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GENEALOGY.
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1916

Publication Number Twenty-two

OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

Transactions

OK THE

Illinois State Historical Society

FOR THE YEAR 1916

Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Society, Springfield,
Illinois, May 11-12, 1916

Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library

[Primed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Springfield, III.

Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers

19 17

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PAGli.

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CONTENTS.

Officers of the Society

Editorial Note

Constitution of the Illinois State Historical Society 8

An Appeal to the Historical Society and the General Public 11

Local Historical Societies

PART I— RECORD OF OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, ANNUAL MEETING,

1916.

17
Annual Meeting

21
Business Meeting

PART II.— PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

Hon. Fred J. Kern. The First Two Counties of Illinois and their

People ^^

N. H. Debel. The Veto Power of the Governor of Illinois 43

Ralph Linton. The Indian History of Illinois 51

Joseph J. Thompson. Oddities in Early Illinois Laws 58

Rev. Ira W. Allen. Early Presbyterianism in East Central Illinois 71

William J. Onahan. Random Recollections of Sixty Years in Chicago. . 79

Orlando W. Aldrich. Slavery and Involuntary Servitude in Illinois 89

Mabel E. Fletcher. Old Settlers' Tales 100

PART III.— CONTRIBUTIONS TO STATE HISTORY.
John F. Steward. The Fox River of Illinois (River of the Bos. Bison, or.

as we name it, the Buffalo.

107
.117

Index

List of Publications Illinois State Historical Library and Society 135

ice«>

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Honorary President.
Hon. Clakk E. Cark Galesburg

President.
Dk. Otto L. Schmidt Chicago

First Vice President.
W. T. Norton Alton

Second Vice President.
L. Y. Sherman Springfield

Third Vice President.
EicHAED Yates Springfield

Fourth Vice President.
Geoege a. Lawrence Galesburg

Directoi'S.

Edmund J. James, President, University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign

J. H. Burnham Bloomington

E. B. Greene, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Charles H. Eammelkamp, President, Illinois College. .. .Jacksonville

J. 0. Cunningham Urbana

George W. Smith, Southern Illinois State JSTornial University

Carbondale

William A. Meese Moline

EiCHARD V. Carpenter Belvidere

Edward C. Page, Northern Illinois State Normal School DeKalb

J. W. Clinton Polo

Andrew Eussel Jacksonville

Walter Colyer Albion

James A. James, Northwestern University Evanston

H. W. Clendenin Springfield

Secretary and Treasurer.
Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Honorary Vice Presidents.
The Presidents of Local Historical Societies.

EDITORIAL NOTE.

Following the practice of the Publication Committee in previous
years^ this volume includes, besides the official proceedings and the
papers read at the last annual meeting, some essays and other matteir
contributed during the year. It is hoped that these "contributions to
State History" may, in larger measure as the years go on, deserve their
title, and form an increasingly valuable part of the Society's transac-
tions. The contributions are intended to include the following kinds
of material :

1. Hitherto unpublished letters and other documentary material.
This part of the volume should supplement the more formal and exten-
sive publication of official records in the Illinois historical collections,
which are published by the trustees of the State Historical Library.

2. Papers of a reminiscent character. These should be selected
with great care, for memories and reminiscences are at their best an
uncertain basis for historical knowledge.

3. Historical essays or brief monographs, based upon the sources
and containing genuine contributions to knowledge. Such papers should
be accompanied by foot-notes indicating with precision the authorities
upon which the papers are based. The use of new and original material
and the care with which the authorities are cited, will be one of the main
factors in determining the selection of papers for publication.

4. Bibliographies.

5. Occasional reprints of books, pamphlets, or parts of books now
out of print and not easily accessible.

Circular letters have been sent out from time to time urging the
members of the Society to contribute such historical material, and
appeals for it have been issued in the pages of the Journal. The com-
mittee desires to repeat and emphasize these requests.

It is the desire of the committee that this annual publication of the
Society shall supplement, rather than parallel or rival, the distinctly
official publications of the State Historical Library. In historical
research, as in so many other fields, the best results are likely to be
achieved through the cooperation of private initiative with public
authority. It was to promote such cooperation and mutual undertaking
that this Society was organized. Teachers of history, whether in schools
or colleges, are especially urged to do their part in bringing to this
publication the best results of local research and historical scholarship.

In conclusion it should be said that the views expressed in the
various papers are those of their respective authors and not necessarily
those of the committee. Nevertheless, the committee will be glad to
receive such correctrons of fact or such general criticism as may appear
to be deserved.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY.

AETICLE I— NAME AND OBJECTS.

Section 1. The name of this Society shall be the Illinois State
Historical Society.

Sec. 2. The objects for which it is formed are to excite and stimu-
late a general interest in the history of Illinois; to encourage historical
research and investigation and secure its promulgation; to collect and
preserve all forms of data in any way bearing upon the history of Illinois
and its peoples.

AETICLE II— OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY— THEIE ELEC-
TION AND DUTIES.

Section 1. The management of the affairs of this Society shall be
vested in a board of fifteen directors, of which board the President of the
Society shall be ex officio a member.

Sec. 2. There shall be a President and as many Vice Presidents, not
less than three, as the Society may determine at the annual meetings.
The board of directors, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, shall
elect its own presiding officer, a Secretary and Treasurer, and shall have
power to appoint from time to time such officers, agents and committees
as they may deem advisable, and to remove the same at pleasure.

Sec. 3. The directors shall be elected at the annual meetings and
the mode of election shall be by ballot, unless by a vote of a majority of
members present and entitled to vote, some other method may be adopted.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of directors diligently to
promote the objects for which this Society has been formed and to this
end they shall have power :

(1) To search out and preserve in permanent form for the use of
the people of the State of Illinois, facts and data in the history of the
State and of each county thereof, including the pre-historic periods and
the history of the aboriginal inhabitants, together with biographies of
distinguished persons who have rendered services to the people of the
State.

(2) To accumulate and preserve for like use, books, pamphlets,
newspapers and documents bearing upon the foregoing topics.

(3) To publish from time to time for like uses its own transactions
as well as such facts and documents bearing upon its objects as it may
secure.

(4) To accumulate for like use such articles of historic interest as
may bear upon the history of persons and places within the State.

(5) To receive by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase, books,
prints, paintings, manuscripts, libraries, museums, moneys and other
property, real or personal, in aid of the above objects.

(6) They shall have general charge and control under the direction
of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, of all
property so received and hold the same for the uses aforesaid in accord-
ance with an act of the Legislature approved May 16, 1903, entitled,
"An Act to add a new section to an act entitled, 'An Act to establish
the Illinois State Historical Library and to provide for its care and
maintenance, and to make appropriations therefor,'" approved May 25,
1889, and in force July 1, 1889 ; they shall make and approve all con-
tracts, audit all accounts and order their payment, and in general see
to the carrying out of the orders of the Society. They may adopt by-laws
not inconsistent with this Constitution for the management of the affairs
of the Society; they shall fix the times and places for their meetings;
keep a record of their proceedings, and make report to the Society at its
annual meeting.

Sec. 5. Vacancies in the board of directors may be filled by election
by the remaining meml^ers, the persons so elected to continue in office
until the next annual meeting.

Sec. 6. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society,
and in case of his absence or inability to act, one of the Vice Presidents
shall preside in his stead, and in case neither President nor Vice President
shall be in attendance, the Society may choose a President pro tempore.

Sec. 7. The officers shall perform the duties usually devolving upon
such offices, and such others as may from time to time be prescribed by
the Society or the board of directors. The Treasurer shall keep a strict
account of all receipts and expenditures and pay out money from the
treasury only as directed by the board of directors; he shall submit an
annual report of the finances of the Society and such other matters as
may be committed to his custody to the board of directors within such
time prior to the annual meeting as they shall direct, and after auditing
the same the said board shall submit said report to the Society at its
annual meeting.

ARTICLE III— MEMBERSHIP.

Section 1. The membership of this Society shall consist of five
classes, to wit: Active, Life, Affiliated, Corresponding, and Honorary,

Sec, 2, Any person may become an active member of this Societv
upon payment of such initiation fee not less than one dollar, as shall
from time to time be prescribed by the board of directors.

Sec. 3. Any person entitled to be an active member may, upon pay-
ment of twenty-five dollars, be admitted as a life member Avith all the
privileges of an active member and shall thereafter be exempt from
annual dues.

Sec. 4. County and other historical societies, and other societies
engaged in historical or archaeological research or in the preservation of
the knowledge of historic events, may, upon the recommendation of the
board of directors, be admitted as affiliated members of this Society upon

the same terms as to the payment of initiation fees and annual dues as
active and life members. Every society so admitted shall be entitled to
one duly credited representative at each meeting of the Society, who shall,
during the period of his appointment, be entitled as such representative
to all the privileges of an active member except that of being elected to
office; but nothing herein shall prevent such representative becoming an
active or life member upon like conditions as other persons.

Sec. 5. Persons not active nor life members but who are willing to
lend their assistance and encouragement to the promotion of the objects
of this Society, may, upon recommendation of the board of directors, be
admitted as corresponding members.

Sec. 6. Honorary membership may be conferred at any meeting of
the Society upon the recommendation of the board of directors upon per-
sons who have distinguished themselves by eminent services or contribu-
tions to the cause of history.

Sec. 7. Honorary and corresponding members shall have the privi-
lege of attending and participating in the meetings of the Society.

AETICLE IV— MEETINGS AND QUOEUM.

Section 1. There shall be an annual meeting of this Society for
the election of officers, the hearing of reports, addresses and historical
papers and the transaction of business at such time and place in the
month of May in each year as may be designated by the board of
directors, for which meeting it shall be the duty of said board of
directors to prepare and publish a suitable program and procure the
services of persons well versed in history to deliver addresses or read
essays upon subjects germane to the objects of this organization.

Sec. 2. Special meetings of the Society may be called by the board
of directors. Special meetings of the boards of directors may be called
by the President or any two members of the board.

Sec. 3. At any meeting of the Society the attendance of ten mem-
bers entitled to vote shall be necessary to a quorum.

ARTICLE V— AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. The constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present and entitled to vote, at any annual meeting:
Provided, that the proposed amendment shall have first been submitted
to the board of directors, and at least thirty days prior to such annual
meeting notice of proposed action upon the same, sent by the Secretary to
all the members of the Society.

AN APPEAL TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND THE
GENERAL PUBLIC.

OBJECTS OF COLLECTIO>^ DESIRED BY TPIE ILLINOIS
STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY AND SOCIETY.

(Members please read this circular letter.)
Books and pamphlets on American history, biography, and gene-
alogy, particularly those relating to the West; works on Indian tribes,
and American arclu"eology and ethnology; reports of societies and insti-
tutions of every kind, educational, economic, social, political, cooperative,
fraternal, statistical, industrial, charitable; scientific publications of
states or societies ; books or pamphlets relating to the great rebellion, and
the wars with the Indians; privately printed works; newspapers; maps
and charts; engravings; photographs; autographs; coins; antiquities;
encyclopedias, dictionaries, and bibliographical works. Especially do we
desire

EVERYTHING RELATING TO ILLINOIS.

1. Every book or pamphlet on any subject relating to Illinois, or
any part of it ; also every book or pamphlet written by an Illinois citizen,
whether published in Illinois or elsewhere ; materials for Illinois history ;
old letters, journals.

2. Manuscripts; narratives of the pioneers of Illinois; original
papers on the early history and settlement of the territory; adventures
and conflicts during the early settlement, the Indian troubles, or the late
rebellion; biographies of the pioneers; prominent citizens and public
men of every county, either living or deceased, together with their por-
traits and autographs; a sketch of the settlements of every township,
village, and neighborhood in the State, with the names of the first settlers.
We solicit articles on every subject connected with Illinois history.

3. City ordinances, proceedings of mayor and council; reports of
committees of council; pamphlets or papers of any kind printed by
authority of the city ; reports of boards of trade ; maps of cities and plats
of town sites or of additions thereto.

4. Pamphlets of all kinds; annual reports of societies; sermons
or addresses delivered in the State; minutes of church conventions,
synods, or other ecclesiastical bodies of Illinois; political addresses; rail-
road reports ; all such, whether published in pamphlet or newspaper.

5. Catalogues and reports of colleges and other institutions of
learning; annual or other reports of school boards, school superintend-
ents, and school committees ; educational pamphlets, programs and papers
of every kind, no matter how small or apparently unimportant.

6. Copies of the earlier laws, journals and reports of our terri-
torial and State Legislatures; earliei' Governor's messages and reports of
State officers; reports of State charitable and other State institutions.

7. Files of Illinois newspaj)ers and magazines, especially complete
volumes of past years, or single numbers even. Publishers are earnestly
requested to contribute their publications regularly, all of which will be
carefully preserved and bound.

8. Maps of the State, or of counties or townships, of any date;
views and engravings of buildings or historic places ; drawings or photo-
graphs of scenery; paintings; portraits, etc., connected with Illinois
history.

9. Curiosities of all kinds; coins, medals, paintings; portraits;
engravings; statuary; war relics; autograph letters of distinguished
persons, etc.

10. Facts illustrative of our Indian tribes — their history, charac-
teristics, religion, etc., sketches of prominent chiefs, orators and war-
riors, together with contributions of Indian weapons, costumes, orna-
ments, curiosities, and implements ; also, stone axes, spears, arrow heads,
pottery, or other relics.

In brief, everything that, by the most liberal construction, can
illustrate the history of Illinois, its early settlement, its progress, or
present condition. All will be of interest to succeeding generations.
Contributions will be credited to the donors in the published reports
of the Library and Society, and will be carefully preserved in the State
house as the property of the State, for the use and benefit of the people
for all time.

Communications or gifts may be addressed to the Librarian and
Secretary.

(Mrs.) Jessie Palmer Weber.

COUNTY AND LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES IN ILLINOIS.

Ada7ns County. — Quincy Historical Society, Quincy, Illinois.

President J. W. Emery

First Vice President Horace S. Brown

Second Vice President Henry Bornmann

Recording Secretary Miss Carrie Somerville

Corresponding Secretary Miss Mary Bull

Treasurer Mrs. C. J. Parker

Librarian Mr. Wm. H. Gay

Historographer E. F. Bradford

Boone County Historical Society, Belvidere, Illinois.

President Jackson G. Lucas

Secretary Richard V. Carpenter

Bureau County Historical Society, Princeton. Illinois.

President Edwin B. Gushing, Tiskilwa, 111.

Vice President C. C. Perrier, Sheffield, 111.

Recording Secretary P. E. Anderson, Princeton, 111.

Corresponding Secretary Miss Fannie Moseley

Assistant Corresponding Secretary H. C. Roberts, Princeton, 111.

Champaign County Historical Society, Champaign, Illinois.

President J. 0. Cunningham

Secretary E. B. Greene

Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois.

President Clarence A. Burley, 79 West Monroe Street

Vice President George Merry weather, 606 Strauss Building

Vice President Otto L. Schmidt. 120.5 First National Bank Building

Secretary Seymour Morris, 112 West Adams Street

Treasurer Orson Smith, 112 West Adams Street

Librarian Miss Caroline Mcllvaine, 632 North Dearborn Street

Elgin Scientific Club.
W. H. Brydges, Elgin, 111.

Evanston Historical Society, Evanston, Illinois.

President J. Seymour Currey

Vice President Frank R. Grover

Secretary William C. Levere

Chreene County Historical Society, Carrollton, Illinois.
No officers reported.

Jersey County Historical Society. Jerseyville, Illinois.

President Mr. O. B. Hamilton

Secretary John W. Vinson

Joseph W. Becker

Johnson County Historical Society. Vienna, Illinois.

President Wm. M. Grissom, Jr.

Secretary J. C. B. Heaton

Kankakee County Historical Society, Kankakee, Illinois.

President Dr. B. F. Uran

Vice President Mrs. W. F. Kenaga

Secretary Mrs. 0. B. Spencer

Treasurer Mrs. M. S. Leavitt

Kendall County. — The Meramech Historical Society, Piano, Illinois.

President George McCormock

Secretary and Treasurer George S. Faxon

Knox County Historical Society, Galesburg, Illinois.

President Clark E. Carr

Secretary Mrs. Charles A. Webster

LaSalle County Historical Society, Ottaioa, Illinois.

President Marshall N. Armstrong

Secretary C. C. Glover

Manlius, Rutland Totonship Historical Society, Marseilles, Illinois.
Auxiliary to the LaSalle County Historical Society.

President Terry Simmons, Marseilles, 111.

Secretary-Treasurer Frank T. Neff

Logan County Historical Society, Lincoln, Illinois.
No officers reported.

Macon County Historical Society, Decatur, Illinois.

President John H. Culver

Vice President Luther F. Martin

Secretary John F. Wicks

Treasurer Letha B. Patterson

Macoupin County Historical Society, Carlinville, Illinois.

President C. A. Walker

Secretary George Jordon

McDonough County Historical Society, Macomh, Illinois.
No officers reported.

McLean County Historical Society, Bloomington, Illinois.

President George P. Davis

Secretary J. H. Burnham

Madison County Historical Society, Alton, Illinois.

President E. P. Wade

Secretary Miss Julia Buckmaster

Meramech Club.
Listed under Kendall County.

' Morgan County Historical Society, Jacksonville, Illinois.

President Dr. C. B. Black

Secretary F. J. Heinl

Montgomery County.
A. T. Strange, Hillsboro, 111.

Ogle County. — Polo Historical Society, Polo, Illinois.
J. W. Clinton, Polo, 111.

Peoria Historical Society, Peoria, Illinois.

President Edw. McCullough

Secretary Helen M. Wilson

Piatt County Historical Society.
No organization.

Pike County Historical Society, Pittsfield, Illinois.

Fort Chart7-cs Association, Prairie Du Rocher, Killian Coerver, Pres.

Rock Island County Historical Society, Rock Island, Illinois.

President Sherman W. Searle, Rock Island

Vice President Judson D. Metziier, Moline

Secretary Jolin H. Hauberg, Rock Island

Treasurer Mrs. K. T. Anderson, Rock Island

St. Clair County Historical Society, Belleville, Illinois.

President J. Nick Perrin

Vice President E. A. Woelk

Secretary E. AV. Plegge

Treasurer W. A. Hough

Whiteside County Historical Society, Sterling, Illinois.
Secretary W. W. Davis

Will County Pioneer Association, Joliet, Illinois.
No officers reported.

Woodford County Historical Society, Eureka, Illinois.

President L. J. Freese, Eureka, 111.

Secretary Miss Amanda Jennings, Eureka, 111.

Treasurer W. H. Smith, Eureka

Custodian Amos Marshall

Tazewell County Historical Society.

President W. L. Prettyman, Pekin, 111.

Vice President Mrs. J. T. Foster, Washington, 111.

Treasurer Levi Mosiman, Morton, 111.

Secretary Mrs. W. R. Curran, Pekin, 111.

PART I

Record of Official Proceedings
1916

-2 H S

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ILLINOIS
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. MAY 11-12, 1916.

The Historical Society convened in annual session, in the Senate
Chamber in the Capitol Building.

The business meeting was held Frida_y morning, May 12. The
President of the Society, Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, presided at all sessions.

At the close of the evening meeting, after the presentation of the
annual address by Mr. Kern, a resolution of thanks to the Governor and
Mrs. Dunne, to the speakers at the meeting and others who had con-
tributed to its success was otfered by Professor J. A. James. The reso-
lution was adopted by a rising vote.

Professor James, in offering the resolution, said : Mr. President,
because of the success of the seventeenth annual program of this Society,
I wish to move a vote of thanks to those who have contributed thereto —
especially to the Hon. Pred J. Kern, of Belleville ; 0. W. Aldrich, of
Columbus, Ohio ; the Rev. W. A. Provine, of Nashville, Xenn. ; the Eev.
Ira W. Allen, of Paris, 111.; W. J. Onahan, of Chicago; Miss Mabel
Fletcher, of Decatur; notably also to Mrs. Dunne and the ladies assisting
her in the most enjoyable reception, and to the ladies and gentlemen who
have added to our pleasure by the fine musical numbers.

The program as printed was carried out. It is as follows :

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OP THE ILLINOIS STATE HIS-
TORICAL SOCIEY.

Thursday and Friday, May 11-12, 1916.
Senate Chamber, Illinois State Capitol Building, Springfield.

The Public Cordially Invited to Attend All Sessions.

Order of Exercises.
Senate Chamber.

Thursday Morning, May 11, 10:00 o'Clock.

Mr. N. H. Debel The Veto Power of the Governor of Illinois

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Mr. Ralph Linton The Indian History of Illinois

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Mr. Joseph J. Thompson Oddities in Early Illinois Laws

Chicago, 111.

Thursday Afternoon, 2:30 o'Clock.

Rev. W. A. Provine Jacques Thimete DeMombreun

Nashville, Tenn.
Rev. Ira W. Allen Early Presbyterianism in East Central Illinois

Paris, 111.

Thursday Evening, 8:00 <)"Ci>ock.
Reception — Governor and Mrs. Edward F. Dunne will receive the Historical

Society at the Executive Mansion.
Mr. W. J. Onahan Random Recollections of Sixty Years in Chicago

Chicago, 111.

OUUEB OF EXEBCISES.

Meeting of Directors in Office of Secretary at 9:00 o'Clock.
Senate Chamber.

FiUDAY MoKNiNG, May 12, 10:00 o'clock.
Business Meeting of the Society, Senate Chamber, 10:00 o'Clock.
Reports of Officers.
Reports of Committees.
Miscellaneous Business.
Election of Officers.

Professor J. A. James

Xoithwestern University, Evanston, 111.

The Work of the Illinois Park Commission and the Preservation of
Historical Sites.

FiuDAY Afternoon, 2:30 o'Clock.
Mr. O. W. Aldrich Slavery and Involuntary Servitude in Illinois

Columbus, Ohio.
Miss Mabel E. Fletcher Old Settlers' Tales

High School, Decatur, 111.

Friday Evening, 8:00 o'Clock.

Hon. Fred J. Kern, Annual Address

Belleville, 111.

The First Two Counties of Illinois and Their People.

BUSINESS MEETING, MAY 12, 1916.

The annual business meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society
was called to order at 10 o'clock Friday, May 13, 1916, by the iPresident,
Doctor Otto L. Schmidt. The reading of the previous years minutes
Avas dispensed with.

Doctor Schmidt then introduced Mrs. George A. Lawrence, of
Galesburg, 111., who has been very active in the work of planning and
procuring a State flag not alone in the legislation but also in the
planning of the flag itself as well as in the making of it.

Mrs. Lawrence then signified her desire to present to the Illinois
State Historical Society a silk flag, banner or insignia of the State.
She explained that she was unable to bring the flag with her but that
there were a number of people present at the meeting who had seen it
and could testify as to the feasibility of its acceptance. Some four
years ago she stated she had felt the necessity very strongly of a flag or
banner for the State of Illinois. At the time in question Mrs. Lawrence
was Illinois State Eegent of the Daughters of the American Eevolution
and had felt the need in Congress in Washington and at other large
committee meetings of a banner to designate the people of Illinois. She
took the matter up with the Daughters of the American Eevolution of
the State and had the support of about 5,000 members. Then steps
were taken to introduce a bill in the Senate and House for the adoption
of the flag and the Daughters of the State were greatly indebted to Mr.
Eaymond B. Meeker of the Twenty-fourth Senatorial District of the
State, who introduced a bill in the Senate for that purpose.

This bill after passage in the Senate was sent to the House of Eep-
resentatives and was in charge of the Hon. Thomas Gorman. It is now
a law of the State and we are authorized to reproduce in black or in
the national colors upon a white sheet or background for use as a State
banner the great seal of the State of Illinois and it is available to our
use as an organization and as a distinctly State flag.

In Februar}^ 1916, Mrs. Lawrence secured from the Secretary of
State, Hon. Lewis G. Stevenson, Jr., for use the emblem of this great
State, the seal of Illinois, and ordered several flags of white silk 3 by 5
feet in size. They have gold fringe and the emblem in the national
colors is shown on this white backgTOund and the flag itself is very
attractive. One was presented at the State Conference of the Daughters
of the American Eevolution at Ottawa in March, 1916, another given
to the Secretary of State, Hon. Lewis G. Stevenson and another to
Memorial Continental Hall, Daughters of the American Eevolution, at
Washington, D. C, where it hangs with the forty other state flags. The
fourth flag is the one which Mrs. Lawrence expressed a desire to present
to the Illinois State Historical Society.

Colonel Clark E. Cair made a few remarks and spoke of the public
spirit and generosity of Mrs. Lawrence and expressed his pleasure at her
wish to present to the Historical Society this beautiful tiag. He also
expressed his pleasure at the fact that Mr. Lawrence was a vice president
of the Society. He also was glad that there is an Illinois flag.

While yet speaking, Colonel Carr said he wanted to thank the
Society of which he had been president for so many years and to express
his gratitude for the way he had been treated. Ho also spoke of his
high regard for the president of the Society, Doctor Schmidt, and
dwelt on the capable manner in which the affairs of the Society were
conducted.

Mrs. Weber said she wanted to state that she had had the pleasure
of seeing the flag at Ottawa and that it was very effective and very
beautiful. That the Daughters of the American Kevolution were very
enthusiastic about it and felt that they should have one in Washington
and were very proud of its appearance and that she was sure that the
members of the Illinois State Historical Society would be pleased,
indeed, to receive this generous gift.

Doctor Schmidt stated that the matter of the adoption of this flag
was a matter of such great labor and that the development of the flag
and the presentation of it to the Historical Society a matter of such
moment and value that he thought it required more. He suggested
somebody, possibly Professor James, to make a motion of thanks to
Mrs. Lawrence.

Professor James said he had watited to make such a motion but
thought perhaps that the Society might have another order of business.
He then moved that the Society tender to the donor of the flag, Mrs.
Lawrence, their high appreciation of the thought back of it in recogniz-
ing the need of such an emblem. The motion was seconded by Mr. H.
W. Clendenin.

The next order of business was the reading of reports. Mrs. Jessie
Palmer Weber, Secretary of the Historical Society then gave her report.
The Chairman asked what should be done with the report and it was
moved by Doctor Greene that it be placed on file. Motion seconded and
carried. Mrs. Weber then gave her rcjiort as Treasurer of the Society.
The Chairman asked what should bo done with this report and it was
moved by Mrs. T. G. Miller that it be adopted. Seconded ami carried.

Mr. Clendenin spoke of the death of Mr. J. l\IcCan Davis, a member
of the Historical Society and suggested that the Secretary be requested
to call on the widow of Mr. Davis and express to her the condolences
of the Society and its desire to assist her in every way.

Doctor Schmidt put the motion to the Society that the condolences
of the Society he given to the family of Mr. Davis and that resolutions
on the death of Mr. Davis ho drawn u]i. Tbo motion was socondod and
carried.

Doctor Schmidt sjmke of the rojiort of Afrs. Weber aiid stated that
the work of the Society had been so thoroughly covered in it that there
was little for him to say outside of the fact that the work of the Society
is done essentially l)y Mrs. Weber and not by the President. The work
of tho President follows largely in assisting committees, such as the

Building Committee. He stated that he thought it was the Historical
Society that years ago offered the idea of a historical building for the
purposes of the Society as the Society would never come into its own
nor accomplish its work until it had a building of this kind, for its
library and various departments. The project, however, was too large
for the Society as an organization and necessarily through the various
lapses passed into the hands of committees; the Buildino- Committee,
the State Art Commission, the Centennial Commission. Valuable pro-
gress has been made and finally a committee was appointed for the pur-
pose of buying land. About three or five years ago plans were made for
a building. It was suggested that an apartment building be purchased
and transformed into a home for the Society and other departments of
the State. That would have been waste of money, etc. Throu2fh the
energetic action of Mr. Martin Eoche, the famous architect of Chicago,
and a member of the Art Commission, the plan of the building was for
sometime dropped and more land sought. His plan was a great plan for
the future of Springfield. It was not alone the State building but the
beautification of the entire citv, the removal of the Chicago & Alton
Eailroad viaduct and all such things ; the purchase of the land south and
west. The eventual disappearance of this building, of course, not within
a short time but within 20 or 30 years. This plan was somewhat too
ambitious but finally the plan was to purchase the land south. The last
Legislature a year ago voted $125,000 for the purpose of purchasing this
property provided that the citv would raise $100,000. This agreement
was made after considerable discussion because $100,000 seemed a very
large sum. Dr. Schmidt stated, however that he had noticed by the
morning papers that $93,000 of this sum had been raised and there
remained but the sum of $7,000* yet to raise. At the next session of the
Society will come up undoubtedly the matter of the building of this
building. This building, of course, will be associated with the centennial.
Here, of course, comes in the Centennial Building Committee with Mr.
Waller at its head. This is the first meeting where positive progress
towards the final obtainment of the wish of the Society could be definitely
stated. Dr. Schmidt said that he thought that at the next meeting of
the Society progress on the building proposition could be reported as he
understood that the Governor had intimated that the Historical Society
would be the first to be taken care of. He also spoke of his part in the
work of the previous Centennial Commission which was instituted by
resolution introduced by Senator Campbell S. Hearn, of Quincy, who,
it is a matter of great regret, departed a year and a half ago but who
nevertheless saw the fulfillment of his wish in the direction of a com-
mission for the accomplishment of the work and the assurance of the
permanent carrying out of his plans. Senator Hearn was succeeded by
Senator Magill as president of the commission. At the last regular ses-
sion another commission was appointed and was declared illegal in the
summer of 1915. A second commission was appointed at the special ses-
sion in the Fall. This bill was not signed by the Governor on account of
certain irregularities which would also have been illegal and declared
void and would have been associated with further expense and loss of

* The entire sum of $100,000 was raised by the citizens orSprinjifield.

time. So at the second special session held early this year another bill
was passed and on this commission tliere were to be no legislators of the
State consequently it was necessary for the Governor to appoint private
citizens. Dr. Schmidt then spoke of the personnel of the present Cen-
tennial Commission and said he thought that the Governor had been
very fortunate in securing such an active and able commission. He
stated that tlie Historical Society had been honored by the Governor in
the selection of three of its members, Mrs. Weljcr, Doctor Greene and
himself, and assures the Historical Society its representation in its work,
etc., in the final celebration of the Centennial. Senator Magill is the
chairman of the celebration in Springfield, that is at the Capitol. Dr.
Edward Bowe, of Jacksonville, is also a member. Of the State-wide
Celebration Rev. Royal W. Einiis, of TTillsboro, is chairman ; of the
Publicity Committee Rev. Frederick Siodenburg, of Chicago, is chair-
man. Excellent progress has been made and in a few weeks all the
county officials from judges to clerks will be notified and requested to
begin their work of appointing committees, etc. Dr. Schmidt spoke of
how fortunate it was that Senator Hcarn started this work a few years
ago and spoke of the efforts of tlie Indiana Centennial Commission, they
organized last summer with only a small amount of money and have
had great difficulty in elaborating plans to celebrate this year. Some
of their celebrations have already begiin.

He then told of the historical monuments to be placed on the Capitol
grounds. This matter is also in the hands of the Centennial Commis-
sion, although tlie State Art Commission has the planning of the monu-
ments— one of which is to Lincoln, the other to Douglas. He spoke very
highly of the Art Commission and its pei'sonnel and spoke of the interest
expressed by all and especially by Senator IMagill in securing a sculptor
to do this work, especially for the Lincoln statue which is to be placed at
the main approach. to the building. The model of this monument in plas-
ter can be seen in the workshop of the sculptor, Mr. O'Connor, and it is
said to be of exceptional beauty. Senator Magill has a photograph of
Lincoln. It represents Lincoln leaving Springfield and according to this
photograph the monument certainly surpasses any monument at present
extant — better even than the St. Gaudin's. This monument is to be
unveiled during the Centennial year.

The Douglas monument was in the hands of the late C. J. Mulligan,
who passed away four months ago and the final completion of this work
has nofe yet been decided upon.*

Doctor Schmidt called attention to the fact that while as President
of the Historical Society he was not very busy in the Society except at
the meetings, he has been in Springfield on an average of every two
weeks during the course of the year. He requested a report from Pro-
fessor Greene. President of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State
Historical Library, asking that he give a short resume of the work of this
board also a few remarks as to the Publication Committee of tlie Illinois
State Centennial of whicli Professor Greene is chairman.

Professor Greene slated that he had not projiared any fornuil rejiort
but that he would be very glad to state briefly the work of the Library

• Gilbert P. Riswold sculptor of Chicnuo, has bcoii soloctoil for iho I)oiii,'liis slnlin'.

Board during the past year especially the work on the publications
issued by the board. During the last year and a half, Dr. Greene, said,
there has been issued three rather notable volumes of the Historical Col-
lections. This is the first volume of its kind ever gotten out by any State
of the Union up to this time. That is the report of the archives of the
State prepared by Professor Pease. This is the result of a special appro-
priation made by the Legislature to the Library Board about four years
ago. Three men were sent out at different times up and down the State
to look into the condition of the various county buildings and how kept
and to bring all these things together in a report. In a single volume,
therefore, is to. be found a brief account of the more important classes
of papers and books to be found in any particular building. Mr. Pease
received very helpful advice from the county clerks in the State. The
volume will do a great deal of practical service in bringing up. the stand-
ard of the keeping of these county records. Doctor Greene stated he
hoped that the members of the Historical Society in general would pro-
vide themselves with a copy of this volume and interest themselves in
the records of the counties in which they live. A great deal can be done
in improving the character of the records and how they are kept.

Two other volumes have been published in which have been brought
together the material available not only in Illinois, not only in the
United States but in Paris and London during the British occupancy
until the coming of George Eogers Clark in 1778.

The board has in view the jiublishing of volumes in the near future
which will include a continuation of the work of Professor James' work
on Illinois in the Bevolution and a continuation of other volumes which
when completed will bring together practically all that can be learned
of the condition of Illinois during that period of history. The Library
Board is also considering rather seriously as the special contribution of
the Library to the Centennial a volume of Statehood documents. This,
however, has not been definitely decided upon.

Doctor Greene spoke of the work of the Centennial Commission and
stated that the commission acting through the Publication Committee
has made arrangements for the publication of tAVo things. First, a
volume which it is hoped to have issued during the year 1916 containing
material descriptive of Illinois as it was in 1818. This is expected to
be an advance volume preparing for the Centennial Celebration. There
is also in hand a centennial history in five volumes from the Indian
archaeology of the State down to the present time. These are all under
the general editorship of Professor C. W. Alvord and under contracts
which call for the completion of the work during the centennial year.
This centennial history is going to be made as accurate as possible but
also to make it the sort of book that people would like to read.

Doctor Schmidt, the chairman of the Society, then called for the
report of the Genealogical Committee, which was read by Miss Georgia
L. Osborne.

This report was received and placed on file.

Doctor Schmidt then called on Miss Lotte E. Jones, of Danville, to
make a few remarks on a piece of work in which she has been actively
engaged, namely the Lincoln Circuit.

Miss Jones said that about a year ago the Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution of the counties between Danville and Springfield — Ver-
milion, Champaign, Macon and Sangamon — organized for the purpose of
marking the routes of Lincoln from one county seat to another in the
active pursuit of his work during the years immediately preceding his
life as president. In Greene County there was no D. A. R. It seemed
that it would be necessary to go out of the organization for help, but
the matter has been attended to and the route is to be marked which
Lincoln, the man, traveled in his actual daily work. Miss Jones stated
that the D. A. }i. were led to do this through Judge Cunningham, who
was the last one of his group that traveled from one county to an-
other, and it was found that there were fifteen counties. These coun-
ties have the same right to be marked as from Danville to Springfield.
So there^will be fifteen counties to cover and it will be the ambi-
tion and desire of the D. A. R. to secure the moral support of the
Centennial Commission and to accomplish this marking of the Lincoln
Circuit as a part of the centennial work. It is expected to have this
circuit marked by 1918. It would be the plan to have large committees
of women in each county. Fifteen or twenty designs were submitted, but
it was finally decided to have simply a dull stone stating that this was
the old Lincoln route. There are difficulties in the way of getting the
proper kind.

Doctor Schmidt asked if there were any further reports of com-
mittees.

Mr. Ensley Moore of Jacksonville made a suggestion to the effect
that the Secretary be authorized to cast tlie ballot for the officers at
present incumbent.

Doctor Schmidt stated that he thought the motion was out of order,
that the election of officers was the last order of business to be performed.

Doctor Schmidt then announced that Professor J. A. James had
consented to give his paper at the afternoon session as Professor Carl
Fish, one of the speakers was unable to come. He then asked if there
were any other historical reports.

Mrs. Weber read a letter from the Jersey County Historical Society.

Mr. George W. Smith gave a brief talk on the activities of the
Jackson County Historical Society. He said that they had started out
with the idea of getting up a centennial celebration and felt that the
people quickest to interest would be the school teachers. That they
expected to interest a large number of people in the Jackson County
celebration ; that they had organized the Jackson County Historical
Society with a small membership and that they hope to have the coopera-
tion of the couTity board for expenses, room, etc., and that they were
beginning at this time a work that should have been done ten or fiftetMi
years ago. Mrs. P. T. Chapman, of Vienna, has put up three monu-
ments on the trail of George Rogers Clark running through Jackson
County; one on Indian Point, one directly due west of the town of
Vienna and on the gap of the Ozark Ridge. He said he had asked
Representative Chiipiuiiii if he could not secure an appropriation of
sonu' nion(y when a member of Congress for the ])urpose of olVieially
declaring the route that George Rogers Clark took from Fort Massac to

Kaskaskia and from Kaskaskia to Vineennes and have it marked. Mr.
Chapman said that there were so many demands that he was afraid he
oonld not do it. ]\Ir. Smith thought that steps should be taken to get
Congress or the State Legislature to make an appropriation for a survey
of the route to be done officially. Mr. Smith told of a letter he had
received from Mr. Eeuben Gold Thwaites with regard to this trail.

Captain J. H. Burnham, of Bloomington, told of the activities of
the McLean County Historical Society. He said that they had head-
quarters in the court house, but as that building was becoming crowded,
the Society were now looking around for a building of their own which
they hoped to have by 1922, the one hundredth anniversary of the settle-
ment of the county.

Doctor Schmidt suggested that it would be a good idea to appoint a
committee to keep alive the matter of the George Eogers Clark trail.

Professor J. A. James said that he was glad that Mr. Smith brought
this matter to the attention of the Society. He said that the question
had been asked him as to the trail of Clark to Kaskaskia, as the Sons of
the American Revolution of Chicago want to make a trip from Kaskaskia
to Vineennes and that he had had to tell them that he did not know. He
believed that the means to officially place it could be obtained and that
the matter should not be let go longer. That it was a good piece of work
to do and that now was the time to do it. That this State is not alone
interested in it but that the states surrounding Illinois also had an
interest in it. Professor James then made a motion that such a com-
mittee be appointed to be composed of three or five members. Doctor
Greene seconded the motion. Carried.

Mrs. "Weber then read a communication to the Governor from Mr.
Dowdall relative to the heirs of Shabbona, the white man's friend, on
which the Governor wished some action taken.

Doctor Schmidt asked what should be done in regard to this letter.

Doctor Eammelkamp moved that the matter be placed in the hands
of the President and Secretary of the Historical Society for action.
Motion seconded by Mr. Andrew Eussel. Carried. That the matter
was to be placed in the hands of the President and Secretary and that a
report should be made to the next nieeting of the directors. Carried.

Doctor Schmidt then told of having received a communication from
a bonding house with reference to the log hut in which Lincoln lived.
That from 1832 to 1838 he was said to have lived in the house of
Bowling Green and there he studied law. After the death of Ann
Eutledge he was greatly depressed and Mr. Green interested him in the
study of law and thus performed a great service for the country. This
hut was later taken to the Chautauqua grounds near Petersburg where it
was seen for a number of years and finally allowed to fall into decay.
Doctor Schmidt showed pictures of the hut and read affidavits in regard
to it. He also spoke of the prices asked for it and pointed out how little
of the original building still remained.

Captain Burnham called attention to the newspaper account that
he had recently seen in this connection and said that the Chautauqua
Association was about to go into bankruptcy for $10,000. That this
building is on ground worth four or five thousand dollars. He said that

he understood that ]\Ir. Williain Randolph Hearst of Xew York gave
the Chautauqua Association tlie option of making certain improvements
and that the Society has been unable to carry out these conditions and
are much embarrassed.

Doctor Schmidt said that of course the Society could not do any-
thing. That a Jew weeks ago he had intended going down there simply
to look over the remnants of the old hut.

Doctor L'anniielkanip agreed with Captain Burnham that the matter
ought to be looked into carefully. He wondered if it could not be accu-
rately determined by persons who had experience in this line if a log
that had been cut down and exposed for a matter of eighty-two years
or more would still l)o in existence. How long it would take for it to
return to the soil.

i\rr. Clinton of Polo suggested that Rev. John A. I/^mmon who
was present at the meeting was familiar with the Chautauqua affairs
and might be helpful in deciding what the Society should do.

Eev. Mr. Lemmon said he was a product of Sangamon County.
He said he had attended the Old Salem Chautauqua about sixteen years
and liad seen the cabin in its normal condition. He was present when
Mr. Hearst made the deed over to the Chautauqua Association. What
Captain Burnham had said about the conditions there was practically
official.

Doctor Schmidt said if there was no further business to place
before the Society the motion of Mr. Ensley Moore would then be in
order.

Mr. Moore made a motion that the Secretary be authorized to cast
ihe vote of th.e Society for the reelection of the present officers.

Mrs. Miller seconded the motion. Carried.

Mrs. Weber as Secretary of the Society cast the vote that all present
officers be reelected.

Adjournment.

DIRECTORS' MEETING.

The Board of Directors of the Illinois State Historical Society met
in tlie office of the Secretary, May 13, 1916.

There were present:

The Chairman, Doctor Otto L. Schmidt who presided and Messrs.
Eussel, Greene, Burnham, Smith, Clinton, Eamnielkamp, J. A. James
and the Secretary, Mrs. Weber.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The annual report of the Secretary of the Society was read, received
and approved, and the Secretary was directed to read it to the Society in
its business meeting.

A letter from Judge J. 0. Cunningham, a director of the Society,
was read by the Secretary in which Judge Cunningham expressed regret
that he was unable to be present at this meeting.

The Secretary was directed to send a letter of acknoAvledgment to
Judge Cunningham conveying good wishes of the directors.

The report of the Treasurer was read and approved and it was
directed that it be read to the Society in the business meeting.

Mr. Clinton moved that the Secretary send out a questionaire, ask-
ing members to make suggestions as to what changes or improvements
in their opinion would l)e beneficial to the Historical Society. This
motion was amended by Captain Burnham who suggested that the matter
be referred to the President and the Secretary of the Society. The
amendment was accepted and the motion was carried. Captain Burnham
spoke of a plan to hold directors' meetings at a time separate from the
annual meeting in order that more time be available for the directors
to consider the business of the Society.

After some discussion Captain Burnham moved that a committee
of five of which the President of the Society be Chairman and the Secre-
tary be a member, be appointed by the Chairman, this committee to meet
within six months from this time, at the call of the Chairman. This
motion was seconded by Mr. George "W. Smith and was carried.

The President reported that members of the Society had been
invited by the National Bureau of Historical Portraiture and other
firms of photographers to have photographs taken to be placed on file
in the Library, this to be without expense to the Society or its members,
the photographers expecting to make their profit from the additional
photographs ordered by individuals after the negatives are made.

Professor Greene moved that it is the opinion of the Board of
Directors that the Historical Society take no action with regard to the
matter of photographs as presented. This motion was seconded and
was carried.

It was moved that the committee appointed at the annual meeting of
1915 to consider the subject of the articles of incorporation of the
Society, the necessity of their amendment, etc., be continued and that
it be asked to report to the next meeting of the Board of Directors. This
motion was seconded and carried.

^Ir. Clendenin spoke of tlie death of ^Ir. J. MeCan Davis, long a
member of the Historical Society and formerly its secretary, ^fr. Clen-
denin was asked to prepare a suitable memorial to Mr. Davis to be
presented to the Society and published in its transactions.

There being no further business presented the Board of Directors
adjourned.

REPORT OF GENEALOGICAL COMMITTEE.

To the Officers and Members of the Illinois State Historical Society:

Your Committee on Genealogy and Genealogical Publications begs
to submit the following report:

The interest in the department continues to grow and we have
students working daily from all parts of the State and other states in
the Union. We are trying to secure for our collection the county histories
of the states which comprised the Northwest Territory, namely Ohio,
Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin. These with the one hundred and two
county histories of Illinois are valuable for the biographies of the pio-
neers of these states, which we cannot find in any other way. We have
also been searching for a long time around the old dealers and through
correspondence for county histories of Virginia, Kentucky, North and
South Carolina and Tennessee, as the central and southern parts of the
State of Illinois were largely settled by people from these states. We
have recently learned that Kentucky, while it has one hundred and nine-
teen counties has only published twenty county histories. Of this num-
ber we have eight in the library. Of Virginia, we have ten county
histories out of the one hundred counties; Indiana, eighteen out of the
one hundred and two counties; Ohio, nine out of the eighty-eight coun-
ties. While we may be able to secure some late county histories of these
states, still for genealogical research the older county histories are the
most valuable.

We are constantly on the look-out for family histories compiled by
Illinoisans and have secured by gift the following for our collection :

The Blin Family — Gift of James W. Hill, of Peoria.

Blish Family — Gift of James Knox Blish, of Kewanee.

Fox Family — Gift of William A. Fox, of Chicago.

Goodwin & Morgan Ancestral Line — Gift of James J. Goodwin, of
Hartford, Conn,

Hall Family— Gift of Dr. Omar 0. Hall, Milford, 111.

Major Family — Gift of James Branch Cabel, Dumbarton, Va.

Moore Family — Gift of A. A. Moore, Oakland, Calif.

Plumb Family, Preston B. Plumb— Gift of A. H. Plumb, of Em-
poria, Kan.

Lawrence Family, Williams Lawrence — Gift of Miss Cornelia Bar-
ton Williams, Chicago.

Paine Family; John Paine and Mary Ann May — Gift of Lyman
May Paine, Chicago, 111.

Loomis Family — Gift of Charles J. Loomis, Joliet, 111.

Shiver Family — Gift of Harry Lawrence Shiver, Topeka, Kan.

These gifts we also acknowledge in the Journal of the Society. We
ask the cooperation of the members of the Society in our efforts to secure
ioT the department these valuable additions in the way of county his-
tories of other states above mentioned, and will be glad of suggestions
from you for other genealogical material that will add to the interest
and usefulness of our collection.

Respectfully submitted, ' ■

Georgia L. Osborne,
Chairman of the Genealogical Committee.

PART II

Papers Read at the Annual Meeting

1916

— 3 H S

140999

THE FIRST TWO COUNTIES OF ILLINOIS AND THEIR

PEOPLE.

(Hon. Fred J. Kern.)

Mr. Kern was introduced to the audience by Dr. Otto L. Schmidt
the President of the Illinois State Historical Society, and spoke in sub-
stance and in part as follows :

Ladies and Gentlemen : "History is only a confused heap of
facts." — Lord Chesterfield.

"So very difficult a matter it is to trace and find out the truth of
anything by history."- — Plutarch.

"What is history but a fable agreed upon?" — Napoleon Bonaparte.

"All history is a lie." — -Sir Eobert Walpole.

The two oldest counties in our State, St. Clair and Randolph, and
their people, have been assigned to me for discussion to-night. I am a
native and resident of the former and thoroughly know every square foot
of its ground and many of its people. I have traveled over Eandolph
County and once had the honor to represent its people in the Congress
of the United States. I also know many of them. Some are my intimate
friends.

The two counties were the cradle of the history of Illinois. Their
story reads like a romance and there are people now living who listened
spell-bound to the recital of the charming traditions and thrilling ad-
ventures as told by the original settlers and their immediate descend-
ants. I myself have received and learned much of the history of St.
Clair County, and our State, not from musty books, but by word of
mouth, directly from those who helped make it and as it is handed from
generation to generation, sitting in the semi-circle around the family
fire-side, at the wayside inn, or at more pretentious and conventional
social centers.

These two counties were in the truest sense of the word an integral
part of the famous melting-pot of our composite American civilization
which we hear so much about in these days. The phrase that it takes all
kinds of people to make a world, was never and nowhere more strikingly
exemplified than in the early history of these counties.

When Louis Joliet and Father Marquette first landed on the site
which was destined to become St. Clair County, they not only found the
friendly Illini Indians inhabiting the hospitable primeval forests, but
unmistakable foot-prints of vanished races that had left behind them evi-
dence of industry and sacrifice and activity which challenged admiration
and respect.

Almost within the range of a rifle shot of the Cahokia Mission,
which they founded and established, there rose from the even and un-
broken flat surface of the river bottom, a stupendous mound, built by

the liiiiid iiiul l;il)i)i' and skill of man which is a more wonderful relic
of aiiti(|uity, and frrcator in nia^niitiult' and extent than the largest
pyramid of ancient E<ryi)t, siiiTouudcil hy a hundred smaller but no less
wonderful and symmetrical structures, equally curious, suggestive and
mysterious.

Across the river where the metropolitan city of St. Louis now
stands, were similar ])re-historic remains. There could be no doubt of
the fact that they were on a section of the earth where millions of human
beings had lived their lives and ])layed their ])art thousands of years
ago, and where an ancient civilization had flourished.

All they found in the way of living people was a motley aggregation
of untutored and superstitious, half-naked, not overly cleanly, brown-
skinned savages and barbarians, living a nomadic life and roving through
the trackless forests and camping in rude, illy-kept villages in the woods.

The vast empires of the past had decayed and been deserted and
left their melancholy ruins behind them, the only record by which the
imaginations of the intruders and invaders and adventures could even
guess and conjecture at their achievements and speculate on their de-
parted glory.

Tlie French discoverers founded the Mission of Cahokia in St. Clair
County and of Kaskaskia in "Randolph County. They laid the foundation
for a new and greater civilization under a new religion and a new faith
for the new world. They brought with them the benign teachings of
the lowly Xazarene and erected sanctuaries in TTis name, with their
own hands, in the mellow shadow of the spreading boughs of gigantic
sycamores and oaks and hickories and elms and cotton-woods and wal-
nuts and pecans, within hearing distance of the murmuring music of the
eteiiial Father of AVaters.

Both holy Missions were established on ground located in the low
bottoms f)f the Mississippi "River. Cahokia, the first ]ierin.anent white
settlement in Illinois, founded in 1700, still stands a quaint little village
of several hundred population, nestling in a veritable garden spot of the
earth and showing unmistakable traces of its remote and early origin and
historical significance. A frame church building surmounted with a
plain wooden cross, attracts the attention of the tourist, as does also the
old cemetery near by. Both serve to awaken mehiories of long ago.
'i'liey show you in the village of Cahokia the spot Avhere Pontiao, the great
liulian chief and warrior and oiator and statesman, was foully murdered,
after having been basely betrayed through British treachery and perfidy.
They .show you where the courthouse stood when Cahokia was the county
seat of St. Clair County. They show you where the people used to dance
and make merry. Many of llu^ direet desiuMidants of the first settlers
are still there, ami while speaking the English languag(> as fluently and
as correctly as any of us. they cultivate and retain in addition the ability
to s|)eak Freiu'h and to read and write that language. The ajicient
taverns remain in their pristine glory, and are patronized and sustained
largely by St. Tiouis people, particularly on \]\o first day of the week,
conimoidy called Suiulay. They ar<> iVoni Missouri and have to be
shown — often the wav to i^o home.

The Cahokia common fields remain on the map, and extend in
narrow parallel strips back to the Bluffs, which at this point form a steep,
perpendicular, limestone wall, rising into the sky a hundred feet and
more, from the rich alluvial soil of the fertile lowlands. At Palling
Springs is a fascinating waterfall, and, on both sides of the cataract, the
rock-bound Bluffs ai'e perforated with dark and ominous-looking caves,
penetrating deep into the interior of the earth and leading into dark
caverns adorned witli stalactites and stalagmites. Such was the back-
ground and a part of the natural playground of the ancient village of
Cahokia.

Kaskaskia was founded only a year later than Cahokia. It was the
first capital of Illinois, as Cahokia was the first and original county seat
of St. Clair County. Kaskaskia is situated in Randolph County. Almost
adjacent to it is Prairie du Eocher, near which Fort Chartres Avas located.
The city of Kaskaskia was doomed to a sad and tragic fate. In one of
those fantastic freaks of the Mississippi Eiver, which the great and fame-
crowned Mark Twain so charmingly and graphically describes in his
classic book on the Father of Waters, the restless and wayward stream
sought a new bed and course for itself and the ancient city of Kaskaskia,
with its wealth of poetic tradition and historic memory obstructed the
track of the waters and impeded its right of way. The irresistible force
could not be stemmed, nor by human power or agency diverted back
into the old or some other and less disastrous channel. Thousands of
acres of the richest and most desirable land in Illinois were swept into
innocuous desuetude by this fierce cataclysm and their soil washed into
the Gulf of Mexico, and old Kaskaskia including the old Statehouse
with it.

The Mississippi River joined the Kaskaskia River, further up stream,
and an island of large area was detached from the mainland on which
was established the new Mission and village of Kaskaskia, to which the
refugees of Old Kaskaskia fled, to build new homes, a new church and a
new schoolhouse for themselves and their children and to begin life
anew.

Not a remnant of old Kaskaskia remains. Every house in it and
every street and the entire area of the city's limits was swallowed up by
the waters of the raging river.

New Kaskaskia provides the paradox of being located west of the
Mississippi River, but still in Illinois.

The city of Chester is the county seat of Randolph County. It is
located on the high bluffs of the Mississippi River. It is a beautiful and
historic city. Two of the State's great public institutions are located
near that city, viz. : the Southern Illinois Penitentiary, one of the world's
famous prisons, and also Chester State Hospital, the asylum for the
criminal insane in Illinois. No city in America has a more picturesque
location than Chester, no city offers finer scenery or commands a grander
and more imposing view.

I was in Chester a few days ago and visited the grave of Shadrach
Bond, the first Governor of Illinois. It is located in the Chester City
Cemetery, marked by a beautiful gTanite monument built by the State.
I also visited the archives at the courthouse and the Randolph County

Histuiital Musfuni which is located in a .specially built fire-»proof build-
ing. The historical records are kept in this building. Many of them
are in the French language.

I visited the parochial schools at Prairie du Rocher in Randolph
County some years ago. I saw many colored children attending the
Roman Catholic parochial .<Jchool on equal terms with the white children
and without the slightest sign of segregation. They spoke the French
language as fluently as they sjx)ke the English, just as the negroes, and
those of native American stock and even the Irish in St. Clair County
speak German.

It must not be gathered from the above that the majority of the
people of Randolph County are of French descent, for they are not.
There are many native Americans in Randolph County whose ancestors
came from Virginia and Kentucky, the same sturdy and superior ele-
ment which joined the French in St. Clair County, and soon outstripped
and outnumbered them as they themselves were later superseded and
outnumbered by the efficient, the patient, the plodding, the thoughtful,
frugal and hard-working Germans.

There are many Scotch people in some parts of Randolph County,
just as there are manv Irish and Polish people in the East St. Louis
end of St. Clair County.

The city of Belleville is the county seat of St. Clair County. It
celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of its existence as the county
seat of the first county in Illinois, two vears ago, with appropriate cere-
mony and much solemnity. St. Clair County is now the second county
in the State in point of population and material wealth, ranking next to
Cook.

The city of Belleville has played a leading role in the development
of the history of Illinois. It furnished three of the Governors of the
State, two of the Lieutenant Governors and two United States Senators,
and two State Superintendents of Public In-^truction. Governor "NTinian
Edwards, Governor John Reynolds and Governor Wm. II. Bisjiell were
from Belleville. So were Wm. Tvinnev and Gustavus Koerner. Lieu-
tenant Governors; and James Shields and Lyman Trumbull, United
States Senators: ami James P. Slade niul Henry Raab, State Superin-
tendents of Public Instruction.

The remains of Governor John Reynolds are buried in Walnut Hill
Cemetery in Belleville, where his home still stands in a perfect state of
preservation, as does that of Governor Xinian Edwards, only a little more
than one block away from the Reynolds' mansion. John Revmdds was
not only Governor but also a Supreme Jiisti('(\ a member of the Legisla-
ture, a Speaker of the House, a member of Congress, a Foreign Diplomat
and the State's leading historian. He reached the topmost round of the
ladder of fame in each of the three departments or branches of our State
Government, vi/., the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Governor
Ninian Edwards died in Belleville during the cholera epidemic, in work-
ing to help those who could nol b<'lp tbenis(>lv(>s and who were down with
the dread disease and in helping to bury the dead. His remains were
buried in one of the old abandoned eenieleries in Belleville. The very
location of his grave is lost.

Governor Wm. H. Bissell died while he was Governor of the State
and his remains repose near those of the immortal Lincoln, whose in-
trepid champion and devoted friend and follower he was, in Oak Ridge
Cemetery in Springfield.

The statue of Senator Shields adorns a pedestal in the hall of fame
in the city of Washington. He achieved the distinction of having been
the only man who ever enjoyed the honor of representing three separate
and distinct states in the npper house of Congress.

Lyman Trumbull was stricken with his last and fatal illness while
delivering an eloquent eulogy at the open grave of his intimate friend and
former law partner, Gustavus Koerner at Walnut Hill Cemetery in
Belleville. I was an eye witness to this sad tragedy. Lyman Trumbull
was the greatest and most illustrious of the United States Senators of the
Civil War period. He distinguished himself by his activity in the upper
house of Congress during the Rebellion and during the wildly exciting
reconstruction days.

"On Fame's eternal camping ground.
There silent tents are spread,
And glory guards with solemn round.
The bivouac of the dead."

Strangely conflicting and antagonistic social forces met and clashed
in the original settlement and development of the counties of Randolph
and St. Clair, particularly the latter. ,

The original American settlers hailed largely from Kentucky,
Virginia and Pennsylvania. Most of them were of Cavalier stock. They
had little in common with the descendants of the Puritans who came
from Massachusetts and settled mostly in the northern part of the State.
They were less religiously inclined. They were fond of sports including
horse-racing, hunting and fishing. They had no use for township
organization. There were no abolitionists among them. They had no
scruples against the institution of slavery, either from moral or economic
considerations, believed that the negroes were born to servitude, pre-
ferred Douglas to Lincoln, and some of the most conspicuous leaders
preferred Jeff Davis himself.

Opposed to them, in their ideals, tendencies and convictions on
this question, and hated and looked down upon by them, were the stolid
Germans who came in the thirties, and in the forties and in the fifties,
particularly after the Revolution of 1848 in Germany, led by Koerner,
by Hecker, by Hilgard and by Scheel, who in turn received their inspira-
tion from Schurz and Pretorious.

The Germans were practically all abolitionists, openly and defiantly
or at heart. They had left the Fatherland to escape tyranny and oppres-
sion. They came to America to realize their dreams of liberty and
equality.

They could not understand the institution of slavery and despised
and condemned and denounced it as robl^ery and injustice. They were
opposed to the economic system of which it was the cornerstone and
believed human slavery made a lie and a cheat and a fraud out of the
Declaration of Independence. They were in favor of freeing the slaves,
everywhere, without condition and without compensation to the owners.

Many of them were free thinkers. All of the forty-eighters belonged to
this class and ty])e of men. All of them favored the liberty of man,
woman and child. 'Ihcy were for ficH? men and equal rights. They voted
for Abraham Lincoln and rallied around the flag of the Union after the
first bullet pierced the folds of Old Glory over the sombre walls of Fort
Sumpter. Then came the matchless Douglas to the front, the peerless
patriot, loyal and true, and rallied his followers to the standards of the
Union and to the cause of Lincoln and much of the hatred and the
old antagonism and the old class consciousness and the old group separ-
ation and isolation was forever obliterated and effectively wiped out.
It made us one people, gave us higher and better ideals and a uniform
purpose in life. The war gave the blacks liberty and the whites economic
independence and equality of opportunity. The best friends of the
L'nion and the staunchest and most uncompromising friends of liberty
had come from a foreign land and were immigrants within the borders of
our State and country.

The irreconcilablcs became the southern sympathizers, the copjier-
lieads, the Knights of the Golden Circle, who secretly or openly aided and
abetted and sanctioned the rebellion, believing slavery a divine institu-
tion, involuntary servitude the only thing the niggers were good for
anyhow, which should be left intact and not abolished, and these men
denounced Douglas for his loyalty to the Union and hianded him as a
renegade, a deserter, a turn-coat and an apostate.

It is well to consider how \'ery little history there is after all. The
men who ought to have written the story of their experience and covered
their time, went to their graves without having performed that service.
That certain men were elected to the offices and tilled out their allotted
terms and that certain wars came and that certain battles were fought
and that certain shifts of boundary lines were made is certain. That we
know. That history tells us about. But it does not tell us nmch more.
It only furnishes the anatomy and the frame-work to go by, the skeleton
as it were. The flesh and the blood and the fair skin and the other
details of the organism which round it out and render it beautiful are
gone and-lost and can never be re-sup]died. I have sj)oken for the generals
and for the leaders. 1 wish to ])ay my respects to the humble privates
now. 1 wish to throw the searcldight on the every-day man, the every-
day life and the every-day family. I bow in humble reverence to the
sacred memory of the old settlers of our State and country. They were
the chosen people of God. They were the salt of the eartli. They were
all pioneers and frontiersmen. They were bold, brave, adventurous, in-
tri'i)id people. 1 admire them for their superb wurage. their great
fortitude, their (Icvotion. their ])atience, lluir endurance and their pluck,
and I pay them now the tribute of my ^^incere res])ect. They \v<>re not
afraid to stand alone and to walk alone and to face adversity, hardship
and danger. Looking bankruptcy, ruin, starvation, i)(>stilence and war
in the face, they still remained steadfast and luner shirked and never
blenched. They preferred the wilderness, peopled by savage men and
infested with wild beasts, wher(> they would Ix^ free, free to worship God
according to the dictates of their own consciences, free to live their own
lives in llieir own way, to l']urope, i)rovided with the comforts and con-

veniences of civilized life, but ruled by kings and cursed by the system of
caste and class. They wanted to be free. They wanted to see their
children born in an atmosphere of liberty and in a land that was free.
They believed that the Indians and the panthers and the wolves of the
new world would be kinder to them and give them and their children a
better chance for the future, than the tyrants and despots, the usurpers
and drones and grafters of monarcliial and militaristic Europe.

But they did more than that. They believed in hard work and hard
knocks and practiced both. They worked long hours, out of doors, in
liod's sunlight, in God's pure air, in the little clearings, on the broad
prairie, out in the woods. The women could handle the ax, the plough
and the rifle as well as the men. There was no race suicide and no
divorce. There were few scandals in domestic life.

The pioneers practiced self denial and self control. Though free
as nature itself, free as the birds, free as the air, and liberated from all
conventionalities and social and other artificial restraints, they remained
stoically and stubbornly virtuous and pure as the driven snow, pure as the
rays of the stars reflected in perfumed dew drops.

These hardy people lived in humble homes, lived the simple life,
lived in Spartan simplicity, had few books, no luxuries, no fineries, no
dainties, and yet they were usually satisfied, contented and happy.

The rude huts which they inhabited were built of logs and built by
themselves. They were frequently without wooden floors. The floors
were made of leveled yellow clay. The roofs were made of clap-boards,
the fences of rail or split paling. The roofs on the outbuildings were of
straw. The houses were furnished with home-made and hand-made
furniture. There were few dishes and no surplus of linen or clothing.
The women could spin at the wheel and knit and the men knew the art
of basket making and carpentry and cabinet making. They had no large
store of household goods, but they had hope and imagination and ambi-
tion and looked forward to a better and a brighter day. They had poor
schools and poor churches, ignorant teachers and miserable preachers,
and practically no newspapers and yet they were educated, they were
lithe, they were healthy, they were active, they were virile, they were
educated in nature's school, they were firm in temperament, strongly
marked in personality and gifted with initiative and originality which
after ajl is culture and can be but little augmented and improved in
schools, in colleges and in the highest universities and never supplied,
when wanting in the original makeup.

This completes my theme. I have nothing more to say. I ask you
to read the masterful works of Governor John Eeynolds, the Old Eanger,
the Theodore Eoosevelt of his day. He went through the chairs. He
filled all the offices worth while. The only known reason why he didn't
fill more was because he had exhausted the list. His memory makes all
of your modern politicians and office-seekers look like amateurs, like
pikers, so to say. I ask you to read tlie works of Francis Parkman. I
ask you to visit St. Glair and Eandolph Gounties. Visit the Missions in
your own State first at Gahokia and Kaskaskia and Prairie du Eocher,
before you go to Europe or Galifornia. Visit and study the antiquities
of Hlinois in St. Glair, Madison, Monroe and Randolph Gounties. Visit

Monk's Mound, visit Sugar Loaf. Get a touch of real St. Clair County

hospitality by visiting Bcllcvillo. See Illinois first, and while you are
studving tlio history of Amorica don't omit to pay some attention to the
big chapter wliich constitutes tlie history of Illinois.

Mr. Kern prefaced his remarks by paying a high compliment to ^Irs.
Jessie Palmer Weber, the Secretary and Treasurer of the Illinois State
Historical Society, and to her assistant, Miss Osborne.

Mr. Kern said: ''I would, indeed, be remiss in the performance of
my duty if I failed to congratulate your Society upon the useful and
patriotic service which it is rendering. You are educating the masses
of the people and stimulating love of country and State and home. Your
work is a grand educational work. You are the guardians of the legacy
which our generation owes to future ages. Especially are your Secretary
and her assistant to be complimented on their work. Mrs. Jessie Palmer
AVeber, is the daughter of one of the great Governors of Illinois and of a
brave General of the Union Army during the War of the Rebellion.
The showing made by Mrs. Weber and Miss Osborne at the San Francisco
Exposition with their splendid Lincoln memorial exhibit was nothing
short of remarkable and won merited praise from many people at home
and abroad. Their exhibit was one of the finest features of the latest
and irreatest World's Fair."

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VETO POWER OF THE
GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS.

(N. H. Debel, University of Illinois.)
The veto power, like so many others of our political institutions,
is an adaptation of a British institution transplanted to American soil.
In England it was a royal prerogative. The king enacted laws upon the
petition of his people. In the course of the development of Parliament
he was forced to agree not to alter petitions, which had come to be pre-
sented in the precise form in which it was desired to have them enacted.
But his assent was still necessary to give them validity. He could refuse
his assent as late as 1707 — when the last veto of a parliamentary act
occurred.

Though the veto power at home declined, it was found convenient to
maintain it for colonial purposes. Legislation in British colonies is still
subject to disallowance by the king. That he always acts "in council" is
simply a convenient method to insure that he does not act contrary to
the will of the party in power. Wliile vetoes of colonial legislation are
sparingly made in the British Empire to-day, that can hardly be said of
the practice of a hundred and fifty years ago. Here the veto power was
practically undiminished. That the power was wielded not in vain is
abundantly testified by the fact that the first of the long list of griev-
ances against the king of Great Britain enumerated by the Declaration of
Independence is on account of the use of the veto power. "He has refused
his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good,"
so runs the indictment.

In the American colonies before the Eevolution no uniformity with
regard to the veto power existed. In Rhode Island and Connecticut,
where the governors were elected by the people, no veto power existed.
In the proprietary colonies the veto power was exercised by the proprietor
or his deputy. In Pennsylvania, besides, the king retained the right to
veto colonial legislation. In the royal colonies the governor was given an
absolute veto. Not only that, but his power of assent was limited.
Finall}', all measures assented to by the royal governor were subject to
disallowance afterwards by the king.

During the strugcfle with Great Britain, the governor had been the
ally of the king. The popular assembly, on the other hand, had truly
represented the people. The result was that our early American state-
builders had confidence in legislative assemblies, with a corresponding
distrust of the executive. This is clearly reflected in the absence of the
executive veto power in most of our early state constitutions. Of the
thirteen original states only two provided for a veto power, namely, New
York and Massachusetts.

The veto provisions adopted by these two states differed widely. The
one in New York, adopted in 1777, vested the veto power in a council of

ri'visioii cuiiii»).SL'd of the governor and the members of Supreme Court.
A bill passed by the legislature had to be presented to the council for
revisal and consideration. If thoy approved it, thoy were to sign it. If
not, they were to return it with their objections in writing to the IIou.so
in which it had originated. Here it might be passed over the disapi)roval
of the council by the vote of two-thirds of the total membership. It was
then to be sent to the other House where two-thirds of those present migl'.t
pass it over the veto.

The council was given ten days for the consideration of bills.
Failure to disapprove a bill within that time resulted in its becoming law
without a])])r()val. If the Legislature l)y adjournment within the ten day
period should jircvent the return of a l)ill. return was to be made on the
first dav of the next meeting of the Ix'gislature or the bill would l)ecome
law.

The chief importance of the Xew York plan is that it was prac-
tically unique. It is of special interest only to lis, for Illinois was the
only other State in the Union to adopt it.

Another ])rovision, the one adopted by Massachusetts in ITSO. was
destined to have much wider influence. Most of its essential features were
adopted by the National Constitutional Convention of 1787. and there-
after by most states of the Union. It provided that a bill or resolve
passed by the General Court should be submitted to the governor for
approval or disapproval; that if he should approve it, he should sign it;
l)ut that if he did not, he should return it with the reasons in writing to
the House in which it had originated ; that his message should be entered
on the jo\irnal ; and that upon reconsideration two-thirds of the members
of each House might jiass the bill over his veto. The time given the
Governor for the consideration of bills was five days. If any bill should
not be returned by the expiration of that period, it was to become law
without his assent. No provision was made for the contingency of
adjournment before the expiration of the five days. Bills could therefore
not 1)e vetoed after adjournment. To remedy this defect an amendment
was ado])ted in 1<S20 ])ro\iding that bills vetoed, the return of which had
been prevented by the adjournment of tiie (icneral Court, should not
become law.

The situation in regard to the veto power at the time of the admis-
sion of Illinois in 1818, may be briefly summarized as follows: Ten
states, or exactly one-half, still denii'd their (Jovernors the power U)
disapprove bills. The other ten gianted that power in varying degrees.
New York, 'as we have s(>en, ]irovided for a council of revision. Nine
states had granted the veto jHJwer to the (Jovernor. The time allowed fm-
the consideration of bills varied from five to ten days. The vote required
to over-ride the veto varied from a majority to two-thirds of each House
of the Legislature. In all cases except New York, as noted above, the
majorities re<|iiired were based on the total mendvrship of the houses
respectively.

The Illinois Conslilulioiial Conveiilion of 1818, therefore, hatl two
general ])recedents to follow, 'i'wo ditl'erent plans were fornuillv ad-
vanced and considered by it. One, which was eventually adopted, was
the New York council of revision plan. The other was a strong veto

power lod^'cd in the hands of the (4ovenior. It was siniihu" to the pro-
visions in force in Louisiana and Pennsylvania. Both of these states
required a two-thirds vote to over-ride the Governor's veto. Both gave
him ten days for the consideration of bills. And both required that bills
vetoed after the adjournment of the Legislature should be returned within
the first three days of the following session. The plan proposed in the
Illinois convention differed only in that it required bills vetoed after
adjournment to be returned on the first day of the following session
of the General Assembly.

It was noted above that not a single state had followed, the New
York plan of a council of revision, but that on the other hand since then
nine states and the United States had vested the veto power in their chief
executives. That Illinois nevertheless adopted the New York plan must
be ascribed mainly to the influence of Elias Kent Kane, who was a
member of the convention. Mr. Kane was born in jSTew York, educated
at Yale, and had studied law in New York. He had removed to Illinois
in 1814. In the convention of 1818 he was a member of the committee
of fifteen entrusted with the work of drafting the new Constitution. He
appears to have been one of the most prominent and influential members.

The committee of fifteen reported as section 15 of Article III,
dealing with the executive department, almost word for word that section
of the New York Constitution of 1777 establishing the council of
revision. A few days later, while the plan of the committee of fifteen
was being considered, an alternative plan already referred to was offered.
It gave the veto power to the Governor. It allowed him ten days for the
consideration of bills. It required a two-thirds vote of each House to
over-ride the veto. It provided that if the Legislature by adjournm,ent
should prevent the return of bills Avithin the ten days allowed, such bills
were to be returned on the first day of the following session or become
laws.

This plan is not heard of any more, however. Three days later, on
August 17, Article III being considered section by section, the council of
revision plan as originally proposed by the committee of fifteen was
adopted. The vote required to over-ride the veto, however, was placed at
a majority of each House and not at two-thirds as in New York. This
section without any further change was adopted on the final reading.

The veto power in its final form was found in section 19 of Article
III of the Constitution. It provided that :

■^'The Governor for the time being, and the judges of the Supreme
Court or a major part of them, together with the Governor, shall be and
are hereby, constituted a council to revise all bills about to be passed into
laws by the General Assembly; and for that purpose shall assemble them-
selves from time to time when the General Assembly shall be convened,
for which nevertheless they shall not receive any salary or consideration
under any pretense whatever ; and all bills which have passed the Senate
and House of Eepresentatives shall, before they become laws, be presented
to the said council for their revisal and consideration ; and if, upon sucli
revisal and consideration, it shall appear improper to the said council or
a majority of them, that the bill should become a law of this State, they
shall return the same, together with their objections thereto in writing,

to the Senate or House of Representative's (in whichsoever the same shall
have originated) who shall enter the objections set down by the council at
large in their minutes, and proceed to reconsider the said bill. But if,
after such reconsideration, the said Senate or House of Representatives
shall, notwithstanding the said objections, agree to pass the same by a
majority of the whole number of members ek-cted, it shall, together with
the said objections, be sent to the other branch of the General Assembly,
where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of all
the members elected, it shall become a law. If any bill shall not be
returned, within 10 days after it shall have been presented, the same
shall be a law, unless the General Assembly .shall by their adjournment,
render a return of the said bill in 10 days impracticable; in which case
the said bill shall be returned on the first day of the meeting of the
General Assembly, after the expiration of the said 10 days, or be a law."

The council of revision lasted for thirty years, 1818 to 1848. Though
its record was very creditable indeed, it was not destined to continue a
part of our constitutional system. The purely judicial work of the
members of the Supreme Court demanded all of their time. This was
especially true after 1841, when they were required to hold Circuit Courts
as well. A change had become imperative.

In the Constitutional Convention of 1848 there was never any doubt
that the council of revision would be discontinued. There seems to have
been no sentiment at all for its retention. On the other hand, several
resolutions proposing alterations in the Constitution contained provisions
for its abolition. The attitude is clearly reflected in a statement made
by Mr. Alfred Kitchell, a member of the Convention. He objected to the
presentation of too many questions at once. He urged that they should
be presented one at a time. "For example," he said, "let it be tiio
al)olition of the council of revision. There is probably not a member not
prejiarcd to discuss and vote on that proposition."

However, there was considerable diversity of opinion regarding the
merits of a veto power lodged in the hands of the Governor. On the one
hand there were the customary speeches against the power of one man to
thwart the will of the people. It was said to be a vestige of royalty and
unrepublican. On the other side it was urged that the tyranny of one is
less dangerous than the tyranny of many ; that the Governor is more
nearly tJie representative of all the people than is the Legislature ; that
he could l)e held to more definite responsibility; and that as a matter of
fact it had proved satisfactory wherever tried.

Perhaps only a small percentage of the convention would- have
favored the abolition of the veto power altogether. On the question of
granting a strong or weak veto power to the Governor the members were
very nearly evenly divided. On the whole the Democrats seem to have
favored the former while the AVhigs seem to have favored the latter.

The coniinittce of ten apjiointed to draft the article on the executive
was headed by Samuel 1). Lockwood, who had been a member of the
Supreme Court and the council of revision since 1825. On June 18 they
reported to the convention. Section 20 of the article reported proposed
to vest the veto power in the hands of the Governor. It required a two-
thirds vote of those present to ov(M--ride the veto.

In the convention itself section 20 had a rather checkered experi-
ence. It Avas considered in committee of the whole on the 16th and 17th
of July. On the 16th an amendment offered by Mr. E. J. Cross, pro-
viding that a majority of the total membership of each House of the
Legislature should be sufficient to over-ride the veto, was rejected. On
the following day an amendment offered by Mr. William A. Minsliall
was accepted. It required a three-fifths vote of the total membership to
over-ride the veto. But on August 11 at the final consideration, of the
report of the committee of the whole by the convention, it was again
amended. This amendment, offered by Mr. J. M. Davis, lowered the
vote required for repassage from three-fifths as in the Minshall amend-
ment to a majority of the total membership as proposed by the Cross
amendment.

The veto section as finally adopted by the convention is found in
section 21 of Article lY of the Constitution of 1848. It provides —

"Every bill which shall have passed the Senate and House of Eep-
resentatives shall, before it becomes law, be presented to the Governor ; if
he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his
objections to the House in which it shall have originated; and the said
House shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to
reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of the members
elected shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the
objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered;
and if approved by a majority of the members elected, it shall become a
law, notwithstanding the objections of the Governor; but in all such
cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be
entered on the journals of each House respectively. If any bill shall not
be returned by the Governor within 10 days (Sundays excepted) after it
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner
as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly shall, by their
adjournment, prevent its return, in which case the said bill shall be
returned on the first day of the meeting of the General Assembly, after
the expiration of said 10 days, or be a law."

An examination of the provision just quoted shows that it provided
merely a suspensive veto. Elsewhere the Constitution provided that no
bill should become a law without the concurrence of a majority elected
to each House of the General Assembly. Should the Governor object to
the passage of any bill the same majority would be able to pass it over his
veto. The most that he could do would be to force a reconsideration.

Nevertheless, the Governor's hands had been strengthened. The
veto power had not been changed essentially from what it was under the
council of revision. But it had all been placed in his hands. He was
not obliged to share it with the members of the Supreme Court, who
might outvote him in the council.

However, the suspensive veto proved inadequate. This is especially
true of the period after the Civil War. The demand for private legisla-
tion— especially for charters of incorporation — became too strong Cor
the General Assembly to resist. The Governors, especially Oglesby and
Palmer, had striven valiantly to stem the tide. But these efforts had
been largely in vain. Most of the important bills disapproved had been

repassed. The tyranny of the many liad ])rove<] intolerable. The people
in 1S70 were ready ^o strengthen the (iovernor's hand very considorably.

'i'he Constitutional Convention of 1H(i2 had projiosed a strengthen-
in<f of the veto power. 'I'he veto jtrovisioii of the ])ro]>osed Constitution,
found in section 11 of Article X, required a two-thirds vote of the whole
membership of each House of the General Assembly to over-ride the
(lovernor's disap])roval. It would have allowed the Governor ten days
for the consideration of bills both after adjournment as well as durin<^
the session.

Unfortunately this Constitution was not ratified by the people.
Thou>,di the State had been l?epnblic:in at the election of ISfiO, neverthe-
less a majority of the members of the Constitutional Convention were
Democrats, 'j'he l?e|)ublican press found it comparatively easy to dis-
credit their work. The conv<'ntion itself played into the hands of its
enemies by foolish ]n-etentions to sovereign powers.

The Constitutional Convention of ]8fiO-1870 was overwhelmingly
ill favor of strengthening the veto power. The orgies of special legisla-
tion indulged in by recent Legislatures were fresh in the minds of the
members. So were also Governor Palmer's heroic efforts of 1S(>9 to
stem the tide. But it was equally well realized that he had been largely
helpless against the will of the General Assembly.

Before the convention had ajipointed its committees, a resolution
urging that the veto jiower be strengthened was offered. Very early in
its proceedings the convention requested a reprint of Governor Palmer's
veto messages of 1869 together with a report of the action of the General
Assembly on the vetoes. Many speeches and resolutions referred to the
evils of special legislation and expressed the belief that a strong veto
power would have checked it. To quote one member, Mr. James C. Allen
of Crawford County, in supporting the strong veto power proposed by
the committee on the executive, he said that an effective veto would have
saved the State from "the curse of much of the vicious legislation that
has prevailed for the last few years."

The committee of nine to whom the task of drafting the article on
the executive department was entrusted, reported on January 26, 1870.
They unanimously reported a veto section providing that a two-thirds
vote in each House shoidd be required to over-ride the Governor's dis-
approval, and that the Governor shoidd have ten days for the consider-
ation of bills both during the session and after adjournment.

On February 19, the article on the executive department was taken
up for consideration. Mr. l^^.lliott .\nthony of Chicago, the chairman of
the comniittcc of nine, refcning to section 20 of the proposed article
Siiid. "ITad our present (Jovernor been clothed with this veto power, what
untold miseries would he have saved us from." Kejilving to i-ritii's of the
so-called one num ])ower he contend(Ml that the argument did not turn on
that point but \ipon the facts proved by experience, that the Legislature
was not infallible, that love of power miglit cause it to encroach upon
the other departments, that factional strife might prevent deliberation,
and that it might 1m' led astray by haste or by the impressions of the
moment. He believed that it was necessa^-y to give the executive the
M'to power to enalile him to defend himself and to increase the chances

of the communit}^ against the enactment of bad laws either through
haste, inadvertence, or design. As for the argument that the veto power
might be invoked to prevent the passage of good laws, he held that there
was less danger of that contingency.

Efforts were made to reduce the majority required to over-ride the
veto, on February 22 and April 20. Both would have reduced it to a
majority of the total membership as under the Constitution of 18-18.
The attitude of the convention is shown by the vote on two amendments
offered on April 20. The first was an attempt to have inserted the
provision of the Constitution of 1848, that bills vetoed after adjournment
should be submitted to the next meeting of the General Assembly for
reconsideration. It was rejected by the vote of 47-11. The second was
a proposal that the General Assembly, if it should fail to pass a bill over
the veto, might by majority vote submit it to the people for adoption or
rejection. This amendment was rejected by the vote of 53-12.

The veto provision as adopted by the convention is found in section
16 of Article V of the Constitution. It provides that —

"Every bill passed by the General Assembly shall, before it becomes
a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, and
thereupon it shall become a law ; but if he do not approve, he shall return
it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall have originated,
Avhich House shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and
proceed to reconsider the bill. If, then, two-thirds of the members
elected agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objec-
tions, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and
if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that House, it shiill
become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the Governor. But in
all such cases, the vote of each House shall be determined by yeas and
nays, to be entered on the journal. Any bill which shall not be returned
by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall ha^'e
been presented to him, shall become a law in like manner as if he had
signed it, unless the General Assembly shall, by their adjournment, pre-
vent its return, in which case it shall be filed, with his objections, in
the office of the Secretary of State, within ten days after such adjourn-
ment, or become a law."

The Constitutional Convention of 1870 did not complete the task of
perfecting the veto power. The power to veto items in appropriation
Isills was still lacking. It was not added in Illinois before 1884. Agita-
tion had started early in the eighties. A resolution offered by Senator
Kelly of Adams County during the session of 1881 is of interest as point-
ing toward an early adoption of the power to veto items in appropriation
bills. The resolution read :

"Whereas, Appropriation bills have often been delayed to nearly
the end of the session before they are put upon their passage, and reduc-
tions that have been carefully considered and adopted are frequently
reinstated by committees of conference of the two Houses without much
deliberation, at the closing hours of the session ; therefore.

Resolved, That all appropriation bills be considered and disposed of
at least three days before the day fixed for adjournment."
— 4 H S

Though the resolution failed it is of interest to note that it received
twenty votes as against twenty-three opposed.

Governor Culioni in his regular message to the General Assembly of
188.') recommended that an amendment to tlie Constitution giving the
Governor tlie power to veto items in appro|)riation bills be submitted
to the jK'dple. lie called attention to the fact that manv State Governors
possessed this power; that the mayors of Illinois had been given this
power in 1875; and that President Arthur had just recommended its
adoption for the United States. Early in the session Senator Wm. R.
Archer of Pike County introduced a resolution for an amendment to
the constitution requiring appro])riation hills to be itemized and giving
the Governor the power to veto distinct items or sections. Senat<ir
Archer had been a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847
and 1869 in both of wliieli lie had urged the adoption of a strong veto
power. The resolution without change was adopted by both Houses of
the General Assembly by overwholmin<2: majorities — in the Senate by
tlie vote of 35-7, and in the House of Eepresentativcs by 107-2. It was
submitted to the people for ratification at the general election November
4, 1884, where it was approved by the vote of 427,821-60,244 out of a
total vote of 673,096 cast at the election. The amendment adopted was
inserted in the body of section 16 of Article V of the Constitution and
reads as follows:

"Bills making a])pvopriations of money out of the treasury shall
specify the objects and purposes for which the same are made, and nppro-
])riatc to them respectively their several amounts in distinct items and
sections, and if the Governor shall not approve any one or more of the
items or sections contained in any bill, but shall approve the residue
thereof, it shall become a law as to the residue in like manner as if he
had signed it. The Governor shall then return the bill, with his objec-
tions to the items or sections of the same not approved by him. to the
House in which the bill shall have oriijinated. which House shall enter
the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider so
much of said bill as is not approved by the Governor. The same pro-
ceedings shall be had in both Houses in reconsidering the same as is
hereinbefore provided in case of an entire bill returned bv the Governor
witli his objections; and if anv item or section of said bill not approved
by the Governor shall be passed by two-thirds of the members elected to
each of the two Houses of the General Assembly, it shall become part of
said Inw, notwithstanding the objectious of the Governor."

The present veto power of the Governor of Illinois has proved verv
effective. It "is practically impossible to pass a bill over his disapproval.
But thousrh this power is practically absolute there has never occurred
an instance of serious abuse. The Governors of Illinois have on the
whole exercised this power wiselv and conscientiously. The people expect
the Governor to exercise indi'Pendent judTment on l>i11s pn^scnted to him
for approval or rejection. Thev have confidence in him. He more nearly
than any other officer in the State Government represents all the people.
Thus we have the strange spectacle of the veto power, once a roval pre-
rocrative, havincf become mi indispensable power in the hnnds of a
Democratic executiv(>.

THE INDIAN HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.

(Ralph Linton, University of Illinois.)

Every one knows the so-called earlj^ history of this State, the story
of the wars and intrigues of the French, English and Americans with
each other and with the Indians, but few of us realize that behind this
lies a period many times as long, during which nations rose and fell and
people of many tongues swept back and forth across what is now the
State of Illinois. The history of this pre-Columbian period can never
be written in terms of kings, policies, and dates, for among people who
have not yet discovered the art of writing these things are lost in a few
generations, but it can be written in terms of peoples and cultures. It
passes out of the field of history into that of archaeology and ethnology.

The tribes who occupied the State in early times have left us
numerous monuments, in the form of earth works, and it is to these that
we must go for our data in writing the pre-history of Illinois. A vast
amount of work still remains to be done, but it has been proved beyond
doubt that the so-called "Mound Builders" were only barbarous or semi-
civilized tribes of Indians, and that far from becoming extinct thousands
of years ago, their characteristic culture persisted for at least two cen-
turies after the discovery of America. The term mound huilder is in
itself most deceptive, for there is hardly a race or nation which does not
construct earth works of some sort. We ourselves are no exception, as
anyone who walks through a graveyard must realize. Within the State of
Illinois the mounds bear internal evidence of being the work of at least
four different tribes, and a careful investigation would probably double
or triple the number. Some of these tribes may still have been in the
State when it was first visited by white men, others had certainly been
driven out long before by attacks from hardier and less civilized hunting
tribes. To the former class belong the makers of the effigy mounds, who
were pretty certainly some tribes of the Siouxian stock, perhaps the
Winnebago, or some other group which has now lost its identity. The
pottery and implements found in these effigy groups are quite crude, and
correspond exactly with similar material picked up on the sites of
villages which we know to have been occupied within historic times.
We have no account of the building of a effigy mound, but the Dakota
of the present time make boulder outlines of men and animals which are
quite analagous. The center of these effigy mounds seems to be in Wis-
consin, and from there they extend, constantly growing rarer, into the
northwestern part of Illinois, where they are met on the south by the
mounds of the second type. These are very varied in form, but corre-
spond, on the whole, to these of Ohio. The circles, enclosures, and
geometric works are lacking, but the burial mounds are often identical,
and the artifacts buried with the dead show a good deal of similarity.

The works are alinosl always found along the large rivers, and it seems
prohahle that the makers, while not the same tribe as the mound builders
of Ohio, were allied peo])les who had ])iished northwest by way of the
river valleys, while the main stock had gone directly north into Ohio.
These people had been expelled by savage tribes in both localities before
the coming of the whites, and it is not possible to identify them posi-
tively, but they were probably tribes of the Muskogie stock, half civilized
peoples occupying the southeastern United States at the time of the
discovery. Cyrus Thomas, who made an exhaustive study of the subject,
even goes so far as to assign these works to a single tribe, the Cherokee.
In any case, the mound builders of this second group were settled
peoples, largely agricultural. They made a good grade of pottery, which
was tempered with pounded shells, and often iinely shaped. Moulded and
incised figures were used for decoration rather than color, although
paint was sometimes used. This pottery was in marked contrast to that
of the norlherii effigy mound people, who used a ware tempered with
sand, crudely shaped and usually undecorated. The pipes of these people
also corresponded to those from Ohio, being small, with a flat base and a
bowl often carved to represent some animal. Still further south, in the
neighborhood of St. Louis, this culture is replaced by yet a third, that
of the great Cahokia Mound group. This differs less from the second
than the second does from the first. The pottery is of the same shell
tempered sort, but the use of color is more common. The flint imple-
ments are, on the whole, a little better made, and the digging tools,
notched hoes and spades, are much commoner. The small monitor pipes
of the second class give place to large ceremonial pipes, often finely
carved in the form of kneeling figures. Most characteristic of this cul-
ture, as compared with others in the State, is the temple mound, large
structures on which were built the chiefs houses and public buildings of
the town. It has been recently shown that the great Cahokia l^Iound is
really a natural formation which the Indians have cut into the desired
form, but the other mounds of the group seem to be artificial. These
mounds were in universal use throughout the southern states at the time
of Dc Soto's ex))edition, and La Vega describes the Indian towns as fol-
lows: "They themselves throw uj) elevations in this manner, they chose a
spot to which they bring a (|uaiitity of earth, and this they ])ile uj) in the
shape of a platform two or three pikes lengths in height and large enough
on top to hold ten, twelve, fifteen or twenty houses, in which are lodged
the cacique and his attendants. At the foot of this mound they lay out
a square, proportioned to the size of the intended town, and around this
the ])rin(i|)le men of the village build their cabins. The common people
are lioused in the sani<^ manner and thus tlu'y surround the dwelling of'
their chief. To ascend this mound they have a graded way from top
It) bottom on one side, but the other sides are made so steep as to be
dillieiilt of access." Du Pratz, who has left us an interesting account of
the Natchez Indians, relates that their temple was alwiut thirty fiH»t
square, and was situated on an artificial mound alxnit eight feet high,
which sloped insensibly from the main front, which was on the northern
side, hut was somewhat slee|ier on the other sides. 1'he cabin of the
chief was also j)laced ujion a mound about eight feet high, but larger,

being some sixty feet across. All the evidence points to the Cahokia
group as being the northern outpost of a civilization which reached its
full flower in the lower Mississippi Vallt\y. The pottery of the Cahokia
type, for instance, reaches its highest development in the Pecan Point
district of Arkansas. The most highly civilized tribe of this region
when it was first visited by the whites was the Natchez, a people who
spoke a language related to the Creek and Cherokee, but who were dis-
tinguished from all other tribes of North America by their cast system
and the absolute power of their rulers. Within historic times raiding
parties from this tribe frequently invaded Southern Illinois, and it seems
likely that the settlement of the American Bottom, which is our third
mound builder type, was a colony of the Natchez or some closely related
people, which had been abandoned before the coming of the whites. It is
extremely hard to draw the line between this and the second type, and
remains of the second type extend for some distance south of the Cahokia
group.

The fourth great ancient culture represented within the State is the
so-called stone grave culture, which takes its name from the method of
burial, which is thus described by Loskiel, who saw it practised among
the Delawares. He says : "The Delawares buried their dead by digging
a grave of the required size and about one or two feet deep. They put
flat stones at the bottom, and set others at each end and on each side on
the edge. Then laid the body in, generally on the back, at full length,
covered the grave with the same kind of stone, laid as closely together as
practicable, without cement, sometimes covering the joints or cracks with
smaller stones to keep the earth from falling into the grave. Then they
covered the grave with earth, not generally more than two or three feet
high." Hunter, in his account of his captivity among the Osages, also
speaks of "elevations which were formally and are at present exclusively
devoted to the burying of their dead, which are composed of earth and
stones placed in such a manner as to cover and separate one dead body
from another." As the descriptions Just cited show, the custom was wide-
spread among tribes who were still in a low stage of development, and the
term "stone grave culture" seems much too broad for our purpose. The
particular people with whom we are dealing occupied Southern Illinois
and a large part of Kentucky and Tennessee. They are distinguished
by their work in shell and copper, and above all by the designs which
they engraved on gorgets (pieces of conch shell worn about the neck)
and copper plates. These designs show human figures, and figures half
bird and half human, which closely resemble some of the Mexican pic-
tures of gods. While it is possible that there was some connection
between ancient Mexico and ancient Illinois, it is not probable. The
figures, except the human ones, are also shown on pottery, but always
insized instead of painted. It seems likely that this art was a local
development. The use of stone graves continued well into historic times,
but the only tribes which usually buried their dead in this manner were
those who had come in contact with the Shawnees. There is much uncer-
tainty as to the original home of this tribe, who are noted by early writers
as occurring at many widely different points, but it seems likely that they
were in Illinois, about the great Salt Springs, at almost the time that

r.a Salle visited the fonntrv. We aie fairly safe in believing that at
some quite i-eeeiit linio the Shawnee lived in the State, and had an art
unequalcd east of the Rockies and north of Mexico. This brings us to the
beginning of the historic period, and from here on we shall have firmer
ground to stand on. AYc can sum up the archaeological evidence as fol-
lows: The northwest part of the State was occupied in ancient times
by rude hunting peoples, probably the ancestors of the present Sioux
and Winjiebago. The bottom lands of the Missouri and Illinois Rivers
were for a time occupied by tribes related to the present Creeks and
Cherokee, but these had been dispossessed and driven south before the
white people entered Illinois. The southern tip of the State had been,
and probably was occupied at the time the whites came, by the Shawnee,
a semi-civilized people who spoke the same tongue as the hunting tribes
to the north, although they had borrowed their way of life from the farm-
ing tribes of the south.

The classification that I have just given is not at all final, for there
is surprisingly little known about the mounds and old village sites of
the State. There is great need of a systematic survey as these monu-
ments are being leveled by the plow and otherwise destroyed.

Passing now to the Indians of recent times, we find that when
La Salle entered the State, most of it was ho\d by five tribes who spoke
the same language and modestly called themselves Iliniwek, the men. as
distinguished from all the rest of the world, who did not amount to much
in their eyes. In the northwestern part of the State, the tribes who were
later to occupy it were waiting for the break-up of the confederacy, while
along the Lake, the Miami and Mnscoutens had their villages and derived
much revenue from the trade with the far off tribes, who were glad to get
the French goods at any price. Far to the south lay the Shawnee, and
the Choctaws, who the French called the flat heads, and the latter tribe
derived much pleasure and profit from raiding the Illinois from time to
time. They were also at war with the Sioux across the river, but did
not live up to fheir vain glorious title, for they were always beaten when
they met anything like equal numbers. Of the customs of the Illinois
we know that they farmed a little and hunted a good deal. In the fall
tliey went off to hunt bulfalo. They kept up their hunt as long as the
weather permitted, and when the cold berrme too severe, they went into
winter quarters, living on the stored up meat and grain. Winter was a
time of great festivity, if all had gone well, and the food was spent reck-
lessly, so that only too often the year ended with famine, and an eager
wait for the coming of the ducks and other game in the spring. During
the winter season, the hous(>s were mnde of poles covered with closely
woven mates of ruslu's, which wore fairly watertight, jiarticularly when
they were two or three layers thick. There was a single low door, and
a single smoke hole in the middle of the roof, .sjo that one unaccumstomed
to the establishment had often to travel on hands and knees and keep his
face close to the floor for the sake of air. The Illinois themselves were
more or less hardened, but the .T(>suit Fathers relate that the old people
were often blind, a strong argument for thos(^ averse to smoking. At
last the spring broke, and with it ciiine a never ending sujijily of l^ood in
the vast flocks of ducks and geese. 'IMie .^(pniws began to plant their

crops, simply thrusting down a pointed stick and then dropping in the
seeds, without any attempt to break the ground. Later on, they, with
the possible help of the old men and captives, would cultivate it with
digging sticks and hoes made out of a deer's shoulder bhide. It might
be noted in passing that Illinois was one of the original slave states.
The tribes of the confederacy had a regular ])ractice of raiding the Man-
dan and Pawnee who lived farther up the Missouri and carrying ofE
prisoners who were kept to work in the fields or sold to other tribes
farther east. Captives of other tribes were usually too wild to make
good slaves, and were either killed or adopted into the tribe to take the
place of some member who had been killed, in which case they had all the
rights of the person they replaced, and might rise to hold any office in
the tribe. The people of the Caddoan stock alone proved docile enough
to enslave, another proof that it does not pay to be too good natured.
Presently the crops began to ripen, and with this there came a time of
feasting again, until the green corn was ripe, and the husking over, then
it was time to hide the grain before setting out on the hunt. Part of it
was shelled and put in bags of woven bass wood twine, which the squaws
would carry with them on the hunt. Por the rest, a place was chosen
where the digging looked eas_v, and the sod carefully cut out for a space
perhaps two and a half feet across. Then a hole Avas dug carefully, the
grass being covered wath hides on which the earth was deposited. The
hole broadened as it went down, until finally it assumed the form of a
bottle. Into this cellar, often six or eight feet deep, the corn was lowered,
and the neck finally was stopped with a layer of rods on which the sod
was replaced. The dirt Avas carried far off, and water was poured on the
ground or a fire kindled over it the more perfectly to hide the place.
This hiding completed, the whole village set forth on the hunt, the
squaws carrying the baggage. Not always the whole village however, for
too often there would be old people who were unable to accompany them,
and to these they gave a little food and left them to the mercies of provi-
dence. The hunt did not go very far from the rivers, for to the Indian
before the coming of the horse, the plains formed almost impassable
barriers. They hung on the fringes of the buffalo herds, creeping up on
detached animals and shooting them with the bow and arrow, or perhaps
cutting off a small herd by setting the prairie on fire on three sides of it,
and then killing the animals as they dashed out through the narrow open-
ing left. The meat was cut in strips and dried on frames over a slow
fire, and the hides were tanned by the women, who scraped them with bone
tools, and rubbed in a mixture of fat and brains, stretching them, drying
them and then working them soft. At last, when the nights grew too
cold, and the snow began to fall, back they came to their village, to spend
the winter in easy living, if their luck had been good. If not, the spring
was sure to find many missing.

This, as far as we can restore it from the accounts of the early
explorers, was the life of the Indians of Illinois at the time the whites
first encountered them. They are described as well built men, but talk-
ative and merry, but easily discouraged, cowardly and treacherous. How
far we can rely on the reports in things of this kind is doubtful, for
repeatedly we find two men who visited a tribe within a few years of

each other describing them as diametrically opposite. One thing at least
is certain, they lacked courage, the one quality which they were about to
need above all others.

In the East there had already arisen an Indian empire, organized
for conquest. The Ix'ague of the Iroquois. These people were not
hunters like the Algoiikins, but farmers, settled in permanent stockaded
towns, surrounded with corn fields which their women and slaves tilled.
By their own legends, they and their relatives, the Ilurons, had come
into their country, which was in what is now Xew York State from the
south, and being peaceful timid folks, had settled down among the Algon-
kins, to whom they traded corn for skins. They were much oppressed,
and at last they rose against the other tribes, and after long years of
war with other tribes, and with each other, they formed the great league.
This was one of the most remarkable political organizations that has ever
arisen. It consisted of an upper and a lower house, to which the tribes
sent representatives, elected for life. The power of election, and of recall,
was vested not in the warriors, but in tiie child-bearing women of the
tribe. In it the idea of universal citizenship was fundamental. Any
tribe, no matter what their speech and customs, might be adopted into
the league, and would be given representatives in the lower house, but
the upper house was composed of men of the clans and tribes of those
who had come together to found it long before. To all tribes who wished
to join the league, it extended a welcoming hand, against all others it
waged a war of extermination. Champlain, ignorant of the true condi-
tions helped some of the smaller tribes on a war party against it. anil the
war so begun cost France her i^ossessions in the new world, for with their
position between the French and English, the League held the balance of
power.

But to return to Illinois, the Iroquois had either destroyed or
adopted all the tribes which surrounded them, and their war ]iarties, in
quest of new captives, swept across Ohio and Indiana and into Illinois.
They fell upon the great village of the Illinois, and scattered the tribe,
driving it before them down and across the river. Tonti, who was with
the Illinois at the time, did much to save them, and the Iroquois linally
retired. The Illinois returned to their great village, which seems to
have been near Starved Rock, and around the fort which La Salle built
there many tribes gathered by his invitation for protection against (heir
merciless foe. The peace was short lived, for when the fort was
abandoned, the attacks of the Iroquois recommenced, and coupled with
this, the Sioux and the ever restless northern tribes began to harras them.
Later the French came to their rescue again, when posts and missions
wore established among them, but the tribe was already doomed. Its fate
was sealed when in 17(10 a Kaskaskia Indian killed Ponliac, and the
tribes lliaf had fought with him turned against the Illinois, and almost
annihilated them. As the Illinois became weakened tliere tlowed a stream
of Inmling tribes from the Northwest into the lands thus left vacant,
the Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Sauk and Fox, with the Winnebago and
Chippewa at their heels. They spread over the lands formerly held by
the Illinois and Miami. The Potawatomi established themselves in
Northwestern Indiana and Eastern Illinois, while to the south of them

the Kickapoo took np their position. Both laid chTiiiis to vast stretches
of land in Illinois and Indiana, covering not only each others claims, but
also those ceded by the Illinois and later by the Sac and Fox. If we are
to believe the maps of the various Indian purchases, the United States
Government bought the soil of Illinois some three or four times over, but
the conflicts are always in the North, between the tribes who are new-
comers. The southern part of the State was the property of the Pian-
kashaws on the east and the Illinois on the west, and their claim was
never disputed, although the northern Peoria claim was disputed by Sac,
Fox, Kickapoo, and Potawatomi. Part of this conflict can be explained
as the result of the nomadic habits of the newly arrived tribes, but there
is no doubt that the Indian, as a foil to the shrewd dealing of the Gov-
ernment was glad to sell it, not only his own land, but that of any one
else who was not present. Thus in the famous Sac and Fox treaty of
1803, the United States acquired from the small group of hunters who
wintered at St. Louis, and who were not even chiefs, all of the land
between the Illinois and the Missouri, including a strip at the north
which was the property of the Chippewa and Winnebago, as the United
States afterward admitted by ceding it back to them.

However, the overlapping claims were settled one at a time, with
remarkably little difficulty, if we consider the organization of an Indian
tribe of the hunting type, in which the authority of a chief does noti
extend beyond his influence. The Piankishaw ceded the last of their
claims on December 30, 1805, the League of the Illinois on September
25, 1818, the Kickapoo, July 30, 1819, the Potawatomi on September 26,
1833, the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Winnebago on July 29 and August 1,
1829. The Sac and Fox September 13 and 14, 1815.

So passed the Indians of Illinois, swept out of the State and out of
existence as well. Of the tribes which gave their name to the State only
a handful survive, and these are so mixed with the whites that it is
doubtful whether any of them are of pure blood. We shall never know
what possibilities of progress the Indian had within himself. Over-
whelmed by a hardy and civilized people, numerically many times his
size, he went down to defeat and passed forever from the theater of
world history.

ODDITIES IN EARLY ILLINOIS LAWS.

Phkpakki) roR the Annual Meeting of the Illinois State
PIiSTORiCAL Society, 191G.

(By Joseph J. Thompson, Chicago.)

By "odditii'.s" as used in the sul)jcct of tliis paper, is meant the
unusual, the striking. And the odd laws to which reference is made are
such as would arrest one's attention and cause more or less surprise
that such laws were enacted at the time and under the circumstances.

In organized society, legislation is, however, the essence of history.
To understand tlic history of a period, one must know its laws, and if one
be thoroughly conversant with tlie laws of a nation or state, he has taken
the most im])ortant step toward the mastery of its history.

Naturally, this paper deals chiefly with written laws since to fol-
low the varying decisions of courts haphazardly constituted as they were
in the very early days would give more or less importance to individual
notions. There were some customs and rulings, however, amongst the
very earliest peoples, even including the Indians, which seem to have had
sufficient vogue to virtually become laws.

INDIAN customs.

It was the custom amongst many tribes of Indians, apparently for
the purpose of stimulating energy and activity, to dedicate little male
papooses to one or the other of two colors ; either black or white, and as
the little Indians grew up, they were counted amongst the number of
their corresponding color and eooperntod with them in all games and
contests.

Another odd cuslom is found in the form of punishment meted out
to false or supposedly false consorts. Upon the testimony of an Indian
brave that his squaw was false to him, such derelict was punished by
having her nose cut off.

FIJENCII CUSTOMS.

Due to the fact, jwrhaps, that money was a very scarce article
amongst the French in early Illinois, it was quite common to adjudge
payment in kind ; that is, if one member of the community Imrrowed a
liorse from another and through some misfortune, sueh as an Indian
attack, the horse 'were killed or stolen, ujion action i)rought, the court
would decree the return of iinother horse without attiMnpting too nicely to
balance values.

Many instances are found in the French times wIkmv a party i>lain-
tiff in a demand was given the growing ero|)s of the d(>fendant out of
wiiich to nuike his demand, it was also permissible, it seems, to adjudge
the services of a defcnilnnf in ])ayment of a claim against him.

ODD LAWS AND USAGES DUIJING THE VIRGINIA PERIOD.

The declaration of principles and many of the laws nnder the Vir-
ginia regime were odd in the sense that they were surprisingly advanced.
These and the public and private communications and instructions to
George Eogers Clark and John Todd by the Assembly of Virginia and
Governors Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson were models of govern-
mental solicitude.

The declaration of principles adopted by the representatives of the
^"Good People of Virginia" on June 12, 1776, prior to the Declaration
of Independence asserted:

"That all men are by nature equally free and independent.

That they have certain rights; viz, the right to the enjoyment of
life and liberty with the means of acquiring and possessing property and
pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety, of which they can not
by any compact, upon entering into a state of society, deprive or divest
their posterity.

That all power is vested in and derived from the people.

That magistrates are the people's trustees and servants and at all
times amenable to the people.

That that form of government is best which is capable of producing
the greatest degree of happiness and safety and is most effectually secured
against the danger of mal-administration.

That elections should be free and that all men having sufficient evi-
dence of permanent common interest with and attachment to the com-
munity have the right of suffrage.

That no one can be taxed or deprived of his property for public uses
without his consent or that of his representatives elected by him, nor
bounden by any law to which he shall not, in like manner, have assented
for the public good.

That all power of suspending laws by any authority without the
consent of the representatives of the people is injurious and ought not to
be exercised.

That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has the right to
demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with
the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, to a speedy
trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage without whose unanimous con-
sent he cannot be found guilty.

That no man can be compelled to give evidence against himself or
deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land or the judgment
of his peers.

Excessive bail ought not to be required nor excessive fines imposed
nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

That general warrants are grievous and oppressive and ought not zo
be granted.

That trial by jury is preferable to any other and ought to be held
sacredly.

That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty
and can never be restrained but by despotic governments,

I'hat the blessings of liberty can be preserved to any people only by
a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue
and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.

That religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator and the
manner of discharging it can be directed only by reason and conviction,
not by force or violence, and therefore, all men are equally entitled to
the free exercise of religion according to the dictates of conscience, and
that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love
and cliarity towards each other."

MORE DEMOCRATIC THAN THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.

Contrasting this declaration of rights with the ordinance of 1787, it
is found much more democratic. The ordinance of 1787 has been higlily
and justly praised, but as Moses, in his "Illinois, Historical and Stat-
istical," has pointed out :

''It appears that some of the most important declaration of rights
contained in these early constitutions and since re-enacted, were not
included in the ordinance ; namely, the liberty of the press, the right of
free speech, the right of petitions, the freedom of elections, the right
to bear arms and the prohibition of ex-post-facto laws."

POPULAR RIGHTS.

As early as 1778, the Assembly of Virginia adopted a complete elec-
tion code by which most of the local of!icers and officers of the common-
wealth were to bo elected. Under the ordinance of 1787, no officer was
to be elected during the first grade of territorial government and none
but members of the Legislature during the second grade. The qualifica-
tions for voting even for memlx'rs of the Legislature were exacting,
including heavy property qualifications, which reduced the electorate to
a small class.

Further evidence of the democracy of the Virginia regime !.- fur-
nished by acts of the assembly of that colony. On DecemlH'r 5, 1185, an
act was passed declaring that none shall be condemned without trial and
that justice shall not be sold or deferred, and on December fi, 1785. an
act was passed with an elaborate preamble declaring that all men are
free to profess and maintain any religious belief, that such rights shall
not be the cause of aii\- disability and are tlie ''natural riijflits of nuin-
kind."

WITCHCRAFT.
Strange as it may seem, and in contrast with the enlightened ]iolicy
of A'irginia. amongst the first public acts of the government under the
^'irlrinia colony administered by John 'fodd as lieutenant of the County
of Illinois created by the (Jeneral Assembly, was a prosecution and execu-
tion for witchcraft. A doting old negro was adjndued truilty of sorcery
and witchcraft and was shot by order of Lieutenant Todd.

PURE FOOD.

ft is only in recent years that national and state governments have
awakened to the necessity of inspection and supervision of foods, but as
early as November 27, 178fi, and before the Illinois country had any

other goveninioiit than that of A'irginia, an act was passed by the Vir-
ginia Assembly wliich forbade a butcher to sell the flesh of any animal
dying otherwise than by slaughter and forbidding a baker, brewer, dis-
tiller or other person from selling unwholesome bread or drink. The
punishment for violation of any provision of the law was, for the first
offense, amercement ; for the second offense, by the pillory ; for the third,
fine and imprisonment, and for each subsequent offense, the person con-
victed was adjudged to hard labor for six months in the public works.

THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD.

While democracy and broad humanity were the cardinal principles
of the Virginia regime, precision and efficiency were marked character-
istics of the administration of the Northwest Territory.

Whatever other criticisms may be visited upon the Governor, General
Arthur St. Clair, lawyers must agree that he and the court appointed by
the President, and constituted by the ordinance of 1787 the legislative
power of the Territory, proved highly capable as law-makers.

What is known as the "Maxwell Code" was an admirable body of
laws and to this day forms the basis of our statutes. Good lawyers will
concede that many of the laws enacted by this early law-making body
were distinctly superior to any that have been passed by any succeeding
body exercising legislative functions over Illinois territory.

There were, however, numerous acts or provisions in acts in those
early days that provoke a smile or occasion surprise.

ATTORNEYS.

As of interest to lawyers, it is somewhat surprising that as far back
as 1792, an act was passed regulating the practice of law which, on com-
parison, would, I think, be considered a far better law than that of the
present day.

We must smile at an act of August 1, 1793, which limited the em-
ployment of counsel to two on one side of a case and provided that when
there are no more than two attorneys practicing at any bar, a client will
not be permitted to hire more than one of them.

Present day lawyers will rejoice that an act of August 1, 1792, is not
now in force. It contained this interesting provision relative to attor-
neys' fees :

"For a pleading fee wdien counsel is employed on an issue in law or
fact joined in the Supreme Court, two. dollars; for all other causes in
the Supreme Court and for all causes in the court of common pleas and
court of general quarter sessions of the peace where an issue in fact or
law is joined, one hundred and fifty cents; and for all other causes in
the common pleas court of quarter sessions as a retaining fee one dollar ;
in criminal causes where one or more defendants are tried by jury at
the same time or where a cause is determined by an issue at law a plead-
ing fee for the counsel in the Supreme Court (but to one counsel only)
two dollars ; and when no trial is had by jury nor the cause determined
by an issue in law, one dollar and an half; and in the court of general
quarter sessions of the peace the fees shall be the same as is allowed in
the court of common pleaj."

By 1798 it was tliou^dit advisable to amend the laws relating to
attorneys' fees and on May 1 of that year, an act was passed, section
seven of which reads as follows :

"Sec. 7. Attorneys' fees in common pleas and quarter sessions. —
Retaining fee one dollar; pleading fee where issue or demurrer one dollar
and fifty cents; term fee fifty cents; the Attorney General's deputy in
the court of connnon pleas or quarter sessions one-half the fees by law
allowed the Attorney General in the general court for similar services."

An act of October 1, 1795, prescribed the oath which an attorney or
counsellor at law was required to take and which, no doubt, some people
would think quite salutary now. It was as follows: "You shall behave
yourself in the office of counsellor at law (or attorney as the case may
be) while within this court according to the best of your learning and
with all fidelity as well to the court as to the client. You shall use no
falsehood nor delay anv person's cause for lucre or malice (so help vou
God)."

CANALS.

Preferring to direct attention to the peculiarities in the laws in
somewhat of an alphabetical order, rather than chronologically, we come
upon an interesting act of the Indiana Legislative body; that is. Governor
Harrison and the territorial judges with reference to a canal. By an act
passed August 24, 1805, the "Indiana Canal Company'' was incorporated.
This was the parent canal act and concerned a canal at the falls of the
Ohio. It was most interesting in the personnel of the board of directors
appointed by the Legislature, many of whom have come down to ns as
prominent historical figures. This first canal board consisted of George
Rogers Clark, John Brown, Jonathan Dayton, Aaron Burr, Benjamin
Ilavey, Davis Flovd, Josias Stevens, William Croghan, John Gwathmey,
John Harrison, Martin C. Clark and Samuel C. Vance.

In following the canal legislation through the territorial period,
it is interesting to note that the incorporation of the "liittle "Wabash
Navigation Company," on December 24, 1817, was the first act creating
a corporation bv a distinctly Illinois hnvmaking body, the Territorial
Legislature of Illinois.

This first distinctly Illinois Corporation Act contains some features
that are sometimes talked of in these days; for instance, the property of
the canal, although a private concern, was to be exempt from taxation
])erpetually. That provision would be illegal under our present Constitu-
tion. The coniijauy was enijiowered to collect tolls, and a distinguishing
feature of the act was that the canal was to become the ]n<)|terty of the
State at the end of thirty years. A similar provision with refereiu'c to
State ownership was included in the act of January 9, 1817, iiu^orpo-
rating the "Illinois Navigation Company." giving Henry Bechtel and
his associates the right to cut a canal and build locks from the Mississ-
ippi to the Ohio River near the town of America, in Johnson County.

CORPORATIONS.

TJH' (list general ineorporation act to which the Illinois country was
ever subject was ]iass(>d May 1, 1798, by Governt^r St. Clair and the
territorial judges of the Northwest Territory.

The general provisions of this law did not differ materially from
general incorporation acts of the present day, but it contained this signifi-
cant limitation : "Provided always that the clear yearly value or income
of the messuages, houses, lands and tenements, annuities or other hered-
itaments and real estate of the said corporations respectively and the
interest on money by them lent shall not exceed the sum of fifteen hun-
dred dollars."

Quite frequently, the question of limitation upon corporation hold-
ings is spoken of at the present time.

CRIMINAL LAW.

In the first year after the organization of the Northwest Territory,
1788, by an act adopted September 6 of that year, quite a complete
criminal code was adopted. It dealt with the usual crimes, but the
notable features in connection therewith were the punishments provided.
Treason and murder were the only crimes punishable by death in this
first law though arson, horse stealing and bigamy were made punishable
by death in later laws. For arson, the convicted person might be whipped
not exceeding thirty-nine stripes, pilloried for two hours, confined in jail
three years, made to forfeit all his estate and if a death resulted from
the burning, the convict should be put to death. For robbery or burglary
with theft, thirty-nine lashes, a fine of treble the value, one-third of the
fine to go to the territory and two-thirds to the party injured. For
robbery or burglary with abuse and violence, the same punishment as
burglary with theft and in addition, forfeiture of all property and con-
finement in prison for not to exceed four years. Robbery or burglary
with homicide was punishable by death and all persons aiding or abetting
were deemed to be principals. For obstructing authority, one might be
fined and whipped not to exceed thirty-nine lashes. For larceny, one
might be adjudged to return double the value of the goods stolen or to
receive thirty-one lashes. For forgery, a fine of double the loss caused
and not to exceed three hours in the pillory. For disobedience on the
part of servants or children, imprisonment was provided; for striking a
master or parent, not to exceed ten lashes. For drunkeness, a fine of one
dollar was payable and the person convicted might be required to sit in
the stocks for one hour.

As early as 1790, gambling of every species for money or property
w^as forbidden under severe penalties and all gambling contracts were
declared void.

Under an act of January 5, 1795, for the trial and punishment of
larceny under $1.50, upon conviction, the accused might be publicly
whipped upon his bare back not exceeding fifteen lashes or fined not to
exceed three dollars, thus apparently fixing a whipping value of twenty
cents per lash.

On December 19, 1799, an act was passed to punish arson by death.

On August 24, 1805, under the authority of the Territory of Indiana,
a stringent law was passed to prevent horse stealing. For the first offense,
the thief might be required to pay the owner the value of the horse
stolen, to receive two hundred stripes and be committed to jail until the
value of the horse was paid. On a second conviction, the offender should
suffer death.

By the same law, hog stealing was made punishable by a fine of not
less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, and the thief
might be given not to exceed thirty-nine lashes on his bare back. This
same act provided a fine for swearing.

By an act of October 2G, 1808, the law was further amended making
horse stealing punishable by death and making the receiver equally guilty
with the thief and also punishable by death.

The governor and judges as legislators for the Territory of Indiana,
dipped into the proposition of conclusive presumptions when, on Decem-
ber 5 of that year, they passed an act to prevent altering and defacing
marks and brands and the misbranding of horses, cattle and hogs. It
l)rovided a penalty for misbranding equal to the value of the animal
misbranded, ''one dollar and forty lashes on the bare back well laid on,"
and for a second offense, the same fine and "to stand in the pillory two
hours and be branded in the left hand with a red hot iron with the letter
"T" (meaning "thief").

It provided further that any person bringing to market or to ship
"any hog, shoat or pig without ears, he or she so olTending shall Ix!
adjudged a hog stealer."

The first Territorial act to impose any duty upon counties was that
"of August ], 1792, which required each county to build and maintain a
coui't house, a jail, a pillory, whipping post and stocks.

The whi])i)ing post, jullory and stocks were institutions of the law to
which tliis State was subject from their institution in 1788 to 1832.
This character of ])unishment was justified on the ground that there
were no penitentiaries in which to confine criminals and there was still a
sharp division of sentiment as to which, confinement or whipping, was the
better mode of punishment, in 1829, when the movement for a peni-
tentiary, led by the rough old liackwoodsman. John Ueynolds, afterwards
Governor, was launched.

DIVORCE.

The first divorce law was passed by the governor and judges of the
Northwest Territory July 15, 1795. It contained but three causes of
absolute divorce; namely, (1) former wife or husband living at the time
of marriage; (2) incomi)etency ; (3) adulteiy, and but one cause of
divorce from bed and board, namely, extreme cruelly. Tracing divorce
legislation through the territorial changes, it is found that the Legisla-
tures, despite the fact that general laws existed, reserved to themselves
the right to grant divorces outright. An amusing divorce act appears
in the Session Laws of 1818. On January G of that year, an act was
passed granting a divorce to Elizabeth J. Sj)ingy. Tiie act recites in the
preamble that James Spingy, her husband, is unfaithful and it has beiMi
represented to this Legislature that said Kli/.al)eth must l)e considerably
injured if she cannot obtain a divorce sooner than in the ordinary way
and emic'ts that the bands of nuitrimony are liereby dissolved.

ELECTIONS.
About Ihe only elections with which the people were concerned in
territorial days were those of represiMitatives in the (^icneral .Vssembly
alter the Territory attaiiiecj to tlie second grade of territorial govern-

ment. The greater territory got to that stage in 1T99 aud a compre-
hensive election hiw was passed which reflects credit upon the framcrs;
but it contained a striking provision with reference to the manner of
voting. It provided that the elector should approach the bar in the
election rooms and addressing the judges in an audible voice so as to be
heard by the judges and poll keepers, mention by name the person or
■persons he desired to vote for, and the poll keepers shall enter his vote
accordingly. This was the viva voce vote.

A few years later, an act was passed providing that all voting should
be by written ballot, but on December 8, 1813, the Legislature of Illinois,
"to prevent fraud and imposition," passed an act abolishing voting by-
ballot and making only voting viva voce legal.

Following the election laws a little further, we find that at the time
of the adoption of the Constitution of 1818, a law was in force requiring
all voting to be by ballot, but that, in 1821, the ballot law was again
repealed and a provision made that the voting should be viva voce. In
1823, an act was passed providing for voting by written or printed ballot.
In 1834, voting by written or printed ballots was abolished, but in 1839,
a new act was passed providing again for a written ballot.

The Constitution of 1848 provided for a written or printed ballot
and ever since we have voted in that way.

PEEEIES.

It is quite amusing to hit upon the small politics that sometimes
influence public action. By an act of January 9, 1816, of the Illinois
Territorial Legislature for regulating ferries, free ferriage was granted
preachers of the Gospel but by an act of December 17 of the very next
year, the provision for free ferriage for preachers of the Gospel was
expressly repealed.

FISHERIES.

There were some special favors in these days also. By an act of
December 29, 1817, "William Morrison, of Eandolph County, a familiar
name in early Illinois history, was authorized to erect a dam three feet
high, on the falls of the Kaskaskia Eiver, opposite the mouth of the
Xine Mile Creek, for the pa]-pose of catching fish. As noted farther on,
Mr. Morrison also secured a bridge franchise. Numerous ferries and
several toll bridges were established in the same manner.

JURY SERVICE.

A change in the significance of words, perhaps, deprives the ladies
of an argument that women were formerly qualified to serve on juries.
An act of March 3, 1810, established the grand jury and provided that
the sheriff should summon twenty-four ''house keepers" for grand jury
service, and an act of December 25, 1812, provided that any "house
keeper" was qualified to serve on any jury whatsoever.

In later laws, the term has been changed to ^^louseholder."

KASKASKIA.

The Territorial Legislature of Indiana, sitting at Yincemi?s, on
December 16, 1807, passed an act having an historic interest. The act
— 5 H S

])iovidod fur tlie appointment of Michael Jones, Robert Robertson, George
Fisher, John Edgar and William Morrison, as commissioners and the
first board of trustees of the town of Kaskaskia. 'J'hey were authorised
to appoint a clerk, an assessor and collector and empowered to levy a tax
not exceeding 2 per centum on the value of lots for surveying the town,
paying the expense of the officers and cleaning and keeping the streets iji
repair. Subsequent boards were to be elected by the residents. All
owners of lots in Kaskaskia resident therein were qualified to vote for
trustees. Nothing appears in this act or in the ordinance of 1787 to
prevent women from voting provided they were residents and owners of
lots in Kaskaskia.

LEGISLATURES.

Under each Territorial government, acts were passed fixing the com-
pensation of legislators and it is a matter of considerable interest that
by the act of the very first Legislature of the greater territory, passed
December 19, 1799, the compensation of members was fixed at three
dollars per day for attendance and mileage at the rate of three dollars for
every fifteen miles, "at the commencement and end of every session."
Xo subsequent act contains that qualification. A difference of opinion
has long existed as to whether legislators are entitled to their traveling
expenses for necessary trips to and from the seat of government during
the session or only at the beginning and end thereof. The omission of
the restrictions in all acts since that of 1791, and in the three Constitu-
tions would seem to indicate the intention to allow traveling oxpen.«es
at other times besides the beginning and end of the session, but the
Supreme Court has, within the year, held otherwise.

In comparison with our present formidable appropriations, the
appropriation acts of early Legislatures are real curiosities. The first
one, that of 1799, and indeed, all of the Territorial appropriation acts,
indicate the most rigid economy and provoke a smile at their comparative
insignificance.

LICENSES.

It was quite common in early days to regulate the sale of any or all
kinds of merchandise as well as liquor. The legislation of the greater
territory on that subject included merchandise and liquors under the
same acts. The Territory of Illinois imposed a general license for the
sale of merchandise of fifteen dollars a year.

LIQUOR.

In all the early acfs authorizing the licensing of tavern-keejXM's. fair
dealing and ])roper treafiiicnt of the ciislomers were the ])riiuipal aims.
There was ])lainly no ])rejudice against the selling of li(]Uor, b\it a de-
termined intent tiiat the public .should be well treated.

To that end, the tavern-keeper was obliged to furnisli good eating
and sleeping accommodations and to refrain from oviM-i'harging. The
judges or others empowered to grant licenses were authorized to fix a
scale of prices for board, lodging and drinks whirh must he rigidly
adhered to under severe penalties.

MARRIAGES.

The first law regulating marriages, to which the Illinois country was
subject, required no formal license, except as an alternative to publica-
tion, but simply an application to any of the judges of the General Court
or of a County Court of Common Pleas, or to a minister of any religious
society or congregation, or to the society of Quakers ; but it was provided
that "previously to persons being joined in marriasfe * * * the in-
tention of the parties shall be made known, by publishing the same for
the space of fifteen days at the least, either by the same being publicly
and openly declared three several Sundays, holidays or other days of
public worship, in the meeting in the towns where the parties respectively
belong, or by publication in writing, under the hand and seal of one of
the judges before mentioned or a justice of the peace within the county,
to be affixed in some public place in the town wherein the parties
respectively dwell, or a license shall be obtained of the Governor, under
his hand and seal, autliorizing the marriage of the parties without publi-
cation, as is in this law before required."

The law in relation to marriage was modified by the Territory of
Indiana in 1806, to j)rovide that licenses might be issued by the clerks
of the court of common pleas instead of the Governor, and by an act of
September 17, 1807, of the Indiana Legislature, the provisions of the
act of 1788 with regard to the publication of banns, was re-enacted.

By an act of November 4, 1803, adopted by the Governor and judges
of Indiana Territory, forcible and stolen marriages were forbidden and
bigamy was declared a felony and made punishable by death.

MILLS AND MILLERS.

By an act of December 2, 1799, the milling business was quite
minutely regulated. The act fixed the toll for grinding and bolting
wheat and rye into flour at one-tenth part; for like service with respect
to corn, oats, barley and buckwheat, one-seventh part; if the grain be
only ground and not bolted, one-eighth part. For grinding malt and
chopping rye, one-twentieth part.

The proprietor of a horse mill was entitled to less toll than that of
a water or wind mill. Penalties were imposed for taking excessive tolls
and the miller was made accountable for all grain received and required
to provide correct measures whereby to ascertain the toll, which must be
compared with government standards.

By act of August 24, 1805, the writ of ad quod damnum was intro-
duced into our jurisprudence. Such writ might issue from the court of
common pleas for the purpose of impaneling a jury to view mill sites and
assess damages.

The Legislature of Illinois in 1817 by an act of December 17,
reduced somewhat the amount of toll which the miller might take for
his services.

PRISONS.

By an act adopted in 1792, the sheriff and other officers were made
responsible for the safe keeping of prisoners. If a prisoner escaped, the
officer was severely punished, and if he were imprisoned for debt, the
officer could be held liable for the debt.

It is interesting to know that there has been on foot for several years
past, a movement to have a stringent liability provision inserted in the
statutes of tlie several states relating to mob^ law, riots and unlawful
assemblies, and it is of still further interest to' find that the Legislature
of the greater territory, by an act of December 19, 1799, repealed the
liability provisions of the early law above referred to, expressly upon
tlie ground that escapes were consummated by collusion in order that the
officers miglit be held responsible.

An act passed by tlie Territory of Indiana on September 17, 1807,
and another by the Territory of Illinois on July 22, 1809, are genuine
curiosities, as regulating the manner of holding prisoners in confinement,
out of doors. The one providing for fixing a boundary, (200 yards at
the highest), beyond which prisoners were not allowed to pass. It is
presumable that when the prisoners were numerous, it was easier for them
to escape, and consequently the act of 1809 provided that guards might
be hired to keep them within the bounds, or if none could be found
willing to engage for the purpose, power was given to impress guards.

All of this was before we began building prison strongholds.

PRIVILEGES.

Privilege from arrest was quite extended in the early days. By an
act of the Indiana Territory of September 17, 1807, virtually all per-
sons performing any public duty were exempt from arrest during the
performance of such duty. No person could be arrested while doing
military duty or while going to or returning from parade. None could be
arrested on Sunday or in any place of religious worship or in either
House of the Legislature during its sitting, or in any court during the
sitting thereof, nor on the Fourth of July. These exemptions did not.
however, extend to charges of treason and felony.

REVENUE.

It is quite po])uhir nowadays to advocate the levy of a tax upon
bachelors, but it is by no means new. As early as June 19, 1795, the
Governor and judges of the Northwest Territory included a tax of $1.00
per head on single men, and such a tax was imposed throughout the
territorial period.

The Governor and judges of the Illinois Territory by an act of July
20, 1809, fixed a license of $15.00 per annum for the sale of merchandise,
and the Territorial Legislature of Illinois by an act of December 52,
1814, levied a tax of $40.00 annually on billiard tables.

By an act of January 9, 181 G, the tax on billiard tables was raised
from $40.00 to $150.00 ;'$100.00 to go to the Territorial treasury and
$50.00 to the county treasury.

It became tlie settled policy of the several territories to levy a tax
on Dunkards and (^)nnkers as a consideration for their b(>ing released from
military duly, and a similar provision as to all persons having scruples
against military duty still exists in the Constitution of 1870.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.

As early as August 1, 1792, the inhabitants of the various localities
were required to work upon the roads and keep them in good condition.
The road laws of 1792 and 1799 were very comprehensive acts.

By an act of the Illinois Territorial Legislature of January 6, 1818,
Mr. "William Morrison, of whom we have before spoken, was granted
power to build a floating bridge over the Kaskaskia Eiver, in the county
of Washington, at his own expense, and he was empowered to collect as
toll the same rates as ferries, for seven years.

It was further provided that "no one shall build a bridge within
three miles thereof." This was the first toll bridge act.

SERVANTS.

The first of the "Black Laws" which played such an important part
in the history of this State and which were in reality devices for the
evasion of the provisions against slavery contained in the ordinance of
1787 was passed by the Territory of Indiana, September 22, 1803. It
was several times amended and enacted into the laws of the Territory of
Illinois. It was against these laws that Lovejoy and the other anti-
slavery men railed and these laws were the culminating influence upon
slavery in Illinois.

TRESPASS.

Our forefathers were direct if anything. In many cases instead of
putting an aggrieved person to the trouble of bringing several suits or
prosecutions, relief was afforded in a single proceeding; as, for instance,
the act of August 15, 1795, to prevent trespassing by cutting of timber,
provided that any one convicted of such trespass should pay to the owner
for black walnut trees, white wood, wild cherry or blue ash cut down,
$8.00, and for any other kind of a tree, $3.00.

VAGRANCY.

For several years past, there has been, a great deal of agitation con-
cerning the manner of jailing delinquents, thus depriving their families
of their support, and it is suggested that such persons be obliged to work
and their earnings, or part thereof, be available for the support of their
families. The Indiana Territory accomplished this purpose nearly one
hundred and ten years ago. By an Act of September 14, 1807, concern-
ing vagrants, it was provided that "every person suspected of getting
his livelihood by gaming, every able-bodied person found loitering and
wandering about, having no visible property and who doth not betake
himself to labor or some honest calling ; all persons who quit their habita-
tion and leave their wives and children, without suitable means of sub-
sistence, and all other idle, vagrant and dissolute persons ramblinsr about
without any visible means of subsistence, shall be deemed and considered
vagrants."

The act further provided for arrest of all such and upon conviction
that such as are adult, shall be hired out by the sheriff and their earnings
paid to their families, if they are in need of them, and if not, to the dis-
charge of their debts.

It further provided that if no one woidd hire them, such vagrant
should receive not to exceed thirty-nine lashes. Adults migiit be dis-
charged by giving bond conditioned upon their going to work and keeping
at it. If the vagrant be a minor, lie sliaM be bound out until of age.

These are a few of the striking laws selected from the great body of
our Territorial legislation. It is not intended to indicate that the odd
laws ended with the organization of the State. As a matter of fact, there
were some very striking acts adopted by the State Legislature; such, for
instance, as the act of February 14, 1823, making drastic regulations
concerning the sale by peddlers of wooden clocks, which no doubt resulted
from numerous frauds committed by peddlers in the pioneer community.
Or such as the act of January 17, 1825, which prohibited justices of the
peace from receiving payment upon any claim or demand placed in their
hands for collection, passed, no doubt, as a result of numerous failures
of J. P.'s to turn over their collections.

All these acts illustrate the statement made early in this paper, that
law is the essence of the activities of the community. It arises from what
is being done in the community and is the final record of the community
mind. It is, therefore, the most reliable historical criteria.

EARLY PRESBYTERIANISM IN EAST CENTRAL ILLINOIS.

(Rev. Ira W. Allen, A. M., D. D., Paris, 111.)

Let me ask you to call upon your historical imagination and paint
in the inner chambers of the mind a picture, indeed, a pictorial series.

A farm in Kentucky is the background of the first scene. A mis-
sionary has just started for the New Purchase in Indiana. It is Sep-
tember of the year 1822. The day is one of golden sunshine and almost
summer warmth. The pioneer sits upon the driver's seat of a covered
wagon, holding the reins that guide four horses, and beside him sits
his wife holding a two-year old girl in her lap. Trom the rear an older
girl looks out.

Within are the supplies usual for a migration to a home in the
wilderness, but in addition to these are a few books and some missionary
reports as well as the minister's Bible.

Scene second: A lovely autumn day is coming to a close. Kot by
the roadside, for their is no road, but in a glen stands a covered wagon.
Not far away four hobbled horses are eagerly biting the half dried grass.
A camp fire is burning beneath a giant hickory, and near it sits the
missionary's wife. A large iron kettle is suspended by a long pole
sloping high enough above the fire not to burn. The pole's lower end
is under a log. It runs upward supported by a forked branch driven in
the ground. The older child is feeding the fire. The father is picking
the feathers from a wild turkey. A rifie lies on the ground beside him.
The youngest child is asleep in her mother's arms.

Scene third : It is raining steadily. The horses are sinking every
step into a miry road. Their sweaty coats steam in the rain as they
struggle slowly onward. In great coat and coonskin cap the missionary
sits on the driver's seat. The back flaps of the wagon are drawn down
tight. He is the only human being visible. The wagon wheels sink,
sometimes sharply and deeply. Then the smoking horses strain against
their collars and the wheels give curious sucking sounds in the water
and mud. Around a curve the wagon disappears.

Scene fourth : A log cabin stands where great trees have been
cleared away. Near it are some stumps, testifying by their size to the
forest giants that fell before the missionary's axe. Between the logs of
the cabin walls appear the chips that await the plaster to make them
firm and keep the wind away. The rough stone chimney is unfinished,
but smoke is coming from it. Little patches of snow are on the gi'ound.
The clearing is shut in on every side by mighty trees.

Scene fifth: The cabin is finished. AAQiite plaster, flush with the
outside of the squared logs, shows in all the cracks and crevices. The
chimney is up to its full height; A door squarely fills in the doorway,
with a leather thong hanging out through a small hole where the knob

of a modern door would be. The clearing is much larger aud iu oue
place young corn is growing and bean vines are showing themselves. On
one log of the cabin is roughly carved : ''Cottage of Peace."

Scene sixth: Under the trees of a grove a small settlement are
gathered some scores of people. Of homespun goods are their clothing,
rough and clumsy their shoes. They are all brown from the sun and
wind. They all face one way and their heads are bowed, for with uplifted
face the missionary is praying. On many cheeks are tears, but it is very
still in the grove. The only sounds are the missionary's voice and the
stirring of the leaves.

Scene seventh : In the corner of a room so small as to seem a
toy room, a chamber of a child's playhouse, is a bed of poles and skins.
On it lies an emaciated, white haired woman. Beside it sits the mis-
sionary. A Bible is open in his hands. To the dying woman he reads
the words of Jesus :

''My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me ;

And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish,
neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand."

Mr. President, unless some such pictures illustrate the text which
is to follow, it will seem dry and juiceless, as lifeless as a survcyoi-'s
description. To understand at all what a farm is, after we have read a
legal designation of its metes and bounds, we must picture its fields and
meadows, its spring and its woodlot, its fertility and lush life. These
last indeed give the farm its value and make its legal description worth
the writing.

So is it in this paper. The real religion, the desire for God, the
longing for eternal life, the aspiration for noble living, the craving for
some assurance of acceptance with God, the hunger of the heart for the
divine sympathy and compassion, and the complete satisfaction of all
these desires in the simple gospel preached by the missionary — these give
the real meaning to the accounts which follow.

Further, the hardships and struggles of pioneer life did not smother
these desires, nor the dangers of river and wilderness deter the mis-
sionary. Sacrifice and courage on his part and on theirs, faith, prayer,
trust and persistence in religious duties on his part and on theirs, must
be understood to get the real significance of the organization of Illinois'
early churches.

The Presbyterian history of eastern Illinois really begins with the
coming of isolated members of that church from eastern states, princi-
pally Ohio, Virginia, and east Tennessee. Here and there a communicant
could be found in one of the log cabins, in the forests or on the edgv
of the prairie, who longed for the coming of a missionary, desiring to hear
the gospel preached and to partake of the sacrament of the Lord's
Supper.

How real that longing was in many breasts may be judged from the
fact that often a man or a woman would walk eight or ten miles to attend
a meeting, would ride or drive twenty or thirty. But the formation of
churches began when the IJev. Isaac Heed, a minister of a little pioneer
church in Owen County, Indiana, and a missioiuiry of the Connecticut
Missionary Society crossed the Wabash Biver on a journey to Paris. 111.

There he organized the first churcli in this section of our State. I quote
from a report he made and from his diary,

"The Cottage of Peace, Ind., No%^emher 24, 1824/"

GOOD NEWS FROM THE FRONTIER.

"I have just returned from a short missionary tour across the
Wabash. I was as far out as Paris, Edgar County, Illinois. Indeed this
was the point of my principal aim. I went by the particular and earnest
solicitation of some people, in that vicinity, (who had removed there from
Ohio and from East Tennessee, but whom I had never seen) that I would
come and bring them into church order. They had been about two years
there with their families, and no minister had yet found his way to their
settlement. The appointment had been a good while made, and I was
therefore expected. Brother D. Whitney also went with me. We crossed
the Wabash three miles above Fort Harrison the fourth inst. That night
we had a meeting two and a half miles from the river. There were
present three female members of our church, all of them from the state
of Kew York, One had been seven years there, and the others four years ;
neither had been at communion since they came into the country, nor had
they heard a sermon for almost two years — and this purely because they
had no opportunity. The next day at evening we began our meeting in
the neighborhood of Paris. Nothing unusual appeared. The people
seemed pleased to receive us, and in the prospect of a church and the
sacrament.

"On the sixth we preached in town. It was a new and small place,
though the seat of justice of Edgar County. The services were performed
in a schoolhouse. Whilst preaching, a very uncommon solemnity and
deep attention seemed to prevail. Numbers were affected to tears. After
sermon the church was constituted out of the members present. They
were twelve ; three elders were chosen. An examination then commenced
of persons who desired to become members; and on the following day,
thirteen were admitted on examination, and another by letter, making
twent5^-six. Four adults were baptized. And a very deep and tender
impression seemed to exist in the minds of many of the hearers - -many
shed tears, and confessed, when enquired of, that their minds v/ere
awakened into concern for their souls. It seemed that a revival of the
Lord's work was begun. They had for nearly two years kept up society
meetings on the Sabbath, and seemed to have desired and hoped and
prayed for a preacher to come and see them, until they were prepared,
when he came, to receive him as sent them of the Lord ; and they seemed
to wish to attend to his message and to follow the Lord's will. The
eighth we constituted a Bible Society auxiliary to the American, and
left them. But we did not so soon leave the traces of the Lord's work.
Where we held a meeting that night, a woman convinced of sin, when
repentance was the subject of discourse, wept aloud.

"The next day we had preaching seven miles further toward the
Wabash; here also members seemed concerned, and at night, in another
part of the settlement, five miles distant, it was yet more manifest. There
were several children baptized; one household of eight; and two days
after, six persons were admitted on examination to the communion of the
church.

"111 short ill livo days we cxaiuiiied and admitted iiiiietecii persons
to communion, constituted a church in a settlement beyond the point to
wliich any of our ministers hefore had traveled — administered the
Sacrament twice, baptized four adults and nineteen children."

Now I read an extract from the I?ev. Isaac Iteed's diary:

"A Macedonian call had been sent me at Vinceunes, the first week
of Au^st, from Paris, 111. ; I had returned word I would come.

"Sept. 14th, 1825. — I left the Cottage of Peace on my way to
preach the gospel to them. Pode 25 miles and preached at 5 o'clock p. in.
Baptized 5 children. This was the household of one of the members of
the new formed congregation of Greencastle."

"15th. — Started at sunrise, and went on to Greencastle, 5 miles to
breakfast; found my friend Mrs. 0 — , very sick of a fever. Prayed
with her . Hope she may recover. Stopped only for breakfast and went
on. Passed through 17 miles woods with only a single cabin. Met and
passed numbers on the road. Though very new, it is the leading way
from Ohio to the upper parts of Illinois, and near where the Xational
road is expected to pass. Rode this day 31 miles, and stopped with ^Ir.
Samuel Adams; found the woman ill. Spent the evening in reading
loud to the family a printed missionary report, and part of two sermons."'

"16th. — Started at sunrise, and rode to Mr. T's, 4 miles. He is an
elder of our little church, on Big Eaccoon Creek. It was formed near
three years ago, by a missionary of the General Assembly, l)ut has no
minister nor meeting house, nor meeting, except when a missionary
comes along. Went on through a very lonely and wet tract, 10 miles to
the Wabash Piver. Crossed it 12 miles above Fort Harrison, a place
famous in the late war. Pode 14 miles further to Mr. M'C — 's, where I
had appointed to preach. This is on an arm of the Grand Prairie in
Illinois."

"On my way I met a man whom I had known 6 years ago at Xew
Albany. He had been used to attend my ministry, but I had not known
anything of him since. Enquired of him respecting his mind — found it
troubled and dark, without a Christian hope; but uneasy. Exhorted him,
and requested him to come to the meeting at Paris. This prairie has a
grand and beautiful appearance. It is dry, grassy, and flowered.
Preached — the attention was good. Had an interesting conference with
the man of the house, his wife and another woman. They are zealous
Cliristians in their first love; each has united with tlu' cliurcli in less
than a year."

"17th. — Pode into Paris S miles. ]\Iet the congregation at the
(ourt iiouse. Preached immediately. Text, Act 1():10. A large number
of hearers and very good attention. Ordained a ruling elder and gave a
charge to him, and another to the congregation. Held a meiHing with
the session; examined and received 2 jiersons, both young converts.
Preached again at night to a numerous ami solemn assembly."

"Paris is the county seat of Edgar County, but is a very small ])hu'«'
of about 8 cabins. It lies on the prairie. The church here was formed
by my ministry, last Novendxn-. with twelve members. It seemed in a
state of revival, aiul I left i( with 26. Sixteen had been added —
Now 42."

"18th. — Sabbath. Hekl prayer meeting at the court house half
after nine a. m. Baptized one adult. Preached and administered the
Lord's Supper. There were three tables. A large number of hearers,
very well behaved. Eode 4iA miles to lodge. Eead aloud to the family
a missionary report.

"19tli. — Eode to Paris and preached at 11 a. m. The sermon was
a funeral one for Mr. John Young, missionary, who died at Vincennes,
Aug. 15th, aged 28 years. He had spent some months with these people,
Avhere his labors appear to have been greatly blessed. Dined and took
leave of these interesting people. They are anxious to obtain a minister,
and I hope they can soon support one. Eode 10 miles and preached
at night."

"20th. — Eode 9 miles to ISTew Hope meeting house. Met the congre-
gation and preached the same funeral sermon as yesterday. Here, too,
Mr. Y. had labored — been successful, and was much beloved. It was a
feeling time. Baptized 1 adult and 1 infant. This is a wonderful society.
It has grown up from 9 to 70 members in 10 months, and there seems
still a reviving influence. They subscribed $10 toward printing the
funeral sermon. They have built a new meeting house. Preached again
at night, and baptized four children.''

"21st. — Found where there is a pious lad, now a scholar of the
Sabbath school; anxious to learn and makes great proficiency. I expect
he is to be called to the ministry. Eode 11 miles to the village Terre
Haute. This is a singular place — has about 200 population and much
mercantile business. It has no religious society of any order. But at
present a great disposition to hear preaching. And its gentlemen have
formed a Sabbath reading meeting at the court house. They read printed
sermons. There is also a new-formed Bible society and there is a small
Sabbath school. I am told, $300 salary might be raised here for a
preacher. Preached to a large congregation at night. In the afternoon,
visited and prayed with the school."

"22d. — This day was rainy. Eode 21 miles — rested for the night;
but not without being solicited to preach."

''■23d. — Preached a funeral sermon for the death of a married

woman — she has left children. Eode 13 miles and lodged at D 's on

Eaccoon Creek — this is a Presbyterian family from Ireland."

"24th. — Eepassed the long woods to Greencastle, 18 miles — preached
at night. My friend appears recovering from her fever, but is very
weak."

"25th. — Eose early and retired to the woods. Visited and pra3'ed
with a sick woman. Met the congregation — prayed — ordained a ruling
elder, and gave him and the congregation a charge. Preached and
administered the Lord's Supper, in the new church at Greencastle.
There were few to commune, but many to hear — went home with the
elder. When we entered his house, his son was weeping aloud. The
Bible lay open on the table — and the first words he spoke were, "The
Lord has found me." He seemed greatly agitated and distressed. I
endeavored to direct him to the Savior and read and explained to him
and the family the parable of the Prodigal son."

"26th. — The young man was still serious but more calm. Left him
a reference to some chapters. RoJe home about 24 miles and found my
family in peace. I had been absent 13 days — rode 222 miles — preached
13 sermons — administered the Lord's Supper in 2 churches — ordained a
ruling elder in each church — baptized 2 adults and 6 children."

And now the account of the organization of the Paris church from
the minutes of the meeting:

"At a meeting held in the schoolhouse at Paris, Illinois, Xovember
6th, 1824, after public worship, the following persons, members of the
Presbyterian church were by prayer solemnly constituted into a church, by
the name of the Presbyterian Church of Paris: John Bovcll, William
Means, James Eggleton, Adriel Stout, Amzi Thompson, Samuel Vance,
Christian Bovell, Nancy Thompson, Barbara Alexander, Elizabeth
Blackburn, Hannah Baird, Mary Vance."

"Samuel Vance, John Bovcll, and William Means were then unani-
mously elected Ruling Elders — they each having held that office in other
congregations."

"The Session then held a meeting to examine persons for member-
ship, when, at a meeting on Sabbath morning, Nov. 7th, the follow-
ing were examined and admitted to communion : James Ashmore, Cas-
sandra Ashmore, Rebecca Ives, Susanna Means, Elizabeth Jones, Polly
Wayne, Eliza Stout, Jane Ewing, Margaret Crozier, Betsy Burr, Miron
Ives, Sarah Ives, Asenath McKown, Rachel Ashmore.

Four of these, viz : Mrs. Means, i\Iiss Ashmore, Mr. Ives and Mrs.
Ives, his wife, were baptized; and the communion was administered.

Isaac Reed, Moderator.

(Copy from the Original, abridged May 22, '27. Sam'l Vance,
Clerk.)"

Here are further records of early Presbyterian activity in church
organization :

"The Records of New Providence Church, Edgar Co., 111."

"According to previous notice a number of people of the settlement
of Sugar Creek met at the house of Mr. Martin Ray on the 15th of May,
1829, for the express purpose of organizing a Presbyterian ChurcJi.

"The Revd. Clayborne Young being present oi)ened the meeting with
prayer, presided and by appointment acted as temjwrary clerk. Motion
being made, an election was held, for two persons to serve as Ruling
Elders and the votes being counted it appeared that Messrs. Alexander
Ewing, 2nd and John W. McNutt were duly elected and this election was
])ublicly announced and the meeling then adjourned until Saturday the
16th, Concluded with prayer."

"Saturday, May IGth, 1829 Messrs. A. Ewing and J. W. McNutt
having signafyed their willingness to serve and presented certificates from
New Providence church (E. Tenn.) were sollemnly ordained of this
church according to the Presbyterian form of govcTument. A door was
then opened for the admission of members — the following persons were
then received as UKMulx'rs of this church."

"See Tabular Eorm No. 1, ])age W'l.

Alexanukr Ewing, CVk.

Sabbath, May 17th. The sacrament of the Lord's Supper was ad-
ministered."

"Monday, 18th. Session convened, Revd. C. Young, Moderator and
rocd. on Profession iSrc."

"See Form No. 1, page 112."

Turning to page 112 of the same book we find ruled columns ex-
tending across the two leaves of the opened book. It is the "Form N"o.
1," referred to in the minutes. Across the tops of the extended pages
is written :

"Form No. 1. Acts of the Session."

The columns from left to right have the following headings :

"Names, When Eecd., How Eecd., Baptized, Dismissed, Suspended,
Excommunicated, Eestored, Died."

Here we find the names of the charter members :

Thomas Art, Mary Art, Elven Tucker, Elizabeth Tucker, Margaret
L. Ewing, Elizabeth McNutt, George Ewing, Elen Ewing, Martin "Eay,
Jane Ewing, Eachel Ewing, Eliza I. Tucker, Nathaniel Ewing, Elisa-
beth Ewing, Margaret Eay.

To these names must, of course, be added those of Alexander
Ewing and John W. McNutt, the elders elected. Thus the church was
organized with seventeen members.

The following records of historic value explain themselves:

"At a meeting held in Palestine, Crawford County, Illinois, on the
14th, 15th and 16th of May, Anno Domini 1831, attended by the Eevd.
Isaac Eeed and the Eevd. John Montgomery, the following persons,
members of the Presbyterian church from different parts, gave in -their
names and requested to be set apart and constituted into a Presbyterian
church, to be called the Palestine church. And after due enquiry and
examination they were set apart by prayer and constituted into a church,
(viz:) John Houston, (sen.) and Nancy Houston Ann Logan, Jane
Houston, Eliza Houston, "Wilson Lagow and Nancy Lagow, Alfred G.
Lagow, James Eagleton, James Caldwell, Phebe Morris and Anna Piper.
These were constituted into a church on the 14th and on the next day
there were added Margaret Eagleton, John Malcom and Ann Malcom
and Hannah Wilson (Sen.)"

"The sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered and an
election held for two ruling elders when John Houston and Wilson*
Lagow were duly elected. Jolm Houston being already an ordained
elder, Wilson Lagow was ordained on the 16th and a charge was given to
both the elders and to the congregation.

Signed,
Isaac Eeed, Missionary of B. M. G. A."

The little village of Grandview, ten miles southeast of Paris, has
a history of idyllic flavor. A foresighted pioneer named John Tate
gathered a party in Augusta County, Ya., and led them to Illinois, where
they arrived in September, 1837.

They came in wagons and by families. In this spot on the Grand
Prairie they settled, giving it a name it well deserved. West and north
they had as boundary to their view only the horizon. East and south

llicy looked to great woods. Fertilitv and beaiitv combined said to them:
"Here shall ye stay !"

The thoughtfuliiess of these emigrants and their liigh valuation of
religion and education appear when it is known that they brought with
them their minister and school teacher, the Kev. John A. Steele, and
their doctor, a brotlier of the clergyman.

Immediately divine service was held after the simple Presbyterian
fashion in their houses, but the following year a church building was
erected. The congregation was constituted a church in proper ecclesi-
astical form qn the twent3'-seventh day of July, 1838.

The record follows :

'•Gkaxdview, Jultj 27, ISSS.

Notice having been jjreviously given that a Presbyterian church
would be organized at this place on this day, immediately after sermon,
the Rev. John A. Steele, a missionary of the Board of Missions of the
General Assembly, having received certificates or other satisfactory
evidence of church membership from the following persons, viz : James
Hite, Ann W. Kite, John Tate, Nancy Tate, Robert M. Tate, Susan
Tate, Margaret I. Tate, Jacob S. Brown, Ellen B. Brown, Wm. A. Cale,
Sarah Cale, John Shultz, Susan Shultz, Catherine Steele, Rachel France,
Matthias Snapp, proceeded to organize them into a church. On motion
Joseph Brown was chosen secretary of the meeting. On motion it was
resolved that four persons be elected ruling elders in this church and the
following persons being nominated to that effect, to-wit : James Hite,
Wm. A. Cale, John Tate and Joseph Brown were elected. On motion it
was resolved that this church be known as the Presbyterian Church of
Grandview.

On motion Robert M. Tate was elected treasurer.

Adjourned w^ith jirayer.

Joseph M. Brown, Secretary of the meeting."

These, Mr. President, arc the names of the early Presbyterians of
East Central Illinois and these are the records of meetings that meant
much to the organizers of the churches and were intlueiitinl for good
then and to the present day.

"SIXTY YEARS IN CHICAGO."

(By William J. Onahan.)

It is a long, \ er}' lung look baL'kward to strive to recall the memories
and recollections of sixty j^ears; to go back to that earlier and brighter
period of life when the future was all before us — with its prospects, its
enthusiasms, its visions, and its hopes. And sixty years of Chicago life
and experiences now seems like a century ! It brings us back to primi-
tive conditions so different in many respects from what we are now
accustomed to — not indeed so far back as the early pioneer days of the
1830's when Chicago had its beginning. My recollections go back to
1851 — when I first set foot in Chicago.

It was before the days of horse cars, no electric conveyances had
then been invented — The Killomobile — was undreamt of. AVe made our
limited trips within the city on foot or by omnibus — these latter made
the journey on the south side from the Courthouse to State and Twelfth
Streets — over a planked roadway — on the Avest side to Halsted Street
and later to the "'Bulls Head" — now Ashland Avenue and on the north
side to Chicago Avenue. Pedestrian exercise Avithin the city was in
those days a precarious and often a perilous experience owing to the
inequality of the sidewalks — scarcely any hundred feet being on the
same level. It was up and doAAai — up and down — all the time nor did
the street offer an inviting alternative since few if any were paved.

There Avere no "^'sky scrapers" in those days — the buildings seldom
rose higher than three stories and the third story Avas usually difficult
to rent— there being no elevators to ease the burden of climbing. The
population of Chicago AA'hen I came was I should say principally from
New England and Old Ireland. The German population had begun to
arrive, but there Avere fcAV or no Poles or Italians — and none at all of the
various slavic peoples Avho now form so numerous a part of Chicago's
population.

The New England or strictly American citizens mostly engaged in
commercial pursuits — these controlled the business interests of the city.
My countrymen AA'ere engaged in the more laborious and less profitable
employments — and of course had already begun to be quite an influence
and factor in local politics — almost all being Democrats and naturally
ardent and devoted folloAA^ers of Senator Douglas. Since I am speaking
of the Irish element in Chicago alloAv me to quote and adopt as my OAvn
judgment this testimony to their influence and character, AA^hich T find
opportunely at hand. It is from the pen of James O'Shaughnessy, Presi-
dent of the Irish FelloAvship Club.

"The Irish in Chicago's History, by James O'Shauo-hnessy, former
President Irish FelloAvship Cluli. Irish influence in Chicago from the
beginning of its continuing history has been large. The first Fort
Dearborn was built by an Irish-born soldier of the revolution. The first

mau to till a farm and tlie first white family to which a child was born,
as well as the first to teach a school where now Chicago stands, were all
Irish. The two heroes of the Fort Dearborn massacre were Irish. The
beginning of Chicago proper was made possible by the influence in
Franco of an Irishman who found the money for the Illinois and Mich-
igan Canal. The first man of prominence, influence and ability to
])roclaim Chicago a future great city was an Irit^hman. The first great
builder of churches, hospitals and institutions of learning that attracted
the first large influx of Irish homcbuilders was an Irish bishop. Since
its corporate existence the percentage of Irish in its population has been
very large — and so potent as to exert a marked influence on the com-
mercial spirit, civil pride and social life of the community.

It is chiefly through Irish influence that Chicago has preserved a
higher moral tone than any other very large city in history. The Irish
have built more churches, hospitals and charitable institutions than all
the other nationalities in Chicago, and every one of them is as free to
the people of other races as to their own. Leaving out the public schools,
the Irish have built more schools than all others in Chicago and the Irish
chiefly maintain these schools privately, but hold them open to all.

The Irish are not gregarious — they arc not apart in any quarter
of the city. They give themselves to all the communities out of the love
of common welfare. They deserve well of this city of Chicago. All
they ask of it is that they may continue as their generation before them,
holding Chicago to its distinctions as the fairest, most Just and kindliest
— the most democratic of large cities — the most affectionately favored
by Divine Providence."

This brings to mind an Irishman who was a well known character
in my early days — Doctor William B. Egan. Although by ]irofession a
physician he was more given to real estate — than to pills and potions.
Once when prescribing for an old lady she asked him "IIow often am T
to take this. Doctor"? The Doctor who at the moment was thinking of
his real estate deals absently replied — ''Oh — a quarter down. The bal-
ance canal time, one, two and three years" — the terms for land deals then
much in vogue. I heard another story of Dr. Egan worih tolling. The
Doctor I should say was a man of fine education, a classical scholar and
an attractive public speaker. He had been nominated by the Whig party
for the oflice of Lieutenant Governor — unlike most of his countr}inen
in C'hicago — he was a AVhig — of course, he was not elected — But to
the story: At the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal a grand
celebration was planned to be held at the Chicago end. or beginning —
at Bri(lgc]K)rt at the time and for long afterwards settled by Irish people
— many of whom had been engaged in work on the canal.

For this celebration Dr. Egan was selected as the orator of the
occasion. The time was midsummer, and naturally a crowd was expected.
The Doctor had taken thought as to the conditions and being largely
interested in Bridge]iort lots he conceived a plan for unloading a few.

The niglit before the celebration he sent out a barrel of Bourbon
whiskey — which then was verv cheap, and had it dumped into a well that
had been opened to provide the thirsty aiid ]i<'rspiring crowd with liquid
solace.

The heat of the clay and tlie crowds quickly drew the people to the
well— and there sure enough it was flowing with tempting toddy ! This
was a revelation and a temptation — and it is said every Irishman in the
crowd — hurried to the Doctor's agent who, providently had a real estate
shanty nearby in order to secure a lot in the near vicinity of the wonder-
ful well ! I don't know anything of the Doctor's speech on the occasion,
but I should guess he must have unloaded a good many lots by his
ingenious Bourbon ruse. The allusion to the canal brings to mind that
Irish labor, as Ave know, was largely employed in its construction —
moreover an Irishman named Eyan did the most difficult and skillful
work in the engineering problems incident to the work — and the same
Eyan, when the State of Illinois was hard pressed for funds to carry
on the canal work was sent to London and there negotiated a loan from
the Baring Brothers — Bankers, which enabled the State to tide over its
financial difficulties and pay the canal contractors.

It may be of interest here to note that the Irish settlements along
the lino of the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Joliet to LaSalle —
was due in part at least to the hampered condition of the State finances.
When the State was unable to pay the canal contractors the alternative
of land scrip or land warrants was resorted to. These gave the holders
the right to take upland within the limits of the grant given by the
TJ. S. Government in aid of the canal. So it was that Irishmen in
large numbers, who as contractors or laborers, were engaged in the
work, failing to get cash, took the land scrip and so settled on the land
contiguous to the canal, thus making the Irish settlements once well
known from Joliet to LaSalle.

To have lived sixty years in Chicago — to have seen it grow from an
ambitious sprawling town of sixty or seventy thousand, to a mighty
world renowned city of nearly three millions ; to have known and been in
touch with the men and the great interests that worked for and made
possible this marvelous growth and development — would be, I might
say subject for a long story. My unambitious aim is merely to recall in
these random recollections to recall the public men and other notable
personages my opportunities brought me in touch with — who figured
in the public life of the city in my time. Perhaps I may be expected
to offer in proof of my experience the credentials entitling me to credit.
My opportunities I may say were in some respects exceptional.

Of the sixty years I am dealing with more than twenty were
employed in the service of the city of Chicago in different stations, which
naturally brought me in contact with the public men of the city and its
principal citizens.

I was at an early period, 1863, elected by the common council —
as the rule then was — a member of the school board — filling the vacancy
caused by the death of Walter L. Newberry — My associates on the board
at the time — were John Wentworth, Deacon Carpenter, Dr. Foster, Eev.
D. Eyder, James W. Sheahan, Eedmond Princeville — all of these my
seniors in years and in experience and capacity. I was later, in 1869,
elected city collector on the ticket with Col. E. B. Mason for mayor
and David A. Page, city treasurer.

— 6 H S

Ten years afterwards when the same oflice had been made an
appointive one I was appointed by flavor JIanison and held it four
or live times in succession — subsequently 1 held the ollice of comptroller
under Mayor Cregier. I had already served three years as a member of
the public library board, one year as president. My latest public service
was on the first jury commission of which I was likewise president — I
mention these facts regarding my public service not assuredly from
vanity or ostentation but merely to emphasize my opportunities for
acquiring the knowledge of men and aifairs. It will be seen by this
list of positions how much I owe to Chicago and its peoi)le.

I was early trusted with positions of dignity and responsibility. I
am proud to have enjoyed the confidence of the people — and I shall ever
feel grateful for this high trust given to me in early and later years.
The consi)icuous iigures in Illinois politics in my early days were
.Senators l)ouglas and Shields. The latter who had such a memorable
l>ublic career was then passing out of Illinois — as he had failed of
re-election to the U. S. Senate — and moved to Minnesota where he
gathered an Irish Colony. He was chosen one of the first U. S. Senators
from Minnesota, and later in life ( — he was a great rover — ) he was
appointed to fill a vacancy, V. S. Senator from Missouri — so that Shields
had the unique distinction of having been U. S. Senator for three states.
For his services to Illinois, and to the luition in the ^lexiian War and
the Kebellion, deservedly has Illinois placed his statue in the National
Memorial Hall, Washington, i came to know General Shields in the
later years of his eventful life and I frequently heard from him at my
own fireside, stories of his war experience in j\Iexico and in the Civil
AVar. He was said to be the only Federal General who "whipped Stone-
Avall Jackson" — although I fancy it was ratlier that it suited Jackson's
plans to abandon the field to his op]xuient.

Senator Douglas had become the idol of the Illinois Democracy.
I heard him speaking from the balcony of the Trenu)nt House in one
of his most famous speeches, which resulted in the nomination of Lincoln
for the Presidency — though Douglas won in the issue then in question,
the U. S. Senatorship for Illinois.

I would not be an impartial witness — even now of the merits of
the discussion in the famous debates. I was then a young Douglas
enthusiast, and had little or no esteem for his rival. I marched in the
funeral procession of Senator Douglas from Bryan Hall where he had
been carried from the Tremont House (where he died) to the site of
tlie present Douglas monument, where his remains were laid. Bishop
Duggan, tlie Catholic bishoji of Chicago, delivered the oration at the
gi'ave, the Senator ha\ iiig been received into the churdi in his last days.

I remember seeing Lincoln in Si)ringiield sonu^ years before liis
election to tlie Presideiu-y — the next time was when his l)ody lay in state
in Chicago on its way to the State Capitol where it now rests.

The men most in the public eye in early dixy^ in Chicago were John
Wentworth and J. T. Scammon, Wentworth or ''Long John" as we
• ailed him — because of his extraordinary stiture had been nu^mber of
Congress and was later on elected nuiyor. Between "Tiong John" and
Scamnu)n there was an everlasting feiul. Long Jolm's paper ('The

Democrat') named misnomer at the time — since it was "Free Soil" and

Eepublican in politics the paper constantly abused Scammon. This

controversy — which was wholly one-sided grew out of some financial
affairs of the school board — the details I have forgotten.

The most notable incidents of Wentworth's mayoralty were his
reception of the Prince of Wales afterwards King Edwarcl VII, and
presenting the Prince to the eager crowds — assembled in front of the
Richmond House.

The other incident was clearing out "'The Patch/' as it was called —
a nest of shanties that squatters, mostly Irish — had put up on the north
shore sands — then regarded as '"No man's land" which had long been
regarded as an eyesore. The occupants had been inveigled by the allure-
ment of a pic-nic — some distance away — so taking advantage of their
absence a police squad with assistants pulled down all the shanties and
made a clearance of the unwelcome squatters.

Curiously that once forbidding squatter settlement, the North Shore
Drive — is now the swellest and most aristocratic part of Chicago. In
referring to the early citizens of Chicago who planned for the greater
Chicago to come I should not omit to name the foremost of these — its
first mayor and while he lived here its most honored citizen — William
B. Ogden.

There were many others of those early days who were active and
energetic in pushing Chicago to the front : The McCaggs, the New-
berry's the Kinzies's, Blatchford, Hubbard — but the list is too numerous
for mention here. All these and more will be found in J. Seymour
Currey's invaluable and exhaustive History of Chicago — in five volumes.

My earliest familiarity with art, I may say, was acquired in my
visits in early years to Geo. P. A. Healy's gallery, then on Lake Street,
where was exhibited several of his most celebrated pictures including the
Presentation or Eeception of Franklin at the Court of Louis XVI. He
had a liberal patron in Thomas B. Bryan — and in my boyhood friend
Bishop Duggan.

Many of Mr. Healy's pictures are in Chicago. Several in the New-
berry Library. I must mention a great physician whose name and
memory deserves to be held in high honor in Chicago — Doctor N. S.
Davis. During his day he was the acknowledged head of his profession — ■
but he will be remembered longer and better by his shining charity, his
consideration for the afflicted poor, and by his indifference to "fees."

One of my earliest and closest friends shortly after I came to Chi-
cago was James A. Mulligan who became later a Civil War hero and
victim. We were in societies and clubs together. He was a fascinating
personality, commanding in stature, most attractive in manner— and a
brilliant public speaker as well as an interesting writer. He was one of
the first graduates of the old time Catholic University St. Marys of the
Lake — which I may remark was the first University in Chicago.

Colonel Mulligan will be remembered for his gallant defense of Lex-
ington in the early stages of the Civil War. He was in command for a
time of Camp Douglas wherever so many — thousand Confederates were
held there. When disaster overwhelmed his command in battle in West
Virginia and he was shot down from his horse — seeing the standard

bearer of the regiment — the Irish Brigade — shot and the colors in
danger of falling into the hands of the enemy — as his men were trying
to Jift him from the ground — he pointed to the fallen standard — and
exclaimed "Lay me down and save the llag^' !

1 have a touching and characteristic incident to relate of his last
hours.

He had been carried by the Confederates to a farm house near the
scene of the battle and Federal defeat. The Colonel was shot in several
places and was suU'ering great agony from his wounds — The woman of
the house realizing his distress came to the bed on which he lay, with a
bottle and a glass. The bottle contained either whiskey or brandy. She
poured out a glass full and offered it to the suffering soldier — "Take^this,"
she said "it will allay your pain." He looked at the glass asking "What
is it Madam"? "Brandy or whiskey (I forget now whieh was told me)
she replied.

He shook his head, waved the glass away. "No," he said, "I never
took any in all my life and now that I am about to die I shall not break
my pledge" !

And this was the end of the gallant and chivalric James A. ]\[\fl-
ligan.

I am glad to mention that in his last hours he had the happiness
and grace of receiving the last sacraments from a Confederate Chaplain
of a Louisiana regiment who was fortunately within reach — and who
administered the last rites of the church. I need not tell of the anguish
of the devoted wife who followed him after the battle — and arrived only
to find her idolized husband lying dead before her when she entered
the house.

This war period was eventful for Chicago. It served to lift it up
above and beyond the rivalry of our western competitors — St. Louis and
Cincinnati. These two cities had the advantage before the Mar in wealth,
solidity and assured position.

St. Louis especially regarded herself as the head centre of Western
and Southern trade. Chicago's efforts to break in were laughed at by
our powerful rival — but even before the breaking' out of the war Chicago
was making great inroads on the ascendancy of St. Louis. But the
war ended the rivalry. St. Louis and Cincinnati Avere both in the danger
zone. 'J'hc former notoriously Southern in leaning and sympathies.
Trade naturally then was diverted to Chicago, which received an enor-
mous impetus in consequence.

As well known many of the great fortunes of our then business men
grew out of the war conditions. Potter Palmer, The Farwells, the Field
and Leiter concern and many others made big fortunes in the trallic and
business brought to Chicago at the time. The ascendancy then acquired
has never been wrested from Chicago — even what seemed the overwhelm-
ing disaster of the great tire did not disturb that supremacy. Of course
I could relate many stories of that eventful fire — but I am admonislied
that my narrative grows dangerously long — so I must skip that event.
The business men who gave to Chicago the ascenchincy to which I have
made allusion include of co\irse the well known nanu>s of Potter Palmer,
Marshall Field, Philip 1). Armour, the Spragues, the Farwells.

Then too the wonderful and unexampled spread of our railway
systems, extending into far distant states, north, south, east, and west.
It seems impossible to realize how these surprising achievements in
railroad building was accomplished — but we had at the head of our
railroads men of large ideas, of the highest capacity — whom no difficul-
ties or dangers could daunt. We had too, a powerful and influential press
to second and support every scheme and plan for the advancement of
Chicago and its trade interests.

The pioneer Chicago Tribune of early days was edited by an Irish-
man, Edward T. Ryan — who later became Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Wisconsin — a man of power and capacity. A subsequent
Editor of the Tribune was Charles H. Eay, who had no love for Irishmen
as his Editorials occasionally demonstrated.

Under Scripps, Bross and Spears the Tribune widened in power
and influence and with Medill at the helm it became an increasing factor
in jSTational politics. The paper did much towards securing the nomina-
tion of Lincoln. The Times originally started by Senator Douglas had
for its first editor James W. Sheahan, who to the end of his life bore an
honorable renown as journalist and citizen. When Wilbur F. Storey
came into control of the paper he notably changed the character of the
paper — and sensationalism first made its appearance in its columns. It
was nominally Democratic, and during the Civil War was not notably
"loyal" — indeed it will be remembered that a Federal general — Burnside
— made an attempt to suppress it by military authority, but he was over-
ruled at Washington.

The famous editor of the New York Sun, Charles A. Dana, was for a
time in the editorial harness in Chicago as manager of the Inter-Ocean —
but the conditions or the atmosphere proved uncongenial, and he returned
to ISTew York — to win renown by his brilliant editorship of the Sun. The
cleverest and most versatile writer on the Chicago press in my judgment
and that of others was a woman — Margaret Sullivan. Her editorial work
was scarcely equalled then or since by any writer on the Chicago daily
press. Since I have mentioned the name woman — I must recall that of
another woman who was also a power — a great power, though in a dif-
ferent sphere Frances E. Willard. First at the head of the Women's
College of the Northwestern University, Evanston, she won her most
enduring renown as the organizer and chief of the Women's Christian
Temperance Union. Miss Willard possessed a wonderful gift as an or-'
ganizer, and she had great power as an orator over public audiences. I
remember her well and had a most pleasant intimacy with her during
several years — due to my sympathy with her efforts and zeal in the
cause of temperance.

One of the best known public men m Chicago before and after the
Civil War was Dan O'Hara. He long held the position of clerk of the
Eecorders Court — as it was then known — and towards the end of his
life was elected city treasurer. He was universally popular — an efficient
public officer, he was obliging to everybody and became an important
political factor in local and State politics.

Another man of this type was John Comiskey — father of the famous
baseball leader who has achieved so great renown in that line — Comiskey

was foi- long alderman of one of the west side wards, and was quite a
])owor in local ])olitics. He had an unblemished record, I am glad to
testify during his aldermanic career.

Another one time democratic leader was B. G. Canfield. He aspired
to no office until near the end of his life when he was tempted to run for
Congress. Ho did so — was elected and acquitted himself creditably —
unhappily he became involved financially was obliged to leave Chicago —
and sad to say died I may say in poverty in Dakota.

The most interesting and picturesque figure in our public life for
many years — was the well known Carter Harrison. Originally devoted
to real estate he first came into public notice as county commissioner —
later as member of Congress and finally many times mayor — when he
met his tragic death — at the hands of an assassin. Probably no public
man in Cliicago attained to greater renown and popularity. Ho knew
how to be all things to all men and women and he acquired after he
entered on his political career a readiness and versatility in lublic
speaking — which surprised himself — as he once told me.

I recall another man of a different type who was not in public life,
but came prominently before the world as chairman of the different
Congresses held during the World's Fair. As I had an oflicial part in one
of these — the Catholic Congress, I was often in opportunity with Mr.
Charles C. Bonney. These Congresses were almost innumoraljle. They
covered and included the widest range of subjects — religious, educational,
scientific, social, pathological, civic — industrial — in fact it is bewildering
to try to recall the number and variety. At each of these it was Mr. Bon-
ney's task or duty to make the opening address. To accomplish this
fittingly, to make each speech fit the occasion and the character and
purpose of each Congress certainly demanded great readiness and ver-
satility— and these qualities Mr. Bonney exhibited in a remarkable
degree — so as to be the wonder and admiration of all. Tf was an im-
portant duty and I am glad to pay this tribute to his talent and character.
I must say a word regarding Tim Brenan with whom T was associated
through many years in congenial work of duty and charity. He was the
ideal of a perfect, pure minded, anil charitable num.

There is another man once and for long a ]iower in Chicago of whom
I cannot forbear to speak, John 1\. Walsli. From a poor boy he suc-
ceeded by his industry and unflagging perseverance to attain to a position
of wealth and influence. His life through the long struggle was without
blemish, ho had no bad habits, and he was held in highest repute by all.
He beeanio the head of three leading financial institutions, he controlled
an ini])ortant daily paper, and by his acuten(>ss he was regarded as a
])ower in all local ntl'airs.

Unha])j)ily towards the end, he ainu'd at IxMug a railroad magnate —
uiulertook to build unaided a road from Terre Haute to Chicago, became
involved thereby, imprudently used his banks to carry the securities of
the unfinished railroad, violated in so doing the Federal Banking Laws —
his banking institutions were closed and he himself made to suffer the
consequences of violating the law.

It was a sad and pitiful (Muling of a notable career for whiih T have
not ceased to huni'ut. John \i. Walsh was boundless in his charities. No

church, no institution, no person in need appealed to liim in vain. He
gave generously and freely — as I can testify.

He did not long survive his misfortune — which beyond doubt has-
tened his death.

It should be remembered too that no depositor in his banks suffered
any loss — all were paid in full — the directors having pledged their private
fortunes to this end. Walsh's contribution to this being in excess of a
million dollars.

The men through whose foresight and business enterprise Chicago
achieved its present position and world renown, would include a long
list of names. Amongst the foremost of these I name Marshall Field,
Philip D. Armour, Potter Palmer. I knew them all. On his last return
trip from Europe I met Marshall Field on the steamer — it was the ill
fated "Lusitania." One day in conversation with him I remarked that
I frequently met him mornings in town going to his wholesale house —
and I added that I supposed he no longer paid much attention to his
great retail establishment. "On the contrary," he replied. "When you
have seen me making for the wdiolesale house I liave already gone through
every department of the retail — which I visit daily." This is an example
of his order and method.

With Mr. Armour I long had a pleasant and familiar acquaintance.
I recall a curious little episode of our intercourse. Meeting me one day
at a street corner he stopped to speak to me of some passing events and
then, much to my surprise he said to me, "What's this we hear about
the Pope leaving Eome?" The question was naturally a surprise to me
as I fancied Mr. Armour would be about the last man to be interested in
the movements or affairs of the Holy Father. This was at a time when
Eome was threatened by the Piedmontese invasion, and there was conse-
quently talk of the Pope seeking a refuse and asylum out of Eome. I
answered Mr. Armour's inquiry, as far as I remember, suggesting that
Malta, Austria or Spain, might offer him an asylum. "Why don't you
get him to come to Chicago," he asked — at which I know I burst out
lauofhing'. "^\niat are you laughino; at," he said. "The Pope has to go
somewhere — why not to Chicago"? I answered, "I am afraid Mr.
Armour that you do not realize the Pope's condition and responsibilities.
The Pope means a government of 250 millions scattered all over the
world — over whom he watches spiritually. This requires quite an armv
of subordinate ministers, functionaries and clerks to carry on the world
work; and he has in Eome his Vatican Palace with innumerable depart-
ments and he has the renowned Cathedral at St. Peter's, etc."

Mr. Armour listened patiently to my harangue on the necessities of
the Pope — and then proposed another conundrum to me — "How much
would it take to provide all these buildings?" I did not know — could
not guess. Would it take ten millions — twenty millions?

Look here, he added, you undertake this affair. You know how to
manage these things. You get the Pope to agree to come to Chicago. We
can arrange and provide everything suitable for his needs. "Why how
on earth could you do these things," I asked in bewilderment. "I'll tell
you my idea," he said. "We will get a big tract of land outside Chicago —
ten or twenty thousand acres — we will build necessary offices, a palace, a

great Catliedral, whatever may be necessary. Half that land set apart
and turned over to the Pope — don't you see that we will make enough
out of the other half to pay for the whole business."

I was duni founded at the audacity of the idea, the ingenuity and
method of carrying it out — and the characteristic Chicago aim — "There's
money in it." When, many years afterwards I saw the wonderful
"White City" — the World's Fair — its marvelous architectural beauty, the
vastness and symmetry of its buildings, the beauty of all the arrange-
ments, I said to mvself, Chicago could indeed, if put to it, build a new
Eternal City.

I am fully conscious how imperfect and perhaps inconsequential
those random recollections must seem to those who give me honor of their
attention. The throng of personages I have known in my time, the inci-
dents and episodes of my life during the past sixty years would naturally
furnish material for a good sized volume.

To compress sixty years of Chicago life in a sixty-minute speech, I
may as well confess is a diflficult if not impossible task.

How many names and memories are recalled to me as I pen these
lines that deserved at least mention — I have omitted.

In looking back over that long vista of years how can I fail to
remember or forget the loyal friends of my youth who stood bv me — and
the throng of friends in later years who gave me their confidence and
support.

The early friends are gone — few if any are left of my youthful
days. I cherish their memory in my heart of hearts — in this at least I
am faithful — I do not forget my old time friends and companions.

In the surging multitude that throng our streets daily how rare it is
to see a person one knows. There was a time I knew almost everybody —
and now to think I should pass so many, who as Mark Twain said, have
not the honor of my acquaintance.

But such is life — especially after an experience as extended as mine
has been. Sixty years in Chicago full of memories, some bright — some
sad and painful. But in joy or sorrow I could not but be proud of
Chicago — proud of its position and rank, proud of its public spirit, and
of its freedom from all sectarian bitterness and proud of the large hearted
generosity of its people shown on so many notable occasions — from the
time of the frightful famine in Ireland to the latest appeals in behalf of
desolated Belgium and suffering Poland.

SLAVERY OR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE IN ILLINOIS
PRIOR TO AND AFTER ITS ADMISSION AS A STATE.

(By 0. W. Aldrich.)

As slavery, in the territory now embraced in the State of Illinois,
depended upon conditions prior in time to its separate existence as a
political division, it will be necessary to consider these conditions, the
documentary provisions upon which its existence in the State was based,
and as a preliminary to this examination, it will be proper to consider
the origin of the institution in the territory from which the State was
formed.

Slaves were imported into that part of the country, which afterward
became the Northwest Territory, from two sources, both from French
provinces.

The first introduction of Africans into the Illinois Territory was
in 1720, by Eenault, agent and manager of The Company of St. Phillipe,
who brought a colony from France and purchased five hundred slaves at
St. Domingo, which he sold to the colonists before his return to France
in 1744.

In 1615 an edict of Louis XIII of France first recognized slavery in
the French provinces in America, and settlers from Canada in these
regions, brought with them the French laws and customs, and among
them were those which recognized slavery, and in 1724 Louis X^^ pub-
lished an ordinance which re-enacted the edict of Louis XIII, for the
regulation of the government and administration of justice, policies,
discipline and traffic in negro slaves in the province of Louisiana, of
which Illinois was then a part. This included the provision of the civil
law that if one of the parents were free, the offspring should follow the
condition of the mother, and prohibited the sale separately of husband,
wife, or minor children either by contract or execution.

By the treaty of peace between England and France in 1763 this
territory, as a dependency of Canada, was ceded to Great Britain, and
when General Gage took possession he issued a proclamation in 1764, to
the late subjects of France, that those who chose to retain their lands and
become British subjects, should enjoy the same rights and privileges, the
same security for their persons and effects, and liberty of trade, as the
old subjects of the king.

At this time slavery was recognized in all the American colonies, and
this proclamation extended the colonial laws and customs to the inhabit-
ants of Canada and her dependencies, and of course recognized slavery
as legal.

When George Eogers Clark, by his expedition made the conquest of
the territory, as soon as the news was received, the Virginia House of
Burgesses declared the whole of the Northwest Territory a part of her

chartered territory, provided by an act to erect it into a county, and
extend her laws and jurisdiction to it. The preamble of the act recited
that, "The inhabitants had acknowledged themselves citizens of the com-
monwealth of Virginia, and taken an oath of fidelity to the state," and it
was declared that they shoidd enjoy their own religion, with all their
civil rights and i)roperty.

The treaty of peace with England in 1783 ceded the whole of this
country to the United States and in 1784, Virginia ceded the territory to
the United States.

This deed of cession from Virginia contained a stipulation, ^'That
the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of Kaskaskias,
St. Vincents and the neighboring villages, who have professed themselves
citizens of the state of AHrgiuia, sliall have their possessions and titles
confirmed to thorn, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights ami
liberties."

These provisions cover substantially all classes of persons but one,
which was that of the older inhabitants, who had not claimed citizenship
of Virginia, who were not protected.

But by treaty made between CJreat Britain in 1794 connnonly called
the "Jay Treaty" under which the British finally evacuated the west,
the rights of the ancient inhabitants who had not claimed citizenship of
Virginia, were protected, and one year was given them to accept American
citizenship. This also embraced the inhabitants of the north part of the
Xorthwest Territory which was not conquered by Clark.

Jn 1784 the first ordinance for the government of the Territory was
passed. As originally drawn there was an article of compact providing,
"That after the year 1800, there shall be neither slavery or involuntary
servitude in any of the said states, (those provided for in the ordinance)
otherwise than in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been
convicted to have been personally guilty." Under the rules of Congress
the afTinnativc vote of seven states was required to carry any measure.
A motion having been made by a delegate from a southern state, to strike
out the provision, the votes of six northern states were opposed to ihe
motion. As each state had but one vote, and two delegates, one of the
delegates from New Jersey being absent, that state had no vote, and tho
motion prevailed and the provision was stricken out.

The measure was drafted by Mr. JelTerson, and he was greatly
chagrined at the striking out of the slavery clause. Two years later, he
wrote, "The voice of a single individual would have ])revented this
abominable crime from s])reading itself over the new country. Thus we
sec the fate of millions unborn hanging on the tongue of one man. and
Heaven was silent in that awful moment, but it is to be hoped that it
will not always be silent; and that the friends to the rights of hunuin
nature will in the end prevail."

From this language it will be simmi that Mr. JelTerson did not con-
sider the language of the Declaration of Independence, a string of
glittering generalities, but that he intended to express a self evident
truth, when he said that all men were endowed with certain inalienable
rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of lia|i])iness, and that he did not
exclude the slaves then in servitude.

On the 27th day of October, the Ordinance of 1787 was passed with-
out one dissenting vote. At first blush it would seem that the terms of
this ordinance were prohibitory and prevented slavery in this territory.

The sixth article provides plainly that, "There shall be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in such territory, otherwise than in
the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly con-
victed," with a provision for the reclamation of persons, from whom labor
or service was lawfully claimed in any of the original states, who had
escaped from their masters.

Standing alone this was sufficient to prohibit slavery in the territory,
if Congress had the authority to enact it under the circumstances, and
these circumstances were recognized in other portions of the instrument.

This is seen in the suffrage clause which restricts suffrage to free
male inhabitants, and in estimating the population it was restricted to
free inhabitants, and in the provisions for the conveyance of property, the
act of Virginia, preserving the civil rights of the inhabitants who recog-
nized the authority of the state to their rights and property was sub-
stantially copied, thus recognizing the rights of that class of inhabitants
to hold their slaves.

Taking these matters into consideration, there seems to be no doubt
that the rights of the masters to their slaves was recognized by all class-is,
so long as the territory remained undivided, and in the different divisions
imtil they become states.

There seems to be no decision upon this matter so long as the terri-
tory remained together, but there was one case at Vincennes in the
summer of 1794, where a negro and his wife applied for a writ of
habeas corpus to test their right to freedom, but before it was reached
for trial, the colored people were kidnapped and carried away.

The first cases in any of the territories after their separation, were
some habeas corpus cases in the Territory of Michigan, after its separa-
tion from Indiana.

As this territory had remained in the possession of the British forces
until 1796, the court held that slavery existed as preserved by Jay's
Treaty, in favor of British masters who held their slaves in the territory
in the actual occupancy of the British troops on June 16, 1796, but that
every other man coming into the territory, was a freeman, unless he vas
a fugitive escaping from service from a master in some American state,
or territory, in which case he must be restored.

This same view was taken in 1845 by the Supreme Court of Mis-
souri, when a N^egro claimed that his mother had been freed, by a
residence of four j^ears in Macinac and Prairie du Chien, from 1791 to
'1795, when she was taken to Missouri and sold. Plaintiff was born after
his mother had been taken to Missouri. The court held that residence
in that part of the Northwest Territory not embraced in the Virginia
conquest, before the British evacuation, did not free a slave.
Chouteau v. Peirre, 9 Mo., p. 3.

I have found no cases holding the contrary doctrine.

The sixth article of the ordinance, which prohibited slavery, aside
from the excepted cases, did not give unqualified satisfaction to the
inhabitants of the territory.

In 1796, four residents of Kaskaskia filed a petition asking Congress
to suspend the operation of this restriction in tlie ordinance.

In 1802, a convention was called by General Harrison, the Governor,
and a memorial was sent to Congress asking for a suspension of the sixth
section of the ordinance. In 1803, Mr. Randolph, chairman of the special
committee, reported against the adoption of the prayer of the memorinl,
but the matter came up at each of the next three sessions, and was
favorably reported but not acted upon, and in 1807, a remonstrance was
filed. 'J'he matter was referred to a committee which reported unfavor-
ably, which ended the matter.

INDENTURED AND REGISTERED SERVANTS.

The friends of slavery, however, were not satisfied, and after the
admission of Ohio as a state in 1802, an act of the territorial legislature
of Indiana, including Illinois, which had probably been adopted a year
or two before, was re-adopted, and reported as bearing date of September,
which was intended to materiallv avoid the prohibition of the Ordinance
of 1787.

The first section of the act provided that, "It shall be lawful for any
person, being the owner of any negroes or mulattoes of and above the
age of fifteen years, and owing service and labor as slaves in any of the
states or territories of the United States, or for any citizen of the United
States purchasing the same, to bring the said negroes or mulattoes into
this territory."

The second section provides "That within thirty days after bringing
the slaves into the territory, the owner or master should take them before
the clerk of the court, and have an indenture between the slave and his
owner entered upon record, specifying the time which the slave was
compelled to serve the master." (The term was usually fixed at ninety-
nine years.)

Section three provided that if the slave refused to consent to the
indenture, the master should have the right within sixty days, to remove
the slave to any state or territory where such property could be legally
held.

Section four, gave the right to punish the slave with stripes for
laziness, misbehavior, or disorderly conduct.

Scclion five provided that any person removing into this territory,
and being the owner of any negro or mulatto under the age of fifteen
years, it should be lawful for such person, owner or possessor to register
the same and to hold the said negro or mulatto to service or labor, the
males until they arrive at the age of thirty-five and the females until the
age of thirty-two years.

Section thirteen, provided that children born in the territory, of a
person of color, owing service of labor by indenture, aceordimj to law.
shall serve the master or mistress, the males until the age of thirty, and
females until the age of twenty-eight years.

There were provisions in the act for the sale of servants by the
assignment of the indenture, thus making them virtually slaves, .under
the name of "indentured servants."

In 1812, at the first session of the Legislature of Illinois, the act
which had been adopted by the Governor and judges of the whole terri-
tory, was re-enacted as the law of Illinois, though repealed in Indiana in

1810. There seems to be no question that this act was void, as repugnant
to the sixth section of the "Ordinance of 1787, which was the fundamental
constitution of this territory.

I find no reference to any decisions as to the validity of the Ordi-
nance in the territorial courts, but some time after the admission of the
State, it was decided that the act was void, and that the validity of such
contracts was based upon the Constitution of 1818.

At the session of the Legislature of Illinois in 1817, a bill was
passed, by both Houses to repeal so much of the act as authorized the
bringing of negroes and m-ulattoes into -the State, and indenturing them
as slaves. The Governor vetoed the bill, giving as his reason, that there
was no such law in Illinois as the act of 1807, as it was a law of Indiana,
which was technically true, although re-enacted in Illinois. The Governor
was himself the owner of a number of indentured servants.

SLAVERY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.

The state of Ohio was the first state admitted into the Union from
the Korthwest Territory. As this was in 1802, the act of 1807 of the
Territory of Indiana, was never in force in that state.

As the settlement of the state was not made until about the time of
the passage of the Ordinance of 1787, there was nothing in the terms of
the Ordinance, which would affect that part of the Northwest Territory,
in contravention to the terms of the prohibitory sixth section of the
Ordinance, so that the Constitution of 1802, which absolutely prohibited
slavery and involuntary servitude, except for crime, and made void
indentures of persons unless made in a state of freedom, and also pro-
vided that indentures thereafter made, either outside the state or in the
state for more than one year, should be of no validity except in cases of
apprenticeships, is the only document governing that state.

I have never seen any statement in any historical work that slavery
ever existed in the territory or state of Ohio, but in the life of John
Brown by Elbert Hubbard, it is stated that slavery existed in the state in

1811, but this work can hardly be recognized as historical.

The Constitution of Indiana adopted in 1816, is the next in order,
and provided that "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes,
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, nor shall any inden-
ture of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and executed out of the
bounds of the state, be of any validity within the State.''

The committee has adopted additional matters against indentures
similar to those in the Ohio Constitution, but the anti-slavery delegates
who had always contended that the act of 1807 was unconstitutional,
objected to anything which might concede its validity and those pro-
visions were stricken out.

The adoption of the constitution did not result in the immediate
abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude, as in 1840 the census
credits Indiana with three female slaves.

That this condition prevailed, on account of the ignorance of many
of the shives, may be seen from the case of State v. Lasselle, 1 Blackford,
60, which was a habeas c&rjms case decided by the Supreme Court in
1820. The defendant answered that Polly, the name of the woman on
whose behalf the case was brought, was his slave by purchase, the issue
of a woman bought of the Indians prior to the Treaty of Greenville. The
lower court decided in favor of the defendant. In the Supreme Court, it
was argued for the defendant, that the Ordinance of 1787 did not pro-
hibit the slavery which existed at its adoption, but that it expressly
preserved it, and that the property granted by it, could not be divested
by the Constitution.

The court held, that the Virginia deed of session and the ordinance
were immaterial, that the question must be decided by the provisions of
the Constitution.

They hold that it was within the legitimate powers of the convention
in framing tlie Constitution, to prohibit the existence of slavery in that
State, and that they could conceive of no form of words in which the
intention to do so could have been more clearly expressed, and it was
accordingly held that Polly was free.

The framers of the first Constitution of Illinois, certainly did not
use language to express a present intent to abolish slavery, and it is the
opinion of some writers that it was only because of the requirement of
the Enabling Act of Congress, that the convention enacted Section 1 of
Article VI : "Xeither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter
be introduced into this State."

It not only failed to prohibit slavery as it then existed, but made
legal the indentures which had been illegal before that date, because of
the void act of 1807 re-enacted in Illinois in 1813, by the third section
of the same article, of the Constitution which provides that:

"Each and every person who has been bound to service by contract
or indenture, in virtue of the laws of Illinois Territory, heretofore exist-
ing, and in conformity to the provisions of the same, without fraud or
collusion, shall be hrld to a specific performance of their contract or
indentures, and such negroes and mulattoos as have been registered in
conformity with the aforesaid laws, shall servo out the time appointed
by said laws; provided, however, that the children lu>roaftor born of such
persons, negroes or mulattoos, sliall become free, the males at the age
of twenty-one years, the females at the age of eighteen years.

In the case of Phoebe v. Jarrot, Broose, 268, the court held that
the act of ScplcinlMM' 17, 1807, was void, as being repugnant to the sixth
arlicle of the Ordinance of 1787, but that the contracts of indenture were
roiidci'od valid by the third section of .Article Sixth of the Constitution,
and that the ado))tion of the Constitution and the admission of the State
into the Union under it, abrogated so nuuii of the Ordinance of 1787 as
was in conflict with it."

As this provision of the Constitution was ihe oidy ground for keep-
ing persons legally frw, in bondage, it I'oidd not have been enforced
under that portion of Section 1 of the fourteenth Ameiulment to the
Constitution of (ho Fi'doral Constitulion ; that no state should deprive
any ])erson of life, liberty, or properly without duo jirocfss of law. but

as there was in 1818 no sueli provision, it liad the effect of keeping
slavery in the State nntil the adoption of the Constitution of 1848.

A number of questions as to the rights of persons from, and in the
State, have been presented to the courts of the State, and some decisions
have been made by the courts of other states. Among those questions
decided at rather an early date, was that in Illinois the presumption of
law is in favor of the freedom of any person.

Bailey v. Cromwell, 3 Scam., 71.
and that the onus prohandi is on the one who claims that any person is
a slave or a registered servant.

Kinney v. Cook, 3 Scam., 232.

This holding was different from that of the courts of jMissouri, and
other slave states in cases of colored persons.

A construction of the third section of Article VI of the Constitution
was given in Choisser v. Hargrave, 1st Scam., page 17, which held that
this act of 1807 only applied to persons registered, in conformity to the
provisions of the laws governing the registration, which required that it
be done within thirty days from the entrance into the State, and it being
shown that the registration was not made until eighteen months after the
party was brought into the State, it was held he was entitled to his
freedom.

ATTEMPT TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION TO ALLOW SLAVERY.

At the time of the admission of the State it is probable that the pro-
portion of voters in favor of unlimited slavery was greater than those of
the opponents, and that the convention only adopted the Sixth Article,
because of the opinion, that an attempt to make a slave State, was likely
to defeat the admission into the Union on account of the sixth article of
the Ordinance of 1787.' The animus of the majority is shown by the
enactment of what are known as the Black Laws, and the laws against
kidnapping free negroes and mulattoes in which the only penalty pro-
vided was a civil action on behalf of the kidnapped person, who would
have been carried out of the State and could not enforce it.

In the election of 1822 which largely depended upon this question,
the aggregate vote of the two candidates of anti-slavery principles, was
but 3,330, while that of those in favor of slavery were 5,303, nearly 2,000
greater, but the election being by a plurality vote, the leading anti-
slavery candidate for Governor received the greater number of votes,
while the Legislature had nearly two-thirds in each House, of the pro-
slavery party, which also elected the Lieutenant Governor. During the
first half of his term, the Governor and Legislature clashed over these
matters. The Governor recommended a revision of the Black Laws, and
the enactment of adequate penalties for repression of the crime of kid-
napping which had become frequent.

This immediately precipitated a struggle to amend the Constitu-
tion, and a committee to whom the matter was referred reported and
recommended the adoption of a resolution to submit the question of the
call of a convention to amend the constitution, at the next election for
the election of members of the General Assembly.

As this required tlie allinnatioii vote of two-thirds of each body,
there was a lack of one vote in tlie House, lu a contested election case,
the sitting member had been held to be entitled to his seat, but when
he refused to vote for the resolution, a motion to reconsider the vote
was carried, and the contestant was seated, which gave the required
two-thirds vote in that body, and the vote of the Senate was sullicient,
so the resolution was adopted. For eighteen months the contest was
carried on with great violence in the State, but at the election in 18*,i4,
the resolution was defeated by a majority of nearly 1800.

In the Constitution of 1848, slavery and involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime, was prohibited, but the Black Laws
prohibiting the immigration of persons of color into the State was
carried by nearly a two-thirds vote, and another section was adopted
requiring the Legislature at the next session to pass laws which should
prevent free persons of color from coming into the State for residence,
and prevent parties from bringing them into the State for the purpose
of freeing them. Pursuant to this provision, the Legislature in 1855
passed an act making it a high misdemeanor for a colored person to
come into the State for the purpose of residence, and remain for ten
days, with a penalty of a fine of $50 and if the fine was unpaid, the
party might be sold to the person who would agree to take him for the
shortest period for that sum, and costs. In a case decided in 1SG4, the
Supreme Court held the law to be valid, because as the sale was but for
a limited period, it was only in the nature of an apprenticeship, and that
the State had the power to define offenses, and the exercise of such
power could not be inquired into by the court.
Nelson v. People, 33 111., 390.

These Black Laws were continued with slight modifications until
1865 when they were repealed by the act of February 7.

A number of decisions concerning the rights of persons claimed to
be slaves^ have been decided by the courts of this State, and the courts
of other states, growing out of the laws of this State and of the other
states in the territory.

No case has been found in the Supreme Court of this State as to
the status of children of slaves of the old French settlers until that of
Jarrot v. Jarrot, 2 Oilman, 1, decided by the Supreme Court at December
term, 1845.

Plaintiff was the grandson of a woman who was proven to have
been a slave at Cahokia in 1783, and son of her daugliter born in 1704,
Avho was kept in slavery by the father of defendant, who bequeathed her
to defendant in February, 1818, and plaintiff, who was then about
twenty-five or twenty-six years old, was born afler liis mother was
bequeathed to defendant. The lower court found for tlie defendant, but
the Supreme Court reversed the judgment, and as the exact date of the
birth of the plaintiff did not appear, but as it was so near the adoption of
the Constitution, that it miglit have been before that date, the court
decided that the cliildren of a slave of a French master born after
adoption of the Ordinance of 1787, whether before or after the ad(^ptioii
of the Constitution, were free. The court cited a number of eases from
other states, but tlie only one exactly in j^oint was ^ferry v. Tiflin,

1 Mo., 725, where the mother of phiintiff who had been held as a slave
in Virginia, had been taken into Illinois before the Ordinance of 1787.
The plaintiff was born after the ordinance was passed, and it was held
that he was free.

The court held that tlic provisions of tbc deed of session of Virginia
were satisfied by securing to the masters the rights they then had, with-
out including things not in existence, and there was nothing in that
cession which forbade Congress to fix a limit to things which might
afterward be the subject of property.

The same question came up later in the same state in a case by
Aspasia, a colored woman born in Illinois after the Ordinance of 1787,
and the court upheld the former doctrine. The case was taken to the
Supreme Court of the United States, which held that the right to hold
a child born after the ordinance, as a slave ivas not given by the ordi-
nance, and that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter.
Menard v. Aspasia, 5 Peters, 504.

In 1830 the same question was decided in the same way by the
Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Merry v. Chlxnaider, 26 Martin, 699.

That the constitution of a state may prohibit slavery, notwithstand-
ing the provisions of the exceptions to Article VI in the Ordinance of
1787, was held by the Supreme Court of Indiana in State v. LaSalle, 1
Blackford, 60.

This view is also announced by the Supreme Court of Mississippi,
in the case of Harvey v. Decker, et al., Walker 36.

The effect of bringing slaves into this state for the purpose of resi-
dence and of hiring them out, has been decided by the courts of several
states, as well as of this state. In the case of Willard v. People, 4 Scam.,
461, it was held that passing through the state with his master did not
free a slave. The first outside case I have found is Winning v. Vvliite-
sides, 1 Mo., 472, where the plaintiff had been taken into Illinois from
ISTorth Carolina about 1797, where she had been kept in slavery for
three or four years and then taken into Missouri, where she had remained
in slavery for nearly twenty years. The court held that her residence in
Illinois gave her freedom and that the masters right did not revive
when taken to a state where slavery was permitted, if she failed to claim
her right in the free state. This doctrine was upheld by the Supreme
Court of Virginia, when a slave girl was sold to an Ohio resident, and
delivered to the agent in Ohio, but the bill of sale was made to defendant
who knew of the transaction. The girl remained in Ohio for two years
when she returned to Virginia and was taken possession of by defendant.
It was held that she became free.

Fanny v. Griffith, Gilmer 143.

The Supreme Court of Missouri recognized the same doctrine in
seven other cases, but later, in 1853, when there was a hostile feeling
in the slave states by reason of the greater activities of the abolitionists
in the free states, it overruled all the foregoing cases arrogating to itself
the powers of a legislature, in Scott v. Emerson, 15 Mo., 576, and Sylvia
V. Kirby, 17 Mo., 439. For the same reason, the legislature of Louisiana

— 7 H S

in 1848, changed the law in that state, by the passage of an act providing
that residence in a free state should not free a slave who returns to that
state.

In Kentucky it was held that an infant domiciled in Ohio for six
months became free, and that a return to Kentucky while still a minor,
did not prejudice his claim.

Henry v. Evans, 2 Duvol, 259,
but it was held that sending a slave girl twice with his daughter to
Ohio, while on visits, remaining less than a month each time, did not
give her her freedom when she returned to the state.
Collins V. America, 9 B. Monroe, 565.

A number of questions have arisen as to the character of registered
and indentured servants. In the case of Nance v. Howard, Breese, 183,
it was held that registered servants were property, and could be sold
under execution.

In Phoebe v. Jay, Breese, 20T, it was held that indentured servants
under the Constitution of 1817, do not become free by the death of the
master, but pass to the legatees, executors or administrators, but not
to the heirs-at-law, but that an administrator can only sell the servant,
and cannot require the performance of service. The doctrine as to the
validity of indentures was re-affirmed.

Sarah v. Borders, 4 Scam., 545.

In the case of Boon v. Juliet, I Scam., 258, it was held that the
children of registered servants under the tifth section of the act of
September 17, 1807, were not within the provisions of the third section
of Article VI of the first constitution, but were free and could not be
held to service. As the constitution only provided that persons who had
been bound by contract or indenture, should serve out their time, and
did not mention the provision of the act of 1807 as to their children,
the children became free.

In Kentucky a case arose as to the eU'ect of the Kegistration Act
of 1807 of Indiana, on the status of slaves owned before the removal into
that territory.

Rankin v. Lydia, 2 A. K. Marshall, 471.

The court says that as the article of the Ordinance of 1787, pro-
vides that shivery or involuntary servitude is prohibited, that when a
l>crson was brought into the territory and indentured or registered,
that they were no longer slaves, and that when taken back to Kentucky,
fhcy brought an action for their freedom, the former master was estoppel
from claiming them as slaves. In this case while in Indiana, the regis-
tered servant had been sold several times and the last tinu' to a resident
of Kentucky, who took her back to that state, where she broiight an
action of assault and battery to test her right to freedom. It was held
that the act of registration was equivalent to emancipii.tion and she
l)ecame free. The question of the right to her as a servant was not
made. This is more consistent than the decision of the Illinois courts,
holding the servants to be property.

THE EFFECT OF THE ADMISSION OF A STATE UPON THE PROVISIONS OF THE

ORDINANCE OF 1787.

The authorities to the effect that the adoption of a state constitu-
tion and admission by Congress, abrogates by common consent, all the
Drovisions of the ordinance which were contrary to the provisions of
the constitution are too numerous to require citation, but the statement
by Chief Justice Taney in the opinion in Strader v. Graham, 10 Howard,
that the adoption of the federal constitution superceded the provisions
of that ordinance, are not so generally known, and I have found no other
case which decides this question. It seems to be unnecessary to the
determination of the case, and may well be doubted.

The number of negroes in Illinois at the close of the British occu-
pation, has been estimated at about. 650, but whether this number
included negroes and mulattoes brought in and indentured or registered
under the act of 1807, I have not been able to learn.

Of course the effect of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848,
made slavery and involuntary servitude illegal in Illinois. Whether
there were any of the original slaves living at that time, I have not been
able to learn, but they must have been few, if any; but these may have
been indentured servants, as they might have been brought in up to
1818.

100

OLD SETTLER TALES.

(By Mabel E. Fletcher.)

COMFORT'S WEDDING.

Once upon a time a groat many years ago, there lived in the western
wilderness two young people so good and handsome and true that they
were loved by their neighbors for a distance of one hundred miles. The
young man's name was Severe Stringfield, and the young woman's name
was Comfort Rhodes. Xow Severe's disposition did not suit his name,
as you may already have guessed, for he was a bright, smiling youth,
always ready to do any one a favor. Comfort's name did suit her, for
a better maid of eighteen never washed the faces of her little brothers
and sisters, combed their hair, and taught them to "'''make their manners."

When Comfort's mother heard that Comfort and Severe were to
be married, she immediately put her homespun apron to her eyes and
wept. Then she withdrew it and began to plan the wedding feast and
the wedding gown.

"You must be married in blue," she said, "for that's your color;
and you must wear your grandmother's lace shawl."

"And we will have a wedding supper," boomed Comfort's father.
Mr. Rhodes was a giant of a man Avith grizzled hair and black eyes
under white brows.

Comfort smiled and agreed to everything, for she was very happy.
The greater part of every day now she sat in the corner and merrily
turned her spinning wheel, for down in Pone Hollow Severe was building
a small new cabin. No linen could be too carefully spun for that cabin.

The wedding was set for the first of May. All spring Severe had
been ])lowing his little patch of ground in Pone Hollow by moonlight,
because of the green-hoailcd flics. Tlicse insects were a great trouble
to the early settlers, for they were everywhere, and if the young horses
and cows were exposed to them, they were often stung to death. Hence,
men plowed and planted and even travele<l by the light of the moon.

A neighbor woman, Drusilla Harvey, rode fifty miles across the
l>rairi(' to help make the wedding dress. She was a thin woman with a
sharp tougiK! and a twilchiiig thumb, but she coidd sew bettor tban any
one. Comfort th(»ught.

At last the wedding day came, seemingly a perfect day in May.
The wild crab apple blooms lay like a pink, fragrant blanket on all the
little hills, and in the rcdbud trees the boos hummed aiul hummed. The
redbirds whistled down in the valley, aiul all the father thrushes in the
country warbled while their mates sat on nests cunningly hid in the
wild rose bushes, waiting for their babies to come.

101

Then, about nine o'clock, there came over a cloud from the north-
east. It was followed by another, then another. In a half hour the
rain was falling fast, and pretty Comfort stood in the open door of the
cabin, gazing sadly out at the streaming landscape.

"There, don't you mind," said her mother. "A little rain won't
keep anybody away. The men'll be glad to stop their planting. I
reckon everybody'll be here."

There were three seasons for the pioneers of that time : winter,
spring, and fall. In the winter they hunted involves and deer; in the
spring they plowed the rich black soil and planted oats, corn, and a little
wheat, in the fall they drove to Chicago (200 miles) to sell their oats
at twelve and one-half cents a bushel.

"I'm not crying for that," said Comfort. "It's the river I'm
afraid of. You know Omey said yesterday that it's been raining hard
up north for a week. All the creeks up there are out of their banks.
Severe said yesterday that the river had risen a foot. And then we
hadn't had a drop of rain. What will it be by night? I'm afraid we
can't go h-home to-night."

Severe's cabin lay a half mile from the Ehodes cabin, on the other
side of the river. There was not a bridge within fifty miles ; you forded
the muddy waters on horseback, or else, if you were on foot, you crossed
gingerly on the trunk of a great fallen oak.

"The water was up to the log yesterday," said poor Comfort.

"jSTever mind; I reckon Severe can ford the river on old Jinny,
if the worst comes to the worst. Now you'd better help me with those
pies."

The hour of the wedding had been set for three o'clock in the
afternoon, so that the guests (there were to be twenty in all) might
arrive in ])lenty of time. Some of them lived thirty miles away. Then
would come the marriage feast. The guests who lived only a short
distance away, ten or fifteen miles, would return that night ; the rest
would be disposed of somehow in the Ehodes cabin. Luckily it had
a loft.

By one o'clock the guests had arrived. First came the Pancake
family, with five little- Pancakes of varying degrees of roundness and
thickness. The children were' all so jolly and healthy looking as they
crawled out of the covered wagon and scampered into the house, that
both Comfort and her mother kissed every rain-wet cheek. The Pan-
cake baby was so joyful over being allowed to come to a wedding at
such a tender age that he crowed until he doubled up and hung motion-
less over Comfort's arm.

Next came the two Stringfield's, Severe's father and mother. They
were simnle, kindlv people in rough homespun. They greeted Comfort
happily, for they felt that their son was getting a good wife.

After that there was a thin trickle of guests for over an hour. Old
Granny Sharks, who was rheumatic and very ill-tempered, had insisted
on coming, in spite of the rain. She was in a pet by the time she was
put down on the hearth, still glued to her rush-bottomed chair, from
which she had refused to be separated.

102

''Them a-tryin' to mek me stay to hum !" she sniffed to Comfort.
''1 told 'em I was comin' to see you married if I had to swim ! And I
be comin', I be !"

She glared at Comfort and repeated violently, "I be!"

Finally (iranny took out from her pocket her corncob pij)e an«"l
began to smoke. Gradually her anger melted, and by the time Com-
fort was dressed in her bridal finery, Granny was fast asleep, her chin
dropped on her bosom.

When it was three o'clock. Comfort began to dress. Her gown was
of blue and white calico. There were four widths to the skirt, the two
front ones being gored. The waist was very short, and fastened behind
with a draw string. The sleeves were immense, tapering from the
shoulder to the wrist. "Sheep-shanks' sleeves," they called them. You
will smile when I tell you that they were thickly padded with feathers
to make them keep their shape.

No big sleeves and no queerly hanging skirt could dim the rosy
beauty of Comfort's face, however. She was well satisfied with her new
calico — didn't it cost forty cents a yard? And when she threw about
her plump white shoulders the shawl which had come from England,
there was not a prettier sight in the whole world.

But the bridegroom — where was he?

When the rain had started, he was in the new cabin, putting up a
shelf for Comfort's few precious pewter dishes. As the drops came faster
and faster, until in fact, the very heavens seemed to pour down upon
the earth, ho decided to wait there until after the deluge passed. As the
hours went on, the rain came faster, if possible. There was plenty to
eat in the hoaise, for he had furnished it well for his young bride, but
Severe would not eat. He wished to break bread for the first time in
the new home with Comfort.

Finally, when it drew near to three o'clock he became alarmed. He
had intended to dress here; he had brought his wedding clothes — new
butternut jeans and a pleated shirt. Such finery would be ruined in five
minutes in such a rain.

Then a bright idea came to him. He snatched up a buckskin meal
sack and thrust the garments into it. Tying the mouth of the bag
tightly with a bit of buckskin string, ho gave one last glance at the cozy
cabin, and then walked out into the down]iour.

Tt was an anxious bride who greeted him ten minutes later, as he
stood dripping on the "Rhodes threshold. He answered the banter of the
guests smilingly, and then looked soberly at pretty Comfort.

"Comfort," he said, "I hadn't calklated on comin' like a frog the
first time T married you. But I've got all my glory in this mealbag. I
reckon T'd bettor crawl into the loft and put it on. .\nd then if there's
any eatin', T move we eat first and be married afterwards. I'll tell you
why. The river's rose awful, and T know Old Liveforcver's goin' to have
a hard time gettin' here."

Comfort nodded gravely. "It seems as if everything's just trying
to spoil my wedding day," she said with tears in her eyes. "The Blaines
haven't come — on account of the high water, I suppose — nor the Joneses
nor the Wheelers."

103

"All the more for us to eat, then," cried Severe cheerfully, as he
crawled into the loft.

The minister who was to marry them was to come from the settle-
ment thirty miles away. He was called Old Liveforever, because of his
peculiar beliefs. Man, he said, was not meant to die. He himself never
meant to die. Old Livefoiever had made preaching engagements for five
hundred years ahead.

When Severe descended from the loft, he took his place at Comfort's
side, and good Mrs. Rhodes, aided by a very fat neighbor who wheezed
as she wallved, waited on the guests.

Such slices of bear bacon as were eaten — such haunches of venison !
What a number of pies disappeared, and what quarts of coffee made from
roasted wheat ! And what happiness there was in the log house, even
though the rain poured outside and the minister was many watery miles
away !

Just about dark, Mr. Ehodes suddenly lifted his hand for silence.

"I hear someone shouting," he said.

Sure enough, there came a long call. "Severe ! Severe Stringfield !"

"It's the minister," cried Severe joyfully, and ran to the door. The
rain had ceased at last.

"I'll run down to the river and meet him," said Mr. Ehodes, and
off he splashed.

A little later he came back with a sober face.

"He can't get across," he said. "The water's turrible high, and his
horse won't swim it. He says for you to come down to the bank and
he'll marry you anyway."

Severe turned to look at Comfort.

"I suppose that we might as well," she said.

Then what a hurrying to and fro there was in that little backwoods
cabin ! Granny had come to life again, and she gave more shrill com-
mands in one minute than two people could possibly fulfill in a half hour.
Mrs. Stringfield looked down the path to the river; then she turned
doubtfully to Comfort's mother.

"I'm thinking," she said, "that if we see our children married, we'll
have to wade."

And that is exactly what they had to do.

Soon there rode forth from the little house, on old Jinny, the
bridegroom and his bride. Comfort clung lightly to the stalwart form of
Severe, and she wore around her shoulders the delicate web of the white
shawl. As the horse paused for a moment in the light which streamed
out from the open doorway, Mrs. Stringfield thought that she had never
seen a lovelier sight than the face behind that of her boy. The dampness
had made little straying ringlets around the edge of the straw bonnet,
and on the girl's breast some one had pinned a fragrant cluster of wild
crab apple blossoms. Then old Jinny, of her own accord, started with
important steps down to the river. After her came the wedding guests,
shrieking and laughing as they waded bare-footed through the mud and
water. Ruin their shoes, even for a wedding? Never ! When I tell you
that the best imported calfskin boots of those days cost five hundred

104

dollars, you will not wonder that tiu'se thrifty people tried to save their
sturdy foot covering.

Presently all reached the shore of the river. The tall form of the
parson could barely be made out as he sat on his great horse under the
big willow on the opposite bank.

''I can't see you," he called.

Then by dint of much coaxing, ho forced his horse out into the yel-
low water, until it came u]) to Old Dobbin'.s flanks. And tlj^en and there,
by the light of a flickering jiine torch, with the river hurrying by and the
whip-poor-wills calling in the timber, Severe and Comfort were married.
Severe had no money, but he promised to pay his fee in maple sugar the
following spring.

It was here that old diniiy surprised everybody. Whatever made her
do so, no one ever knew, but she calmly walked out into the river and
was stemming the current before Severe could tighten the reins. She
swam steadily through the water and finally come out on the opposite
bank, where she stopped by Dobbin.

How the wedding guests shouted and laughed ! And how pleased
was Severe ! How concerned Comfort was over her bedraggled gown !

In pioneer days, however, few tears were shed over the unex])octed
and unpleasant, and in a few moments the young people were smiling to
think how much sooner they had come home than they had expected.
They waved a good-by, which no one saw, to the little group with the
torch, and shouted to them a last message for Granny, who had been
left in the cabin.

Then, with the preacher, they rode slowly up the bank and through
the woods to their own little cabin with the bed, the blue chest used as
a table, the settle, and the shelf for the precious pewter. This was home.

PART III

Contributions to State History
1916

107

THE FOX RIVER OF ILLINOIS,

(Kiver of the Bos Bison, or, as we name it, the Buffalo )

(By the Late J. P. Steward.)
On an old map, without date, and its legends in latin, but probably
made before 1632, as it shows none of Champlain^s delineations of that
year but copies many errors of the earlier Spanish cartographers, is
sho^vn a lake named "Ilagonantens," at the head of the St. Lawrence
Eiver. This lake represents some vague idea of Lake Michigan, as
advanced by the natives, as evidenced by a bay marked "Puants," the
region then occupied by the Indians of Green Bay. Other lakes are
omitted. Beneath the last word quoted is found "Assistagueronons," the

'Cole

^*^ . e;

3fa^

'^ 2^

•^^ o

Gk,

,dJ^

5oo^

stehoh

<>^^

?■'« 260 :

^tii^9^

3oo'

'JS

«^.

Fragment of Franquelm's map of 1684.

■^

word having reference to a tribe later known to the French as "JSTation
de Fue,'' (Nation of the fire) ; the last word quoted being a misinterpre-
tation of the Algonquin term for our prairies, "Muscoda").

The Mascoutens, the people of the prairies, (the name spelled a
score of ways), later sometimes called by the French ("Gens de Prair-
ies") were, possibly, a branch of the Pottawottomies of the prairies, who
occupied tjie region roamed over by the buffalo at the head of, and over
the prairies that border, our historic river, the "Pestecuoy'^ of Fran-
quelin's maps of 1684 and 1688. The name of the river, variously
spelled by the French traders, in all Algonquin tongues, was that of the
great bison then of our prairies but later limited to the western plains.

108

On (he Fi-niiqiioliii maps are shown some of the names of the Mas-
coutiii tribes whoso hunting grounds and villages bordered the head-
waters of our beautiful stream.

The nuip of IGSl. one of the lirst to show the stream in its entirety,
places its course approximately correct, but its windings are much
exaggerated. The crooks are due to the fact that the great trail passing
from Kaskaskia, the town of the Illini tribe on the river of their name
near Utica, (traveled by La Salle and his men) approached the river
only at its western bends.

The long sweeps to the east are thrown too far. Nicolet traversed
the region west of the lakes, but left us few details, and none regarding
the trails. Medart Chouart dcs Groseillers and his brother-in-law
Kadisson, traveled the region before 1660, and that year learned of the
oxistonco of the Mississippi "River, disguised in n Dakota name.

IG 7 9

An earlier map shows our stream, however; although not dated, it
is considered by llarrisse, the French critic of the American maps, to
have been produced in 167!). This maj), reproduced by Pinart and said
by him not to have been nu\de later than KISO, is of much importance,
as at the river's head is shown a small lake which, although not named,
nnswer.s for Pistakee Laki' of our day, or ])erhaps one of the other small
lakes. Although tlu' river hears no name, its showing is of moment
because, west of Chicago, is .seen a short line crossing the stream and
thereby the French word *'Saut," that word meaning a rapid. How can
we account for this showing except by assuming that a wi'll known trail
there cro.ssed and had been traveled by various traders?

"We find other old I'^reneh mai)s. De Lisle's. for instance, showing a
trail passing from the Missi.s.sippi to "("hieagou," and crossing our stream

109

some distance above its mouth. It is believed that the trail shown on
map No. C. 17701,* in the Bibliothequo National, at Paris, was laid
clown by mere guess. On this map, along the Fox l\iver of Wisconsin, is
a dotted line and the words "Chemin de I'AUee"; and from opposite the
mouth of the Des Moines, a cross-prairie line to the place of the Kas-
kaskias, below the mouth of our river, marked "Cliemin du Retour,"
meaning, in plain English, route of the return.

The last named trail does not agree with those of other maps antl
liesides, Joliet and Marquette did not return that way, as implied.

Eeliable maps, however, show a dotted line passing up Rock River,
(the Assi]inesepe), to the Grand Detour, thence striking olf to the south-
east, thence eastwardly and then deflected toward '"Chicagou." The
southeastwardly deflection is undoubtedly the part laid down by Blancli-
ard as the Kishwaukee trail that crossed our Fox River at one of the
several I'apids along the great bend in Kendall County, and there joined
the path known to the early settlers as the Sac and Fox trail. There
is little doubt that the particular rapid is that which passed over the
rock bottom at the southeast corner of Little Rock Township, crossed
by my jjarents in prairie schooners in 1838, they having followed the
Kishwaukee trail for a little distance from the northwest, crossing the
river by the Sac and Fox trail it there joined. Along the river, both in
the township last mentioned and Fox Township, are evidences of early
occupation. Here was the Miami town of Maramech, on the historic
trail; and not far distant, on the hill, bared to the midday sun, still rest
many of the denizens of "That great village." Father Allouez is sup-
posed to have visited our region at an early date. LaSalle, from early
in 1679 to 1683, became well acquainted with our river, as he traveled
on foot several times from his military headquarters and trading post
at Fort St. Louis, (on Starved Rock, of our day) to Chicagou, sometimes
passing along the "Divine" (Desplaines), and at other times taking the
trail west of and along the "Pestecuoy," soon crossing the latter near
the middle of the western line of Kendall County ; or continuing to the
large bend where, earlier in 1679, he had established the headquarters
of his "Colonie du Sieur de LaSalle." It was LaSalle who gave to
Franquelin, the Official Cartographer of New France, the information
that enabled the latter to so well map in our river in his 1684 and 1688
delineations, the bends exaggerated, but correctly showing the native
villages along its banks, and its general course not bad. The sites of
some of the villages have been located by implements and fire pavements
of the cabins.

As we find villages laid down far above the "Colonic," it may yet
be learned that, far earlier than the mention of the route by St. Cosme,
traders had passed up the Root River of Wisconsin, at the mouth of
which is Racine, and portaged across to the headwaters of our stream;
and it may have been they who first made known to the map makers
of 1679 and later, the crossing trails and the towns of our river. It is
not out of place to here state the fact that all researches have shown
that the erstwhile river of our Buffalo was better known, as shown by

* It is largely copied from Joliet's rnap of 1673, but is allet,ed to be a "map of the new discoveries
that the Jesuit Fathers have made in the year 1672 aad continued by the Rev. Father Marquette of the
same company, accompanied by some Frenchmen, etc."

110

ilie maps of 1679 to that of Popple, early after 1732, than any part
of the west.

*Maramech, (also spelled Maramee, Maramek and Maraux) was the
principal town of the Miamis (as recently made clear in my article
published in the transactions of our Society), where Nanangousi, (also
spelled Kanangousista) as promised by LaSalle, and Mesatonga were
chiefs of the village. It was there that French traders early made their
appearance, as shown by the relics (guns, axes, blankets, paints and
trinkets) found in the graves of the Miami cemetery near by.

Of the villages along our river it was at Maramech that Nicholas
Perrot was sent to supervise the Miamis and Illinois and keep them
faithful to the French interests, and there made his headquarters. He
had several trading posts, the one most mentioned bemg on the west
bank of the Mississippi River, above Dubuque ; and I have reasons to
believe, one at Maramech, as it was there his infiue;K-e wap most felt.

The Mascoutins were largely at the headwaters of our river as
stated, and it was they, the nearest neighbors to Maramech, who robbed
him. Messitonga, it is most probable, was the war chief of the village,

French axe, found in passage to water down from the stockade ou Maramech Uill, nine inches long.

and while in conference with Perrot, in 1694, some Mascoutins arrived
at the cabin, when this was taking place, and reported that the chief
was wanted at the village, as they were likely to be attacked by the
Sioux, who were then at the lead mines. The Chief hastened to notify
the people to prepare to protect themselves by building a fort. It seems
probable that the ]>coi)ie of the scattered village hastened to the island-
like hill, "^'Eising gently to the Avost and northwest from a little river,"
a natural defence, high, in the forks of two small streams and on the
other side bordered by swamps, where they worked for twD days. The
exact place is not made clear in the accounts, but the bank on Maramech
TTill that forms the (k'c])er jtortion of what, lUi years later served for a
time as ])rotection for a branch of the Foxes, is ])i-obal)ly where tiie work
began. Lying, as it does, within the limits of the erstwhile "great
village" of Maramech (that cre})t along the clearer creek and along the
river from the rock that gave the stream its second name, to a mile
beyond Sylvan Spring) ; by common consent since my discoveries, the
name Maramech Hill has been given to the eminence.

♦ Tho writer suspects Ibiit tlip name was nover clianpod but Innf , followlni; n custom of thi> Freiioli
traders, tho map makers also al)brevlale<l. For liistimoe: Nadoucssioux is merely iu» Alk'ouquin word
meaninc enemies, or our enemies. The Fretichmen look II to l)e the name of 1 he Iiakoia tribes, and
for short they wore called liv the l;isl syllable, Sioux. For sborl, 'or the same prison, the I'oltawalom-
ies were Called Poux, and Maramech liiay have been shortened to Murau.x (the plunU of the |)eoplo of
Maramech), as seen on several maps following the early ones.

Ill

There a great boulder marks the event which, more than else, makes
the place, only a short pistol shot from the river, famous in our early
history. No place was better known in the west and better detailed on
the early maps than our river. Green Bay, the bay of the "Puants,"
was early shown, but the maps are blanks as to minor features. The
early accounts make mention, hundreds of times, of the -tribes of the
bay and the river that leads to it, but details that mark our stream so

^Penff

Fragment of one of Popples' maps. Note the isolated hill near Maraux.

clearly, are there wanting. Although Perrot was in charge of the
Miamis, at Maramech, for a number of years, he makes little mention
of the principal village in his memorial, but gave to La Potherie*
details that make the story clear.

Popple's map, one of the latest to show our vicinity, only shows
the position of the principal village, and the surrounding hills, in the
"Big woods" that, for lumber, massive walnut trees were felled, no

A relic oi ancient Maiamech, Miami stone mill.

doubt, the heart of the metropolis. Here have been discovered many
relics, and a mile upstream is still to be seen a great boulder, found with
muller in place, under the accumulation of years of vegetable mold.

Smaller mills for grinding the meats of nuts, to season the mess
of pottage, have been found and potshards, near this and other springs,
were abundant before the plows had turned them to the sun and frost.
Many implements of agriculture f have been thrown to the surface and

* De Lapotherie, "L'Histoire del'Amerlque Seprentrionale."
t Six hoes have enriched my collection.

112

celts, and hammer stones have been carried away by relic hunters. The
overflows of the river have often exposed the fire pavements of the cabins.

And under the trees that, during my youth, stood near the mouth of
"Rob Roy" creek may have been the potteries of the village, as here
mure fragments of the ])otters art than d.-^ewhcre have been exposed.
Sixty years of rcj)eated expu.^ure by tbc plow, to the frosts of winter have
turned most of the fragments to dust.

When the tribes and villages disappeared is not known, but Perrot
was instructed to order the Miamis of Maramech (the ''Miamis of the
grue" — the crane) to "move their fires" and join the branch of the tribe
on the St. Joseph River. Charlevoix, who passed down the Illinois
River in 1721, found scant remains of Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock,
as we know the place, and makes no mention of tiie existence of La Salle's
'•'Colonic, but he speaks well of our tributary river, saying: "The
largest is named the Pisticuoi and comes from the beautiful country of
the Mascoutins, and it has at its mouth a rapid named La Charboniere,
because of the rich coal bods found on cither band. One sees on this

The Rock. Forty-flve foet high and an acre in cxtont.

route little more than rich i)rairios, sown with little bunches of woods
that ajjpear to have boon planted by the hand of man. The grasses are
so high that one becomes lost but for jiaths that are as well beaten as
in \v('ll-poi)nlatcd countries. However, nothing jjasscs over them but
Buiraio, and from time to time, herds of deer and antelopes."

It was from our river that, in response to the orders of the Governor,
Perrot took about two hundred warriors along the lakes and down the
St. Lawrence to join the French in an attack on the Irocpiois, south of
Lake Ontario.

The change of name fnmi the ri\iT of tlu' Biitl'alo to that of the
Rock was not accepted as a whole; its upper jxirtion, higluM- than the
little lake, our summer resort, being beyond the fretnu-nt line of travel
of French trade, the older name was late in use.

The original name there clung as late as the year 1838, as shown on
the map in Lanman's History of Michigan. The name of the little lake
now only remains, as an echo of the majestic herds that gave the river 'ts
poetic name, and sought its waters. The buffalo tiiat so long character-

113

ized the prairies and timber shelters along the river soon gave way to
an9ther characteristic feature. The high rounded rocks (Eocher) each
an acre in extent, their feet bathed by the stream, that were too hard to
be cut away by the%reat glacial plowshare, as were the shales of the
superincumbent strata. Riviere du 'Eocher (River of the Rock) !
Trading posts, if not at the village, were not far away, as proven by the
implements, weapons and trinkets yielded to the spades of the curious
ones, where slept the disturbed and where still lie the undisturbed
remains of the many, on the beautiful bluff, awaiting the call from the
far west, where the lisping (and oft angry) waters of the great ocean
still beat upon the shores of their longed-for happy hunting ground. No
grave stones mark the place of sepulture, and no owl hoots from crumb-
ling bell towers, but there, bared to the sun, the violets of spring enrich
the green sward that cover the gentle and the brave, and there, as then,
the golden rod marks the ripeness of the year. Children of ISTature, they
sleep in Nature's lap.

K A NJ E Co.

Two creeks bathe the foot of Maramech Hill and unite and pay their
tribute to our stream, a mile above the rocks. What name before the
reference, in the military accounts, to "line petite riviere," was known,
has not come down to us. May they not have been known as the Big and
Little creeks of The Rock ? When came the change to River of the Rock
they became Big Rock and Little Rock Creeks, as now; but the larger
creek, "The Little River" of the military accounts, may later have stag-
gered under a new name, for a time, after the slaughter of 1730, and
by common consent of the traders, assumed the name "Battle Creek," as
was still echoed to the early settlers by its larger tributary, in Kane
County.*

Attempts to mark the trails at this late day are found to be exceed-
ingly difficult, and hence it is believed that Blanchard erred in placing
the crossing of the river, by the Sac and Fox trail, in that it is too far
south. As late as 1838 the early settlers placed the trail from the west
to the great bend between Little Rock Township and Fox Township,

* Before me is a map of Kane county, published sometime ago by Rand & McNally. Consulting
the map maker, he informed me that the names of the streams were carefully gathered from the old
settlers, and on the map we find "Battle Creek."

— 8 H S

114

where it crossed and wound np tlic hill and on to and beyond Specie's
Grove, thence onward to Maiden, in Canada, whore the "British band"
of Sacs and Foxes wont to receive annuities from the British Government.
The Hon. Geor^je TTollenhack, the first white person born in Kendall
County, believes as does Blanchard; as, when a boy he frequentlv saw
Indians pass alonf; the trail. Indian trails were always as straiirht as
the surface of the country would allow, and the early staore routes often
followed the trails. This was e.'specially true at the fords. The Govern-
ment survey of Kendall County, made in 1842, shows the stafre route
from Ottawa to Chicag^o as enterinor the county and cutting the northeast
corner of Big Grove Township and passing across the Hollonback claims
and on to the trading posts at Chicago.* In Little Eock Township the
Kishwaukee trail joined the one known as the Sac and Fox trail after
passing over "the little river" at the small rapid at the northeast foot of
the historic hill. For a mile, or more, I knew it well, for, on patient
"Old Grey" who, with his mate, had trundled a "Prairie schooner" all
the way from northeastern Pennsylvania, I struck the trail and tim-
orously followed it across the little rapid and through the dense woods to
Penfield Post Office, long ago abandoned, on the north bank of our
river, where it joined the other trail and Stage road, and where the ever
scarce twenty-five cents were required to pay the postage on a single
letter. At the foot of the historic hill the trail parted, one branch
climbing the steep and passing over at the lowest place, its scar still
visible. After the departure of the Miamis our prairies and the valley
of our river became no-mans-land, hunted only by bands when strong
enough to dare the undertaking; but trade, no doubt, continued, as
French guns, blankets and trinkets were still in demand, and the desire
and necessity for these formed partial protection to the traders.

The year 1730 brought to our river the climax of its history. War!
On the hill is placed a boulder, and there we read :

"In this stockaded fort 300 Fox warriors, with women and children,
were besieged by thirteen hundred French and allies, Aug. 17, 1730:

escaped SeptemlDer 9th. Captured, tortured, killed. French

trenches on the north end of hill. "The Kock," spoken of by Ferland,
(Ilistoire du Canada), two miles south, is partly quarried away. The
Maramech of Franquelin's map of 1684, was near. Site identified and
stone placed by John F. Steward, 1874-1900."

The main grievance of the French was the resistence of the Foxes
to special aggressions of the traders, mainly because the Foxes opposed
the taking of arms and munitions of war by way of the Fox River of
Wisconsin, to their deadly enomies west of them. They also taxed the
traders for carrying goods to othor tribes by way of the region they
claimed to monopolize. Early in 1730 information reached the French
at Green Bay, the post on the St. Joseph River, and Fort (^hartres, on
the Mississippi, that the Foxes, to escape the persecutions of the French,
had started to go to the Iroquois, which tribe had made proposals to
receive them.

♦The early maps of Ili-ninplnmul D.- I-islo suppori my bolit-f aiul ih(< Tlii>\vnoi map dispiitrs imy
opposing tbeory.

115

From the time of tlie destruction of the Foxes our river bore a still
newer name which has perpetuated the sad event.* "Eiviere des Een-
ards"; River of the Foxes, in our tongue. Our written history of the
river, for a time, is silent as the rocks that gave its second name, but
in 1752 we read: "A squaw, a widow of a Frenchman who had been
killed at the Vermilion, has reported to Mr. Desligneris that the Pian-
keshaws, the Illinois and the Osages were to assemble at the prairie of

f , the place where Messrs. DeVilliers and De Noyelles attacked

the Foxes about twenty years ago, and when they had built a fort to
secure their families, they were to make a general attack on the French."

The effort, however, miscarried, for some reason aside from trade.
We thus find that the hill by our river was to be a hiding place for the
old, the young and the women of the western tribes, while the main
body of the warriors were to undertake to annihilate the French, or drive
them from their hunting grounds.

Again silence ; but early in the thirties of the last century or slightly
before, a mission was established on our river and for a few years Indian
students were taught our creeds. Then came the Black Hawk War, the
history of which is yet well known. Suffice it here to say that near the
mouth of Indian Creek, in LaSalle County, at the Davis farm, a number
were slaughtered and two young women taken captive. On the east side

of the river, in the townships of Fox and Big Grove, in Kendall County,
a portion of the Sacs created havoc among the early settlers, but none
were slain, because of the early warning from Shaubena, the friend of
the whites, through his son and nephew.

In digging a sewer, at Aurora, a few years ago, a lance blade, 18
inches long was found about four feet below the surface of the soil. It
was probably received in trade by some native who used it as a hand
weapon, as shown by the fact that the tang of the socket had been bent
inward, and thus unfitted for a shaft. It had long been buried. It may
have found its way by some of De Soto's men, or by the Spaniards who
marched through our region in 1781. The age of the weapon must
remain problematical as the use of the lance has extended, even in our
country, to within half a century. A regiment of lancers was raised in
Pennsylvania and served in the war for the Union from 1861 to 18G3,
after which carabines were substituted.

Eeturning soldiers from the Black Hawk War took to the eastern
states wonderful stories of the fertility of our prairies, and then came
emigrants from the Atlantic Coast, and the bordering states in increasing
numbers, from year to year. When the early settlers arrived an Indian
village still remained at the northeast corner of Fox Township. The
Indians then had ponies and here was the racetrack where the sportsmen

* Tho story of the disaster is too long for this article, but may be found, in all its details, in "Lost
Maramech and Earliest Chicago."

t The word omitted is not" legible in the manuscript.

116

gambled as is the custom at our racetracks of to-day. In 1831 John
Kinzic approached our river at our present Oswego, where he expected
to iind the peoi)ie ol' W'auljansic'.s vifUige. Wiiuliansie's village was where
Oswego now stand;^. The chief was a hard drinker but was not willing
that his warriors should have what he so much liked. \ trader came
down the river with a barrel of whiskey in his canoe. This did not suit
the chief, so he stove the liciul of the barn.'! in, mikI emptied the contents
into the river.

Waubansie had two wives, which fact he ihought proper enough, but
one day one did something that did not conforni to his sense of propriety
and he ordered the other to kill her; the latter having no feeling of
jealousy, or for some other reason hesitated, and the chief at once dis-
jjatched the offender.

The tribe had gone on its winter's hunt. Turning down the trail,
for some distance, he found an Indian woman digging wild potatoes,
so called. She had a canoe (a dug out), and helped the party to cross
the river, where licr cabin was located. A lone Indian soon made his
appearance, antl the next morning, after a stormy night, he piloted them
to Specie's Grove.

Near the "Eocks," where stands the "<)|(j stone mill/' that never
turned a wheel, upon the eastern shore, in the ledge of rocks, now
quarried away, was Black JIawk's Cave. At the opening a man could
stand, -but at a distance of fifty feet the cave terminated in a mere
crevice. Why given that name is not known uidess because of being
near the trail, less than a mile away, over which, for years, had passed
the British band of Sacs, with Black Hawk, the brave (never a chief)
at the head. Hicks, in his history of Kendall County, makes a bad
effort to describe the events at what we now call Maramech Hill. I told
him of my discovery, then in its inci])ien(y, but he took no notes and
later made a story that does not accord with the facts.

Where roamed the majestic herds, are fields of corn ; at the stream,
erstwhile so rich in the finny tribe, are now wheels of industry; our
l)onds that grew the beautiful lillies (the macoujune of the natives)
have largely disappeared; nnd where wild ducks aiul wild geese were in
unbelievable riuantities, few are foujid. Wild pigeons, in the early days,
clouded the sky, yet here, in 1730, war and famine reigned. In these
regions are now happy honu's, and cities border the stream : the erstwhile
chrijslal waters of our river are now a dream; and the shades of
the giant trees, that bordered the stream, felled by the ruthless axman,
are but a memory.

117

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abolitionists 39

Adams County, Illinois 13, 49

Adams County, Historical Society,

Quincy, list of officers 13

Adams, Samuel 74

Albion, 111 5

Aldrich, Orlando W 19, 20, 89

Aldrich, Orlando W., Slavery or in-
voluntary servitude in Illinois prior
to and after its admission as a

State 20, 89-99

Alexander, Barbara, Charter mem-
ber Presbyterian Church, Paris,

111 76

Algonquin Indians 56, 107

Allen. (Rev.) Ira W., Early Pres-
byterianism in East Central Illi-
nois 19, 71-78

Allen, James C, Efforts in behalf of

the veto power 48

Allouez Father, Claude Jean 109

Alton, 111 5, 14

Alton, 111., Madison County Historical

Society, officers 14

Alvord. Clarence Walvi'orth, Editor of
Centennial Publications on State

History 25

America 37,51

America, Collins vs. America, Slave

Case 98

America, (Johnson County), Illinois. 62

American Bible, Society 73

American Bottom. Indian Mounds in. 53
American Colonies, before the Revo-
lution, no uniformity with regard

to the veto power existed 43

American Maps, Harrisse, French

critic of American maps 108

American State Builders, confidence

in legislative assemblies 43

Anderson, ( Mrs. ) K. T 15

Anderson, P. B 13

Anthony Elliott, quoted on the veto

power 48

Antiquities of Illinois in St. Clair,
Madison. Monroe and Randolph

Counties 41

Archer. William R., of Pike County,
member of the Constitutional Con-
ventions of 1847 and 1869 50

Archer, William R., Resolution in the
General Assembly for amendment
to the Constitution, requiring ap-
propriation bills to be itemized,

etc 50

Armour, Philip D 84, 87

Armstrong, Marshall N 14

Art. Mary, Charter member New

Providence Presbyterian Church.. 77
Art. Thomas, Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church. . 77

Arthur, (Pres. ) Chester 50

Artifacts, buried with the Indians... 51

PAGE.

Ashmore, Cassandra, Early member

Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76
.Vshmore, James, Early member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris, 111 76

Ashmore, Rachel. Early member
Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76

Aspasia, , Menard vs. As-

pasia. Slave Case 97

Assinnesepe, ( Rock River) 109

"Assistagueronons," ("Nation de

Fue") Nation of the Fire 107

Atlantic Coast 115

Attorney.?, Act of 1792, regulating

the practice of law 61, 62

Augusta County, Virginia 77

Aurora, 111 115

Austria 87

Bailey vs. Cromwell, Case in law... 95

Baird, Hannah, Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76

Baring Brothers, London, England,
Bankers 81

Battle Creek .113

footnote 113

Bechtel, Henry 62

Becker, Joseph W 13

Belgium 88

Belleville, 111 15, 19, 20, 38, 39, 42

Belleville, 111., Edwards, (Gov.) Nin-
ian. Death of, from cholera in
Belleville 38

Belleville, 111., Edwards, (Gov.) Nin-
ian. Home of in Belleville in good
state of preservation 38

Belleville, 111., Koerner, Gustavus,
buried in Walnut Hill Cemetery in
Belleville 39

Belleville, 111., Prominent Illinoisans
from 38

Belleville, 111., Reynolds, (Gov.) John,
Buried in Walnut Hill Cemetery
in 38

Belleville, 111., Reynolds, (Gov.) John,
Home of, in Belleville in perfect
state of preservation 38

Belleville, 111., St. Clfiir County, His-
torical Society, officers 15

Belleville, 111., Walnut Hill Ceme-
tery 38, 39

Belvidere, 111 5,15

Belvidere, 111., Boone County His-
torical Society, officers 13

Bibliotheque National at Paris,
France 109

Big Grove Township, Kendall County,
Illinois 114, 115

Big Raccoon Creek 74

Big Rock Creek, Tributary to the
Fox River 113

Bissell, (Gov.) William H 38,39

118

INDEX— Continued.

I'AUE.

Bissell. (Gov.> William H., Burieu
in Oak liidge Cemetery, Spiinj;-

tield, 111 3'J

BlacK, ciJr.> Carl K 14

Black Hawk llt>

Black Hawks cave lit)

BiacK Hawk War lli>

"Black Baws" ol Indiana Teiritury,

Illinois 'lerrilury, Illinois Slate... 69
BlacK Baws, Stale of Illinois, .tia, 95, 96
BlacKburn, Blizaoelh, Charier mem-
ber Bresbyterian Cliurch, Paris,

Bl 76

Blackford, Isaac Newton 94,97

Blaine I'amiiy 102

Blanchard, ICutus 109, 113, 114

Blatcluord lamily, Chicago 83

Blin lamily 31

Blish lanuiy 31

Blish, James Knox 31

Bloominglon, 111 5, 14

BloominKion, ill., MoBean County

Historical Society, orhcers 14

Bonaparte, Napoleon, Quotation from. 35
Bond, Shadrach, First Governor of
the State of Illinois, Monument to,
erected by the State at Chester, 111. . 37

Bonney, Charles C 86

Boon vs. Juliet, Slave Case 98

Boone County, Historical Society,

Belvidere, ill., officers 13

Borders, , Sarah vs. Borders,

Slave Case 98

Bornmann, Henry 13

Bos Bison, Kiver of the Bos Bison or
as we name it the Buffalo, by J.

F. Steward 107-116

Bovell, Christian, Charter member

Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76
Bovell, John, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris, 111 76

Bowe, (Dr.) Edward 24

Bradford, E. F 13

Breese, Sidney 94, 98

Brenan, Tim 86

Briugeport, 111 80

British Colonies. Legislation in, still
subject to disallowance by the

king 43

British Empire, Vetoes of Colonial

Legislation, reference 43

Bross, William, Publisher Chicago

Tribune 85

Brown, Ellen B., Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,

111 78

Brown, Horace S 13

Brown, Jacob S.. Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,

111 78

Brown, John, Life of, by Elbert Hub-
bard, reference 93

Brown, John, Member of the Board

Indiana Canal Company, 1805 62

Brown, Joseph, Charter member Pres-
byterhin Church. Grandview, 111... 78

Bryan Hall, Chicago 82

Bryan, Tlu.mn.s B 83

Brydges, W. H 13

Buckmaster, (Miss) Julia 14

Buffalo 55, 112

Buffalo, herds 56

Buffalo Ulver, Fox River of Illinois. .

107-116

Bull, (Ml.s.s) Mary 13

Bureau County Historical Society,

Princeton, 111., ofUccra 13

Burlty, Clarence A 13

Burnhnm, (Capt.) J. H. .5. 14, 27, 28, 29

PAGK.

Burnham, (Capt.) J. H.. Report on
McLean County Historical Society. . 27

Buinside, (Gen.; Ambrose E 85

Burr, Aaron, Member of the Board
Indiana Canal Company, 1805.... 62

Burr, Betsy, Early member Presby-
terian Cliurch, Paris, 111 76

Cabel, James Branch 31

Cadaoau Indians 55

LahoKia, 111 35, 36, 41, 52, 53, 96

CahoKia, 111., Common tieids 37

Cahokia, 111., Couniy seat of St. Clair

County 36

Cahokia, 111., First permanent \Chite

seltienienl in Illinois 36

CahoKia, 111., Group of Indian Mounds

52, 53

Cahokia Mission 35, 36

Caldwell, James, Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Palestine,

111 77

Cale, Sarah, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Grandview, 111... 78
Cale, William A., Charier member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,

111 78

Caliiornia, State 31, 41

California State, Oakland, Cal 31

Camp Douglas 83

Canada 89, 114

Canada, Ferland, J. B. A. Historie

du Canada 114

Canada, Maiden Canada 114

Canals, Indiana Canal Company, act

incorporating, 1805 62

Canheld, B. G 86

Carbondale. Ill 5

Carlinville. 111.. Macoupin County,

Historical Society, officers 14

Carpenter, Philo 81

Carpenter, lUchard V 5

Carr. (Hon.) Clark E., Honorary
President, Illinois State Historical

Society 5,14,22

Carrollton, 111 13

Champaign County, Illinois 13,26

Champaign County Historical Society,

Champaign, 111., officers 13

Champaign, 111 5. 13

Champaign, HI.. Champaign County

Historical Society, officers 13

Cluimplain, Le Sr 56

Chapman. P. T 26,27

Chapman, (Mrs.) P. T., Marks trail
of George Rogers Clark through

Jackson County, Illinois 26

Charlevol.x, I'ierre Francois Xavier
de. Passed down the Illinois River

In 1721 112

"Chemin de V allee" 109

"Chemhi du Retour" 109

Cherokee Indians r>2. 53, 54

Chester, 111., County seat of Randolph

County 37

Chester. 111., State Hospital for the

Insane local. 'd at Cliester 37

Chesterlield, Philip Dormer. Stan-
hope. Lord CheslerlUld. Quotation

from 35

Chicago & Alton R. R 23

Chicago. Ill

..5. 19. 20. 23. 31. 48, 79-88, 101. 108, 109

footnote 25

Chicago. 111.. Court House 79

Chicago. 111.. Currey, J. Seymour,
History of Chicago 83

119

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Chicaaro, 111., Democrat (newsnaper) 83
Chicago, 111., Egan, (Dr.) William
B., Physician and real estate agent

in early Chicago 80-81

Chicago, 111., German population in

1854 79

Chicago, 111., Healy, George P. A.,

Art Gallery in Chicago 83

Chicago, 111., Historical Society, offl-

cers 13

Chicago, 111., Inter-Ocean (news-
paper) 85

Chicago. 111., Irish, builders of
Churches, Hospitals and Charitable

Institutions in Chicago 80

Chicago, 111.. Irish influence in Chi-
cago History 79-81

Chicago, 111.. Ogden, William, first

Mayor of (I^hicago 83

Chicago, 111., Onahan, William J.,

Sixty years in Chicago 20, 79-88

Chicago. 111., Prince of Wales visit

to Chicago, reference 83

Chicago. 111.. Stage route from Otta-
wa to Chicago 114

Chicago, III., Steward, John F., Lost
Mpramech and Earliest Chicago

reference 115

footnote 115

Cl.icago, 111., Times (newspaper) .... 85
Chicago, 111., Tribune (newspaper) . . 85

"Chicagou" (Chicago) 108. 109

Chippewa Indians 56, 57

Chippeway Indians, Ceded their
claims to the United States Gov-
ernment, 1829 57

Chlxnaider — Merry vs. Chlxnaider,

slave case in Louisiana 97

Choctaw Indians 54

Choisser vs. Hargrave. case in law. . 95
Chouteau vs. Peirre, Slavery case. . . 91
Churches, Allen. (Rev.) Ira W., Early
Presbvterianism in East (Central

Illinois 19, 71-78

Churches, Presbyterian Church. . .71-78
Churches, St. Peters Cathedral, Rome,

Italy 87

Cincinnati, Ohio 84

Civil War, see War of the Rebellian

39, 47, 82, 83

Clark, George Rogers

25, 26, 27. 59, 62, 89

Clark, George Rogers. Member of
Board Indiana Canal Company,

1805 62

Clark, George Rogers, Monuments on
trail of Clark, through Jackson

County, Illinois 26

Clark. George Rogers. Route of, from
Fort Massac to Kaskaskia and
Vincennes. effort to mark trail.. 26, 27
Clark. Martin C. Member of Board
Indiana Canal Company, 1805.... 62

Clendenin, H. W 5, 22, 30

Clendenin, H. W.. To prepare a

Memorial to J. McCan Davis 30

Clinton, J. W 5. 14. 28, 29

Clocks, Wooden clocks, act of Feb.
14. 1823. making regulations con-

cornin.g wooden clocks 70

Collins vs. America. Slave Case 98

"Colonie du Sieur de La Salle".. 109. 112

Columbus. Ohio 19,20

Colyer. Walter 5

Comiskey, John 85

Conn'^cticut. Before the Revolution,

had no veto power 43

Connpcticut, State, Hartford, Con-
necticut 31

PAGE.

Connecticut State, Missionary So-
ciety, Rev. Isaac Reed Missionary

from, to Indiana and Illinois 72

Con.stitution of 1818, State of Illi-
nois 45, 46, 94

Constitution of 1818, State of Illi-
nois, Article III, Sec. 15, refer-
ence 45

Constitution of 1818, State of Illi-
nois. Article III, Sec. 19, quoted. .45-46
Constitution of 1818, State of Illi-
nois, Article VI, Sec. 1, Slavery

Clause, quoted 94

Constitution of 1818, State of Illi-
nois, Article VI, Sec. 3, quoted... 94
Constitution of 1848, State of Illi-
nois 47, 49, 50, 65. 95. 96, 99

Constitution of 18 48. State of Illi-
nois. Slavery prohibited 96

Constitution of 1848, Veto Section

found in Article IV, Sec. 21, quoted. 47
Constitution of 1862, not ratified by

the people 48

Constitution of 1870, State of Illi-
nois 49, 68

Constitution, State of Illinois, 1870,
Veto provisions of, Article V, Sec.

16. quoted 49

Constitution of 1777, State of New

York 45

Constitutional Convention, 1818, State

of Illinois 45, 46. 65, 94

Constitutional Convention. 1848, State

of Illinois 46

Constitutional Convention, 1862, Veto
provisions of the proposed consti-
tution 48

Constitutional Convention, 1869-70..

48, 49, 50

Constitutional Convention, 1869-70, in
favor of strengthening the veto

power 48

Contributions to State History. .107-116

Cook, , Kinney vs. Cook, case

in law 95

Copnerheads 40

Corn crops of the Indians, hiding

places of — reference 55

Cottage of Ppace. Home of Rev.
Isaac Reed. Missionary from Ken-

tuckv to Indiana 72.73.74

Council of Revision on the veto
power of the Governor, plan adop-
ted by members of the Constitu-
tional Convention, 1818 45

Council of Revision, State of Illinofs,
lastpd for thirty years, 1818 to

1848 46

Prawford County, Illinois 48, 77

Cre^k Indians B^, 54

Crpgier. 'n-witt C, Mayor of Chi-

casro. 1889 82

Criminal Codo "Wnt-thwest Territorv.

Act. Sept. fi. 1788 6S. 64

Crng'bPin William. Member of Board

Indiana Canal Comnany 62

Cromwell. . Bailey vs. Crom-
well. Case in Law 95

Cro=s R. J, Member of the Consti-

lutinnal Convpntion. 1848 47

CroTiipr. MargarAt, Earlv member

Presbytc-ian Church. Paris. 111... 76
Cullom. (Gov.') Sb^l^iy M.. Message
to General Assembly of 1883. with
rep-ard to veto items in appropria-
tion bills 50

Culver, John H _. 14

Cunningham, (Judge) J. O. .5, 13, 26, 29

120

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Cunningham, (Judge) J. O., Interest
in the marking of the Lincoin Cir-
cuit 26

Curran, (Mrs.) W. R 15

Currey, J. Seymour 13, 83

Currey, J. Seymour, History of Chi-
cago 83

Gushing, Edwin B 13

D. (on Raccoon Creelt) men-
tioned in Diary of Rev. Isaac Reed . 75

Daltota Indians 51, 108

footnote lie

Dana, Charles A., Editor, The New

York Sun 85

Dana, Charles A., Manager of the

ChicasTO Inter-Ocean 85

Danville, 111 25,26

Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, Illinois State Conference, Otta-
wa, 111 21

Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, Illinois, Mrs. George A. Law-
rence, State Regent 21

Davis farm in LaSalle County, Illi-
nois 115

Davis, George P 14

Davis, Jefferson 39

Davis, J. M., Member of the Con-
stitutional Convention, 1848 47

Davi.s. J. McCan, Death of. Condo-
lences of the Illinois State His-
torical Society 22

Davis, J. McCan. Memorial on, to be
prepared for the Illinois State His-
torical Society 30

Davis, fDr.) N. S 83

Davis, W. W 15

Dayton. Jonathan. Member of Board
Indiana Canal Companv, 1805.... 62

DeKalb. Ill ; 5

DeLapothere L' Histoire de I'Amer-

Ique. septentrionale, footnote Ill

DeLisle, French map — reference lOS

footnote 114

DeMomhreun. Jacques Thimet4. By

Rev. W. A. Provlne 10

DeSoto, Ferdinand 52, 115

DeVilliers, rCapt.) Nevon 115

Dehel. N. H., The development of the
veto power of the Governor of Illi-
nois 19, 43-50

Decatur, 111 14 19 oq

Decatur, III.. High School 20

Decatur, Til., Macon County His-
torical Society, officers 14

Decker. . TTnrvev vs. Decker,

Slave Ca.^e, Ml.=slssipnl 97

Declaration of Independence

^ 39. 43, 59. 90

Declaration of Independence, Refer-
ence to the veto power of the king

In. one of the grievances 43

Delrfwnre Indians, Method of burial. 53

Decllpnerls, Mr 115

D^morrnf Ic party ! ! ! ! 4G. 85

D'^sMnlnes, River 109

Desnnvelles. Nicholas, Joseph Fleurl-

mont 115

Desnialnes River fDlvlne River) .!.. 1 09
Develonm^nt of the veto power of
the Governor of Illinois, by N. H.

Dehel 19. 43^50

ninrv of the Rev. Isaac Reed, Mis-
sionary from Connecticut to Illi-
nois 74-76

PAQB.

District of Columbia 21

Divine River (Desplaines) 109

Divorce law of the Northwest Terri-
tory, passed July 15, 1795 64

Douglas, Stephen Arnold

24, 39, 40,79.82,85

footnote 24

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Monument

to Stephen A. Douglas in Chicago. 82
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Riswold,
Gilbert P., sculptor, selected to
make statue of Stephen A. Douglas,

footnote 24

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Statue to
be placed on State Capitol grounds. 24

footnote 24

Dowdall, John A., Inquiry concern-
ing the heirs of Shabbona. refer-
ence 27

Du Pratz, M. LePage, quoted on the

Natchez Indian Temples 52, 53

Dubuque, Iowa 110

Duggan, (Bishop) James of Chicago

82, 83

Dumbarton, Va 31

Dunkards, Tax levied on for release

from military duty 68

Dunne, (Gov.) Edward F 19, 20

Dunne, (Mr.s.) Edward F 19,20

Duvall, Alvin 97, 98

Duvol, Error should be. Duvall, Al-
vin 97, 98

Eagleton, James, Cliarter member
Presbyterian Church, Palestine, 111. 77

Eagleton, Margaret. Early member
of Presbyterian Church, Palestine,
111 77

Early Presbyterianism in East Cen-
tral Illinois, by Rev. Ira W. Allen.
71-78

East St. Louis, 111 38

Edgar County. Illinois 73, 74

l'](l.Lrar. John, Member of the Board of
Trustees of the town of Kaskaskia 66

Education, Decatur, III., Higli School 20

lOducution, Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, 111 5

Education. Illinois, Northern Illinois
State Normal School 5

Education, Illinois, Southern Illinois
State Normal University 5

Education, Illinois, Universltv of Illi-
nois ".5, 19. 43, 51

Education. Northwestern Universltv,
Evan.ston. Ill 5. 85

lOducation. Parochial Schools, Prairie
du Rocher, 111 38

l-Iducation, Women's College of the
Northwestern University, Evans-
ton, 111 85

E<lucatlon, Yale University, New
Maven. Conn 45

Edwards, (Governor) Ninlan. death
of, from cholera. In Belleville 38

Edwards, (Governor) NInian. Honie
of In Belleville In good state of
preservation 38

EfllKV Mounds in 'Wisconsin, Ohio
and Illinois 51

Eg.in. (Doctor) 'U'llllani B., Physician
and real estate agent In early
Chicago 80-81

lOgi^lcton. James, Charter member
Pri'shyterlnn Church. Paris, 111... 76

Egypt, Pyramids of Egypt, refer-

enro 36

121

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Elgin, 111., Scientific Club 13

Emerson, , Scott vs. Emer-
son slave case, Missouri 97

Emery, J. W 13

Emporia, Kans 31

England 43, 89, 102

England, Last veto of a parlia-
mentary act, reference 43

England. Treaty between England
and France, 1763 89

England, veto power a royal preroga-
tive in England 43

English Parliament 43

Ennis, (Rev.") Roval W 24

Eureka, 111., Woodford County His-
torical Society, officers 15

Eui-ope 40, 41

Evans, — , Henry vs. Evans,

slave case ■ 98

Evanston, III 5.13,20

Evanston, 111., Historical Society, offi-
cers 13

Evanston, 111., Women's College of
the Northwestern University 85

Ewing, Alexander, Charter member
New Providence Presbyterian
Church. Edgar County, Illinois. . 76, 77

Ewing, Blen, Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church,
Edgar Countj', Illinois 7 7

Ewing. Elizabeth, Charter member
New Providence Presbyterian
Church, Edgar County, Illinois.... 77

Ewing, George. Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church,
Edgar County, Illinois 77

Ewing, James, Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church,
Edgar County, Illinois 76, 77

Ewing. Margaret L., Charter mem-
ber New Providence Presbyterian
Church, Edgar County, Illinois.... 77

Ewing, Nathaniel, Charter member
New Providence Presbyterian
Church. Edgar County, Illinois.... 77

Ewing. Rachel, Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church,
Edgar County, Illinois 77

ExDOsitions, World's Fair, Chicago.
Ill 87, 88

VAGE.

Fort Dearborn, Two heroes of Fort
Dearborn massacre were Irish.... 80

L'ort Harrison 73, 74

Fort St. Louis (Starved Rock)

56, 109, 112

Fort Sumpter 40

Foster, (Dr.) George P. ( ?) 81

Foster, (Mrs.) J. T 15

Fox family 31

Fox Indians

56, 57, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115

Fox Indians, ceded their claims to
the United States Sept. 13-14,

1815 57

Fox River of Illinois (River of the
Bos Bison, or as we name it, the
Buffalo), by J. F. Steward. . .107-116

Fox River of Wisconsin 109, 114

Fox Township, Kendall County, Illi-
nois 115

Fox, William A 31

France 56, 80, 89

France, Treaty between England and

France, 1763 89

France, Rachel, Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,

111 78

Franklin, Benjamin, George P. A.
Healy's painting of the Presenta-
tion of Franklin at the Court of

Louis XVI 83

Franquelin, official cartographer of

New France 109

Franquelin's Map of 1684 107, 114

Franquelin's Map of 1684 and 1688..

107, 108

T'reese, L. J 15

French and Canadian inhabitants of
Kaskaskias and St. Vincents to
have titles and possessions con-
firmed to them and be protected,
stipulation in deed of cession of

Virginia to the U. S., 1784 90

French Axe, found on Meramech

Hill 110

French Map of 1679 108

I'rench Provinces in America, slavery

in 89

French settlers in Illinois, status of
children of slaves of French set-
tlers 96

French Traders 110

Falling Springs near Cahokia 37

Fanny vs. Griffith slave case 97

Farwell, John V 84

Faxon, George S 14

Federal Banking Laws 86

Federal Constitution, Fourteenth

Amendment. Section I, reference.. 94
Ferland, J. B. A., Historic du Can-
ada 114

Field, Marshall 84, 87

First Two Counties of Illinois and
their People, by Fred J. Kern....

20, 35-42

Fish, (Prof.) Carl 26

Fisher. George, Member of the Board
of Trustees of the town of Kas-

kaskia 66

Fletcher, Mabel E., Old Settler's tales

19, 20, 100-104

Floyd, Davis, Member of Board of

Indiana Canal Company, 1805 62

Fort Chartres 15, 37, 114

Fort Chartres Historical Association. 15
Fort Dearborn, First Fort Dearborn
built by an Irish born soldier of
the Revolution 79

Gage, (Gen.) Thomas 89

Galesburg, 111 5, 14, 21

Galesburg, 111., Knox County His-
torical Society, officers 14

Gay, William H 13

Genealogical Committee Illinois State

Historical Society, report 31-32

"Gens de Prairies," name given by

the French to Mascoutin Indians.. 107
German population in Chicago in

1854 79

Germans — Abolitionists 39

Germans, opposed to slavery 39, 40

Germany, Revolution of 1848 39

Gilman, Charles H 96

Gilmer, Francis W 97

Glover. C. C 14

Goodwin family 31

Goodwin, James J 31

Gorgets of the Indians 53

Gorman, Thomas 21

Graham, , Strader vs. Gra-
ham, case in law 99

12%

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Grand Detour i09

Grand Prairie, Edgar County, Illi-
nois 74, 77

Grandvlew. (Edgar County), Illinois,
Presbyterian Church Organization,

1838 78

"Granny" Sharks, attends the pioneer

wedding 101, 102, 103. 104

Great Britain 89. 90, 91

Great Britain "Jay Treaty," 1794... 90
Green Bay, the Bay of the Puants..lll

Green Bay, Wis 107,114

Green Bay. Wis., Indians of Green

Bay 107

Green, Bowling, Log cabin of, where
Lincoln boarded, remnant of pre-
served, offered for .sale 27, 28

Green, William, Early friend of Lin-
coln's, called "Slicky Green" 27

Greencastle, Ind 74, 75

Greene County, Illinois 13, 26

Greene County, Historical Society... 13

Greene, Evarts Boutell

5, 13. 22, 24. 25. 27. 29

Greenville. Treaty of Greenville, 1795 . 94
Griffith, Fanny vs. Griffith, slave

case 97

Grissom, Wm. M.. Jr 13

Groseillers M6dard Chouart des 108

Grover, Frank R 13

Gulf of Mexico .* 37

Gwathmey, John, Member of Board
of Indiana Canal Company, 1805.. 62

Hagonantens. Lake, At the head of
the St. Lawrence River, shown on

an early map 107

Hall family 31

Hall. (Dr.) Omar 0 31

Hamilton, O. B 13

Hargrave, , Cholsser vs. Har-

grrave, case In law 95

Harri.'son. Carter (The elder). Mayor

of Chicago 82, 86

Harri.son, John, Member of Board

Indiana Canal Company. 1805.... 62
Harrison, (Gen.) William Henry.. 62. 92
Harrissp, Henry, French critic of the

American maps 108

Hartford, Conn 31

Harvey vs. Decker, slave case, Mls-

.sis.slppl 97

Harvey, Drusilla 100

Hauberg. John H 15

Havf-y. Benjamin. Member of Board

Indiana Canal Company, 1805.... 62
Hcaly, George P. A., Gallery in Chi-

„«'aKO • 83

Hearn. Caniplxll S 23 24

Hearst. William Randolph !..'28

Hciilon, J. C. n 13

Ilickor, Frederick 39

llolnl, Frank J '.'.'.'.'. 14

Hinntpln, Louis, map, reference, foot-
note 114

Henry vs. Evan.s. slave ca.se..!!.!!.' 98

ironry, Patrick 59

Hl.-k.s. Oiov.) E. W.. History 'of

Ivndall Coimty 118

Hllg.ird, Theodore... 90

Hill. James W qi

Hiiisboro. Ill !!!!!!!'' "14 '24

Hlllsboro. 111.. Montgomery' County'
Historical Society 14

Hlle. Ann W.. Cli.arter member Pres-
byterian Church. Grandvlew. Ill 78

PAOE.

Hite, James, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Grandvlew, 111... 78

HoUenback, George 114

Hough, W. A 15

Houston, Eliza. Charter member
Presbyterian Church. Palestine, 111. 77

Houston. Jane, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Palestine, 111.... 77

Houston, Joho. Charter member Pres-
byterian Church. Palestine. III.... 77

Houston, Nancy, Charter member
i'resbyterian Church, Palestine. Ill . 77

Howard, , Nance vs. Howard,

slave case 9S

Howard. Volney E 99

Hubbard. Elbert, Life of John Brown,
reference 93

Hubbard family, Chicago 83

Hunter. John D.. Quoted on the
method of burial Osage Indians... 53

Huron Indians 56

lliniwek. (The Men), Indians of the
tribe in Illinois, called themselves. . 54

mini Indians 35. 108

Illinois and Michigan Canal 80.81

Illinois and Michigan Canal, Irish
.settlements along 81

Illinoi.s and Michigan Canal, Michael
Ryan's work in behalf of 81

Illinois College. Jacksonville, 111.... 5

Illinois Country, First general incor-
poration act to which Illinois
country was subject, May 1, 1198. .
62. 63

Illinois Country, marriages, law regu-
lating 67

Illinois Country, number of negroes
in at the close of the British occu-
pation 99

Illinois, county of Virginia 60,61,90

Illinois, county of Virginia — Act of
tlie Virginia House of Burgesses.. 90

Illinois, county of Virginia — Act of
^'irginia Assembly on pure food... 61

Illinois, county of Virginia, 1778,
adopted a complete election code.. 60

Illinois, county of Virginia, John
Todd, Lieutenant of the County of
Illinois 60

Illinois, county of Virginia, Witch-
craft, prosecution and execution
for witchcraft 60

Illinois Indians 54. 55, 56, 57, 1 10, 115

Illinois Indians. Customs of the Illi-
nois Indians 54. 55

Illinois Indians. League of tlie Illi-
nois ceded their claims to the
I'nited States, Sept. 25. 1818 57

Illinois Indians, tribes of the Con-
federacy, reference 55

Illinois Navigation Company, Act
Jan. 9, 1817 52

Illinois River 54, 57, 112

Illinois I{lvei-, Charlevoix passed
down the Illinois River In 1721... 112

Illinois State 3. 5,

7. 8. 9. 11, 12. 13. 14. ir>, 10. 20. 21. 23.
24, 25, 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 35. 36. 37,
39, 40. 41. 42, 43. 44. 45. 4f., 47, 48. 49.
50. 51. 53. 54. 55. Hfi. 57. 59. GO. 61. 64,
ri5. 68. fi!i. 70-78. S2. SO 99. 100, 107-116

Illinois State, .\dnilsslon to the
Union. ISIS, rouiieil of l^.evlslon.
veto power of the (^lovernor 44, 45

Illinois State, Adopts the veto plan
of New York State 44, 45

123

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State. Aldrich, Orlando W..
Slavery or involuntary servitude in
Illinois prior and after its admis-
sion as a State 20, 89-99

Illinois State, Allen. (Rev.) Ira W.,
Early Presbvterianism in East
Central Illinois 19, 71-78

Illinois State, Antiquities of Illinois
in St. Clair County 41

Illinois State, Appropriation bills
leg'islation on 50

Illinois State, Appropriation bills,
power to veto items in 49

Illinois State. Archives. County Ar-
chives of Illinois, by Theodore Cal-
vin Pease 25

Illinois State, Art Commission. .. .23, 24

Illinois State, Aspasia, colored woman
born in Illinois after the ordinance
of 1787, case in law Menard vs.
Aspasia 97

Illinois State, Attempt to amend the
Constitution to allow slaverj^. .. 95-96

Illinois State, "Black Laws" .. .69, 95, 96

Illinois State, Cahokia first perma-
nent white settlement in 36

Illinois State, Cap'tal 82

Illinois State, Capitol Building- 19

Illinois State, Centennial Building
Committee 23

Illinois State, Centennial Commis-
sion 23, 24, 25, 26

Illinois State. Centennial Commission
Publications contemplated on State
history 25

Illinois State, Clocks, wooden clocks.
Act of Feb. 14, 1823. making regxi-
lations concerning sale 70

Illinois State. Constitution of 1818..
45, 46. 65, 94

Illinois State, Constitution of 1818,
Article III, Sec. 19, quoted 45, 46

Illinois State, Constitution of 1818,
Article VI, Sec. 1. slavery clause.. 94

Illinois State, Constitution of 1818,
Article VI, Sec. 3. reference 94

Illinois State, Constitution of 1848..
47 49 65.95 99

Illinois State. Constitution' of' 1848,
prohibits slavery 96

Illinois State, Constitution of 1848,
veto section. Article IV, Sec. 21,
quoted 47

Illinois State, Constitution of 1862,
not ratified by the people 48

Illinois State, Constitution of 1870..
49, 68

Illinois State. Constitution of 1870,
veto provisions of, Article V, Sec.
16. quoted 49

Illinois Staffs. Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1818 44, 45

Illinois State, Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1818, Council of Revision,
veto power of the Governor 44, 45

Illinois State. Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1848 46

Illinois Stafo. Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1862 48

Illinois State. Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1869-70 48.49.50

Illinois State, Constitutional Conven-
tion 1869-70. in favor of strength-
ening the veto power 48

Illinoi<5 State, Contributions to State
Hi.story 107-116

Illinois State. Council of Revision..
44, 45, 46

PAGE.

Illinois State, Council of Revision
lasted for thirty years, 1818 to
1848 1 46

Illinois State, County of Virginia, odd
laws and usages during the Vir-
ginia period 59-60

Illinois State, Daughters of the
American Revolution 21, 26

Illinois State, Daughters of the
American Revolution to mark Lin-
coln Circuit 26

Illinois State, Debel, N. H., The de-
velopment of the veto power of the
Governor of Illinois 19, 43-50

Illinois State, Effigy mounds in,
reference 51

Illinois State, Election by ballot and
viva voce 65

Illinois State, Election of 1822, candi-
dates of anti-slavery, pro-slavery
principles, votes cast 95

Illinois State, Executive Mansion... 20

Illinois State, flag or banner, work of
Mrs. George A. Lawrence in se-
curing 21

Illinois State, Fletcher, Mabel, Old
Settlers' Tales 20, 100-104

Illinois State, French settlers in Illi-
nois, Status of Children of slaves. . 96

Illinois State, General Assembly.
See Legislature 46

Illinois State, Grand Prairie of Illi-
nois 74

Illinois State, Historical Building ap-
propriations 23

Illinois State, Historical Collections.
7, 25

Illinois State, Historical Library. . . .
7, 9, 11. 12, 24, 25, 29

Illinois State, Historical Library, Act
to establish 9

Illinois State, Historical Library, ap-
peal for contributions of historical
material 11,12

Illinois State. Historical Library pub-
lications, list »nd of th!=i volume. 135

Illinois State, Historical Society. . . .

5. 7, 8,

11, 12. 13. 19, 20. 21. 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 42

Illinois State, Historical Society An-
nual meeting. May 11-12. 1916.. 19-20

Illinois State, Historical Society ap-
peal for contributions of historical
material 11, 12

Illinois State, Historical Society con-
stitution 8-11

Illinois State, Historical Society
Genealogical Corrmittee report . .31-32

Illinois State, Historical Society
Journal 7,31

Illinois State, Historical Society ofH-
cers 5

Illinois State. Historical Society Pub-
lirationc list, enri o*' this voiniie . 135

Illinois State. Historical societies,
county and local 13-15

Illinois State. Hosnital for the Insane
located at Chester. Ill 37

Illinois State, Indian Mounds in,
work of four different tribes 51

Illinoic; State. Indian tribes in, dis-
tribution 54

Illinois State, Indian tribes have left
numerous monuments 51

Illinois State, Indians 51,54.56,57

Illinois State. James, James Alton,
Illinois in the Revolution, refer-
ence 25

124

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State, James. Jatms Alton,
The Work of the Illinoi.s Park
Commission and the • preservation
of historical sites 20

Illinois State, Justices of the Peace,
Act of Jan. 17, 1825 70

Illinois State. Kuskaskia. first capital 37

Illinois State, Kern, Fred J., The
first two counties of Illinois and
Iheir people 20, 35-42

Illinois State, Lawrence, (Mrs.)
George A., Work in behalf of
State flag or banner 21

Illinois State. Legislature

9, 23, 25, 27, 45, 46, 47. 48, 49, 70. 95, 9C

Illinois State. Linfon, Ralph, The
Indian History of Illinois. .. 19. 51-57

Illinois. Stale, Missions in the State
of Illinois 41

Illinois State, Moses, John, Illinois
Historical and Statistical 60

Illinois State, Northern Illinois State
Normal School 5

Illinois State, Northern part of settled
largely by people from the eastern
states 39

Illinois State, Park Commission, work
of and the preservation of histori-
cal sites 20

Illinois State, Penitentiar.v movement
for. led by John Reynolds 6 4

Illinois State, Pioneers of, tribute
to 40, 41

Illinois State, Prairies of Illinois....
55, 74, 107, 112. 114

Illinois State, Prairies of, "Muscoda"
Algonquin name for our prairies. . 107

Illinois State. Proposed constitutional
convention of 1824. defeated. .. .95, 9C

Illinois State, Salt Springs 53

Illinois State. Slavery in. See Aid-
rich. Orlando B 69

Illinois State, Sons of the American
Revolution, Chicago 27

Illinois State. Southern Illinois Nor-
mal University 5

Illinois State. Southern Illinois Peni-
tentiary. Chester, 111 37

Illinois State, Southern part of settled
rhiefly by people from Kentucky,
Virginia and Pennsylvania 39

Illinois State. Spaniards march across
Illinois 1781, reference 115

Illinois State. Steward, J. F., The
Fox River of Illinois (River of the
Bos Bison, or as we have it the
Buffalo) 107-116

Illinois State, Supreme Court of Stat-^
of Illinois 46, 47. 66, 96

Illinois State, Thompson. Joseph J..
Oddities in Karly Illinois Laws...
19. 5S-70

Illinois State. TTniversity of Illinois..
.1. 19. 43. 51

Illinois State. Veto power of the
Governor, ftrr Dehel, N. IT 43-50

Illinois Stale. Virginia reglmf^. dem-
ocr.icy and biond humanity, cardi-
nal principles of 61

Illinois State, Whipping post, pillory
and stocks Institution of, law to
1832 <"••

llllnol.s Territory

6, 62. 64, 65, 66, 68. 69, 93. 9 I

llliixils Territory, Acts of the Legis-
lature In regard to slaves 93

Illinois Territory, Africans Introduced
Into the Territory by Renault.... 89

PAOB.

Illinois Territory, Billiard tables. Act
of Dec. 22, 1814, levying tax 68

Illinois Territory, "Black Laws".... 69

Illinois Territory, Election Law... 64, 65

Illinois Territory, Elections into the
General Assembly 6 4

Illinois Territory, Ferries, act regu-
lating 65

Illinois Territory, First Illinois Cor-
poration Act, "Little Wabash Navi-
gation Company" 62

Illinois Territory, fisheries, act au-
tliorizing , 65

Illinois Territory, Illinois Naviga-
tion Company, act of Jan. 9, 1817. 62

Illinois Territory, Jury service,
women qualified to serve on 65

Illinois Territorj', Legislature of 1817,
bill repealing act bringing negroes
and mulattoes and indenturing
them as slaves 93

Illinois Territory, Licenses regulating
sale of merchandise 66

Illinois Territory, Little Wabash
Navigation Company incorporation
December 24, 1817 62

Illinois Territory," Maxwell Code,"
of laws 61

Illinois Territory, merchandise, act
fi.xing license. July 20, 1809 68

Illinois Territory, Roads and Bridges
Law 69

Illinois Territory, tavern-keepers
licensing 66

Illinois Territory, women qualified to
serve on juries 65

Indentured and registered slaves.
See Aldrich, Orlando B 69.92.93

Indian Creek in I^aSalle County, Illi-
nois 115

Indian History of Illinois, by Ralph
Linton 19,51-57

Indian Point, Jackson County, Illi-
nois 26

Indian purchases. LTnited States
Government purchases with the In-
dians 67

Indian Trails 114

ln<lian village, Fox Township, Ken-
dall County. Illinois 115

IiKliana Canal Company, first canal
board 62

Indiana State

24, 31, 56, 57, 71. 73. 93. 94. 97

Indiana State. Census of 1S40, credits
State with three female slaves.... 93

Indian.a State. Centennial Commission 24

Indiana State, Constitution of 1S16
prohibits slavery 93

Indiana State, County histories de-
sired 31

Indiana State vs. LaSalle, slave
case 94, 97

Indiana State. Supreme Court 97

Indiana Territory

. . . 62, 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 69. 70. 91. 93, 98

lM<liana Territory. Act of December
16, ISO", provides for appointment
i>r a Board of Trustees for the
t<iwn of Kaskaskia 65, 66

Imliaiia Territory, "lUack Ijiws" . . . . 69

Indiana Territory, Governor and
Judges 63, 64

Indiana Territory, Horse stealing.
Law of August 24, 1805 to prevent 63

Indiana Territory. Indiana Canal
Company, act Incorporating 1S05.. 62

Indiana Territory, marriages, law In
relation to 67

185

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Indiana Territory. Registration Act

of 1807, reference 98

Indiana Territory, test case on the
holding of slaves in Indiana Terri-
tory 91

Indiana Territory, vagrancy, Act of

Sept. 4, 1807 69,70

Indians 51-57

Indians, Alqonquin Indians 56, 107

Indians, American Bottom, Indian

Mounds in 53

Indians, artifacts buried with 51

Indians, "AssistagLieronons," "Na-
tion de Fue" (nation of the fire) . .107

Indians, Black Hawk 116

Indians, Black Hawk War 115

Indians, Caddoan Indians 55

Indians. Cahokia Group of Indian

Mounds 52, 53

India-ns, Cherokee Indians 52,53,54

Indians, Chippeway Indians 56, 57

Indians, Chippeway Indians ceded
their claims to the United States,

1829 57

Indians, Choctaw Indians 54

Indians, corn crops of the Indians,

hiding place of, reference 55

Indians, Creek Indians 53, 54

Indians, Dakota Indians 51

footnote 110

Indians, Delaware Indians, method

of burial 53

Irdians. DuPratz, quoted on the

Natchez Indian temples 52,53

Indians, EfRgy Mounds in Wisconsin

and Illinois 51

Irdians, Flat Heads 5 4

Indians, Fox Indians

56, 57. 109. 110. 113, 114, 115

Indians, Fox Indians ceded their
claims to the United States, Sept.

13, 14, 1815 57

Indians, Gorgets of the Indians, de-
signs engraved on, reference 53

Indians. Green Bay, Wis 107

Indians, Huron Indians 56

Indians, Uiniwek (The Men) Indians
of the tribes in Illinois called them-
selves 54

Indians, Ulini Indians 35,57,108

Indians, Illinois Indians

54. 55, 56. 57, 110, 115

Indians, Illinois Indians, customs. . 54. 55
Indian.s. Illinois Indians League of
the Illinois ceded their claims to
the United States, Sept. 25, 1818.. 57
Indians. Illinois Indians, life of at
the time the whites first encoun-
tered them 55,56

Indians, Illinois State, distribution of

Indian tribes in 54

Indians. Illinois State. Indian Mounds

in, work of four different tribes. . . 51
Indians, Indian village, Fox Town-
ship. Kendall County, Illinois 115

Indians, Iroquois Indians. .. .56. 112. 114
Indians. Iroquois Indians, League of

the Iroquois 56

Indians, Kaskaskia Indians 56

Indians. Kickapoo Indians 56. 57

Indians, Kickapoo Indians ceded their
claims to the United States, July

30, 1819 57

Indians. La Vega, description of the

Indian towns 52

Indians. Legends of the Iroquois,
reference 56

PAGE.

Indians, Linton. Ralph, The Indian

History of Illinois 19, 51-57

Indians, Loskiel, George Henry,
quoted on the method of burial
practiced by the Delaware Indians. 53

Indians, Mandan Indians 55

Indians, Maramech. chief town of the

Miami Indian.? 110, 111

Indians, IMaramech, Miami Indian

town, relic from Ill

Indians, Mascouten Indians

54, 107, 108, 110, 112

Indians, Messitonga Indian Chief... 110

Irdians, Miami Indians

56, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114

Indians, Miami town of Maramech

(Meramech) 109, 110, 111

Innian.s, INIuskogie Indians 52

Indians, Nanangousi (Nanangousista)

chief of the Miamis 110

Indians, Natchez Indians 52, 53

Indians, Osage Indians 53, 115

Indians. Osage Indians, Method of

burial 53

Indians, Ottawa Indians ceded their
claims to the United States, 1829.. 57

Indians, Pawnee Indians 55

Indians, Piankeshaw Indians 57, 115

Indians, Piankeshaw Indians, ceded
the last of their claims to the

United States, Dec. 30, 1805 57

Indians, Pontiac, Ottawa chief ... .36, 56
Indians, Pontiac, death of, reference. 56

Indians, Pottawatomie Indians

56, 57, 107

footnote 110

Indians. Pottawattomie Indians,

called Poux, footnote 110

Indians, Pottawatomie Indians ceded
their claims to the United States,

Sept. 26. 1833 57

Indians, Puant Indians Ill

Indians, Sac (Sauk) Indians

56, 57, 109, 113. 114, 115

Indians. Sac and Fox Treaty. 1803 . . 57
Indians, Sac Indians ceded their
claims to the United States, Sept.

13. 14. 1815 57

Indians. Shaubena, Ottawa Chief.... 115

Indians, Shawnee Indians 53. 54

Indians. Sioux Indians 51,56,110

footnote 110

Indians, stone grave culture 53

Indians. Thomas, Cyrus, quoted on

the Mound Builders 53

Indians. United States Government

purchases with the Indians 57

Indians, Waubansie, Pottawattomie

Chief 116

Indians, Winnebago Indians

51, 54, 56. 57

Ireland 75,79.88

Irish Fellowship Club, Chicago 79

Irish in Chica.go's History 79-81

Irish settlements along the line of
the Illinois and Michigan Canal.. 81

Iroquois Indians 56, 112, 114

Iroquois Indians. League of the Iro-
quois 56

Iroquois Indians. Lea.gue of the Iro-
quois, great political organization. 56
Ives, Miron. early member Presby-
terian Church. Paris. Ill . 76

Ives. Rebecca, early member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris. Ill 76

Ives. Sarah, early member Presby-
terian Church, Paris, 111 76

126

INDEX — Continued.

PAOB.

Jackson County. Illfnois, Historical

Society, report 26, 27

Jackson County. Illindi.s, Indian Point 26
Jackson County, Illinois, Trail of
George Rogers Clark through Jack-
son County, marked 26

Jacksonville. Ill 5, 14, 24, 26

Jacksonville. 111.. Morgan County His-
torical Society, officers 14

Jackson. Stonewall 82

Jacques, Thimete De Mombreun, by

Rev. W. A. Provine 19

.lames, Edmund Janes 5

James, James, Alton

5, 19, 20. 22. 25, 26, 27, 29

James, James, Alton, Illinois, in the

Revolution, reference 25

James. James. Alton. The work of
the Illinois Park Commission and
the preservation of historic sites. . 20

Jarrot vs. Jarrot, Slave case 96

Jarrot, , Phoebe vs. Jarrot,

Slave case 94

Jay, , Phoebe vs. Jay, Slave

case 98

Jay Treaty with Great Britain, 170 4

90. 91

Jefferson, Thomas 59, 90

Jeffer.con, Thomas. Author of the
Slavery Clause in the first ordi-
nance of the Northwest Territory,

Clause stricken out 90

.Tennings, (Miss) Amanda 15

Jersey Coimtv. Illinois Historical

Society 13. 26

Jersey County. Illinois Historical
Society. Jerscyville, 111., officers... 13

Jer.seyviile, 111 13

.lerseyville. III.. Jersey County His-
torical Society, officers 13

Jesuit Fathers 54

footnote 109

Jinny — Fnithfnl old horse at the

pioneer wedding 101, 103. 104

.Johnson County. Illinois 13,62

Johnson County Historical Society,

Vienna. 111., officers 13

.Toilet. Ill 15, 31. 81

Joliet. in.. Will County Pioneer

Association 15

Joliet, T.,ouis 35. 109

.Toliel's Map of 1673. reference, foot-
note 109

Jones, Klizaheth. Rarly memher Pres-
byterian Church. Paris. Ill 76

.Tones family 102

Jnnfs. (Miss) T^otte R., T^incoln Cir-
cuit renort 25. 26

.Tones. Michael. Member of the board
of trustees for the town of Kas-

kaskia 66

.Tordon, George 14

Juliet. , T?oone vs. .Tullet.

.Slave case OS

Kane Countv. Map of. published bv
Rand & McNally. Chicago 113

Kane, Klins TCent Influence In adopt-
ing the New York plan of Council
of Revision and veto power of tho
Governor. In Illinois 45

Kane. Flias Kent. Removes from
New York to Illinois In 181 4 45

Kane. KIIms Kent. Work of. In drnft-
Ing with others, the new Constitu-
tion for the State of Illinois, 1818. 45

PAGE.

Kankakee County, Illinois Historical

Society officers 14

Kankakee, 111., Kankakee County

Historical Society officers 14

Kansas, State, Emporia, Kans 31

Kansas. State, Topeka. Kans SI

Kaskaskia ... 26, 27. 41, 36, 37, 65, 66, 108
Kaskaskia, Board of Trustees of the

town of, 1807 66

Kaskaskia, Destruction of 37

Kaska.'^kia, First capital of Illinois.. 37
Kaskaskia, French and Canadian In-
habitants of to be protected, In
the deed of cession from Virginia

to the United States, 1784 90

Kaskaskia. French explorers in 36

Kaskaskia. In<lian Territory I.iegisla-
ture pa.'-ses an act for appointment
of a board of trustees for the town

of Kaskaskia .65, 66

Kaskaskia. New Kaskaskia 37

Kaskaskia, Town of the Illinois Tribe
on the River of their name, near

Utica 108

Kaskaskia. Indians 56

Kaskaskia River 37, 65. 69

Kaskaskia River, William Morrison
authorized to erect dam on the

falls of the Kaskaskia River 65

Kaska.skia River. William Morrison
builds floating bridge over Kas-
kaskia River 69

Kelly, (Senator) Maurice, of Adams
County. Resolution offered by in
1881, to veto items in appropria-
tion bill 49

Kenaga. (Mrs.) W. F 14

Kendall Countv, Illinois

". .14. 109. 113. 114. 115, 116

Kendall County. Illinois. Big Grove

Township in 115

Kendall County. Illinois, Fox Town-
ship in il5

I-Cendnll County. Illinois. Government
Survey of 1842. shows stage route

from Ottawa to Chicago 114

Kendall County, Illinois. Hicks
(Rev.) E. W., History of Kendall

Coimty 116

Kendall County. Tllinols. Meramech

Historical Society officers 14

Tx'entucky, State.. .". . .3 1. 38. 39. 53. 71. 98
Kentucky. State, County histories of.

desired 31

Kentucky, State, Henry vs. Evans,

Slave case 98

Kern, Fred J 1!», 20, 35

Kern. Fred .T.. The first two coimtles
of Tllinols and their people. . 20, 35-4?

Kewnnee. Ill 81

Kicknpoo Indians 56. 57

KIckapoo Indians ceded their claims
to the TTnited States, Julv 30.

1819 R7

Klnir F.lwnrd VTT of Englantl S3

King of Grent Britain 43

Tx'iiinev vs Cnok. case in law 95

Kinney. WMllnm. TJeut. Governor,

St.nte of Tlllnr.|<5 38

Kln/le fnmllv. Chicago 83

TCIn^rle. John. 116

KIrby. Svlvia v.s. KIrhy,

Slave case. ATNsoviri 97

Ivlchwenkee Trail 109. 114

TCItcbell. AKred Member of the Con-
stltuHopnl Coiiver.tlon. 1S48, recom-
mends the, abolition of the Coun-
cil of Revision 46

Knights of the Golden Circle 40

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Knox County, Illinois, Histoi-ical So-
ciety, officers 14

Koerner, Gustavus, Buried in Wal-
nut Hill Cemetery, Belleville, 111.. 39

Koerner, Gustavus, Lieut. Governor,
State of Illinois 38

La Charboniere, a rapid 112

La Potherie. Sec De Lapothere. . . . Ill

Footnote Ill

La Salle. Indiana vs. LaSalle slave

case 9 4, 97

La Salle County Historical Society. . 14
La Salle County, Illinois, Indian

Creek, in 115

La Salle, 111 81

La Salle, Rene Robert Sieur de

54, 56, 108, 109, 110, 112

La Salle, Rene Robert Sieur de,

Colonie du Sieur de La Salle. .109, 112
La Salle, Rene Robert Sieur de, Fort

( Starved Rock ) 56

La Vega, Description of the Indian

towns 52

Lagow, Alfred G., Charter member

Presbyterian Church, Palestine, 111. 77
Lagow, Nancy, Charter member

Presbyterian Church, Palestine, 111. 77
Lagow, Wilson, Charter member
Presbyterian Church, Palestine, 111. 77

Lake Ontario 112

Lannan, James H., History of Michi-
gan 112

Lasselle, Indiana State vs. Laselle

slave case 94, 97

Lawrence family 31

Lawrence, George A 5

Lawrence, (Mrs.) George A 21,22

Lawrence, (Mrs.) George A., Illinois
State Regent, Daughters of Ameri-
can Revolution 21

Lawrence, (Mrs.) George A., Work
in behalf of securing State flag or

banner for Illinois 21

Lawrence, William 31

Lawyers, Act of 1792, regulating the

practice of law 61, 62

Leavitt, (Mrs.) M. S 14

Legends of the Iroquois Indians re-
ference

Leiter, Levi Z

Lemmon. (Rev.) John A

56
84
28

Levere, William C 13

Lexington, Ky 83

Lincoln, Abraham

24. 25, 26. 39, 40, 42, 82, 85

Lincoln. Abraham, Lincoln circuit to
be marked 25, 26

Lincoln, Abraham, Lincoln circuit, re-
port on by Miss Lotte E. Jones. .25, 26

Lincoln. Abraham, Lincoln exhibit,
Panama-Pacific exposition, San
Francisco, Cal 42

Lincoln. Abraham, Log cabin of
Bowling Green, where Lincoln
boarded, remnant of, still in ex-
istence 27, 28

Lincoln. Abraham, St. Gauden's
Statue of, in Lincoln Park,
Chicago 24

Lincoln, Abraham, Statue, to be
erected at the Centennial of the
State on the Capitol Grounds.... 24

Lincoln circuit, Jones (Miss) Lottie
E., report on 25, 26

PAGB.

Lincoln exhibit, Panama-Pacific Ex-
position 42

Lincoln, 111 14

Linton, Ralph, The Indian His-
tory of Illinois 19, 51-57

Little Rock Creek, tributary to Fox

River 113

Little Rock Township, Kendall

County 113, 114

Little Wabash Navigation Company

incorporation, Dec. 24, 1817 62

Ijockwood, Samuel Drake, member of
the Supreme Court and Council of

Revision, State of Illinois 46

Logan, Ann, charter member Presby-
terian Church, Palestine, 111 77

Logan County Historical Society.... 14

London, England 25

Loomis, Charles J 31

Loomis Family 31

Loskiel, George Henry, Quoted on the
method of burial practiced by the

Delaware Indians 53

Lost Maramech and Earliest Chicago
by John L. Steward, reference foot-
note 115

Louis XIII, King of France, edict of
1615, first recognized slavery in the

French provinces in America 89

Louis XVI, King of France 83

Louisiana State 45, 84, 89, 97

Louisiana State, Legislation on

slaves. 1848 97

Louisiana State, Supreme Court.... 97
Louisiana State, Veto power of the

(Governor 45

Lovejoy, Elijah Parish 69

Lucas, Jackson G 13

"Lusitania," steamer 87

Lydia, • , Rankin vs. Lydia,

slave case 98

M'c, (Mr.) . mentioned in

Rev. Isaac Reed's Diary 74

McCagg family, Chicago 83

McCormock, George 14

McCullough, Edward 14

McDonough County Historical Society 14

Mcllvaine, (Miss) Caroline 13

Macinac, Mich 91

McKown Asenath, early member

Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76
McLean County, Illinois Court House 27
McLean County, Illinois Historical

Society, officers 14

McLean County, Illinois, Historical

Society, Report 2T

McNutt. Elizabeth, Charter member
New Providence Presbyterian
Church, Edgar County, Illinois... 77
McNutt, John W., Charter member
New Providence Presbyterian
Church, Edgar County, Illinois. .76, T7

Macomb, 111 14

Macon County, Illinois 14,26

Macon County. Illinois, Historical

Society, officers 14

Macoupin County, Historical Society,

officers 14

Madison County, Illinois, Antiqui-
ties in 41

Madison County, Illinois, Historical

Society, officers 14

Magill, Hugh S., Jr 23,24

Major family 31

128

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Malcolm, Ann, Early member Pres-
byterian Church, Palestine, 111.... 77
Malcolm, John, Earlv member Pres-
byterian Church, Palestine, 111... 77

Maiden, Canada 114

Malta, Chief of the Maltese Islands. 87

Mandan Indians 55

Manliu.s, Rutland Township His-
torical Society, officers 14

Maps — American maps, Harrlsse,

French critic of 108

Maps — De Lisle's map, reference. .. .108

footnote 114

Maps — Franquelin's Map of 1684. . . .

107. 1 14

Map.s — Franquelin's Maps of 16S4

and 1688 107, 108

Maps — French Map, 1679 108

Maps — French Map of 1679, rt-pro-

duced by Pinart 108

Maps — Hennopin, Louis Map, refer-
ence, footnote 114

Maps — Joliefs Map of 1673, refer-
ence, footnote 109

^laps — Kane Countv Map published

by Rand & McNally. footnote 113

Maps — Map of 1632. reference 107

Map.s — Pinart, reproduces French

map 1679 108

Maps — Popple Map 110,111

Maps — Popple's Map, fragment of... Ill
Maps — Thevenot's Map, reference,

footnote 114

Maramc'ch (Maramec, Maramek and

Maraux), various spelling of

109, 110. Ill, 112

Maramech Hill 110. 113. 114. 116

Maramech Hill. Boulder on marks
site of extermination of Foxes,

AuR. 17, 1730 114

Maramech — Miami town of Mara-
mech 109

Maramech — Relic of ancient Mara-
mech Ill

Maramech, Steward. John F.. Lost
Maramech and earliest Chicago,

footnote 115

Marriur-tte. (Father) James 35,109

footnote 109

Marriages, Illinois country law regu-
lating marriages In, required no

license 67

Marseilles, 111., Manlius. Rutland
Township Historical Society, offi-
cers 14

Marshall. A. K 98

Marshall. Amos 15

Martin, Francis Xavier 97

Martin. T^uthor F 11

Mascouten Indians. . 5 4. 1 07, 108. 1 10, 1 1 2
Mnscouton Indians, "CJens de Pralr-
if^s," name trlven liy the French to

(ho IMasmutens 107

Ma.son. (Col.) R. R,. Early Mayor

of Chicago 81

Massachiisofts .<?tate, one of the thlr-
toon original, who jirovided for a

\rto power 43.44

"I^faxwll Code." adopted by earlv
law makers of the Northwest Terri-
tory 61

May, Mary Ann 31

Means. Susanna. Early member Pres-
byterian Church. Paris. Ill 76

Means. William. Charter mombor

Presbvterinn Church. Paris. III... 76
M.dlll. Jo.seph, Editor Chicago Tri-
bune 85

PAGE.

Meeker, Raymond 13 21

Meese, William A 5

Memorial Continental Hall, Wash-
ington. D. C 21

Menard vs. Aspasia, Slave case 97

Meramech Historical Society, Piano,

111., officers 14

Merry v.s. Chlxnaider, Slave case,

Louisiana 97

Merry vs. Tiffin, Slave case, Mis-
souri 64, 65

Merrywcather, George 13

Me.satonga Indian Chief 110

lyiessitonga Indian Chief 110

Metzher, Judson D 15

IMexico 53, 54

Miami Indians

54, 56. 109, 110, 111, 112, 114

Miami Indians, Maramech chief

town of 110

Miami, town of Maramech 109

Michigan State, County histories of,

desired 31

Michigan State, Lanman's History of

Michigan 112

^Michigan Territory, Test case on the

holding of slaves in 91

Milford, III 31

Miller, (Mrs.) I. G 22,28

jMinnesota State 82

Minshall, William A.. Member of the

Constitutional Convention. 1848... 47
Missionaries, Trip from K'^ntucky to
Indiana. See Allen, (Rev.) Ira

W 71-72

Missions in the State of Illinois 41

Mississippi River 36. 37. 62. 110, 114

I\lississiiipi State. Supreme Court.... 97

Mississippi Valley 53

Missouri River 54, 55. 57

Missouri State 36. 91. 95, 97

Missouri State, Merry vs. Tiffin.

Slave case 64, 65

^Missouri State. Supreme Court 97

Missouri State, Test case of holding

slaves in 91

Missouri State, Winning v.s. White-
side, Slave case 97

MoUne, 111 5, 15

Monk's Mound (Cahokia Mound)... 42

Monroe, B. G 98

IMonroe Countv, Illinois. Antiquities

In 41

Montgomery County. Illinois, His-
torical Society 14

Montgomery, (Rev.) John, Early

Missionary In Illinois 77

Moore A. A 31

:\Toore. Ensley 26.28

Moore fanillv 31

ISIorgan (^oiuity. Illinois, Historical

.'?oclet y . officers 14

Morgan fnniil.v 31

Morris, Phcbc. Charter member Pres-
byterian Church. Palestine, 111 77

ATnrris, Seyn'oui' 13

Morrison. WIUi.Mn. Authorized to
erect dam on the falls of the Kns-

ka.oUla RIv.T 65

Morrison. Willlnm, Builds floating

bridge- ovor the Kaskaskin River.. 69
Morrison. "U'llllam. Memlii>r of the
Bonr<l of Trustees of the town of

KnskasUln 66

Alorton. HI 15

Mo.srlcy. (Miss) Fnnnle 13

IMoses. .Tobn. Illinois Historical and
Statistical, quoted 60

129

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Mosiman, Levi 15

"Mound Builders," Barbarous or

Semi-civilized tribes of Indians... 51
Mound Builders of Ohio, reference. . 52
Mulligan, C. J., Sculptor of the Doug-
las statue, deceased 24

Mulligan. (Col.) James A 83,84

"JNluscoda," Alg;onquin name for our

prairies 107

Iiluskogie Indians 52

Nadouessioux, an Algonquin word

meaning- "enemy," footnote 110

Nanangousi (Nanangousista), Chief

of the Miamis 110

Nance vs. Howard, Slave case 98

Nashville, Tenn 19

Natchez Indians 52, 53

National Bureau of Historical Por-
traiture 29

National Constitutional Convention
of 1TS7, Veto provisions essential
features of copied from Massachu-
setts 44

National Memorial Hall, Washing-
ton, D. C, James Shield statue in,

reference 82

"National Road," reference to, in

Rev. Isaac Reed's diary 74

Neff, Frank T 14

Negroes, number of negroes in Illi-
nois at the close of the British

occupancy 99

Nelson vs. People, Case in law 96

New Albany. Ind 74

New England 79

New France. Franquelin official cart-
ographer of New France 109

New Hope meeting house, Edgar

County, Illinois 75

New Jersey, State 90

New Providence, East Tennessee

Presbyterian Church 76

New Providence, Presbyterian Church,
Edgar County, Illinois, early

records 76, 77

New York City 28, 85

New York City, Sun (Newspaper) . . 85

New York State 43, 44, 45, 56, 73

New Y'ork State, Constitution of

1777 45

New York State, Council of Re-

. vision 43,44,45

New York State, Illinois, adopts the

veto plan of New York 44, 45

New York State, one of the thirteen
original, who provided for a veto

power 43,44

Newberry family, Chicago S3

Newberry Library. Chicago 83

Newberry, Walter L 81

Newspapers, Chicago Democrat 83

Newspapers, Chicago Inter-Ocean... 85

Newspapers, Chicago Times 85

Newspapers, Chicago Tribune 85

Newspapers. New York Sun 85

Nicolet. Jean 108

Nine Mile Creek, Randolph County,

Illinois 65

"No Man's Land." the patch so

called in Chicago 83

North America .- . . 53

North Carolina, State 31,97

North Carolina, State, county his-
tories of desired 31

— 9 H S

PAGE.

Northwest Territory 31,

ei, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 89, 90, 91, 93

Northwest Territory, Act of 1792,
regulating the practice of law. . .61, 62

Northwest Territory, arson. Act of
Dec. 19, 1799, to punish arson by
death 63

Northwest Territory, Arthur St.
Clair, Governor of the Northwest
Territory 61, 62

Northwest Territory, Arthur St.
Clair and the court appointed by
the President, proved capable as
law makers 61

Northwest Territory, Bachelor's tax. 68

Northwest Territory, counties, re-
quired to build, court house, jail,
pillory, whipping post and stocks. 64

Northwest Territory, criminal code.
Act Sept. 6, 1788 63,64

Northwest Territory, divorce law,
passed July 15, 1795 64

Northwest Territory, first General
Incorporation Act, May 1, 1798... 62

Northwest Territory, first ordinance
was passed in 1784 90

Northwest Territory, Gambling for
money or property forbicTden in,
under severe penalty 63

Northwest Territory, Larceny, Act of
Jan. 5. 1795, for the trial and pun-
ishment of larceny 63

Northwest Territory, legislators, com-
pensation of 66

Northwest Territorv. Mills and Mil-
lers Act, Dec. 2, 1799 67

Northwest Territory, Ohio first state
admitted into the Union from the
Northwest Territory 93

Northwest Territory, Ordinance of
1787 prohibits slavery 91

Northwest Territory, prisons and
prisone*^ -Aet adopted 1792 67

Northwest Territory, slavery clause
in the first ordinance, stricken out. 90

Northwest Territory, slavery in 89

Northwest Territory, States com-
prising 31

Northwest Territory, Trespass, law
regarding 69

Northwest Territory, Virginia, after
Clark's conquest declares it a part
of her chartered territory 90

Northwestern University, Evanston.
Ill ■ 5

Northwestern University, Evanston,
Women's College of the University 85

Norton, W. T ■. 5

O- , (Mrs.) , Men-
tioned in Rev. Isaac Reed's diary. . 74

Oakland, Cal 31

Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, 111. 39
O'Connor, Andrew. Sculptor for the
Lincoln Statue to be placed on

the Capitol grounds 24

Oddities in early Illinois laws, by

Joseph J. Thompson 19, 58-70

Ogden, William B., First Mayor of

Chicago 83

Ogle County, 111.. Historical Society. . 14
Oglesby, (Gov.) Richard J.. Efforts

in behalf of the veto power 47

O'Hara, Dan 85

Ohio River, Falls of the Ohio 62

130

INDEX — Continued.

PAOB.

Ohio state • „^

19. 20, 31, 51, 52. 56. Tli. 73, 74, 92, 93, 97
Ohio State, Admitted to the Union,

1802 92

Ohio State. County histories of, de-
si red 31

Ohio Slate, EHigy Mounds in, refer-
ence 51

Ohio State, First state admitted Into
the Union from the Northwest

Territory 93

Ohio Slate, Mound Builders 52

Ohio State, Slavery did not exist in,

as a Territory or State 93

Ohio Territory, Slavery did not exist

In 93

Old Glory — United States Flag 40

Old Liveforever Minister, pioneer

wedding 102.103

Old Salem. Chautauqua, near Peters-

burg. Ill •• 28

Old Settler's Tales, by Mabel E.

Fletcher 20. 100-104

"Old Stone Mill" 116

Onahan, William J 19, 20, 79

Onahan, William J., Sixty Years in

Chicago 20,79-88

Ordinance of 1787

60. 61, 69. 92. 94. 95, 96, 97, 98, 99

Ordinance of 1787, Article VI, refer-

6nC6 •^ *

Ordinance of 1787, Effect of the ad-
mission of a state upon the pro-
visions of the Ordinance of 1787.. 99
Ordinance of 1787, Moses, John, Illi-
nois Historical and Statistical,

quoted on 60

Ordinance of 1787, prohibits slavery

69, 91

Ordinance of 1787, Slavery pro-
vision of. reference 69

"Osage Indians" 53, 115

Osage Indians, John D. Hunter,
quoted on the method of burial... 53

Osborne. Georgia L 25. 31, 42

Osborne, Georgia L., Report. Gene-
alogical Committee, Illinois State

Historical Society 25, 31-32

O'Shaughnessv, James. President of

the Irish Fellowship Club 79

O'Shaughnessv, James, "The Irish In

Chicago's Illiitory," quoted 79-80

Oswego, 111 116

Ottawa, 111., Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution, Illinois State Con-
ference held In 21, 22

Ottawa, 111., r..a Sallo County His-
torical Society 14

Olt.iwa, 111 . Stage route from Otta-
wa to Chicago 114

Ottawa Indians, ceded their claims

to the United States, 1829 57

Owen County, Indiana 72

Ozark Ridge, Jackson County, Illi-
nois ; 26

Page, David A., Early Chicago

Treasurer 81

Page, Edward C 5

Paine family 31

Paine, John 81

Paine. Lyman May 31

Palestine. (Crawford County'*, Illi-
nois, Presbyterian Church, early

record 77

I'almer. (Gov.> John M 47.48

PACK.

Palmer. (Gov.) John M., Efforts in

behalf of the veto power 47-48

Palmer, (Gov.) John M., Veto mes-
sages of 1869, reference 48

Palmer, I'otter 84, 87

Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Fran-
cisco, Cal., Lincoln Memorial Ex-
hibit •»2

Pancake family. Attend the pioneer

wedding 101

Paris. France 25. 109

Paris. France, Bibliotheque National

■ 109

Paris, 111 19. 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77

Pt'ris, 111., Presbyterian Church,

account of organization 76

Paris, 111., Presbyterian Church, be-
ginning of. Work of Rev. Isaac

Reed, missionary ." . . 73

Parker, ( Mrs. ) C. J 13

Parkman, Francis, Works of, refer-
ence 41

"Patch. The," on the .North Shore

Sands, Chicago 83

Patterson, Lelha B "14

Pawnee, Indians 55

Pease. Theodore Calvin, County Ar-
chives of Illinois. Illinois His-
torical Collections. Vol. 12 25

Pecan Point, District of Arkansas.

Natchez Indians in 53

Pierre vs. Chouteau, Slavery case... 91
Pekin. 111., Tazewell County. His-
torical Society, officers 15

I'enfielrl, 111., Post oflice abandoned. .114
Pennsylvania, Before the Revolution
the King retained the right to veto

colonial legi.slaticn 43

ivnnsylvania State.. . .39, 43, 45. 114. 115
Pennsylvania State, Veto power of

the governor in 45

Pennsylvania State. War of the Re-
t ellion. Regiment of Lancers served

in from Pennsylvania 116

I'lople. . Nelson vs. People,

case in law 96

People. . Wlllard vs.

People, Slave case 97

Peoria County, Illinois. Historical

Society, officers 14

Peoria, Illinois 14. 31. 57

Peoria, 111.. Peoria County His-
torical Society, officers 14

Perrier. C. C IS

Perrln. J. Nick 16

Perrot. Nicholas 110, 111, 112

Perrot, Nicholas. Sent to supervise
the Miamls and Illinois Indians. .

110, 111. 112

"Pestecuoy" River 107, 109

"Pestecuov River." of Franquelln's,

Maps of 1684 and 1688 107

Peters, Richard. Jr 97

Petersburg. 111.. Chautauqua associ-
ation and grovmds 27, 28

Phoebe vs. Jnrrot, slave case 94

Phoebe vs. Jay. slave case 98

Piankeshaw, Indians 57, 115

Plankeshaw. Indians, ceded the last
of their claims to the ITnlted States

Dec. 30, 180r. 57

Piatt County. Illinois. Historical

Society 16

Pledmontesp, Invasion threatens

Rome 87

Pike County, Illinois. Historical

Society 16

Plnart, reproduces French Map
1670 K'S

131.

INDEX — Continuea.

PAGE.

Pioneers of the State of Illinois,

Tribute to 40, 41

Piper, Anna, Charter member, Pres-
byterian Church, Palestine, 111.... 77

Pistakee Lake 108

Pisticuoi River 112

Pittsfield, 111 15

Piano, 111., The Meramech Historical

Society, officers 1|

Plegge, E. W 15

Plumb, A. H 31

Plumb Family ^1

Plumb, Preston B ^1

Plutarch, Greek Philosopher, Quota-
tion from 35

Poland o°

Political Parties, Democratic

Party 46,79,85

Political Parties, Republican Party. S3

Political Parties, Whig Party 46,80

Polly, , Slave Case in Indi-
ana, State vs. Lasselle 94

Polo, 111 5, 14, 28

Polo, 111., Ogle County Historical

Society 14

Pone Hollow • 1^"

Pontiac, Ottawa Chief 36, 56

Pontiac. Ottawa Chief, Death of,

rGf6r6n,CG ..-• ob

Pope, Head of the Roman Catholic

Church 87.88

Popple's Map 110, 111

Popple's Map, Fragment of Ill

Pottawatomie Indians .... 56, 57, 107, 110
Pottawattomie Indians, Called Poux,

footnote 110

Pottawattomie Indians, ceded their
claims to the United States, Sept.

26, 1833 57

Prairie du Chien, Wis 91

Prairie du Rocher, 111 15. 37, 38, 41

Prairie du Rocher, Parochial Schools 38

Prairie Schooner 109, 114

Prairies of Illinois. . .57, 74, 107, 112, 114
Prairies of Illinois, "Muscoda," Al-
gonquin name for our prairies. ... 107
Presbyterian Church. Allen (Rev.)
Ira W.. Early Presbyterianism in

East Central Illinois 19,71-78

Presbyterian Church. Grandview, Ed-
gar' County, Illinois 77, 78

Presbyterian Church, New Provi-
dence. Edgar County, Illinois, early

records 76,77

Presbyterian Church, New Provi-
dence. East Tennessee 76

Presbyterian Church, Palestine
(Crawford County), Illinois, Early

record 77

Pretorius. Marthinas Wessels. South
African soldier and statesman, the
first president of the South African

Republic 39

Prettyman, W. L 15

Prince of Wales, visit to Chicago,

reference 83

Princeton. 111., Bureau County His-
torical Society, officers 13

Princeville, Redmond 81

Provine. (Rev.) W. A. • Jacques,

Thimetg De Mombreun 19

Puant Indians Ill

"Puants, Bay," on an early map.... 107
Pure food — Act of the "Virginia As-
sembly, Nov. 27, 1786 60-61

Puritans 39

PAGE.

Quakers 67,68

Quakers, tax levied on for release

from military duty 69

Quincy, 111 13,23

Quincy, 111., Historical Society, offi-
cers 13

Raab, Henry, State Superintendent

of Public Instruction 38

Pi,accoon Creek 75

Racine, Wis 109

Radisson, Pierre, Esprit Sieur d'....108
Railroads, Chicago & Alton R. R. . . 23

Kammelkamp, (Dr.) Charles H

5, 27, 28, 29

Rand & McNally Publishers, Chi-
cago 113

Randolph County, Illinois

35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 65

Randolph County, Illinoi^, Antiqui-
ties in 41

Randolph County, 111., Court House
archives, historical records in,

many in the French language 38

Randolph, John 92

Rankin vs. Lydia, Slave case 98

Ray, Charles H., Editor of the Chi-
cago Tribune ^- 85

Ray, Martin 76,77

Ray, Martin, Charter member New
Providence Presbyterian Church,
Edgar County, Illinois 77

Reed, (Rev.) Isaac, Diary — extracts
from 74-76

Reed, (Rev.) Isaac, Missionary from
the Connecticut Missionary So-
ciety 72, 73, 74

Registration Act of 1807, of Indiana
Territory 98

Renault. Philip Francois de. Agent
and Manager of the Company of
St. Phillipe 89

Renault, Philip, Francois de. Brings
slaves into the Illinois Territory.. 89

Republican Party 48, 83

Reynolds, ( Gov. ) John 38,41,64

Reynolds, ( Gov. ) John, Buried in
Walnut Hill Cemetery, Belleville,
111 38

Revnolds, (Gov.) John, Home of, in
Belleville in perfect state of pre-
servation 38

Reynolds, (Gov.) John, "Old Ranger" 41

Revnolds, (Gov.) John, Peniten-
tiary in the State of Illinois,
movement for, led by John Rey-
nolds 64

Reynolds, (Gov.) John, Works of
reference 41

Rhode Island. Before the Revolution,
had no veto power 43

Rhodes, Comfort, Wedding of, pio-
neer scenes described 100-104

Rhodes. Mr. — ■ ■. Father of the

bride, pioneer wedding 100-103

Rhodes. (Mrs.) . Mother of

the bride, pioneer wedding

.-. .100, 101, 103

Richmond House. Chicago 83

Riswold. Gilbert P., Sculptor, selected
to make statue of Stephen A.
Douglas, footnote 24

i:j-.

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

River of the Foxes ("Riviere des

Renards") 115

Riviere du Rocher (River of the

Rock) 112,113

River of the Roclv (Riviere du

Rocher) 112. 113

Rob Roy Creelt 112

Roberts, H. C 13

Robertson, Robert, Member of the
Board of Trustees of the town of

Kasl(as){ia 66

Rociie, Martin, architect 23

Roclt Island County, Illinois, His-
torical Society, officers 15

Roclt Island. 111., Rock I.^land County

Historical Society, officers 15

Rock River, ( Tlie Assinnesepe) 109

Rocky Mountains 54

Rome, Italy, Threatened by the

Piedmontese invasion 87

Roosevelt. Theodore 41

Root River of Wisconsin 109

Ru.s.sel. Andrew 5, 27, 29

Rutledse, Ann 27

Ryan, Edward T., Early Editor of
the Chicago Tribune, Later Chief
Justice of tlie Supreme Court of

Wisconsin 85

Ryan. Michael, Sent to London to
negotiate loan from Baring Brothers
for Illinois and Michigan Canal... 81
Ryan. Michael. Skillful work in the
engineering problems of the Illi-
nois and Michigan Canal — refer-
ence 81

Ryder, (Rev.) D 81

Sac and Fox Trail 109,113,114

Sac and Fox Treaty, 1803, reference. 57

Sac ( Sauk ) Indians

56, 57. 109, 113, 114. 115

Sac Indians, Ceded their claims to
the United States, Sept. 13, 14,

1815 57

St. riair, Arthur. Governor of the

Northwest Territory 61, 62

St. Clair County. Illinois

15. 35, 36, 37, 38. 39, 41. 42

St. Clair County, Illinois, Antiquities

in 41

St. Clair County, Cahokia, County

Seat of 36

St. Clair County, Illinois Historical

Society, officers 15

St. Clair County, Illinois, One Hun-

drcdtli Anniversary. 38

St. Clair County. Illinois, Second
Coimly In the State In population

and material wealth 38

St. Cosmo 109

St. Domingo. Renault purch.-ises five

hundred slaves, at St. Domingo... 89
St. rSaudins Statue of Lincoln, Lin-
coln Park. Chicago 24

St. .Joseph River 112,114

St. Lawrence River 107.112

St. Louis. Mo 36. 52. 57. S4

St. Murvs, of the Lake, I'niverslty,

Chicago 83

St. Peters Cathedral. Rome Itily.... 87
St. Vincents l-'rench & Canadian In-
habitants of. In be prntectoil. in
tlie deed of cisslon from Virginia

to the Vnlled States. 17S| 00

Salt Springs In Illinois 53

PAGE.

San Francisco. Cal., Panama-PaciHc

Exposition, Lincoln Exhibit 42

Sangamon County, Illinois 26,28

Sarah vs. Borders, Slave Case 98

"Saut" French word meaning a

rapid 108

•Scanunon, Jonathan Young. 82, 95, 97, 98

Scheel, John 39

Schmidt, (Dr.) Otto L.. President,
Illinois State Historical Society. 5.
13, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 28, 29. 35

Schurz, Carl 39

Scott vs. Emerson, Slave Case, Mo. . 97
Scripps, John L., Editor Chicago

Tribune 85

Searle, Sherman W 15

Shaubena, Ottawa Chief 115

Shawnee Indians 53, 54

Sheehan, James W. .• SI. So

Sheahan. James W., Editor. The

Chicago Times 85

Sheffield, III 13

Sherman, Lawrence Y 5

Shield. James. Statue in National
Memorial Hall, Washington. D. C.

39. 82

Shields. James, United States Sena-
tor fiom Illinois 38

Shiver I'amily 31

Shiver, Harry Lawrence 31

Shultz, John. Charter member Pres-
byterian Church. Grandview, 111.. 78
Shultz, Susan, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Grandview, 111... 78

Siedenburg. (Father) Frederick 24

Simmons. Terry 14

Sioux Indians 51. 54. 56. 110

Footnote 110

Sixty years in Chicago. Bv William

J. Onahan 20. 79-88

Slade. James P.. State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction 38

Slavery 39. 40. 89-99

Slavery, Aldrich. Orlando W., Slavery
or involimtary servitude in Illinois,
prior to and after its admission

as a State 20, 89-99

Slaverv. Germans opposed to

slavery 39, 40

Slavery in the French provinces of

America 89

Slaverv, Indentured and Registered

slaves 92. 93

Slavery. Ordinance of 1787. prohibits

slavery 91

Slavery or Involuntary servitude in
Illinois, prior to and after its ad-
mission as a State, by O. W.

Aldrich 20, S9-99

Smith, George W 5, 26. 27. 29

Smith. George. W.. Report on the
Jackson C o u n t v Historical

Societv 26, 27

Smith, Orson IS

Smith. W. II 15

Snnpp. Matthia.s. organized early
Presbvterian Church, Grandview.

Ill 78

.«;omervllle, (Miss.) Carrie IS

Sons of the American Revolution

Chicago 27

South Carolina State, County histories

of, desired SI

Spain 87

Spaniards. March across Illinois 1781,

reference HB

Spanish cartographers 107

133

INDEX Continued.

PAGE.

Spears, Barton W., Publisher Chicago

Tribune 85

Specie's Grove 114, 116

Spencer, (Mrs.) O. B 11

Spingy. Elizabeth J., divorce granted

to. Session laws of 1818... 64

Spingy, James, Divorce case, 1818.. 64

Sprague, W 84

Springfield, 111 5, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 39

Footnote 23

Springfield, 111., Citizens, contribution
to Historical Building. See Foot-
note 23

Springfield, 111., Executive Mansion

in, reference 20

Springfield, 111., Oak Ridge Cemetery 39
Stage route from Ottawa to Chicago,

reference 114

Starved Rock (Fort St. Louis)

56. 109. 112

Steele, Catherine, Charter Member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,

111 78

Steele, (Rev.) John A., Minister and
Teacher of Augusta County, Va.,
accompanies party to Grandview,

Edgar County, Illinois 78

Sterling, 111., Whiteside County His-
torical Society, Sterling, 111 15

Stevens, Josias, Member of Board

Indiana Canal Company, 1805.... 62
Stevenson, Lewis G. Jr., Secretary

State of Illinois 21

Steward. John F., The Fox River of
Illinois (River of the Bos Bison,
or, as we name it, the Buffalo) . . .

107-116

Steward. John F., Lost Maramech
and Earliest Chicago, reference,

footnote 115

Storey, Wilbur F., Editor, The Chi-
cago Times 85

Stout, Adriel, Charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris, 111 76

Stout. Eliza, Early member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris. Ill 76

Strader vs. Graham, case in law. . . 99

Strange, A. T 14

Stringfleld, (Mrs.) , Mother

of the groom at the pioneer

wedding 103

Stringfield. Severe, Pioneer wedding

of, described 100-104

Sugar Creek, Edgar County, Illinois. 76
Sugar Loaf, St. Clair County, Illi-
nois 42

Sullivan, IMargaret, Editorial work,

Chicago Press 85

Supreme Court, State of Illinois....

46, 47, 66, 96

Supreme Court, State of Indiana. ... 97
Supreme Court, State of Louisiana. . 97
Supreme Court, State of Mississippi. 97
Supreme Court, State of Missouri. . . 97
Supreme Court of the United States. 97
Supreme Court, State of Virginia... 97

Sylvan Spring 110

Sylvia vs. Kirby, Slave case, Missouri 97

T. (Mr.) , Mentioned in Rev.

Isaac Reed's diary 74

Taney, Roger B 99

Tate, John, charter member Presby-
terian Church, Grandview, III 78

FAGB.

Tate, John, early pioneer of the
State 77

Tate, Margaret I., charter member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,
111 78

Tate, Nancy, charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Grandview, 111... 78

Tate, Robert M., charter member
Presbyterian Church, Grandview,
111 78

Tate, Susan, charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Grandview, 111... 78

Tazewell County, 111., Historical So-
ciety, officers 15

Tennessee, State 19, 31, 53, 72, 73, 76

Tennessee, State, County histories of
desired 31

Tennessee, State, Nashville, Tenn... 19

Tennessee, State, New Providence
Presbyterian Church, East Tennes-
ggg 76

Terre Haute' iiid.' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.15,86
Thevenot's map, reference, footnote. .114
Thomas, Cyrus, quoted on the Mound

Builders 52

Thompson, Amzi, charter member

Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76
Thompson. Joseph J., Oddities in

Early Illinois Laws 19,58-70

Thompson. Nancy, charter member

Presbyterian Church, Paris, 111... 76

Thwaites. Reuben Gold 27

Tiskilwa, 111 13

Todd, John 59, 60

Todd, John, Lieutenant of the County

of Illinois 60

Tonti, Henry 56

Topeka. Kans 31

Treaties with the Indians, Sac and

Fox Treaty, 1803 57

Treaty of Greenville. 1795 94

Treaty of Peace with England, 1783,

territory ceded to United States. . . 90

Tremont House, Chicago, 111 82

Trumbull, Lyman 38, 39

Trumbull. Lyman, United States

Senator from Illinois 38

Tucker. Eliza I, charter member New

Providence Presbyterian Church.. 77
Tiicker, Elizabeth, charter member

New Providence Presbvterian

Church 77

Tucker, Elven, charter member New

Providence Presbyterian Church.. 77
Twain, Mark (Samuel Langhorne

Clemens) .' 37

"Une petite riviere" 113

United States 25. 26, 27. 35.

39, 40. 45, 52, 57, 82, 86, 90, 91, 92, 97, 99
United States Congress

26, 27, 35. 39, 82, 86, 90, 91, 92, 99

United States. Flag 40

United States Government, Indians

ceded their lands to 57

United States Government, purchases

with the Indians 57

United States. Supreme Court 97

United States, Veto power in Chief

Executive 45

University of Illinois 19, 43, 51

Uran. (Dr.) B. F 14

Urbana, 111 5, 19

Utica, 111 108

13-i

INDEX— Concluded.

PAGE.

Vagrrancy, Act of Indiana Terii-

tor>', tiept. 14, 1807 69.70

Vance, Mary, charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris, 111 76

Vance, Samuel, charter member Pres-
byterian Church, Paris, 111 76

Vance, Samuel C, Member of Board
Indiana Canal Company, 1805.... 62

Vermilion County, Illinois 26

Vermilion River 115

Veto power an adaptation of a British
institution transplanted to Ameri-
can soil 43

Veto power of the Governor of Illi-
nois, by N. H. Debel 19,43-50

Veto power of the Governor of Illi-
nois. Constitution of 1818 45

Veto power in the thirteen original

states 43

Vienna, 111., Johnson County His-
torical Society, officers 13

Vincennes, Ind 27, 75

Vinson, John W 13

Virginia

31. 38, 39, 59, 60, 72, 77, 83, 89, 90, 91, 97
Virginia, Act of the House of Bur-
gesses creating Illinois a county

of Virginia 90

Virginia, Augusta County 77

Virginia, Cession of territory to the

United States, 1784 90

Virginia, County histories of desired. 31
Virginia. Declaration of principles
adopted by the representatives of

Virginia, June 12, 1776 59,60

Virginia, Deed of cession of 1784 of
Virginia to the United States con-
tains stipulation with regard to
French and Canadian Inhabitants
of Kaskasklas and St. Vincents... 90

Virginia, Dumbarton, Va 31

Virginia. House of Burgesses 89,90

Virginia. Supreme Court 97

Wabash River 72, 73, 74

Wade, E. P 14

Walker, C. A 14

Walker, R. J 97

Waller, Peter A 23

Walnut Hill Cemetery, Belleville. 111.

38, 39

Walpdle, (Sir) Robert, quotation

from 35

Walsh, John R 86, 87

War with Mexico 82

War of the Rebellion. .39. 42, 47. 82. 115
War of the Rebellion, Pennsylvania
Regiment of Lancers served in.

reference 115

Washington County, 111 69

Washington, D. C 21,22,82

Washington, 111 15

Waubansie, Pottawattomlo Chief... 116
Waubanaie's village where Oswego,

111., is now lociitod 11 f!

Wayne, Polly, early member Presby-
terian Church. Paris. Ill 76

PAGE.

Weber, Jessie Palmer

5. 12, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42

Weber, Jessie Palmer, Secretary Illi-
nois Slate Historical Society, report 22

Webster, (Mrs. Charles A.) 14

Welch Creek 113

Wentworth, John ("Long John")...
gj g2 83

Wheeler family '. . .102

Whig Parly 46,80

Whipping Post, pillory and stocks
institution of law In Illinois to

1832, reference 64

"White City" World's Fair, Chicago,

111., so-called 88

Whiteside. , Winning vs.

Whiteside, Slave case 97

Whiteside Countj-, 111.. Historical So-
ciety 15

Whitney, D., accompanies Rev. Isaac
Reed on missionary trip to Illi-
nois 73

Wicks. John F ." 14

Will County, 111., Pioneer Associa-
tion, Joliet, 111 15

Willard. Frances E.. Organizer of the
Women's Christian Temperance

Union 85

Willard vs. People. Slave case 97

Williams, (Miss) Cornelia Barton.. 31
Wilson, Hannah. Early member Pres-
byterian Church, Palestine. 111.... 77

Wilson. ( Miss) Helen M 14

Winnebago Indians 51, 54, 56, 57

Winnebago Indians, ceded their

claims to the United States. 1829. . 57
Winning vs. Whiteside, Slave case,

Missouri 97

Wisconsin State, County histories of

desired 31

Wisconsin State, Effigy mounds in.

reference 51

Wisconsin State, Fox River of Wis-
consin 109. 11 4

Wisconsin State, Racine. Wis l(t!»

Wisconsin State. Root River 109

Witchcraft, prosecution and execu-
tion for witchcraft, Illinois as a

county of Virginia 60

Woelke. E. A 15

Women's Christian Temperance
Union, Frances E. Willard, or-
ganizer 85

Women's College of the Xorth-

western University. Evanston 85

Woodford County, 111.. Historical So-
ciety officers 15

World's Fair. Chicago, Congresses

hold during S6

World's Fair. Chicago, called "The
White City" R8

Tale University. New Haven. Conn.. 45

Yates. Richard. (The Younger) 5

Young. (Rev.) Clayborne, early Mis-
sionary in Illinois 76. 77

Young. John. Missionary In Illinois. 7.'>

135

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

AND SOCIETY.

No. 1. *A Bibliography of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Pre-
pared by Edmund J. James, Ph.D., and Milo J. Loveless. 94 pp. 8vo. Springfield,
1899

No. 2. 'Information relating to the Territorial Laws of Illinois passed from
1809 to 1812. Prepared by Edmund J. James, Ph.D. 15 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1899.

No. 3. *The Territorial Records of Illinois. Edited by Edmund J. James, Ph.D.
170 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1901.

No. 4. 'Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the year 1900.
Edited by E. B. Green, Ph.D. 55 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1900.

No. 5. 'Alphabetical Catalog of the Books, Manuscripts, Pictures and Curios
of the Illinois State Historical Library. Authoi-s, Titles and Subjects. Compiled
by Jessie Palmer Weber. 363 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1900.

Nos. 6 to 22. 'Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the
years 1901-1916. (Nos. 6 to 12 and 18 out of print.)

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. I. Edited by H. W. Beckwith, President
of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library. 642 pp. 8vo.
Springfield, 1903.

*Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. II. Virginia Series, Vol. I. Edited by
Clarence W. Alvord. CDVI and 663 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1907.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. III. Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
Lincoln Series, Vol. I. Edited by Edwin Erie Sparks, Ph. D. 627 pp. 8vo. Spring-
field, 1908.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IV. Executive Series, Vol. I. The Gov-
ernors' Letter Books, 1818-1834. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Clarence
Walworth Alvord. XXXII and 317 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1909.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. V. Virginia Series, Vol. II, Kaskaskia
Records, 1778-1790. Edited by Clarence Walworth Alvord. L and 681 pp. 8vo.
Springfield, 1909.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VI. Bibliographical Series, Vol. I, News-
papers and Periodicals of Illinois, 1814-1879. Revised and enlarged edition. Edited
by Franklin William Scott. CIV and 610 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1910.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VII, Executive Series, Vol. II. Governors'
Letter Books. 1840-1853. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Charles Manfred
Thompson. CXVIII and 469 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1911.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VIII. Virginia Series, Vol. III. George
Rogers Clark Papers, 1771-1781. Edited with introduction and notes by James
Alton James. CLXVII and 715 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1912.

'Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IX. Bibliographical Series, Vol. II. Travel
and Description, 1765-1865. By Solon Justus Buck. 514 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1914.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. X. British Series, Vol. I. The Critical
Period, 1763-1765. Edited with introduction and notes by Clarence Walworth
Alvord and Clarence Edwin Carter. LVII and 597 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1915.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. XI. British Series, Vol. II. The New
Regime, 1765-1767. Edited with introduction and notes by Clarence Walworth
Alvord and Clarence Edwin Carter. XXVIII and 700 pp. 8vo. Springfield. 1916.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. XII. Bibliographical Series, Vol. III. The
County Archives of the State of Illinois. By Theodore Calvin Pease. CXLI and
730 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1915.

'Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library, Vol. I, No. 1, September,
1905. Illinois in the Eighteenth Century. By Clarence Walworth Alvord. 38 pp.
8vo. Springfield, 1905.

'Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. I, No. 2. June 1, 1906.
Laws of the Territory of Illinois, 1809-1811. Edited by Clarence Walworth Alvord.
34 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1906.

'Circular Illinois State Historical Library, Vol. I, No. I. November, 1905. An
Outline for the Study of Illinois State History. Compiled by Jessie Palmer Weber
and Georgia L. Osborne. 94 pp. 8vo. Springfield, 1905.

'Publication No. 18. List of Genealogical Works in the Illinois State Historical
Library. Compiled by Georgia L. Osborne. 8vo. Springfield, 1914.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. I, No. 1. April, 1908, to
Vol. IX, No. 4, January, 1917.

Journals out of print, Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and No. 1 of Vol. VIIL

' Out of print.

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