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Gc
977.3

1914
1405715

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 00877 8166

Publication Number Twenty

OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Illinois State Historical Society

FOR THE YEAR 1914

Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Society, Springfield,
Illinois, May 7-8, 1914

Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Springfield, III.

Illinois State Journal Co.. State Printers.

19 15

140S71S

CAPT. J. H. BURNHAM.

One of the Founders of the Illinois State Historical Society and a Director of the
Society since its Organization in 1899.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

List of officers of the Illinois State Historical Society 5

Editorial note 7

Constitution of the Illinois State Historical Society 8

Circular letter. An appeal to the public for contributions of historical

material 11

PART I.

Record of official proceedings of the society. Fifteenth annual meeting,

1914 13

Business meeting of the society 15

Report of the secretary of the society 23

Directors' meeting 28

Report of the committee on genealogy and genealogical publications 29

PART II.— PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1914.

Program of the annual meeting 33

Orrin N. Carter. Annual address. The Early Courts of Chicago and Cook

County 35

Henry A. Converse. The Life and Services of Shelby M. Cullom 55

A. R. Crook. Some Effects of Geological History on Present Conditions

in Illinois 80

William W. Sweet.. The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction. . 83
J. H. Burnham. The Destruction of Kaskaskia by the Mississippi River. . . 95

John H. Hauberg. Black Hawk's Home Country 113

George W. Young. The Williamson County Vendetta 122

W. H. Jenkins. The Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers (Yates Phalanx) 130

Edith Packard Kelly. Northern Illinois in the Great Whig Convention

of 1840 137

Martha McNiell Davidson. Southern Illinois in the Great Whig Conven-
tion of 1840 150

Isabel Jamison. The Great Whig Convention at Springfield, 111., June 3-4,
1840 160

PART III.— CONTRIBUTIONS TO STATE HISTORY.

John F. Steward. Further Regarding the Destruction of a Branch of the
Fox Tribe of Indians 175

Robert W. Campbell. Brief History of Seventeenth Regiment Illinois
Volunteer Infantry 184

Index 191

List of Publications of the Illinois State Historical Library and Society
follows index.

OFFICERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Honorary President.
Col. Clark E. Carr '. Galesburg

President.
Dr. Otto L. Schmidt Chicago

First Y ice-President.
W. T. Norton Alton

Second Vice-President.
L. Y. Sherman Springfield

Third Vice-President.
EiCHARD Yates Springfield

Fourth Vice-President.
George A. Lawrence Galesburg

Directors.

Edmund J. James, President, University Illinois. . .Urbana-Champaign

J. H. BuRNHAM Bloomington

E. B. Greene, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Charles H. Eammelkamp, President, Illinois College. .. .Jacksonville

J . 0. Cunningham Urbana

George W. Smith, Southern Illinois Normal University ... Carbondale

William A. Meese Moline

Richard V. Carpenter Belvidere

Edward C. Page, Northern Illinois State Normal School DeKalb

J. W. Clinton Polo

Andrew Eussel Jacksonville

Walter Colyer Albion

James A. James, Northwestern University Evanston

H. W. Clendenin Springfield

Secretary-Treasurer.
Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

EDITORIAL NOTE.

Following the practice of the Publication Committee in previous
years, this volume includes, besides the official proceedings and the
papers read at the last annual meeting, some essays and other matter
contributed during the year. It is hoped that these "contributions to
State History" may, in larger measure as the years go on, deserve their
title, and form an increasingly valuable part of the society's transac-
tions. The contributions are intended to include the following kinds
of material:

1. Hitherto unpublished letters and other documentary material.
This part of the volume should supplement the more formal and exten-
sive publication of official records in the Illinois historical collections,
which are published by the trustees of the State Historical Library.

2. Papers of a reminiscent character. These should be selected
with great care for memories and reminiscences are at their best an
uncertain basis for historical knowledge.

3. Historical essays or brief monographs, based upon the sources
and containing genuine contributions to knowledge. Such papers should
be accompanied by foot-notes indicating with precision the authorities
upon which the papers are based. The use of new and original material
and the care with which the authorities are cited, will be one of the main
factors in determining the selection of papers for publication.

4. Bibliographies.

5. Occasional reprints of books, pamphlets, or parts of books now
out of print and not easily accessible.

Circular letters have been sent out from time to time urging the
members of the society to contribute such historical material, and
appeals for it have been issued in the pages of the Journal. The com-
mittee desires to repeat and emphasize these requests.

It is the desire of the committee that this annual publication of
the society shall supplement, rather than parallel or rival, the distinctly
official publications of the State Historical Library. In historical
research, as in so many other fields, the best results are likely to be
achieved through the co-operation of private initiative with public
authority. It was to promote such co-operation and mutual undertaking
that this society was organized. Teachers of history, whether in schools
or colleges, are especially urged to do their part in bringing to this
publication the best results of local research and historical scholarship.

In conclusion it should be said that the views expressed in the
various papers are those of their respective authors and not necessarily
those of the committee. Nevertheless, the committee will be glad to
receive such corrections of fact or such general criticism as may appear
to be deserved.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL
SOCIETY.

ARTICLE I— NAME AND OBJECTS.

Section 1. The name of this society shall be the Illinois State
Historical Society.

Sec. 2. The objects for which it is formed are to excite and stimu-
late a general interest in the history of Illinois; to encourage historical
research and investigation and secure its promulgation; to collect and
preserve all forms of data in any way bearing upon the history of Illinois
and its peoples.

ARTICLE II— OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY— THEIR ELEC-
TION AND DUTIES.

Section 1. The management of the affairs of this society shall be
vested in a board of fifteen directors, of which board the president of the
society shall be ex officio a member.

Sec. 2. There shall be a president and as many vice-presidents, not
less than three, as the society may determine at the annual meetings.
The board of directors, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, shall
elect its own presiding officer, a secretary and treasurer, and shall have
power to appoint from time to time such officers, agents and committees
as they may deem advisable, and to remove the same at pleasure.

Sec. 3. The directors shall be elected at the annual meetings and
the mode of election shall be by ballot, unless by a vote of a majority of
members present and entitled to vote, some other method may be adopted.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of directors diligently to
promote the objects for which this society has beeen formed and to this
end they shall have power:

(1) To search out and preserve in permanent form for the use of
the people of the State of Illinois, facts and data in the history of the
State and of each county thereof, including the pre-historic periods and
the history of the aboriginal inhabitants together, with biographies of
distinguished persons who have rendered services to the people of the
State.

(2) To accumulate and preserve for like use, books, pamphlets,
newspapers and documents bearing upon the foregoing topics.

(3) To publish from time to time for like uses its own transactions
as well as such facts and documents bearing upon its objects as it may
secure.

(4) To accumulate for like use such articles of historic interest as
may bear upon the history of persons and places within the State.

(5) To receive by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase, books,
prints, paintings, manuscripts, libraries, museums, moneys and other
property, real or personal, in aid of the above objects.

(6) They shall have general charge and control under the direction
of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, of all
property so received and hold the same for the uses aforesaid in accord-
ance with an Act of the Legislature approved May 16, 1903, entitled,
"An Act to add a new section to an Act entitled, 'An Act to establish
the Illinois State Historical Library and to provide for its care and
maintenance, and to make appropriations therefor,' " approved May 25,
1889, and in force July 1, 1889; they shall make and approve all con-
tracts, audit all accounts and order their payment, and in general see
to the carrying out of the orders of the society. They may adopt by-laws
not inconsistent with this constitution for the management of the affairs
of the society; they shall fix the times and places for their meetings;
keep a record of their proceedings, and make report to the society at its
annual meeting.

Sec. 5. Vacancies in the board of directors may be filled by election
by the remaining members, the persons so elected to continue in office
until the next annual meeting.

Sec. 6. The president shall preside at all meetings of the society,
and in case of his absence or inability to act, one of the vice-presidents
shall preside in his stead, and in case neither president nor vice-president
shall be in attendance, the society may choose a president pro tempore.

Sec. 7. The officers shall perform the duties usually devolving upon
such offices, and such others as may from time to time be prescribed by
the society or the board of directors. The treasurer shall keep a strict
account of all receipts and expenditures and pay out money from the
treasury only as directed by the board of directors; he shall submit an
annual report of the finances of the society and such other matters as
may be committed to his custody to the board of directors within such
time prior to the annual meeting as they shall direct, and after auditing
the. same the said board shall submit said report to the society at its
annual meeting.

ARTICLE III— MEMBEESHIP.

Section 1. The membership of this society shall consist of five
classes, to wit: Active, Life, Affiliated, Corresponding, and Honorary,

Sec. 2. Any person may become an active member of this society
upon payment of such initiation fee not less than one dollar, as shall
from time to time be prescribed by the board of directors.

Sec. 3. Any person entitled to be an active member may, upon pay-
ment of twenty-five dollars, be admitted as a life member with all the
privileges of an active member and shall thereafter be exempt from
annual dues.

Sec. 4. County and other historical societies, and other societies
engaged in historical or archaeological research or in the preservation of
the knowledge of historic events, may, upon the recommendation of the
board of directors, be admitted as affiliated member of this society upon
the same terms as to the payment of initiation fees and annual dues as

active and life members. Every society so admitted shall be entitled to
one duly credited representative at each meeting of the society, who shall,
during the period of his appointment, be entitled as such representative
to all the privileges of an active member except that of being elected to
.office; but nothing herein shall prevent such representative becoming au
active or life member upon like conditions as other persons.

Seo. 5. Persons not active nor life members but who are willing to
lend their assistance and encouragement to the promotion of the objects
of this society, may, upon recommendation of the board of directors, be
admitted as corresponding members.

Sec. 6. Honorary membership may be conferred at any meeting of
the society upon the recommendation of the board of directors upon per-
sons who have distinguished themselves by eminent services or contribu-
tions to the cause of history.

Sec. 7. Honorary and corresponding members shall have the privi-
lege of attending and participating in the meetings of the society.

ARTICLE IV— MEETINGS AND QUOEUM.

Section 1. There shall be an annual meeting of this society for
the election of officers, the hearing of reports, addresses and historical
papers and the transaction of business at such time and place in the
month of May in each year as may be designated by the board of
directors, for which meeting it shall be the duty of said board of
directors to prepare and publish a suitable program and procure the
services of persons well versed in history to deliver addresses or read
essays upon subjects germane to the objects of this organization.

Sec. 3. Special meetings of the society may be called by the board
of directors.. Special meetings of the boards of directors may be called
by the president or any two members of the board.

Sec. 3. At any meeting of the society the attendance of ten mem-
bers entitled to vote shall be necessary to a quorum.

ARTICLE V— AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. The Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present and entitled to vote, at any annual meeting:
Provided, that the proposed amendment shall have first been submitted
to the board of directors, and at least thirty days prior to such annual
meeting notice of proposed action upon the same, sent by the secretary to
all the members of the society.

AN APPEAL TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND THE
GENERAL PUBLIC.

OBJECTS OF COLLECTION DESIEED BY THE ILLINOIS
STATE HISTOEICAL LIBEARY AND SOCIETY.

(Members please read this circular letter.)

Books and pamphlets on American history, biography, and gene-
alogy, particularly those relating to the west; works on Indian tribes,
and American archaeology and ethnology; reports of societies and insti-
tutions of every kind, educational, economic, social, political, co-operative,
fraternal, statistical, industrial, charitable; scientific publications of
states or societies; books or pamphlets relating to the great rebellion, and
the wars with the Indians; privately printed works; newspapers; maps
and charts; engravings; photographs; autographs; coins; antiquities;
encyclopedias, dictionaries, and bibliographical works. Especially do
we desire

EVEEYTHING RELATING TO ILLINOIS.

1. Every book or pamphlet on any subject relating to Illinois, or
any part of it ; also every book or pamphlet written by an Illinois citizen,
whether published in Illinois or elsewhere ; materials for Illinois history ;
old letters, journals.

2. Manuscripts; narratives of the pioneers of Illinois; original
papers on the early history and settlement of the territory; adventures
and conflicts during the early settlement, the Indian troubles, or the late
rebellion; biographies of the pioneers; prominent citizens and public
men of every county either living or deceased, together with their por-
traits and autographs; a sketch of the settlements of every township,
village, and neighborhood in the State, with the names of the first settlers.
We solicit articles on every subject connected with Illinois history.

3. City ordinances, proceedings of mayor and council; reports of
committees of council; pamphlets or papers of any kind printed by
authority of the city; reports of boards of trade; maps of cities and plats
of town sites or of additions thereto.

4. Pamphlets of all kinds; annual reports of societies; sermons
or addresses delivered in the State; minutes of church conventions,
synods, or other ecclesiastical bodies of Illinois; political addresses; rail-
road reports; all such, whether published in pamphlet or newspaper.

5. Catalogues and reports of colleges and other institutions of
learning; annual or other reports of school boards, school superintend-
ents, and school committees ; educational pamphlets, programs and papers
of every kind, no matter how small or apparently unimportant.

6. Copies of the earlier laws, journals and reports of our terri-
torial and State legislatures; earlier Governor's messages and reports of
State officers; reports of State charitable and other State institutions.

7. Files of Illinois newspapers and magazines, especially complete
volumes of past years, or single numbers even. Publishers are earnestly
requested to contribute their publications regularly, all of which will be
carefully preserved and bound.

8. Maps of the State, or of counties or townships, of any date;
views and engravings of buildings or historic places; drawings or photo-
graphs of scenery; paintings; portraits, etc., connected with Illiiiois
history.

9. Curiosities of all kinds; coins; medals; paintings; portraits;
engravings; statuary; war relics; autograph letters of distinguished
persons, etc.

10. Facts illustrative of our Indian tribes — their history, charac-
teristics, religion, etc. ; sketches of prominent chiefs, orators and warriors,
together with contributions of Indian weapons, costumes, ornaments,
curiosities, and implements; also, stone axes, spears, arrow heads, pot-
tery, or other relics.

In brief, everything that, by the most liberal construction, can
illustrate the history of Illinois, its early settlement, its progress, or
present condition. All will be of interest to succeeding generations.
Contributions will be credited to the donors in the published reports
of the library and society, and will be carefully preserved in the State
house as the property of the State, for the use and benefit of the people
for all time.

Communications or gifts may be addressed to the librarian and
secretary.

(Mrs.) Jessie Palmer Weber.

PART I

Record of Official Proceedings

1914

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

Business Meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society,
May 8, 1914.

The business meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society was
called to order in the Senate Chamber at 10 :30 o'clock Friday, May 8,
1914, by the president of the society, Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, who stated
that no report was necessary for the president, as the secretary of the
society would explain the work of the society in her report.

The secretary, Mrs. Weber, then read her report.

Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, the chairman. — You have heard the report
of the secretary. What shall be done with it?

Mr. Etisley Moore. — I move that it be accepted and placed on file.

Hon. Eichard Yates. — I second the motion.

Chairman. — It has been moved and seconded that the secretary's
report be approved and placed on file. Those in favor say aye ; opposed,
no. Carried.

Chairman. — The next order of business is the presentation of
reports. Has Miss Osborne a report on genealogy?

The report was read by the chairman of the committee. Miss
Georgia L. Osborne.

Chairman. — What shall be done with Miss Osborne's report?

Mr. H. W. Clendenin. — I move that it be placed on file.

Chairman. — It has been moved and seconded that Miss Osborne's
report be placed on file. All in favor vote aye; opposed, no. Carried.

Chairman. — Are there any other officers to report? If not, the
next order of business will be the reports of the committees. Mrs. Weber,
are there any chairmen of committees who have prepared reports?

Mrs. Weber. — I am the chairman of the program committee. We
can submit to you our printed program as the result of our labors.

Chairman. — Mrs. Weber is too modest to speak about the actual
program, but we all know from the program of the last meeting, the
Gettysburg meeting, and this meeting, that she has been very energetic
and arduous in making up these splendid programs. As a matter of
fact she deserves the credit for the whole program. If there are no
further reports or suggestions contained in the report of the secretary
which ought to be acted upon, we shall proceed. There is, however, a
recommendation in regard to the Secretary of State for his interest and
courtesy to this society. Will somebody present a motion ?

Mr. J. Nick Perrin. — I move that the secretary be instructed to
convey the thanks of this organization to the gentlemen mentioned in
this report.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion that the secretary be asked
to convey the thanks of the society to the Secretary of State, Honorable

Harry Woods, and Captain F. J, McComb, for their courtesy and kind-
ness to the society in many ways. It has been moved and seconded. All
in favor vote aye; opposed, no. Carried.

Chairman. — I wish to include Professor Crook on account of his
taking the place of Professor J. A. James last night, who was prevented
from coming on account of illness. Mrs. Weber was not notified until
about ten o'clock yesterday morning. It is highly desirable, I think,
that Mr. Sidney Breese also receive a special vote of thanks. He gave
to the society, manuscripts and documents inherited from his famous
grandfather, which would not have been obtainable by purchase or
otherwise.

Mrs. Martha K. Baxter. — I move that the society express its thanks
to Mr. Breese by a rising vote and that a vote of thanks be sent to him.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion that a rising vote of thanks
be given to Mr. Breese for his gift of manuscripts and documents to the
society and that a record thereof be made on the records of the society
and notice thereof sent to Mr. Breese. Will the members of the society
arise ?

(Eising vote taken.)

Chairman. — I think everything has been acted upon in your report,
Mrs. Weber?

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber. — I suppose it is not necessary, but I
would like some recommendation on the request of the Centennial Com-
mission that we cooperate with them— an acknowledgment of their
message, at least.

Hon. Richard Yates. — You do not make any definite recommenda-
tion in your report except that we cooperate.

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber. — Governor, I simply report without
recommendations on those points that I have been asked to report to
this society that the Centennial Commission will be glad of its coop-
eration. I thought to acknowledge the message in some way.

Mr. J. W. Clinton. — The board of directors, I believe, recommended
certain parties for honorary membership. Has that been acted upon ?

Chairman. — Another motion is before the house. That the society
acknowledge the recommendation from the Centennial Commission that
we cooperate with it in its preparation for the centennial year, made
by Governor Yates. Seconded and carried.

Mr. J. W. Clinton. — The point I raised — I was not in here at the
commencement of the meeting. I do not know whether the list of
members recommended for honorary membership had been presented.
It was presented in the directors' meeting. I raise that question. If
it has not been read, I suggest that it be read and acted upon.

Chairman. — No motion has been entertained in regard to that.
Will you make the motion, Mr. Clinton?

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber. — I have the list here.

Mr. J. W. Clinton. — The list recommended and endorsed by the
directory — recommended by the secretary and endorsed by the member-
ship of the committee — includes Governor Edward F. Dunne, Dr. Will-
iam Jayne, Judge J. 0. Cunningham, Dr. J. F. Snyder, Dr. M. H.
Chamberlain, Hon. Clinton L. Conkling and Sidney S. Breese. I move
that this society make them honorary members.

Mr. H. W. CleBdeuiu. — I second the motion.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion made and seconded that
Governor Edward F. Dunne, Dr. William Jayne, Judge J. 0. Cunning-
ham, Dr. J. F. Snyder, Dr. M. H. Chamberlain, Hon. Clinton L. Conk-
ling and Sidney S. Breese be made honorary members of this society.
Those in favor of welcoming these gentlemen to honorary membership
in this society vote aye; opposed, vote no. Carried. The secretary
will please cast the ballot of the society for the election.

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber. — Mr. Chairman, I have cast the ballot.

Chairman. — The gentlemen are elected.

Captain J. H. Burnham. — The secretary made mention of the fact
that next year will be the fiftieth anniversary of peace and in the
directors' meeting we had some talk on that matter but nothing special
concluded upon. I will make a motion in behalf of this society. I move
that the society appoint a committee of three who shall be representatives
to the meeting of the State Encampment of the G. A. E. at their forth-
coming meeting on the 3d and 4th of June, giving welcome of this society
to the G. A. E., if they choose to cooperate with this society in that
celebration.

Motion seconded.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion of Captain Burnham that
this society extend an invitation to the G. A. B. to cooperate with us
in the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of peace

Captain J. H. Burnham. — I do not know whether to put it in that
way. I thought it better to say we would welcome cooperation.

Chairman. — That notice be given to the G. A. E. that this society
will welcome any cooperation in the celebration of the fiftieth anniver-
sary. That a committee of three be appointed. Those in favor, please
say aye. Carried.

Chairman. — Who shall appoint the committee. Captain Burnham?

Captain J. H. Burnham. — The chair.

Chairman. — I appoint Captain Burnham

Mr. H. W. Clendenin. — I would request that I be not of that
committee. My eyesight is very bad. I would probably not be able to
go. Comrade Jenkins and Comrade Silliman may have no trouble with
their eyes.

Chairman. — The chair has appointed for this committee, Captain
Burnham, Mr. Silliman, and Mr. Jenkins. Is there further miscella-
neous business to come before the society?

Mrs. I. G. Miller. — In Mrs. Weber's report she spoke of a letter
she received from Moro, Illinois. I believe we ought to send greetings
to this lady. She appreciated the works sent to her. I make this motion.

Mrs. Martha K. Baxter. — Seconded.

Carried.

Chairman. — It is a very gracious motion and stimulates interest, I
think, in the society. Is there any further miscellaneous business? I may
possibly make a few remarks in regard to the centennial publication
committee of the Centennial Commission. The subcommittee has been
at work almost a year now in making preparations for the centennial
publication which is to appear in 1918. After discvis?ion of the matter

— 2 H S

from every standpoint and viewpoint, the consent of the Governor was
obtained to proceed on the following plan: that as soon as possible — say
within a year or two — a small volume of two or three hundred pages,
"Illinois in 1818/' be issued. "The People, Civilization, etc., of the
People of Illinois in 1818." This is to be a work drawing the attention
of the people to the centennial. The large work on the anniversary of
Illinois will comprise five volumes and will be edited by the best people
obtainable in the State and undoubtedly will form a much desired work
on this State. There is no work at present extant on the history of
Illinois that is standard. The subcommittee and the commission so
hope that this will be so.

At the annual meetings we often have reports from the officers of
the local societies. Will Mr. Freese please report on the work of his
society ?

Mr. L. J. Freese. — Mr. Chairman, I have no special report to make
to this body. However, we are endeavoring to do the work that belongs,
as I understand it, to the local historical society. We are collecting the
history of our county and we are placing this in permanent form. We
are — I should say we are hoping to. It is now in manuscript form.
When our society becomes wealthy we shall put it in book form. Some-
times we go before our board of supervisors and secure an appropriation,
but the society is growing in interest and we are holding our meetings
in different parts of the county. Last September, I went to Minonk to
place the matter of holding our next meeting at Minonk. I visited the
business men's association, which resulted in the meeting of such men
in the First National Bank and they extended an invitation to our
society to meet there. We had an excellent program and exhibited the
relics. A few days ago, I went to El Paso to visit our people there to
see if they would care for the mid-year meeting, and the commercial
club has extended us an invitation for the meeting at that place. They
are going to furnish the programs, etc. The meetings are growing in
interest; and we cannot confine them to one section or one day; so we
will have an evening meeting and a meeting the next day for the exhibi-
tion of the relics; and the afternoon meeting will be given over to the
D. A. R. Our society has endeavored to locate the graves — we have
located two or three Revolutionary soldiers, 1812, 1833, and the Mexican
War. The Peoria Daughters of the American Revolution will mark the
graves oi soldiers at this meeting. The commercial club will see that
automobiles convey the members to the scene.

We celebrated the seventieth anniversary of the formation of the
county; marked where Lincoln and Douglas made speeches. We expect
to continue this work and especially invite you to attend this meeting of
June 3-4 at El Paso.

Mr. Ensley Moore. — Speaking about marking places — last Deco-
ration Day — I don't know whether you noticed or not — but we ttiarked
the camping place of General Grant and the marking was done in an
official way by a gathering and speaking, etc. The story of the marking
was one that in a way was a double marker. Some of the natives found
a couple of boulders, and those had belonged probable to the Collins
brothers, who established the second flour mill at Naples. Those two

stones were used as markers of the place where Mr. Grant's regiment
encamped. It was a double monument.

It is not for Mrs. Miller or Mrs. Weber to take this matter up. I
want to say a thing to the men folks. That is, I think there is a class
that has not been very largely referred to in our meetings, and that is
the women of Illinois. If nothing happens to me I expect to write
something and have it printed regarding three ladies of Jacksonville and
they are the three ladies that have done much for Jacksonville and mucli
for the State. I want to write that up sometime when I can get to it,
and I suggest that the younger members like Professor Greene take an
interest and find out about the women of Illinois. If you will turn over
the pages of history that you know about, you will find that there would
not be many of us here if it were not for the women of Illinois; and I
think it is fair that you remember them, and I want them remembered
in the annals of the Historical Society, and I want the other members to
take hold of that point.

Chairman. — Some time ago I read a valuable article about the value
of museums of history by which an interest in history can be aroused,
by Professor Page, of DeKalb. I would like to call on him to make a
few remarks.

Professor E. C. Page. — We have no historical society in DeKalb
county, though the county is much interested in history and is doing a
great deal in the way of promoting and stimulating interest. We are
very much taken up with the new farm ideas; and an angle of that is
the farmers' room, in which they use all sorts of implements, special
harvest machinery, going back to the days of the reaping hook down to
the present machinery; and other things connected with farm life and
pioneer life are usually exhibited at that time — marking graves, and
at present they are making plans to mark the site of the first courthouse
in the county. Along these lines a great deal of interest is being taken,
although no historical society has been organized.

In the Kormal School we have taken the same idea of prompting
historical interest and are endeavoring to interest our students in mak-
ing use of historical material in their school work; and so, in the last
two years, I began collecting a museum of history, what I call a working
museum of history. President John W. Cook has been very kind in the
setting aside of rooms for the collection. Outside these rooms is a
spacious corridor. Through the kindness of our friends we have col-
lected quite a museum in the last two years. I suppose we must have
4,000 or 5,000 different articles showing the life of the past and all of
them have been contributed. We have purchased nothing. We do not
enter the field of purchase. If we did our purpose would be entirely
defeated. We would be constantly besought to buy. We have everything
from a wood hook to a Marsh Harvester. The latter we are not able
to house with our collection, but we have it for exhibition purposes.
This is nothing, because there should be a collection of historical mate-
rial. But the use we are making of it is unusual. There are only a few
schools that are making use of a historical museum. We are trying in
every way to make the utmost possible use of it. The greatest use is in
the grades and Normal school. Teachers going and coming and they
make use of it just as books are taken from the library so that the

children can understand better the life of the past. That material is
out all the time. Every morning one of my first duties is to check up;
and only one morning in the past year have I found everything in the
museum; something out all the time. Then we have special exhibits in
the corridor in suitable cases and every device by which we can exhibit
this matter. In view of the present Mexican embroglio, I thought it
proper to have a war exhibit; and I found from the museum that I have
exhibits from the Mexican War, War of 1813, Revolutionary War, Civil
War and Spanish-American War and from distant countries; and the
thing that surprised me, although I have collected all this material, was
the number of articles that illustrated the various Avars and the variety
of them. I discovered we had a complete file of the daily papers during
the Spanish- American War; I have the music that was used during the
Eevolutionary War, the score of the tune to which Cornwallis surren-
dered, "The World's Turned Upside Down," secured from the Library
of Congress ; the music from the Civil War and Spanish- American War ;
one composed by Bert Morgan, "My Sweetheart Went Down with the
Maine." What is the object of this ? Putting them in special exhibits.
So that everybody in school going to and fro will see the different phases
of history illustrated. It is attracting a great deal of attention, and
profitable attention, not only in the school but in the community. People
as a matter of fact are coming from outside communities to see these
things. I am glad of the opportunity to call attention to this under-
taking. I think I know the museums of the schools in this country.
Outside of three or four universities, probably that exhibit could not be
duplicated in any other school. It is there for use. It seems to me that
that is the object of things. We ought to preserve these things and get
them before the people who ought to see those things.

Mr. L. J. Freese. — I move that this society express its thanks and
appreciation to Mrs. Walker of the D. A. E. for the work she is doing
in locating the graves of the soldiers of the American Revolution in
Illinois. Motion seconded.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion made and seconded. Those
in favor say aye. Carried.

Chairman. — The next order of business is the election of officers.
Mr. J. Nick Perrin. — This old life is short at its longest and I
begin to believe in economizing it. I do not see any evidence of any job
being put up on any of us. I would, therefore, move that the secretary
cast the ballot of this society for all of the present officers, including the
honorary president. Col. Clark E. Carr, with the exception of the secre-
tary and that the president of the society cast the vote of this society for
Mrs. Weber as secretary.

Chairman. — You have heard the motion. It has been moved and
seconded that the present officers be reelected for the coming year and
that the secretary of the society cast the ballot of the society for the
election of these officers with the exception of herself and that the presi-
dent cast the ballot for the secretary.

Mr. Richard Yates. — Most of the officers being officers cannot

vote

Mr. J. Nick Perrin. — I can vote on those members. I am not an
officer.

Chairman. — Those in favor say aye. Carried.

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber. — I have the list of the officers here and
by the direction of the society I cast the ballot for all officers except the
secretary.

Chairman. — I herewith cast the ballot of the society for the re-
election of our very worthy and excellent secretary.

Mr. J. Nick Perrin. — Would you allow me just one minute — pos-
sibly two — on the matter — although it was passed — on the matter of the
local historical societies or museums. We have a modest people who feel
that St. Clair County has played a very humble part in the affairs of
the society; and in St. Clair County we have both a museum, a historical
museum and a historical society. The historical museum is in the court-
house and the historical society is up here attending this meeting. St.
Clair County, of course, embraced all of the State of Illinois except
about one-sixteenth of the extreme southeast portion, plus all of the
state of Wisconsin. Our museum is a record room. We call it an old
record room. It contains old civil records west of the Allegheny Moun-
tains— a French record, etc., in Prance dating back to 1737. This
museum contains records from 1737 to 1800. And the historical society
was organized for the purpose of not only forwarding this movement but
of allowing the school children to pass through this room every day, but
also, for the purpose of taking care of and standing guard over these
historic records and these official papers that are in its care and to see
that they are not hawked about the State by anybody. There are twenty-
seven of us. We do not want any more. We cannot do business with
too many. Twenty-seven are enough. In addition to looking after the
museum and meeting often enough to reelect ourselves — the meeting
being subject to the call of the president — in addition to this, whenever
anything of enough importance occurs we mark it. When the son of the
distinguished novelist came to St. Clair County, seventy years after his
father's visit, we took him in tow. We showed him a good time, although
we hope we did not feed him too much. We showed him the places his
father visited seventy years prior to that time, and then we put a nice
brass marker on the mansion house and sent him back. We then marked
when St. Clair County attained its centennial time, when the county
seat attains its centennial; we marked the place where the first cabin
stood, the cabin of the pioneer who started the county seat of Illinois;
and as soon as the weather opens and we can get down into the old
American bottom, we expect to mark the place which witnessed the assas-
sination of the biggest red man of them all, Pontiac. We killed him at
Cahokia. By the wa}^, that was the earliest settlement. We built the
first railroad, etc.

Captain J. H. Buriiham. — I hope our friend is not pluming liimself
on having the oldest settlement because Kaskaskia has departed.

Mr. J. Nick Perrin. — No, Kaskaskia commenced up here

Mr. Eichard Yates. — That first railroad of yours was a horse car
railroad. In Morgan County we built a real one.

Chairman. — If there is no further regular business we will pro-
ceed

Mr. Eichard Yates. — I want to introduce one of the men who built
the first railroad. (Presents Mr. William Bakor.)

Chairman. — Ou account of the lateness of the hour I shall change
the program and instead of asking for the paper on the Williamson
County Vendetta, which I understand is a long one, I shall take the
liberty of asking Mr. Jenkins to read his paper on the Thirty-ninth
Illinois Volunteers, The Yates Phalanx.

Captain J. H. Burnham. — Judge Young of Marion, who wrote the
Williamson County Vendetta, is one of the original signers of the call
for the organization of the State Historical Society. He has taken a
great interest in State and local history and wrote the paper about the
Williamson County Vendetta at my request when I met him at the
State encampment at Alton. He has never been able to attend our
meetings but has a warm interest in our work.

Mr. Jenkins reads his paper.

Chairman. — On account of the postponement of Judge Young's
paper to this afternoon and that there are three other papers scheduled
for that time, it will be necessary for us to meet promptly at 2 :30.

The meeting is adjourned until 2 :30 this afternoon.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY-
MAY, 1913-MAY. 1914.

Matj 1, 1911,.
To the Board of Directors of the Illinois State Historical Society .

Gentlemen: The Illinois State Historical Society is now fifteen
years old, this being its fifteenth annual meeting. The society was
organized June 30, 1899, as the result of the preliminary meeting held
at the University of Illinois May 19, 1899. The first annual meeting
was held at Peoria the following January (January 5-6, 1900), the
second annual meeting was held at Springfield, January 30-31, 1901.
At this meeting the secretary reported that there were about sixty
members.

An able address was delivered before the society by Reuben Gold
Thwaites, secretary and director of the Wisconsin Historical Society, in
which he stated that that day (January 30, 1901) was the fifty-second
birthday of the Wisconsin Historical Society. In the report of i\n\ secre-
tary at the sixthwannual meeting held in Springfield, January 25-26,
1905, two hundred and 'fifty-one members were reported. This included
twenty-eight editorial or newspaper members.

At the tenth annual meeting eight hundred members were reported
and today the society numbers :

Honorary members 17

Life members 12

Active 1,583

N'ewspaper editors 47

Total 1,659

It is the largest state society in the United States in point of
numbers.

We have lost by death since our last annual meeting sixteen of our
members. They are :

Mr. H. L. Sayler, Chicago, Illinois, May 31, 1913.

Miss M. Frances Chenery, Springfield, Illinois, June 7, 1913.

Mr. Albert Atherton, • Pleasant Plains, Illinois, June 11, 1913.

Mr. Eeuben Gold Thwaites, Madison, Wisconsin, October 22, 1913
(an honorary member).

Mrs. Katherine Goss Wheeler, Springfield, Illinois, November 19,
1913.

Mr. C. S. N. Hallberg, Chicago, Illinois, November 5, 1913.

Mr. Thornton G. Capps, Greenfield, Illinois, December 11, 1913.

Mr. Louis Waltersdorf, Chicago, Illinois, December 12, 1913.

Mr. John H. Drawyer, Bradford, Illinois, 1913.

Mr. J. M. Eyrie, Alton, Illinois, 1914.

Professor Henry B. Henkel, Springfield, Illinois, February 26, 1914.

Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, January 28, 1914 (an honorary member
of the society).

Mr. Edgar S. Scott, Springfield, Illinois, March 22, 1914.

Mr. Charles B. Campbell, Kankakee, Illinois, April 1, 1914.

Mr. W. H. Thacker, Arlington, Washington, April 1, 1914.

Brief biographies of these members have appeared in the Journal
and I will not at this time repeat them. An address on the life of
Senator Shelby M. Cullom will be a part of the proceedings of this
annual meeting.

I again desire to call your attention to the oft repeated requests of
the secretary to be informed in the case of deaths in our membership.
You are urgently requested to notify the secretary if you learn of the
death of a member of this society.

Membei's express their interest in the society and their pleasure in
its publications by many kind letters. I beg to read a brief one from
one of our members and I hope the society will see fit to send a word of
greeting to the writer of the letter.

"Moro, Illinois, May J^, WlJf.

My Dear Mrs. Weber: I am enclosing the $1.00 for dues in the
Historical Society and would be delighted to attend the meeting in
Springfield and hear the interesting topics discussed so ably, as I am
sure they will be, but alas ! I am a hopeless shut-in, not likely to enjoy
attending anything beyond the walls of my room. But with all my
limitations I find life worth living because of the majiy love feasts I
can have in print and script. My mind can travel, yea even wander, in
the realms of reason and I can have beautiful thoughts all of the time.
In all good societies I can belong even if I can't throng.

May the Illinois Historical Society live long and prosper !
Yours sincerely,

(Mrs.) Katharine Stahl."

On November 19, 1913, this society held a memorial meeting in
observance of the fiftieth anniversary of the dedication of the Gettysburg
National Cemetery, at which time Mr. Lincoln delivered his celebrated
Gettysburg address. Governor Dtinne by special proclamation called the
attention of the people of the State to this historic anniversary and asked
them to observe it. The Historical Society gladly acted upon the patri-
otic suggestion of our Governor and on the evening of November 19,
1913, the meeting was held. It was an occasion that will long be remem-
bered by those who attended it.

Governor Dunne, after being introduced by Dr. 0. L. Schmidt,
president of the society, presided over the meeting and addresses were
made by Judge J. 0. Cunningham, a personal friend of Mr. Lincoln:
State Superintendent of Public Instruction F. G. Blair, and Hon.
Everett Jennings. These were noteworthy addresses. Stephenson Post,
G. A. P., attended in a body and the soldiers who had been participants
at the Battle of Gettysburg were asked to come to the speaker's stand
and there an eloquent address .was made to them, especially by Hon.
Everett Jennings. The meeting was successful in every detail.

Since the last meeting of this society the commission created by
the last General Assembly to arrange for the celebration of the State's
centennial anniversary has been organized,

The president and secretary of the State Historical Society are
members of the Centennial Commission, as are Senator Ilearn, Senator
Hay, Senator Johnson, President James, Professor Greene, Professor
Garner, all members of the Historical Society.

The commission met and organized by making Senator Hearn
chairman, and Jessie Palmer Weber secretary of the commission. Com-
mittees have been appointed and work has been laid out for them. The
plan contemplates a significant celebration of the centennial year by a
great historical publication; celebrations in every community in the
State by schools, clubs, fraternal organizations, historical societies and
a great celebration at Springfield; and it is hoped that there will be, as
an enduring memorial by the State to its hundred years of progress, a
Centennial Memorial Building, the dedication of which will be a part
of the centennial celebration. Senator Logan Hay is the chairman for
the Centennial Memorial Building; Dr. Schmidt for the Centennial
Memorial Publications; President James of the celebration at Spring-
field ; Senator Kent E'. Keller of the State Wide Celebration ; Professor
Greene on Monuments and Memorials; Jessie Palmer Weber on the
Historical Pageant. There are other important committees, but the
above mentioned are of special interest to the Historical Society.

The members of the Historical Society are expected to bear an
important part in this great work and the Centennial Commission asks
your aid and cooperation.

Your secretary attended the State Conference of Daughters of the
American Eevolution at Quincy last October and made a report of the
working of the Fort Massac Park Trustees. A member of this society,
Mrs. E. S. Walker, made at that same conference an admirable report,
as State chairman of the Hlinois D. A. E. committee on historic research.
You are all familiar with the splendid work that Mrs. Walker is doing
in compiling the names and records of military services and the places
of burial of Eevolutionary soldiers buried in Illinois. Mrs. Walker is
doing this work by counties of Illinois. She is carefully verifying these.
I suggest that the society express in some manner its appreciation of
her labors.

. Miss Georgia L. OslwDrne, chairman of the genealogical committee,
will report to you that the list which she has compiled of the Historical
Library's various works on genealogy, is nearly ready for distribution.
She will not, however, tell you of how much labor she has bestow(^d upon
it and how valuable it will be to genealogists and genealogical students.

The secretary of the society has been asked by Mr. Scott Matthews,
pure food commissioner of this State, to assist him in the preparation of
a text-book for schools. This book is to contain historical information
in regard to pure food legislation, and of the resources and history of
the State. It is planned to have it in the hands of the school children
of the State by the opening of the school year in the autumn.

The secretary has also been invited by the Illinois Commission to
the Panama-Pacific Exposition to place an exliibit in the Lincoln memo-
rial room in the Illinois Building at San Francisco at the Panama-
Pacific Exposition. This, it is hoped, will be a truly significant exhibit.
The secretary begs the assistance of the society in the collection of
Lincoln material that will be worthy of the State of Illinois. The

Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission, of which the Governor is a
commissioner, with twenty deputy or associate commissioners is building
for Illinois a splendid building; and the members of the commission
desire that the people of this State who visit the Exposition will avail
themselves of the comforts and conveniences of the Illinois Building as
a resting place and meeting place; and the commission hopes that it
will be the headquarters of Illinoisans at the Exposition.

The secretary and several other members of the society attended
the ceremonies at Starved Eock, attendant upon the presentation to the
State of Illinois on September 6, 1913, by the D. A. E. of the State, of
a splendid flag-pole and D. A. E. pennant. This was a notable gather-
ing. Addresses were made by the State regent of the D. A. E., Mrs.
George A. Lawrence; Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, Mrs. John C. Ames, vice-
president general for Illinois of the D. A. E.; Hon. Samuel Alschuler,
Hon. Charles Clyne and Mr. W. E. Osman, all of whom are members of
the Historical Society. Other persons distinguished in historical and
patriotic work made addresses. I mention those who are members of
the society to show you the part taken by our members in the historical
work in this State.

The secretary visited the Eock Island County Historical Society
on April 14, 1914, and had the pleasure of addressing the society. The
Eock Island County Society which has such an interesting history to
report has in its membership some of the best workers of the State
Historical Society. The meeting was an interesting and successful one
and your secretary derived much pleasure from her visit.

Next year is the fiftieth anniversary of the termination of the great
Civil War of America. It seems to me that if there is any historical
event which should be commemorated by jubilee, it is this anniversary
of the cessation of the hostilities between our own people. Four years
ago we observed the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of that great
war. This was a solemn memorial observance, but fifty years of peace
and progress should be observed in a different way. If it were not for
the fact that the old soldiers who remain with us today are growing
feeble and are few in number, it would be indeed, an anniversary of
rejoicing; but it gives us an opportunity of doing special honor to the
veterans who remain with us, and of showing them that their bravery
and sacrifices are not forgotten by us who are heirs of the prosperity
which they made possible. I suggest that the meeting of 1915 especially
observe this semicentennial.

Circular letters have been issued from time to time by the library
and society asking the assistance of members of the Historical Society
and of the citizens of this State in the collection of historical material of
all kinds. I again make an appeal for such material.

Mr. Sidney S. Breese of Springfield, grandson of Judge Sidney
Breese, distinguished in the annals of this State, has presented the
library with a large number of the letters and papers of his grandfather.
These comprise letters to Judge Breese from most of his eminent con-
temporaries. Among them are letters from Stephen A. Douglas, James
Semple, Gustavus Koerner, William H. Bissell, John Wentworth and
many others. The collection is most valuable and it is a splendid and

generous ^ift. Lists of gifts and names of donors are acknowledged in
the Journal. Your assistance is earnestly solicited.

This society has passed the experimental stage and it has a great
work to do. It is too much to expect that each one of the members of
the society be an active worker, but it is not too much to expect each one
to be interested enough to help by suggestion and interest.

It will be remembered that an appropriation for the purchase of the
site of old Fort Chartres was made by the last session (Forty-eighth) of
the General Assembly. The land has been purchased by the State and
this truly historic relic is now a part of the State park system. Mr.
William A. Meese, one of the directors of this society, was largely instru-
mental in securing this appropriation. Eesidents of the county and
locality have formed an association for the purpose of stimulating inter-
est in and preserving local history. Surely the locality which this society
represents has a history which is as fascinating and thrilling as any
pictured by writers of romance. We welcome this new society to the
field of State historical work.

The research work grows rapidly and all of the employees of the
library and the society are kept busy. The publications, the Journal and
the Transactions, and indexing them, the cataloging and copying are
all arduous labor. You have received copies of Illinois Historical Col-
lection, Vol. IX, a bibliography of Travel and Description in Illinois,
1765-1865, by Dr. Solon J. Buck.

This is an excellent exhaustive piece of work, altho the casual
student can form no idea of the amount of work, of laborious painstaking
research which Dt. Buck devoted to the compilation of it. Dr. Buck
has also been secured by the Centennial Commission to edit its first
publication, "Illinois in 1818." The fact that he is to have supervision
of this work insures its character and high value.

The work of the society and library progresses steadily. Member-
ship in the society continues to grow, but the members of the society
do not personally attend the meetings as they should do. This gentle
scolding applies particularly to Springfield members. I know that
members are interested, but so many things come up these busy days
that one cannot do everything, and then you receive the papers in the
Transactions of the Society ; so the meetings are neglected. It is not
very inspiring to speakers, however, to have such small audiences. Please
do some missionary work with the members of the society in regard to
this matter.

The committees of the society, too, with notable exceptions, take
their duties too lightly. There is, however, good excuse for this, as it is
impossible to hold frequent committee meetings, owing to the fact that
members reside in all sections of the State. It might be well to arrange
committee meetings for the time of the annual meeting of the society;
at which time plans for work of committees could be outlined, and
subcommittees appointed. Please think this matter over and offer
suggestions to the secretary of the society.

As I have said, we are steadily progressing. We meet with dis-
appointments along the way, but does not every one — the farmer, the
teacher, the merchant, the housekeeper, workers in all lines of human
endeavor — have difficulties with which to contend ?

We have every reason for encouragement and none for discourage-
ment. These are some of the activities and some of the problems of
the Illinois State Historical Society. But when all is said, the principal
difficulty is the fact that we are so crowded in every line of our work
that the congestion is getting most uncomfortable and even a semblance
of order and tidiness is impossible.

We must have more room. We hope for a new building as a cen-
tennial memorial; but even if we secure it, we shall be very crowded
during the intervening years. If we have a prospect of better things,
we will bear present inconveniences with such patience and fortitude as
we can muster. In closing I beg to thank the directors and members of
the society for continued kindness and helpfulness to me.

To mention what has been done by Miss Georgia L. Osborne would
be telling you the work of my right hand. She is my coworker in
everything, and she is never too tired to devote her energies to the
service of the society and the library. I also desire to express my
appreciation of the highly intelligent and unremitting assistance of my
other assistant in the library. Miss Anna C. Flaherty. Permit me also
to say that the society owes its thanks to Professor A. E. Crook, presi-
dent of the State Academy of Sciences, for assistance. The secretary
of state, Hon. Harry Woods, is most kind and thoughtful in extending
services to the Historical Society, as is Captain F. E. McComb, superin-
tendent of the Capitol Building. I desire to ask the thanks of the
society for the three last named gentlemen.

These, I believe, are the principal matters of interest to which I
wish to call to your attention.
Very respectfully,

Jessie Palmer Weber,
Secretary Illinois State Historical Society.

Approved May 8, 1914.

DIRECTORS' MEETING.

May S, 1915.

The board of directors of the Illinois State Historical Society met
in the office of the secretary of the society, Thursday morning, May 8,
at 9 :00 o'clock.

There were present : President, Otto L. Schmidt, who presided, and
Messrs. Clendenin, Eammelkamp, Eussel, Burnham, Clinton, Page,
Colyer, and the secretary, Mrs. Weber.

Col. Clark E. Carr, the honorary president of the society, and Hon.
Eichard Yates came in later.

The report of the secretary was read. On motion of Mr. Eussel the
report was accepted and approved and it was ordered that it be read to
the business meeting of. the society. The report of the treasurer was
read, accepted, approved and ordered placed on file.

It was voted that the present committees of the society be continued.

Dr. Eammelkamp called the attention of the directors to the fact
that the annual meeting of the American Historical Association was to
be held in Chicago during the Christmas holidays. It was voted that
the president and the secretafy draft a resolution to the American

Historical Association on the occasion of its holding its meeting in our
State. Captain Burnham spoke of the fact that next year, 1915, is the
fiftieth anniversary of the close of the war between the states.

It was moved that the attention of the program committee be called
to this historic fact. Captain Burnham spoke of the committees of the
society and said he would like to devise a plan to secure greater activity
in their work.

Governor Yates inquired as to the progress of plans for a new build-
ing for the society. Dr. Schmidt explained what had been done toward
that object and plans for future work. Captain Burnham spoke of the
propriety of securing the cooperation of the State G. A. E. in plans
for celebrating the anniversary of the close of the War.

He said he would try to secure this cooperation. Governor Yates
suggested that the matter be brought before the society, and it was
decided that this be done.

There being no further business presented, the meeting of the
board of directors adjourned to meet at the call of the president.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GENEALOGY AND
GENEALOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.

To the Officers and Members of the Illinois State Historical Society:

Your committee on genealogy and genealogical publications had
hoped to report that the list of works on genealogy to be found in the
Illinois State Historical Library would soon be ready for distribution.
We have this much to report, however, that we are reading proof on the
list and that the work will soon be completed. This will be Publication
Number 18 of the Illinois State Historical Library.

Mrs. Edwin S. Walker is still continuing her careful work on the
compilation of the names of Eevolutionary soldiers buried in Illinois.
Lists of the soldiers, buried in the following counties : Cass, Clark, Cook,
Greene, Iroquois, McLean, Macon, Madison, Marshall, Menard, Morgan,
Ogle, Peoria, Sangamon and Warren, have been published in the Journal
of the Illinois State Historical Society, beginning with the issue of
Volume V, No. 7, April, 1912, and continuing through each succeeding
issue, to the April, 1914, Journal (save the January Journal of 1914).

Mrs. Walker asks the cooperation of members of the society in
this work, and that as careful and accurate a record as possible be sent,
as no name is to appear in the list unless carefully verified.

This department in the library is used by students every day; and
we are trying to collect such material as will be of the greatest benefit
to these students and to the library, so that we may claim for the depart-
ment a collection that will rank among the very best in the west.
Eespectfully submitted,

Georgia L. Osborne,
Chairman of the Genealogy and Genealogical
Committee, Illinois State Historical Society.

Mav 7, 1914.

PART II

Papers Read at the Annual Meeting

1914

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

THURSDAY MOENING, MAY 7, 1914, 10:00 O'CLOCK.

SENATE CHAMBER.

Address — "The Methodist Church and Eeconstriiction," W. W.
Sweet, DePaw University, Greencastle, Ind.

Address — "Destruction of Kaskaskia by the Mississippi Eiver," J.
H. Buruham, Bloomington, 111. Part I— "The Work of the Rivers,"
J. H. Burnham. Part II — "The Commons of Kaskaskia/' H. W.
Roberts, Chester.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 2:30 O'CLOCK. -

Address — "In Black Hawk's Home," John H. Hauberg, Rock
Island, 111.

Address— "Chief Little Turtle," Mrs. Mary Ridpath Mann, Chi-
cago, 111.

Address — "The Life and Services of Shelby M. Cullom," Henry
A. Converse, Springfield, 111.

THURSDAY EVENING, 8:00 O'CLOCK.

"Some Effects of Geological History on Present Conditions in
Illinois," Prof. A. R. Crook, President State Academy of Sciences,
Springfield.

"The Illinois State Park System" (illustrated), J. A. James, North-
western University, Evanston, 111.

FRIDAY MORNING, MAY 8, 1914, 9:00 O'CLOCK.
Director's meeting in the office of the secretary.

10:00 O'CLOCK, IN SENATE CHAMBER.

Business meeting of the society.
Reports of officers.
Reports of committees.
Miscellaneous business.
Election of officers.
Address — "The Williamson County Vendetta," Hon. George W.
Young, Marion, 111.

Address — "The Yates Phalanx. The 39th Illinois Volunteers
Infantry," W. H. Jenkins, Pontiac, 111.

— 3 H s

FEIDAY AFTERNOOi\T.

General Topic — An Account of the Great Whig Meeting lield at
Springfield, June 3-4, 1840. With music of the campaign.

x\ddress — ^"Eepresentation at the Convention from Northern Illi-
nois," Mrs. Edith P. Kelly, Bloomington, 111.

Address — "Southern Illinois and Neighboring States at the Con-
vention," Mrs. Martha McXeill Davidson, Greenville, 111.

Address — "The Young Men's Convention and Old Soldiers' Meet-
ing at Springfield, June 3-4, 1840," ]\Irs. Isabel Jamison, Spring-
field, 111.

FRIDAY EVENING, 8:00 O'CLOCK.

Quartet — "Illinois."

Annual Address — "Early Courts of Chicago and Cook County,"
Judge 0. N. Carter, Chicago.

Reception in the State library.

1405715

THE EARLY COURTS OF CHICAGO AND COOK COUNTY.

(Annual address before the Illinois State Historical Society, May 8,

1914, by Orkin N. Carter, Justice of the Illinois

State Supreme Court.)

I have found it somewhat difficult to decide what period of time
to cover in this address. At first I considered giving the history of the
courts, not only under the Constitution of 1818, but that of 1848, as
fairly included within the subject, but decided that this would make too
long an address, and therefore have limited it in a general way to the
courts under the Constitution of 1818.

Xo adequate history of the courts of Illinois has ever been written.
While short sketches have been given of the courts of the Territory of
Illinois, none are found of Chicago or Cook County. No separate
history of those courts has ever been undertaken. Brief fragmentary
sketches can be found in addresses and scattered through various histories
of Chicago. On account of the burning of all the court records in the
great fire of 1871 it is practically impossible now to get authentic infor-
mation as to many historical questions of interest touching the courts,
their officials and the cases tried therein. I shall sketch briefly some of
the questions upon which information can be obtained.

Most^laws creating courts in this country have given them jurisdic-
tion with reference to county lines. In the early history of the State
there was some legislation establishing various city courts. Much more
frequently there has been legislation of this nature in recent years, owing
to the great increase in urban population. When Col. G. E. Clark took
possession of Illinois in 1778, under the authority of the Governor of
Virginia, the County of Illinois, as a part of Virginia, was formed,
including this State and all of the county known as the Northwest
Territory, and continuing as such county until 1782. However, until
1784 there was practically no legal authority in Illinois. The people
were "a law unto themselves," but apparently conducted their affairs —
although informally — with harmony and. honesty.^ The Northwest Ter-
ritory was created by Congress July 13, 1787, including Illinois. There-
after in 1790 the counties of Knox and St. Clair were formed, including
a part of this State. The territory of the present Cook County was
within the limits of Knox County. Indiana Territory was organized
]\Iay 7, 1800, Knox County continuing as before. February 3, 1801,
the boundaries of St. Clair County were changed so as to include Cook
County and practically nine-tenths of the entire State. The Territory
of Illinois was created February 3, 1809, but St. Clair County — as to
the territory now in Cook County — remained unchanged until 1812.
In that year on September 11 a new county was formed of which the

1 Bross' History of Chicago.

southern boundary was the present northern boundary of St. Clair
County, and which extended across the State to the east, taking in all
the rest of the State to the north and including all north of that to the
Canadian line. This new county was called Madison. On November
28, 1814, a change was made in the counties so that all of the eastern
half of the State as theretofore existing was included in a new county
called Edwards, which had within its boundaries the present Cook
County. On December 31, 1816, the northern limits of Edwards
County were moved south near to their present location, and all of the
territory formerly in Edwards County lying north of its new northern
boundary was formed into a new county called Crawford. This was the
situation when Illinois was organized as a State. The next change that
affected Cook County was made on March 22, 1819, when the northern
boundary of Crawford was made coincident with the present northern
boundary of Crawford extended west, and all the remaining portion of
Crawford County as originally designated (including the present Cook)
was included in a new county called Clark. On January 31, 1821, Pike
County was created, including within its limits all of Illinois west of
the Illinois Eiver and north of the Illinois and Kankakee Eivers. On
January 28, 1823, the new county of Fulton was created out of a portion
of Pike. The western boundary of Fulton as then created was the
present western boundary extended. To the north it took in the southern
part of present Knox and the southwest portion of Peoria. The act
provided that "all the rest and residue of the attached part of the County
of Pike east of the fourth principal meridian shall be attached to and
be a part of said County of Fulton until otherwise disposed of by the
General Assembly." By this wording Cook County was attached to the
new County of Fulton at least for all governmental purposes. On Janu-
ary 3 of the same year, however, the new County of Edgar was created
with its present boundary lines. By that act it was provided that all
that tract of country north of Edgar County to Lake Michigan be
attached to Edgar County. By this last provision that part of Cook
County south of a line extended west from the point where the eastern
Illinois State line joins the shore line of Lake Michigan was included
within Edgar County. January 13, 1825, the County of Peoria was
created, with its present county lines. Section 8 of the act creating
such county, however, provided, "That all that tract of said country
north of said Peoria County, and of the Illinois and Kankakee Rivers,
be, and the same is hereby attached to said county, for all county pur-
poses." On the same day another act was passed by the Legislature
creating the counties of Schuyler, Adams, Hancock, Warren, Mercer,
Henry, Putnam and Knox. The boundary lines of Putnam County
included all that territory north and east of Peoria County and north
of the Illinois and Kankakee Eivers. Construing together these two
acts, it appears that geographically it was intended to place Cook County
and all that part of the State north of the Illinois and Kankakee Eivers
and east of the western boundary line of Peoria County, extended, within
Putnam County but that all this territory should remain under Peoria
County for governmental purposes until Putnam County had a sufficient
number of inhabitants to authorize a judge of the circuit court to call
an election for county officers in said Putnam County. It is sometimes

stated that at least a part of Cook County was at one time within the
boundaries of the County of Vermilion and was taxed as of that county.^
Vermilion County was create^ by the Legislature January 18, 182G.
During the year previous, as already stated, all of the territory north of
the Kankakee Eiver, including the present Cook County, had been made
a part of Putnam County. We are inclined to think some of the early
writers made the mistake of including Cook County as a part of Ver-
milion, because Vermilion was created out of Edgar, and Edgar, as we
have seen, at one time included for governmental purposes that part of
Cook County south of a line drawn east and west from the junction
point of the Illinois State line with the shore line of Lake Michigan, but
as a matter of fact that portion of Cook County became a part of Put-
nam County before Vermilion County was created. There was no other
legislation affecting the territory now within Cook, until the passage of
an act of the Legislature January 15, 1831, whereby Cook County was
created, including within its limits all of the present County of Cook,
the northern half of Will, all of DuPage, a small part of Kane and
McHenry, and all of Lake. By the same act Chicago was made the
county seat. Will County was created January 12, 1836, including
within its boundaries the present Will County and that part of Kankakee
north of the Kankakee Eiver ; Kane and McHenry counties were created
on January 16 of the same year, Kane County having within its
boundaries practically all. of the present counties of Kane and DeKalb
and the northern part of the present Kendall ; McHenry County includ-
ing within its borders all the present County of McHenry and the present
County of Lake. DuPage County was created out of Cook County with
its present boundary lines on February 9, 1839. Since then the boun-
daries of Cook County have remained as they are at present.

The population of Cook County from the beginning of the eighteenth
century until Illinois was organized as a State was so small that no
courts of civil or criminal jurisdiction were required. On August 3,
1795, Gen. Wayne signed a treaty with the Indians by which they
granted title to six miles square of territory at the mouth of the Chicago
Eiver to the United States. It is stated in some of the writings that at
that point there had previously been a fort built by some French
explorers.-'' The first person, not an Indian, who settled at this point
was DeSaible, a San Domingan Negro, who came in 1779. He lived
here until he sold his cabin in 1796 to one Le Mai, a French trader. In
the summer of 1803 the United States ordered the building of Fort
Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago Eiver. A company of soldiers
under Captain John Whistler, U. S. A., then stationed at IDetroit, were
ordered to go to Chicago for that purpose. When the party arrived there
they found three or four cabins occupied by Canadian French and their
Indian wives ; among the inhabitants being Le Mai, Ouilmette and
Pettell.-'' In 1804 John Kinzie bought the house of Le Mai and moved
into it with his family. He lived there until his death in 1828, except
the four years after the Fort Dearborn massacre in 1812.^ Fort Dear-
born was rebuilt in 1816. A few white persons came to Chicago shortly

2 Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus Historical Series,
"b Qaife, Transactions, Illinois State Hist. Soc. 1912, p. 115.

"c 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, p. 72.

3 Vol. l,'€urrey's History of Chicago, 89.

after this but there was little business there of any kind except trading
with the Indians or with the soldiers at the garrison or any practical
settlement for farming or other business purposes until a law was passed
for the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. On the south
branch of the Chicago Eiver one Charles Lee settled at a place called
Hard Scrabble in 1S04. In 1816 this place was used as a trading post
and so continued until 1836. .Major Long of the United States govern-
ment topographical engineers visiting Chicago in 1823, said "it was
.inhabited by a miserable race of people in a few log or bark huts, dis-
playing not the least trace of comfort and affording no inducement to
the settler.* In 1821 one Ebenezer Childs visited Chicago, and made a
second visit in 1827, when he wrote the place had not improved since
1821, that only two families resided there.^ When Peoria County was
•created it had Chicago within its governmental jurisdiction, as we have
seen, but even then it had only a mythical existence, the name sometimes
applying to the river and sometimes to the cluster of inhabitants on its
sandy, marshy banks.'' The Illinois and Michigan Canal having obtained
its magnificent grant of land from the government on August 4, 1830,
the original plat of the town was made, lying east of the south branch
and south of the main river.^ Previous to this time this land had been
mostly fenced in and used by the garrison of the fort as a pasture.® At
the time of this platting the place contained only five or six log houses
and the population was less than 100.^ In estimating or approximating
the population of Chicago at this time one of the writers gives the
following: 1829, 30; 1831, 60; 1832, 600; 1833, 350; 1834, 1,800.^"

In 1833 the village of Chicago was incorporated under a general
act of the State. At an election held August 10, 1833, 28 voters appeared
and the trustees elected met August 12, 1833, for their first regular
meeting.^^ The charter incorporating Chicago as a city was passed by
the Legislature March 4, 1837. The first city election was held May 2,
1837. From that time dates the existence of Chicago as a city.^-

Previous to the organization of the County of Cook, January 15,
1831, naming Chicago as the county seat, there had been little need by
the few inhabitants of the territory within Cook County for the settle-
ment of their disputes by courts of justice. Indeed it may well be
doubted whether, had there been courts, there would have been any
business for them. The history of this pioneer community in this regard
was similar to that of every small community first settling a new country.
Any disputes between the inhabitants were settled by compromise, the
advice of other settlers, or by force. As there was a United States
garrison at this point during most of the years from the time the first
white inhabitants arrived until the county was organized, the officers of
the garrison exercised a restraining influence over the few inhabitants
not connected with tlie fort. This was illustrated at Chicago when John

< Directory of Chicago, 1839, Historical Sketch, 2 Fergus Historical Series; 1 Currey's History of
Chicago, 131.

'" 1 Currey's History of Chicago, 135.

« 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 174.

' 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 174; 2 Kirkland & Moses' History of Chicago, 181; 1 Currey's History
of Chicago, 227; Part 1, James' Charters of Chicago, 18.

8 Annals of Chicago, Balestier, 1 Fergus Historical Series, 23.

9 Annals of Chicago, Balestier, Fergus Historical Series, 24.
' 0 1 Andreas History of Chicago, 159.

1 1 Part 1, James' Charters of Chicago, 20.

12 Part 1, James' Charters of Chicago, 22, 23.

Kinzie, who had been having trouble for years with a trader named
Lalime, finally was attacked by him and as a result of 'the combat Lalime
was killed. Kinzie, after having his wounds dressed by his wife, escaped
to Milwaukee, where he remained until he was satisfied the officers of
tiie garrison were convinced — as he had maintained from the first — that
he had killed the man in self-defense. He then returned to his home in
Chicago and nothing was done to try or punish him. During the few
years immediately preceding the organization of Cook County the grad-
ual increase in the number of white inhabitants gave cause for occasional
requirements for the settlement of disputes by civil courts. More often
there was a desire to have these civil officials perform marriage cere-
monies, as there were no resident ministers. IJntil 1826 justics were
appointed under the law by the Legislature on the recommendation of
the local authorities and held office during good behavior. This law
was changed in that year so that thereafter justices of the peace were
elected every four years. ^'^ There seem to have been no justices of the
peace living within the present territory of Cook County before 1821 and
perhaps not before 1823. On June 5, 1821, the commissioners of Pike
County (Cook County was then within that county) recommended John
Kinzie as a suitable person to be appointed as justice of the peace ;^*
there is no record showing that Kinzie was then appointed. In 1823,
Cook County being set off as under the government of Fulton County,
John Kinzie on December 2, 1833, was again recommended for the office
of justice of the peace.^^ This date is sometimes given as February 11,
1823, and sometimes as July 5, 1823.^" One Amherst C. Eansom, some-
times called Eausam, was recommended for justice of the peace on June
17, 1823, and qualified for the appointment. It is not at all certain,
however, that he ever resided in Chicago. ^^ Some writers on that subject
may have been misled into thinking he resided here because in June,
1823, as assessor he levied a tax on all personal property in Chicago
under the order of the Fulton County authorities.^^ On January 13,
1825, one "Kinsey" was confirmed by the State Senate as justice of the
peace for the County of Peoria, just then organized. It is generally
supposed that this name "Kinsey" was intended for John Kinzie. John
Kinzie, however, was. not commissioned imtil July 25, 1825. The
authorities agree that he was the first resident justice of the peace in
Chicago — his previous recommendations apparently had not been fol-
lowed by appointment." Two other justices, Alexander Wolcott and
Jean B. Beaubien, were appointed September 10, 1825, and they with
Kinzie were the judges of election in the Chicago precinct of Peoria on
December 7, 1825. The office of justice of the peace, as already stated,
was made elective in 1826 and several of them were elected between that
date and 1831. Among others, Eussell E. Heacock became justice Sep-
tember 10, 1831. The writers state he was probably the first justice in
Cook County before whom trials were held.-" He was also the first resi-
le Historical Sketch of Courts of Illinois, Carter, U.

•< 2 Kirkland & Moses' History of Chicago, 152.

I'' 1 Andreas' Historj^ of Chicago, 426, 2 Kirkland & Moses' History of Chicago, ir)2.

1^ Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus Historical Series, "lO.

" John Wentworth's Reminiscences of Chicago, Supplement, 7 and S Fergus Historical Series, 41.

'8 Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, Supplement, 7 and S Fergus Historical Series, p. 42

'5 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 420.

2" 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 18.

dent lawyer in Chicago/^ unless we except the first Indian agent, Charles
Jouett, who came here in 1805, and returned in 1816. While he was
here he did not attempt to follow his profession, but simply acted as
agent of the government. Later he Avas a judge in Kentucky and
Arkansas.--

There seem to have been some duties for a constable to perform, as
September 6, 1835, Archibald Clybourn, then residing at Chicago, was
appointed constable in and for the County of Peoria.-^ There is no
authentic record that any civil suit was tried before any of these justices
previous to the organization of the county in 1831. Their business, if
they had any, consisted of performing marriage ceremonies, drawing and
acknowledging legal papers and serving as officials at various elections
that were held. The first marriage that occurred in Chicago was per-
formed by John Hamlin, a justice of the peace of Fulton County, on
July 20, 1823, between Dr. Alexander Wolcott, then Indian agent here,
and Eleanor Kinzie, daughter of John Kinzie. Justice Hamlin seems
to have been passing through Chicago and performed the ceremony there,
filing on September 4, 1823, the marriage certificate in Fulton County.^*
One of the provisions of the act creating Cook County was that an elec-
tion should be held at Chicago on the first Monday in March next for
"one sheriff, one coroner and three county commissioners." There was
only one voting place for this election. The first commissioners elected
were Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker. These men,
under the laws then in force, formed the first county commissioners'
court of Cook County. They organized that court and took the oath of
office on March 8, 1831, before Justice of the Peace J. S. C. Hogan.
William See was appointed clerk.^^ At the first session of the court,
grand and petit jurors were selected. On April 13 of the same year a
special term of court was held, largely for county business. The county
. commissioners' court had jurisdiction over public roads, turnpikes,
canals, toll bridges, and in all things concerning public revenues, county
taxes, licensing ferries, taverns and all other licenses, but without any
original or appellate jurisdiction in civil or criminal suits, except in
cases where the public concerns of the county were involved and in all
public business.-'' This court practically did all the business that is now
done by the board of supervisors or county commissioners of counties
and in addition did a considerable part of the work that is done now'
by the county courts of the various counties. Commissioners were elected
biennially at the time Cook County was organized. In March, 1837, the
law was changed, providing that three commissioners should be elected
at the next election, one to hold for one year, one for two years and one
for three years, and every year thereafter an election for one commis-
sioner to hold for three years.

No general election was held until 1832. The first sheriff, Stephen
Forbes, seems to have been elected in that year.^'' He taught school for

21 Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus Historical Series, 18.
2 2 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 419-420.

2 3 Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus Historical Series, 42; 1 Andreas
History of Chicago, 103.

2< i Andreas' History of Chicago, 90; Chapman's History of Fulton County, 248.

2 5 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 116.

26 Laws of 1819, 17.5; Historical Sketch of Courts of Ulinois, 9.

2' 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 114.

three months iu Chicago in 1830 and was selected justice of the peace
on December 13, 1830.-^ The first coroner was John R. Clark.'^

By an act of February 16, 1831, it was provided that the counties
of Cook, LaSalle, Putnam, Peoria and eleven other counties should con-
stitute the Fifth Judicial Circuit. This circuit included all of the organ-
ized counties then in the State north of Pike County and west and north
of the Illinois and Kankakee rivers. The act further provided that there
should be two terms of the circuit court held annually in each of the
counties — in Cook County on the fourth Monday of April, and second
Monday in September. Judge Eichard M. Young was named as the
judge to preside in the circuit. This court had then practically the
same general jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters as now. No
definite information can be obtained, the records having been destroyed
by the Chicago fire, as to the time of holding the first term of the circuit
court. The late Governor Bross in 1853 in a historical sketch of the
city of Chicago (p. 26) stated that the public minutes (apparently the
minutes of the county commissioners court) provided, September 6,
1831, that "the circuit court be held in Fort Dearborn in the brick house,
and in the lower room of said house." The same writer states (p. 27)
that the county commissioners authorized April 4, 1832, the sheriff ±o
procure a room or rooms for the April term of the circuit court at the
house of James Kinzie, "provided it can be done at a cost of not more
than $10." At the funeral of Col. Hamilton (the first clerk of the cir-
cuit court) in 1860, Judge Manierre stated that the first term was held
in September, 1831. It is also stated by another authority that Judge
Young during this year on a trip to Chicago to hold court was accom-
panied by lawyers Mills and Strode, bringing fresh news of the Indian
troubles which culminated in the Black Hawk War. Charlesr Ballance
in his history of Peoria states that Judge Young made his appearance
in Peoria in May, 1833, and announced that he was on his way to Chi-
cago to hold court, and that on that occasion he (Ballance) attended
court at Chicago. ^° Thomas Hoyne, who was deputy circuit clerk under
Col. Hamilton in 1837, states in a lecture that he gave on the "Lawyer
as a Pioneer," that the first term of the court was held in Cook County
in September, 1833^^^ by Judge Young and that Judge Young also held
a term in May, 1834, in an unfinished wooden building known as the
Tremont House; that Judge Sidney Breese held a term there in the
spring of 1835, exchanging with Judge Young, and in the fall of that
year Judge Stephen T. Logan exchanged with Judge Young and held
the next term there. John D. Caton, formerly a member of the Supreme
Court of the State, came to Chicago in 1833. In his reminiscences pub-
lished in 1893 he states that the first term held there for the trial of
cases before a petit jury was the May term, 1834. In another place he
states that this was the first case ever tried in Chicago in a court of
record.^^ He believed this to be true because he remembered his case
was number one on the docket of the circuit court of Cook County. If
this is correct. Judge Young may have come to Chicago on any or all of

»« Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus Historical Series, Snpp. 11.

"9 Bross' History of Chicago, 27.

"> 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 420.

'I The Lawyer as a Pioneer, Hoyne, 22 and 23 Fergus Historical Series, 77.

" 3 Currey's History of Chicago, 308; 2 Kirkland & Moses' History of Chicago, 153.

the terms for the j^ears 1831, 1832 and 1833, though no regular court
was held for the trial of cases until the spring term of 1834. Writers
on this subject generally accept Judge Caton's statement as correct. I
am disposed to question its aecurac3\ His statement was made after the
records were destroyed, when Judge Caton was an old man. I have no
doubt that he believed he was speaking the absolute truth, but it would
seem passing strange that Judge Manierre, who made his statement when
the records were still in existence and Attorney Hoyne, who was as
familiar with the early records in the circuit clerk's office as any man in
Chicago, should have made incorrect statements as to the time when
the first term of court was held, and that all those statements should be
published without some one calling attention to the error. On the infor-
mation that I have been able to obtain I should hesitate to state posi-
tively that the first term of court was held either in 1833 or 1834. I am
inclined to think, however, that the data at hand fairly justifies the
conclusion that a term of the circuit court was held earlier than 1834.

Judge Thomas Ford, afterwards Governor, was circuit Judge in
this district from January, 1835, until about the first of March, 1837.
John Pearson succeeded him as Judge of the circuit court, and presided
in Cook County from 1837 until he resigned in November, 1840'. Feb-
ruary 10, 1841, the circuit Judges were all legislated out of office and
five new Judges of the Supreme Court appointed. The Supreme Court
was then composed of nine members, not only to hear the cases appealed
to that court, but to try all the cases in the circuit courts in the State.
To the circuit in which Cook County was located. Judge Theophilus W.
Smith of the Supreme Court was assigned for circuit court work. He
held his first term in Chicago in April, 1841. In 1843 Stephen A.
Douglas, who was then on the Supreme bench, held circuit court at
Chicago in July.

The first public prosecutor in the circuit in which Cook County was
placed was Thomas Ford, afterward circuit Judge. Later James Grant
was prosecutor. Grant afterward moved to Iowa and served as a Judge
of the district court of that State.

Col. Richard J. Hamilton was not only the first clerk of the circuit
court, but the first probate Judge. The first will placed on record was
that of Alexander Wolcott, for years Indian agent at Chicago, filed April
27, 1831, before Judge Hamilton.

There was when Cook County was organized, a court of probate in
each county. The Judge was selected by the General Assembly on Joint
ballot, to hold his office during good behavior. That court had Jurisdic-
tion in all matters touching the probate of wills, granting letters testa-
mentary, and the settlement of estates. The law was amended in 1837
so that at the first election, to be held on the first Monday of August,
1839, and every fourth year thereafter, there should be elected an addi-
tional Justice of the peace for each county to be styled "Probate Justice
of the Peace;" to have the Jurisdiction in civil cases conferred by law
upon all other justices of the peace and to be vested with all Judicial
powers theretofore exercised by the Judges of probate. In 1845 the law
was changed so that they were elected for two years. Col. Hamilton held
the office of probate Judge until 1835, when he resigned. He resigned
as clerk of the circuit court in 1841, at the time Judge Theophilus W.

Sjuitli came Jieie to hold circuit cuiiit. Judge Smith appointed one of
his sons-in-law, Hoiut ii. Hid)hai-d, as circuit clerk to succeed Col.
Hamilton. ^-^ Jt may be stated in this connection that Col. Ilamilton,
shortly after he arrived here, was appointed to fill a vacancy as clerk of
the connty commissioners' court and held the office of school commis-
sioner for years, and was also recorder of Cook County. Jt is apparent
that there were then more offices than there were men com])etent to fill
them, or at least men who desired to fill them.

The fiist city charter of Chicago provided (section (58), that the
mayor should liave the same jurisdiction within its limits, and be entitled
to the same fees and emoluments as were given to justices of the peace,
upon his conforming to the requirements of the law of the State with
reference to that office.^"' I cannot find that any mayor of Chicago exer-
cised the functions of justice of the peace until in March, 1849, when
Mayor Woodworth of Chicago sent a message to the council stating that
he would cooperate with them in liolding such court, and in pursuance
of that idea a mayor's court was instituted and notices given to all police
constables that violators of any city ordinance Avould be brought before
the mayor daily at 9 :00 o'clock in his office in the north room of the
market.^^ By section 69 of the first charter it was provided that there
should be established in the city of Chicago a municipal court, to have
jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit courts, in civil and criminal
cases arising within the limits of the city, or where either the plaintiff
or defendant resided, at the commencement of the suit, within the city.
By a supplemental act passed July 31, 1837,^*^ it was provided that the
judge of the municipal court of Chicago should perform all the duties
pertaining to the office of the judge of the circuit court. This court was
created because of the great increase in business in the circuit court in
Cook County. Judge Thomas Ford, who had 'recently resigned as circuit
judge, was appointed by the Legislatui'e as the first judge of this munici-
pal court. The terms were held alternate months.

An attem])t was made during the hard times of 1837 to prevent
the opening of this court. Many of the obligations created during the
speculative period — which was then about at an end — were maturing
and the debtors were unable to meet them. The dockets were crowded
in both the circuit and municipal courts and many thought that some-
thing must be done to prevent the collection of these claims. Some of
the debtors felt that no court should be held. A public meeting was
called at the New York House — a frame building on the north side of
Lake Street near Wells. It was held at evening in a long, low dining
room, lighted only by tallow candles. The chair was occupied by the
State Senator from Chicago, one Peter Pruyne. James Curtiss, nomi-
nally a lawyer, but more of a politician, who had practically abandoned
his profession, was one of the principal advocates of the suspension of
the courts, as was also a judge of the Supreme Court, Theophilus W.
Smith. On the other side were Butterfield, Ryan, Scammon, Spring,
Ogden, Arnold and others. The opponents of the courts claimed that if
they remained open, judgments would be entered against debtors to the

" 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 14').

'* Laws of niinois, 1836-7, p. 75.

" 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 448.

'« Special Session, Laws of Illinois, 1837, p. 1.').

amount of $2,000,000, or $500 to each man, woman and child in Chicago.
Curtiss said no one was to be benefited but the lawyers by keeping the
courts open, and that he had left that profession. Eyan, afterwards chief
justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, a man of large frame, great
intellect and great in debate, arose and said, pointing to Curtiss, that if
the debtors expected that kind of a lawyer to save them they would be
mistaken; that it had long been a question whether Curtiss had left the
profession of the law, or the prof ession of the law had left him. Butter-
field sharply scored Judge Smith for descending "from that lofty seat
of a sovereign people, majestic as the law, to take a seat with an assassin
and murderer of the law like Judge Lynch." The debate waxed fast
and furious, but in the end the good sense of the meeting resulted in the
resolution being laid on the table and the courts were kept open, as they
have ever been since in this State.^' Out of the discussion over that
question arose an agitation which resulted February 15, 1839, in the
Legislature abolishing the court and transferring its business to the
circuit court of Cook County. Judge Ford was shortly after commis-
sioned as judge of the new circuit created a few days later.^^ Within a
year after the municipal court was abolished it became evident that the
increase of business in the circuit court required some relief. Special
terms of that court were authorized for Cook County. February 31,
1845, the Legislature of the State established the Cook County Court,
the judge to be chosen and hold office the same as a circuit judge, and
the court to have concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court; the court
to hold four terms a year; the clerk of the court to be appointed by the
judge. Hugh T. Dickey was chosen by the Legislature as the first judge
of this court, and James Curtiss was appointed by him as first clerk.^^

The first United States Court was opened in Chicago, in July, 1848.
In the absence of Circuit Judge John McLean, the court was held by
Judge Nathaniel Pope of the Federal District Court, with his son Will-
iam as clerk.*"

In March, 1845, the JoDaviess County Court was established with
the. same jurisdiction as the Cook County Court, the Cook County judge
being required to hold the JoDaviess County Court. The Constitution
of 1848 provided that these two courts were to be continued until other-
wise provided by law. The next year the JoDaviess County Court was
abolished and the Cook County Court was changed into the Cook County
Court of Common Pleas, which afterward became the Superior Court
of Chicago and later the present Superior Court of Cook County.

The first public building of which any mention is made was the
"estray pen," erected on the southwest corner of the public square. The
next public building was the jail, erected in the fall of 1833, "of logs
well bolted together," on the northwest corner of the public square. It
stood there un'il 1853.*^ Chicago has had four different court houses
located on the public square on which stand the county building and city
hall. This ground was conveyed by Congress in 1837 to the State of
Illinois as a part of the canal grant. Twenty-four lots were deeded to

3' 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 444; The Lawyer as a Pioneer, 88; 22 and 23 Fergus Historical
Series, 88.

'8 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 444.
39 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 446.
*" 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 448.
<i Brnss' History of Chicago, 27.

Cook County January 16, 1831, to aid in the erection of public buildings.
Of these twenty-four lots thus given, sixteen were afterwards sold to pay
current expenses.^- The remaining eight lots (bounded by Clark, Ean-
dolph, LaSalle and Washington streets) were retained as the public
square." In 1835 a substantial brick court house was erected. This ap-
pears to have been located on the northeast corner of the block facing Clark
Street. The basement was for the office of the clerk and the first floor
was for the court room, which would seat about 200 people.** The city
authorities never had any office in this building. In 1850 or 1851 the
county and city authorities agreed to build jointly a court house and
city hall on this block. The corner stone was laid September 12, 1851.
The building was three stories high, the main part being 100 feet square
and the jail being in the basement. In 1853 it was ready for occupancy.
The Court of Common Pleas first occupied the edifice in February of
that year.*^ This building was soon found too small and another story
was added, but this became inadequate for the growing needs of the
count}^, and in 1870 it was extensively added to by wings on the east
and west. This work was completed shortly before the Chicago fire.*^
After the fire the county and city authorities were obliged for several
3'ears to find quarters in a temporary building hastily erected on the
southeast corner of Adams and LaSalle, which from the rough manner
of its construction became known as the "Eookfery.'^ In 1877 the city
and county entered into an agreement for the construction of a building
which was completed in 1885 and occupied as a city hall and county
building until the present structure was commenced, the building being
completed in 1911."

Thus, in bare outline, I have named the various courts in Cook
County under the Constitution of 1818 and some of the officials of those
courts, but a history of the courts is necessarily incomplete unless it dis-
cusses some of the cases tried and gives an account of some of the
lawyers who practiced therein. Eussell E. Heacock, as stated, was the
first resident lawyer in Chicago, coming in 1827.*^ Col. Hamilton had
been admitted to the bar and evidently advised people on legal matters
while he was acting as circuit clerk and probate judge. Isaac Harmon
was a justice of the peace and advised occasionally on legal matters, as
did Archibald Clybourn, who lived outside of the city. None of these
men had at that time opened an office or tried to earn a living by law.
Heacock followed his early trade of carpenter and Harmon worked in a
tannery.*^ Judge Caton in his reminiscences, states that he came here
June 19, 1833, and found Giles Spring had preceded him by a few days.
Caton and Spring therefore seem to have been the first men that located
here and opened offices to practice law. Between that time and the date
when Thomas Hoyne came in 1837, several lawyers had located in Chi-
cago who became prominent not only in the courts but in other ways in
the later history of the city. He states that at that time there were

<2 Prospects of Chicago, Brown, 9 Fergus Historical Series, 16.

<3 3 Currev's History of Chicago, 302.

**3 Currey's History of Chicago, 302; Bross' History of Chicago, 119.

<s 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 180.

" 3 Currey's History of Chicago, 302-303.

" 3 Currey's History of Chicago, 303.

<8 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 107.

** Caton's Early Bench and Bar of Hlinois, 2.

twenty-seven persons engaged in the practice of law in Cook County.^".
Among this number were Judge Caton, Giles Spring, James Grant,
Ebenezer Peck, Grant Goodrich, J. Young Scammon, Mark Skinner,
Isaac N. Arnold, Alonzo Huntington, Hugh T. Dickey, Joseph N.
Balestier, James H. Collins, A. N. FulJerton, Buckner S. Morris, Henry
Moore, Edward W. Casey and Justin Butterfield.

Judge Caton had studied law with James H. Collins in Xew York
State. Collins came the next year after Caton and located on a farm
in what is now Kendall County. Judge Caton persuaded him to come
to Chicago and the two entered into partnership, under the firm name of
Collins & Caton. Later Collins became a partner of Butterfield. He
was chief counsel for Owen Lovejoy when the latter was being tried in
Bureau County for assisting rilnaway slaves to escape. This trial was
held before Judge Caton, then on the Supreme Court, but holding circuit
court, and resulted in the acquittal of Lovejoy. Collins was a man of
great perseverance and' resolution, and a hard worker, a strong lawyer,
but without great brilliancy.

Isaac N. Arnold came to Chicago in 1836. He was the first city
clerk after the incorporation of the city.^^ He was a great personal
friend of Abraham Lincoln. He was elected in 1860 as a member of
Congress and served until 1864. He wrote a history of Lincoln, which
is held in high esteem. He tried many important cases; among others,
while a young lawyer in Chicago, was one to test the constitutionality of
the "stay law," so called, which he claimed was a step toward repudiation.
The law provided that no land should be sold under a mortgage before
being appraised, and unless it should bring at least two-thirds of such
appraisal. He filed a bill in the courts in 1841 to foreclose a mortgage
praying for the sale to the highest bidder regardless of the redemption
and"^ State laws. The United States Supreme Court upheld his conten-
tion and enforced a strict foreclosure.^- Another case involving the
land laws was heard in the State courts^^ (Brainerd v. Canal Trustees),
in which he and Senator Douglas Avere counsel. This is one of the few
cases that Douglas argued before the Supreme Court of Illinois, after
he resigned his membership in that court to become a member of Con-
gress. Hugh T. Dickey, as already stated, was the first judge of the
Cook County Court, being appointed in 1845. He resigned in 1848 on-
his election' as a circuit judge under the new Constitution. He was
succeeded by Giles Spring as judge of the Cook County Court. Judge
Dickey resigned as circuit judge in 1853 and was succeeded by Buckner
S. Morris. Morris had been mayor and alderman of Chicago before he
was a circuit judge. In 1860 he was a candidate for Governor of Illinois
on the Bell-Everett ticket. Grant Goodrich was a leading lawyer in
Chicago from the time he came until the time of his death, and served
for a time on the bench. Lincoln's biographers state that Goodrich in
the 50's offered Lincoln a partnership if he would come to Chicago, but
Lincoln declined because he was afraid the climate would not agree with
him.^* Ebenezer Peck came to Chicago in 1835 and soon took a very
active part in public affairs. In 1849 he was chosen as reporter of the

6« The Lawyer as a Pioneer, Hoyne, 22 and 23 Fergus Historical Series, 84.
^1 1 Andreas' History of Cliicago, 435.
52 Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How. (U. S.) 311.
5 3 Brainerd v. Canal Trustees, 12 111., 448.
5 < Lincoln the Lawyer, Hill, 161.

Supreme Court to succeed Giluuin and held tluit position until 1863,
when he resigned on heing appointed hy Lincoln one of the judges of the
Court of Claims of the District of Columbia. Among the most remark-
able lawyers in the early history of the Chicago courts was Justin Butter-
field. Arnold and others of his associates state that he was the best trial
lawyer of his day in the city, if not in the State. He served as United
States prosecuting attorney for the District of Illinois from 1841 to
1844. He was appointed commissioner of the General Land Office by
President Taylor, a position which Lincoln was also then seeking. It is
said that Butterfield was appointed because of the warm personal friend-
ship of Daniel Webster. Perhaps no other lawyer in the history of
the State has had so many anecdotes told of him. illustrating his power
of sarcasm and repartee. He was a very forceful speaker, but not always
a persuasive one before juries.

Samuel Lyle Smith came to Chicago in 1838 and made his head-
(piarters in the office of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was chosen
city attorney. The lawyers of that day speak of him as one of the most
eloquent men ever at the Chicago bar. In 1847, at the Eiver and Harbor
Convention in Chicago, he especially distinguished himself as an orator.
Henry Clay is said to have stated that he was the greatest orator he ever
heard. ^^ He died in 1854 when a little past 40, during the cholera
epidemic. James H. Collins and several other lawyers were among the
many who passed away at the same time by this dread disease.

Thomas Hoyne, the father of Thomas M. Hoyne, one of the oldest
practicing lawyers now in Chicago, and grandfather of the present State's
attorney of Cook County, came to this city in 1837, studying law after
his arrival. He was elected city clerk of Chicago in 1840, and elected
probate justice of the peace in 1*845, holding the latter position until the
court was abolished by the Constitution of 1848. When the first Univer-
sity of Chicago was established, he was elected one of the hoard of trus-
tees. He was connected with the law schools of Chicago practically
from the time the first one was started as teacher or trustee. In 1876
he was elected mayor of Chicago, but served only a few months, as
there was a dispute about whether the election was properly held and a
special election was called.^*' He was considered one of the greatest
ornaments of the bar of Chicago. Edward G. Eyan was for several years
a practicing lawyer in Chicago, and also edited a newspaper. He after-
ward moved to Wisconsin and became one of the great chief justices of
the Supreme Court of that state. Time will not permit a further dis-
cussion of the members of the bar of that period.

I have already referred to the first term of court held in the circuit
court of Cook County. Before taking up and discussing any of the trials
in courts of record, it is proper to refer briefly to the first criminal case
of which we have any account, tried within the limits of Chicago. This
was prosecuted by Judge Caton shortly after his arrival, the complaint
being sworn out before Justice Heacock. The charge was that of robbing
from one Hatch thirty-four dollars in eastern currency while stopping
at the tavern. On a change of venue to Justice Harmon on the north
side, the case was prosecuted by Caton and defended by Giles Spring and

*' 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, •132.
6 6 2 Andreas' History of Chicago, 464.

Col. Hamilton, and the man held to the circuit court for trial. He was
let out on bail and disappeared, so the case was never further prosecuted.
Judge Caton, in his reminiscences, says this was the first case entered
of record in the circuit court, and also that he had the first civil case,
an attachment proceeding filed in the circuit court. This last mentioned
is the case he claims was the first jury case tried in Cook County.

The first divorse suit was started at the May term, 1834, in the
circuit court of Cook Count}', which was then being held in an unfinished
loft of the old Mansion House, just north of where the old Tremont
Building stood." The first murder trial was at the fall term in 1834, in
an unfinished store 20 x 40 on Dearborn, between Lake and Water
streets. Judge Young presided. A laborer in a drunken fit went home
in the month of June that year, and finding something wrong in his
domestic affairs — apparently his supper not ready — manifested his dis-
satisfaction by beating his wife. The physicians testified she died from
the effects of the beating and the coroner's jury held him to answer for
the murder and he was indicted for that crime. He was prosecuted by
the district attorney, Thomas Ford, and defended by James H. Collins,
Judge Caton's partner, and acquitted.^®

So far as I am able to ascertain, the second murder trial in Cook
County was in 1840, that of John Stone for the killing of Mrs. Lucretia
Thompson. The evidence against him was purely circumstantial. Stone
was indicted for murder and on the trial convicted and sentenced to be
hanged.^'' The case was taken to the Supreme Court of the State on a
writ of error and the judgment affirmed.^" He was accordingly executed
on July 10, 1840, the place of execution being about three miles south
of the court house in Chicago, not far from the lake shore.

This case was tried before Judge John Pearson. One of the jurors
was John Wentworth, Avho at that time and for years afterward was
the editor of The Democrat, a paper published in Chicago. A rival
newspaper, The Chicago Daily American, charged that Wentworth was
writing editorials in the jury room while the case was being conducted.
The case was tried at the April term, 1 840. Contempt proceedings were
instituted at the May term, 1840, before Judge Pearson and a rule
entered against the editor, William Stuart, of The American, to show
cause why he should not be punished for contempt of court. After a
hearing the court adjudged Stuart guilty and fined him $100 and costs.
The case was taken by Stuart's attorneys, Justin Butterfield and Isaac
N. Arnold, to the Supreme Court and re versed. ^^ The opinion in the
Supreme Court was written by Judge Breese, holding that while the
court had the power to punish for contempt under such circumstances
if the communications had a tendency to obstruct the administration of
justice, the writings in question had no such tendency. The opinion said,
among other things : "An honest, independent and intelligent court will
win its way to public confidence, in spite of newspaper paragraphs, how-
ever pointed may be their wit or satire, and its dignity will suffer less
by passing them by unnoticed, than by arraigning the perpetrators, and

5' 1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 421; Wentworth's Reminiscences of Early Chicago, 7 and 8 Fergus
Historical Series, 33.

''1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 421; Caton's Early Bench and Bar of Hlinois, 41.
5^1 Andreas' History of Chicago, 152, 445.
6" stone V. People, 2 Scam., 326.
6' Stuart V. People, 3 Scam., 395.

trying them in a summary way. . . . Eespect to courts cannot be
compelled; it is the voluntary tribute of the public to worth, virtue and
intelligence, and whilst they are found upon the judgment seat, so long,
and no longer, will they retain the public confidence. ... In restrict-
ing the power to punish for contempts to the cases specified, more
benefits will result than by enlarging it. It is at best an arbitrary power,
and should only be exercised on the preservative, and not on the vin-
dictive principle. It is not a jewel of the court, to be admired and
prized, but a rod rather, and most potent when rarely used." Stephen
A. Douglas dissented and Judge Caton, not having heard the argument,
took no part in the decision. 1 am disposed to agree with the sentiments
expressed and the conclusion reached by the opinion.

Judge Pearson had considerable difficulty in Chicago while serving
as circuit judge. The majority of the lawyers, without regard to politics,
were opposed to his appointment. The new circuit, the Seventh, was
created February 4, 1837, including the counties of Cook, Will, McHenry,
Kane, LaSalleand Iroquois.*^^ Judge Pearson then resided at Danville,
outside of this judicial circuit. The lawyers thought he was incompetent
for the position, not only in learning, but in other judicial qualities.
His appointment from the first was very unpopular with the Chicago
bar. Most of the lawyers in Chicago were Whigs, while Judge Pearson
belonged to the Democratic party, and the lawyers charged that this
new circuit was created for his appointment, in the same manner that
in England sometimes younger children were provided for in a new
colony. In 1838 writs of mandamus were issued by the Supreme Court
in two different cases requiring certain action by him in the trial of
those cases."^ At the May special term in 1839 in the circuit court at
Chicago, the case of Bristol v. Phillips was tried before him. Bristol^s
lawyer was J. Young Scammon, while Isaac N. Arnold was on the other
side. A dispute arose over the signing of the bill of exceptions by the
judge, who refused to sign the one Scammon thought should be signed.
At the July term, 1839, of the Supreme Court, Scammon as attorney
for Bristol, moved for a writ of mandamus against Pearson to require
• him to sign a bill of exceptions which had been tendered him. The
court allowed the petition to be filed and issued an alternative writ.
Scammon, the attorney in the case, attempted to hand the writ to Judge
Pearson while in court, but he, fearing that Scammon would thus serve
the writ, refused to recognize him when he arose to make motions, claim-
ing to be engaged in other matters at the time. Scammon had previously
been fined for contempt in another matter by Pearson. Scammon,
therefore, when he found the court would not recognize him, put
the bill of exceptions and writ to be served on Pearson in Justin
Butterfield's hands. It was in the afternoon, just before the closing of
the term of court, with practically all of the members of the bar present.
Mr. Butterrfield arose and said he had received a communication from
Col. Strode who had been called out of town in relation to business of
the court, requesting him to present a motion in the case of People v.
Hudson for the trial or discharge of Hudson at this term of court. The
judge directed the clerk to file the paper and motion, which was done.

•' Laws of niinois, 1836-37, 113.

•' People ex rel Teal v. Pearson, 1 Scam, 458; People ex rel Brown v. Pearson, 1 Scam., 473.
— 4 H S

Tlien Mr. Butterfield handed up the papers given him by Scammon,
saying it was a bill of exceptions in a case tried at a former term. The
court said that he had not signed the bill of exceptions. Mr. Butterfield
replied that he knew that was true, but, handing him another paper,
said, "Here is a writ of mandamus from the Supreme Court, directing
you to sign it." The court said, "What's that, sir?" Mr. Butterfield
repeated his statement. The court, then, holding the paper towards
Butterfield, said, "Take it away, sir." Butterfield said, "I cannot take
it away, sir, it is directed to your honor, I will leave it with you. 1
have discharged my duty in serving it upon you and cannot take it back."
The court then told the clerk to enter a fine of $20 against Butterfield
and threw the papers, bill of exceptions and writ of mandamus, on the
floor over the railing in front of the desk between the bench and the
l)ar. The court then said, "What do you mean, sir?" Butterfield said,
"I mean to proceed by attachment if you don't obey it!" The court
then commanded, "Sit down, sir; sit down, sir," and ordered the clerk
to proceed with the reading of the record. The judge afterward asked
the clerk if he had entered the order for the fine of $20, and when the
clerk told him he had, asked him to read it to him, and then told him
to enter as a part of the order, "for an interruption." Mr. Butterfield
objected to the change in the order, saying that the fine was not for an
interruption. A somewhat complete history of this matter is found in
the Illinois Supreme Court report of the case (People v. Pearson"),
and also in an address of the Hon. Thomas tloA'ne, "The Lawyer as a
Pioneer.""" Mr. Hoyne states that when the court adjourned and the
judge left the bench, Mr. Butterfield stepped up to him and said, "Sir,
you have now disgraced that bench long enough; sit down, sir, and let
me beg you to attend a meeting of this bar instauter in which we are
about to try your case, and rid ourselves and the people, once for all, of
your incompetency and ignorance." The judge left, but the members of
the bar prepared papers and that winter presented them before the House
of Representatives at Springfield asking for articles of impeachment.
The house, Avhich was composed largely of the political friends of Judge
Pearson, refused to order impeachment proceedings. They charged that
the attack was a political prosecution gotten up by the old Federals
and Whigs, but Mr. Hoyne, who himself was a Democrat, states that
Edward G. Eyan, a lifelong Democrat, who was then running a Chicago
paper called the Tribune, and who afterwards — as has been stated —
became a chief justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, was one of
Pearson's strongest opponents and critics, and that the charges against
Pearson were not based on political differences. The case was heard late
in 1839. In 1840 a motion was made in the Supreme Court for an
attachment against the defendant for contempt in disobeying the writ
of mandamus. The motion was allowed and the attachment issued. On
a hearing before the court, at which Judge Pearson was represented, the
jurisdiction of the court to punish was questioned for several reasons,
among others, that Judge Pearson was no longer judge of the court.
Under the advice of his friends, after the Supreme Court ordered him
to sign the bill of exceptions, he had resigned as judge and had been

"2 Scam., 189.

^5 The Lawyer as a Pioneer, Hovne, 23 and 23 Fergus Historical Series, 90; 1 .\ndreas' History of
Chicago, 444.

elected as State senator for the clistnCl coinijrisiiig Cook, Will, DuPage
and MeHenry counties. It appears that altci- his appointment as circuit
judge, he had moved from his home in Danvilk' to Jolict, Will County,
and lived there while he was circuit judge aud when he was elected as
senator. The Supreme Court, after a full hearing, decided it had juris-
diction and fined liim $100 and costs of the proceeding."'' Stephen A.
Douglas was one of the Supreme Court judges at the time this fine was
entered. He took no part in the decision because before his appointment
as judge he had been counsel for Judge Pearson in the first case. The
court was otherwise unanimous, except that Judge Breese wrote a sepa-
rate concurring opinion in which he stated that possibly Judge Pearson's
actions were based on the ground of misapprehension of his rights and
duties as judge of the court. It also appears on a supplemental motion
filed in this case by J. Young Scammon, that when the writ of attach-
ment was issued. Judge Pearson could not be found in Springfield, and
that he was pursued and overtaken and placed under arrest in Clay
County, and brought back to Springfield. The court on this supple-
mental motion allowed the costs of this arrest to be charged against
Pearson. This was at the December term, 1841. At the December
term, 1843, counsel for Pearson made a motion for rehearing but this
was denied.''^ It may also be noted that in the original case of Bristol
v. Phillips the Supreme Court on motion for the attorney for Bristol
after Judge Pearson had resigned, ordered the bill of exceptions that he
had refused to sign, to be filed in the original case and taken to be true,
the same as if it had been signed by the judge."^ This case was never
decided in the Supreme Court. It appears by stipulation filed in the
clerk's office of that court July 8, 184S, that the case was settled by the
parties, the judgment being reversed, each party paying his own costs.
It may be interesting to note that this lawsuit was brought by Phillips
against Bristol — the latter being captain of the steamboat James Madi-
son— to recover for the loss of two trunks. That steamboat ran in 1838
between Detroit and Chicago. The wife and son of Phillips took passage
on the boat at Detroit for Chicago. The claim was made that they took
two trunks on the boat with them at Detroit and the trunks could not
1)6 found afterward. Phillips recovered this judgment against Bristol
for the value of the trunks and contents. I do not think that Judge
Pearson was dishonest or corrupt in his actions in this regard, but
rather a man of strong passions, a warm friend and an uncompromising
enemy. He was not broad-minded and was very impatient of criticism.
He died at Danville, Illinois, in 1875.

While we cannot tell with certainty when the first case was tried in
the circuit court of Cook County, the records of the Supreme Court show
that the first ease that was brought up by appeal or error from the Cook
County courts to the Supreme Court was Webb v. Sturtevant at the
December term, 1835, of that court.**'^ This case was tried at the May
term, 1835, of the Cook Circuit Court by Judge Sidney Breese. The
lawyers were B. S. Morris and James Grant for appellant and Giles
Spring and Ebenezer Peck for appellee. The opinion was written by

'* People ex rel v. Pearson, 3 Scam., 270.
" People V. Pearson, 3 Scam., 400.
«8 Bristol V. Phillips, 3 Scam., 280.
"1 Scam.,lSl.

Justice Lockwood. It was a dispute as to the possession of certain real
estate to which both parties laid claim. The next case from the county
was at the same term of the Supreme Court/" (Lovett v. JSToble.) This
case was also tried before Judge Sidney Breese in the circuit court. The
lawyers for appellant were Judge Caton and Stephen A. Douglas and for
appellee Ebenezer Peck and Giles Spring. The first people's case coming
from Cook County reviewed by the Supreme Court was heard at the
December term, 1836, of that court^^ (Baldwin v. People). Judge
Caton represented the plaintifE in error and James Grant the people.
Baldwin was charged with stealing a horse, and the proof showed it was
a mare. The court held that the proof that the defendant had stolen a
mare or gelding would sustain an indictment for stealing a horse and
that the indictment charging that the horse was stolen and carried away
would be sustained by proof that it was ridden, driven or led away. That
seems to be a sensible decision, but to those who talk about technicalities
(as the layman understands that term) controlling a case in the courts
of review, it will be found that the Supreme Court of that time now
and then reversed cases for reasons that laymen now would say were
purely technical. As an example, the third criminal case reviewed by
the Supreme Court of the State from Cook County" (Bell v. People)
was on an indictment found in the municipal court of Chicago. The
indictment purported to be found "by a grand jury chosen, selected and
sworn in and for the City of Chicago and County of Cook." The court
held that the municipal court could only have an indictment returned
by grand jurors chosen within the City of Chicago, and that this indict-
ment on its face showed that the jurors might have come from Cook
County outside of Chicago; that the indictment alone must be taken for
evidence of that fact, and that such an indictment on its face was bad,
whereupon the court reversed the case. As the City of Chicago was
within the County of Cook and the indictment could fairly be construed
as meaning that the grand jurors were chosen and selected from the City
of Chicago, within the County of Cook, I think the indictment might
well have been sustained.

In the first Scammon Eeport of Supreme Court decisions are found
twenty-nine cases brought up from Cook County for review by writ of
error or appeal. Of the twenty-nine, eighteen were reversed, ten were
affirmed, and one was partially affirmed and partially reversed. The
critics of today who are of the opinion that all or most cases ought to be
affirmed would here find data justifying an argument that the courts of
that day were reversing cases unnecessarily. Let me say in passing that
I do not agree with the argument that most cases are improperly reversed
by courts of review. If no cases ought to be reversed, there would be
no necessity of having courts of revicAv. While courts of review should
give weight to the real facts rather than to joleading; to the substance
rather than the shadow; to substantial justice rather than to form, if
justice is to be fairly and properly administered in this or any other
state, it is frequently necessary for courts of review to reverse some cases.

T> 1 Scam., 185.
" 1 Scam., 303.
"1 Scam., 397.

The first case appealed from the Municipal Court of Chicago for
review" is Peyton & Allen v. Tappan. This case was heard before
Judge Ford on the municipal bench. lu the two cases immediately
preceding this one, found in the same volume of Supreme Court Reports,
it is curious to note that in one appealed from McLean County and in
the other from Cook Count}', Judge Ford took part. In the Cook County
case he sat as judge of the circuit court when the summons was issued.
In the case from McLean he was one of the lawyers. Evidently Judge
Ford was a very busy man.

In May, 1835, Gen. John B. Beaubien went to the general land
office and purchased for $94.61 the entire Fort Dearborn reservation.
He had derived his military title of general from the fact that the State
at that time was divided into military districts, the people electing a
general in each district. He had lived upon the reservation for many
years, and a law had been found which satisfied the land office that he
could make the purchase. There was great excitement over this pur-
chase. The newspapers published articles and the people discussed it at
length. Some asked if he bought the fort or the land, and what were
the officers to do? -Some of the people congratulated him on having a
fort of his own, and others asked if there would not be a confiict between
the United States troops and the State militia. General Beaubien him-
self was in command of the militia. Nothing serious, however, occurred.
A case was agreed upon for the courts and submitted in 1836 to Judge
Ford in the circuit court of Cook County. Judge Ford decided against
Beaubien's claim. On appeal to the Supreme Court of the State, that
court reversed the circuit court, upholding Beaubien.'^* The case was
then taken to the United States Supreme Court, which reversed the
decision of the Supreme Court of the State, effectually wiping out every
pretense of a right to the land as claimed by Beaubien. ^^ Beaubien was
glad to call at the United States land office and receive his money back
without interest. This, however, did not end the agitation over the
reservation. During the previous years, while the litigation was pending,
the secretary of war authorized the solicitor of the general land office
to come to Chicago and sell the land in the reservation. It was surveyed
and platted as the Fort Dearborn Addition to Chicago and contained
about fifty-three and one-fourth acres. All of this was sold by the
government except what was needed for the occupancy of the public
buildings. Beaubien had lived for years on some of the lots in this
subdivision. He had many friends and there was a general public
demand that when these lots were sold no one should bid against him;
he was expected to buy his homestead for a nominal sum. Attorney
James H. Collins was opposed to this plan to give the lots to Beaubien.
He put in a sealed bid for the Beaubien homestead and it was struck
off to Collins. His action aroused great excitement. His life was
threatened and he was burned in effigy.'^"

Many other interesting trials and other matters could be referred
to and much more could be said of the courts and the lawvers connected

'M Scam., 387.

'< McConnell v. Wilcox, 1 Scam., .344.
" Wilcox V. .Tackson, 38 U. S., 4.

'« Address on Ft. Dearborn, Wentworth, IG Fergus Historical Series, 40, 41; Kirkland & Moses'
History of Chicago, 191.

with the early histoiy of Chicago. One cannot read the history of these
men and their times without feeling that in the judicial forum -as in
other walks of life "there were giants in those da3's." There were Davis,
Trumbull, Stephen T. Logan, Baker, Breese, Palmer, Douglas, Lincoln,
and in Chicago, Butterfield, Arnold, Eyan, Goodrich, Spring, Hoyne and
many others of great ability, who gave their best efforts to the enforce-
ment of the law, so that every person, whatever his condition, might
obtain justice in the courts.

I can appreciate how Arnold felt, when on a visit to England, he
met in Westminster Hall Eev. Edward Porter, then a minister of Chi-
cago, and when they were talking over the great trials that had been
held there. Dr. Porter said, "This is the grandest forum of the world.
And yet I have seen justice administered on the prairies of Illinois,
without pomp or high ceremonial, everything simple to rudeness, yet
justice has been administered before judges as pure, aided by lawyers
as eloquent, if not as learned, as any who ever plead or gave judgment
in Westminster Hall.''" I believe that the same may be truly said of
the courts and lawyers today in Illinois. If they are faithful to the
traditions of their great predecessors, justice will be as fairly adminis-
tered by judges as honest and pure, aided by lawyers as learned and
eloquent as were those in the early history of the State, or even in West-
minster "in the great Hall of William Rufus."

" Recollections of the Early Chicago and Illinois Bar, Arnold, 22 Fergus Historical Series, II.

Note— The original records have been examined in Pike, Fulton, Peoria and Putnam counties as
to the facts stated herein as shown by the respective records of said counties. I am indebted for this
examination in Pike County to Judge Harry Higbee, in Fulton County to Hon. B. M. Chiperfleld.in
Peoria Countv to Gerald H. Page,attorney-at-law, and in Putnam County to Judge John M. McNabb.

^JoiMi^JliU^y^^

THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF SHELBY M. CULLOM.

(B}' Henry A. Converse, of the Sangamon County Bar, Springfield.)

The year 1830 ushered in an era of great industrial activity in the
United States. On November 2 of that year the first American railroad
train made a trial trip from Schenectady to Albany, in the State of
Now York, a distance of seventeen miles. This diminutive and experi-
mental forerunner of modern methods of transportation was hauled by
a mere P3'gmy of a locomotive bearing the dignified and somewhat high
sounding name, "Dewitt Clinton," having been named in honor of ail
early distinguished Governor of the Empire State. Within the space
of half a century, the inventive and financial genius of our people had
so developed the steam locomotive and the railway that by leaps and
bounds railway mileage was increased to thousands and our nation,
throughout its length and breadth, was indissolubly bound together bv
the great shining artificial channels of commerce, the American railway
systems. It was the development of rapid transportation by means of
the railroads that did more than any other agency in making our nation
commercially one. It was the railroad that opened up and settled the
prairie and forest. Ovei- these highways were transported from the
sea coast to the interior, all those blessings and comforts that go to
make for the prosperity and well-being of a civilized and educated people.

The nation, the states and the smaller subdivisions of government
all vied one with another in aiding and encouraging the building of
railroads. Rights of way, vast tracts of land, and large sums of money
were donated to the railroad buildei*. The credit of states and counties
was pledged to promote this industry and vast issues of bonds were voted
to carry on the good work.

At last the inevitable happened. The railroad systems when they
had waxed fat and powerful, from the lavish generosity of the people,
ceased to be disinterested benefactors and became benevolent monarchs
and finally giew arrogant and tyrannical.

The people suddenly realized that they were entangled in the meshes
of a vast network so interwoven that it could contract and strangle whole
communities, that in order to further their own selfish ends the heads of
the great railway systems could arbitrarily foster or destroy whole indus-
tries, and that favored individuals and localities could get such special
privileges that competitors would be forced out of business. The vast
business of the railroads was interstate, and under our National Consti-
tution the individual states could not cope with this commercial monster.
The question was momentous. To solve this great problem so that both
the people and the I'ailroads would get their rights without a financial
upheaval called for statesmanship of the highest order. The time was
ripe for a man, wise, discreet and foresighted, one who was courageous

enough to undertake a battle along the only line that could surely solve
this troublesome question, the regulation of railroads engaged in inter-
state commerce.

In the year 1830, the same year that the "Dewitt Clinton" so bravely
pulled the first American railway train, a man child, less than one year
old, was brought by his parents from Wayne County, Kentucky, to Taze-
well County, Illinois. This babe was named Shelby, after Governor
Shelby, an early and distinguished Governor of the state of Kentucky.
This babe grew to manhood, nourished and hardened by the clean,
frugal, open air life of the Illinois prairie.

After half a century of industry and training, at the bar and in
public life, in that most interesting period of our State's history, we
find him a matured and trained lawyer, a successful politician, honored
by his State as its Chief Executive. As Governor we find him studying
and solving the question of railroad regulation. We see him step from
the Governor's office into the United States Senate. At once he brings
to that distinguished body his experience in railway legislation, and,
within four years after entering the United States Senate, he writes
upon our National Statute books the most constructive and progressive
economic act ever passed by our National Legislature, "The Act to
Eegulate Interstate Commerce," commonly known as the "Cullom Act."
The passage of this act of Congress is generally looked upon as the
crowning piece of w-ork in the career of Shelby M. Cullom. It will be
in connection with this great law that his name will go down in history.
The act was constructive because it curbed a great industrial evil without
injury to the rights of property. It created an eminent tribunal which
felt its way so carefully and administered its duties so wisely that Con-
gress gradually added to its powers until finally the great interstate
railway systems have been brought to the realization that they are public
servants and not commercial masters. The act was progressive because
it was the first real act of Congress exercising the power to regulate
commerce among the States, a power that had lain dormant for practi-
cally one hundred years. It blazed the way for the passage of numerous
acts based upon the National power to regulate commerce among the
states, until this power is recognized as the seat of most of the authority
in Congress to legislate for our commercial and industrial welfare. The
free exercise of this power has made us one people, commercially, and
has completely laid the very ghost of State's Eights.

The subject of this sketch, Shelby M. Cullom, has been presented
thus far, by a portrayal of the accomplished act of a matured man. The
purpose in thus presenting the subject is, that we may have clearly in
mind a full realization that this noble son of Illinois, who has but a few
days since passed to the great beyond, this man whom many considered
behind the times, one of the old guard, a practical politician of the old
school, a time serving office holder, possibly lacking in initiative, was
in fact a great public spirited soul, who patiently, ploddingly and cour-
ageously, almost single handed, attacked in its stronghold one of our
most strongly entrenched special interests, made that special interest
amenable to the law and emancipated a people who were on the verge of
industrial slavery. Having thus given our subject a stage setting, as it
were, let us examine further into the acts and doings of our fellow

citizen, and we will find that in private life, at the bar, in the legislative
halls, in the executive chair, he moved steadily forward, ever at work,
always accomplishing something worth while, clean in public and private
life, honored and respected by his fellow man, by his public servic^ a
public benefactor.

Shelby Moore Cullom was born in Wayne County, Kentucky, Novem-
ber 23, 1829. He died at Washington, D. C, January 28, 1914. He
was the seventh child resulting from the marriage of Richard Northcroft
Cullom to Elizabeth CofEey. The elder Cullom moved his family to
Tazewell County, Illinois, in 1830.

Shelby M. Cullom received such a common school education as the
limited facilities of a rural community then afforded. As the result of
teaching school for two terms and farming for himself he succeeded in
securing enough funds to take a two-year course at Mount Morris Semi-
nary. It was here that he met and formed a lifelong attachment for
the distinguished Illinoisan, Robert R. Hitt.

Young Cullom by reason of his clean, open air life was vigorous and
strong although tall and spare. In traveling from Tazewell County to
Mount Morris he underwent such an exposure and strain that he seri-
ously impaired his health and from that day to his death he had a
veritable thorn in the flesh. The trip from Peru to Dixon was by stage
coach. A terrific snow storm came up and the driver could not follow
the road. Young Cullom went ahead of the horses to lead the way. In
the struggle through the blinding storm he overtaxed his heart, the over-
exertion causing what is known as a leaky heart, an affliction which
during his long life frequently subjected him to fainting spells, greatly
to his embarrassment. For many years prior to his death, while he was
actively engaged in public life, or in the stress of a political struggle^
his close friends were in constant alarm lest one of these fainting spells
would carry him off.

After completing his education young Cullom determined to follow
his ambition to practice law and came to Springfield, the State Capital.
He sought permission to read law in the office of Abraham Lincoln, but
Mr. Lincoln at that time was absent from his office so much, riding the
circuit, that he advised young Cullom to enter the office of Stuart &
Edwards, which he accordingly did in the year 1853. In 1855 Mr.
Cullom was admitted to the bar and shortly after his admission was
elected to the office of city attorney of Springfield. He was soon busily
engaged in the local courts prosecuting violations of the local ordinances.
The majority of his cases grew out of the illegal sale of intoxicating
liquors, a decidedly disagreeable class of practice, but a wonderfully
fertile field for the study of all phases of human characters.

His first partnership was with Antram Campbell, but this business
relation was of short duration. In 1861 he formed a partnership with
Milton Hay, one of Illinois' most distinguished lawyers. The firm of
Hay & Cullom continued until 1867, and during its existence it enjoyed
a lucrative and extensive practice in the State and Federal courts. The
mere fact that young Cullom was taken in as the junior member of this
firm, by ]\Iilton Hay, is all the proof that is necessary to establish the
fact that Cullom had talent, energy and integrity. Milton Hay knew
men and he would not tolerate for a moment

dullard. Mr. Hay could choose where he pleased and he demanded and
drew to him men worth while. Mr. Cullom next formed a partnership
with Charles S. Zane, who was elected Circuit Judge shortly hefore Mr.
Cullom became Governor. In 1883 Judge Zane was appointed Chief
Jikstice of the Territory of Utah, Senator Cullom securing his appoint-
ment, where he made an enviable record as a fearless and just judge.

As a lawyer Mr. Cullom was energetic, painstaking and devoted to
his client. He was not an orator in the ordinary sense of the term. He
did not seek to sway the court or jury by high-sounding phases, but
preferred rather to know his subject from every angle and then present
it with the power of conviction. He was a forceful and convincing'
speaker, simple and pleasing in expression, appealing always to the heart
and the head, but never to the prejudices. He outlived by many years
his friends and associates at the Sangamon County Bar.

A partial list of those eminent men with wliom he associated
includes the following sons of Illinois :

Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, Stephen T. Logan, John
T. Stuart, Benjamin S. Edwards, John M. Palmer, David Davis, 0. H.
Browning, Edward D. Baker, Milton Hay, William H. Herndon, Richard
Yates. James C. Conkling, Henry S. Green, and John A. McClernand.

To have the esteem and friendship of such a galaxy of legal stars
is proof conclusive that Shelby M. Cullom ranked high at the central
Illinois bar. Some of those great men were Cullom's political backers
in the early days, some of them were for him from city attorney to
United States Senator. Some of them were his political opponents and
some were defeated by him at the polls.

The legal education and experience of Senator Cullom were of great
assistance to him in later years, in executing the great public trusts that
were imposed upon him. His intimate association with Milton Hay,
John T. Stuart and Benjamin S. Edwards taught him to be discreet and
cautious, to weigh well his words and acts. From these men he learned
the value of sound and matured judgment. It was characteristic of Mr.
Cullom, that while he always reserved the privilege of making up his
own mind, he was ever ready to accept and profit by the advice of those
whom he recognized as men of discretion and sound judgment. He was
never swayed by the opinion of the mere lip talker.

It is remarkable that Mr. Cullom gained any particular recognition
at the bar, because of his early and active interest in politics. The law
is a jealous mistress and political activities soon compelled Mr. Cullom
to give up active practice of the law. It was but natural that one pos-
sessed of such a bent for politics should so readily take up this most
alluring science.' In the early da3^s the law was the most convenient
stepping stone to political preferment.

When Mr. Cullom was admitted to the bar, in 1855, a great new
political party was just coming into existence. The wliole country was
smouldering, about to blaze up with the fires of civil war. Great con-
stitutional questions were being discussed by the judges and laymen. All
eyes were turned toward Illinois. In the United States Senate we had
Stephen A. Douglas, the Little Giant, the champion of States Eights.
Young Cullom was not thirty years of age when our whole nation was
stirred to its very soul by the debates between Lincoln and Douglas. No

wonder that the vouiig eitv tittoniey. Fresh rioiii his \ ietorv at tln' polls,
so soon utter his admission to the bar, shouhl (hish iido the i)()litieal
arena.

In his book, "Fifty Years of Public Service," Senator Cunom speaks
of his entry into politics as follows :

"Ilavijig been inducted into the otlice of City Attorney 1 was fairly
launched upon a political career, exceeding in length of unbroken service
that of any other public man in the country's history. In fact, I never
accepted but two executive appointments, the first was an unsought
appointment by Abraham Lincoln, after he had become the central
figure of his time, if not all time, and second, an appointment from
President McKinley as chairman of the Hawaiian Commission."

Possibly Shelby M. Cullom may have inherited a taste for politics.
His father, Eichard N. Cullom, represented Tazewell County in the
State Legislature four terms, as a member of the House of Representa-
tives in the Tenth General Assembly, convened at Vandalia, as a mem-
ber of the Senate in the Twelfth and Thirteenth General Assemblies
and as. a member of the House of Representatives in the Eighteenth
General Assembly, the last three terms being served at Springfield, the
new State Capital. The elder Cullom had but scarcely left the legisla-
tive halls ere the younger Cullom appeared as Representative from
Sangamon County, in the Twentieth General Assembly, having been
elected in the fall of 1856 by a local coalition of the American and
Republican parties. This same year he was a candidate as a Fillmore
elector, but was defeated. He was again elected to the Twenty-second
General Assembly in 1860 as a Republican, the same year that Mr.
Lincoln was first elected to the Presidenc}', receiving a larger popular
vote in Sangamon County than did Mr. Lincoln. In the Twent3'-second
General Assembly young Cullom was signally honored by election as
speaker of the House, a great honor for a young lawyer but thirty-one
years of age.

It was while acting as Speaker, on April 25, 1861, he introduced
to the General Assembly, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who appeared to
make his famous address in which he urged all his friends to set aside
party prejudice and come to the rescue of Mr. Lincoln and preserve the
Union. This was one of the great events in Illinois lii story and Senator
Cullom always delighted in telling of the wonderful magic of Senator
Douglas's oratory. As an adherent of President Lincoln, ^Fr. Cullom
was none too friendly to Senatoi- Douglas, but when he heard that great
patriotic address, all antagonism to the Little Giant of D'emocracy was
swept away forever.

After the session of 1861 Mr. Cullom was a candidate for delegate
to the State Constitutional Convention but was defeated. Tie again
suffered defeat in 1862 as a candidate for State Senator. These two
defeats, together with his defeat at the primaries for renomination for
United States Senator in 1912, were the only defeats he ever suffered
at the polls, the early defeat as a Fillmor elector not being a ])ersona1
defeat. The defeat in 1862, however, was anticipated and Mr. Cullom
purposely courted defeat to accomplish a rather shrewd i)olitieal coup.

Having been elected to the Legislature at the same election when
Mr. Lincoln was chosen President, he desired to 1)(' a nicnilifr of Con-

gress during the presidency of Mr. Lincoln. The congressional districts
were reapportioned as a result of the census of 1860, and Mr. Cullom
as speaker so brought it about that Sangamon County was placed in a
Eepublican Congressional District, and declared himself a candidate for
Congress as a Eepublican for the election to be held in 1862. At the
earnest solicitation of Mr. Leonard Swett, however, whom he greatly
admired, he jdelded the nomination to Mr. Swett, who was defeated.
To keep himself in touch with the voters Mr. Cullom ran for the State
Senate, although the four counties comprising the Senatorial District
were strongly Democratic. By thus keeping himself in line he was able
to secure the nomination and was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress
in 1864. He was reelected to Congress from this the Eighth Con-
gressional District in 1866 and again in 1868. Thus he brought about
his election to Congress while Mr. Lincoln was President by creating for
himself a Congressional district, so Gerrymandered as to give his party
sufficient strength to elect its candidate.

It is most interesting to observe that in 1864 Mr. Cuflom defeated
for Congress John T. Stuart, and in 1868 he defeated Benjamin S.
Edwards, both opponents being his law preceptors when he entered the
law office of Stuart and Edwards as a student in 1855.

Before Mr. Cullom went to Congress he was appointed by President
Lincoln in 1862 on a commission with Governor George S. Boutwell
and Hon. Charles A. Dana to go to Cairo and settle claims against the
Government for property purchased by commissary officers and quarter-
masters in the volunteer service. Judge Stephen T. Logan had orig-
inally been appointed on this commission but could not serve and Mr.
Cullom was appointed as his successor. It was a distinct honor to young
Cullom to be appointed to serve with such distinguished gentlemen, and
it was a great compliment to one so young, to be selected by the Presi-
dent to succeed so able a man as Judge Logan.

In Congress Mr. Cullom became intimately associated with James
G. Blaine, Roscoe Conkling, General John A. Logan, E. B. Washburn,
Thaddeus Stevens, James E. Garfield, William B. Allison, S. S. Cox,
and many other famous men. Here he formed a great attachment for
William B. Allison, a firm friendship that continued all through the
long senatorial career of Mr. Allison as United States Senator from
Iowa.

Allison and Cullom were the campaign managers for Mr. Blaine
when he was elected Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives in the
Forty-first Congress, and it was generally thought that Mr. Blaine would
give Mr. Cullom considerable recognition in the matter of committee
assignments. In this respect Mr. Cullom and his friends were doomed
to considerable disappointment. Mr. Allison fared but little better.

The attempt of Mr. Cullom to serve a fourth consecutive term in
Congress was a failure, as he was defeated for the nomination by Col.
Jonathan Merriam. Mr. Merriam, however, was defeated by Col. James
C. Eobinson, the Democratic candidate. Sangamon County continued
to be in a Democratic district from that time until Major James A.
Connolly was elected as a Eepublican in 1894. The result was that
Mr. Cullom was the only Eepublican who could successfully carry

the Congressional district which he so carefully laid out as his own
preserves.

After being retired from Congress Mr. Cullom decided to give up
politics and enter the business world. Shortly afterwards he became
president of the State National Bank at Springfield, Illinois. At this
time there was launched a spirited movement to remove the State Capital
from Springfield. To combat this movement Sangamon County wanted
able men. Accordingly Mr. Cullom was prevailed upon to be a candi-
date for the Legislature. He was elected and had for colleagues from
this district, his old law partner, Milton Hay, and Hon. Alfred Orendorff,
a rising young Democrat.

It was with the greatest difficulty that Mr. Hay was induced to
become a candidate or stay in the race. This was the first campaign
in which the voters could cast three votes for a candidate, the system
that is known as plumping. Mr. Hay continually complained that Cul-
lom was such a smooth hand at politics that he would get so many
plumps that he. Ha}', would get badly left. Mr. Hay practically with-
drew as a candidate on numerous occasions until finally Governor Eichard
J. Oglesby, who was a candidate for United States Senator, made such
a personal appeal that Mr. Hay consented that his friends might go
ahead with the campaign. When Mr. Cullom saw how fearful Mr. Hay
was that too many plumps would be cast for him, Cullom, he put forth
every effort to get a square deal for his old law partner, and when the
votes were counted they were scarcely fifty votes apart.

Mr. Cullom was promptly elected Speaker of the House, and it goes
without saying that the State Capital was not removed. This was in the
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, 1872-1874. Mr. Cullom was again
elected to the Legislature in 1874, serving in the Twenty-ninth General
Assembly. At this session of the Legislature he was the caucus candi-
date of his party for Speaker of the House, but the independents held
the balance of power and by forming a combination with the Democrats
elected Elijah M. Haines, Speaker. This was the most notoriously
do-nothing session of the Legislature in the history of Illinois. Mr.
Cullom was offered the election as Speaker if he would form a combina-
tion with the Independents, but he spurned the offer.

Having reentered politics Mr. Cullom decided to be a candidate
for Governor. He was nominated as the Eepublican candidate in 1876
after a stubborn contest. It was during this campaign that an attempt
was made to connect him with the notorious "Whiskey Ring" scandals,
but although every effort was made to involve him and besmirch his
reputation, he came through the ordeal unscathed and was elected as
Governor.

Governor John L. Beveridge, who succeeded Governor Oglesby
when he was elevated to the United States Senate, was the opponent of
Mr. Cullom for the Republican nomination. Considerable alleged evi-
dence was dug up to show that Mr. Cullom had been connected with
and profited from the notorious "Whiskey Ring" which had operated at
Pekin, Illinois, and defrauded the United States Government out of
large sums. Mr. Beveridge and his friends made continual threats to
expose him but he went serenely on his way and the proof never mate-
rialized. After Mr. Cullom was nominated certain affidavits were made

by persons claiming to have positive proof of iiis connection Avitli the
"Whiskey King." These affidavits were placed in the hands of Mr.
Charles B. Farwell, of Chicago, who laid them before Mr. John W. Bunn,
who was then chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, and
demanded that Mr. Cnllom withdraw as a candidate. Mr. Bunn called
the State Central Committee together and notified Mr. Cullom to appear
before it. Mr. Cullom appeared and when he learned why he was called,
it is said that he was almost majestic in his wrath. He denounced his
traducers and challenged them to produce their proof. He was so
aroused and pugnacious that his warmest friends were fairly astounded
at his conduct. The charges were immediately dropped and never again
put in their appearance, although Mr. Cullom continued in public life
for full thirty years. In the election Mr. Cullom had for an opponent,
Lewis Steward, who had the nomination on both the Democratic and
Greenback tickets. The fight was stubbornly fought and it was nearly a
week after the election before the final returns showed the election of
Mr. Cullom. He defeated Mr. Steward by less than seven thousand
votes.

In 1880 he was reelected Governor, being the first Governor to
succeed himself. At this election he defeated Lyman Trumbull, who had
been United States Senator from Illinois when Mr. Cullom was a
Congressman.

In 1883 the term of David Davis as United States Senator expired
and Governor Cullom was elected to succeed him. Governor Richard
J. Ogleshy and General Thomas J. Henderson were candidates against
Mr. Cullom, but he easily controlled the Republican caucus. The only
serious question was as to whether or not as Governor he was eligible
to election to the United States Senate. The preparation of the argu-
ments to show that Governor Cullom was eligible to this office was
entrusted to two young men, William J. Calhoun and J Otis Huniphrey.
The right to the office was established to the satisfaction of the Legisla-
ture and the decision thus gained by these two young men has ever since
been recognized as the law by the United States Senate in similar cases.

Senator Cullom succeeded himself as United States Senator in
1889, 1895, 1901, 1907, serving in all, thirty years. Dniring all this
■period his colleagues from Illinois were all one termers, that is to say,
no one of them was able to succeed himself.

In 1889 Mr. Cullom succeeded himself without opposition. In
1894 it seemed that he would surely be retired, as the Democratic party
appeared certain to control the Legislature. Fortunately 'for Senator
Cullom, the Republicans controlled the State Legislature and he was
again returned to the Senate, defeating George E. Adams and George
R. Davis, both of whom became candidates after it was discovered that
the Republicans controlled the Legislature. The reelection in 1901
was secured only after a most spirited contest. The campaign lasted
for practically two years. As opponents Senator Cullom had Governor
John R. Tanner, who had just served as Governor of the State, Hon.
Robert R. Hitt, Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, and Hon. George W. Prince.
This was his last great fight under the old system. The struggle was
to control the delegates to the State convention, and to nominate and
elect friendlv members of the Legislature. The friends of Senator Cul-

loin controlled the State convention and it endorsed him for reelection,
hut failed to nominate Walter Eeeves, the Cullora candidate for Gov-
ernoi'. But the endorsement did not settle the contest. It went on with
renewed vigor until the meeting of the Legislature. When the l^egishi-
ture convened, the question was still in douht and it was not until enough
memhers of the Legislature had signed an agreement to vote for Mr.
C'uUom that his election was finally brought about.

This campaign divided the Kepublican party in Illinois into the
State and Federal crowds and caused so many contests in the various
conventions and caucuses that it was one of the principal causes that
biought" about the adoption of the State-wide primary law. The contest
of. 1900 and 1901 was bitterly contested to the last ditch because the
in-incipal opponent of Senator Cullom was the late John E. Tanner, who
liad behind him a solid State organization, built while he was Governor,
and further, because for many years Governor Tanner had been an
ardent supporter of Senator Cullom and in previous campaigns had been
his campaign manager.

The new alignment of Cullom forces in this campaign brought
jirominently to the front as active managers, Hon. J 0. Humphrey and
Hon. S. H. Bethea, both of whom, afterwards, were appointed as district
judges on the Federal Bench. The great probabilities are that Senator
Cullom would have retired from the field and yielded to Governor Tan-
ner, but for the insistence of his managers and friends. The Senator
did not relish the struggle with Governor Tailner because he appreciated
his power as an organizer and knew that he Avas an adroit and fearless
antagonist. In previous years he had had Tanner for his right hand
man, now he had to marshal his forces for a veritable death struggle^ at
least so it turned out to be for Governor Tanner, who did not long-
survive his defeat.

In 1906 Senator Cullom was compelled to ]nake an entirely new
kind of a battle. He was compelled to go before the Eepublicans of
Illinois in an open primary, seeking the preferential vote of his party.
This was the first vote of the kind in Illinois. In 1905 the Illinois
Legislature passed a primary law providing for an advisory vote on
United States Senator. The primary election was to be held in the
spring of 1906. The term of Senator Cullom expired on ]\Iarch 3, 1907.
It was necessary to start his campaign practically two years before the
time for his election by the Legislature. It had been intimated in some
f|uarters that Senator Cullom won the primary election easily. Such an
impression is unfair both to the friends of Senator Cullom and Governor
Yates, who was his opponent. Senator Cullom probably never fully
appreciated the magnitude of this campaign. He had as an opponent a
magnetic popular young man, one who had just made a creditable show-
ing as Governor and who was one of the best campaigners in the State.
The friends of Governor Yates were numerous and devoted. On the
other hand Senator Cullom was past seventy-six years of age, had not
l)een before the people at large for twenty-six years, was in poor health
and the general belief was that he would not live out his term if electerl.
"Many thought that he had been honored enough and that it was time to
select a young and coming man. To many. Governor Yates was an
ideal successor. Further, Governor Yates had the support of the State

organization, a united and powerful body of men who had served under
him while he was Governor. In the Eepublican State convention of
1904 it was Mr. Yates who had brought about the nomination of Gov-
ernor Deneen. Governor Deneen permitted the friends of Mr. Yates
to remain in office and gave Mr. Yates his friendly cooperation. Mr.
Yates made his campaign against Senator Cullom on the grounds of
Federal interference in State afEairs. The friends of Senator Cullo^n
very neatly turned the tables on Mr. Yates by replying that Mr. Yates
was espousing the doctrine of States Eights, that he had forsaken the
true doctrines of the Eepublican Party and had gone back to an old
Democratic doctrine, antedating the Civil War. Of course, this was
nothing but campaign talk, but it put Mr. Yates at once on the defensive
and it subjected him to no little embarrassment to be continually called
upon to prove his loyalty to the Federal Government. He conducted
a whirlwind campaign, speaking in every county, attracting as usual
good crowds and receiving most favorable press comments. Again Sena-
tor Cullom was fortunate in his campaign managers. Down State his
principal lieutenants were former Lieutenant Governor William A.
JSTorthcott, Charles P. Hitch, John C. Ames, Corbus Gardner, and
Colonel Frank L. Smith. In Chicago he relied principally upon Mayor
Fred A. Busse and Senator D. A. Campbell. The plan of campaign,
however, that really won the day was laid out and engineered by Mr.
Northcott, who, as a popular organizer and vote getter, had few, if any,
equals in this State. The primary law provided for a form of petition
for the candidate. A Cullom petition was circulated in every township
and city ward in the State. When completed this petition contained
practically 130,000 names, the greatest petition ever filed in this State.
The circulating of this petition required the organizing of a good sized
army and aroused enthusiasm all over the State. Then an executive
committee of five was organized in each county, and in turn an execu-
tive committee of five in each ward and township. When completed this
constituted an organization of practically 20,000 active Eepublieans.
By means of these committeemen, names and addresses were secured
until the Cullom mailing list comprised about 150,000 names. A
literary bureau was organized that kept all these Eepublieans supplied
with up-to-date literature and press items. While Governor Yates was
making great headway with his fiery speeches, Senator Cullom was mak-
ing quiet but certain progress through his ever-strengthening organiza-
tion. The primary election was to have been held on the last Saturday
in April, 1906, and everything was keyed up for action when the Supreme
Court declared the primary law unconstitutional.

The Legislature was called together, and on May 23, 1906, a new
law was passed, in force July 1, following. By this new law the primary
election was fixed for August 4. The suspense while the new law was
being passed was fearful, and it was only by heroic efforts that the
Cullom organization was not going again. At the primary Senator
Cullom received 158,732 votes and Governor Yates, 113,171. This
popular vote was so decisive that Governor Yates promptly and honor-
ably withdrew as a candidate, when the Legislature convened, and
Senator Cullom was reelected for the fifth and last time. This popular
endorsement was a great tribute to one who had been so long in public

office and was no discredit to Governor Yates, but Governor Yates would
have handily won if Senator Cullom had not, as usual, had lieutenants
on the ground who could fight in his behalf the right kind of a fight
at the right time. In this primary fight Senator Cullom was supported
and returned to office by the sons and grandsons of those who had been
his loyal supporters in previous generations. In this connection it is
worth noting that when the joint assembly met to elect Senator Cullom
for the fifth and last time, he was placed in nomination by Hon. Logan
Hay, Senator from Sangamon County, son of Milton Hay, the old
law partner and counselor of the Senator, and grandson of Stephen T.
Logan, the acknowledged leader of the Illinois bar when Mr. Cullom
commenced the practice of the law.

It was while Senator Cullom was serving his last form in the Senate
that he was called upon to face the gTcatest crisis of his career, the cast-
ing of his vote in the contest that was waged against his colleague
Senator William Lorimer of Chicago. No attempt will be made in this
memorial to explain away or apologize for the vote of Senator Cullom,
but rather a conscientious effort will be made to give the situation as it
was, and then state his views as nearly as they can be gathered from his
conduct and what he told his friends.

When Senator Cullom entered upon his last term he had for a
colleague Hon. Albert J. Hopkins whose term expired March 3, 1909.
Senator Hopkins had been a candidate in the Eepublican primary having
as opponents William E. Mason and Greorge Edmond Foss. Senator
Hopkins received the plurality party vote and it was supposed that the
joint session of the Legislature would elect him, as it had in the previous
election of Senator Cullom. When the Legislature met, Mr. Foss and
Mr. Mason continued to be candidates, and many members of the Legis-
lature, contending that they should follow the preferential vote in their
respective districts and not that of the State at l-arge, refused to vote
for Mr. Hopkins and a deadlock ensued lasting from January, 1909, until
May following. From March 3, to May 26th the seat of Senator Hopkins
was vacant and Senator Cullom was the sole Senator from Illinois. On
May 26th, fifty-five Bepublicans and fifty-three Democrats suddenly voted
for William Lorimer, who had not previously been a candidate, and Mr.
Lorimer was declared elected to succeed Senator Hopkins and forthwith
took his seat in the United States Senate.

Nearly a year later on April 30, 1910, the Chicago Tribune pub-
lished a confession of one Charles A. White to the effect that he and
several other Democrats, members of the Illinois Legislature had l)een
bribed to vote for Senator Lorimer. A resolution to investigate the
election of Senator Lorimer was introduced in the United States Senate,"
and the committee on elections and privileges conducted extensive hear-
ings for several months. The Chicago Tribune kept thundering away
demanding that Mr. Lorimer's seat be declared vacant because of cor-
ruption at his election. The case became notorious and resulted in a
terrific exposure of political conditions and practices in Illinois. Several
other members of the Legislature confessed to having been bribed and
testified against their colleagues only to be denounced and repudiated by
their fellow legislators and part of the press. Finally the Senate com-
— 5 H S

mittee on elections reported to sustain Mr. Lurimer, The case was
debated in the Senate from January 22 to February 28, 1911, and on
March 1 by a vote of 46 to 40 the Senate permitted Mr. Lorimer to
retain his seat. During all this turmoil Senator Cullom had refused to
indicate how he would vote, but when the question finally came to a vote
he voted for Mr. Lorimer. He gave as the ostensible reason for his vote
that the evidence did not satisfy him that Mr. Lorimer had any jjersonal
knowledge that his election was corrupt, and further that the committee
on elections having seen and heard the witnesses and having reported in
favor of Mr. Lorimer, he felt it his duty to give his colleague the benefit
of the doubt and follow the recommendations of the committete. By
thus voting. Senator Cullom lost thousands of his friends, as he knew
he would, but the people of this State were charitable and his conduct
was quietly accepted without questioning his motive and integrity.

Now let us endeavor to analyze the situation as it appeared to
Senator Cullom.

At the time he was called upon to cast his vote he was past eighty-
one years of age. For months he had been importuned by his friends to
vote both for and against Mr. Lorimer. Most of his old friends and
colleagues in the Senate, whose judgment he most highly prized were
friendly to Mr. Lorimer. Some of the men in the Senate who were most
vigorously denouncing Mr. Lorimer were of the class that he was wont
to regard as flamboyant and unmindful of the prerogatives and dignity
of the Senate. To fall in line with these was most distasteful to him. He
was loath to vote contrary to the findings of the committee on elections,
because in his day, in the Senate, the report of a committee was of the
greatest weight and not to be turned down except for the gravest reasons.
The Senate was largely controlled by its committees, and to this system
Senator Cullom had for years yielded steadfast allegiance. He had
risen to his position of influence by committee appointment and service,
and when his party controlled the machinery of the Senate, he con-
sidered a committee report almost controlling. The thunderings of the
Chicago Tribune and its followers fairly disgusted him. He had long
since rebelled at the modern method of so-called newspaper muckraking,
and was fearful that the powerful metropolitan press was becoming a
dictator and instead of molding public sentiment by a fearless and im-
partial publishing of the news of the day, was becoming so powerful that
it could combine and astracize public officials who would not yield to the
dictations of the press. If he voted against Mr. Lorimer he considered
that it would be a public confession on his part that his State Legislature
was corrupt, thereby casting suspicion upon many of his old friends and
supporters. He was too old to grasp the changed conditions. He had
heretofore dealt with men as individuals and not in masses. He thought
that the popular wave against Mr. Lorimer would soon die out. He
believed that the public had a short memory and would forget but that
the organization of Mr. Lorimer had a long memory and would never
forget. He could not bring himself to accept the testimony of self
confessed bribe takers and affidavit makers. He could not erase from
his memory the recollection of the men who had made affidavits and
offered evidence against him in the days of the old "Whiskey Eing"
scandals. If he voted against Mr. Lorimer he believed that it would be

claimed that lie was dictated to' by the press, that he would appear weak
and subservient and that he would be charged with trying to ride a
popular wave for his personal advancement. He knew that the popular
thing to do was to vote against Mr. Lorimer. He questioned the sincerity
of the attack on Lorimer and thought that if he were unseated, it would
simply strengthen the opponents of Mr. Lorimer, who in turn would
advance themselves without the least consideration for him, Cullom, so he
contented himself with saying, that as a judge the evidence did not con-
vince him of the personal giiilt of Mr. Lorimer and he would follow the
recommendations of the committee on elections. At last we find the
man, who for sixty years had read the sentiments of the people of the
State of Illinois as an open book, failing to grasp the new conditions,
unable to keep step with the new order of the day.

The vote seating Mr. Lorimer did not settle the question. The
people did not and would not forget. Alleged new evidence was dis-
covered and on June 1, 1911, the United States Senate reopened the
investigation, the new evidence was heard and the hearings continued
^for another year. Finally on July 13, 1912, the question was again
brought to a vote, in the senate and by a vote of 55 to 28 Mr. Lorimer
was unseated. This time Senator Cullom voted against Mr: Lorimer,
giving as his reason that the new evidence produced had changed his
views.

While the Lorimer investigation was at its height, the term of
Senator Cullom was fast drawing to a close. If he was to be a candidate
again he must submit his name to the primary in the spring of 1912. He
decided to be a candidate again and his friends once more rallied to his
cause. He had as opponents Hon. Lawrence Y. Sherman, former
Lieutenant Governor, and Hon. Hugh S. Magill, a young man of pro-
gressive tendencies, who had made a fine clean record as State Senator.

At the primaries on April 9, 1912, Mr. Sherman defeated Senator
Cullom by about 60,000 votes and Senator Cullom in turn defeated Mr.
Magill by about 40,000 votes. Senator Cullom accepted his defeat grace-
fully. It was in the following July that he cast his vote against Mr.
Lorimer. After his defeat Senator Cullom stated that he had entered
the race reluctantly and only after the urgent solicitation of his friends.
Just why he made the race again for a six year term when he was on
the verge of being eighty-three years of age can not be stated to an abso-
lute certainty. No doubt many of his friends did urge him to run
again, but the truth probably is that he thought his old organization could
again carry the day and he could not give up an ambition which had
become almost an obsession, to die in the harness as United States
Senator from the State of Illinois. Many of his friends realized the
futility of this last race and on several occasions some of them went to
Washington for the purpose of advising him not to make the race and
to throw his influence to some strong young man, one of his followers,
but whenever they undertook to broach the subject the Senator in his
inimitable way would deftly turn the conversation and no one could ever
be found who could successfully face the aged statesman and deliver an
ultimatum. During the entire campaign the Senator continually com-
plained against being dragged into the fight at his advanced age. but
his friends bravely went ahead with the campaign knowing all the time

that they were doing as he wished. Both Mr. Sherman and Mr. Magill
made state-wide speaking campaigns, while Senator Cullom remained at
Washington, and it is to the everlasting credit of both of these gentle-
men that during the entire campaign neither one of them said an unkind
or harsh thing against the aged man.

In the fall election of 1912 the Eepublican State and National
tickets were defeated so that Mr. Cullom, who did not retire until March
3, 1913, remained in office some months after the Eepublican State
officers were retired. The Republicans did not control the General
Assembly so Mr. Sherman did not succeed Senator Cullom, but after an
extended deadlock Mr. Sherman Avas elected to fill out the imexpired
term of Mr. Lorimer and Hon. James Hamilton Lewis was elected for
the full term of six 5^ears to succeed Senator Cullom. x\fter serving
thirty years consecutively as United States Senator from Illinois, Mr.
Cullom was finally succeeded by a Democrat.

In addition to keeping his own fences in good repair. Senator Cullom
and his followers were always in line for the Eepublican ticket, and no
campaign was waged in Illinois during the last half century in which
Senator Cullom did not have a distinct part. He always attended the
party conventions and his lieutenants were alwaj^s prominent in the
councils of the party. In 1872 Mr. Cullom was chairman of the Illinois
delegation to the National Eepublican convention and had the honor of
placing in nomination for the Presidency General U. S. Grant. Again
in 1884, 1892, 1904, and 1908, he was a delegate and chairman of the
Illinois delegations to the Eepublican national conventions. Thus is
detailed the principal political activities of Shelby M. Cullom.

For length of service and variety of honors achieved, his political
record has no equal in the history of our country.

His political successes were contemporaneous with the successes of
his party, nay even more, he frequently enjoyed the fruits of victory
when his party was in the throes of defeat.

His espousal of the Eepublican party at its inception was accom-
panied by election to office. He continued to share in all the triumphs
of his party and did not succumb until his great party had received its
most crushing defeat, when its forces were divided by the creation of a
new party. He came on the scene at the birth of a new party. He left
the stage at the birth of a new party.

In fullness of years he spanned more than two-thirds of the life of
our nation. He knew intimately every President from Lincoln to Wil-
son, one-half of all our Presidents. For more than half a century he
knew personally every man who reached any prominence in. the councils
of our nation.

He was a practical politician. He knew the value of patronage and
secured appointments for men who counted. He was loyal to his friends
and his friends reciprocated by delivering full measure in his behalf. He
played the game according to the rules. No doubt he did many things
which were most distasteful to him, many things which he preferred not
to do, but he had put his hand to the plow and was determined to plow
a straight furrow to the end. His political life was one continual battle.
He stood ever ready to fight his enemies and was compelled to be ever
on o-uard a"-ainst faithless friends. He saw New England States select

worthy Senators and then return them terra after term, without a strug-
gle, until by length of service they reached positions of influence and
power. No such honor was accorded to hini. No matter what honors
he achieved, no matter what great laws he got upon our Statute books,
he came from a western state and must ever stand ready to fight for his
election. While he was at his post of duty his opponents were always
busy out in the State undermining him and continually seeking to com-
pass his defeat. His early political training was secured in the school
founded by Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was the master politician of our
Eepublic. Cullom knew, as did Lincoln, that to do things for the State
and the nation, it was necessary, first, to get and then to hold the office.
To get and to hold public office, one must get votes. To get votes one
must be a politician and a practical one at that. Our form of govern-
ment is republican. The citizen at the ballot box is the sovereign. Under
our system of government the public office holder and public servant
must first secure the consent of the sovereign people at the polls. Shelby
M. Cullom ofl^ered himself repeatedly and the people as repeatedly gave
him the necessary votes. If he would be a statesman he must first be a
politician. This he knew and this he freely acknowledged.

Although poor in this world's goods he forged steadily ahead, ever
ascending, always respected, clean in personal and public life, the acme
of political success and perfection. Not only was he content to remain
a man of limited means, but so constituted was he, that the many
opportunities that came to him to acquire wealth did not tempt him in
the least nor for an instant absorb his time or attention to the detriment
of his public service.

To read the long list of his political successes naturally gives rise
to the question as to whether or not he stood for things that were for
the real and lasting benefit of the people, or to hold office did he shift
with each changing popular whim ? Was he a politician simply to be a
timeserving officeholder, or did he, after he got the office, use it to give
the people real service, service that would make our country better in
the years to come, service that would make our people freer and happier ?
Will he be known to history as America's most unique and successful
politician, or will he go down in history as a real statesman ?

Let us take a brief survey of the things he accomplished, and pos-
sibly we may find the answer in the things done rather than in the
words spoken.

In his first elective office, that of city attorney of Springfield, he so
favorably impressed such men as Mr. Lincoln, Judge Logan and others
that they gave him their support for the Legislature. He so conducted
himself as a member of the Legislature during his first term, that
although scarcely thirty years of age he was selected Speaker of the
House, for his second term, in 1861. Mr. Cullom himself is authority
for the statement that he made more friends in the conduct of the office
of Speaker than were ever made by him subsequently in any office or
service. His conduct as Speaker of the House gave him such standing
that he was sent to Congress for three successive terms. In these cam-
paigns many of his most ardent supporters were men who were opposed
to him politically but who supported him because of their faith in him.

He served in Congress during the days of reconstruction, days that
were fraught with the greatest peril to our reunited nation. He sup-
ported the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution.
He witnessed the struggle between Congress and President Johnson with
fearful forebodings. Together with Judge Orth of Indiana, he went in
person to plead with the President to conciliate Congress and avoid the
dangers of impeachment, but found the President obdurate and self-
willed. He saw the crisis approaching and counseled earnestly with his
friends, Senator Lyman Trumbull, James G. Blaine, and others, and
upon their advice finally decided to vote for the impeachment of Presi-
dent Johnson. Imagine his surprise when Senator Trumbull denounced
the impeachment proceedings in the Senate ' and voted to sustain the
President.

In the Forty-first Congress Mr. Blaine cavalierly gave Mr. CuUom
the choice of the chairmanship of the committee on claims or terri-
tories. He chose the committee on territories and while serving in this
capacity he introduced and secured the passage of a bill in the House
providing stringent measures for the suppression of polygamy. He was
so intent on stamping out this great evil that subsequently he secured
from President Arthur the appointment of his old law partner, Charles
Zane, as Chief Justice of Utah; and it was the fearless and masterly
way in which Judge Zane handled the situation that did so much to
destroy the "twin relic of Barbarism." Thus Mr. Cullom in his prac-
tical way accomplished his desire by sending directly to the seat of the
difficulty a man, ready, willing and able to enforce the law as it was
written.

After retiring from Congress tbis lawyer-politician became presi-
dent of the State National Bank in Springfield. This was certainly a
distinct recognition of his integrity and standing with the business
interests of his home city.

Soon we find him again in the Legislature and Speaker of the
House. It was while serving in the State Legislature after returning
from Congress that Mr. Cullom seemed to get a new inspiration to serve
his State and Nation in a bigger and broader way. Illinois had adopted
a new Constitution in 1870 and it was while Mr. Cullom was Speaker in
1873 and 1874 that a complete revision of the State laws was undertaken,
resulting in the publishing of the "Eevised Statutes of the State of
Illinois, A. D. 1874." The early 70's witnessed the so-called "Granger
Legislation" and the construction of State laws for the control of rail-
road transportation. Illinois at that time was in the forefront in rail-
road mileage, and naturally the wave of popular sentiment demanding
State controland regulatioi^ swept over this State. In 1871 our Legis-
lature passed a law on the subject of railroad regulation but it was
rather ineffective.

Speaker Cullom saw the great possibilities in the wise solution of
this great question and seized the opportunity to make this the ambition
of his life. He appointed a select committee of the Legislature to draft
amendments to the law. In the work of this committee he took the most
intense interest. The committee reported a bill which was passed and
became the Illinois law on the subject of railroad and warehouses, an
advanced and highly meritorious law, a law that remained practically

unchanged until the Eailroad and Warehouse Commission was absorbed
by the State Utilities Commission in 1914.

After Mr. Cullom became Governor in 1877 he appointed a new
and strong Eailroad and Warehouse Commission, which immediately
went to work under his supervision to carry out, enforce and test the
workings of the law.

It was the study of this question of railroad regulation and the
practical experience in the enforcement of such a law, while he was in
the Legislature and as Governor, that prepared Mr. Cullom for the great
work that was to come. In this connection it is interesting to note what
influences surrounded the Governor, influences of his own choosing, and
how he proceeded to accomplish the ends he desired.

Above all he was wise in the counsels he sought. ' He had for a
private secretary Mr. E. F. Leonard, a well poised, polished gentleman
but a few years his junior. Mr. Leonard was more than a secretary; he
was a friend and counselor, one who was willing to stay in the back-
ground ; but who gave lavishly of his many talents to the sustaining and
guiding of his superior. Mr. Leonard was ever on guard and by reason
of his matured judgment was privileged to press his convictions upon
the Governor. It is claimed by those in a position to know that to Mr.
Leonard is due a large share of the credit for the attitude Governor
Cullom took towards the railroads. Contrary to his usual conservatism
Governor Cullom appeared somewhat carried away with the popular cry
against the railroads and seemed in danger of being too radical. The
instinct of the politician to please his constituents was strong, but Mr.
Leonard was the brake on the wheel and his calm judgment kept the
Governor in check, caused him to make haste slowly. But for this deter-
ring influence, radical and possibly illy advised steps might have been
taken, that would have forestalled the accomplishment of the great suc-
cess in coming years.

As chief legal advisor. Governor Cullom leaned largely upon Milton
Hay. When in doubt about a law or legal procedure it was the judgment
of Mr. Hay that controlled. A prominent Chicago lawyer, once seeking
the support of Governor Cullom for a proposed law, was heard to ask
repeatedly, "Who is the Governor of the State — Hay or Cullom?"

In the background was John W. Bunn, who at that time was promi-
nent in Illinois politics, serving repeatedly as chairman and member of
the Eepublican State Central Committee. In shaping the policies of
the administration it was the function of Mr. Bunn to sound out and
find the sentiment of the influences of the State. Governor Cullom was
big enough and broad enough to rely upon the combined judgment of
Messrs. Leonard, Hay and Bunn, three eminently successful business
men, of unquestioned integrity and devoted to his interests. A most
interesting illustration of how Mr. Cullom relied upon these three friends
is shown in the great sound money speech that Governor Cullom made
at Eockford, Illinois. In the seventies one of the catchy new isms of the
day was the "Greenback" craze. Mr. Cullom had shown some temerity
in facing this question. In those days it took real courage to come out
firmly for sound, honest money. Governor Cullom received an invita-
tion ito speak on this issue at Eockford, but hesitated to accept. Ho was
fearful of the results and bated to declare himself. Mr. Leonard insisted

that he make the address and take a positive stand. Finally the Gov-
ernor consented to accept the invitation on condition that Mr. Leonard
would write the speech. Mr. Leonard prepared the addresses and it was
gone over line by line, sentence by sentence Math Mr. Hay and Mr. Bunn.
It was an address to the point, without dodging or begging the question;
it was for sound, honest money first, last and all the time. The three
friends were fearful that the Governor would not have the courage to
deliver it. On the appointed day the Governor gave the address exactly
as written. It rang out all over the country and was copied in New
York and hailed with delight by the opponents of the "Greenback" craze.
Thus did Governor Cullom array himself on the side of sound money
and he did not waver from this position during the balance of his days.
It is but" fair to Mr. Leonard, who is still living an honored and retired
life at Amherst, Massachusetts, to state that he is not authority for what
has just been said about him and has not been consulted about thua
giving him such a share in the administration of Governor Cullom.

Governor Cullom had served as Governor but six months when the
great railway strikes were declared in July, 1877. Instantly traffic
ceased and disorder and destruction of property was imminent. One of
the worst conditions was at East St. Louis. To this city the Governor
went in person and tried to relieve the situation by moral suasion, but
failed. Seeing that it was futile to temporize he called out the State
troops and soon had the situation in hand. In Chicago he found the
State troops practically worthless, so he promptly called upon the
National Government for aid. Upon the arrival of several companies of
regulars, order was at once restored. Thus we see how he met one of
the most trying situations that can ever confront a Governor.

When it came to considering applications for pardons, he instituted
the practice of publishing in the county where the trial occurred, a
notice of the application, and also required written statements of the
trial judge and State's attorney giving their views of the merits of the
case. This practice has since been extended by the creation of a State
Board of Pardons, which follows largely the same procedure.

His administration was strictly a business one. Under his super-
vision the penitentiary was built at Chester and an additional hospital
for the insane was constructed at Kankakee. His administration also
saw the paying off of the last of the State debt.

He studied the State and its peoples. He became familiar with
the great families and their descendants who settled the various parts
of the State. He was able to select representative men who stood well
in their localities. Having appointed such representative men to office,
he left them free from executive interference, but held them strictly
accountable for the trust imposed. Thus he drew to him strong, able
men and these men of affairs and their descendants became the strength
and backbone of the so-called Cullom organization that was so effective
in Illinois for so many years. His administration was rather uneventful
but eminently successful. He was never embarrassed by any unseemly
scandals in any of his departments.

His relations with the Legislature were most friendly, and the
charge was never made that he, as Governor, ever tried to organize or
dictate to the Legislature; and yet, it can be safely said, that no Legis-

•73

lature convened during his administration that was not organized by
his friends and on a basis entirely friendly to him. So skillful Avas he
in handling men and so versed was he in legislative practices, that he
brought about a friendly organization without his influence being felt
or suspected.

When Governor Cullom became United States Senator he had
already acquired considerable prestige as a national character. Having
served several terms in his State Legislature and in Congress and
having been twice Governor of Illinois, he expected some recognition in
the Senate, compatible with his services. He found, however, like all
new Senators, he must bide his time and that he could command atten-
tion only by meritorious service. The caucus of the Senate assigned him
to the committee on railroads, a purely ornamental committee, having
practically no excuse for existence other than to furnish, a chairmanship
for one of the majority. Then occurred one of those incidents so rare
and remarkable but such a source of delight to all students of legislative
bodies and procedure ; this new Senator by the magic of his genius, took
this insignificant appointment, this purely honorary position, and ele-
vated it and clothed it with power and dignity until in a brief space of
time, before he had completed his first term as Senator, he reported
from the committee and had passed through the Senate the Interstate
Commerce Act, now generally admitted to be the most constructive
economic act ever passed by Congress. The passage of this act was the
culmination of the years of struggle and toil, out in Illinois, struggling
with the great question of railroad regulation commencing, as Speaker
of the House in 1873.

The great principles underlying the act are now recognized by
everyone as self evident ; but at the time of its passage it was considered
by many most able men to be radical and dangerous.

When Senator Cullom reported this bill from his committee on
railroads, it created but little stir. It was regarded as a new legislative
wrinkle that would give its author some notoriety but not worthy of
very serious consideration. The great conservative, deliberative Senate
surely would not pass such a measure, striking such a terrific blow at
the greatest of all vested interests, the American Railway System.
Nothing daunted, Senator Cullom secured the appointment of a com-
mittee to investigate the question throughout the country. He of course
was chairman of this committee and after taking evidence, prepared the
committee's report to the Senate, favoring the bill. Then the battle
began, then the special interests all rallied to the defense of the rail-
roads, but to no avail. The campaigTi had been planned by a master
mind, one skilled in the ways of legislative bodies. At last the bill was
attacked most fiercely on that ground upon which all great remedial and
constructive measures are fought, the ground that it was unconstitu-
tional. Many of the ablest and strongest lawyers in the Senate opposed the
bill on this ground, when almost providentially, at the very height of
the battle, the United States Supreme Court on October 25, 1886,
decided the very question at issue, in the case of Wabash Railway
Company v. Illinois, reported in 118 U. S., 557. What a remarkable
coincidence ! That this case which decided the law in favor of the con-
stitutionality of the Interstate Commerce Act, should be appealed from

74-

the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois and should involve the inter-
pretation of one of the railroad regulating acts, passed when Mr. Cullom
was Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives, in 1873. In this case the
National Supreme Court held that commerce among the states could
be regulated by Congress alone and that the states must keep hands off
of such commerce even for that portion of the haul within the State
boundaries. With the law thus settled the opposition to the act became
purely and simply, the vested interest against the general welfare, and
the latter won the day. To Shelby M. Cullom and to him alone belong
the honor and glory of this accomplishment. No one but a strong man
could have taken a position on a most insignificant committee and from
the humble position attack so powerful a special interest and defeat it
in its veiy citadel. No one but a genius in legislative procedure could
have successfully piloted his way to victory with such a momentous issue,
during his first term in the United States Senate. No one but a man
of courage would have attempted such a thing, when he knew so well the
powers that must be overcome. No one but a man of patience, per-
severance and indomitable stick-to-it-tiveness • could have trod the long
toilsome, tortuous road that lead to victory.

Time does not permit a discussion of this law. Suffice it to say
that this law reinforced by amendments and administratton now governs
in justice two hundred and fifty thousand miles of railway. The law
was attacked in the courts and gradually the powers of the Interstate
Commerce Commission were curtailed, by judicial construction, but each
judicial decision pointed out the necessary remedy; and Senator Cullom
was fortunate to remain in the United States Senate to maintain and
defend this great act until finally, before his death, he saw the law inter-
preted, amended and clarified until all doubts were swept aside and the
law now stands supreme, a complete and unassailable act.

It took more than a generation to accomplish this result. This illus-
trates a great charactetristic of the man. He eked out for the people
their rights an inch at a time. He got what he could at the start and
then added to it little by little, until the people and the railroads were
educated up to accepting the completed work. The passage of this one
act, the living and defending it until it was impregnable, is honor enough
for one man; but the passing and enforcing of the act did more than
remedy the mere evils aimed at; it opened a vast field of legislative
endeavor. It was the first real exercise by Congress of the power to
regulate interstate commerce.

Immediately upon the passage of the act the Senate created the
Committee on Inter State Commerce and placed Senator Cullom in
the chairmanship. This committee at once took rank as and still is one
of the greatest committees of the Senate. As chairman of this com-
mittee Senator Cullom introduced and had passed through the Senate
another great act, this one a remedial, a humane law, the safety
appliance law of 1893. This law required inter state railroads to equip
their cars with automatic couplers and operate their trains with air
brakes connected with the engines. We hear much today of social justice,
of legislation to protect the life and limb of the lalDoring man; and
these and kindred subjects are treated as modern and progressive ideas ;
and yet more than twenty years ago, Senator Cullom secured the passage

and enforcement of an act that has saved untold numbers of lives and
limbs.

The mere fact that such an act, requiring such an enormous expendi-
ture for equipment, could be introduced without unfavorable comment
is a testimonial to the standing of Senator Cullom. Bare it is, that such
a bill can ever be introduced in any legislative body without the charge
that it was introduced as a sandbag and to hold up the corporations.

The principal energies of Senator Cullom for forty years were along
the lines of corporate regulations; yet during all that period the charge
was never made that he was not sincere or that he was seeking personal
gain.

On the heels of the safety appliance act came the act regulating the
hours of employment of employees engaged in interstate traffic, the-
employer's liability act making interstate carriers liable for injury or
death of employees, all relating to the regulation of interstate railroads.

A partial list of the great laws following the Interstate Commerce
Act and based upon the same power which this act invoked, includes the
following: The Anti-Trust Act, the Anti-Eebating Act, The Act to
Suppress Lotteries, The Food and Drugs Act, and the White Slave Act,
Numerous other acts could be mentioned. All of these acts based solely
on the power to regulate commerce among the states are constructive and
progressive. They give extensive powers to our National Government
and relate to the industrial and moral freedom and welfare of our
people. They give to the General Government the powers necessary to
cope with these great questions with which the individual states are
unable to deal.

Senator Cullom remained as chairman of the Committee on Inter-
state Commerce until 1901, when he became chairman of the Committee
on Foreign Eelations, the most distinguished committee of the Senate,
remaining however as the ranking member of the Committee on Inter-
state Commerce.

He was prouder of his position as chairman of the Committee on
Foreign Eelations than any public service he ever performed. The
position was highly dignified and the committee composed of Senators
of the highest standards and ideals. To this committee come for con-
sideration our relations with foreign nations and all treaties entered into
by the President. This committee always stands in a highly confidential
relation to the administration. A partial list of chairmen preceding
Senator Cullom contains the following names : Barbour of Virginia,
Henry Clay, James Buchanan, Eives, Benton, Cass, King, Sumner, Han-
nibal Hamlin, Windom, John Sherman and Cushman K. Davis.

At one time while Senator Cullom was chairman of the Senate
committee, Hon. Eobert E. Hitt, his old schoolmate, was chairman of
the House Committee on Foreign Eelations, and John Hay was Secre-
tary of State . Thus we find three distinguished sons of Illinois intimately
associated in this great branch of Governmental service.

It was while Senator Cullom was chairman of this committee,
serving in connection with the Secretaries of State, John Hay and Elihu
Eoot, that the diplomatic service of the United States was reorganized
and a distinct and new type of American diplomacy was instituted. The
reorganization completely changed the personnel of our foreign diplomatic

corps by attracting to the service and appointing trained men who were
given an opportunity to rise in the service by demonstrating their merit
and capacity to serve. The new type of diplomacy had for its watch-
words "frankness" and- the "square deal" — the kind of square deal that is
illustrated by our paying to Spain $20,000,000 for the Philippines, when
we were able to take the islands without compensation as spoils of war.

Time will not permit any detailed account of the numerous and
important treaties handled by Senator Cullom.

Suffice it to say that he was most diligent and succeeded in securing
the ratification of more treaties than was ever secured in an equal length
of time.

As chairman of this committee he earnestly supported and had much
to do with securing the ratification of the treaty with Panama, making
possible the building of the Panama Canal, thus closely connecting his
name with the greatest engineering feat of the ages. In this service he
became greatly attached to Elihu Boot, first, as Secretary of State and
then as Senator from New York, and frequently expressed his desire to
see Mr. Eoot President of the United States.

Senator Cullom also served as the third ranking member of the
Committee on Appropriations and was chairman of the sub-committee
having in charge the legislative, executive and judicial bill, in which
capacity he had charge of appropriations amounting to about thirty
millions of dollars annually.

Early in his service as Senator he was chosen as one of the board of
regents of the Smithsonian Institution, a great national institution
located in Washington for the diffusion of knowledge among men. Over
this board the Chief Justice of the United States presides. Mr. Cullom
enjoyed the honor of this appointment at the hands of the Senate for
more than twenty-five years.

At last, by virtue of his long years of service, he became the chair-
man of the Senate Committee on Committees. To this committee is
given the power of making the assignment of the various senators to
the Senate committees. This appointment gave him great distinction
and much authority over the organization of the party machinery of the
Senate.

Aside from his service on these great Senate committees Senator
Cullom was greatly honored by appointment by President McKinley as
Chairman of the Commission to visit the Hawaiian Islands which had
then just been acquired. The other members of the Commission were
Senator Morgan of Alabama, and Hon. Eobert R. Hitt, Chairman of
the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Commission visited the
Islands for the purpose of framing a law providing for their civil govern-
ment and defining their relation to the United States. Senator Cullom
was in charge of the bill recommended by the Commission, which was
enacted and stands as the organic law of these Islands today.

In the foreign diplomatic service there are today many men who
received their appointments by the personal endorsement and solicitation
of Senator Cullom. So it comes about that, by reason of the many
treaties ratified during his service and the appointment of his friends
abroad, his influence is still felt across the seas.

There is still one other field in which he left his impress, lie had
a large part in the passage of the act creating the (Jircuit Court of
Appeals. The Supreme Court of the United States had hecome so con-
gested that it was several years hehind with its work. Several remedies
were suggested. Senator Cullom favored the creation of intermediate
courts modeled largely after the Appellate Court system in Illinois and
this plan was adopted. Now we have some nine Circuit Courts of
xA.ppeal hearing hundreds of appealed cases annually and greatly reliev-
ing the Supreme Court. Here the Senator left his impress, in the field
of his chosen profession.

The last activities of Senator Cullom were in connection with the
huilding of a great Memorial to President Lincoln. The erecting of
this testimonial of a grateful people had been his fondest hope for
several years. His love for the martyred President grew with the years.
As he advanced in years, like all aged men, he harked back to the early
days, the days of youth, of energy, of ambition. As he looked back in
retrospection, the giant form of the Emancipator grew larger and more
majestic, until the ideal of his youth became the realization of the ages.
Seator Cullom was the last remaining link, in public life, connecting
the present day directly with that interval of time when the martyred
President preserved inviolate the Union of our forefathers. The boy,
Shelby, when but twelve years of age, had met Mr. Lincoln as a guest
at his father's house. As he grew to manhood his ambition to study law
was inspired by the tales of Lincoln and his fellow circuit riding lawyers.
When he started to study law he sought admission to Mr. Lincoln's law
office. Subsequently he became a member of the law firm to which Mr.
Lincoln had belonged. He tried law suits with Mr. Lincoln. In his
first political campaigns, those for city attorney and member of the
Legislature, he had the support of Mr. Lincoln. He sat at the feet of
Lincoln and heard him deliver the famous "House Divided Against
Itself" speech. He received appointment at the hands of Mr. Lincoln
and during his presidency made trips to Washington, where he had the
privilege of easy access to the White House. In order that he might go
to Washington and serve in Congress and thus support and defend the
administration, he carved out of the Illinois prairies a district for him-
self. Por decades after Mr. Lincoln and his associates had passed from
the scenes, Shelby M. Cullom stood forth strong in the councils of his
nation, pointed out as one who not only had seen and met Lincoln, but
as one who had enjoyed his friendship and merited his support and
confidence.

In his last years in the Senate, Senator Cullom secured an appro-
priation amounting to two million dollars to erect the National Lincoln
Memorial. A fitting location and a magnificent design for the monu-
ment were chosen. March 3, 1913, arrived and found this work unfin-
ished and Shelby M. Cullom about to retire to private life. Without
his knowledge and entirely unsolicited the colleagues- of Senator Cullom
made him the resident Commissioner to supervise the building of the
memorial. Not only was he appointed as resident Commissioner without
his knowledge or solicitation, but not one single numiber of the Senate
or the House voted against his appointment or raised any objections to

it, one of the greatest tributes ever paid him. In this capacity he served
until his death.

And so we find him to the last engaged in a great public service, a
labor of love and devotion. What a wonderful record of things well
done ! What a magnificent part he played in the history of his Nation !
For sixty years he stood in the limelight of public scrutiny with unsul-
lied name and reputation. His hands were clean. His life was beyond
reproach. No one can fairly read the record of noble things done and
ever sneeringly refer to him as a timeserving politician, a chronic office
seelcei*, without hanging his head in shame. We can read his record at
the bar; we can marvel at his success as a politician; we can hear tales
of how he halted and hesitated, trimmed his sails, temporized, played
the ordinary political tricks, tramped from department to department
seeking appointments for his followers ; but when we read the record of
the things well done, of how he stamped his impress upon our Nation's
history, all the doubts, fogs and mists vanish forever; and we see his
personality standing forth in the bright light; we see nothing but an
erect, gaunt, kindly disposed, patient, plodding, modest man among men,
a noble and practical type of American statesman.

Now we see why he played the game as he did. He had his ideals
and ambitions. He would do big and lasting things. He knew the
American people and he knew that political success was the science of
second bests. He knew that the ideal could not be reached in one leap.
He so ordered his ways that he could progress step by step, keeping con-
stantly in touch with his fellowman, but never too far in advance. As
has been aptly said, "He marched in the procession but always saw a
day's journey ahead."

Let us not intrude upon the sacred inner circle of his family life.
Suffice it to say that his home life was ideal but in his family relations
he was a man of many sorrows. His whole immediate family, two wives
and four children preceded him to the grave. He left two grand-
daughters as his only direct decendants. He left no male child to
perpetuate his name.

From Washington his remains were brought to Springfield, Illinois,
for interment. On Sunday, February 1, 1914, funeral exercises were
held in Eepresentatives Hall in the State Capitol, to which the public
was admitted. In this legislative hall in which he had been five times
elected to the United States Senate, beautiful and impressive services
were held. Here former United States Senators and Governors, mem-
bers of Congress, eminent Jurists and lawyers, representatives of strong
business interests from all parts of the State, friends and neighbors, the
distinguished and the humble reverently paid their last respects to the
memory of this man who had so long and faithfully represented the
State. Looking down upon his remains were the portraits of Lincoln
and Douglas, the two great sons of Illinois, both friends and associates
of the deceased, \^ho had preceded him to the grave beyond a half
century ago. Fitting addresses were delivered by Governor Edward F.
Dunne, Senator Lawrence Y. Sherman, Dr. Donald McLeod, pastor of
the First Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Clinton L. Conkling of the
Sangamon County Bar.

Memoi-ial exeiciscs were held in the Sangamon County Circuit
Court, Judge James A. Creighton presiding. The Sangamon County
Bar Association adopted fitting resolutions which together with addresses
delivered by distinguished members of the bar were spread upon the
records of the court. T\w members of the bar attended the funeral
ceremonies in a body.

Memorial exercises were also held in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Illinois, Judge J 0. Humphrey
presiding. On this occasion the members of the Supreme Court of the
State of Illinois attended in a body and occupied the bench with Judge
Humphrey. The resolutions of the Sangamon County Bar and addresses
bv eminent members of the bar were made a matter of record and placed
in the archives of the court.

On a beautiful knoll in Oak Eidge Cemetery, in the shadow of the
toml) of Abraham Lincoln, sleeps in peace all that is mortal of Shelby
M. Cullom.

SHELBY MOORE CULLOM.

FUNERAL SERVICES IN THE CAPITOL.

The body of the dead statesman lay in state in the Capitol from 0
to 13 o'clock in the morning, Sunday, February 1, 1914, with non-
commissioned officers of the Illinois National Guard standing guard.
Many hundreds of persons, including visitors who had come in during
the course of the night for the final services, viewed the features.

At the funeral hour, 2 :30 o'clock. Representatives' Hall was filled.
A large space had been reserved for members of the family and personal
friends, but further than this the service was public.

The groups of men were noticeable. Near the front of the reserved
section sat three former Illinois Governors^Joseph W. Fifer, of Bloom-
ington ; Richard Yates, of Springfield, and Charles S. Deneen, of
Chicago. Sitting nearby was former United States Senator Albert J.
Hopkins, of Aurora. Judge J Otis Humphrey, one of Senator Cullom's
closest friends; Adj. Gen. Frank S. Dickson, Supreme Justice Orrin
N. Carter, and others.

Sitting side by side a few seats back of the casket, which occupied
a position in front of the Speaker's stand in Representatives' Hall, were
John W. Bunn, veteran business man of Springfield, and Dr. William
Jayne, territorial governor of the Dakotas, whom Abraham Lincoln
appointed, and both of whom not only were Lincoln's friends but inti-
mate friends of the late Shelby M. Cullom as w^ell.

The section to the left of the casket was reserved for the relatives.
To the right sat the pallbearers, all friends of the departed states-
man. The choir of the First Presbyterian Church which sang, occupied
the west press box of the chamber.

Dr. Donald McLeod, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church,,
officiating minister, occupied a place on the Speaker's rostrum with
Governor Edward F. Dunne, United States Senator Lawrence Y. Sher-
man and Mr. Clinton L. Conkling, who delivered the memorial address.

The reading of a passage of Scripture by the officiating clergyman
marked the opening of the service. Members of the choir, including

Mrs. Will Taylor, Mrs. Frank Y. Partridge, Harry Smith, and Law-
rence Flinn, with Miss. Ethel Lynn Eoss accompanying, sang "Lead
Kindly Light."

A prayer by the minister preceded the reading of the Twenty-third
Psalm, after which Dr. McLeod gave a short address.

In turn, the addresses of Governor Pranne, United States Senator
Lawrence Y. Sherman and of Mr. Conkling, followed.

With the pronunciation of the benediction, the service was closed,
and pallbearers bore the remains from the hall while the hundreds of
friends stood reverently.

The casket occupied a position north of the Speakers and clerk's
desk, the bier extending for a distance up the center aisle. The floral
tributes of distinguished donors were piled about the coffin. Black
draperies were hung from the lights about the clerk's desk.

The tributes included pieces sent by President and Mrs. Wood-
row Wilson, Eobert T. Lincoln, members of the Lincoln IMemorial
Commission at Washington, the citizens of Cairo, the piece of eighty-five
roses from Fred A. Busse, John C. Ames, D. A. Campbell. Frank L.
Smith, C. P. Gardner, James H. Wilkerson, L. T. Hoy, and Garfield
Charles; one from Mrs. John A. Logan, and numerous pieces from
others, including a tribute from the Sangamo Club, of which the deceased
was an honorary member.

The ushers at the Capitol were : Owsley Brown and Frank L. Hatch,
assisted by E. S. Scott, Stuart Brown, Walter M. Allen, Scott Humphrey,
James A. Easley, Colburn F. Buck, H. H. Dickerman, Jerome A. Le-
land, George Pasfield, Latham T. Souther, Hay Brown, John H. Mc-
Creary, Ernest Helmle, P. B. Warren, Henry Abies, Logan Coleman,
Will H. Conkling, Colonel Henry Davis, George E. Keys, Eobert C.
Lanphier, Y. Y. Dallman, George M. Brinkerhoff, jr., W. B. Jess, S.
Leigh Call, and Dr. C. L. Patton.

The military guard used to assist at the Statehouse and at the
grave was as follows :

First Cavalry — Sergeant Major F. H. Clarke, Color Sergeant F. J.
Lippert, Quartermaster Sergeants Edward Spearing, J. C. McGregor,
James Doorley; Sergeants Edward Fiebig and Finer Schjerven; Trump-
eter W. H. Buchanan.

First Infantry — Sergeants Melvin W. Bridges, Eaymond E. Darrow,
Louis C. Hilgeman, James H. O'Brien, John E. Hayes, Frank S. Boland,
Hoyt M. Peters, Fred C. Berk.

Second Infantry — Sergeants Albert F. Lind, Max L. Gronow, C. A.
Lindvall, W. E. Martin, Thomas Smith, Harry Cohen, Willis E. Slim-
mer and John L. Stafi'ord.

Seventh Infantry — Sergeants James Burns, John Caldwell, Peter
Eosenwiez, James Cull, Clarence Bernhardt, Charles C. Southern, and
James Johnson.

Illinois Naval Eeserve — Pettv Officers W. H. Brown, P. L'. Sipp,
K. K. Brad berry, and W. T. Shiplock.

The pallbearers were:

Preceding the casket — Garfield Charles of Chicago, former secre-
tary to Senator Cullom.

Following the casket — George B. Stadden of Springfield.

79b

Paired off and serving at opposite sides of tlie casket — Frank Fisher
and Shelby C. Dorwin, Senator Logan Hay and Jac'ob Bunn, Harry x\.
Converse and Edward S. Robinson, Postmaster Loren E. Wheeler and
Henry Merriam.

The cortege, proceeding east on Capitol Avenue after it had formed
at the north doors of the Capitol, moved east to Sixth Street, north to
Washington, west to Fourth and out north to the cemetery. Hundreds
of persons were grouped in numerous places to witness the passing of the
funeral procession.

The Sangamon County Bar Association met at the Leland Hotel at
2 o'clock and marched in a body to the Statehouse.

BURIAL m OAK RIDGE CEMETERY.

Friends lowered into the grave, a stone's throw northeast of the
Lincoln Monument, the remains of the martyr's distinguished protege
and friend, Shelby M. Cullom.

The simple little ceremonj', accompanied only by a brief word from
the officiating pastor and a short prayer, closed the book upon the epochs
of a life of more than fourscore years in length and of half a century
of continuous service to the public.

Concluding the significant services of the day, the burial scene in
simplicity emulated the career of the famous man and emphasized more
vividly than ever the imprint of the Emancipator's influence upon the
life just closed.

Past Governors of Illinois, former United States Senators, present
State officials, and a host of friends looked on as the mortal remains
of the statesman were made ready to pursue the biblical injunction of
earth to earth, dust to dust, and ashes to ashes.

The funeral day was one which Springfield will not soon forget.
Perhaps not a greater representative body of political folk has been as-
sembled since the funeral of Lincoln; it is certain that the ends of the
State never were more thoroughly represented.

The near relatives of Senator Cullom were present at the services.
]\Iiss Victoria Fisher, of Washington, sister-in-law of the senator; Miss
Kate Fisher, of Springfield, also a sister-in-law of Senator Cullom ;
William Barrett Ridgely, son-in-law ; two nieces and four grandnieces
Avere there. Mrs. G. H. Schimpff', of Peoria, niece, and two sons, Her-
man and Charles; Mr. and Mrs. George Davis of Peoria; another niece,
and two children, George and Shelby Cullom Davis ; Postmaster John
Culbertson and Herbert Skelly; Mrs. Yerenice McGee and ^Irs. Florence
Harwood of Williamsville and John Fisher of Ohio, 111.

The only sister of the departed Senator, ^Mrs. Lina Leeper, of Farm-
ington, was not able to attend on account of her advanced age.

Those attending from Springfield were : Miss Fannie Fisher, Miss
Lillie Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Dorwin. :\[r. and Mrs. Shelby C. Dor-
wi)i, Frank R. Fisher, Reed S. Fisher, :\Iiss Bertha Fisher, ;^iiss Anna
Fisher, Miss Laura Fisher, Miss Kate Fisher, George T. Fisher, Miss
Sarah Fisher, Miss Sue Fisher, ]\Iiss Elizal)eth Fisher, ^Irs. Julia Bates,
]\Iiss Ethel Bates, Mrs. Louise Wieties, and ^[rs. Avery Bea.

79c

111 addition to^the resident State officials, many prominent men
came from Chicago and other parts of the State for the service, and
several organizations were represented.

Among those who were here from a distance were : Former Governor
Charles S. Deneen, Chicago ; Former Governor Joseph W. Filer, Bloom-
ington; Former United States Senator i^lbert J. Hopkins, Aurora; For-
mer United States Senator AYilliam E. Mason, Chicago; Lieutenant
Governor Barrett O'Hara, Chicago; Former Secretary of State Cornelius
J. Doyle, Springfield; Speaker A¥illiam McKinley, Chicago; Former
Mayor Fred A. Busse, Chicago; Postmaster Daniel A. Campbell, Chi-
cago.

John C. Ames, James H. Wilkerson, Lyman T. Hoy, David E. Shan-
ahan, Chicago ; C. P. Gardner, Mendota ; John A. Sterling, Bloomington ;
Ealph Bradford, Pontiac; P. T. Chapman, Vienna; Frank L. Smith,
Dwight; A. C. Bartlett, Chicago; J. W. Kitchell, Pana; Mayor W. H.
Wood, Cairo ; Sidney S. Miller, Cairo ; Eobert H. Lovett, Peoria ; George
C.Eankin, Monmouth; T. B. Needles, Nashville; J. V. Graff, Peoria;
James B. Searcy, Thomas K. Einaker, George Jordan, Will B. Otwell,
James E. McClure, George J. Castle, M. L. Kcplinger, all of Carlinville ;
Charles E. Cox, Pittsfield; L. A. Townsend, Galesburg; William Win-
nans, Chicago; T. S. Chapman, Jerseyville; Lafayette Funk, Blooming-
ton; W. A. Eodenburg, East St. Louis; W. E. Trautman, East St. Lbuis;
E. S. Nicholson, Beardstown; William H. Behrens, Carlinville; 0. A.
Harker, Champaign; Thomas C. Milchrist, Chicago; Zeno J. Eives,
Litchfield; David Davis, Litchfield; Homer J. Tice, Greenview. C. P.
Hitch, Paris; John S. Spry, Chicago; John M. Glenn, Chicago; Col.
Frank 0. Lowden, Chicago; Alva Merrill, Peoria; Walter S. Louden,
East St. Louis; Theodore G.Eisley, Mt. Carmel; V. A. Fritchey, Olney;
J. W. Becker, Jerseyville; A. J. Scrogin, Lexington; Garfield Charles,
Chicago ; W. F. Calhoun, Decatur ; John J. Eeeve, Jacksonville ; Thomas
Worthington, Jacksonville; P. G. Eennick, Peoria; T. C. MacMillan,
Chicago; J. S. Aisthorpe, Cairo; H. IST. Schuyler, Pana; W. F. Bundy,
Centralia; C. T. Beckman, Petersburg; John A. Montelius, Piper City;
Elijah ISTeedham, Virginia; Josiah Kerrick, Minonk; Julius S. Starr,
Peoria; Frank E. Milnor, Litchfield; Eoger Sullivan, Chicago; Judge
W. A. Vincent, Judge Dennis Sullivan, Judge McKinley, Chicago ; E. S.
Jones, Flora; former Secretary of State Henry Dement.

Citizens of Cairo, who feel indebted to the dead statesman specially
for the original $350,000 which Congress appropriated for the improving
of levees in the Cairo district after the disastrous flood a year ago,
appointed a delegation to represent them at the service. This quarter
of a million dollars was the nucleus of nearly $1,000,000 which since
has been raised for the project of levee and drainage improvement.

In the Cairo party were : Mayor W. H. Wood, chairman ; former
Mayor George Parsons, Postmaster Sidney B. Miller, former State
Senator Walter Warder, John S. Aisthorpe, Judge W. N. Butler, M. F.
Gilbert, H. S. Antrim, John Greaney, E. L. Gilbert, P. T. Langan, W.
F. Crosslev, George T. Carnes, A. S. Frazer, sheriff; Frank Spencer,
Eichard Gannan, C. V. Neff, E. E. Cox, and J. B. Magee.

The Cairo visitors, with all others from out of the city, assembled
at the Sangamo Club, where club officials and members received them
preparatory to their march to the Capitol for the funeral services.

79d

FUNERAL SERMON.

Eev. Donald McLeod, D. D., Pastor First Presbyterian Church,
Springfield, J 11.
Of all the transformations effected in this world, through nineteen
centuries, by the gospel of Jesus Christ, there is none greater and more
blessed than the change in the attitude of human thought and sentiment
toward the great event in the progress of human destiny before which we
reverently bow todaj'.

The age-long night of darkness and fear that enshrouded death has
been gradually disappearing before the increasing splendor of the rising
and ascending sun of the triumphant resurrection flay of the great Son
of Man; and when this sun shall have reached its meridian, the last
lingering shadow of the fear of death will have passed from the Christian
horizon, and in the full light of divine revelation we will see with God,
that death is not a loss, but an incomparable gain; death is not a
catastrophe, but a consummation; death is not the eclipsing of the
luminous ideal ; the lowering of the lofty aim ; the overthrow of the
magnificent plan; the paralysis of the heroic purpose; the suspension
of the altruistic service — death is the translation of them all for richer
and greater fruition to the larger and more gorgeous stage of the eternal.
Death is not the end of a career, nor the beginning of a career, but a
significant event in the continuous progress of an immortal destiny.
Jesus said : "I am the resurrection and the life ; he that believeth in me,
though he die, yet shall he live; and whosoever liveth and believeth on
me shall never die." The great poet adds : "There is no death ; what
seems so is transition. This life of mortal breath is but a suburb of the
life Elysian whose portal we call death.''

While God has much of promise, power, attainment and hope
mixed with burden, weakness and pain for his children in this world, it
is beyond the gate of death God beholds for us the beautific vision. To
unveil its glory he exhausts the last resource of human language and
imagery; "Ancl he showed me a river of water of life, bright as crystal,
proceeding out of the throne of God and of the lamb in the midst of the
street thereof. And on this side of the river and on that was the tree
of life, bearing twelve manner of fruits, yielding its fruit every month ;
and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations." "And I
heard a voice from heaven saying, Blessed are the dead which die in the
Lord from henceforth ; yea, saith the spirit, that they may rest from their
labors; for their works follow with them." "For we know that if the
earthly house of our tabernacle be dissolved we have a building from
God, a house not made with hands eternal in the heavens."

In response to our Heavenly Father's abounding comfort, we should
sorrow not today as those who are Avithout hope. The clouds of our
sorrow are pierced and streaked with the radiant light of an immortal
hope. God's song of comfort and consolation for us today has a suc-
cession of great notes.

We should be comforted because here was one that enjoyed the full
measure of the promised span of earthly existence. God says : "The
days of our years are three score years and ten, or even by reason of
strength the four score years. Yet is their pride but labor and sorrow.

79e

For it is soon gone and we fly away." Our distinguished friend, Sen-
ator Shelby M. Cullom, in the full enjoyment of his mental powers,
carried the burdens of exalted position and large responsibility past the
three score years and ten; past the four score years, and well toward
the four score years and ten. He rounded out a full age, and went to
his home "Like as a shock of corn cometh in in its season."'

We should be comforted because here was an actor that played his
part upon the world stage for more than half a century, the most spec-
tacular and thrilling in its events, the mightiest and most magnificent in
its achievements in the history of modern times, if not indeed in all the
history of the world. What dramatic scenes have been enacted upon the
world stage during these memorable years ! He saw the Eepublic pass
through its baptism of blood and emerge from it to enter upon the most
phenomenal period of progress in the history of nations. He witnessed
the formation of the German empire; he watched the unification of the
various states and principalities of Italy under a constitutional mon-
archy; he saw the sun of Japan rising over the crags of Port Arthur;
through the triumphs of steam and electricity he witnessed the annihila-
tion of space, so that London, Paris or Berlin are closer to Xew York
than Washington and Pittsburg used to be when he entered upon the
stage.

Through telegraph, telephone and wireless telegraphy he has seen
the whole world converted into a veritable whispering gallery. By
means of the cylinder press he has seen universal education brought out
of the land of dreams and made a commonplace of everyday life. He
has lived in tbe golden age of democracy, liberty, equality, opportunity.

We should be comforted because our honored and distinguished cit-
izen was not a mere curtain raiser or scene shifter, but a conspicuous
actor upon the national and world stage during the enactment of the
wonderful drama of the last half century. Twice elected Governor of
this great sovereign State, five times elected United States Senator. In
the greatest deliberative body in the world, in length of service exceeded
only by two men in all the history of the Eepublic. In patriotism, in
devotion to duty, in loftiness of purpose, purity of motive and integrity
of character, the peer of any of the immortals who have graced the halls
of the United States Senate.

We should be comforted because in the stress of the insidious temp-
tations of public life, peculiar to an era of rapid progress, great enthu-
siasms, phenomenal wealth, laxity of conscience, while other men, dis-
tinguished in achievement, brilliant in attainments and high in public
esteem were taken off their guard and beguiled into slippery places,
Senator Shelby M. Cullom maintained his integrity unsmirched unto the
end. In the blazing light that shines upon his exalted position, no sel-
fishness can be seen in his motive, no dishonesty in his conduct, no stain
upon his character.

We should be comforted because the Senator realized the fruition
of his hoix's. He has not gone into the great future with the Avorm of
disappointed ambition gnawing at his soul. His last ambition was to
assure the erection of a monument in the National Capital worthy of
the character and achievement of his immortal friend and fellow citizen,
Aljraham Lincoln. For the form and fact of that monument, which

79f

will soon be a thing of beauty and an honor to the National Capital and
the Xation — the credit belongs supremely to the Hon. Shelby M. Cullom.
The coronation of our comfort is that the highest and best in this
world is only the vestibule of the palace — the porch of the great temple.
God says : "Abraham died and he was gathered to his people. Job died
and was gathered to his people." "Thou shalt go to thy fathers in
peace." "Thou shalt see the king in his beauty." Weary and burdened
with the weight of age and infirmity, longing for the companionship of
friends and loved ones gone before, can faith not see the door of death
opening into chambers more gorgeous than senate chambers of earth, and
welcome to the companionship of loved ones and into the fellowship of
all the great souls of all the ages.

ADDRESS^SHELBY M. CULLOM.

Hon. Edwabd F. Dunne, Governor of Illinois.

Man dies but his memory lives. His material part dissolves and
decays; his spiritual and intellectual elements survive and endure.

All that was mortal of Shelby M. Cullom lies before us helpless and
inert. The spiritual and intellectual record of his past lies before us
vigorous and forceful.

It falls to the lot of few men to have their lives so long and so
prominently woven into the history of his State and country as was the
life of Senator Cullom.

To fewer still does it fall to leave behind him, after such a life, so
fragrant and wholesome a memory. For over half a century he held
public office continuously down to the hour of his death.

During that half century parties were born and died, policies of
government changed, leaders rose and fell, party ties were broken and
realigned, and during that half century this man living continuously
in one small county, by his force of character, lovable disposition, and
above all, by his irreproachable integrity, secured and retained the con-
fidence and respect of -the people of a gi-eat State, who kept him amidst
all the vicissitudes of political warfare in positions of the highest dignity
and responsibility.

His was not the blazing light of the flaring comet which dazzles
the eye and soon is lost in darkness, but the steady, sober light of the
heavenly star which shines throughout the long 3'ears with unvarying
purity and splendor.

The secret of Senator Cullom's marvelous hold upon his fellow
citizens is easily understood. No man has ever succeeded in retaining
the confidence of tbe public for any great length of time unless the
public were convinced of his integrity.

Brilliant men have arisen in public life in this and every other
country by sheer force of their intellectual strength. For a time they
have succeeded in arousing and holding the admiration of their fellow
men, but no man, however brilliant he may be, has ever succeeded in
keeping himself in positions of public trust and honor unless he had tliat
first essential of a successful statesman, inbred honesty.

If a flaw be found in the armor of that integrity, the people will
drive such a man from public life. Jefferson once said, "That the whole
art of government consists in the ai't of being honest," and that is the

79g

reason, iu my judgment, why Senator Cullom was so adept in the art
of government.

I knew him not, personally. I differed with him, as many have, on
political issues. I believed his party erred repeatedl}', and that he erred
with his party, but as I look over his long career I cannot find a time
when I ever believed that he was dishonest in his votes, or in the advocacy
of his party principles.

All men in public life are subjected to fierce criticism by their
political enemies, and he did not escape it. Most of this criticism is, as
a rule, unjust, and actuated by party rancor, but no critic that I have
ever read or heard during the one-half century of his political life ever
questioned Senator Cullom's integrity.

For thirty years he was a member of an exalted body of legislators,
where opulence was the rule and a moderate competency the exception.
He had before him the temptations thrown around every man in public
life. He became intimately acquainted with the ease and luxury which
wealth produces, and which make other men envious of such possessions,
and yet this man lived and died comparatively a poor man, which is the
best test of integrity and devotion to duty.

May this life of integrity which he led and this reputation which
he leaves behind him be an incentive to the public men of the day, and
of the days to come, to devote their lives as he did to their country's
welfare, without price or reward, except such as is given by the law
of the land.

His friends and relatives have the consolation of knowing that he
left behind him a heritage greater and grander than all earthly riches —
the heritage of an honest name and a record of duty done.

The State of Illinois numbers among its illustrious sons the names
of many whom history would record among the Nation's great. The
name of Lincoln is titanic. The name of Douglas, Yates, Oglesby, Logan
and Altgeld will go down in history, not only among the great men
of Illinois, but among the great men of the American Nation, and in
the long roster of the names of which Illinois feels proud, and which she
has given to the American Nation, let us now record, as he sleeps in his
grave, the name of Shelby M. Gullom.

ADDRESS OF UNITED STATES SENATOR, L. Y. SHERMAN.

This day mortality's last tribute to the dead is paid. Our voices
l)reak a fleeting moment the gathering silence of the grave. We, who
still walk for a certain period on time's ever-changing shore, will soon
from this place separate each to his several way. Our generation like
its predecessors., will swiftly pass to its appointed end.

To few of ITS will be given Senator Cuilom's length of years and
full measure of honor and usefulness.

Nearly all of his contemporaries have joined the silent majority.
But this brief service in this legislative hall does not mark the beginning
of forgetfulness. Death has stricken his name from the roll of the
living, but it cannot obliterate his deeds of Mty years.

He was of the type who build states and successfully govern na-
tions.

Neither the agitator nor the destroyer found in him a response. If
sometimes he seemed to plod, it was but a patient pause that sprang

79h

from the research and deliberation that songht the path of safety. He
dealt with the vital and the elemental, and he knew instinctively that in
such things errors were costly. He always feared mistakes. He never
feared criticism. When an evil existed he saw it and spent no time in
idle denunciation and self-advertisement. He devised remedies and
sought their adoption. In the remarkable development following the
Civil War, he observed that the distribution of things was as needful
as their production. He made no crusade on common carriers. He
supported wise regulation, but never the destruction or emljarrassment
of railways. After twenty-seven years, all now recognize the sound,
far-sighted understanding that guided his course in the uncertainty that
beset and clouded the problem then.

His interstate commerce law was a pioneer and it survives. Like
the fathers who saw with prescient eye the strength of plan and princi-
ple, leaving the superstructure for worthy sons, so he too, sketched with
unerring hand ancl hewed with sturdy strokes until the foundation was
strong and the plan secure.

What matters it that some of its sections failed ? Every adverse
judicial decision was creative criticism that served to perfect and
apply his original thought. Today his act is reenforced and fortified
by legislation and administration until the law that CuUoni penned
governs two hundred and fifty thousand miles of railroad in justice.
His name is imperishablv entwined with one of the great laws of the
United States.

Bronze and marble can add nothing to the monument he builded
for himself while on earth.

It was no mere accident that kept him in public life for more than
fifty years. His associates were some of the most remarkable men of
our country. He kept pace with them in peace and war and met his
duties with ability, dignity and power. His integrity, simplicity and
greatness of common sense linked his name with Illinois for half a
century.

For thirty years he was a Senator of the United States. The simple
statement is the eloquent eulogy that no elaboration can strengthen or
surpass. For more than twenty years he served our State before he
passed into the wider theatre of national life.

Within thy limits. Oh Springfield, many of his comrades rest from
their toil I In future years the generations yet to come will turn their
footsteps to Lincoln's grave as of old, the shrine of freedom and liberty
under the rule of law. Within that hallowed ground, consecrated by the
sacred memories of an heroic age, we commit the mortal Ijody of Cullom
to his tomb.

MEMORIAL ADDRESS.

Mi;. Clinton L. Conkling.

To a thoughtful mind, the study of the lives of ciiiinout men is
both interesting and instructive.

When this study is of one whom we have known and admired Ihero
is an added pleasure and profit.

Today we meet to briefly review the career of one of these notable
men of our day and express our ap])recinti()n of his virtues.

79i

Among those men who have achieved emiiieuce in the State and
in the Xation, Senator Shelby M. Cnllom has occupied an enviable
position.

The story of his life as legislator. Governor, Congressman, Senator
and statesman has been most eloquently presented. This is the record
of his public life, but it is, however, not complete without some reference
to the years wherein he was engaged in the study and active practice of
the law at the Sangamon County Bar.

Like many another successful lawyer, his early years were spent on
a farm. The pure air and active physical employments of the country
made him strong to endure the stress of the years of mental activity
which were to follow. The life of a country school teacher in a com-
paratively primitive community added to his experiences. The lure of
the land, however, soon lost its hold upon his ambitious mind. He was
looking into the future endeavoring to forecast what the fates might
have in store for him. The way that led most directly to prominence
and political preferment, in that day, much more than it does now, was
the study and practice of the law. To this he determined to devote
himself. Coming to Springfield, he sought the advice of Abraham Lin-
coln, who was a warm personal friend of his father. Mr. Lincoln
advised him not to enter his office, because he was away so much of the
time on the circuit, that he would be unable to give him that personal
attention in his studies which he should receive from his preceptor.
He advised him to study with Stuart & Edwards, then in the forefront
of the Sangamon County Bar. So in 1853 he commenced to read law
with that firm and incidentally, as Avas the custom of that day, swept
out the office, made the fires when necessary, and was general assistant.
After the prescribed two years' course of reading, he was in 1855
admitted to the bar and almost immediately was elected City Attorney
of Springfield, then but a small toAvn. Thus early did he utilize his
newly acquired profession to enable him to Avin political as Avell as
professional position.

In the Courts of the Justices of the Peace — the so-called Courts
of the People — he learned his first lessons as a practicing lawyer. Much
of his term Avas occupied in the prosecution, under the city ordinances,
of Avhat Avere "called liquor cases. In these courts, humble though they
AA^ere, he acquired habits of ready speech and resourcefulness which stood
him in good stead in the future. He here learned, as the laAvyers say,
"to l)e ready on his feet."

His first partnership was with Antrim Campbell as Campbell &
Cullom. A^ery soon ^Milton Hay, one of the most eminent laAvyers in
the State, became, about 1861, the senior partner and the firm Avas
knoAvn as Hay, Campbell & Cullom.

Presently Mr. Campbell retired to accept an official position in the
United States Circuit Court and the name then became Hay &' Cullom.
The firm had a large and lucrative practice for that day, much of AAdiich
'was in the United States Courts at Springfield. They frequently ap-
peared in the so called "cotton cases" arising out of the operations of
the Federal Armies in the South and in many most important cases in-
volving the title to valuable lands in the Military Tract, a region lA'ing
between the Illinois and ^Mississippi Eivers.

79j

]\Ir. Hay, as senior ineinber of the firm and by reason of his great
experience and ability, bore the brunt of the trials and arguments be-
fore the court, but Mr. Cullom was an able assistant. The wide acquain-
tance of the latter and his agreeable personality l)rought to tliem many
clients.

This partnership lasted until about 1S6(). Xot long thertaftei' ^Ir.
Cullom became associated with Charles S. Zane, who, in l8?o, was
elected one of the judges of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, of which Sanga-
mon County was a part, and afterwards, in 1883, became Chief Justice
of the Territory of XTtah, and had much to do with the suppression of
polygamy among the Mormons. A short time before Judge Zane's elec-
tion Mr. Cullom seems to have abandoned the legal profession and to
have gone into the banking business, but this was soon forsaken and he
returned to the profession of politics in which he had heen so successful
and which in the future was to bring to him many years of success and
abundant rewards in honor and usefulness.

Mr. Cullom was a zealous and painstaking lawyer. While he was
not a great orator he was a forceful speaker and was persuasive in
manner and speech. His code of ethics was admirable and he possessed
the confidence of the Bench.

His legal education and experience were of great assistance to him
in his subsequent legislative, executive and congressional work.

At the time he entered the legal profession and for some years there-
after the Bar of Sangamon County was as brilliant and able as any in
the country. By frequent contact in the courts and elsewhere with the
eminent men of those days he was being fashioned and formed to become
the statesman of later years.

He numbered among his friends and associates of that bar, Abraham
Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, Stephen A. Douglas, the Little Giant
"and the great patriot, Stephen T. Logan, the distinguished jurist, John
T. Stuart and Benjamin S. Edwards, both most able lawyers. General
John M. Palmer, soldier and friend of the oppressed Xegro, Judge David
Davis, later of the United States Supreme Court, 0. H. Browning, the
polished gentleman, of the Old School, Colonel Edward D. Baker, the
brilliant orator, who died at Ball's Bluff, Milton Hay, a friend and ad-
visor of the Martyr President, William H. Herndon, the erratic law
partner of Mr. Lincoln, Eichard Yates, the great War Governor of Illi-
nois, James C. Conkling, a brilliant and cultivated speaker, General
John A. McClernand, impetuous and fiery but thoroughly loyal to the
Fnion ; and with these were many others of note. The inspiration de-
rived from personal contact with these men had a lasting effect upon
Mr. Cullom. From these experiences and this environment he learned
to weigh well his words and his acts while they were yet within his
control, and to consider their future effect as well as present ailvantage.
He was always level headed.

Shelby M. Cullom, as farmer, teacher, student, lawyer, legislator.
Governor. Congressman and statesman is before you. It seems that these
should round out the story of his life and that the record should now
be closed, but there is something still to be said,

Into the sacred circle of that happy home life wbicb was bis for
so many years we will not enter. Suffice it to say. it was ideal for its
purity and sweetness.

79k

But we wish to s&j a few words of him as a neighbor. He was
alwaj's genial and cordial towards those who lived near him. His
friendh', cheerful ways endeared him to all. Those who differed with
him politically were socially his firm friends. To the poor and un-
fortunate he was kind. The struggling young man seeking wise advice
could depend upon his aid.

Even as I write there comes to me from a perfect stranger in a far
distant city the fervent words of a successful lawyer who begs that at
this time he may pay his tribute at the bier of this fallen chieftain, who,
he says, "to him and to his fellow Negroes of the Nation was a second
Lincoln.*' As a Negro orphan boy, born in slavery this writer through
his aid, counsel and advice passed through grammar school, high school
and rmiversity, up to professional success.

Mr. Cullom, as a lawj^er, in his early manhood obtained a lucrative
practice ; as a politician of the best type he was eminently successful ; as
a statesman, he was conservative and safe. Amid all his successes he
was always democratic in feeling and readily accessible to any of his
constituents. He was hard-working, painstaking and conscientious in
his public duties.

His private life Avas pure and in public life no scandal attached
itself to his name. He was beloved by his friends. In his death, this
State has lost one of its most eminent sons, and his neighbors a warm
personal friend.

And jfinally, with the last page of his record of "Fifty Years of
Public Service" open before us, let us rejoice that the doubts Avbich
beset him in the "dark day when the light was dim," passed away before
the last supreme moment came and that he who "longed to meet the
loved ones Avho have gone before," could say:

"I shall one day stand by the water cold.

And list for the sound of the boatsman's oar ;
I shall watch for a gleam of the flapping sail,

I shall hear the boat as it gains the strand,
I shall pass from sight with the boatman pale.

To the better shore of the Spirit Land.
I shall know the loved ones Avho have gone before,

And joyfully sweet will the meeting be,
When over the river, the peaceful river,

The angel of death shall carry me."

LETTER FItOM MR. EDWARD F. LEONARD, AMHERST, MASS., INTIMATE
FRIEND AND FORMER SECRETARY OE SHELBY M. CULLOM.

Amherst, Mass., March 18. 191^.
My Dear .Judge: In answer to your favor of 16th inst., I cannot tell you
anything which you do not know, but I have briefly noted some things which
will serve to remind you of subjects worthy of your notice.

Some of the most important characteristics of Cullom's career cannot
be fully emphasized — such as his habits of living and his relations to party
politics because it would challenge comparison with others who have been
Governor and might seem to be said for that purpose.

But you can afford to say that Cullom enjoyed while he was Governor
in a very high degree the respect and confidence of the people of the State,
which he fully merited both by his official conduct and by the many virtues
which marked his career in private life.

791

In Cullom's "Fifty Years of Public Service," pages 160-168, for some
good suggestions — especially about the East St. Louis strike — and his closing
remarks about the character of his administration. Also about liis relations
to the Legislature, when his varied personal experience in legislative bodies
gave him great and useful influence. Governor Cullom inaugurated the
requisition of public notice of the hearing of applications for pardons by
advertisement in the county where the trial and conviction occurred, and
also required statements from the judge and State's attorney, giving their
views of the merits of the case. This has since been adopted in the practice
before the Pardon Board, and has been very effective in securing good
results in this important branch of the Governor's duties.

In Cullom's term the care of the public institutions formed in volume
and importance the chief part of his work and on this subject see what
follows.

His administration and management of the penal and charitable depart-
ments of the State Avere eminently successful.

During his term of office a number of important new institutions were
authorized and their location and construction have proven to have been
well chosen and designed.

No man in Illinois had a more intimate and accurate knowledge of the
State and its people, and by this he was enabled to select capable and effi-
cient boards of trustees and commissioners, and while he left to them the
details of organization, he kept in close touch with them and was always
accessible for consultation and advice.

As a result, there were no scandals, and under his direction and that
of the State Board of Charities and the State Auditing Department, the
finances of the State institutions were never involved or embarrassed.

And privately, I add to you that none of the recent legislation on this
subject would have been necessary if Cullom's methods of appointment and
control had been followed by his successors.

This does not amount to much, but it may be of some use to you.
Yours sincerely,

E. F. Leoxarp.

To Judge J. O. Humphrey.

SOME EFFECTS OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY ON PRESENT
CONDITIONS IN ILLINOIS.

B}' Prof. A. E. Crook, Springfield, Curator of the Illinois State
]^atnral History Museum.

It affords me pleasure as President of the State Academy of
Science to extend greetings to the State Historical Society and to express
the admiration of our young Academy which is but six years old, for
your society with its fifteen years of achievement. The high character
and faithful work of 3^our officers together with the enthusiasm and
activity of your members, has vouchsafed a splendid past and gives
promise of a more glorious future. We delight in your prosperity. We
desire its continuance in enlarged measure and earnestly covet similar
success for ourselves.

The Historical Society and Academy have much in common. While
cultivating distinct fields, they are closely related in method, purpose
and results. The historian employes the scientific method. The man of
science devotes much study to the history of his subject. A zoologist
may not confine himself to present forms alone. He must devote much
time to paleontology. The geologist investigates present conditions in
order to learn of past events. Historical geology forms one of his main
fields of investigation. He claims to be the historian par excellence.
No man of science can master his subject without reviewing all that has
been done in the past. The historian and the man of science both strive
to increase knowledge in the earth to the end that beauty, virtue and
happiness may more abundantly abound. May their common lal)ors add
to the wealth, Avisdom and general welfare of the people of Illinois.

May I invite your attention to the fact that this State, its cities,
villages, people, fields and underlying rocks are in their present condition
because of forces which were active in infinitely remote times and have
been continuing up to the geological present. ' If the glacial epoch had
not left its impress on the surface of the ground now com]Drised within
the State, if, under the surface, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic rocks
had been laid down ; if the Carboniferous period had been wanting ; or if
the Devonian or Silurian period of a hundred million years ago had in
any degree been different from what they actually were, Illinois might
today have been a mountain region, an arid waste or the bottom of the
ocean.

The minerals in the rocks under us, the soils which furnish our
food, and the streams of this State are the result of forces working
through the ages.

Thus not only the events of yesterday, of recent years or even cen-
turies with their human activities, but events of the most ancient

sort claim oiu" attention if we would thoroughly understand present
conditions.

Illinois is well watered. The rivers are equitably distributed. They
have not eroded too deep channels. Their flow is reasonably consistent.
A map of the Illinois basin makes this evident. At one time Lake
Michigan emptied through the valleys of the Chicago, D'es Plaines and
Illinois Eivers into the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. A series of
photographs which 1 took some fifteen 3^ears ago in this valley while the*
Chicago Drainage canal was building, furnish an excellent opportunity
to study the geological strata of the region and show how level were the
rocks deposited in Silurian days and what forces have been at work
since then.

Illinois rocks have been subjected to no great stresses such as have
produced the wonderful scenery of California. A Yosemite Valley within
a few miles of Chicago would be very attractive, but to form it, hundreds
of square miles of inaccessible and rugged mountain chains would be
required. While there is room for it in California, with its 750 miles of
length and 200 miles of breadth, Illinois cannot well afEord to devote
much of its territory to scenic purposes. This State has never been the
seat of volcanic activity, such, for example, as that which makes the
Island of Staffa so picturesque. Because of our ancient and placid past,
Illinois scenery is made up of broad fertile valleys, of low plains, of
gently rolling prairie lands.

What an interesting procession of fauna and flora have inhabited
these plains. Many of them were curious in shape and form; many
peculiar to tropical countries; many the precursors of types highly de-
veloped and useful today. Their study gives an insight into the pro-
cession of events which have led to present conditions.

It would be impossible for six million people to live as happily here
as they now do were it not for the mineral content of our soils and of
the undexlying rocks. Consider for a moment just one of the constitu-
ents of the soils. If this one constituent, phosphorus, were wanting,
men could not live. There would be no material for bones or teeth. In
the fields there would be no corn or wheat or other grains. Food and
life itself are dependent on phosphorus in the soil. If conditions had
been different in the State, phosphorus might not have been available.
Or take the most productive of our mineral resources, coal. It might
not have been deposited in this region or it might have been so deeply
buried that it would have been impossible to mine it. But in later Car-
boniferous times it was deposited in accessible form. It represents the
stored up energy of the sun for a million years. Without it a city like
Chicago would be an impossibility. People could not be kept warm.
^Machinery could not run, giving employment, clothing, housing, and
food for millions. There could be no railroads, since rails could not be
made, nor the rolling stock itself, nor could trains l)e run transi)orting
people and produce. Our civilization is entirely dependent on this con-
triI)ution which the Pennsylvanian geological system lias made to man-
kind.

In this State are numerous other mineral resources which required
a complex series of events for their formation and which are indispena-

— 6 H s

able to our happiness if not to our very existence. So bountifully are we
supplied that last .year the mineral production in the State amounted to
$137,000,000.00. This amount is exceeded in two states alone, namely,
Pennsylvania and Ohio, Illinois ranking third.

A glimpse at a few of these things convinces us that it was a for-
tunate series of events which prepared the State for mams occupancy.
A study of rivers, of soils, of minerals and rocks, of plants and animals,
is interesting in itself, but becomes most attractive when viewed in their
relation to mankind and through the eyes of the historian and the stu-
dent of human affairs. The world would be empty indeed if it contained
mountains and plains and rivers alone. But to find it inhabited by
human beings excelling each other in good deeds, in creative activities
and noble aspirations, makes it become a beautifully inhabited garden fit
for the dwellings of noble spirits.

THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH AND
RECONSTRUCTION.

(By William W. Sweet, DePauw University.)

In a paper as brief as this one must necessarily be, I can barely
hope to touch upon the possibilities of this subject and to suggest the
general lines along which such an investigation might be expected to
follow. One of the neglected fields of historical investigation in America
is that of church history, especially in its relation to social and political
movements, but there are indications at present, however, that would
point to a growing interest in this particular field. Among the indica-
tions pointing to an increased interest in this field is the fact, that at
the last meeting of the American Historical Association, at Charleston,
South Carolina, a conference was conducted on "American Eeligious
History'^ and it is hoped that such a conference will be made a perma-
nent feature of not only the annual meeting of the American Historical
Association, but of other historical societies as well.

The general outline I propose to follow in this discussion of the
Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction is :

1. The Status of the Methodist Church at the close of the war, and
its relation to the Church South.

2. The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Freedmen.

3. The position of the Church on the question of political recon-
struction.

4. Some observations in regard to the influence of the Church on
parties and individuals during the period of reconstruction.

During the progress of the Avar the Methodist Episcopal Church
had given the Government of the United States a most loyal support.
Its 127 conferences in their annual sessions had passed strong, loyal
resolutions;^ the eighteen official periodicals of the Church had sup-
ported the cause of the Union by vigorous editorials, urging enlistments,
by printing patriotic sermons and addresses, and by calling upon the
people for supplies for the Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and by
devoting a large share of their space in every issue to the giving of war
news.^ This Church* furnished over five hundred chaplains to the armies
and navies of the Union, ^ besides over four hundred Methodist minis-
ters who served as delegates under the Christian Commission, all of
whom gave some of their time free of charge, to the work of the Com-
mission, many of them going to the front.* It is impossible to tell how

1 "The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Civil War." Sweet, pp. 47-95.
» Ibid. Chapter VI, pp. 111-132.
» Ibid. Chapter VII, pp. 133-141.
< Ibid., p. 164.

many Methodist" soldiers served in the Union Army, but the number has
been variously estimated from 100,000 to 300,000, and Mr. Lincoln's
statement in his address to a Methodist delegation representing the Gen-
eral Conference of 1864, of which Methodists are so proud, is no doubt
strictly true: "That the Methodist Episcopal Church sent more soldiers
to the field, more nurses to the hospitals, and more prayers to heaven
than any."^ And lastly when the body of the martyred president was
l-aid to rest here in Springfield, at the close of the war, a Methodist
bishop, Matthew Simpson, was chosen to speak the last words at the
tomb.

Before the close of the war the Methodist Episcopal Church had
already entered the South with a two-fold mission — first, to carry on
the work of their Church in those localities in the South, from which
the ministers of the Methodist Church South had fled, on the approach
of the Union Armies, leaving their churches vacant. Such churches
were, by the order of the War Department at Washing-ton, to be turned
over by the various military commanders to the loyal bishops of the
North, who were to appoint loyal ministers to go down and take posses-
sion. And, second, the Methodist Episcopal Church had gone into the
South to look after the freedmen, whose helpless condition appealed
strongly to Christian people of every denomination.

Naturally when the war was over and the Methodist Church South
began to lay plans for the reorganization of their societies throughout
the South, they came in contact and conflict with these representatives
of the Church from the North. There was considerable protest on the
part of the Church South against the Southern policy of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, for in many instances, when they came to take pos-
session of their churches, they found them occupied by their Northern
brethren. "There was much trouble," writes a minister of the Church
South, "especially in the Tennessee part of our territory, where our
houses of worship had been taken from us by force and our preachers
threatened with all sorts of violence if they should dare come into the
country to preach.** The Southern bishops in their first meeting after
the close of the war, drew up a pastoral letter, which was sent out over
the South, in which they state that "the conduct of certain Northern
Methodist bishops and preachers in taking advantage of the confusion
incident to a state of war, to intrude themselves into several of our
houses of worship, and in continuing to hold these places against the
wishes and protests of the congregations and rightful owners," which
they say, causes them pain, "not only as working an injury to us, but as
presenting to the world a spectacle ill calculated to make an impression
favorable to Christianity."''

The Church papers of both branches of Methodism, at the close of
the war were filled with discussions relating to the reconstruction of
Methodism in the South. There seemed to be a widespread feeling on
the part of the leaders in the North that these two largest branches of
Methodism should reunite, now that the cause of the split — slavery —
was forever removed. Dr. J. P. Newman, who had been placed in charge
of the activities of the Methodist Episcopal Church at New Orleans and

■> McPherson's Rebellion, p. 499.

6 Recollections of an Old Man— Seventy Years in Dixie. By D. Sullens, p. 307.

7 Annual Cyclopaedia 186,-), p. 620.

vicinity, in 18G4, and who was familiar witli the situation through first-
hand knowledge, says in a communication to one of the Church papers :
"The authorities of our Church should make overtures for a reunion to
the Methodist Episcopal Church South, on two general conditions :
Uncjualified loyalty to the general government, and the acceptance of
the anti-slavery doctrine of the Church," and he further advises that if
this proposal be rejected, "then let the Methodist Episcopal Church
plant a loyal, living Church in every city and hamlet of the South."*
Another writer some weeks later, however, looks upon the prospect of
reunion as very doubtful, owing to the fact that the leaders in the
Church South "realize that their only hope of influence, or even re-
spectability, is in holding together, as an independent body, the Church
they have ruled so long." And further on the same writer says, "They
hate the Union, the North, and especially the Methodist Church."^
There were some leaders in the Southern Church who seemed very
receptive of the idea of restoration of fraternal relations between the
Churches. A correspondent of one of the influential Southern Metho-
dist papers has this to say on the question : "We will, the whole Southern
Church, will entertain any proposition coming from the North for
fraternal relations, when that proposition comes from a proper source,
and with reasonable and Christian conditions and suggestions. But no
proposition has yet been offered, no official communication has yet been
made to us as a Church, and perhaps none ever will be."" Still another
leader in the Southern Church says, concerning Church conciliation :
"The South is ready for conciliation," and infers that his Church is
ready to hear and consider, in a Christian spirit, whatever proposition
the Methodist Episcopal Church sees fit to make.^^

A correspondence was held during the spring of 1869 between a
committee of the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a
committee of the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, in
reference to the reunion of the two branches of the Church. The
Northern bishops said in part: "It seems to us that, as the division of
those churches of our country which are of like faith and order has been
productive of evil, so the reunion of them would be productive of good.
As the main cause of the separation has been removed so the chief
obstacle of the restoration. It is fitting that the IMethodist Church,
wdiich began the disunion, should not be the last to achieve the re-
union."^- The Southern bishops replied that they regretted the contro-
versies and expressed a disposition to cooperate to bring about a hotter
state of things. They suggested, however, that the establishment of
fraternal feelings and relations between the churches would be a neces-
sary precedent to reunion, and called attention to the fact of the rejection
by the General Conference of 1848 of Eev. Dr. Pierce as fraternal dele-
gate of the Southern Church. In their reply they also make complaint
of the Northern missionaries and other agents who have been sent South
'and have attempted to disintegrate and absorb tholr societies and have
taken possession of their houses of worship. The address ended by

8 Christian Adv. and Journal (New York), May 25, 1865.

9 Ibid. .Tune 28, 1865. Article on Methodist Reconstruction by Rev. Geo. Tv. Taylor.

10 Southern Christian Advocate, Sept. 21, 1865, quoted in article on "The Spirit of the Southern
Press," Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1866, p. 128.
""Episcopal Methodist," quoted as above.
>2 Annual Cyclopaedia, 1869, pp. 432-433.

stating that, "'We have no authority to determine anything as to the
propriety, practicability and methods" of reunion "of the churches
represented by you and ourselves."

In 1866, and for several years thereafter, there was considerable
fear expressed by the Southern Church leaders of their Church being
"swallowed" by their more powerful rivals of the North,^^ and in order
to prevent such an unwelcome assimilation, it was proposed to change
the name of the Southern Church to "Episcopal Methodist Church."
The General Conference of the Methodist Church South meeting in 1866
passed a resolution to that effect but the annual Conferences failed to
concur, as the proposition could not command a three-fourths majority
of the members." The activity of their Northern brethren in the South
urged the Southern Church on to an increased effort to rehabilitate their
disorganized and depleted societies,^^ and there was even an attempt
made as early as 1866 to invade the Forth. In the fall of 1866, Bishop
Doggett of the Southern Church, met with the council of the Christian
Union Church, an organization made up largely of Southern sympa-
thizers, who had separated from the Methodist Episcopal Church during
the war. This Church was very small, most of its membership being
found in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Their general council met in 1866
at Clinton, Illinois, and was made up of about one hundred delegates.
Bishop Doggett, however, on looking the situation over, decided that it
was not best to attempt affiliation with the Church South at that time.
A Northern editor of a Methodist journal, commenting on this meeting
and the suggested affiliation, says: "We invite the Church South to
any field in the North it can occupy. The people they propose to serve
in Illinois, as God knows, need all possible moral influences. Their
preachers may be compelled to go on short rations, but we will not duck
them, or hang them. We will stand by them against all violence. We
give them a free North, and demand for ourselves a free South."^®

The aggressiveness of the Northern Church in the South, immedi-
ately after the war, resulted in the organization by 1869 of ten new
annual conferences as follows :

Holston Conference, organized at Athens, Tennessee, June 1, 1865.

Mississippi Conference, organized at New Orleans, Louisiana,
December 25-27, 1865.

South Carolina Conference, organized at Charleston, April 23, 1866.

Tennessee Conference, organized at Murfreesborough, Tennessee,
October 11-14, 1866.

Texas Conference, organized at Houston, Texas, January 3-5, 1867.

Virginia Conference, organized at Portsmouth, Virginia, January
3-7, 1867.

Georgia Conference, organized at Atlanta, Georgia, October 10-14,
1867.

Alabama Conference, organized at Talledega, Alabama, October
17-20, 1867. *

Louisiana Conference, organized at New Orleans, January 13-18,
1869.

18 "The Two Methodisms, North and South," Methodist Quarterly Review, April, 1866.
I < Annual Cvclopaedia, 1867, pp. 494-4P5. .

>5 For an able discussion of the future of Southern Methodism, with quotations from the "Southern
Christian Advocate," see "The Christian Adv. (New Yorlc), February 22, 1866.
i6"The Church South in Illinois," Western, October 10, 1866.

North Carolina Conference, organized at Union Chapel, !North
Carolina, January 14-18, 1869," numbering ten in all.

In 1867 there were 66,040 full members reported, and 16,447 pro-
bationers and 220 charges.^^ Some of these churches had been founded
by army chaplains, as for instance, the church at Baton Eouge, where a
chaplain had been appointed pastor of the Northern Methodist Church
by Bishop Ames, in 1864, while he was still serving in the army.^^ By
1871, the membership of these churches had grown to 135,424, and the
number of preachers had become 630. Of the preachers, 260 were white
and 370 were colored, while of the membership 47,000 were white
people and 88,425 were colored.-'' The most conspicuous loader of the
Methodist Episcopal Church in the South at the close of the war was Dr.
J. P. JSTewman, who had been sent to New Orleans in 1864 to superintend
the work in that vicinity. Later Dr. Newman became the pastor of the
Grant family and a close personal friend of President Grant.

As a matter of course the ministry and membership of these
Northern Methodist Churches, planted in the South, were Eepublicans,
and w£re supporters of the radical reconstruction policies. It is also
true that their membership included some carpet-baggers, employees of
the Freedman's Bureau, and scalawags. A conspicuous example of the
former is Eev. B. F. Whittemore,^^ who was a member of the South
Carolina Conference, and in 1867 was superintendent of schools in South
Carolina, and later under the carpet-bagger Scott's administration rep-
resented the First Congressional District of South Carolina in Congress.
He was accused of the unblushing sale of cadetships at West Point and
Annapolis, and these charges were investigated by a committee, of which
General Logan of Illinois was chairman, and he would have been expelled
had he not resigned. ^^ I think it may be stated without any hesitancy,
that the Methodist Episcopal Church in the South was one of the strong
factors in organizing the Eepublican party there, and is therefore partly
responsible for perpetrating carpet-bag government and Negro rule upon
the prostrate South. The missionaries of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, working in the South, realized that the success and perpetuity
of their work there depended largely upon the triumph of the radicals
in Congress. One missionary writing from the South, states that if
President Johnson's policy succeeds, "Union men, missionaries and
teachers of freedmen" will be in danger, and '^every church and school-
house we have established will be destroyed," and further along he says,
"If Congress fail we fail; if Congress succeeds we succeed."^^ And it
is undoubtedly true that Greeley's definition of a carpet-bagger would
apply to some of these Northern Methodists in the South. Some of
them were "long-faced, and with eyes rolled up, were greatly concerned
for the education of the blacks, and for the salvation of their souls.

i"'The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Southern States," By L. C. Matlack, in Methodist

Quarterly Review, January, 1872, pp. 103-126.
1 ' General Minutes of the Methodist Episcopal Church for 1867.
' » Western Christian Adv. , April 26, 1865. Letter by Chaplain N. L. Brakeman.
2° Quarterly Review, January, 1872.

21 General Minutes, 1867.

22 Rhodes, Vol. VII, pp. 149-150.

"Christian Advocate (New York), September 13, 1S66, p. 3^2. Ann. Cyclo. 1866, p. 489. "The
progress of the M. E. Church in the late slave-holdin? states continues to be more rapid than that of any
other of the Northern anti-slavery churches and to augur important results, ecclesiastical as well as
political."

'Let us pray/ they sai'd, but they spelled pray with an 'e' and thus
spelled, they obeyed the apostolic injunction to 'prey without ceasing.' "-*

To infer, however, that the motives of the Methodist Episcopal
Church in sending Northern missionaries into the South, and establish-
ing their churches there, was purely a political one or was primarily
selfish, is inferring too much. Many of the Church's leaders were sin-
cere and unselfish, though perhaps many were overzealous, in their
feeling that their Church was needed in the South to perform a work,
which could not be performed by the Church South because of its pov-
erty and disorganized condition.-^ And also many felt that the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church was needed in the South as a center about which
loyal people might congregate, in order to offset the reputed disloyalty
of the Methodist Church South. Concerning, however, the position of
the Church South in respect to loyalty to the United States Government,
at the close of the war, there is much conflicting opinion. The Church
South had been practically a unit in the support of the Confederacy,
as there is much testimony to prove, but there is also much evidence
that at the close of the war the Southern Church accepted the verdict
and were sincere in their attempt to become once more loyal supporters
of the Government at Washington. The pastoral address of the Southern
bishops, issued in the summer of 1865, advises their people to adjust
themselves "as citizens of the United States promptly, cheerfully, and in
good faith, to all your duties and responsibilities," and this course they
feel is called for "both by a sound judgment and. an enlightened con-
science."^'' Bishop Paine advises the Southern Methodists "to resume
in good faith their former positions as law-abiding and useful citizens,"
and he urged the ministers "to use their influence, both publicly and
privately, for the promotion of peace and quietness among all classes.""'^
Bishop Pierce likewise advises the people to accept "the issues of the
war as the will of God," and tells them not to leave their toyalty in
doubt by unmanly repinings, "or by refusing the terms of offered
amnesty. "-* Indeed a Southern Methodist paper went so far as to claim
that the "Southern Methodist Church today is more thoroughly loyal to
the Government, more to be trusted, than the Northern Methodist
Church. * * * Our oaths have been taken in good faith and we
intend to keep them."^^ While still another Southern writer asserts,
"We take our position under the Government to promote peace," and
the South "may rest assured that Providence has restored us to the
Union, and the Union to us, for purposes and ends wise and beneficent,
and reaching far into the future."^"

On the other hand, there is much Northern opinion to the con-
trary, and there was a very strong feeling in the North that the Southern
Church was still far from loyal. And it is not at all strange that there
should have been such diversity of opinion as to the loyalty of the
Southern Church, since Generals Grant and Schurz disagreed on the
same general question in regard to the whole South. One Northern

2< Reports of Com. House of Rep., 2 S. 42. Cong. Vol. 11, p. 477.

25 Christian Adv., Februarv 22, 1866.

2 6 Annual Cyclo., 1865, p. 620.

" Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1866, p. 125. c ■ -^ . ^-u c i-v.

28 Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1866, p. 125, from an article on "The Spirit of the Southern
Methodist Press."

29 "The Episcopal Methodist" (Richmond), October 11, 1865.
30 "The Southern Christian Advocate," October 5, 1865.

editor says, "The loyalty of the Southern Methodist Church is probably
much the same kind and degree with that of the mass of 'reconstructed
rebels/ "^^ and again the same editor suspects that "Much of the loyalty
of the South (meaning the Southern Church) is only from the lips
outward and that only where Union bayonets compel it."^^ Still another
writer asserts that the Southern Methodists "hate the Union and the
North/'=^3 while Dr. J. P. Newman felt the need of a "loyal, living"
Methodist Episcopal Church "in every city and hamlet of the South."^^

11.

A second reason which called the Methodist Episcopal Church into
the South at the close of the war, was the great mass of ignorant and
needy freedmen. The Church in the North had already begun work
among the freedmen, before the close of the war, and missions for colored
people had been established as early as 1862,^^ and by the end of the war,
the Church was giving general support to a number of Freedmen's
associations.^*^ During the years 1864 and 1865 the Methodist Church
had sent out several missionaries to Negroes in the South, and the Mis-
sionary Society had appropriated a considerable sum of money for their
support, and for the establishment of churches, Sunday schools and day
schools. The Church papers and the various conferences had urged upon
the Government the necessity of establishing a Freedman's Bureau, and
among the resolutions passed by the General Conference of 1864 was
one stating "that the best interests of the freedmen, and of the country
demand legislation that shall foster and protect this people," and they
urge upon Congress to 'establish a bureau of freedmen's affairs.^^ And
after the organization of the Freedmen's Bureau the Methodist Church
became a staunch defender of its work, and a number of Methodist min-
isters and laymen found employment in it. The best known Methodist
layman engaged in the work of the bureau was General Clinton B. Fisk,
who was assistant commissioner for Kentucky, and his work was given
extravagant praise in the Church press. ^®

When the war was over the Methodist Church greatly increased
their work among the freedmen, and by 1871 there were 88,425 colored
members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the South, and a num-
ber of schools had been established for them, in various sections. In
1866 the Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist E'piscopal Church
was organized in Cincinnati, by a convention of ministers and laymen,
called for that purpose, and in 1868 the organization was given official
recognition by the Church and has remained one of its principal benevo-
lent organizations ever since. ^^

'1 Christian Adv. and Journal, January 25, 1866.

3 2Ibid., Augusts, 1S65.

3 3Ibid., Junes, 1865.

3< Ibid., May 25, 1865.

'5 Christian Advocate and Journal, February 27, 1862.

3« Sweet, pp. 171-172.

" General Conference Journal, 1864, p. 130.

'8 Western Christian Adv., October 18, 1865. An editorial on the "Freedmen's Bureau" in which
General Fisk receives high praise.

" Report of the Freedman's Aid Society, 1868, pp. .5-8. The first ofTicers of the new society were:
President, Bishop D. W. Clark: vice presidents, Gen. C. B. Fisk, Hon. Grant Goodrich, Rev. J. W.Wilev;
corresponding secretary. Rev. J. M. Walden; field secretary, Rev. R. S. Rust; recording secretary, Rev.
J. M. Reed; treasurer, Rev. Adam Poe.

The Colored Methodist Episcopal Church at Baton Eouge, which
was organized in the spring of 1864, is a -typical example of the better
class of colored churches of this period. This Church, according to the
report of the Union chaplain at that post, had nearly three hundred
members in 1865, and was in a flourishing condition generally. The
congregation worshipped in the basement of the white Methodist Church,
and often Union chaplains or ministers from the ranks preached for
them. The colored churches were, as a rule, well supplied with local
preachers, exhorters and class leaders, and in the church above referred
to there were two local preachers, six exhorters and eight class leaders — ■
an excellent training for future political leaders among the colored race.""^

The attitude of the Southern Church toward the Negro seemed
most commendable. At least the editors of their Church papers pro-
fessed a humane and Christian interest in them, and they further
profess that they will meet in the spirit of Christ, the Northern mis-
sionary who comes among them to do good and they also state that they
do not intend to be outdone in deeds of kindness towards the Negro
race. One editor says : "As the father would tenderly nurture the child,
and stimulate, encourage and direct his labor to bring it to the pro-
ductive point, so a wise political economy would impel Southern people
to do the same by the Negro."*^ Again the same editor says some months
later, "The duty is no less ours (to bring the gospel to the Negro) now
than it was before the slaves were emancipated. It is as much our duty
to look after their spiritual interests as it is to send missionaries to the
Indians or to China."*^ Still another Southern editor says they will
rejoice if the "Northern Christians" do half as much as they declare
they intend to do, and as to their own work he says, "While we boast
of no great wealth, and a very humble share of piety is all we claim, yet,
when the genuineness of our regard for the colored race is brought fairly
to the test the logic of facts will vindicate us."*^ The Southern minis-
ters as well as the editors were also kindly disposed to the Negro, though
in many instances they advised them to leave the Methodist Church
South, and enter the Negro churches, such as Zion's Methodist Church
or the African Methodist Episcopal Church. One minister states that
he told the colored members of his church about Zion's Methodist
Church, and "We got the colored people together and after a little talk
they agreed to go in a body to that Church, so I took the church register
and transferred them."**

The attitude of the Methodist leaders in the North toward the
Negro was, as we now look at it, foolishly sentimental. They advo-
cated, from the beginning of the war, not only emancipation, but the
enfranchisement of the Negi'o as well. They exalted and exaggerated
his virtues, and were more or less blind to his ignorance and glaring
weaknesses and faults. Eesolutions were passed by the conferences recog-
nizing the freedmen as "native born citizens entitled to all the privileges,
immunities and responsibilities of citizenship, including * * * the
protection of law and the right of suffrage," and they further declared
that they would not slacken their efforts until these rights are obtained

<» Western, April 2G, 1865.

<' Southern Christian Adv., September 21, 1865.

< 2 Ibid., September 21, 1865.

*' Richmond Christian Adv., October 26, 1865.

** Recollections of an Old Man. D. SuUens, p. 327.

for the Negro.^^ Editors wrote stirring editorials on the subject of
Negro enfranchisement, and glowing reports from the missionaries in
the South were printed from time to time, telling of the great progress
of the Negro, and of his fitness for citizenship.

Nothing, perhaps, could have been better fitted for the organization
of the Negroes into groups for the purpose of their political control by
white leaders than their organization into congregations under the guid-
ance of a white missionary. But just how much of a political role such
congregations played during the period of Negro rule, I am not pre-
pared, because of the lack of evidence, to state, but that they did play
a considerable political role, I think may be maintained without doubt.
As I have already suggested, the Methodist Church particularly, is a
good school for the training of speakers, for it gives the layman, as well
as the minister, plenty of opportunity in that direction and statistics
show that the Negro churches were well supplied with local preachers,
exhorters and class leaders. We also know that a number of Negro
preachers became prominent and occupied important political positions
during the years of Negro supremacy. For instance, in the constitu-
tional convention of South Carolina, at the beginning of carpet-bag
rule, there were seven colored preachers out of fifty-seven colored dele-
gates,*® and a colored preacher by the name of Cain was one of South
Carolina's congressmen at this time.*^ And also one of the only two
colored men who ever became members of the United States Senate was
a colored preacher, one Eev. Hiram E. Kevels, from Mississippi.*^ The
other colored United States Senator was Blanche K. Bruce, also of
Mississippi.

III.

There remains yet for us to discuss the position of the Church on
the question of political reconstruction.

It would be natural to expect that the Methodist Church, haviuo^
been an extremely loyal church during the war, should at the close of
the war take an extremely radical position on the question of reconstruc-
tion. And this is exactly what happened. In fact, nowhere have I
found a more bitter denunciation of the South, or a more extreme
yindictiveness toward those lately in rebellion than that expressed by
the leaders in the Church and by the Church press. Especially was this
spirit manifest after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. Even Bishop
Simpson, in his funeral oration*'' over the body of the martyred presi-
dent, delivered here in Springfield, is not entirely free from this spirit
and says, toward its close, "Let every man who was a senator or repre-
sentative in Congress and who aided in beginning this rebellion and
thus led to the slaughter of our sons and daughters, be brought to
speedy and certain punishment. Let every officer, educated at public
expense, who having been advanced to position, has perjured himself and
turned his sword against the vitals of his country be doomed to this.
* * * Men may attempt to compromise and to restore these traitors

<5 New York East Conference Minutes, 1865, pp.' 41-42.
<« "Voice from South Carolina." Leland.

<' Proceedings of South Carolina Constitutional Convention, pp. 522-52.5.
<8Schouler,Vol. VII, p. 170 (foot-note). „. ., , , ^, ,t>- ,. o-

<9 Christian Advocate (New York), May 11, 1865. Gives the funeral oration of Bishop Simpson
in full.

and murderers in society again, but the American people will arise in
their majesty and sweep all such compromises and compromisers away,
and will declare that there shall be no peace to rebels.'' The resolutions
passed by the Boston Methodist preachers' meeting, at their first meeting
following the death of Lincoln, are equally vindictive. "Never," they
declare, "will the nation feel its sense of honor and justice vindicated
until the leaders of this unprovoked and wicked rebellion shall have
suffered condign punishment, the penalty of death." And they further
resolve that "we hold the national authority bound by the most solemn
obligation to God and to man, to bring all the civil and military leaders
of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly
convicted, to execute them."^°

The Methodist press generally supported the early acts of President
Johnson's administration,^^ but no journals were quicker to question his
later acts and motives than the Church papers, and Congressional recon-
struction found no more loyal supporters than the Methodist editors,
and other Church leaders. The editor of the Western Christian Advo-
cate of Cincinnati has this to say of President Johnson's reconstruction
policy in an editorial at the time of the convening of Congress in
December, 1865 : "The experience of the President in the exercise of a
broad and even excessive magnanimity, seems not to have been .more
satisfactory to him in the end, than it was to many of us in the begin-
ning."^- And the editor of the New York Advocate, at the time of the
New Orleans riot, begins a long editorial with, "Among the severest
chastisements that Divine Providence inflicts upon sinning nations, is
giving them incompetent, obstinate and violent rulers."^^ And then the
editorial proceeds to lay the blame for the riot and the bloodshed at
the President's door. In the next issue of this same journal, the Presi-
dent again comes in for a scathing rebuke, in an editorial entitled, "The
Nation's Peril."^*

As the contest between the President and Congress became more
and more bitter, the Methodist papers became more and more open in
their hostility to President Johnson. Commenting, in January, 1868,
on the removal of two Union generals from commands in the South, one
Methodist editor remarks : "Unless reasons more plausible than any
that have hitherto been adduced, shall be furnished for this act, it will
add a still darker hue to the reputation of the chief magistrate of this
nation."^^ And when the news came that President Johnson was im-
peached, this editor exultingly announces at the beginning of an editorial
entitled, "Impeachment" : "Andrew Johnson is impeached before the
Senate of the United States for high crimes and misdemeanors. * * *
He has at last * * * boldly set at defiance the laws of the land.
* * * Our readers will remember how the beastly drunkenness of
Mr, Johnson, three years ago at Louisville and Cincinnati and Washing-
ton on the day of inauguration, was denounced in our columns, and how
we begged the people forthwith to demand his resignation. His moral

5" Minutes of the Boston Methodist Preachers' Meeting (Mss.), April 24, 186.5.
" Western Christian Adv., June 14, 1865.
52 Western Christian Advocate, December 6, 1865.
5 3 Christian Adv. (New York), Aueust 30, 1866.

5< Ibid., September6, 1866. See still another editorial in the issue of October 4, 1866, on "The
Before the Country."

65 Western Christian Adv., January 8, 1865.

corruptiou has ever made him a disgrace to the nation.'"^" How much
of this righteous indignation is due to Mr. Johnson's supposed hahits, or
to disgust at his reconstruction policy, would be hard to determine.

On one occasion, when Bishop Ames was presiding at tlie Indiana
conference in the fall of 1867, in Indianapolis, a retired Methodist
preacher was making a fervent speech, bearing upon his long experi-
ence in the ministry, and in the course of his remarks said, "I would
rather be a Methodist preacher than to be President of the United
States." Just at that juncture Bishop Ames, who had been a strenuous
supporter of the Union during the war, said in his piping voice, "Most
anybody else would, than the kind of president we've got now." This
remark brought out the most boisterous laughter, and so long did it
continue that the old brother could not finish his speech.^"

Such bold statements of political opinion, as we have noticed, both
in the Methodist press and on the platform, is evidence in itself, that
the Methodist Church in the North was practically a unit on the ques-
tion of political reconstruction, and in their opposition to President
Johnson. If there had been a divided opinion in the Church on this
issue, such bold statements as I have given, would not have been reiter-
ated again and again, and there would have appeared some protest. But
nowhere have I been able to find even a breath of protest.

IV.

In conclusion I wish first of all to draw some rather general con-
clusions in regard to the influence of the Church on the politics of the
period, and then to observe in a couple of instances the influences of the
Church over important individuals during the reconstruction period.

After the evidence which we have just read, I think I am safe in
observing that at the close of the war the Methodist Episcopal Church
was practically a unit in favor of the radical or Congressional reconstruc-
tion policies. They favored such policies because they had felt strongly
on the question of slavery and the war, and a feeling of vindictiveness
toward the South was the natural result. Second, the Methodist Church
exerted political influence of no small power in the South, as we have
already pointed out, through its missionary operations among the Xegroes
especially, and thirdly, the political influence of the Methodist Church
in the Xorth was perhaps stronger at this period than it had ever been
before or since, and it is a rather significant fact that both General
Grant and President Hayes were Methodists.

And now in closing I wish to call brief attention to some interesting
personal relations which seem to me significant. One of the most inter-
esting of such relationships was that existing between President Grant
and Eev. Dr. J. P. Newman. As already noted, Dr. Newman was the
most influential man sent into the South by the Methodist Episcopal
Church at the close of the war, and his positions on Southern questions
were as might be expected, extremely radical, and he was not at all
reluctant in letting his opinions be known. During President Grant's
administrations, Dr. Newman became pastor of the church in Washing-
ton attended by the Grant family, and with tliem and especially with

*• Western Christian Adv., March 4, 1S68.

»' This incident occurred September 14, 1867. Recollections of Dr. II. A. Gobin.

the President, he became very intimate. Dr. George F. Shrady, who was
one of the consulting surgeons during the last illness of Grant, and who
had opportunity of seeing these two men often together, observes that
"There could be no doubt of a great bond of sympathy between these two
men, who from long association, understood each other perfectly ,"^^ and
while General Grant was at Mt. McGregor, Dr. Newman was in more or
less constant attendance, and it was there that he on one occasion, when,
they thought the General was dying, administered to him the sacrament
of baptisni^^ and received him into membership of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church.

Knowing the susceptibility of General Grant to be influenced by
men for whom he had a personal liking, and knowing Dr. Newman's
position and strong feeling on the question of Southern reconstruction,
and knowing that the success of his Church in the South depended more
or less upon the triumph of radical reconstruction, I can hardly escape
the conclusion, that Dr. Newman had something to do with determining
General Grant's personal attitude.

Another interesting personal relationship was that between Dr.
Newman and the Logans. Mrs. Logan especially was a staunch Metho-
dist and was a great admirer of Dr. Newman. Speaking of him in her
Eeminiscences, recently published, she says : "His sermons were, without
exception, full of inspired language. * * * He was a large man with
a big head full of brains. * * * He was intensely patriotic and
courageous, and there was never any doubt as to the meaning of his
utterances. He was devoted to General Grant, and losing all patience
with General Grant's detractors, he was ever ready to defend him
valiantly." Mrs. Logan says that when President Hayes, himself a
Methodist, became President, he refused to attend the Metropolitan
Church, where Dr. Newman was the pastor, because General Grant
attended that church, and Dr. Newman was always defending Grant and
all the "skulduggery" of his administration.®" It was Dr. Newman, also,
who was at the deathbed of General Logan,''^ as he had been in constant
attendance at the deathbed of his chief. General Grant.

It is very interesting, if not significant, that this minister. Dr.
Newman, afterwards Bishop Newman, should have had such close per-
sonal relationships with these two public men, both of whom played
such an important role in the reconstruction of the Southern States.

As suggested at the outstart, this paper is simply meant to be
suggestive, rather than conclusive, though I am convinced that the
lines of investigation here indicated so imperfectly, would yield, if
followed, direct clarification to the period under consideration, as well
as illuminating and interesting sidelights.

68 "General Grant's Last Days," by Geo. F. Shrady, M.D., Century, June, 1908, p. 276.

"t Ibid.

'» "Reminiscences of a Soldier's Wife." By Mrs. John A. Logan, pp. 369-370.

«» Ibid., p. 430.

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4
1

DESTRUCTION OF KASKASKIA BY THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

(By J. H. BuRNHAM, Bloomington.)

Historical societies generally confine their efforts to the preservation
of the records of community development, but in some rare instances
Mother Nature has violently taken it upon herself to ruin her own
handiwork, such as happened when the mighty Mississippi Eiver moved
its bed from its old-time course and in spite of engineering obstructions,
wandered away in a far different direction, causing the destruction of
hundreds of acres of valuable lands, together with the well known and
important historical town of Kaskaskia. Other rivers have been known
to wander away from their ancient courses. Chinese records tell us that
the Yellow Eiver changed its course nine times in twenty-five centuries,
and that in 1851 to 1853, it went hundreds of miles across the country,
abandoning the old channel and making a new mouth to the sea, five
hundred miles distant from its former outlet. We have nothing on our
continent to compare with this tremendous change of water courses,^ but
the events to be described well deserve to be pictured and recorded in
the annals of Illinois, not only for the benefit of its own inhabitants but
for the instruction of the entire northwest. Comparatively few people
anywhere in the world have as yet been accurately informed concerning
this remarkable catastrophe.

The waters of the great Missouri Eiver unite with the mighty Missis-
sippi a few miles above St. Louis, and this magnificent river begins at
once to acquire the peculiar characteristics of the Missouri, in that it
then flows for the most of its course through an alluvial valley, from the
mouth of the Missouri Eiver to the ledges of rqck above Thebes, which
valley is known as the American Bottom. The geological characteristics
of the American Bottom can be tolerably well imagined by careful
geologists, but their imaginations do not fully satisfy present day
students as to its actual origin.

We are told that in the distant past, enormous bodies of water
flowed from north to south through this ancient valley, which was
formerly an immense bed of solid stone. Age^s of washing and cutting
through this rock, hollowed out the tremendous channel through which
the current poured for unknown centuries. The evidences of such action
appear to be plainly visible in the almost perpendicular stone walls of
these two lines of beautiful bluffs, the front faces of which are from one

' Changes of the courses of rivers have occasionally happened in America. In 1904 the Colorado
River largely left its channel near the line between Mexico and Arizona, mainly owing to a diversion of
its water to irrigation purposes. During the years 190-1, 190.'') and 1906 these waters poured into th»
remarkable basin known as the Salton Sea, which was two hundred seventy-three feet below the level of
the Pacific Ocean, cutting wide and deep channels through the silt and soft soil, increasing the ar»a of
the lake by over one thousand square miles, and raising the level of this large body over ninety feet.
The Southern Pacific Railroad Company expended large sums of money in the remarkably dlfTicult
operation of closing the channel of the runaway river, to the amount of over one million dollars. Smith-
sonian Report for 1907, 331 to 3Ao.

hundred to two hundred feet in height. There are no present day
evidences of the sources of such tremendous currents as must have flowed
through this valley, except the fact that no other known power could
possibly have eroded a channel of such great proportions as now exists
between these tremendous cliffs of lime stone, which are on an average
about four miles apart. The sources of this immense current must have
proceeded from enormous floods of water which nature somehow fur-
nished in her own way.

An alluvial deposit with a marvelously fertile surface, partly prairie
and partly timber, now lies in this valley, overlying a rock floor varying
in depth in its upper portion from eighty to ninety feet on the west
side, to considerably over one hundred feet on the east side, as has been
demonstrated by the construction of bridge piers at St. Louis and by
different borings. Thru this soft alluvial soil the mighty river of the
past has, for an unknown period, taken its course, sometimes bathing
the eastern shores and at others reaching the foot of the bluffs at the
western side. At present it is washing the rocky east bluffs of the State
of Missouri nearly all of the way from St. Louis to St. Genevieve. There
are several lakes and lake beds in this alluvial valley, showing that at
some time in the past the river probably meandered and wandered wildly.
One of these lakes a few miles northwest of Prairie DuEocher is called
Conner Lake, and it is said by tradition that some of the stone used in
the walls of ancient Fort Chartres were boated across from rock quarries
at the bluffs. This lake has been drained into the Mississippi Eiver, and
several other lakes now have artificial outlets.

The St. Louis & Iron Mountain Eailroad carries the traveler from
East St. Louis to Chester, in places, thru almost the very center of this
magnificently fertile valley, in other parts, within a short distance from
the eastern line of bluffs. A ride over this line in the latter part of
October is full of exciting enjoyment. Apart from the historic associa-
tions of almost every mile of the road, crowding on the mind in a never
ending succession, the eye is charmed by the changing scenery on every
hand. Many of the bluffs are partially evergreen, as beautiful cedars
grow on some of the most picturesque positions, while white or cream
colored perpendicular bluffs are mingled with weather-stained ledges of
varying brightness of color.

Openings in the walls prove that rain or spring water and creeks
come down occasionally from the higher lands back from the line of
bluffs. The autumn colors of maple, oak and other foliages mingled with
the dark evergreens, furnish a panorama of ever changing beauty. The
charm of the ride is enhanced by the occasional glimpse of an ancient
Indian mound. Some of the highest bluffs, which are nicely tapered
off, as if carved by human hands to the very tops, are holding an unknown
number of nearly square shaped, ancient, stone burial crypts^, which are
scattered among the venerable mounds. Let us hope that here, at

2 These burial places consist generally of pits about three and one-half feet square lined at the sides
by thin slabs of stone. The bodies were buried, not deeply, in bent or sitting; position. This method
of burial is not common in this State, but it was practiced quite generally in regions southwest of Illinois.
On very many of the tapering hill tops of these bluffs may be found these peculiar graves.

Map of the Country of the Illinois, date, I'i

from Collot's voyage.

least, a few of these remarkable monuments^ of a vanished race may be
permanently preserved in this beautiful valley of historic memories.

At the northern end of the valley, near the present railroad station
DuPont (now printed Dupo in the railroad tables), are several very fine
mounds plainly visible from the railroad. On Collot's 1796 map of this
region, the lower part of which is republished in this paper, these mounds
are called "Ancient Indian Tombs," and the locality is pro})erly printed
"Prairie DuPont."

At one place a few miles from Prairie DuKocher, on the way to
St. Genevieve, in 1879, I saw. three very large and very remarkable
mounds. Upon one stands a farmhouse apparently above the highest
floods. A cattle yard occupies a second in close proximity, while the
third is near enough to become a valuable refuge in case of high water.

A feeling of awe steals over the mind as one reflects that in early
ages this valley and the adjacent hills must have been the homes of these
pre-historic tribes or nations, whose records are utterly lost, except such
as are imperfectly chronicled by our industrious archaeological friends,
whose studies in and around this valley on both sides of the river are
among the most instructive in the whole United States.

Cahokia, Prairie DuPont, Prairie DuEocher and other historical
places are passed in rapid succession; and crossing the Okaw River about
three or four miles above the point where the Mississippi Eiver now
meets it, we begin to reach the region where we wish to investigate the
causes of the destruction of the town of Kaskaskia. At least three sudden
changes in the course of the Mississippi Eiver have occurred since the
American Bottom began to be the home of the first French settlers. The
first one took place at Cahokia, which town was started on fairly high
ground at its present location, about the year 1700*, but which was
seriously threatened with destruction in the year 1704, at which time the
river altered its course over a mile and came near forcing the inhabitants
to move; but the fickle stream changed its mind and ever since has
behaved itself at that point remarkably well.

Fort Chartres^ was constructed in 1753 and was the means of the
upbuilding of the village of St. Anne, outside of its walls. It was so
seriously threatened in 1772 by the encroachment of the river which
ruined its southwest wall that all of its cannon and military stores were
removed to Fort Gage. The treacherous river soon retreated to its old
bed, but the fort was never reoccupied and the village of St. Anne lived
but a short time longer.

' Very few or none of the remarkable archaeological monuments and remains of this valley have
been mapped and described by the Illinois Historical Society, while the Missouri Historical Society
has been careful to investigate these matters quite thoroly on the Missouri side of the river, and the same
society has also done very important work of this description on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River.
The cataloged remains which the society found in the famous Montezuma Mound near the bank of the
Illinois River in Pike County, are among the most remarkable in the United States.

* Dr. J. F. Snyder says in a private letter, "I wish the Illinois State Historical Societv would in-
stitute a commission to thoroly investigate the dates of the founding of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, and
definitely settle the matter, so as to leave no room for further controversy on that point. I have devoted
much research to that question and my conclusion is that the definite settlement of Cahokia by Indians
and Canadian French was in 169S, and that Kaskaskia's origin was in 1700."

' It appears the river early began to change its channel towards the fort because we are told by
Wallace (Illinois and Lousiana. p. 316) that as early as 1758 the river was but eighty paces away; but
the capricious stream afterwards commenced filling its new channel and the fort was "occupied until the
great overflow of 1772, at which time its cannon, military stores and soldiers were removed to Fort Oage
at Kaskaskia, which was not on top of the blufls opposite, as many have believed, but was at the village
of Kaskaskia.

— 7 H S

The zig-zag course of the lower Mississippi below Cairo and else-
where, should have been sufficient warning to the early settlers of Kas-
kaskia ; and with the well known records of its great floods of 1726, 1785,
1844 and others, we are left to wonder why the town site was continued
at that particular location. Perhaps the fact, that boats of that day
could come up to Kaskaskia at any stage of the river, and that river
craft could remain in comparative safety there during the icy winter
months, may have been what decided the Kaskaskians to remain until
the soil of their town site was ready to be dissolved and to leave their
streets and alleys where, since the great- catastrophe, they are charted,
in the bottom of the Mississippi Eiver.

Through the cordial assistance of Judge Walter B. Douglas, of the
Missouri Historical Society, I obtained the hearty and enthusiastic
cooperation of the officials in charge of the United States Mississippi
River Commission at St. Louis, who placed all of the maps and plats of
the commission at my service. These were examined and inspected as far
back as the year previous to 1881, when the union of the two rivers took
place.

Under the advice and assistance of these officials in the office of
the commission, I decided to have two new plats constructed from their
official documents; the first of which exhibits the river's condition in
1880, while the second shows the later channel as it existed in 1913. It
appeared best to connect as far as possible, without too much labor, the
territory on both sides of the Mississippi between the present town of
St. Genevieve and the old mouth of the Kaskaskia near Chester. The
line of bluffs on each side of the American Bottom is thus plainly indi-
cated. Places on the Missouri side are also marked, adding greatly to
the value of these maps. The true latitude and longitude of the area
included is given and the maps are constructed with geographical
accuracy ; and at the same time they furnish us with very much historical
information, and they are most admirably executed.

The area, formerly known as the Kaskaskia Commons, and Kas-
kaskia Island, a very large and immensely fertile district, is to be largely
embraced within a large drainage and levee district, and within a few
years will become one of the most desirable" agricultural regions in the
west. The contrast between the past history of this region and its prob-
able future history will be almost as striking as the difference between
our early Indian corn patches and our most highly improved agricultural
districts. The 1913 map will give a toleral)ly correct idea of this future

s At the time of our societ3'-'s annual meeting in May, 1914, a paper was read, erroneously entitled
on the program, "Old and New Kaskaskia". This paper was written by Harry W. Roberts of Chester,
a member of the Illinois State Historical Society, and the correct title of the same is "The Commons of
Kaskaskia". Mr. Roberts has long been engaged in the business of abstracter of land titles in Randolph
County, and his experience with the ancient records and exceptionally complicated descriptions of the
old French claims and surveys in this, the earliest settled region of Illinois, enables him to furnish the
society with accurate information concerning this subject. He has made a thoro and exhaustive
investigation of these lands for the Kaskaskia Island Drainage and Levee District , now being inaugurated,
which qualifies him to speak with authority. This district will contain over 11,000 acres, and is being
organized under the provisions of an Act of the Legislature passed in 1909. Mr. Roberts has had a care-
ful re-survey made by the County Surveyor of Randolph County of what remains of the original town
site of Old Kaskaskia, and an accurate plat will be drawn covering the results of this survey for the use
of the society. This plat will include the entire site within the boundaries as determined by the United
States Government surveyors about 1812, and will be based on the County Surveyor's plat made in 1873,
showing all lots, blocks arid streets and historic localities, and the present course of the Mississippi River
thru the corporation. The remnant of old Kaskaskia is also marked on our newly published plat
of the river in 1913. Unfortunately the pressure of other duties has prevented Mr. Roberts from com-
pleting his monograph relating. to the Kaskaskia Commons and therefore this important paper must be
deferred for the society's next volume of its transactions.

CHef^'

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li Plan pu Fort

Proiete' a Fai re

VIS A VIS
L' ESTAB LISEMENT
DES CASKAKIA

Carernes
de gard

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a la Nouvelle Orleans

Fort de Kaskakias, 1734. (Archives du Ministere des Colonies.)

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yi'oject^, that is, by reincniboriug that the new drainage and levee district
is between the "old channel" and the present Mississippi Kiver.

The plats exhibited here show that the old town of St. Genevieve,
Missouri, which was settled as early as 1735^, was first located on the
banks of the Mississippi about four miles below the present site of the
town at the edge of "LeGrande Champ," or the Big Field, as it is called
by present day Americans. This old French-Spanish town was thus
situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, only seven or eight miles
in a straight line from Kaskaskia, and during the whole period of the
American Eevolution it was the Mecca to which a stream of emigration
continually flowed from the French villages of the American side.
During the high water of 1785, which is said to have been fully equal or
superior to the flood of 1844, and according to Eozier's History of the
Mississippi Valley, old St. Genevieve was so badly injured that its
inhabitants migrated almost in a body to the present beautiful site of the
town on high land, and thus avoided a worse fate, which would certainly
have occurred at a later date, had they followed the example of the
Kaskaskians in remaining on the overflowed lands of the American
Bottom.

Perhaps the fact that there was no convenient town site on the
narrow strip of land on the eastern side of the Kaskaskia under the
immediate protection of Fort Kaskaskia, which was built in 1734 on
top of Garrison Hill, decided the Kaskaskians to remain at the low lying
site which was never a suitable place for a town. The high water of
1844 was eight feet deep at Kaskaskia village, and the water of 1785 is
said to have been higher.

A highway and two railroads now traverse this narrow strip between
the bluffs and the river, and the two railroad stations there are called
Fort Gage, instead of Kaskaskia. In the April number of our Journal
for 1913, Dr. J. F. Snyder, one of the most careful and accurate of our
Illinois historians, by the most unmistakable authority, tells us that
Fort Gage was never located on the east side of the river on the bluff, but
that it was always at Kaskaskia, having been constructed at the site of
the old Jesuit stone building, which was with some changes, turned into
a fort and called Fort Gage. This location is now identified as having
been a part of block 28 of the old town according to our Chester map
maker, which map will sometime be published. The cut furnished in
the Journal of April, 1913, shows the construction of Fort Gage at
Kaskaskia and is published herewith, together with the fine illustration
of Fort Kaskaskia on the top of Garrison Hill, opposite Kaskaskia and
just above Fort Gage station, both of which were prepared by Dr. J. F.
Snyder for our April Journal of 1911.

The name of this station, if not changed, will make it almost impos-
sible for our society to correct the well established historical error as to
the actual location of Fort Gage. It will be necessary to ask the railroad

' The river plat of 1913 shows the corner of old Kaskaskia, which in October, 1913, had not been
'3stroyed or washed away. There were indications at that time that the fickle stream had stopped its
^ qrk of destruction, tho even at this very present time the "remnant" mav not have remained.
It IS still in existence, it forms a starting point for the town of New Kaskaskia, which has been largely
f "inized by the annexation of a long strip of territory reaching from tho old town to the now town site,
■ . n )re several blocks and streets have been laid out at a point over one mile distant from the edge of the
' d town. The new church and schoolhouse and village at that place, New Kaskaskia, are near the
, oint marked on our plat of 1913.

• Rozler's History of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 97-98.

100

company, in fact, two railroad companies, to change the name of the
station from Fort Gage to Kaskaskia, for the sake of correct history.

Eocher, pronounced by brakemen as spelled, was the name iirst given
to Prairie DiiEocher by the railroad company, and it required quite an
effort from its citizens before the company was willing to give the station
its longer historic name. Let us then resolve that the Illinois State
Historical Society will request the Iron Mountain & Southern, and the
Illinois Southern 'Eailroad to rename Fort Gage and assist us in out
effort to thoroly eradicate an important historical error.

In the April number of the Journal of the Illinois State Historical
Society, Dr. J. F. Snyder, a vigilant and careful student of Illinois
History, gives us an indisputable record of the true location of the
historic Fort Gage at the town site of old Kaskaskia, and also of the real
Fort Kaskaskia, situated on the bluff opposite the old town. This is
accompanied by cuts which plainly show all essential points. These cuts
are published herewith, and this paper is illustrated still further by a
plan of Fort Kaskaskia on the bluff, prepared from an actual survey
made in 1895 by Mr. H. W. Beckwith, the first president of the Illinois
Historical Society. The plan of Kaskaskia, to be published with Mr.
H. W. Eoberts' future paper, will show the location of Fort Gage, on
block 28 of the old town, and these different cuts and descriptions appear
to be needed in order to fully and completely illustrate our points.
Altho Mr. Beckwith's illustration of old Fort Kaskaskia calls it Fort
Gage, 3^et in all other instances where he refers to this fort he calls it
"the so-called Fort Gage."

I have not learned when the Mississippi began to make its move
from the Missouri shore at St. Genevieve towards its final connection
with the Kaskaskia above the ill-fated town. In 1863, when I embarked
at St. Genevieve on the Steamer Illinois, with a portion of the army
of southeast Missouri, bound for the region about Vicksburg, there was
a good steamboat landing at St. Genevieve. In December, 1867, I
was detained several days on a steamer a mile or two below St. Gene-
vieve. The river channel had. then moved away from the town and the
boat was about to be frozen into the ice for the winter, being grounded
in the shoaling water. In December, 1879, I drove from "Prairie Du
Eocher to Kaskaskia, and when near the old Governor Bond stone
mansion, a short distance above Kaskaskia, I was astonished to learn
that but for the efforts which had just been made by the Mississippi
Eiver Commission, the Mississippi would probably have broken thru
into the Okaw Eiver at the time of the last high water, and as it was
then within half a mile of the smaller stream, it might perhaps force a
passage at the next overflow. From that time to the present I have
been exceedingly interested in everything relating to that remarkable
freak of nature, which occurred on April 18, 1881.^

During the winter of 1880 and 1881, there was an unusually heavy
fall of snow in northern Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Eailroad

» Some have wondered why the change which took place in 1881 had not been duplicated at some
previous high water many years ago. No one can give reasons for all of the vagaries of the Mississippi,
but it must be remembered that the main channel of the river ran much nearer to the Missouri shore
at St. Genevieve previous to Februarv, 18S1, and that this channel had then moved over nearer to the
Illinois shore. It can be easily understood that had the channel remained where it was formerly, the
ice flood of 1881 might have moved away peacefully; and the high water of that year might have taken
the course of previous floods, and have followed the old bed around St. Mary's, and left the Okaw to
follow its original course.

ScolU V'^Z x^ = /00 ft
Eartk work lines of oia. ht Gage
On. tke kigk bluff E ctst i( across "tke river

from KfiLsko-sklo- ^ ^^
As survey ecL bjj H,W. Beckwitk 8f <Soyu

101

travel in these states was very generally interrupted. The ice was also
remarkably heavy in the Mississippi Eiver from St. Louis to Cairo.
The river commission had been attempting for several years to control
the river in the interest of navigation, up to the fall of 1880, and with
great difficulty and heavy cost had held the river channel from connect-
ing with the Okaw by the construction of protection piers and other
obstructions. But the remarkably heavy ice of the following winter,
1880 and 1881, caused the river current to penetrate behind the engi-
neer's protections, and the government officer's report, an extract from
which follows, graphically describes what happened.

Capt. 0. H. Ernst, of the United States Engineering Corps, in his
report to his superior. Brigadier General H. S. Wright, written June
30, 1881, says:

"During the severe winter which followed these operations, ice
formed in the river, varying from one to two feet in thickness. On the
tenth of February, 1881, the river rose eight feet in St. Louis, the most
extraordinary rise in a single day on record. The enormous forces
developed by this rise were disastrous to the work. Great fields of heavy
ice thrown against the outer portions of the hurdledike promptly de-
stroyed that portion. The ice soon gorged in the channel south of St.
Genevieve Island about four miles above Kaskaskia Bend, forcing a
large body of water down the north chute. This chute was rapidly
enlarged and the dike attacked in the rear. The ice gorging between
the chute and the northern Illinois shore, a deep channel was cut
through the foot of the dike between the latter and St. Genevieve Island.
The water rapidly arose above the dike, and the latter, what is left of
it, has been submerged ever since. It is probably almost wholly, if not
wholly destroyed. The direct protection suffered severely also, standing
as it does really at right angles to the direction by which the stream
approaches from above, it was exposed to such assaults as immense fields
of ice two feet thick could cause, moving with a velocity of seven or
eight miles an hour. A field of this character striking the shore seemed
checked for a moment, but it was presently observed to be moving slowly
up the bank, carrying a slice of the bank protection with it. Many
layers were piled up over each other on top of the bank thirty feet above
low water. In this manner a part of the bank which was above the
water surface was stripped of its protection. As this enabled the river
to cut in behind the mattress at the foot of the slope, it is probable that
most of this work is destroyed. The prolonged high water of this spring
has rendered it impracticable to ascertain with accuracy what the con-
dition of it is. After the ice had done its work of destruction the river
rose steadily with but few and slight oscillations until the latter part of
April it rose above the banks and there was a flood, the overflow concen-
trating in a slight depression in the strip of land which separated the
Kaskaskia Eiver from the Mississippi, forming a stream which poured
into the former river with a fall of about six feet. The overfall soon
cut a deep hole in the soft alluvial soil which constitutes the river bed,
and then began the process of cutting back towards the Mississippi, with
which a junction was soon formed. This cut was opposite the lower
end of the work, upon which further damage was inflicted.

102

A deep excavation approaching the revetment from the rear totally
destroyed it thruout the width of the cut. The cut is now about 500
feet wide and 30 feet deep, when the Mississippi Eiver is at a 22-foot
stage. There has been no enlargement as yet of the Kaskaskia Eiver
below the cut."'

The report^" goes on to show that great damage is threatened and
that to turn the mighty river back from its new course will be a tremen-
dous undertaking. It says further that the river must be straightened^,
or it might force a passage at the next overflow.

While this great torrent was pouring through the bed of the Kas-
kaskia, it must be remembered that this narrow stream could not at once
carry ofl; the flood flowing down the valley at this high stage of water, and
that the greater width and depth of the old channel was taking care of
much the larger share of the onrushing flood. All the widening and
deepening of the new channel must take place on the side next to Kas-
kaskia; because at the foot of the high blufi" on the other side was a
solid stratum of hard rock.^^ Exactly what happened during a few of
the next severe overflows, was that all of the widening and deepening
took place on the Kaskaskia side of the river, until nearly every vestige
of the alluvial site of the ill-fated and historic town has dissolved and
melted away and gone towards the Gulf of Mexico.

I consider myself remarkably fortunate in having been able to
locate several living reliable witnesses of the Avonderful freak of nature
which took place on the 18th to the 23d of April, 1881 ; and part of
this good fortune has been owing to having had my mind turned repeat-
edly to this remarkable occurrence during the past thirty-three years.

These eyewitnesses' accounts are published in full in our Trans-
actions. The following are extracts from the carefully prepared state-
ment by Mr. Gustave Pape, of Chester, who was for many years a
merchant of Kaskaskia and who was an eyewitness to the overflow.

ME. PAPE'S STATEMENT.

"Chester, III., September 21, 1913.
I came from Germany to Kaskaskia Landing, Illinois, with my
parents in 1834, having been then eight years old. I lived on a farm
nine miles northwest of Kaskaskia on Hill Land, until about 1848, and
in 1850 went to clerk for a man in a general store in Kaskaskia, George
W. Staley by name. In 1861 I went into partnership with Mr. Staley
from 1861 to 1865. In the fall of 1866 I went into business for myself,
having bought the brick building in which the old Territorial Legislature
used to meet, and where the first State Constitutional Convention met

i» The engineer's report is too lenghty for publication here, but it goes on to estimate that the
river, if not controlled immediately, would probably destroy 2,00n acres of fine farm land, then worth
at least fifty dollars per acre, or onehundred thousand dollars, and that probably at least this sum would
be needed to control the river channels and that it would even then be a difficult engineering job. Judg-
ing by the cost of controlling the Colorado River in 1906, alluded to on a previous page, it is likely the
expense of turning the new channel of the Mississippi River would have run into the millions. As
the real work of the Mississippi River Commission is to care for the interests of navigation, we are left
to conclude that the reason why Congress did not undertake the control of the mighty river was because
it could not be satisfied that it was the duty of the United States Government to protect the dying old
town of Kaskaskia and two thousand acres of land owned by private individuals.

I » The Mississippi flows all of the way from Alton to a short distance above old Kaskaskia without
touching anywhere on the Illinois shore the rock bottom of its great valley. In many places on the
Missouri side the rock actually comes to the surface, and is washed and worn by the river. Just below
the point where it broke thru into the Okaw the current strikes rock at the foot of the great rock
blull, and of course the channel must widen itself entirely on the Kaskaskia side where the rock was very
far beneath the bed of the river.

102

A deep excavation approaching the revetment from the rear totally
destroyed it thruout the width of the cut. The cut is now about 500
feet wide and 30 feet deep, when the Mississippi River is at a 32-foot
stage. There has been no enlargement as yet of the Kaskaskia Eiver
below the cut."

The report" goes on to show that great damage is threatened and
that to turn the mighty river back from its new course will be a tremen--
dous undertaking. It says further that the river must be straightened,
or it might force a passage at the next overflow.

While this great torrent was pouring through the bed of the Kas-
kaskia, it must be remembered that this narrow stream could not at once
carry ofl; the flood flowing down the valley at this high stage of water, and
that the greater width and depth of the old channel was taking care of
much the larger share of the onrushing flood. All the widening and
deepening of the new channel must take place on the side next to Kas-
kaskia; because at the foot of the high bluff on the other side was a
solid stratum of hard rock.^^ Exactly what happened during a few of
the next severe overflows, was that all of the widening and deepening
took place on the Kaskaskia side of the river, until nearly every vestige
of the alluvial site of the ill-fated and historic town has dissolved and
melted away and gone towards the Gulf of Mexico.

I consider myself remarkably fortunate in having been able to
locate several living reliable witnesses of the wonderful freak of nature
which took place on the 18th to the 23d of April, 1881 ; and part of
this good fortune has been owing to having had my mind turned repeat-
edly to this remarkable occurrence during the past thirty-three years.

MR. RAPE'S STATEMENT.

>» The engineer's report is too lenghtv for publication here, but it goes on to estimate that the
river, if not controlled immediately, would probably destroy 2,000 acres of fine farm land, then worth '
at least fifty dollars per acre, or one hundred thousand dollars, and that probably at least this sum would
be needed to control the river channels and that it would even then be a difficult engineering job. Judg-
ing by the cost of controlling the Colorado River in 1906, alluded to on a previous page, it is likely the
expense of turning the new channel of the Mississippi River would have run into the millions. As
the real work of the Mississippi River Commission is to care for the interests of navigation, we are left
to conclude that the reason why Congress did not undertake the control of the mighty river was because
it could not be satisfied that it was the duty of the United States Government to protect the dying old
town of Kaskaskia and two thousand acres of land owned by private individuals.

II The Mississippi flows all of the way from Alton to a short distance above old Kaskaskia without
touching anywhere on the Illinois shore the rock bottom of its great valley. In many places on the
Missouri side the rock actually comes to the surface, and is washed and worn by the river. Just below
the point where it broke thru into the Okaw the current strikes rock at the foot of the great rock
bluff, and of course the channel must widen itself entirely on the Kaskaskia side where the rock was very
lar beneath the Ised of the river.

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103

in 1818. The brick of this building were brought from Pittsburg in
1803. I understand there is a picture of this building in the rooms of
the Illinois State Historical Society in Springfield, Illinois.

When the Mississippi Eiver had changed its course below St. Gene-
vieve, and had come within a short distance of the Okaw (Kaskaskia)
Eiver, at a point from one and one-half to two miles above Kaskaskia,
about the fall of 1879, we all believed there would be danger at the next
high water of the Mississippi breaking through into the Okaw, and
thus damaging the town. It was at this time within half a mile of
the Okaw, and when the high water came, in April, 1881, we were
exceedingly anxious as to what might happen. The distance across
from. river to river was barely 400 feet in April, 1881. The Missis-
sippi Eiver began to run across this narrow neck of land about April
21, 1881.

At first the water ran over the surface, which was loose soil and
sand, and which soon began to cut away and form a channel, especially
at the lower edge, which was the west bank of the Okaw Eiver. The
fall was rather steep, and the land soon began to crumble and go away,
making at first not a very wide or deep channel or passageway. Had
the Mississippi soon stopped rising, there might not have been a very
big channel until another high water would come, because the great
current of the Mississippi Eiver was still going around in its old chan-
nel, which was wide enough and deep enough to carry the whole river.

It was several days before the cut was very deep, but before long
the passage became deeper and wider, and then the force of the Missis-
sippi was terrific. I was there part of the time, when the people were
coming from all directions to see the action of the flood. I believe I was
there just before the current was deep enough for a steamboat to go
through. I wish some one had been there to take a picture of the scene
at the time of the greatest effect of the flood. It is my impression that
the first steamboat went through in about a week after the stream first
began to go over the surface, and it is to be hoped some person may be
able to give the exact date when the two rivers became united into one
as the result of the high water of 1881.

The new channel was not wide enough or deep enough at first to
carry the whole current of both rivers, and it took several high waters
to wear away enough of the bottom and sides of the great channel to
carry away the whole of the town site of Kaskaskia; but in the course
of a number of years, nearly every acre of the old town was carried off.
During these years the old channel of the river carried the most of the
Mississippi, but finally the whole current could go through and the old
channel began to fill up. I am told that at the present time, the Missis-
sippi Eiver being low, it is possible to cross it on a sand-bar and drive
a team across from Missouri to Kaskaskia Commons, or rather to that
portion of the Commons now left.

The east bank of the present main river is, of course, what was once
the east bank of the Okaw Eiver; and as this is a bluff resting on a solid
rock bottom, it is but little worn away; and the whole wasting or wearing
away has taken place along the west shore. Therefore our dear old town
of Kaskaskia has had to vanish, leaving only its memory and important
history to console the many friends of old Kaskaskia.

104

I moved from Kaskaskia to Chester in 1898, at which time most of
the town had disappeared, and here I expect to reside for the rest of my
life.

GUSTAVAS PaPE."

This remarkable action of the Mississippi Elver, carrying off only
as much water as the narrow bed of the Kaskaskia could accommodate,
a bed from 350 to 500 feet in width, perhaps for a year or two, merely
threatened the ruin of Kaskaskia, and its total destruction was delayed
for several years.

A careful search of the newspaper files of the time convinces one
that it was the general belief of the public that the Mississippi might yet
conclude to go around the old bend in all stages of water, and that the
great losses might be delayed. The St. Louis papers of the months of
April and May, 1881, give feeble hints of the disaster at Kaskaskia Bend.
The Globe-Democrat of April 28, 1881, has only this meager sketch,
while column after column is given to the overflow at East St. Louis and
other nearby localities, where tremendous losses were daily occurring:

THE FLOOD AT KASKASKIA.

"At the ancient city of Kaskaskia the Mississippi has opened an
outlet into the Kaw, the tongue of land between the two streams having
been growing narrower for many years by the encroachments of the
larger stream, until the space between them was only 300 to 400 feet.
The present rise in the Mississippi has broken across this narrow penin-
sula, and a strong current is flowing from the Father of Waters into
the Okaw, on the west bank of which stands the old town of Kaskaskia,
once the capital of Illinois and the metropolis of the Korthwest Terri-
tory. Kaskaskia was a populous town long before Laclede landed at
St. Louis. It was captured from the British during the Revolution by
George Eogers Clark, and was subsequently the home of many distin-
guished men. Col. Don Morrison is a Kaskaskian by birth, and once
owned a great deal of the land there that has gone into the river. The
flood of 1844 drove many of the inhabitants from the town, which had
suffered from a similar disaster sixty years previously. The present
freshet threatens to make a finish of the ancient village, and its site will
soon be the swimming-school of the catfish and the kindergarten of the
bullfrog."

The Chester papers have preserved no files and the St. Genevieve
Fair Play furnishes, on the date of April 30, 1881, this brief announce-
ment :

"The cut at Kaskaskia point has now reached the width of 500 feet
with more water coming down. Parties from St. Marys who have visited
the cut, report, however, that the suction of water is not near as great at
present as when it first broke through. We hear that the Kaskaskians
are becoming alarmed and are deserting their ancient village."

The Fair Play of same date quotes as follows from the St. Louis
Dispatch of a previous date :

"The pilots of the Ed Richardson, Messrs. Fulkerson and Reed,
report that the long expected cutoff at the Okaw River from Kaskaskia
Bend, has takgn place and a stream 200 yards wide is pouring rapidly

104

I moved from Kaskaskia to Chester in 1898, at which time most of
the town had disappeared, and here I expect to reside for the rest of my
life.

GUSTAVAS PaPE."

THE FLOOD AT KASKASKIA.

"At the ancient city of Kaskaskia the Mississippi has opened an
outlet into the Kaw, the tongue of land between the two streams having
been growing narrower for many years by the encroachments of the
larger stream, until the space between them was only 300 to 400 feet.
The present rise in the Mississippi has broken across this narrow penin-
sula, and a strong current is flowing from the Father of Waters into
the Okaw, on the west bank of which stands the old town of Kaskaskia,
once the capital of Illinois and the metropolis of the Northwest Terri-
tory. Kaskaskia was a populous town long before Laclede landed at
St. Louis. It was captured from the British during the Revolution by
George Eogers Clark, and was subsequently the home of many distin-
guished men. Col. Don Morrison is a Kaskaskian by birth, and once
owned a great deal of the land there that has gone into the river. The
flood of 1844 drove many of the inhabitants from the town, which had
suffered from a similar disaster sixty years previously. The present
freshet threatens to make a finish of the ancient village, and its site will
soon be the swimming-school of the catfish and the kindergarten of the
bullfrog."

The Chester papers have preserved no files and the St. Genevieve
Fair Play furnishes, on the date of April 30, 1881, this brief announce-
ment :

The Fair Play of same date quotes as follows from the St. Louis
Dispatch of a previous date:

"The pilots of the Ed Eichardson, Messrs. Fulkerson and Eeed,
report that the long expected cutoff at the Okaw Eiver from Kaskaskia
Bend, has takgn place and a stream 200 yards wide is pouring rapidly

/ >

MISSISSIPPI ^"° KASKA5K1A
RIVERS

FROM SVRVTXS MADE IS

11 SEPTEMBER 1913

is. I t

Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers from Survey made in September, 1913.

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105

through the Okaw Eiver and into the Mississippi River, and the distance
above Chester will be fully six miles. It leaves the little town of Kas-
kaskia on an island which is being cut away very fast and will soon be a
thing of the past."

If we bear in mind that, notwithstanding the great 'river had broken
into the narrow Okaw, the greater portion of the bottom land above and
below Ivaskaskia was not by this overflow flooded to the highest water
marks in history, it will be seen that even a width of 500 feet could not
contain enough water to carry away the town until the Mississippi River
had time to scour the bed of the Kaskaskia to the same depth as the old
bed around the old channel and until the narrow Okaw had been widened
enough to carry the whole of the mighty Mississippi. Therefore, as a
matter of course, it must have taken considerable time to deepen and
widen this new channel.

Nearly twenty years ago I became acquainted with Mr. J. T. Doug-
las, of Sparta, County Surveyor of Randolph County, who told me that
just at the time of the high water in the month of April, 1881, he accu-
rately measured the difEerence of levels in the water in the Mississippi
and in the Okaw at the point of the overflow and found it was about
eight feet, which is nearly two feet greater than the difference estimated
by the government engineer in the report^^ quoted, and which did in fact
vary from day to day in times of high water. The irresistible force of a
fall of water of the Mississippi at flood stage from a height of eight
feet, or even six feet, is such a remarkable operation of nature, that a
full account of the wonderful event deserves a place in our society's
archives.

How many mountain waterfalls, how many brooks, and rivulets,
unite to form all of the branches of our mighty rivers? How many
creeks and other streams gather themselves to create the great Missouri,
and how did the Mississippi furnish a similar quota to form that enor-
mous body which was to fall over such a barrier and plow its way
through the strip of solid ground which then lay between the two rush-
ing streams, and which in that fateful month of April became wedded
into a mightier stream to flow forever to the Gulf of Mexico? The
question is well worthy of our thoughtful meditation.

Mr. John H. Burch, of St. Genevieve, Missouri, eyewitness of the
famous overflow, furnished me a carefully prepared description which is
fortified by reference to his diary.

STATEMENT OP MR. JOHN H. BURCH.

"St. Genevieve, Mo., October 26, 1913.
"I distinctly remember some of the circumstances of the way the
Mississippi River broke through into the Kaskaskia River in 1881. T
kept a diary of such events as most impressed me; and I find by refer-
ence to this diary, which I have here at hand, that on the 18th and 19th
of April. 1881, the Mississippi, by constant encroachment at times of

n The engineer's report previously quoted, estimated that the Mississippi had a fall of about sLx
feet at the point of overflow, and does not necessarily conflict with the measurement given by Mr.
Douglas, because the stage of water in the Okaw might easily have been lower in April than in February,
or the stage of the Mississippi might have been higher in April than in February. The fall of the mighty
Mississippi from a height of either eight or six feet would readily furnish all of the phenomena described
by our eyewitnesses.

106

high water, had shifted its course from the Missouri shore at St. Gene-
vieve, Missouri, to a point on the Illinois shore, very near the bank of
the Ivaskaskia Eiver.

I was there on the 18th and 19th of April, 1881. The water was
passing over the narrow strip of land, perhaps from 400 to 500 feet in
width, which separated the two rivers. On the night of the 18th the
water broke thru, and I was there the next morning in company with
many other persons. The surface of the ground was mostly black soil
about two feet in depth, which was more packed and solid than the
surface lower down at the edge of the Kaskaskia Eiver. As the water
ran over the surface, before the river broke entirely thru, it first
carried away the sand which was at the edge of the Kaskaskia, and then
rapidly cut back underneath the black soil which rapidly crumbled away.

I remember that as the flood of water came over the surface it
looked like water falling over a mill dam, and the height of the fall
appeared to be fully from six to eight feet in height. The opening on
the morning of the 19th was quite large, and the scene was a most
remarkable one, and not likely to be forgotten. People would stand as
near as they dared to the rushing stream. Pretty soon some one would
notice the ground was cracking and opening behind the spectators, and
then there would be a rush back to ground that appeared to be safe,
which sooner or later would also crumble and drop into the fast widen-
ing channel.

The Kaskaskia Eiver was perhaps 600 feet wide at this point and
could not at once take care of this great flood, and the water spread
itself over the land on the further side from the Mississippi, striking
the bank with such force that it uprooted large trees on the shore, and
along in what was then called the "Eeiley's Bottom." Such pecan and
other large trees as were on the west bank were torn up by the roots.
Some sank out of sight at once and others moved ofi: with the flood,
their tops uppermost, while the weight of dirt in their roots partly held
them down. There was a great rush and roar of waters, and masses of
foam and froth drifted off with the boiling, rushing and eddying waters,
and the force of the current was terrific.

The Mississippi spread itself out both up and down the narrower
river into which it was pouring, and, of course, forced the Kaskaskia
up stream. I remember that large masses of dirt piled themselves up
stream to the apparent height, in a few instances of 15 feet, which later
dissolved, but which actually largely impeded the downflow of the
Kaskaskia.

A new highway bridge was being built at Evansville, several miles
higher up the stream, and the county was compelled to construct a draw,
or swing, in this bridge, to enable steamboats to go up the river. New
Athens in St. Clair County was legally the head of navigation; and
there being a swing or drawbridge in the railroad bridge above Evans-
ville, the river became, in fact as well as in law, navigable to New
Athens.

Sand and dirt were deposited in the M^oods near the new channel
to such an extent that many acres of trees died and stood there dead
for several years. I owned considerable of this land and much of it was
actually improved, being raised by this deposit. The rush of water con'

107

tinned for several months, but when the Mississippi was low again, the
current had cut a new channel in the Kaskaskia Eiver and about mid-
summer the boats commenced to use it as a permanent channel, the first
boat to go through being the Emma C. Elliott. The destruction of old
Kaskaskia did not occur for several years after the rivers came together.

At the time this happened, I was living on my farm near Kaskaskia.

Dr. E. L. Brown, of Bloomington, Illinois, who as a young man
lived at Eeiley's Mill, a little over a mile from the new chute, has also
very kindly given us a statement of what he witnessed at the time of the
overflow. He was then a young man living in Randolph County, and
has a distinct recollection of the event.

DE. BROWN'S STATEMENT.

"Bloomington, III., Feb mar ij 20, lOlJt.

In the years of 1880 and 1881, under the name of H. B. Brown &
Son, my father and I were running the old Eeiley Mill near Kaskaskia.
This was the oldest mill in Illinois. It was about a mile and a half
north of the town and across the Okaw Eiver, and about one mile from
the point where the Mississippi Eiver cut thru into the Okaw.

Previous to the year 1881 the Okaw Eiver emptied into the Missis-
sippi Eiver near Chester, some seven miles south of Kaskaskia. About
one and one-half miles north of the town the Okaw bends somewhat to
the west. Just opposite to this bend the Mississippi had a big bend to
the eastward. For several years the big river had been undermining
and carrying away many acres of rich farming lands, and, among other
farms, that on which stood the Bond Mansion, the house of the first
governor of Illinois. "The Narrows,'' as this shrinking strip of land
between the rivers was called, was only a few hundred feet wide in April,
1881. At the time of high water in the Mississippi the back water in
the Okaw was some seven or eight feet lower than the headwater in the
big river just across the narrows. There had been a large grove of pecan
trees between the rivers, but only a small part of it remained. Through
this grove there ran a small ravine into the Okaw.

When the flood of 1881 was at its crest, and aided by high north-
west winds which rolled up immense waves, the water hegan to run
across to the Okaw. Soon the rivulet became a swift stream, which cut
out the sandy subsoil, and soon became a swirling, seething, foaming
torrent. It began to dash over on April 18, was a rushing mill race on
the 19th, and on the 20th it was a boiling, resistless river. The current
was so swift and terrible that it was several days before it was safe for a
boat of any kind to pass through the cut.

I remember seeing large pecan trees on the banks of the cut, as it
was widening, bend out and over the water as a half acre strip of land
caved in, and go down with a splash and a boom — the foam and spray
flying high ; and we never saw a leaf show above the surface for a half
mile down stream.

On the east bank of the Okaw at this point lie the Eeiley bottoms,
consisting of several hundred acres of low timberland. As the rushing
waters of the big river crossed the little river, the full force of them
struck this timber. Trees were uprooted and carried away in great

108

numbers. Months later I saw many trees four to six inches thru,
many yards back from the bank of the river that were broken off ten or
twelve feet from the ground.

There was a large crowd of people there for days before the break,
and .also for several days afterward. I recall seeing a rescue boat with
four oarsmen go up to rescue two men from a tree. They had tried to
go up near to the cut from down stream, but the current had been too
swift and overturned their boat against a tree.

A few days later, when the force of the current had abated some-
what, some men drifted thru the cut and took soundings. They re-
ported it as sixty-six feet deep. As the strips of land a half acre or
more in area and perhaps fifty or more yards in length caved off into
the water, the sound was like distant thunder or the booming of cannon.
Because this cut shortened the Mississippi more than ten miles, and so
made a very fierce current, and also raised the water at Kaskaskia eight
feet, it was necessary for many people living in the lowest part of the
town to move out at once. We boys thought it fun to help the moving
with our boats.

The entire town was not flooded that year. But the swift cutting
current showed that the town was doomed, and now the Father of
Waters has swallowed up the site of the old town, the town Col. Clark
captured from the British in 1778. Today the site of old Fort Kaskaskia
looks down on a muddy, boiling river where once the Kaskaskia Indians
built their chief town."

Mr. Gustave Pape's touching lamentation concerning the memory
and history of old Kaskaskia, which is all that is now left to console
its many friends, in America, in Canada, in France, and the entire world,
finds reverberations in the hearts of many now living, and these will not
disappear in ages to come. Our hearty sympathy has always gone out in
behalf of the pioneers of the old French regime. We seem to see them
living in peaceful, harmony with the converted Illinois Indians, who
flocked to the old mission to see and hear the simple-minded Christian
fathers. We almost imagine we can witness the tearful departure of the
hearty hunters, voyagers, and soldiers who left home and kindred for
their long and dangerous trading and hunting expeditions. We think
of the joyous and noisy welcomes given to the survivors on their return,
and can almost hear the lamentations of the widows and orphans of
those whose unannounced deaths many months previous had now for the
first time reached the ears of the desolate dear ones at home.

We consider the hearty and cheerful loyalty of the entire settlement
as the joyful news of the French alliance was proclaimed in 1778 by
George Rogers Clark and his brave Virginians, and their ready accept-
ance of the new freedom gained by the young American nation. We
then see how the high hopes of this simple and trusting population were
a few years later poisoned by destitution and woe, thru the neglect and
poverty of the boasted American Empire, which by forcing a harsh
and bitter military occupation upon these simple-minded patriots com-
pelled them to bear vastly more than their share of the trials and suffer-
ings caused by the American Eevolution.

We have united in heartfelt sympathy for the ancient pioneers and
their revolutionary successors; and the people of the whole northwest

109

now join in never ending regret for the disastrous catastrophe which has
unfortunately annihilated the hearthstones of ancient Kaskaskia.

The cutting away of the town site of Kaskaskia has been proceeding
through a series of years, some of them not long after 1881, but mostly
between 1886 and 1909. The Government lights were removed in 1898^^
from the old river. Slice after slice of its soil, buildings and improve-
ments have fallen into the ever widening channel of the river, until now
only a small corner of the old village is left, as can readily be seen by the
plat which was accurately surveyed within the last few months. This
plat when published will be a remarkable addition to the history of
Kaskaskia. The streets and alleys will lie exactly in the bottom of the
present river. The beds of the two rivers side by side, form the present
Mississippi. As the town fronted on the Kaskaskia Kiver which was
several hundred feet only in width, the greater part of the old streets
will be shown in the western part of the present stream, while the
smallest portion of the great river bed will lie in the old bed of the
original river, and the dotted lines will show the original boundaries of
the old town.

The society will place a granite marker on remnant of the town site
which is still left, and on the marker will be indicated the distance and
directions from it to the old church or cemetery, old Fort Gage, or per-
haps a few other historical locations. The Mississippi is reported to
have lately commenced filling its bed in front of the town site and it is
quite possible that, as in the case of Fort Chartres, there may be no
further disturbance for centuries.

On October 26, 1913, I drove from St. Genevieve to old Kas-
kaskia, passing over the site of the old St. Genevieve," where nothing
but a few pieces of broken crockery can now be found. It was almost
impossible to believe that on this lonesome spot was the earliest settle-
ment of Missouri (in 1735) ; and one could but return thanks to its
enterprising residents who in the year of the high water,^^ 1785, decided
to remove their homes and all of the belongings to the charming site of
the thrifty and tasteful little historic city of St. Genevieve. I passed
thru the famous Big Field, still without fences except at the bluffs ; and
it is my impression that this field of 2,000 acres is the richest and most
productive field of its size anywhere in America. Following along in
the direction of Kaskaskia thru many hundred acres of the former river
now grown up with willows and cottonwoods, marked "The Cottonwoods"
on the plat, I passed over the old bed of the Mississippi where for ages
this magnificent river poured its mighty floods, whose surface was some-
times twenty-five feet higher than the highway, which is no highway,
but a mere temporary passageway to the town site. Climbing the steep
bank, a short drive brought me to what is left of old Kaskaskia, where

1 3 United States Mississippi River Commissioners' Reports.

»< It will be noted that on the plat shown on page 97, the word "portage"is marked opposite the site
of old St. Genevieve, called on the plat ".Vlisere". It will be seen that the distance between the rivers
at that point is but five or six miles; and we can readily imagine the people descending the Mississippi
would prefer when possible, to make the portage across from that river to the town of Kaskaskia, rather
than to proceed down the main river to the mouth of the Okaw and then work six miles against the cur-
rent of this river up to the site of Kaskaskia.

's "It is a remarkable fact that the first four permanent settlements in the great west, on the banks
of the 'Father of Waters', have been completely destroyed and washed away by the floods of this mon-
arch of rivers: and strange it is to sav that of Fort Chartres, Kaskaskia, 'LoV'ieux village de St. Ciene-
vieve', and new Madrid, nothing is left. Their old landmarks and monuments, even many of the tombs
and graves of the pioneers, have been carried away by floods". Rozier's History of the Mi.ssissippi
Valley, p. 134.

110

four or five families at present reside. An uninhabited old house pre-
serves the high water mark of 1844, which is apparently eight feet above
the highest point of land ; and here will probably be placed the Historical
Society's permanent marker. Permanent if the river never again passes
thru its old channel, but irretrievably lost if the river ever pours
thru what is now called the remnant of old Kaskaskia, and opens out
once more its original channel.

This old channel, reduced in places to a mere thread of dry sand,
in others growing up to willows and cottonwoods, is now the boundary
between the states of Missouri and Illinois. The old territory formerly
called Kaskaskia Island, around which poured the great river, has not
changed its allegiance and is still governed by the laws of Illinois.

It appears to have been decided by the courts that where changes of
river courses take place under similar conditions to those under con-
sideration, the line between the states will follow the old stream and
the territory so affected shall remain in the original states. This being
the case, it is believed that as soon as this old channel has become
actually closed, filled by sediment and grown up with trees and brush,
the states of Illinois and Missouri, thru a properly organized joint
state commission, will proceed to mark this old channel by metes and
bounds and permanently define the boundaries of the two states.

The rapidly increasing encroachments of the river early attracted
the attention of the members of the parish of the Immaculate Concep-
tion of the Holy Virgin, not only on account of the general danger to
the town; but also because it was seen that the dearly beloved church
built in 1756, must go, and then would be scattered the precious bones
of several generations of devoted Christians buried in the consecrated
cemeteries.

The church name dates from 1675, at which time the Indian^"
Mission near Utica in LaSalle County was founded by Father Marquette,
under the title still given at the church in New Kaskaskia,^^ which not
only bears the same name but possesses the sacred bell donated by Louis
Buyat in 1743. He was the ancestor of the well known Eandolph County
family of Buyat; and the bell and altar of the new church are fondly
cherished as relics of the old building, which had remained in the dif-
ferent church buildings for more than 150 years. This bell was cast in
France in 1741. As the river came nearer and nearer to the church and
cemetery, steps were taken to induce the Legislature of Illinois to remove
the human remains from the cemeteries to a new cemetery on Garrison
Hill, on the top of the bluffs opposite the river from Kaskaskia, to about
twenty acres of ground purchased by the State, up-river^ ^ from the site
of old Fort Kaskaskia.

Father Darnley was the priest in charge at this time, and when the
sad and sorrowful work was completed at a cost of ten thousand dollars,
by a commission appointed in accordance with an act of the Illinois I^egis-
lature in 1901, it was generally felt that as far as the State was con-

i6<<The original St. denevieve was known by the name of 'LeVienx Village'. The old town was
locitofl about three miles .south of the present St. "Genevieve and what is known as 'Le Orande Champ',
the big field, and was settled in 1735, being the oldest settlement in upper Ivouisiana, a portion of which
is now ^fisso^ri, west of the Mississippi River." Rozier's History of the Mississippi Valley, p. 90.

1' New Kaskaskia will be nearly two miles from the edge of the present river, and its organization
and origin will be treated bv Mr. M. W. Roberts in the next volume of the society's Transactions.

18 The location of the (larrison Hill Cemetery Monumebt is only a very short distance to the left
of the site of Fort Kaskaskia, as shown on our published cut of the Fort.

Ill

cerned an important -public duty had been performed. Performed it
certainly was, but not in a manner satisfactory to the people of Kaskaskia
and vicinity. The funds provided by the act in question have not proved
to be sufficient to keep these new Catholic and Protestant cemeteries in
proper condition. The fences are out of repair and the growth of bushes
and thorny vines is altogether beyond control. The soil and even the
subsoil washes down hill, leaving graves exposed and the condition of
the cemetery is a disgrace to the State. No complaints are made by the
members of the parish who appear to have inherited the patience of
their ancestors whose good will during and after the Eevolution has well
deserved the praise of all our historians, but I feel it my duty to call
attention to the State's neglect of this sacred place.

There is no harm in mentioning here that it was impossible to
remove in any satisfactory manner, the sacred remains of the pioneers
who were buried in the old cemeteries. The removal seemed so much
like sacrilege that in very many instances, surviving relatives would feel
more consolation if no effort had been made to remove the relics, and if
one and all had been allowed to follow the course of the raging Missis-
sippi in its new channel towards the Gulf of Mexico.

It is also unfortunate that territorially the Garrison^ ^ Hill cemetery
lies in Chester parish, and that the old parish of Kaskaskia is not
canonically connected with this important burial place. It has been
suggested that if our Legislature will attach these cemeteries with the
neglected gi-ave of United States Senator Kane, about a mile and a half
up river from Garrison Hill, together with the recently purchased site
of Fort Chartres in Eandolph County, to the Illinois State Park Com-
mission, by a very slight amendment of the poAvers of that commission,
then all of these matters can be attended to systematically as long as the
State of Illinois shall endure. I suggest that our society encourage an
effort in this direction.

JSTo jDhotograph of the granite monument erected on Garrison Hill
had ever been taken until a beginning was made towards the prepara-
tion of this paper. A cut of the same accompanies this publication. The
monument is twenty-six feet in height, and is just above and outside of
the Catholic portion which adjoins the Protestant cemetery. Both ceme-
teries are surrounded by partly burned cheap wooden fences which
should be replaced by something more appropriate and more permanent.

The view from this monument on Garrison Hill is one of the most
remarkable to be found in the whole length and breadth of the State of
Illinois. It is my unbiased judgment from extensive journeys over the
State, that nowhere else is there to be found such a varied and beautiful
picture of natural scenery as is visible at this very point, from the base
of this monument on top of Garrison Hill, which is 360 feet above the
bed of the river below, just opposite the old town of Kaskaskia and above
the low lying station of Fort Gage, which is on the two railroads just
below.

Altho the Mississippi bluffs on the western side of our State, and
the beautiful hills and white faced limestone bluffs of the lower Illinois
Valley, in Greene, Jersey, Pike and Calhoun counties, are tolerably well

i» This cemetery is Icnown locally and perhaps generally as Fort Gage Cemetery. Its proper name,
that is, its legal name, is Garrison Hill Cemetery. Fort Kaskaskia was on Garrison IliU and it is to bo
hoped the name of Garrison Hill Cemetery will finally be adopted.

112

known to the residents of the State, there are comparatively few of our
citizens who are at all familiar with the grandeur and the beauty of the
American Bottom in the region of old Kaskaskia; and I feel that this
is the proper place to emphatically praise the natural and impressive
beauty of this locality opposite the site of unfortunate old Kaskaskia.

If our State Historical Society decides to procure a first-class
painting of a truly grand and beautiful landscape, for the use of our
much desired new State historical hall, no more appropriate selection
can be made than the magnificent view from the base of the monument
to the State's pioneers on Garrison Hill.

There is a grand view of the Missouri bluffs in the distance, upon
which was situated the old Spanish town of New Bourbon. The Island
of Kaskaskia is to be leveed. It broadens out magnificently in front of
us, and we dimly see beyond this fertile tract the narrow threadlike
channel of the old Mississippi. The wide expanse of open water to the
west and north is visible, where the calamitous junction of the two rivers
was made at the time of the overflow; and the new Mississippi is barely
visible at the base of Garrison Hill, with the edge of the remnant of old
Kaskaskia at the front part of the view. All taken together it is a sight
long to be remembered, and one which should be painted by some well
qualified landscape artist and given a place in the rooms of the State
Historical Society.

The seeds of bitterness which were often sown on this soil, failed
to grow to maturity, and when the monument was erected on Garrison
Hill, it was possible to inscribe these sentiments which do honor to the
past history of Kaskaskia, and also to the present inhabitants of the
State of Illinois, as is shown by the following comprehensive and appro-
l)riate inscription :

"those who 8LKEP ilEItE WERE FIRST BURIED AT KASKASKIA, AND
AFTERWARDS REMOVED TO THIS CEMETERY. THEY WERE THE EARLY
PIONEERS OE THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. TIIEY PLANTED FREE INSTITU-
TIONS IN THE WILDERNESS AND WERE THE PIONEERS OF A GREAT COM-
MONAVEALTH. IN MEMORY OF THEIR SACRIFICE, ILLINOIS, GRATEFUL,
ERECTS THIS MONUMENT, 1892."

This great valley became British territory at the peace of 1763; and
one of the first grand results of the French-American Alliance of 1778
was the gaining of the good will of the French residents of this same
region, which finally caused the whole Mississippi Valley to become the
choicest portion of the American nation.

Here, then, in full view of the vanished homes of the principal
actors in the great drama of 1778 and later, by the side of the honored
remains of many of those heroes of various nationalities and religions,
is the place to properly set forth the patriotic emotions of the people of
the middle west. Shall it be accomplished by the construction of a far
more imposing and appropriate monument to those who are buried
here, by a patriotic centennial Kaskaskian celebration, a historical
painting of this grandly beautiful landscape, or shall this desirable
accomplishment be something more thoughtfully appropriate?

113

BLACK HAWK'S HOME COUNTRY.

(John H. Hauberg, Secretary Eock Island Coiuity Historical Society.)

"This is the most dramatic spot in Illinois/' exclaimed an Illinois
admirer of things historic and beautiful.

He was standing upon an ancient burial mound at the westernmost
point of the bluff known as Black Hawk's Watch Tower. Before him
was the broad valley at the intersection of the Eock and the Mississippi
rivers. Two miles to the northwest and in plain view the waters of the
Eock Eiver joined those of the Father of Waters in the march to the
sea. The village of Sears immediately at the foot of the hill, and the
farms and gardens, rivers and islands and forest, all intimately con-
nected, were spread before him and extended to where the view was
dimmed by the haze which screened the far side of the great river and
the bluffs over on the Iowa side. Interested as he was in the stirring
events of history, this beautiful landscape had the greatest fascination,
for this spot witnessed the rise and fall of one of the most powerful of
western Indian nations. Here the conquering Sauk and Fox had come,
driving before them the Illini; here was dispensed a lavish hospitality
to friend, and from this place sallied forth the messengers of death to
the foe; here Lieutenant Zebulon Pike had in 1805 presented the Indians
with the beautiful banner of Stars and Stripes which was to be the first
to be raised to the breeze of the upper Mississippi shores; here in 1814
might have been heard the din of the desperate battle at Campbell's
Island in which many brave Americans were killed ; here, too, was wit-
nessed the smoke and roar of British cannon in the battle of Credit
Island, as Briton and savage Indian united, in the War of 1812, against
the young American republic; and in this instance against the forces
led by the gallant young officer, Major Zachary Taylor, afterward Presi-
dent of the United States ; and here cluster most of all the memories of
the war which bears the name of one of the most widely known individu-
als among our American Indians.

For this was the birthplace and home of Black Hawk, the famous
Sauk war-chief, central figure in the most stirring events of his nation's
history; and of other numerous chiefs of varying degrees of prominence
and importance, coworkers at times, and at other times divided in their
councils; Keokuk, Quashquame, Pashepaho, Ouchequaka, Hashequare-
qua, Matatas and others whose names appear in published records. For
a century this was the permanent home of the largest band of the
Sauks; was claimed to be the largest Indian village on the continent.
Together with the Fox tribe they constituted one of the most formidable
of the Mississippi Valley nations, and with the tomahawk and rifle ruled
the northwestern part of Illinois, all of Iowa, the northern part of Mis-

— 8 H S

114

souri and the southwestern part of Wisconsin. The Sioux of the north-
west feared them; the Osages were kept under discipline on the Mis-
souri; their ancient enemy, the Cherokees, to the southwest, knew their
abilit}^ to lift scalps; the Kaskaskias and Ivickapoos were driven to the
southerly part of Illinois ; and they had similar diplomatic relations with
the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Winnehagos and the Menomi-
nees of the north and east, among whom the ability to present some
enemy's scalp served as a passport to their respect.

The Sauks and Foxes were a united nation and were tillers of the
soil as welJ as hunters and trappers, and today we find marks of their
farming operations in not less than five sections of the government sur-
vey of lands, in South Eock Island. It was the bronzed squaw and tlie
dark-eyed maiden, however, who did the farming ; and it is interesting to
note that while Black Hawk was protesting, in later years, that their
chiefs who were claimed to have sold their home land"s to the United
States Government, had not been authorized by the tribes to sell; the
v/omen of the village also had their representative, one of their own
sex who argued with General Gaines that the corn fields had never been
the property of the men, and that these fields, at least, had not changed
hands, for the women had not sold them nor had they been consulted in
any proposed sale of them.

The method of cultivation was by hoeing the field into little mounds
or hillocks and planting the corn in the top of these hillocks, which were
from fifteen to twenty inches in height. Providentially, it seems, large
areas of these ancient corn fields have never been molested by the farm-
ing implements of the white man, but were fenced, and have since been-
used for pasture. A fine blue grass sod has grown over all, and so they
have been preserved much as the Indian left them, except for the large
forest trees which have since grown up ; and while the weather, cattle and
other causes have obliterated most of the hillocks, hundreds upon hun-
dreds of these Indian corn hills ruffle the surface of pasture and wood-
land in the vicinity of the Watch Tower and constitute one of the most
interesting and fascinating remains of Indian occupation. With these
real evidences before one, it is easy to see in the mind's eye the busied
squaAV, assisted by the young boys and aged men, laboring at the planting
and the harvest; the imagination peoples the nearby village with its
hushed prattle of voices ; the children playing at the water's edge ; the
warrior overhauling his weapons of offense and the implements of the
chase; now a season of birds and blossoms, and again the Indian Sum-
mer, each Avith its own schedule of activities, and all of it, primitive
man and his primeval surroundings blending into a picture beyond the
brush of any human artist.

Following the planting of the corn came the festival devoted espe-
cially to the gentler sex, and called the Crane Dance. At this festival
the young maidens adorned themselves with feathers and heightened
their complexions with the use of paint. It was this occasion which
called for the definite proposal of marriage on the part of the brave,
tho Black Hawk, as mere man, bluntly says, "The young men selected
their wives at this time." One July day as these primitive villagers
were scattered about their fields hoeing the corn, there occurred the
culmination of a romance and the tragedy of Indian Lover's Spring. It

115

is interestingly told by Black Hawk in his autobiography and we will
listen to his words. Unfortunately^ we would be unable to comprehend
the meaning of his native speech, and so we have it in our own English,
done over perhaps imperfectly by the Indian's friend and interpreter,
Antoine LeClaire : "In 1827, a young Sioux Indian got lost on the
prairie, in a snow-storm, and found his way into a camp of the Sacs.
According to Indian customs, altho he was an enemy, he was safe while
accepting their hospitality. He remained there for some time on account
of the severity of the storm. Becoming well acquainted, he fell in love
with the daughter of the Sac, at whose village he had been entertained;
and before leaving for his own country, promised to come to the Sac
village for her at a certain time during the approaching summer. In
July, he made his way to the Eock Kiver village, secreting himself in
the woods until he met the object of his love, who came out to the field
witli her mother to assist her in hoeing corn. Late in the afternoon her
mother left her and went to the village. No sooner had she gone out of
hearing than he gave a loud whistle which assured the maiden that he
had returned. She continued hoeing leisurely to the end of the row, when
lier lover came to meet her. She promised to come to him as soon as
she could go to the lodge and get her blanket, and together they would
flee to his country. But, unfortunately for the lovers, the girl's two
brothers had seen the meeting, and, after procuring their guns, started
in pursuit of them. A heavy thunderstorm was coming on at the time.
The lovers hastened to and took shelter under a cliff of rocks at Black
Hawk's "Watch Tower. Soon after, a loud peal of thunder was heard, the
cliff of rocks was shattered in a thousand pieces, the lovers buried
beneath, while in full view of her pursuing brothers. This, their unex-
pected tomb, still remains undisturbed."

Perhaps a more historically important object than the corn hills is
the embankment or mound upon which was built the Sauk Council
Lodge. Part of this mound still remains, having outlived a spur of
railroad which absorbed part of it; a canal or tail-race which missed it
by a few yards; and escaped being covered up with refuse rock taken
from the bottom of the river when the nearby hydro-electric plant was
installed. The mound stands about one hundred and fifty paces from
Rock River and was well toward the east end of the Indian village. This
was the capital, if you please, of a country greater than any state in the
Mississippi Valley, as well as the town hall of what is reliably men-
tioned as the largest Indian village on the continent. Here brave and
chief met in council and decided upon important matters of state — and
what is more, the legislators personally saw to the execution of their
enactments :

"In this engagement (with the Osages), I killed five men and one
sfpiaw, and had the good fortune to take the scalps of all T struck with
one exception, that of the squaw who was accidentally killed. • The
enemy's loss in this engagement was about one hundred braves; ours,
nineteen."

Next in turn. Black Hawk, with the council, took action regarding
tlie Cherokees, with the following report: "In this battle I killed tliree
men and wounded several. The enemy's loss was twenty-eight; ours,
seven." Again: "We started in the third moon witli five hundred Sacs

116

and Foxes and one hundred lowas determined upon the complete and
final extermination of the dastardly Osages. We fell upon forty lodges,
killed all the inhabitants except two squaws, whom I took as prisoners."

"Early next morning the council lodge was crowded," says Black
Hawk, speaking of the occasion, when certain chiefs, sent to St. Louis
in 1804, had come to give their report. They had been sent to secure
the release of a fellow tribesman who had gotten himself into prison
for killing a white man; but, instead of bringing back the culprit, they
returned with a story of a sale of lands — these very lands upon which
stood their village — tho they afterwards professed ignorance of that fact.
Again we will let their war chief tell the story: "The party started with
the good wishes of the whole nation, who had high hopes that the emis-
saries would accomplish the object of their mission. The relations of
the prisoner blackened their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit
would take pity on them and return husband and father to his sorrowing
wife and weeping children.

"Quashquame and his party remained a long time absent. They at
length returned and encamped near the village, a short distance below
it, and did not come up that day, nor did anyone approach their camp.
They appeared to be dressed in fine coats and had medals. From these
circumstances we were in hopes that they had brought good news. Early
the next morning the council lodge was crowded ; Quashquame and party
came up and gave the following account of their mission:

"'On our arrival at St. Louis, we met our American Father (William
Henry Harrison) and explained to him our business, urging the release
of our friend. The American Chief told us he wanted land. We agreed
to give him some on the west side of the Mississippi, likewise more on
the Illinois side, opposite Jeffreon (now called North Fabius Eiver) in
Missouri. When the business was all arranged we expected to have our
friend released to come home with us. About the time we were ready to
start, our brother was let out of the prison. He started and ran a short
distance when he was shot dead.^ "

The crowded council on this occasion had listened to the account of
the treaty which passed the title to all their lands east of the Mississippi ;
which, the chief said, was the origin of all our serious difficulties with the
whites, and which ended with the Black Hawk War in 1832.

Another important meeting held at this old council lodge was during
the War of 1812, when Keokuk was elected a war chief. Black Hawk
with the main force of his warriors had gone to assist the British in
their operations against the Americans about Detroit. The women,
children and old men had been left at home with but a small party of
braves to care for them, and would have been unable to defend themselves
had they been attacked by th? Americans. Black Hawk soon became
disgusted with the Britishers' n\etliod of warfare, returned to his village,
and was introduced to the new chief, who was destined to be his most
hated rival for leadership — Chief Keokuk. We will quote from the
autobiography : "I inquired how he had become chief. They said that
a large armed force was seen by their spies going toward Peoria. Fears
were entertained that they would come up and attack the village; and a
council had been called to decide as to the best course to be adopted,
which concluded upon leaving the village and going to the west side of

117

the Mississippi to get out of the way. Keokuk, during the sitting of the
council, had been standing at the door of the lodge, not being allowed to
enter, as he had never killed an enemy, where he remained until old
Waeome came out. He then told him that he had heard what they
decided on, and was anxious to be permitted to speak before the council
adjourned. Waeome returned and asked leave for Keokuk to come in
and make a speech. His request was granted. Keokuk entered and
addressed the chiefs. He said : 'I have heard with sorrow that you have
determined to leave our village and cross the Mississippi merely because
you have been told that the Americans were coming in this direction.
Would you leave our village, desert our homes, and fly before an enemy
approaches? Would you leave all, even the graves of our fathers, to the
enemy without trying to defend them ? Give me charge of your warriors
and 1 will defend the village while you sleep in safety.'

^'The council consented that Keokuk should be war chief. He
marshaled his braves, sent out spies and advanced with a party himself
on the trail leading to Peoria. They returned without seeing an enemy.
The Americans did not come by our village. All were satisfied with the
appointment of Keokuk. He used every precaution that our people
should not be surprised. This is the manner and the cause of his
receiving the appointment. I was satisfied."

Ancient mounds are numerous in the vicinity of the Watch Tower.
The most interesting group being one mile east of the Watch Tower Inn,
It has twenty-two large burial mounds, besides a number of low eleva-
tions about a foot in height, about six feet in width and fifty feet in
length. Considering the fact that our Indians held the burial places of
their dead in the highest reverence, and that among the mounds of this
group are found numerous corn hills not only between the mounds but
extending up their sides, we are led to believe that these mounds M^ere
built by a people of such remote antiquity that even the traditions regard-
ing them had failed or had lost their force upon the Sauk who turned
this cemetery into a cornfield. These mounds crown a high bluff from
which an inspiring view is to be had over Eock River and its bottoms,
and from them have been taken such fragments of pottery as is com-
monly found among the works of the ancient Mound Builders. At the
foot of the bluff, along the river bank, several hundred yards from these
mounds we find more fragments of this clay product which is identical
with that classed by students as typical upper Mississippi, or north-
western pottery, as distinguished from that found in the mounds of the
lower Mississippi. By whom were these mounds built?

The so-called Mound Builders made and used pottery. Our Sauk
and Fox Indians and their contemporaries neither made nor used it.
According to Black Hawk, his people drove the Kaskaskias from Rock
River. An authority states that the Kickapoos preceded them. Neither
of these tribes used pottery. We have here a subject suited to the
liveliest imagination; for, we are undoubtedly considering a lost and
forgotten race. Who will write their story? Who will venture to call
upon this valley of dead men's bones; recall them to life and set them
about their tasks, such tasks, of course, as only a fertile imagination
could assign ?

118

An interesting explanation of the causes ^vhich led to the apparent
difference between the ancient Mound Builder and our western Indian
is given by Clark McAdams in an article on the "Archaeology of Illinois"
(Vol. 12, Publication of Illinois State Historical Library). Mr. Mc-
Adams pictures a community of Indians — we will call them Mound
Builders — of an advanced type of civilization, capable of supporting
themselves necessarily by a more or less intensive agriculture in very
])opulous communities, and executing great works of a public nature,
e. g. the Cahokia Mounds. Into this community wanders the buffalo, an
animal heretofore unknown to them; and it is discovered that just to
the west and crowding eastward, there are hordes and hordes of these
animals. The family breadwinner soon learns that it is easier to make
a living by the chase than by cultivating the soil. He drops his imple-
ments and tools, retaining only what is necessary for the chase. Nearly
all the household necessities of his former mode of living are found to be
a burden and a nuisance. To insure greater success in the chase, the
tribe is divided into small bands, which, with the least equipment pos-
sible, follow the trail of the wild herds, and, in a few generations have
degenerated into the nomad of our western plains, as our people found
them.

Let us consider for a moment the position held by Black Hawk's
people among the aborigines of our continent. The Sauk and Fox
occupied a place midway between the nomad and the farmer. One-half
of the year was spent at their home village; the rest of the time they
roamed over their wide extent of territory. As farmers, they must live
in a fixed locality; while, as nomads, their impedimenta must be as
nearly nil as possible. It requires more than one season to change a
native prairie sod into a good crop-producing field, so they necessarily
stayed by their old cornfields. As to their civilization indicated by their
household utensils, we find from the old account books of the Indian
trader on Rock Island, Col. George Davenport, that the sole article of
kitchen wares sold by him to the Indians was the kettle. Nothing else,
aside from blankets, weapons, etc., appears until after they had been
driven to the west side of the Mississippi and were receiving annuities
from the Government, when they indulged in such luxuries as the tea
and coffe pot, tin pans; and the height of luxury was reached in the
purchase of an item, by one of the chiefs, of twenty tin cups. Col.
])avenport's credit book for 1830, has accounts of 250 individual Indians.
Out of the lot the following is a fair sample of the nature of the goods
purchased :

1830. Pow-we-shick. Upper Mines.

1 Stroud $0 00 1 Tomyhawk..$ 2 00 1 Bell $1 00

1 Pt. Blanket. 3 00 Salt 1 00 1 Pr. Combs.. 1 00

1 Molten Man- 1 Breachcloth. 2 00 1 Knife 50

tlet 4 00 1 Tin kettle.. 4 00

2 Knives 1 00 4 Traps 24 00 $49 50

The blulf known as the Black Hawk Watch Tower is three-fourths of
a mile in length, its highest point being at the western extremity men-
tioned in the opening paragraph above. A half mile east of this point
the bluff rises sheer from the water's edge to a height of one hundred
seventy-five feet and here the Watch Tower Inn is located. One can

Cabin on site of Black Hawk's Wigwam where he lived I
loss of a son and daughter. It is on the bluff overlookinf

/o years mourning the
the Indian Village.

119

scarcely imagine a more beautiful scene than is to be had from this
point. Visitors never tire of it but return to it time and again. Rock
Eivcr flowing immediately by the foot of the bluff is here divided by
islands and at the far side is the Hennepin Canal ; and beyond, is the
village of Milan, which at this distance seems perpetually to be dozing
in the summer's sun. Thousands of visitors come by trolley every week
of the warm season and many an evening finds the gi'ounds covered with
parties gathered about the picnic basket.

It is interesting to know that this spot attracted the Indian no less
than the varied population of the Tri-cities of today. Here they came on
pleasure bent, and Black Hawk in his autobiography says : "This tower
to which my name was applied was a favorite resort, and was frequently
visited by me alone, when I could sit and smoke my pipe, and look with
wonder and pleasure at the grand scenes that were presented by the Sun's
rays, even across the mighty waters. On one occasion a Frenchman who
had been making his home in our village, brought his violin with him
to the tower, to play and dance for the amusement of a number of our
people who had assembled there; and while dancing with his back to the
cliff, accidentally fell over it and was killed by the fall." The Indians
declared that always at the same time of the year, soft strains of the
violin could be heard near that spot.

The famous chief at one time moved from his village below the
hill to the top of the Watch Tower bluff, where he lived for two years
doing penance over the death of a beloved son and daughter. The exact
location of his cabin is vouched for by one of our grand old pioneers
still living, to whom it Avas pointed out by other pioneers (now deceased),
who lived here among the Indians, previous to their going, finally, across
tlie Mississippi. We will let Black Hawk tell the story in his own words:

"My eldest son was taken sick and died. He had always been a
dutiful child and had just grown to manhood. Soon after, my youngest
daughter, an interesting and affectionate child, died also. This was a
hard stroke, because I loved my children. In my distress I left the noise
of the village and built my lodge on a mound in the cornfield, and
enclosed it with a fence, around which I planted corn and beans. Here
I w^as with my family alone. I gave away everything I had and reduced
myself to poverty. The only covering I retained was a piece of buffalo
robe. I blacked my face and resolved on fasting for twenty-four moons,
for the loss of my two children — drinking only of water during the day
and eating sparingly of boiled corn at sunset. I fulfilled my promise,
hoping that the Great Spirit would take pity on me."

From the location of this lodge of penance we will step fonv^ard
some thirty paces to the vantage point mentioned at the beginning of
this story — the Indian burial mound at the extreme western end of the
bluff. The time is June, A. D. 1831. All has changed. For three years
the white man and the Indian had lived side by side, the former having
plowed up and occupied many of the cornfields of the latter. It was no
use trying to live together, and the determined Black Hawk told the
whites they must go. Terror-stricken, the settlers fled to the protection
of Fort Armstrong, on Rock Island. On June 20 came the white
man's answer, to which the chief and all his braves together could make
no reply. To the south of Rock River, from where Andalusia now

120

stands, came a cavalcade of sixteen hundred horsemen, headed by His
Excellency, Governor John Eeynolds, and Brigadier General Joseph
Duncan, and a further contingent of two hundred men acting as a spy
battalion under Major Samuel Whiteside. To the right from our van-
tage point came the company of Eock River Eangers, deployed as skirm-
ishers, followed by nine companies of the United States Regulars and a
piece of artillery, all commanded by John Bliss, Commander at Fort
Armstrong. As if this were not sufficient there came up by way of Rock
River a steamboat carrying the Commander-in-Chief, General Edmund
P. Gaines, with more United States soldiers and more artillery. But
the Indians' messenger service had always been reliable; they had not
doubted its spies now; so the white man this day found not an Indian;
all were safe beyond the broad Father of Waters. With two thousand
five hundred soldiers encamped for a distance of ten miles along the
Mississippi, Black Hawk and his people, horses, dogs and all, had crossed
under cover of darkness, and not a sentry so much as suspected that any
one had passed.

Chagrined that the wily enemy had so easily slipped by them, the
pale-faced militia gratified their bent for destruction by firing the lodges
and in a little while the village which for a century had been the home
of a happy people, had gone up in smoke, a sacrifice upon the altar of the
higher civilization.

But Black Hawk was not so easily to be disposed of. To his utmost
he used his powers of persuasion upon the warriors of the unhappy
tribes. Against him was pitted Chief Keokuk, who argued the useless-
ness of further protest against the whites. Bitter dissensions aggravated
their condition. A miserable year passed, but with the return of spring,
came the overwhelming desire to return to their villages, as had been
the custom all of their lives. This time but a thousand people came with
him. The squaws, old men, children and supplies, came up the Missis-
sippi in canoes, while the chief with his warriors, well armed, came on
horseback up the Illinois side of the river. As they reached the mouth
of Rock River, they beat their drums to show the soldiers at Fort Arm-
strong they were not afraid. Again the settlers fled to the fort, and
again the scenes of the previous year : great columns of mounted militia ;
Rock River Rangers and United States Regulars; thousands of enlisted
Americans participated in the summer of 1832 in removing for all time
from his beloved Watch Tower and village this determined son of the
forest and plains. Among those with whom he measured his valor and
strategy were two who became Presidents of the United States; one
who presided over the Southern States in their revolt of the 60's ; three
who afterwards served as United States Senators ; Judges of the Illinois
Supreme Court; five Governors of Illinois and many more who became
famous in the military as well as the civil affairs of the nation.

It is not within the province of this paper to follow the fortunes
and misfortunes of these contending forces. Enough to say that in the
first engagement. Black Hawk and a small part of his forces completely
routed their antagonists, who outnumbered the Indians seven to one, and
spread the greatest consternation among the settlers of the middle west.
Their frightful battle yells caused the panic-stricken militia of Major

1?1

Stillman's to report that they had been attacked by two thousand blood-
rhirgty savages.

Early in April, 1832, the Indians, fearful, yet buoyed with hope,
had crossed the Mississippi to return to Eock River. On April 12 they
passed the ruins of their old home village, and that night found them a
little way above where Milan now stands, for the last time encamped in
sight of their old favorite resort, the Black Hawk Watch Tower. Less
than four months later they were in such straits that the chief says of
them: "Our only hope to save ourselves was to get across the Missis-
sippi;" but first they must find means of reaching that stream. Some
had gained the Wisconsin River, which they began to descend in liastily
constructed canoes, but there were soldiers along the way, and their
chief's account of it says: "Some of our people were killed, others
drowned, several taken prisoners, and the balance escaped to the woods
and perished with hunger." This experience was repeated at the Bad
Axe as the remnant of his faithful followers were swimming the Missis-
sippi for their lives. "One hundred and fifty were killed, most of them
in the water." Of the one thousand who had announced their presence
with the beating of drums as they entered Rock River in April, only
three hundred lived to reach what was henceforth to be their home — the
country farther west; and the proud old chief, now past sixty years of
age, who in his day had led his warriors against the enemies of his
people; who had extended and kept clear of trespassers, their hunting
grounds, and who among all the famed Indian warriors of American
history had not a peer in generalship on the field of battle; the old
war-chief. Black Hawk, broken in spirit and utterly humiliated, was
given over to the care and custody of his hated rival, Keokuk.

"Bitter reflections crowd upon my mind," said the chief afterwards.
"How different our situation now from what it was in those happy days.
Then we were as happy as the buffalo on the plains, but now we are as
miserable as the hungry wolf on the prairie." * * * "When I called
to mind the scenes of my youth and those of later days, when I reflected
that the theater on which these were acted had been so long the home of
my fathers who now slej^t on the hills around it, I could not bring my
mind to consent to leave this country for any earthly consideration."

Truly, there is a charm about Black Hawk's home country for all
who visit it, and a benediction for all who gaze from the heights of the
tower upon the scenes of beauty beneath it, and contemplate the great
drama enacted within its sacred precincts.

122

THE WILLIAMSON COUNTY VENDETTA.

(By George W. Young, Marion.)

In speaking of that part of the State of Illinois commonly called
Egypt, the reader usnally has in mind that portion of the State lying
south of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which traces almost a straight
line from East St. Louis, in St. Clair County, through Carlyle, the
county seat of Clinton County, Salem, the county seat of Marion County,
Flora, the county seat of Clay County, Olney, the county seat of Rich-
land County, Lawrenceville, the county seat of Lawrence County, ending
at Vincennes on the east bank of the Wabash River in Indiana.

Williamson County is bounded on the north by Franklin, on the
west by Jackson, on the south by Union and Johnson Counties, on the
east by Saline County. It is eighteen miles north and south by twenty-
four miles east and west. Marion, the county seat, is in the geographical
center of the county. It is a great coal producing county and has some
of the largest and best equipped mines in the southern part of the State.
It occupies a rather central position between the Mississippi River on
the west and the Ohio River on the east and south, being about sixty
miles north of Metropolis and the Ohio River, about seventy-five miles
north and a little east of Cairo at the junction of the Ohio and Missis-
sippi Rivers.

Williamson County and Franklin County were both embraced in
one territory until eighteen hundred and thirty-nine (1839), when by
act of the Legislature the territory of Franklin County was divided and
the southern half was called Williamson County. Marion was estab-
lished as the county seat.

The early settlers of the county were emigrants, principally from-
the southern states, Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. They were
imbued with strong southern proclivities, having been used to slavery
and raised under the influence of the slave-owning aristocracy of these
slave-holding states. JSTotwithstanding all of this, they were, as a rule,
men of sterling integrity and great force of character; and when they
once became settled in an opinion which they believed to be right, they
were strong and determined in defending their notions of right and
wrong.

This being true, of course, the prevailing political sentiment was
Democratic, leaning towards the Southern Democracy. In order to show
how strong this sentiment was, it is only necessary to refer back to the
presidential election of 1856, when James Buchanan, Democratic candi-
date, received 1,419 votes; John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate,
received but ten (10) votes; Fillmore and Donaldson received 188 votes;
total number of votes cast, 1,617. Four years later, at the election of

123

1860, Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic candidate for President,
received 1,835 votes; Breckenridge, the southern wing Democratic
candidate, received 40 votes; Bell and Everett, the Constitution-union
candidates, received 166 votes; Lincoln and Hamlin, the Repuhlican
candidates, received only 173 votes out of a total 2,214 votes cast.

At the election of 1864 which took place during the war, at which
Illinois soldiers were not allowed to vote while in the field, Lincoln
received 859 votes, while McClellan received 1,121 votes. Total votes
cast, 1,908. It will be observed that from 60 to 64 the Republican, or
Abraham Lincoln, vote had increased from 173 in 1860 to 859 in 1864;
but during the period of the Civil War, from 1861 to 1865, Williamson
County furnished the Union army with more than fifteen hundred troops.

During the Civil War there were a great many southern refugees
came to this county, principally from Tennessee and Kentucky. These
refugees were what we usually termed Southern Unionists, or, in other
words, they were opposed to secession, and favored the old Stars and
Stripes, and the Union of our fathers; and as a natural result they had
a great many relatives in the Union army; and this being so, they were
ostracized and abused by the strong rebel element in many localities in
the states from whence they came. These southern refugees, as a rule,
brought with them their fiery southern spirit. The southern tinge of
honor and bravery and fight was at all times ready to resent any insult
or supposed insult reflecting upon their integrity and honor. They
could not, and, as a rule, would not, brook an insult, or supposed insult.
Such meant fight. A great many of these refugees, as they were called,
settled in the western portion of Williamson and the eastern portion of
Jackson counties.

It must not be forgotten, or lost sight of, that the major portion of
the original settlers and residents of the western portion of Williamson
County, and all other parts of the county for that matter, were the lineal
descendants of the families emigrating from the southern states during
the Civil War ; and that they brought with them to this State that degree
of fiery spirit and resentment to any insult or supposed insult that might
be given to them for any cause or from any source. Thus it can be
readily seen that any physical trouble terminating in force or fight was
just as ready and as natural from the old settlers as it was from the
more recent immigrants, or refugees; in this you have one blood, one
sentiment, one disposition, one nature and one ambition.

It cannot be Avell or truthfully said that the Williamson County
Vendetta, as it has passed into history, originated and was conducted
along political lines ; that is, it was not a war of Republicans on the one
side and Democrats on the other; while there was some politics devel-
oped, yet such was incidentally thrown in, and had no relative bearing
upon results which appeared to be killing certain persons. As the ani-
mosities, hatred, and revenge grew and spread out from one family and
kindred to another, and apparently from one settlement to another, there
seemed to be a growing desire to assassinate and kill whomever some one
individual, or one or more individuals, seem to decide upon without any
special or given reason for such conduct.

134

It will be impossible to go into all of the minute details connected
with what is generally referred to in history as the Williamson County
Vendetta of 1874 to 1876.

When we come to look at the first beginning, and trace it thru all
of its meanderings and connecting circumstances at this distant day;
when we attempt to analyze the different families and forces that were
connected in this deadly strife extending over three years, we are lost
in wonder and amazement at the results. It seems there were about six
families lined up in the foreground at the beginning of the trouble;
namely, the Eussell family, the Sisney family, the Henderson family,
the Bulliner family, the Grain family, -and the Hinchcliff family. So
far as the Eussell family is concerned, it could never be ascertained that
more than one of them was engaged very extensively in the strife; that
is Thomas Eussell, who is still living. He was the son of Jefferson
Eussell. The said Jefferson Eussell, long since deceased, was an old
resident of the county, had lived in the west side of the county, perhaps,
since the year 1838. There was a large family of the Eussells. I think
they originally cam« from Tennessee in an early day. George W. Sisney
was one of the old-time settlers. He was a soldier in the Mexican War,
and was also a captain in the Eighty-first Illinois Infantry Volunteers
during the Givil War. James Henderson was allied with a large family,
but they did not come to this county until about the year 1863. Politically
the three families I have mentioned were all Eepublicans. Then we
have the Bulliner family; and the Grain family; and the Hinchcliff fam-
ily. They were considered Democrats, but they were not looked upon
as mean, or reckless in their conduct and manner of living. They owned
large tracts of land and followed farming for a living.

I attribute the animosities growing out of the little bouts and fights
which were at the inception of this extensive feud to the war spirit of
the times. All of these leading families were in a measure connected
with the outbreak, the progress and result of the Civil War. Passions
ran high. And while it might be said that the war had been closed for
nearly eight years, yet there had been one continuous battle of politics
going on in this county since 1866, and the blood was never allowed to
cool down.

I will give only a few little incidents which appear in the fore-
ground in connection with the character and disposition of the actors,
and which go a good way toward explaining the results that developed
later.

The first fight in the Vendetta history occurred in July, 1872, in a
saloon near the west side of Williamson County, in which it appears
that some of the Bulliner boys were playing cards. A couple of the Hen-
derson boys came in and, watching the run of the game, began to bet
on results; and this, of course, caused them to, as the saying goes, "put
in" or "butt in" and interfere with the conduct of the game. This
enraged the players, who were the Bulliners, and they soon got into a
fight, and it was claimed that the Hendersons got the worst of it. They
carried it with tlicm for some time and perhaps it was renewed at differ-
ent places; like the rolling of a snow ball, the more it is rolled the more
it gathers. They began to gather in those taking sides and renewed the
fight in various ways for something like three years. This had the effect

125

of bringing in the Sisneys and the Eussells. Another little occurrence
came along between one of the Bulliners and the older Mr. Sisney in the
settlement and payment of some rent which was due from one of Mr.
Sisney's tenants. Mr, Sisney's farm joined Mr. Bulliner's on the east.
The tenant sold some oats to Mr. Bulliner to pay a debt, and also let
Mr. Sisney have the same oats as pay on the rent. This brought up a
controversy between David Bulliner and George W. Sisney, as to who
was the rightful owner of the oats. They had a lawsuit. Sisney held
the oats; along in connection with this trial Mr. Bulliner accused
Mr. Sisney of swearing a falsehood at the trial and that was the reason
why he gained the lawsuit. This conversation was in a blacksmith shop
on Mr. Sisney's farm. This enraged Mr. Sisney to such an extent that
he picked up a shovel and knocked David Bulliner down. There were
some four or six of the Bulliner boys living on the adjoining farm.
David Bulliner ran home and got three of his brothers and his father.
They came back with their guns and pistols; and Sisney, seeing them
coming, retreated out of his house into a field, and they began firing on
Sisney. It is said that he was hit by four of the balls, which took effect
in his leg and hip, rendering him helpless. The old man Bulliner and
one of the boj^s took Mr. Sisney into his house, and cared for him as
best they could. Sisney was able to be up and about in the course of five
or six weeks. It is proper to mention here that Sisney had three grown
sons Avho were full of grit and fight, and they never got over the treat-
ment their father received. It would seem they gradually went with the
Eussells and Hendersons as new actors came upon the stage.

There were several men and boys belonging to the Grain family.
In fact, this being an old and populous family, there were really more
of them than of any other family connected with the feud, and, as a rule,
they were all fighters.

Along at first — that is, for the first year or so — 1872 and 1873 — it
would seem that there was more of a family or settlement feud than
anything else. In looking over the map of the territory which embraced
so much fighting, shooting and killing, J find that the whole scene of the
troubles is embraced in about six miles square, not more territory than
is embraced in one township; but in this locality is situated the little
railroad station called Crainville, in the vicinity of which most of the
Grains lived. Then we would have the Sisneys and Bulliners on the
south, the Eussells on the west, the Hendersons and HinchclifPs on the
north, and the Grains on the east and center. At this little railroad
station called Grainville there were two stores, a blacksmith shop, drug-
store and some other little huckster stands as a part of the accessories of
the little village. The drug-store, of course, furnished "spirits fermenti"
on prescriptions. Every time any of the different warring factions came
together there was more or less fighting of some kind. This of itself did
not amount to much at the time, but as usual it is claimed that some one
or the other of the factions took an undue advantage of the other and
thereby left a tinge of hard feeling and malice on, the part of those who
got the worst of it, claiming that an undue advantage was taken of them
by the victorious factions.

I speak of the parties as boys. I do not mean by this that they were
little schoolboys; on the contrary, I mean that they were ostensibly

126

growu-up men, none of them perhaps under eighteen years of age, rang-
ing from that to thirty years and over. Strictly speaking, they were
young men and old men and they all got into it, and it spread out so
.that before the high tide was reached several were killed, mostly by
assassination; but a vast number were driven from the country.

It would make this article entirely too lengthy to review, and men-
tion in detail all of the actors who were connected in this terrible drama,
beginning in 1872 and ending in 1876.

To tell of all of the different fights and personal injuries inflicted
and received would make a long chapter; but the enormity of this con-
spiracy consists in the taking of life by assassination of the prominent
citizens and heads of families, who were living in the county at th^ time,
and looked upon as reliable, honest citizens. The record shows the fol-
lowing: December 12, 1873, George Bulliner, sr., who was a man of
some wealth and prominence and looked upon as honest, sober and indus-
trious, and possessed of considerable energy and enterprise, and was
the father of the Bulliner boys heretofore spoken of, was assassinated in
broad daylight as he was riding along on the public road on horseback
near the west line of Williamson County by some parties who were con-
cealed in a tree top and who had made a blind and were waiting for his
appearance. He was shot four times, receiving the discharge of two
double-barrel shot guns held by two assassins. The next in line was his
son, David Bulliner, a young man about thirty-two years old, who was
living with his father adjoining the Sisney farm. He had been to
church that night, and on his way back in company with some young
people he was fired upon by some parties hidden in a fence corner near
the road. He died in a few hours. That was March 27, 1874. The
next was, May 15, 1874, James Henderson, a farmer and head of a
family. He came from Kentucky and was opening up a farm north of
Crainville. He was working in his new ground one afternoon mending
log heaps. He lay down to rest on the ground and was fired upon from
the woods near by and killed. The next was, May 25, 1874. John
Ditmore, a farmer, was assassinated while plowing in his field. It was
thought he was killed because he saw the parties who shot James Hen-
derson. Next was, October 4, 1874, Dr. Vincent Hinchcliff. He had
been out to visit some patients after night and was returning home
horseback. He Avas fired upon from the woods and killed.

Next was, December 12, 1874, Captain George W. Sisney, who was
at that time living adjoining Bulliner's farm in Williamson County.
He was shot thru the window in his house while in a conversation with
another man by the name of Hindman. It was a severe wound tearing
the muscle off of his left arm and severely wounding him in the side.
He recovered sufficiently to go to his place. He soon afterwards moved
to Carbondale in Jackson County, Illinois, where he lived until July
28, 1875. He was sitting in his house on the north side of the square in
Carbondale, conversing with a friend by the name of Overton Stanley
when Marshal T. Grain slipped up. and watching his opportunity, shot
him with a double-barrel shot gun heavily charged, killing him instantly.
Next was, July 31, 1875, William Spence, a merchant at Crainville,
who owned a store and was sleeping upstairs. Some parties went and
called him down under the pretense of wanting to buy some shrouding.

As he was coining to the door with a hamp in his hands he was shot dead.
Here we have a list of seven prominent farmers, business men and
professional men, who became the prey of the assassin's bullet. There
were others who were wonnded and injured, but so far as my research
goes these are the only deaths that I can find.

Of course, the indignation of the people became aroused in 1874,
but the scene of the tragedy and the murders was nearly 12 miles from
the county seat; and the county officers, and officers of the law, living
mostly at the county seat, were slow to gather up the enormity of the
crimes that were being committed. But finally, public sentiment became
aroused and two of the best lawyers in this end oL' the State were em-
ployed to assist the prosecution. They were Andrew D. Duff, ex-circuit
judge, and Hon. William J. Allen who died while filling the office oL'
United States District Judge at Springfield January 2G, 1901. Several
of the parties who were most actively engaged in the bloody work were
a^jprehended and one or two of them turned State's evidence on the
rest. Quite a number of them were sent to the penitentiary for long
terms. Prosecution of these parties, it was estimated, cost the county
over $13,000— $4,000 in rewards, attorneys' fees alone $3,650.

The man who assassinated Captain George W. Sisney on the north
side of the public square in Carbondale, Illinois, was arraigned before
the circuit court of Williamson County, the Hon. Monroe C. Crawford,
judge presiding, who is still living at Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois.
Marshal T. Crain when so arraigned on the 19th day of October, 1875,
entered his plea of not guilty. The Hon. William W. Clemens, now
judge of the city court of Marion, a good lawyer and an old practitioner,
who has been in the law practice in this city ever since 1863, was
appointed by the court to defend Mr. Crain; when they were preparing
to take the evidence Mr. Crain changed his mind, withdrew his plea of
"not guilty" and entered the plea of guilty. I was present at the trial.
It was a most singular occurrence. The State's attorney and those who
were assisting him, Hon. A. D. Duff and W. J. Allen, objected to his
withdrawing his plea of not guilty on- the ground that it was a case of
murder and that the jury was the only tribunal empowered by the Con-
stitution to pass upon his guilt or innocence; that it was not necessary
for the defendant to plead at all, but by standing mute it was a plea of
not guilty. Judge Crawford finally decided to let him withdraw his
plea of "not guilty" and let the case be decided by the court. Judge
Crawford took up nearly two days hearing the evidence in connection
with the two witnesses who had turned "State's evidence" and those to
whom Marshal T. Grain himself had confessed to the killing of Captain
Sisney. I have before me the partial report of that remarkable hearing.

i will insert the substance of what was said by Judge Crawford, as
I believe it is the only case, up to that time, where the court had passed
the death sentence upon a defendant upon a ]ilea of guilty of murder.
The judge said :

"It is natural to all men to avoid serious responsibility and I Avould
much rather this case had been tried by a jury; but the defendant per-
sisted in his plea of guilty and threw himself on the mercy of the court;
and that I might act advisedly, I had the witnesses summoned and
brought into court to see if the plea of guilty was really true, as plondod

128

in this case; and it clearly appears, not only by the plea, but by the
mouths of the witnesses that the defendant is guilty of murder — a murder
that seldom occurs in any county, among any people, a murder without
passion. Out in the still woods, God's first temple, they coolly and
deliberately planned to take the life of their fellow man." The judge
and whole audience were much affected. He then went over the circum-
stances of the killing in a feeling and touching manner. The judge said:
"The Legislature in making the death penalty, clearly contemplated that
there would be cases arise which would deserve this penalty. By the law
we stand or fail. No other crime equals this in coolness and by all the
laws of God and man this man has forfeited his life to the people of the
State, The responsibility is a great one. I hope to God that never
again will a court in a civilized country have this duty to perform. The
people in my position, make it my duty to administer the law, and pro-
nounce its judgment. Before God and my fellow man I must do my
duty.''' There were other expressions from the judge in reference to the
powers that could give him relief, a warning as to his future; but the
closing sentence is as follows: "The sentence of the court is that the
defendant, Marshal T. Grain, be hanged by the neck until he is dead,
within the walls of the prison in the town of Marion, county of William-
son and State of Illinois, on Friday, the 21st day of January, 1876,
between the hours of ten o'clock in the morning and two o'clock in the
afternoon of the same day. May God have mercy upon your soul."

With the hanging of Marshal Grain public sentiment became aroused.
The leading men and property owners of the county came boldly to the
front. They organized a company of militia and set their faces hard
against the murderous element. Money was subscribed liberally to
employ attorneys, hunt up witnesses, and obtain evidence. Those who
were foremost in acting the leading parts were indicted; some plead
guilty; some took change of venue to Alexander and Jackson counties,
were tried and convicted and sentenced to a series of years in the peni-
tentiary. I have it from the record there were eight of them. I shall
not insert their names in this paper, for the reason that some of them
are still living. I will only add that most of their sentences were com-
muted after they had served a major portion of their time; and it is but
justice to them to say that since they have resumed their relations of
citizenship, they have been honorable, industrious, and law-abiding
citizens.

In concluding this paper, I will say that I debated the question in
my own mind for some time as to whether or not it would be the proper
thing to place this part of our county's history upon the records of this
society ; but upon reflection I thought it would be as well to let the
world know the truth of the terrible tragedies as they actually occurred
at the time. It would hardly be expected that I could give all the facts
in detail; but only a few of the leading incidents, which show the record
of a few of the leading actors of the "Williamson County Vendetta"
that has passed into history.

I will close by adding that while our afflictions have been severe,
yet, I believe that they have, in the main, had a good effect, because
Williamson County now stands amongst the foremost counties in lower
Egypt. We have the best and largest coal mines, the best equipped and

139

conducted railroads. We have the best school system in lower Egypt.
Our people, as a rule, are sober, honest, intelligent and industrious ; and
while we have passed through trials and great tribulations, yet, we stand
forth now before the people of this great State as a splendid county, a
splendid community and an honor to this great commonwealth.

— 9 H S

130

THE THIRTY-NINTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS, YATES
PHALANX.

(By W. H. Jenkins, Pontine.)

The Thirty-ninth Eegiment had its birth during that period of
great excitement and the intense feeling of indignation that followed
upon the opening act of rebellion — the firing upon Fort Sumpter,
Charleston Harbor, April 13, 1861.

A party of gentlemen had assembled in the law office of Moore &
Osborn in the old Tremont Building on Dearborn Street, Chicago, to
give expression to the feelings engendered by this outrage and insult to
the flag of our country, when it was suggested that a company of
infantry be raised at once, and tendered to the Governor of the State.
Action M^as taken and the names of Thomas 0. Osborn, Frank B.
Marshall, Dr. S. C. Blake, Joseph A. Cutler, George Coatsworth, Dr.
Charles M. Clark and a few others were enrolled as members. Soon the
idea occurred that it might be as easy to organize and raise a regiment
as a company and measures were taken to that end. In less than six
weeks' time some thirteen hundred men were ready and impatient for
muster into the United States service.

Unfortunately the State had filled its quota under the first call for
troops and it was found that the regiment could not be accepted at that
time, but was requested to await the next call which it was expected
would soon be made ; but the men were impatient to get to the front and
into active service, and learning that the state of Missouri was behind
in raising its proportion of men, the regiment was tendered to the
Governor of that state but with a like result, for which I have always
been thankful, as we thus had the honor of serving under the name of
our own beloved State.

The regiment decided upon bearing the name of His Excellency,
Eichard Yates, the Governor of the State, and became known as the
"Yates Phalanx."

On the 10th day of October, 1861, a beautiful silk flag was pre-
sented to the regiment by Miss Helen Arion, the daughter of C. P.
Arion, who had taken a lively interest in the regiment from the first.
The presentation was made at the close of dress parade by Fernando
Jones on behalf of Miss Helen Arion, and the flag was received by
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas 0. Osborn, who in a few well-chosen words
thanked the fair donor in behalf of the regiment and ended by naming
her the "Daughter of the Eegiment."

On October 11, 1861, at seven o'clock in the morning the officers
and men were formed for inspection and for "Muster-in" by Captain
Webb, U. S. A. Eight hundred and six officers and men were in line,
all being present except Company H, which was in process of recruiting.

W. H. JENKINS,
Young Soldier.

181

Some little time was occupied by the inspection and when the order was
given to raise the right hand and be sworn, the sight was solemn and
inspiring, as this body of stalwart and eager men took the oath to defend
and ever uphold the Government of the United States of America.

The regiment left that night via the C. & A. E. E. for Benton
Barracks, Mo., and from there, on October 31, for Williamsport, Mary-
land, where they went into camp. On December 15, 1861, the regiment
broke camp and departed for Hancock, Maryland, some sixteen miles
distant and arrived there on the following day and at once crossed the
Potomac Eiver to Alpine Station, Va., having orders to guard the
Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad.

The various companies were distributed as follows : Companies A,
B, C, and F at Alpine Station and vicinity; Company E at Sir John's
Eun, six miles distant up the road in the direction of Cumberland, and
Companies D, K, and I at Bath or Berkeley Springs, six miles in the
interior back of the river. The regimental headquarters being at Alpine
in the vacant house belonging to Johnson Orrick, then a member of the
Confederate Congress, and who had removed his family to Eichmond.
Some earthworks were thrown up near the Orrick house for the protec-
tion of headquarters that was christened Fort Osborn, but there was
never occasion for their use.

The first engagement came on January 8, 1862, when a battalion
was attacked by Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with a force of 15,000. By
the aid of artillery, the battalion held the enemy in check for twenty-
four hours with the loss of three slightly wounded and eight taken pris-
oners. The service after this was constant and severe. The regiment
participated in the battle of Winchester March 23, 1862, in which came
the defeat of Stonewall Jackson. The remainder of the year was devoted
to service under Gen. McDowell and Gen. McClellan, and finally retreat
with the army to Fort Monroe; and from there the regiment proceeded
to Suffolk, Va., reaching there September 3, 1862, and made encamp-
ment just outside the town.

The regiment was kept busy cutting timber, throwing up entrench-
ments and forts and occasionally participating in expeditions out to the
Blackwater Eiver eighteen miles distant, where there was quite a force
of the enemy. On one of these reconnoissances, the regiment had a
lively brush with the enemy, capturing two pieces of artillery and forty
prisoners, without the loss of a man.

The regiment lost two men at Suffolk — one killed by being struck
by a falling tree while at work with his comrades in felling timber for
use in constructing redoubts; the other dying from tj^phoid fever. The
work devolving upon the soldiers at this post was immense, and very
seldom was there a day that could be devoted to rest or amusement; for
when not engaged in work on the entrenchments and forts, there was
sure to be an alarm from the advance-guard of the enemy's approach, and
the men held in constant readiness for defense.

On January 5, 1863, our division moved out for Chowan Eiver,
seventy-five miles distant, which was reached on the afternoon of January
8. It was taken on board transports for Newbern, N. C, which was
reached the following morning, January 9.

133

We were now in the department commanded by General A. J.
Foster, Colonel Thomas 0. Osborn was placed in temporary command
of the brigade here. We were sent some three miles out of the city to
make encampment. While at JSTewbern the regiment received an elegant
flag from Governor Eichard Yates of Illinois, bearing his portrait, and
on the day of its reception at the hour of "dress parade/' it was placed
in the hands of the "color guard" with appropriate ceremonies. Short
speeches were made by several of the officers, the sum and substance being
"Never submit to its dishonor or permit its capture by the enemy." The
history of the Thirty-ninth shows how well it was guarded and cared for
by the many brave men who have constituted the "color guard" during
the long and bloody years they were called upon to sustain it. Fully two-
thirds of the guard who first received the flag were killed while support-
ing it at the battles of Drury's Bluff, Hatchers Eun, and Darbytown
Cross Eoads ; and it with the other colors of the regiment was honorably
and proudly borne back to the "muster-out" at the capital of the State in
December, 1865, their folds scarred and rent with rifle balls, but covered
all over with glory. The archives of the State contain no better symbols
of the braverv and devotion of her sons than the banners of the "Yates
Phalanx."

The regiment then was taken to Hilton Head, S. C, where it par-
ticipated in the siege of Fort Wagner, and was the first to enter, planting
the regiment's colors on the parapet two hours before the time set for
the general charge.

In January, 1864, the Thirty-ninth was the first in the Department
to reenlist for another three years or during the continuance of the war,
and be sent home on a thirty days' furlough.

All was in readiness, on the morning of January 28, 1864, to move
down to the wharf for the purpose of embarking for home; but it was
fully afternoon before the march was commenced, and this delay was
occasioned from the fact that three brigades of the division were pre-
paring to escort us, a compliment which gratified every man of the regi-
ment, and the march to the wharf was a perfect ovation. The regiment
numbered at this time four hundred and fifty men.

The Thirty-ninth was popular and a favorite in the Department, as
evinced on all sides at this time, and the following letters given to
Colonel Osborn by Generals Gilmore and Seymour for Governor Yates
plainly showed the esteem to our commanders:

"Headquarters, Hilton Head, January 25, 186Jf.
To His Excellency, the Governor of Illinois.

Sir: The Thirty-ninth Eegiment Illinois Volunteers, Colonel T. 0.
Osborn, having reenlisted as a 'veteran regiment,' has been furloughed
and will soon proceed homeward. I cannot permit it to leave my com--
mand without expressing, so far as I am able, my entire satisfaction with
its conduct under all circumstances.

It will display to you, possibly, a state of discipline and excellence
of instruction that will not be diminished by contrast with the very best
of our volunteer regiments, and you may be justly proud of its past and
present efficiency, for which Colonel Osborn, a most excellent officer,
deserves great praise.

133

Your Excellency will, I am sure, afford Colonel Osborn every reason-
able facility for filling his command, and you can entrust the interests
of your citizen-soldiers to no better hands. And I am,
Your Excellency's obedient servant,

T. Seymour, Brig. Gen. Commanding."

On the back of this letter was the following endorsement by General
Gilmore :

"Headquarters, Department of the South,

Hilton Head, January 25, 186U.

I heartily endorse everything Brigadier General Seymour says of
the Thirty-ninth Eegiment Illinois Volunteers, and their commanders,
and hope the Governor of Illinois will use his influence to have the regi-
ment returned to my command when recruited, unless Colonel Osborn
prefers some other.

Q. A. Gilmore, Maj. Gen. Commanding."

On February 6, 1864, the regiment arrived in Chicago and were
given a hearty reception and a good supper in Bryan Hall by the lovely,
loyal and patriotic ladies of Chicago. After a feast of good things
seasoned with the loving smiles of the pretty waiters, some speech-
making was indulged in by Lieutenant Colonel Mann and Colonel
Osborn, and the festivities closed with a song or two by the Regimental
Glee Club. The men then marched to North Market Hall and bivouacked
for the night. The following morning the regiment again repaired to
Bryan Hall for breakfast and were more than satisfied with what they
received at the hands of the ladies.

After breakfast the boys were given furloughs to proceed to their
homes and report back to Camp Fry, Chicago, within ten days.

On February 28, 1864, having received about three hundred recruits,
we were instructed to report at Washington, D. C. It was a sorrowful
time, to break loose from the home ties that bound us, but the remorse-
less clutch of war had its grip upon every one of us, and it was. Forward,
March ! We could not help but reflect upon and repeat the sentiments
of the poet "I B," who says :

"When fortune has severed the home ties that bind us,

Though peaceful vocations have called us away.
How anxious we feel for the loved ones behind us.

And deprecate every unlooked for delay.
No less do the loved ones partake of the sorrow,

Who bide by the hearthstone, though silent, yet sad;
Xot sustained by excitement, or hope for the morrow.

Even fancy refuses to make the heart glad.

But when ruthless war has, with power unrelenting,

Torn warm loving hearts from each other's embrace,
And made to face death with no time for repenting.

How fearful the picture no pencil can trace !
If love to our country and God, without measure,

Shall rule and prevail in each patriot's breast,
We can welcome such trials — yes, hail them with pleasure.

And anchor our hopes in the land of the blest.

134

It is well at all times to prepare for the parting,

Which falls to the lot of us mortals below,
Earth is transient at best, and the brin}^ tears starting,

Should point to the land where the tear does not flow.
Yes, there is a land that is free from all sorrow.

Where friend can greet friend without fearing to part;
Earth is hollow — our footsteps may crumble tomorrow;

Then 'build on the Rock' and have peace in thy heart."

We arrived in Washington on March 3, 1864, and were provided
with quarters for the night at the "Soldiers' Eest."

The following day we crossed the Potomac and went into camp at
Arlington Heights, where we remained until April 25, 1864, drilling
the new recruits, when we marched to Alexandria and took* transports
to Gloucester Point on the York Eiver where we were assigned to the
First Brigade, First Division of the Tenth Army Corps, temporarily
commanded by Brigadier General Eobert S. Foster, while the corps was
temporarily under the care of General Alfred H. Terry. We remained
at this point for several days, reorganizing the regiments, brigades, and
divisions of the corps, turning over all surplus equipage and baggage,
even to our extra clothing, which was boxed up and either stored away
or sent home — thus reducing the command to a fighting condition. On
May 4 we embarked on transports to accompany General Butler's expedi-
tion up the James River to City Point.

At daylight, May 5, the whole fleet got under way and went gal-
lantly down the York River to Chesapeake Bay, reaching Fort Monroe
at 9 :00 o'clock a. m. We halted just long enough to get instructions
that ordered us to proceed up the James River. We reached City Point
about 4:00 p. m., where there were the ruins of some recently burned
buildings and where the advance of our fleet had a skirmish with a
small body of the enemy. Our division did not stop, but proceeded on
to Bermuda Hundred, so called from the fact that a settlement was made
there by one hundred persons from the island of Bermuda many
years ago.

We landed at Bermuda Hundred and bivouacked for the night in
an open field. We were now within fifteen miles of Richmond, and only
seven from Petersburg. At break of day we took up the line of march
in the direction of Drury's Bluff for a distance of six miles, where we
were put to work throwing up intrenchments. At 2 :00 o'clock on the
morning of May 14, the Thirty-ninth was ordered to advance, being
called upon to guard an ammunition train to the front. We reached
the front at 2 :00 o'clock p. m. and at 5 :00 o'clock received orders to
advance to the extreme left of Gilmore's line to support a battery of
artillery near the railroad. While advancing, the enemy opened up a
lively firing with grape and canister, and the men were ordered to lie
down. Colonel Osborn, however, still remained upon his horse, "Old
Mack," and here it was that he received a wound in the right elbow
joint, which confined him to a hospital for some months. Colonel
Osborn remained on the field until his regiment occupied the desired
position and then reported at the field hospital only because forced to
do so from pain and loss of blood.

W. H. JENKINS,
Veteran Soldier.

135

The battle of Drury's BlufE was in fact the first real battle that
the Thirty-ninth was engaged in, and it lost in killed and wounded, one
hundred nineteen officers and enlisted men ; and the loss to Butler's army
numbered fully three thousand. It lasted fully thirteen hours, and was
most hotly contested and in many respects it was a remarkable battle,
considering the early morning hoar in which it began, the dense fog that
obscured the combatants up to 7 :00 o'clock, and the surprise and the
greatly superior number of the assailants. The Thirty-ninth was at one
time nearly surrounded, but they heroically cut their way out, bringing
with them a laTge number of prisoners. The deportment of the regi-
ment in this battle was such that it received the personal thanks of the
General commanding for their display of heroism and endurance.

On May 20 the Brigade attacked the enemy at Wier Bottom
Church, accomplishing their purpose in a most gallant manner. The
loss sustained by the regiment in this engagement amounted to seventy
killed and wounded and the loss to the brigade was three hundred. On
June 2 the regiment sustained about an equal loss in an engagement on
the same ground. During the middle of June the command fought
General Longstreet's Corps and the regiment lost thirty-five men. On
June 22 President Lincoln, accompanied by General Butler and a bril-
liant staff rode along our line of entrenchments and was greeted with
hearty cheers. Nothing of any particular interest took place after the
fight of the 16th of June until August 13, there being a lull in military
operations along our line.

A heavy loss was met with on August 16, when the regiment assisted
in the reconnoissance toward the works at Eichmond. In the charge of
Deep Eun, one hundred and four men were either killed or wounded.
Later in the month the regiment fought in the trenches in front of
Petersburg, where it was under fire night and day.

On October 7 the Battle of Chapin's Farm was fought, and on
October 13 that of the Darbytown Cross Eoads, seven miles from Eich-
mond. Of one hundred and forty men who went into that battle fifteen
were killed and forty-seven were wounded, of whom I was one. But
three officers were left after this battle. During the winter many re-
cruits arrived, and by spring almost a new regiment had been formed.
In that period the regiment took part in the military movements which
finally wrested the strongholds of Petersburg and Eichrnond from the
enemy.

On April 2, 1865, the regiment took part in the charge upon Fort
Gregg, the key to the works about Petersburg and Eichmond. This
fort was surrounded by five other forts and redoubts, and a ditch six
feet deep and twelve feet wide. It fell to the lot of the Thirty-ninth to
make this charge and take the fort. It was the first regiment to gain
the waterway and plant its flag. Only by digging with swords and
bayonets could footholds be secured on the slippery ascent to the parapet.
Here a desperate hand-to-hand struggle ensued and lasted until the fort
was captured. Sixteen members of the Thirty-ninth were killed and
forty-five severely wounded in this bloody conflict. Soon after reaching
Eichmond a grand review of the corps was held, and was made the occa-
sion for the presentation of a new flag to the Thirty-ninth by General
Gibbons. On the standard was perched a magnificent bronze eagle which

136

had been especially ordered by him and suitably engraved, to commemo-
rate the gallant conduct of the Thirty-ninth at the assault on Fort Gregg,
Va., April 2, 1865.

This was the last general review before the disbanding of the old
corps, and it passed ofE in the most satisfactory manner to all concerned,
and especially so to the officers and men of the Thirty-ninth, who were
proud as well as grateful to be honored in such a complimentary manner.

After the taking of Fort Gregg, the regiment took the advance of
the Army of the James in the pursuit of Lee, and after a series of forced
marches by a wide detour succeeded in heading him off, and had the
proud satisfaction of seeing the final surrender at Appomattox Court
House.

On December 16, 1865, the regiment was mustered out in Spring-
field, 111., and its remarkable career ended. The casualties, etc., were:
83 were killed in battle.
■ 61 died of wounds.
25 died in prison.
90 died of disease.

411 were wounded.
4 were drowned.

118 were taken prisoner.

293 were discharged for disability.
34 lost limbs.

191 men were mustered out at expiration of three years' service.

350 men reenlisted as veterans.

844 men enlisted in 1861.

608 recruits were received during the war.

525 officers and men mustered out at close of the war.

The regiment traveled by rail and water 5,038 miles. It marched
1,425 miles, making a total of 6,463 miles traveled.

137

NORTHERN ILLINOIS IN THE GREAT WHIG CONVENTION
OF 1840.

(By Mrs. Edith Packard Kelly, Bloomington.)

I am indebted to your very worthy secretary and her assistants,
The Sangamon Journal, Eock River Express, Chicago American, Peru
Gazette, The Whig, Peoria Press, Register and North Western Gazetteer,
a number of our pioneers, and my mother for the facts in the following
paper :

June 1, 1840, from paper called Old Soldier. Invitation to Spring-
field Convention, June 3 and 4, 1840 :

"One more fire — Suckers to your tents.

"To the old soldiers and log cabin boys of this and adjoining
states — G reetings.

"Come in wagons, on foot, canoes, brigs, horseback or schooner —
Come. Representatives from Northern Illinois to the Presidential Con-
vention at Springfield, June 3 and 4."

Realizing that the days and years are fast slipping by when one can
obtain facts of those by gone days and men from those who were actors
or witnesses of such facts, I have endeavored to learn what I could of
that memorable campaign of 1840 and those who took part — from
research — old newspaper files, old pioneers, and my mother who was at
that time a girl of 10 years. What makes the following facts of McLean
County so clear to her, was the illness of her father and his part in the
celebration. Therefore, as she says, the picture is as vivid to her as if it
were but yesterday. That campaign which held so much of weight for
our country's welfare was probably the most thrilling, noisy and unique
campaign the country had ever known. The Democrats said of the
Whigs, that they conducted the campaign on the platform of noise, num-
bers and nonsense. Many issues of vital interest to the country were
taken up at this time and it required candidates not only of brain and
brawn, but of much conservative force, decisive yet tactful, to satisfy the
people. Some of the most pressing questions of that time were protec-
tion versus free trade (a subject still discussed), anti-Masonic factions,
Mormonism, Banking Laws and Slavery. Many of the Mormons affili-
ated themselves with the Whig party, and wished to make stump speeches
in Bloomington, but were not allowed to. One man, a Mormon, came to
make a speech and was asked to leave town by the Democrats.- My
great-grandfather. Dr. Isaac Baker, fearing trouble, took him in, fed
him and his horse and sent him on his way. I am not much of a politi-
cian and do not know what was the best course for the country at that
time. But with the Whig party concentrating on William Henry Har-
rison for President and John Tyler for Vice President, they certainly
combined all the forces needed to run something besides noise and non-

138

sense. Harrison was an Ohio farmer and the Democrats said he lived
in a log cabin and drank much hard cider (not a very serious charge) ;
at any rate the Whigs took the hint and adopted both log cabin and
hard cider. They held their meetings in log cabins built in the groves
and drank much hard cider and sang many stirring songs. Blooming-
ton, McLean County, my home, in 1840, was a flourishing, growing town.
The fields of growing corn each year had grown larger, and the tassels of
golden grain grew thicker under the thrifty, economical tutorage of the
pioneer. The spring of 1840 had been wet and cold, and with a hard
times panic, things had looked pretty blue from one end of the country
to the other so that a Presidential campaign meant the welfare or woe
of all. Bloomington took no little interest in the fight. She was all
agog with would-be politicians and some of the real article stump
speeches were made in log cabin, hall and tavern; and warm debates
made of friends and neighbors bitter enemies all over the country. The
Whigs of McLean County were fortunate in having two gentlemen of
the highest character and ability who served under Gen. Harrison — Gen.
Bartholomew who commanded the militia infantry at the battle of Tippe-
canoe and Dr. John Henry who was surgeon at the battle of the Thames —
and other noble men who took an active part in our country's making.
The great state convention and meeting of the campaign was held in
Springfield June 3 and 4, 1840, and Bloomington, being the breastpin
of Illinois, centrally located, was the meeting place of all the delega-
tions from the north part of the State going to Springfield. The little
town had planned a celebration and parade on the day the delegations
should arrive there ; so for weeks it was busy preparing speeches, building
log cabins, obtaining coon skins and live coons, getting cider, etc. Many
a red-cheeked apple got its first squeeze in preparing this beverage. The
young people, both boys and girls, were rigging themselves out for the
great day. Skirts and dresses were starched and dried over a barrel to
make them stand out and the white vests got an extra bleach. There
had been a hard rain (thunder storm) on May 29 and the ground though
wet was dotted here and there with spring flowers. The trees wore their
most beautiful green and the sweetbrier rose and cinnamon pink made
the air fragrant with their perfume when June 1, Monday, the day of
the town's celebration, arrived. Delegations came pouring into town
from every direction and the toot of the stage horn brought visitors to
most of the homes. Babbs Tavern situated on Front Street between
Center and Main was the meeting place of politicians of both factions,
and I fear some strong arguments were held there over the lunches
served. Banners and flags and great streamers of red, white and blue
hung from every house top and steeple. The little town looked like a
flower garden. A rope was stretched across the street at the corner of
Main and Front Streets, from Cheeney's store to the building opposite,
from east to west, and strung with small barrels labeled hard cider, coon
skins and red, white and blue. Barrels of hard cider, mother says
exceedingly hard, some say whiskey, were placed at short intervals along
Main Street from Olive to North Street with a tin cup hung at their
side and an invitation for everybody to help themselves. There was no
charge for food or drink in the town that day. Some of the Whigs were
dressed in Continental costume and others with coonskin caps, buckskin

139

blouse and trousers. At a previous meeting it was arranged that eight
men who had served under Gen. Harrison should represent McLean
County at the Springfield Convention. After this was done the question
of transportation, costume, decorations, etc., was' discussed. It was
decided to cut an immense walnut log and hollow it to form a canoe.
This was to be the conveyance for the eight men. It was twenty feet
long and was mounted on wheels. On the sides were white banners
on which was the motto, "A long pull, a strong pull and a pull alto-
gether." The decorations were coon skins and flags and a small log
cabin. It was drawn by eight of as fine white horses as the county
possessed. Each delegation vied with its neighbor as to who should
have the most unique turn out. The canoe with its eight prancing horses
was brought to Babbs Tavern, from which place the procession was to
start. People from all portions of the State north came from all direc-
tions bringing their provisions and blankets for camping out. The
prairies for days were covered with crowds of people on horseback, in
wagons, and on foot, singing songs, drinking hard cider and discussing
the issues of the day until arriving in Bloomington. A merry, noisy
time was had, yet no' drunkenness was seen anywhere. At a given signal
of fife and drum, the parade started, headed by the first brass band of
the town and three men with fife, drum and flag in Continental costume.
Mother says of these three men, one was very tall. Then came the
canoe in which rode the eight venerable men. They were dressed in
Continental costume, three-cornered, cocked hat, wearing epaulets with
red and white rosettes, and with strips of red flannel cut in a fringe
down the sleeves and around the bottom of the blouses and down the
pants legs. The oldest men were seated, the younger ones standing.
Those in the canoe were Benjamin Haynes, William Bay, Timothy Gates,
my great-grandfather, William Goodheart, Zera Patterson, Jonathan
Cheeney, Mr. Haggard and Cunningham. Kersey Fell Newcomb of
Sangamon County rode horseback, also Dr. Conkling. The canoe was
driven by Andy Hodge, who afterwards lost his life in the Mexican War.
Then came a log cabin on wheels with a colored man sitting by the door
on a barrel labeled "hard cider," playing his banjo, with a live coon by
the cabin and coon skins hung from its walls. Then with a long caval-
cade of men and women on horseback, in wagons and on foot, they
started east on Front Street.

Hark ! can't you hear the fife and drum.
The boys all yelling — here they come —
The tramp of feet, the laugh of the girls
That looked so sweet with their flaxen curls?

From Front Street, they went north on Main to North Street, now
known as Monroe, west on North Street to Center, south on Center to
Front Street, east on Front to Main, south on Main to Olive — you see
they did not miss a single cider barrel — then west on Olive Street to Cen-
ter, where a halt was made. My grandfather, Seth Baker, son of Dr. Isaac
Baker, lived on this corner where "My Store" now stands. He, being a
staunch Whig and very patriotic, but at that time very ill, had his bed
moved to the front window upstairs from which he waved a white rag
at the men in the canoe. They acknowledged with a salute and songs.

140

To the tunes of Old Dan Tucker and Yankee Doodle, the parade was

now ready for its start to Springfield. They moved down Center Street
south, probably to what is now Wood Street, then struck the Springfield
road, with delegations from Old Town, Elkhart and places to the north,
each section seeing who could sing the loudest or whose fife and drum
could play the fastest. The line was a long one, many ladies riding all
the way to Springfield. Some of the men footed it all the way in their
enthusiasm. The ladies who took part in the parade and all others who
could obtain them wore small green and white irregular plaid silk aprons.
They were made from a dress of Susanna Dodge Baker, wife of Dr.
Isaac Baker; and as dresses of that time were of great dimensions, a
good many aprons were made. Some of those wearing these aprons were :
Mary A. Baker, Mary Jane Baker, Adeline Greenman, Lucy Dodge and
Hannah Harkness. It must have been late when the procession got on
its way, for it camped the first night on Salt Creek near Waynesville
and it rained. Then at the spring in Elkhart Grove. When they came
to the Sangamon Eiver they found it so high they were obliged to swim
their horses and wagons across. Those who could swim, did so, those
who could not, crossed on a flatboat. They arrived at Springfield the
morning of the 3d and found it a very muddy village. No place could be
found to stay. Every tavern, boarding house and house was full, so my
uncle, Sidney D. Baker, says ; so everybody camped out. But all having
taken a goodly supply of fried chicken and corn cake, were happy. Dr.
Henr}^, who was one of McLean County's greatest politicians, was one of
the best speakers. Thoroly acquainted with all the public questions of
the day and age, he was in great demand all over the State delivering
speeches. It was largely through him McLean County changed from
Democrat to Whig. He was a great admirer of Henry Clay and like
him, an emancipationist. He emancipated his own slaves. Gen. Barthol-
omew, who joined the procession as it wended its way south and who
presided at the convention of old soldiers, rode from his home in Mack-
inaw to Springfield horseback, about 140 miles, in two days. Being
enfeebled with age (then 74) and the severe labor of pioneer life and
hero of two wars, the exertion proved too much for him. Before he
reached home he was taken violently ill and died at his Money Creek
residence November 2, 1840, the same day of Harrison's election. No
regular army was ever better equipped or drilled than the contending
hosts on either side in this big meeting at Springfield. The Whigs had
never elected a President and were for the first time united under one
banner with bright prospects of success. A most wonderful enthusiasm
prevailed in their ranks, such as the Democrats were not able to arouse.
Consequently this meeting was one of unusual triumph. Close your eyes
and imagine, if you can, what it meant when twenty thousand people
assembled in that small town, nearly 5 per cent of the State's population,
among whom with Chicago, Cook County's delegation, were Charles
Cleaver, Thomas B. Carter and Stephen F. Gale. Securing fourteen of
the best teams available and four tents, they captured a Government
yawl which was rigged up as a two-masted brig. These masts were made
so they could be lowered by hinges, when passing under the trees en route
to Springfield. The brig was placed on wheels drawn by six fine gray
horses. It was equipped with sailors in white dress with red sashes.

141

Ten delegates rode in the brig. The Chicago baud was on a truck
drawn by four bay horses. The musicians were also dressed in white
with red sashes. A six-pounder cannon to fire salutes along the way
with Captain, afterwards Maj. Gen., David Hunter in command. The
brig was thirty feet long, completely rigged from keelson to truck in
the most seamanlike manner, from her foremast a streamer and banner
bearing the name of the delegation. From her main mast a large
streamer bearing the words, "Tippecanoe." From her peak floated the
Star Spangled Banner, her signal, a blue flag with a single star, on her
bow and stern the name of the vessel, Tippecanoe, on her larboard side
this inscription, "After so many shipwrecks a harbor appears," on the
starboard side this, "A long pull and a pull together." The deck was
manned by officers and regular sailors, amongst the number three young
midshipmen. The residue of the delegation were on foot in platoons
with a number of banners. One had this inscription, "We demand the
keys of the White House." Another bore this motto, "The Whigs of
Cook County, tho often beaten, never conquered." This campaign found
Cook County solidly Democratic and political enthusiasm ran high
Thursday evening, April 6, of that year. A meeting of Federals, or
Whigs, as they were then called, was held in the largest assembly hall
(called the Saloon) in the city. Archibald Clybourn was called to the
chair and John Eogers, Charles Sisson and Dr. Spencer elected vice
presidents; George W. Meeker and John Sears, secretaries. Amoug the
many resolutions adopted at this meeting, I quote the following:
"Eesolved: That the nomination of William Henry Harrison affords the
most gratifying evidence that the relentless war of the present adminis-
tration upon the patience and prosperity of the people is about to be
stayed, and that the suffering people are arising in their might to drive
the Goths and Vandals from the Capital and restore the glory and pros-
perity of the Eepublic. Eesolved: That Martin Van Buren is unfit to
be the ruler of a free people because we believe him to be neither a sound
statesman, a practical Democrat nor an honest man, and further, that
especially in this State he has shown himself hostile to her interest by
voting against appropriations for the great National Eoad, for the con-
struction of Hlinois and Michigan Canal and the improvement of our
harbors. Eesolved : That in the venerable John Tyler, the people's can-
didate for Vice President, we have a fit compatriot of tne illustrious
Harrison. Born in the same State, reared in the same noble school,
hand in hand, they will ably support the threatened columns of the
Eepublic. Eesolved: That this city and county will send 100 delegates
to meet the old soldiers at Springfield in June. Eesolved : That we
establish a Tippecanoe Club." J. Butterfield, Giles Spring, William
Stuart, John Gage and S. Lysle Smith were appointed a committee to
draft a constitution for said club. The campaign was decidedly hilarious
up to the time they started for Springfield May 25. The brig sailed U])
Lake Street in gallant style, the band playing Hail Columbia and Yankee
Doodle. The whole affair was done up in the handsomest manner and
reflected great credit on the Chicago boys. All this was characterized
by the opposition as being the extravagance of the "Young Men's Party,"
as the Whigs were called. The prairie brig was reported to have the
handsomest carriage, horses, harness, etc., that the city contained. And

142

it was added, "The general opinion is, Chicago has taken an effectual
emetic and the people can now sleep nights without being disturbed by
the drunken brawlers singing Tippecanoe songs." The first night on the
way to Springfield was spent at "Barrys Point," starting for Joliet at
6 :30 the next morning. Here they were almost mobbed by the op-
posing force. It seems a red petticoat was captured from the enemy
in Chicago and was exhibited at the public meeting held in Joliet that
evening as one of the trophies of war. This stirred up the ire of the
Democrats and the next morning when the little procession with flying
banners and patriotic music, after crossing the river, passed the store
of Messrs. Allen, "Locofoco merchants," a large newly made petticoat
hung from ropes stretched across the street with the evident design of
impeding the progress of the brig. A part of the rigging was carried
away. On the hill tops were crowds of boys and a few men, hooting and
throwing stones, disgracing the better element of Joliet's citizens. There
were wild rumors of casualties but these proved unfounded. The whole
affair was insolent and riotous. But the brave boys marched on and
reported that the dwellers in log cabins, our pioneer farmers were with
them, with few exceptions. As they approached Springfield, delegates
from other places joined them. One of the most interesting things of
the convention was the presentation of the brig to the Whigs of Sanga-
mon County by William Stuart, editor of the Chicago American, the
Whig organ of Chicago, and the response when Sangamon County recip-
rocated in presenting Cook County delegates with a noble gray eagle
securely tied, asking that it remain so bound while our country was
manacled as now by misrule.

All delegates en route observed Sunday, May 30, in the usual way.
The Chicago delegation was joined by the Tremont delegation and both
spent Sunday at Mackinaw, where services were held by Elder Merriman
of the Baptist Church.

COOK COUNTY WHIG DELEGATES— 100 IN NUMBEE— TO
CONVENTION.

Sidney Sawyer.
Giles Spring.
Isaac D. Harmon.
James A. Marshall.
Chas. K. Bingham.
Walter L. Newberry.
Lewis W. Osborne.
Geo. Raymond.
L. B. Cobb.
S. F. Gale.
Walter Vail.
Chas. T. Stanton.
Wm. H. Davis.
Geo. W. Meeker.
Grant Fredrick.
Buckner S. Morris.
Daniel Hunter.
Geo. Dole.
C. A. Brooks.
John M. Smith.
H. O. Stone.
John S. Wright.

Dr. Leonard Proctor.
Dr. Lewis Post.
Geo. E. Shelley.
John C. Dodge.
Chas. E. Avery,
Wm. Stuart.
Wm. M. Larrabee.
N. K. Towner.
Jas. Marbeck.
S. Lysle Smith.
Robt. Freeman.
G. S. Hubbard.
John Rogers.
John H. Kinzee.
David Hatch.
Geo. W. Snow.
E. H. Haddock.
Erastus Bowen.
James A. Smith.
H. G. Loomis.
Jabez K. Botsford.
L. B. Goodsell.

J. W. Steele.

Geo. Randolph.

C. S. Philips

A. F. Clark.

H. H. Magie.

J. L. Hanson.

J. W. Hooker.

Wm. 0. Snell.

Wm. H. Stow.

John Pfund.

J. M. Underwood.

Alex McClure.

A. Chapron.

Sherrod Gilbert.

Theodorus Doty.

G. A. O. Beaumont.

S. Sherwood.

Agustus Burley.

P. F. W. Peck.

F. Mosely.

A. V. Knickerbocker.

C. L. Harmon.

143

Geo. W. Merrell. Seth Johnson. Philo Carpenter.

A. Clybourn. Jas. H. Collins. L. C. P. Freer.

Sylvester Marsh. Jacob Russell. John Funk.

A. Rossiter. Justin Butterfield. Henry Wolcott, jr.

Stiles Burton. J. Young Scammon. Geo. L. Collins.

Thos. Church. Wm. W. Brackett. S. W. Salisbury.

Wm. H. Taylor. Herman Bond. Jas. H. Doyle.

L. W. Holmes. L. D. Boon. Eli Reynolds.

Geo. Chacksfield. Peter Cure. J. Beecher.

John Jay Stewart. J. O. Humphrey. Thomas Brock.

C. DeWolf. J. B. Weir. J. N. Balestier.

Wm. H. Brown.

Shortly after the election of Whig delegates in Cook County, a
called meeting of Cook County Democrats was held in the same hall and
the following committee was appointed to draft a constitution for the
organization of a Hickory Club : Hiram Pearson was chairman, George
Dellicker and William Church, secretaries..

Among the resolutions adopted was one declaring "That a residence
in a log cabin, or the nse of hard cider as a beverage, does not endow
men with the necessary qualities to rule over a free people. Democracy
comes not with eating and drinking but moves with the power and
majesty of the people. The log cabins now freckling our eastern cities,
sending out in the still hours of the night the drunken sounds, more
hideous than ancient orgies of Bacchus, are but trenches to entrap the
populace to whom liberty is dear."

An interesting incident : The steamer. United States, came into port
flying the flag of the Federal's. There were several Democrats with their
families waiting on expense for a passage, but refused to go as they
considered her a "political brat" wishing to carry no passengers but
Whigs. The feeling between the opposing parties was indeed bitter —
brother against brother. The Whigs were called the rich man's partj^,
the Democratic party the poor man's party — the former strong in money,
the latter strong in votes. A Harrison campaign paper was issued
weekly during the time, called The Hard Cider Press, and its prospectus
read, "The Presses are warranted to squeeze the juice out in the most
thoro manner and will be in full operation till the November election.
Let the hard cider suckers come forward and give us their custom. Only
50 cents for the Campaign, published weekly."

SANGAMO JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1840.
(Meeting of the Chicago Delegation.)

At a meeting of the Chicago delegates on their return from Spring-
field at the City Hotel on Saturday evening last, Colonel Johnson was
called to the chair and William Stuart appointed secretary.

On motion of the delegates it was unanimously resolved that the
thanks of the delegates be presented to Captain Hunter and Colonel
Johnson, marshal and assistant marshal, for their satisfactory services
on the expedition.

It was unanimously resolved that the hearty thanks of the Chicago
delegates be returned to the Sangamon Whigs and citizens at different
places on the route for their liberality, hospitality, kindness and atten-

144

tions, and that this resolution be published in the Chicago American with
the request that the Sangamo Journal copy the same.

Seth Johnson, Chairman.

Wm. Stuart, Secretary.

Delegates from Tazewell County were Henry E. Green (Delavan),
Niel Johnson, Derret Higgins, Dr. A. L. Davidson (Tremont), H.
Hatch, E. A. Whipple, E. Cullun, Washington Pond.

Washington Precinct — Peter Menard, Benj. Briggs, James Brawhill.

They arrived in Springfield the morning of June 3, together with
Cass County and others.

At a meeting of the Young Men's Convention held in the pavilion
in the encampment, the following were appointed for president, vice
president and secretaries of this convention. Gov. A. M, Jenkins, presi-
dent. Vice presidents as follows :

E. A. Whipple, Tazewell County.
John Hogan, Madison County.
Wm. Hodge, Fayette County.
Henry I. Wills, Edwards County.
W. Kellogg, Lake County.
C. Ward, Stark County.
Jas. Hinde, Wabash County.
E. H. Eose, Schuyler County.
W. J. Philps, Peoria County.
J. H. Thompson, St. Clair County.
Morris Still, Dupage County.
N". W. Edwards, Sangamon County.
W. F. Gray, Knox County.
John Casswell, Morgan County.
Gen. J. B. Moore, Monroe County.
H. H. Gear, JoDaviess County.
J. Blackstone, Will County.
Amos Prentiss, Shelby County.
W. B. Stapp, Warrpn County.
John Bennett, ¥ "bounty.

J. K. Lawrence, Mac^, .^jm County.
John Chestnut, Lawrence County.
John Hinton, McDonough County.

Wm. Stuart, Cook County.

Dt. H. Conklin, McLean County.

E. Latham, Logan County.
C. B. Hudson, Kane County.
Hardin Bigelow, LaSalle County.

C. G. Thomas, Eock Island County.
A. Langworthy, Bureau County.
Wm. Fund, Marshall County.

S. P. Doty, Boone County.
Wm. Lowry, Dewitt County.
S. C. Hagans, Ogle County.
J. C. Pugh, Macon County.
Wm. Moore, St. Clair County.
Chas. Gregory, Greene County.
Dr. Fitch, Bond County.

F. C. Eussell, McHenry County.
S. H. Little, Hancock County.

D. Eichards, Stark County.
John Hite, Coles County.

Eli Hall, Winnebago County.
Z. M. Garbutt, Pike County.
S. Hallery, Montgomery County.
A. M. Brailey, Lee County.

SECRETARIES.

B. C. Haines, McLean County.
J. H. Mitchell, Warren County.
Wm. Brown, Morgan County.
John Eogers, Cook County.
G. G. Bowman, Wabash County.
Benj. Bond, Clinton County.
E. L. Wilson, Will County.

A resolution was passed that five men be appointed by the chair to
draft resolutions expressive of the objects and views of the convention.
They were : Dr. Henry, McLean County ; J. J. Hardin, Morgan County ;
J. K. DuBois, Lawrence County; C. D. Morrison, Eandolph County;
William Stuart, Chicago. S. Lysle Smith of Chicago, and others,

W. Wise, Peoria County.

Gen. J. Eabb, Marshall County.

B. Kellogg, jr., Tazewell County.
Dan L. Webster, LaSalle County.
Jos. Gillespie, Madison County.

C. H. Morton, Shelby County.

145

addressed the convention. Delegations from Cook, Will, Lake, Bureau,
Stark and Marshall arrived and were shown their encampment in
Springfield, 2 :00 p. m., June 2. Then Tazewell, Peoria, Menard and
Macon counties arrived.

Mercer County sent 2 delegates to the convention. Rock Island
County sent 11 delegates, one John Miller. Whitesirle County sent 7
delegates, one Jahez Warner. Carroll County sent 15 delegates, one
J. A. Wakefield. JoDaviess County sent 19 regular and 107 other dele-
gates. Ogle County sent 17 delegates, one J. D. Stephenson. Winne-
bago County sent 12 delegates. Lee County sent 14 delegates, as follows:
Thomas McCabe. S. A. Mason.

I. Cutshaw. W. W. Graham.

S. C. McClunn. Cyrus Chamberlain.

Horace Benjamin. Z. Philipps.

Oliver Everett. ^ G. A. Martin.

Elijah Dixon. W. Y. Johnston.

John Morse. Thomas March.

W. F. Bradshaw. Joseph Crawford.

David Welty. Eichard Bailey.

F. W. Coe. . D. A. Hawley.

Appointed at Galena, April 18. From "Galena Gazette."

There were delegates from Indiana with badges bearing this in-
scription, "The enemy are giving. One more fire and victory is ours."

LaSalle County delegation bore a banner on which was the inscrip-
tion, "Our constitution as it is, and not as demagogs choose to under-
stand it." On the reverse side was a likeness of General Harrison and
Van Buren and this motto, "Corruption wins not more than honesty."
Its delegates to the meeting were Daniel Webster, Mr. Coffin and Mr.
Hawley. The latter was a very eloquent speaker.

June 5th Sangamo Journal has the following: "After the pro-
cession was over a barbecue was held, after which Messrs. Webster,
Coffin and Hawley of LaSalle addressed those assembled."

SANGAMO JOURNAL OF JUNT i ^'40.

Mr. Editor: I was among a large number of ladies who listened
at Dr. Houghan's after the barbecue to the delightful speaking of the
three young delegates from LaSalle : Daniel F. Webster, Mr. Coffin
and Mr. Hawley. Pray call on those gentlemen to make their speeches
public.

Mr. Hawley's winding up was one of the most impressive specimens
of eloquence I ever heard.

By making this call you will much oblige a Whig lady of Sangamon.

This speech was made at the barbecue and the reply in the Peru
Gazette and copied by Sangamo Journal.

SANGAMO JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1840.

(Incidents connected with the 3d and 4th of June.)

The readers will recollect that Messrs. Webster, Coffin and Hawley
were called upon through this paper by a Whig lady and others for
—10 H S

146

publication of the speeches delivered by them on the 4th at Dr.
Houghan's. Mr. Hawley, editor of the Peru Gazette, thus replies : "We
copy the following communications from the Sangamo Journal. For
our own part, as one of the individuals referred to in them, we would .
procure a stereotype mould and melt our material, head, brains and all,
and run them into a speech to gratify the wish of a Whig lady. But,
after all, we fear it would not be the speech which the enthusiasm of
the great convention called forth. The individual who could not have
been eloquent on such occasion, before such an audience so large a
portion of whom were ladies, must have had a stony heart, carroty
brains, whip leather veins, and look of curdled milk colored with elder-
berry juice, running through them. If, however, we can get the Whig
steam up sufficiently high to recall the words which came, 'Skelper
rank and file/ on that occasion, we may perhaps hereafter answer the
call made upon us. We presume the feelings of the other gentlemen
named correspond with our own."

Schuyler County delegation had band of music, a flag, the Stars
and Stripes, with the motto, "The spirit of ^76," and on tlie reverse side,
"Unceasing Hostility to IJsurpation." On a streamer over the flag,
"Harrison and Eeform," on another flag, the log cabin and barrel of
hard cider, motto, "Harrison, Tyler,* and Eeform." A flag from the
young men of the county, the Stars and Stripes — the motto on one side,
"Our Country's Hope," on the other side, "The Boys of Schuyler," also
a streamer with motto, "Old Tip & Tyler." Stephenson County delega-
tion had a banner device, a representation of the aurora borealis;
motto, "The North Will Come to the -Rescue." There were ten dele-
gates, one of them 0. W. Brewster.

Dupage, Knox and Boone counties all sent delegations. Tazewell
County delegation was preceded by their fine band of music. This
delegation had one large banner, on one side of Avhich was represented
a post rider in full haste, followed by the Irish schoolmaster and
boys from a schoolhouse in the background. Over the top was a scroll
containing the words, "Boys, Do You Hear That?" On the reverse
was the American Eagle with an appropriate motto. A great variety
of banners and flags followed. Dewitt County delegation had the
following delegates: Hugh Bowles, William Lowrey, Charles Maltby,
Henry Deshon, James Brown, Dr. Thomas Laughlin.

Winnebago County with Eli Hall, George Lee and Anson Burnum
delegates.

June 19, 1840, the Sangamo Journal has the following: Notice
of resolutions adopted by the Tazewell County delegation, thanking the
people of Springfield for their kindness to the delegation. Signed,
Wm. Davenport, Chairman; David March, Secretary.

SANGAMO JOUENAL, MAY 29, 1840.

(Dewitt County Meeting.)

At a meeting of the citizens of Dewitt County, friendly to the
election of Harrison and Tyler, held m Clinton on the 16th day of
May, 1840, Hugh Bowles was called to the chair and Wm. Lowrey
and Charles Maltby appointed secretaries.

147

On a motion of Henry Deshon, James Brown was called upon to
state the object of the meeting.

On motion the chair appointed Dr. James Brown, Dr. Thomas
Laughlin and William Lowrey a committee to draft resolutions expres-
sive of the design of the meeting.

The committee, after being absent a short time, returned with the
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted.

Delegations from Iowa had a banner bearing this inscription,
"Iowa cannot vote but she can and will speak." My great-uncle, John
Baker, attended.

Lake County delegation had banner; motto, "To Harrison, Tyler
and Reform."

Macon County had delegation with badges.

There was a delegation from Bureau County and delegates:
Dr. R. J. Woodruff. Daniel F. Webster.

Jos. W. Kinney. Oliver Boyle.

Mell Thompson. B. G. Simpleton.

James Wilson. Egbert Colter.

David A. Glenn. Theodore Nichol.

S. Ferril. Joseph Smith, jr.

Enos Smith. Alexander Boyd.

Alfred S. Thompson. J. L. Ament.

Seth Clapp. E. H. Phelps.

— (Sangamo Journal, April 10, 1840.)

Bureau, Lake and Marshall counties had canoe called The Two
Paths, 33 feet long and drawn by four gray horses. Canoe contained
twelve old soldiers. There were six teams with tents and provisions.

Montgomery County delegation had seven banners, one as follows :
on one side, "A four years' nest," on the other side perpendicular, "Har-
rison & Tyler."

McHenry County, Edwards County, Warren County and Stark
County each had a delegation.

Hancock County delegation had a banner with this motto: "Har-
rison and Tyler." "Set down to the credit, a Whig majority of 600."

Will County delegation bore a satin flag. On the one side an
anchor and a motto, "Harr^on." On the reverse, "Constitution." Also
another white flag. On one side the American E'agle, seated on a barrel,
labeled, "Hard Cider."

Menard County delegation carried a blue banner with the motto,
"Harrison and Tyler," on the reverse, "Menard."

Peoria County delegation had a number of flags and banners.
First, a banner on one side represented a log cabin over which is the
American Eagle and over this the names of Harrison and Tyler. On
the other side a barrel of hard cider with a boy engaged as tapster and
the motto over, "Old Tip's claim to the White House cannot be jumped."

Second, a flag, American eagle, with thirteen stars on each side.
On the one side is the motto, "Harrison and Tyler — By these we con-
quer." On the other, "Illinois true to her first Governor."

Third, a flag with the eagle and thirteen stars on each side. On
the one side, "No sub-treasure." On the other, "No standing army."

Fourth, the National Flag. Motto, "Harrison and Tyler."

148

At the Peoria County meeting May 4, T. IST. Welles, Isaac Cutter,
C. W. Stanton, D. H. Frisby, S. Alexander, James Waters, W. P. Smith,
W. P. Blanchard, J. Wolcott, D. Belcher, A. P. Lane, J. Adams, George
Kellogg, J. W. Phelps, Edson Harkness, Calvin Cass, Eli Willson, J.
Wickware, S. F. Bollinger, D. E. Gregory, J. Congleton, J. R. Congle-
ton, Thomas Smith, Nelson Buck, William Martin, I. G. Lineback,
Ebenezer Martin, J. H. Work, G. S. Evans, L. L. Cryer, Hiram Wiley,
J. E. Forsythe, William Adams, Henry Aiken, J. Jackson, W. G. Wil-
kinson, G. B. Harlan, Samuel Chase, H. C. Merrill, E. Campbell, J.
Hines, J. Schnebly, West Hide, N. Chapin, E. B. Hamlin, S. Eeed,
A. Laveille, H. Cleveland, M. Pratt, C. Kimball, E. N. Powell, G. T.
Metcalie, E. S. Buxton, G. W. Eead, Benjamin White, Jos. Detweiller,
A. A. Benjamin, J. C. Frye, J. A. McCoy, L. Holland, C. W. McCallen,
H. 0. Merriman, G. W. C. Huse, C. Douglas, M. T. Greeley, F. Summel-
roth, J. M. Crane, J. K. Cooper, G. P. Dickinson, Edward Dickinson,
E. Mason, Alva Moffet, H. Hahn, J. W. Caldwell, John Tuttle, G. C.
Bestor, Charles Ballance, J. K. Lowry, J. M. Smith, Lewis Horard,
James Crawley, L. McCormick, E. Eouse, S. S. Veacock, N. McKane,
W. C. Stevens, William Nixon, James Morrow, J. Harrison, John Hill,
J. C. Armstrong, T. E. Mayne, J. H. McCall, J. Hunter, H. A. Green,
Thomas J. Moore, George Pulsifer, J. M. Wiley, Alyff Schepard, Samuel
Eoedecker were made delegates to convention.

Ogle County delegation with the banner on which the motto was,
"Death or Victory for Harrison and Tyler"; badges with the motto,
"Ogle to the rescue."

Clinton, Lee, Mercer, Cass, Whiteside, Sangamon, delegations two
miles in length, six abreast.

Brown County with banners was in line.

Cass County delegation had one of the most beautiful devices in
the procession. The following is the description: A large boat — the
"North Bend of Beardstown," right banner representing General Har-
rison as the farmer of North Bend at his plough, in the rear, a log cabin
and barrel of hard cider, left banner — a steamboat, the "Old Tippe-
canoe," with a signboard hanging out for Washington City; with three
barrels of hard cider on the boiler deck; on the pilot's stand, a painting
of Sam Weller with his fingers on his nose, saying: "You can't come
in, Matty." On the right side of the boat was a motto, "Freemen
rally!" On the left, "Union of the Whigs for the sake of the Union."
On the stem, "North Bend." This exhibition was drawn by six horses
with .postilions.

Fulton County, Whiteside County and Calhoun County had each a
delegation.

Morgan County delegation had banner and agricultural implements.
Motto, "Morgan County will attend to her crops and her rights, too."
Also, a canoe with twenty old soldiers.

St. Clair delegation had A. M. Jenkins, who was made president
of the young men's convention, as one of her delegates, together with
William Padfield, Samuel Eedwood, John Stuntz, John Messenger, J.
E. Cannon, Edward W. West, William Moore, V. Jarrot, John Flanna-
gan, John Murray, Benjamin Hypes, George Stuntz, G. W. Ealph, L.
Penconneau, Abram Lincoln, William Primm, F. Moffett, John Hogan,

149

T, Grimsley, W. D. Morrison, J. Deuny, delegates, and 300 young men
in line. The call of duty to our country was heard with the naked ear ;
duty never has to yell through a megaphone, talk on its fingers or write
follow-up letters. The Nation heard the call. At any rate, all sucker-
dom awoke as if an audible voice from heaven called to "Awake to the
country's need."

"WHEN THE SUCKERS WOKE UP."

Oh, it's splendid to know

We have never lost track of that long, long ago —
The old gate of memory swings open wide.
The folks that you knew and others beside
Are again side by side in grand parade.
Walking the street our thoughts have made.

The men who attended that convention are about all passed to their
reward, and of those men how little of the real facts of their lives has
been preserved. Family tradition points to this ancestor or that, but
when you look for something official there is usually the long search in
some State archive, adjutant general's report or pension office. Then
how little is found. .What a mistake not to preserve more carefully
what in after years but seems the hinges for opening the doors of
the past.

The last three stanzas of one of the 1840 campaign songs:

Before the unfurl'd flag "Eeform,"

We'll swear to do or die.
And every Western bosom warm

Eaise Freedom's battle cry.

Loud let the song from vale and hill

Eesound the Union through.
And loud huzzas that Union fill

For brave Tippecanoe.

And let the spotless robe of one

Who wore it long and well
Fall stainless on our Harrison,

Our second Washington.

From the Chicago Tribune, 1840 (then a semi religious paper,
before it united with the Chicago Democrat.)

The Springfield carouse is one procession of flags, ships, log cabins
and hard cider barrels, the last not always empty * * * everything
to excite and delude, nothing to convince; every appeal to the imagina-
tion, nothing to the judgment. * * * ^ drinking frolic on a great
scale — a mere political orgie.

We thus describe it, more in sorrow than in anger; we had hoped
better things.

We have no fear of the hard cider celebration, tho it is claimed it
is to be the cure for the hard times. * * * Wonder if they mean it
for legal tender? A light head is but a fool's consolation for a light
pocket !

150

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND NEIGHBORING STATES AT THE
WHIG CONVENTION OF 1840.

(By Mrs. Martha McISriBLL Davidson, Greenville.)

I have been assigned to recount the part that Southern Illinois
took in that memorable meeting which occurred in this city nearly three^
quarters of a century ago. A glance back over the sweep of years and
all the events which have occurred in Illinois, "with all her wondrous
history" and "without which the nation's history could not be writ/' is
so bewildering and so stupendous that it almost appalls one to attempt
to recount in any methodical manner even a synopsis of the record of
any special event.

Our subject perhaps partakes largely of a political nature, and one
friend has jokingly charged me with coming to Springfield to join in a
"love feast," to which I returned no dissenting rejoinder, since it is
a "love feast of reminiscences," a review of rich historical data, which
to a large extent has been neglected or, perhaps o'ershadowed by what to
some seemed of greater moment.

But the meeting of 1840 was the culmination into form of a growing
unrest which found expression in certain well defined issues in this city
of Springfield in June, 1840. The meeting was a protest against the
then existing political conditions and the adm,inistrations which had
immediately preceded it, and which I have no intention to discuss. It
might be well, however, to note in passing that politically the convention
declared for certain reforms which have since seen full fruition, though
brought about by political agencies which had other names than that of
Whig. The name Whig was an importation from Scotland and England,
and in that day was a common term which generally designated those
who advocated reforms and more generally and naturally those who were
most often opposed to existing forms of government. The term as thus
understood was particularly applicable at this time. The Whig party,
was really the "John the Baptist" of the Eepublican party.

In those days the campaigns of education did not find their chan-
nels through the newspapers then existing, as now, due largely to the
lack of the present day facilities now afforded that great channel of
education, but were exhibited through great parades, crudely fashioned
after the old Eoman parades and visual demonstration of sentiment by
overt acts and signs. The political parades and the conventions con-
stituted the great national means of political education. The exhibition
of banners labeled with all sorts of terse sentences, designed to catch the
eye and carry a mental impression, appeals to the intellect and the
prejudice as well of the observers, of whom there was no lack, was a
chief endeavor. This convention was not unlike the customary one of
that day. The political convention which delegates attended and which

151

was the glory of the men folks, has only in the last few years passed
away, to the great regret and sorrow of those who knew them best.

Southern Illinois was at that time the older section of the State in
settlement and civilization. It, having been settled first, naturally con-
tained many of the foremost and most influential men of the State at
that time. Among those from Southern Illinois who participated in that
convention, who were noted at that time or who became so afterwards
were: John M. Palmer of Macoupin County, Benj. Bond of Clinton
County, Col. J. L. D. Morrison of Kaskaskia, James Gillespie of Ed-
wardsville, John Hogan of Alton, E. Yates of Morgan County.

I shall deal principally with what might properly be termed the
minor details of that convention, because it is with that subject that
this society just now is concerned. It is interesting to know the names
of delegates from each county, those who led, and the details of the
proceedings.

YOUNG MEN'S STATE CONVENTION, SPEINGFIELD, ILL.
Wednesday, June 3, 1840.

At a meeting of the Whig Young Men's Convention, held at the
pavilion in the encampment, this day at 8 :00 o'clock a. m., the com-
mittee appointed by the convention to recommend suitable persons for
presidents, vice presidents and secretaries of this convention, reported the
following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, to wit:

"Resolved^ That we recommend to the Whig Young ]\Ien's Conven-
tion to meet at this place at 2 :00 o'clock p. m. this day, to organize by
choosing Gov. A. M. Jenkins, president, and as vice presidents from
Southern Illinois: John Hogan, of Fayette County; Amos Prentiss, of
Shelby County; J. K. Lawrence, of Lawrence County; John Chestnut,
of Macoupin County; J. H. Thompson, St. Clair County; N. W. Ed-
wards, Sangamon County ; John Casswell, Morgan County ; Gen. J. B.
Moore, Monroe Countv; William Moore, St. Clair County; Charles
Gregory, Greene County ; Z. M. Garbutt, Pike County ; Dr. J. W. Fitch,
Bond County; S. Hallerey, Montgomery County.

The secretaries chosen were: G. G. Bowman, Wabash County; Jos.
Gillespie, Madison County: Benjamin Bond, Clinton County; C. H.
Morton, Shelby County; William Brown, Morgan County."

The log cabin and hard cider jug were adopted as Whig emblems
because of the Democratic charge that if Harrison had a jug of hard
cider in a log cabin he "would be content the rest of his life." The
parade seems to have been, if not the most important, the most spectacu-
lar feature of the convention, which proves that youth naturally clings
to pompous exhibition or military display —

"Men are only boys grown tall.
Hearts don't change much after all."
I am greatly indebted to Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber, honored secre-
tary of this Illinois State Historical Society : also to H. W. Clendenin,
editor of Illinois State Register; to the editor of the Illinois State
Journal, and to W. A. Kelsoe, one of the editors of the St. Louis Post-
Di^-patch, for their aid in securing authentic data from the files of some
of the oldest newspapers in regard to this convention in 1840.

152

From the "New Era" of June 8, 1840, a Whig newspaper published
in St. Louis, the following item concerning the Whig rally was found:
"The convention of young men at Springfield, 111., was a grand affair,
and there were about 10,000 pe'i'sons in the procession, which was two
and one-half miles long. The number of strangers in town was esti-
mated at from 12,000 to 15,000."

Mr. A. B. Chambers, one of the proprietors of the Missouri Eepub-
lican, now known as the St. Louis Eepublic, attended the Whig conven-
tion as a reporter for his paper. Letters telling of his trip to Springfield
and of the arrival of many delegations were printed in the issues of June
5 and 6, and on June 9 a full report was given of the several meetings
and the big parade which occurred on the morning of June 4. He
speaks thus of "things on the way" : "On our journey it soon became
evident that unusual enthusiasm pervaded the whole country. In numer-
ous instances, from farmhouses on the road and off at a distance, banners
were streaming and flags floating. Most of the delegates from Madison,
St. Clair, Monroe, etc., had preceded us. At Locust Grove, the residence
of Mrs. Paddock, a few miles beyond Edwardsville, the ladies of that
beautiful residence had erected a Civic arch. Posts were planted at
either side of the wide road and a post in the center, all ornamented
with wreaths of flowers and evergreens. A garland of roses and other
flowers was extended over the entire road and on the center post hung
a transparent banner with Harrison's name inscribed in gilt letters, the
delicate work of the fair hands which made the wreaths." Mr. Chambers
said he tried to make note of all the delegations as they marched by, but
found the task too irksome to describe all in full. The Illinois State
Register and Springfleld Journal also wrote up the different delegations.
Each county had its own delegation, generally preceded by a band.

DELEGATIONS AND THEIR BANNERS.

Greene County delegation preceded by a band of music. This dele-
gation was dressed out with green bushes and nearly every man had
several heads of green wheat in his hand. The following is a list of the
banners :

1. A beautiful flag presented by the ladies of Carrollton of white
silk with a representation of the White House and William H. Harrison
ascending the steps, beneath a motto, "To Save the Country," with
thirteen stars of gold leaf — the above encircled with a wreath of roses;
on the opposite, two bushes of thorns and encircled with a wreath of
roses, with thirteen stars of gold leaf ; motto, "Thorns for her Country's
Foe — Fragrance for her Defenders."

2. Blue silk flag with twenty-six silver leaf stars on each side. On
one side, "Harrison and Tyler," and on the other, "Down with Exper-
iments."

3. Yellow flag from Whitehall with an eagle, "Harrison and Tyler,"
and on the opposite, a motto, "In time of peace we support him who in
times of danger protected us."

4. White flag from Bluff dale. Motto, "Harrison and Tyler"; on
the other side, "Don't give up the ship." A bark canoe, drawn by two
horses, filled with Harrison soldiers ; motto, on one side, "Don't give up
the canoe," and on the other, "Wm. H. Harrison, the People's Friend."

153

St. Clair County delegation. — This delegation had a number of
devices and flags. One of their flags had a log cabin upon it with the
motto, "We will never abandon the Constitution."

2. A banner surmounted by the American eagle. Motto, "Harrison
and Tyler."

3. A large banner, likeness of Van Buren sitting on a sub treasury
chest, clasping a bag of mint drops; on his right appears 200,000
militia and blood hounds. Motto, "Patent Democracy."

4. The American flag. Motto, "The prairies on fire — the people
moving — Baltimore Convention, 30,000! Boys, do you hear that?''

5. A flag on which was the likeness of General Harrison. Motto,
"Farmers' Choice, American Liberty of '76." The portrait of Harrison
encircled by the implements of husbandry.

Clark County delegation with badges. Motto, "True as Steel."

Fayette County delegation was preceded by a veritable log cabin
ornamented with raccoon skins and other emblems of frontier life — latch
string not pulled in — a canoe drawn by four horses — on the sides, "Har-
rison, Tyler and Eeform" — in it a barrel of cider. On the canoe, a
banner presented by the ladies of Vandalia through Miss Jane Field —
above on a scroll, "Our Hope," and the whole length, "Harrison and
Tyler"; at the left, below, a log cabin with a bell to the latch string — in
the green yard a barrel of cider and a plow — towards the right a lake
and on it a canoe on the miniature flag of which was "The prairies on
fire," and at the extreme right, "Fort Meig, Tippecanoe and the Thames."

2. A plain, white flag, on one side of which was, "Union for the
sake of the Union." Another, "Herald of Better Times." There were
other banners having various devices.

Montgomery County delegation with seven banners, four of them
with the following mottoes: "Spirit of '76"; "Ra'al yearnest"; "Per-
pendicular"; "Harrison and Tyler." The three others, the Stars and
Stripes.

Christian County. — Delegation with badge and banner with this
inscription : "W. H. Harrison, a safe sub treasurer, that never gave leg-
bail to his farm or his country."

Then followed delegations from Missouri, Indiana and Iowa.

Lawrence County delegation with badge and banner on which was
printed a log cabin with motto : "Lawrence — she will teach the palace to
respect Log Cabins."

Monroe County delegation with over one hundred delegates in line.

Madison County —

1. Banner, "Old Madison good for 600 Majority."

2. "The old Dominion for our gallant son."

3. "Harrison and Tyler and Reform."

4. "Old Virginia never tires."

5. "Wm. Henry Harrison, the American Cincinnatus."

6. "Democracy without Corruption."

7. "General Harrison is a coward." — Tom Benton. " 'Tis false — I
have fought under him and know him to be a brave man and soldier. —
R. M. Johnson."

8. Alton City delegation.

154

9. A splendid white silk flag with purple stripes and gold stars
presented by three ladies of Alton upon which were the following devices :
the eagle in gold with a scroll, "Harrison, Tyler and Eeform/' under it
a motto, "See the Conquering Hero conies." On the reverse side, "Sons
of Freedom wake to Glory."

10. A serpent entwined around the staff of the American flag
nearly prostrated — a large eagle is perched upon the staff with the head
of the serpent in his beak — over the top of the banner was the motto,
"The voice of the people" ; under it, the motto, "So perish tyrants."

11. A white silk flag borne by a gardener upon which was the device :
a rake, hoe, shovel and fork, grouped with the motto, "No cash sweetens
the gardener's toil."

12. A banner borne by the Upper Alton delegation painted and pre-
sented by a lady, representing a scene at Washington on the 4th of
March, 1841 — Clay and Webster standing on the steps of the porticoes of
the White House receiving Harrison and Tyler. A group of ladies were
strewing flowers in their paths. Matty is seen in the distance in his
English coach and liveried servants drawn by six horses, with his head
projecting from the window, exclaiming, "My name is Haines" — turned
toward him is the porter with the key of the White House, saying, "You
can't come in, Matty."

13. A second banner borne by same delegation and painted and
presented by the same lady, representing the union of Purse and Sword,
a massive stone building representing the sub treasury with Van Buren
seated upon a large iron chest between the pillars at the entrance and
the key upon his knee, casting about a very stealthy look — directly in
his rear stands General Jackson with his finger upon Matty's shoulder,
also surrounded by Benton, Kendall and other confidential friends — in
front of Van Buren is a person with a very submissive and imploring
look, pointing with one finger to the purses which Matty grasps in his
hands, the one labeled $50,000 and the other $100,000— in the back-
ground is Van Buren's standing army of 200,000 men in the clouds of
whose dust is to be dimly seen a demon approaching Van Buren with a
crown — in the foreground is to be seen Swartout and Price, making off
with lengthy and rapid strides, bearing on their shoulders the frame of
a sack labeled $1,200,000, the latter $600,000 ; the whole of this repre-
sentation a moonlight scene.

14. A banner representing Van Buren's grammar and arithmetic
with exercises in each.

15. A flag borne by an old soldier of the Madison precinct, repre-
senting the Stars and Stripes with an eagle and scroll Avith the motto,
"Harrison, Tyler and Eeform."

Clinton County delegation with a banner, on one side of which was
the motto, "Once for Jackson, now for Harrison, Tyler and Eeform."
On the reverse side the motto, "Woe to the man who styled us 'Flag
enders.' "

Pike County delegation had a number of flags, banners and devices:

1. The National Flag, on the one side, "Harrison and Tyler" ; on

the reverse, "Union and Eeform." Next came a canoe, 26 feet long

(drawn by six white horses), painted white with fine, blue streaks and

called, "Tippecanoe of Griggsville," bearing on it a banner with a por-

155

trait of General Harrison — the Illinois Coat of Arms with the motto,
"We come to the rescue." "One Term." "Wm. H. Harrison for the
Presidency in 1841."

2. Another flag with a small miniature ship placed on the flagstaff
Avhich they called the Harrison banner — with the motto, "Don't give
up the ship."

3. The National Flag — a banner with the motto, "Hard Cider,"

4. After this came a white flag embossed with roses ; motto, "Har-
rison and Tyler." On the reverse, "To save the Union." Then came a
canoe 15 feet long painted white with blue streaks and a banner on it
called the Montezuma National; motto, "Harrison and Tyler."

Bond County delegation in this part bore, first, a flag with the
device of a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider on one side; on the
other, motto, "'Suckers to the Eescue."

2. A banner with the likeness of Harrison on one side and' on the
other, "Martin can't come it." Following this was a banner which was
presented to the delegation by the Whig ladies of Montgomery. On the
reverse side, the motto, "The log cabins shelter grateful hearts."

Eandolph County delegation with a badge. Motto, "The People's
Choice — Eandolph, the older county in the State will go for Old Tip
as sure as fate. Springfield Convention, 1840."

In the Morgan County delegation was a large number of the sons
of Erin who carried a banner of green silk with streamers of the same
color. The device was a harp surrounded with shamrocks. Over the
device was, "Harrison and Tyler." The motto was, "Where Liberty
dwells there is my country." "Montgomery — Where is there a battle-
field for freedom where Irish blood has not been spilt?" was the motto
on the reverse.

Crawford, Hamilton, Marion, Jersey, Clay, Jackson and Washing-
ton counties were represented in parade but not described by newspapers.

One of the parade floats was a beautiful log cabin drawn by ten
yoke of oxen, and in the cabin was a brass band. Several hundred women
were in the parade, whether in carriages, on foot, or on horses is not
stated.

Nearly 300 old soldiers also marched in the procession. The Eevo-
lutionary soldiers rode in a large carriage drawn by four gray horses.

Those who attended from Missouri, Iowa, and Indiana, were there
as guests. In the parade the Missourians marched six abreast. How
many were there is not stated, probably not more than two or three
hundred. Mr. Chambers complained of the meager representation of
St. Louisians. Iowa was then a territory.

The following item was taken from the files of the Springfield
Journal, May 29, 1840 :

At a meeting in Brownsville, x\pril 27, 1840, of the citizens of
Jackson County friendly to the election of Gen. Harrison, the meeting
was organized by calling to the chair B. F. Conner, and J). B. Tuthill,
secretary.

After the object of the meeting had been stated, Daniel H. Bush,
James Eoberts and James Harrold were appointed a committee for the
purpose of drafting resolutions expressive of the sense of the meeting.
Upon motion, it was resolved that Dr. James Eoberts, Guy Scwartz,

156

Thomas L. Eoss, Russell Tuthill, P. C. Hull, Richard Budding, Gar-
rett Will, Ben Boon, H. S. Legate, Joel Chitwood, Daniel H. Brush, Alex
Koser, Richard Worthen, B. F. Conner, Ira Byers, John Mayfield, Peter
Krifer, James Harrold, James M. Reynolds and William Boner were
chosen as delegates to attend the said meeting.

The Morgan County delegation, about 1,100 in number, encamped
at the Methodist camp meeting ground, on Spring Creek, six miles west
of the city on Tuesday night, at which place, by invitation. Rev. W. D.
R. Trotter delivered a sermon which was highly spoken of.

Prior to the Springfield convention, great mass meetings were held
in the different counties, when delegates were elected for the prospective
Whig meeting.

HAERISON AND REFORM.

At a public meeting of the friends of Harrison and Reform held
in Waterloo, Monroe County, on the 16th of May for the purpose of
selecting delegates to the Springfield convention. Gen. James B. Moore
was chosen president of the day and Daniel Converse, secretary.

The preliminary arrangements being completed, a company formed
on horseback in rear of regular built canoe, mounted on wheels and
drawn by four gray horses, and proceeded to meet a large company of
gentlemen and ladies from St. Clair County, and notwithstanding the
very busy season of the year, farmers and mechanics, boys, girls, ladies
assembled and formed ready to receive them. They soon made their
appearance with flags, banners and music, when all formed a procession
and marched round the square to a bower prepared for the ladies and
the stand for the speakers in the canoe in front of the log cabin, when
Mr. Morrison of Kaskaskia delivered a very able, spirited and eloquent
address and was followed by Mr. Burd, both proving the very best
authority; the corruption and misrule of the present administration,
and showing from equally good authority the patriotic and valuable
services rendered the country by William Henry Harrison. After which
the Rev. Peter Rodgers, an aged Revolutionary soldier, arose and ad-
dressed the audience in the language and spirit of '76. Then the music
struck up "Yankee Doodle" and the company repaired to a long table
covered with an abundance of good bread, ham and cider and cake and
pie for the ladies.

At early candle light they met at the courthouse and about 100
names reported as delegates to the Springfield convention, after which
Mr. Lawhead delivered a spirited, patriotic and animating address, which
was received with loud cheers of applause.

Resolutions of thanks were then passed, thanking the company from
St. Clair and also Messrs. Morrison, Bond and Lawhead. Also that the
proceedings of the meeting be signed by the president and secretary and
forwarded to the editors of the Great Western, St. Louis Republican and
Springfield Journal for publication.

After singing a few patriotic and Tippecanoe songs, the meeting
adjourned in good order, nothing having occurred to mar the feelings of
any one, except a few of the locos who have taken some pains to prepare a

157

dinuer, etc., aud having failed to carry out tlicir designs, could only vent
tlieir rage in sullen murmurs.

J. B. Moore, President.
D. Converse, Secretary.
One hundred and thirty-two delegates chosen from Clinton County :
At a meeting held in Carlyle, Clinton County, 111., the following
delegates were appointed to attend the convention at Springfield, June
3-4, 1840:

Daniel Collins, John Dougherty, Jones Hicks, Fountain Nichols,
Benjamin Watts, William Tolliff, George W. Brooks, John Pratt, John
Milton White, Hugh L. White, Thomas Mattox, Napoleon Mattox, Hiram
F. Johnson, Alex Apperson, Alex H. Johnson, David Fleetwood, 0. H.
P. Maxey, Lewis Allen, Jona Sharp, H. H. McNelley, J. C. Moore,
James Wightman, John Claybaugh, jr., J. W. Davenport, George
Kenower, David Claybaugh, Ben Nicholson, Harrison Voden, St. Clair
Stewart, Abner J. Stewart. Pennington Powers, Samuel Hull, Charles
McDonald, Squire M. Stitts, Eeuben Eutherford, Daniel Eutherford,
Patrick Mullikin, Owen Mullikin, John Coleman, William Lewis, Alva
Lewis, William Johnson, sr., William Johnson, jr., Manasseh Cole,
Wesley Johnson, Benage Cox, Elan Silkwook, Asa Cannada, Theodore
Vornholt, Conrad Vornholt, Peter Young, Francis Wiegers, A. G. Maxey,
William Mc Adams, Martin McFerran, Daniel Griffith, Amos Nicholson,
Joseph Gordon, James E. T. Orton, Peter L. Maxey, Ira Burke, Gaza-
way Nicholson, William Cole, sr., William Cole, jr., Asa Entrekin,
Thomas Hooper, Jesse Dunn, Joshua Sharp, John Blackwell, William
Nichols, William Puryear, John G. Gillespie, John Gillespie, William
J. Foster, Lewis Allen, F. Findley, Abraham McNeal, Isreal Ferree,
Cornelius Ferree, Benjamin Nicholson, Jos. Collier, William Eobinson,
James Lecompte, E. A. Haden, F. Hervey, James Eankin, Zaphas Case,
N. Loughry, J. C. Moore, James Jolliff, A. B. Miller. Samuel Webster,
Benjamin Bond, Alex Sharp, Levi Sharp, A. Briggs, James Thompson,
John Brown, Benjamin Matchler, David Wolcott, William Gipson, jr.,
James Maddox, James Prather, Peter Cole, Thomas Suggs, Tiirner L.
Nichols, Samuel Tharp, William J. Cooley, John Drake, B. Drake, Abel
Pratt, Samuel Loughry, Jubilee Posey, William Frazer, George W. Eow,
Alex Wells, George W. Burkholder, Henry Sharp, Ira Mattox, Eobert
E. Tucker, James H. Watts, Isaac Stites, John Clark, sr., John Clark,
jr., F. Maddox, B. Drake, John Johnson, Lewis Johnson, William
Petrea, Balsam Hicks and Laban Petrea.

EEPOET OP A EEPUBLICAN WHIG MEETING.

A meeting of the Whigs of Shelby County was held at the court
house in Shelbyville on Tuesday, the 26th day of May, 1840.

On motion of Capt. James Duncan, James Fruit, Esq., was ap-
pointed chairman, and F. C. Thornton, secretary, of the meeting.

A committee of five was appointed by the chair, the members of
which were: Dr. William Hedden, D. A. Ferguson, Thomas Williams
and C. H. Martin.

General Harrison was endorsed for President and the following
named as delegates to the convention at Springfield on June 3 :

158

Major John Fleming, Dr. William Headen, Captain Jolin Tackett,
John Ward, William Todd, Judge Hums, A. F. Stewart, Thomas Wil-
liams, E. D. Lee, James Hichman, Thomas Handy, C. E. Morton,
William Oakley, John Trimble, Thomas Boye, David Elliott, Israel
Carpenter, James Fruit, Edward Armstrong, John S. Dooden, M. Dun-
can, M. Turney, D. A. Ferguson, Major Poor, William Elder, John H.
Todd, John Evy, William M. Wright, Isaac Eeeve, Jacob McKeene,
Charles Tackett, F. C. Thornton, Kinzie Robertson, Charles Wakefield,
William Moore, Litten Smith, JST. E. Jones, Thomas Headen, John Eose,
B. Dunkey, William F. Hilasbuck, Addison Smith, James Hilasback,
Amos Prentice, E. B. Erving, John Cook, Benjamin Sims, William
Thomason, George Thomason, Henry Bland, Thomas Howe, David
Michel, Samuel Montgomery, Ormsby Vanwell, M. M. Basye, Samuel
Wright, J. B. Harris, William Hooper, E. M. Doyle, Eavel Wilhams,
John Eichardson, Charles Eiiber, Oliver StanM^ood, K. B. Surdam,
James Colwell, Abel Stanwood, T. Engler, Mason Kelly, H. A. Dulton,
Joel Wagner, William Waddle, James Babcock, George Dye, Christian
Hoe, Christian Hines, J. Mclver, John B. Harrison, E. Kirtley, T. W.
Craddock, James Levers, Bartley Selley, Thomas Starms and Charles
Harmon.
To the Editors.

Gentlemen: I am a citizen of White County — am a devoted per-
sonal and political friend of General W. H. Harrison. Having served
under him during the late war, I had a strong desire to attend the
convention to be held at Springfield on the 3d and 4th of June next,
but I find that it will be out of my power to do so.

I can assure you that White County will tell well for General Har-
rison on the first Monday of Kovember next — at least I can speak for
the neighborhood in which I reside. Myself, with six sons, together with
every voter within several miles of me, go in solid phalanx for the hero
of Tippecanoe.

One word with regard to my deceased father. He was a Eevolu-
tionary soldier and pensioner and died on the 16th of ISTovember last.
The day on which he drew his last pension, on the 4th of September last,
while in the pension office, some person present remarked to him : "You
fought for our liberties, Father Johnson." "Yes," said he, "I did" (and
the tear moved in his eye), "but I have nearly outlived them." The
sentence was uttered in reference to the measures of the administration.

I send you a toast to be drank at your celebration. Being a cold-
water man myself, I request that it be drunk with nothing stronger than
hard cider — "Martin Van Buren and his party : You may begin to quail,
for a Waterloo defeat awaits you."

John Johnson.

Carmi, May 26, 1840.

Joseph Gillespie of Edwardsville, who was secretary from Madison
County at this convention, was elected State Senator in 1847, and Was
one of the thirteen members who, when the bill for the chartering of the
Illinois Central Eailroad came up, determined to preserve the principle
of taxation as opposed to the payment of a straight percentage on the
gross earnings. At this time there was a great scarcity of money, owing

159

to bank failures. Eepudiation of the State's indebtedness thereby in-
curred became a matter of serious consideration.

John Hogan, one of the principal orators on this occasion, was at
one time a Methodist minister, and his home was in Alton, but later he
moved to St. Louis. He was afterwards elected to Congress, and was
known as "Honest John Hogan."

John M. Palmer, afterwards Governor of Illinois, and Kichard
Yates, of Morgan County, our famous War Governor, were prominent
delegates at this convention.

The then experiment of self-government was in the crucible of test
and actual experience. Tho those of us who participate in this meeting
are the great-great-grandchildren of those who took part in that conven-
tion, and while we have advanced tremendously in modern conveniences,
science and refinement, yet it is pleasing to know that our forebears
counted among their number those who were then and now as noted for
their foresight, knowledge, refinement, and ability as any who live today.
Human nature has not changed, and at this time we pause in the for-
ward, splendid march of progress to turn and look back down the slope
of time to observe and contemplate the road over which the former
generations have passed.

And so has this noted but heretofore unnoticed convention been a
material part of this State's history. Geographically located in a veri-
table Garden of Eden, Illinois has written her history in glory and taken
her stand among the foremost states. Her sons have been found worthy
and glorified by the sister states. The impulse which prompted the con-
vention of 1840 was greater and deeper than the mere carrying of ban-
ners and the participation in parades. These were only the outward
signs. Deeper in the hearts of those who now sleep the sleep from which
there is no waking on earth, was the desire for a freer and a better
government, a greater opportunity for the higher spirit of men to reign,
a determination that all that was best in government should survive and
a patriotic desire that full freedom of mind and body should find its
fullest fruition in the future life and history of the government which
they were determined should live — live as a shining answer to those who
sneeringly predicted its downfall and demonstrated that the common
citizen was worthy to govern and that it might always be truthfully said,
"One flag, one land, one heart, one hand, one nation evermore."

160

THE YOUNG MEN'S CONVENTION AND OLD SOLDIERS'
MEETING AT SPRINGFIELD, JUNE 3-4. 1840.

(By Isabel Jamison.)

Probably the most spectacular political campaign ever staged by the
American people was that of 1840, popularly known as "The Log Cabin
and Hard Cider Campaign/' which resulted in placing General William
Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, in the Presidential chair.

The "log cabin and hard cider" designation was said to have orig-
inated with the Washington correspondent of the Baltimore Eepublican,
who sneeringly said of General Harrison:

"Give him a barrel of hard cider and settle a pension of $2,000 a
year upon him, and our word for it, he will sit the remainder of his
days contented in a log cabin."

The Whig party supporting General Harrison was quick to take
advantage of this suggestion, perceiving that the log cabin idea would
appeal more strongly to the masses than did the notion of the Van Buren
gold spoons and gilded dinner service.

Accordingly, the Whig papers ran cuts of log cabins at the head of
their editorial columns, and openly gloried in the plebeian tastes of their
candidate.

In the Sangamo Journal of November 3, 1838, the editor, Simeon
Francis, flung to the breezes of Sangamon County, the Harrison banner,
in the following words :

"We, this week, raise the standard of William Henry Harrison as a
candidate for President. This stand we have not taken without much
reflection, but now that we have taken it, we shall not be induced to
abandon it unless we conceive that the harmony of our friends absolutely
requires it."

Mr. Francis, being a man who had no use for political fences as a
roosting-place, and who was always to be found with both feet on the
ground, either on one side or the other, was as good, or better, than his
word; and in the stormy political weather that followed, his Sangamo
Journal shone like a beacon light to the Whigs of Illinois, and his
editorial utterances were delivered with no uncertain voice.

It was long before the lazy days of "patent insides" and news
bureaus, but there abode in the struggling prairie town of Springfield, a
firm of silversmiths and engravers, the De Riemers, who fashioned the
solid cups and tankards and bowls put up as prizes for fat cattle and
pigs and running nags at the first county fairs, and who prepared some-
what crude cuts for the infrequent illustrations that appeared in the
newspapers of the county.

They engraved for the Sangamo Journal two styles of log cabins, the
most popular one showing a canoe moored at one side of the building.

IGl

with a cannon standing at ease beneath a tree on the other ; a hard cider
barrel reclined on its side near the front door, whose latchstring dangled
conspicuously outside. A flag with twelve stripes and fifteen stars floated
from one end of the ridgepole, while a "stick and daub" chimney emit-
ting a fat, solid-looking curl of smoke, peeped up at the other end.
Below the cabin was the inscription :

"We thank the enemy for giving us the log cabin for our party
emblem. It is a most fitting illustration of our principles. It carries
the mind back to a period of republican simplicity when our rulers were
faithful and honest. Fortunately, our country is not so old in years, nor
our people so enervated by luxury as to forget their log cabin origin.
We all know that patriotism resides among our yeomanry. The watch-
fires of liberty are guarded and fed by the dwellers in log cabins. We
are proud, therefore, of the opportunity of supporting a log cabin candi-
date for President. We joyfully accept the log cabin as our coat of-
arms."

The other style of cut showed the log cabin from a different angle.
Apparently the cider barrel had been shifted to the other end of the
cabin, or, possibly, they had two barrels. In the foreground of this
picture, was General Harrison in civilian garb, being interrupted in
garden work by an old soldier, in full uniform, whom he was greeting
with outstretched hands and an invitation to dinner, as the text beneath
explained.

. A lusty crop of campaign poets sprang up, and the newspapers of
the day teemed with Tippecanoe, log cabin and hard cider doggerel,
which could be sung to various popular tunes, "Old Rosin the Beau"
being one of the favorites. This literary activity was not confined to the
Whig party, as the "Loco-focos" or Van Burenites also burst into song
as frequently and spontaneously as their opponents.

A "Rallying Song" of the Whigs appeared in the early part of the
winter of 1839-40, which contained a number of stanzas, two of them
being as follows:

"They're rousing, they're rousing in valley and glen —
The noble in soul and the fearless in heart ;
At Freedom's stern call, to the combat again
They rush with a zeal she alone can impart.

From wild Madawaska's dark forests of pine

To the far, fertile glades where the Illinois flows.

True sons of their fathers, the people combine
To shake off the chains of their tyrants and foes."

On May 1 the Sangamo Journal printed :

"A LOCO-FOCO AND AN ECHO."

"A Loco-foco exclaimed, 'Who is Harrison — who?'
Echo responded : 'Tippecanoe !'

'Of his bravery and service, what proof now remains?'
Echo responded : 'The Thames, Thames, Thames !'

—11 H S

162

But, being still doubtful, more evidence begs;
Echo responded : 'Fort Meigs, Meigs, Meigs !'

'Oh, where shall I find my country's best friend?'
Echo rei^lied: 'At North Bend, Bend, Bend!'

'Two years from now, I shall find him — where?'
Echo responded : 'In the Presidential chair.' "

It was seldom that the name of the author was appended to these
literary efi'orts, but many of them were the productions of local bards.

Another popular song that went with a swing and also served to
show the temper of the western people was the following :

"In the White House, Van Buren may drink his champagne
And have himself toasted from Georgia to Maine,
But we, in log cabins, with hearts warm and true,
Drink a gourd of hard cider to Old Tippecanoe."

A campaign paper called "The Old Soldier," was printed at the
office of the Sangamo Journal, its publication being superintended by
the members of the Whig State Central Committee, A. G. Henry, E. D,
Baker, J. F. Speed, Abraham Lincoln, and R. F. Barrett. Later, on
being elected Fund Commissioner, Dr. Barrett withdrew from the staff
of The Old Soldier. A Democratic campaign paper, called "Old Hick-
ory," was issued in Springfield, the editors being John Calhoun and
Stephen A. Douglas.

The focal point of the Whig campaign in Illinois was the "Old
Soldiers' reading room," which was opened in the building occupied by
the Sangamo Journal. The Tippecanoe singing clubs met there for
practice ; thunderous editorials, satirical campaign quips and stinging
personalities manufactured there, were injected into the campaign with
an abandon and disregard of consequences that would turn the editors
of the present day green with envy. There the plans for the county
campaigns were laid ; there the "publicity committee" met nightly, and
the most brilliant minds of the Whig party in Illinois, bent with enthu-
siasm to the task of organization.

Without going into the question of whether or not Martin Van
Buren had sowed the wind, he certainly began reaping the whirlwind in
1839. Business definitely and decidedly collapsed. There was no money
and little credit in the western country, and it did not soothe the pangs
of the hungry and thirsty pioneers to read of "Matty" Van Buren rolling
through the streets of Washington in his cushioned coach of state, or
reclining luxuriously upon his imported, upholstered furniture. His
gold teaspoons, duly exploited in the columns of the Whig papers, were
a direct slap at the enforced simplicity of western table furnishings. All
the effete luxuries which wrapped him so softly about, were, in fact, so
many direct insults to the horny-handed toilers of the middle west.
William Henry Harrison, who drank hard cider out of a gourd, was a
m,an after their own hearts. The thing to do was to elect him.

A special session of the Legislature during the winter of 1839-40
brought to the State Capital, Springfield, in one way or another, the
political leaders of both parties. Also, there were a number of bright

163

young lawyers assembled at Springfield to attend the court sessions, very
few of whom were of the "say nothing but saw wood" variety. Thus it
happened that the most brilliant orators of the State, all interested in
politics and the sound of their own voices, met night after night in
political debate in the Hall of Kepresentatives. The new State House
not being ready for occupancy at that time, the House met in the Second
Presbyterian Church, a brick building on Fourth Street between Wash-
ington and Adams. It was at that time, the largest church building in
the central and northern part of the State, but was torn down in 1875.

j\Iany of the speeches delivered on the occasions of these debates
were printed in pamphlet form, and sent out to do missionary work
among the voters, thereby creating a state-wide interest in the campaign.

During this campaign the convention plan of nominating candi-
dates became a political factor, and State conventions were held by both
parties. At the Democratic convention of December 10, 1839, various
resolutions were passed containing a scathing denunciation of Whig
individuals. Whig policies and the Whig party in general. The Whigs
were so much incensed by this direct attack that a meeting of the State
leaders was called for December 11 at the Hall of Representatives, at
which Cyrus Edwards of Madison County presided. J. J. Hardin of
Morgan, chairman of the committee to draft resolutions, reported to the
meeting that it was apparent to all earnest-thinking, fair-minded men
that the time was approaching when a proper organization of the Whig
party would be necessary to save the country ; therefore, it was recom-
mended that a convention of the Whig young men of Illinois be held
in Springfield on Wednesday after the second Monday in June for the
purpose of more effectually organizing the Whig party of the State.
After able speeches by Messrs. Baker, Browning, Field and others, the
resolutions were adopted.

Abraham Lincoln, of Sangamon, offered for adoption, a preamble
and resolutions, calling a meeting the following night to debate with
the opposition party the resolutions passed at the Van Buren State Con-
vention on the 10th inst., denouncing the Whig party and policy.

The resolution being adopted, Mr. Lincoln was nominated to open
the debate for the Whig side. The debate took place Wednesday, Thurs-
day and Friday evenings, Mr. Lincoln leading in a speech of great force
and wit. Mr. Douglas replied for the Democrats, and E. D. Baker
wound up the debate for the Whigs. These political pvrotechnics at the
State Capital attracted great attention, being exploited in the local
papers and widely disseminated in the shape of pamphlets.

In his "Personal Eecollections," John M. Palmer mentions visiting
Springfield in December, 1839, to obtain a license to practice law. He
said, "The city was filled with strangers, including most of the public
men of the State." He attended a public meeting held in the Second
Presbyterian meetinghouse, and heard speeches made by Alex P. Field,
Secretary of State, John Calhoun, 0. H. Browning and Stephen A.
Douglas. He added, "Discussions of this character were kept up night
after night."

A second meeting was held by the young Whigs at Springfield,
January 31, 1840, at which a more formal organization of the Sangamon
County Whigs was effected ; and recommendations were made that the

164

Whigs in the various counties of the State hold meetings for the pur-
pose of electing delegates, any number they might choose, to represent
their respective counties at a great central meeting to be held in Spring-
field on Wednesday after the first Monday in June. The call for this
meeting appeared regularly in each issue of the Sangamo Journal there-
after, and the newspaper correspondents throughout the State began to
report their counties having taken favorable action in the matter. An
address to the people of the State was prepared, and a confidential cir-
cular was sent out to some prominent Whig in each county, unfolding a
plan of the State central committee for getting into touch with each
county of the State. The counties were to be divided into small dis-
tricts, each having a subcommittee whose duty it was to make out a list
of the voters and their political preferences ; to watch dobbtf ul voters and
supply first aid to wavering minds, and especially to report progress the
first of each month.

About this time (the latter part of February), the old soldiers of
the Northwestern Army under command of General Harrison during the
late war with Great Britain, held a meeting in Springfield, at which
John Lindsay presided; a suggestion made by a Jacksonville patriot in
the last issue of the Old Soldier was adopted. This was to the effect
that the old soldiers who had served under General Harrison in the late
war should meet at some central point in convention on July 4. An
address was prepared, signed by those present at the meeting:

"The Springfield old soldiers desire to second the convention sug-
gestion most cordially, and invite the Sangamon County old soldiers who
served under Harrison to meet March 14 at the courthouse."

The meeting took place on the above date, with Josiah B. Smith in
the chair. Judge Logan was present, and, being invited to address the
meeting, responded in a pertinent and happy manner. A resolution was
offered by Dr. Todd, in which the old soldiers pledged themselves to use
all honorable means to elect Harrison, and, further, that the old soldiers
of the State, including all who had served their country in any war, be
invited to meet in convention at Springfield June 4, the date of the Whig
meeting. These resolutions were adopted and signed by those present.
John 0. Verstreet, a soldier of the time of Washington, attended
this meeting. The Whig committee of correspondence, in accordance
with a resolution adopted at a meeting of the Morgan County old soldiers
April 11, forwarded an invitation to General Harrison to attend the
meeting June 4, but he was unable to accept.

All this time the Whig young men were working like beavers, and,
owing to their contests and conventions. Governor Ford said in his
History of Hlinois, that no standing army was better organized and dis-
ciplined than the Harrison forces in Illinois. State politics was pushed
into the background for the time being. The Democrats began to show
that they were puzzled. They tried argument, ridicule, and, finally,
imitation, but too late; they were outsung, outshouted, outtalked, and
outlaughed. The "Vannies" had talked of holding a State meeting in
emulation of the Whigs, but fearing that they might not be successful
in outdoing their political opponents, the Democratic State Central
Committee, consisting of Stephen A. Douglas, I. R. Diller, V. Hickox,
M. K. Anderson, and W. M. Walters, issued an address to the rank and

1G5

file of the part}', through the columns of the Illinois State Eegister,

which read as follows :

"To the Democratic Party of Illinois:

"We have received intelligence from our friends in various parts of
the State, assuring us that at this busy season of the year, the Democratic
farmers cannot, without great inconvenience, leave their farms for a
period of time necessary to attend a convention at Springfield; a very
few counties have already appointed their delegates and have shown a
disposition to make every sacrifice for the interests of their party and
their country.

"In view, however, of the times and the inconvenience to which the
Democrats will be subjected at this busy season of the year, in leaving
their work to attend a convention hundreds of miles from home, we beg
leave to suggest to our friends in all parts of the State that it is inex-
pedient to hold a young men's convention in June next. The Democratic
party is eminently a sober and reflective party. It believes not in pomp,
parade nor show. It leaves such humbuggery to that party whose opin-
ion of the public intelligence is so low as to lead them to act upon the
unworthy principle that the people are to be led by show, and not moved
by sober, honest appeals to their judgment. To that party we are willing
to yield all the benefits of pomp and the exhibition of picturesque log
cabins, canoes and old cider barrels ; but for our own cause, we trust to
the quiet but certain influence of truth and correct principles to again
conduct us to victory."

In 1840 the Federal Census gave Sangamon County a population
of 14,716, of which number, 2,579 resided in the town of Springfield
that had been for three stormy years the Capital of the State, and was
still a struggling village; altho it had been that year incorporated as a
city, and an abortive attempt had been made to corral some of the live
stock that perambulated its streets and wallowed blissfully in its gutters.

East and south of the little town, stretches of blue stem and rosin
weed waved in the wind, where the prairie rolled to meet the sycamores
of the Sangamon, and west and north hovered the tender, misty purple
of forest trees. The old stage roads still threaded the prairie grass and
wound in and out of the groves ; but, as yet, no bands of steel linked the
ambitious little State Capital with the outside Avorld ; and, even with the
best will in the world, the fourteen thousand odd inhabitants of Sanga-
mon County had made but scanty progress in mussing up the landscape
with coal mines, factories and tin cans.

But that Sangamon County of 1840 possessed a stupendous amount
of energy, enthusiasm and executive ability, is evidenced by the planning
and successful accomplishment of the Whig young men's convention and
old soldiers' meeting on June 3-4 of that year. It was a great under-
taking for those days, when traveling was a very strenuous matter at
best; and to carry out the plan of such a meeting successfully required
an amount of faith and optimism from start to finish that only pioneer
days seem able to supply. The results justified that faith more com-
pletely than faith is often rewarded. It was an outpouring of the people,
the bone and sinew of the Prairie State ; and, like soldiers marching to
battle, thcv came to the music of fife anrl drum, with flags and banners,

166

tents and commissary, in lumbering wagons drawn by mules or horses,
or plodding oxen, some of them eight and ten days on the way.

They journeyed through mud and shifting quicksands, fording
creeks, ferrying across rivers, straining over bumpy hillocks by day and
serenaded by prairie wolves as they gathered around their camp-fires at
night. Among the pilgrims were between two and three hundred hoary-
headed veterans of the Eevolution and grizzled soldiers of 1812, all
journeying for days to what proved to be a final rendezvous for some,
and a last pleasant memory of reunion for others.

As the delegations neared Sangamon Count}', the enthusiasm of the
people living along the various roads over which they traveled, became
more manifest. Men were plowing their fields with Tippecanoe flags
fluttering from their horses or oxen, or riding rampant upon the plows
themselves. Many of the tavern-keepers refused to take payment for
provender furnished, and patriotic old soldiers made the travelers free
of gardens and smokehouses.

Women vied with men in the heartiness of their greetings. At
Irish Grove, a woman stood in front of her log cabin, waving her shawl
and shouting that all Irish Grove's forty families were Whigs but one.

The weather on Tuesday, June 2, was clear and brilliant, and the
marshals, under direction of their chief. Dr. Merryman, were on parade,
mounted and in uniform, at 2 :00 p. m. The uniform was a dark coat,
black hat, white pantaloons and white gloves. The assistant chief mar-
shals, William Prentiss, F. Webster, W. G. Abrams, Albert T. Bledsoe
and Z. P. Cabiniss, wore pink scarfs with white rosettes and carried
white batons; the marshals, about 76 in number, wore blue scarfs with
white rosettes, and carried white batons.

Following an announcement that the Chicago and other northern
delegations were nearing the city, a detachment, accompanied by the
Springfield band, was detailed to meet and escort them to the place of
encampment, under a salute from the ubiquitous cannon that had ushered
in so many Xational holidays and broken so many windows since they
were first unlimbered by the Springfield artillery in 1835. The arrival
of the Chicago delegation with its miniature brig from the lake, its
streaming banners and quickstep music, to say nothing of the volcanic
cheers that l)urst forth with such a hearty good will, formed a fitting
prelude to the stirring events of the two or three gala days that followed.

The encampment was formed on the green north of Elijah lies'
residence, which stood at the corner of Sixth and Cook streets, now
occupied by the First Christian Church, and soon the camp-ground
became a mass of life and color. Immediately upon the arrival of a
delegation, it was waited upon by marshals, with wagons and carts in
their train, which supplied hay and corn for the horses and oxen and
wood for the camp-fires. Tents sprang up like mushrooms after a spring
shower, and the smoky incense of hundreds of camp-fires floated out
upon the air. If the tents were too crowded for comfort, lodging was
supplied tlie overflow in the private residences of the town.

^Fore delegations were constantly arriving, and the gayly capari-
soned marshals flew about like gorgeous leaves in an autumn gale. Some
neighborhoods turned out with almost their entire population, bringing
their minister with them; and, as the reveille sounded morning and

160'

evening, they gathered for a short service of prayer. It is not meant by
this to imply that all the delegations behaved like a Sunday school pic-
nic ; that would have been too much to expect of a political meeting.

Three-fifths of the delegates, according to a letter written upon the
ground by one of them, were farmers, and he declared that it looked as
if all the suckers in the State had come up stream and down stream to
gather in the country of the Sangamo.

The spectacle in the evening was one to linger in the mind's eye for
many years. A clear, silvery moon hung in the west, while in the north,
above the purple line of forest, a black mass of high-piled clouds now
and then spat out vicious tongues of lightning. Thousands were en-
camped upon the rolling prairie, their illumined tents glowing like radi-
ant balls and their camp-fires flickering like fireflies. Bands of music
played in different parts of the camp ; glee clubs rolled out the doggerel
of the Tippecanoe campaign, set to the music of popular songs ; rockets
shot up from the prairie heae and there, and dripped flecks of fire from
the dark blue vault above; ambitious orators tried their prentice hand
upon good-natured audiences gathered in the open spaces, and mighty
shouts of approval greeted each telling point in the discourse ; and all
these diverse elements mingled in a whirl of sound and motion that
surged through the veins of the spectators like the spirit of the hard
cider of which the glee clubs sang.

Wednesday morning, June 3, the sun rose clear, but clouds soon
liegan to gather, and for a time it was feared that rain would fall,
dampening the clothing, if not the ardor, of the thousands encamped
upon the rolling prairie. However, Chief Marshal Merryman and his
aides rendezvoused at 8 :00 a. m. at the office of The Old Soldier, in
readiness to receive the early delegations. The threatened storm passed
over, and at a very early hour, the Morgan, Greene, Cass, Tazewell, the
"Hunters of Macoupin," and other county delegations arrived, and were
escorted into the city.

At 2 :00 p. m. the formal meeting began in the pavilion that had
been erected on the camp-ground, and which held about 5.000 people.
As soon as the speakers were called to the stand, the pavilion was packed
to suffocation, and thousands lingered around the outside. J. Hogan, of
Madison, S. Lisle Smith, of Chicago, E. T). Baker, of Sangamon, and
Richard Yates, of Morgan, delivered addresses, after the routine business
of organizing and electing officers had been disposed of.

Mr. Hardin, of Morgan, chairman of the committee on resolutions,
reported the resolutions, which, among other things, expressed the object
of the meeting as being an assertion of the inviolable rights of the free
people; approved the nomination of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio,
for President, and John Tyler, of Virginia, for Vice President : con-
demned the lavish expenditure of public money as wholly unworthy of
a Chief ^lagistrate ; denounced a hard nionev currency as likely to
impoverish the day laborer and enrich the officeholder; asserted that
Van Buren had acted unwisely in creating a State debt in times of peace,
and pointed out the inexpediency of maintaining a large standing army.

After the adoption of the rosohitions, IMessrs. Davenport, of Taze-
well ; Butler, of Bureau ; Webster, of LaSalle; Wilkinson, of Morgan, and
Judge Pobins, of Kentucky, addressed the crowd. Speaking was con-

168

tinued at intervals during the evening by Messrs. Davis, of Alton ; Vau-
deventer, of Schuyler County; Bond, of Clinton, and Doyle, of Peoria.

The camp of the Chicago delegation was considered the most attract-
ive. On Wednesday evening, a party of ladies and gentlemen, composed
of the elite of Springfield, paid a visit to the camp, accompanied by the
Springfield band. Cotillion parties were formed on the prairie and con-
tinued until the moon went down.

The meeting of the old soldiers took place on Thursday, June 4. A
State organization was elfected, John F. Henry being elected president.
Eesolutions were passed, pledging those present to work and vote for
the soldier candidate.

On motion, the Eevolutionary soldiers attending the meeting were
invited to the platform. Nine responded and were introduced to the
audience. One of these veterans was nearly one hundred years old.
Two others who were in town were unable to attend the meeting. One
of the old soldiers, past eighty, wore a hunting shirt which he had worn
at Fort Meigs; another brought a tomahawk that he had taken from an
Indian near the battlefield of the Thames. One soldier proudly wore a
sword that had been presented to him for gallant conduct during the
time of General Wayne.

Thursday morning opened for the Whigs with a reception to the
delegates by the Sangamon County delegation, after which, at 9 :30, the
different delegations assumed the positions assigned them at a signal
of one gun. The Sangamon delegation formed on Sixth Street, also
the old soldiers, their right resting on Edwards Street.

At 10:00 a. m., after a salute of twenty-six guns, the different
detachments moved into column of march, and proceeded a mile and a
quarter out onto the prairie south of town, then countermarched until
the head of the column arrived again on Sixth Street just as the rear
left it, making a procession two and one-half miles long, six abreast, in
close marching order.

The order of the procession was as follows :

Salute party, with two field pieces.

E. H. Merryman, Chief Marshal.

Assistant Chief Marshals.

Music.

Committee on Arrangements.

State Central Committee.

Banner : State Coat of Arms ; William Henry Harrison, on the
reverse; "The Eobe of the Civilian over the Armor of the Soldier."

A full length likeness of General Harrison, borne by two men.
(This was painted by Major Cabiniss, a portrait painter of Springfield,
who made a trip to General Harrison's home at North Bend for the
purpose. )

Soldiers of the Ecvolntion. in a long canoe, drawn by four gray
horses.

Dr. John F. Henry, president of the old soldiers' organization.

Vice Presidents, consisting of soldiers of the Eevolution, also those
who served under Wayne, and with Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe.

Soldiers of the late war (1812), six abreast, with banner and
National Flag.

169

Delegations from other states : Missouri, six abreast, with tri-
eolored flag and state coat of arms, with the motto, "Union for the sake
of Union;" Indiana delegation with badges bearing the inscription,
"The eneni}^ is giving way; one more tire and victory is ours."

Iowa delegation, with banner inscribed : "Iowa cannot vote, but she
can, and will, speak."

Carriages with ladies.

President of the Young Men's Convention, Hon. A. M. Jenkins.

Twenty-six young men selected from the various delegations, serv-
ing as vice presidents.

The county delegations, in six detachments, with bands, floats and
banners. The first detachment was led by Assistant Chief Marshal
Prentiss, and headed by the Cook County delegation; four bay horses
drew a wagon containing the musicians, dressed as sailors, in white, with
red sashes.

The second detachment was led by Z. P. Cabiniss, Morgan County
heading the line, preceded by the Jacksonville band in a carriage drawn
by six Avhite horses. This delegation carried a banner inscribed : "Mor-
gan County will attend to her crops, and her rights, too !" Next to
Sangamon, it was the largest delegation in line, numbering about 1,100.
Twenty old soldiers riding in a canoe drawn by six gray horses, attracted
much attention. Among other banners carried by the hundreds of Mor-
gan County farmers was one bearing the legend : "The farmer of Nortli
Bend— from the cabin to the Cabinet."

The third detachment was led by Thomas Hewitt, and headed by
the Tazewell County delegation.

The fourth detachment, led by J. Shackelford, was headed by the
Greene County men, decked with green bushes and carrying heads of
green wheat. They bore a !)eautiful white silk flag presented by the
ladies of Carrollton.

The fifth detachment was led by F. Webster and headed by the
Scott County delegation.

The sixth detachment, acting as rear escort, led by J. Corneau,
consisted of the Sangamon County delegation, carrying at its front a
banner inscribed : "Old Sangamon— Harrison and Eeform."

A large canoe, 33 feet long, containing two sailors in costume, fol-
lowed, drawn by four horses. A pair of large deer horns was fastened
to the bow. After this float came about 1,500 men carrying flags,^an-
ners and mottoes. Wolf Creek, Upper and Lower Lick Creek, Eichland.
Fancy Creek, Mechanicsburg and Island Grove were well represented.
Eochester brought a steam engine drawn by horses and a canoe -float; a
little band of shoemakers carried a banner inscribed: "To accomplish
our ends we will stake our awl." A log cabin followed, with a band
playing inside, the float being drawn by ten yoke of oxen.

Cotton Hill came with a monster log cabin of cottonwood logs, in
the most approved style of pioneer architecture, drawn by twenty-six
yoke of oxen. In the rear of the cabin was a tree of sufficient size to
support several men. while eighty men were gathered in, upon and
around the cabin itself. The Sugar Creek delegation followed a banner
inscribed : "Sugar Creek will do her duty,"

170

Two IilukIi'lmI Iiisluncu selected from tlie Sangamou aud Morgan
county delegations, carrying green banners with green streamers, excited
great enthusiasm.

The old soldiers were a remarkable feature of the procession. There
were the eyes, now growing dim, that had' beheld the redcoats fall at
Xew Orleans; ears that had listened to the warwhoop of the Indian
allies at Mauraee, Fort Meigs and Tippecanoe; lingers that had pressed
the triggers at the Thames, Monmouth and Stony Point ; and feet, steady
then, but all too faltering now, that had followed Washington over frost
and snow and floating ice, to capture the Hessians at Trenton. Every
battlefield from Xew Orleans back to the Revolution was represented.

The enthusiasm along the line of march w^as indescribable. The
roar of fifteen thousand voices, the swaying banners, fluttering handker-
chiefs of the spectators, the thud of hoofs, the music of the bands, the
gayly uniformed marshals on their prancing horses, all aided in creating
a scene that even the wildest imagination (probably the one owned by
editor Francis) had surely never anticipated as likely to be staged in
the little prairie town of Springfield. Moses, describing the event in his
history, estimates the crowd at 20,000 people, although the State Regis-
ter people could see but . about 3,000, and the Sangamo Journal was
satisfied with the claim of 12,000 in the line of march. The procession
was two and one-half miles in length, embracing 1,463 sections of six
individuals abreast, besides a long line of carriages, horsemen, men in
canoes, log cabins and other floats.

Before countermarching on Sixth Street, the detachments passed
in review before the Sangamon County delegation, drawn up in line to
receive them. After the procession had passed, Sangamon County
wheeled into line in the rear. The line of march continued on Sixth
to Adams, Adams to Fifth, Fifth to Jefferson, Jefferson to Second,
Second to IMadison, Madison to Fifth, and thence to Houghan's Park,
just south of the present Edwards Place, where the barbecue was in
readiness. The park was reached about 1 :00 p. m. and the tables were
loaded with plain, substantial, log-cabin fare, to which a crowd of 15,000
people did ample justice. No wine or spirituous liquors were allowed
at the barbecue. Awnings and seats had been prepared at the park for
the ladies.

After the multitude had been fed, they collected in groups and were
addressed by Mr. Hogan, of Alton, Mr. Brigham, of Massachusetts,
Judge Todd, of Missouri, Mr. May, of Sangamon, Mr. Hardin, of Mor-
gan, Mr. Morrison, of Kaskaskia, and Messrs. Webster, Hawley and
Coffin, of LaSalle. The speaking was concluded at 6 :00 o'clock p. m.,
and the people returned to town.

The home of Dr. Houghan (now known as Edwards Place) was
thrown open to the ladies at the barbecue, and the space in front of his
piazza was occupied by a large crowd, which was addressed by talented
young citizens of the north and south parts of the State. Mrs. Smith,
the mother of Dr. Todd, a lady nearing her eightieth birthday, was
present, and was introduced to the people as the early friend and
guardian of General William Henry Harrison. When she arose and
stood before the crowd, every lieftrt thrilled in unison with the pride she

171

felt in tlio honor paid to llie child that had ,i;f()\vii to luanliood niuler
her protection and guidance.

In the evening, the convention reasseinhled at the pavilion on the
camp-ground, Hon. A. M. Jenkins presiding. ^Ir. Stuart, oi" Cook, Mr.
Chambers, of St. Louis, Judge Huntington, of Indiana, Mr. Bond, of
Clinton, and Mv. Hogan, of ]\Iadison County, delivered speeches of great
power.

Mr. Hardin, of Morgan County, offered a set of resolutions, which
were adopted with enthusiasm, thanking the citizens of Springfield and
Sangamon County for their kind hospitality, and the ladies in particular,
for the spirit and enthusiasm they had shown. Mr. Hogan, of Madison,
offered a resolution, thanking Hon. A. M. Je'nkins for the acceptable
manner in which he had presided over the meetings, and after the adop-
tion of this resolution, the convention adjourned sine die.

On the morning of June 5, after the tents of the Chicago delega-
tion had been struck, it marched in procession with banners flying, to
the music of the band, through the streets of the town to the office of
the Sangamo Journal. Here, Mr. Stuart, of the Chicago American,
made a happy address in behalf of the Cook County delegation, in which
he presented to the Sangamon County Whigs the brig brought down
from Chicago, as typical of the ship of state, which tliey were willing
to intrust to the keeping of the latter.

After the applause had ceased, Mr. Baker, on behalf of the citizens
of Sangamon County, presented to the Cook County delegation a large
gray eagle, as typical of the young Eepublic. While Mr. Baker was
describing the broad flight of the noble bird when he should be released
from his cage by the election of General Harrison, the eagle, either in
anticipation of that joyful event or because his bearer pulled his tail
feathers,, reared his head and gave a resounding squawk, that was fol-
lowed by a burst of applause from the assembled crowd.

Many of the delegations spent the following Sunday in camp on
their homeward Avay, while others did not start until Monday morning.
Like many other political meetings, the greatest benefit to the party was
not secured in the open and formal work of the convention, but rather
in the secret conferences, the private exchange of ideas and information,
and the personal acquaintance of leaders and lieutenants, which resulted
from this assemblage of the brightest minds of the Whig party in Hlinois.
The firmer organization and closer relationship coveted by the leaders
had been effected, and they separated with a firmer faith that victory
would crown the efforts of the Whig party to seat their log caKin candi-
date in the presidential chair.

As for the local politicians, they felt assured that Sangamon County
had set a high-water mark in the entertainment of crowds that would
stand for many a year. In fact, it is very doubtful whether any town
of 2,500 inhabitants ever carried a more stupendous undertaking to such
a successful finish, and when Springfield is counting up her honors as a
convention town, she should not forget to brush the dust of years from
her well-earned, if slightly passe, laurels of IS 10.

PART III

Contributions to State History

1914

175

FURTHER REGARDING THE DESTRUCTION OF A BRANCH
OF THE FOX TRIBE OF INDIANS.

(By J. F. Steward.)

The writer of this article recently received a letter from the author
of a work on western history who was invited to visit the hill of slaughter
at the writer's expense, containing a declination to do so^ stating that
"The place has never been found;" hence the following: It is clear that
negative statements cannot eiface landmarks.

Francis Parkman, in his Half Century of Conflict, says: "The
accounts of the affair are obscure and not very truthworthy." This
statement will be found to be correct, only the landmarks can show where
the event took place. Davidson, in Unnamed Wisconsin, says: "The
worst event of the war occurred near Rock St. Louis on the Illinois
Eiver." He does not say at, but near. The place of my discoveries is,
by the old trail, a day's run, about twelve French leagues away. Heb-
bard, in Wisconsin under the Dominion of the French, tells of the
affair, but gives no place. DeLery, in his two sketches, dated October
15, 1730, states that the place is situated between the Illinois and the
Wabash rivers, at 50 leagues to the east southeast of the Eock in New
France. He does not distinguish between the Rock that gave our Illinois
stream its second name in history and the Rock on the Illinois River.

Hoquart (Hocquart) in his letter to the French Minister, dated
January 15, 1731, says :

"Monseigneur : I have no doubt * * * that you have learned, by
way of the Mississippi, of the defeat of the Renards, savages (Foxes),
that happened on September 9, the last, in a plain situated between
the River Wabash and the river of the Illinois, about sixty leagues to the
south of the extremity or foot of Lake Michigan; to the east southeast
of the Rock in the Illinois country."

The region between the Illinois River and the Wabash was not
known as the Illinois country. The Illinois were further west; some
of them beyond the Mississippi. "In the Illinois country," is indefinite.
This statement of Hoquart is referred to in a recent work, where it is
said that the location of my discovery does not accord therewith. This
is true, but, I reply that Hoqnart was in Quebec and received his infor-
mation second hand ; such was also true of DeLery. The two localities
pointed out by Hoquart are wide apart, and DeLery's places do not
accord with those of Hoquart.^

Charlevoix passed down the Illinois River in 1721 to Fort St. Louis
on what we know as "Starved Rock." The Peorias had clung to their
old hunting grounds, about our river, although the other branches had
moved to our side of the ^lississippi, below St. Louis, taking the name

■ DeLerv's sketches, as procured from Paris for me, can be seen in the library of the Illinois His-
torical Society.

176

of their original town, Kaskaskia, with them. The French league was
commonly stated to equal two and forty-two one-hundredths of an
English mile. DeLery's place of slaughter, we find, would be one hun-
dred and twenty-one miles from the "Eock" on the Illinois, near Delphi,
Indiana, and Hoquart's sixty leagues would move the place beyond the
Wabash, near Kokomo, Indiana. Hoquart's sixty leagues from the
southern extremity of Lake Michigan would place the slaughter a few
miles from Terre Haute, Indiana. Taking our large Government map
as a guide, DeLery's position would be about six miles west of the
Wabash, while Hoquart's first place would be about twenty-five miles
beyond the Wabash, near Spencer, Indiana, which is about eighty-two
miles from Terre Haute. We thus see that three places of the event are
given. The military officers, no doubt, had maps of that day before
them, but Hoquart and DeLery seemed to have ignored the work of
cartographers. On Homan's map of 1684, our river is given as "Eiviere
des Illinois, E. de Macopin,"^ including the Kankakee. Fox Eiver of
Illinois is shown, but not named. Following the authors mentioned, the
place of slaughter would be beyond the Wabash, following the scale of
leagues there shown. On an early French map, entitled, "Carte de la
Nouvelle France," etc., not dated, but evidently drawn about 1710,
Fort St. Louis is shown. Following the authors referred to, the place
would be far beyond the Wabash.

On a map published in Amsterdam, "1710-1720," the place of the
"Eock" is not shown, but its situation is apparent; following the two
accounts the place was beyond the Wabash. On the map of Herman
Moll, in the year 1720, the place would be between the Wabash and a
branch of the St. Joseph Eiver, called Oumanie.

Following Franquelin's map of 1688, the place would be near the
Wabash. Following DeLisle's map of 1703, sixty leagues puts the place
beyond the Wabash. This is also true of DeLisle's map of 1722. On
this map is given a scale of English miles, and by it I find that the
place would be far beyond the Wabash, and fifty leagues from the Eock
on the Illinois would make it very near the Wabash. Fifty leagues
from the Eock on the Fox Eiver, of Illinois, will put the locality about
one hundred and twenty-one miles east southeast between the Kankakee,
on the early maps sometimes called the Illinois, and the Wabash.
Hoquart's sixty leagues would place the locality a little further east.
These confusions led me to my supposition that the Eock referred to
was that on Fox Eiver of Illinois and not that on the Illinois Eiver.
The Fox Eiver of Illinois is first shown on an undated map (probably
of 1679, as we are informed by Harrisse, the French authority on early
French maps of America), and on Franquelin's map of 1684, where is
the name Pestekuoy, the Algonquin name of the buffalo of our early
prairies.

Our early map-makers often copied the en-ors of others; but, in
time, cartographers became more correct in their work. It is thought
that the information which enabled Popple in his map of 1732 to draw
our stream more correctly than before Maramech was abandoned, was
received from traders, as the position is properly shown, nlthougli there

» The river of our beautiful pond lilies,

177

called Maraux.^ The region was on a well-known trail, mapped in by
early map-makers. There are the hills, properly placed, particularly
the isolated one, prominently shown.

On sixt3^-five early maps of my collection, the Mascoutins, sometimes
given as Assistaeronnous or Nation de Fen, are shown as inliabiting the
gTeat prairies about the head of the Fox Eiver of Illinois, and as far
down as to reach Fox Eiver, in Kendall County. Illinois, and they are
shown nowhere else. Beckwith, who gave more attention to the history
of Illinois than any other, quotes from an old record, as found in the
article on "Mysterious Indian Battle Grounds in McLean County, Illi-
nois," by John H. Burnham in the Transactions for 1908. He says:
"Confirmatory of this is a reference in a letter written by M. de Lon-
gueil. the French commander at Detroit in 1752, where, referring to
the difficulties the French were encountering with their Indian subjects
between the Illinois and Wabash rivers, it is stated among other matters
of grievance, the Piankeshaws, Illinois and 0 sages were to assemble at
the prairies of the Mascoutins,* the place where Messrs. de Villiers and
de ISToyelle attacked the Foxes about twenty years previous. And when
iliey had built a fort to secure their families, they were to make a general
attack on all the French. M. de Yilliers and M. de Noyelle, as is well
known, were officers at Fort Chartres.

Few will charge Beckwith with inattention to details. The prairies
of the Mascoutins was undoubtedly correct.

It was the Mascoutins and Illinois of the Eock (Peorias) that held
the Foxes, located between them, until the French arrived.

The trail known to early arrivals as the Sac and Fox trail crossed
Fox Eiver west of Chicago, probably where the early settlers passed over
(including my parents, in 1838) at the shallow rapid, divided by the
island near the northeast corner of Fox township, Kendall County,
Illinois. The river shown on the French map of 1679 has a line cross-
ing it marked "Saut," the French word for a rapid. The old trail is
there still seen, winding up the hill. Later maps than that of Fran-
quelin, and others, give the name as "Eiviere du Eocher," — Eiver of the
round-summited rock. The rock that gave the river its second name in
history is about an acre in extent and more than forty feet in height.
Whence the present name of the two creeks? Simply creeks of the
Eock; their entrance into the Eiver of the Eock (before being turned
by the hand of man) was only a half French league from the Eock.
Eiver of the Eock, Big Creek of the Eock, Little Creek of the Eock, the
names of the creeks remain and are commemorative of the older name
of the Eiver of the Eock. In the years of the century following the first
discoveries, the French cartographers mapped in the river as "Eiviere
des Eenards" — Eiver of the Foxes. Why this change in name? The
two previous names had been characteristic. Eiver of the buffalo that
roamed its adjacent prairies, and river of the mounds of hard Galena
limestone, so hard as to resist the great glacial plowshare that had cut

3 The French traders and explorers accustomed themselves to shorten the Indian names; for in-
stance, Nadowessioux they shortened to Sioux; the Pottowatomies they shortened to Poux; Osaukees
they called Sacs; Ouiatandns they and the Enfrlish shortened to Wias. It seems probable that they
shortened the people of Maramech to Maranx. CTn English this would mean Mararose.)

< The prairies of the Mascoutins extend from the northern border of Illinois to far beyond Mara-
mech hill, the place of slaughter of the Foxes. The Mascoutins were within the boundary of La Salle's
colony. Opacole, a Mascoutln town of two hundred warriors, was not far fronj -vyhere Auror^i now is.
—12 H S

1?8

away the softer overlying Ordovician strata — why do we now find two
rivers that rise in the same state, of the same name? And why was its
lower portion changed in name to Eiver of the Foxes? The upper por-
tion of our river, above Pestakee (Pistakee) Lake, as late as 1838, still
retained the Algonquin name, Eiver of the Buffalo. For some reason,
plain to me, it was not considered inappropriate to give the lower portion
a name commemorative of some important event — Eiviere des Eenards —
Eiver of the Foxes — Fox Eiver.

The larger creek of the Eock, from which rises "the gentle slope"
of the islet-like hill, a few miles to the north, is composed of two
branches, one of which is laid down in Eand & MeXally's map of Kane
County, Illinois, as "Battle Creek." Thoro investigation was made by
the surveyor (with whom I talked) as to the name of the branch when
came the early settlers. Why did this name linger, only eight miles
from the place of my discoveries? May not this be the remnant of a
name once given to the creek referred to in the French accounts as a
"Little Eiver," as the head of the larger stream recently echoed the
erstwhile name, the Eiver of the Buffalo? Why, at first, called "Battle"
Creek unless some military event took place along the stream?

The lower reach of the creek returned to its original French name,
Grand crique du Eocher — hence our name. Big Eock Creek. Little
Eock Creek, from early times, passed eastward along the southern bluff
of the historic hill, and with a letter S joined its larger brother, both
reaching the river that "leads to the Macopin" (the Illinois or Macopin
of Franquelin's map and DeLery's sketch of 1730). From the conflu-
ence of the two creeks rises the island-like hill, of about thirty acres in
extent; on other side is a gravel spit, across the swamp, formed since the
denudation of the hill of great trees that once formed two groves on
its summit. On the southern crest of the hill, in early childhood, I
sought the shade of these great trees, and caught the finny tribe at the
foot of the bluff, before the hand of man had turned the course of the
smaller stream. From the higher points of the eminence one can over-
look the immense Mascoutin prairies, across the narrow ^yooded valleys
and the timber lands that thinly skirted the bluffs.

When Maramech (the town of the Miamis of the Crane) was aban-
doned, we do not know. There Perrot was long in command, in the'
interest of New France. DeBacqueville de la Potherie, who received
from Perrot much information regarding Maramech, tells us, in his
early history of America, of events that there took jolace. Perrot was
told by the Governor of New France to instruct the Miamis of Mara-
mech to join the other branches of the tribe on the St. Joseph Eiver;
but when they abandoned their village on our larger stream, we have
not yet been able to determine. In 1695, two runners came from the
northwest and stated to the chief of the village that the Sioux were
coming, and the chief ordered all out to build a fort. The town was
at the foot of the hill, scattered along the Eiver of the Eock. Upon
the eastern crest of the hill, near by, a ditch, hip-deep at places, is still
seen, and it is probable that the work of two days was there consumed;
the rumor proved to be false, and the efforts were discontinued. That
Maramech was, at first, a place of importance, is shown by the fact that
many French articles are found in the graves near by.

179

The country, although early mapped in, soon became no man's
land, attracting only fur hunters, in bands so large as to be safe when
meeting bands of other tribes. The region was little known in 1730, on
account of the rare visits at that time made, and the French found it
not easy to get guides, hence they had difficulty in reaching the scene
of the event.

The Eock, on the Illinois River, then was in a well-known region."^
No guides were needed to find that place, as it had been known fifty-two
years and was well mapped. The locality of which I write had then
become obscure. Historians before me had not then found the place.
The destruction of the branch of the Foxes is well told, in some respects,
but confused as to location. It took place in Louisiana, as the region
drained by the Mississippi was known. In his search for the band of
Foxes, hemmed in by the allied tribes, and the Illinois from the new
Kaskaskia and Cahokia (mostly Peorias), St. Ange at first traveled in
a well-known country. The letter of May 16, 1731, tells that: "The
Kickapoos, Mascoutins and Illinois of the Rock had taken possession of
the northeast quarter, and it was probably that which constrained the
Foxes to build a fort at the Rock, a league below them, in order to get
under cover from their assaults." "We had news of the enemy on the
12th from one of our scouts, who informed us where their fort was,
and that he had counted one hundred and eleven cabins."^

The two events, the attack made on the Foxes while on their way,
and the siege, are badly mixed in the accounts.

Des Kaillons (Deschaillons), Commandant at Detroit, in his con-
fusing letter to Beauharnais, dated August 22, writes that two Mascou-
tins had arrived from the St. Joseph River. They reported that the
Renards were fighting with the Illinois, between the Rock and the
Ouiatanon (a branch of the Miamis). When the Poux, Mascoutins and
Quiquapoux (Kickapoos) learned of this, they marched thither; and
while they advanced by slow stages because they had with them a wounded
man whom they were obliged to carry, a couple of young men pushed
ahead ; but after marching a short distance, the two young men saw in a
plain the Renards fighting against the Illinois ; they at once came back
to warn the main body of tlieir troops, who fell upon the Renards. Con-
sequently the Renards found themselves by this attack hemmed in by the
Illinois on one side and on the other by the Poux, Quiquapoux and Mas-
coutins. But hardly had the last mentioned tribes attacked the Renards,
trusting that the Illinois would keep them in check on the other side,
when the Illinois took flight."

It is thus seen that the Foxes had an opportunity to escape, which
they undoubtedly did, and fled. In DeVillier's letter to Beauharnais,
date not given (page 113, Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XVII),
he says: "They defeated the Renards and put them to flight; but the
latter rallied and gained renewed vigor." Query : When and where did
they rally? "During the night" (after the battle) "the Poutouatamis
posted themselves on a hill in the prairie and dug holes in the earth by
way of a fort. On their side,' the Renards, with their families, took

' About a French league northeast of the place of the stockade is a perpetual pond of good water,
In a deep depression; its banks are well shaded. It is possible that there the Mascoutins, Kickapoos
and Illinois remained while holding the Foxes in check.

«The natives always took with them the materials for their cabins, the rush mats, and usually
the poles.

180

poasession of a small grove of trees and fortified themselves." ... "1
started from my post on the 10th of August." . . . "I found their
village very small, although 1 do not refer to that in which they were
shut up, but two of their camps which I saw in the prairies where they
had lived during the summer." We thus see that the Foxes had been at
another place. "The Eenards' fort was in a small grove of trees, on
the bank of a little river running through a vast prairie, more than four
leagues in circumference, without a tree, except two groves about sixty
arpents from one another."^ ... "I camped, with my savages, and
the Frenchmen who had joined me, on the right of their fort" (right
relative to the course of the little river), "where I erected two others,
with a cavalier^ in each to beat them back into their own and prevent
them from descending into the ditches they had outside. I had a
trench opened to approach them more closely, without risk to anybody,
and had an attempt made to set fire to their fort. This trench made
them uneasy, and caused them to move about more than usual: ^ As
soon as they saw that the earth was being excavated a shower from gun-
shots fell in good fashion."

In a digest of several letters (page 110, same volume) we read:
"Meanwhile, the Illinois of the village of the Cakokias came, in the
month of July, 1730, to tell us that the Eenards had taken some of
their people and had burned the son of their great chief near the Eock
on the Illinois Eiver." (Observe the word "near"; not at but near.
The Eock on the Illinois Eiver is but twelve French leagues from the
Eock in the adjoining County.) "St. Ange placed himself at the head
of the French, and on the 10th of August the latter joined the three or
four hundred savages who had preceded them by a few days." St.
Ange may have started between the first and sixth. "The Quikapoos,
Mascoutins and Illinois of the Eock had made themselves masters of
the passes on the northeast side, and this probably compelled the Een-
ards to build a fort at the Eock, a league below them (that is, down the
river), to protect themselves against their attacks." St. Ange traveled
along the wooded banks of the Illinois and Fox rivers. Eeferring to
the fort, the account says : "This was a small grove of trees surrounded
by a palisade situated on a gentle slope rising to the west and northwest
from a little river, so that on the east and southeast sides they were
exposed to our fire. Our men were posted, by order of Monsieur de
St. Ange, so as to blockade the Eenards, who made two unsuccessful
sorties that day. Trenches were dug the following night and every man
worked to fortify himself in the post assigned to him." On the night
of the 8th of September the Foxes escaped. "Our savages, who were
fresher and more vigorous, soon overtook them."

The foregoing extracts are the essential points of the affair, and I
close the selection by quoting from Hoquart's letter dated November
14, 1730: "Monsieur Chaussegros de Lery has drawn up a plan of the
same with a note accompanying it, which is addressed to you ... by
Monsieur de Beauharnais."

' At the northeast of the hill of my discovery was a grove, and at the south end, where was the
stockade, another. These groves now cut away, all but the second growths, were about one hundred
and sixty rods apart.

' A little fort to protect our advance.

181

(The above quoted statements are scattered through many letters,
mainly found in Vol. XVII of the Wisconsin Historical Collections.)

The trenches at the north end of the hill are irregular and dupli-
cated, which is accounted for by the haste in which they were made.
The ditch of approach intended to reach the stockade to set fire to it
follows the brow of the hill, diagonally relative to the stockade and is
three hundred and forty-six feet in length; its ends still visible, altho
an early plowman obliterated a large portion of its length.

We find that DeVilliers was approximately ten days in reaching
the locality of the event, which was a ridiculously long time to pass
from the St. Joseph River to any place pointed out by DeLery and
Hoquart, unless the event took place near Terre Haute, which is not
probable. DeVilliers was commander in chief, and we may well think
he made haste; but the distance must have been much greater than
stated in the digests of the letters. From the Eock on the Fox Eiver,
in Illinois, to the nearest point on the St. Joseph River, is about 180
miles. Eighteen miles, dragging two cannon, over swajnps, was a fair
day's march.

DeLery's sketches (obtained for me by the Map Department of
the Congressional Library), as stated, are dated October 15, and there
seems to be little agreement between them and the military accounts.
He shows no bunch of woods, no islet, no slope rising gently to the
west and northwest from a little river, but abrupt bluffs rising north-
ward. He does not show the position of DeVilliers' little forts; does
not show St. Ange's correct position. He does show, however, the
smaller creek from which the bluff abruptly rises, flowing eastwardly,
but no covered way leading to the little stream, so plainly seen before
the denudation of the hill, which permitted the heavy rainfalls to cut a
wide gully that laid bare a French axe that, no doubt, was used in
building the stockade. Flis underground cells and passageways, so well
shown, were undoubtedly drawn from his own imagination, as construc-
tions of the kind were unknown to our natives. Dr. William Jones"
once passed over the ground with me and agreed with me that the place
had, at last, been found.

Pokagon, an educated Indian, and the last chief of the Pottowato-
mies, to whom I sent some of my writings, wrote: "So it appears to
me, by your close observation, you have established the site of the ancient
village and the fort correctly."

What support does Hoquart get from the military reports? None.

What support do I get from those sources? The following:

Why wa5 the name of the river changed to Riviere des Renards?
As we say, Fox River? "Near the Rock on the Illinois River?" The
place of my discovery is but thirty miles away. The little river? The
gentle slope rising from the little river? The amphitheater-like gentle
slope of the hill, rising both to the west and northwest from the little
river? The two bunches of great trees were there until 1869, when the
axeman denuded the hill. The islet still remains.^" The swamp and
the creeks still hem in the "islet." The half-circle ditch of the stockade

' Dr. Tones was a quarter-blood Fox, a graduate of Harvard College, and he also received a degree
from Columbia College. He was killed in the Philippine Islands while making ethnological researches
for the Field Museum.

1° The French termed any rise from a valley or low country an islet, or island; for instance, Stony
Island and Blue Island, in Cook County, Illinois.

182

completing with the steep brows of the hill west and south, made the
place a strategic point, which would not be true of a bunch of woods in
an open prairie. The ditch of the defense is still plainly marked. The
ditch to the water of the smaller creek was still plain at the time of my
discovery, Ijefore the denuded hill had allowed the heavy rainfalls to cut
the approach to water away. A French axe that helped to make the
stockade was found in the gravel where the rush of heavy rainfalls, after
the denudation, had laid it bare. And a gunflint was found nearby. In
the waterway a stone axe was also laid bare. The "Rock," nearly a
French league below, its foot bathed by the water's flow, altho silent,
stands as proof. Two rifle pits are seen at the southern brow of the
hill. The irregular trenches, first made by the French and allies, at
the north, still scar the sod. The unfinished ditch of approach, strik-
ing diagonally southwest, is still plain, altho partly obliterated by an
early plow, after one hundred and eighty-four years. The close position
of DeVilliers' little fort on the bluff at the right, across the swamp
(relative to the ^ow of the little and the larger river), a musket-shot
away is another proof. To the north of Maramech hill, a rifle-shot
away, is a continuation of the hill to the west, and it is quite possible
that DeVilliers' second little fort was there placed. A flintlock horse-
pistol barrel was recently there found.

The place on the northern spur of a southern bluff, across the east-
wardly running smaller creek, then at the foot of the hill, two pistol-
shots away, opposite the waterway, is evidently where St. Ange made
his little ineffective fort to cut off the water supply. The covered coun-
try referred to, and followed by St. Ange, borders the larger river.
From the southeast the hill and the slope are plainly seen, as stated in
the accounts. The country is mainly a vast prairie, especially the route
taken by DeVilliers, nearly all the way from St. Joseph River. The
last stand, a mile away, seems to be marked by vast numbers of arrow
heads. The trenches first made are irregular, as one gathers from
accounts. They are a short musket-shot from the stockade. They are on
the brow of the hill, at the north, as near as safe to approach the stock-
ade, where few trees now obstruct the view, and proloably none did in
1730; the second growths all sprang up since the coming of the whites.
The custom of our natives to burn off the prairies and leaves of the
woodland was destructive to tender growths, hence the open woods at
the time of the coming of the whites.

Let those who doubt stand by the great boulder I have placed, and
with a military eye judge where the open attack must have first been
made, then go in that direction and find the scars of the trenches in
the virgin sod. Pass to the southern foot of the hill and follow the
old bed of the smaller creek, thru its S, where oft, in youth, I fished,
eastward to the "little river," and there notice the gentle slope. Stand
at the highest parts of the hill, that of the south and tliat of the north-
east, and judge if the approach of an army could not be discovered.
Stand at the point of the hill, opposite the gully, where the ditch
approached the water, and say if that place is more than two pistol-shots
away fi-om the northern spur of the approaching hill at the south. Go
to the rocks and judge whether they are not near a short French league
away. Pass to the west, now dry sod, across the swamp to the brow of

183

the hill and judge whether or not there, at the right, was the position of
DeVilliers' little forts to protect those in the advance to attack the
stockade. Stand at the eastern bank of Big Eock Creek, the little river,
and look up the gentle slope. Notice whether or not the slope is to the
west and northwest from that little river.

184

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 1 7TH REGIMENT ILLINOIS
VOLUNTEER INFANTRY— 1861-1864.

(Compiled b}' Egbert W. Campbell, Peoria.)

Ten companies went into camp at Peoria, Illinois, May 10, 1861 :
Co. "A," Capt. A. S. Norton; Co. "B," Baldwin; Co. ''C," Eose; Co.
"D," Bush; Co. "E," Smith; Co. "F," Moore; Co. "G," Burgess;
Co. "H," Eoss; Co. "I," Wood; Co. "K," Walker.

May 20, the 17th Eegiment was organized by electing Capt. Eoss,
Co. "H," Colonel; Capt. Wood, Co. "I," Lieutenant Colonel; Capt.
Smith, Co. "E," Major. Lieut. A. H. Eyan, Co. "A," was appointed
Adjutant; Lieut. C. C. Williams, Co. "'F," Quartermaster; Dr. Lucius
D. Kellogg, Eegimental Surgeon; Dr. C. B. Tompkins, Assistant
Surgeon.

After spending about one month at Peoria, engaged in drilling and
making preparation for service, we were moved by steamboats to Alton,
Illinois, where we went into camp and spent another month in drilling.
About the middle of July we were transported by steamers to St. Charles,
Missouri, thence by railroad to Warrenton, where we spent a week. The
regiment was then ordered to St. Louis, where it became a part of the
command of Gen. Fremont; and accompanied him August 1 on his
expedition to Cairo via steamers. August 3 it went into camp at Bird's
Point, Missouri, and Avas engaged for about two weeks in building forti-
fications ; was then ordered up the Mississippi to a landing about thirty
miles below St. Louis, known as "Sulphur Springs"; thence by railroad
to Ironton, Missouri, where the regiment was encamped for a short time.
While here the officers of the regiment, about August 20, had the pleas-
ure of meeting for the first time Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant, who had
recently received his commission as brigadier general.

From Ironton the regiment was ordered to move to Fredericktown.
Missouri, and garrison the place, where it remained about a week; when,
Ijeing attached to the command of Gen. Prentiss, moved under that
officer to Jackson ; thence to Cape Girardeau, reaching the latter place
September 2, 1861. About September 10 the regiment was removed to
the Kentucky shore opposite Cairo and aided in constructing Fort Holt.
By this time Gen. Grant had established his headquarters at Cairo.
From him came orders to Col. Eoss to take his regiment, the 17th, the
19th, Col. Turchin, and the 7th Iowa, Col. Lawman, and a section of
artillery and occupy Elliott's Mills, a place about half way between
Fort Holt and Columbus, Kentucky. This place, about twelve miles
from Columbus, was named Camp Crittenden, and was held only four
days when the brigade was ordered to fall back to old Fort Jefferson,
and soon after to Fort Holt, where work was resumed on the fortifica-
tions. This proved a very unhealthy location, and a large portion of

185

the regiment was very soon in the hospitah As a sanitary means, the
regiment was riioved from Fort Holt, Kentucky, by steamer to Cape
Girardeau, Missouri, a higher and more healthy location. This change
was made October 3, 1861; disembarked October 4; went into camp,
and those who were able went to work on the forts being constructed
at that place.

On the 18th of October, the 17th Kegiment composed a part of
the forces of Col. Plummer, with which he moved to Fredericktown,
where on the 21st of October, Gen. M. Jeff. Thompson was met and
defeated. As the 17th Regiment had the advance in this engagement,
bore the brunt of the battle and had the enemy about conquered before
anv other infantry reached- the field of battle, it is usually referred to
as "the "fight of the 17th Boys." Loss: killed, 1; wounded, 30, 1 mor-
tally— Lieut. J. Q. A. Jones, of Co. "C," who died three days after
the battle.

In this, the first engagement of the 17th Eegiment, Thomas Lay ton
was killed, who, so far as the writer is informed, was the first Illinois
soldier killed in battle in the War of the Eebellion. The battle of Fred-
ericktown was but a skirmish compared with those which soon followed.
But it was a decided victory for the Union forces, which at that date
were not frequent in the west. It gave the members of the regiment
confidence in themselves as soldiers, and proved of great advantage in
their future operations.

October 23, the regiment started on the return march to Cape
Girardeau, where it arrived October 25 ; November 5 moved out and
made demonstration on Bloomfield, and went into camp at "Round
Ponds." The next day was moved back to camp. It was afterwards
learned that this demonstration was made in order to prevent reinforce-
ments being sent to oppose General Grant while he fought the battle of
Belmont. November 29, 1861, Col. Ross of the 17th was assigned to
the command of the post of Cape Girardeau. On the 30th of November,
sent Lieut. Col. Wood on expedition to Benton with 150 men to chastise
guerrillas and protect Union families. December, 1861, was spent in
drilling, in holding weekly officers' meetings and discussing various
subjects on the efficiency of our soldiers, giving instructions in regard
to guard and picket dut}^, enjoining temperance, pointing out the great
danger of intemperance and excess with soldiers, etc. December 14, on
invitation of Gen. Grant, embarked on steamer Illinois with Companies
"A" and "B" for Cairo, to attend a review of the troops at that place.
December 16 attended review and inspection at Bird's Point, Missouri,
and Fort Holt, Kentucky. On December 18 there was review and
inspection of the 'troops at Cape Girardeau by Generals SAveeney, Stur-
gis and Van Rensselaer. The month of January, 1862, the regiment
encamped still at Cape Girai'deau, was engaged in drilling, strengthen-
ing the defenses of the place and making preparation for more active
service. Several expeditions were sent out from the Cape into the inte-
rior in pursuit of bands of Gen. Thompson's forces. January 15, three
expeditions were sent out, one to Benton in command of Major Smith,
one to Bloomfield under Capt. Murdock and the third to Dallas in
command of Maj. Rawalt. January 25, Col. Wood and Maj. Smith
went again on expedition, the first with 200 infantry, the latter with

186

200 cavalry, to go to Benton and below to capture guerrillas who had
been tiring on passing steamers.

February 8, 1862, the 17th Eegiment was ordered to break camp
and proceed by boat to Fort Henry on the Tennessee Eiver. i\.rrived
there and disembarked, went into camp; on the 11th received orders to
take two days' rations and leave all tents and camp equipage in charge
of a camp guard, and report to Gen. John A. McClernand, commanding
the right division ot the advance on Fort Donelson on the Cumberland
River.

On the 12th, arrived within view of the outer defenses of Donelson.
Col. Koss and Lieut. Col. Wood being absent, ]Maj. F. M. Smith was in
command of the regiment. The brigade, consisting of the 17th, 48tb
and 49th Illinois Regiments, Infantry, and Capt. McCallister's Battery,
was cninmauded by Col. William Morrison of the -19th Regiment.

On the 13th, Gen. McClernand ordered the brigade to make an
assault on the enemy's works, with a view of capturing a batter}^ which
had been annoying our troops very much. After charging up to within
a few yards of the works, it was found impossible to get inside; the
order was given by Gen. Grant to withdraw, which was done in good
order under a severe fire of shot and shell from the battery. Col.
Morrison was severely wounded while on his horse leading the charge;
loss of the 17th regiment was quite severe. February 11 the 17th regi-
ment was under fire all day; during the afternoon it rained and by
night turned quite cold, and by morning of the 15th' there was two
inches of snow on the ground, much to the discomfort of the troops.
While in line waiting for orders, the regiment was a target for the
gunners in the fort, who got such good range that the second shell killed
four men in the four right companies and wounded two others.

Company "A" and "B" were sent on the skirmish line, and the
regiment was moved to the left, without ordering in the skirmishers;
they were cut ofE by some rebel cavalry and several captured. The
enemy attempted to cut their way out and were successful in driving
the right of our line back, but with reinforcements the lost ground was
all retaken.

Col. Ross returned and was assigned to command of the brigade
and directed to report to Gen. Lew Wallace at the front. After so
reporting, the 17th and balance of the brigade supported Gen. Wallace
under severe fire and protected his left flank while the last fight was
made on Saturday night prior to the surrender.

Sunday, February 16, the 17th regiment was in line ready for the
general assault, which was to be made all along the line, when, to the
joy of all, a messenger came galloping up with the information that the
enemy had surrendered to General Grant. The regiment was soon inside
the works. The loss of the regiment was: killed, 11; wounded, 58;
captured, 7; total, 79.

From date of sui-render on the 16th of February to 4th of March,
remained in camp at Fort D'onelson. In the meantime was brigaded
with the 43d, 29th and 49th Illinois Infantry and McCallister's and
Schwartz's Battery, Col. Ross commanded. March 4th, started to march
to Mineral Landing on the Tennessee River ; March 6th, embarked on
the steamer Minnehaba and arrived at Savannah, Tennessee, March

187

14th. On the 18th moved out on an expedition to Tinhook, twenty-five
miles southeast of Savannah to destroy flour being ground for rebels at
mill five miles from town; destroyed considerable flour and then distri-
buted 150 sacks among the poor of that vicinity. Then returned to
Savannah where arrived at 10 :00 a. m. on the 20th of March, and there
received orders to move further south at 9 :00 o'clock a. m. on the 21st.
High winds delayed the embarkation till night, when the entire brigade
was on board of four steamers which landed at Pittsburg Landing and
went into camp about two miles from landing on the morning of the 22d
of March, 1862. The 17th regiment was assigned to the First Division,
commanded by General John A. McClernand, and was brigaded with
the 29th, 43d "and 61st Illinois regiments. Col. Ross being unavoidably
absent, the brigade was commanded by Col. Raith of the 43d Illinois.
On Sunday morning, April 6, the battle of Shiloh opened; the 17th
regiment was ordered to support Taylor's Battery, located near Shiloh
Church, on the left of General Sherman's Division. All day long the
battle raged; the regiment with others was driven back step by step
until 4:00 p. m., when General Grant succeeded in getting his lines
more compact and checking the advance.

On Monday morning, the 7th, a general advance was ordered and
the fight opened early, fierce and furious; the enemy was gradually
driven back and by nightfall the 17th regiment had regained possession
of their camp which had been abandoned Simday morning. The loss of
the regiment in the two days was: killed, 16; wounded, 114.

The regiment remained near Pittsburg Landing till April 25, when
it moved five miles south to Camp Stanton ; then on the 28th to Camp
Tecumseh, four miles further on the road to Corinth. May 5, encamped
near Monterey. The regiment was now in the memorable advance on
Corinth, where General Halleck was in command, which continued to
May 31, when it was discovered that the enemy had evacuated the place
anci the Union forces moved in and took possession.

Among the changes in field officers up to this time were the fol-
lowing :

Col. Leonard F. Ross promoted to Brigadier General, April 25, 1862.

Capt. Addison S. Norton, Co. "A," promoted Colonel.

Lieut. Col. Enos P. Wood, resigned, April 19, 1862. ^

Maj. Francis M. Smith promoted Lieutenant Colonel.

Capt. Frank F. Peats, Co. "B," promoted Major, April 23, 1862.

After several moves, the regiment was stationed at Jackson, Ten-
nessee, where, July 10, 1862, it was brigaded with the 43d, 48th. 49th
and 61st Illinois Infantry and 12th Michigan. July 18, 1862, regiment
with entire brigade removed to Bolivar, Tennessee, where Gen. Ross was
in command of the post and all the forces stationed there. Here was
a long line of railroad to guard ; scouting parties were sent out almost
daily to keep advised of the movements of the enemy. This was con-
tinued until in November, 1862, the regiment was moved to LaGrange,
Tennessee ; thence to Daviss Mills, Holly Springs, Abbyville and Oxford,
Mississippi. The 17th was distributed along the railroad guarding the
bridges.

December 20, Gen. Van Dorn captured Holly Springs and destroyed
the large accumulation of munitions of war, food and forage, thus

188

cutting off communication with the north. Tlie campaign was aban-
doned, the troops returning to Holly Springs and LaGrange. The 17th
regiment assembled at Abbyville December 26, and arrived at Holly
Springs next day and was transferred from Gen. Logan's to Gen. John
Mc Arthur's Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps, comma]Kled by
Gen. James B. McPherson.

Left Holly Springs on the 29th to Moscow and went into camp at
Collierville, Tennessee, January 2. January 12, marched to Memphis
and encamped in the navy yard, guarding Government propert}^ and
doing provost duty until January 18, embarked on steamer for the
Vicksburg campaign.

January 25, arrived at Youngs Point, Louisiana. February 1, em-
barked on steamer for Lake Providence, Louisiana, where went into
camp, remaining there until April 30. During the time while at Lake
Providence, the regiment went on frequent expeditions up the river
and out through the country for forage and were engaged in several
skirmishes.

While the regiment was encamped at Lake Providence, Adjutant
General Lorenzo D. Thomas came down the river for the purpose of
organizing colored regiments and several members of the 17th Illinois
Infantry were selected as officers for the two regiments being formed
at this time. Sergt. Maj. Prank Bishop, Color Sergt. Eobert M. Camp-
bell, Corporal William M. Voris were commissioned as officers in the
47th United States Colored Infantry and W. T. Sullivan and C. E.
Berry were commissioned as officers in the 48th United States Colored
Infantry.

Just prior to leaving Lake Providence, an order had been issued
transferring the regiment from Gen. Mc Arthur's Division to Gen.
Logan's Division, and in order to gain time, before the order had been
promulgated, the 17th Illinois Infantry was sent up the river near Green-
ville, Mississippi, to drive some guerrillas away who were annoying
passing boats at that point ; we were gone several days, but on our return
to Lake Providence, found an order for the regiment to join Gen. Logan's
Division at once, this Lt'ivision having left a few davs before, so on April
30 we embarked on boat for Milliken's Bend and disembarked the same
evening, and on May 1 took up our line of march for Grand Gulf by way
of Perkin's Plantation and Hard Times Landing. Arrived at Hard
Times Landing May 4 and the same evening the regiment was ferried
across the river to Grand Gulf, Mississippi. On landing, Col. Green B.
Raum. of the 5fith Illinois Infantrv commanding post, delayed us here
until May 14 for the purpose of assisting in imloading and forwarding
ammunition and supplies for the army in front ; on this date, the regi-
ment again started on its march to join the 3d Division, 17th Armv
Corps. The regiment came un to the Division during the battle of Black
Eiver Bridge on May 17. On the 18th we crossed Black Eiver and
were ordered to report to Gen. Smith, commanding 1st Brigade, 3d
Division. 17th A. C.'; reported about 10:00 o'clock that night to Gen.
Smith, who informed Maj. F. F. Peats, commanding regiment, that he
had more troops than ho could use on his part of the line, that thev were
three lines deep at that time. On 19th. reported to Gen. John A. Logan
in person, and explained situation of the regiment ; Gen. Logan ordered

189

the regiment to the left of his Division, saying at the same time he
would place the regiment in person, and that it would be the post of
honor, being the nearest troops to the enemy's works. Our position was
close up to Fort Hill on the Jackson Eoad and some distance in front
of our batteries which threw shot and shell over our heads into the rebel
works. The regiment held this position for some time after the charge
on the enemy's works on the 22d of May, but owing to an accident
caused by a defective shell bursting that was being fired over us from
Capt. Bolton's Battery, Chicago Light Artillery, and severely wounding
one member of the regiment, we were ordered to the rear of the battery.

In the charge on the enemy's works on the 22d of May. the 17th
Illinois Infantry was selected by Gen. Logan as skirmishers for the 3d
Division, driving in the enemy's outposts at an early hour and holding
an advanced position until the storming column was formed, and when
repulsed, falling back and maintaining the same line as originally formed
before the assault; this line was held by the regiment until relieved by
other troops about' 3:00 p. m. After the failure of this assault, the
regiment was continually under fire until the surrender of Vicksburg,
July 4. When Gen. Logan was ordered to occupy and take possession
of the city with one brigade of his Division (1st Brigade, 3d Division,
17th A. C.>, he took with him the 17th Illinois Infantry (3d Brigade,
3d Division, 17th A. C.) as an appreciation of services during siege.
Loss during the siege of Vicksburg. 9 killed and 34 wounded. During
the siege, the 17th Illinois Infantry was attached to 3d Brigade, 3d
Division, 17th A. C. The 3d Brigade was commanded by Gen. John D.
Stevenson, a good, brave and efficient officer, ably assisted by Capt. Frank
Whitehead, his A. A. A. General. After the capture of Vicksburg, the
regiment did provost duty and was on several scouting expeditions, both
in Mississippi and Louisiana, until February 3, 1864, when the regi-
ment started with Gen. Sherman on his Meridian expedition. At and
near Clinton, Mississippi, the 17th regiment being in the advance, had
quite a little skirmish with the enemy, wmcn earlier in the war might
be termed quite a severe engagement, but here General Hurlbut's Corps
took the advance and kept it until we occupied Meridian, Mississippi.
Here the regiment rested for a few days and then began the return to
Vicksburg. While at Meridian, the regiment had some prisoners cap-
tured while on a foraging expedition, the only ones captured from the
regiment when on duty during their terms of service — seven in all as
reported.

After returning to Vicksburg, March 1, the regiment was scouting
and doing garrison' duty until Mav 20, when the regiment was ordered
to Springfield, Illinois, to be mustered out of service.

At this time a number of the 17th who had enlisted as veterans
were left at Vicksburg and afterAvards consolidated Avith the 8th Illinois
Infantry Volunteers.

LIST OF OFFICEES OF THE 17TH EEGIMENT MUSTERED
OUT WITH THE REGIMENT JUNE, 1864.

Field and Staff.
Francis M. Smith, Lieutenant Colonel.
Frank F. Peats, Major.

190

William S. Eeynolds, Adjutant.
Charles B. Tompkins, Surgeon.
Wilbur P. Buck, Assistant Surgeon.
Rev. S. A. Kingsbury, Chaplain.
Henry S. Smith. Quartermaster.

XOX-COMMISSIONED StAFF.

William H. Struthers, Sergeant Major.
William H. Sehell, Quartermaster Sergeant.
George B. ^Millard, Commissary Sergeant.
John R. McDowell, Hospital Steward.
John W. Wonder \ ^^ ■ ■
Addison Fillmore \ ^I^^^'cians.

Co. ''A."
Gawn Wilkins, 2d Lieut.

Co. "B."

John A. Collier, 1st Lieut.
Thoinas McFarland, 2d Lieut.

Co. "C."

Chauncoy Black, Captain.
James B. Rowley, 1st Lieut.
Cyrus Allen, 2d Lieut.

Co. "D."

Henry H. Bush, Captain.
Edward C. Robbins, 1st Lieut.
Henrv K. Stewart, 2d Lieut.

Co. "F."

Josiah ]\roore. Captain.
Charles C. Williams, 1st Lieui.

Co. "G."

Jonathan H. Rowell,, Captain.
Henry D. Clark, 1st Lieut.

Co. "H."

William W. Hull, Captain.
William C. Stockdale, 1st Lieut.
William E. Yarnell, 2d Lieut.

Co. "I."

William A. Lorimer, Captain.
Theodore Glancy, 1st Lieut.

Co. "E."

William J. Merrill, Captain
David Clough, 1st Lieut.
John H. Wells, 2d Lieut.

Co. "K."

Jacob Wheeler, Captain.
James H. Mitchell, 1st Lieut.
George R. Buck, 2d Lieut.

191

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abbeville, Miss 187, 188

Abbyville, (Abbeville) Miss 187, 188

Aborigines , (Illinois) 118

Abrams, W. G 166

Academy of Sciences, Illinois State 33

Account of the Great Wnig Meeting held at
Springfield, 111., June 3-4, 1840. Three Ad-
dresses 34

Act to Regulate Interstate Commerce, ("Cul-

lom Act") 56, 74

Adams County ,111 36

Adams, George E 62

Adams , J 148

Adams , William 14g

Agriculture, Indian 114

Aiken, Henry 148

Albany, New York 55

Albion, 111 5

Alexander County, 111 128

Alexander, S 148

Alexandria, Va 134

Algonquin Indians 176, 178

Allen, (Lieut.) Cyrus 190

Allen, Lewis 157

Allen, William J 127

Allison, William B 60

Alpine, W. Va 131

Alpine Station, Va 131

Alschuler, Samuel 26

Alton, 111 5,23,151,153,154,168,170,184

footnote 102

Alton,Ill.,G. A. R-. Encampment 17,22

Ament, J. L 147

America (See also U.S.) 69, 108, 109, 176, 178

footnote 95

American (Newspaper) 48

American Bottom 21.95,97,99, 112

American Eagle (Banner Whig Convention

1840) 153

American Historical Association 28

American Nation 108

American Party 59

American People. 78, 99, 116, 117

American Railway System 55, 56, 73

American Revolution {See also Revolutionary

War) 99, 108, HI

Ames , John C 64

Ames, (Mrs.) John C 26

Amherst, Mass 72

Amsterdam 176

"Ancient Indian Tombs" Dupont, 111. Collet's

Map, 1796 97

Andalusia, 111 119

Anderson, M. K 164

Andreas. History of Chicago, Vol. I. Foot-
notes 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

Annals of Chicago. Balestier, Joseph. lergus

Historical Series, No. 1. Footnote 38

Anti-Rebating Act 75

Anti-Trust Act 75

Appellate Court System of Illinois 77

Apperson, Alex 157

Appomattox Court House 136

Appropriations, U. S. Senate Committee 76

"Archaelogy of Illinois" Clark McAdams 118

Arion , C. P 130

Arion (Miss) Helen 130

Arizona. Footnote 95

Arkansas 40

Arlington Heights, Va 134

Arlington, Wash 24

Armstrong, Edward 158

PAGE.

Armstrong, J. C 148

Army, Standing 147

Army of the James 136

Arnold, Isaac N 43, 46, 47, 48, 54

Arnold, Isaac N., Recollections of Early Chi-
cago and Illinois Bar. Fergus Historical

Series, No. 22. Footnote 54

Arthur, (President) Chester A 70

Assistaeronnons or Nation de Feu, Mascoutin

Indians 177

Atherton, Albert 23

Aurora, 111. Footnote 177

Avery , Charles E 142

Babbs Tavern, Bloomington, 111

Babcock, James

Bad Axe

Bailey, Richard

Baker, David Jewett, jr. (?).

..138,139

158

121

145

Baker, Edward D.. . . 1 58, 162, 163, 167, 171

Baker, (Dr.) Isaac 137,139,140

Baker, John 147

Baker , Mary A 140

Baker, Mary Jane 140

Baker, Seth 139

Baker, Sidney D 140

Baker , Susan Dodge 140

Baker, William 21

Baldwin, (Capt.) Benjamin T 184

Baldwin vs. People _. 52

Balestier, Joseph N 46

Balestier, J.N 143

Balestier, Joseph, Annals of Chicago, Fergus

HistoricalSerie.SjNo. 1. Footnote 38

Ballance, Charles 41, 148

Ballance, Charles, History of Peoria County,

111 41

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 122, 131

Baltimore Convention. 1840 153

Baltimore Republican (Newspaper) 160

Banking Laws : 137

Banks, First National Bank, Minonk, 111 18

Banks, State National, Springfield, 111 61,70

Banners , Whig Convention , 1840

141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155

Barbour, James 75

Barrett, (Dr.) R. F 162

Barrys Point , 111 142

Bartholomew, (Gen.) Joseph 138, 140

Basye,M. M 158

Bath,W. Va 131

' 'Battle Creek" 178

Battles— Black River Bridge 188

Battles— Chapin's Farm, Va 135

Battles— Fredericktown, Mo 185

Battles— Fort Meigs 170

B attles— Shiloh 187

Baxter , (Mrs.) Martha K 16, 17

Bay, William : 139

Beaubien , Jean B . , Justice of Peace and Judge

of Election , Chicago 39

Beaubien, (Gen.) John B., Purchase of Ft.

Dearborn Reservation by 53

Beauharnais (Beauharnois) Charles de la

Boische, marquis de 179, 180

Beaumont, G. A. O 142

Beckwith, Hiram W 100, 177

B€Ckwith, Hiram W., Old French Records, __

quoted 1'"

Beecher, J 143

Belcher, D 148

Belvidere, 111 5

192

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Benjamin, A. A 14?

Beniamin, Horace 145

Bell, John 123

Bell-Everett Ticket 46

Bell vs People 52

Bennett, John 144

Benton, Thomas Hart (?) 75, 153, 154

Benton , Mo 185 186

Benton Barracks, Mo 131

Berkeley Springs, W. Va 131

Bermuda Hundred 134

B erry , C. R 188

Bestor, G. C 148

Bethea, (Hon.) S. H 63

Beveridge, (Gov.) John L 61

Big Creek of the Rock 177

"Big Field" ("Le Grand Champ") 99,109

"Big Rock Creek." Grand CriquedeRocher..

178,183

Bigelow, Hardin 144

Bingham, Charles K 142

Bird's Point , Mo 184, 185

Bishop, (Sergt. Maj.) Frank 188

Bissell, William H 26

Black, (Capt.) Chauncey 190

Black Hawk's Children, death 119

Black Hawk War, 1832 41, 116

Black Hawk's Watch Tower

113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121

Black Hawk's Home Country— Address by
John H. Hauberg before Illinois State His-
torical Society, May, 1914 3,33, 113-122

Black River 188

Black River Bridge Battle 188

Blackstone, J 144

Blackwater River 131

Blackwell, John 157

Blaine , James G 60, 70

Blair, F. G 24

Blake, (Dr.) S. C 130

Blanchard, W. P 148

Bland, Henry 158

Bledsoe, Albert T 166

Bliss , John .120

Bloomfleld,Mo 185

Bloomington,Ill 5,33,34,95, 107, 133, 138, 139

Blue Island, 111. Footnote 181

BlufTdale, 111 152

Bolivar, Tenn 187

Bollinger, S. F 148

Bolton's Battery 189

Bond County, 111 144, 151, 155

Bond County (111.) Delegation, Whig Conven-
tion, 1840 155

Bond, Benjamin 144, 151, 156, 157, 168, 171

Bond, Herman 143

Bond,( Gov.) Shadrach, First Governor of Illi-
nois 107

Bond, (Gov.) Shadrach, Mansion 100, 107

Boner, William 156

Boon, Ben 156

Boon, L. D 143

Boone County, 111 144, 146

Botsford, Jabez K 142

Boutwell, (Gov.) George S 60

Bowen, Erastus 142

Bowles, Hugh 146

Bowman, G. G 144, 151

Boy d , Alexander 147

Boye , Thomas 158

Boyle , Oliver 147

Brackett, William W 143

Bradford, 111 23

Bradshaw, W. F 145

Brailey, A. M 144

Brainerd v. Canal Trustees 46

Brawhlll , James 144

Breckenridge , John Cabell 123

Breese, (Judge) Sidney 26, 41, 51, 52, 54

Breese, (Judge) Sidney, Decision quoted 48-49

Breese, (Judge) Sidney, held court in Chicago

1835 41

Breese, Sidney S 16, 17, 26

Brewster, O. W 146

PAGE,

Brief History of the 17tb Regiment Illinois
Volunteer Infantry 1861-1864. Compiled by

Robert W. Campbell 184-190

Briggs , A 157

Briggs, Benjamin 144

Brigham, 170

British Army 104, 108, 112, 116

Bristol vs Phillips 49, 51

footnote 51

Brock, Thomas 143

"Bronson V. Kinzie." Footnote 46

Brooks, C. A 142

Brooks, George W 157

Bross, (Gov.) William, Historical Sketch o'f

Chicago 41

footnotes 35, 41, 44

Brown, (Dr.) E. L 107

Brown, Henry, Prospects of Chicago, Fergus

Historical Series, No. 9. Footnote 45

Brovtm, James 146,147

Brown, John 157

Brown, William 144,151

Bro^vn, William H 143

Brown & Son, H. B 107

Brown v. Pearson. Footnote 49

Brown County, 111 148

Browning, O. H 58,163

BrovTOSville, 111 155

Brush, Daniel H 156

Bryan Hall, Chicago 133

Buchanan, James 75, 122

Buck, (Lieut.) George R 190

Buck, Nelson 148

Buck, (Dr.) Solon J., Travel and Description

in Illinois 27

Buck, (Dr.) Wilbur P 190

B ulTaio (Algonquin ' ' Pestekuoy ") 176

Buffalo in Illinois 118

Bulliner, David 125, 126

Bulliner, George, sr 126

Bulliner family 124,126

Bunn,JohnW 62,71,72

Burch, John H., quoted on Kaskaskia Missis-
sippi Flood 105-107

Burd , , Whig Convention , 1840. Speech . . 1.56

Bureau County, 111 144,145,167

Bureau County , Illinois Delegation, Whig Con-
vention, 1840, Springfield, 111 147

Burgess, (Capt.) Otis A 184

Burke, Ira 157

Burkholder, George W 157

Burley , Augustus 142

Burnham, (Capt.) J. H 5,17,21,22,28,29,95

Burnham, J. H., Destruction of Kaskaskia by
the Mississippi River, Address before the Illi-
nois State Historical Society, May, 1914

3, 33, 95-112

Burniiam, John H., Mysterious Indian Battle
Grounds in McLean County, 111. , Reference. . 177

Burnu m . Anson 146

Burton, Stiles 143

Bush, Daniel H 155

Bush (Capt.) Henry H 184,190

Busse , Fred A 64

Butler, 167

Butler, (Gen.) Benj. F 134, 135

Butterfield, Justin. . .43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 54, 141, 143

Butterfleld, Justin, Butterfield & Collins 47

Butterfield, Justin, Prominent in the early

courts of Chicago 47

Butterfield & Collins, Law Firm of Chicago. . . 47

Buxton , E. S 148

Buyat Family HO

Byers , Ira 156

Cabiniss, (Major) Portrait Painter of Spring-
field, 111 168

Cabiniss, Z. P 166, 169

Cahokia, 111 21, 97, 179

footnote 97

Cahokia Indians 180

Cahokia Mounds 118

193

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Cairo, III 9S, 101, 122, 184, 185

Caldwell, J. W 148

Calhoun County, 111 1 11, 148

Calhoun, John 162,163

Calhoun, William J 62

California State 81

California State, Yosemite Valley 81

Camp Crittenden 1S4

Camp Fry, Chicago 133

Camp Stanton 187

Camp Tecumseh 187

Camp, Whig Convention. Springfield, 111., 1840.166
Campbell, Antram, law partner of Shelby M.

Cullom 57

Campbell , Charles B 24

Campbell, (Senator) D. A 64

Campbell, R 148

Campbell, (Color Sergt.) Robert M 188

Campbell, Robert W., Brief History of Seven-
teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry

3,184-190

Campbell's Island 113

Canada 108

Canal Grant 44

Canal Trustees, Brainerd v. Canal Trustees.

Illinois Reports. Footnote 46

Canals. Illinois and Michigan Canal. U. S.

Government makes grant of land 38

Cannada, Asa 157

Cannon, J. R 148

Cannon, (Hon.) Joseph G 62

Cape Girardeau, Mo 184, 185

Capps, Thornton G 23

Carbondale, 111: 5, 126, 127

Carlyle, 111 122, 157

Carmi, 111 158

Carpenter, Israel 158

Carpenter , Philo 143

Carpenter, Richard V 5

Carr, (Col.) Clark E 5,20,28

Carroll County, 111 145

Carrollton, 111 152, 169

"Carte de la Nouvelle France" , an early French

Map 176

Carter, Orrin N., Historical Sketch of Courts

of Illinois. Footnotes 39, 40

Carter, Orrin N., Justice of the Illinois State
Supreme Court. The early courts of Chicago
and Cook County. Annual address before
Illinois State Historical Society, 1914.3,34,35-54

Carter, Thomas B ^ 140

Case, Zaphas 157

Casey, Edward W 46

Cass County, HI 29,144,148,167

Cass, Calvin 148

Cass, Lewis (?) Foreign Relations, U.S. Com-
mittee.- 75

Casswell, John 144, 151

Caton, John Dean 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,52

footnotes 45, 48

Caton, John Dean (Collins & Caton) 46

Caton, John Dean, Earlj Bench and Bar of

Illinois. Footnotes 45,48

Caton, (Judge) John D., Reminiscences. Ref-
erence 41,42

Cemeteries, Catholic. Garrison Hill, 111 Ill

Cemeteries— Ft. Gage. Footnote Ill

Cemeteries— Garrison Hill HI

Cemeteries— Garrison Hill. Bodies transferred

from Kaskaskia 110

Cemeteries— Garrison Hill Cemetery (Ft. Gage

Cemetery.) Footnote Ill

Cemeteries— Kaskaskia. Bodies transferred to

Garrison Hill Cemetery 110

Cemeteries— Oak Ridge, Springfield, 111 79

Cemeteries— Protestant, Garrison Hill Ill

Census, Federal , 1840 165

Centennial Commission (Illinois) 24, 25, 27

Centennial Memorial Building (Illinois) 25

Centennial Memorial Publications (Illinois) . . ; 25

Centennial State Celebration (Illinois) 25

Chacksflftld , George 143

—13 H S

Chaillon (Chevalier) de. See Deschaillons,
Jean Baptiste St. 0ms.

Chamberlin, Cyrus 145

Chamberlin, (Dr.) M. H 16,17

Chambers, A. B 1.52,155,171

Champaign, 111. 5

Chapin, N 148

Chapin's Farm, Va., Battle 135

Chapman, History of FultonCounty,Ill. Foot-
note 40

Chapron, A 142

Charleston Harbor, S. C 130

Charlevoix, (Father) Francois Xavier, French

Explorer 175

Charters of Chicago, James, Edmund J., Part

1. Footnote 38

Chase, Samuel 148

Cheeney, Jonathan. 139

Cheeney's Store, Bloomington, 111 138

Chenery, (Miss) M. Frances 23

Cherokee Indians 114 , 115

Chesapeake Bay 134

Chester,Ill 33,96,98,99, 102,104,105, 107, 111

footnote 98

Chester, 111. , Penitentiary 72

Chestnut, John 144, 151

Chicago, 111-. -.5, 23, 28, 33,34, 40,41, 43, 44, 46, 47,
48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 62, 65, 71, 72, 81, 140, 144, 167, 177

Chicago American 137, 142, 144 , 171

Chicago. Andreas History of Chicago. Foot-
note 37

Chicago— Arnold, Isaac N. Recollections oi
early Chicago and Illinois Bar. Fergus His-
torical Series, No. 22. Footnote 54

Chicago— Balestier, Joseph, Annals of Chicago.
Fergus Historical Series, No. 1. Footnote.. 38

Chicago Band. 141

Chicago Bar 49

Chicago— Bross, Wm., History of Chicago,

quoted, footnotes 35,41,44

Chicago— Brown, Henry, Prospects of Chicago,
Fergus Historical Series, No. 9. Footnote. . 45

Chicago— Camp Fry 133

Chicago— Canadian-French settlers 37

Chicago— Charter, First city, jurisdiction 43

Chicago— City attorney 47

Chicago— City clerk 47

Chicago— City Directory of 1839. Fergus His-
torical Series, No. 2. Mention. Footnote.. 38

Chicago— City Hall 44, 45

Chicago— Constable appointed 1825 40

Chicago County Building 44, 45

Chicago County seat of Cook County, Act of

Jan. 15, 1831 38

Chicago— Court held in building called Tre-

mont House 41

Chicago Court Houses 44

Chicago— Court Records of, destroyed in great

fire of 1871 35

Chicago— Courts of Chicago and Cook County.

Address by Judge Orrin N. Carter 35-54

Chicago— Criminal case, first tried 47

Chicago— Curry, J. Sevmour, History of Chi-
cago, Vol. 1. Footnotes 37, 38

Chicago Daily American, Newspaper published

Chicago, 111. William Stuart, Editor 48

Chicago delegation. Whig Convention, 1840,

Springfield, 111 143, 166, 168, 171

Chicago Democrat 149

Chicago— Drainage Canal 81

Chicago— Early Courts of Chicago and Cook
County. Annual address by Orrin N. Carter

; 3,35-54

Chicago— Election, first city, May 2, 1837. . . .38, 40

Chicago— "Estray pen" 44

Chicago fire 41,45

Chicago— Fire of 1871 destroyed court records..

35,41

Chicago— Heacock, Russell E., first resident

lawyer .39, 40

Chicago— In Peoria County for governmental
purposes 38

194

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Chicago— Incorporated as a citj', 1S37 38

Chicago— Jail erected in 1S33 44

Chicago— James, Edmund J., Charters of Chi-
cago,Parti. Footnote 38

Chicago— J ouett, Charles, Indian Agent 40

Chicago— Justices of Peace in 39, 40

Chicago— Lawyer, first resident 40, 45

Chicago Light Artillery 189

Chicago— Made county seat of Cook County,

January 15,1831 37

Chicago— Marriage, first celebrated in 40

Chicago— Mayor 43

Chicago— Murder Trial, first held in Chicago,

111. in 1834 48

Chicago— Named as county s eat of Cook County

by Actof January 15,1831 38

Chicago— Original plat of town 38

Chicago— Population of 1804-1834 38

Chicago— Probate Justice of the Peace 47

Chicago River 37, 38, 81

Chicago River, French fort at mouth of 37

Chicago River and Harbor Convention of 1847. 47
Chicago— Samuel Lyle Smith, chosen city at-
torney , 1839 47

Chicago streets 43, 45, 48

Chicago Tribune 50, 65, 66, 149

Chicago University, first 47

Chicago— Village of , incorporated, 1833 38

Chicago, village, trustees of, elected 38

Chicago— Visited by travelers in early day,

described by them 38

Chicago— Wentworth, John, Address on Fort
Dearborn, Fergus Historical Series, No. 16.

Footnote 53

Chicago— Wentworth, John, Reminiscences of
early Chicago. Fergus Historical Series , No.

7 and 8. Footnotes 33,40,41,48

Chief Little Turtle, Address before Illinois State
Historical Society, 1914, by Mrs. Mary Rid-

path Mann 33

Childs, Ebenezer, visited Chicago 1821, and

1827, describes settlement 38

Chiperfleld,(Hon.)B. N. Footnote 54

Chippewa Indians 114

Chitwood , Joel 156

Chinese records 95

Chowan River 131

Christian Church, First, Springfield, 111 166

Christian County, 111 153

Church , Thos 143

Church , William 143

Churches, Immaculate Conception of the Holy

Virgin, built in 1756 110

Churches , Indian Mission , Immaculate Concep-
tion of the Holy Virgin, founded by Father

Marquette , 1675 110

Churches, (The) Methodist Episcopal Church
and Reconstruction. Address by William
W. Sweet before Illinois State Historical So-
ciety May, 1914 3, 83-94

Churches, Presbyterian (First) of Springfield,

111 78

Churches, Presbyterian (Second) of Springfield,

111 163

Churches, Protestant Ill

Churches , Roman Catholic Ill

Cincinnatus, Wm. Henry Harrison, the Ameri-
can Cincinnatus ( Whig Banner, 1840) 153

Circuit Court 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53

Circuit Court, Chicago 49

Circuit Court, Clerk, first 41

CircuitCourt, Fifthjudicial.countiescomposing 41

Circuit Court, Cook County, will, first filed 42

Circuit Court Appeals, Act creating 77

Circuit Judge Dickey, Hugh T., elected 1848... 46

Circuit Court terms 41

City Clerk, Chicago, 111 47

City Hall , Chicago, 111 45

City Point, Va 134

Civil War {See also War of the Rebellion)...

23,26,58,64,123,124

Civil War, Williamson County troops 123

Clapp, Seth ." 147

Clark County, 111 29, 153

PAGE.
Clark County, 111., organized March 22, 1819, its

boundaries 36

Clark, A. F 142

Clark, (Dr.) Charles M 130

Clark, (Col.) George Rogers 35, 104, 108

Clark, George Rogers, French alliance of 1778,

proclaimed 108

Clark, (Lieut) Henry D 190

Clark, John, jr 157

Clark, John, sr 157

Clark, John R., Coroner First, Cook County. . . 41

Clay County, 111 51, 122, 155

Clay, Henry 47, 75, 140, 154

Claybaugh, David 157

Claybaugh , John, jr 157

Cleaver , Charles 140

Clemens , William W 127

Clendenin , H. W 5, 15, 17, 28, 151

Cleveland, H. 148

Clinton County, 111. . . .122, 144, 148, 151 154, 168, 171
Clinton County, 111. Delegates (Whig Con-
vention , 1840) 157

Clinton, J. W 5,16,28

Clinton, Miss 189

Clough, (Lieut.) David 190

Clybourn, Archibald 40, 45, 141, 143

Clybourn, Archibald, Constable for Peoria

County, 111 40

Clyne , Charles 26

Coal mines, Illinois 122

Coatsworth, George 130

Cobb, L. B 142

Coe,F. W 145

Coffey, Elizabeth,MotherofShelby M.Cullom. 57
Coffin, (Mr.) (Probably Coifing,

Churchill) 145,170

Coffing, (Coffin) Churchill 145,170

Cole , Manasseh 157

Cole, Peter 157

Cole , William, jr 157

Cole, William, sr 157

Coleman, John 157

Coles County , 111 144

Collier, (Lieut.) John A .' 190

Collier, Jos 157

Collierville, Tenn 188

Collins, David 157

Collins, G eo. L .143

Collins, James H 46,47,48,53,143

Collins, James H., Chief Counsel lor Owen

Lovejoy 46

Collins, James H. , Butterfield & Collins 47

Collins, James H., Collins & Caton 46

Collins & Caton, law firm of Chicago, 111 46

Collins Brothers , Anti-slavery agitators 18

Collet's Map of 1796 , reference 97

Colorado River. Footnotes 95, 102

Colter, Egbert 147

Columbia College. Footnote 181

Columbus, Ky 184

Col well, James 158

Colyer, Walter 5, 28

Commerce, (The) Act to regulate Interstate

Commerce (CuUom Act) 56

Commission. Hawaiian Commission Bill. . .59,76
Commissioners, County Commissioners Court,

Cook County 40,43

Commissioners. County Commissioners Court

of Cook County, jurisdiction 40

Commissioners. County Commissioners of Cook

County, organization of 40

Commissioners , School Commissioner 43

Commissions, Hawaiian Commission 76

Commissions. Illinois State Utilities Com- ^

mission "1

Commissions. Mississippi River Commission.

100,101

footnote 102

Commissions. National Lincoln Memorial 77

Commissions. Railroad and Warehouse Com-
mission 71

Commons , (The) Kaskaskia, An Address by H.

W. Roberts, mention 33

footnote 98

195

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Confederate Congress 131

Congress (See also U. S. Congress) 46. 77

footnote 102

Congleton, J 148

Congleton, J. R 148

Conkling, (Hon.) Clinton L 16, 17, 78

Conkling, (Dr.) H 139, 144

Conkling, James C 58

Conkling, Roscoe 60

Conner, B. F 155, 156

Conner Lake 96

Connolly, (Maj.) James A 60

Constitution, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amend-
ments , reference 70

Constitution Illinois State 44, 45, 46, 47

Constitution union, vote 123

Conventions, River and Harbor Convention of

1847 47

Converse, Daniel 156, 157

Converse, Henry A 3,33,55

Converse, Henry A., (The) Life and Services of
Shelby M. Cullom, address before the Illinois
State Historical Society, May, 1914.. 3, 33, 55-79

Cook, John 158

Cook County , 111 .... 4, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 140, 144, 145

footnote 181

Cook County, HI., Act creating, provisions 40

Cook County, 111., Boundaries 35,36

Cook County, 111., Chicago made County Seat,

January 15, 1831 37

Cook County, 111., Circuit Court 44, 51

Cook County, 111., Circuit Court, first term 47

Cook County, 111., Commissioners, first 40

Cook County, III. , Coroner, first 41

Cook County, 111., County Building, Chicago, ,

111 45

Cook County, III., Countj Commissioners

Court of Cook County, jurisdiction 40

Cook County, 111., County Commissioners

Court of Cook County, organization of 40

Cook County, 111., Court. Changed to Cook

County Court of Common Pleas 44

Cook County, 111., court house, erection 45

Cook County, 111., courts of— address by Judge

O. N. Carter 35-54

Cook County, 111. , delegation Whig Convention

1840, Springfield, 111 142, 143, 169

Cook County, 111., Democrat 143

Cook Coun.j, 111., Court, Dickey, Hugh T.,

first judge 46

Cook County, 111., divorce suit, first 48

Cook county. 111. , early courts of 34

Cook County, 111., infifth Judicial Circuit, 1831. 41
Cook County, 111., Justices of the Peace for,

appointed by State Legislature until 1826.. 39
Cook County, 111. , Justices of Peace in early day. 39
Cook Countv, 111., organized by Act, January

15,1831..: 38

Cook County, 111., organized January 15, 1831.

Boundaries of 37

Cook County, 111. , part of Knox County, North-
west Territory 35

Cook County, III., part of Pike County 39

Cook County, III. , population of before 1818 — 37
Cook County, 111., sheriff, first, Stephen Forbes.

40-41

CookCount\,Ill., State's attorney of, mention. 47

Cook County, 111., 'Whig Delegates, 1840 142

CookCounty, 111., Whigs 141

Coolej- , William J 157

Cooper, J. K 148

Corinth, Tenn 187

Corneau , J 169

Cornwallis,(Lord) Charles 20

Cotton Hill, 111., Banner, Whig Convention,

1840, Springfield, 111 169

"Cottonwoods, (The)" Reference 109

County Commissioners 40

County Commissioners Cook Countv, jurisdic-
tion ". 40

County Commissioners Court 43

County Commissioners Court, Cook County.
Organization 40

PAGE.

County Commissioners, election of, and term of

office 40

Court House, Chicago, 111 45

Court of Claims of the District of Columbia 47

Court of Common Pleas 45

Courts, Appellate Court of Illinois 77

Courts, Chicago and Cook County Courts, Ad-
dress by Judge O. N. Carter 35-54

Courts, Circuit Court 41, 42, 43, 44, 53

Courts, Circuit Court, Chicago, 111 49

Courts, Circuit Court of Appeals 77

Courts, Circuit Court of Cook County, 111

46, 47, 48, 51, 53

Courts, Cook County, 111., court establishment. 44
Courts, Cook County, 111., Court of Common

Pleas, Cook County, Court changed to 44

Courts, County Commissioners Court 40

Courts , Court of Claims of the District of Colum-
bia 47

Courts,Court of Common Pleas 45

Courts, Federal District Court 44

Courts, Illinois State Supreme Court

46, 49, 50, 52, 53

Courts, Jo Daviess County, 111., court estab-
lishment 44

Courts, Municipal Court 43,44,52

Courts, Municipal Court of Chicago 52, 53

Courts of Chicago and Cook County, 111. Ad-
dress by Judge O.N. Carter 3. 34, 35-54

Coiurts of Illinois, Historical sketch of, by O.

N. Carter. Footnotes 39, 40

Courts, Probate Court 42

Courts, Sangamon County Circuit Court 79

Courts , State Courts 46

Courts, Superior Court of Chicago 44

Courts, Superior Court of Cook County 44

Courts, Supreme Court

41,42,43,46,47,48,51,77,79

Courts, Supreme Court Decisions, Scammon's

Report 52

Courts, Supreme Court of Wisconsin 44, 47,50

Courts, Supreme Court reports 53

Courts , United States Court 44

Courts, United States District Court for the

Southern District of Illinois 79

Courts , United States Supreme Court 46, 53

Cox, Benage 157

Cox,S. S 60

Craddock , T. W 158

Grain, Marshall T 126

Crain , Marshall T. , trial 127, 128

Crain family 124,125

Crainvllle ,111 125, 126

Crane, J. M 148

Orane Dance 114

Crawford County, 111 155

Crawford County, 111., organized December 31,

1816, its boundaries 36

Crawford , Joseph 145

Crawford , Monroe C 127

Crawley , James 148

Credit Island 113

Creighton, (Judge) James A 79

Crook, (Prof.) A. R 4 28,33,80

Crook, (Prof.) A. R., address before Illinois
State Historical Society 1914. Some effects
of geological history on present conditions in

Illinois 3,33,80-82

Crook, A. R., Curator Illinois State Museum,

vote of thanks 16

Crook, (Prof.) A. R., President Illinois State
Academy of Sciences delivers address before
Illinois State Historical Society, 1914. Some
effects of geological history on present con-
ditions in Illinois 3, 33, 80-82

Cryer,L. L 148

"Cullom Act" 56

Cullom, Elizabeth Coffey, Mother of Shelby M.

Cullom 57

Cullom , Richard Northcroft 57, 59

Cullom, Shelby M 3,24,33,55,56,

58, 60, 61 , 62, 63 . 64 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
Cullom, Shelby M., Appropriations Committee,
member 76

196

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

CuUom , Shelby M. , bar admission in 1S55 58

Cullom, Shelby M. , birth 57

Callom, Shelby il. , burial 78, 79

Cullom, Shelby M., came to Illinois in 1830 56

Cullom, Shelby M., City Attorney, Springfield,

Cullom, Shelby M., Congress. Candidate in i862 60
Cullom, Shelby M., Congressman, 1866, 1868.. 60
Cullom,Shelby M.,ConstitutionalConvention,

candidate for delegate to 59

Cullom , Shelby M. , crisis of career 65

Cullom, Shelby M. , death 57

Cullom, Shelby il., defeat for U. S. Senator in

1912 67

Cullom, Shelby M., Douglas Stephen A., intro-
duced by, in Illinois General Assembly, 1861. 59
Cullom , Shelby M. , "Fifty years of Public Ser-
vice" quoted 59

Cullom, Shelby M., Foreign Relations Com-
mittee , Chairman 75

Cullom,ShelbyM., General Assembly, member 61
Cullom, Shelby M., Governor, elected U. S.

Senator 62

Cullom, Shelby M., Governor, nomination in

1876 61

Cullom, Shelby M., Governor of Illinois in 1877. 71
Cullom. Shelby M. , Governor, re-election in 1880 62
Cullom, Shelby M., Grant, U. S., placed in

nomination for presidency in 1872, by 68

Cullom, Shelby M., Hawaiian Commission,

Chairman 59, 76

Cullom, Shelby M., Interstate Commerce Act

; 56, 74

Cullom, Shelby M. , Interstate Commerce Com-
mittee, Chairman 74, 75

Cullom, Shelby M., Legislature, Candidate for. 61
Cullom, Shelby M., Life and Services of. Ad-
dress by Henry A. Converse, before Illinois

State Historical Society, 1914 3,33,55-79

Cullom, Shelby M., Lincoln Memorial 77

Cullom, Shelby M., Lincoln's admirer and

friend 77

Cullom, Shelby M., Lorimer case, vote 66

Cullom, Shelby M., Pardons, attitude towards. 72
Cullom, Shelby M. , Polygamy suppression bill. 70
Cullom, Shelby M., Presidential Jilector, Can-
didate in 1856 59

Cullom, Shelby M., Railroads Committee,

Chairman 73

Cullom, Shelby M., Railway strike 1877 72

Cullom, Shelby M., Safety Appliance Law of

1893 74

Cullom, Shelby M., Senate Committee on

Committees, Chairman 76

Cullom, Shelby M., Smithsonian Institution,

Member of Board of Regents 76

Cullom, Shelby M., Sound Money 72

Cullom, Shelby M., Speaker Illinois House of

Representatives 59, 61, 69, 70, 74

Cullom, Shelby M., State National Bank,

President 70

Cullom, Shelby M., United States Senate,

candidate for re-election 1912 59

Cullom, Shelby M., U. S. Senator in 1889, 1895,

1901, 1907 62

Cullom, Shelby M., Whisky Ring Scandals

1876 61,62

Cullom & Hay. Shelby M. Cullom and Milton

Ha> 57

Culiun, R 144

Cumberland, Va 131

Cumberland, W. Va 131

Cumberland River 186

Cunningham, f Judge) J. O 5,16,17,24

Cunningham, Robert (?) 139

Cure, Peter 143

Currey, J. Seymour, History of Chicago Vol.

I. Footnote 37

Curtiss, James 43

Curtiss, James, Clerk of Cook County Court,

first 44

Cutler, Joseph A 130

Cutshaw, 1 145

Cutter, Isaac 148

P.4.GE.

Dallas , Mo 185

Dana, (Hon.; Charles A 60

Dances, Indian 114

Danville ,111 49, 51

Darbytowm Cross Roads, Va 132, 135

Darnley, (Father) Pastor at Kaskaskia in 1901.110

Daughter of the Regiment (39th Illmois) 130

Daughters of the American Revolution 18, 26

D. A. R., Illinois 25,26

Davenport, George, account books 118

Davenport, J. W 157

Davenport, William 146, 167

Davidson's "Unnamed Wisconsin" quoted 175

Davidson, (Dr.) A. L ..144

Davidson, Martha McNeill, Southern Illinois
in the Great Whig Convention of 1840. Ad-
dress before Illinois State Historical Society,

Maj ,1914 3,34, 150-159

Davis, Levi (?) 168

Davis, CushmanK 75

Davis, David 54 , 58, 62

Davis, George R 62

Davis, William H 142

Daviss Mills , Miss 187

Deep Run, Va 135

De Kalb County, III -. 5, 37

Delavan, 111 144

DeLery , Chaussegros 175, 176, 180

DeLery, Chaussegros , sketch ol 1730 178

DeLisle's Map of 1703 and 1722 176

Dellicker, George. 143

Delphi , Indiana 176

Democrat, (The) (Newspaper) Chicago, 111.,

John Wentworth, Editor 48

Democrat, Chicago Daily 48

Democratic Convention (Illinois) 1839 163

Democratic Party {See also Democrats)

49, 50, 60. 62, 65, 68, 122, 123, 124

Democratic Party (Illinois) Address 165

Democratic State (Illinois) Central Committee. 164

Democrats {See also Democratic Party)

138, 140, 142, 151

Democrats, Cook County, 111 141

Deneen,(Gov.) CharlesS 64

Denny, J 149

De Pauw University, Greencastle,Ind 33

De Riemers , Silversmiths 160

De Saible, a San Domingau negro, first person

other than Indians to settle at Chicago 37

Deshon, Henry 146, 147

Des Kaillons (Deschaillons) Jean Baptiste

St. Ours 179

Des Plalnes River 81

Destruction of Kaskaskia by the Mississippi
River. Address before the Illinois State His-
torical Society, 1914, by J. H. Burnham

3 33 95—112
Detroit ."Mich '.'..'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. 37] 5i', 116, 177, 179

Detweiller .Joseph 148

De Villiers,Neyon de 177, 179, 181, 182, 183

"De Witt Clinton" locomotive which drew

first American Railroad train in 1830 55,56

De Witt County, 111 144,146

De Wolf , C 143

Dickey, Hugh T 44, 46

Dickinson, Edward 148

Dickinson, G. P 148

Diller,I. R 164

District of Columbia 47, 57

Ditmore, John 126

Divorce Suit, Cook County, first 48

Dixon, Elijah 145

Dixon, 111 57

Dodge , John C 142

Dodge , Lucy 140

Dole , George 142

Donaldson, Sf« Donelson.

Donelson , ( Donaldson) Andrew J 122

Dooden, John S 158

Doty, S. P 144

Doty , Theodorus 142

Dougherty , John 157

Douglas, C 148

197

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Douglas , J. T 105

Douglas, Stephen A

18, 26, 42, 46, 49, 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, 78, 123, 162, 163, 164

Douglas, (Judge) Walter B 98

Doyle, 168

Doyle, E.M 158

Doyle, James H 143

Drake, B 157

Drake , John 157

DrawTer, John H 23

Drewrys Bluff, Va 132, 134, 135

Drury^s Bluff {See Drewry's Bluff).

DuBois,J. K 144

Dudding , Richard 156

Duff, Andrew D 127

Dulton, H. A 158

Duncan, (Capt.) James 157

Duncan, ( Gen. ) Joseph 120

Duncan, M 158

Dunkey, B 158

Dunn, Jesse 157

Dunne, ( Governor) Edward F 16, 17, 18, 24, 78

Dupage County, 111 37, 51, 144, 146

Dupage County, 111., organized February 9,

1839, boundaries 37

Dupo, (DuPont or Prairie Du Pont) 97

Dupo, 111. , Indian Mounds 97

Du Pont, St. Clair County, 111. {See also

Dupo, 111.) 97

Dye , George 158

E
Eagle Banner 153

Eagle, gift to Chicago Delegation, Whig Con-
vention, 1840. Springfield, 111 171

Early Bench and Bar of Illinois. Caton, John

Dean. Footnotes 45, 48

Early courts of Chicago and Cook County.
Annual address before Illinois State Histori-
cal Society, 1914, by Judge Orrin N. Carter. .

3 34 35—54
East S t.'LouisVil'l. - . .' . . ." . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,' 96, 104, 122

Eden, Garden 159

Edgar County, 111., organized, boundaries 36

Edgar County, 111., part of Cook County once

included in 36, 37

Education— Columbia College. Footnote 181

Education— Harvard College. Footnote 181

Education— Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111. . 5

Education— Law Schools of Chicago 47

Education— Mount Morris Seminary (Rock

River Seminary) Mount Morris, 111 57

Education— Northern Illinois State Normal

School, DeKalb, 111 5, 19

Education— Northwestern University, Evans-
ton, 111 5

Education — Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C 76

Education— Southern Illinois Normal Uni-
versity , Carbondale ,111 5

Education— University of Chicago 47

Education — University of Illinois 5

Edwards County, 111 144,, 147

Edwards County, 111., organized November 28,

1814 , its boundaries 36

Edwards, Benjamin S 58, 60

Edwards, Benjamin S., Stuart & Edwards 57

Edwards , Cyrus 163

Edwards , N. W 144, 151

Edwards Place, Springfield, 111 170

Edwardsville ,111 151, 152, 158

Egypt (Illinois) 122,128,129

Eighth Illinois Infantry, Volunteers 189

Elder , William 158

Election of Officers, Illinois State Historical •

Society 20

Elkhart, 111 140

Elkhart Grove, 111 140

Elliot's Mills (Ky.) (?) ; 184

Elliott , David 158

Elliott, Emma C, (Boat) 107

El Paso, 111 18

El Paso, 111., Commercial Society 18

PAGE.

Emigration, to St. Genevieve during Revolu-
tionary War 99

Empire State, New York State 55

Employer's Liability Act 75 ■

England '. 49, 54

Engler,T 153

Entrekin, Asa 157

Ernest, (Capt.) O. H.,U. S. Engineering Corps.
Extractfromreportof June30,1881,onriseof

Mississippi in 1881 . . 101-102

Erving, R. B 1.53

Evans , G. S us

Evanston, 111 5

Evanston, 111., Northwestern University

located at 33

Evansville, 111 106

Everett, Edward 123

Everett, Oliver. 145

Evy , John 158

Fancy Creek, 111 169

Farwell, Charles B 62

"Father of Waters" (Mississippi River)

104, 108, 113

Fayette County, 111 144, 151, 153

Federal Census, 1840 I65

Federal Courts .57

Federal Goverimient 54

Federal Party 50

Federals {Sec Whigs).

Fergus Historical Series, No. 1, Balestier,

Joseph , aimals of Chicago. Footnote 38

Fergus Historical Series, No. 2, Chicago Direc-
tory,1839. Footnote 38

Fergus Historical Series, Nos. 7 and 8, Re-
miniscences of early Chicago, by John Went-

worth. Footnotes 37, 39, 40, 41, 48

Fergus Historical Series, No. 9, Prospects of

Chicago by Henry Brown. Footnote 45

Fergus Historical Series, No. 16. Address on
Fort Dearborn by John Wentworth. Foot-
note 53

Fergus Historical Series, Nos. 22 and 23. The
Lawyer as a pioneer, by Thomas Hoyne.

Footnotes 41, 44, 46, 50 '

Ferguson, D. A 157, 158

Ferree, Cornelius 157

Ferree, Isreal (?) 157

Ferril , S 147

Field, Alex P 163

Field, (Miss) Jane 153

Field Museum. Footnote 18I

Fifth Judicial Circuit, counties composing 41

Fifty-sixth Illinois Infantry IS8

"Fifty Years of Public Service." Shelby M.

CuUom, quoted '. 59

Fillmore , Addison 190

Fillmore, Millard 59, 122

Findley, F 157

First National Bank, Minonk, 111 IS

Fitch, (Dr.) J. W 144, 151

Flaherty, (Miss) Anne C 28

Flannagan, John 145

Fleetwood , David 157

Fleming, (Major) John 158

Flora, 111 122

Food and Drug Act 75

Forbes, Stephen, school teacher, first sheriff
of Cook County, Justice of the Peace for Cook

County 40, 41

Ford, (Judge) Thomas 42, 44, 48, 53

Forsythe , J. R 148

Fort Armstrong 119, 120

Fort Chartres 27,96,97, 111, 177

footnote 109

Fort Dearborn, buill at Mouth of Chicago

River under Gen. John Whistler,!'. S. A.. 37
Fort Dearborn, Cook County, Circuit Court

held in 1831 41

Fort Dearborn Massacre 37

Fort Dearborn, officers exercised jurisdiction
over inhabitants of Chicago in early day. .38,39

198

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE

Fort Dearborn, rebuilt 1816 37

Fort Dearborn, Reservation, platted as Ft.

Dearborn addition to Chicago 53

•Fort Dearborn Reservation, purchased by

Gen. John B. Beaubien 63

Fort Dearborn, Wentworth, John, address on
Fort Dearborn. Fergus Historical Serie.s,

No. 16. Footnote 63

Fort Donelson - 186

Fort Gage 97,99,100,109,111

footaote 97

FortGageCeinetery(GarrisonHill). Footnote.lll

Fort Gage , location 99

Fort Gregg, Va 135, 136

Fort Henry -186

Fort Hill 189

Fort Holt, Ky 184, 185

Fort Jefferson 184

Fort Kaskaskia 99,100,108,110

footnotes HO, 111

Fort Kaskaskia, survey by H. W. Beckwith. .100

Fort Massac Park 25

Fort Meigs 162, 168

Fort Meigs, Battle 170

Fort Monroe 131,134

Fort Osborn 131

Fort St. Louis 175, 176

Fort Sumpter 130

Fort Wagner 132

Forts, De Villiers Fort 182, 183

Forts, Fort Dearborn 37,38,39,41,52

footnote 53

Forty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, War of the Rebellion 186,187

Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, War of the Rebellion 186,187

Forty-third Regiment, Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, War of the Rebellion 187

Foss, George Edmond 65

Foster, (Gen.) A.J 132

Foster, (Gen.) Robert S 134

Foster, Wm. J 157

Fox Indians ( Renards)

113, 117, 118, 175, 177, 179, 180

Fox Indians— Further regarding the destruc-
tion of, paper by J. F. Steward 175-183

Fox River 176,177,180,181

France 21, 108

Francis , Simeon 160

Franklin County, 111 122

Franquelin's Maps 176, 177, 178

Frazer , William 157

Frederick, Grant 142

Fredericktown, Mo 184, 185

Freeman, Robt 142

Fremont, John C 122, 184

French Alliance 108

French American Alliance 1778 112

French Axe 182

French Explorers said to have built Fort at

mouth of Chicago River 37

French League 175, 176, 177, 182

French Map of 1679 177

French People 97,112,175,177,179,182

footnote 181

French Records 21, 177

French Villages 99

Frenchman's Spirit— Indian Legend told by

Black Hawk 119

Freer, L. C. P 143

Freese, L. J 18,20

Frisby.D. H 148

Fruit, James 157, 158

Frye,J. C 148

Fulkerson & Reed, pilots of the Ed. Richard-
son 104

Fullerton, A. N 46

Fulton County, 111 40, 148

Fulton County, 111., Chapman's History of

Fulton County. Footnote 40

Fulton County, 111. Organized January 28,

1823, boundaries 36

Fulton County, 111. Original court records of
examined. "Footnote 54

PAGE.

Fund, William 144

Funk , John 143

Further regarding the destruction of a branch
of the Fox Tribe of Indians, by J. F. Steward
175-183

Gage, John 141

Gaines, (Gen.) Edmund P 114, 120

Gale, Stephen F 140, 142

Galena Gazette 145

Galesburg, 111 5

Garbutt,Z. M 144,151

Gardner, Corbus 64

Garfield, James R 60

Garner, (Prof.) James W 25

Garrison Hill 111,112

footnote Ill

Garrison Hill Cemetery Ill

footnote Ill

Garrison Hill Cemetery— Bodies transferred

from Kaskaskia 110

Garrison Hill , Fort Kaskaskia built 1734 99

Garrison Hill Monument Ill

footnote 110

Garrison Hill Monument Inscription 112

Gates, Timothy 139

Gear,H. H 144

G enealogy 25

Genealogy, Report of Committee, Illinois State

Historical Society 29

General Assembly, Illinois State 27, 42,68

General Land office 47

Geology , Illinois State mineral production 82

Geology, some effects of Geological History on
present conditions in Illinois. Address by
Prof. A. R. Crook, before Illinois State His-
torical Society, May, 1914 80-82

Germany 102

Gettysburg Address 24

Gettysburg National Cemetery 24

Gettysburg Celebration 15

Gibbons (Gen.) 135

Gilbert, Sherrod 142

Gillespie , James 151

Gillespie, John 157

Gillespie, John G 157

Gillespie, Jos 144, 151

Oilman, Charles 47

Gilmore, (Gen.) Q. A 132, 133

Gipson, William, Jr 157

Glancy , (Lieut.) Theodore 190

Glenn, David A 147

Globe Democrat, (Newspaper) St. Louis, Mo.,
April 28, 1881, quoted on Kaskaskia Flood.. 104

Gloucester Point, Va 134

Goodheart, WUliam 139

Goodrich , Grant 46, 54

Goodsell,L. B 142

Gordon, Joseph 157

Governor— Election to U. S. Senate legal 62

Graham, W. W 145

G. A. R. (Grand Army of the Republic)

17,22,24,29

Grand Army of the Republic, Encampment. 17, 22
Grand Crique du Rocher, Big Rock Creek... 178

Grand Gulf 188

' ' Granger Legislation" reference 70

Grant, James 42,46,61,52

Grant, (Gen.) U. S 18, 68, 184, 185, 186, 187

Grant, (Gen.) U. S., Camping Place marked

at Naples, 111 18

Gray,AV. F 144

Great Western (Newspaper) 156

Greeley, M. T 148

GreenJH. A 148

Green , Henry R 144

Green, Henry S 58

"Greenback" Craze, reference 71, 72

Greenback Party 62

Greencastle, Ind., De Pauw University located

at 33

Green County, 111 29, 111, 144, 151, 152, 167

199

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Green County, 111., delegation Whig Conven-
tion, 1840, Springfleld, III 152, 169

Greene , (Prof.) Evarts B o, 25

Greenfield, 111 23

Greenman , Adeline. . , 140

Greenville, 111 3,34,150

Greenville , Miss 188

Gregory, Charles 144, 151

Gregory, D. R 148

Grithth , Daniel 157

Grimsley , T 149

Gulf of Mexico 81,102,105,111

Haddock ,E.H 142

Haden, E. A 157

Hagans,S.C 144

Haggard, Samuel H. (?) 139

Hahn, H 148

Haines, B.C 144

"Halt Century of Conflict", by Francis Park-
man, quoted 175

Hall, Eli 144,146

"Hall of William Rufus" in Westminister 54

Hallberg, C. S. N 23

Hallack, (Gen.) Henry Wagner 187

Hallery,S 144,151

Hamilton County, 111 155

Hamilton, (Col.) Richard J 42, 45, 48

Hamilton, (Col.) Richard J., first clerk Cook

County Circuit Court, 1831 41

Hamilton, (Col.) Richard J. , funeral of 41

Hamlin, Hannibal 75, 123

Hamlin, John, Justice of Peace of Fulton
County, 111., performs first marriage cere-
mony atChicago 40

Hamlin, R. B 148

Hancock County ,111 36, 144, 147

Hancock, Md 131

Handy, Thomas 158

Hanson, J. L 142

Hard Cider Press 143

Hardin, J.J 144, 163, 167, 171

"Hardscrabble" on south branch of Chicago

River, Trading Post 38

Hard Times Landing 188

Harkness , Edson 148

Harkness , Hannah 140

Harlan, G.B 148

Harmon , C. L 142

Harmon, Charles 158

Harmon, Isaac, Justice of the Peace, Chicago.

45,47

Harmon, Isaac D 142

Hashequarequa 113

Harris, J. B 158

Harrison, J 148

Harrison, Wm. Henry

116, 137, 138, 139, 141 , 145, 148, 154,

155, 156, 1.57, 158, 160, 161. 162, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171
Harrison, Wm. Henry (American Cincinna-

tus) 153

Harrison and Reform 156-157

Harrison Banner, Whig Convention 1840,

Springfield, 111

141 , 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158

Harrisse , Henri, Historian 176

Harrold , James 155, 156

Harvard College. Footnote 181

Hatch, O.M. (?) 47

Hatch, David 142

. Hatch , H 144

Hatchers Run, Va 132

Hauberg, John H., Black Hawk's Home
Country. Address before the Illinois State

Historical Societjr, May, 1914 3, 113-121

Hawaiian Commission, bill recommended by. . 76
Hawaiian Commission, Cullom, Shelby M.,

Chairman 59

Hawaiian Islands, Commission to visit, per-
sonnel of 76

Hawley, (Mr.) , probably Holley,

George W 145, 146, 170

Hawley, D. A 145

PAGE.

Hay, John, U. S. Secretary ol State 75

Hay, (Hon.) Logan 25,65

Hay , Milton M 57, 58, 61, 71, 72

Hay, Milton, Hay & Cullom 5'(,61,65

Haynes, Benjamin 139

Heacock, Russell E 47

Heacock, Russell E., first resident lawyer in *--

Chicago 39-40,45

Heacock, Russell E. , Justice of Peace, Chicago. 39

Headen, Thomas 158

Headen, (Dr.) William 158

Hearn, Campbell S 25

Hebbard, , "Wisconsin under the Do-
minion of the French" 175

Hedden, (Dr.) William 157

Henderson Family 124

Henderson , James 124, 126

Henderson, (Gen.) Thomas J 62

Henkel , (Prof.) Henry B [23

Hennepin Canal 119

Henry County, 111 1 3&

Henry , A. G 162

Henry , (Dr.) John 138, 140, 144

Henry, (Dr.) John F .168

Herndon, William H 58

Hervey , F 157

Hessians (in Revolution) 170

Hewitt, Thomas 169

Hilasback, James 158

Hilasbuck, Wm. F 158

Hichman, James 58

Hickory Club, Chicago 143

Hickox , V : 164

Hicks, Balsam 157

Hicks, Jones 157

Hide, West 148

Higbee, Judge Harry. Footnote 54

Higgins, Derret 144

Hill, Frederick Trevor, Lincoln the Lawyer.

Footnote 46

Hill , John 148

Hill Land, 111 102

Hilton Head, S. C 132, 133

HinchclifE Family 124, 125

Hinchcliff, (Dr.) Vincent 126

Hinde, James 144

Hindman, George 126

Hines, Christian 158

Hines , J 148

Hinton , John 144

Hitch, Charles P 64

Hite, John 144

Hitt, (Hon.) Robert R 57, 62, 7S

Hitt,(Hon.) Robert R., Chairman House Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations 75

Hocquart, Gilles, quoted 175,176,180,181

Hodge, Andy 139

Hodge, William 144

Hoe, Christian 158

Hogan, J. S. C, Justice of the Peace for Cook

County , 111 40

Hogan, John 144, 148, 159, 167, 170, 171

Hogan, John (Fayette County) 151

Holland, L 148

Holley, (Hawley) George W 145,146,170

Holly Springs, Miss 187, 188

Holmes, L. W 14S

Homan's Map of 1684 176

Hooker, J. W 142

Hooper, Thomas 157

Hooper, William 158

Hopkins, (Hon.) Albert J, United States

Senator 65

Hoquart (Hocquart) Gilles, quoted.175, 176, 180, 181

Horard, Lewis 148

Houghan, (Dr.) Thomas 145,170

Houghan's Park, Springfield, 111 170

"Hou.se Divided Against Itself" Speech,

Abraham Lincoln, reference 77

How, — ■ — (See Howard, Benjamin C.)

Footnote 46

Howard, Benj. C, U. S. Reports, Bronson vs."

Kinzie. Footnote 46

Howe , Thomas 158

200

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Home, Thomas 42, 45, 47,54

Hoyne, Thomas, Depui\ Clerk, Cook County

Circuit Court ^ 41

Hoyne, Thomas, "Lawyer as a Pioneer" 41,50

Hoyne, Thomas, Lawyer as a Pioneer. Fergus

Historical Series, No. 22. Footnotes

41, 44, 4(5, 50

Hubbard, G. S 1-12

Hubbard, Henry G., Circuit Clerk 43

Hudson, (People vs. Hudson) 49

Hudson, C. B 144

Hull, P. C lotj

Hull , Samuel 157

Humphrey, J. O 143

Humphrey,(Hon.) J. Otis 62,63,97

Hunter, (Capt.) Daniel 142, 143

Hunter, (Maj. Gen.) David 141

Hunter,! 148

Huntington, (Judge) Elisha Mills 171

Huntington, Alonzo 46

Hurlbut, (Gen.) Stephen A 189

Hums, (Judge) 158

Huse, G. W. C 148

Hypes , Benjamin - 148

"I. B." When fortune has severed the homes

ties that bind us 133

lies, Elijah 166

"lUini' ' Indians 113

Illinois , Aborigines 118

"Illinois and Louisiana" by Wallace, reference.

Footnote 97

Illinois and Michigan Canal 141

Illinois and Michigan Canal. Law for build-
ing passed 38

Illinois and Michigan Canal, United States

Government makes grant of land for 38

Illinois Buffalo 118

Illiiois Central Railroad 158

Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111 5

Illinois Country 175

Illinois County Seat 21

Illinois in 181S 18, 27

Illinois Indians 108, 113, 175, 177, 179, 180

footaote 179

Illinois River 36,41,81, 17.5, 176, 177, 179, ISO, 181

footnote 97

"Illinois" (Song) 34

Illinois Southern Railroad 100

"Illinois" (Steamer) 100, 185

Illinois State 7, 11, 12, 17, 18, 44, 47, 51, 54, .56,

57, ,58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75,
78, 80, 81, 82, 95, 100, 101, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112,
116, 132, 150, 159, 163, 177, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189

footnotes 96, 97, 98, 100, 102

Illinois State, Academy of Science 33

Illinois State, Appellate Court system 77

Illinois State, Arnold, Isaac N., Recollections
of early Chicago and Illinois Bar, Fergus His-
torical Series, No. 22. Footnote 54

Illinois State Bar 58, 65

Illinois State, Board of Pardons 72

Illinois State Building, Panama-Pacifle Ex-
position 25

Illinois State Capital 57, 61

Illinois State Capitol 78

Illinois State , Carter, Orrin N. , The early courts

of Chicago and Cook County 3,34, 35-54

Illinois State, Caton, John Dean, early Bench

and Bar of Illinois. Footnote 45, 48

Illinois State Centennial Commission 16

Illinois State, Centennial Publication Com-
mittee 17

Illinois State, Chester Penitentiary (2

Illinois State, coal mines 122, 165

Illinois State, Commission Panama-Pacific Ex-
position 25

lUinoi'; State, Constitution 46

Illinois State, Constitution of 1818 35, 45

Illinois State, Consitution of 1848 35, 44, 47

Illinois State, Constitution of 1870 70

Illinois State, Constitutional Convention 59

PAGE.

Illinois State , Constitutional Convention of 1S18

102-103

Illinois State, Contributions to State History. .

175-191

Illinois State, Courts , 57

Illinois State, courts of. Historical sketch of
courts of Illinois by O. N. Carter. Footnotes.

39,40

Illinois State, Cullom, Shelby M., Governor... 56

Illinois State, D. A. R 25, 26

Illinois State, Delegations to Republican
National Conventions, 1872, 1884, 1S92, 1904,

1908 68

Illinois State Democratic Central Committee. .164

Illinois State Democratic Convention 1839 163

Illinois State, General Assembly 24, 42, 68

Illinois State, General Assembly, 10th 59

Illinois State, General Assembly, 12th ". . 59

Illinois State, General Assembly, 13th 59

Illinois State, General Assembly, 20th 59

Illinois State , General Assembly, 22d 59

Illinois State, Geological History of 3, 33, 80-82

Illinois State, G. A. R " 17,22,24,29

Illinois State, Grand Army of the Republic, en-
campment 17

Illinois State, (The) Great Whig Convention at
Springfield, III., June 3-4, 1840. Address by
Isabel Jamison before the Illinois State His-
torical Society, May, 1914 3,34,160-174

Illinois State, Hall of Representatives 163

Illinois State, Historians 99

Illinois State Historical Collections 7

Illinois State Historical Library 7, 11

Illinois State Historical Library, list of publica-
tions, end of this volume.
Illinois State Historical Library, Publication

No. IS 29

Illinois State Historical Society 4, 5, 8, 9,

ao, 11, 15, 17,23,80,100,103,109,110,111,112,151

footnotes 97, 175

Illinois State Historical Society, annual ad-
dress before, 1914, by Judge O. N. Carter,
The Early Courts of Chicago and Cook

County 3, 33, 35-54

Illinois State Historical Society, Appeal to the
Public for contributions of historical ma-
terial 11-12

Illinois State Historical Society, Archives 105

Illinois State Historical Society, Business meet-
ing 3, 15-22

Illinois State Historical Society, Committee
appointed to attend State Encampment,

Grand Army of the Republic 17

Illinois State Historical Society, Constitution.

'. 8-10

Illinois State Historical Society, Directors'

meeting 3, 28

Illinois State Historical Society, Fifteenth

annual meeting 3, 13-29

Illinois State Historical Society. Fifteenth
annual meeting. May 7-8, 1914, program of

exercises 33, 34

Illinois State Historical Society. Genealogy
and Genealogical Publications Committee

report - 3, 15, 29

Illinois State Historical Society, Honorary

members 16, 17

Illinois S tate Historical Society, Journal

7, 27, 29, 99, 100

Illinois State Historical Society, List of Publi-
cations, end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Society, OfTicers 5

Illinois State HistoricalSociety, Organization..

22,23

Illinois State HistoricalSociety, Papers read at

anmial meeting 3, 33-160

Illinois State Historical Society, Program of

annual meeting 3, 33

Illinois State Historical Society, Publication

Committee 5

Illinois State Historical Society, Secretary's

report .3,15,23-28

Illinois State Historical Societv, Tran.sactions. .
27,102,177

201

INDEX — Continued.

~ PAGE.

Illinois State Historical Soci et j-, Transactions of

1912. Footnote '. 37

Illinois State Historical Soc.ety, Vote to co-
operate with Illinois State Centennial Com-

5 mission 16

Illinois State Historical Society , Vote ol thanks

of, to Mr. Sidney Breese 16

Illinois State Historical Society , Vote of thanks
of, to A. R. Crook, curator Illinois State

Museum 16

Illinois State Historical Society , Vote of thanks
to F. J. McComb, Superintendent Capitol

Building 16

Illinois State Historical Society , Vote of thanks

to Hon. Harry Woods, Secretary of State... 16
Illinois State Historical Society. Women of

Illinois 19

Illinois State History 69

Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, Kanka-
kee, 111...: 72

Illinois State House 163

Illinois State, House of Representatives 50, 59

Illinois State, House of Representatives, Cul-
lom, Shelby M., elected Speaker in 1861.. .59,69

Illinois State Journal 151

Illinois State, Judicial History 35-54

Illinois State , Kaskaskia , first capital 104

Illinois State, Laws of Illinois, 1819. Footnote. 40
Illinois State, Laws of Illinois, 1836-37 and

Special Session 1837. Footnote 43

Illinois State, Laws of Illinois 1836-37. Foot-
note 49

Illinois State, Laws of Illinois Special Session

1837. Footnote 43

Illinois State Legislature

43,44,59,61,62,63,64,65,66,72,73,110,111

Illinois State Legislature, Act of 1909 authoriz-
ing organization of Kaskaskia Island Drain-
age and Levee District, reference. Footnote. 98

Illinois State Legislature, Deadlock, 1909 65

Illinois State Legislature, Railroad regulation

1871 70

Illinois State Legislature. 10th. 12th, 13th,

18th, 20th, 22d General Assemblies 59

Illinois State Legislature, Lorimer campaign

controversy 65

Illinois State Library, Illinois State Historical

Society holds reception in 34

Illinois State, Local Historical Societies re-
ports 18

Illinois State Militia 53, 72

Illinois State, Mineral production 1913 82

Illinois State Natural History Museum 80

Illinois State, Northern Illinois in the great
Whig Convention of 1840. Address by Edith
Packard Kelly before Illinois State Histor-
ical Society, May, 1914 3,34, 137-149

Illinois State, Northern Illinois State Normal

School 5, 19

Illinois State , Park Commission HI

Illinois State Park System, Address before
Illinois State Historical Society, 1914, by

Prof. James A. James 33

IlliQois State "(The) People, Civilization, etc.,

of the People of Illinois in 1818" 18

Illinois State, Railroad and Warehouse Com-
mission 71

Illinois State, Railroad and Warehouse Legis-
lation 70

Illinois State Records of County Courts ex-
amined. Footnote 54

Illinois State Register 137, 151, 152, 165, 170

Illinois State , Reports of Illinois State Supreme

Court, J. Y. Scammon. Footnotes

48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53

Illinois State, Representatives Hall 78

Illinois State. Republican Central Committee. 71
Illinois State, Republican Central Committee,

chairman 62

Illinoi.s State, Republican Convention, 1900.62 63
Illinois State, Republican Convention, 1904 ... 64

Illinois State. Republican State officers 68

Illinois State, "Revised Statutes of the State
of Illinois A. D., 1874" 70

—14 H S

Illinois State, Secretary ol Slate 15

Illtoois State Senate 60

Illinois State Senate Chamber, Illinois State
Historical Society holds anoual meeting in.

15,33

Illinois State , Some ellects of G eological history
onpresentconditionsin Illinois. Address by
A. R. Crook, before Illinois State Historical

Society, May , 1914 3, 80-82

Illinois State, Southern Illinois in the Great
Whig Convention of 1840. Address by Martha
McNeill Davidson before Illinois State His-
torical Society, May, 1914 3,34,l.i0-159

Illinois State, Southern Illinois State Normal

University 5

Illinois State, Supreme Court

....35,41,42,43,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,64,74,79

Illinois S tate Supreme Court report 50

Illinois State, Thirty-ninth Volunteer Infantry

Regiment 3, 33, 130-136

Illinois State, Travel and Description in Illi-
nois. S.J. Buck 27

Illinois State, IT. S. Prosecuting Attorney for

the District of Illtaois 47

Illinois State University 5

Illinois State Utilities Commission 71

IllinoisState, Warof the Rebellion, 8th Infantry. 189
Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 17th Volun-
teer Infantry 184, 185, 186, 188, 189

IllinoisState, Warof the Rebellion, 17th Volun-
teer Infantry, 1861-1864, Brief history com-
piled b\ Robert W. Campbell , Peoria, 111 . . .

'. 184-190

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 17th Vol-
unteer Infantry, officers mustered out . . . 189-190
Illinois State, War of the Rebellion,18th Illinois

Volunteer Infantry 184

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 29th Vol-
unteer Infantry 187

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 39th Vol-
unteers, (Yates Phalanx). Addre.^s by W.
H. Jenkins before Illinois State Historical

Society, May, 1914 3. 33, 1.30-136

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 43d Volun-
teer Infantrv 187

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 48th Vol-
unteer Infantry 186, 187

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 49th Vol-
unteer Infantrv 186, 187

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 56th In-
fantry 188

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 61st Volun-
teer Infantry 187

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, 81st Volun-
teer Infantry 124

Illinois State, War of the Rebellion, Illinois
companies of soldiers encamped at Peoria,

111. in 1861 184

Illinois State, Williamson Countj, Vendetta,
Address by George W. Young before Illinois
State Historical Society, May, 1914.3,33, 122-129

Illinois Territorial Legislature 102

Illinois Territory , History of courts of 35

Illinois Territory organized February 3, 1809 .. 35

Illinois Territory Part of Virginia 35

Illinois Valley Ill

Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin,
Indian Mission, Utica, 111., founded by Mar-
quette 110

Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin,

Parish 110

In Black Hawk's Home. Address before the
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1914.

John H. Hauberg 3,33,113-121

"In the White House, Van Buren may drink

his Champagne" (Song) 162

Indian Agent account book 118

Indian Agriculture 114

Indian Dances 114

Indian Legend, Frenchman's Spirit 119

Indian Lover's Spring 114-115

Indian Marriage 114

Indian Mounds (See also Mounds Indian)

96,97,115,117,118,110

102

INDEX — Continued.

FAOE.

ladiaa Murderer 116

Indian Trader 118

Indian Tribes, Locations 175, 1 , 6

Indian V illage 115

Indian Women 114

Indiana State 70, 145, 153, 155, 171, 176

Indiana State Delegation, Whig Convention

1840, Springfield, 111 169

Indiana Territory , organized May 7, 1800 35

Indians 38, 113-121, 175-183

footnote 97

Indians , Algonquin 176, 178

Indians, Assistaeronnons or Nation de Feu

(Mascoutins) 177

Indians, Black Hawk's Home Country, Ad-
dress by John H. Hauberg before Illinois
State Historical Society, May, 1914.-3,33, 113-121

Indians, Cahokias Indians 180

Indians, Cherokee 114, 118

Indians, Chippewa 114

Indians, Fox or Renards 175-183

footnote 181

Indians, Further regarding the destruction of
the Fox Tribe, by John F. Steward. . .3, 175-183

Indians, Hoquart quoted 175

Indians, Illinois Indians... 108, 113, 175, 177, 179-180

footnote 179

Indians, Indian Agent 40

Indians. Indian Mission, Utica,Ill. (Immac-
ulate Conception) 110

Indians, Jouett Charles, Indian Agent at Chi-
cago 40

Indians, Kaskaskia Indians 108

Indians, Kickapoo or Quiquapoux Indians. ..1*9

footnote 179

Indians, Little Turtle 33

Indians, Mascoutin 177, 179, 180

footnote 179

Indians, Mascoutins (Assistaeronnons or Nation

deFeu) 177

Indians, Miami 178, 179

Indians, Montezume Mound in Pike County.

Footnote 97

Indians, Nadowessioux or Sioux Indians.

Footnote 177

Indians, Osage Indians 177

Indians Osaukee (Sauks or Sacs). Footnote.. 177

Indians, Ouiatanonor Wias Indians 179

footnote 177

Indians, Peorias 175, 179

Indians, Piankeshaw Indians 177

Indians, Pokagon an educated Pottawatomie,

quoted 181

Indians, Pottowatomie (Poux) 179, 181

footnote 177

Indians, Poutouatamis 179

Indians, Poux or Pottawottamie 179, 181

footnote 177

Indians, Quickapoo 180

Indians, Quiquapoux (Kickapoos) 179

Indians, Renards (Foxes)

113, 117, 118, 175, 177, 179, 180

Indians, Renards (Foxes) defeat 175,176

Indians, Sacs or Osaukees 177

footnote 177

Indians, Sioux or Nadowessioux 178

footnote 177

Indians, Treaty with Gen. Anthony Wayne

ceding land at mouth of Chicago River 37

Indians, Wias (Ouiatanons). Footnote — 177

Interstate Commerce Act .• . 73

Interstate Commerce Act, Supreme Court

Decision 73

Interstate Commerce Committee, Cullom,

Shelby M. , Chairman 74

Interstate Commerce regulation (Cullom Act). 56

Interstate TrafTic, Act regulating 75

Iowa Delegation Whig Convention, 1840.

Springfield, 111 169

Iowa State 42, 60, 113, 147, 153, 155

Irish Grove. Ill 166

Irish Whig Convention, 1840, Springfield, III.. 170

Iron Mountain <fe-*outhern R. R 100

Ironton , Mo 1S4

Iroquois County, III

Island Grove, 111

Islands, Island of Stafla.

PAGE
-.29,49
.---169

Jackson County, 111 122, 123, 126, 128, 155

Jackson, (Gen.) Andrew 154

Jackson, J 148

Jackson, (Gen.) Thomas J- (Stonewall) 131

Jackson. Wilcox v. Jackson. Footnote 53

Jackson, Mo 184

Jackson, Tenn 187

Jacksonville, 111 5, 164

Jacksonville, (111.) Band 169

Jacksonville, (111.) Delegation Banner Whig

Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840 169

James, E dmund J 5, 25

James, Edmund J., Charters of Chicago, Part

I. Footnote .' 38

James, James A 5, 16

James, J. A., Address before Illinois State
Historical Society 1914, on Illinois State

Park System 33

James , Army 136

Jamison, (Mrs.) Isabel, Address before Illinois
State Historical Society, 1914. "The Young
Men's Convention and Old Soldiers' Meeting,
Springfield, 111., June 3-4, 1840. (The Great

Whig Meeting) - . .3, 34, 160-170

James Madison, Steamboat 51

James River 134

Jarrot , V 148

Jayne, (Dr.) William 16, 17

Jetfreon River {See North Fabius River).

Jenkins, A. M 144, 148, 151, 169, 171

Jenkins, W. H 17, 22

Jenkins, W. H., The Yates Phalanx. The
39th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Address
before Illinois State Historical Society, 1914.

3, 33, 130-136

Jersey County, 111 Ill, 155

Jesuit College. FortGageconstructedonsite.. 99

Jennings, Everett 24

"John the Baptist" 150

Jo Daviess County, 111 144, 145

Jo Daviess County, 111. Court established,

1845 44

Johnson Coimty, 111 123

Johnson, Alex H 157

Johnson, (President) Andrew, Impeachment- - 70

Johnson, Henry W , 25

Johnson, Hiram F 157

Johnson, John 157, 158

Johnson , Lewis 157

Johnson, Niel 144

Johnson, R. M 153

Johnson, (Col.) Seth .143, 144

Johnson , Wesley 157

Johnson , William, jr 157

Johnson, William, sr 157

Johnston, W- Y 145

Joliet,Ill 51,142

Jollifl, James 157

Jones, Fernando 130

Jones, (Lieut.) J. I. A 185

Jones, W. R 158

Jones, (Dr.) William 181

footnote 181

Jonesboro. Ill 127

Jouett, Charles, Indian Agent at Chicago 40

Jouett, Charles, Judge in Kentucky and Arkan-
sas 40

Kane County, 111 37, 49, 144, 178

Kane, Elias Kent, United States Senator from

Illinois HI

Kankakee County, 111 37

Kankakee, 111 24

Kankakee River 36,37,41,176

Kankakee (111.) State Hospital 72

Kaskaskia Bend 101, 104

203

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Kaskaskia Commons 98, 103

footnote 98

Kaskaskia, Destruction of, by the Mississippi
River. .Address by Capt. J. H. Burnham
before the Illinois State Historical Society,

May, 1914 3,33,9.5-112

Kaskaskia (The) Flood 104

Kaskaskia, Fort Kaskaskia. High Water of

1785 and 1844 99

Kaskaskia, 111 21, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103,

104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 151, 170, 176, 179

footnotes 97, 98, 102

Kaskaskia, 111. (First) Capital of Illinois 104

Kaskaskia, 111. Captured from the British,

1778 108

Kaskaskia, 111. Catholic Church, Pastor 1901,

Father D arnley 110

Kaskaskia, 111. Church of the Immaculate

Conception, bell of 110

Kaskaskia, 111. Marker 109,110

Kaskaskia, Indians 108,114,117

Kaskaskia Island 98,110,112

Kaskaskia Island Drainage and Sewer District

organization. Footnote 98

Kaskaskia Landing, 111 102

Kaskaskia, New Kaskaskia. Footnote 99

Kaskaskia. Old Kaskaskia. Footnote 99

Kaskaskia, Old. Resurvey made of original
town under direction of Harry W. Roberts,

reference. Footnote 98

Kaskaskia River 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109

Kaskaskia River, Kaskaskia-Mississippi Flood.

105-107

Kaw River 104

Keller, (Sen.) Kent E 25

Kellogg, B . , jr 144

Kellogg, George 148

Kellogg, (Dr.) Lucius D 184

Kellogg, W 144

Kelly, Edith Packard, Northern Illinois in the
Great Whig Convention of 1840. Address be-
fore Illinois State Historical Society, May,

1914 3,34,137-149

Kelly, Mason 158

Kelsoe, W. A 151

Kendall County, 111 37, 46, 177

Kendall, Amos 154

Kenower, George 157

Kentucky State 40, 56, 122, 123, 167, 184, 185

Keokuk (Chief) 113,116,117,120

Kercheval, Gholson 40

Kickapoo Indians or Quiquapoux 114, 117, 179

footnote 179

Kimball, C 148

King, Rufus(?) 75

Kingsbury, (Rev.) S. A 190

Kinney, Jos. W 147

"Kinsey" Probably John Kinzie 39

Kinzee, John H 142

Kinzie, Bronson v. Kinzie. Footnote 46

Kinzie, Eleanor 40

Kinzie, James 41

Kinzie, John 40

Kinzie, John, Daughter of, Marries Dr. Alexan-
der Wolcott 40

Kinzie, John, Difficulty with trader Lalime. .38, 39
Kinzie, John, First resident Justice of the

Peace for Cook County 39

Kinzie, John, settles at Chicago 1804 37

Kirkland and Moses. History of Chicago, Vol.

2. Footnotes 38, 39, 4 1, 53

Kirtley , E 158

Knickerbocker, A. V 142

Knox County, 111 36, 144, 146

Knox County, Northwest Territory 35

Koerner, Gustavus 26

Kokomo, Indiana 176

Koser, Alex ..156

Krifer, Peter 156

Laclede, Pierre Ligueste.
La Grange, Tenn

PAGE.

Lake Coiuity, 111 37, 144, 145, 147

Lake Michigan 36, 37, 81, 175, 176

Lakes, Pestakee 178

Lalime, Trader, killed in difficulty with John

Kinzie 39

Lane, A. P 148

Langworthy , A 144

Larrabee, Wm. M 142

La Salle County, 111 41, 49, 144, 145, 167, 170

La Salle County, 111., in Fifth Judicial Circuit,

1831 41

Latham, R 144

Laughlin , (Dr .) Thomas 146, 147

Laveille, A 148

Lawhead, • 156

Lawman, (Col.) 184

Lawrence County, 111 122, 144, 151, 153

Lawrence, George A 5

Lawrence, (Mrs.) George A 26

Lawrence, J. K 144, 151

Lawrenceville, 111 122

Laws, Anti Rebating Act 75

Laws, Anti Trust Act 75

Laws, Employers' Liability Act 75

Laws, Food and Drug Act 75

Laws, Interstate Commerce 73, 74

Laws, Interstate Traffic 75

Laws, Lotteries, Act to suppress 75

Laws, Primary Law 63

Laws, Safety Appliance Act 74, 7c

Laws, "Stay Law" 46

Laws, White Slave Act 75

Lawyer, (The) as a pioneer. By Thomas
Hoyne, Fergus Historical Series, Nos. 22 and

23. Footnotes 41, 44, 46, 50

Lawyers, Arnold, Isaac N., Recollections of
early Chicago and Illinois Bar. Fergus His-
torical Series , No, 22. Footnote 54

Lawyers, Caton, John Dean, Early Bench and

Bar of Illinois. Footnotes 45, 48

Lawyers, Heacock, Russell E., First resident

Lawyer in Chicago 39, 40

Lawyers, Hill, Frederick Trevor, Lincoln the

Lawyer. Footnote 46

Le Claire, Antoine 115

Lecompte, James 157

Lee Countv, 111 144, 145, 14S

Lee, Charles, Settled at Hardscrabble, 1804. . . .^38

Lee,E. D 158

Lee, George 146

Lee, (Gen.) Robert 136

Legate, H. S 156

Legislature (Illinois) 44, HO

Le Grand Champ (Big Field) 99

footnote 110

Le Mai, French Trader at Chicago 37

Leonard, E.F 71

Levers , James 158

"Le Vieus Village." Original St. Genevieve.

Footnote 110

Lewis, Alva 157

Lewis, (Hon.) James Hamilton 68

Lewis , William 157

Life and Services of Shelby M. Cullom, Address
by Henry A. Converse before the Illinois
State Historical Society, May, 1914. . .3, 33, .55-79

Lincoln, Abraham 18, 24, 46, 47,

54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 68, 69, 78, 79, 123, 135 148, 162, 163
Lincoln, Abraham, "House Divided against

Itself" speech, reference 77

Lincoln, the Lawjer, Hill, Frederick Trevor.

Footnote 46

Lincoln, Abraham, National Lincoln Memorial 77
Lincoln, Abraham, Offered a partnershio in

Chicago in 1850 by Grant Goodrich ' 46

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, reference 58

Lincoln Memorial Room, Panama-Pacific Ex-
position 25

Lindsay , John 164

Lineback, I. G 148

Little Creek of the Rock 177

"Little Giant", Stephen A. Douglas 58

"Little River" 178

Little Rock Creek 178

204

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Little, S. H 144

"Little Turtle." Address belore Illinois State
Historical Society, 1914, by Mrs. Mary Kid-
path Maan 33

Lockwood, (Justice) Samuel D 52

"Loco Foco and an echo" 1(51

Locofoco merchants 142

Loco-focos 161

Locust Grove, III 152

Logau County, 111 144

Logan, (Gen.) John A 60, 188

Logan, (Judge) Stephen T. .41,54, .58,60,65,69, 164

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign 160

Long, (.Major) Stephen H., United States Topo-
graphical engineers visited Chicago, 1823, de-
scribes settlement 38

Longstreet , (( ien.) James 135

Longueil, M. de, French Commander in Detroit

inl752 177

Loomis, H. G 142

Lorimer, (Senator) William 65, 66, 67

Lorimer, William, Case reopened in U. S.

Senate 1911 67

Lorimer, William, election investigation reso-
lution, U. S. Senate 65

Lorimer, (Capt.) William A 190

Lorimer Case debate in U. S. Senate 66

Lorimer Case, vote before U. S. Senate Com-
mittee 66

Lorimer Case, vote in U. S. Senate, Second

hearing 67

Lorimer Case, Vote of Shelby M. Cullom 6fi

Lotteries, Act to suppress 75

Loughry , N 157

Loughry , Samuel 157

Louisiana (Purchase Territory) 179

Louisiana State 189

Lovejoy , Owen, Trial and acquittal 46

Lovett vs. Noble 52

qower Lick Creek, 111 169

Lowrey , William 146, 147

Lowry, J. K 148

Lowry , William 144

Lynch , (Judge) 44

McAllister, (Capt.) Edw. {See McCallister). ...186

McArthur (Gen.) John 188

McCabe, Thomas 145

McCall, J. H 148

McCallen,C. W 148

McAdams, Clark, "Archaeology of Illinois"... 118

McAdams, William 157

McCallister, (Capt.) {See McAllister) 186

McCallister's Battery 186

McClellan; (Gen.) George B 123, 131

McClernand, (Gen.) John A 58,186,187

McClunn, S. C 145

McClure, Ale.x 142

McOomb, (Capt.) F. E 16, 28

McComb, F. J 16

McConnell (McCoimel) Murray McConnell v.

Wilco.x. Footnote 53

McCormick, L 148

McCoy, J. A 141

McDonald, Charles 157

McDonough County, la 144

McDowell , (Sergt.) John R 190

McDowell, (Gen.) Irvin 131

McFarland , ( Lieut.) Thomas 190

McFarran , Martin 157

McHenry County, HI 37,49, 51, 144, 147

Mclver , J 1.58

McKane , N 148

McKeene, Jacob 158

Mackinaw ,111 140

McKinlev, (President) William 7fi

McLean County, 111 29, 53, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144

McLean, (Judge) John 44

McLeod, (Dr.) Donald, Pastor First Presby-
terian Church , Springfield ,111 78

McNabb, (Judge) John M. Footnote 54

PAGE.

McNeal, Abraham 157

McNelley.H.H 157

Macon County, 111 29, 144, 145

Macopin River 178

Macoupin Hunters (Whig Delegation 1S40) 167

McPherson,(Gen.) JamesB 188

Madawaska 161

Maddox.F 157

Maddo-x , James 157

Madison County, 111

29, 144, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 163, 167, 171

Madison County, 111., organized, its bound-
aries 35, 36

Madison, Wis 23

Madrid , New Madrid. Footnote 109

Magie,H. H 142

Magill, Hughs 67,68

Maine (Ship) 20

Maltby, Charles 146

Manierre,X Judge) George 41, 42

Marm, (Mrs.) Mary Ridpath. Address "Chief
Little Turtle" delivered before Illinois State

Historical Society, 1914 33

Mann, (Lieut. Col.) Orrin L 133

Mansion House, Chicago, 111 48

Maps, Amsterdam, 1710-1720 176

Maps,Collot's 1796 Map, reference to 97

Maps, De Lisle 's Map of 1703 and 1722 176

Maps, France (New) early French Map 176

Maps, Franquelin's Map 176, 177, 178

Maps , Franquelin's Map of 1684 176

Maps, Franquelin's Map of 1688 176

Maps, French Map 176

Maps , French Map of 1769 177

Map, Government Map 176

Maps, Harrisse, French authority .on early

French Maps of America ". 176

Maps, Herman Moll's Map of 1720 176

Maps, Homan's Map of 1684 176

Maps, Map Department, Congressional Li-
brary 1 81

Maps, Popple's Map of 1732 176

Maps, Randife McN ally's Map 178

Maramech, (Maraux) 176, 177

footnote 177

Maramech, Date of Abandonment unknown ..178
Maraux, Maramech shortened probably by

French. Footnote 177

Marbeck, James 142

March, David 146

March, Thomas 145

Marion County, 111 155

Marion, 111 22,33,122,127,128

Marquette, (Father) Jacques, French Mission-
ary and Explorer 110

Marriages, First, performed in Chicago 40

Marsh, Sylvester 143

Marsh Harvester, Northern Illinois State Nor-
mal School History Museum 19

Marshall County, 111 29, 144 , 145, 147

Marshall, Frank B 130

Marshall , James A 142

Marshals, Whig Convention 1840, Springfield,

111 166

Martin , C. H 157

Martin, Ebenezer •. 148

Martin, G. A 145

Martin, William 148

Mascoutin Indians, Sometimes called Assis-

taeronnons or Nation de Feu, Location

177,179,180

footnote 179

Mascoutin Prairies 178

Mason, E 148

Mason, S. A 145

Mason, William E 65

Massachusetts State 72, 170

Matatas, Indian Chief 113

Matchler, Benjamin 157

Matthews , Scott 25

Mattox , Ira 157

Mattox, Napoleon 157

Mattox, Thomas 157

Maumee , Battle 170

205

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

JVIaxev,'A.[G 157

Maxey ;0. H. P 157

Maxey, Peter L 157

May, Wm. L 170

Mayfield, John 156

Mayne, T. E 148

Mechanicsburg, 111 169

Meeker, George W ] 41, 142

Meese, William A .■ 5, 27

Meigs, Fort 162

Memphis, Term., Navy Yard 188

Menard County, 111 29, 144, 145, 147

Menard, Peter 144

Menominee Indians 114

Mercer County ,111 36, 145, 148

Meridan, Miss 189

Merrell, George W 143

Merriam, (Col.) Jonathan 60

Merrill, H.C 148

Merrill, (Capt.) William J 190

Merriman, H. O 148

Merryman, (Dr.) E. H 166, 167, 168

Messenger, John 148

Metcalie, G. T 148

Methodist Camp Meeting Ground 156

Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruc-
tion. Address by William W, Sweet, before
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1914. .

8,33,83-94

Methodist minister 159

Metropolis, 111 122

Mexican War 20, 124, 139

Mexico. Footnote 95

Miami Indians 178, 179

Michel , David 158

Michigan State 187

Michigan State, Twelfth Volunteer Infantry. .. 187

Milan, 111 119,121

Millard, George B., Commissary Sergeant 190

Miller, A. B 1.57

Miller, (Mrs.) I. G 17

Miller, John 14.5

Miller, Samuel, One of the first County Com-
missioners of Cook County, 111 40

Milliken's Bend 188

Mills, Benjamin, Lawyer 41

Mills, Oldest { § j/gyTg^ } Mill 107

Milwaukee, Wis 39

Mineral Landing (On the Tennesee River) 186

Minnehaha, (Steamer) 186

Minnesota State 100

Minonk,Ill 18

Minonk, 111., Bank, First National 18

■"Misere" (Old St. Genevieve, Mo.) Footnote.109
Mississippi River 81, 95, 96, 97, 98,

99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 175, 179, 184

footnotes 97, 98, 100, 102, 105, 109, 110

Mississippi River Commission 100, 101

footnote 102

Mississippi River, Destruction of Kaskaskia by 33
Mississippi River, Father of Waters, so called.

104, 108, 113

Mississippi Iliver, Kaskaskia-Mississippi

Flood, Burch, John H., quoted 105-107

Mississippi River, Plats showing condition of

River in 1880 and Channel of 1913 98

Mississippi State 188, 189

Mississippi Valley 1 12

Mississippi Valley, Rozier's History, quoted... 99

footnotes 99, 110

Missouri Republican 152

Missouri River 95, 97, 114

Missouri State 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 103, 106, 110, 112, 130, 153, 155, 169, 170, 184, 185
footnotes 100,102,110

Missouri State, Historical Society 98

footnote 97

Mitchell, J. H 144

Mitchell, (Lieut.) James H 190

Moffet , Alva 148

Moflfett ,F 148

Moll, Herman, Map 176

PAGE.

Money Creek, 111 mi

Monmouth, Battle 170

Monroe County, 111 144, 151, 152, 153, 156

Monterey, Tenn 187

Montezuma, National (Float Whig Convention,

1840) 155

Montgomery County, 111 144, 147, 151, 153, 155

Montgomerj', Samuel 158

Monuments 25

Monuments, Garrison Hill Ill

Monuments, Garrison Hill Monument Inscrip-
tion 112

Monuments, Lincoln Memorial 77

Moore, Ensley 15, 18

Moore, Henry 46

Moore, J. C 157

Moore, (Gen.) James B 144, 151, 156, 157

Moore, (Capt.) Josiah 184, 190

Moore, Thomas J 148

Moore, William 144, 148, 151, 158

Moore & Osborn , Chicago 130

Morgan County, 111

21, 29, 144, 148, 151, 159, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171
Morgan County (111.) Baimer, Whig Conven-
tion, Springfield, 111., 1840 169

Morgan, Bert, "My Sweetheart Went Down

with the Maine" 20

Morgan County, HI. Delegation Whig Con-
vention 1840, Springfield, 111 155, 156

Morgan, (Senator) John T., of Alabama 76

Mormonisni 137

Moro, 111 17, 24

Morris, Buckner S 46, 51, 142

Morris, Buckner S., Candidate Bell-Everett

Ticket 46

Morrison, CD 144, 170

Morrison, (Col.) James Lowery Donalson

104,151,156

Morrison, W. D 149

Morrison , (Col.) AVilliam 186

Morrow, James 148

Morse, John 145

Morton, C. H 144, 151

Morton , C. R 158

Moscow, Tenn 188

Mosely , F 142

Moses, John, Illinois Historical andStatistical.. 170
Moses, John, Kirkland and Moses, History of

Chicago, Vol . 2. Footnotes 38, 39, 41, 53

Mound Builders 117, 118

Mounds, Cahokia 118

Mounds, Illinois 119

Mounds, Illinois, Cahokia 118

Mounds, Indian 96, 97, 115, 117, 118, 119

Movmt Morris, 111 57

Mount Morris Seminary (Rock River Semin-
ary) Mount Morris, 111 57

Mullikin, Owen 157

Mullikin , Patrick 157

Municipal Com-t of Chicago 43, 44, 52, 53

Murder Trial, First held in Chicago 48

Murdock, (Capt.) John O. (?) 185

Murray, John 148

"My Store" 139

"My Sweetheart went down with the Maine". 20
"Mysterious Indian Battle Grovmds in McLean
County, 111.," by John H. Burnham, refer-
ence 177

Nadowessioux or Sioux Indians. Footnote. . . 177
Naples, 111., General U. S. Grant's Camp

marked 18

"Narrows" (The) Strip of land between the

O kaw and Mississippi 107

Nation de Feu, or Assistaeronnons, Mascoutin

Indians sometimes called 177

National Constitution , reference 55

National Flag 168

National Legislature 56

National Lincoln Memorial Commissioners 77

National Road 141

206

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

National Republican Convention, Illinois Dele-
gation 68

National Statute Book 56

National Supreme Court 74

New Athens, 111 106

New Bourbon, Mo. Old Spanish Town 112

New England States 68

"New Era" St. Louis 152

New France 175. 178

New Kaskaskia 110

footnote 110

New Orleans, Battle 170

New York House, Chicago, 111 43

New York State 46, 72

Newbern, N. C 13 1, 132

Newberry, Walter L 142

Newcomb, Kersey Fell 139

Newspapers, (The) American 48

Newspapers, (The) Chicago Daily American.. 48

Newspapers, Chicago Tribune .50, 65, 66

Newspapers, Chicago Tribune of April 30, 1910. 65

Newspapers, (The) Democrat 48

Newspapers, Globe Democrat, St. Louis, Mo.,

April 28, 1881, quoted on Kaskaskia flood.. 104
Newspapers, St. Genevieve, Fair Play., April
30, ISSl, quoted on the High Water' at Kas-
kaskia 104

Newspapers, St. Louis Dispatch, April, 1881,

quoted on rise of Mississippi 104

Nichol , Theodore 147

Nichols, Fountain 157

Nichols, Turner L 157

Nichols, William 157

Nicholson, Amos : 157

Nicholson, Benjamin 157

Nicholson, Gazaway 157

Ninawa (Peru) Gazette 145

Ni.\on , William 148

Noble, . Lovettvs. Noble 52

North Bend, Ohio 162,168

"North Bend of Beardstown" (Boat) 148

North Fabius River 116

North Market HaU, Chicago 133

Northcott, (Lieut. Gov.) William A 64

Northwest Territory 104

Northwest Territory, created by Congress Julv

13, 1787, What it comprised '. 35

Northwestern Army, 1812 164

Northwestern G azetteer 137

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111 5, 33

Norton, (Capt.) A. S 184,187

Norton, W. T 5

Noyelle, Nicolas Joseph de, French officer at
Fort Chartres 177

Oak Kidge Cemetery, Springfield, 111

Oakley, William

Ogle County, 111 29, 144, 145,

Ogden, Mahlon Dickerson

Oglesby, (Gov.) Richard J

Ohio River

Ohio State 82,

Okaw River 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,

footnotes 100, 102, 105,

"Old and New Kaskaskia" by Harry W.

Roberts, reference, Footnote

Old Dan Tucker (Song)

Old Hickory (Newspaper)

Old Mack

Old Rosin the Beau

Old Soldier (Newspaper) 137, 162, 164,

Old Tippecanoe

Old Town, 111

Olney, 111

Ordovician Strata

OrendorfT, Alfred

Orrick, Johnson

Orth, (Judge) Godlove Stoner (?)

Orton , James R. T

Osage Indians 114, 115, 116,

Osaukee Indians (Sacs). Footnote

Osborn , (Col . ) Thomas 130, 132, 133,

PAQE.

Osborne, (Miss) Georgia L 15, 25, 28, 29

Osborne, Lewis W 142

Osman, W. R 26

Ottawa Indians 114

Ouchequaka 113

Ouiatanon or Wias Indians 179

footnote 177

Ouilmette, Early Settler and Trader at Chi-
cago 37

Oimianie, mention 176

Oxford, Miss 187

Pacific Ocean. Footnote.
Paddock, (Mrs.)-

. 95
.152
.148
5,28
. 54
. 25

Padfleld, William

Page, Edward C ,

Page, Gerald H. Footnote

Pageant

Palmer, John M 54, 58, 151, 159

Palmer, John M., "Personal Recollections".... 163

Panama Canal 76

Panama, Treaty 76

Panama Pacific Exposition 25

Panama Pacific Exposition Commission 26

Pape, Gustave 108

Pape,G us tave, Statement regarding high water
of Mississippi as it afl'ected to\vn of Kaskas-
kia 102-104

Pardons, Attitude of Shelby M. Cullom 72

Paris, France 175

Parkman, Francis, Half Century of Conflict,

quoted 175

Pashepaho 113

Patterson , Zera 139

Pearson , Hiram 143

Pearson , John 42, 48, 49

Pearson, (Judge) John, Attempt to impeach ... 50
Pearson, John, Brown v. Pearson. Footnote . 49

Pearson, John, Election as State Senator 51

Pearson, (Judge) John, Objection to appoint-
ment as Judge of the 7th Circuit 49

Pearson, John, People V. Pearson 50

footnote 51

Pearson, John, Teal V. Pearson Footnote 49

Peats, (Maj.) Frank F 187,188,189

Peck, Ebenezer 51

Peck, Ebenezer, Chosen as reporter of Supreme

Court in 1849 46

Peck, P. F. W 142

Pekin, 111., "Whisky Ring" 61

Penconneau, L 148

People vs. Hudson 49

People vs. Pearson, History of the case, refer-
ence 50

Peoria, 111 18, 41, 117, 168, 184

Peoria, 111., Illinois Soldiers encamped, May

10,1861 184

Peoria Commercial Club 18

Peoria County, 111. .29, 36, 39, 40, 41, 144, 145, 147, 148
Peoria County, 111 . , Ballance, Charles, History qf 41
Peoria County, 111., Chicago in, for Govern-
mental purposes 38

Peoria County, 111., in Fifth Judicial Circuit,

1831 41

Peoria County, 111., organized January 13, 1825,

boundaries 36

Peoria County, 111., original court records of,

examined. Footnote 54

Peoria Indians 175, 179

Peoria Meeting Illinois State Historical So-
ciety 23

Peoria Press 137

Perkin's Plantation 188

Perrin, J. Nick 20, 21

Perrot, Nicholas, In command of Maramech . .178

"Personal Recollections", John M. Palmer 163

Peru, 111 57

Peru Gazette, Probably Ninawa Gazette. .137, 145

Pestakee (Pistakee) Lake 178

Pestekuoy— Algonquin name for the buffalo.. 176

Petersburg, Va 134, 135

Petrea, Laban 157

207

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Fetrea, William 157

Pettell, Early settler at Chicago 37

Peyton <& Allen v. Tappaa 53

Pfund,Jolin 142

Phelps, E. H 147

Phelps, J. W 148

Philippine Islands 76

footnote 181

Philips, C.S 142

Phillips, , Bristol v. Phillips 49

footnote 51

Phillips, Z 145

Philps, W. J 144

Piaubeshaw Indians ■. 177

Pike County, 111 41, 111, 144, 151, 154

footnote 97

Pike County, 111., Cook County once a part of. 39
Pike County, 111., organized January 31, 1821,

boundaries 36

Pike County, 111., Original court records of ex-
amined. Footnote 54

Pike, ( Lieut.) Zebulon 113

Pinhook , Tenn 187

Pistakee Lake 178

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn 187

Pleasant Plains, 111 23

Plummer , (Col.) J. B 185

Pokagon, An educated Indian, quoted 181

Political Parties 122

Political Parties. Whig Meeting, Springfield,

111., June 3-4, 1840 34,137-174

Polo, 111 5

Pond, Wash 144

Pontiac, (Chief) 21

Pontiac,Ill 33,130

Poor, Major 158

Pope, (Judge) Nathaniel 44

Popple's Map of 1732 176

Porter, (Rev.) Edward, of Chicago, quoted 54

Posey, Jubilee 157

Post, (Dr.) Lewis 142

Potherie, De Bacqueville de la 178

Potomac River 131 , 134

Pottawatomie Indians 114, 181

footnote. . : 177

Poutouatamis (Indians) 179

Poux, (Pottawatomies) Indians. Footnote... 177

Powell, E.N 148

Powers , Pennington 157

Pow-we-shick 118

"Prairie du Pont" Du Pont or Dupo on Collet's

1796 Map 97

Prairie du Rocher, Rocher, 111 96,97, 100

Prairies of Illinois, reference 56

Prairie of the Mascoutins 177, 178

Prairie S tate ■. 165

Prather, James 157

Pratt, Abel 157

Pratt , John 157

Pratt , M 148

Prentiss, (Gen.) 184

Prentiss , Amos 144, 151, 1.58

Prentiss, William 166, 169

Presbyterian Church, (First) Springfield, 111.. 78
Presbyterian Church, Second, Springfield, 111.. 163

Price, John W. (?) 154

Primary Law, Advisory vote on U. S. Senator

1905 63

Primary Law, State wide, reference 63

Primra, William 148

Prince, (Hon.) George W 62

Probate Court, Jurisdiction 42

Probate Justice of the Peace 42, 47

Proctor, (Dr.) Leonard 142

Prospectsof Chicago, Brown, Wm. H., Fergus

Historical Series, No. 9. Footnote 45

Prnyne, (Senator) Peter 43

Pugh, J. C 144

Pulsifer, George •. 148

Puryear , William 157

Putnam County, 111 36, 41

Putnam County, 111., in Fifth Judicial Circuit,

1831 41

PAGE.

Quaife, Milo M. Footnote : 37

Quebec , Canada 175

Quashquame 113, 116

Quickapoo Indians 180

Quincy , 111 25

Quiquapoux or Kickapoo Indians 179

Itaiiroad, American, First train, trial trip.. 55, 56

Railroad & Warehouse Commission 71

Railroad and Warehouse Legislation, Illinois

State '70-71

Railroads, Illinois Southern Railroad 100

Railroads, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail-
road 100

Railroads, Safety Appliance Law 74

Railroads, St. Louis & Iron Mountain Rail-
road 96

Railroads , S trikes of 1877, reference 72

Railway System, American 55, 56, 73

Raith, (Col.) Julius 187

Rallymg Song (Whig) 161

Ralph, G. W 148

Rammelkamp, (Pres.) Charles H 5,28

Rand & McNally 's Maps 178

Randolph County ,111 105, 107, 110, 111, 144

footnote 98

Randolph County (111.) Delegation Whig Con-
vention 1840 155

Randolph, George 142

Rankin, James 157

Ransom, Amherst C, Justice of Peace 39

Raum, (Col.) Green B 188

Rausam, Amherst C. , (See Ransom) 39

Rawalt, (Maj.) Jonas 185

Raymond, George 112

Rebate (See Anti Rebate Act).

Read, G. W 148

Recollections of Early Chicago and Illinois Bar.
Arnold, Isaac N., Fergus Historical Series,

No. 22. Footnote 54

Reconstruction Period, Connection of Metho-
dist Church, mention 33

Redwood, Samuel 148

Reed, Fulkerson & Reed, Early Pilots 104

Reed, S 148

Reeve, Isaac 158

Reeves, Walter R 63

^ijgj^' I Bottoms 106,107

iS^^lMill 107

Religion, Protestant HI

Religion, Roman Catholic Ill

Reminiscences of Early Chicago by John Went-
worth, Fergus Historical Series, Nos. 7 and 8.

Footnotes 37, 39, 40, 41, 48

Renard or Fox Indians 175, 180

Representation from Northern Illinois, at the
Whig Convention, Springfield, 1840, Address
before Illinois State Historical Society, 1914,

by Mrs. Edith P. Kelly 3, 34, 137-149

Representatives ( Illinois State) Hall 163

Republican Congressional District 60

Republican National Convention of 1884, 1892

1904, 1908, mention 68

Republican, National Ticket 68

Republican Party. ... 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 121, 1.50
Republican Party, Preferential vote of 1906 ... 63
Republican State Central Committee, Illinois.

62,71

Republican State Convention of 1904, Illinois. . 64

Republican State Officers, Illinois 68

Republican State Ticket, Illinois 68

Republican Vote 123

Reservation, Ft. Dearborn purchased by Gen.

JohnB. Beaubien ." 53

"Revised Statutes of the State of Illinois, A.

D., 1874", mention 70

Revolutionary Soldier (John O. Verstreet) 16^

208

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Revolutionary Soldiers 25, 29, 156, 158, 16b, 168

Revolutionary Soldiers (Whig Convention

1840)...; 155

Revolutionary War 20, 104

Revolutionary War, Hessians 170

Reynolds, Eli 143

Reynolds, ( Gov.) John 120

Reynolds, James M 156

Reynolds, (Adj.) William S 190

Richards, D 144

Richardson (The) Ed. (Boat) 104

Richardson, John 158

Richland County ,111 122

Richland, 111 169

Richmond, Va 131, 134, 135

Sy}»°«oms 106,107

ReUps } ^^''^ (Oldest Mill in Illinois) 107

River & Harbor Convention of 1847, held in

Chicago, 111 47

River of the Buffalo 178

River of the Foxes 178

River of the Rock 177, 178

Riviere des Illinois, R. de Macopin (The River

of our Beautiful Pond Lilies) 176

Riviere des Renards, ( River of theFoxes) . . 177, 181
Riviere du Rocher, "River of the Round Sura-

mited Rock" 177

Rivers, Chicago River 81

Rivers , Colorado River. Footnotes 95, 102

Rivers, Cumberland River 1.S6

Rivers, Des Plaines River 81

Rivers, Fox River 176, 177, 180, 181

Rivers, Fox River, Riviere des Renards, River

of the Foxes 178

Rivers, Illinois River

41, 81, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181

footnote 97

Rivers, Kankakee River 41, 176

Rivers, Kaskaskia River. . 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109

Rivers , Kaw River 104

Rivers , Mississippi River 81 , 95, 96, 97, 98,

99, 100, 101, 102, 103,104,105,106,107,108,109,

110, HI, 112, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 175, 179, 184

footnotes 97,98, 100, 102, 105, 109, 110

Rivers, Missouri River 95

Rivers, Okaw River.... 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107

footnotes 100. 105, 109

Rivers, Riviere des Renards, River of the

Foxes, Fox River 178

Rivers, St. Joseph River 176, 178, 181, 182

Rivers, Sangamo 167

Rivers , Tennessee 186

Rivers, Wabash 122, 175, 176, 177

Rivers, Yellow 95

Rives, WUliam Cabell (?) 75

Rabb, (Gen.) J 144

Robbins, (Lieut.) Edward C 190

Roberts, Harry W 100

footnotes 98, 110

Roberts, Harry W. (The) Commons of Kaskas-
kia, Address by, mention 33

Roberts, Harry W., Old and New Kaskaskia.

Paper read before Illinois State Historical

Society, May, 1914, mention. Footnote 98

Roberts , (Dr.) James 155

Robertson , Kinzie 158

Robins , (Judge) Silas W 167

Robinson, (Col.) James C 60

Robinson , Wm 157

Rocher, 111., (Prairie du Rocher) Name first

given by Railroad Company 100

Rochester, (111.) Banner Whig Convention

1840, Springfield, 111 169

Rock Island, 111 33,118,119

Rock Island County, 111 113, 144, 145

Rock Island County Historical Society 26, 113

Rock on the Illinois River 180

Rock River 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121

Rock River Express 137

Rook River Rangers 120

Rook St. Louis on the Illinois River 175

Rockford.Ill 71

P.iGE.

Rodgers, (Rev.) Peter 156

Roedecker , Samuel 148

Rogers, John 141, 142, 144

"Rookery" Temporary building erected in

Chicago for County and City authorities 45

Root, Elihu,U. S. Secretary of State 75,76

Rose, (Capt.) Allen D 184

Rose, John 158

Rose, R. H 144

Rosin the beau 161

Ross , (Col.) Leonard Fulton 184, 185, 186, 187.

Rossiter , A 143

"Round Pounds" 185

Rouse, R • 148

Row, George W 157

Rowell, (Capt.) Jonathan H 190

Rowley, (Lieut.) James B 190

Rozier's History of the Mississippi Valley,

quoted 99

footnotes 99, 109, 110

Ruben, Charles 158

Russel , Andrew 5, 28

Russell Family 124

Russell , F. C 144

Russell, Jacob 143

Russell , Jefferson 124

Russell , Thomas 124

Rutherford, Daniel 157

Rutherford, Reuben 157

Ryan, (Adj.) Abraham H 184

Ryan, Edward G 43,44,47,50,54

Ryrie, J. M 23

Sac Indians (Osaukee). Footnote.
Sac or Osaukee Indians.

....177
.-74177

Safety Appliance Act ,75

St. Ange, Louis de, quoted 179,182

St. Anne, (Village) 111 97

St. Clair County, 111. . .106, 122, 144, 151, 152, 153, 156

St. Clair County Historical Society 21

St. Clair County, Northwest Territory 35

St. Clair County, its boundaries 35,36

St.Charles , Mo 184

St. Genevieve Fair Play, Newspaper, April 30,

1881 , quoted on rise of Mississippi 104

St. Genevieve Island 101

St. Genevieve , Mo. ... 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109

footnote 100

St. Genevieve, Mo., High Water of 1785 drove

inhabitants of Old Genevieve to present site

of the town 99

St. Genevieve, (Old) Mo., (Misere) Earliest

Settlement 1735 109

footnote 109

St. Genevieve, Mo., original St. Genevieve

called "Le Vieux Village." Footnote 110

St. Genevieve , Mo. , Settled 1735 99

St. Joseph River 178,179,181,182

St. Louis, Mo

95,96, 98, 101, 104, 152, 159, 171, 175, 184

St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad 96

St. Louis Dispatch, Newspaper, Issue of April

1881, quoted on rise of Mississippi 104

St. Louis, (Mo.) Globe Democrat, Newspaper

April 28, 1881, quoted on Kaskaskia flood... 104

St. Louis Post Dispatch 151

St. Louis Republic 152

St. Louis Republican 156

St. Louisians 155

St. Mary's , Mo 104

footnote 100

Salem, 111 122

Salisbury, S. W 143

Salt Creek, 111 140

Salton Sea. Footnote 95

Sangamo Journal

143, 146, 147, 160, 162, 164, 170, 171

Sangamo River 167

Sangamon County, III 29, 59, 60, 61 ,

65, 139, 144, 148, 1.51,160,163,164,166,167,168, 170
Sangamon County Bar 5.'^, .58, 78, 79

209

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Sangamon County Bar Association 79

Sangamon County Circuit Court 79

Sangamon County, Illinois, coal mines 165

Sangamon County, (111.) Delegation Banner,

Whig Convention 1840, Springfield, 111 169

Sangamon County, 111. , population 165

Sangamon County, (111.) Whigs 143, 171

Sangamon Journal 137

Sangamon River 140, 165

Sauk Council Lodge 115

Sauk Indians 113, 114, 117, 118

"Saut" (Rapids) Fox River 177

Savannah, Tenn 186, 187

Sawyer, Sidney 142

Sayler,H. L 23

Scammon, J. Young 43, 49, 50, 51 , 143

Scammon, Jonathan Young, Illinois Reports.

Footnotes 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53

Scammon's Report of Supreme Court Decisions 52
Schell, William G., Quartermaster Sergeant
17th Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry. . 190

Schenectady, N. Y 55

Schepard, Alyff 148

Schmidt, (Dr.) Otto L .>....

5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29

Schnebly , J 148

Schools , Law Schools of Chicago ; 47

Schuyler County, 111 36, 144, 146, 168

Schwartz, Guy 155

Schwartz's Battery 186

Sciences, Illinois State Academy of 33

Scott County Delegation, Whig Convention

1840, Springfield, 111 169

Scott, Edgar S 24

Scott, (Mrs.) Matthew T 26

Sears, 111 113

Sears, John 141

Secretary of State, U. S 75,76

Secretary, Illinois State Historical Society,

Report 22

See, William, Clerk of Cook County, 111 40

Selley, Bartley 158

Semple, James 26

Seventh Army Corps 188, 189

Seventeenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, Brief History by Robert W. Camp-
bell 3, 184-190

Seventeenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, List

of Officers, mustered out June, 1864 189-190

Seymour, (Gen.) T 132,133

Shackelford, J 169

Sharp, Alex 157

Sharp, Henry 157

Sharp, Jona 157

Sharp, Joshua 157

Sharp, Levi 157

Shelby County, 111 144, 151

Shelby, (Gov.) Isaac of Kentucky 56

Shelbyville, 111 157

Shelley, George E 142

Sherman, John 75

Sherman, (Gen.) William T 187, 189

Sherman, (Senator) Lawrence Y 5,67,68,78

Sherwood, S 142

Shiloh, Battle 187

Shiloh Church, Tenn 187

Silk wook. Elan 157

Simman,E. C 17

Simpleton, B. G 147

Sims, Benjamin 158

Sioux (Nadowessioux) Indians 114, 178

footnote 117

Sir John's Run 131

Sisney, (Capt.) GeorgeW 124,125,126,127

Sisney Family 124

Sisson , Charles 141

Sixty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry War of

the Rebellion 187

Slavery, Question 137

Slaves, Runaway 46

Smith, Addison 158

Smith, (Gen.) Andrew J 188

PAGE

Smith, (Mrs.) (See Mrs. Smith Todd) 170

Smith, Enos 147

Smith, (Lieut. Col.) Francis M

184, 185, 186, 187, 189

Smith, (Col.) Frank L 64

Smith, George W 5

Smith, Henry S.,Quartermasterl7th Regiment

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 190

Smith, James A 142

Smith,J.M 148

Smith, John M 142

Smith, Joseph, jr 147

Smith, Josiah B 164

Smith, Litten 158

Smith, Samuel Lyle 47, 141, 142, 144, 167

Smith, (Judge) Theophilus W 42, 44

Smith, Thomas 148

Smith, W. P 148

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. . 76
Smithsonian Reports, 1907, reference. Foot-
note 95

Snell, William O 142

Snow, George W 142

Snyder, (Dr.) J. F 16,17,99

Snyder, (Dr.) J. F., Proves location of Ft.

Gage at Kaskaskia 100

Snyder, ([Dr.) J. F., quoted on Kaskaskia and

Cahokia. Footnote 97

Soldiers (Harrison's) Meeting, Springfield, 111.,

1840 164

Soldiers' Rest, Washington, D. C 134

Soldiers War of 1812 166-168

Some Effects of Geological history on present
conditions in Illinois. Address before Illi-
nois State Historical Society, 1914, by Prof.

A. R. Crook 33,80-82

South Rock Island 114

Southern Democratic vote 122, 123

Southern Illinois and Neighboring States at
the Whig Convention, Springfield, 1840.
Address before Illinois State Historical So-
ciety, 1914, by Mrs. Martha McNeill David-
son 34, 1.50-159

Southern Pacific Railroad Company. Foot-
note 95

Southern Unionists 123

Spain Purchase of Philippines 76

Spanish American War 20

Sparta, 111 105

Speed, J. L 162

Spence, William *. 126

S pencer, Ind 176

Spencer, (Dr.) 141

Spring, Giles 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 54, 141, 142

Spring, Giles. Judge Cook County Court 46

Spring Creek, 111 156

Springfield, 111

5, 33, 34, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 78, 80,

103, 127, 13S, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149,
150, 151. 152, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 189

Springfield, (111.) Artillery 166

Springfield, (111.) Band 166,168

Springfield, 111., Banks, State National 61, 70

Springfield, 111. , Christian Church, First 166

Springfield, 111., Population 1840 165

Springfield, 111., Presbyterian Church, Second. 163
Springfield, 111., (The) Great Whig Convention
at Springfield, 111., June 3-4, 1840. Address
by Isabel Jamison before Illinois State His-
torical Society, May, 1914 .3, 160-171

Springfield Journal 152, 155, 156

Staffa Island on West coast of Scotland 81

Stahl,(Mrs.) Katherine 24

Staley , George W 102

Stanton, C.W 148

Stanton, Charles T 142

Stamwood, Abel 158

Stamwood, Oliver 158

Stanley, Overton 126

Stapp, W. B 144

Stark County, 111 144, 145, 147

Starms, Thomas ! 158

210

INDEX — Continued.

Starved Rock 26

Starved Rock (Fort St. Louis) 175

State Academy of Sciences, Illinois 28,80

State Board of Pardons, Illinois 72

State Debt 167

State House (Illinois) 163

State National Bank, Springfield, 111 61, 70

State Park System 27

State's Rights, reference 56

State Rights, Stephen A. Douglas, Champion. 18

State Utilities Commission 71

State Wide Primary Law, reference 63

"Stay Law" 46

Steamer Illinois 100

Steele, J. W 142

Stephenson County, 111 146

Stephenson, J. D 145

Stephenson Post, G. A. R 24

Stevens, Thaddeus 60

Stevens, W. C 148

Stevenson, (Gen.) John D 189

Steward, John P., Further regarding the de-
struction of a Branch of the Fox Tribe of

Indians 3, 175-183

Steward, Lewis 62

Stewart, A. F 158

Stewart, Abner J 157

Stewart, (Lieut.) Henry K 190

Stewart, John Jay 143

Stewart, St. Clair 157

Still, Morris 144

Stillman, (Major) 121

Stites, Isaac 157

Stitts, Squire M 157

Stockdale, (Lieut.) William C 190

Stone, H. 0 142

Stone, John 48

Stone V. People. Footnote 48

Stony Island. Footnote 181

Stony Point, Battle 170

Strode, James M. (Lawyer) 41,49

Struthers, (Maj.) William H 190

Stuart, John Todd, Stuart & Edwards. . .57, 58, 60

Stuart, William 141, 142, 143, 144

Stuart, Wilham, Editor (The) Chicago Daily

American 48, 142, 171

Stuart & Edwards, Early law firm in Spring-
field, 111 57,60

Stuart V. People. Footnote 48

Stuntz, George 148

Stuntz, John 148

Sturgis, (Gen.) Samuel D 185

Sturtevant, , Webb vs. Sturtevant 51

Suffolk, Va 131

Sugar Creek, 111., Banner Whig Convention

1840, Springfield, 111 169

Suggs, Thomas 157

Sullivan, W. T 188

Sulphur Springs, Mo 184

Summelroth , F 148

Sumner, Charles 75

Superior Court of Chicago 44

Superior Court of Cook County 44

Supreme Court of Illinois

41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 63, 64, 79

Supreme Court Decisions, Scammon's report

of 52

Supreme Court Reports 50,52,53

Supreme Court, Scammon's report 52

Supreme Court of Wisconsin 47, 50

Surdam, N. B 158

Swartout, Samuel (7) 154

Sweeney, (Gen.) Thomas W 185

Sweet, William w. , Methodist Episcopal
Church and Reconstruction. Address before
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1914. .

3,83-94

Swett, Leonard 60

Tappa

PAGE.

-, Peyton & Allen vs. Tappan. 53-

Tackett, Charles

Tackett, (Capt.) John..
Tanner, (Gov.) John R.

. . . 158
...158
.62,63

Taylor, Wm. H 143

Taylor, Zacharv 47, 113

Taylor's Battery 187

Tazewell County, 111 56, 57, 59, 144, 145, 167

Tazewell County, 111., Delegation, Whig Con-
vention, 1840, Springfield, 111 169^

Teal V. Pearson. Footnote 49

Tennessee River 18&

Tennessee S tate 122, 123, 124, 186, 187, 18&

Tenth Army Corps 134

Term, Presidential, "One Term" (Whig Ban-
ner 1840) 155

Terre Haute, Ind 176, 181

Terry, (Gen.) Alfred H 134

Thacker, W. H 24

Thames Battle 138,161,168,17a

Tharp, Samuel 157

Thebes, 111. (?) 95

Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers 22

Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regi-
ment, The Yates Phalanx, Address before
Illinois State Historical Society, 1914. By

W. H.Jenkins 33

Thomas, C G 144

Thomas, (Adj. Gen.) Lorenzo D 188

Thomason, George 158

Thomason, William 158

Thompson, Alfred S 147

Thompson, J. H 144, 151

Thompson, James 157

Thompson, (Mrs.) Lucretia 48

Thompson, (Gen.) M. Jefi 185

Thompson, Mell 147

Thornton, F. C 157,158

Thwaites, Reuben Gold 23

Tippecanoe . . . 138, 142, 156, 158, 160, 161, 167, 168, 170

Tippecanoe, (Brig) 141

Tippecanoe Club, Chicago 141

Tippecanoe Flags 166

Todd, (Dr.) John 164,170

Todd, (Judge) David (?) 170

Todd, John H 158

Todd, (Mrs.) Smith 170

Todd, William 158

Tollifi, William 157

Tompkins, (Dr.) C. B 184, 190

Towner, N. K 142

Treaties, Panama Treaty 76

Tremont Building, Chicago 48, 130

Tremont House, Chicago 41

Tremont, 111 144

Tribune, Chicago, 111 50

Trimble, John 158

Troops, United States Troops 53

Trotter, (Rev.) W. D. R 156

Trumbull, Lyman, United States Senator from

Illinois 54, 62. 70

Tucker, Robert R 157

Turchin, (Col.) John B 184

Turnev, M 158

Tuthill, D.B 155

Tuthill, Russell 156

Tuttle,John 148

Twelfth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, War of

the Rebellion 187

Twenty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, War

of the Rebellion 187

Tyler, John 137, 141, 167

Underwood, J. M 142

Union County, 111 122, 127

Union Families, War of the RebelUon 185

Union Forces 185, 187

United States 55, 70, 75, 76, 97

footnote 97

United States (Boat) 143

United S tates Colored Infantry, Forty-seventh. 188
United States Colored Infantry, Forty -eighth. .188

United States Congress

44,46,56,60,69,70,73,74,77,78,102

footnote 102

311

INDEX — Continued.

United States Congress, Foreign Relations
Committee "'

United States Congress, Interstate Commerce
Committee 73, 74, ;

United States Congress, Cullom, Shelby M.,
candidate 1862 t

United States Congress, Thirty-ninth Con-

gress.

United States Congress, Forty-first Congress.

60,70

United States Congressional Library, Map

Department 181

United States Congressional Reapportionment

1860 60

United States Court 44

United States Engineering Corps 101

United States Federal District Com-t 44

United States Government 61, 109, 114

footnote 102

United States Government, defrauded by

Whiskey Ring 61

United States Government Map 176

United States Government Survey 1812,

reference. Footnote 98

United States House Committee on Foreign

Relations 75

United States Indian Treaty, August 3, 1795 . . 37
United States MississippiRiver Commission. . 98
United States Mississippi River Commissioners

Reports. Footnote 109

United States, Lincoln Memorial, National 77

United States Navy Yard, Memphis, Tenn... .188

United States Presidents, reference 68

United States Prosecuting Attorney, District

of Illinois 47

United States Secretary of State 75, 76

United States Senate

56,58,61,62,65,68,73,74,75,78

United States Senate, Appropriations Com-
mittee 76

United States Senate, Committee on Com-
mittees 75,76

United States Senate, Committee on Elections

and Privileges 65, 66

United States" Senate, Lorimer Case, debate... 66
United S tates S enate , Lorimer Case re-opened. 67
United States Senate, Resolution introduced

to investigate election William Lorimer 65

United States Senate, Vote on Lorimer Case. . . 66
United States Senate, Vote on Lorimer Case,

second hearing 67

United States Senator 61, 67, 68

United States Senator, Primary Law (Illinois,

1905) providing for advisory vote 63

United States Senator, Cullom, Shelby M.,

election 1883 62

United States Senator, Cullom, Shelby M.,

re-elected 1889. 1895, 1901, 1907 62

United States Supreme Court 46, 53, 77

United States Supreme Court Decision October

5, 1886, Wabash Railway Co. v. Illinois 73

United States Troops 53, 72

University of Chicago, first 47

"Unnameci Wisconsin," by Davidson, quoted. 175

Upper Alton, 111 154

Upper Lick Creek, 111 169

Urbana.Ill 5

Utah Territory, Zane, (Judge) -Charles, Chief

Justice 58, 70

Utica,Ill 110

Vail, Walter 142

Van Bin-en, Martin

141, 145, 153, 154, 160, 162, 163, 167

Van Burenites 161

Vandalia,Ill 59,153

Vandeventer, Cornelius (?) 168

Van Dorn, (Gen.) Earl C 187

"Vannies" (Democrats 1840) 164

Van Rensselaer, (Gen.) Henry 185

Vanwell, Ormsby " 158

PAGE.

Veacock, S . S 148

Vermilion Coimty, 111., organized January 18,

1826, boundaries 37

Verstreet , John O 164

Vicksburg, Miss 100,188

Vicksburg, Miss., surrender 189

Villiers, (Capt.) Neyon de— Officer at Fort

Chartres 177, 179, 181, 182, 183

Vincennes, Ind 122

Virginia State 75,122,167

Virginia, Illinois once part of 35

Voden, Harrison 157

Voris, (Corporal) William M 188

Vornholt, Conrad 157

Vornholt , Theodore 157

Wabash County, 111 144, 151

Wabash Railway Co. v. Illinois 73

Wabash River 122, 175, 176, 177

Wacome 11

Waddle, William 158

Wagner, Joel 158

Wakefield, Charles 158

Wakefield, J. A 145

Walker, (Mrs.) E. S 20.25,29

Walker, James, One of the first County Com-
missioners of Cook County, 111 40

Walker, James P 184

Wallace, Joseph, "History of Illinois and

Louisiana." Footnote 97

Wallace, (Gen.) Lew 186

Walters , W. M 164

Waltersdorf, Loms 23

War, Black Hawk War 41, 116

War of 1812 18,20,113,116

War of 1812, soldiers 166, 168

War Exhibit, Northern Illinois State Normal

School History Museum 20

War Governor 159

War, Mexican War 18

War of the Rebellion 185

War of the Rebellion , Camp Stanton 187

War of the Rebellion, Camp Tecumseh 187

War of the Rebellion, Fredericktown battle... 185
War of the Rebellion, Illinois Companies en-
camped Peoria, 1861 184

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 17th
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Brief history by

Robert W. Campbell 3, 184-190

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 19th

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 184

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 29th

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 187

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 39th
Illinois Volunteers (Yates Phalanx). Ad-
dress bv W. H. Jenkins before Illinois State

Historical Society, 1914 3, 130-136

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 43d

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 187

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 48th

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 186, 187

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 49th

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 186, 187

War of the Rebellion, Illinois Regiments, 61st

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 187

War of the Rebellion, Iowa Regiments, 7th

Iowa Volunteer Infantry 184

War of the Rebellion, Michigan Regiments,

12th ISfichigan Volunteer Infantry. 1ST

War of the Rebellion, Schwartz's Battery 186

War of the Rebellion, Shiloh Battle 187

War of the Rebellion, Taylor's Battery 187

War of the Rebellion, Union forces 187

War of the Rebellion, Yates Phalanx. The
39th Illinois Volunteers. Address before Illi-
nois State Historical Society 1914, by George

W. Young 3, 33, 130-136

War of the Revolution 18,99, 104, 111

Ward,C 144

Ward, John 15»

Warner, Jabez 14S

212

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Warren County, 111 29, 36, 144, 147

Warrenton, Mo 1S4

Washburn, E. B 60

Washington, George 164, 170

Washington, D. C

57, 67, 68, 75, 77, 78, 133, 134, 148, 160

Washington County, 111 155

Washington Precinct 144

Watch Tower Inn 117, 118

Waterloo, 111 156

Waters, James 148

Watts, Benjamin 157

Watts, James H 157

Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony 168

Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony, Treaty with the
Indians August 3, 1797. Lands ceded to U.

S.by 37

Wavne, (Gen.) Anthony, Treaty with Indians

August 3, 1795 37

Wayne County, Ky 56, 57

Waynesville, 111 140

Webb, (Capt.) Alex. S. (?) U. S. A 130

Webb V. Sturtevant 51

Weber, (Mrs.) Jessie Palmer

5, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 137, 151

Webster, Daniel 154

Webster, Daniel F 145, 147, 167, 170

Webster, Dan L. (probably Daniel F) 144

Webster, F 166,169

Webster, Samuel 157

Weir, J. B 143

Weller , Sam 148

Welles, T.N 148

Wells, Alex 157

Wells, (Lieut.) John H 190

Welty, David 145

Wentworth, John 26, 48

Wentworth, John, Address on Fort Dearborn.

Fergus Historical Series, No. 16. Footnote. . 53
Wentworth, John, Reminiscences of early
Chicago. Fergus Historical Series, Nos. 7

and 8. Footnotes 37, 39, 40, 41, 48

West, Edward W 148

Westminister Hall, England 54

Wheeler, (Capt.) Jacob 190

Wheeler, (Mrs.) Katherine Goss 23

Whig, (The) 137

Whig Campaign Pictures 160-161

Whig Convention 1840, Springfield, 111. . . .137-171
Whig Convention-1840, Springfield, 111., Camp. 166
Whig Convention 1840, Springfield, 111., Dele-
gations 152

Whig Convention, Springfield, III., Great
Whig Convention at Springfield, 111., June
3-4, 1840. Address by Isabel Jamison before
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1914. .

3, 34, 150-171

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840,

Marshalls 166

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111.; 1840.
Northern Illinois in the Great Whig Con-
vention of 1840. Address by Edith Packard
Kelly before Illinois State Historical Society

May, 1914 3, 34, 137-149

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840.

Procession 168

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840.

Secretaries 144

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840.
Southern Illinois in the Great Whig Con-
vention of 1840. Address by Martha McNeill
Davidson before Illinois State Historical

Society, 1914 3, 34, 150-159

Whig Convention, Springfield, 111., 1840.

Vice Presidents 144

Whig-Democrat Debate 1839 163

Whig Meeting, Springfield, 111., Jime3-4, 1840. 34
Whig Party. 49, .50, 138, 139, 140, 143, 160, 161, 163, 171

Whig State Central Committee (Illinois) 162

Whigs, Sangamon County, 111 142

Whipple, E. A 144

"Whiskey Ring" Scandals 61, 62,66

Whiskey Ring Scandals of 1876. CuUom,
Shelby M., attempt to connect with 61, 62

PAGE.

Whistler. (Gen.) John. (U. S. A.) Fort Dear-
born built by 37

White County, iTU 158

White, Benjamm 148

White, Charles A 65

White, Hugh L 157

White, John Milton 157

White House, Washington, D. C 77

White Slave Act 75

Whitehall, 111 152

Whitehead, (Capt.) Frank 189

Whiteside County, 111 145, 148

Whiteside, (Maj .) Samuel 120

Wias or Ouiatanon Indians. Footnote 177

Wickware, J 148

Wiegers, Francis 157

Wier Bottom Church 135

Wightman, James 157

Wilcox, (Col.) De Lafayette. McConnell v. Wil-
cox. Footnote 53

Wilcox V. Johnson. Footnote -53

Wiley, Hiram 148

Wiley, J. M 148

Wilhams, Ravel 158

Wilkins, (Lieut.) Gawn 190

Wilkinson, Ottawa (?) 167

Wilkinson, W. G 148

Will County, 111 : 37, 49, 51, 144, 145, 147

Will County, 111., organized January 12, 1836,

boundaries 37

AVill, Garrett 156

Williams, (Lieut.) Charles C 184, 190

Williams, Thomas 157, 158

Williamson County, 111 122

Williamson County ,111. Early settlers .... 122, 123
Williamson County, 111. Troops, Civil War. . 123

Williamson County Vendetta 22

Williamson County Vendetta. Address by
George W. Young before the Illinois State

Historical Society, May, 1914 3,33,122-129

Williamson County, 111. Vendetta, origin 124

Williamsport , Md 131

Wills, Henry 1 144

Wills, First will filed in Cook County Circuit

Court 42

WillsonjEli 148

Wilson, James 147

Wilson, R. L 1,44

Wilson, Woodrow 68

Winchester, Va. , Battle 131

Windom, William 75

Winnebago County, 111 144, 145, 146

AVinnebago Indians 114

Wisconsin River 121

Wisconsin State 44, 47, 100, 114

Wisconsin State Historical Society 23

Wisconsin State Historical Collections

1 Zg-lSO, 181

Wisconsin State Supreme Court 44, 47, 50

Wisconsin Territory 175

"Wisconsin under the French" by Hebbard,

reference 175

Wisconsin, "Unnamed Wisconsin," Davidson,

quoted 175

Wise,W 144

Wolcott , (Dr.) Alexander, Indian Agent 40, 42

Wolcott, Alexander, Justice of Peace and

Judge of Election in Chicago 39

Wolcott, (Dr.) Alexander, Married Eleanor

Kinzie 40

Wolcott, David 157

Wolcott, Henry, jr 143

Wolcott , J 148

Wolf Creek, 111 169

Wonder, John W 190

Wood, (Lieut. Col.) Enos P., 17th Regiment,

Illinois Volunteer Infantry 184, 185, 186, 187

Woodford County Historical Society 18

Woodruff, (Dr.) R.J 147

Woods, (Hon.) Harry, Secretary State of Illi-
nois ." 15, 16, 28

Woodworth, (Mayor) James H. of Chicago 43

Work, J. H 148

"World's Turned Upside Dowm (The)" (Song). 20

213

INDEX— Concluded.

PAGE.

Worthen, Richard : 156

AVright, (Brig. Gen.) H. S 101

Wright, John S 142

Wright, Samuel 158

Wright, William M 158

Yarnell, (Lieut.) William E 190

Yates, Richard (the elder)

58, 130, 132, 151, 159, 167

Yates, (Governor) Richard, (the younger)

5, 15, 16, 20, 21, 28, 29, 63, 64, 65

Yates, Richard, jr.. Candidate for XJ. S. Senator 63
Yates, Richard, jr.. Withdrawal of candidacy

forU. S. Senate 64

Yates Phalanx, Thirty-ninth Illinois Volun-
teers. Address by W. H. Jenkins before the
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1914..

• 3, 22, 44, 130-136

Yellow River 95

York River, Va ^ 134

PAGE .

Yosemite Valley 81

Young, George W 22

Young, George W., (The) Williamson County
Vendetta. Address before the Illino's State

Historical Society , May, 1914 3, 33, 122-129

Young, Peter 15 '^

Young, (Judge) Richard M 41,48

Young Men's Convention, (The) and Old
Soldiers' Meeting, Springfield, 111., June 3-4,
1840. Address before the Illinois State
Historical Society, 1914, by Mrs. Isabel

Jamison 3, 34, 160-17 1

Young Men's Convention, Whig, 1840 144,151

Young Men's Party 141

Youngs Point, La 188

Zane, Charles, Appointed Chief Justice of Utah
Territory 1883 58, 70

Zane, Charles, Early law partner of Shelby
M. Cullom 58

214

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY AND SOCIETY.

No. I. *A Bibliography of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1S60. Prepared by Edmund
J. James, Ph. D., and MiloJ. Loveless, graduate student in the University ol Chicago. 94 p. 8vo. Spring-
field, 1899.

No. 2. *Information relating to the Territorial Laws of Illinois passed from 1809 to 1812. Prepared
by Edmund J. James, Ph. D. lop. Svo. Springfield, 1899.

No. 3. *The Territorial Records of Illinois. Edited by Edmund J. James, Ph. D., professor in the
University of Chicago. 170 p. Svo. Springfield, 1901.

No. 4. *Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the year 1900. Edited by E. B.
Greene, Ph. D., secretary of the Societv. 55. p. 8vo. Springfield, 1900. ^^

No. 5. * Alphabetic Catalog of the" Books, Manuscripts, Pictures a3ra*Curios of the Illinois State
Historical Library. Authors, Titles and Subjects. Compiled by Jessie Pdlmer Weber. 363 p. 8vo.
Springfield, 1900.

No. 6 to 20. *Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the years 1901 to 1914. (Nos.
6 to 12 out of print.)

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. I. Edited by H. W. Beckwith, President of the Board of Trus-
tees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 642 p. Svo. Springfield, 1903.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. II. Virginia Series, Vol. I. Edited by Clarence W. Alvord.
CLVI and 663 p. Svo. Springfield, Illinois, 1907.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. III. Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858. Lincoln Series. Vol.
I. Edited by Edwin Erie Sparke, Ph. D. 627 p. Svo. Springfield, Illinois, 1908.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IV. Executive Series, Vol. I. The Governors' Letter-Books
1818-1834. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Clarence Walworth Alvord. XXXII and 317 p. Svo
Springfield, Illinois, 1909.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. V. Virginia Series, Vol. II. Kaskaskia Records, 1778-1790.
Edited by Clarence Walworth Alvord. L and 681 p. Svo. Springfield, Illinois, 1909.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VI. Bibliographical Series, Vol. I. Newspapers and Periodi-
cals of Illinois, 1814-1879. Revised and enlarged edition. Edited by Franklin William Scott. CIV
and 610 p. Svo. Springfield, 1910.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VII. Executive Series, Vol. II, Governors' Letter-Books,
1840-1853. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Charles Manfred Thompson. CXVIII and 469 p. Svo.
Springfield, 1911.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VIII. Virginia Series, Vol. III. George Rogers Clark Papers,
1771-1781. Edited with Introduction and Notes by James Alton James. CLXVII and 715 p. Svo.
Springfield, 1912.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IX. Bibliographical Series, Vol. II, Travel and Description,
1765-1865. By Solon Justus Buck, 514 p. Svo. Springfield, 1914.

♦Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. 1, No. 1, September, 1905. Illinois in the
Eighteenth Century. By Clarence Walworth Alvord, University of Illinois. 38 p. Svo. Springfield,
1905.

♦Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. I, No. 2, June 1, 1906. Laws of the Territory
of Illinois, 1S09-1811. Edited by Clarence W. Alvord, University of Illinois. 34 p. Svo. Springfield,
1906.

♦Circular Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. I, No. 1 , November, 1905. An Outline for the Study
of Illinois State History. Compiledby Jessie Palmer Weber and Georgia L. Osborne. 94 p. Svo. Spring-
field, 1905.

Publication No. 18. List of the Genealogical Works in the Illinois State Historical Library. Georgia
L. Osborne, Compiler. Svo. Springfield, 1914.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. I, No. 1. April, 1908 to Vol. 7, No. 4, January,
1915.

Journals out print, Vols. I, II, III, IV. '

* Out of print.

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