorpiof the Arum- 

Srveral of the pioMlciJ tnbM arc endun'ed can cant'ment; where the nuinbcn of lh> tiumaa 

with « eapncily of feeing in the night, like Ihe lafe are ktier, and their dominiuii oier I'm mi- 

owH. Al thai Wirton Ihty ^ther their food, and roal *orld far last exttMite iielbre they t*Mn« 

pnfnrm (he moil flupoitant roncliuna of tlKJr scquainled wilb the Use of Sn^anns. 

eronuoiy. Ttii* (|tn<ily it not indeed peculiar to , Ai npon land, M upon water, tlietr are dhdT 

Ibiwn nlonvi fur it ii shared, in a greater or In] birds that nay be deemed rapaciou*, ifl'K upa- 

riPfrre, by eltmct t)ia whole of Ihe water-fowlt. cily of devouring olbcr animalt nwril that iiUt. 

Tt»><»ccompllshaI, Ihey iiincfurlhfromrt«rP«l« Allhongh feir of the walrr-fo* l« P"')' "P«i "«» 

■torn: the lake* end tlioros, when the finny tribts- own kind. yet the ftrsrealer parlnf tlMrm «ib»i«i>f 

■tto W n-M, Biid (iluifder and devonr them wilh'.ut rating GiheF. Tlie (ftanivoniOi Bi|i>at"^ iHtih .(e 

molnlttttto. Til? diBi-reot genera of lli«e birria few in comparison lo thoae whieh p«t>y upno lU' 

■re vailwi^ly enHoivrd with acqiwlic powiTi: flnny tribei; nolnre luring aifjualrd theu av 

*|.lle aome'aiie einflncil to rlttri and lokei, petite to the >peciu of food moat abundant in tlx 

oUien vmturetoto iheaea, andenKnge in a wider element in whieh ihey reside, 

, taiiM t,f Jc|)fotlnt|un upun the ihores. The voice of aquatic fowl* differt fmnt thutl 

•tialtrrhtliti'*yilleiD9,*nde«[>eriil1y theshnp^r the Innd biidi s« remarkably >* thetr tauli u n 

afktnnvof'tlle^MrT tialnnillita, it i> easy t>i con- louder, more honti, snd niotintonMia. PrAhaht;, 

evhmhat the»adei« and (reb-faaled were cillo- we may ataign an adtliiate molite for this |h«w 

(4H».! in aite nmmno dlviiAoa, and disrribcd hy llarily. Ainidit thr naiM nftherafinc wat*> U* 

the grni'ral name of aquatic birds. grfganoua kinda wunid M-i'i he ditpprvrd fna 

It i. a enrioui facl that Ibotr (hit ore com- each other and perish, were they not thnaoiB- 

pWl-ly aqualic are [nore easily tiaelablctliBn ths Me of soundins the alarm toUie kiadwdtn'*. 

rtil. Oftheic, perhapi, an equal nnmbrr mlflht wlien nbont lo itray from their vaeiriy, ur lotv 

Std'imetii^'Ltrd iind rendered uarfiii lo nian b< of citunler danser. I'he phyaicil cwux', havar, 

Ike lind Mrdr. The »iipeei»fhl mpprtmenii ih« contiit* in ihe peculiar eoolifiiiaiiOB tf il« 

hiT«> long aince, been- made opon Ihr iwani, liachea or the larynii alone. Ttte (uppond NK 

(tMK, and dbeki. itrte it once to illu»lrale Ibis lady of Ihe ana* cy!;aiia. or muiiext *wiii, mf 

■nrrlioii, bir) to aemonilrate the advantagei that aeeia an cxceplion to what is liers adiurant j *■>, 

nlglM be obtained by bnher eatendiDn Ihe do. na Ituffon alleges with ^rfaljtKlicc, tliat*««n>Mi 

(Miniim of man over Ihit numerous dirislsD. To ii a melody of fwctic Action ailone. 

iMs, tioiMTe'-, there ne fnawr obtlacln: fbr The water fowl* aie moMly all Gt f-ir t«t, 

man, N-fi.re he can lircome master pf bir-l> thai Ihough thp flesh of none of them be w pjlii]Al» 

It uiiiF>hnly conlr*c<> a raneid and oily iiUr. 
from (be nainr« of Ihe (bod upon which tb**-- biM' 
subsist, Tbii (agle ftill, in some mea*uri', ir. 



m the ahore, and halrboil under a spreading from i)i 

ince, which, for (he firet f^nera- sequence of thi-ir capacity of troi 

d timid. ARer, bowtver, having and of n^li-ving their flitlil by i 

Is oflove in thi< di>meat:ri>vluDi, element. We And, acrDidiuRly.t 



«re intiahii 


jiots pqiuUv of the a™ nntl ihc sir. 


mttsl mak« 


a double conquest. Free npon both 


thts- va't , 


Ft^menis, they acein di-tined, for ever, 


to elude hi 


• |io»rr, snd to maiiitiin their native 




icf. The birds thatare pM-<')y aqxalic 


bav« uo far 


thcr connection with the hmt <h:>n is 


neoewarv 1 


or dfjHisiting Ihe fruits o) ihiir lipve*, 



come tame and hmiliar. In a (ew geu.ralioo' all 


new world ; atKl that they b-ve . teu been a* 


regret for the !o«s of lib<'ity is cSaced ; and Ihey 


to make their way inio Ihn-e ditlaol islaBiis, le- 


kecume lecnnciled te a rnptivity, in which Uii-y no 






formerly to be hnt in Ihe iinm.'us* ocio, iwl. 


The aquatic (ribes, tl.-.neh they be plenlifully 


from Iheir barrenness, to forbid the apptvarb of 


Hirniih-d wiih oil, which ia eacreted near their 


every onimglcd being. And, what it pecutiady 


taila, anil spread by them over their feathers, are 




yel iucHjiable of al«nT« resistinj the ..-ffects of 


cold and hiEh laliliHlea ai at the ei|UBtor. N« 


water. Their plumRffe b^eumes mdi-.t, and per- 


are the pslmlpe^le water funis ahnr thus ibkt* 




apread over the glubc. but alio the wailrr^; bf 


Tisilinc the ahure : it mutl, at limi s, thrx f.To, be 


cause these, from their reaiding upon V-.* (Mm, 


exiioted to llrt; dry air, in I'rJer to render ii again 


enjoy a more cqoal temperature than wt«i a n- 


Impervious ii> water. Of almost all pntmipede 


perieucodbybiidi whieh inhabit the inUrior ptru 


•irdi the male is larger than Ihe female ; but not 


ofihc land, and, consequently, can pen rtraW bt- 


fi the aiime proportion that we have obicrred lo 


thir, either lo the north or lo tbn toutb. 


nkc place Buobg the npacioM tribes. 


The aijuUic Uibes seen not-Bven bousdid ■• 



ZOOLOGY. 

Uitir fctidgncg by the limits of the lanil itself, smaller birds contributii indeed to bis amasenent 

Tbm ioftting; mouDtaiiis of ice towards the poles by their oiutic, but to little or nothing mure tliaa 

aflord them a retreat during tempestuous wenthtr, to his amuM^ment. It is from ihe poulUy tribes 

a»d a cradle for their young. They require no alooe that he (ieiiycs any bot>d adTantaK,«s, vt 

fraio or veiretable f xhI, which nature in these considerable ucc«'>8ion to the uecessar-es of li^'e. 

fniBCn rei^ons cannot pri>thico. Htncc they have Birds of this order are diiitiu^'uished by the com- 

iMen men fixing their residence up<»ii these islands parative tniailuess of the head i by their heavy 

of ice in tlie same manner as upon land. There and muscular bodies; and the whiteness and salu* 

tbcy sleep ; there too tbey sometimes hatch their brity of their flciih. Their bills are short, sUrong, 

yo«Dg. and arched; the uppi-r mandible shuttiug over 

But the seas in which fishes are most abundant the edges of the lower, and thus fitted for picking 

are most fully peo|)led with th* se water fowls : as up grain, which is their principal nourishment, 

the fertile |>arts uf the earth are most copiously Their lei(S are stro:ig and sliort; thair toes fumitb* 

replenisheii with land birdt. Some of the livers ed with broad claws, fur scratehing the ground, 

in America, in which provision is abundant, are There are few uf tbeui qualified for lung flights, or 

eorered with aquatic birds. In several ishnds too, migrating from one country t> another, on account 

at a small distance from the shore, the soil con- of the shortness of their wings, 

sists, to a great depth, of nothing btii their dung. The variety ot food upon which they are capa* 

Such is the case in somo uf the we>tern isles of ble of subsisting renders tliem, in general, proper 

Scotland, and also on the euasts of some parts 'of ftr duii>estii*ati<*n; and tiie fertility, for which 

Gieenlaiid ; where aquatic birds arc so num«-ruus, they are rcmuikable, when abundantly supplied 

that the natives dnv* them hito ba:s, and destroy with fuod, enables man to convert tbem into a 

them by thousands. There, ami in the i&laiid uf mean of adding f:o(isidtrably tu the stoi'k of hit 

Faro, they i^oiisiitute a large propoition of the provi'iions. I^ke the ruminant cattle, tbey are in* 

Io-mI of the inhabitants. dulcnt, gicgariuus, and voluptuuus: when made 

A« the extent of the oct an is t^reater Uian that of prisuners, ihty forget equally their former com- 
thf- land, aud the fund oi hubsistence which It con- jmnioiis, and the plcahurcs of freedom. Sati>fied 
lainM in m priiK>rtion, the nuniln'r uf water-tbwi»:, %vith lUv «>iiigle cnjuynieut of eating, tbey grow 
pr«d*«bly, eireeds that of the land bird<, althouKh tain*', conieiitcd, and (at in their cunfinemeni ; 
the species be less various. The tribes of waders and are peculiaily fitted for tlie pu* puses for 
seem, by their eztCTiial structure, fitted to live which thi y are dtstiiied by their ou uers. 
upun land ; but they are endowed with appetites The gallinaerous biids, thoufih not restricted to 
tliaf attach tlK^m tu the waters. While they de- any one »)H.'C.es of fuo l,arein ^cueralgranirorous; 
nre all tUi:ir food frtim the maishet and fens, thf*y .ai*d, fur the trituration and digestion of this spe- 
•i«* unable to search lur it u|K>n the ^nrface of the cie^i of fuod, nature has made a very ingrnioas 
He«p. Ti'.eir structure is happily airci>mmodat(tl "pruvisiun, by the paiticiilar structure of their di- 
tf> mis situation; i\>r they arc formed with long gostive orsan. Like ruminant quadrupeds, they 
Iru.^, nakt d above the knee, to udmit of their tra- have tuu, and some uf thi'ui three Mtomachs. First, 
%*dJiiig ill sital'tiW water in q'lest of tuud : nnd, in the inp, ur pouch, where the grain is moistened 
Uii>»v t -at fV-<d U|M»n fisi'<'s, the neck i« disprofxx- ot- siitteni'd, as a preparation for the process that 
tiofutdy loiijt, til enable them t) grnpe for th'in is to fulhiw. Fn>m this erop the grain passes i^ 
witnuut iminersinjT the whuh* b-idv. T'lise that coiidly to an intei mediate canal, furnished with a 
M'areh in the mud for minute in^ecrts or worms, nnmiier of glaiidb, for the secretion of a kind of 
AS the snipe imhI wcxdeock, have hUn'itr we<ik .imee, that still further muliifies the contents ; and 
trtllp, and olfactory nerves cf such ^x.|ni«ltf- «eii«j, from thi« canal tbey pas« into the third ftomach, 
4fility, that, even whna their |»rey is ui*tof the whi(^h we i*all the gizzard. Here the grand opera- 
reach uf their eyes, tiiey aie chn-i'ied tu it by its tion of digestion is completely finished. This or* 
sni* II. Uf the wudcrs, moreu\er, some have the gun is composed of a hanl, horny substance, and its 
to*«fc divided to their origin; others have them sides are capable of contracting themselves, and of 
cunnerted by a »niali membrane as far as the sc?- rubbing the contained fuod with great force, by 
corn] joint: the first an* pro|>vilv rloven-f«»ot«d, means of ."trunir muscle* with which it is purpose 
slihI the »«cond seiuipalmatt-d. The bo.iies of this ly su;>pli(nl. No sort of grain, nor even snbatan- 
%uTl of bird» are light anl hlci;dvr. Those that ces far harder than grain, can resist the action of 
live upon mud, and the ins-.'ctN or worms depjsited the gi^'.zird of a fowl. Glass and iron are gradual- 
there, arc deemed a dt-iie.it'; fwufi ; while »uch as ly woin down by it, and digesteil, as has been fuUf 
l.ve up<ni fishes cuntrurt a Iwavy and i*ily taste, ascertained by many experiments. That thi» e^> 
similar t(i that uf their fuod. In their end- iwrnents feet is the result of muscular action, and not uf any 
ttwy vem inlrrtor to oth«.r oid^rs. Tlitir nekts flui«l acting as a solvent, has also be*'n fully esta- 
•rr cunsiructetl with h*^** msennity than those of blisiied Small tnl>es of iion, open at each end, 
the pasiierine tribes. Tri^'V ate not possessed of previously filled with a few : rains of barley, have 
tt>e courage of the rapantats bird^, or uf the doci- been introduced into the giizard of fuwli; and, 
li'y of the poultry kinds. N«'ne of the waders, at the end (»f two days, whc-n these tubes were 
areordibjily, ha<i been re<lured into a d>imektic taken out, they were found considerably diminish- 
state, or admitted to >haie the siieicty and piotec- ed in their weight, by the violent trituration of 
iiotiofman. the stomach ; while the grains of bailey, which 

For the gaVia^, tlie gallinaceous or puultry they contained, reinnined entire, and were only 

IriiM-s, Linn^iis, whu, a^* we ha«e alcady seen, has rwoSleii with uiuistuie, in the same wanner that 

i<aefd a reacmhlanc»' t>etween the different orders they wouhl hav<i been had they been expuaed to 

nr bird* and mammiK, haa found an apt»imilitude the same humidity in any other place. Hud the 

iJi tb«t tiibes of firrora, or ruminants': and it is uo- prucess of diircstion, therefore, in the stooMdi of 

quescioiuihly this order that must be reganled as the fowl been carried on altogether by a tolveot, 

tfje most serviceable to mankind of the entire the grain must have been completely digeattfl in 

class. 'I'he raparious kinds administer nothing to that time. It appears, thru, that in the whole 

^s utility, and not much tu his amuseiDent, The order of gallinaceous birds digestion is pcrfoifflcd 



ZOOLOGY. 



^Mf by mnwufnr action, and onlf partly by 
meaoi of »ny ii-rid (Mtric juice, bb we know ii ■!- 
loeether the rate ainiing alt rapacious inimali 
IbatiteronrHiffh. 

In tlie Liiiuiin smngenieiit orthii order there 
km two HI tbKc miiuikible gearn of birdi uhich 
■« ptacril by tcreral oriiiUiologiila in • diftient 
order, » tfae ttivtLio, otit, and didui, or in plain 
Snglithiihe Mlrrch tribm, including the caiwviry 
knd Hinu, the builard and the dodo. Ilie two 
flnt of tbPt* kindi are carried by ■ome naluraliiti. 
intotbeitrdnnrgrallR.liinhiGb, indeed, they teem 
neBrl; ■< much to relate ■■ they do tu the gallinx. 
sbkh others nialte ■ djitinct divitioaof the three, 
under the name of the ilmihhui order. Of these 
biciithe lar^st aie the oMrtch kindi; and of 
theie Dfiin the miMt nmarkuble and uHfUl ri the 

tbi tlioiish incxpnble orflighl, like alt llie mt of 
ttlii divhi'in, it derives a rapidity of ruiioing Trorn 
ill iriiigs.i^bich renders it fliWr than llx' fleetest 
racer on (he Xcmnnrket lutf. II ii also capable 
of bciog tDmed, and mounled, and employed tot 
tbe differmt purpose! of 9 riding horse. 

The cbamctrr of the dedo a ultofclher the re- 
TTn*. ■' Farfrom eiieitLnf,"abserTeiBufr<>n," <ha 
idea of tninnesi by its proponioni, it appcun to 
hart been lamed on purpose to strike the iniagi- 
ikation,ai the moit clumsy and onwieldy uf all be- 
in;i. iirpretrat to ynunelfamastiie.andaltnoiC 
cubical liOdy, but barely supported ut>vn two shoK 
aud lh:ck pijlare, and overtopped by a btfl'l and 
ntck oriagrateftquea Form, that youn'ould taltp 
iheni lur the design of some CanCalure pntnter. 
The htad cunEi>ts atniort entirely of two large 
rbaps, that uprn brbinil Ihe ejei, almost ai far as 
the ears ; lo that wben the bira gapei it seems al- 
tnott all mouth. The bill » of an eitra ordinary 
length and thlckitraa; and both mamlibles are con* 
care towatili tlic middle, but swelling townrda 

i"'o poiiit«l s(.oi.iii bid tuFBIlitr by Oir bp^-ks. 
From nit lhi« there results a tlu|jid and voracious 
phytiogDuiiiy, uhich it increased by a bordering 
of featliets around Ihe bale of the brak. u-liich 
uireads over the fsoe like a cowl, and completes 
tbis picture of deformity." 

Balk, which in other animals imptif ftien^th, 
in this only Ci>ntribulei to inactiTity. Theu>lricb, 
emu, ami cassowary, are not more capable I'f fly- 
lug tban the dodo. They, however, arc bwifl in 
runoin") whereat, ihis biiil, at if nppresied «i(h 
il( on*n weight, po(»sKs hardly lufflcient ilrciiiclh 
lo drag itself alonfr. One would Imagine thai this 
bit'', which reiemblet the sloth auiiini; quadni- 
ptil^, has been formed of some rude and ill organ- 
iZ'd mailer, into which the principles uflifeiiave 
iiiluied with too sparing an hand. Thi> dodo 



eall them, in tlair IwigiiaEe, tfW MPOreii tM>- 
I'he dodo ir snrpaiaed In tise only by the Ibrw 
birds last deacribed ; for it 'a larger than ettter 
the >wun or the turkey. Iti (eaibeii an. la fC- 
neral, sufl, and their pteTailing euloni is fcreyi 
more deep upon Ihe opper, and clearrr opon The 
lower parts of the hwly. The lejJ und toes ne 
yelhi* : and of Ihe latter, three are foraard. end 
one backward. It has comniOnly iioiirs ro IH 
crop I the largest of which arc of the srze of ■ 
man'( fltl, whieb some htrr auppnied to M 
fornied there: but which Clm in >. with more t««- 
>on, allegeK, are swallownl by Ihi* Irihr «M ihe 
same purpose for which they ire twallowed by 
Itae olhtr tribes of granivutnui birds, kiailw 
itonei are found in tbo ficnnl ot the cttiicb at 
cassowary, and cunstdrnbly aid ihe di|;eiti*e fane- 

The ooliiaire, and bird of Nanrwtb, desenbed 
by Canj, lj;gual, and Cauilie, .i)>prBr lo bare a 
reiy near afflnily to the dodO) bttt so imprrftM- 
ly BT* they hilherlo known, that it Is n-t yeiaa. 
cerlained whelhfr ihHr deirrJ}'lions belotig to 
three diffeient speriet, nr lu ih-" sa»<" Hinl. TM 
Boliiaire, acording to Legiial, !■ Katly jiuundt >■ 
weight 1 and of a grvy coloai uiit--d with braws. 
ThefefBulu are remarkable tar the'rnenlfins <• 
Ihe position and adjuslmenl of their fesitnen ; asd 
their miiliutis ale graceful. By Carry's aecoiim, 
they are uf a bi-nn aiiprnach.ng to ydh* ; lad 
they apprired li> faim remarkably brwolfuL la 
these re.i|iecli, it must be allowed, that 1hi> Mfd 
dilTers from the dodo. Both, howeter, mbaMi W 
same isle ; hulh arc incapable of flight ; all IW 
three are eqna'ly roraeious, and indi>riitn>oatMT 
devour all that if offered lliem. Tiny haee, m-m, 
Ibe uoie kind of sloiiei in th^ir crop i ani (>>» Fu- 
neral ttructure of their bodies is tiniilar. Tin » 
litaire it detcribeid as eiceediDgly tby, aikd *r-r 
seldom in the lociely even of its own »)>erie>. fl 
builds its iip>t <L|it.ii ■ tirie wan ot lei%n, it r<, 
it rollcolg fur Ih.^ pu.,.fl^^^, The female U.y, |. -t 
one egg, at least produces but arte binl, aflei bal- 
ing hatched for leren wetki. 

The order of f oueiei, or small tinging Litd^ 
is by Lin neus considered at analogons to thranlrr 
{tirei among qiiudrnpedi.' For the mo^t -pirl 
they art lemarkahle for their beauty ami arili'i. 
They are continually in motion, and eiid~<r^ 
with the powers of song. Tbay eoliw* the retiird 
and nhady grov« by the melody of their tmea. 
Th'jse birds, of ihe ■uperiot order, that iawm 
by iheir usefiilitetk, or Uib tierceoea* of iktw 



babiii 



such a 



and «re.mio, 



oica. Th. 



ia rum 

tail; but this t. 



o the 
lijproportioncd, a 



■ir. It h 



would take it for 
tnulHed ittelf up in the skin of 
In granting it these useless or 
liave intended to add embarra-i^ment lo weight, 
BivhwardDets of motion to unwieldinest of tile, and 
to render thi« clumsy flgure still more diicfutling 
by pre«eiitin^ it under Ihe iu>a;e of a bird. 

Dodo'were first diicoeered by the Dutch in the 
Ikle of Fiance, which, with the adjacent <ile of 
buuihon. Hill continues to be the ouly place in 
e known to reiide. The forbidding 






appeaiaucL', 



well a: 



uniaTOury laiie of tbeir Hcib, induced then to 



tiie accentaof the pigeon, on the cuatrary, e 
o( a soothing tendency, while most of tbe oiWf 
beautiful liiUe families we are now tu review ii* 
nualc ilieinw-'.iret into cur affeoion* hy their 
dtlighlful songH, their external beauty, and Ut 
familiarity of their mannen. 

Conscious of enjoying the ta*flur*f man, i*ey 
live with him in some degree of coaS>lnt(«; ami, 
while the larger binU, from a wapieiiMS dictiWd 
by ill tieatmcnl, or suggetted by guilt, iy u tki 
depth of the (tiresl, and dread the vieinTty ofaas, 
these hop about the hedee;, and sideiof iba Wuuda, 
■pldom retnoring far from his habitatina. TBi> 
alliance it indeed ialercsted on their pan; for n u 
only on the cultivated fields, mad ewaa mioBti 
honses and gatdeui, that they can tmri, hi akaa- 
dance, thoae secdi and insects npon whieh Ibry 
tubti>t. In the eitensivs wilda, or hi the dcftla 
of tbe Ibtcrt, Booe of tboM Moda of faad tlW an 



vc<mer, {isTiGskkiDiUi,) 
TaUd froodi, the aik-nCE be 
thaie ate none of Uime kb 



Z O O L 

:o be fuuiiil. " At 



DaiBwiieo aiiuuion, IiJI yoidratr i 
lwliiUtK)ii> or men j there JE nitbiiiif of 1 
ihiBcd buzz, foruictl bj the umlcJ, though 
of quadriipedi • ' 



I then. 



kUuKT of lift bj the 

th* waiblcn, hate toullf fonaken him." 

Tb* >ant ur fuoil is not the only rejinn rhf 
>fc* lOi^ birili dn not penetrate itiin tlie fureil. 
'nry •fliitl ttaMC drrttj relreatg ilso frum 
Ihe priaciple of •elf-|im<erTaiii>n. Almutt all 
ttaa riipaeiaui kindf, like robben, hide them- 
Ml*es in the depili nfUie wuols; and, if [be; Jo 
nac Aod« ttrwrt then, laoii make oi'«i for Ihe 
p Ml f Tine tribe* By froiD their tyranair iulo tbe 
0|Na £<id>j vhere, id the vicinity of man, \\ity 
liai Uiat ibc moat audacioua of their enemic* are 
■fm'd to atlaclt them. 

Wb*ii the tmall birJi have taken up their reii- 
4>*M io a panicuUr grove ur tbicket, they •eldooi 
tannve lo anv diataoca frosi Ihe ijMit. Tlie wren 
Md Ibr red-btenil keep posieuion of Iheir own 
todxr, wi'h • peneveiance that lomcliniet protei 
fUat; aad e><-« those binJa uf puufe, that, at 
OHtalo M*>vai of the year, remove to a ditTereat 

Kt of the entintrr, are remarkable for (he very 
tol raii^ of tbeir llightt during the luonllu of 
«i*it<tiuii. FouJ ii tbe itreal cauie of all tlieir 
tBOtHtfii, Bial, a* iuua aa Uiat ii obtaiacH, Ibcy re- 
luiBf, ill tlie ticiuilf of IhHr ne>t and of their 
fttuni, Ihvii ipurtirc eierdtes or their toag. 

Am t-jmi, bovcTcr, la not liiund io equal quanli- 
tin at all leaigDii of tbe jrear, in ever; part uf Ihe 
(OUBtiy.airreat miinbcroflhepaiwriQetribeiare 
obUfad to ronoTe iu quest of it to 'nrj diitant 
c«untric< 1 aud tvta thoae whieh remain with us 
the Vhola year make periudiaal Sighli 10 s differ- 
•nt duliict, at cuTtain leaaoni. Tbdr Ternal 
fllfbta are probably oL-cationeil by tbe influence of 
ki*e. Tliey leem then to be in queot iif a aecure 
Mmt, where they nuy obey it.al rail of nature, 
*Bd Sod a proper uylum for their future progray. 
Tba autamoal flighu, od tbe other liand. wbioh 
an taoat Dunierout, lecm to iwnaiit ••( many fami- 
liaa, Qtiilnl by the lareolt, *bo arc then coaduct- 
tnC their oBipring frum iJic iaiaiid paria lo the 
■tcioity of the tbore, ohei* tbey may b« more 
BMply anpplied with ■ialer fobd. 

'!» buiinCM nf biitl-catrhlu^, kliicb lupportt a 

•d ua (be aniiuaj reiDiiTal* of UiOae tiiifiog tiinla, 
■tiicb are letmeit btrdi of SiKhl. in the lunguaga 
uf Uxat art. The oielropi'lii airirding a ready lale 
lur "a (ting biidi, I hit trade bti l»ng barn etlabliili- 
*d ill ita iieighbourhouil; wherv >l i> carried (Hi, at 
a(mt eipenc.-, and oitli •yftematical perfectiioi. 
Tha Kild biidi U-gin to fly, a> birdotclirri leim 
il, la Uh: lounth uf Ucl.>ber, and part of the |>icc(u 
JiBf aad fcilluaiiig inoiithi. Tbo dilTerrnt iptcin 
•f ihr-a biida du nut make their periodical Aliihti 
faartly at Ibcaane tim*; hut folio* one aiuxbcr, 
ia wvrataina. Tlw pippct coDimaneea hia Oitbt, 
riery yt*r, about Mivharltou i the woodlark next 
•Utanla. and eunlinuet hi> Oiglit till tu>«rda the 
Kutdit of Oitober. 

1( il rrmafkable, that, Ihvugh butb (hats tribci 
t4 bird* arc veiy caaily rau«ht during their Bighl. 
yel, itbea thai II oTer, no altera aediKc tbeM to 



the net<i> II bai nerer hitherto barn liiiinil oi'Kt 
il the nature of that call by which ti>e lame biitta 
can arnnl tbeir flii-ht, ami allure Ibem under lh« 
neii at lliat particular Mason, and at no olbar. 
Perhipi it u from their aaxiety to .-arry the laiR* 
bird» along with Ihem, that Iheie may avoid ifae 
severity of Ihe winter. Perhaps, ai the lame bird) 
are main, it il a challenge to cambat; oritiua|r 
be an invitation to love, whicb il attended to by 
the females, who are flying above, and wlio, in 
obeying i(, inveigle the male*, along with them- 
lelvei.iiito the net If the la-t be tlw cue, they 
arc nevetely puniihed for their iiifiilelity tu their 
matei ; for Ihe female! are indiacriniinaldv killed 
by the birdcatchrr: while the male is nia<W a pri- 
soner, and (Did at a high price, for his lonr. 

Tbe aighis i)f these birdi begin at daybreak, and 
continue till noon. Autumn ii the time when tho 
lirdcatcber i* employed in intercepting them on 
their paitage. The uelt are about twelve yanli 
lanj, and tno and a half brood. Tbey are spread 
apoii (be j^TOiind, a( a small diitioce from each 
other, and lo placed, that they can be made I o flap 
inddealy over upon Ihe birili llui aM;ht tietweea 
them. Ai Ihe wild Uirda Oy aUnyt agaiiiit tbe 
wind, the birJeateber, who il most lo Ihe leeward, 
haa n change of i^alchinit the whole flighl, if hia 
ciU-binli be goud, A complete irt of csll-birda 
consuls of Qve or lii linoeti, two goiddncbc^ two 
grpenfinubet, one woudlark, one redpoll; and, 
petbapi, of •bullfinch, a yellow hammct, a titlark, 
and an abrrdavioe. Tboc are plaCi^, in bttle 
caitea, at smalt dialanixs from the net*. He haa 
litewiie bit Bur.birdi, uliich aie placed within tbe 
riel, and raised or let djwn, accuidicg ai llie wild 

This, however, ii not enough to allure tbe ivild 
bird dowui il muil be called from Ihe caiiri by 
one of the call-biidn wbioh are kept there, aud 
which have been maHe to moult early in the lum- 
ner, in order to improve iheli notei. Pepnaui 
obtenei, that there appear* a malicious joy in 
theae call-birds, to bring the wild uuei into tbe 
same itate of captivity. After they have sTn or 
heard theappruach of thewlkl birdi, vhich is long 
belurr it il perceived by tbe birdcatcberi.lbc inlal- 
ll|i«nce il anuuuoced, fitxn cage to cafe, with the 
utmuit rcitacy and joy. Tbe note by which thejr 
invite ihrm duwn is not ■ contioukl song, lilio 
what the bird uses in ■ cbamber; hut short jerks, 
at ibcy are called by the birdcatcbeis, which arc 
heard at a great distance. So puweiful it the aiceii '- 
anuy nf Ibis Call over the wild birds, that, itie 
momeut (hey bear It, tbey olliht witbin twenty 
yardi of titree or four birdegtcher*, on a sput 
which, olbcrwii*, would never have attracted tli-^ir 
notice. After Uie fatal suing it pullid, and Ihe 
neti are clapped over the uDsu«,ieCting ilnngeri, 
■hould 'ine bvlf of the Sock eacapi-, such ii Uicir 
infatualiun, thai I bey will iouurdiately afier retuiu 

ouiBpanivtit ; aiulihould oiUyone Uinln'-apr, Ibe 
unhappy luniToi will still venture ii-ti dungrv, 
till be he also caught) M Eueinaiinc iitb* power 
wbi<:b tbe cill-birda have over this devoted lace. 

All the brai that are Ibui taken are Immediale. 
I* kilted, and auhl for ttuaapcnce or fourpence 
duien. Their flob Is so exiaiaite, (hat tbey ai 
reirardcd at a daliMt* an^uliition tu the tablw «f 
lb" luxuriiiUi. The taste loi tuuill bitda I*, htr~ 
en-r, fix fium being lo pmaleiil in Hniland 
in Italy i and even Ibr luiury ii( tbe Italiai 
appear parsimony wbrn ci'mpatol ailh ihi 
Uavapnce of their firdecewori 



m 



Z O O L O G YV' 

We BTl intnrined bj Plinf, thit Ooitiui £mpuB, a. in courage anil desire lurcnd Ihem In tin GtliJ sf 

■m^n^ian of Rome, paiil no len a nuni than sir Uvr, anil obtnin par'nrni luiled lo Ibcir oMnl. 

dnuinnd m^ht hiindwd iinil faity-tbrM poundt ftw The youiigeat anil weaker) ebme laat, at ihrir in- 

**nii;k iliiii uf oiuiical bitdsi an inuDniw tribii<B clinsiiuns are latest iii sfipearine. There air, 

M Mprice and uluttaay. The hlghfai print gilvrn. however, msny of botb mifi ihat rrnuin nnpnH 

far thew trngins birHi in Lon.lon i» firi* goinras rided foi-, finni not mteiiDF "itli each «h^. 

a pi«vr ; a (tiong pmoF hov mui:h more the irion^ Whether each ippcio ronlir«*ii»tlf loiiioanl^ 

l> i«lil>Tcd here that! Hietr n<-sh. Tnits.uilntrnniii awilh ather<, natiirahatihaie aui 

eXoept ono or two iprcim uC ihi' hit :i,e'"i 'hil'- ^ I'l'. i-rfi br.ilfn the chartily uf thtit niauum m 

thnttal'TDtbciiigi'vetii Hh'-rr-i'l-.e il:' |<i< i:>. ||im ui ili s ii'.|.r,'i, and deiii'S 'hnt they e\er adir.jl ibc 

th« male. All lliF'"l«"'iOu»fiinririn>sf.itl!'>ilii. ini il i.u-. >i .:i a difleienl Irihe. Buflun, on the r-m- 

thellndrr fx ithr-ini* th" IbiI^hi'^ .if mini, .i , ii.ir.,-, nud wiihsmneappfaraoreof iii>ti(»,«u»pKti 

■n4 the priuripal -iliain in ■•iiriInK the hri|ili-''>i I hi in blincontiiiFacy. He tupporei. ihaltlient- 

bruod. To al'ftiDtr tliew ceres, and to tupport nito tBTilics of the tmalkr birds (riae frnm lU 

her uiHter them, natuie baa givrn lo the mnle 'he tniiiiure of diAerent ipeciit. Of ib" nglf- On 

fittot «mr. Mill I'll lliu llt>ll:b'«ll'll*hlD^at1 tml iwiiirh, OnilraMa«ary,tberT-aiBbntreBra(i(tlsi 

fdOttiiiig «r(> t'at cai> aiii ■IT'-illuU, Or btfullc and no ait miH make one ipeciea pracrBite ailb 

(rouble. Thra'' hi*f'H>dly iMrt', r»rii atlof c'lUit- aiiuihcr. Neic iprcjo, honeier, haie Iwn piw 

thetinwhH mule js performing bprparantaliliiticK of Die bulAnch and canary g fiuiD the l.aott »! 

fnent, hut • pleHgi> of htr tofmriiy. While her the muteii bolcapatileof priicrraiiuti,aiMlaiMtni 

inale coutinaea on the ncishboufitig tree, la aulch to ihe TLiriely of ihls order. There are nnaj dii- 

■nd itn^, ihc n'oiaiDi in the n'.-al in full vunlideiice lertnt kind* Bhuie thn|ic tud iDaanci *> nutti 

that no dani^r ii near; shereia, il hii lend and retemble e.i'b otl«, ai lewl lu to belir'e iKt 

fportive stnintltopill on>>uddcn,itii*reitlla cumliinaliuui nic Fonneil by natuTO beirelf innw< 

■ignal of lORie dnREeruni Intrtiaion, and anaraing of iiecoiity. What liappeni in dootediealioB n 

to her la procidr for her cicape. tlie coek, the turkey, the pi.eanni, and the eua- 

Bird* of Ihii order ■K', in penerat, Dincb taurm niun hen, may happi^ altn in a ttste uf tirrd,iu. 

■tMiitiie ts the Mriiclnrrof llirir ntsti than Ihe VTe know nut what paii-ei in ihe depth* uf IW 

larger kind*. As Ihe <>ac of llieir body ia iBiBller, woods; uor by what aeerel, bat illiriE joy-, u- 

the heat of Ihcir not iiin pnip»nji>n, and muct be tnie may eonsole tho>ebird& that are drpiiiiilc' 

aided by the rarni lubatnncei with which th<-ir an auociatc of their oon kiiiit. 
Dett f> uiUBlly line-), Ai their eggi nnt niucti The tlti.og billed imall birdt fi^il upon trtin 

apler t« lose their heat than ihote of luperiur '\ie, Tliey liie upon the projiertv of the bn-Iuadnun, 

Ihcac birds are proportionably mure aaiiduoua hi which ibey repay bim with their ran*!. Thty 

durinsinLfubatidn: Ibe male ranatnnlly aupplying aren^rf, bancTer,«ilbiMlt their uie; M theviAo 

Ihc piarf of bit n^iuile, and tbu* preventing the IraniiMrl tonli from one diaUlet to anotber, iiui 

■ilmitiiiiu u( tliR cold, vhlch would pn>ve fatal In Ihiu diaiiemiiiHle and vary the vegetalik |irMdD<. 



leu cunningly CKiicealed than It is artfully built. 


mostly upon insrcia or womis, and are eaccediaf- 


Whether on tWniMurtd, or in a lush, it isiilnayi 




>« covered th^i it can hardly bi^ au-en; and, the 


beingi H-ith wln..'h the atuKrtplwre and the lurten 


better to eicape obsi-natiun, the owner* nerer 


of Ihe earth tcpim, otten li» ibe ruin uf needi and 


cotne out or go in whifc »ny one is in view. 




In nil aniniala the amorouB instinct iiiuppnied 


more wit and du-lir»te than Ihat of the other kiml> 


to be the foundation uf courage : the one endow 


Even the granivotous birds of this r\tt,, whle 


meut it <oniiantly found pi-oportionnl to the 


youoit, lire u[ian in«-tt<. During the Ihree 6ni 


other. Thf^ males generally feel uiokt strongly the 


■lays after thiiir eir"usion from the shell they i»- 


ardonr of love; and they, ace jrdi ugly, are most 


quirehttle or no fuod. The paieuii, however. 


diitinguirhed bv caumge. The passerine tribea 


10011 perceive by Ihcir 1>)ui] and pbinltTe occtnl! 


are eigiially conspiruou' for gallantry and fur war. 


and by their gnnlng. that they frfl ipproacbei •( 


However fonti mptibl<- their bMtilltieiinay apjwar 


hun^i r ) and tli.y ur.- e.iger to grat fv tb«r waDU 


lo the Inrger animals, they are often filal to une 


by d picrfliful supply. " In tin- abttoce of tbe 


oflbecombalanCtihem-eliet. Two sparruwt fre- 




qoenily con-end f-r the nm-i female, till the 
death of one of the aniai.'onim decide* the victory. 


fheri>h eich otMr by their mutual wbtohIi. Dnriiif 


Ih't inteiral ulno they preserve u perf^i (ilenrr, 




uttering ni,t the ilightett iiot^ till Ihe molhci 


his tittle tcrTiti>ry with tlie valour and intrepidity 


r<'t<>rn>. Her arri\al is always annooocrd bv a 


of.pnullrycock. 




The union of the mule and fenal", which i) 




pretty f/itlilnlly observed, wbile thi- yuung an in- 





ly nt an end lUe moment the young family it dia- hv giving theui ofien, and but tittle at a Iibf. 

per<ed. 1 he )>arent pair ceem then at iwlilTer- The wien will in Hits manner feed acrenteea or 

cut lu each other sm if they had never been ac. eighteen young, alihuugh perfectly in the dart, 

luainted. K:irh provides fcr ilitelf in the win- without paMiagoveroneof then. A few dayiaflcr 

ter; and in the s|.ring, unmindful of former con- they are fully Sedged, and led out by their pemits 

Beeliims, goc« in ipie^t of a new companion. At during which they are tiughl to pick their fo-i, 

Ihat pprio>1, )>iriU thai aie of the same age com- and lo fly, they become totally iodependeol gl 

mnnlyaiiin.'iate t.K''<l>er. Throldrrfemalea Irsl these admonitory aids. 

filel thn akr'e>. of deiirci and Ihe oMer male*. In iMi Order of birds linD^ua has pland tV 

beJDt betl abte'to latipfy itrdtire avay the yonng talamta, or pifeon 'tribe*. There are, boitvrrr. 

iniior'-, After (fieie are provided for, IVhmc nnx f«viUuitJc« in the character and hibitsof tbr r*- 



ZOOLOGY. 

lumbincrt which have induced many natunli^it's to every other class of thu fekthrrrif kind^ Tbry'aA 
reaM>v« them from the paiiteniicrt, aod to form a granivoi-oiis, and the graini wit!) which th^ftfed 
diitinct order of themaelvea. tlieir younjr are treasured up, tor some timej jg 

The pigeon was brought into a domestic state at their cropn, u-hcre, by being moistened, and made 
a very early period, and seems to liave been kiiuwo inoit; e3>y to b«' digested, they are rendered At for 
to the Greeks from the time of Aristotle. That the stumach. On their return to the nest, the 
phiiiwupher, however, appears to have been uiiac- youug demand their food with importunity, when 
qtiainted with those immense varieties, which, in the parent^, in ^nccession, «ject it from theciop 
a long succession of ages, nature, aided by the ait into their mouths. 

of man, has since produced. He mentions only The crop nf the pigeon, in order to fit it for thia 

four species, which, from their producing from ti n sinunlur operation, is of a peculiar structure. It 

to twelve fliKhta in a year, must have been of the i^ larjE<'r than that of any other l.ird of the same 

dooMstic kinds: for it is a law, that all animals i>izc, and rommunicatcs wiUi the lungs in such -a 

become more productive in propui-ti(»D to their nc- in-niMer tlint it can be inflated at pleaMire: the 

commodation,and the abundance of foo<l with which vaitcty calle-l rropiiers have a power of disttending 

they are supplied. The t*oinmun pi|;e'jn, nhich it, till it becomes noariy equal in size to tlie rest of 

is so prolific, ivhon aided by the fonVuht and th<' body. When the f(rain» by means of the heat, 

bounty of man, seldom, when wiUl, products above vm'i thr utilLy flunl >ecreted in the stomach, begina 

one, and nei«r more than two pairn in a year. to swell aud macerate, the crop is proportionally 

The varieties of the domestic pigeon, which, in diluted : even yet, tiowever, the bird has the power 

the time of the Grecian naturali^t, Here few in ofdi.^itendinx it firther, and of taking in air ; and, 

number, increased greatly among the Konians ; on th<- expulsion of this new air by the month, the 

among whopi, changing im\ improving: the breed ^kmI is fiirced out ulung with iL 'I he nestlings are 

was held an object of such importance, that they ready, opi u-iui>uthed, to receive tKis tribute of 

erected high towers upon the tops of their houses parental afT ctiou ; and, as often as they perceive 

for this purpose, and marked the genealogy of the <.!d otus rt'tuniiiit; from an excursion they 

their pigeons as carefully as we do that of our race- anfiduiice t'leir wants witii the most restless and 

hor^en. Pliny particularly m«'ntions a generous crjii:.;^ iiiii}.»ti;nity. 

breed in Campauiii, a pair of which, Hhosc aiices- 'Dx' dooiestu^ pigeon, and all its varietiet» 

try wait well authenticated, broup:lit a very high dcnvr their origin from the stockdove, which, in 

pr.t:e. The su me attention to the breed of pigeons i^s wild sta'^e, is very rarely seen in this country. 

ha< continued in some of the modern nations of It i^ in most parls of Hiinipe, a bird of pas.<a:;e, 

Europe. By singling out, every season, the most which remains for a few m^mths, and breeds, and 

ben'.ii.fiil and remarkable of the province of the (hen retire?*, as is conjt (.'tu.ed, to Africa, to paK« the 

dove-house, bringing them into a more close cap'i- winter. In its natural >rate it is of a deep bluish 

vity, and pairin; again the most singular of tlicir asb-colour : the bnasl dashed with a fi.ie change^ 

new progeny, varieties, almnst infinite, have been able £rre.n and purple : the win^s marked with 

proiluced. Adepts in this bus. ness pretend that tuo hhick bars, one towards iheir iuserti>)n, and 

they can be bretl to a feather; and, acoonling to the other nearer the top : the back is white, and 

t icir diiTtrent properties, they have endeavoured t'lc tail barred near the end with black. In this 

to distinguish them by the various names of turn- state it builds iu the holes of trees j from which it 

biers, carrierf, jacobincs, croppcrii, r4iiils, tur- ventures to rocks and old walls ; whence, by kind 

bits, ainl by a long list of other appellation.s, in- treainient, it is aliurcfl to tl'C dovchouse ; and, by 

telligible only to themselves. To give a detail of all clotie confinement, becomes, at last, familiarized to 

the vari'.'ties of the domestic pigeon would prove human society. In proportion as the pigeon loses 

Irs4 a history of nature thau of human art. Of its indepe:)d-. iico, it acquirer greater degrc-c^ of fe- 

the forty-four difr*rent species, independent of cundiiy. rhe>tockdove, inhiMiativc H-i»o4U,proba- 

varietits, which Brisson has descril)e.l, it will be bly «eMom pruduces ttvice in t'leyear. During the 

aufRrient in the present plan to notice the stock- .whole of the winter moi-.ths, <iei:-prv*serv3tton, and 

dove, the ringdove, and the turtle. not the rearing of a posterity, must re(|nire all his 

Tliesc, as indeed all the columbine tribes, arc care, and tiiiploy e\ery ezeition. On the otiior 
distinguibhc4l by being monog:imous. The luaic hand, wheii pro|M*rly domesticated, and fully fed, 
and female continue faithful and attached to each S) great is the fertility of the ^alue bird, that fif- 
other, not only for tlie Kicason, t.ut frequeutly teen thouband, iu the ispnce of four years, may be 
during life. The fati...uos cf n«;stling, iu ubation, jiroduccd from a kin^ilc pair, 
nnd feeding the young, are shired etpiulty by both The woodpigeon, the rookpigcon, and the dovo- 
parents. The reason of couitship is announced housepigeon, are but diiT'rent shades of the stock- 
by A plaintive and cooing note, peculiar to the dove, in diflferent degn*es of i'UU>nrmaiion to man. 
order. The male, while payinsc hi'' addresses, The hous^ pigi on is the same bird in its last and 
inflates or swells his throat and br'jast. The female most p"riVet sla.e of domestic.itioii, where it 
lays only two eg^, in tlie hatching of which she is receives every tint and variety of hue that can be 
regularly relieved, for a few hours eveiy day, by ci>muiuni<'ated to ths race by human invention. 
tier mate. When she ddays to return, the male So grejt is the multiplying of varieties, so uuiuer- 
goea in quest of her, and beats her back lo the ous has been the mixture of different races, that a 
nest; and, when the male negle<:ts his duly, he is, lolume of description, or painting, would not »uf- 
in his tum» obliged to submit to the saine severe ficc to represent them all. 

chastisement from the female. After the young Of all the varieties of the domestic pigeon, 
are protruded, they receive no meat from either however, the carrier, or messenger, is the most re- 
parent fir three days : during that fieriod inarkable for attachment to his native pltice, aqd 
warmth is all they require; and the clutching them alfection f(»r his female. Frjm this peculiarity 
is a task which the female takes entirely upon it has betm employed at Cairo, and in many 
faerjvelf, never stirring firom them, except a few parts of the east, as a carrier; an office for which 
minutes to collect her food. it is well qualified, since it i« capable oi travelling 

The manner in'^whicfa this kind of birds noqrish tliree times fiister than thefleete>t horse- At Sci^a- 

their young sufflcieoUy distinguishes tbem from ix>on tbU pietsepger was once employed to cottv.; 



Z O O L O G Y.V 

Ihf fpMdiat inteUigeaec lo the merchant! of and theqaill-tiBthenarcdaikj. BoffiMirliHB 

jllep(io ortbearriTsI of *hip«; fat obtch purpoie vilh the ringdove the erou'acl piceoDtof ihi E«t 

try fkslened a letter unrtct iu ■in|[, aitd, nfter Indiei, which are of the »iie of « Turkey. Sntnt 

ving fnl i1, deipatcbed it to its native oiunliy. oftbein havB btta broaght oier aliie (o FraaM 

Nu looncr doci ihe biid fiiid ittrlf at librrty than and HoIIbikI ; but tiiey haire sever bt«Q kao'a <t 

it taiiei iuelf tu an aiDJuiug hei_^lit In the sir, aiid lay Ibnirejigi m eithei country, 

emtinuat to ditn't it< Rouisr, in ati uncrriui line. There are live urtixfoieifin birds that ban ban 

and at the aituniahint velociiy of fuity niilra in an reckoned coB|iencrOB* oilb Ifae fiugduiet aud tltm 

baur and a half '. Id out ovii couulry tbere aerial are alw many otben uf M near ■ rtuBibUaft 

anucngiri have beeu employnl for a very iiiiKii- that they can only be deemed vatialk* of Ih) 

Ut purpote; hBTinx been l«t fly at Tybuin nhen European apeciM. Such are Ibe riu|da<re of tk 

the full! earl wai drawo a*iy, (o Dodfy, to diataiit Molucca! j the triaogulBr 'poUed jiifnin of 

friendt. the drputlure of the anha|r]iy criminal. Ednidi, which inhabUi Guinea; and llie p>fan 

The Efypiiini are (aid In have iuipio ed upon of JnoiaicD, with a brown snnulaied tail. Tl* 

thli idea, and lo hate had relay) of mi'Menp^i to fouiiingo nf Mulajucar, detriihed by Ruftia, 

Etliave fflCb oitorr \ by which mivaH, inlellit<>u>-e •'ema alui lu be of this net, Bllbtrngh of a aoalbi 

of any kind could be coDieyrd, in a few boiirf, t'le, andoFa blue colour, 

tbrougbunt Elie whole kingdom. The Inrlle ii i 

It ia pretended that greal u»e waa made, iu ing p'nerally ii 

->, of the carner-pigeoa, in opeuing a mlgTstei in auliimn.likei 



e lu relieve tliem. Sui^h waa the circln oi crioiMn, Htrniuuding lU eyc^lidt. Itoi 

louTeourseceineJ int beiwccn llruioiuud Hirtiui ii a Mack apot uu each lUIe uf lb* iiack, (be ' 

■t<HDdeDB,iiispil«ofeief)r Bttemptofthcbcwieger, featheii uf which me tipped with wbile. Tlw 

Anthony, tu iulerccpt their coiiriiri. In tbe time baib Is aih-cc,luurFd, bordered tiiii browns lb 

uf tbe rroiadet, when the moit romantic enl(r> seipolan of a reddish br-iwn, apotled witb Vnd. 

priiej tterc carried on In Ihc miwt rumiintic man- Tbe billy it while ; tbe tidti,and [ana coreiUtf 

oer, we read of many Imporlanl nrliclet of iniMII- the win;, biniih. 

genc«hjivin((beeiiconvey»d by the pifeon. Atia- Tu-tledove»cori>tanl1y aiwmblcin flocb<; the? 

crMn.howeterimentioii* auOlher kind of warfare, arrive, depail, and fly in cumpaoy. In lie >b«1 

■nd other airgLt, in which, m hii lime, llili gpntle, ipace uf fourur lii monlbi, vhi--h Ihry imam 

butuBCertaincourierwa! probably ofinier rmpluy- brre, Ibeypnir, nolle, batch, and rear their ymuif. 

ed, and Ihat wat, in carrying love lelleni frum gal- whicb are able lu BCcoai|>aiiy thrin at theu ilr- 

lanla to their iDiitreue). The bird (erni~ indeed parture. 

much better qualiBn) lijr the lervice of Cupid than For thete purpoici thay eommoDly mail ia 

of Man : and In hii beautiful litlle ode, ajjrcgaeit aume thick aud |luamy wood, fai noluvad Iraai 

to hii pigeoti, the Teian poet pays him many com- Uie haunt! of men. They are spread vveralsMt 

plimeuti on hia afliictian and tervicci. tbe whole of tbe old coDtioent, and ottt tbe oea. 

There are many varieties of the dumG!<ic at fa/ u the Istandi litualed in ti.a SoaltSt*i 

pijeon, ar atockdave from which it lii dfrlved, in where Ihey were so little acqualnti^l with ita 

loreigii pnifs ; and enpi.'ciBlly through all Ihe human race, Ih^i Ihev p«rcbrd upon ibe ihould^T' 

oiealmieeniuihcEait Indies, and in moitaf the The turtles, b<i »ell «t the oihrr pTgeoBi, vt 
i!land> of the Indian Ocean. At Amlioyna Ehrre subject tu jfreat lariety. Tbi-y ure capatilr u( do- 
are two apeciet, or *arietie>, quite gr««a. Sir meitication, and can be made tu unite with Ibc 
Hauae Sloan has described a variely found in Ja- domestic pigeon ; from which illegitimate aaioa 
oiaicB, purple on the upper part of the body, aod there arise* a race of mulea, atiU capable of ptv- 
wtiila below. ducing new varieties. This unioo n probably 
Tbe ring-dove, like the ■tockdoTe,iia bird of pas- never Ibtmed in a ttate of Bature, but most be ac- 
aage 4 appealing in tbe sprlog, aod breeding twice complisbed by man, by depiiviag ttaetn of Ikeit 
during the lumnier. aftrr which among ourselves it proper male or female, and aTailinfbimsdf of tbeii 
takes iudeparturefor wsrmerclime*. Itbuildsnot excesiiv? ardour. 

onthli occasion, only b few dry sticks. Many uo- common pigeon { the male of whicb last coutnits 

■uccestful attempts have b«eo made, in modern himself with liiming round, and gmfnlly evsMg 

times, tu domesticate this ipeeies. They have before his female; whereas tbe mala tuitte, 

he'll batched below a tame pigeon; Ihey have whether in a wild or domestic state, bcgist his 

been kept, when younc, continually in the society courtship by saluting tbe finale, aiid falliug dowa 

0* man i but, after becoming capable of flight, on hi.* breast frequently belbie lier, till his Ml 

they bavealwaysavailedlbcmselvnuf Ibeesrliest touch the branch on which be is p e r c bad. Uis 

opportunity of regaining their natural haunts in salulalioni are accompanied wiifa leader sijlhai t* 

the woods. Riagdovei are nut numerous in uny shich the tvmsle, (or a while, appeara iusaaaiWe. 

country, though geoerally spreail over Ihe world. 6uon, howvrer, an iuwardcmoiioa bagiaa ubcex- 

Tbeii deih, which, when young, <! excellent, holds presied, by certain soft and plaiativa acDial! 

out a strong temptatioD to destroy Ihem. 'They are which escape from her. When oboc aha te Hi 

much larger Ihaa the common pigeon : the length the flrU access af tbe Same, sbe aooB bsuaa wish 

at full tini- heing eighteen Inches, and tbe bmdth thasameaidoaraa the male,ande>CB«oeadshiMi 

thirty. The head, back, an <.ocens of tbe wing, for she pursues bin, loading Um with repealed 

ari of a bluish HSh-colinir. The breast and tbe earesiFB, and provoking him to lore, till ah* bapa 

liiwcr part of the ne>:k are of the same hoe, with a to lay. At that period ahe finda hersalfnhHtiita 

mil Ve of red. The hind part of the neck is devote to ihe can of her fa*dy Uw tiMa wkieh 

mnrked with a semjcirrularline of while ; and the ibe wholly lavished, tlH now, oa tlMia ammisi 

fRSlhers above and below it are of a chaagaabU paitnita. 
audgloaayaoiuur- Tbe bdly is ofa dirtr wbita; In apHe oC tlie high itpntMloo tkeia owtun* 



Z O O L O G 



ufCfiMatnnlairmblnDtaf •iDrerein'«:tlon,i1]i'(e 
i» *«ll ailniwl insOnret of thrir vinlsiln^ The 
riAit)' whI ultichment whicfa iihuin bctvECii trae 

BpCBd by dMnutteation, > frmale hai been ieen 
tikioi (liSrrvnt laiton lia|i))y on the uiue liraiich. 
Tb* till): AMraiaiM ipplied to Ihe Hiird (lass 
in the LiiiiK^ii irraagcnienL, ii bj iiii 
■ !« i for while the pgwtr of 
■t ftciHlr bfilh in land anJ water 
■ ■■> ia|>cet granted tu all Thelriliei Ihat moi- 
e it, II w a poocr whicfa belongi in a much 
•t*r dcKree In Diany tribes nhicb are diHri- 
ri tbrou^ Other dasteiinili ' "' 

■ «t liviug iKiIb in and out of Ihe itater ; 
rbila flu Mue doable fftrully ■< allottsd sttll 
•lire Urieir to different tribe) in the cIbh of in- 
■rt>, kod in a itiil f^reater degree U> that of 

To a Gcnain ettenl, boacTer, the m^or part 
if the animal* called auiphibioua are pusteued 
tl Ui> doplicale poarer; Bod the pecubar alruc- 
<W* of tbcir urgaai, and the faculty they pOKea 
if (mfwnding reipiration at pleaiure, not only 
'BabI' then) to iiipport a rbange of clEment with- 
■nt injnrv, biiialso lo eoilurean aht(<neni« which 
paald prOT* fatal (o the higher elaue) of aoi- 

Ml*. ^ 

Tbe heart of anipbibiali hat been generally as- 

■Mbod wilb only a tingle venlrivle or cutiiy ; anil 



t and pbytiulotistf, u Buer- 
— eldi 

• of oth«r anJo>al> < 



.fully di 



■Dbdiii 



■Mnar* bli)od-t«sel>i n-l 
^fopvrtiOit to the teairular p»tt through whirh 
Lbay ramify: irhilc in the lungt of (he mammala, 
M givM ii tb« proportion of the bloud-veiiel*, and 
Ht vary nnall are the retielet, or ■ir'Celli, that 
Ibe luaft hare ■ lleghy rather than a meoibraoa- 
DroBi appeannce. In ainpliiblali, thereliire, the 
l*klenl*r lyitetn may be <sid (really to pretail 
■"'■'■ 'i (he Taacular 



Ee«n here, bi 



ciiUr 



Ihe diHrrmt hindt; ai>d 
M imaii contranecy iir opluion amonf phyiiolo- 
|ifla llwnfelTei coaceming the general character 
iftlMor|t«ni inmedialely before ua. The iDoal 
Mrfcet of the auphibiati it the tortoise; yet Uie 
nw*eb acadeinii-l»na nf the aeTiralsenUi century 
IharactrriM thii animal a> pofteaaiiig lArn rea- 
tridn IB ttic heart laitead flf utKi aad Linaiui, 
b bh 9j/ilrm» Naiurir, acquietcMio (bi<*Martion: 
vhito Bnnrag the pliyiiologiitiof the preaeutday 
it ia eileemed motr correct to »y that Ihe heart 
)f the v^m tm/rhiMa it, fur Ibe moat part, double, 
vr fnraiahed Bitb two rentriclea, bat poweatlng ■ 
Int or imoiediate cooimunieation with each other. 
In rcalil^, bowerer, there ia no chut to divnac- 
\<f eOiMtUuta), whether in rej^ard to the heart or 
Ihe rwapitvtarj organ ; for lb*gentiiiacsrra alone, 
lb* rneat numeruui of lb* whole, allbrdt ui In- 
Uaner* of almott every variety of eond^urBiioo i 
MOW of the ■peciea hiring a heart aud mpiia- 
lary orpa more tiinpte than ihnae of loanr of 



Che worm-lrb<'a;'wliiTe (he Am i% fViettiitif^t 
bgih lung! nnd gUil, and lias beiice puwIc^'On^B 
naruraliiti id vverjr age at to lis ))ruper kituaVufiJfl 
tome having placed it ninong the Ib'lii,'t, amitj 
othttri among the olaii before u». Uoojut "''Stl 
fixed it in tile order uf BOtphlbioul reptile ^ bif(3 
being di>«ati>fii.-d villi thit pojitiuii, yet not Joiowyy^M 
lag where to arrange :l belter, he ciualed a n^^|^| 
order in the amphihial cist! a abort liioe litfi,vi|J 
his dereaie, for the exprelt purpose of reCKiviiuyl 
it, lo which he gate (he name of mtanla. W|ii.l 
may alao olnervc, that thit claan equiilly diAe^rtil 
iu iu external power) as in its internal orgBntfnB 
for lomeof them walk, some lly. others twin, so%J 

The elsat of Pikei, otjIiIm, which in the pr«|3 
Cfdiag arrangement it lubditided into aix ordflf%3 
has, by several naturoliala, been limilad to twoi^ 
fiihei with an oateoua or apiooui akeleluu ; >aAj 
fiihei with a cartilaginou) akeleton ; the fonnw^ 
including tlie first fuur olden uf Linn^ut, aod^f 
Ibe latter the Ust two. . ,1 

The Bnt peculiarity th-at tlrikesut, arithregaf4 J 
lo (be Sshet of Ibeipinoui order, is the extent <A~1 
their numbprt. Nat only are the iadividaal) of I 
each family more nuRienMM, but the eariety tt/M 
the iundt i( also far greater. Upwards of levaa,^ 
hundred diflercnl <pecies of tpiuout fiihet an^l 
aln^aily known and dtvcribedj while the wbalafJ 
and Ihe cartilu^inoui flthet wbeu takEu togatiie^ J 
hardly amount to a fifth of (hat number. ThflS 

conliirluablv to a law, which cdXAins '~ r"T7 ili J 
paT(iiieD( of the animal kiiigdum, Uu( '*— ""'"TiM 
Ifae productions of nature ore, the mart nuinenHS(3 
and direraifird iu hinn does hhe yield them. A3 
rcry raluable pui-poae in the economy of Frod^iJ 
dence i> gained by thit constitntion of (he animal^ 
kingdom ; lor. since ihc imatler tribes are in gv-ifl 
neral deitined lo become the prey of the UrgBTtU 
an adefjunte proviaion is mada for the supply oCrl 
erery kind; none eniiiely perishes through want)i>l 
none is uUinistely Bttirpalcd by depredation. ,1 

It it by the numbers, Ihcrefore, of Ihe tpinuMwl 
lialiet that tbu utlwr orders are preserved, aodlJ 
tbeir owu perpetuated. In them generalion inj 
formed, not by producing a living animal, or bf^M 
hatcliiag a diatinct egg, bu( by spawning inott- 1 
merable ova, tbat are quickened into life b][ tb^iJ 
heat of the tun, and are destined to supply (hi J 
aoDUat watte of millioDt. Heiice the powers rfJ 
feuindity in this divisiuu exceed belief, and in %M 
abort space defy calculation. A single herriu,J 
if suffcreil to muUiply uniaoleited. Bad uadimb-i , 
nisheil for tweaty years, would shew a pro^ny 
gfCBlei in bulk Ibfln the globe itself. It it owinf 
lo this exuberant frrtilily that the herring, ths 
pilehard, and some oihrrs, bic obliged to migral* 
annaally from the arctic legions, lo ahoals of 
such toai eilenl, that (ur niilet tbcy ara seao (o 
darken the aurface utlbn water. 

But the amsaing prupagalion of fisbei, whiA 
e>e witneiB along oar cuaita and nveis, haan bo 
proponian lo (be tost quantitie* that swarm ia 
Ihe tvannar ladtudes of il.e Indian ocean. Tbc 
inhabitanla of tome of the islands tbeiw ara utd«r 
no nervsiity of proridiag itHtrumaaU for Alhingi 
b< flsh Iribrs approach the shnra they are fiin4 
in great nnmbera, in the plaihM, where Iha watar j 
reioaint after Ibe ebbing ul the tid& * _ 
iwampi are dried ap by tt 



□ they are left ii 



t they 01 



bnl with it i 


«bltc b»sd ind nulki MHt B|« 


Ibiifbod Jtw 


1 fallcD EDfire npuJIy, umI Ivnau 


b*l|er ft»voure 


d than wbtn fed in Ihn powl. Il 




ooevec, lb>l tiM net b« dipiwl fw- 


qwatiy in kii 


«. >«1 kept ta>ngmj iB ■ d..^. 



ZOOLOGY. 



nile ortheK fiibei ii nmrlf prupoi^ mm 

llaucd Ifl tiieii frcundityi Bad tbc hklanre ct na- mtot 
tore II GUClly imterrad. The ibBcli, the por- 
|H»ui, nod Ibe cod, we oU(;bt thcielore to comidir 
noL iiL> inucb ia the light or iilnnderere aud rlisli 
aallxi ufbencfscluralu mankind. Wilhout tb^ir 
VMrlium the sea HOuId kwu bn oveiebaijeil ■itli 
the burtlieu o( iu oko iutaKliiLsiitii and Ibal clo- 
nen), vhicb at prnenL distribatfb hrsltb md Thit i^inoui division eonitrlulf? (he ml) lul- 

plcut<r ID Ibe shore, »ould ia a ihort time toad it tualt tini, in the opiniDti of Liiiiiius, au(hl tabs 

Kith |iutrv(a<:Iion. re^irdril m proper fibhei; for Ibe Ion lauoidin, 

The generation and gianth of fishes, ami parli- as thej am usually mw arrans>nl, and oblcd H 

cularty of (he ovipaiuut, are iiiTolvHl in ^tral ab- are at pirtentcuisideiin; under Ih* tittr nCnta- 

•euiit.T. Many of the carlilagioaiu kinds, a> the lagi'^ii' G^fies, were ref anled bjr bin at ffifB 

■hark, and some of Ibeikatet, have Tiiibiu SKsuai amphiliialf, and under Ihe first edltiom af M 

or|ans ; and same of them produce riviparoin-lj' : Ijnnean sy>Um were r^ulsily cntnrd in Ut 

among Ihe spinous tribts il is generally eonreireil amphibia! clas ^i and conslituled a diltinct uto, 

that impre^R lion isperforgitd without the boily of tn niiii^h the author af tbr art anf cmeut f an Ih 

(be frniale, by the male ejectloft the smilt, and nums ut nanw. Theie i>, lo liuib, a pctnlartf 

minflmg it with her ova. Somelliiog, ho%.ever, In tlic te^piralory organs of the earnUdaPB 

Iik« pairing and copubtion has been oWrved flkliei winch )[<»et theu the appenium uiliiim 

atninifc Qshfs kept in pondi. At a reitain period nuci Bbicli t/eia reinided a* a inintiim vl tup 

the sura are seen itruggling together among the and gilli by Linufus, on which acinunt il w 

(IMS, at tlie brink of the water. It is then that Ihot be piacrd Iheni as we hare no* >talrd. nt 

the acales of some grow rough, Slid loiD tbeir lill- more accurale researches dF utbac moumgitv 

t»; that other ttibei become thia, lose their ap- however, have since prored Uiai thrw inppiasl 

petite, and appear flabby. lungs nre no other than a particular liiod ol i*» 

It baa not yet been nilficieiilly aicertaiucd cularprocn>e*,ivhicb thciaimd ban the pMnrrf 

whether all cbe fisbe« of this ditiiion, when they occaiionally iaflaliag iu order to render ilietf <p- 

£ist Bllalti lo ajiimalion, and burtt from the egg, ciGcally lighter, and to ascend at pleator* aOt 

leaie it perfei^t animalsi/u in a tadpole itule, a* il the eruattr facility. 

the saae with tlio fnigs, and many of the liaards. The apertures by which Ibis division at itta 

The young frog is firtt iiibend iatu U(e uithoul breathe are |il3ced always neat tli« hnd, boi htw 

legs, aith an enoimous head, and (lender tail; not UDifomily the ume pusiliuui in taut Ibrf 

but the tniJ suun after drops off, Ihe bead iflmi- are placed heuealh, as in the ny%, and oUxr hS 

niabea, Ihc.Wja appear, and the tadpole ii metai- fiibesj in others on the aides, as among tt« sbart 

norphMed into IbeoioadiDped, when it changes tribe { and among a third kind they are iilaaiid 

otitie lizac'd ulfio, m like mai.ni^r cxcludt.^ tium llsh. 
tbe shell without legs, acifuire them by degreca, Trum thcie foraiu 

and afler iome lioK^ leave the lerpent shape. lindiicaJ dncts.that 

Siiioe fiihes, it IS prubabte, in like manner lufttra poied to coni-eylhe air that gives their wiw 

change, Ihongh Itio imperceptible to attrai'l Ibe their proper play ^ the heart, however, has W 

notice uf llw oliMtrer. In support of this idea, it one valve ( end hence their blood doei not pi> 

ii wr|l kuuwn, that during the moDlb of July form that double circulatioa which obtain *i«i>~( 

tlxTC appear in the Tbaoii:! innumerable shoali the cetaceuus kinds. 

Ufa iiuall Qab, calUd white bait, that are univcr- Anoiber stinking cburacter by which this di>f 

«aJly olluived tu be Ibe young uC some species siun orOsbes isdistinguished is, that their fie>ka 

abounding there. Tbey have no roe; a cir^uui- sujjpurted by Eartilages inttead of by boMw. h 

llance vihieh pruvis tliim Iu be young : thay re- Ibe ceiaceoui tribes ire bare leeo Uat unboaa 

■eiublc nu ulher Gib exactly ^ from which the wtre hard, and filled 

conclusion is ihat Ibey undei'^o a cUaiige before tboi- of quadrupeds ; while these p>iiii 

tfaey arrive at uiatiirily. nuua fishes are mull, slender, and pmnird. mn- 

The general chainctKr by which naturalists dik. binig Iboinr, and generally solid ihiMtMoi. 

tinguish tba spinous fiahoi frooi Ibe carlilagiiio ui The cizr of other animals iocieawi wiih Umr 

■is that bony operculum, whicb, iu Ibis order, ukl- agi-, and stops at a certain point ; hut fiwaU* 

yertally covcis Ibe gilU uu each side. By these p!iaii<y of the bones in this Intx- Ihry w- *< 

caterings the gills arc alteinately opened and haie i.o Uouiidsplaced (o their dimenAicp>i«.airi « 

ihui i and Ihe spinous fishes breathe by Ibese O'r- is said by tonie physiologiiU thai th«5 $»■ 

gnus alone. Hence, as these animals partake l?ss larger every day till Ihey die. 
of the conformation of i|uadiupcdi than aithir A ibird general cbaiacter of (bete 6ihn smn 

the cartiJaginous ur tlie cetaceous liibes, they can from llieir mauner of generation ; suinc of Um 

in generul remain odly a shuiler time out of Ibaii arc oviparous, while the i:reiiler pari prodiW b" 

proper eleauLt. When taken finm the water iog young. In tbose that are tivlparoat tta 

they ustify tl«ir sufferings by panting mure vio- progeuy is g?neially, though not in ■voj » 

leiitly, and at closer ialervalsj the thin air fur- siance, eicludcd from an egg halrhad wtdiia ill 

Dishes nut their gills with proper iiUy, aud in a body ot the female; this etn cnnciuls o( lin>|MHh 

frac miautcs IhEj eipire. a while and led, is in those of binis : and iMmJ 

llut lbs spinout tribes are nut all equally inci' uf n shell, it i. lodged in a ease formed of * tt>A 

{■able uf luppurimg life in the u|ien air. The eel tough substance, resemb'.mi; a bom thai has kw 

Hill live several taourb out of-walei i and Ibe carp M.ftenol lu bulling watei. The fi^ai gf Ihil d» 

bu tieeo known la be tattentd in a damp celliu. sctipliun aio c41>d arinsi^arrai. 



2 O O L O G V. 

pmroii« fl«h^ prrxlnee their yonng near- destitute of a heart ; and he has hence renofe^ 

lame mnaner ; in these, as well as in the the cancer and monorulus tribes; which evidentir 

roufi k'nds, the e^v is hatched for some possess this organ, from the class of tnseeli, and 

le b« My «if the female, bat before the fe* has made a new dirision of them, under the title of 

lengnecd from it is excluded from the Crustatea; for wh^cb see the article of this 

d l«*ft till time and tiie warmth of tlie sun nurae. Lamarck, for the same reason, has pro- 

tncloserl offspring to marurity. Roth pOised to exclude the spider, whose heart and 

larkably from the whales and the qua- circulation of blood are distinctly visible ; but 

vhoit^ e^^ start from the orarium, and the external conformation of the spider must 

uterus at or shortly after the time of preclude it from associating with the erustaceous 

n, where they •emaiu only a short time, dtviiton : the cimex or bar, and the cieada or 

y lea?e that state, and are formed into a grasshopper, have equal pretensions to a cvrcuhi* 

fetus. tory system ; and hence there is na knowing 

ire other discriminating characters be* where to limit the innovation when it is onee al- 

this division, less discernible indeed, lowed on entrance. 

as mark a difference between them and The first state in which the generality of insects 

ling tribes. The spinous fishes have no appear is that of an egg : from this is hatched 

ipparatus for hearing; it is probable, how- the animal in its second state, which, as applying 

t the cartilaginous are furnished, though to the moth and butterfly tribes, is denominated • 

ly, with an organ of this kind; since, ra(erpi/ter; to the fly and t»ee tribes a m^^ot; and 

1 side, near the eyes, there is an aperture as applying to almost all the rest a lane. The 
ins into the mouth, the supposed use of form of the larve differs extremely in different 

partly to convey the water into the kinds. In the beetle it is of a thick, heavy shape, 

hich is expelled through the gilli, and with the body of a rounding and bulgy appearance 

convey sounds to the tympanum. In at the hind part. In the locust or grassboppef* 

•ct, therefore, the cartilaginous fishes tribe, and some others of the same order, It does 

eemed a more accomplished race than not much differ froin the common insect, except 

rir companions of the deep. in not being furnished with wings. In the fly 

lies of this race copulate with their fe- and bee tribes, and a few others, it is of an oval 

d the sexual organs are easily distin- oblong form without any feet. In the dragon-fly, 

: and whether it be that these animals po9^ water-beetles and several more, it if of a very 

warmth of coiist:tutlun, or a greater t^- singular forni,ahd differs farther from the complete 

r bringing their offspring to maturity^ insect than in any others, except tho«e of the 

rally choo»e colder seasons and situa- moth and butterfly. — The pupe, or chrysalit, 

sroducin^ their young than other nshcs; the state at which the insect next arrives, difibn 

hem propagate in the uiidkt of winter, In the different kinds almost as much at the 

om the sh ;re. larve. In most of the beetle tribes it is furnished 

itiladnous fishes, though not so remark- with short legs, capable of some degree of motion, 

r for fatness or size, ure in general more though very rarely exerteil. In the butterfly tribe 

< than any of the tribes we have already it is perfectly destitute of all appearance of limbf, 

; their livers are indeed fat, and are and has no other motion than a' mere lateral bend- 

fl employed for the production of oil ; it is iug or writhing when touched. In the locust tribe 

!vcr, from them that man derives either it differs but very little from the perfect insect, 

pleasant or salubrious foorl; they are except in not having the mings complete. In 

nd immoderate fi eders, and their flesh most of the fly tribe it is perfectly ovml, witbont 

if impurity. Of a considerable portion any apparent motion or distiHCtion of parts. In 

the mouth is placed below the bead; a the bees, and other insects of a similar cast, it ii 

ce of nature^ for which an old writer as- less shapeless than in that of the flies, ezhibitiiig 

nrious reasrm: their snout, says he, is the faint or imperfiecl appearance of the Ihnbt. In 

to be divided ; and their voracity is so the libellulft, or dragon<flies, it is loco-motive, a# 

t their own life requires that it should in the locust tribe, but differs most widely firom 

illowcd a ready or complete gratifica- tbe appearance of the complete insect, end may 

be numbered among the most singular of tbe whole, 

sequent e of this conformation of tbe From the pupe, chrysalis, or aurelia, eofierges at 

. great part of the cartilaginous fishes length the complete insect in its perfect or olti- 

•d to turn their back downwards in lay- mate form, from which it can never after change, 

of their prey ; a circumstance that re- nor receive any further increase of growth. This 

oe, and afFmh an opportunity to the last or pei feet state of an insect is, in tbe Linn^ao 

«hes to make their escape. They devour language, the imago, 

d of fl«h ur rtesth, and to their extraordi- We have entered so much at large ititotbe general 

icity, had nature granted the power of habitsandeconouiyof insects under the article Eir- 

preheiKling their food, the other kiads tomoloot, to which we refer our readers, that k 

% ago have beeu altogether extirpated is nut necessary for us to expatiate on the sot>ject 

' gluttony. in the present place. There is nevertheless one in* 

s, as to their structure, were but very jicct universally acknowledged to be of every cn- 

nowu to the ancients : ami the origin of rioos character, (we mean the ant) whose powers 

lem was referred to spontaneous genera- and moile of life have been given so much at lengtb, 

tbe putrefaction of animal t*r vegetable and with so much interest and novelty of observa- 

s. Even in the present day we latmur tion, by M. Hober, (the son of the entomologist 

ikiderable ignorunre concerning them ; to whom we are indebted for our description of ||ie 

:ful as to the circulatory and respiratory Bie,) since the above article was written, that it 

many tribe^t, and know not how, with would be nnpardouable in us to cloce tbe pretest 

atisfaction, to class various otber<:. work without offering an abstract of thit very ela- 

cms to doubt that proper iosectr are borate and amtaiog etsey, which he het entitled 



ZOOLOGY. 



'■ Recb«rcbc« *ur Ifi Mteura do Founiui Id- 



is had atlncteil 



thr 



Dlnidu 



a apullicp. Virions otltct inodi£c*tiaiia Mf 

iiwcirt. The IU01.1 perfect ipci:iAK>» of mi- 
muuibip are geiietallj luliibited by Itr imUo 
»n\3. The brown ant^/Wm>irwe]'i pailituliH^ 
remarlubJe ainang the oiBsoatc Uibo. TbM 
nesi< »re fbrme'l of paialUI or canuniiic ttono. 
en'.'li four or G>« lion in height i Uu farutna 
being aboiU half a line in thicluie», tad biuil «f 
such Gae mtlerisl* (hat Iba inleiiur ^pon 
pvrlcetly smodlb. Od exaniiuuii racb u( llat 
itoiiei. He ducorcr cbamberi of diHrn&l uu, 
having Jong g*tleries of tuuiniuuicaiioB. lit 
tieilinga of the latgei tpacet are aappaiud b) 
wnall pillan, ionietiuiu by ileadir wvllt, od u 
uiavquaiaicd oilier caiet by anhci. Some cclli tan b*l • 
eurioLu particulara reiperliiig tbete lingle cotrancsi otheritiaTe paaurei, ■hiclora 
itateof fly, urbicliiceiluill aftcrwaidi foni the lUiry uoilemeaUi. lo otbu parti, rOI 
'~ ~ central apscti, or liallii, are luetaiUiiii 

■ freal nmobcr of paasign triiniujlt, lite 
Etta and anuuri la a iiiar1(rl-|dacr. 1*1 
DCat Dftep contain! Iwtnl)' nf Ihna tW^ 
he leiel of lb* j{rjund,aDdat twatb liaaii 
K. The UM of Ihii numfroua aunn <i 
will appear in the lequel. The luiiratf 
■t 11 iDVercd with a llncltcr Kiil.aad tM 



Tbc iniliuliy sod actiiity of at 
Ouich nolice rrum Ihe ancienis; but id tbe 
Biiilure uf truth and fable vhkb Eompose the 
accouuta of PJiny, and of Aristotle, ve ^nJ Ihe 
errori greatly propunJeratingj and eien thfi 
■rrltingaof modera esturaliBlscoDleinamuKiiudB 
of VBpie aiserlioni, onaupporled by (4iier*atioo. 
By tone tticit legacity hai been greatly eiag- 
geratcd, and by othen ai unHarraniably depie- 
cialed. Leuwenbcek reetiBed many ol tlie «[rort, 
and aaa tbe flnt who accaralcly diiitin|ul>h>d tbe 
larvet from tbei egg!. Swamioerduii folloaeil 
them, Hith itill gtealer minuteueu, id all tbcir 
tnnifomiitiDDS ; and Lionel 



rs of peofFr 
r, Bonaet and Lnlieille, bive addfd 
us Iscis on the econoiuy of anu, but «iil 
V important quesliunii undecided, to which 
• surresifol rtJorls of Mr. Huber have now 
Batisficlory aolutioii. In hii aecount of 
theeitcmal charactenof the apecicij, which forma 



pally of tbe detcriptioua and method of 
Latrcilte. He agreei aiih him in Bicribing to 
Ihim ■ tongue, an organ which Fabiicioa had 
aiippused tbem not poiiewH) uf. Thii tuDgue la 
afMiou-iAapecl ; inJ by means 
aKording lo M. Uuber, ia ennli 



ingreK and egreii 

tu heir much tient. During the ilay, thetcfon.nil 

particularly wben the luo ihioea, their dooo ui 
tbe inaecl, duwd; and they eilbri; kerp a) boma, or irMiw 
ap up Buida out ooly tbiough the itibtcrrsDeoua paMfB. 

Wheu Ihe dew hai (|iieo frcabne 



H than laeaiy-lbree spec iri, indigenous InSnil- and lofteued the earthy maleriaU on il . 

Berland j but ihe particular) be hat given ui re- they begin to make their appeukacc ibon 

lale to « few [if these only. grou»4. Ob tha Grrt chowei of raio UialKOin 

Ant* pnseut u( nilb many itrikiog analogies the whole swarm are apprised of it, mat matir 

vilb b«ia; a* in ttariii wc may in each specie! atdy reaune their arcbitectural U^oitn. WWi 

diUiflguiah thire modjEicationa of aei, naoiel)-, some are engaged in nmoviiut Use earth b<t», 

thtie>a/fi,tiiF_fnufH.Rnd Ihe WHIiriur laboumj; others are employed in building an addiuoaiJ 

the latter being, iu respect tu tea, in tiie same sinry on Ihe top; the masons making use (4 Ut 

coDdition as liie noiking hees, that ii, Ihcy are matrrials furnished by the miucrs. Tbe pbii^ 

fcuulei ill whuni IDe generalive organs are nut the cells anil partitions t< drat traced in reUM'M 

dcvL-luped, and wbuufcuurMarebaneii. In each Ihe walls, which ace seen gradually to an«, kait- 

hiTe of bocs, howetcr, there it but one queeo ; ing empty spaces between ihera. The bctinaiivit< 

whereas a great number of ijueena, or feoiBle ants, pillar indicate Ihe situation of the future hills ;aW 

•(c met wiih, licing in the utmost bartnuay in tbe Hif risiag parllfions show tbe form tff the imro^H 

same nftl. It appears, tliat any of Ihe larres of pottages. Upon the plan thus traced, ihiy p» 

Ibe Isbotrring class of bri-s may be raiseil lu the tinue building, till they have orrired at a hA- 

nnit of queen, that it, may acquire a develop- cient e)evation. HaiKS of moistaaed earth «■■ 

ment of nrgaos by a paiiiiular mode of feeding, then applied at right angles to the tups td IW 

WhelboT the same ciroimtunce ohiatos, *ilh walls, ou each side, and coatinual ia a tiAciauati) 

respect tu Ihe female au'. has out yet been aster, directiou till lliey meet in tbe miihlle. IV i«^ 

taiucd, und ii a qwsliun » Inch Mr. Hubiir't future iogi uf the larger chambers ai« caui|>l':<rd isUe 

Ksearches wiU probably unable him to delermine. tame manner ; the workers beginning from tas 

The laiiuDB lulls wbich ciintribuli: to Ihe welfare of a>igl«i of the wallt, and from the tojia af Ite 

Ibe rrpublic are cooGdtd, in both communitiis, pillars which have been niied in itir rentie Thi 

to llie laht-urors, whu act ii the ai-chilecls uf thu laigetlof these chamben.wbich miglitbr ''0*|a>* 

lily, as the soldictt of tbe gsrris<>n, and «s Ibe >tl li> tlie town-ball, and is frequently mvn ifct* 

Tturnei and gnarilinns ol the litinit generation j twoinchei iDdiampteriiicamp'eieJwilhappaRar- 
ly us miichease a« tha rest. This tHuy crawd uf ••■ 
luus ariirinp i a every direelioi>,ladro with maltf laW 
for tbe building, hstiening tu avail ib*aiul'«ia 
the rnin tn cariv on their "oik, and yri (JmtvuL/ 
the moat pcifeoc order in Iheir vperalioat, *a* 

_ . present the most iiiteretting and aomiM f^ 

1 they taelc. Tbey raiie a tiagle story in sboal seica m 

. Some employ merely eight baurs, fuiming a general roof at a euMiiit 

^nn as loe mMeiiai; some collect for the tame to the whole ; and Ibcy go oa, addinf mitt 

pwpoae fragments of leaves, of baik, ur uf straw ; iloriet, lo long as the rain t^tda IbW Ibe fMiiT 

othen nae nuthiog but finely pulveiised portious of moulding the materials. WWk IbcTaisietaaB, 

of decayed wood. Tbe solid sub^taIue of trees spd is succeeded by a drying wind.ha fe ietbfy >»■« 

It eicavated by another ipeciot into Dumerout eoRipleled their wetk. Iha «arU Caattwf M adkM 

^partMntt, haTing i«(ul« (oiunupieatian* witk toieilier, and cra«bUD| i^t* p««dar,Bwln«t al 



I those uf. I 






by great diicnitiia of aiaun 
ohawo in the variety of i 



itinguisbed from ei 



tnkingly 




Z O Q L O G Y. 

Ihey TinJ DiLi In be Ibe egg* acquire a caniiJanblc 

aw, Ihcf , •illi oiie ■teord, tet abo'ir ilntrayins Ibis period ; knd that at lepgth the; brfomo 

Me cdt« ohKli Itwr had bcfim, hut harl not been Ijr train [lareat, anil mucli diftended, and mun 

•Me to enTFT in, and itiitribate llie matmial* OTer in form the larre that it about to be ndoded, 

" c upper iioryuf what tliCf had complrinl. Under limilar jirawtb had already been DOllcedby 

aw rimaitance* Mr. Huber lurrcMdnl in get- mur in the eggs of Ihe gall intecl, and by Valli««i 

*r them to rnume tbeir tub by meani of neii in Ihoseofiome ipecieii of Hj. " 

I •riifieial (bower. or a fortnight Ihe Incre comei forth ; 

In tradng the deii^ of the celb and galli^O, perfectly tranipareni, con»i>ts only of 

l»rh ant appean to follow iti own finer. A iranl rinfi, without eieQ the nidimenU of heX or 

if xrconlinceinnit thn-eforefrequeDtlytakiiplaee tfloDB. In tbii itaie it ii likewiM compi 

pi Ibr point wbm Iheir worbt join : but tbej dvpeudeat on Ibe Ubouren for iu mpporl: 

Mver appear tu be erabarroaied by any diffiuul- food is altogether liquid ; and their iianei alleffi 

oTtbit kiwi. Ad initanceii related, in which ibetn tu lake it out of tbeir mouthi, without itj _ 

nppmite walla were made of inch diaereut luariiiglo hare undergone in; preparalioti. The 

U>iini,tbat(bec<:il>Dgufttieaae,ircoiitiiiued, fuiluwing posage will gire »me idei of Ibe ran 

Id not hare reached above balf way of the with which they are reared. 

bt of Ihe other. An eTperi«nced aat arriving In their pa<iaj;e t) the aUle of perfect inaect* 

ie apot leeme'l itmek with the defect, and tbey itill require the foilering cara of thair gnaM 

ttin*di>tcly dtttroyed the loirer ceiling, buili up diani, and would be Diiabltv without their bdp^' 

rail to the proper height, md firmed a new to eitrieale tbecnielte* trom their enclumre. '" 

111: with lbs maleriik of the former. Ihrie effi>rbi fnr their dpiivennce tlv? Ubou 

Mate, in proridiog Ihe male and female aat* diiplay lurprising patience aud ingenuity ; ai 

wings, iDuit evidently have deaigned them for lively picture i> giTen of the icene that the 

Id diitaot abodei, wbcro tliey might Isnur of the nest preienti to the ipeclator, ■ 

le fwaden of new ouloDiei. Airired at the whole *ociety of labourer! are actively 

of naturlty, and Fiirniiihed wttb perfect ployed in emancipatini Ihe young fron I 

iF Bight, tbey Wait only till the t'utten, and anticipating all their wauta till I 

of the Btmoiphere ii nifHciently genial ; are able lo ptuvidc for tlienueliei. Tliey itli 

ODOt quit their neittUII Ihe temperature has watch and liillow Ilieni for many dayi ■ -■•■-■_ 

(« above 67° of Fahrenheit. Batj iwarmt them the waya and labyrivths of their habHatiMV 

■r Ae*e«iaepd in«ecla are lhent>eo to iHuefmui and mpplying tliem ahnndantly witb food. Tl '' 
■'■I the male* and frmslet in expanding III 
irnn, which woitld otherwite lentain Irild^ ' 
lenever iliey wander to too great a di 
induct ihem back in mbty : and they c> 
»e uticei till Ibc teaiOB of tbeir mtgralioa 



thonuml brilliaTtt eoloun. They ur^ e«- 
d in all Iheir itrpt by the loboureri. ivhu ap- 
titwalch Ibem with peculiar wilicitude, fre- 
fOMMly offering them food, and coreniDg theot 
titk Ibeir anteonae. At length they leave their 
tttewlanta, and commence Ibcir flight, few being 
RBIiiM()«*erlo return lutbc apot whidi gui-e ihtun 
iMb. The act of fecnndatiuii i> generally per- 
during tbiit fligbt. Tbe malea, liariiig 
Ibe purpo<e« of nature, nre now uaelaaa 
< of the lociety ; it duea oot, howerrr, 
that 'hey ar« evt 



1'he feciiudated femalei tbat eicape detealiOK I 
*itd quit fui ever after the paternal roof, no aooaaf | 
alight upon a ipot where any loose earth it 
be oiet irith, ihaii they let about foi-ming a In 
taliuD. The Drat Uep tbey take it to cut off Ihda ] 

■, nre now uaelaia own wingi, for which they liavc no longcrauy W 

uea Dot, howerrr, and il it extremely curioiu that they neier pantl 

iiBcrcd by Ihe la. fnrm Ihii aperaliun till tbey Bnd a aitnation tk ~ 

but tbey are prumiiea to afliiird Iheoi an aiylum. Hating m 

. being nopro- uo lahuuren tu work for thinn, they perfbnB 41 ■ 

wtlb the means of procuring' it (or tliem- thv houaehold diiliea thcmielvca. Like the wmiM 

IwIt w , and bring n-parated frum those by whiiH tlien of otlxr nnimals, they are iiidehtigableirin 

la uB ly tbey bnd hitli«rtii been fed. The k'oialet, tbvir ■tlcnti'm tu their off.priiig. Thus Ibe UH 

Vbni impregnated, seek proper hebilaliuiM, wtietCi irirlividual, which, when lurroitnded at Itome by 

~ will alierwaidi appaar, tbey lay the foundaticKw Uiok who minitier to all her wanti, and rtlieia 

'■tew republic!. her frum txertion, would have nsposed ie indo. 

All the impn-gnated fi-malet however are not Inicv, Rod been quite eoteloi* of ber yvung, ael 

M, in Ihia way, to the parent state: many are ifuina new poaiiri fna nccetivly, siid ful61a UnJ 

bylhrlabaui«rsberarelheyeauUkDth<.-ir luicnliun of nature in the formation of new ~~^ 

id a few are impreguated 111 theoml itHlf. puhtica. It is iinpoullile to prudnn amoreati 

Tlia laboortts ate crery where lying in wail for ing enample wf vanatiun in 

HkMl, and forcibly triae Uiem wherevrr l)iey are mal' product by * cbinge uf e: 

•« be ftamd ; Ibcy immediately deprive Iben of tlance*. 

4MrwlD«i, and drag Ihem to tbeoeii. Uriethoy Our attealion shall Beit be directed tc 

■ftkept rluae (nisuoen br several dayi: their in whieb aMs procure the mcooa Of at 

*■ walrhing Ihem with the greatest aitiddity, and the ii«wi that hare been opened ti 

■fuUy aupplying Ihem with noariibment, Hiibcr oo Ihit subject oie among Ibe luiisl curaua 

*«4 rwlveyiiig ihfm to )Tlaatioii( wbera the Icm- uf any he bat diaclosed. It ii here, tade«l, that 

- CvatOTe i* lb* moat graiefnl. the prtnr^ipal eiruis have been commitwd by Ibota 

7^ eggs, when first deposiud, are lery small, whu have hitherto prrtrnded to in^uncl us as •• 

. bHe,oiiM|iir, and of a cylindrical form. Til a la. tbe econoniy uf Urtise iuecta. Tbe enlleciiMM af 

tmrerOitowhimtbeaBraothalehingtlieinitcun. lar*B were Ion? mislakta for mago^inea afoini 

er quit tttom lor a momcBi, but keep them aitd oiber food, which 11 was Mppeacd the aoM 

ofmoistnre.by IkUaglhemeOBlloually depoeilird in granariea, at proviiions fo> winlaw 

^»% tbeir loDgae*, o> Rasing tbem tbrough their eonsumption. Bat Uie tnub it, that ihey m* at. 

kMtka. Mr. Htibat baa ctnrly pnived tbat tbe noit wbotl j earalvoitiai, and com it ecnsiuly am | 




: O O L O G Y. 

■liMldaoawbiAftwr Aadithayintauliinn- prcii;riiag[hemtilli 

gtn to Uie ■« of hODrdinf, >nd none of Ibeir celli c liuiun, anil in ■ wotd, . _ . , 

ore mnittaetcd with Itii* viow. The anti, wbosn tentiou which tlw; gWe to the tfgt uf Ihtii g^ 

occupatioiuconlina thum BlliouiCitleiiRiilfbcttipir ipivint. Wbcu disturbed by so iotnidci, Oiff 

food OD tbs UbDiiren, who furaEe tor Uie vhule ctrty afS tbrte efgi in p-eat hMie to ■ pluiol 

•adetj, and bring to the netl nuall iiifecu, or ufetj. Dido^Dl ^kcio of iphii an lo W fMirf 

porliuDi of *ay Buioial cubstiiire Ihat may fall in io the Mwe iic>t ; »evenil ktod* ol fit tiiueuut 

tbcir way. When Ihe pome it too balky to be also of Icrtmeiieive the tamr purjwws tu ibiuw 

eaiily Uani|Ki>ted, th«y Gil Iheinulve! villi nnu- a* tli« aphis, affordiiii tbem in likr mtntmtj^at 

Tiihnwnl, the creator part of irhicli thiiy diigorgc poueued uF nutriiiuun qualitiea. All UiCM ttn la 

on their return, for tbe beneftt oF Ihaie Iltai are perfect hartDOny with their niulcia, who w ftt 

hungry. Tbi:« niilriciona fluid Ibey rsUio un- fioin oHciin; tbem any moleitatiuo, defend Urn 

changed far ■ considerable lime, wben preveotod *itb conragc a^inil the anu of oiber mk-ihim 

from impsrtini it lo their conipiniont. "ho mighl attempl lo purkiin Ifaem. Thai Ui* 

The food H hi<^b they appear tu n-liih above all nnta have tome notion of property in Ihe^ IniMU 

olben isan exiulatiou from Ihe bodira of aereral would appear from their occaiioiially haiiat <» 

■pedes of aphii. iniecti which abound ou the tablitbmenli tuT ibese aphiif* at * ditianee tna 

planlt in tbe vieinity ^f ant hills. Tbit tpetiin Ibeir city in fortifled buildinRi which they co»- 

of huney it abtorhod with k'™' aridity by ihe Btrucl fur Ihi* purpuKe alone, in phuMu wbrr> (biy 

anti. and apparently wilhonl the leart dotiiuient ore tpcufe fitrai invaiioa. Hwe tlw iiphiMi m» 

(O the iniMt thai yield! if. Thtt fact hn4 already eoiiBncil aa ruwt id a dairy, lo nupply Uw ■»■« 

beea noticed by Boioiierde Santagrv; buticveral of tbe oieinTpolit. 

very Intertatin; parliealan, ai tu tbe mode in Our autliur taai beeu at |:reat pain* »o oacertca 

whieh tbit encretion it procurwl, have been by >hai. mrani tlieae iB««et* are euabUd !»«*■ 

bfouthl to light by M. Huber. Ue iufnrmt ui, opnRite in tbe cNPCulion nf Ihcoe UdOlkM«^ 

thai the liquor is roluntarily gtren out by the tignii a caoperat.on whichli laetplinblr, a*^ 

•phli, wlivn oolieited lo dn m by tbe aot, who. for on tlie (uppoiiiiuii tbit they posMoa a apratatf 

that purpnse, slnket it gcutly, bul iT^pratedly, language, by i>hich the iutmtioni otiodiTidiMh 

with ita antenna*. Wing Ibe iiau>« mmi'iRii as it afc imparled l<i one aaullier, and to the roiB«»> 

doei irhen caiMSiiif its young. H« ii M to he- "'ty ai larvr. Th" panirubr mrnts appanaif 

lieve tnm iibnertalum, that Ihe apbii mains this D*«t fur Ibis purpoar ire ileMili^ in many ]wli 

liquor far a lonjter lime when the antn tie nut *l of the unrk) and it ntighi.ne conrvtre, haaehm 

hand to ri'epive it. A lioglo spbl( h sulBcient to instriieiive ii> bite brouichi toitPilKT, u « diana 

lapply ill this way muny ania wUh a plnnlifut chapter, all ib> fai-li that burs npon tl.M tiMnW. 

■Deal. £ren those among thrm Khd had acquired !«( <jii>^tii>n. It doei uiil iqtpear lint aats an 

iringii, and cCiUld tberofore buve eatrly escaped ca]iabl* of cmitiiug suiimd) so at t» mwiBdniMi 

from the ants, if thev had been so disposed, yield* at > dialanEc. The senM Of tauvh ia *ith Ckaa 

ed tbit honuy as fredy as Ihe olhuri, aiid with at tin priocipal medium of conveying inipmaMWta 

Utile appcannec of fear or rontlraiat. cna onutlicr, Soiue of ifase inpreaskias an «» 

Most insect! becoiDe torpid vbeo Iheir I'-m- muniuled hy Ihe one clriking ita brad agai«( 
perslure is much reduced. Wlien il appro jcb"?) '•*= eoncli'l of llie otTier; oihvrs by bniwW< ibt* 
tbe fr^jin^ point, tWy fall inlon doji Ir tliarpy, mandibles in '.oniaci, Tbe faritkcr m tbcsigoilol 
and in Ihat «tale require no food. An<9 present' a >lanfer; which is spread with ■siODikhinc i(iur«- 
remarkable eiceptiun to Ibis rule; fur they nre ntai lbroii|i. i be wholp society. f>DTiustbc uifiit 
not benumbed till ibe lbermDm:.ter bar siiitk la an well a at other time), tenlinels are stiiiaoeJ 
27' of Fabrenbeil, or 6ve degrees below the freei- un the ouitide of tlii-ir habiUlions, who on Ike ap- 
ing point. They Iberefoie have need of a supply proach uf danger luddeuly descend into the snuitt 
of prori lions duiing Ihe in^atcsl ptrt oClhe win- nf the tribe, aol spread ilie alarm on rvery trit; 
e mtl'fled tbe wbole are soun apprised »f tbe diofcei !•* 
wbUe ■ . - - 

, the 
larva, hasten with Iheir cl 
tecurity. The mates an 

hand, uu being wiraeduf tbe appiosicbingecabat, 
in whieb tliey feel tfaemtelvetiDcaiMble of kaMiot 
iny scliic part, fly for ahelleito tbe moot letnd 

Banoet had imagined, that in their )ow«tyi 
lilts directed their course chiefly by Ihe sent 
; and wben tbe mid it not < xcessive, they nmiaiuiiig iu ihe iruck which they had hs^** 
pa>sed. But it appear* that Ihey lata mioB 
other mEans of Su-liii; their sray ; and >«rt 
ecessity d> pend principally on Ihe aeiiaes of ligbt aad j 
of) h etc journeys; they bring these animals to their touch, aided by th« memory of loral cimsctaa- 
own iies'i. where they lodge Ihcm near tbe vege- c<a. If they should meet with anooyance io thaw 
tables on which they f^^d, nhile Ihe domestic an Is n<*l,iir, from iiny other cause, find it iiK»n>rtniat 
pretent them fiom stirring out, guarding them to rrmaiu, they endeatuur to Sod sooie other spat 
with fn-at care, and defending Ihcm wilh » much to which they may remore j and, for this pnrpcat, 
teal at they do their otni young. the labouren acatterlheoiaeltea abroad, and neuo- 

But their samcity goes CTcn much fnrhierlhan noitre in every direction. Tbe antwhuhatiht 
what is here rHalcd. They collect the eg^s of good fortune to discover a cootenicnt silnaiiM 
the iphit, they suprrinlcnd their hatching, coU' returns immediately bosiie, aisd by crrtaia go- 
lioually moistening theoi with ttietr tongue, aod tUiaac^uaintiberMmrmdnwiih bet (Kcoa, aad 



ftitii mach hat (ban iu summer. ' 


tadr principal 


resource, however, under these circ 




Mill the same, namely, the hi.ncy 


of the aphis; 


which natural tecretioii ai>p(urs to be expressly 


desigued for the subsistence ofant 


What con- 


Irms Ibis view of the intenlious of n 


ature it, that 




riy the same 


tenpcralurc as Ihe aiitj a coincide 


ce which it is 


haHly possible to allribute to mere 


chanr-. The 


winttr haunts of tho a|iMi, which a 


re rhi-llv Ibe 


rootsoflreesandihruhs, are well k 





ZOOLOGY. 

oiaUoattlie directum of the place she has cbr>«en. of wounds, and apply to the bitten part a drop of 

'lie migrations of the fallow ants (faurmis fauoes) acrid fluid, which is secreted for this purpose. 

i« cooducted in a rery singular manner. The llicir combined attacks upon rarious iosectsp 

uidc carries another ant in her mouth, to the even of considerable sixe, are well known. Id hot 

lace to which she intends the cok>ny to remove, climates they extend their hostilities to the 

lath then return, and each Uking up another ant, smaller quadrupeds, such as rats; and, in some 

riof them, in a similar manner, to the new settle- countries, become formidable even to man. But 

■mt. These, when instructed in the way, return the greatest enemy to the ant is the ant itself. 

nd Mch others; and this process is continued by The lesser are frequently enabled, by their oou- 

Jl the guides, their numbers increasing in rapid rage as well as by superior numbers, to orcrpower 

«ogressir)n tilt the whole has been transported to the stronger specits; and jealousies often ipriiif 

he sew place of abode. up between rival si ates belonging to the same spe-i 

It is impossible to contemplate the actions of oies. Kacb has its peculiar system of tac^s, 

neb minute beings, in whom not only all the pa- wliich is varied according to the enemy to whom 

entnl aflbctions subsist in as full force as in the they are op|io4ed. The fury and desperation 

■rger animals, but the social sympathies al!«o pre- with which they light is inconceivable. When 

nil in a Boch more extnoniinary degree, without an ant has fastened upim his adversary, it will 

ievlingsofwonder and admiration. 1V seal with ifuHer its limbs to be torn, one by one, from its 

ihich the bee will devote its life to the service of bo<ly, rather than let po its hold; and they are 

he oooimunity of which it forms a part has long frfqumtly seen to carry about with them, as tro- 

•ern knuwn ; but the ant i« not inferior to the bee phies of their victories, the mangled portions of 

■ither in courage or in patriotism ; and, nioreo\'er, tliose thoy have subdued. The theatres of tlie 

H-afs testimony, by uneqiii%'ocal actions, of a most extended engagements are the forests inha^ 

legree of tenderne<s and affrctioii which we can bitc<l by the fallow ants. 

aanlly bring ourselves to conceive could animate There in one species of large ants which Mr. 
I being of a condition «o apparently inferior. Huber denominates Amazonps, who inhabit the 
Latrciltc, in the ciMinte nfhis e x peri men t<, had sam'* nests with an inferior species, namely, the 
leprived some ants of their aiitennr: their dis- dark ash-coloured ant, {noir cMdr^), and whom 
ves» was no doubt perceived ami tiharcd by thetr we may call their auxiliaries. As soon as the 
AiMipanions, who caused a transparent liquor, heat of summer has set in, the amasons muster 
vhicb pf^obaUy pos»=ess«d Ronifhealins properties, their forces, and, Having the auxiliaries to take 
'*» Auw from their own mouth", and w ith this they care of the ne&t, marcli out in regular order, sonic- 
anointed the wounds of the KufFerers. Many traits tinics dividin<; their forces into two expeditions, 
cf their fun Jness and temler care of thttir females but fcnerally procce<ling in one united army to 
were witnessed by the author ; thi^y Kive the moi^t the pcint of attack, which is always a nest belong- 
rriuarkable proof of the permanence of their affec- ing ti ants of the same species as the auxiliaries 
Uon wheo any of the impregnatei f males happen with whom they live. These resist the aggreskiun 
to die; in which case, five or six of her attenHants with great courage; but are soon compelled to 
pcfBain with her for many days, lickiuK and caress- fly from the superior force of the invaders, who 
nf the body h ilhouttntermi>sion, a<* if they ho|»*^ enter at the breach they have made, and proceed 
jurecMl hertA life by their caress*^ Many anecdofjes to plunder the nest of all tlie eggs and larvae 
srt; reUted by Mr. Hulrer of their rtrudiness to assist which they can carry off. They return laden 
iO« another, and of their nianif* ktiiig a desire that with this booty to their own habitations, and con- 
iheir companions •ih-mld participate in th*- advan- sign it to the care of the ash-coloured anu be- 
takes and enjoymcuts that ooi'iined to themselves, longing to their community, who are waiting in 
While ants thus enj«iy nil the advuntai;es of a eager expectation to receive them. These ectc^ 
it^te of civilization, they are not exempt from the and lai«'K arc watched, nourisheil, and reared to 
paMioos that disturb domestic peace, and the evils maturity, with the same care and auiduity which 
that inteirupt the harmoity of s(H.'ial life. Can it the anxilr^ri s bentow un tin ir own progeny; and 
be tliit war, wiih its attendant ctjainitiet, is the thus they become, in procetf of time, innMtes in 
necessary L*onci»mitnnt of «fM-icty ; and must it the itauie society with those who had ori/iually 
a I M< be the KL*onrge of communities anion n insects, kiilnap|ied them; and towards whom, had they 
a« Will as among bein;;s Mho ]»ridc themselves in l>«en hroucht up ut home, they would have ch«» 
snrh superior endownientfi ? It is l>ut too true that rihhed an instinctive and i;ivtteratc hatred. Tlie 
the hiftti>ry of ants atlordH no exception to ihi^ up- B«'le object of the ama/onk in these expeditions is 
purt-nt connexion <f tilings. The aWn<t>t Utopian to procure this supply of iccruits fur the advuo- 
picture of a repu!>lic, «hich ih<- fireci dinic ac<M>unts tage of the community to which they belong ; and 
evhibtt, is deformed by fcatnicH i.f feufcity uhich the Mile businens uf their lives ikto carry on these 
blend themselves with the e^tim.ii)le qn.ilities we marauding advcntun's. They do not assist in 
have dcMriheil. In \hK hostilities of animals we any of t!)c ordinary labour* of the community. 
peiieraMy find a mixture of Atratagcm and of f^rce ; The tasks of building and repairing their city, of 
iftud th-y cun«iftt aimost wholly in occasional pi oviding nourishment- for tlte whole society, of 
siruff;.lc-s bttwien individuals viho prey upon one rearing the brood of young, botli of their own spe- 
anoiher. But the ntutics t>f warfare pursued by cies and that of their companions, are entrusted 
ants \% of a totally ditfc rent chaiarttr. Their ag- solely to the race of auxiliaries, to whobe services 
gressions are mafle by large armies; and their they have become entitled by right of conquest, 
battles are general engagements between contend- lu times of peace the amazonsare totally inactive, 
inic nation*. The uars they wa^ie are always open and dependent on tlie labouring classes of the 
and direct, and eihibit none of the hearts of de- auxiliaries, who teed and caress them, minister 
ceit ; tlieir operations are conducted ou a scale of ti> all their wants, and carry them wherever the 
maTiiitmle that is astonishing. The labourers teinprratuie of the air is most grateful. In a 
and the feniah's are the only ants that engage in word, tluy aie gentlemen, waited on by their de» 
theve conflictv. Some fpecies are provided with mc»tics, who appear to retain no sense of the in> 
stings; otbcES employ their jaws in the ioAictioa jury that ba» been douc thcu by their masters. 



ZOOLOGY. ^H^n 

but km* tomrdi them Ibc teiuler affnctioii of on tlic ■■mc iadWIdndl. Habit, mod Ito^ni. 

obitdrai lowsidH tbrir parent*, The more i^ruel eiice that iiO tril wu idleniUil, gcujuallf ra(g» 

mlatuui oF muter Bcid of alavc tetmi, inderd, to ciled the *nts to Ibe viiiiti of llteir iupecta. Bf 

be Mitlrclf excluded frum tb'n >ine»lar Hsuciatioii compAiing Uie raiulti or thene oliiirv«<wn> tU 

of inKcl*. In order ta haic a just idea of the expi-iimrnti Wilh iiiDilar DUet oivde on ine mm 

complex lyitem it involvei, we mutt recoileft, ipecica a( >nU id tbeir nalural alaU vt fmda, 

tliat escfa specie* consistc of Unee kindt of teiet, be Mtitlied bimulf \iM ftOeO. Mliwca coold to 

brnnsperrcotly diilioclofliueiui pcrforiD; that plDned on tbeir accuncy. 

eachlDaectcaiatiiii Ihreediflereutitjigesof ttaa>- Thi' facta which bare tbua boo braofht W 

fdraralion; and that, in addition to the rac^s uf %bt nre uut valuable meiely a* aopfily iii| ■•bual 

antR. metal Rpecici uf apjiia ate alio ininaWt lu the biilory of a liiigle kcdui of interii ; (toy ' 

uader tbe laffie roof. In tomf iietts our aultiur are oF importaocf, in la lu at thvy p-iinl In aoit 

found auxiliary antt of a dtTcreot speciea from general viewi of lbelacultie> of the hiwvr aaimdi, 

the eth^oloured, being wbst be called min">i and to the solution of lODie of the (luettiqaa silk 

(■■niniKj), hut atill bearing, in all rei.p*oti, the mard to inrtinct, to whieli mt forrBerljr aidnnal 

ume Ttlsliooa to the aniaiun* tbat the aih- On a viperSL'ittI rampaiitoo of 1lioactioiM«'aMi 

coloured did in the formtir ca<e. and obtained msli wilb thoae of our uMn ipeclet, mtwh afi*- 

from Uieir parenl* by tbe«ame violent methodi. rent reHniblince may be traced; but on euttl*- 

Tbe amssena are not the only anU tbat i.-arry in^ them nilh mure attention, vith r««I>«:t(ollit 

urn thiiaptoieioftlaie-traiir; lh« atofuine ants luurce fiom i.hich rh*y are derived, thv aBalstT 

(^■raiMMitgtinu) bating uSered anaJogout foclg becomei mu<-b morr '-eok, and tbv difficuliy «f 

•ith thOM abore retatiil. Tbe author eien Jia- explaining the gn-atfr nuoibet baa bcm lO oa«h 

Mvoiod Data lo which tbe aaDgoiue anU are aU derible, that many obiloaopbcn haTe cut tbc knK, 

tandfd by both tbe abore -mentioned tpeciea of by tefctfing generally the actioni of man tonfc 

auiiliarieai thtii fcnning ■ triple aMociation i>f wn, and thoae of brulet to inHinct. llvMfifr 

njct (if ants, haviog yrpj difieient manneia and ItndrJ, that Ihnii facultlei dllTcml out Diovly h 

liabits, hut coneurting in the tame object* ofne- defri'e but in kiod; and tha', >o • mid, IMm 

Muary iiirluBtry, Kor the particular circunitlaa' eiittrd betwren tbein no principle in chmm. 

m of thewdiieovcriea we mutt refer our mdrra OI>H<r*iition tuusi, hoaeier, ronrinc* ua, Ibatll* 

to the vork itielf, which will amply repay ibi: cu- loccr nnimali exert, in many inOafHea, a ttaam 

rioiity of thoM who pen»e it, of uixana fur arconpliihing their en>b ; and tkM 

The 6<cla duclosnl in ttaia volume of leifarcliea they are capable ol > dtf roe of mntHnatiOD if 

an loo cilraordiniry uol to reiider nn, at &rat IhvM medi». wnfortfiatrft with tli> tariatioB af 

■ghl, iDspiriou* of the CTidenn on nbicb Uiey •■xternal vircumilancei. It i» obTioot, that K- 

nre advanced; and iiiii naturally raiae a duubl llont pruiutiltid by mera appetite, whicb ■• Ihr 

wheibet the narrative hai not recsired lou much diiect retull uf utganizatioii ptoJiiiclns fain oi 

embelliabment (rom tbe I'oiouriugofa warm ima- [ilvature, caaiiot be pniptiiy trrnwil iiutiaKi'*, 

ginatioo. Upon > more (Irlct csamirvatiuu, bov. si Icaal, ig tbe aenae in wbicb inMinct it uyfOMl 

ever, we do not tbii>k then aiiaia Hiy reaaonable to muHiB. Sull Im can It be niil (Km inaiiart 

gronad for nicb luaptciona : Ihc facta are dated la the mures of thnae ai-linna wMch proenra ttc 

full confidence in thi-i[ accuraev, iiiile,ie'id<'ntly jir<><-nr<i. r. - .. .: ^ :' ' '-■- Vr.n.nia 

ofthekiio«n riiaracler of the .iitdor w),i. relalRS Ulf in^liu' ■, . ■ Ir.lp, 

thrm. He CTety where stntrs nhiii he hn> )iim- therefirr.-, ■ _ , ■ i, Vao 

aelf leen, and what otben might verify by bllow- tbia knowleiliiL' luiy be eiibtr aciiDired by penoad 

iog tbe lame mcthoda of obMrvatioD. Altboi^ experivnvr, ut it muy be derivvl from Iba tnji 

Bany aaturaliiti baie already Mudied the hiitory tkni of ulMera ; and lunumcrable initaiicci nceat 

of ante, yet much diicordance and obicurily has in wblcb anioiala acquire, in both wiyt, thai kiad 

prevailed with regard to many eneutial point* in ol knowledge that inf uencet their conduct. Bm 

their economy \ s circunutaace that baa ariten tbe term iuitinet hoi alio beni applied to aetjna 

from tbeir nerer having been able to lee what resulting from knowledge not denied firon eilb* 

waa goiojt on in tbe interior of the nest), which ii of thete touti-eB, that i*, from innate kaowMgb 

tbe icene of the moat important and iDtreeitlDg There are many fact), indeed, wbicb prove, ttat 

featuTca of their hiilory. To Mr. Hober belongs the avenue* to tome ipeeiea of knowtodfi an la 

Ibe mirit of inventing an appuatui, and metbixl anitnala different from what they sie with m. 

at obiervattOD, which bring within view all Ibe Tbe kid, the mnmeot after il it drappod, airiaa- 

oparationa which tbeic iniectt hud hitherto coo- tecedent to all eipct1eii(%, tbowt aa pioiidyttT Hi 

dncted in wcRt. The diffirultisi he had In ciiu- muvenieala, that it know* at oooe, and witboat 

tend with In contriving a glasi caie which would the long chain of ioductiva iwatoniag which Vtiti 

light into ihrlr aparliuei>t>, without ley aiiigns aa the tuuice of oor ncoBirwd piitip- 

' 'i<-< <"•'<— ' 'hem in their employ uieuti, tioni of nittht, the ditlancct and (iUwtUBt of lb( i^ 

t by perseverance were at jectt which are placed before it. 
n metbodi which nicceeded It it to thoae actioni alone tbat taad lo bffcirf 

for a time were fiequently dcfeat^-d by the lagaci' cuniequencei uofbreieen by tbc axcBt, nd tat 

lyof ttacie imecti, nbo are eitremely jealous of retultmg from any knowledfa of tbe idhLti tbty 

intmden, eiqniiitdy aeniblr to all variation! of produce, that tbe tenn imtioct it more pecoliaril 

trmpeTatore, and tlwayi alarmed at the pretence appropriated. That, tb* nvacity of the U^ 

af light in tbetrtabterTtaeanabodei. At latt, b; which tboogh it wai yiA vaieifoi wbe* takaa 

placing wooden bnaet with glaii •iudowi, in from itt parent, will y«t conalmet at a piopv 

which he had inlrodueed a neat of aatt, on a labia time a neil for itt Own yaaag, tad will lit anr iM 

hi hit ttudy, aod keepiag thev pritoTten, by in- eggi with nawtaritd coBataDny, vbik w« ■■« 

nwninjr lbs hot of the table in buokeU of wat«r, tuppoae it DtMcqaaintad with tha foiMw bIm ii w 

ha Ai enabled to make Ib.'m the ialuM:t of con- tbM will be tha mnid XT thiM ataW— ^ aad 

tiaucd obtcmtton, mod Ca Tity hit nperiiMiMi ««mi acgucieut M tkiiia^M>|i*pipvljHM 



2 d L b f .■■ 






■nd u 



pUM Id fume iithrt. To thii objoit h>ve Ihe ef- 
fiMrUnf »*r»inaiid i>theT cunleDipJative aaturalisU 
bora directeiti bat the attnnpu too ofteu rail, 
IVnaf theii brio* f « > Cpriai: of fbnciral conjtc- 
Cure, irwtrnd uf lh« leoilia if osut..,iii iniluclion. 

Mbb; or ilir plimomecia brought to light by JS. 
Hidwr rrccrTG. boaeter, ■ aiuch liinpler f xplaiiai- 
tioa, <fB the principle of real fon-iigbt m (he 
aj(«*U themielrei, Tixmiled on acquired knou'> 
Ie4(e, Otto oo any otber i>upposilU'ii- There >■ b 
, euciuiitfadce m Ibe luitory of tbito in>celi, that 
{• M «*n*acc «itb all dui preconceived Dotiout o( 
iba ttttiODary comlitioQ of tlic racei uf infrrior 
:MlaNl>. Thcanwxoni.Khosf republicf,lilcelhDie 
■fatllet anU, are >lrK«ndanl( fioia one parent 
■tedt, anil who. in the int'ancy af their Kveral co- 
lMiin> niMt have peifuimeH all the ilutiei of la- 
' bOBren in maintaiuiag ttieir familiei; irhrn, in 
pTPce w uf titoe. their ouioben hate inciatei, 
WBfi ^chMy o-h' D nhole genrrntion* have paiied 
an]r brmmet-apabteofacigNiiiDsnewbabitiaacI 
cbmctan by llie adFantagea of tbeir coniliiiaa. 
Tkry are «iBbl< O to proL-ure lumliariei, and the; 
draut aii»getber frim thejr furmer lalMun. We 
Mr, in like moimrt iheiiiMiactaotthoeauxiliariei 
-tMxncd, by hriojr biought up in the aociely of 
thMr Batund opprt*»ii<, an<I their animoiitlei 
^*hig ptaee to a »ale of ilte inosl friendly alliauce. 
* n> de«cript<ui» uf these ininr ammalt in otber 
cItmMai (ufficieKtly ihuw nhat formiilable power 
tbcf Hqoire *hen Ilie eSbrti of numben are com- 
Waii Mr. Malourt meotioni in hit account of 
at Inve)! Ihrouih t'le forcBii of Guyana, hii ar- 
vivhag at a »Taniiah, txti'iiding in a Icvii] plain 
fcafosd the (itible horizDD, and in which he 
WmM a itrumire Ibnt a|>|irBrei) to hare been 
ifttacd by human indaitry. M. de Prefontnine, 
oIh* MMnpanied him in the expedition, informed 
Ua ihU tl ««. an Bol hill, «hi<:t> they coold nut 
a^pMach vitboiil daiiger of being drvouted. 
I'^iey paned Eome of the paths frequenteil by Ih* 
ihboann, wiiicb bel.Hied to a very Urge ipeciei 
of Hark anil. Tlie nest they had cunalmct- 
M, vblch hid th<- rutm of a tnincaie I )>yr 
■■iimed to he fr mi flheen to tivenly Vf 
wAtki, on I burl ofthirty or forty 
taU that trhrn the dew leillett, in their atlauipU 
to r lew ibe country, happened to mi«t milii any 
dTttwie lottrcwra, they ■•'re obligCil to abaodun 
»tm apot, anien they could muiter itifflcient 
fttcea to lay refuler tiegw Iri the enemy. TViii 
iter did by dlfcin; a rirrnlnr Irrnch all round 
the HCM, and filline It with a large qnanlily uf 
dVJed woud, to thf >rholr of which ihey act Are at 
tte artm tiroo, by lieht>iig it in diffrrent parti all 
IMMt the cirpdlnferelll^e. Wblle the cntrench- 
mnti ne l>la(in(, ihr ediUcv majr be dettrnynl 
hfttring at 11 with cannon ; and tli'' anttbeinu by' 
Ih» nam d •prrml, taiix no atrnue Ibr e'cifiC, 
c:iccpl Ibroufh ih- danirti in which Ihny piriih, 
Tkc iiarraiiuii* of Mr. SmeathmBniTrlXife tii Ihe 
whtit ast uf Afrira, are aleo calculatHd to r*iae 
«ar iilen of the magnitude of thete ri-pub1>ct of in- 
Mcu, which mail nirpo)< the largat empire in 
tbv nnmbrri of thrit p'lpulalion. 

Th« (Dperiorlly of Ihe faculliea of ants baa bam 
traced lo H'C iireugth oi' (he tacial diapOMliiin 
which unite* Ibrta. \Ta miHhl ptiliapc renlurv a 
step fanber, and point out latcnl cireimWanoea 

Kihyali-nl rondiliODTM the ptobable origin 
■l»>iiion III a.^iRte togaUxr. Tbtn 
■LL^PAIIT U, 



■re to be fiiiind, Gi 

cepliona, in which mey appear to 

aects. They arc, as we have wen, 

■ibie to variations of Umiicialiire 

avene to moitture. In (he Gnt slagel of.ll 

eniitence, they are formed to oa uot lo be c^pl 

of leiiiting (he ordinary action of the air, ar" 

ing tolatly hdplcta, would tpecdily peciaii, 



ebaic 






nnJ per-everipg care i* required during tlie w 
period of the halcbing of the tfgt, a ' '* ~ 
gTcti of tlie larva lo maturity. All III 
■tancea plan the youug for a much longer 
in a slate of dependence upon their uatuial pi 
Um, than in the case of must otber iniecli 
in all then circiuoita'ncei they agree witli tl 
bee and the waip, which are alike gregarioua. '' 
recogoite in our own apccies the fiMindaliOD t*" 
laid for the tiea of society, by the helplets i 
tEon of the infant, which contipuca liir r~ ' 
period tn be deperulant oTx others; and 
njuse t* admit Ihe operBliou.of asimdBT 
in other deparlmenU uf the BDiinBl 
which are obcdmnt to the laws which 
Providence ha> ordainod for tliegood of all i 

Greater varieties unquestionably occur 
conilitioni of animals than most phils 
have been willing to allow; and i(mutt be 
eri, that in ipiu; of all ou|f effiirti at pta.Ux 
diitincliunt. the rarioiiB lends of action* 
mall pD» into one aootlier by euch iingier 
■hades, and their sensitive exislence di 
widely from our own, that we have properly fl 
meuure by which to (iitlioni '' '~ 



ihilaiopba 



lell might » 

le puarOiin 



II the ill 



aa lo determinii 


1 ihf 


' puiDi where tlw da^ri of I 


lei lee I appean. 


, on 


iislgn the 


boundary where i 


Slinct BSSUDK) 


the 


form of 


rea«)n. Nothing 


simple io ualur 
prodigioui art 


rim 


all ihut w_ _ 


e lee ialheeHcct 


ran* arc accumuUled far i 


production of 




.leends. 


in B >et>es EKtendi 


far beyuad thi^ 


.ph. 




limilod oiitlo. V 



e^.ly Ui 



.f the I 



vcnly Teel i 



fewofth . 
iu theit accompli ihmcnt. Sen ft n 
ubiervailuns tbe artiek on M- Huh 
the Edni. Kei.IIo.K>til. 

The ViiMKi, or warm clan, coniioti of B 
mals vety diflerendy fiimir.1, of very dtlfcrai 
niBiiiicii, and iuhabiling teiy didVri 
Udder the Liuiitan an^ngcment ihry nuy, i 
general liew, be divided intiiuch Mare r 
such aa are covered with a shelly oral 
site intrgiimmt. 1 hey eonri>l, 1 n bet, ol al 
mall which Linnius reganW ai below Ihe n 
luiectg, and which be' did twl know bnw tUa 

class of rryptocainiB i 

The method of CuTirr, which iv shall linod 
diatrly suhjolu, will be 
peoremeiit ui>on that of Linnjut in lhi« rr 



>ii>per wiTins and thx snuphyln 
ln-m intn > dislinct division, as w 
ibattved he iiarsnn in the i-i»(bo 
Hlanicnb,ich, as we haw alM ■> 
'avln,as«ell>nUiiii 



and a 



diffi 



utilne* iif titeir ansnicrltwnli 
iBJr be reirardul ai ane and 
lOW pPvc^nd tunin a parvtlrl 
a wiUl Ibt feregirii 



ZOOLOGY. 



we h«Te »lrrBrl]r ob«rTcd, 
■ta (iiilrib'uUJ la the view of thtsr celobr»led 
pUyiiologitta iiilo two jran'l diTijiom : Iboie 
which ht»e » ifBrtebrml caliimn oiid (cd bliod, and 
ttuHB whieh h»*e oo vertKbii, «nd are while- 
bloodH. 

In ihe fonner ditiiion ihete ii almjfi in iiifc- 

Ibe vertebral cttoal ; attct more lh»n four atm- 
bera, cf Kbich ant, or both pain, aie waating in 
sumc ioituDcca. Tbe braio ia coatained in a era- 
Diam : there i» > r>v8t aTmpalhctic nene j «to 
»rniM ; two moveable oyif ; atid thrre aetnirlivn. 
lar canals in Ibe ?». The clreulatiOD ii perfiirin- 
«d bv one mutcolar vcnirirle at leaiU Thcr* ire 
lymphitic, as well ai blood.vesteli. The jaw* 
being placed hnrizon tally, the niDDih U oprnrd by 
tbeii moving from above downwaidi, or from 
htrore backwatdi. Thera is a cooliniioui alimtm- 
Urj canaJ ; peritoneum ; liver, «pli*n, and pan- 
rreaa, tno kidney*, anil renal capiutea; and two 



complicatei] itomach, but no mnjiiialioi 
Edentata, tnothleti animal*. Soma of Ihese have 
iiD teeth ; athtri want Uie incisore* and catpidaii. 
The tongue ii l"ii(, ileniJer, and projectile, for 
iriaingtlie inverts ou which tlieaDiinaltfeed ; bod; 
covered H'iUi Laid tiibitaucei. Tie armadillo. 
nianii, anl-catcr, and oiDllhaibfuCB>,o((lBeU»li- 
ed animal, belong Is thi> order. 
IV. CuaiuopTaa*, ba«in( the Aageit eloogattd 



The Tertebml animala Bi 
warm und i-old blooded. 
Warm blooded vertebra! i 
I ibe heart, and 



Breaihr I 



u o( In 



: fubdiridcd i 



ublei 



The. 



«l!i. 



Vesperlilto, bal. 
V. Ciinai- ttodrntia of Catiei — "nawiof ui' 
loali. Have two lonf and veijr large itidwi 
teeth in earhjaw, by which ihe? cat aiFt) (nan 
hiird bodio, chieHy veneiablea. Tbcr« ■■ alarp 
intrrval betaiod tbeae teelh, unoccuplctl by n» 



tb« 



9. Gliv, dormouse <My 

3. Mm, moute and rat 

4. Marmoca, marmot. 






pirlely filled by the brain. Tbeeyei arecloied by 
eyelidi. The tympanum of iheear i«hultawedoot 
oflhecianium.andihelahyrinthiiexcavaledinthe 
bone. Beiiide* Ihe Hmi-rircolar canal «, there ii a 
eochlfa. The nomrilsronimunicjlB with the faocei, 
and nllow the patM^e of ajr into the luii|t. Tbe 
trunk i* conalantly futnithpd with lib*. 

In cold-blooded vertebral inimali the brain 
never enciiely Slli ihe cranium. The eye* teMom 
)>oua» moveable eyelidt. When Ihe lympanum 
aaiill, it it on a level wilh Ihe aurface of Ihe hrad. 
There ii no cochlea. Tha different parti of the 
•tr arc connected but looaely to Ibr cranium. 

Tbe division of warm- blooded animala containa 
two rl^iMsri 1 mammalin and birds. 

The ,>,nmmali me vivjpicoui, and saclile Ihcir 
yming (from which circiimaiance lh« name ia 
derived). They hove analeruswilh twocornua; 
and Ihe male haa a pcnii. 

There aro two occipital condyles : a very com- 
plicated brain ; fcur oeiicula auditui, and a (piral 
cochlea. The akin covered wilh hair. A mu«culBr 
diaphragm ceparatea the cheat and abdomen. 
There is an epiglottis. The lower jaw only motca. 
The fluid in tbe laeteals is white, and patses 
through icTcral cooslobate glanda. There ia an 

Blumenbach citabliihei Ihe following orden in 
this cbaa : 

I. BiMiNi-'M. Two handed. 

Genua I. Homo. 

II. QoiDaDMtHA, four handed animals: haviofca 
separate thumb, capable of being uppoied to Ihe 
other Hngeri, both in their upper and lower ei- 
tiemitie*. Teeth like Iboae of man, except that 
the cuapidati are generally longer. 

I. Simix, apea, mookeyi, baboons. 

% Lemur, macaoco. 
HL BaiOYfODA, alow-moving animali. 

1. Bradfpus, slotb. 

3. My rmecnphaga, ant-eater. 

3. Mania, Maly-lizard, or pangolin. 

4. Daaypoa oT tata, armadillo. 

Tbia order fbrmi two in tbe arrangemeDt of Cu- 
virr. 111, TsrdiKTadai which inclkalea the alotha< 
Tbu« aie aa judKi* ia either jiw. Tbore w a 



I. Hy«tii 



, porcopinc. 



VI Fia«. pr 

Very -In.ns 



large pointed caniae letUi ; 
pointed proutiitenctt. ibDrt 
iitary canal, tai coattfuMj 
ticudei belly. 

I . Eiinaeeoa, bed^bo(. 
!. Foi'i'i, threw. 

3. Talpa, mule. 

4. Mele<, badger. 
S' Uraoa, bear, 

6. Didelphis, opoaaDm.kanfOOA. 

7. Viverra, weasels, (errrt,polt<at,av«. 
e. Musteh. akunk. Moat, kc. 

9. Ciini>,doi, wolf, jackal, foi.hy™*. 
lU. Fell!, CDl. linn, liger, leopaid, tynl, 

II. Lulra.'oltir. 

18. Phoca, aeal or ■ea'Calf. 
The five first genera "f this order form Ibe 
plaatigrada of Cuvier; animala wbirb rot tbe 
whole of the foot on the gimind. Thev an leu 



i have 



. lo..ger 



tiual canal, an 


d nociecum. 




The 


aiith 1 




of ti. 




ologist 


: aa they pOMasa a arpartit 


ibumk 


oo the li 




tremiliea only. Tbey have a 




in the 


abdon 


ten containing tbe mamot 


1. aad 


bohling 


tbeyoi 


jng in their early state. One apeeM, 


the kai: 


iguroo. 


(macTopui major of Sbaw 


)o.u.t 


however be e« 


cepted. That ia placed amc 


inglh. 


rodentij 


1 ; and I 


doea not poatesa the aepaiaia 


Ihaaih. 


The 


orter 


camivora of Cuvier B)i]l 


iadode 


fromth. 


e 71h 1 


lo the lUhgenn.: both iudawe. 


The sea 


U belong to bia aniptubia. 




Vli. So 




ouLa (>oln»d., Coviwr) a oile M 




iMTf 


inteil 


tinea, i 


■nd partieularly an enontio 




com. 


loci] 


lorainbothjawi. 





I. Equna, Borae and asa. 
VIU. Pacoaa or BiiOLca (raatiDUtia at (V 
vier^ a divided hoof. Nu iaeiaorea in tbe apfS 
jaw. Stomach coaaiating of fowT cavitMt. ■•■ 
mioation of the faod. Lang inistine*. 

1. Caoieluif cainriidmaedar]', !»■■. 




3. E e\,hai 

4. Rliinuc 

5. Hippopi 

e. Ttichecui, inone 

Tbe lut iceiiui of thii order, toiether Bith tbc 
fAiocs (wal*), coattitntet I be uDphibls a( Cutier. 
ThEM (oimtli tuva ibort nwinbeTi ulaplcd for 
■vimming. 

X CiTACii, abBlei, lliini entirely in the 
tt»; aud foriDcd like 6tlKi ; breathe bj bu 
opeoint ■' tlir top of Ihe be»d, ckllej tlie blaw- 
lDg-hoIp| ihrougb uhlch iliey tbruv out Ihi 
'' ' ' r« tbcit inoutli itilh tbe (uiid. 
Ibiek lafer of oilf (at. 
Ko eitereal ear. A compliciud itflmach. 
Molulobubt kidneys, larynx of a prnunidal 
nine toward! the blowing, bole, 
a Ihe abdoinen. Mamnin at the 
■idei of the Tulva. Bones of the anterior enlre- 
Rity concealed and aoited by the ikin, »o ai le 
fociD a kind of Gn. 

1. Moaodon, nanvhaJ, HLumCorn. 
& Balviia, proper whales. 

3. Phyteler. 

4. Dtlphiniu, dolphin, porpuiie. 
CuTier diitrlbutei Ibe dau aiunaulia into three 



I. Thoee which bate elawi or nail) 

MlgwiDg order*! Iitoiaiia. t|uadruma- 
na. cheiroptera, plantigraila. carni- 
vora, pediaiaaa, rodealia, edenlata, 

1. ThoK which haoe haoh {vummif. ■ 

tngUi) including Ihe pacbyderniaCa, 

niminaatia, and aolipeda. 

S. Thnae which hai e citremities adapted 

far ivimmins (naimii^. ■ pioii en 

mag—irtj. Amphibia and ccUcea. 

Swii are miparoiu; have a lin^e otary and 

ortduct; > aingle occipital condyle; ■ my 

latg* itcrDuiD j and anterior exlremitle) adapted 

They have three eyelid); no external ear; a 
Gocbb* roaieal, bat not ipiral ; a tingle oiileu- 
lan aiulilBi ; body coTeted with fcathen. The 
tuaga arratiachtd to Iheaarfaceof tbecbeit; and 

Crtrat^ by Ihr air, which goei all over the 
f t there if a Uryni al each end of Ihe tra- 
il!^; nocpigluilla. The laai are coTtied with a 
horny lubnance. The chyle is tran>|>arenl ; no 
mevnieric glamt) ; nor omentum. No bladilerof 
uriMCi tbeariicn lermioabnE in a bag lhroii|h 
*bii-n tbc egjn and beret ram-, tii. the eluaca. 

Thii clan canoot be diuributcd ioto orderi to 
dearly diwiogtiiibed by aniiluiiitcal charactert u 
thr pncediDg one. Blutiicubadi diridti them into 
t*B leading dJviiioDa. 



S. Coraclu, roller. 

3. Paradiies, binh of paradiw 

4. Cucului, curkow. 



9. Stunius, itarling. 

3. Tuidut, thrush, blackbird. 

4. Erobciiza, bunting. 

5. Fringilla, Snchei, canarj-bird, linnet, 

D. Mulacii I a , n 1 gh tingal e.i«dbitrai(,wieo. 

7. Hlrondo, iiwallowi, martios, fcc. 

8. Csprimulgui, gonUuckei, 

&G. 

VI. GattlRS. gallinaceous hirdi, moiUy domn- 
ticsled. Ttiey posaeu a large crop, itrong mua- 
Gullrgijanrd. ^1 

I. Columba, pi|teons. ^B 

S. Tetrao, fraat, quail, patu id ge, ^H 

4. Meleagn*, turkey- ' <M 

5. Paro, peacock. 

6. Ot», buitard. 

VII. STauTMIomi.itrulhiouB bird*. TbelaTfit 
of the daat; poMCU exlremrly ainall oincs 
and are therefare incapable of flighl ; but nWJ 
very awiftly. WM 

I. Slrulhio, OMricb. ^M 

$. Cacuariui, caiiowary or earn. ^M 

{fl) AauAticaiam. 
Order 1. OatlLa, waden, fm|uciitin|- Bianbeii 
andiir»ni>, lung naked l*f. long neck ; cy- 
liodrical bill ofdlffircDl lenntlii. 

U. ^colopai, vaodcock, aaipe, curie*. 
3, Tringa, lapwlni:, ruA and n 



4. Ciaridri 

S Fiillca. cool. 

6. Rallui, rail. 

T. Phaiiicoptenli, SamlBgo. 

B. TauUlut, Ihi), Ice 

II. Awiiaia, twiiDining binla, 

broad and Oat, cotered bya i 

■lanca, on which Iwia nerret 



P 3 



I 



Z P O L I 



T. Calymbui, dker. 
9. Liirds, ^1. 
S. FrocGllBcis, petrel. 
4> Diomnlea, albatro 

5. I'elecsnus, pelican 

6. AnaJ, swan, duck, gooae. 

7. Merpies, goosiiuler. 

8. AIca, auk, puflin. 

9. Aptenodjrtta, pouguin. 

The two clajies of cold-blooded vertebral ani- 
■irif «ie the tmpliitii lOulJUIits. 

The former, diOtna; cansiderBbly finm each 
efher, biie vei^ few foniinon rhaMnlers; for In 
diflerent inetanrei Ihey walk, tj, soiin, and 
crawl. There U no externa) ear, nor cochlea; 
tbe brain ii alwaja very tmall. "^tie lungs are ia 
the ume cavity nllh Lhc other viscera; no rpi- 
ElottU, omeatum, nor nieaeiiteric glaildi. Two 
•Tsriei and oridncU. Cloaca, throdgTi whicb the 
ficet and urine are expeTTwl ; and in whicb the 
or(;t.ni of p>reration temilntte: 'Neither hair. 

Order I, Reptilii, having four leel, (quadniprda 

ovipara). 

1. Tcstudo, lortiiite, turtle. 

!. Rum, frog, load. 

3, Laoerta, lizard.4, crocodile, ehame- 
leuD, newt, saliiTn and bt, Igdana, jic. 
H- SERrEKTI*. No external meiiibera; body of 
an elongnled form, nod lisC^ra d( a limilar 
shape. Tbey are ovipaiom ; but the cgj ia 
sometimes batched iu the oviduct. Botb jeiA 
Buiveuble. 

1. Crotalut, rattlesnake. 

3. Bob. Inuncnae Mrpeati of India and 

3. Calaber, viper. 

4. Anguia. blindwonn. 
i. Amphiabxna. 

5. Cacilis. 
I of Iiraticbix or 
r larjnl. Organs 

oc moiiDn conaisiing oi nns. No"e unconnected 
with the organs of respiration. Ear entirely in- 
cinsed in the head ; Ibe tyinpannm, (kc. being 
absent, llotb Jaws moveable. 'J'be place of the 
pancresa auppiied by the pyloric CMca. An uri- 
nary bladder. T*a ovaricji. Dean cifnaiatiiig of 
a aingle auricle and lentricle. They may be dii- 
triliuted into two leading diviaions ; the cstlila- 
ginoua ; whose skeleton consists of cartilage : 
tha bony ; obere it is formed of a more firm aub- 

(A) C..,.i.«„oi. „■.„. 

t«r ; an uterus, ihtb two ovidoets, - 
I. Fetromycon, luDprey. 
a. Gaalrobranchui. 

3. Raia, 'skate, lit^eia, ttingray. 

4. Sqttalui, aharl, nit-flab. 

5^ LopHiud, sea-dev<1,'fn)g-Gsh. 

6. Baiialesflle-fiih.' ' 

7. Chitiuera. 

U. BktNCKloiTioli having a git)-c«veT. 
t.'Acoipenser, atur^pon, tnluga. 
9. Ostracion, truuk-Gab. 

3. Tetrodon. 

4. DIodoD, percupine-flih. 
3. Cycloplerua, lumjiincker. 



Order I. Apon»» ; no vrnlral fina. 
ll Murxna, eel-kiiid. 
3. Gymnolui, electricsl eel. 

3. Anarrhichas, sea-wolf.* 

4. Xipbias, saord-tlsb. 

5. Ammoditea, bunce. 

6. OphidiuD). 
1. Strotnalem, 
S, Trichiurua^ 



11. Thoi 



1 fins directly under (la 
■eking Gab. 



1. Ecbcneia, sac 

3. Zeus, dtiT7. 

4. Pleuruiwctes, Bounder, plaice, dsb^ 
holibul, aole, turbot. 

5. ChsladoD. 

6. Sparus. 

7. Pcroa, perch. 

8. Scooiber, Diackarel,boDito, tunny. 

9. Mullua, mnUet. 

III. AanoMiHALis; ventrel Bna behtod tkf 
thotacic; cbielly inhabit fresh water. 

1. Cobltig, Idach. 

3. Silurua. 

S. Sslmo, salmon, trout, smelt, 

4. Etux, pike.' 

5. Clupea, herring, ipra^ ahad. 

6. CyprinuB, carp, teDch, gol^-tili,iBP 

IV. JuouLAiiEi; ventral Sai in front oI ibf 
thoracic, 

I. Gadua, hadock, cod, whitjog, ling. 

3. UtauDicopui, staigazer. 

3. Illeiniiu!, bicnny, 

4. Cailionymus, draguntt. 

5. Trachlnus, weaver. 

Tbf> animals whicb have no vertebral colom 
do not pvsaea so many cndiniDn char^teri at the 
vertebral claBses. Their bar4 parts, vbeo tbey 
bate any, are generally placed on tbe mr^ace of 
th* body. The centre of the nervoui tytletn, in- 
ttead orbfiDg mclowd in a bony case, li« in tbe 
same cavity with the viacera. The leaophagnt b 
geiier^illy surrounded by ■ nerrous chord cumin; 
from the brain. Their rnpintiou is not earned 
on by lungs ; end they have no voice. Tbeirjaws 
move in various directions. They hate no uriaur 



The invt 
Linniua inl 


Ttehtal anim 
two clx^! 


ia1< were dismboled ^ 

,; ™,nj and Bonn. (Vff. 


mes). Tbe 




atracture of these ■«-' 






Swedish na 


turali.t first 


promulgated hii annee-' 


men). But 


the hboura 




and parti eu 


larly thow a 




in estahlishi 






encesin th. 


■if formation; 


, thataiubdiviaiDpaftb* 


Linnjan cla 


Lssea became 




The insects 


ofLinnlusj 


are divid«j into crvstacea 


and iniFcU 


: and the vermes af the aamc autMr 




classes: vi 


X. aaaUaaca, wtrmo, aad 


Tbe mollusca derive 


their name from the aoft 



-i. Centri, 

7: ^ynialbuj, pipe-fish. 
1. Pcpnu. " 



fleshy aature of their body. This clas* includ^ 
those pulpy animals, whtcb Da* eirber b« desti- 
tute of an external covering, .wEsd they are catl- 
•d iBolltuca Bud*,' m dM hvi ir bm^ b* «•;. 



Z O O LOGY. 



*Ao§td IB die or more ibeU^ ai.tde siuuly oyttery 
Kc when Uiey mr^ t^fmeil testacee. 

The animals 6f this diss hare no arCicuIatcd 
inembiers: they have blood-vessels, . and a true 
circidation. Tbey lespiW by meaBS of giUs. Tbey 
batrea distinct b^nVfivinforigifk to nerves; ami 
c ^oaT marrow. 

I. Se^itf, ArtUefiib* 
S. Argonanla. 

4. NaatJlna^ 

^^plysSa. 
a pUna. 

7, Clio. , ., 
a» fistella, lunpet 
9. Heliidi sni^il. 

10. ^aliotis, VenusSi ear. 

11. Murei, caltrop, or roclMl^K* 
li3. 8troiiibii8» screar. 

13. Buccinum, wheil!. 

14. Asddia. 

15. Thalia. 

16. Ostrea, ojrtter* 

17. Solen, rasorshelL 

18. Caniium, cockle. 

19. Mytilusy moscle, 
ftc. ktL 

Cnvier clanses the numerous g^era' of this or- 
der onder the three followinf divisions ; 1 st. cepha- 
lopoda, (from HtfoXn^ the hSad, and m;, the foot) 
which baye their otf^ns of motion placed round 
the head: 2diy, gasteropoda, (ftnm yspipi ^o 
belly, and 9^\ such as erawl on the belly : and 
3dljF, aeepbala, (from «, privative, and xi^eiXif,) 
whidi hare no head. The three firat genera be^ 
long to the fir^t diTiibn ; the ten succeeding ones 
cone onder the second; and the remainder exem- 
plify the last order. 

Acoordifig as Uie shell of the testaceous mollns- 
ca consists of a single convoluted tub^; or of two 

2r more separate pieoei^ tbey are called cocfailesD 
ivalves, multivalves, &'c. 
Ch$siaem po9S€»i a hard external covering, and 
abmerous articulated members. A long nerv- 
dos chord, beset wiih' ganglia. Compound eyes. 
AntennsB and palpi like thuse of insects. A heart 
mid circulating vessels; and gills. Teeth in the 
levity of Ui^ stomach. 

I. Cancer, crab, lobster, crayfish, 
shrimp. 

5. Monoculus. 

. hmdi have articulated members and anten- 
um» Tbotm vhiieh Ay are subject to what is 
^llod a' metamttrpbotis : they pass through cer- 
tiua iatennediate states of existence, before tlicy 
•savme the last, or perfect form. Prom the egg 
pioceods the larva, or caterpillar; tbi^ chau^s to 
Chechrjsans,nymphasOraurelia; from which the 
piarfisct insect 'is produced. Kervoos system coo- 
•iatiog of a chord bcMff with ganglia. 14o heart 
rtor blood-vessels, itespiration' carried on by' 
flMans of tra^besB. 

Order I. Colboptiba'; having* a hollow homy 
cHle, under' which the wings are' folded. 
1. Scarabseus. beetles. 
9. I^i^nos, stag'-bieetle. 
3. Dermestrs. 
4.' Coccinella; ladybird.' 

5. Curcnllo, weevil. 

6. I.ampyris, glow-worm* 

7. Mcloc, 6panish«fly. 
6. Stapby linns. 

9* Foificiilai earwig* 



U. Hkmiptbra; four whigt, eiUier strttciied 
straight outj or resting. iK^roas each other. 

1. Blatta, cockroach. 

2. Gryllus, locust, grasshop[^er. 

3. Fulgpra,.l.antem-ny. 

4. Clme<, b^g,' 
&c. &c. . 

III. LepidopiHbra; soft haiiy body, and four 
expanded wings. , ^ 

1. Papilio, butterfly. 

2. Sphinx, 1 ,-^*Uj, 

3. Phalana,! "^*"'- 

IV. NioaopTiaA ; four reticnlated wings* 

1. Libellnla, dragon-fly. 

5. Ephemera, 
&c. 

V. Hymxhoptbea; generally possessing astUg; 

1. Vespa, wasp, hornet. 

2. Apis, bee. 

3. Formica, ant. 

4. Termes, white ant. 

5. Ichneumon, 
&c 

VI. DiPTBRA ; two wings. 

1. (£8tru9, gad-fly. 

2. Musca, common flies. 

3. Colex, gnat, mosquito. 

4. Hippobosca, horse-leech, 
&c. 

Vn. ArTBBA ; no wings. 

1. Podnra, springtail. 

2. Pedicuitis, louse. 

3. Pulex, flea, cbigger, 

4. AcaruH, tick, mite. 

5. Aranea, spiders. 

6. Scorpio, scorpion, 
. &c. 

The Vermes may be divided into two orders; 
the intestinal, which inhabit the bodies of other 
animals ; and the external. 

The former are not of such a.complicated oiganir 
zation as the latter ; so that they are sometimes 
arranged among the zoophytM. T'be external 
worms have a nervous chord posses^ng ganglia j^ 
an elongated body composed of rings; an4 have 
no divtiuct head. Theic are no members. Gr* 
cu'latiiig vessels, but no heart. N9 nerves have 
been discovered in the intestinal womik 

Order I. Intest'ini. ,^ 

1. Gordfoa, guinM-wonn. 

2. Ascarif, thread-worm, rottttd-wonriT. 

3. IVicoccptiafus'. 

4. Fn^rioli, fliik^. 

5. Tenia, tapc-wonou 

6. Hydatis, hydatid. 

If. fiXTSRWI. 

1. ApWodite, sea-mouae. 

2. Sipunculus. 

3. Hirudo, leech. 

4. Ntreii. 

5. Nais. 

6. Planaria. 

7. Luiubricus, earthworm, 
dec. 

The Zoophytes hare neither brain nor nerret; 
no htart, nor, iterhaps, blood-vessel S{ 00 artico- 
fated mem hers. 

Order I.'EcHiKODtxMATA; covered by • fctri 
and tou^h coriaceous skin. 

i. Echinus, sea hedgehog. 



Z U G 

he flourithtd. Aristotle anJ PUay fix K» 
dale at EO remote a period u 600O yean befofe 
the dead) of I^aM. AcconliiiH lo Ljertius, be 

>. flourished 6t)0 yean before ilie Tmjan warj 
sccording lo Siiidj^. SOO. If, ia the midHoT 

3, Hydra, freib wuer pofypo. to much unceriainly.aii; thins »□ bead vauced 
la I«r«.o«i,. (he «.icn.k<i)t<i o( infmiunt. T" u ""^ ^H"^"'^ of piobatdily, il ««.« t» 

I. Voiticdl^ *h««^i«»I, ^'?.'^* "\" "hewwMdZoTO^ier, . Perro- 

9. Bcuchionui. Median, who flooTtiBM lAotK the time of £>»- 

9. Vibrio, eel ofvinenr. !■<■> Hystaspes ; and that bcsidet him there wu 

4, Volvut. another Zuroatier, who lived in ■ miich Biom 

5, Moms, Tcniute period aioong the Bibjlimidiu. and 
IV. I,lli.biUiaiorc<.r.ls,eor.ir.n«.. .pongee ftc. loushllhein ajtrodomy. TlwGiwk«inl An- 

Tti«c**th*l» that >urroundn»nyi»lan.Jt, par- biao wriiera are agfeed eoneemiiw lh« eint- 

ticularly those in Ihe Indian Archipslaga, and ence oflhe PeniaD Zoroatlei; Uld IBt anciaim 

tound Neir Holland, are praduoed by Tariouitribea unanimously ajcribe to fl philocojihct, wbMi 

dftheKauimals particularly by the cellepora, ids, they call Zwoasler, the origin of tlie C&aldelR 

iliadrepora.niileponi, and tuljipcira. The (nimili aitfniio my, which il ceilauijy of ii.uch ealOrt 

furm tlieie corals aitb auch rapidily, that e nor. date tlian the lime of Hyaiwprt ; it accml, 

mouj mosaa of fheni very speedily appear where therefore, necessary to kupi>osc B Chaldeaii Zo- 

^re «cre .carcely any marki of lucU reef, be- roaster diatlnci from ihe Rr*i»n. Cooceoiiiis 

"' this Zoroaster, however, nothinc mon u 

ZOONOMIA. (from {Um, an animal, and known, than thai he fltnitiihed lourvnb lt>> 

»fi)(. a law.) The laws of organic life. beginning of the Babylonish empire, and wu 

ZUOPHYTA, Zoophytes, in oatuial the father of the Chaldean axrology and monc. 

history, the fourth order in the Linn^n class All the writings that have been ascribeiTui 

vermes : characterised by their being compobile SLoroniler are unquesi ion ably siiurious. 
animals, efBorcacing like vegetables. These are ZOSIMUS, an officer in ihereien ofThto- 

oftcn found id a losailc state in argillaceous, druius the younger, about the year 4i0 of the 

silicemis, but especially calcareous earths : Ibr Chrislian eta. He wrote the history of ibe 

various spccimeniof which, see Nai. Hist. PI. Roman emperors in Gieek, from the age of 

LXXX. LXXXIV. CLIV. CLXXXll. and Auguvlus to the beginning of the Sth ceulury, 

CLXXXVIII. of which only the five first books and thebe* 

ZOO'IOMY. {tocloaia, (torn ^, in an'i- ginningof the tisih are e.ii0ni. 
inal, and vifun, to cut.) The dtesec lion of ZO^ERA.Grats-wrack.lnboiany.ageimi 

animaU. Se«CowPl^RAT■VE abtatomt. oftheclass monoicia, order diatidna. Spadis 

ZOPYRUS. The most temBrkabU of this linear, sheathed by the leaf, beating ihe fmetj. 

name are the foltoiviug: 1. A Persian, son of licjiion on one side -, cafjuless; cotoltess ; sn- 

Megabyzut, who, to shew his attachment to ihers sessile, parallel with the gerini stipntt 

D^riiis, thrtnnof Hystaspes, while he besieged two; capsule one- seeded. Four specict; iluec 

Babylon, cm off his ears and no*«^ and fled to natives of the ct>ast on the Red tea ; one, los. 

the enemy, telling ihem he had received such lera marina, commoo sea-wrack, found on our 

treatment from his rovai master because he had own chores. 

advised him to ridse the aie[;e, as the ciiy was ZOUT PAN, a curious salt lake in the 

impregnable. Tbia, wai credited by the Ba> couDtryof the ^otteaKrii, a few mile* oatlkiS 

bjloniana, an3 Zoflvrui was appointed com- Point 'Hidrot). It it in «. pUp, doeb abotc 

mander of rtl.tb^lrcA. When he had to- the level of ttaeiea, and thiM i^iicsin wcoid- 

tally gained dicir conRdence, he betrayed the ftrence. At tome teaMM it ialmMd inttait 

city into die hands of Darius, for which he cnlire mtM of fine white talk 
wot liberally rewarded. ^. A physician in the ZUEELA, a town of the kingdom of Fc*- 

age of MIthridales. He pve the monarch a lao, situate in a district of remarkable fettjlii*, 

descri|iLion of an antidote which would prevail in which the reronantiofaDciciitbaildii^.tBe 

against all sorts of poisons. The experiment number and tiie of the cittern*, and the ceo- 

was tried iipM crimioalt, a^ succeeded. ttructiun of the vaultedcara, intended perhaps 

ZOfUiLUpKKi be ZtUOalT, aaeli^raied as repofitoricn of com. exhibit wonderfii) ves^ 

ancient ^MOWflher, wM to have been dwie- tigea of ancicM tpluKkrar. It b 140 mite* E. 

formerorthefounderorthendigionoftbemaiij. of Moonook^Loo. 1G.34E- Lai- S?'^^- 
It ia wholly uncertain to how many eminent ZVESICOBOD, a loi»n ofRnMia, in tbf 

men the nime of 21ornaster belonged. Some government of Moscow, dtuate on tbc Maakta, 

have niaidtained that there was but one Zno- 98 mite* W. of Moscow. Loo. 37- S £. LaL 

aster, and that he was a Pertian ; othcn have Si. 40 N. 
said that thcic nvrt six eminent founders of ZUG, a imaU cantoD of Swisscrlaod, bound- 

Shitotophj of ih's nam*. Ham, the >on of ed on the E. and N. by that of Zuric, on ibt 

loah. Motes. Osiris. Milhrat. and olhcrs, W. by that of LucernaodlheFree Pcorincn, 

both gods and men, bare, by different wriurs, and on the S. by that of Schweitx. It is rich 

been atsened tf> have been the same with Zo- in pasturage; ^at plenty of various kinds of 

rnMler. Many dificrent opinioos have also stone fruit, aa well at walnutaand.chauaCii 

1 advanced concerning tbe lime in which and iu wiaeiiofkTCijacid fliTOoi. Tbetd* 



/ 



\ 



\ 



Z U R Z U R 

liabitinU are Roman catholics, and remarlL- of Tockenburg, S. by Glaris* Scbweitz, ami 

able for their bcauiy, coiiriesy, and hospiultty; Zuz, and W. by Lucern and the county of 

yet they are held to be the most restlcM people Baden. Zurich was admitted a member of 

in Swis&erland. The giivernment is demo- the HeUeiic confederacy, in 1351, and obuin- 

cratic, and exceed ingljy complicated. The su* ed the privilege of beinc the first canton in 

J»reme power resides in the inhabitants of the rank ; it is also the most considerable in extent, 

our districts of Zug, Bar, Egeri, and Meut- both of territory and power, next to that of 

xins^cn. Bern. It abounds in wine and excellent pas- 

Zuo, a town of Swisserland, capital of a lure ; but as there is not a sufficient supply uf 

eanton of the same name ; seated 6n a beautj- corn for interior consumption, the deficiency is 

ful lake, in a fertile valley, abounding with cliieflv supplied from Suabia. The inhabitants 

com, pasture, and wood. In 1435, a street are all Calvinists; and two- thirds of them de- 

which was on the side of the lake was swal« rive tlieir livelihood by spinning thread and 

lowed up. There are several handsome . silk, and making linen for the manufacture of 

churches, and a sood townhouse. It is remark- the town. 

able, thai Oi>waTd, a Saxon king of Northuni- Zurich, a city of Swisserland, capital of 

beKand, in the seventh century, is the tutelar a canton of the same name. It stands at the 

saint of this place. Zug is 19 milea N.E. of N. end of the lake Zurich, where the xtvtt 

Lucern, and 42 S.E. of Basil. Lon. 8. l6 £. Limmat issues from the lake, and divides the 

Lat. 47. 10 N. town into two unequal parts, which commu- 

ZUIDER-ZEE, a great bay of the German nicate by three bridges. It was formerly an 

ocean, which extends from S. to N. in the imperial city, and is one of the best built ia 

United Provinces, between Friesland, Overys- this country, but the streets are narrow. The 

scl, Guelderland, and Holland. cathedral was founded by Charlemagne, and ii 

ZUILLICHAU, a town of Silesia, in the adorned with a sutue of ihatempemr. Zurich 

fro\'ince of Cros«en, \6 miles N.E. of Crossen. was the first town in Swisserland that seprated 
jon. 1 6. IS E. Lat. 52. 12 N. from the church of Rome^ being converted by 
ZUINGLIUS, or ZuivoLB (Ulric), a xea- the ai]guments of Zuinglius, in 1517. The 
lous reformer, bom at Wildhausen, in 1487* two divuions of Zurich are called the old town 
While he officiated as preacher at Zurich, he and the suburbs: the former is surrounded bf 
declaimed against the cnurch of Rome and its the same battlements and towers that existed 
indul{£ences, and effected the same separation in the 13th eentuiy ; the latter is strensthened 
for Swisserland from the papal dominion which by fortifications in the modem style. The arse- 
Luther had for Saxony. Zuinglius proceeded nal is well supplied with cannon and ammu- 
with great moderation in his reform, oy which nition, and contains ma«kets for 30,<>()0 men. 
he obtained the concnnence of the civil power Among the charitable foundation*: aro an or* 
to his measures. He procured two assemblies phan-house ; ah hospital for tlie sick of all na» 
to be called at Zurich ; bv the fint he was au- tions, which usually contains above 600 pa- 
thorised to proceed, and oy the second the ce* tients ; and the Almosen Amt, or foundation 
remonies of the church of Rome were abolish- for the poor, which puts out children as ap« 
ed. During these transactions he published prentice*, and distributes money, clothes, and 
several bo<)ks, one of which, treating of the £u- books of devotion, to poor persi^s, not of the 
charist, called forth the dissent ann opposition town only, but of the canton, to the anwnnt of 
of Luth^, and some of the other retonncrs. upward of 50(X)/. a year. Here are siieral 
Zuinglius*s opinions on this subject have been manufactures: panicut irly muslins, cottons, 
aenerally thought more analogous to Scripture linens, and silk handkerchiefs. Zurich was 
than those of Luther; and have accordingly taken by the Krencii in 17()8, and retaken by 
been adopted, not only by the British churchcfi, tlie Austriaiii the year rollowing; but the 
but bv many on the onntinent. This great latter were soon ohiigetl to evaciutc it, on the 
nan tell, in the field of battle, October 11, French gainiii'i; a decisive victory over the 
1531, when, according to the ancient custom Au9tro-Rtissi.in army near iWu city, it U 35 
of the inhabitants of Zurich, he, as chief ma- miles S W. of Constance, and 55 N.E. of 
gtitrate, led on his countrymen to action. Ex- Bern. Lon. 8. 35 K. I^t. 4?. IS N. 
cept on the subject of the sacrament, there was ZtJRiCH, a Like of Swisserl.tnd, near ten 
no material difference between Znini^lius and leagues in length, and frne in breadth, llie 
Luther. See Mr. fiowet^s valuable Life of Lu- borders are biudded thickly witli \illages nml 
ther, just published, pp. 1'47» 857, 328, &c. towns, and the «oiith p;irt appears bounded by 
See also the Memoirs ol Zuinglius, lately pub- the siupendoui hiizh nioiint»i:)i of Scliweitz 
lished by 1>r. Aikin. and Gtarus : the scenery h picturesque, lively, 

ZULPICH, or ZuLCH, a town of Ger- and diversified. The river Limiu.it runs 

many, in the duchy of Juiiert, belonging to throujih the whole length uf this lake to the 

the archbishop of Coloj^^ne. It is seated on the city of Zurich. 

Nassel, 10 miles S. of Julicrs, and 10 W. of ZUUITA, a t^mn ofSioin. in Old Casiile, 

Bonn. I^n. 6. 40E. Lat. 50. 4(iN> with a castle, seatcfl on ihe T.ijo, \m near 

ZURICH, a canton of Swisserland, 50miles Toledo. I^n. 3. 17 W. !.at. 39. 50 N. 

long, and 30 broad ; bounded on the N. by ZURZ XC'II, a town of Swisserland, in the 

hchaflFbausen, £. by Thurg^iw and the county county of Baden 1 rcniarLaLle for two fain 



z y G z y T H 

Mated by the inerchantaofGemM[i7 "lull blue; ihoras rounded, emarEinatp, pnn> 

ImarrsWe." I< is seated on the Rhine, ju*l lured," carinate; inhabits ihe Eail i tD]iJdte- 

abcive Ihp luiic'ion of ihe Aar with ihal river. siifd, oblong, rufous. 

I ZUTPHEN. a coumy nF ihe United l^ro- ZYGtTH, a strong town of Lo>t« liua- 

vincea, in Giielderlnnd ; boutidnl on the N. gaiy, cipilal of a counij of the lame lame, 

by the YkcI, which sepnralesii from Vdaw, with a. ciudel. !l wai besWeil, iu IS66, by 

on the W. bv Oierjssel, an ihc E. hy the hi- Soljmsn II. emperor of iheTurki, and ultto 

ihnpric of Munsier, and on the 5. by the ihrfe ilayg after bis death i but was atienaii 

duchy of Cletc retaken bj the AiiGtriuii. It is teiKd inami^ 

' ZuTPHES, 3 iirong and ennsidcrable town rassi made by the river Alma,' SO mile* N.W. 

of Dulch Guelderliinli; capitil of a conntyof ofEHCcli. Lou. 18 58 H. La(. «. 17 N. 
the -ame name, il wm laken, in 1672, b^ ZYGOMA, (fiopi {uAf, a yoke ; beeauK i( 

ihi! French, who iciiornl it in lG74. It u Iraostriiu the tendon of the lemnofal tnuwla 

(ieaied at the confluence of the Bi^rkel and liljeayoke.] The carily uodciihe tygnmiiq 

Vssel. nint miles 3. by E, of Dcveiiler, unJ procesi of the temporal hnne and o» tiial^ 
65 E. by S, of Amsterdaro, Lou 6. E. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS. An upoplii- 

Ltit. .'•1, TON. sis of the 01 jugate and another of the Teiiipa> 

■ ZUVST. a vlllaBC of Holland, five milei ral bone are in called. Sec As.^ToMr. 
from yirechi. Jiabomidsm plantatiom and Zygomatic sqturk. Siilura lygomt. 

rihady walks, and 19 ereally nrna^nrnied by ihe lies. Tne ujiion of the zjgonialic piacen 

spinous building which ennfii Zin^endorfap- of <he lempnral bone, to the cbcek bone- 
pWiprraled to the fnietnity of Hernhulheu or ZYGOPHYLLLlM. Bcan-capet. In bo. 

Mnnvi^ni. The brethren are employed in tany, a ^enusol the cI^im decandr^al onler mo- 

variout kinds of mmiuracture, and tbeir work- nopjuia. Calvu fiie-Ie^ved ; pculs 6(e ; d«- 

fnaiithip far exceeds 'ihai of any other part (tf tary icn-le3vcd, ruretinR ibe iceim ; Hamcni 

Hnllani); bill the ariidii ore piuporlionably seated on the germ ; capiule fivc-eelWd, Voai- 

dearer. Ziiyst is much frequented in the sum- tecD species; natives of the £ast of WeM 

iner manihs, bv merthantj who have no coua- Indies, oi Uie Cape. The following arc coiii- 

ttv ieals of ihnr own. voted, 

'ZWICKAU, a town of Upper Saxony, in I.Z. fjbago. Common bean-captr. 
MiFTiji, nrl' tht friinliers of V'ligtiand, with a a. 7. sessifplium. Afrlean bean.capcr. 
ditadet, three churches, and a Latin school, in .1. Z. morgana. Purslaue-Ieat'cd Lihiupian 

which is a Rooil li\nary,' Here are manufijis bean-cjper. 

tiiresof cloth ind Icathetj and a irade in corn 4. Z. (pinosum. Thorny bcan-ca|)ei. 
. snO beer. Ft U seated oh the Mulde, SO miles 5. Z. album. White Egyptian bean-capef. 
N.N.T. of Plauen, and SI S. of Altenburg. The first is herbaceous, and sboultl be pnt- 

Lim. IS. tH E. Lat. bO. 42 y. pagated by seed»; the real are shrubt or undti- 

ZWINGERA, in botany, a genu* of tbo shrubs, and may be inciMfied by seeds or eui- 

clasi decatidria, order monogynia. Calyx linEs. 

fiTB-paried ; petal) five ; filaments dilated and ZYMOSIMET^R. Cformeil from f;/.«i;. 

haity at the bate ; capsules Rve, coriaceous, fermentation, and |UT,-n, measure.) \n initiu. 

one-seeded, inserted on a fleshy receptacle, ment proposed by Swamnierdam in his book 

One species; a Goi.m a shrub, eight feel high, De Respiratione, wherewith to measure iha 

vf'ixh oblong, emarginale leafleiB. degree offer mentation occasioned by the mii- 

' ZWOLL, a fanified town of Holland, in tufc of different matters, and the degree of heal 

Overys^el, with three handsome suburbs. On which those matters arquire iu fcrmenling, u 

the adjacent mountain of Si. A^nes was for- also the beat or temperameDt of the blood of 

merry an Aupisii'ne convent, in which Thomai animals. 

Kempis lived 71 years, and died in, 1471. A ZYPffiUS (or Vanden Zyp, Franeii). t. 

canal begins near this place, and extends to 1e.-irned man, bom at Malines in I&80. His 

Ihe river Yssel, which is defended by several talents lecomniended him lo the bishop of Ajitr 

fqrts. Zwoll is the most opulent town in the werp, who appointed him his secretary, ca;rao, 

p^OTJnce, and stands on an eminence, on the and archdeacon of hii church. He died ia 

river Aa. 14 miles N. of Oeventer, and 31 ]5S0, aged Tb. He wrote, 1. Analytics eitir' 

S.W. of Coevorden. Lon. 6. 3 E, Lat. it, ratio jnria Pontificii novi. 2. Consulutiona 

31 N. Canonicx. 3. Notiiix Juris Bel iiici. 4. Da 

ZYG^NA,inthc8nlomologyofF»bticios, Jurisdiciione Eccfeiaslica & CivilT. 
■ tribe of the lepidoplfrniis genus Spnmx. ZYTHUS, {from f.«, to ferment.) Beetj 

which lee. ale ; any drink made of fermented corn. 

ZYGIA, in zoology, a genus of the class in. ZYTOMIERZ. a lowit of Poland, in V«|. 

aecta, order eolenptera. Antennas monili- hinia, seated on the Ciecirief, 70 miles W. of 

form; feelers equal, filiform; lip elongated, Kiof, and reo H, of Lucbo. Lon. ?$. SS £, 

membranaceous ; jaw one-toothed. Ou« spc. Lai. 50- 3i ii, 
•ies only, lyjia oblonga. Head and, liktRf 



, . f . 



ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 



.. M I K mi M 



A B D , DR A 

SI A* in GQiner^OKV* ArgUlaccQitts 5. A. solida. Hard solid ibonschiefer or 

>Iat^. Aqt'illatc. ThouyMidteier. A slate* Blackish, of a compact slaty texUue. 

the claM earths, order a^ziUaceom. ^viog a clear toundk whco struck, making a 

g of alutnina aQ4 silica, with geoeral- cuiereoua streak. Fouod io Sweden, S pai nj , 

: oxyd of Iron and carbooat of limir, and New Spaia; of a shivery fracture, am a 

tioies some magnesia aod petroleum ; blackish, hrowo, gpey,» or reddish colour. 

slaty textui^.^ geoeraljly. breaking ioto, t), A. compactissijona. Compact thonschiefibi 

agments ; op^, of a common fbuD, or slate. Of a dull colour,^ very compact audi 

wat^r, but so slowly as not to be solid, hardi^h, leaving a whliish streak. Fomul^ 

wheu moistened exhaling an argil- vei^ rarely in Cbioa ; black or brown» exte- 

Kbur; noi effen'escing with nitric riorJy glabrous and unequal^ iutemally very 

ting into a turbid scoria by a consider- compact. 

ee of heaL Fouqd in primitive as 7* A. atxala. Of a lamellar, slaty testive, 

rati6cd mouptains, and. when in the very soft, making a whitish stoeak. round in 

f a greasy lustre ; constituting entire Upland and various prorinces of S^vcden^ 

IS, or their principal part. Eleven meagre, blackish, brown, or yellowish ; cracks 

s follow. line when. stirred in thic fire, and running ioto- 

Dovacula. NovacuUte. Whetstone, a trothy kind of glass in a greater d^ree of 

tone. A littlp polished, shining within, heat, effervescing a Utile with nitric acki 

, hardish, areenish-grey, making a when powdered. 

nark. Found in schbtose mountains, 8. A. undulaia. Black, of an undulately 

considerable layers, chit:6y in the slaty texture. Found in Finland and Jemsia^. 

near I^uesteia in Bareith, Siberia, sometimes sofler, and melting into poroua 

Freybur^ in Saxony. Fracture slatv, slugs i sometimes a little harder, aod melting 

tug to shivery : do^ not adhere to tnc ioto a solid gh^. 

receives an imperfect polish, hardens 0. A. bituminosa. Bituminous schist. Very 

' and in oil, and when saturated with sotit a little greasy, of a dull colour, shiuing 

makes an excellent whetstone. when rubbed, leaving a black, streak* of a 

tegularis. Proper argillite. Com- straight slaty texture, breaking into discoid 

llaceous schist or slate. A little po« fragments, smoking.or flamins in the fire, and. 

ither hard, blueish-black, with a ct- at tne sama time becoming paler . Several va^ 

treak, with straight foliations. rieties. Found in Briuin, Sweden, and Lu- 

dmits of many varieties : reddish, or satia, forming large beds in stratified moun- 

-red ; purple ; reddish-purple ; ^reen- tains, and strongly impregnated with bitumen 

Chiefly used for the coverfng of and sulphur pyrlie : colour generally black i a 

'ound in many mountains of Britain, little glittering when broken, 
jrope generally. 10. A. kellas. Killas. Graywacke. Of a 

nigrica. Soft black schist, or slate, fibrous texture, slightly adhering to the tongue. 

alk. Deep black, meagre, very soft. Found in Cornwall, ot a pale blueish-grey, red, 

le fingers, making a black streak, of or whitish-j^ellow colour, and often intersected 

ed slaty texture, breaking into discoid with veins of copper or tin : surface undulated ; 

( or long splinters, becoming reddish- fracture Ions, splintery, imperfectly slaty, lus- 

ic fire. This, and the two preceding, tre opake, suky. 

noticed more at length under the ar- 11. A. tess'uralis. Rhombic slate. Very 

iST, to which the reader may turn soft, somewhat ponderous, breaking into trape- 

r (larticulars. zoid fragments of a slaty texture. Found in 

ibularis. Tabular schist or slate. A Silesia, near Goldburg, aud Neudorf, forming 

9hed, soft, greyish- black, making a entire mountains, of a brown, pale yellow, or 

lark, with straight foliations. Found green colour. 

riand, Hungary' Frunconia, and Sax- DRACiENA, in boUny, a genus of the 

tits an imperfect polish, and is some- class hexandria, order monogynia ; natural 

icgated with darker orbicular or oh- order sarmenuces. Calyxle^s ; corol six-pe- 

8 ; when |)owdercd effervesces in a ulled, oblong, somewhat upright, ec)uaj^ co- 

t (fbqree with nitric acid; is rather hen ng by the claws; sramens'six; fiknienlt-in- 

is used for tables and slates. Kriedinto the claws, subulate^ thicker iu the 



/ 



_^_ Z I R 

■iiiildl«i mentiranatrout at the baie> ihorter 
than ihe cocol ; anihen oblong, ineuinhcnt; 
pitui :iii ovair germ, Bis-Mrulrd ; Jlvle filiforoi, 
of ih« length or ihc siamriM ) tlisma thrcc- 
deh, nbluBC; lecepiaele ftu aiMtbtny. six* 
furniweil, ihtec-celleti ; ictds tfltilsry, oraW' 
oblong, iiicucveil iit ihf tip. Fnc ipeci**, a* 
fcUow*. 

1. D. dtaco. Dr3(p)n-tr««. 

5. D. (eina. Purple drarseiia. 

3. D. entifolia. Sword-leaved dracKna. 

4. D. niargiiiiiu. OliT«-)caved draccena- 

6. D. b«rc.lli». Oval'lcdved dracsna. 

Of ihrte the lliird, draciena rnsifolia, or 
•wnnl-lumcd dnccna, is moit worthy of notice. 
]| hat ■ pctcnnij) root. hnriEtmial, creeping, 
•omewbai wkovI]'. odocir^iOQt, and •imple. The 
rooi-lravfi heapnl, ihick. (iriated. shining, 
reflrx. Bwotd-«h»|wl,afiKit long. Scape three 
feet high, leafy at boitoin, n^keoal lop, round, 
■lender, declrnine ; the flowers terminal, aub- 
iimbeVled, ofa blue or white colour. 

It n (he dijnvlla cn^ifolia of the Horluf 
Ketvenaii ; ati'il iindtrr ihis name will be found 
inN»L HiM. PI CLXXV. 

ZIRCON, ill mincralogy.an earth. !onlled 
from the metal of the lame name. This earth 
was finl discovered by Klaprath, and iu lead- 
ing properties have since been carefidU invcs- 
ti^aitil by Vauqiielin. ]t h ohijtne<l ftoai the 
inetallic litcon, jarg«n,n(ir hyacinth, by the 
fotlou'iiig ptocc*». The mineral being very 
accurately pnlteriied ia to be mixed with six 
timet ill weij^hi of periecily caustic poiiuh d'i»- 
iolved in a little water. The mots being era- 
porated to dryncH in 9 >ilvcr crucible i) lo be 
kepi in D low Ted heal lar two Inrars ■ after 
"■■ s briihg allowed to cool, it will be found 






>dlier< 









tdinnly be coreied by ten or twelve 
ill weiphi of water, to wh'ch must then be 
added a tufficiency of muriatic acid in order to 
liijicrsatnmtir the alk.-ill. Bv a gentle diceslion 
the whole of the in«M will be disolvn, and 



the dA>«ijittion is to b* eraponicri ilowly tg 
dryness, alirrmg it aboui all the lime to fadli- 
ttlc the leparation of the itlex. The residue af 
tbe evaporalion is now to be dl^ceitrd with a 
nioderale qu^intiiy uf water iliehily acidulated 
by mnriitie acid, which wilt like up ihe lit* 
cou and oxydnf irnn, leaYinglheiiicx twbind. 
This evaporation and rcaohiiion in very diluie 
muriatic acid it to be repealed two or three 
limM, thai every pnriide of nilex may be tepa- 
taled, I'o ihe muriatic tolnlion it now to be 
added rarbiniat of animimia, which will nt 
fint occttioii an abunilani orecipiiate, but by 
adding an rxccM of the alLalt ihv whole of the 
zirrmi will be reditsntvcd, and ilie oxyd of iron 
will fall to the boiiom. The clear filtered 
liquor it lu he boiled for two or ihiee hours, 
by which the exctts of ammonia will he driten 
off, aud the zircon will be deposited in the 
ttMe (ifcaibonat, and in the form of a uhlie 
powder. This powdci being washed and pTt>- 
perl^ dried it afierwiirdi to be calcined, by 
which i.3 per rciil. of water and rarbcnic acid 
will b« driien olT, the remainder being pore 

Calcined lircon is of a white colour, imr^ 
to the touch, insipid, and inioliible in water: 
specific gravity 4.3. After being exposci! lo 
an intense heal in a charcoal crucibJc It ac< 
quires a grey colour, a *iireous fmcioft, »nd it 
hard enough to give lire with steel. Nitric 
acid easily combines with it : murijtic acid 
takes it up from the caibonst, but don ont 
touch it after it has been calctnaJ. It it icuo- 
luble in water and aloohol, and by erapoiatioa 
ma^ be obtaincil in need le- ahaped cryii alt. It 
it insoluble in ihe molit way by ihc fixed 
alkalies either caustic or catboniled, boi it 
taken up by CArbonntod ammonia. In iu !&• 
tiiiies for the :icidi it is decidedly inferior to iha 
alkalies, the alkaline earths, and e\en to alu. 
mine. Neither the eaiib uor tit ulu att madt 
any use of.