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'LI. IV.Sl

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

From the lilDrary of

Walter Colyer

Albion, Illinois

Purchased 1926

977.3
UQ>b

Publication Number Twenty-one

OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Illinois State Historical Society

FOR THE YEAR 1915

Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Society, Springfield,
Illinois, May 13-14, 1915

Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Springfield, III.

Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers.

19 16

\3\5

<Zen

CONTENTS.
.3

PAGE.

OflBcers of the Society 5

Editorial Note 7

Constitution of the Illinois State Historical Society 8

An appeal to the Historical Society and the General Public 11

PART I.— RECORD OP OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, ANNUAL. MEETING,

1915.

Annual Meeting '. 15

Business Meeting • 17

PART II.— PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

John W. Cook. Life of Adlai E. Stevenson 23

Miss Lotte E. Jones. Group of Stories of American Indians 42

James W. Gordon. Reminiscences of Old Yellow Banks 54

Miss Jessie J. Kile. Duden and his Critics 63

Miss Frances Morehouse. Jesse W. Fell 71

B. F. Harris. The Story of the Banker-Farmer Movement 77

Frank R. Grover. Indian Treaties Affecting Land§ in the present State

■ of Illinois 84

PART III.— CONTRIBUTIONS TO STATE HISTORY.

Francis O'Shaughnessy. General James Shields of Illinois 113

General James Shields as a Poet 123

Harriet N. Warren Dodson. The Warrens of Warrenville 124

Polly Sumner Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Quincy,

Illinois Historical Papers for 1912 138

Blanche Peters. Class Poem, Alton, Illinois High School, 1912 182

Index 187

List of Publications 211

615G55

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Honorary President.
Hon. Clark E. Carr Galesburg

President.
Dr. Otto L. Schmidt Chicago

First Vice President.
W. T. Norton Alton

Second Vice President.
L. Y. Sherman Springfield

^ Third Vice President.

Eichaed Yates Springfield

Fourth Vice President.
George A. Lawrence Galesburg

Directors.

Edmund J. James^ President, University of Illinois . Urbana-Champaign

J. H. Burnham Bloomington

E. B. Greene, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Charles H. Eammelkamp, President, Illinois College .... Jacksonville

J. 0. Cunningham Urbana

George W. Smith, Southern Illinois State JSTormal University

Carbondal©

William A. Meese Moline

Eichard Y. Carpenter Belvidere

Edward C. Page, JSTorthern Illinois State Normal School DeKalb

J. W. Clinton Po'lo

Andrew Eussel Jacksonville

Walter Colyer Albion

James A. James, Northwestern University Evanston

H. W. Clendenin Springfield

Secretary and Treasurer.
Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Honorary Vice Presidents.
The Presidents of Local Historical Societies.

EDITORIAL NOTE.

Following the practice of the Publication Committee in previous
years, this volume includes, besides the official proceedings and the
papers read at the last annual meeting, some essays and other matter
contributed during the year. It is hoped that these "contributions to
State History^' may, in larger measure as the years go on, deserve their
title, and form an increasingly valuable part of the society's transac-
tions. The contributions are intended to include the following kinds
of material:

1. Hitherto unpublished letters and other documentary material.
This part of the volume should supplement the more formal and exten-
sive publication of official records in the Illinois historical collections,
which are published by the trustees of the State Historical Library.

2. Papers of a reminiscent character. These should be selected
with great care, for memories and reminiscences are at their best an
uncertain basis for historical knowledge.

3. Historical essays or brief monographs, based upon the sources
and containing genuine contributions to knowledge. Such papers should
be accompanied by foot-notes indicating with precision the authorities
upon which the papers are based. The use of new and original material
and the care with which the authorities are cited, will be one of the main
factors in determining the selection of papers for publication.

4. Bibliographies.

5. Occasional reprints of books, pamphlets, or parts of books now
out of print and not easily accessible.

Circular letters have been sent out from time to time urging the
members of the society to contribute such historical material, and
appeals for it have been issued in the pages of the Journal. The com-
mittee desires to repeat and emphasize these requests.

It is the desire of the committee that this annual publication of
the society shall supplement, rather than parallel or rival, the distinctly
official publications of the State Historical Library. In historical
research, as in so many other fields, the best results are likely -to be
achieved through the co-operation of private initiative with public
authority. It was to promote such co-operation and mutual undertaking
that this society was organized. Teachers of history, whether in schools
or colleges, are especially urged to do their part in bringing to this
publication the best results of local research and historical scholarship.

In conclusion it should be said that the views expressed in the
various papers are those of their respective authors and not necessarily
those of the committee. Nevertheless, the committee will be glad to
receive such corrections of fact or such general criticism as may appear
to be deserved.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY.

ARTICLE I— NAME AND OBJECTS.

Section 1. The name of this society shall be the Illinois State
Historical Society.

Sec. 2. The objects for which it is formed are to excite and stimu-
late a general interest in the history of Illinois; to encourage historical
research and investigation and secure its promulgation; to collect and
preserve all forms of data in any way bearing upon the history of Illinois
and its peoples.

ARTICLE II— OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY— THEIR ELEC-
TION AND DUTIES.

Section 1. The management of the affairs of this society shall be
vested in a board of fifteen directors, of which bo^rd the president of the
society shall be ex officio a member.

Sec. 2. There shall be a president and as manv vice-presidents, not
less than three, as the society may determine at the annual meetings.
The board of directors, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, shall
elect its own presiding officer, a secretary and treasurer, and shall have
power to appoint from time to time such officers, agents and committees
as they may deem advisable, and to remove the same at pleasure.

Sec. 3. The directors shall be elected at the annual meetings and
the mode of election shall be by ballot, unless by a vote of a majority of
members present and entitled to vote, some other method may be adopted.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of directors diligently to
promote the objects for which this society has been formed and to this
end they shall have power:

• (1) To search out and preserve in permanent form for the use of
the people of the State of Illinois, facts and data in the history of the
State and of each county thereof, including the pre-historic periods and
the history of the aboriginal inhabitants, together with biographies of
distinguished persons who have rendered services to the people of the
State.

(3) To accumulate and preserve for like use, books, pamphlets,
newspapers and documents bearing upon the foregoing topics.

(3) To publish from time to time for like uses its own transactions
as well as such facts and documents bearing upon its objects as it may
secure.

(4) To accumulate for like use such articles of' historic interest as
may bear upon the histor\^ of persons and places within the State.

(5) To receive by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase, books,
prints, paintings, inanuscripts, libraries, museums, moneys and other
property, real or personal, in aid of the above objects.

(6) They shall have general charge and control under the direction
of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, of all
property so received and hold the same for the uses aforesaid in accord-
ance with an Act of the Legislature approved May 16, 1903, entitled,
"An Act to add a new section to an Act entitled, 'An Act to establish
the Illinois State Historical Library and to provide for its care and
maintenance, and to make appropriations therefor,' " approved May 25,
1889, and in force July 1, 1889; they shall make and approve all con-
tracts, audit all accounts and order their payment, and in general see
to the carrying out of the orders of the society. They mav adopt by-laws
not inconsistent with this constitution for the management of the affairs
of the society; they shall fix the times and places for their meetings;
keep a record of their proceedinsfs, and make report to the society at its
annual meeting.

Sec. 5. Vacancies in the board of directors may be filled by election
by the remaining members, the persons so elected to continue in office
until the next annual meeting.

Sec. 6. The president shall preside at all meetings of the society,
and in case of his absence or inability to act, one of the vice-presidents
shall preside in his stead, and in case neither president nor vice-president
shall be in attendance, the society may choose a president pro tempore.

Sec. 7. The officers shall perform the duties usually devolving upon
such offices, and such others as may from time to time be prescril)ed by
the society or the board of directors. The treasurer shall keep a strict
account of all receipts and expenditures and pay out money from the
treasury only as directed by the board of directors; he shall submit an
annual report of the finances of the society and such other matters as
may be committed to his custody to the board of directors within such
time prior to the annual meeting as they shall direct, and after auditing
the same the said board shall submit said report to the society at its

annual meeting.

ARTICLE III— MEMBEESHIP.

Section 1. The membership of this society shall consist of five
classes, to wit : Active, Life, Affiliated, Corresponding, and Honorary,

Sec. 2. Any person may become an active member of this society
upon payment of such initiation fee not less than one dollar, as shall
from time to time be prescribed by the board of directors.

Sec. 3. Any person entitled to be an active member may, upon pay-
ment of twenty-five dollars, be admitted as a life member with all the
privileges of an active member and shall thereafter be exempt from
annual dues.

Sec. 4. County and other historical societies, and other societies
engaged in historical or archseological research or in the preservation of
the knowledge of historic events, may, upon the recommendation of the
board of directors, be admitted as affiliated members of this societv upon
the same terms as to the payment of initiation fees and annual dues as
active and life members. Every societv so admitted shall be entitled to

one duly credited representative at each meeting of the society, who shall,
during the period of his appointment, be entitled as such representative
to all the privileges of an active member except that of being elected to
oflSce; but nothing herein shall prevent such representative becoming an
active or life member upon like conditions as other persons.

Sec. 5. Persons not active nor life members but who are willing to
lend their assistance and encouragement to the promotion of the objects
of this society, ma}^, upon recommendation of the board of directors, be
admitted as corresponding members.

Sec. 6. Honorary membership may be conferred at any meeting of
the society upon the recommendation of the board of directors upon per-
sons who have distinguished themselves by eminent services or contribu-
tions to the cause of history.

Sec. 7. Honorary' and corresponding members shall have the privi-
lege of attending and participating in the meetings of the society,

ARTICLE IV— MEETINGS AND QUOEUM.

Section 1. There shall be an annual meeting of this society for
the election of officers, the hearing of reports, addresses and historical
papers, and the transaction of business at such time and place in the
month of May in each year as may be designated by the board of
directors, for which meeting it shall be the duty of said board of
directors to prepare and publish a suitable program and procure the
services of persons well versed in history to deliver addresses or read
essays upon subjects germane to the objects of this organization.

Sec. 2. Special meetings of the society may be called by the board
of directors. Special meetings of the boards of directors may be called
by the president or any two members of the board.

Sec. 3. At any meeting of the society the attendance of ten mem-
bers entitled to vote shall be necessary to a quorum.

ARTICLE V— AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. The constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present and entitled to vote, at any annual meeting:
Provided, that the proposed amendment shall have first been submitted
to the board of directors, and at least thirty days prior to such annual
meeting notice of proposed action upon the same, sent by the secretary to
all the members of the society.

AN APPEAL TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND THE

GENERAL PUBLIC.

OBJECTS OF COLLECTION DESIEED BY THE ILLINOIS
STATE HISTORICAL LIBRAEY AND SOCIETY.

(Members please read this circular letter.)
Books and pamphlets on American history, biography, and gene-
alogy, particularly those relating to the West; works on Indian tribes,
and American archaeology and ethnology; reports of societies and insti-
tutions of every kind, educational, economic, social, political, co-operative,
fraternal, statistical, industrial, charitable; scientific publications of
states or societies ; books or pamphlets relating to the great rebellion, and
the wars with the Indians; privately printed works; newspapers; maps
and charts; engravings; photographs; autographs; coins; antiquities;
encyclopedias, dictionaries, and bibliographical works. Especially do we
desire

EVERYTHING RELATINO TO ILLINOIS.

^ .1. Every book or pamphlet on any subject relating to Illinois, or
any part of it ; also every book or pamphlet written by an Illinois citizen,
whether published in Illinois or elsewhere ; materials for Illinois history ;
old letters, journals.

2. Manuscripts; narratives of the pioneers of Illinois; original
papers on the early history and settlement of the territory; adventures
and conflicts during the early settlement, the Indian troubles, or the late
rebellion; biographies of the pioneers; prominent citizens and public
men of every county, either living jor deceased, together with their por-
traits and autographs; a sketch of the settlements of every township,
village, and neighborhood in the State, with the names of the first settlers.
We solicit articles on every subject connected with Illinois history.

3. City ordinances, proceedings of mayor and council; reports of
committees of council; pamphlets or papers of any kind printed by
authority of the city ; reports of boards of trade ; maps of cities and plats
of town sites or of additions thereto.

4. Pamphlets of all kinds; annual reports of societies; sermons
or addresses delivered in the State; minutes of church conventions,
synods, or other ecclesiastical bodies of Illinois; political addresses; rail-
road reports ; all such, whether published in pamphlet or newspaper.

5. Catalogues and reports of colleges and other institutions of
learning; annual or other reports of school boards, school superintend-
ents, and school committees ; educational pamphlets, programs and papers
of every kind, no matter how small or apparently unimportant.

6. Copies of the earlier laws, journals and reports of our terri-
torial and State legislatures; earlier Governor's messages and reports of
State officers; reports of State charitable and other State institutions.

7. Files of Illinois newspapers and magazines, especially complete
volumes of past years, or single numbers even. Publishers are earnestly
requested to contribute their publications regularly, all of which will be
carefully preserved and bound.

8. Maps of the State, or of counties or townships, of any date ;
views and engravings of buildings or historic places ; drawings or photo-
graphs of scenery; paintings; -portraits, etc., connected Avith Illinois
history.

9. Curiosities of all kinds; coins; medals; paintings; portraits;
engravings; statuary; war relics; autograph letters of distinguished
persons, etc.

10. Facts illustrative of our Indian tribes — their history, charac-
teristics, religion, etc. ; sketches of prominent chiefs, orators and war-
riors, together with contributions of Indian weapons, costumes, orna-
ments, curiosities, and implements ; also, stone axes, spears, arrow heads,
pottery, or other relics.

In brief, everything that, by the most liberal construction, can
illustrate the history of Illinois, its early settlement, its progress, or
present condition. All will be of interest to succeeding generations.
Contributions will be credited to the donors in the published reports
of the library and societ)^, and will be carefully preserved in the State
house as the property of the State, for the use and benefit of the people
for all time.

Communications or gifts may be addressed to the librarian and
secretary.

(Mrs.) Jessie Palmer Weber.

PART I

Record of Official Proceedings

1915

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL
SOCIETY, MAY 13-14, 1915.

The annual meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society was held
in the Supreme Court Chamber in the Illinois State Supreme Court
Building at Springfield, on Thursday and Friday, May 13-14, 1915.

The president of the society, Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, presided at all
sessions.

The annual business meeting of the society was held on Friday
morning when reports of officers and committees were presented and
the annual election of officers was held. There were no changes in the
officers. The program as published was carried out. The annual ad-
dress was delivered by Eabbi Emil G. Hirsch of Chicago. The subject
of Dr. Hirsch's address was '^Historical Thinking.'' President John W.
Cook of the Northern Illinois State Normal School at DeKalb delivered
an address on the life of the late Hon. Adlai E. Stevenson.

The program as presented is as follows :

SUPREME COURT ROOM.
Okdee of Exercises.

Thursday Morning, May 13, 1915, 10 o'Clock.

Address — A Group of Stories of American Indians — The Silver Covenant
Chain; The Story the Medals Tell; Shabbona's Ride — Miss Lotte E. Jones,
Danville, 111.

Address — Illinois in the Civil War — Dr. Charles B. Johnson, Cham-
paign, 111.

Address — The Relation of Illinois Railroads to the Passage of the
Kansas-Nebraska Act — Professor Frank E. Hodder, University of Kansas,
LawTence, Kans.

Thursday Afternoon, 2:30 o'Clock.

Address — Lake Michigan's Illinois Coast — Mr. J. Seymour Currey, Presi-
dent Evanston Historical Society, Evanston, 111.

Address — The Old Confederate Prison at Rock Island, 111. — Mr. Sherman
W. Searle, Editor Rock Island Union, Rock Island, 111.

Address — Old Yellow Banks — Mr. James Gordon, Oquawka, 111.

Address — Duden and His Critics — Miss Jessie J. Kile, University of
Illinois. ,

Thursday Evening, 8 o'Clock.
Annual Address — Historical Thinking — Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch, Chicagt).
Reception.

Friday Morning, 9 o'Clock.
Directors' Meeting in the office of the Secretary of the Society.
10 o'clock — Business Meeting of the Society in the Supreme Court Room.

Reports of Officers.

Reports of Committees.

Miscellaneous Business.

Election of Officers.

Frioay Afternoon. 2:30 o'Clock.

Address — Jesse W. Fell — Miss Frances Morehouse, Normal, 111.

Address — The Banker-Farmer Movement for a Better Agriculture and
Rural Life — Mr. B. F. Harris. Champaign, 111.

Address — Indian Treaties Affecting Lands in the Present State of Illi-
nois— Mr. Frank R. Grover, Evanston, 111.

Frid.w Evening, 8 o"Clock.

Address — The Life and Services of Adlai E. Stevenson — President John
W. Cook. Northern Illinois State Normal School, DeKalb, 111.

Address — The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln — Mr. Henry R. Rath-
bone, Chicago.

BUSINESS MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, FRIDAY MORNING,

MAY, 14, 1915.

The annual business meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society
was held in the Supreme Court Building, Friday morning, May 1-i, 1915,
Dr. 0. L. Schmidt, presiding.

The secretary read her report. Approved. Placed on file.

Captain Burnham asked that report be made of a motion which has
been passed by the directors in relation to a meeting of this committee
before the Appropriation Committee of the State Legislature on Wed-
nesday next.

I)r. Schmidt suggested that a vote of thanks be given to Judge Cart-
wright and his associates in permitting the society to use the Supreme
Court room for the annual meeting. This suggestion was adopted.

Dr. Johnson moved that a vote of thanks be given to the ladies who
designed the basket of flowers used for the decoration of the room. Dr.
Schmidt proposed that it be photographed. Seconded. Carried.

Captain Burnham submitted the report of the society's Gr. A. E.
Committee. Approved. Placed on file.

Dr. Greene spoke of the work of the library in the past 3^ear in
publishing historical material, dwelling especially on the work in the
archives of the 102 counties of the State.

Mrs. Weber submitted the report of the Treasurer, and explained
that as the fiscal year was confusing to some of the members of the
societ}^, it was decided some time ago to change back to the calendar
year, and that the report submitted covered the period up to January 1,
1915. Report:

Balance on hand $105 00

Annual dues 523 00

Total $628 00

Expenses —

Postage on Journal $205 00

Expenses of Trustees 73 85

Expenses of annual meeting, reception, speakers, etc... 208 75

Total expenses. . • 487 60

Balance on hand $140 40

Dr. Schmidt moved that the report of the Treasurer be received and
placed on file. Motion carried.

Miss Georgia L. Osborne read the report of the Genealogical €om-.
mittee. Approved. Placed on file.

]\Irs. Weber spoke for the Program Committee and of tlie hcl|> re-
ceived from members who heretofore, had not shown nuu;-li interest in tbe
matter.

— 2 H S

Dr. Schmidt suggested that Eabbi Emil G. Hirsch of Chicago, be
made au honorary member of the society. Tliis was done.

Mr. Eussel moved that the constitution of the society be consid-
ered anew and that a committee consisting of Dr. Schmidt, Captain
Burnham, Prof. Page and Dr. Eammelkamp be appointed to examine
same and report at next annual meeting.

Prof. iPage spoke on Mr. Eussel's motion and said the committee
should look into the constitution and method of procedure of the society
and if there was any change that should be made, to note it, and report
to the next meeting of the society.

Dr. Schmidt asked that some one make the motion that Mr. Eussel
be made a member of the committee also. Motion made. Seconded.
Carried.

Capt. Burnham made some remarks relating to the past and
future of the society and spoke of writing a paper on same for the next
meeting of the society. .

Mrs. Weber spoke of the gift to the society of a valuable letter from
Benjamin Godfrey to Theron Baldwin, dated Yandalia, 1837. Pre-
sented to the Illinois State Historical Society May 14, 1915, by Mrs.
Martha Gilson Herdmann and asked Prof. Eammelkamp to give a short
history of Mr. Godfrey.

Prof. Eammelkamp gave a short talk on Benjamin Godfrey and
Theron Baldwin, telling of their work in founding Monticello Semin-
ary, etc.

Dr. Schmidt asked that a vote of thanks be given to the donor of
the letter. Motion offered. Carried.

Mr. Perrin spoke of the invitation of the Chicago Commercial Asso-
ciation to the Illinois State Historical Society to hold the next annual
meeting in Chicago and asked that it might be taken up by the Board
of Directors.

Dr. Schmidt spoke of the invitation and said it might be decided
to hold the next meeting of the society in some town of historic interest,
not Chicago.

Capt. Burnham gave a short talk on Fort Gage or Fort.Kaskaskia.

Mr. Hauberg moved that officers be elected.

Gov. Yates asked if any further action had been taken by the com-
mittee with the legislature in reference to the appropriation for the new
historical building.

Dr. Schmidt asked if the question might be delayed until the elec-
tion of officers, and while the Nominating Committee was out.

Gov. Yates preferred to speak at once. He spoke of the danger the
bill for the appropriation for the building was in and urged every one
of the members to do everything they could to help.

Dr. Schm.idt told of a conference with noted architects and of their
plans for the new building. He urged the influential members_ to get
together and appear before the legislature and make as strong an impres-
sion as possible.

Mr. Hauberg moved that the officers of the society for the coming

year be nominated.

Mr. Perrin moved that the officers for the past year be declared re-
elected, that the secretary cast the ballot. Seconded. Carried.

This the secretary did and the officers were declared duly elected.

Dr. Schmidt thanked the members of the society for his reelection
and spoke of the work for tlie society. He also spoke of the work of the
Centennial Commission and of the preparation of the six volumes of
Illinois history to be finished by the time of the Centennial celebration.

Mrs. MiJler inquired after the liealth of the honorary president
Hon. Clark E. Carr.

Dr. Schmidt spoke of the poor health of the honorary president
which prevented him from attending the meeting and tendered Mr.
Carr's good wishes for the success of the meeting.

Mrs. Miller moved that the society send Mr. Carr greetings and tell
him that he was missed at the meeting, these greetings to be sent by
letter. Motion seconded. Carried.

Meeting adjourned until afternoon.

PART II

Papers Read at the Annual Meeting

1915

E umm

ADLAI BWING STEVENSON.

LIFE AND LABORS OF HON. ADLAI EWING STEVENSON.

(By John W. Cook, President, Northern Illinois State Normal School.)
Within a little more than three years Illinois will have rounded out
a full century of history as a State in the American Union. This is a
short period, however, in the long perspective of civilization. At its
beginning there was a square mile of breathing room for every inhabi-
tant; at its close there was less than a hundredth as much; then, Illinois
was the twenty-fourth of twenty-seven states in population ; now, it is the
third of forty-eight. There are two-thirds as many people in Illinois
in the year of grace 1915, as there were in the United States in 1818.
However remarkable the material development of these hurrying
years may have been, and it has far surpassed the wildest dreams of the
founders of the commonwealth, it can be regarded as of value only to the
degree that it has contributed to the evolution of a superior race of men
and women. Favorable physical conditions are essential to the pro-
duction of the best type of citizenship, but the latter does not follow of
necessity from the former. A high-minded people is the product of spir-
itual energies that have been permitted to have their way in the deter-
mination of the character of what we call the civilization of the time.
These energies manifest themselves under the form of certain social,
political and religious ideas that organize the activities of men and
women into the visible, concrete methods of everyday thought and every-
day life. What these ideas shall be and how they shall work out the
destinies of states is determined in the largest part by the social, polit-
ical and religious leaders that by a natural selection have attained the
"seats of the mighty.^' It is the leaders who have attracted the atten-
tion of the people, who have their ears, and are therefore able to strike
keynotes. They rally the masses around definite standards, for in the
differing opinions of men there would be slight coherency and unity of
purpose if certain central conceptions were not accented and lifted into
battle cries. They largely furnish the arguments for this or that view
and these contentions are heard or read and are dwelt upon in personal
reflection and social interchange of opinion. They build signal fires
on high summits as danger beacons so that the minds of men shall not
become dull and heavy and inert. They become individual embodiments
of common convictions, the voices by means of which these convictions
become articulate and forceful, the instruments through which the social
order utilizes to the large advantage of the many the insight and far
vision of the few. These men and women appear in the storm and stress
and need of society. They render their inestimable service and in the
fullness of time they lie down to richly won rest. We who have gath-
ered harvests of their sowing, who have felt the clasp of their warm
hands, who gratefully follow with dim eyes the receding sails that sink
below the distant horizon, try in our poor way to record the story of

otf thenu '' ''' '"'"' *'''"' '"'^ '•'^''''' ^" ^''^*^''- ^'^''^''' ^^'^ '^'^^ ''^

in u-l^'r -f'T^l*' J' ^'"''^'1' ','"•■ ''" ^"'^^ '""'^ clet.nnined l.v the regard
m \^hidi it holds those who liave served it well and laithfuirv. A .^euer-
ous race will dwell upon their virtues and will honor then/in song and
stoiy. It will employ their acliievements to inspire the voung with hidi
CIVIC pride and exalted conceptions of citizenship. History i. one of the
noblest of the teachers of mankind and its office is best performed
through the two great forms of biography. Autobiography in a most
2-evealing way exhibits those interactions of men and events out of which
ciiaracter logically emerges; the more common form displays the impres-
sion made upon those who endeavor to find a fair rating of tho4 of
whom they write. Happily we have both sources from which to draw
m dealing with the subject of this sketch. Personalities are so concrete
so tangib e they so reflect the spirit of their time, as it works itself out
by Its embodiment in the actions of men, that every historic peoj^le care-
fully treasures for its children in large and grateful measure the stories
ot its leaders and gives them a permanent place in its annals.

I trust that I may be pardoned a further word by way of introduc-
tion. In centering our thought upon a single character and endeavorino-
to render him that recognition to which he is justly entitled, it is wisS
to disc-over the especial field of service which gave him his opportunity
and which furnishes the standards for the judgments of his fellow men
it he has won only local distinction one set of estimates will be em-
ployed. If the field is coterminous with that of the State another
standard must be employed. If he has risen to national prominence it
IS evident that he must be viewed from a wider anale, as he will be called
upon to balance larger counterweights in the scales that are held by the
blindfolded goddess. Moreover, as men succeed men in places of ■<Teat
honor and corresponding responsibilities, there are inevitable compari-
sons and consequent judgments. Let us trust that the volumes that issue
from this admirable society shall be far more than mere tributes of
affection, manifestations of local pride, or exliibitions of indiscriminate
hero worship. They should have all of the reliability possible under
conditions of nearness, intimate association, and warm" personal regard.
The suljject of this brief sketch was distinguished locally; he attained
such prominence in the State of his adoption as to be the candidate of
his party for the most conspicuous office within its gift ; he twice repre-
sented his district in the Xational Congress; his supreme achievement
was his promotion to a position in which only a single life intervened
between him and the noblest political dignity within the gift of men.
It thus appears that he is to be estimated not from a single point of view
but from many and it is in these successive stages of final development
that we are to see the explanation of the ultimate character that con-
ducted itself with such charming dignity and grace as to win the admir-
ation of all who knew him.

HIS BIRTH.

Adlai Ewing Stevenson was born in Christian County, Kentucky,
on the 23d day of October, 1835. He helonged to the Scotch-Irish race
and was thus handicapped at the beginning of his career with the respon-
sibility of living up to the repute of that distinouished body of immi-

focat on ^^7^J^re lowand Scotch by descent and Irish by territorial
ocation \Uthm the three-quarters of a century between 1650 and
17.0 theie M^as a hberal emigration of that vigorous stock from their
ancien home o the County of Ulster, in IrelaSd. There was ne^^r .
drop ot Irish blood m their veins. Indeed, the main relation wlic^rtles
two peoples bore to each other was that of perpetual hostility Thev
were at one m their admiration of the militant spirit and won the

st^^lf t f if °'''J\f ^T'" ''''''^'^ ^*' '''''' ^^^^1- Thev were he
steadta..t ollowers ot the retormation leaders, adored Calvin and Knox

were Pi-esbyterians to a man, took their convictions of whatever charactev

thoroughly to heart and actually lived upon their religious ideas. Pe5 st

. cution by those about them led them to abandon their old home and take

t leir k nfolk. Wherever they have gone in the new world thev have
1 lustrated m a wonder ul way the value of adherence to great ic eas n
all of the real issues of life. So remarkable has been the career of these
men of Ulster that whenever there has appeared a oreat leader noui
American life there has been a half suspicion that if v(^i w e to -4^-a^ch
his skm you would find a Scotch-Irishman under it." It would buSen
this page to mention a tithe of the illustrious names that grace our annal^
and whose bearers claim this distinguished descent

In addition to this good fortune in the wav of forbears Mr Steven-
son also had ancestors who shouldered flint-lock muskets in tho«e far-
away days when the great republic was in the process of makino- and
opposed their untrained valor to the disciplined soldierv of the old" land
that step-mothered rather than mothered her colonies, ^o one could be
indifferent to so proud a heritage and it had rich and significant mean-
ing to a high-spirited youth to be the bearer of ancestral honors.

TO ILLINOIS.

In his early youth his parents removed from Kentucky to Illinois.
Will some acute and discerning analyst explain the fondness with which
the na ive-born people of that old commonwealth revert to birth and
even a brief early residence within its borders? It is quite possible that
the social cleavage gave to the superior class a sense of self-respect, a
noblesse oblige quality, which clings to them wherever they go It does
not render them difficult of approach nor exclusive in their l^ociations
}et there is about it a suggestion of "qualitv-folk" that is genuinelv
attractive, ^or is it aristocratic nor undemocratic, if the two words do
not mean the same thing. It suggests the better aspect of the cavalier ;
It has the flavor of the chivalric attitude toward women. It holds as
legitimate and desirable a social idealism unregarded bv the Puritan
and indeed associated by him with a system against which he violently
reacted. It is an especially admirable trait of character for one who
has much to do with a cosmopolitan society, for it protects him from
undue familiarity on one hand and enables him to hold his balance
with serenity under the most conventionalized conditions on the other
His parents selected Bloomington, Illinois, as their home. They
tound a little city m the heart of the opulent com belt.' They could not
Jiave chosen more wisely. It is a region of unsurpassed fertilitv The
climate is favorable to the most vigorous physical and intellectual activ-

ity. Men of note were already there, men wlio were to win notal)le pages
for themselves in the annals of the State and of the nation. The schools
were not without merit and not long after their arrival an institution of
higher learning opened is doors to kindle the ambition of youth. He
availed himself of the opportunities at hand and to his great advantage.
He subsequently returned to his native state and spent two years at
Center College, at Danville. Each of these experiences left its mark
upon his character and the latter especially affected his destiny in a
remarkable way, for the charming woman who was to be his constant
inspiration and inseparable companion in the varying experiences of his
subsequent life was the daughter of the president of the institution.

His early life in Kentucky, his family trainingr, his return to the
home of his childhood and the associations of his college life at a highly
impressionable age taught him certain of the social arts that are more
notably accented and more highly prized in the South than in the less
conventional North. He had now enjoyed for a time a taste of those
liberating cultures of which so much was made in the last century in
nearly or quite all of the institutions of higher training. It was prob-
ably due to this happy circumstance that he developed that extreme fond-
ness for the noblest literature which he so transparently displayed
through the years of his intensest activity and Avhich he so freely indulged
in the later years of his honorable retirement from public duties.

Because of the death of his father he was unable to complete his
college course. He was called to his home in Bloomington to Assume the
responsible duties of aiding in the support of his widowed mother and
her children, w^ho were inadequately supplied with material resources.
He sacrificed his dreams of a more liberal culture through lonoer contact
wdth those ample sources of learning that have so generously enriched the
world, but the impulse that made him a college student never lost its
energ}-. To the end of his long life he sought the companionship of
books and thus enjoyed the ministry of those rare spirits whose luster
brightens from age to age. It was a sobering task that awaited him,
but it was undertaken courageously and accomplished successfully. Who
shall say that in the light of his later life it was not as well as to have
lingered longer in those academic associations that are so delightful in
retrospect but not always so tempering in their effects. ]\Ieanwhile
he was prosecuting his study of the law. He began his reading with Hon.
Eobert E. Williams, of the firm of Williams, Cord and Dent, in June,
1857, and continued it until June, 1858, and was shortly after admitted
to the bar.

He was fortunate in his tutor. Mr. Williams was a college graduate
and a classmate of Hon. James G. Blaine. He was an admirable lawyer
and continued in practice for many years, having opportunity on fre-
quent occasions to test the excellence of his instruction by crossing
swords with his former pupils. It was Mr. Stevenson's happy fortune,
while serving his first term in Congress, to hand to j\Ir. Blaine, who sat
just across the aisle from him, a letter of introduction from Mr. Wil-
liams, which marked the beginning of a long friendship between the two
congressmen.

As this young man stands at the beginning of his active professional
career he possesses the promise and potency of what he was to l^ecome.

At no time in his life was there any striking transformation of character.
He exhibited a persistent growth in the qualities that marked him as a
young man. To one who has spent his life in attempting to aid young
people in the realization of their inherent possibilities a study of this
sort is peculiarly engaging. Inheritance, early environment, the later
play of social forces, the awakening of new ambitions, the coming to con-
sciousness of already formed preferences of alignment — preferences un-
consciously formed ordinarily — are full of meaning. Throughout my
long acquaintance with him I was always impressed with the shaping
influences of these experiences upon him. At twenty-three he was a
striking figure physically. He had an erect carriage, a grace of move-
ment that appeared in an alert and characteristic walk, a peculiarly at-
tractive courtliness of manner, that accounted in large part for his
remarkable personal popularity, and a certain dignity of character that
suggested a sense of worth and self-respect.

There are other considerations that belong to the shaping period of
his life and that merit consideration in order that his successes may be
more easily understood. The old method of preparing for the practice of
law was radically different from the modern method of the law school.
He followed the custom of enrolling with a lawyer of repute and pur-
suing his studies with the occasional assistance of his tutor when it was
most needed. Often certain clerical duties were performed by the
student in return for the privilege of this procedure. There was thus
afforded an opportunity for a somewhat close association with practicing
attorneys and a practical cast was given to the period of study that could
not be acquired in any other way. Furthermore, the office of a promi-
nent lawyer was the rallying point of the most active minds of the com-
munity, for in those days of intense political partisanship every lawyer
was an ex officio politician. Thither went the men of state and national
repute to confer with their lieutenants with regard to the management
of campaigns and the capable student was often thrown into relations of
a personal character with men whose acquaintance not infrequently
proved to be of great subsequent value, for it is not to be forgotten that
many of these splendid fellows were staunch followers of the political
captains and the latter were glad enough to avail themselves of their
loyal assistance. Nor was the student excluded altogether from the
inevitable conferences of the members of the finn when some case of
marked importance was approaching trial or was occupying the attention
of the court. He was a highly convenient assistant to aid in the minor
details of the preparation of a case. He was thus anticipating his own
later experiences and supplementing in large fashion the meager require-
ments of admission a half century ago.

Another consideration that should not be overlooked is the character
of the books that were prescribed by authority as an essential prepara-
tion for practice. These were few in number but were acknowledged
classics. Within the narrower limits of a professional scholarship they
correspond to those noble masterpieces whose study was for centuries
regarded as indispensable to the attainment of superior culture. The
modern method of practice was impossible and fortunately so for the
production of the highest type of legal scholarship. Precedent had not
then become the determining principle of a law suit. Ample libraries

furnishe.1 witli the decisions of the courts in the various states were ex-
tremely rare No sooner does the modern lawyer reduce his ease to its
elements and discover the exact location of the crucial conflict than he
begms a search of the announcements of the courts in similar cases and
equipped with these opinions, he submits his contentions and their a-^-
sumed support to the trial judge. I need not discuss the probable effect
of well chosen instances. But in those early years of the fifties and the
sixties the practice of the law was rather the application of orcat le^al
principles to particular instances. The masters of jurisprudence were
the authors to whom the student turned to discover the fundamental con-
ceptions by which justice is to be secured among men. Such writers
were M'ell worth study even by those who had no thought of the conten-
tions of the courts of law, but desired onlv that breadth of culture that
comes Irom contact with noble minds. Thev added to their insight into
the final principles that underlie stable societv the rich charm of an
exquisite style. One wonders how it was that the limited curriculum of
the Athenian school could in any way account for the marvelous civiliza-
tion of the Periclean Age, but when he remembers that the Greek youth
ted his mmd upon the supreme literary achievement of all time the
mystery begms to dissolve. Similarly, the law student of three score
years ago not only touched intellectual elbows with the greatest of le^al
authorities but read and reread their masterpieces until thev were a part
of his mental tissue. There is no better method for the production of
largemmded men. It is reported of Mr. James S. Ewincr, one of the
most capable lawyers that ever practiced at the Bloomington bar that he
was asked respecting the law in a certain case. "I have not examined
the statute," he replied, "but I know what it ought to be and that is
probably what it is."

Still another consideration should be recalled. There was at this
time the intensest interest with regard to the greatest political question
that ever divided the opinions of the American people. It is quite im-
possible for the present generation to understand the warmth of feelino-
with regard to the subject of slavery. There was no village that was too
small for opposing partisans. There was a forum wherever men met
and the air was filled with the voices of disputants engaged in hot debate.
In the shop, the store, the street, on. railway trains, even at the doors of
churches the stock arguments, pro and con, were reiterated. Never again
in the history of this people can a political question so unite those hav-
ing a common faith or so separate those of differing opinions. Churches
were rent asunder by the only question that men cared to talk about.
Old friends became enemies if they could not find a ground of agreement
here. Old compromises through which opportunists hoped to patch up.
a peace by pretending to accept what nobody really believed, were rent
asunder and thrown to the four winds with supreme scorn. The critical
epoch of American life had come and there was henceforward to be no
possible harmony of sentiment short of the unqualified triumph of one
contention and the complete surrender of the other. The greatest minds
of the country were at variance with regard to a method of settlement.
The nol)lest orators that ever gave distinction to law-making bodies
poured forth their fiery eloquence with impassioned fervor. In all of the
history of controversial discussion no literature was ever produced that

surpassed it. The Philippics of Demosthenes have by the common judg-
ment of mankind been regarded as supreme oratory but they merit no
liigher rank than many of the passionate pleas that entranced a listening
senate or thrilled the thousands of plain j)eople that crowded to the
hustings. In that great game of politics no one sat on the side lines. It
was a superb school in which the young lawyer could try his mettle and
prepare himself for notable conflicts at the bar.

It was in the midst of this social turinoil, this time of storm and
stress, that this young man of twenty-three began the practice of the law.
In the summer of 1858 he removed to Metamora, the county seat of an
adjoining county, Avhere he was to remain for the succeeding ten years.
His coming into the little community which he had chosen for his home
was distinctly an event in its history. Although the county was sparsely
settled and schools were few and means of transportation were practic-
ally limited to tlie saddle-horse and the wagon, there was a good degree of
intelligence, a native shrewdness, a discriminating judgment among the
people. j\Iany a man who signed his name with a cross held not incon-
siderable estates that he had won by his own sagacity and was regarded
with warm respect by his neighbors. The newspaper and the book were
yet to assume much of the dignity with which the later years have
crowned them. The county seat was several miles from the nearest rail-
road, but cases were not unknown to its tribunal that attracted to the
little village the ablest lawyers of central and northern Illinois. The
])residing judges were capable men and well versed in the law. Eobert (t.
Ingersoll, already famous for the lirilliancy of his wit, the eloquence of
his arguments and the breadth of his legal knowledge, was a familiar
figure in the little court room. One Abraham Lincoln, who lived at the
capital of the State and rode the Bloomington-Danville circuit, with
David Davis, Leonard Swett and others of their peers, occasionally found
himself at Metamora. It was a good place for the young man. He was
not lacking in political partisanship and the lines were sharply drawn in
the intensity of the political situation, yet he was so amply endowed with
tactfuluess and kindliness of spirit that he was scarcely less popular
with his political opponents than with his political friends.

It would have been a most interesting experience to gather from
those charming visits which it was my valued privilege to enjoy, a fuller
and more deiailed story of his Metamora days. In his "Something of
Men That I have Known," he describes the country lawyer of threescore
years ago. Personally he belonged to a somewhat later period, yet he
was intimately acquainted with many of the actors and thoroughly under-
stood the spirit of the time. Books were few and were the constant
companions on the circuit. The modern and familiar law library at
the county seat may have been a dream of the future but it was not a
reality of the time. Judges and lawyers were alike pilgi'ims and trav-
eled together as in ancient Cantcrlniry days. Cases were argued on the
basis of general i)rineiples rather than by an appeal to precedent as in
the modern courts of law. The coming to the county seat of a group
of eminent attorneys was an event to be looked forward to with warm
interest. When court adjourned for the dav and the wits were fore-
gathered for an evening of social enjoyment there was a rivalry quite as
intense as that of the court room l)ut it was far more cordial. It is a

well-known fact that the lawyer never carries the heat of the trial beyond
the door. Mr. Stevenson's remarkable skill as a social entertainer must
have been acquired in large part in the charming encounters of those
historic evenings.

The year of his location in Metamora the memorable contest be-
tween Lincoln and Douglas held the stage in Illinois and was witnessed
by a breathless audience. From his youth he had been an ardent admirer
of "The Little Giant." The devotion to political leaders that was so
characteristic a feature in the days of the quite inconii)arable Henry
Clay had its parallel in 1858. The political pot was boiling as it had
never done before. Douglas was seeking re-election as a mark of ap-
proval by his party of the course that ho had taken in the Kansas-
Nebraska fight. Every friend put on his armor and sought the tented
field. With all of the ardor of his enthusiastic nature ]\Ir. Stevenson
gave himself to the conflict. His candidate was no sooner again in the
Senate than the contest of 1860 began to fill the horizon. For these two
years his time was given to politics more than to the practice of his
jjrofession.

His first official position was that of master-in-chancery, to which
he was appointed by the court early in his career. The duties were dis-
charged with exceptional skill. In 1864 he was elected to the office of
State's attorney for the twenty-third judicial district. Under the Con-
stitution of 1848 the duties of this office covered the judicial district
hence he was obliged to accompany the circuit judge in his journey to the
several county seats. This position threw him into close relations with
the most eminent lawyers in the State. As his later career is kept in
mind, a career that brought him, as I have said, to within a single step
of the highest office within the gift of any people, these early experiences
are seen in a more revealing light. Let the aspiring youth read the les-
son and treasure its teaching. Fine native gifts, a clear sense of their
worth, the disciplines of education, the dignity of service, spotless in-
tegrity, an untiring industry, a profound respect for certain fundamental
convictions that the race has built into the substructure of a superior
society — these are elemental qualities that underlie any true success.
And these are qualities that were easily distinguishable traits in the
possession of this man while he was yet on the nearside of the thirties,
the time when men ordinarily have only begun to take on those perman-
ent forms which are to mark them throughout their lives.

In 1866 occurred the crowning event of his life. He was married
to Letitia Green, the daughter of Lewis Warner Green, D. D. At the
time of her birth her father was president of the Presbyterian Theologi-
cal Seminary, at Allegheny, Pennsylvania. While she was but a child the
family removed to Danville, Kentucky, where Dr. Green became the presi-
dent of Center College. It was while Mr. Stevenson was a student_ at
that institution that an acquaintance began which ripened into affection
and lesulted in the marriage of these congenial spirits. It is not easy
to speak of this gifted woman with the moderation that one should em-
ploy to avoid seeming extravagance of characterization. She had been
reared in a cultivated home. The doors of liberal culture had therefore
been open to her. Her life from childhood to womanhood had been
spent in the intellectual atmosphere of a college community. Her asso-

ciatioiis had been mainly with those who were devoting their lives to the
acquisition and enjoyment of tlie finest things tliat can occupy one's
attention. She had interested herself in the serious and solid cultures
rather than in the more superficial accomplishments usually sought by
those who anticipate social careers. Her experiences had developed that
sense of personal dignity and worth that are the crown of fine woman-
hood. She was simple and sincere and able to appreciate worth wherever
it might manifest itself, though clad in homespun and denied the cul-
tural disciplines that are often the mark of gentle breeding. She was
abundantly prepared for any position to which she might be called in
the large range of our American life. She had followed the leadings of
her affections and had linked her destinies with those of this young man
who was making a notable place for himself in the practice of his pro-
fession. Like him she was destined to distinguish honors. Like him
she bore those honors with that modesty and charm that have given her
a permanent and revered position in the traditions of the Daughters of
the American Eevolution.

But it was getting to be high time for a change to a more populous
coninuuiity. Atcer ten years of life at Metamoiu, Mr. Steve :isou re-
turned to his old home in Bloomington. This event happened upon the
anniversary of his departure. He at once formed a partnership with his
cousin, James S. Ewing, a partnership that was to continue for a full
quarter of a century. Doubtless this was a gratifying change to Mrs.
Stevenson as well as to him. Social conditions were vastly superior to
those of the little village which they had left. Members of her own
family were within easy reach. She now had about her a congenial com-
pany of people with tastes similar to her own. Here her home was to be
for the remainder of her life except for the periods when absence was
necessitated by residence in the capital of the nation.

Mr. Stevenson had now been in practice for ten years. Doubtless
there were to be great gains in power and in all of the large resources of
an accomplished practitioner. Yet enough had been done to give him
genuine repute and to fit him for the distinguished success that awaited
him. He was especially fortunate in being associated Avith a man of
unusual capacity and of rare skill in his profession. It need not be said
that this firm would be identified with the most prominent litigation that
fought itself to a conclusion at the Bloomington bar. It was shortly
after the resumption of his interrupted Bloomington life that I came to
know him and that a friendship began that continued to the end. While
not a lawyer, I belonged to a family of lawyers and that helped me to
indulge my fondness for their companionship. I was a frequenter of the
courts and a seemingly welcome guest at their offices. It was a most
gratifying fact that I was also remembered upon those occasions when
they celebrated their social inclinations by banquets and similar formal-
ities. I was thus drawn into relations that were personally delightful
and that gave me a vantage ground to estimate accurately the character
of whom I am trying to write. I may properly add that I was never a
member of the political party to which Mr. Stevenson belonged, although
I cannot recall any .incident in which that was a matter of the slightest
significance so far as our personal relations were concerned. These

things are worth saying, perhaps, as the warmth of mv admiration might
otherwise he explained in part by political considerations.

As this is the period in liis life in which his thought and energy
were most exclusively absorbed by the law there is no better place to
record the estimate which his fellow practitioners placed upon his suc-
cess. The following quotations are taken from the proceedings of the
McLean County Bar Association at a meeting held after his death. The
memorial was prepared by a committee of which Hon. Joseph W. Fifer,
former governor of Illinois, was chairman. The other members of the
committee were : Hon. James S. Ewing, former minister to Brussels ;
Hon. T. C. Kerrick, former State senator; John T. Lillard and Chas. L.
Capen, long members of the Bloomington Bar. Mr. Capen was for many
years a law partner of Mr. Williams, with whom Mr. Stevenson prepared
for admission to the bar. Their judgment must be regarded as a reliable
measnre of the meed of praise to which he was entitled as a lawver.

A HOME TRIBUTE.

"He was not lono- in winning a iilace in the front ranks of a bar
distinguished by the number of its able men. It was here (Metamora)
that he met Judge Eichmond, Judge Barnes, Judge Eead and many
others of equal ability. It was here, too, that he met Colonel Eobert G.
Ingersoll, the greatest wit and orator of his time, and a friendship was
formed between them that ended with the latter's death.

"Mr. Stevenson's scholarly attainments, his thorough knowledge of
the law, and, above all, his kindness of heart and his genial disposition,
brought him l)oth business and friends. He was soon regarded as the
most popular young man in that portion of the State. He was appointed
master-in-chancery and later was elected State's attorney of his judicial
district and the able and faithful manner in which he discharged the'
duties of these important positions was the subject of private and public
comment long after he left the county.

"His increasing knowledge of the law, his growing business, and
above all, his expanding intellect caused him to seek a wider field for the
exercise of his genius. He returned to Bloomington and began a legal
and political career unequaled by any other citizen of our county.

"Deeplv versed in the best English literature, and a profound student
of the law, he soon became recognized as one of the ablest lawyers in
the State. As a lawyer he was profound rather than technical. He
cared nothing for mere forms, but everything for substance. As an
advocate he had few equals and no superiors at the bar and there are
adversaries now living who can remember the dread and anxiety experi-
enced by them as he rose to deliver the closing address in a hotly con-
tested case.

"Our friend was not only a successful lawyer, but he understood and
appreciated the dignity of the profession of which he was so great an
ornament, and he looked to the law as a means by which our free insti-
tutions are to be perpetuated and the rights and liberties of the individ-
ual citizen protected.

"In a public ntterance, he said: 'It is all important, never more so
than now, that the people should magnify the law. Outrages have been
perpetrated in the name of justice appalling to all thoughtful men. It

need hardly be said that all of this is a total disregard of individual rights
and utterly subversive of lawful authority. In the solemn adjudication
of courts and under the safeguards of law, the fact of guilt is to be
established and the guilty punished. The sure rock of defense in the
outstretched years as in the long past will be the intelligence, the patriot-
ism, the virtue of a law-abiding, liberty loving peoy'Te. To a degi-ee that
cannot be measured by words, the temple of justice will prove a city of
refuge. The judiciary has no guards, no palaces, no treasuries, no arms
but truth and wigdom, and no splendor but justice.' "

But it was not as a lawyer that he was to win his greatest eminence.
Indeed it is the good or ill fortune of the members of that noble profes-
sion that they are generally denied the wide celebrity that their abilities
merit. They assist in writing into the decisions of courts great deter-
mining principles of equity, 3^et their names are not associated with the
imperishable safeguards of the social order which they have done most
to establish as a part of the law of the land. While he was fitted both
by natural gifts and by specific training for high repute in the most dig-
nified of professions, he was more highly fitted for the life to which the
logic of events irresistibly drew him.

It is not probable that Mr. Stevenson had an eye to political prefer-
ment when he returned to Bloomington. The congressional district was
overwhelmingly republican. It was a time of great unrest, however, and
a consequent loosening of political ties. In 1874 he was solicited to
become the candidate of his party for Congress. It seemed a forlorn
hope, 3^et he obeyed the call. The campaign was an intense one and
there were far too many exhibitions of the possibilities of the English
language when employed as a vehicle of abuse. His self-control and
masterful diplomacy were never more thoroughly illustrated. He
seemed never to forget that those who w^ere now in the heat of conflict
were neighbors who held and were to hold each other in high esteem
and that when the tides of passion returned to the calm level of reason,
the old relations were to be resumed. He was elected by a good major-
ity and in December, 1875, he took his seat in the National House of
Eeprescntatives. A memorable period in the history of the country was
to follow hard upon his entrance into legislative halls.

Mr. Stevenson found himself a member of a most notable group.
The political penalties that had been inflicted npon the South were
mainly removed. Instead of the carpet-baggers of the days of reconstruc-
. tion, several of the most able of the native-born sons were in their old
places in Congress. He was now in the full tide of his matured powers
and- ready to make the most of the situation. It was a rare privilege
that he was enjoying. He was not only to witness but to be a partici-
pant in one of the dramatic contests that looked toward the restoration
of the South to its old place in the Government. The general amnesty
bill was on the stage. The great leaders on the Republican side were
Blaine and Garfield and on the Democratic side were Hill of Georgia,
and Lamar. His impressions of this battle of the giants may be under-
stood bv his remark that "this great debate vividly recalled that of AVeb-
ster and Hayne in the other wing of the capitol nearly a hnlf century
before." He was also present at the impeachment trial of General Bel-

— 3 H S

knap and thus became acquainted with the distinguished lawyers for
the defense as well as with the no less distinguished members of the
House who conducted the case.

But the second session of this Congress had a far more serious
proposition on its hands. For the first time in the history of the
country there were two claimants for the ofKce of president. Hayes
and Tilden had been the candidates of the great parties. The time was
approaching for the casting of the electoral vote and for its counting
by the regularly constituted authority of the nation. In the states of
Louisiana and Florida the electoral vote was claimed by both of the
candidates. Unfortunately the parties were so nearly balanced that
these votes were decisive elements in the electoral college. Only those
who lived at that time are now capable of understanding the state of
political opinion throughout the country. Each side boldly charged the
other with a deliberate attempt to steal the presidency. It was evident
that the founders of the Government had never anticipated such a con-
tingency as had now appeared. The Eepublicans were in a majority
in the Senate and the Democrats in the House. Each of the two parties
held certificates from both of these states. Who would pass upon their
validity in the final count and announcement ? In the former cases in
which there had been a failure to elect by the popular vote no alarm
•was felt as the constitution plainly provided for such a possibility and
the House of Eepresentatives peacefully determined the matter. It
therefore l^eeam'e necessary to provide a specific enactment for a new
authority to settle the controverted question. In consequence the his-
toric electoral commission came into being and the country drew the first
long breath that it had been permitted to draw for several months.

The commission was constituted, Mr. Stevenson being an earnest
advocate of the measure. It heard the evidence in the case and at the
last moment rendered its decision. It was inevitable that the defeated
side would have in its membership hot-heads that would oppose the
conclusions. Mr. Til den's friends were firmly of the opinion that he
had been legally elected and were convinced that he was being deprived
of Avhat was rightfully his, and they were disposed to resist to any ex-
tremity acquiescence in so unjust a decision. Happily there were men
enough and of sufficient influence in the Democratic membership of
Congress to prevent the gravest of all possible calamities, a resort to
force. One of these sane and patriotic leaders was Mr. Stevenson. Al-
though feeling that Mr. Tilden was suffering injustice by the decision of
the commission, he stood unqualifiedly by its action. He had advocated
the method of determining the issue and he urged every patriot to frown
upon any attempt to interfere with a plan that had been agi-eed upon by
a clear majority of the members after free and full deliberation. He
could not convince himself that the conclusion had been reached without
political bias but, however he might deplore a surrender of principle to
partisan policv, he, could not be guilty of a breach of agi'eement. His
closing words were as follows: "Let this vote be now taken and let the
curtain fall upon these scenes forever. To those wdio believe, as I do,
that a grievous wrong has been suffered, let me entreat that this arbi-
trament^ be abided in" good faith, that no hindrance or delay be inter-
posed to the execution "of the law. but that by faithful adherence to its

mandates, by honest efforts to revive the prostrate industries of the
coimtrv, by obedience to the constituted authorities 'we will show our-
selves patriots rather than partisans in the hour of our country's mis-
fortune."

Mr. Stevenson treasured to the close of his life the friendships that
were formed during his membership of the Forty-fourth Congress. The\-
were by no means confined to his own side of the House. Blaine and
Garfield were the most conspicuous members on the Republican side and
both won his warm admiration and high personal regard. There is no
loom to recite the roll of distinguished members of the House and Sen-
ate with whom he was thrown into the most cordial relationship and the
qualities that had given him his marked popularity in his western life
could not but produce a similar result in this brilliant company of
selected men sent here because of their superior capacity and attractive
personalities.

At the expiration of this Congress, Mr. Stevenson retired from the
office of Eepresentative and resumed the practice of law. He good-
naturedly alludes to the fact as due to. circumstances over which he had
no control. But he was soon to return. Two years later he defeated
Hon. Thomas F. Tipton, who had been his successful competitor in 187(3.
He found that many of his associates of two years before had disappeared
and that in their places strange faces appeared. A few that had been
elected to the Forty-fifth Congress had already risen to prominence.
Mr. Carlisle of Kentucky, Mr. Kiefer of Ohio, and Mr. Reed of Maine,
were three of them. It Avas at this time that he formed the acquaint-
ance of Mr. McKinley and that the friendship began that was continued
through the life of the latter. He was especially drawn to this inter-
esting man and the admiration Avas mutual. One of the earliest acts of
President McKinley was the appointment of Mr. Stevenson as a member
of the bimetallic commission to Europe.

Retiring from Coneiess on March 4, 1881, he was again at work
on his briefs for the succeeding four years. The law is a jealous mis-
tress and resents any variations of admiration and devotion. A certain
habit of mind is essential to superior success and breaks in the con-
tinuity of practice ordinarily make a return to it difficult, yet so in-
grained were these essentials of thought and practice that in the inter-
A^als of political life he dro])ped into, line and resumed with -ardor and
success the old calling. The old sign was at the door and the old desk
in the office. But his life as a private citizen was again interrupted.
In 1885 the Democratic party returned to power after a quarter of
century of waiting. The election of 1884 had resulted in the elevation
of Grover Cleveland to the presidency. The pressure for office can bet-
ter be imagined than described. The number of conspicuous positions
can never be very gre.at in the essential nature of things. There is one
group of places, however, that furnished many thousands of opportuni-
ties for aspiring patriots to serve their country and with no especial
hazard to life or limb. The emoluments vary from a small honorarium
to a fair living compensation for a frugal citizen. The determination of
the beneficiaries rested with the first assistant postmaster general, for
he selected the fourth class postmasters. For every individual case
there were many applicants. It was clear that one office for one man

was a logical limitation. It is clear that if there were ten applications
apiece there would be nine dissatisfied applicants in each instance. Where
was the man who had the ability to satisfy the nine that a peculiar piece
of good fortune had come to them in falling short of their ambition?
President Cleveland has been credited with the peculiar gift of
surpassing skill in fitting the man to the place. Here was by far the
most difficult position in his administration. If in granting one, nine
were to be estranged, then the power of appointing fourth-class post-
masters was to be a fatal grant of sovereignty. He felt the need of all
of the skill at his command in making the selection. Fortunately, he
knew Mr. Stevenson. The remarkable tact of that distinguished citi-
zen was to be a party asset. He undertook the task and called to his
aid a young man whom he not only thoroughly knew, but who had
profited by intimate association with himself. William Duff Haynie, a
practicing attorney of Bloomington, became his chief clerk and aided
him in the most delicate of tasks.

How Mr, Stevenson succeeded in his service of political shock-
absorption is a tradition to this day in the department. Anecdotes
illustrative of his method are still current in political circles. ^Icn who
left their homes to convince the appointing power of their peculiar fit-
ness for the office of a fourth-class postmaster returned to their families
with beaming countenances. Upon being congratulated by their friends
and asked as to when they were to assume the responsibilities of the
position they rapturously told of a special interview with the first assist-
ant postmaster general, and the gratitude that they should never be
able fully to express for their rescue from the evil consequences of their
folly in indulging in political aspirations. Mr. Stevenson never under-
stoo^d the service that he had rendered to an appreciative humanity until
his name was mentioned as a candidate for the vice presidency. If Mr.
Cleveland had been re-elected in 1888 Mr. Stevenson would have been
his postmaster general. It was a spontaneous movement that in 1893
resulted in the choice of this capable public servant as the running mate
of his former chief, and it cannot be regarded as in any way a reflection
upon the man who was twice selected as "the president of the United
States that the candidate for the vice presidency very materially con-
tributed to the triumph of his party.

These were charming years for Mr. Stevenson, from 1892 to the
close of the Cleveland administration. One dwells with fond delay
upon the ideal harmony of the man and the place. His courtliness of
manner, his affectionate nature, his genial wit, his incomparable tact,
his ripened intellect, his matured judgment, his rich experience in
puhlic life— these all contributed to the production of a presiding officer
of unsurpassed fitness for a body of men selected for the supreme legis-
lative dignity in our system of government. Nor can one forget that
in his holrie was one who was equally fitted to bear her part in meeting
the social demands of the wife of the Vice President of the United
States. With an unaffected dig-nity that came from gentle birth and
noble culture, and froui having" shared the struggles of her husband in
his mem.orable ascent from his modest beginnings to the line of succes-
sion in which ho took hi^ place among the illustrious men that preceded

and followed him, she shed the pure lustre of her charming character
upon his home and honored him by her ideals of womanly worth.

It is interesting to read the chapter on the vice presidency in the
chattv and entertaining book to which reference has been made. It
cover? a bare half dozen pages, and one would not suspect its author
of having been one of those of whom he wrote, except from the presence
of the brief address witli which he closed his connection with the dis-
tinguished body, over whose deliberations he had presided for a quad-
rennium.

'ilie memorable instance of seemingly endless debate that occurred
while he was an incumbent of the office of the presiding genius of the
Senate will be remembered. One of his old Bloomington friends, who
was rather more familiar than discreet, boldly asked him one day whether
he was not going to put a stop to so flagrant an abuse of privilege. Mr.
Stevenson's kindness of heart was too great to allow him to injure the
feelings of the questioner and his ready tact saved his friend from
chagrin. Deftly parrying the inquiry he manifested a warm interest in
a recent investment which the friend had made and exhibited real
anxiety as to the possible consequences of the delayed spring to the
agricultural interests of his home county.

One of the highly prized testimonials to Mr. Stevenson is the action
of the Senate upon his retirement from office. It should find a place
in these pages where one is called upon to make choice with such skill
as he may command, from a wealth of material. It runs as follows:

Washington, D. C, February 27, 1897.

Sie: The discharge of the important duties incident to your great

office as President of the United States Senate has for the last four

years brought us into an association with you, very close and constant.

During this long period we have observed the signal ability, fidelity,

and impartiality, as well as the uniform courtesy and kindness toward

every member of this body, which has characterized your official action.

Your prompt decisions, dignified bearing, just interpretation and

enforcement of the rules, of the chamber have very much aided us in

our deliberations, and have won from us an acknowledgment of that

high respect and warm personal esteem always due to the conscientious

performance of a public duty.

Desiring to give some expression to these sentiments, and to testify
our appreciation of your valuable services to the Senate and the country,
we take pleasure in tendering you the accompanying set of silver as a
memento of our continued friendship and regard.

(Signed by all of the members of the Senate.)
At the expiration of his term as vice president he again returned to
his Bloomington home. He was now in the high prime of intellectual
vigor as he had turned only the third score of years a short time before.
There were no signs of failing health nor marks of advancing age.
About the best work that the world has seen in the fields of state craft
has been accomplished by men materially his senior. He was good for
additional years of service and he was not permitted to seek retirement.
President McKinley was no sooner installed in office than he selected
Mr. Stevenson a? n member of tlic ]\Touetary Commission. In this capa-
city he visited Europe, conferring with the various governments within

the coiiipass of tlie sclienie proposed in the formation of the commission.
This was his first visit to the hind over the sea and was a most enjoyable
experience. He was accompanied by Mrs. Stevenson and received the
high consideration and attention to be anticipated by such an official
body, to which was added the regard due to one who had occupied im-
portant official position in his own country.

In 1900 he was again nominated for the vice presidency on the
ticket with Mr. Bryan. He made a notable campaign but shared with
the head of the ticket the disaster that has been the constant fate of that
distinguished gentleman in his several attempts to realize his political
ambition.

In 1908 the Democrats of Illinois regarded the election of a popu- .
lar candidate as a possibility. While it was true that in the guberna-
torial struggle of 1904 the Eepublican candidate had received a majority
of nearly three hundred thousand over his Democratic opponent, so
much confidence was felt in Mr. Stevenson's running qualities that he
was solicited to accept the nomination. His many friends among the
Eepublicans urged his refusal because of their belief that the attempt
would prove to be a failure, and they were solicitous with regard to his
health. He was now beyond the three score and ten which is the period
erroneously deemed the limit allotted to life. He regarded the call as
devolving a duty upon him. however, and he accepted it in that spirit.
He made an excellent campaign and c^me within twenty-two thousand
votes of an election. He made the unprecedented run of seventy-five
thousand more than the nominee of his party for the presidency.

With this remarkable expression of the esteem in which he was held
by his fellow citizens of Illinois his political career came to a close. The
result indicated that he was not only supported by the unanimous vote
of his own party luit that thousands of Eepublican voters demonstrated
their confidence in his integrity and ability.

Living in honorable retirement he was able to answer some of the
many calls that were constantly made upon him for addresses upon
meniorable occasions. Xineteen hundred and eight was the semi-
centennial of the historic Dougla-^-Lincoln debates. As Mr. Stevenson
had been a participant in that remarkable campaign he was most appro-
priately selected by this society to give the address upon Stephen A.
Douglas, at the January meeting in that year. This was a labor of love.
Senator Douglas was his ideal "statesman. He had followed his career
with all of the ardor of his enthusiastic nature. He had become per-
sonally acquainted with "The Little Giant" as early as 1854, when the
senator was visiting Bloomington on one of his periodical calls upon his
constituents. Even as early'as 1852, when but seventeen, he had ren-
dered such service as was possible to a youth of his age in the campaign
that ended in the election of Judge Douglas to the Senate. He had also
met Lincoln and in his interesting book records his first view of that
remarkable character. He was to know more of him later and to hear
him conduct cases in the old Metamora court house, where he himself
was to be a practitioner. In consequence of these early experiences he
was peculiarlv fitted for the pleasing duty assigned him. His address
u]ion that occasion is a memorable addition to the records of this society.
One will seek in vain for any suggestion of the bias commonly exhibited

by the jjolitieal jjartisan. It is a calm and impartial aeeouut of tlie most
interesting series of public political debates in the presence of the masses
of the plain people of the State of which there is any record in American
annals. The judicial tone apparent in the article is another of the exhi-
bitions of fairness so constantly in evidence in the mature 3'ears of his
active life.

On the hundredth anniversary of Lincoln's birth, Mr. Stevenson
was the orator of the celebration at Bloomington. This address is char-
acterized by the qualities that have been referred to in the previous con-
tribution to historical literature.

Eepeated reference has here l^een made to "Something of Men I
Have Known." This is Mr. Stevenson's most gracious gift to those wdio
have known him and admired him and who hold him in affectionate
remembrance. Its pleasing humor; its charming, gossipy style so free
from the conventionalities of historical literature; its estimate of men
whose names are household words, as determined by familiar personal
contact; its record of the impressions made upon his mind as he met
these men in the freedom of personal intercourse — these features are
vivid Reminders of charming visits at his home, where, in the" seclusion
of his library, his talk ran like a rippling brook that sparkles under the
sunshine. There are also re-tellings of old traditions, Flemish pictures
of quaint characters, realistic sketches of early experiences, revealing
anecdotes, that, like flashlight snap-shots, caught perishing and passing
incidents that give vivid interpretations of the old life that without them
could not be adequately understood. In my treasure house I have old
letters from old friends whose voices are silent ; pictures of faces that
once looked into mine, memories of rare companionships with the rich-
ness of incomparable gems about them. This volume is like old letters,
cherished pictures, hallowed memories.

Mr. Stevenson's life had been free from the harrassing illnesses
that so many have been called upon to endure with such philosophy as
they could command. His splendid physique had been the loyal servant
of his needs. The time finally came, however, when disease began to
weaken his stalwart frame. Eelief came and with it the hopes that the
returning tides of life would bring the strength for other j^ears. This
hope was not fully realized. To add to the anxieties inevitably arising
under such conditions, Mrs. Stevenson's health began to decline. I well
remember when I saw her last. She came hol^l)ling into the library on
her crutches to spend a little time with us. It was not long before
there came a day of anguish and that clear-visioned spirit took its flight.
Her sick room had been filled with the exquisiteness of flowers that came
from near and far, through all the Aveeks of suffering. It was on a
Christmas dav that she lay among the beautiful gifts of loving friends,
free at last from the pitiless scourgings of ])ain. a hallowed offering of a
sorely smitten home to that other land toward which all trusting souls
turn longing eyes when the burdens of this world are too heavy to be
borno.

The Bloomington chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion bears her name. N"ot long after her death her virtues were beauti-
fully couimomoratod by triliuto? froui all tlio wide ranges of the country

which she had served. All echoed a commou note — the disinterestedness
of her service and the rare beauty of her character and her life.

Mr. Stevenson did not long survive her. The severing of the loving
ties that had bound them in a rare and beautiful companionship hast-
ened the inevitable end. On June 14, 1914, he passed away.

The encomiums that were called forth by his death will of them-
selves fill a volume. There is scant room for them here. They have
one burden that weighs far more than all the rest. It is of supreme
interest to observe that when the end has come far less is said of the
honors that he won at the bar or of the political dignities with which he
was crowned than of the things that forever abide. It is so charmingly
expressed by Hon. Proctor Knott, of Kentucky, long an intimate asso-
ciate, that it may well be quoted :

"Mr. Stevenson comes as near filling my highest ideal of a model
gentleman as anyone that I have ever known. I do not allude to his
attainments as a lawyer, to his ability as a statesman nor to any of these
varied talents which have given him such distinction among the prom-
inent men of the times. These are known and conceded by intelligent
people everywhere. .1 refer to the gentle virtues so constantly illustrated
in all of the relations of his private life — the unaffected kindness of
disposition, the purity of thought, the guileless candor, the fealty to
truth, the harmless mirth, the forgetfulness of self, the tender regard
for the rights and feelings of others and the genuine sympathy with all
around him, which make him the prince of companions and the paragon
•of friends, which clothe his presence with perpetual sunshine and fill
his household with domestic affection and happiness. A professed be-
liever in the sublime truths of the Christian relis^ion, he never bv word
or deed affords grounds for even a suspicion of the sincerity of his
faith." There is more to the same effect. This tribute to his friend
was not written by Mr. Knott when his heart was wrung by separation
but years before the shadows grew long toward the west.

The voice of the press was musical with the same story. Those who
stood by his bier to speak the last words of farewell dwelt finally upon
the same theme. In his autobiography. Ambassador Andrew D. White
made the statement that of all the public men he had ever known, Mr.
Stevenson was the most delightful reconteur. The day following his
death, the National House of Eepresentatives interrupted its session by
unanimous consent to pay its tribute of respect to his memory, and
again the master note was struck. On the same day the City Council
of Chicago adopted resolutions that dwelt more upon the purity of his
life than upon the honors that had been bestowed upon him by the suf-
frages of men. The Board of Supervisors of his county, the memorial
b}' the Bar Association of his home city, the addresses by the members
of the Association, the tributes of the clergv on the occasion of his
funeral — everywhere the one theme \\"as u])permost in the thoughts of
those who had known him in his unaffected life of sterling worth.

The surviving members of the family are Lewis Green Stevenson,
Secretary of State for Illinois: Mrs. Martin D. Hardin of Chicago,
and Miss Letitia Stevenson of Bloomington.

And now that the book is ended and that the hooded angel with
the sleepy poppies in her hand has clasped the "brazen covers" and that

the passions of men have died away, and the rivalries are forgotten, and
the ambitions are dropped like the neglected playthings of a child, the
deep conviction of the supreme value of character compels the reverent
attitude of silence. And so it is that this man with the kind heart and
the genial face and the gentle grace of courtesy, with the honors that
he won and with the affectionate approval of his fellow men, takes his
place in the permanent annals of his time.

A GROUP OF STORIES OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS.

The Silver Covenant Chain; The Story the Medals Tell; Shabona's

Ride.

(Miss Lotte E. Jones, Danville, 111.)

Contradictory as it may seeni^ to learn that which is new, we often
must put aside that which we already know; we must let lose of that
which we have, to secure that which we desire.

To give these stories I bring the proper setting, to surround them
with the atmosphere they need to make them most real I ask you to, for
the moment, as far as possible, forget the preseiit conditions of life in
America.

For these are not mvths and legends, but are tales of life and events
in the Illinois Countrv hundreds of vears ago, when the owners of our
homes and lands were red-men, not white men; Indians not descendants
of civilized peoples.

Perhaps I am telling these stories as an introduction to the paper
on Indian Treaties to be given later in the session; it may be it is as a
tribute to the race which, spite of prejudice, must be admitted to have
been one of power and strength.

Many hate the American Indian ; others wdio have studied the race
and believe that "in all ages every human heart is human" find much to
admire in the native of the Avestern world, before he fell under the influ-
ence of the white man.

Surely a brain which could conceive the plan of Pontiac, a heart
which would prompt Shabona's ride; a generous impulse such as Eed
Bird showed, indicate great possibilities for the race. We know the race
has suffered much at the hands of the white man.

We judge the American Indian by the red man who has been driven
from his home and the graves of his fathers, and been made the victim
of the white man's treacliery, cruelty and vices.

What race could have met such a test and not have been degener-
ated? It is fitting that we should tell and listen to the stories of his
life in the long ago, that a clear vision of the American Indian may
be had.

To tell or hear such stories to the best purpose, we must forget
present conditions of life. Present-day cities and villages, air-travel,
trolley-lines, and railroads, telegraph and telephone service, churches,
schools, dwellings, newspapers and books, much that we eat and nearly
all that we wear must be to us as though it never existed.

The modern farm with its machinery, ideals of working, stock rais-
ing, dairying, methods of soil-feeding, must vanish, and in its place we
see the vast prairies covered with waving grasses and bright flowers, the
home of the buffalo, the plover, and the native fowl.

The streams now small and insignificant, must have the former
luxuriant growth restored to their banks, and the dense forests which
sheltered the deer, the beaver and other fur-bearing animals that fur-
nished both food and clothing.

The air must not echo the sound of the "Honk, Honk/' of the
automobile, the buzz of machinerv, the hum of traffic which is the life
of today ; instead we hear the ripple of running water, the chirp of the
insect, or the sharp crack of the twig as it is broken under the stealthy
tread of the Indian creeping along to surprise or capture his prey.

Smoke curls heavenward from the camp fires ; scattered tepees, or
wigwams are here and there ; the occasional brave on his way to the
chase or the baud on the war path; only these are here to distract the
eye from the wealth of beauty, N^ature with a lavivsh hand has scattered
on every hand.

Under these conditions the American Indian lived his life in the
land which was his by inheritance or conquest, and from which he was
driven, cajoled into giving up, or at best forced to exchange for that
which was of much less value, by the white man. And it is to just these
conditions I ask you to hear the stories of the redman's life in this
time long ago.

I shall tell as my first story a tale of fidelity, of loyal adherence to
promised allegiance made by his forefathers generations before.

I will follow this with a story of love for his family as shown when
men risked all dangers and put aside every caution in going into a place
where all other inducements were refused, when the prospect of re-
united home ties were offered.

If I have time I will follow this with a story of love for his natural
enemy which proves the strength of the Indians' friendship wlien freely
given.

THE SILVEE COVENANT CHAIN".

It was many years ago when the white man's America was very
young that a boat from Holland touched the shores of the newly dis-
covered Western Continent at the mouth of a great river.

The name of this boat was the Half Moon.

The old world was looking for a mighty interior waterway which
would make direct connection with the Orient.

The commander of the Half Moon, thinking he might have made
the discovery of the longed for passage, turned his boat up the stream.

It was in this Avay that Holland was brought to America.

Although tlie much desired waterway to the Orient was not dis-
covered by Henrich Hudson, the commander of the Half Moon, the
river which has ever since borne his name opened a goodly countr}', and
the people who came to make their home therein had much to do, indi-
rectly, in determining the fate of the new world.

It was a treaty made by these people Avith the American Indians
which settled the long contested question of whether France or Great
Britain should rule the new world.

The great number of fur-bearing animals along the Hudson Eiver
established a valuable trade and before another 3'ear Dutch traders were
found as far up stream as what is now known as the city of Albany.

The tide came in from the ocean and with it came the honest-
hearted Hollanders to their new land.

The Dutch found a new race in possession of this land they had
taken in America, and the red hrothers of the forest aroused sentiments
of fear and distrust in their minds.

They sought protection for themselves.

In less than four years Christiaenson built a rude fort to serve as
this protection. It was built about four miles below wdiat is now the
city of Albany.

This was called Fort Nassau and Jacob Eelkens was put in charge
of it.

Commander Eelkens was a kind hearted, peace loving Dutchman
who deplored the constant fighting between the Iroquois nation of
American Indians in whose midst he 'found himself, and all other nations
and tribes.

He determined to make them the friends of the white man.

He watched these Indians and studied their natures and disposi-
tions, and gained their confidence.

In due time he called them together in a conference, wherein he
established a compact, which was the most far reaching in results of
any agreement ever made between the white man and the red man.

Jacob Eelkens appreciated the poet nature of the American Indian
and made a happy choice for this place of meeting.

A small stream enters the Hudson River near where Fort Nassau
was located; it is now called Norman's Kill.

A natural amphitheatre was formed here and another, just above
in the circling hills.

The eminence formed by the northern bank was known as Tawass-
g-unshee. The valley took its name from this eminence, a name which
has been immortalized by Longfellow and other poets —

THE VALE OF TAWASENTHA.

'^t was the Vale of Tawasentha,
In the green and silent valley,
By the pleasant water-courses,
Where dwelt the singer, Nawadaha.
Eound about the Indian village
Spread the meadows and the cornfields.
And beyond them stood the forest.
Stood the gi'oves of singing pine trees.
Green in Summer, white in Winter,
Ever singing, ever sighing.
And the pleasant water-courses.
You could trace them through the valley,
By the rushing in the Spring-time,
By the Alders in the Summer.
By the white fos in the Autumn,
By the black line in the Winter;
In the Vale of Tawasentha,
In the oreen and silent valley."

It was into this Vale of Tawasentha that Jacob Eelkens called his
swarthy brothers; an ideal place in which to forge the Silver Covenant
Chain.

The grave and much loved Eelkens told the Indians of his interest
in them, and his desire to dwell with them in peace. They listened in
silence, to his words of wisdom. The only sound to be heard was the
singing and sighing of the pine trees, the ripple of the water.

After a little the old chief spoke:

"Brothers: We have heard your words. We, too, want peace. We
will make us a silver chain that will bind us together. The links shall
be our promise for ourselves and our children, and our children's chil-
dren and their children through all time to keep peace with you and
your children and your children's children and their children.

"We bind the chain about the pine tree. The pine tree will perish.
We bind it about the hill. The hill will not be removed. We hold this
end in our hand. You hold the other end in vour hand. We will not let
the links rust at our end. You must keep them bright at your end. I
have spoken."

Thus the Silver Covenant Chain was forged.

Years passed and the people from England governed the land of
the Hollander in American, but the red man ignored the change. They
always called the Governor of the New York colony, "Father Colaer" be-
cause Gov. Van Curler was their first friend ; and the Commissioner of
Indian Affairs was "Brother Quider," the name they had given Peter
Schuyler, whom they trusted implicitly.

Generations passed, but the British in America always counted the
Iroquois their allies.

Even the French priests with their devotion to the race, could not
wean the Iroquois from their allegiance to the English. Passing time
did not tarnish the links of the Silver Covenant Chain. Wound about
the great hill at Onondaga this chain was immovably fixed.

When Gen. Braddock went forth to battle — defeat it proved to be —
he called out that "The French are trying to rust the chain which hith-
erto has remained bright and clear; help must come to the British or
disaster will come to all. His answer was the rallying of the forces of
the Iroquois Nation.

The British instigated frequent raids into the Illinois country by
the Iroquois, that the envied fur trade might be directed to England
rather than to France, and great efforts were made to bind these western
Indian with the "Silver Covenant Chain."

But all efforts failed until the coming of Sir William Johnson to
take charge of Indian affairs in America for Great Britain. At this
time the colonies of France and Great Britain were engaged in a war
to determine the right to the Mississippi Valley. Great Britain's claim
was based on chartered rights while France made equal reasonable claim
based upon exploration of the great river which drained the valley.

The war had raged for a half dozen years when the fall of Oswego
drove Sir William to despair and determined him to make another
effort to arouse the indifference of the Iroquois to their old allegiance.
ITp to this time they hnrl refused to fight at all in this war.

Sir William called the Senecas, the Cayugas and the Onondagas to-
gether and held a conncil at Fort Johnson. Several Oneidas and Abra-
ham, chief Sachem of the lower Mohawk castle, were present at this
council. Here Sir William made an appeal for the Silver Covenant
Chain. He told these representatives of the Iroqnois nation how, for
one hundred forty years their fathers had kept faith with the English
speaking white man ; how this chain had lield the two races together so
closely it seemed to be absolute; how their fathers had kept their end
bright and strong, but that they were letting it rust and there was dan-
ger of its being eaten through ; he exhorted tlioiu to take care, to look
well after it.

The Indians listened in silence as was their custom, then addressed
Sir William in eloquent terms of thanks for his admonitions and regrets
that their indifference should have earned them this rebuke, adding:

"The fartherest castle of the Senecas have the extreme end fast in
their hands and the rest of the Six Nations have also hold of it, and we
will assure you we will not quit it."

This pledge was exactly Avhat Sir William wanted them to make.
Immediately after the conference, Sir William Johnson wrote the Lords
Commissioners of Trades and Plantations in London urging that the
plan of iDroceclure of the campaign be changed to take in the capture of
Fort Niagara believing that if such a change could be made the Iroquois
would join them, and that, further, they could induce many of the tribes
of western Indians to join them and be "bound by the Silver Covenant
Chain" to the interests of the British.

This advice from the Commissioners of Indian Affairs of the British
had due weight and the desired change was made. Another council was
called at Fort Johnson and the promised recruits from the western
Indians were on hand. "Ten and more nations were added" the organ-
izeci number and bound to the interests of the British in the "Silver
Covenant Chain."

This conference was held in the Springtime; events quickly followed
each other and culminated in the complete overthrow of the French in
America and the supremacy of the Saxon on the Western Continent.

One of the most important of the forts of New France in America
was Chartres on the Mississippi Eiver. The garrison of this fort, under
the command of McCarty, comprised the flower of French soldiery.
They had been called many times, through these half dozen years across
the country to carry supplies to the French fort at the juncture of the
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, (which form the Ohio Eiver) known
as Fort iDuQuesne.

This trip was always made by boat down the Mississippi to the
mouth of the Ohio, thence up that stream to its source. But the time
came when the report reached Fort Chartres that Fort DuQuesne had
been captured by the British and renamed Fort Pitt.

This report did not arouse grave apprehension; it only awakened
regret that in going to the aid of this garrison they must change their
route to a less direct one since it would not be safe to go so far on the
Ohio Eiver so long as its head waters were possessed by the enemy.

Mons du Aubrey had charge of the expedition to Fort DuQuesne at
this time and he took the precaution to get together as large an army of

volunteers among the Indians surrounding Fort Cliartres as was possible.
When all was in readiness he took them, went down the Mississippi
Eiver in bateaux and canoes, to the mouth of the Ohio thence up stream
to the mouth of the Wabash. Coiitinuing their water-route u|) this river
to the Miami village near the present site of Fort Wayne, they here made
the portage to the Maumee, thence passed on down to Lake Erie. Being
constantly re-inforced by bands of different tribes of Indians and Cana-
dian ^lilitia, they completed their journey thus far a great army of fully
sixteen hundred.

At Presque Isle, Aubrey learned that the British had gone against
Fort Niagara. The plan to retake Fort DuQuesne was deferred and this
valiant French army, with colors flying and gay hearts, marched on to
the relief of Fort Niagara.

Mons. Aubrey had heard nothing of the action of Sir William
Johnson in binding the western Indians with the Silver Covenant Chain.
The French troops were as ignorant of this decisive act as were their
commander; if the Indians of the army who outnumbered the white men
nearly three to one knew aught of it, they kept the knowledge their own
secret. Knowing the many ways the redman employed to carry news
among themselves, it seems hardly possible that they were really ignorant
of so important an act.

Sir William Johnson learned of the advance of the French army
and prepared to meet the troops under command of Mons. Aubrey on
the road between Niagara Falls and the fort. This army in their march
must have been a sight well worth the seeing.

Its progress was stopped by the Indians of the British army advanc-
ing to confer with the Indians of the French armv. A short conference
sufficed to have the Indians of the latter desert the French, giving as a
reason that they were at that time at peace with the Iroquois, and dared
not advance against them.

With their chief force gone, the French troops had no chance, and
in spite of a brave fight exhibiting great courage, the battle turned into
a massacre in which all the French officers were either killed, wounded
or taken prisoner.

The "Silver Covenant Chain" had served its purpose; the Iroquois
hand had strengthened its links and polished them to a dazzling lustre.

This defeat at Niagara was followed soon after by another defeat
on the Plains of Abraham where New France in America was forever
lost.

What of the Silver Covenant Chain later, do you ask? Less than
a score of years and it Avas completely destroyed. When Great Britain
drove her colonies in America to seek their independence and they gained
it. the Silver Covenant Chain fell apart, link by link. The power which
coiild resist the change of government from Holland to Great Britain,
could hold together through years and passing generations was sundered
by the stroke of the "Long Knives." A length of the Chain was held
together even after its power was gone, in the restlessness of the years
immediately following the Eevolutionary War. Even up to the efforts of
Tccumsch this length was kept together but it was weak, rusty and ready
to fall into pieces. Black Hawk gathered together a handful of links and
tried to brighten them and rivet them together into a means of connec-

tion with tho British which would help him in his war against all the
white men of America, but the rust was deep ; he could secure no polish
of sufficient strength to make a chain that looked to be other than baser
metal, and spite of all his effort no two links would stay together.

The spirit of independence and patriotism drove the British across
the water; the spirit of greed drove the Indian beyond the mountains;
the Silver Covenant Chain has long ago been forgotten save to use as an
illustration of fidelity and loyalty and power of a people who in their
weakness dominated the decision of the greatest question ever brought
to the western world. Shall Saxon or Gaul rule in the Xew World?

THE STOEY THE MEDALS TELL.

The halycon days of the redman in the Old I^orthwest passed with
the passing of New France in America. His friends were shorn of their
power. Their successors had little liking for the Indian race, and held
the policy of extermination of the natives. Under such treatment all
the savage in the Indian's nature was fostered. The two races hated and
feared each other. They were arraigned each against the other in a
continual death struggle. Without the influence of an avowed common
religion they grew ever and ever further apart; more and more bitter in
feeling each to the other. The Indian would creep upon isolated cabins
and put the entire family to death, then burn the house. The white
man hunted the red man as he would the wild animal shooting him on
sight. In open warfare Gen. St. Clair with his troops was ignominously
defeated; Generals Wilkinson, Harmar and Hardin, swept the country,
drove the Indians before them and took hundreds of the women and
children into captivity.

Gen. Putnam was agent for the Ohio Company, and located at
Marietta. He felt the urgency for some treaty or compact to be made
particularly with tribes and nations such as the Miamis, the Delawares,
the Chippeways, the Ottawas and the Kickapoos, Indians whose lands
were in western Indiana and eastern Illinois.

This it was apparently a difficult thing to do: it seemed impossible
to get these wary savages into a conference. G-en. Putnam went out
among them, himself, at the risk of his life and tried to induce them to
meet him at Fort Washington. But this was to no purpose; the Indians
had been drawn into too many traps by white men, they would not con-
sent to any conference. Discouraged thoush he was, G-en. Putnam saw
more and more reason for the council, as the situation was growing more
and more grave. At this point John Heckwelder, the Moravian Mis-
sionarv. conferred with Putnam and suggested a way to induce the
Indians to meet them in conference.

"Do you not remember," said Heckwelder, "the hundreds of women
and children taken prisoners, in the raids of Harmar and Hardin on the
Pottawatomies, the Shawnees and the Delawares, last year? Gather
these prisoners together in one place and send word to the braves of
these nations that their women and children are awaiting them at this
place; then we will go there and I have no doubt will find our audience
for our plea for a treaty of peace.

PEACE MEDAL.

""The Indian loves his family. The separation during these last
months has driven the braves to madness. The'v will take any risk to
be reunited with their families." Vincennes on the Wabash was chosen
as the meeting place. Messages were sent to all the tribes that their
friends would be at Vincennes at a certain date; that each and all would
be peimitted to return with the heads' of the families who would go after
them. Orders were sent to have all women and children prisoners sent
to Fort Washington (Cincinnati) thence to be sent to A^incennes. The
plan worked well. The squaws who were gathered at Fort Washington
were so happy hearted at the thought of returning to their people that
their bright eyes betrayed their joy, in spite of their Indian reserve and
effort to suppress any emotion. One hundred forty of these Indian
women, with numerous children were gathered at Fort Washington.
They were sent down the Ohio Eiver in boats to the mouth of the
Wabash Eiver, thence up that stream to Vincennes. As they neared
their destination, their excitement and anxiety overcame their reserve,
and their eves were fixed on the shore. Long before the white man
could tell whether the objects they were approaching were trees or peo-
ple, the Indian women recognized their own loved ones. Their vision,
much stronger than that of the white man, left them no doubt that their
own were waiting. Those who claim the squaw was little better than a
slave to her brave should liave witnessed this meeting, after the foreeil
separation.

Gren. Putnam made a happy though brief talk to them, but left
them to the delight of reunited lives for a day or two before he called
them into a council meeting. There he talked to them as being a part
of the United States and told them that their father at Washington
wanted peace. He told them further that they need not hurry in their
answer, for they should have an abundance of time in which to consider
it. He would not ask them to answer him that day.

They again met in council' on the following day, and one after an-
other 'the chiefs among the Indians spoke. They said they did not
want to live among the white people ; that there were bad people among
both. They said they wanted to trade with the Avhite people but that
the white man should live on the east and south of the Ohio Eiver while
they lived on the west and north of the same river. They said too, that
they wanted the French to keep the lands which the Indians had given
them.

After this exchange of ideas on the part of the white man and the
Indian, a mutual agreement was made to establish peace between the
United States and the tribes represented at this conference. No ex-
change of land was proposed and no definite terms or limits of posses-
sion of territory was suggested. After this agreement was duly signed,
Gen. Putnam presented two large white wampum belts of peace. A
silver medal was suspended to each of these belts. This is one of the
medals ; the other was exactly like it.

In presenting these medals Gen. Putnam said: "Brothers, listen
to what I say: We have l)cen for some days i^ast engaged in estab-
lishing a peace and we have succeeded through the influence of the

— 4 H S

Great Spirit. Brolliers, we have wiped otf the blood, we have buried the
hatchet, on both sides all that is past shall be forgotten."

Taking up the belts he continued : "This is the belt of peace which
I now ])resent to you in the name of the United States. This belt shall
l)e tlie evidence of and the pledge for the performance of the articles of
ti e tieatv of paace which we have conelnded between the United States
and your tribes this day.

"Brothers;, whenever you look at this remember that there is a per-
petual peace and friendship between you and us. and tliat you are now
under the protection of the United States. Brothers, we will hold this
belt in our hands — here at this end the United States holds it, and you
hold it at* the other end. The road you see is l)road, clear and level. We
may now pass to one and another easy and without ditficulty. Brothers,
the faster we hold this belt the happier we shall be. Our women and
children will have no occasion to l)e afraid any more. Our young men
will observe that their wise men performed a good work. Brothers, be
all strong in that which is good. Abide all in the path, young and old,
and you will enjoy the sweetness of peace."

After explaining the engraving on the medal the re-united families
Avere permitted to depart in peace. The side of the medal upon which
is engraved the Coat of Arms of the United States was explained in these
words of Gen. Putnam :

"Brothers, the engravings on this medal distinguish the United
States from all other nations ; it is called their arms and no other nation
has their like. The principal figure is a broad eagle. This l)ird is a
native of this country, and is to be found in no other part of the world ;
and both you and the Americans born in this land, having grown up to-
gether with the eagle, they have placed him in their arms and have
engraved him on this medal, by which the great chief. Gen. Washington,
and all the people of the United States, hold this belt fast.

"The wings of the eagle are extended to give protection to our
friends, and to assure you of our protection so long as you hold fast this
belt. In his ria^ht foot the easfle holds the branch of a tree, which with us
is an emblem of peace, and it means that we love peace, and wish to live
in peace with all our neighbors, and to assure you that while you hold
this belt fast, you shall always be in peace and security, whether 3'ou are
pursuing the chase or reposing yourselves under the sluide of the bough.
In the left foot of this liird is placed a bundle of arrows. This is
meant that the United States have the means of war and that Avhen
peace cannot be obtained, or maintained with their neighbors, on just
terms, and that if, notwithstanding all their endeavors for peace, war is
made uiwn them, they are ])repared for it."

You may wonder how this medal, the ]5ledge of peace and friend-
ship between the ITnited States and the Indians of those nations, came
to be here in my hands today. A few added words will make the expla-
nation and it is an interesting stoiy: Kesis, the noted Pottawotomi
chief, was one of those at the Vincennes conference. Bv his mark he
signed the compact of peace. In due time old age overtook Kesis and
he passed to the "happy hunting grounds" of the blest. He was buried
in the Kickapoo burial grounds, which were situated on the high bluff
forming a part of the banks of the ]\Iiddle Fork of the Vermilion Piver,

^r.fr-

SHABBONA, THE WHITE MAN'S FRIEND.

near its month, five miles west of Danville, Illinois. As was the Indian
custom, his valuables were buried with him. One day, some sixty years
after this conference at A'incennes, two boys living in the neighborhood
of the Indian burial grounds appeared with these two medals, which
they claimed they had found. The supposition was that they had been
washed from the grave by a recent freshet. Whether such was the case
or that the l)oys had deliberately robbed the grave of the old chief, was
never fully proven. They sold the medals to the farmer who owned
the land for a trifle. John Heckwelder, the Moravian Missionary in his
report of the conference, described this medal so clearly, minutely and
fully there could be no doubt this was the identical one given as a pledge
of peace and friendship between the United States and the tribes of
Indians at Vincennes. Josephus CoUett, the well known Indiana man of
science, appreciated its worth and paid the price set for it, and also
bought the other medal found at the same time and place. Mr. CoUett
and his brother had a very valuahle collection which was kept at the
hitter's home. Some years ago both Mr. Collett and his brother died.
The house which contained the great collection was burned to the ground
and nothing was saved. Those who knew anything ahout these medals
supposed they, too, were destroyed in the fire. A short time ago these
medals were taken to a loan exhibit in Danville by Mrs. Lynne Beck-
with, the widow of the son of Mr. Hiram Beckwith. They were exhi-
bited as "Indian medak;" were, fortunately recognized and identified.
By being in the possession of Mr. Beckwith they had escaped destruc-
tion in the Collett fire ; by being exhibited they had been restored to
their value, this one as the medal Gen. Putnam gave Kesis at the
Yincennes conference.

This other medal found at the same time and place is seen to have
less intrinsic value, it being made of a baser metal. It is doubtless one
of those with which the old Northwest was flooded after the Eevolu-
tionary War as bribes to harass the early settlers. How it came into
the possession of Kesis is not known.

SHABONA'S BIDE.

Shabona was a chief of the Ottawa nation. He was the grandnephew
of Pontiac. There need be no account given of his early life nor of
his later years before the event which proved his love for the white man.

At the time of the incident of his ride, Shabona had grown far
beyond the hasty impulses of youth, past the time when the love of
adventure spurs one on to great tasks ; when physical effort must be a
matter of will rather than instinct.

Black Hawk with his British band had opened a war upon the
white settlers of northern Illinois; the merits of this war need not be
discussed at this time; suffice it to say that Black Hawdc hoped to have
the aid of Shabona, but did not.

In due time Shabona learned that the white settlements along the
Fox River were to be raided by Black Hawk and his Ijand. This news
gave Shabona deep concern. He called his son Pypegee and his nephew
Pyps to him and told them that they must, if possible, avert this
calamity. He instructed the young men how the three of them must

go through these scattered settlements and spread the alarm. He spoke
Avith authority and impressed the yoimg men with the necessity that all
who lived alons: the wav should know the danger which threatened them.
The young men listened in silence, then threw their blankets on their
ponies, mounted and started off.

This ride was full of the element of adventure, for not only must
the dim trail between the settlem.ents be followed, but the destination of
the riders must be kept absolutely a secret. Should any intimation of
the purpose of this ride reach Black Hawk not only would the white
men they sought to protect suffer, but they, themselves, would have to
pay the penalty with their lives. With every precaution known to a
stealthy people these three men started. Beside secrecy, haste was de-
manded; ever so little delay might prove fatal. Fairly on their way
they pressed down the valley to Holderman's settlement where the white
men were told their impending danger. Here, to make the task less*
dangerous the three men separated. It was more safe for young Pypegee
to go on, since his going in that direction would not arouse suspicion, as
it was well known that his heart was in the keeping of a dusky maiden
whose home lay in the way beyond. There would be no question if any
of his race should see Pypegee riding toward Bureau Creek.

Sbabona turned his horse back toward home. He had been at home
some time, when, the next evening, Pypegee came hastening to his father's
wigwam. He had a tale of distress to tell. Coming through the Davis
settlement. Pypegee told his father, he saw what looked very -much like
a band of Indians approaching. While too far away to be distinct, the
young man's trained eye saw by the way they marched, and the manner
of their dress, that they were with little doubt, "on the warpath."
Pypegee added that he avoided meeting them and hastened as fast as Tie
could ride to his father to tell him what he had seen. Shabona said not
a word. He was yet very weary from the ride of the previous day. This
had lasted far into the forenoon of this one. He had taken no rest,
but was just preparing to retire for the night. Silently he turned and
went out from his wigwam. Throwing a blanket on a fresh pony he
mounted it. and unattended, went out into the night. He was again
taking up the trail to once more warn his paleface friends of their
danger. They did not believe him yesterday, they may not have be-
lieved the young men; maybe if he went tonight he might induce
them to seek safety. He would at any rate make another effort. None
but himself could undertake this dangerous ride; he and he alone must
try to save his friends.

Shabona knew the danger he was courting ; he knew he took his life
in his hand in going on this perilous ride. But he never wavered ; he
had no fear of the consequences: Shabona was the friend of the white
man. His life was freely to be the price of his effort to save his friend.
'■'Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his
friends."

Had there l)een need of secrecv the day before, much more was it
necessary this.night when the war party was on its way to do that which
he was trvins: to thwart. Secrecy and haste could alone save the lives
of not only them but himself as well. Frging on his pony, he covered
mile after milo. Danirer increased with every mile but he pressed on.

Every mile the risk became greater, yet Shaboiia had no thought of
turning back; gave no consideration to quitting his self-imposed task.
Over the lonely and dangerous trail; through the sleepy settlements,
which he must rouse with as little delay and noise as possible, for "the
Indians were upon them" : swimming streams, never faltering, not yield-
ing to the fatigue of this hard ride, Shabona went on and on.

Fearful that he might be too late he at last reached the Davis settle-
ment on Indian Creek. To his relief he saw that he had come before
the British band of Black Hawk had reached this settlement. Mr. Davis
would not listen to him the day before ; it was not yet too late ; could he
persuade him tonight to take his family the twelve miles to Ottawa
where they would be safe?

Pausing to tell his story to every settler, Shabona rode further on
and on until every one had the alarm. Eeturning he passed through
every settlement with his message of warning, not missing any, even to
the struggling one on the Lake where, twenty years before this the
tragedy of the massacre at Fort Dearborn had been enacted.

Shabona did not dare be seen coming from the direction of the
white settlements ; although very tired from the already long ride he went
out of his way in returning to his wigwam. The eastern horizon was
streaked with the colors of the coming day, when the rider and beast
sank exhausted at the entrance of home. Every white settlement had
been visited, and the warning spread; horse and rider had done their
utmost to save the lives of those whom Shabona loved.

Not for his race; not for his countrymen; neither for those who
had put him or his under obligations; but for the value of the act, in
the interests of humanity, because of his friendship, Shabona took
every risk, faced all danger, and carried the message of warning to the
representatives of the race which was driving his people from their pos-
sessions, taking their homes from them.

Fidelity, loyalty, love of home and family, devotion to and service
rendered those who were the proven- enmy to his race — is it not, after
all a deserved tribute to the American Indian to study the incidents in
his history which bring out virtues suoh as these?

Who dares not recognize Shabona a hero, fit for immortalization in
song and story?

REMINISCENCEIS OF YELLOW BANKS.

(By James W. Gordon, Oquawka, 111.)
Emerson wrote.

"Lo. I uncover the land

Which I hid of old time in the West;

As the sculptor uncovers his statue

When he has wrought his best."'
Into this great middle west came the pioneer, ax in hand, to blaze
out a path to new conc-eptions of freedom, new ideas of justice, new
standards of morality, new vistas of civilization. It is true that this was
not his prime motive, but it is what he accomplished.

He was necessarily possessed of certain characteristics. He pos-
sessed courage, else he would not have come. Industry was required of
him, else he would have starved. Endurance was essential, for upon
this did his strccess depend. Hardships filled his life but he met them
like a man. for he expected them. Deeds, rather than words, character-
ized him. for he lived in a day of great deeds, replete with danger and
luminous with heroism. He came into the trackless forest and instead
of the war-whoop of the savage and the howl of the wolf and the cry *
of the panther were heard the ring of the ax, the lowing of oxen, the
hum of the spinning wheel, the prattle of the child. He invaded prim-
itive nature and established civilization and we of this century profit
by his work.

In western Illinois, its western bofder bathed by the waters oi the
Mississippi, lies Henderson Countv", about half way between Eock Island
and Quincy. In size it is small: its population is about 10.000: farm-
ing is its principal industry; it contains no populous city, but in per
capita wealth it ranks third in the >>tate of Illinois.

If you were to take a trip down the Mississippi River on the packet
that plies the waters of the river between Rock Island. Illinois, and
Burlington. Iowa, your last stop before reaching the latter place, would
be Oquawka. the county .*eat of Henderson County. If curiositv- or
business caused you to leave the boat at this point you would doubtless
walk up the main street leading east from the river. On either side of
the street you would observe the usual stores and offices you would ex-
pect to find in a village of a thousand people including a somewhat im-
posing brick opera house building, erected in modern times, in which are
located a bank and the post office. Should you turn north at the third
street, you would sr>on reach the court house, a relic of ante bellum days
and chiefly composed of four large pillars, an immense belfrv and many
hallowed recollections. As you walked about, however, you would see
little, in appearance, to differentiate this village from hundreds of other
villages in the State of Illinois, yet it or-eupies the scene of many historic

House of Eober:

S. S- Fbei^s.

•

events. Two of the nation's greatest men, the two whose names are most
often linked together, have, graeed it hy their presence, and its history
is a part of the history of this great middle west.

in your approach to the village, had you been out on the deck of the
steaml)oat vou would have noticed, extending northward some miles from
the town, a high blutf of yellow sand. This blutt' gave to this settlement
its first name, that of "Yellow Banks," and the Indian word, meaning
"Yellow Banks" furnished, later, the name for the village that was here
established, the Indian word being "Oquawkiek." This particular spot
seems to have been a rendezvous for the Indians who frequented this
section and the locality was named by them long before the advent of
the white man. When the town was finally organized and platted and
an official name became necessary the promoters of the enterprise took
the Indian name, dropped the last syllable and substituted therefor
the letter "a" and Oquawka it became, and has since remained, but for
many years its only known designation among the white men was "Yel-
low Banks."

The first white settler in Henderson County was Captain Redman,
a veteran of the war of 1812, who settled in the southern part of the
county in 1<S25 or 1826. The second was Dr. Isaac Galland who came
to Yellow Banks in 1827 and erected the first house built there. In
1828 he sold his place to S. S. Phelps who, with his brother William,
located there and entered upon the business of trading with the Indians,
in which business they achieved a marked success. The business was
carried on, mostly, with the Sac and Fox Indians. By these, S. S.
Phelps was nariied "Ilawkeye." because, they said, his eye flashed like
that of an angry hawk when he was angry or in danger. His friendship
with these Indians stoo^ him in good stead during the Black Hawk war.
Following the Phelps brothers, came other settlers in the course of
time and, eventually, quite a settlement grew up and settlers began to
take up land out through the country and Yellow Banks grew to be
ouite a shipping and commercial center. It may be interesting to note
the fact that at one time a stage line ran from Springfield to Yellow
Banks. An advertisement published in the Sangamo Journal in 1834,
read as follows:

"To the traveling public — Four horse coach — From Springfield to
the Yellow Banks via Sangamontown, New Salem, Petersburg, Huron,
Havana, Lewistown, Canton. Knoxville, Monmouth to the Yellow Banks.
Leave Springfield every Wednesday morning at six o'clock. Arrive at
Monmouth on Friday evenings at six o'clock and at the Yellow Banks
on the Mississippi the next day at 13 M. Eeturn on the same da3^s
to Monmouth and arrive at Springfield on Tuesday evenings at six
o'clock. Fare through to the Yellow Banks, nine dollars; way passen-
gers six and one-fourth cents per mile. Baggage at risk of owaiers. The
proprietors have procured good carriages and horses and careful drivers
and every attention will be paid to the comfort and conveniences of
passengers. The country through which this coach passes is well worthy
the attention of emigrants. The patronage of 'the public is solicited for
this new enterprise.

Tracv & Penv."

•

In these days of rapid and comfortable and mLxpensive transit this
advertisement seems amusing, but not so in the former days. Later, a
stage line was operated from Chicago to Yellow Banks.

From the viewpoint of historical interest Yellow Banks seems to
have occupied no important or prominent place until the time of the
Black Hawk war. We find mention of it, however, in connection with
that event, in various places. The chiefs Tama and Keokuk were warm
friends of S. S. Phelps and were frequent visitors at Yellow Banks, as
was, also. Black Hawk himself. A history of Black Hawk, personally
endorsed by him was, shortly after the Black Hawk war, written and
published by Col. J. B. Patterson, a resident of Y^'ellow Banks.

On April 6, 183:3, Black Hawk, with his warriors, made a call at
Y'ellow Banks, enroute to the Eock Eiver country. ]Mr. Phelps tried to
persuade the Indians to recross the river and return to their own
country, assuring them that the Government would not permit them to
come into Illinois in violation of their treaty, but they would not heed
his advice, and, after camping over night, took up their march north-
ward. The subsequent events of the war, generally speaking, are mat-
ters of recorded history.

One incident of the times, however, which occurred at Yellow
Banks, and which may not be generally known, is worthy of preserva-
tion. It had within it the possibilities of a general Indian war, which
was averted by the manly and courageous action of Mr. Phelps. Tama
was a prominent Pox chief. He had formerly lived in what is now
Henderson Countv, but at this time had his town about three miles below
Yellow Banks and on the Iowa side of the river. In earlier days he had "
rendered valuable service as a scout and at one time Governor Edwards
of Illinois Territory had given him a certificate testifying to his friend-
ship for the white man. He had been a friend of Mr. Phelps for several
years. At the time of the Black Hawk war, he was quite aged. One
night, during the hostilities, he, with his wife and son, arrived at the
trading house of Mr. Phelps at Yellow Banks to inquire if his white
brother had heard any news from the seat of war. He was kindly wel-
comed. The evening was spent in talking and it was arranged that the
Indians should spend the night at the home of Mr. Phelps. At early
dawn, the household was awakened by the sound of many approaching
horses. All sprang up with visions of an Indian massacre, but oaths
and demands for admittance in unmistakable English dispelled that
fear. Going out of doors Mr. Phelps found the house surronnded by
more than fifty drunken soldiers. Their captain angrily addressed Mr.
Phelps and said, "Yon are accused of harboring Indians, our natural
enemies and I demand that you surrender them to us." Mr. Phelps
replied, "Tama, his wife and son, are the only Indians here. Tama
yon know as well as I do and that he has always been the friend of the
white man, and has rendered valuable assistance as a scout in onr army.
Now he is aged, and in the last stages of consumption. If I should
give him up, the blood of every white settler for miles around would pay
the forfeit. I will not give him up.''"

The captain of the invaders then said he would give him time to
reconsider his decision and he and his soldiers proceeded to prepare and
cook their breakfast. An hour later the demand was a^ain made for the

surrend(3r of the Indians. Mr. Plielps had stationed his few men with
guns with instructions to defend the Indians to the last, and had armed
Tama's son lilvewise, and Tama announced himself ready to reload guns,
all that he was able to do. The captain demanded that Mr. Phelps
accompany him to the store biukling. Xot wishing to appear afraid, he
did so. Peaching the store, Mr. Phelps, gun in hand, jumped over the
counter and prepared to sell his life dearly. Again the captain de-
manded the surrender of the Indians, saying, "Are you ready to give up
the Indians? If in three minutes you do not promise to surrender
them to us, we will shoot you, throw your body into the river, burn your
house, and kill your men." Regardless of consequences, Mr. Phelps
cried out, "Shoot and be damned; I will never yield the Indians to you."
Tlie captain commenced to count one, two — and Mr. Phelps was almost
in the act of pulling the trigger and getting in the first shot himself,
when help arrived. One of his men had slipped out at the beginning of
the dimculty and raised a relief party among the outlying settlers, who
surrounded and captured the soldiers and later made them leave for
Eock Piver, and the Indians were saved. The sagacity and heroism of
Mr. Phelps undoubtedly averted an awful Indian war. Had he yielded
and given Tama and his family over to the drunken soldiers, they would
have been killed and the result would probably have been an Indian
uprising all along the border. After the war was over. General Scott
made a trip to Yellow Banks to see Mr. Phelps and on meeting the
latter, said, "I want to shake your hand, I only wish there were more
men of your nerve and courage on the frontier. If you had allowed
those men to massacre those friendly Indians, it would have precipitated
an Indian war of which no man could tell the result."

This period furnishes the first record of the presence of Abraham
Lincoln in this particular section.

It would be beyond the province of this ])aper to relate in detail the
connection of Mr. Lincoln with the Black Hawk war in general, but
some reference is necessary, in connection with the subject under dis-
cussion.

Ida M. Tarbell in her life of Lincoln says of the volunteers that
assembled at Beardstown, of one company of which Mr. Lincoln was
elected captain, "It was on the 27th of April that the force of sixteen
hundred men organized at Beardstown started out. * * * The
army marched first to Yellow Banks on the Mississippi."

From other sources we learn that this force reached Yellow Banks
late in the afternoon on May 3. This body of soldiers remained in
camp at Yellow Banks until the morning ''of May 7 awaiting a boat
bringing supplies up the river and was joined, while waiting, by two
companies from Shelby County. On the' morning of May 7, the army
moved on to the Rock River country. It appears, then, that Mr. Lin-
coln's first visit to what is now Henderson County was in the capacity
of a soldier.

It is likely that Mr. Phelps and Mr. Lincoln l)ecame acquainted
on this occasion. They became familiar friends, to the extent that Mr.
Lincoln in later days addressed Mr. Phelps as "Sumner" and the latter
addressed the former as "Abe." Physically they resembled each other
in a striking manner. The first time the writer saw a picture of Mr.

Pliel])s. ho was sun^ it was a picture of Abraham Lincoln until advised
diflercntly.

At the tiiuc of tlic Black Hawk war, Henderson County was a
part of Warren County. Oquawka enjoys tlu- distinction of liaving
been the county seat of two counties. It was the Hrst comity seat of
Warren County and has been the county seat of Henderson County
since its organization in 1841.

Coincident with tlic organization ol' Henderson County, the name
of another of the nation's great men becomes linked with the history
of the cou7ity and its county seat. Stephen A. Douglas presided over
the first term of the Circuit Court liehl in the new county, in a store
room in Oquawka. on May 28, 1841. The writer has seen his hand-
writing on the dockets of that period. Judge Douglas continued to
hold court from time to time at ()(|uawka until the November term,
1843, when he was succeeded by Judge Jesse B. Thomas, who, in turn
was succeeded by Judge Eichard M. Young, and he by Judge Norman
H. Purple, afterwards a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court. There
is a ];)ersistent tradition in Oquawka, that Mr. Lincoln also attended
court here while riding the ciicuit, but the writer has been unable to
verify it by anyone wdio actually saw him in court.

From the time of the Black Hawk war on, for many years, nothing
of particular interest occurred at Yellow Banks. In 1836. after the
name "Oquawka" had been decided upon, the town was surveyed and
platted, the name "Yellow Banks" passed into history and by it« pres-
ent name it has ever since been known. It was thouglit, at this time,
that a great ciy was in prospect. Governor Duncan Iwught a fourth
interest in the town, as platted, for .$.")0,(H)(), and speculators from
New York invested heavily, and for a time, the history of the town
reads like a story of Kansas in the late eighties, lot sales running into
the thousands. It did not become a city, but in the pre-railroad days,
it did a wonderful business and was the center of river trattic for a
large territory. Freight coming in by river was hauled to ^loumouth.
Galesburg, Lewistown and even to Peoria. Large amounts of stock
and produce were shipped out by river. For instance, in 1847-8 there
were shipped from Oquawka by river 5,200 hogs, 130,148 bushels of
wdieat, 43,316 bushels of corn, 7,084 barrels of flour, 1,034 barrels of
lard, 359,776 pounds of l)ulk pork, 12,555 pounds of butter, 21,580
pounds of hides, besides a large number of other things. In 1852 the
total exports clearing through Oquawka, were $441,746.00, and the
total imports $412,880.00. But after the advent of the railroads, about
1855, the thriving mart degenerated into an ordinary river village and
became an Ichabod among cities, for its glory had departed.

Nothing of any particular interest seems to have occurivd until
1858. The great political battle of that year, for which Illinois fur-
nished the arena, reached Henderson County, in its course, and the two
giants of that contest included that county in their itinerary. On the
^londay preceding the joint debate at Galesburg, ^Ir. Douglas spoke at
Oquawka. The weather was disagreeable, cold and rainy, but notwith-
standing this, an audience of eight hundred to a thousand people gath-
ered in front of the court house where a stand had been erected and Sen-
ator Douglas spoke to them for two hours and a half.

^i^'.mm

Bedroom in House of Robert Hodson, Oquawka. Abraham Lincoln once slept here.

59 -

More reminiscences are preserved regarding the visit of Mr. Lin-
coln five davs later on the Satiirdav following the Galeshurg debate.
The weather was more auspicious; about 1,500 people came out to hear
him. He was met at the railroad, then some five miles distant, by a del-
egation, headed by the local "Brass Band," and was escorted to Oquawka
by a procession three-quarters of a mile long. Two amusing incidents
are presented in local history. As Mr. Lincoln, S. S. Phelps and
Judge Stewart, Avho was to introduce him, were riding in an open car-
riage down the main street, to the speaker's stand, down by the river, a
man standing along the street was heard to remark: "Well, if you can
get three uglier men together again at one time, I would like to see
them." The other incident occurred at the home of S. S. Phelps, where
Mr. Lincoln was entertained. You have doubtless all heard the story.
Paul Selby, who is proljably as well informed as anyone in the State
on the subject, told the writer that, while the story was an old one, he
had never heard it localized. The writer had the story from a son-in-
law of S. S. Phelps, who Avas pre^tent. After dinner, Mr. Lincoln took
from his pocket, for some purpose, a very dilapidated pocket knife. Mr.
Phelps said to him, "Abe, it seems to me that that is rather a poor
pocket knife you have." ]\Ir. Lincoln replied, "Sumner, it is ; that knife
was given to me and there was a rather peculiar condition attached to
the gift." ^L\ Phelps asked what it was and Mr. Lincoln said, "That
knife was given to me on condition that if I ever met a homelier man
than myself, I was to give him the knife; fulfilling that condition, I now
present the same to you." It apnears, however, that Mr. Phelps did not
accept the gift.

After making his speech and returning to tlie Phelps home, Mr.
Lincoln signified a desire to lie down and rest. He was accordingly
shown upstairs and into a room where was an old-fashioned "four-
poster" bed with a canopy top, where he took a nap. The Phelps home
is now owned by Robert Hodson, a son-in-law of Mr. Phelps. This old-
fashioned bed has always been kept standing in the room where Mr.
Lincoln used it and is always shown to friends and visitors on their first
visit to the home. Photographs of the room and bed are now in the
possession of the State Historical Society.

The respective visits of Judge Douglas and Mr. Lincoln naturally
aroused a great deal of interest in the political issues of the day, and
every eflfort was put forth by their respective partisans to make the
meetings a success. On the occasion of tlie Douglas meeting, the dem-
ocrats, among other things, had a "liickory pole raising," thus demon-
strating their loyalty to "Old Hickory." and on the occasion of the Lin-
coln speech a very elaborate parade was had, in which were many floats,
among them l^eing a representation of Mr. Lincoln's old log cabin.

The speeches were along the same lines as the published speeches of
the two candidates in that campaign. So far as the writer can discover,
these occasions comprised the last visits of these two great men to
Oquawka. The large affairs of the Nation thenceforth required their
attention and their services.

The history of Henderson County and Oquawka during the Civil
War was in no wise different from that of the other communities in the
State, as regards patriotism, and the proportion of men sent to the

front. The sentiment of Oquawka was intensely loyal. One local inci-
dent siMves to illustrate this, in this section of the State, during that
period, were a number of members of the Knights of the Golden Circle.
A number of soldiers who were at home on furlough learned the identity
of some of the members of this organization and caught them and com-
pelled them to take the oath of allegiance to the Government. This
gieatly enraged the meml)ers of the organization in this part of the State,
and. finally, one Sunday, a large number of the "Knights" met at Mon-
mouth, heavily armed and proceeded to Oquawka, on horseback, arriving
there in the forenoon. They left their arms, however, at a farm house
northeast of town and entered the town unarmed. A meeting was
called at the court house and quite a concourse of people assembled.
The leader of the invading army made a speech in which he informed
the assembled people that interference with the Knights of the Golden
Circle would not be tolerated, and that they proposed to compel the
soldiers to cease making their members take the oath of allegiance even
if they had to use force to do so.

The citizens of Oquawka, including the soldiers who were at home,
became greatly excited over this occurrence and gave such voluble ex-
pression to their hostility to the "Knights" and gave such strong evi-
dence of being willing, if necessary, to meet them in mortal combat, that
the members of the invading army, with their leader, concluded that dis-
cretion was the better part of valor, mounted their horses, rode out to
the farm house where they had left their weapons, secured them and
silentlv rode awav through the rain and so ended the "'Battle of Yellow
Banks/'

The passing years, since the Civil War, have seen few, if, any, events
of historical interest at Oquawka. Of course, locall}^, the little village
has had its notable incidents. One incident is worthy of preservation,
not that it has any particular interest as regards the State at large, but
as a record of one of the greatest practical jokes ever perpetrated on an
unsuspecting community. In the spring of 1870, there resided at
Oquawka Jonathan Simpson, a lawyer, and the leader of the local bar,
Eufus Scott, a merchant, and James Peterson, and Samuel Edwards who
were men of means and had no particular occupation except that of
loaning mone3^ These four were great cronies, and, among them, the
scheme was hatched. They purloined a skeleton from the oftice of the
local doctors and buried it in an old deserted ice house down by the
river. They then procured a man by tlie name of Wooders. who for-
merly had lived' at Oquawka, but had removed to Dakota, to write a
letter to Scott in which he stated that a short time previous he had had
occasion to take a short journey and had roomed with a man at the
tavern who stated to him that about two years before, he had run a raft
doAvn the Mississippi to St. Louis ; that while on the way one of his men
had received a fatal injury, but that before he died he had confessed
that he and another man, about the beginning of the Civil "War had been
left by a raft at Oquawka. and that while spending the evening in a
saloon there, they had noticed a man who displayed a large amount of
money: that they got him drunk and then started out to show him a
hotel; that they took him down by the river, robbed and murdered him,
and Concealed the bodv in an old ice house. Wooders wrote that from

the description he supposed it was a certain old ice house^ (naming the
one where the conspirators had buried the skeleton), Scott, of course,
made the letter public, and the community became much excited. Peter-
son then proposed that the matter be investigated and headed a pro-
cession of citizens, armed with picks and shovels which marched down to
the ice house in question. After a few minutes of diligent work, a skel-
eton of a man was revealed and dug up. Then the town went wild.
The coroner of the county summoned a jury and held an inquest but
the jury could not obtain any real evidence and returned an open ver-
dict. The local newspapers came out with big head lines and speculated
on the identity of the unknown man. There was no doubt in the mind
of any but the conspirators that a foul murder had been committed and
that the alleged confession was true. People began to remember things.
One man recalled that, during the summer of 1862 he had spent the
evening in the saloon at Oquawka and he remembered a stranger who
displayed some money and remembered, also, two other strangers who
had the appearance of rivermen, and he even described their apparel.
Others remembered things to corroborate the murder theory. The truth
did not become public for several years. The mind of the lawyer can be
seen in the story. It was framed up so that it could not possibly cast
suspicion on any member of the community.

As has been stated, Oquawka has been the covmty seat of Henderson
Countv ever since its organization. It has not retained this honor,
however, without contest. Seven attempts have been made to remove
the county seat to other points. In 1859, 1865, 1869, 1872 and 1882
elections were held on the question of removal, but each time Oquawka
was triumphant. No further effort was made until 1903 when a
petition was filed for removal of the county seat to Stronghurst, a
thriving village that had grown up on the line of the Santa Fe Eailway.
Through some defects, in the proceedings, the petition was dismissed,
but in 1904 a new petition was filed and an election held. Stronghurst
had a majority of votes for removal, but, owing to the decision of the
court to the effect that Oquawka was nearer the center of the county than
Stronghurst. a three-fifths majority was required for removal, and the
majority falling short of that proportion, the movement for removal
failed. Of all the connty seat contests this last one was the most
acrimonious and bitter, and its effects are yet discernible. In 1914 two
petitions were filed, one praying for removal to Biggsville and one pray-
ing for removal to Stronghurst. Both petitions were dismissed by the
court for the reason that the day fixed by law for an election on the
question would, in November, 1914,. be five days short of ten years since
the preceding election, the period within which the Constitution forbids
another election on the question.

Eighty-seven years have passed since the white man invaded the
precincts of Yellow Banks for the purpose of settlement ; years that
have witnessed the most wonderful progress, years fraught with historic
importance to the State, the Nation and the world. Through all the
years, the Yellow Banks above the town have stood guard over the
mighty river. The rod man no longer threads the forests or paddles
his canoe upon the Father of Waters. The pioneers have gone and a
generation has arisen that knows them not; a generation that would be

incapable of doing what they did. Mrs. Eobert Hodson. a daughter of
S. S. Phelps, and who was one of the first white children born in Hen-
derson County, and who resided there all her life, passed away a few
months ago, and by her death, removed the last link that bound the
modern to the ancient days.

Oquawka, the "Yellow Banks" of other years, its former glory de-
parted, its wealth of memory its chief attraction, is nothing now but a
river village of small repute, but it is proud of its lineage, its patriotism
and its history.

DUDEN AND HIS CRITICS.

(By Miss Jessie J. Kile, University of Illinois.)

The German element is one of the large factors today in our popu-
lation, but it does not figure extensively merely on the census books, for
it has been a potent influence in making the American people and
American civilization of today what it is. Perhaps some of our Anglo-
Saxon fi lends would willingly deny this influence, hut nevertheless it
remains a fact which cannot be hid.

Especially at this time is it prominent, for a large share of the
German sympathy in this country can be traced to it. Nor do we find
the German element ashamed of the part they have played. Men who
a short time ago were Americans and were proud of the fact, have be-
come hyphenated and are now German-Americans and are, if anything
even more proud of that. Let us hope that they may never have to
decide which is the stronger, the German or the American, in .case of
trouble between these two countries, for although it is true that England
has always been known as the Mother country of America, Germany has
been the Fatherland to a large per cent of our population since 1830.

It was at that time that the emigration began to attract attention
on account of its great volume, and from that time on during the middle
of the century the movement was so strong as to excite general interest.
Then it was that hundreds of descriptions of America were published.
The great output of volumes dealing with journeys to this country
between 1830 and 1800 could almost be compared to those now appear-
ing on the European war. The reasons for these accounts were various ;
some were probably written for speculation, others from a desire to let
their countrymen know of conditions here, and some simply to be writ-
ing something. Duden was actuated by the second motive when he-
wrote his "Eeport on a JourncA^ to the Western States of America and
Sojourn in Missouri from 182-i' to 1827."

The author was a German physician whose scientific turn of mind
did not confine itself to the study of bodily ailments alone. Noting
the overpopulation and consequent poverty and want in many parts of
Germany, he set out to find some remedy for this social evil, and it was
for this purpose that he came to America and settled in Missouri for a
time. He had decided that that state was best suited for his country-
men, and his sojourn there was in the nature of an experiment to prove
this hypothesis.

When he returned to Germany he published his conclusions and
this book is one of the most important sources in a study of German
emigration to Illinois, as it probably had moie influence than any other
single cause in directing the movement to this section of the country.
It is true that many were forced to leave their fatherland as political
exiles on account of their participation in the uprisings of the "thirties"

and that of "forty-eight/' but more would probably have done as some
did, seek a temporary asylum in Switzerland or England until they
could return to aid in a new revolt, if it had not been for Duden's Gar-
den of Eden which he described so graphically.

These, however, are only a small proportion of the German emi-
grants to America, for although statistics are unavailable, when we read
of the overpopulation, failure of crops and poverty in Germany, logic
forces us to the conclusion that the greater number of those seeking new
opportunities came for economic reasons. Indeed, definite efforts were
made to interest the poorer classes in homes across the seas, and for this
purpose Duden's book was used.

Gustav Korner in his review of this work says: "Duden's Eeport
on a Journey to the Western States of North America has had more
influence, especially on the better educated' classes, than any of the
other writings Avhich have appeared in Germany concerning emigra-
tion from Europe and settlement in the Republic of North America.
He who is interested in the important question of emigration seeks in-
struction or confirmation for his opinions in this book. It was road <laily
by many families before they carried out their intention to emigrate and
became to them an irrefutable authority. Friends of emigration and
those in favor of the movement have provided many thousand copies of
this" report in order to make it accessible to those of little means.

"Certainly this book has many qualities superior to most of the
reports, correspondence and diaries which have been written on the
same subject, and nearly all of which owe their origin either to specu-
lation or to a bitter mood caused by a vanished hope. But it is also
certain that this book owes its remarkable reputation to the favorable
time at which it appeared; it is certain that the growing interest in emi-
gration had an influence on its gracious reception, and that at no time
had the ground been so favorable to receive the impression Duden pro-
duced and to develop it."

Korner's knowledge of the Germans was such that we are bound to
give credence to his statements. A German political refugee himself,
from his arrival in this country in 1833 throughout his whole life, he
was interested in the question of German emigration and the life of his
countrymen in this land, and this interest was not of the idle kind which
leads to no results, but it was of such a vital nature that it made him a
close observer of conditions and facts and finally led to tlio publication
of his work on the German element in the United States.

The fact of the influence of this book is the important consideration
in a treatise of the causes of German emigration, but in a study of the
life of the Germans in America the question of the realization or dis-
appointment of the hopes which Duden raised comes into prominence.
Had the people found conditions as good or better than they expected,
they would have l)een satisfied and would have begun immediatelv try-
ing to take their places in the community. On the other hand, being
disappointed, they were prone not to make the best of conditions as
thev were. Korner puts the matter even stronger and asserts that
"many appear to die as victims of a climate to which they are unac-
customed who really could not withstand mental depression."

That some oi' the Germans were disappointed is evidenced by some
of the numerous criticisms of Duden's description. A book that was
so widely read and of such great influence was sure to have plenty of
critics, aiid it is the work of these which shows how his countrymen
interpreted the author's account, and the question for us is not how
well his statements fit conditions, but how well the impression made on
the minds of his readers correspond Avith the actualities.

His account of the climate and the criticisms of it show that some
disappointment may have been due to the reader himself. Quite -natur-
ally the subject of climate was discussed at great length, as it is one of
the chief considerations of interest to a person Avho is intending to
seek a new part of the world as a home. The interest of the Germans,^
however, did not extend to all that the author said on the subject but
only to those statements which stood out so prominently that they alone
entered into the emigrant's concer>tion of the climate. One of these is
that the heat in summer is from 61° to 90° Fahrenheit during the day
and that the nights are always cool. The author seeks to qualify this
statement by saying that in the summer of 1825 the thermometer stood
at 104° in the shade but according to the inhabitants this was unusual.
In another place he says that Volney's records show that at one time
the temperature at Kaskaskia was 110°.

The statements in regard to the winter which his countrymen re-
membered were his description of that of 1824-'25 during which, accord-
ing to him, the woods never lost their green dress, snow did not fall, and
the frost was so inconsiderable that one needed a fire only of mornings
and evenings. But he again states that he has been told such weather
was out of the ordiuary and that usually the month of January was
bad though the winter seldom began earlier than that time, and by the
middle of February the rivers Avere free from ice. But from all this
description of the climate the only impressions which, seemingly many
of the Germans received were that the summer was cool and that the
winter was mild.

But how far do the critics agree with Duden? Korner is the only
one who takes up the subject to any extent, and he thinks with the
author that the Avinters are milder than in Germany, but that the sum-
mers are warmer and that 104° is very oppressive to the Germans. Fur-
thermore Korner scoffs at the idea that the people can cease Avorking in
the middle of the day and seek the thick Avoods in order to avoid the
effects of the heat as Duden advises. He says that AAdiile these methods
of keeping well and comfortal)le may be all right for a fcAV, most people
having to Avork for a living, are unable to avail themselves of them.
His chief complaint, however, is that Duden generalizes from the one
mild winter of 1824-'25 while refraining from doing so in regard to the
one hot summer. HowcA^er, it seems that his readers did the general-
izing rather than that the author did it.

While the climate is a grave consideration to those seeking a ncAV
home, it is not so important as the general health in a region although
the latter is dependent on the first in large measure. But no matter
hoAV pleasant the climate, if health, God's l)est gift to man, is denied
that region is not to be considered as a future home.

— 5 H S

What then, doos Duclen have to say of the healthfulness of the
West, and how far (h) his critics agree with him? The twenty-first let-
ter is devoted to this suhject, hut although the author mentions the
different diseases most common to tlie country, lie gives little or no idea
as to how prevalent they are except that in Missouri one never has
yellow fever although that disease has appeared on the Ohio Eiver; that
catarrhal fever and diseases of the lungs are not so common in the
West as in the East, hut that bilious and intermittent fevers are more
common. But one tiuishes a cursory reading with the idea that there
is nothing unusual about the conditions of health in this section of
the country.

Nevertheless if one reads carefully this idea is somewhat dispelled,
for in several places the writer speaks of the luxuriant vegetation and
the strong exhalation from the damp soil as being very unhealthful,
and he states that he cannot work in his garden during the middle of
the day without being sick in spite of the formidable amount of medi-
cines of various kinds which he took beforehand. These details, how-
ever, seem to have been lost on many, for even as careful a reader as
Korner assumes that Duden does not give an accurate description of
conditions.

The critic assures us that he will not use the summer of 1833 as an
example, for that year the cholera raged even in Europe, and here
every disease assumed such a virulent form that the number of new
emigrants was more than decimated. But he declares that no American
would accept Duden"s impressions, for they know that under-cultivated
land, or new country is unliealthful, a host of fever diseases raging there.
He says that in all the homes'he has been in, American as well as Ger-
man, he did not meet more than ten men who did not complain of the
poor health in the region and that when he was in IMissouri he found
most of the Germans suffering from the fever, althoua^h it was then the
beginning of winter.

The conditions in St. Louis were especially bad, and as practically
all of the Germans came there before deciding on the exact place in
which to settle, they might easily become discouraged when they saw
the conditions prevailing there, and indeed man}^ of them did. One
year one out of every thirty inhabitants of St. Louis died, and this did
not include the Germans who were merely stopping there temporarily
and among whom the mortality was excessive, particularly among those
who came by way of Xew Orleans. They were unused to tlie climate
and so were very susceptible to yellow fever and cholera which they
were apt to contract on the voyage up the river. Very few companies
of emigrants passed through the city without leaving one or more of
their number buried there, and an almost constant tolling of the bells
■was kept up during the entire summer.

Duden advises the emigrants to shun the river valleys and low
places as unliealthful and to seek the hills at a distance from the
streams. Korner, however, points out that while this is good advice
from one point of view, from another it is decidedly difficult for most
of the emigrants to follow it. A man who has barely been able to sup-
port his family, to say nothing of living in decency and comfort, M-ishes

when he emigrates to settle in that place in which he can most improve
his condition, and this place is in the valleys and not on the hills.

This brings us to a consideration of the opinions of Duden and his
critics on the fertility of the soil. Duden describes three grades of soil,
that extraordinarily fertile which will need no care for a hundred years,
the moderately fertile, and the poor soil. But again his readers over-
look the disadvantages. The Tscharner brothers from Chur declare
"the land was not so especially fertile as Duden says." The author
replies to this by asking just how fertile he said it was. He calls atten-
tion to the apparently neglected fact that he had said that there was
soil of differing degrees of fertility. Kopfli,. who settled at Highland,
Illinois, declares that in St. Louis he met many Swiss and Germans from
Missouri who said that the soil was not so good in that state as Duden
had led them to believe and that it was too much work and too expensive
to root out the woods. On the other hand Korner assures us that what
Duden said about the fertility of this section was not exaggerated.

This conflict of statements can be at least partially accounted for
by two sets of facts. The first relates to the place where the critic
settled and by the fertility of which he was apt to judge that of the
entire M^est. Korner settled near Belleville and so was intimately ac-
quainted with the rich American Bottom. The other two critics were
speaking of parts of Missouri and probably not that along the Missouri
Eiver either, for by the time that Dr. Kopfli and Tscharner came to
this country the land along the river was well taken up until the western
counties were reached.

The second determining factor is the critics' interpretation of
Duden's statements and his expectations based upon them. This mat-
ter cannot be as definitely decided as that of the place of settlement, but
from a careful study of Korner's review and from some knowledge of
his methods of work, it would seem that he had read the book closely,
while probably the others had not been so thorough and had allowed the
impression made by the description of the best land (which occupies the
most space in Duden's report) to overshadow that made by his mention
of the poor land.

Another contradiction of statements is found in criticisms in re-
gard to a subject closely related to the fertility of the soil, that of root-
ing out the woods. Tscharner, Kopfli and Korner all maintain that the
cultivation of wood-land was a much more difficult undertaking than
Duden's statements would lead one to expect. The first two both de-
clared that the reason they settled on Illinois prairie land was because
of this difficulty in Missouri. But on the other hand, one member of
the Emigration Society of Giessen called Duden "a lying hound" and
other similar names because he had found no woods worthy of the name
in the ^lissouri Eiver Valley in that section in which he wished to
settle. The explanation of this discrepancy is even easier than that of
the other. This disappointed man had not come to America until sev-
eral years had elapsed after Duden's report appeared, and by that time
the woods in the section to which he came had been cleared.

Whether Duden's statement that the cattle, horses and pigs can
seek their food in the woods and need no shelter had any influence on
this man, we do not know. If it did it would have been nullified if

he had read Korner's statement that "it is ahnost never the case that
domestic animals can be wintered without expense and if it were done it
would be followed by the bad condition or even death of the animals.
Likewise there is no offering of fodder, as Duden thinks, to attach them
more closely to the place, but simply to keep them from starving."

It is easy to understand how these poinfs were vital questions to
the German emigrant and that a wrong impression of them would cause
serious disappointment. It is hard, however, for an x\merican today to
attach such importance to the subject to which Korner devotes more
criticism than to any other single point, i. e., the beauty of the country.
Indeed the critic himself says that "the usual emigrant who seeks to
escape the hard pressure of circumstances through his undertaking and
who changes his location in order not to see himself and his familv in
need is indifferent to whether he lights upon a charming valley, steep
rocky crags and mountains piercing the heavens or not. On the con-
trary he will prefer a land not cut up by hills as the best for agriculture.
In the end, therefore, the lack of great natural beauty need frighten
away no class of emigrants, for it really is not a cause which drives men
from the place of their youth and of their dearest memories, from the
circle of their friends and from the bounds of their fatherland — still I
know that many lay no little weight for their emigration on the beauty
of nature."

As Korner was well acquainted with many Germans who had emi-
grated to this section in that period Ave conclude that this motive must
have had some influence. But if the personal interpretation enters into
a discussion of the fertility of the soil, how much more must it be taken
into account in one on the subject of beauty.

Furthermore the critic has here, more than in any other place, read
his own ideas into the words of the author. For instance Duden says
that some of the hills along the rivers of Ohio and Missouri are so large
that in Germany they would be called mountains. Korner evidently ex-
pected to find mountains in the real sense of the word, although Duden
savs that here thev are called hills. At least the critic discnurses at
great length upon the fact that these elevations are not mountains and
that any German would know that they were not; although he admits
that in common speech in the fatherland they would probably be so-
called, which was allthat Duden said.

But are there no dark features in Duden's picture? Did he find
no inconveniences or discomforts in the western states of America ? He
mentions, indeed, two drawbacks in this Garden of Eden. The first
was the presence of swarms of mosquitoes. But even here, according to
the critics, he does not make it dark enough. Korner say that from
Duden one would think they were an infrequent visitation, but that on
the contrary they are a continuous summer and winter plague which
will decrease only when the land is cleared and drained and will never
entirely disappear in the river bottoms. He says the people of the
Ehenish districts had been hardened against this insect at home but
here they were so bad as to be almost unbearable even to them. The
second drawback was the difficulty in obtaining help. This was a
greater one than many realize, for the impression is apt to prevail that
the German emigrants were a thrifty, liard-working people and especially

that the German women were capable housewives. This was true of
many, but among tlie majority of political refugees the women knew
little more of housework than the men did of farming which was prac-
tically none at all. The unanimous testimony of this class is that this
lack of help was the chief difficulty which they met. Even those who
brouglit servants with them were usually left to shift for themselves
unless the servants were attached to the family by bonds of affection.
Korner says that he knew many families who would have returned to
their early home if it had been at all possible on this account alone.

But why did this difficulty appear so much gi-eater to others than
to Dudeu? He was not a man accustomed to performing hard manual
labor and so it was not because he did not need help that it was less for
him. But he availed himself of a way out of this trouble which those in
this State could not use even if their conscience would have permitted.
He had at least one domestic slave. Most of the Germans in the south-
ern part of Illinois came to America intending to settle in Missouri, but
seeing what the institution of slavery was like, they were compelled by
their political ideals of "Liberty, Fraternity and Equality" to come to a
free state. Duden, however, had no such qualms and not only owned a
slave but sought to justify slavery to his countrymen.

This explains why this difficulty did not appear so insurmountable
to Duden as to the other Germans, but what explanation can we give of
the fact that the rest of the picture he drew was so much more beauti-
ful than the reality? Did he exaggerate with the deliberate intention
of deceiving or did he simply look at the world through rose-colored
spectacles? If the former, what was his motive; and if the latter, what
were the causes of his optimism, was it a cheerful disposition which
enabled him to overlook discomforts and hardships that seriously dis-
turbed others or was it a favorable position which the common emigrant
did not enjoy?

So far as I have been able to find out no one has ever accused Duden
of wilful and malicious exaggeration for an interested motive. He was
not interested in land speculation nor many of the emigration and col-
onization schemes of the time. He came to America for his health and
to satisfy his curiosity, likewise to find out what part of the country
was most advantageous for German emigrants, for he had become inter-
ested in the problem of relieving the congested conditions in Germany
but his motive was philanthropic entirely and not the charitable kind
mixed with desire for gain which at least to outward appearances was
back of some of the colonization societies. We can only conclude there-
fore that he was honest in his description and then search for the rea-
sons for his mistaken ideas, and these are not hard to find, for he gives
them to us.

He was highly educated, but so were many other German emigrants
who found conditions far from ideal, in fact it is' among this class that
we find the greatest complaints. But unlike the majority of them
Duden did not try to support himself by farming, a business of which
most of them knew nothing. Duden was a physician, furthermore he
was without a family and had inherited sufficient property to enable him
to live without working if lie so desired. Then his sojourn in this coun-
try, as stated before, was in the nature of a scientific experiment which

was to demonstrate whether his countrymen would benefit themselves by
leaving their fatherland, whereas most of the other emigrants were
without the hope of returning even if they did not like their new home.
However, the majority of them agreed that they had bettered them-
selves though not so much as Duden's report had led them to expect.

Their sentiments are expressed by one man who said : "I am happy
and well satisfied now ; the first two years were very difficult for me but
now that I am accustomed to the land, its customs and speech I have
long forgotten my old home."

And so it was with most of the emigrants. Though disappointed
at first they made the best of conditions as they found them and event-
ually became accustomed to the land, many of them developing into
influential citizens and leaders of the commimitics in which they lived.

THE UERARY

pn Tiic

JESSE W. FELL.

(By Miss Frances Morehouse, Normal, Illinois.)
Of all the men who led in Illinois affairs during the middle of the
century, Jesse W. Fell has perhaps the distinction of being the most
nearly forgotten, save in the places where he left the living monument of
trees to speak of him to generations other than his own. Earely indeed
are qualities of leadership such as he possessed, united with a modesty
so extreme. It seems to have been his distinct wish to avoid the rewards
that men give to those whom they delight to honor; and as a conse-
quence his name has not found its way into many of those records which
tell the deeds of his contemporaries. His work was of 'a nature too per-
manent, however, and of an importance too entirely beyond denial,
always to escape recognition and appraisal. I am hoping, in the brief
account I shall give of it here, to show by what means a pioneer of the
finest type labored to build up the civic wealth of his State.

He was of Quaker blood and training, an elder son of a large fam-
ily living in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Born in 1808, he grew to
manhood at the time of the great migration which began with the second
quarter-century. He had been educated in the subscription schools
of the Friends and in a private school taught by an enthusiastic botanist,
Joshua Hoopes, who interested him in agriculture as a science and in
the lore of trees. He wanted to go to the West, but lacked money and
set about, at the age of twenty, to earn his way by means which helped
many men of his day toward the realizing of their ambitions ; he taught
school, sold books, clerked in a store. Finally, being then on the way to
the West, he studied law for two years with a firm at Steubenville, Ohio.
Having passed his bar examinations, and well armed with letters and
credentials, he set out on the final stage of his journey early in October
of 1832, bound for the Illinois country, then in the Far West.

John T. Stuart of Springfield was the leading lawyer of that time
in Illinois. Having secured a bar certificate at Jacksonville, Fell went
, to 'Stuart for advice as to the best place for a young lawyer who was
anxious to establish a practice quickly. He was advised to go to Bloom-
ington, a prairie town scarce two years old. When a visit of inspection
had shown him the possibilities of the place, which boasted no lawyer
as yet, he sent back to Ohio for the law library which his former teacher
had promised him. and in the spring of 1833 opened an office.

The five years following, years of unexampled recklessness in land
investment, banking and internal improvement, were years also of a
marvelous growth in permanent settlements and in the instruments of
civilization in the Middle West. In the light of the catastrophe of 1837.
it is easy to underestimate the value of the blind progress of the "Wil.l-
cat" period in the building np of the nation. ^Iv. Fell, always a land
man. began his operations by locating tracts for eastern investors and

handling tlie rapidly-changing claims of the settlers. Before many years
he came to be a land-holder himself — an example of tlit- pheuoiiR'ually
rapid acquiring of riches possible only under the unique condition of
that time — a condition of practically free land awaiting the taking.
He was never a man who craved wealth; and although at dilferent periods
of his life he was possessed of considerable fortunes, he rarely held these
over a period of iDusiness reverses. He was one of those adventurous
souls who hold wealth lightly, use it freely in any enterprise which may
liappen to engage their interest, lose gamely, and regain successfully.

Between 1834 and 1837 Fell was possessed of large tracts of land in
"Wisconsin and Illinois, including parts of the sites of the present cites
of Chicago and Milwaukee. He was commissioner of school lands for
McLean County in 1834 and 1835, and in the latter year became the
agent of the newly-established State Bank of Illinois, which operated
until the crash of 183T put an end to the mortgage-making which it had
■carried on for two or three years. During the 40's and 50's he held
a great deal of farm land as well as much town property. The law prac-
tice was turned over to David Davis in 1836, and although later he was
forced to return to it when there was no market for real estate, Fell seems
always to have regarded the law as a last expedient, and preferred to
spend his time in other ways.

He is best remembered, probably, aside from his memorable friend-
ship for Lincoln, for his real estate operations in Illinois and Iowa.
His first considerable venture seems to have been the founding, with
James Allen, of the town of Clinton, in DeWitt County, Illinois, in 1835.
The partners acquired a tract of land, divided it into town lots, laid
out streets, and then planted those streets to trees. Tree-planting was
always an essential part of town-planning with Jesse Fell. In 1841,
being on a visit to friends in the East, he studied the streets of West
Philadelphia, and came back filled with a resolve to make the streets of
whatever towns he might help to found in his adopted State, similar to
those of that tree-girt city. A small nursery was always a part of his
own premises; from this and from others he took the young trees with
which he planted streets and building-lots, personally supervising the
planting with a care so minute that very few of the trees he set out ever
died. In this way many thousands of trees sprang up in the prairie,
■wherever Jesse Fell owned land or could influence men to follow his
•example; and in a generation the aspect of the bare pioneer towns had
changed to one of beauty and comfort.

During the decade following 1850 there was a revival of activity in
real estate markets that rivalled that of the 30's. Pontiac, Lexington,
Towanda, Clinton, LeEoy and ElPaso were towns in which Fell was
actively interested. He made additions to Bloomington and Decatur,
and dealt extensively in town lots in Joliet and Dwight. In 1854 North
Bloomington, later called Normal, was planned. With ilie founding of
these places, the question of means of transportation became important.
First in the making of wagon-roads, then in securing post-routes and
railroads, Jesse Fell was indefatigable He procured, for instance, the
surveving of a wagon-road from Bloominsfton to Towanda, although he
did not succeed in having it extended to Lexington. During his resi-
•dence at Fruit Hill, near Pavson. in Adam? Countv. he secured a

i o

straight road of twelve miles to Quincy. In these and similar activi-
ties, his knowledge of surveying stood him in hand, as he was himself
able to lay out routes and decide questions which might otherwise have
waited indefinite settlement.

When the era of railroad making began, Jesse Fell led in the pop-
ular support which so largely secured this means of transportation in an
earlier day. As early as 1835, when William L. D. Ewing sent a request
to a group of citizens of Bloomington for cooperation in building the
proposed Illinois Central Eailroad, his name appears among those inter-
ested in the project. Nothing came of this for several years, however.
Fell's name appears a little later among the incorporators of the Pekin,
Bloomington and Wabash Eailroad ; and this effort also waited a number
of years for its accomplishment. As the chief factor in the elaborate
internal improvement scheme of 1837, the Illinois Central figured prom-
inently in politics from 1843, when it was taken up by the Great West-
ern Railway Company, until 1851, when construction was begun. Pow-
erful influences were brought to bear upon the promoters to change the
original route proposed by General Ewing, which passed from "Ottawa,
or some other suitable point on the Illinois Eiver, through Bloomington,
Decatur, Shelbyville, A'andalia and thence to the mouth (or near it) of
the Ohio Eiver on the most practicable and convenient route," to one
passing further eastward and southward, and particularly through Peo-
ria and Springfield. Fell persuaded Gridley to become a candidate for
the State senatorship that he might work for the interests of the towns
on the original route; and Gridley finally succeeded in inserting a
clause in the act of incorporation which provided for such a route.

At the time when the Illinois Central was being built through
Bloomington, an extension from Springfield to Bloomington of the
Alton and Sangamon, now the Chicago and Alton Eailroad, was being
surveyed. With the completion of this road and the Illinois Central,
railroad connection between Chicago and St. Louis was established. In
1853 the Chicago and Mississippi, of which the Alton and Sangamon
was a branch, secured right of way from Bloomington to Joliet, and the
work of construction began promptly. In all these enterprises Fell took
a leading part, and from the building of these roads he reaped a rich
harvest financially, for the roads ran through towns in which he had
large holdings, towns which with the advent of railroads grew rapidly
in size. Moreover, he furnished ties for these new roads from his
timber lands in Southern Illinois. He helped to secure the location of
the sho^xs of the Chicago and Mississippi at Bloomington, and had the
station placed at a point which would later on stimulate the growth of
the educational suburb which he early planned for his own city.

The need of an east-and-west railroad was keenly felt, and in 1853
Fell and others organized a company to build a "Wabash and Warsaw"
railroad, a project foreshadowed in the "Pekin, Bloomington and
Wabash" of 1836. The story of the accomplishment of this dream is
too long to be told here. It is enough. to say, that in the efforts made
to interest the people along the proposed route, Fell was the chief
worker. All his efforts failed quite to realize the necessary support, the
project being on a scale which looked formidable indeed to men of a
foresight less sweeping than his own. After the financial depression of

1857 the idea was dropped for about a decade, but taken up again in
1866. A number of roads were advocated; citizens of Danville were
working for oue from their city to Bloomington through LeKoy and
Urbana, while others wanted a road directly from Bloomington to
Lafayette through Chaney's Grove. In June, 1867, after a winter and
spring of valiant campaigning, support was secured for both roads; and
they were completed in 1870 and 1872 respectively. Although the east-
aud-west communication thus finally secured was not so direct as its
projectors had at first hoped to make it, there was much satisfaction in
the realization of a plan so long fostered; and the roads have proved
practical and useful. Later, in the rebuilding of the Chicago and x\lton
shops and in securing a street railway between Bloomington and Normal,
Mr. Fell gave good service.

In all these enterprises he showed, in an era which is usually sup-
posed to antedate the time of "big business," a peculiar facility in dove-
tailing the elements of industrial growth. All things, under the impetus'
of his clear vision and his power of winning men to his ideas, worked to-
gether for progress and prosperity. He had chosen, early in his career,
the material development of his part of the country for his peculiar
work ; and he produced, in one way or another, surprising results in the
process of changing stretches of prairie into farms, villages and towns
bound together by the means of communication and exchange.

But unlike many men who render notable service to the material
development of their communities, Mr. Fell was also intensely and
actively interested in education. As has been noted, he planned from
an early day to found a school town north of Bloomington. His orig-
inal idea seems to have been to erect a "seminary" there. But when the
movement to found a State normal school was begun in 1853, he Joined
himself to the forces of those who seemed to have a chance quickly to
realize their aims, and began to work for the establishment of a State
school for training teachers. With Jonathan B. Turner, he himself was
most interested in the founding of a State industrial college wherein
technical training of all kinds might be had, as well as the usual cul-
tural studies ; but being no impractical visionary, and knowing that such
a school could as yet secure little popular support, he bent his energies
toward what was possible of accomplishment. After a lively campaign,
the location of the projected school was fixed at Bloomington, where in
after years Mr. Fell was instrumental in locating also the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home. When the delayed issue of a State industrial school
was brought up after the Civil war, he was equally active in an effort
to locate it in his own town, but failed. Being a good loser, he after-
ward gave to Gregory, then struggling with the problem of establish-
ing classes in subjects for which no teachers were to be found, and in
working out from the mass of ill-digested ideas and prejudices presented
to him for adoption, a practical policy for a new kind of school, his
heartv and efficient support.

An examination of his papers and his printed articles and speeches
upon educational topics, shows that Mr. Fell held to a remarkable extent
those ideas and theories which have later come to be commonly accepted
educational policy. He believed that, for purposes of economical admin-
istration, State institutions of similar nature should be located in one

place. His ideal of a State university, for instance, was far more com-
prehensive than that of most educators of his time, although in recent
years many such institutions have been built. He advocated industrial
training for the children at the State orphanage, saying that the State
committed a crime in sending its wards from under its care without any
means of earning a living. Since his day the obligation of the State
to furnish vocational training, not only for orphans but for "all the
children of all the people," has come to be widely recognized.

Mr. FelFs participation in politics was entirely that of a beneficent
political boss, for at no time would he accept office for himself. During
the years from his coming to the State, to the close of the Liberal Eeptib-
lican campaign of 1872, however, he exercised great influence in one
way and another, upon the course of events. This came about through
his personal friendship for leaders and for voters, because of a love for
management which found in this way an expression both worthy its
exercise and fascinatingly uncertain in result, and because of an un-
faltering faith in men which invested democratic governments, for him,
with dignity and responsibility. Possessed of an integrity which no
man ever successfully challenged and few ever even pretended to doubt,
he entered into the game of politics with zest, and although he lost not
infrequently, he brought to his activities in this field an idealism which
made them always worth while to him.

Trained in the school of Clay, he remained true to the Whig party
until the organization, in 1856, of the Eepubliean party in Illinois.
The campaign of 1840 marks his active entrance into politics, his efforts
before this time being mainly in the way of securing various favors for
regions in which he was interested. With the Hard Cider campaign
began his long friendship for O-rindley, Avho entered the State legislature
shortly afterward, and through many years was helpful to Fell in secur-
ing the legislative acts which were necessary to the carrying out of his
plans. Although Fell's own activities never included office-seeking or
office-holding, he served politically in many capacities — as secretary and
committee-member, as speaker and presiding officer at countless meetings,
as writer of editorials and resolutions and broadsides, as general manager
behind the scenes of the political drama. Upon occasion he expressed
himself vigorously and effectively, as in the repudiation controversy of
1843-45, when he published an open letter to the Legislature which was
widely copied and seems to have had considerable influence in saving
the honor of the State. He was an indefatigable correspondent, and the
men of his day who lield offices in the State considered his opinions
worth serious consideration. The Fell manuscripts include letters from
many men who consulted the quiet Quaker in Bloomington before acting
in matters of importance.

It is in connection with the stirring events of the 60's, which cul-
minated in the election of Lincoln, that Fell is of most interest to peo-
ple of this generation ; and that because of his strong and close friendship
with the Emancipator himself. He and Lincoln had been fast friends
since the days of the first meeting at Vandalia in 1834, when Stuart
made them acquainted and the three men lived at the same hotel. They
had met upon the circuit, had been affiliated in political affairs, and Lin-
coln was a frequent visitor at the Fell homestead in Bloomington. It

was Jesse Fell who first suggested the Lincoln-Douglas debates, iu ISo-i;
and it was he, who in the autumn of 1858, having sounded men of all
kinds in a journey through the eastern, northern and central states,
urged him to consider the presidency. He continued, with many other
Illinois friends of Lincoln, to work for him through 1859, his position
of secretary of the State Central Committee giving him peculiar facil-
ities for learning the attitude of his own State toward Lincoln. With
Joseph J. Lewis of Pennsylvania, he spread in that important state,
early in 1860, the gospel of Lincoln's candidacy; and the importance of
this pre-convention work through newspapers and meetings, was evident
in May at Chicago.

The details of Fell's political influence belong to the history of the
causes of events rather than to any history of those events as they
finally took place, and are therefore interesting only to those who care for
that rather intricate sort of annals. We are concerned merely that he
be recognized as one of the potent forces in bringing about the results
which were dear to his heart — the results which he conceived as the
expression of those principles with which his thrifty abolitionist Quaker
training had endowed him, and the results the achievement of which
furnished him a game in which his soul delighted.

There remains to mention his work as one of the early newspaper
men in Illinois. It was one of his first cares, upon taking up his resi-
dence in Bloomington, to establish a newspaper for McLean County.
He interested James Allin, merchant and leading citizen, in the venture,
and a printing press was purchased for them in Philadelphia in 1836.
This press, with other equipment, came by water through New Orleans
to St. Louis, and later up the Illinois Eiver to Canton, whence it was
carted overland to Bloomington. It was months in making this trip,
and the first number of The Observer and McLean County Advocate did
not appear until January 14, 1837. William Hill, who had been per-
suaded to come from St. Louis to be its editor, became discouraged after
a time and left, whereupon Fell himself undertook the editing of the
little paper, and continued it until the hard times of 1839 forced him to
give it up. Bloomington had no newspaper then until 1845, when the
McLean County Register was published for a few months, to be suc-
ceeded by the Western Whig, in which Mr. Fell was associated with
Charles P. Merriman and others in the early 50's. For many years after
this he was not actively engaged in newspaper work, although he used the
columns of the Pantagraph and other publications to further his projects
of all kinds. For a short time in 1868 he again edited the Pantagraph ;
but soon retired in favor of his son-in-law, W. 0. Davis.

It is hoped that this brief account may give some clear idea of a
man who contributed much, and in typical ways although to an unusual
degree, to the development of his State. Many of his activities have
been barely touched upon, or omitted entirely. Xo account of his
activities could indicate the scope of his influence, which through a long
life made always for tolerance and breadth of judgment, for soundness
in civic life, for faith in the future, and for energy and courage in facing
problems and working them out.

THE STORY OF THE BANKER-FARMER MOVEMENT
ORIGINATING WITH THE ILLINOIS BANKERS*

ASSOCIATION.

(By B. F. Harris, former President, 1911-12.)

It is not unusual that the country banker, and that means 1,600 of
the 1,900 banlvers in Illinois, who is brought so closely into touch with
the inefficiencies and short comings of farming and farm life would
appreciate their needs more than most men, but it is most unusual that
a great state organization should give so largely of its time and means
and effort in behalf of another set of men.

Such unselfish effort even today is not customary, though in the
future it must and will be more general, but five years ago it was un-
heard of.

It is cause for just pride and official historical record that the Illi-
nois Bankers' Association first inaugurated and maintained such a ser-
vice and with such zeal and effectiveness that it has spread into every
state in the Union and is known everv where as the "banker-farmer"
movement.

The Illinois Bankers' Association was not alone the first to take
up a comprehensive agricultural welfare program, but the Illinois Asso-
ciation led the bankers, as the only class of business men who, in their
great State and national organization, have stepped beyond the bor-
ders of their personal or selfish purpose and undertaken such a work.

Some of the members of the Illinois Bankers' Association had in
1908-9 begun to talk of the advantage and necessity for such action but
the conservative element believed such work to be beyond the province
or function of a bankers association.

October 26, 1910, at the annual convention in Cairo, the chairman
of the Executive Council (B. F. Harris) breakina; through the reo-ular
program and his prerogative, delivered an address from Avhich the fol-
lowing paragraphs are taken :

"It occurs to me that this association not alone can but should be
a power in the business and commercial life of the State.

"It has done, it seems to me — aside from the personal things for
itself — all too little in the general uplift. Aside from the things sup-
posedly for its purely personal welfare, it has been content Avith this
annual social meeting and the listening to a few good addresses, usually
on pertinent personal subjects.

"If this association is to justify its organization and continuance it
should, as I see it, strive to be an active, energetic, helpful, progressive
force, having for its purpose the accomplishment of real and tangible
needs, not for itself alone, but for the whole State.

"If we are to do i-omctliing more than we have done it should be the
function of some of your executive officers to make the suggestion, and
foi' vdu to deteriiiine as to the merit of the suggestion.

■'As of necessity the banker occupies a more or less comiuanding
position in his eommunitr, therefore his voice should always be on the
side which is not alone for the upbuilding of his community from the
money-making side, but for progress along all lines of public welfare.
"The banker who has the proper vision of his calling is working in
these directions.

"He should have an active, aggressive desire to promote better agri-
cultural methods and conditions, and to protect and promote the public
credit and confidence with the soundest and safest hanking methods
possible.

"I do not believe that anyone can be a good business man who is
not at the same time a good citizen in all that the term implies.

"We are always to remember that principles are infinitely greater
than dollars and will be while the world lives.

"What we need in this country is not a large standing army of sol-
diers, but a standing army of righteous, militant citizens, in constant
warfare against the unscrupulous men and measures that menace us,
and the bankers should be in the front ranks of this army.

"The man who devotes all his time to the accumulation of property,
straddling or evading vital business and governmental questions; oblivi-
ous of the debt he owes society; absorbing everything he touches, giving
nothing in return, is the type of citizen that is little better than the
one who goes wrong, for his selfishness makes the other possible."

If any two men go hand in hand and play the larger part in the
matter of good times, it is the farmer and the banker. Big crops at
good prices are the basis of it all and then a liberal, progressive, sound
banking system helps keep going all that the farmer's work and product
has set in motion.

Nearly every banker in this State is directly, constantly and inti-
mately associated with farmers — is selfishly and ought to be genuinely
interested in their success in general and in a successful, permanent
agriculture in particular — yet what little effort has been made to help
in the work, outside the experiment stations.

"Our association is the oldest and largest of all State associations
and we should strive to make it also the best and most progressive."

One result of these remarks was a resolution, nnanimously passed,
providing that a committee be appointed from the membership to be
known as the committee on "Agriculture and Education."

This committee consisted of B. F. Harris, Chairman, Champaign;
W. G. Edens, Secretary, Chicago; George Pasfield, Jr., Springfield;
Harry Schirding, Petersburg; William George, Aurora.

Though changes were made in the personnel of this committee each
vear Messrs. Edens and Harris served in their positions for four years.
The committee immediately took up an aggressive campaign among
the association members and because it was novel and unique for bank-
ers to undertake such work, as well as because their purpose was clearly
helpful and constructive, the public press gave much space and great
aid to the cause.

The work and scope oi' the comuiittee widened rapidly and broadly
until it touched the public welfare on many sides and far afield from
banking.

One of the very first and most vital and successful of all this com-
mittee's undertakings was the original and pioneer movement in the
north for farm demonstration — the having an experienced and trained
agricultural advisor or county agent in each county.

This plan was outlined in a circular distributed early in 1911, and
in the summer, with a pamphlet entitled "What the Illinois Bankers"
Association is trying to do for Illinois and the Union," — referring to
*Tederal Agricultural Demonstration and State Agricultural Educa-
tion." This pamphlet carried a copy of the bill which our committee
had prepared and which had been introduced in Congress and received
wide endorsement. Furthermore we had taken a nation wide committee
of bankers to Washington to urge its passage.

Our bill was afterwards merged into the Lever, then the Smith-
Lever bill, now written into the Federal statutes.

In the meantime, our bankers — not waiting for Federal or local
appropriations — started the first northern county demonstrator move-
ment in DeKalb County.

Later we prepared and passed a bill through the State Legislature
authorizing county boards to apnropriate annually up to $5,000 to main-
tain a county agent. Seventeen counties now have such agents and
other counties are rapidly falling into line.

Our circulars read, ''Why should not Illinois, in the mighty cause
of agriculture; of maximum crops; of all improvements that follow
these, have one hundred field agents, one in each county, the good
results of whose work is beyond computation, multiplying greater than
any seed or dollar that could be sown."

In the meantime the Breeders' Gazette of Chicago (March 29,
1911) had stated, in an extended editorial that "The president of the
Illinois Bankers' Association (B. F. Harris), is probably the first man
of his profession in this country to insist that the time has come when
banking in agricultural regions should include some type of definite
action to promote sound systems of agriculture. According to him, a
banker should make his commanding position in a community yield
jDublic as well as personal benefits. Financial leadership or prominence
imposes obligations to town, county. State and nation which he says
ought to be paid in full. Bankers can strengthen the foundations of
their own business by taking an active interest in community-building."

On January 15, 1912, The Prairie Farmer referred editorially to
the president of the Illinois Bankers' Association as "the father of the
demonstration farm movement in Illinois" while the Bi-eeders' Gazette
on January 31, 1912, referring to the bill in Congress remarked : "If
any idea can .be said to have an individual citizen as a father, the
paternal ancestor of this one is the president of the Illinois Bankers'
Association."

Our work passed on through many phases, encouraged and ex-
plained in many thousands of pamphlets widely scattered.

In the meantime the chairman had become president of the Illinois
Bankers' Association (1911-12), which l)ut added strength and prestige

to the movement, and many State associations, appreciating and desir-
ing to take lip the work asked to have the story told them.

In the spring of 1911 we had asked the oflficers of every state bank-
ers association to send as delegates to an agricultural conference to be
held in N'ovember in New Orleans, at the annual convention of the
American Bankers' Association, bankers who were similarly interested.

As a result we drew a resolution, adopted by the American Bankers'
Association recognizing the great importance of the movement and ap-
pointing a committee, which two years ago was enlarged into a very
active "Agricultural Commission." This commission prints (here in
Illinois), a widely circulated, non-commercial monthly in support of
the work.

Meanwhile our Illinois committee had been actively at work in
educational matters in the State.

Our 1911 circulars stated that "The welfare of rural life demands
a new kind of rural school. The desire for better schools draws many
country people to the city. There are more than 10,000 practically
one-room country schools in Illinois, with over 300,000 boys and girls in
attendance, 85 per cent of whom have no other advantages. This 85
per cent (250,000) should have the best there is to be had."

We advocated vocational work, compulsory agricultural education
and consolidated schools.

In 1912 we called a conference of all the varied interests of the
State, who were or should be interested in better schools. The various
clubs and federations of women's and commercial clubs; of labor, manu-
facturers, teachers, farmers, etc.. and of every university and normal
school in the State, all were represented at the four meetings and eight
committee meetings.

The president of the Illinois Bankers' Association had called and
was required to serve as chairman of this conference, which issued its
report in January, 1913, known as the "Conference Vocational Educa-
tional Bill." It was opposed to the so-called "Cooley" bill and was
probably the means of defeating the latter before the 1913 Legislature.

Shortly after this our committee made an extended investigation
into the dairy situation, especially in the Chicago district and issued a
lengthy report, which has been widely referred to, and was instrumental
in securing better results for the milk producers.

In the fall of 1913 we undertook a State wide survey among bank-
ers and farmers and also through the county officers of Farmers' Insti-
tutes, to gather data on rural credits, "to determine as to the ability
with which and the conditions under Avhich farmers were securing per-
sonal and mortgage credit and the relation between the bank and the
farmer."

]\ruch interesting data was secured and compiled, with much work
and care for the committee. Among other facts it was developed that
62 per cent of all the stockholders in the banks outside of Cook County
were farmers and that the farmers controlled more than half the banks
of the State and were treated as well or better than any other class of
bank customers.

During all this time, the matter of roads had not escaped the atten-
tion of the association.

One of the first nets of the association president in 1911-12 was
tlie appointment of a committee on "Good Eoads" with S. E. Bradt of
Delvalh as chairman.

Circnhir letters were at once sent out over the State asking some
twenty questions calculated to develop the fact that we badly needed a
first class State road law. that no progress could be made under existing
law and that the people and tax payers wanted first class roads and
State aid.

This committee developed the first and most representative census
taken in this line and was largely instrumental in securing State action,
the Governor appointing Mr. Bradt one of the three State Highway
commissioners under the I'ice Eoad Act.

Meanwhile the Illinois Bankers' Association had been divided, geo-
graphically in ten groups, each of which was organized Avith chairman,
etc., and practically every county in each group was similarly organized
to work for "the banker-farmer" program, and the slogan for all was
"Create a soil as well as a bank reserve."

One or more meetings of each of these organizations is held annu-
ally, all open to farmers and the public, the progi-am being very largely
given over to public welfare work.

Speaking of the annual convention of the Illinois Bankers' Asso-
ciation in Peoria, September 25-36, 1912, the Peoria Herald said :

"This program is unique in the fact that it is the first convention
program of an association or class of business men ever given over
entirely to matters of public welfare. Every subject on the program
is of vital interest to every citizen.

"The fact that a bankers' association is doing this is significant.

"The fact that the Illinois Bankers' Association inaugurated such a
public welfare policy should l)e a matter of State pride, which increases
when we see that many other Bankers' State organizations, as well as the
American Bankers' Association is falling into line. This is one of the
finest signs of the times."

At the annual convention held at Springfield, October 10-12, 1911,
the agricultural committee took charge of an entire afternoon session
with a strictly agricultural progi-am, the first of this character ever held.
Prominent speakers addressed an audience exceeding 2,000 people in-
cluding the Governor and the Supreme Court which adjourned to attend
the meeting in a body.

The Saturday Evening Post, writing of the work stated that
"Bankers' associations in other states than Illinois have followed the
lead of the Illinois Bankers' Association in working for better methods
of farming, conservation of the soil, boys' corn clubs, agricultural in-
struction in the country schools, better public roads and like ob-
jects. * * *

''Until quite recently the railroads were almost alone among business
concerns in undertaking l)road-gauge development of this sort. Why
shouldn't the bankers everywhere take it up?"

The United States Investor wrote, "The Illinois Bankers' Associa-
tion appears to possess a fairly good title to the reputation of being
al)out as energetic a body of its kind as we have in this country. Not

— G H S

content witli bending its resources to the single task of improving con-
ditions within the profession for the baiikers of its State, it has em-
barked upon several enterprises for the general internal improvement
of Illinois.

"Interest in good roads it has shown, ami lias just printed some data
on the subject. Its interest in agricultural education has given the
topic a new importance, and bankers' associations all over the country
are beginning to have discussions about it. The president of the asso-
ciation has been the prime mover on this end of the work, and as a
result, has been asked to address the annual meetings of almost if not
quite a dozen state bankers' associations.

"There is something really inspiring aljout the new annreciation of
agricultural conditions which the bankers of the country are showing."

The opening paragraphs of the address and report of the retiring
president of the association at Peoria, September 25, 1912, ran as fol-
lows :

"* * * No man liveth unto himself alone" * * * "nor by
bread alone," are the words inspired by the "Giver of all things good."

They are truer today, at least better appreciated and more necessity
is found for their consideration and application, than when they were
given as "gospel."

Curious as it may seem, the further we pass from the days of the
decalogue and the prophets, through their seasoning by the centuries,
the closer we come to their eternal truths.

This age of efficiency and service, in order to produce these results,
has had, not unwillingly to accept them as the guide of business, the
rule of reason, as well as the rule of faith, and the banker shall not be
the last to be led by them.

Man has two great concerns in life, one the conquest of his environ-
ment, the other to express and interpret what life means to him.

It is possible for bankers, who are generally well advanced in such
conquest, to demonstrate that a fuller life means a completer conquest
of the forces that retard public welfare.

The banker is among the most important men in his community,
whether he knows it or not.

He should be the bravest man in town and the least afraid of crit-
icism.

We need more men of all classes who appreciate their obligations to
the community, who stand for something besides themselves.

So long as we understand that the prosperity and perpetuity of the
nation depends upon the welfare and success of the average man and
the average woman, so long will we put the public welfare in the first
place.

We have reached the days of realignment and readjustment and
realize that we must be progressive in order to be conservative.

]\Ien of observation, constructive, progressive citizens, have long
ceased to need argument to convince them of the crying necessity for
better agricultural methods ; for citizen making systems of education ;
for better roads; for all the things that will advance the mighty cause
of agriculture and serve to solve or ease the problems of rural life, and
promote the general welfare.

These are the problems that indirectly affect the whole nation, even
more, if possible, than they directly relate to the rural population.

So, while the jjressiiiy inipuitance of these problems had long since
passed the stage of argument — and effort was crystallizing on all sides
for their adoption and execution — there was much debate, ethically and
otherwise — whether a Bankers' Association, or even a banker, should
actively take interest in these and other matters of general welfare.

There was that ancient idea and failure to act through fear of being
misunderstood.

You will hear no challenge now, when we state that there is no
further argument against the practical and public value of — in fact
there is crying necessity for — such a policy.

It has been the great privilege of the Illinois Bankers' Association
to pioneer the work among bankers' state organizations — of undertaking
and demonstrating the success of a wide campaign in the field of good
citizenship and public welfare.

We have started a demonstration and will continue to demonstmte,
in growing measure, as other great organizations of business men should
be doing, our living interest in public affairs, and that the people, more
men without part}', more business men and fewer politicians, must run
their government and formulate its policies.

In the natural order of things, no matter how nure their purpose,
we cannot leave agricultural development chiefly to the colleges — educa-
tional methods entirely to the teachers ; lianking bodily to the hankers ;
big business problems solely to the corporations ; nor even religion to the
clergy; certainly not government to piratical politicians.

Good government like any other serviceable and practical institu-
tion, is a matter of good business and business methods and business
men, with a vision broadened and heart warmed by the public interest
must shape and direct and dominate, if we approach a true democracy.

Almost without exception every member in our ranks has felt the
uplift of our present policy and helped in it.

The story of our work has spread throughout the land, till scarcely
a publication in the country from the great metropolitan daily to the
obscure country weekly, down through a wide range of national publica-
tions and all the farm press, has told the story of the Illinois Bankers'
Association "living not to itself alone" — endorsed the movement and
bidden it Godspeed.

The more points at which we touch human nature and human inter-
ests the more alive we are and the longer we will remain so.

We are giving the people a practical demonstration that the interest
of banker and customer is identical and that the general interest is a
part of our interest.

Without entering into more detail, much of which is fully covered
in many pamphlets, it is not too much to say that much has been accom-
plished in this movement — for which the bankers of Illinois cannot be
given too much credit.

These words may have many personal and not too modest references
but it did not seem possible to say less and record for your archives a
fair statement of this movement the credit for which belongs to and
is a matter of great pride with the Illinois Bankers' x\ssociation.

INDIAN TREATIES AFFECTING LANDS IN THE PRESENT

STATE OF ILLINOIS.

(By Frank R. Grover.)

The romance and interest that ever surrounds "Indian Days" in
America seems never to wane. As the years go by the younger genera-
tion of Americans turn from the Indian tales of their ancestors — the
relations of the actors themselves, in the days of the pioneer, to the
countless books and writings that are ever painting vivid word pictures
of the Xorth American Indian in the days of his glory — before he
became the victim of a white man's civilization. His traditions, myths
and legends, his character, his eloquence, his manners and customs, the
wrongs he has done and those he has suffered, have all in their turn
supplied endless themes for the historian, the poet, the ethnologist and
the writer of fiction. Longfellow's Hiawatha as well as Schoolcraft's
Tales and Legends gathered —

"From the forest and the prairies
From the Great Lakes of the Xorthland
From the land of the OJibways"
have not only permanently fastened their charm upon their first readers,
but will forever interest their descendants yet unborn.

A subject that has heretofore been given frequent but only inci-
dental attention is the Indian treaties, which have generally been con-
sidered only as the title papers, by which the white man acquired a white
man's title to the Indian's land. It is my purpose to tell you regarding
some of the Indian treaties affecting lands now constituting the State
of Illinois.

To follow and describe all of these treaties in detail and their
historical importance would not only extend this paper and discussion
beyond reasonable limits Imt would require in effect the writing of the
history of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys during those eventful years
in American history that have intervened since the beginning of the
American Eevolution. It will therefore be my plan and purpose to
consider these treaties more in their general aspect and significance
than to follow all of them in the detail that would require unprofitable
repetition respecting transactions and negotiations much alike in plan,
purpose and results.

A very instructive summary of the plan and purpose of these
Indian treaties is set forth by Mr. J. Seymour Currey in his recent
History of Chicago (Vol. 1, page 202) in the following concise words:

"From the time of the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795,
there was a series of Indian treaties extending over thirty-eight years,
particularly affecting the region of Illinois. Some of these treaties were
merely declarations of friendship, others provided for territorial ces-

sions, while some renewed the conditions of former treaties and included
as participants additional trihes. The provisions of these treaties were
often not clear to the ignorant chiefs who, after the agreement was
made and ratified, would raise objections and demand another council.
The Government would then frame up a new treaty including the
former provisions as well as added ones and again the chiefs were
gathered to sign away, usually unwittingly, still more of what remained
to them. The odds"^ were all against them, with their unstable con-
ditions of land tenure, their ignorance and barbarity on the one side,
and the keen, often unscrupulous wits of the Government agents on
the other side. Finally came the great Treaty of Chicago in 1833 which
provided for their removal to the west. It was long before the signifi-
cance of this agreement came home to them, and they realized but
slowly the seriousness of the Great Father's intention to send them
away from their dwellings to new lands."

It is undoubtedly true that so long as there are historians to write,
there will be most divergent views expressed regarding the rights of
the Eed Man, and how those rights have been violated and infringed,
both in the methods of negotiating treaties, their fraudulent provisions,
and inadequate compensation for lands, and in the matter of subsequent
performance. It is very easy to espouse the cause of the Indian as the
jnoprietor of the soil, the child of the forest and of the plains cheated
by dishonest and unscrupulous government agents with the use of
whiskey and the gaudy and attractive wares and merchandise that
resulted in the United States securing title to an Empire for a few
cents an acre.

And, on the other hand, to remember the Indian as the vices of
the white man's civilization had made him, and to then conclude, that,
after all, the requirements of civilization and progress — the survival of
the fittest, made it a foregone conclusion that he must pass away.

To espouse either view is not within the scope or purpose of this
paper. The facts speak for themselves. Probably neither view is the
correct one. That in concluding many treaties, and in the performance
of them, both the Indians and the Government agents were fair is
undoubtedly true. That later in concluding some of the treaties here
under consideration, the land-lust of the white man and the necessities
of progress and the pioneer on the one hand, and the great reluctance
of the Indian tribes on the other, to be ever crowded out of their native
lands and pushed farther and farther to the west, led to methods on
the part of government agents that were both questionable and an
indelible disgrace to both the responsible agents themselves and a
government that would countenance such action by later ratification,
seera's only too true.

One writer says : "Xo government ever entertained more enlight-
ened and benevolent intentions toward a weaker people than did that
of the United States towards the Indian, but never in history, probably,
has a more striking divergence between intention and performance been
witnessed."

An Indian's view is also quoted by the same author in the fol-
lowing words, "\yhen the United States want a particular piece of
land, all our natives are assembled ; a large sum of money is offered ;

the land is occupied probably by one nation only; nine-tenths have no
actual interest in the laud wanted; if the particular nation interested
refuses to sell, they are generally threatened by the others who want
the money or goods offered, to buy whiskey. Fathers, that is the way
in which this small spot, which we so much value, has been so often
torn from us." (Quaife in Chicago and the Old Xorth West, p. 179.)

Over and over again have the Indian orators presented similar
complaints, both in councils among themselves and in conference with
Government agents when treaties were under consideration. And here
it will not be out of place to briefly consider what the Indians on such
occasions have had to say for themselves, of their relations to the white
man and their rights as original proprietors of the soil.

Historians of reputation and standing have often treated the Indian
Councils with Government Commissioners when treaties were under
consideration, very lightly, and with scant regard for the feelings of the
Eed Man who quite generally was then and there not only requested
but required to leave his home and native land and to depart to some
remote country that he knew not of. One of these writers says: "An
Indian Council, on solemn occasions, was always opened with prelim-
inary forms, sufficiently wearisome and tedious. ""•' * * An Indian
orator was provided with a stock of metaphors which he always made
use of. * * * fi^i^g orator seldom spoke without careful premedita-
tion and his nicnioiy was refreshed by belts of wampum which he
delivered after every clause in his harangue."

It is no doubt true that on some of these occasions the ceremonies
were tedious and prolonged and that some of the Chiefs delivered
harangues burdened with useless and oft repeated metaphor. But it is
no less true that we are indebted to the Indian treaties for the careful
preservation of Indian oratory hardly equalled or excelled by the white
man with all his books, his culture, and his learning. We are told by
good authority that many of these great speeches, however carefully
translated, necessarily lose the charm of the Indian tongue that by
intuition deals with nature in all its poetic beauty.

That it is not useless flattery to so designate the words of the
Indian orator on such occasions, is plain and apparent when it is con-
sidered what he had at stake, that nature in the first instance made him
an orator, which oft accounted for his being the spokesman of his clan
or tribe, that perhaps for months he and his tribesmen had given close
heed and thought to the coming council and the importance of its
decision ; and at last, when called upon to speak and when he arose in
the presence of the great men of the Indian Nations, the assembled
Indian multitude and the attentive Government agents, the orator — if
orator he really was — met the climax of his career as the representative
of his people and poured out his heart and soul with his best and final
words as an earnest advocate of their righteous cause.

Indian metaphor so frequently used on such occasions had not only
the poetic tinge but added force as well as ornament to the speech,
whether it be designated as oration or harangue. Its merit may be
best judged by the fact that the sayings of these "Indian children" in
addressing the council have not only been carefully preserved as part
of our literature, but borrowed repeatedly and used over and over again.

by the white orators of our o\mi clay, until they have permanently become
figures of speech of our language. (See illustrations of such metaphor-
ical sayings and expressions. Haines American Indian, Chap. XL, III.)

Caleb iVtvvater in writing a history of the Treaty of Prairie du
Chien, that will receive later mention, thus speaks of the Indian orator
at treaty making councils : "Before him sit the United States Com-
missioners, attended by a great number of military officers in full dress,
the Indian agents, interpreters, and an army of soldiers under arms;
the cannons with lighted matches, and indeed all the proud array of
military life so fascinating to men in. all ages of the world, are pre-
sented to his view."

"On each side of him sit all the chiefs and warriors of his nation,
while behind him sit, in the full hearing of his voice, all the women
and children of his people. His subject is one then of the highest con-
ceivable importance to himself and his whole nation. In breathless
silence do they listen to every word he utters and with watchful eye
mark every gesture he makes."

"Placed in such a situation the character of his eloquence is easily
conceived. It abounds with figures drawn from every object which
nature presents to his eye. He thanks the Great Spirit that He has
granted them a day for holding their council with or without clouds
as the case may be. * * * He recalls to the minds of his audience
the situation and circumstances of his ancestors when they inhabited the
whole continent; when they and they only climbed every hill and moun-
tain, cultivated in peace the most fertile spots of earth, angled in every
stream, and hunted over every plain in quest of game, skimming the
surface of every lake and stream in their birch bark canoes, with lodges
in coolest shades in summer beside pure fountains and where abundance
of food was always at hand and easily obtained, and that all the labor
they had to perform was only what the white man calls sport and pas-
time; that in winter they dwelt in the thickest forests where they were
protected from every piercing wind. * * * The white man came
across the great water. * * * Indian pity was excited by the simple
tale of the white man's wants and his request was granted. * * *
Step by step he drove the Bed Man before him from river to river,
from mountain to mountain, until the Red Man seated himself on a
small territory as a final resting place, and now the white man wants
even that small spot." * * * "Thus is his whole soul in ever}^
word, in every look, in every gesture, as he presents the rights of his
people and the wrongs they have .endured."

We are not only indebted to the negotiations and councils incident
to the Indian Treaties for the preservation of the best efforts of the
Indian orators, but the writers who were present and have described
what occurred on such occasions have given us an interesting account
and view of Indian pomp and ceremony at its best and most interesting
stage; afld also reliable information respecting the condition of the
various tribes at the time the Treaties were concluded, and again inter-
esting accounts and descriptions of individual chiefs whose names will
not only ever live in American history, but which are stamped indelibly
upon the maps of all our states.

The accounts of one or two eye witnesses of the tiansactious inci-
dent to the later Treaties held at Chicago and Prairie du Chien. that
w ill here receive consideration, are of interest and iHii)ortauce in all of
these particulars. It is to he regretted that much of the romance that
so generally attaches to the history of the primeval Eed Man, is greatly
dimmed and marred, when he is seen as he actually appeared on these
later occasions at the Treaty making councils of Chicago and Prairie
du Chien, a victim of the white man's whiskey, and a sorry representa-
tive of his former greatness.

While each and all of the very many Treaties with the Indians
directly and indirectly affecting lands now constituting the State of
Illinois are of interest, extended consideration need only be given a very
few of them, not exceeding seven in number. These seven treaties were
not only the most important ones in the development and settlement of
the State, and iii shaping events that make the history of Illinois, but
they present three distinct t3'pes of the Treaties in respect to the end
sought by the Government agents. First, to end Indian wars against
the settlers, and to secure peace with the Indians; second, to secure
peace between hostile and warring tribes, and to establish boundaries
between them; and third, to secure cessions of hiiid for the use of the
settlers. The seven Treaties that will be so considered were concluded
respectively in the years 1795, 1804, 1816, 1821, 1825, 1829 and 1833.

THE TREATY OF GEEENVILLE.

There is probably no Indian treaty, with the exception of the
memorable and historic treaty negotiated by William Penn, that is more
frequently referred to by historians than the Treaty of Greenville con-
cluded August 3, 1795. While this treatv ceded verv little land within
the present boundaries of Illinois, it was of far reaching importance
in the histor}^ and development of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and
in shaping the destiny of the coming empire.

To write a complete history of this treaty in all the essential

• details that accuracy would require, would be to reproduce the history

of the nation during the days of the Revolution and the years of trial,

concern and uncertainty that succeeded the Treaty of Peace with Great

Britain of September 3, 1783.

Great Britain retained possession of the principal Lake posts con-
trary to the express provisions of the Treaty of Paris. It seems also
to have been the plan of the Mother Country to keep possession of the
territory north of the Ohio and west of the Alleghanies as . long as
possible, indulging the hope, if not the belief, that the experiment of
the American Confederacy might prove such a failure that possession
would never be required or enforced.

The surrender of possession carried with it also relinquishing the
benefit there derived from the fur trade, to say nothing of the vast
territory held and controlled by these forts and trading posts.

If the action of Great Britain had been confined alone to holding
these forts and the territory thereby controlled, and to the flimsy excuses
for so doing, the ground for complaint would not have been so great.
But year after year, through British and Canadian agents, the Indians

were, by continued intrigues and encourag'ement, led to war upon the
settlers of the Ohio Yalley and against the military forces of the
United States.

It is not within the scope of this paper to deal in detail with all
those bloody times and years that have been so graphically described
by some of the' participants and their later historians. The Indian Con-
federacy led by Little Turtle, the great Chief of the ]\Iiamis ; the hewing
of military, roads through the forests to reach and burn the Indian
villages; the building of all the Forts in the wilderness; the bravery of
General Arthur Saint Clair, Governor of the North West Territory, who
could not stay the utter rout of his army that fled before the mighty
onslaught of the red men, are all matters of history. But at last under
the direction of the Great Washington came "the man of the hour" —
"Mad Anthony Wayne," a General whom Washington had watched
through many battles of the Eevolution; the man that lead his soldiers
in a bayonet charge to victory over the walls of the British Fort at
Stony Point, and who, with all his rashness, had as cool a head as his
heart was stout — the new Governor of the Xortli West Territory, Then
came the bloody Indian "Battle of the Fallen Timbers" under his leader-
ship and at last after forty years of Indian warfare, the Great Indian
Treaty of Greenville that one historian at least has designated "The
Peace of Mad Anthony."

This treaty does not derive its importance from either the value or
extent of the land ceded to the United States by the Indians. The first
words of the preamble, unlike similar recitals in many other treaties,
were significant not only in statement but in later observance, viz : "To
put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversies and to restore
harmony and a friendly intercourse between the United States and the
Indian Tribes."

The pledge of peace and security thus given by the powerful tribes
who were parties to this treaty, the Wyandots (Hurons), Delawares,
Shawanoes, Ottawas, ,Chippewas (Ojibways), Pottowattomies, Miamis,
Eel Eiver Weeas, Kickapoos, Piankashaws and Kaskaskians, meant much
for the cause of settlement and progress in the Ohio Valley, as the
Indian Boundary fixed by this treaty gave about 25,000 square miles
of land constituting most of the present State of Ohio, and a small part
of Indiana, to the white men. Almost immediately over the Allegheny
^Mountains and down the Ohio River and into all the fertile valleys of
this domain, swarmed the hardy pioneers, that formed the ever rising
and resistless tide that during the succeeding years swept westward
through the forests and across the broad prairies, ever driving the
Indians before it in the many successive stages of their westward
journey.

William Henry Harrison, then a young man, was aide de camp to
General Wayne, and his signature as such officer, with others, was
appended to the treaty.

There are many interesting stipulations in this treaty that will be
briefly quoted and referred to. * * * "Henceforth all hostilities
shall cease, peace is hereby established and shall be perpetual." * * *
"All jirisoners shall on both sides be restored." * * * "Ten chiefs

of said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages until the delivery
of the prisoners shall be effected." * * *

Some sixteen tracts of land comprising all the principal trading
posts and portages in the territory now comprising the states of Ohio,
Indiana, ^lichigan and Illinois were ceded to the Government, including
Mackinac Island and "one piece of land six miles square at the mouth
of Chikago Eiver emptying into the South West end of Lake ]\Iichigan
where a fort formerly stood." While these cessions were Hot large in
area, still including as they did all the western forts and trading posts
of importance, with small parcels of land adjoining, with the further
provisions of the treaty, that '•'the said Indian Tribes will allow * * *
a free passage by land and water as one and the other shall be found
convenient through their country along the chain of posts hereinbefore
mentioned * * * ^-^^^ ^}ig f-^ee use of the harbours and rivers along
the lakes" practically gave the Government control of the country for
trade which the treaty further provided for, and opened the way for
speedy settlement.

Of the details of the Council and the extended negotiations respect-
ing this Treaty which proceeded daily from July 15 until August 3,
1795, little will here be said. After the calumet had been passed from
chief to chief, General Waj'ne opened the Council with a speech. Then
followed day after day the negotiations, other speeches and the usual
Indian oratory, including the great speech of Little Turtle showing that
he was in fact a great leader and orator and a foeman worthy of the
steel of even so great a man as Mad Anthony Wayne.

Thus ended not onlv this Indian war, but from one view point the
American Eevolution itself. It has been said that no Indian Chief or
warrior who oave General Wavne the hand at Greenville ever after lifted
the hatchet against the LTnited States. Whether that be true or other-
wise, this treaty marks one of the great epochs in American History and
was remembered and referred to bv manv an Indian orator at later
similar councils, when other Treaties were under consideration and dur-
ing the next succeeding fifty years.

(Eesfardino- Treatv of Greenville see Wilson's Peace of ^lad An-
thonv; Eoosevelt's Winnino- of the West, Vol. 5, Chap. 5; Western An-
nals; Blanc-hard's Xorth West; Indian Treaties (1873 Ed., p. 184).

TEEATY OF 1804 WITH THE SACS AND FOXES.

After the Treaty of Greenville the settlers not only came rapidly
and in great numbers, but the ending of the Indian occupation moved
rapidly forward hence during the first third of the nineteenth century
Indian treaties of importance were concluded with unusual frequency.

In 1801 General William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor
of the then new Indiana Territory. It immediately became his policy
to secure as speedily as possible and whenever the occasion presented
itself cessions of land by the Indians to the United States. In 1804
he was at Saint Louis seeking satisfaction of the Sac Indians for the
murder of three settlers and taking advantage of the situation, secured
execution of a treaty by five of the chiefs of the Sacs, and Foxes ceding
to the Government over fifty million acres of land in Missouri, Illinois
and Wisconsin, including the land between the Illinois and Mississippi

Elvers, for $3,234.50 in goods, and a promised annuity of $1,000.00.
Black Hawk and his associates repudiated this treaty, claiming it was
executed by the chiefs who signed it without authority or knowledge of
their people. The subsequent disputes growing out of this treaty fur-
nished the principal cause for the Black Plawk War.

The general policy of Governor Harrison and the United States just
noted, to progress treaty negotiations with the Indians, and the history
of what \vas done in pursuance of that policy would not be complete
without at least passing reference to the Great Shawanee Chief Tecum-
seh, who with his brother The Prophet (Ellskwatawa) undertook the
gigantic and impossible task of forming an Indian Confederacy to stay
the tide of the advancing pioneers, and to prohibit further ces'sion and
conveyance of lands by the Indians, except by the unanimous consent of
all the tribes, contending that the land belonged to all the Indian tribes
in common, but for the use of each. This policy he boldly and forcibly
presented to Governor Harrison in person at Vincennes in August, 1810.

Tecumseh's speeches on these and other occasions announcing his
policy, and presenting the rights of his people not only show his great
strength of character and purpose, but are quoted quite frequently as
examples of the best Indian Oratory. His efforts to arouse all the tribes
of the North West by personal visits and appeals; the battle of Tippe-
canoe; his later appearance in the War of 1812 as a Brigadier General
in the British army hoping thereby to further his plans and cause and
his final fighting to the death, at the head of the British and his Indian
warriors in the lost battle of the Thames, are all of interest in our his-
tory, but not directly connected with the subject here considered.

The various Indian Treaties bearing directly or indirectly upon the
Black Hawk War, in all their aspects and from widely divergent view
points, have been fully and ably considered by Armstrong,* Stevens, f
and many other writers of Illinois history. Extended comment, or fur-
ther consideration, that would again extend this paper beyond reason-
able limits, will therefore be omitted.

TEEATY OF AUGUST 21, 1816, AT SAINT LOUIS.

On that date, Xinian Edwards, William Clark and Auguste Chou-
teau negotiated a Treaty at Saint Louis with the Ottawas, Chippewas,
and Pottawatomies, by which they ceded a strip of land twenty miles
wide on the Eastern boundary at Lake Michigan (being ten miles north
and ten miles south of the Chicago Eiver in width) and extending gen-
erally South West so as to include the Chicago Portage and a strip of
land extending to the mouth of the Fox Eiver. This strip of land
was secured for the purpose of facilitating the building of the proposed
canal. The boundaries of this cession appear upon many maps and
records as ^'Indian Boundary Line" causing confusion and irregularity
in land descriptions as Government surveys were made at different times
on each side of these diagonal boundary lines, hence, the section lines did
not meet each other causing triangular fractional sections and confu-
sion as to proper Eange and Township.

The Northern boundary of this cession is, in Cook County, the
center line of a highway known for over half a century as "Indian

* The Sauks and the Black Hawk War, by Perry A. Armstrong.
t Frank E. Stevens, Black Hawk War.

BoLindary IJoad"" extending;' to Lakr .Miclii_ii'an, at the former boundary
line between the City of Evanston and ('hioa,i>(). Later the Chicago City
Council changed the name of this highway to "Kogers Avenue." Ee-
peated efforts of l)oth the Chicago and Evanston Historical Societies to
induce the Chicago City Council ''to change back to its original form the
name of this highway, thus restoring to it, its former proper and historic
name of 'Indian Boundary Road' " have, it is to be greatly regretted,
proved unavailing (see resolution at joint meeting of these two Societies
held Xovember 27, 1906).

This treaty like many others, contained a reservation to the Indians
of the right to luiut and fish within the tract of land ceded "so long as
it may continue to be the property of the United States."

TREATY OF AUGUST 29, 1821, AT CHICAGO.

While this treaty negotiated by Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan
and Solomon Sibley, did not cede any Illinois lands, it was a part of the
general plan and scheme of the Government to extinguish the Indian
Title and in this instance particularly to secure the Indian lands in
Michigan South of Grand River and East of the Lake. On this occa-
sion the Pottawattomie Chief Metea, made his eloquent and historic
speech so often quoted by Indian historians.

Mr. Schoolcraft in his book Travels in the Central Part of the
]\Iississippi Valley (p. 335, 337) gives an extended account of what he
saw and heard on this occasion, l)oth as he approached Chicago by the
Portage and after his arrival, he says :

"On crossing the Des Plaines we found the opposite shore thronged
Avith Indians" * * * "From this point we were scarcely ever out
of sight of straggling parties, all proceeding to the same place. Most
commonly they were mounted on horses and apparelled in their best
manner and decorated with medals, silver bands and feathers. The
gaudy and showy dresses of these troops of Indians with jingling caused
by the striking of their ornaments, and their spirited manner of riding
created a scene as novel as it was interesting. Proceeding from all
parts of a very extensive circle of country, like rays converging to a
focus, the nearer we approached the more compact and concentrated the
the body became" * * * "the dust, confusion and noise increased
at every bypath that intersected our way" * * * "we found on
reaching the post that between two and three thousand Indians were
assembled — chiefly Pottawattomies, Ottawas and Chippewas. Many ar-
rived on the following days" * * *.

"To accommodate tlie large assemblage * * * an open bower
provided with seats for the principals, chiefs and headmen had been put
up on the green, extending along the north bank of Chicago Creek"
* * * "directly under the guns of the fort, ensured l)oth safety and
order for the occasion." The formalities which custom has prescT-ibed
in neootiations of this kind occupied the first two or three daA's after
our arrival, during which time the number of Indians was constantly
augmpnted. It Avas not until the 17th that they were formally met in
council when Governor Cass addressed them."

Schoolcraft then gives the Governor's speech in full substantially to
the effect that "Your Father" has oliserved that the Indians possess an

extensive countr}- with little game, and which they do not cultivate nor
appear to want, and that the commissioners have come to purchase it at
a liberal price to be agreed upon and that the goods had been brought to
Chicago ready for the purchase; that the Indians should counsel among
themselves, refrain from whiskey, and make answer "by the day after
to-morrow."

"Each sentence being distinctly translated was received with the
usual response of 'Hoah !' a term that on these public occasions is merely
indicative of attention. A short pause ensued during which some cus-
tomary presents were issued, when Metea, the Pottowattomie Chief from
the Wabash, made the following laconic reply :

"My father — We have listened to what you have said. We shall
now retire to our camps and consult upon it. You will hear nothing
from us at present."

Mr. Schoolcraft gives an extended, detailed and interesting ac-
count of much that subsequently occurred including many of the
speeches both by the Indians and by Governor Cass, also one by John
Kinzie Avhich Mr. Schoolcraft says was received by the Indians "with
conclusive effect."

This last statement considered in connection with the special
"reservations" given to particular individuals, and a letter of January
1, 1821, written by Wolcott the Chicago Indian agent to Governor Cass
suggesting that "before the period of treating arrives" * * * "It
will be necessary to bribe their chief men by very considerable presents
and promises" * * * with which Cass expressed approval (see
Indian Department, Cass correspondence, Wolcott to Cass, January 1,
1821, also Quaife p. 346) would tend to indicate quite conclusively that
Mr. Schoolcraft has omitted much of the inside history of this treaty.

His observations respecting the purchase on this occasion of over
five million acres of land for the paltry consideration stipulated in the
treaty, and his resenting criticism of it, (see pp. 369-373) would further
indicate that such omissions were more than probable.

Whether Mr. Schoolcraft was, or -was not, a party to the intrigues
that seem to have carried the treaty through, he has rendered a great
service as an historian in describing much that occurred, of which he
was an eye witness.

To him we are indebted for an accurate description of the personal
appearance of Metea the leading orator of his nation, who, as School-
craft says, stood tall, erect and firm, wearing gracefully a red military
plume, and Avith a ready command of language, a pleasant voice and
forceful o-estures, bold, fearless and original in expression, and thus
answered Governor Cass, in the speech which Schoolcraft wrote down
at the time word for word, as given by the interpreters:

"Mv Father — We meet yon here today, because we had promised
it, to tell vou nnr minds, and what we have agreed upon among our-
selves. You Avill listen to us with a good mind and believe what we say.

"]\Iy Father — You know that w^e first came to this country, a long
time ago, and when we sat ourselves down upon it, we met Avith a great
manv handships and difficulties. Our country Avas then very large, but
it has dAvindled aAvay to a small spot; and you Avish to purchase that!
This has caused us to reflect much upon AA'hat you have told us, and
we haA'e, therefore, brought along all the chiefs and Avarriors, and the

young men and women and children of our tribe, that one part may not
do what the others object to, and that all may be witnesses of what is
going forward. '

"My Father — You know your children. Since you first came
among them, they have listened to your words with an attentive ear;
and have always hearkened to your counsels. Whenever you have had a
proposal to make to us — whenever you have had a favour to ask of us,
we have always lent a favourable ear, and our invariable answer has
been 'Yes.' This you know !

"My Father — A long time has passed since we first came upon our
lands; and our old people have all sunk into their graves. They had
sense. We are all young and foolish, and do not wish to do any thing
that they would not approve, were they living. We are fearful we shall
offend their spirits if we sell our lands; and we are fearful we shall
offend you, if we do not sell them. This has caused us great perplex-
ity of thought, because we have counselled among ourselves, and do not
know how Ave can part with the land.

"My Father — Our country was given to us by the Great Spirit, who
gave it to us to hunt upon, to make our corn-fields upon, to live upon,
and to make down our beds upon, when we die. And he would never
forgive us, should we now bargain it away. When you first spoke to us
for lands at St. Mary's, we said we had a little, and agreed to sell you
a piece of it; but we told you we could spare no more, Now, you ask
us again. Y^'ou are never satisfied !

"My Father — We have sold you a great tract of land, already ; but
it is not enough ! We sold it to you for the benefit of your children, to
farm and to live upon. We have now but little left. We shall want it
all for ourselves. We know not how long we may live, and we wish to
leave some lands for our children to hunt upon. You are gradually
taking away our hunting grounds. Y'our children are driving us before
them. We are growing uneasy. What lands you have, you may retain
for ever; but we shall sell no more.

"My Father — You think, perhaps, that I speak in passion; but my
heart is good towards you. I speak like one of your own children. I
am an Indian, a red-skin, and live by hunting and fishing, but my
country is already too small ; and I do not know how to bring up my
children, if I give it all away. We sold you a fine tract of land at
St. ]\Iary's. We said to you then, it was enough to satisfy your children,
and the last we should sell ; and w^e thought it would be the last you
would ask for.

"My Father — We have now told you what we had to say. It is
what was determined on, in a council among ourselves ; and what I have
spoken is the voice of my nation. On this account, all our people have
come here to listen to me ; but do not think we have a bad opinion of
you. Where should we get a bad opinion of you ? AYe speak to you
with a good heart, and the feelings of a friend.

"My Father — You are acquainted with this piece of land — the
country we live in. Shall we give it up ? Take notice, it is a small piece
of land, and if we give it away, what will become of us? The Great
Spirit,, who has provided it for our use. allows us to keep it, to bring up
our young men and support our families. We should incur his anger,
if we bartered it away. If we had more land, you should get more, but

our land has been wasting away ever since the white people became
our neigli))ours, and we have now hardly enough left to cover the bones
of our tribe.

"My Father — You are in the midst of your red children. What is
due to us, in money, we wish, and will receive at this place ; and we want
nothing more.

"My Father — We all shake hands with you. Behold our warriors,
our women, and children. Take pity on us, and on our words."

The dignity and, friendship of this speech and the firm determina-
tion not to part with the land, is not only apparent, but indicates that
pressure, and methods to some extent undisclosed, must have, been later
applied in the extended negotiations which followed day after day and
that ultimately moved the Indians to do what Metea and the other chiefs
in the first instance firmly declined, and for which final action they
were later both criticised and persecuted by their own people.

TIJEATY OF PEAIRIE DU CHIEN CONCLUDED AUGUST 19,
1825, WITH THE SIOUX, CHIPPEWAS, SACS AND FOXES,
MENOMINIES, lOWAS, WINNEBAGOES, OTTAWAS, AND
POTTAWATTAMIES.

The purpose' of this treaty was not the usual one to secure cessions
of land from the Indians but is thus stated in the preamble to the
Treaty: "The United States of America have seen with much regret
that wars have for many years been carried on between the Sioux and
the Chippewas, and more recently between the Sacs and Foxes and the
Sioux; which if not terminated may extend to the other tribes and in-
volve the Indians upon the Missouri, the Mississippi and the Lakes in
general hostilities. In order therefore to promote peace among these
tribes, and to establish boundaries among them, and the other tribes
who live in their vicinity and thereby to remove all causes of future
difficulty have invited * * * f\^Q tribes * * * ^o assemble to-
gether and in a spirit of mutual conciliation to accomplish these objects;
and to aid therein, have appointed William Clark and Lewis Cass, com-
missioners." The fifteen articles of the -treaty deal exclusively with
the subject matter of the preamble in fixing boundaries and respective
rights of hunting, providing for future and enduring peace between the
tribes and acknowledging "the general controlling power of the United
States" to take such measures as "they may deem proper," in case "diffi-
culty hereafter should unhappily arise."

Mr. Schoolcraft who was Indian Agent at that time at the Sault,
came all the way to Prairie du Chien in a canoe to assist in the negotia-
tions. He wrote an account of this treaty that is interesting in many
particulars, espetially so as the Indians of the many tribes and clans,
then at Prairie du Chien came from far and near, from the great
forests of the North, and from the far away western plains, hence repre-
senting interesting types living remote from white men and resembling
more the primeval Ped Man of former days, than his later descendants,
so' much in evidence at that period in the Council house at the invitation
of Treaty framing Commissioners. Mr. Schoolcraft, (Thirty years
with the Indian tribes, Chap. XXIII) thus describes his journey; the
Indians he saw and \vhat occurred at Prairie du Chien.

"We finally Irlt .Mackinack lor our drst iiiation on the Mississippi,
on the 1st of July. The conv(uatinn to whie-li we were now proceeding
was for the jnirpose of settling internal disputis l)etween the tribes, by
fixing the boundaries to their respective territories, and thus hiying the
foundation of a lasting peace on the frontiers. And it marks an era
in the policy of our negotiations with the Indians which is memorable.
Xo such gathering of the tril)es had ever before occurred, and its results
have taken away the necessity of any in future, so far as relates to the
lines on the Mississippi.

"We encountered head winds, and met -with some delay in passing
through the straits into Lake Michigan, and after escaping an imminent
hazard of being blown off into the open lake, in a fog. reached Green
Bay on the 4th. The journey np the Fox Kivcr, and its numerous
portages, was resumed on the 14th, and after having ascended the river
to its head, we crossed over the Fox and Wisconsin portage, and descend-
ing the latter with safety, reached Prairie du Chien on the 21st, making
the whole journey from ^Mackinack in twenty-one days.

"We found a ^ery large number of the various tribes, assembled.
jSTot only the village, iDnt the entire banks of the river for miles above
and below the town, and the island in the river, was covered with their
tents. The Dakotahs, with their high pointed buffalo .skin tents, above
the town, and their decorations and implements of flags, feathers, skins
and personal "braveries," presented the scene of a Bedouin encamp-
ment. Some of the chiefs had the skins of skunks tied to their heels, to
symbolize that they never ran, as that animal is noted for its slow and
self-possessed movements.

"Wanita, the Yankton chief, had a most magnificent robe of the
buffalo, curiously worked with dyed porcupine's quills and sweet grass.
A kind of war flag, made of eagles' and vultures' large feathers, pre-
sented quite a martial air. War clubs and lances presented almost every
imaginable device of paint ; but by far the most elaborate, thing w^as their
pipes of red stone, curiously carved, and having flat wooden handles of
some four feet in length, ornamented with the scalps of the red-headed
woodpecker and male duck, and tail feathers of birds artificially attached
by strings and quill Avork, so as to hang in the figure of a quadrant.
But the most elaborately wa'ought part of the devices consisted of dyed
porcupines' quills, arranged as a kind of aboriginal mosaic.

"The Winnebagoe?, who speak a cognate dialect of the Dacotah,
were encamped near : and resembled them in their style of lodges, arts,
and general decorations.

"The Chippewas presented the more usually known traits, manners
and customs of the great Algonquin family — of whom they are, indeed,
the best representative. The tall and warlike bands from the sources
of the :\[ississippi— from La Point, in Lake Superior— from the valleys
of the Chippewa and St. Croix Pivers. and the Pice Lake region of Lac
du Flambeau, and of Sault Ste. IMarie, were well represented.

"The cognate tribe of the Menomonies. and of the Potawattomies
and Ottowas from Lake :\Iichigan. assimilated and mingled with the
Chippewas. Some of the Iroquois of Green Bay were present.

"But no tribes attracted as intense a degree of interest as the lowas,
and the Sacs and Foxes— tribes of radically diverse languages, yet united

ill a league against the Sioux. These trihes were encamped on the
island, or opjiosite coast. They came to the treaty ground, armed and
dressed as a war party. They were all armed with spears, clubs, guns
and knives. Many of the warriors had a long tuft of red horsehair
tied at their elbows, and wore a necklace of grizzly bears' claws. Their
headdress consisted of red dyed horsehair, tied in such manner to the
scalp lock as to present the shape of the decoration of a Roman helmet.
The rest of the head was completely shaved and painted. A long iron
shod lance was carried in the hand. A species of baldric supported part
of their arms. The azian, moccasin and leggins constituted a part of
their dress. They M'ere, indeed, nearly nude, and painted. Often the
print of a hand, in white clay, marked the back or shoulders. They
bore flags of feathers. They beat drums. They uttered yells, at definite
points. They landed in compact ranks. They looked the very spirit of
defiance. Their leader stood as a prince, majestic and frowning. The
wild, native pride of man, in the savage state, flushed by success in war,
and confident in the strength of his arm, was never so fully depicted to
my eyes. And the forest tribes of the continent may be challenged to
have ever presented a spectacle of bold daring, and martial prowess,
equal to their landing.

•'Their martial bearing, their high tone, and whole behavior during
their stay, in and out of council, was impressive, and demonstrated, in
an eminent degree, to what a high pitch of physical and moral courage,
bravery and success in war may lead a savage people. Keokuk, who led
them, stood with his war lance, high crest of feathers, and daring eye,
like another Coriolanus, and when he spoke in council, and at the same
time shook his lance at his enemies, the Sioux, it was evident that he
wanted but an opportunity to make their blood flow like water. Wapelo,
and other chiefs backed him, and the whole array, with their shaved
heads and high crests of red horsehair, told the spectator plainly, that
each of these men held his life in his hand, and was ready to spring to
the work .of slaughter at the cry of their chief.

"General William Clark, from St. Louis, was associated with General
Cass in this negotiation. The great object was to lay the foundation of
a permanent peace by establishing boundaries. Day after day was
assigned to this, the agents laboring with the chiefs, and making them-
selves familiar with Indian bark maps and drawings. The thing pleased
the Indians. They clearly saw that it was a benevolent effort for their
good, and showed a hearty mind to work in the attainment of the object.
The United States asked for no cession. Many glowing harangues were
made by the chiefs, which gave scope to their peculiar oratory, which is
well worth the preserving. Mongazid, of Fond du Lac, Lake Superior,
said : 'When I heard the voice of my Great Father, coming up the
Mississippi Valley calling me to this treaty, it seemed as a murmuring
wind ; I got up from my mat where I sat musing, and hastened to obey
it. ily pathway has been clear and bright. Truly it is a pleasant sky
above our heads this day. Tliere is not a cloud to darken it. I hear
nothing but pleasant words. The raven is not waiting for his prey, I
hear no eagle cry : "Come, let us go. The feast is ready — the Indian
has killed his brother." '

— 7 H S

'■'Wlien nearly a whole month had heen consumed in these negotia-
tions, a treat}' of limits was signed, which will long be remembered in
the Indian reminiscences. This was on the 19th of August, 1825,
(vide Indian Treaties, p. 371.) It was a pleasing sight to see the explorer
of the Columbia in 1806, and the writer of the proclamation of the army
that invaded Canada in 1812, uniting in a task boding so mucli good to
the tribes whose passions and trespasses on each others lands keep
them perpetually at war.

"At the close of the treaty, an experiment was made on the moral
sense of the Indian, with regard to intoxicating liquors, which was
evidently of too refined a character for their just appreciation. It had
been said by the tribes that the true reason for the Commissioners of
the United States Government speaking against the use of ardent spirits
by the Indians, and refusing to give them, was not a sense of its bad
effects, so much, as the fear of the expense. To show them that the
Government was above such a petty principle, the commissioners had a
long row of tin camp kettles, holding several gallons each, placed on
the grass, from one end of the council house to the other, and then,
after some suitable remarks, each kettle was spilled out in their presence.
The tiling was evidently ill relished by the Indians. They loved the
whiskey better than the joke."

TREATY OF PEAIEIE DU CHIEX OF JULY 29, 1829, WITH
THE POTTAWATTAMIES, CHIPPEWAS AND OTTAWAS.

By this treaty these three tribes ceded a large territory in Illinois
and Wisconsin, lying between Eock Eiver and the Mississippi and a
further large tract of land between Eock Eiver and Lake Michigan to
the west and north of the cession of 1816. On Lake Michigan it in-
cluded in width the land now constituting the city of Evanston, and
most of the adjoining village of Wilmette.

The description of the northern boundary of this latter tract is:
"Beginning on the Western. shore of Lake Michigan at the North East
corner of the field of Antoine Ouilmette who lives at Gross Pointe about
twelve miles North of Chicago thence running due west to the Eock
Eiver."

Antoine Ouilmette, a Frenchman thus referred to, is much in evi-
dence not only in the early history of Chicago, Evanston and Wilmette,
but in the negotiations respectinor this treaty as well as the later Chicago
Treaty of 1833. He came to Chicago in 1790, married a Pottawattamie
wife (Archange) ; located at Gross Pointe (now Evanston and Wil-
mette) prior to 1828, was an employee of the American Fur Company
and of John Kinzie. The name of Wilmette Village originates from
the phonetic spelling of his French name 0-u-i-l-m-e-t-t-e. He was a
man of wide acquaintance both among the whites and the Indians in this
region for half a century. Elijah M. Haines (The American Indian, p.
550-560) claims that through the connivance of Dr. Wolcott, Chicago
Indian Agent, and Ouilmette two chiefs, Alexander Eobinson and Billy
Caldwell, were elected to that oflfice in the Pottawattamie trilie at
Prairie du Chien for the express purpose of signing this treaty. Haines
bases his statement upon a personal interview he had with Eobinson to
that effect from which the following is quoted :

"Mr. Eobinson, when and how did you become a chief?"

"Me made chief at the treaty of Prairie dii Chien."

"How did you happen to be made chief ?"

"Old Wilmette, he come to me one day and he say, Dr. Wolcott
want me and Billy Caldwell to be chief. He ask me if I will. Me say
yes, if Dr. Wolcott want me to be."

"After the Indians had met together at Prairie du Chien for the
Treaty, what was the first thing done?"

"The first thing they do they make me and Billy Caldwell chiefs;
then we be chiefs * * * j-j^g^ ^^^ ^^1 ^,q and make the treaty."

Consistent with the custom that seems at that period to have been
gaining in popularity, in order to ''put through" an Indian treaty, over
fifteen thousand acres of land were parceled out to sixteen favored indi-
viduals, some of them Frenchman, some of them Indian wives of white
men and many of them actual signers of the treaty as Indian chiefs and
head mon. Among such "special reservations" were two sections of
land to Archange Ouilmette and her children, later known as The
Ouilmette Reservation and constituting most of the present village of
Wilmette and a part of Evanston. Mr. Haines claims that this was a
bribe for Ouilmette's influence in securing the execution of the Treaty,
with which, however, there is good ground for disagreement, considering
Ouilmette's prior friendship for the whites in the war of 1812 and the
later Black Hawk War and considering also his prior occupancy of the
land. Chiefs Eobinson and Caldwell were handsomely taken care of,
both in this treaty and subsequent ones, in the way of annuities, cash
and lands, as were also their friends. And "Shab-eh-nay" (Shabbona)
received a well deserved reservation for his own use.

(For detailed History of Ouilmette and his family see Evanston
Hist. So., Colls, and Grover's Ouilmette).

Mr. Haines account of this treaty is of interest in many particu-
lars,— while he says that the Indians were imposed upon by the con-
spiracy of Dr. Wolcott to put it through as a part of the Government
policy to extinguish the Indian title. He gives Wolcott not only credit
for his fidelity to Government interests, but says that he was the "master
spirit" in planning and executing the general Indian policy of the time
so frequently credited to Governor Cass. While some of Mr. Haines'
statements are subject to question, his observations on this subject and
regarding this treaty are entitled to consideration.

Concurrent with the negotiation of this treaty at Prairie du Chien,
several other treaties were also there concluded with other tribes. One
of the Government Commissioners was Caleb Atwater, a politician from
Ohio who later in a book of travels (Western Antiquities and Eemarks
on a Tour to Prairie du Chien in 1S29) gives a very entertaining and
instructive account of the proceedings and of what was said and done
to impress the Indians and to secure their signatures to the treaty.
WHien one considers all the settings that made the occasion as Atwater
says, a "spectacle grand and morally sublime in the highest degree to
the nations of Eed Men who were present;" that for the comparatively
insignificant compensation stipulated in the treaties the Indians parted
with their title to eight million acres of land, and that after the con-
cluding of the Treaties forty-two of the chiefs and head men, sat for
two hours on raised lienches, admiring the s^^idv wares and merchandise

100

for which they had suld their birthright, wearing in the month of
August, fur hats "with three beautiful ostrich plumes in each hat,"
gowned in ruftled calico shirts and adorned with cheap jewelry and the
Government medals, given them by the commissioners, as supposed
tokens of merit and of esteem — when the picture thus painted hy Mr.
Atwater is considered from any view point — there must be but one
conclusion — that the Indian after all was not only in this aspect a mere
child, but that the spectator could truly say with. Pope:
"Behold the child, by Nature's kindly law,
Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw."
While Mr. Atwater's account and description of these transactions
will interest the reader, there will ever be scant sympathy with his appar-
ent pride in the bargain he assisted in driving. And there will also
ever be sympathy for the poor Indian, who, with tears of joy in his
eyes, and' with thankful kindness toward the man that helped drive
such a bargain, shook his hand, and departed from the fort at Prairie
du Chien, at the sound of the sigTial gun, fired for the express purpose
of accelerating his departure. Mr. Atwater says :

"The officers at the fort erected a council shade near the fort and
in about three days we were ready to hold a public council. * * *
"'When everything was in readiness for the opening of the council,
the Indians of all the tribes and nations, on the treaty ground, attended
and requested to have translated to them severally, what we said to each
tribe; which being assented to on our part, the Winnebagoes, the Chip-
pewas, Ottawas, Pottawattamies, Sioux, Sauks, Foxes and Menominees,
half-breeds, the officers of the fort, the Indian Agents, sub-agents, inter-
preters, and a great concourse of strangers from every city of the Union,
and even from^Liverpool, London, and Paris were in attendance.

"The commissioners sat on a raised bench ; on each side of them
stood the officers of the Army in full dress, while the soldiers, in their
best attire, appeared in bright array, on the sides of the council shade.
The ladies belonging to the officers' families and the best families in the
Prairie, were seated directly behind the commissioners, where they
could see all that passed, and"^hear all that was said. Behind the princi-
pal Indian Chiefs sat the common people — first the men, then the women
and children, to the number of thousands, who listened in breathless and
deathlike silence to every word that was uttered. The spectacle was
grand and morally sublime in the highest degree, to the nations of red
men who were present : and Avhen our proposition to sell all their country
to their Great Father had been delivered to them, they requested an
exact copv of it in writing. The request was instantlv complied with,
and the council broke up. Next day we addressed the Winnebagoes, as
we had the Chippewas, etc., the day before, and at their request gave
them a copy of our speech.

"After counseling among themselves, the Chippewas, etc., answered
favorably as to a sale", though they would do nothing yet until they had
fixed on their terms.

"The Winnebagoes appeared in council and delivered many speeches
to us. They demanded the twenty thousand dollars worth of goods.
'Wipe out your debt' was their reply, 'before you run in debt again
to us.'

101

"Our goods, owing to the low stage of water, had not arrived yet,
and the Indians feared we did not intend to fulfil Governor Cass' agree-
ment of the year before. When our goods did arrive and they saw
them, they then changed their tone a little ; but in the meantime, great
uneasiness existed. * * * "We were told by the Winnebagoes that they
Vould use a little switch upon us.' In plain English, they would assas-
sinate the whole of us out of the Fort. Two hundred warriors under
Keokuk and Morgan of Sauks and Foxes arrived and began their war
dance for the United States and they brought word that thirty steam-
boats with cannon and United States troops, and four hundred warriors
of their own were near at hand. The Winnebagoes were silenced by this
intelligeuce, and by demonstrations not misunderstood by them.

"It was a season of great joy with me, who placed more reliance on
Keokuk and !iis I'l'iendly warriors, than all our other forces. Good as
our orticers were, our soldiers of the Army were too dissipated and worth-
less to be relied on one moment.

"Taking Keokuk aside, and alone, I told him in plain English all
I wanted of him, and what I would do for him, and what I expected
from him and his good offices. He replied in good English 'I under-
stand you, sir, perfectly, and it shall all l)e done.' It was all done
faithfully, and he turned the tide in our favor.

"On the 29th day of July, 1829, we concluded our treaties with the
Chippewas, Ottawas, and Pottawattamies.

"On the first of August a treaty was concluded Avith the Winne-
bagoes.

"So the treaties were executed at last, and about eight million acres
of land added to our domain, purchased from the Indians. Taking the
three tracts ceded, and forming one whole, it extends from the upper
end of Rock Island to the mouth of the Wisconsin. * * * South
of the Wisconsin^the Indians now own only reservations where they live,
which, as soon as the white people settle on all the ceded lands will be
sold to us, and the Indians will retire above the Wisconsin and across
the Mississippi, where the bear, the beaver, the deer and the bison now
invite them. The United States now own all the country on the east
side of the Mississippi from the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the
Wisconsin." * « *

The conclusion of the treatv and tlic departure of the Indians from
Prairie du Chien is further told in the following words: "Seated upon
rising ground, on benches ; clad in blankets, either green or red, covered
with handsome fur hats. Avith three beautiful ostrich plumes in each hat,
dressed in ruffled calico shirts, leggings and moccasins — all new, and
faces painted to suit the fancy of each individual, who held in ]iis hand
a new rifle — adorned too with silver broaches, silver clasps on each arm,
and a large medal suspended on each breast — the Winnebago chiefs,
principal warriors and headmen, to the number of forty-two, sat during
two hours after all the goods had been delivered to the nation.

"Every individual of both sexes in the nation had lying directly
before his person, on the ground, the share of goods belonging to the
individual. Great pains had l)een taken to give each, such and just so
many clothes as would be suitable to wear during the year to come. The
pile of clothes for each person was nearly two feet in thickness, the
sight of which entirely overcame Avith joy, our red friends, as they sat

102

during two liours, in the most proiound silence, not taking off their eyes
one moment from the goods now their own. Their minds were entirely
overcome' with joy. The Indians were then told to depart at the sound
of the signal gun — tlic great cannon at the fort to be fired in their
honor."

Of their departure Atwater further says: "With one accord they
all arose and shaking me heartily by the hand, many of them shedding
tears, they one and ail invited me to visit them at their respective places
of abode. * * * In a few minutes they were off, covering a con-
siderable surface with their canoes, each one of which carried a flag
floating in the gentle breeze which ruffled the surface of the Mississippi.

"I'lio Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies had received their
goods in the same manner as the Winnebagoes, had been treated precisely
in the same way, and three guns, one for each nation, had given them
a signal to depart, and they had parted with me in the same kind and
affectionate manner." * * *

FINAL TREATY OF CHICAGO WITH THE POTTAWATTAMIES,
CHIPPEWAS AXD OTTAWAS CONCLUDED SEPTEMBER
26, 1833.

This final cession extinguished the Indian title in Illinois, ceded a
vast territory "supposed to contain" the treaty says, "about five million
acres" and provided for and resulted in the final removal of the Indians
west of the Mississippi.

Whatever may be the view of the writer or the reader of Illinois
history respecting the status and rights of the Indian, whether the
land he has occupied be considered as the inevitable and just spoil of
advancing civilization, or otherwise, w^hat was seen and heard on this
occasion at Chicago must ever arouse the sympathy of all thinking men.
The Pottawattamies. that former proud and powerful nation, there
exhibited in all their degradation and decline, were compelled by cir-
cumstance to which they had made no contribution, to forever desert
the land of their fathers and terminate a residence of more than a
century and a half at the demand of their more powerful masters.

Chicago in 1833, was but an insignificant frontier village, but it
was then the scene of a great historic drama both picturesque and
pathetic. Latrohe's account so often quoted by the writers cannot be
improved upon either for accuracy nor entertaining description, and
much of it will here be set out in his own words. Before doing so how-
ever, let us see the viewpoint from which he wrote.

Charles J. Latrobe was an Englishman of learning, a traveler of
note both in America and elsewhere, on some of his journeys with Wash-
ington Irving as his traveling companion. He was also a writer of
marked ability, served his country as Governor of New South Wales and
another English colony and above all was a close observer of men
and events. His favorable views of America and Americans are in
striking contrast with many other English writers of his time, so that
he cannot be charged with prejudice, and as he made a long and hard
journey to Chicago for the express purpose of witnessing the tribes and
incidents having to do with this treaty, his account under such circum-

103

stances is of more than ordinary interest. He says ("The Eambler in
jSTorth America," dedicated to Washington Irving, A^ol. 2, Chap. XI) :

"Hearing therefore that a treaty with the Indian tribes of the Pot-
tawattamies was expected to take place at Chicago, towards the lower
extremity of Lake Michigan, and that means might be found to cross
tlie State of Illinois to the valley of the Mississippi, we resolved npon
proceeding to Chicago.

"A public vehicle conveyed ns across the peninsula of Michigan,
over a tract of country, which five or six years ago, had been traversed
by nothing but Indian trails, but which now was rapidly filling with a
settled population from the eastward, and all the concomitants of ploughed
land, girdled trees, log-huts — towns, villages, and farms. * * *

"\\'hen within five miles of Chicago, we came to the first Indian
encampment. Five thousand Indians were said to be collected round
this little upstart village, for the prosecution of the treaty by which
they were to cede their lands in Michigan and Illinois. * * *

"1 have been in many odd assemblages of my species, but in few, if
any, of an equally singular character as with that in the midst of which
we spent a week at Chicago.

"This little mushroom town is situated upon the verge of a perfectly
level tract of country, for the greater part consisting of open prairie
lands, at a point where a small river whose sources interlock in the wet
season with those of the Illinois, enters Lake Michigan. * * *

"We found the village on our arrival crowded to excess, and we pro-
cured with great difficulty a small apartment ; comfortless, and noisy
from its close proximity to others, but quite as good as we could have
hoped for.

"The Pottawattamies were encamped on all sides — on the wide level
prairie beyond the scattered village, beneath the shelter of the low
Avoods which chequered them, on the side of the small river, or to the
leeward of the sand hills near the beach of the lake. They consisted
of three principal tribes with certain adjuncts from smaller tribes. The
main divisions are, the Pottawattamies of the Prairie and those of the
Forest, and these are subdivided into distinct villages under their several
chiefs.

"The General Government of the United States, in pursuance of the
scheme of removing the whole Indian population westward of the Mis-
sissippi, had empowered certain gentlemen to frame a treaty with these
tribes, to settle the terms upon which the cession of their reservations
in these states should be made.

"A preliminary council had been held with the chiefs some days
before our arrival. The principal commissioner had opened it, as we
learnt, by stating that, '^as their Great Father in Washington had heard
that they wished to sell their land, he had sent commissioners to treat
with them.' The Indians promptly answ^ered by their organ, 'that their
Great Father in Washington must have seen a bad bird which had told
him a lie, for that far from wishing to sell their land, they wished to
keep it.' The commissioners, nothing daunted, replied : "^that neverthe-
less, as they had come together for a council, they must take the matter
into consideration.' He then explained to them promptly the wishes and
intentions of their Great Father, and asked their opinion thereon. Thus
pressed, they looked at the sky, saw a few wandering clouds, and straight-

104

way adjourned sine die, as the weather i> not clear cnounli for so sok'inii
a counciL

"However, as the treaty had heen opened, provision was supplied
to them by regular rations; and the same night they had great rejoicings
— danced tlie wardance. and kept the eyes and ears of all ()])en by run-
ning, howling about the village.

"Such was the state of affairs on our arrival. Companies of old
warriors might be seen sitting smoking nnder every bush ; arguing,
palavering, or 'powwowing,' with great earnestness; ])ut there seemed no
possibility of bringing them to anotlier council in a hurry.

"Meanwhile the village and its occuj)ants presented a most motley
scene. * * *

"Xext in rank to the officers and commissioners, -may be noticed
certain storekeepers and merclumts residing here; looking either to the
influx of new settlers establishing themselves in the neighborhood, or
those passing yet farther to the westward, for custom and profit; not
to forget the chance of extraordinary occasions like the present. Add
to these a doctor or two, two or three lawyers, a land agent, and five or
six hotel-keepers. These may be considered as stationary, and proprie-
tors of the half a hundred clapboard houses around you.

"Then for the birds of passage, exclusive of the Pottawattamies, of
whom more anon — and emigrants and land speculators as numerous as
the sand. You will find horse-dealers, and horse-stealers — romies of
every description, white, black, brown, and red — half-breeds, quarter-
breeds, and men of no breed at all — dealers in pigs, poultry, and pota-
toes— men pursuing Indian claims, some for tracts of land, others, like
our friend Snipe, for pigs which the wolves had eaten — creditors of the
tribes, or of particular Indians, who know that they have no chance
of getting their money, if they do not get it from the Grovernment agents
— sluirpers of every degree; pedlars, grog-sellers; Indian agents and
Indian traders of every description, and contractors to supply the Potta-
wattamies with food. The little village was in an uproar from morning
to night, and from night to morning : for. during the hours of darkness.
Avhen the housed portion of the population of Chicago strove to obtain
repose in the crowded plank edifices of the village, the Indians howled,
sang, wept, yelled, and whooped in their various encampments. With
all this, the whites seemed to me to be more pagan tlian the red men.

"You will have understood, that the large body of Indians, collected
in the vicinity, consisted not merely of chiefs and warriors, but that in
fact the greater part of the whole tribe were present. For where the
warrior was invited to feast at the expense of Government, the squaw
took care to accompany him — and where the squaw went, the children
or pappooses, the ponies, and the innumerable dogs followed — and here
they all were living merrily at the cost of the GrOvernment. * * *

"Of their dress, made up as it is of a thousand varieties of apparel,
but little general idea can be given. There is nothing among them that
can he called a national costume. That has apparently long been done
away with, or at least so far cloaked under their European ornaments,
blankets, and finery, as to be scarcelv distinguishable. Each seemed to
clothe him or herself as best suited their individual m^ans or taste.
Those who possessed the means, were generally attir^-. in the most
fantastic manner, and the most gaudy colors. A blanket and breech-

105

cloth was possessed with a very few exceptions by the poorest among
the males. Most added legginos, more or less ornamented, made of l)lue,
scarlet, green, or brown boardeloth : and surcoats of every color, and
every material; together with rich sashes^ and gaudy shawl or hand-
kerchief-tnrbans. -

"All these diverse articles of clothing, with the embroidered petti-
coats and shawls of the richer squaws and the complicated headdress,
were covered with innumerable trinkets of all descriptions, thin plates
of silver, beads, mirrors, and embroidery. On their faces, the l)lack and
vermilion ])aint was di^^posed a thousand ways, more or less fanciful
and horrible. Comparatively speaking, the women were seldom seen
gaily drest, and dandyism seemed to be more particularly the preroga-
tive of the males, many of whom spent hours at the morning toilet. I
rememl)er seeing one old fool, who, lacking other means of adornment
and distinction, had chalked the whole of his face and bare limbs white.

"All, with very few exceptions, seemed sunk into the lowest state
of degradation, though some missionary efforts have been made among
them also, by the American Societies. The Pottawattamie language is
emphatic; but we had no means of becoming acquainted with its dis-
tinctive character, or learning to what class of Indian tongues it
belonged.

"All was bustle and tumult, especially at the hour set apart for
the distribution of the rations.

"Many were the scenes which here presented themselves, portray-
ing the habits of both red men and the demi-civilized beings around
them. The interior of the village was one chaos of mud, rubbish, and
confusion. Frame and clapboard houses were springing up daily under
the active axes and hammers of the speculators, and piles of lumber
announced the preparation for yet other edifices of an equally light
cliaracter. Eaces occurred frenuentlv on a piece of level sward without
the village, on which temporary booths afforded the motley multitude
the means of 'stimulating' ; and betting and gambling were the order
of the day. Within the vile two-storied barrack, which dignified as
usual by the title of Hotel, afforded us quarters, all was in a state of
most appalling confusion, filth, and racket. The public table was such
a scene of confusion, that we avoided it from necessity. The French
landlord was a sporting character, and everything was loft to chance,
who, in the shape of a fat housekeeper, fumed and toiled round the
premises from morning to night.

"Within, there was neither peace nor comfort, and we spent much
of our time in the open air. A visit to the gentlemen at the fort, a
morning's grouse-shooting, or a gallop on the broad surface of the
prairie, filled up the intervals in our perturbed attempts at reading or
writing in doors, while awaiting the progress of the Treaty.

"I loved to stroll out towards sunset across the river, and gaze upon
the level horizon, stretching to the northwest over the surface of the
prairie, dotted with innumerable objects far and near. ISFot far from
the river lay many groups of tents constructed of coarse canvas, blankets,
and mats, and surmounted by poles, supporting meat, moccasins, and
rags. Tfeir vicinity was always enlivened bv various painted Indian
figures, dr "'^ed in the most gaudy attire. The interior of the hovels
generally displayed a confined area, perhaps covered with a few half-

106

rotten mats or shavings, upon which men, women, children, and baggage,
were heaped pell-mell.

"Far and wide the grassy prairie teemed with figures; warriors
mounted or on foot, squaws, and horses. Here a race between three or
four Indian ponies, each carrying a double rider, whooping and 5'elling
like fiends. There a solitary horseman with a long spear, turbaned like
an Arab, scouring along at full speed; groups of hobbled horses; Indian
dogs and children; or a grave conclave of grey chiefs seated on the
grass in consultation.

"It was amusing to wind silently from group to group — here noting
the raised knife, the sudden drunken brawl, quashed by the good-natured
and even playful interference of the neighbors; there a party breaking
up their encampment, and falling with their little train of loaded ponies
and wolfish dogs, into the deep black narrow trail running to the north.
You peep into a wig^vam, and see a domestic feud ; the chief sitting in
dogged silence on the mat, wdiile the women, of which there were com-
monly two or three in every dwelling, and who appeared every evening
even more elevated with the fumes of whiskey than the males, read him
a lecture. From another tent a constant voice of wrangling and weeping
would proceed, when suddenly an offended fair one would draw- the mat
aside, and taking a youth standing without by the hand, lead him apart,
and sitting down on the gTass, set up the most indescribable whine as
she told her grief. Then forward comes an Indian, staggering with his
chum from a debauch; he is met by his squaw, with her child dangling
in a fold of her blanket behind, and the sobbing and weeping which
accompanies her whining appeal to him, as she hangs to his hand, would
melt your heart, if you did not see that she was quite as tipsy as himself.

"Here sitting apart and solitary, an Indian expends the exuberance
of his intoxicated spirits in the most ludicrous singing and gesticula-
tion; and there squat a circle of unruly topers indulging themselves in
the most unphilosophic and excessive peals of laughter.

"It is a grievous thing that Government is not strong-handed enough
to put a stop to the shameful and scandalous sale of whiskey to these
poor miserable wretches. But here lie casks of it for sale under the
very eye of the commissioners, met together for purposes, which demand
that sobriety should be maintained, were it only that no one should be
able to lay at their door an accusation of unfair dealing, and of having
taken advantage of the helpless Indian in a bargain, whereby the people
of the United States were to be so greatly the gainers. And such was
the state of things day by day. However anxious I and others might
be to exculpate the United States Government from the charge of cold
and selfish policy toward the remnant of the Indian tribes, and from
that of resorting to unworthy and diabolical means in attaining posses-
sion of their lands — as long as it can be said with truth, that drunken-
ness was not guarded against, and that the means were furnished at the
very time of the treaty, and under the very nose of the commissioners--
how can it be expected but a stigma will attend every transaction of this
kind. The sin may lie at the door of the individuals more im^nediately
in contract with them : but for the character of the people as a nation,
it should be guarded against, beyond a possibility of transgression. Who
will believe that any act, however formally executed by the chiefs, is

107

valid, as long as it is known that whiskey was one of the parties to the
treaty ?

" 'But how sped the treaty?' yon will ask.

"Day after day passed. It was in vain that the signal-gun from the
fort gave notice of an assemblage of chiefs at the council fire. Reasons
were always found for its delay. One day an influential chief was not
in the way; another, the sky looked cloudy, and the Indian never per-
forms any important business except the sky be clear. At length, on
the 21st of September, the Pottawattamies, resolved to meet the com-
missioners. We were politely invited to be present.

''The council fire was lighted under a spacious open shed on the
green meadow, on the opposite side of the river from that on which the
fort stood. From the difficulty of getting all together, it was late in
the afternoon when they assembled. There might be twenty or thirty
chiefs present, seated at the lower end of the enclosure; while the com-
missioners, interpreters, etc., were at the upper. The palaver was
opened by the principal commissioner. He requested to know why he
and his colleagues were called to the council. An old warrior arose,
and in short sentences, generally of five syllables, delivered with a
monotonous intonation, and rapid utterance, gave answer. His gesticu-
lation was appropriate, but rather violent. Rice, the half-breed inter-
preter, explained the signification from time to time to the audience ;
and it was seen that the old chief, who had got his lesson, answered one
question by proposing another, the sum and substance of his oration
being — 'that the assembled chiefs wished to know what was the object
of their Great Father at Washington in calling his Red Children together
at Chicago !'

"This was amusing enough after the full explanation given a week
before at the opening session; and, particularly when it was recollected
that they had feasted sumptuously during the interval at the expense
of their Great Father, was not making very encouraging progress. A
young chief rose and spoke vehemently to the same purpose. Hereupon
the commissioner made them a forcible Jacksonian discourse, wherein
a good deal which was akin to threat, was mingled with exhortations not
to play with their Great Father, but to come to an early determination,
whether they would or would not sell and exchange their territory; and
this done, the council was dissolved. One or two tipsy old chiefs raised
an occasional disturbance, else matters were conducted with due gravity.

"The relative positions of the commissioner and the whites before
the council fire, and that of the Red Children of the Forest and Prairie,
were to me strikingly impressive. The glorious light of the setting sun
streaming in under the low roof of the Council House, fell full on the
countenances of the former as they faced the West — while the pale light
of the East, hardly lighted up the dark and painted lineaments of the
poor Indians, whose souls evidently clave to their birthright in that
quarter. Even though convinced of the necessitv of their removal, my
heart bled for them in their desolation and decline. Ignorant and
degraded as they may have been in their original state, their degradation
is now tenfold, after years of intercourse with the whites; and their
speedy disappearance from the earth appears as certain as though it
were already sealed and accomplished.

108

"Your own reflection will lead you to form the conclusion, and it
will be a just one — that even if he had the will, the power would be
wantinsr, for the Jndian to keep hist territorv; and that the business of
arrang-ing the terms of an Indian treaty, whatever it might have been
two hundred years ago, while the Indian tribes had not, as now, thrown
aside the rude but vigorous intellectual character Avhich distinguished
many among them, now lies chiefly between the various traders, agents,
creditors, and half-breeds of the tribes, on whom custom and necessity
have made the degraded chiefs dependant, and the Government agents.
When the former have seen matters so far arranged that their self-
interest, and various schemes and claims are likely to be fulfilled and
allowed to their hearts' content — the silent acquiescence of the Indian
follows of course; and till this is the case, the treaty can never be
amicably effected. In fine, before we quitted Chicago on the 2.ith, three
or four days later, the treaty w^ith the Pottawattamies was concluded —
the commissioners putting their hands, and the assembled chiefs their
paws to the same."

Thus, as so ably described by the English writer, was consummated
the transfer by which Illinois ceased to be the land of the Indian. The
Indians received as compensation for this vast grant $100,000.00 "to
satisfy sundry individuals in behalf of whom reservations were asked,
which the commissioners refused to grant"; $175,000.00 to "satisfy the
claims made against"' the Indians ; $100,000.00 to be paid in goods and
provisions; $280,000.00 to be paid in an annuity of $14,000.00 each year
for twenty years; $150,000.00 "to be applied to the erection of mills,
farm houses, Indian houses, blacksmith shops, agricultural improve-
ments," etc., and $70,000.00 "for purposes of education and the en-
couragement of the domestic arts."

That in the negotiation of this treaty there was more intrigue, and
more attention to selfish interests of half-breeds, traders and others
seeking personal gain, than in the negotiation of any other Indian
treaty seems quite evident. The reading of the schedules of beneficiaries
attached to the treaty 'would tend to indicate that the rights of the
Indians themselves were quite a secondary matter.

One remarkable feature of this treaty is the fact that by its pro-
visions some five hundred to one thousand persons, most of them with
no Indian blood in their veins, derived personal gain from the transac-
tion ; the allowance and payment of individual claims, ranging in amount
from a few dollars to many thousands, and. as already noted, about one-
third of the cash consideration was thus disbursed. Among the indi-
vidual beneficiaries also appear the following: Alexander Eobinson
$10,000.00 cash and $300.00 annuitv, "in addition to annuities alreadv
granted": Billy Caldwell $10,000.00 cash and $400.00 annuity, "in
addition to annuities already granted" : John Kinzie Clark $400.00 :
allowances to Antoine Ouilmette and his family; "John K. Clark's
Indian children $400.00," and various allowances to the Kinzie family.

The mere reading of the treaty demonstrates that the "birds of
passage," "land speculators," "men pursuing Indian claims," "creditors
of the tribe," "sharpers of every degree." and "Indian traders of every
description." so graphically described by Mr. Latrobe constituted no
small minority of the assemhlv at Chicago on this occasion, or of those
who had to do with framing the treatv.

109

Mr. Qiiaife is entitled to credit for writing the truth about these
transactions in detail in his recent book Chicago and the Old North-
west, (p. 348-366) under the title "The Vanishing of the Red Man/'

Three years after the signing of this last treaty and in the years
1835 and 1836 the Pottawattamies, or at least the most of them, then
some 5,000 in number, were removed west of the Mississippi, into Mis-
souri, near Fort Leavenworth. They remained there but a year or two
on account of the hostility of the frontier settlers, and were again
removed to Council Bluffs, and in a few years again to a reservation in
Kansas, others to the Indian Territory. Their history since leaving
Illinois has been in the main that of all the Indian tribes — a steady
dwindling.

The final ehaptev of the Indian history of our State must, of neces-
sity, ever be found in the sad and pathetic story of the treaty of 1833.
Its readers will ever follow the Pottawattamies — these children of the
Prairie and of the Forest, as they took their farewell look at old Lake
Michigan, and crossed for the last time in their westward Journey, the
plains, and woods, and streams of the land of the Illinois, with sympathy
for their unhappy destiny, and with regret for the causes which made
it possible. And will ever turn for a better and brighter picture, to the
iVmerican days of long ago, when the Indian ancestors sat in treaty
making councils and by tlie council fire, with all the pride of his
native manhood; when his eloquent words bespoke the man and when
the calumet, as it passed from hand to hand, from Chief to Chief,
whether White or Red, meant peace, and friendship and honor and all
good will to men.

PART III

Contributions to State History

1915

M imm

J Sit.

1 1 5 ! p_f n. » .;,

GEX. JAMK-S SHIELDS.

1 1;;

GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS OF ILLINOIS.

(By Francis O'Shaughnessy.)*

The Governor of Illinois, Honorable Edwanl F. Dnnne. has com-
missioned me to speak for him and the State which he so eminently
governs, and bids me say that Illinois and its people are proud of the
honor that this occasion brings to the memory of a citizen whose
career of great achievements in civil and military annals of our coun-
try had its inception in Illinois.

This beautiful monument to the memory of General James Shields
is a recognition not alone to the man Imt it is a tribute to the spirit of
the Xation which he served, and it will be for generations of the chil-
dren of Missouri an inspiration to turn their hearts with affection upon
their country's deserving men, to deepen their faith in the sanctity of
American institutions, and to claim their unselfish devotion in the hour
of national peril.

This monument, the image of Shields, is a glory to the spirit of
the Fathers of the Eepublic who, with vision of prophets, laid down a
plan of government that withstood the shock of war, both foreign and
domestic, that absorbed and assimilated the mixed races of Europe and
made a people with a national spirit, a national ideal and a national
conscience.

When Jeiferson wrote into the Declaration of Independence what
he declared to be a self-evident truth "that all men are created ecjual and
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, and that among
these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," he stated a prin-
ciple for government that was yet to be provect, if it could be tried, and
the Fathers, out of sacrifices of blood and treasure, through the achieve-
ments of the Revolution, were enabled to build a structure of government
that became, was and has been the full embodiment of freedom. The
notion of liberty quickly runs through the fabric of society and the
Eevolutionary Fathers in America, by their example, set in motion the
impulse for liberty in all countries then suffering oppression.

In no country was liberty more ardently sought than in Ireland,
where real oppression had been cruelly exercised, where the people were
disfranchisecl, as well as despoiled of property and land, and where the
great lawmaking genius of Englishmen had been taxed to its \;tmost
bounds to find ways and means to destroy a people without actually
poisoning all the wells. The peo]ile of Ireland read the Declaration of
Independence, and Grattan ])nt into execution a movement that l)y the
menace of revolution England gave Ireland a Parliament, only to snatch
it away Avhen an opportune time arrived to do so. The revolution of '98

* Address delivered at dedicaUon of monument to General Shields at CarroUton, Mo., Nov. 12, 1914.
— 8 H S

114

and Emmet's ill-fated rising broke the spears and stayed the hand, but
did liot subdue the spirit of liberty in the heart of the Irish patriot.

That spirit was the heritage of the youth of Ireland. It was the
heritage of James Shields, the son of Charles Shields and Catherine,
his wife, born on May 9, 180Q, in the village of Altmore, County Tyrone.
The honor of James Shields and his renown among the people of Amer-
ica, give testimony that he was true to the heritage.

Shields' father died when the lad was six years of age. His
mother, a woman of refinement and education, made sacrifices to give her
sons as good education as was available. Sometimes before Shields' day,
a school teacher and a wolf had in Ireland the same social and political
status under English laws^ The same reward was offered for the head
of each. In suppressing education the English had destroyed or confis-
cated all the schools. So Shields, like the other lads, attended the hedge
school, where the teacher assembled his classes on the roadside for in-
struction.

But a series of fortunate events aided Shields in acquiring an edu-
cation. When he was 10 or 13 years of age, his Uncle James returned
to Ireland from America. The uncle had in his youth attended a semin-
ary, but his inclination for travel was greater than his vocation for the
priesthood and he went to America, where he fought as a soldier in the
Eevolution, taught Greek and Latin in a school at Charleston, S. C,
enlisted under Jackson in the War of 1812, and Avas shot in the leg while
fighting the battle of New Orleans. The uncle became the instructor of
Shields in both the liberal arts and the arts of war, and his soldier
exploits became the passion of his young nephew. The uncle was in-
tense in his devotion to America and this love for the new land Shields
also absorbed as the uncle unfolded to him the reality of a free country,
which held out hope and promises to every deserving man. The uncle
promised the lad that if he would come to America he would make him
his heir. However, when Shields did land. tl\e uncle had died.

There were at that time in Ireland many veterans of the Conti-
nental wars. They had stories to tell of battles, of maneuvers, of stnit-
eg}-, of daring. Shields was of an age and of a disposition in mind and
character to become imbued with all that fostered the soldier spirit, and
he was among the most willing and interested listeners to the veterans'
tales.

When Shields was 15 years of age, he repulsed an attack made upon
liim by one of these veterans, and the controversy ended in a duel, which
failed because the pistols were not in proper condition for firing. The
outcome of the duel was that the soldier who had been the aggressor in
the quarrel became the warm friend of Shields. He trained Shields in
fencing until he became a skilled swordsman. He taught Shields French
and tliis accomplishment opened the door of opportunity to him. When
he landed at Kaskaskia. Illinois, his knowledge of the French language in
this community of French people enabled him. to secure his first position
as school teacher, which was the beginning of his great career in Illinois.
The veteran presented Shields with books on military science, and in-
structed him to the extent of his own knowledge in that science. This
instruction added to what Shields had learned from his uncle, the vet-
eran of American wars, and what he otherwise acquired, qualified him to

115

assume at the outset of his military career the rank of Brigadier General,
which he adorned with true military glory.

The education of Shields was concluded by a relative of his mother,
a priest from Maynooth College. The priest's contribution to the career
of Shields was the setting before the young man's vision, the moral worth
of a man who is faithful to the tenets of his religion. That Shields was
faithful is attested by many evidences in his life, but one that impressed
me is related by the saintly old Bishop John Hogan of Kansas City, of
happy memory, who was the pioneer Catholic priest of North Missouri,
and who more than fifty years ago made the journey on horseback from
Chillicothe to Hickory Branch, in the center of Chariton County, to per-
form the marriage ceremony of my father and mother.

Bishop Hogan relates that one day in October, 1866, a gentleman
called at his house in Chillicothe to have his infant baptized. He and
his wife, with the infant of a few months of age, and another lady, had
driven from Carroll County, forty miles, for the baptism. The cere-
monial of the Catholic church requires sponsors or God-parents for an
infant, and when Father Hogan inquired for the God-father, the man
modestly explained that he had but recently located in Missouri and
knew no one to ask, and begged of Father Hogan that he act. He
gave his name as James Shields and that of his wife as Mary Carr, but
it was not until some weeks later that Father Hogan learned that the
man was the distinguished soldier and statesman, General Shields.

Shields, at the age of 16, sailed for America; the ship, however,
was wrecked near the coast of Scotland and the captain, one seaman
and Shields were the only ones saved. While the ship was undergoing
repairs he became a tutor in the family of a Presbyterian minister. He
sailed with the ship and afterward made several voyages with the cap-
tain, until he was blown from a topmast and fell, breaking both legs.
After three months in the hospital he recovered and gave up the sea-
man's life, but the experience he gained equipped him for leadership even
on the sea. Forty years afterward he and his wife were passengers on
board a ship bound for Mexico, when the captain and mate were at a
loss how to handle the craft, and Shields assumed command and piloted
the ship into the harbor at Mazatlan.

His public career began at Kaskaskia, Illinois, where he arrived with
a well diversified experience and education, fine courage, good manners
and address, ready wit, but without money. He had just turned his
majority. He could speak French but was not French — an arrangement
that fitted exactly for the needs of the school in this little metropolis,
and he was duly installed as a teacher. To know the times, it is neces-
sary to know something of Kaskaskia; it was the second settlement on
the upper Mississippi; Cahokia, opposite St. Louis, was the first, but
Kaskaskia was the more promising and it grew in importance as a trad-
ing post, a military position and as the Capital of Illinois. In 1766, the
French had built a fort costing a million crowns, for the protection of
Kaskaskia and vicinity. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, captured the
place from the English and saved the Mississippi Valley for the Col-
onies. Pontiac, the great Indian Chief, was murdered near Cahokia. In
1779 it became the Capital of the Territory of Illinois. Large stores
existed, and the wholesale dealers supplied the village of St. Louis and

IIG

Cape Girardeau. Chicago then was uiikiicwii, except as a place described
by Father Marquette, in liis Journals, where he camped in the Aviuter of
1673. Aaron Burr was at Ivaskaskia in furtherance of his plan or con-
spiracy to conquer Mexico and make his daughter Theodosia the Em-
press. It was tiie most westerly point visited Ijy General LaFayette in
his memorable visit to the United States in 1825 as the guest of the
Nation.

The entertainment of General LaFayette by Illinois was prodigal in
its lavishness. The Legislature of the State appropriated for the occa-
sion nearly one-third of all the taxes levied by the State for that year.
Governor Coles of Illinois addressed LaFayette in these words:

''Sir, when the waters of the Mississippi, generations hence, are
traversed by carriers of commerce from all parts of the world, when
there shall live west of the Father of Waters, a people greater in num-
bers than the present population of the United States, when. Sir. the
power of England, always malevolent, shall have waned to nothing, and
the eagles and stars of our national arms are recognized and honored in
all parts of the globe, when the old men and children of today shall
have been gathered to their fathers and their graves have been oblit-
erated from the face of the earth, Kaskaskia will still remember and
honor your name. Sir, as the Commercial (^ueen of the West, she wel-
comes you to a place within her portals. So long as Kaskaskia exists,
your name and praises shall be sung by her." Old Kaskaskia, its vision
of gi-eatness has long since passed. Its buildings and its streets were
washed aAvay by the strong current of the Mississippi and little now re-
mains of the city of promise, the Commercial Queen of the West.

Shields, in Kaskaskia, began to exert an influence upon the com-
munity. He was admitted to the bar in 1832. In 1836 he was elected
to the Legislature, then sitting at Vandalia, the new Capital of the State,
and he took his seat in the midst of a group of lawmakers, the equal of
which perhaps never since existed in one assemblage in Illinois. There
were Orville H. Browning, Eobert K. McLaughlin, Cyrus Gatewood,
John Hogan, Edward D. Baker, ]\Iilton Carpenter, Stephen A. Douglas,
Xinian W. Edwards, William p]wing, Augustus C. French, John J.
Hardin, Abraham Lincoln, Dr. John Logan, John A. McClernand. and a
group of others. Out of that assemblage there was one who became Presi-
dent; another, a candidate for the Presidency; another, a candidate for
the Vice Presidency; seven who became Senators of the United States;
one attained the rank of Major General; one, a Brevet Major General ; a
dozen Colonels; eight became Congressmen; three. Lieutenant Gover-
nors; two, Attorneys Genei-al; two, State Treasurers; three, State
Auditors; two. Ministers Plenipotentiary, and many became Judges of
the Supreme and Superior Courts.

These men left their impress not only upon Illinois Imt upon the
nation. When Shields joined this wonderful group of men they were
all voung and all full of zeal and ambition, as their careers so truly
prove. The man who could rise to prominence in the midst of such
men and in sueli times nnist of necessity possess both ability and per-
sonality. In his" second term as a Legislator, he was appointed Auditor
of the State by Governor Ford. It was a position not only of honor l)ut
one of grave responsibility.

Illinois, in 1831), had launched a program of large internal improve-
ment; it was caught in the panic of 1837 and 1838, with a big debt; its
honor was at stake. Shields, as Auditor, shouldered the responsibilities
and brought the State through with its credit unimpaired.

In 18-13, Stephen A. I/'ouglas resigned from the Bench of the
Supreme Court. Shields was appointed by the Governor to fill his
unexpired term, and the following year was elected to a full term by
the Legislature. In this position he proved himself a diligent and
able jurist. His decisions are found in the early reports of the State
and are among the old landmarks of the law of our State. They are
sound in principle, clear in diction, and free from prolixity.

Shields' fame might have been locked up in the sheepskins of law
libraries had not President Polk called him from the Supreme Bench
to the office of Commissioner General of the Land Office of the United
States. He had Just set to work in a broad, intelligent way to administer
the affairs of this big office when the annexation of Texas, followed by a
chain of rapid events, culminated in a war with Mexico.

Shields, who as a young man had seen some military service in the
Seminole war as a private, and possessed of military knowledge learned
from his uncle and the veteran I have mentioned, tendered his resig-
nation as Land t*ommissioner and received from President Polke a com-
mission as Brigadier General of Volunteers. His brigade was made up
of Illinois regiments. They arrived at the Eio Grande in August,
1846. Shields for a time was under Gen. Zachary Taylor. His brigade
was then sent to Vera Cruz to join the army under General Winfield Scott.
The army set out to capture the City of Mexico. The crucial battle of
the campaign was the Battle of Cerro Gordo, fought in a pass of the
mountains. In a critical time during the battle, Shields' brigade was
sent to intercept the main army of Santa Anna. The command was
brilliantly executed and the work accomplished, but Shields was struck
in the breast by a grape shot measuring one and one-half inches in
diameter, which penetrated his lung and passed out near the spine. He
was carried from the field and his death was officially reported by Gen-
eral Scott, who commended in highest terms the gallantry of General
Shields.

An Irish physician, McMillan, who had been a surgeon in the
Prench army and Mexican army, and who was at that time a prisoner
of war, asked leave to treat Shields when the American surgeons had
pronounced his wound mortal. McMillan took a silk handkerchief,
wrapped it around a ramrod, gently pressed the rod and handkerchief
through the track of the wound, passing it entirely through the body, and
in less than six weeks Shields was back in the saddle in command of his
brigade.

• At Chapultepec he swept the field and with the Palmetto Eegiment
of South Carolina he burst through the Belin Gate of the City of Mexico.
A bullet had shattered his arm, but he did not retire from the field until
he saw his men, the first to enter the city, hoisting the flag within the
walls.

Shields had won his stars as a soldier, and the country rang with
the praise of his gallantry. South Carolina voted the sum of five
thousand dollars to purchase a jewel hilted sword to present to Shields,

118

and llliuois appropriated the sum of three thousand dollars for a like
purpose. These two swords, after the death of Shields, were purchased
by the United States Government from his widow for the sum of ten
thousand dollars.

In the halls of the Capitol at Washington is a great painting de-
picting the field at Chapultepec, showing Shields in his shirt sleeves, un-
horsed, in the midst of his men, directing the charge. It is an actual
copy of a daguerreotype made on the battlefield by Daguerre, the father
of photography.

At the close of the war. President Polk gave Shields the appoint-
ment of Governor of the Territory of Oregon. He had accepted the
place, but the people of Illinois claimed him as their son and bestowed
upon him a greater honor. They gave him a seat in the Senate of the
United States in place of Senator Sidney Breese. Breese had been an
able Senator but he had to yield to the hero of Cerro Gordo. Breese
had previously served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, and
shortly after his defeat for re-election, as Senator, returned to the Su-
preme Bench of the State, where for twenty years he served as one of
the great jurists of the country.

When Shields took his seat in the Senate, a question arose as to his
right to sit as a Senator of the United States. The Constitution re-
quired a period of nine years citizenship as a prerequisite. Shields had
come to the United States before he attained legal age, but upon his
appointment by the Governor to the place of State Auditor in 1838, it
was deemed advisable that he apply for naturalization to remove any
doubt as to his eligibility. The term of years between the date of taking
out of his papers and his election to the Senate of the United States was
less than nine years. Eather than cloud the title to his seat in the
Senate he nroraptly resigned. The Governor of Illinois convened the
Legislature in extraordinary session in December, 1847; a -full period
of nine years had now elapsed. Ex-Senator Breese and General John A.
McClernand were again contestants for the seat, as they had been when
Shields was ' first elected, but the Legislature again elected Shields,
adding to his already unique history the further distinction of being
t-wiee elected to the Senate in one year.

Shields, in the Senate of the United States, was in the midst of_ a
group who were second only in greatness to the Fathers of the Eepublic.
There were Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Cass, Douglas. Jefferson Davis and
Benton. In this group of men there were such clashes of intellect as
shook the nation. " These were the lightning flashes from out the gray,
black clouds which forecasted the storm that burst in the awful cataclysm
of the Civil War. In this assemblage of great men Shields measured up
to all save a few. He was by no means dwarfed by the giants who tow-
ered so majestically in the forum. He was a democrat and was com-
mitted to the policy of that party as expressed by Douglas in his
Kansas-Nebraska bill, which provided for the admission of those two
states, with the question of slflve or free to be determined by the free-
holders of the new states in the adoption of their state constitutions.
Shields was opposed to the extension of slavery; he voted for the bill
excluding it from the District of Columbia ; he voted against its exten-
sion to California, and in support of his vote he delivered a masterly

119

speech which showed not only his vision as a soldier but as a Senator,
and he pointed to the abyss to which the contending forces were rushing
headlong. He said :

"A fearful controversy has raged here and throughout the country
this whole session. A controversy that excites the strongest and deepest
feeling of our nature ; a controversy between sentiment and interest, be-
tween liberty and slavery, and yet no man now, either in this body or in
the other hall, seriously contemplates any other result than an amicable
adjustment by an honorable and national compromise. Sir, my notion
is that this controversy could not have raged one month in any other
country on earth without a national convulsion. Why is this, sir ? Be-
cause the people of this country are trained and educated to settle all
their difficulties, public and private, by just and honorable compromise,
while the people of other countries, in great national difficulties, are
accustomed to have immediate recourse to force. Sir, there are only two
principles employed in the government of the political world, force and
compromise. Some nations are governed by both principles, others by
force alone, but this is the onlv nation that has alwavs been governed
by compromise since the foundation of the government, and it must con-
tinue to be so governed so long as it continues to be a republic. Sir,
when compromise ends, force begins, and the tocsin of Civil war is the
death knell of Eepublicanism."

It could not be said of Shields that his spirit of compromise was
due to fear or timidity, because he had shown on the Mexican fields that
he was brave to the point of rashness, but he kneAv what it meant to
bring warfare into the heart of a country ; he had been born and was
educated in a land where force was the dominating influence; where
compromise was an unheard of term, and his soul that had been seared
by the cruel force of England, abhorred the thought that such an iron
was to pierce the soul of free people, of this glorious land. Happily, the
dire prophecy that civil war would ring the death knell of Eepublicanism
was not fulfilled, but so near was it a prophecy that we should ever pray
for peace and honorable compromise when we count up Avar's horrible
toll.

The politics of Illinois were torn apart on the issues of slavery.
Lincoln began to assume the leadership of the forces opposing Douglas,
and at the end of Shields' term the situation was acute. Lincoln, before
the Legislature, was the caucus nominee of the Whigs; Shields, the
caucus nominee of the Democrats. There was a group of Anti-Nebraska
Democrats who refused to be bound by the Democratic caucus, five of
them, and they supported Lyman Trumbull. On the first ballot Lincoln
had 45; Shields, 41; Trumbull, 5, and ten scattered. On each succeed-
ing ballot Lincoln became weaker; Shields' vote remained the same.
After eight ballots were taken Shields' name Avas Avithdrawn. On the
ninth ballot Lincoln's name was withdraAvn, and the Whigs and Anti-
Nebraska Democrats joined and elected Lyman Trumbull. Shields' re-
tirement was not due to any cause other than the issue of no compro-
mise. Any discussion of that question has no place here other than
to point out the cause that led to Shields' retirement as a Senator from
Illinois. Thus ended the public life of Shields in Illinois.

120

Ht' moved to Minnesota and settled n-ar the city oi' Fairbault. ILe
was not lonti' in this new eomniuiiity wln-n Minnesota was organized into
a state. He was one oi the two Senators first chosen to represent tliat
state in the Senate of the United States. In casting lots with his col-
league he drew tlie short term of two years. When he finished his ser-
vice as Senator from Minnesota his party was in the minority in that
state.

Shortly afterward he took up his residence in California. He be-
came interested with some California gentlemen in a mining enterprise
in Mexico. He went to Mexico for the purpose of superintending the
property, and it was while he was in ^Mexico that Fort Sumter was fired
upon. When he learned of the Civil war lie immediately tendered his
services to his old friend, President Lincoln. His services were at once
accepted and he was given the commission of Brigadier General.

The most conspicuous service he rendered in the Civil AA'ar was in
the battle of AYinchester. when he lured the great Stonewall Jackson into
a battle and routed him. It was during the progress of this battle that
he again sustained a severe injury. With his shoulder fractured, his
arm and body lacerated and bruised, and while lying prostrate, he
directed the movements of the battle which ended in such signal success
for the Union forces. His achievements at once awakened the interest
of President Lincoln in his military skill, and ho gave him an appoint-
ment as Major General, but the appointment failed of confirmation in
the Senate on account of the hostility of Secretary Stanton to the promo-
tion. A short time after this he resigned his commission in the army
and retired to a farm in ]\Iissouri, where he resided until his death.

I will not dwell at length iipon his i)uidic career in the state of
Missouri. He was not long a resident within the hospitable bounds of
Carroll County until the people of tliis congressional district urged upon
him the nomination for congress. He received a majority of the votes
of the electors, but the poll of one or two counties was rejected and his
adversary was given the certificate of election. However, Congress voted
him a year's salary. He then became a re])rescntative in the General
Assembly; was appointed railroad commissioner, and upon the death
of Senator Bogy, was again elected by his colleagues in the General
Assembly to fill the unexpired term in the United States Senate. While
this term was of 1)ut a few months' duration, it was a testimonial to the
character of the man who. in the counsels of men, always stood amongst
the foremost. There is no honor which a state can bestow upon a
citizen greater than its mantle of senatorship, and this priceless honor
was three times l)estowed upon this most extraordinary man by three
different states.

Without retracing my steps over his life, it is proper to observe that
the men with wliom Shields associated himself were, as a rule, able,
aggressive and eminent men. His early partners in the practice of law
were Adam Snyder and Gustave Koerner, of the firm of Snvder. Shields
«S: Koerner, practicing at Belleville. Illinois. Snyder became a member
of Congress and died on the eve of an election whicli would have made
him Governor of Illinois. Gustave Koerner, a German patriot who
found it necessary to make a precipitious flight from his native land, and
the junior member of the law firm, lieoame one of Illinois' most distin-

121

guished Jaw vers. Later, he Ijecame a Justice of the Supreme Court, and
during President Lincoln's term, was Minister Plenipotentiary at the
Court of Spain.

Shields, in his triumphs, was modest and unassuming; in his de-
feats he bore a courtly kindness toward his political adversaries. This
was the testimonial of Senator^John M. Palmer, who as a voung man
in the Legislature w^as one of the group of five who breached the party
caucus and suj^ported I'rumbull against Shields, the party nominee.
Senator Palmer, upon the occasion of the unveiling of the statue in
Statuary Hall, said :

"it was my misfortune to differ with him on a great public ques-
tion. * * * J ^y.^g compelled by my convictions of political public
duty to vote for another man for a seat in this honorable body. I did
so, and my nomination and vote gave to the l)ody another of the great
men of whom Illinois is proud. This, I am proud to say, had no influ-
ence upon the personal relations between General Shields and myself, we
continued to be friends. His conduct toward me was always that of gen-
erous friendship."

A number of evidences of his magnanimity and true greatness might
be related. One was an incident which occurred in the battle of Contre-
ras in Mexico, when his brigade was sent to join the brigade of General
Persifer F. Smith. Smith had planned the liattle, but Shields being the
ranking officer was entitled to take command. Smith, however, w^as un-
aware of this and gave directions to Shields as to what position he
should take in the battle. Shields, recognizing Smith's mistake, and
being unw^illing to deprive him of the credit which would come from the
plans he had matured, assumed the subordinate position assigned to him
and threw" his entire energy into the battle. In'inging the reward of vic-
tory to his junior ofhcer.

Semmes, in his work on the Campaign of General Scott, says of
this, that it w^as "a victory over the egotism of our nature Avhich his
friends should cherish more than a thousand victories on the battlefield."

The great Missourian, Bland, in his address in Congress upon the
presentation of Shields' monument, said :

"To show the magnanimity of the character of this great soldier it
is related of him that on one occasion one of his admirers in introducing
him to the people introduced him as the only man who ever conquered
Stonewall Jackson. In reply. General Shields modestly stated that al-
though he had come nearer jierhaps than any other soldier to whipping
Stonewall Jackson, yet the truth of history impelled him to say that
Stonewall Jackson was never conquered."

After the close of the Civil "War, when a great body of citizens of
Missouri w^ere disfranchised. Shields took up their cause and worked
with all of his splendid energv^ to restore to these disfranchised citizens
their constitutional rights. It was wdiile he was engaged in this work
that my father met him on the occasion of Shields' visit to Keytesvillo,
where my father was living.

The acquaintance 1)etween my father and General Shields grew to
intimacy and it was a real, abiding affection. One of my earliest recol-
lections was my father's announcing in our home that General Shields
had died. A few days later, when his remains were brought back from
Ottumwa. Iowa, which was the place of his death, to Carrollfon, it be-

122

came necessary to transfer them irum the Aurth Missuiui liailioad to
the Wabasli Eailroad at Moberly, where my father then lived. He wa&
chairman of the delegation which, through tlie kindness of the gentle-
men from Carrollton who had arrived in Moberly to escort the remains
to the home of his bereaved widow, was allowed to act with them as a
guard of honor. Behind the casket bearing the remains of this great
jurist, statesman and soldier, my father walked along the dusty roads to
the place of burial, and it is one of the recollections which is green in
his memory.

Illinois had given to General Shields in his lifetime the highest
honor and distinction it had to bestow, and it was only fitting that the
man who had borne these honors with such dignity should be remem-
bered after death. In the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington there
is assigned to each of the Sovereign States of the Union a place for
the setting of two monuments.

The states, with jealous pride, have chosen for this honor only such
men as they deemed entitled to enduring fame. The selection for Illi-
nois devolved upon the General Assembly and the Governor of the State.
In choosing whom to honor, the past of Illinois was viewed and the
graves were called upon to give up their illustrious dead, that they
might pass in review, clothed again in mortal form, showing the scars
and laurels fairly won in the IS^ation's cause. In solemn file they
marched, the long dead Governors, Senators, Generals, Justices of the
United States Supreme Court, Secretaries of Presidents' Cabinets, and
all the men of Illinois who had helped to make and form and unite the
Xation — Shields among them. He showed his record as a lawmaker and
judge, as a State and National administrator of important office, he
saluted with the jeweled Palmetto sword and bared his breast, marked
with the crimson scar of the bullet wound of Cerro Gordo, his arm bore
the scar of Chapultepec and the wound of Winchester, his Senatorial toga
from Illinois was unsullied. He had accounted well for his years after
serving Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri had given him its greatest
honors. He had gone to the grave with a matchless record. Upon him
the honor fell, and in one of the niches assigned to Illinois in Statuary
Hall at Washington, stands the monument in bronze of General James
Shields.

Missouri's soil has been the resting place of General Shields and
Missouri has dealt kindly with his ashes. Posterity will venerate his
memory. The service he rendered to this, his adopted country, has been
repaid in the kindness this country has given him and the exiles from
his motherland, who have found within its hospitable shores peace and
plenty, homes where happiness abides, and the blessings of good-will and
brotherhood with men of everv race.

123

GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS AS A POET.

(From Gov. Koerner's Memoirs, pp. 571-572; written in 1851 when Shields

was U. S. Senator.)

General Shields very much surjirised me about this time by a letter
from Washington which I will give as a trait of his character.

"As I have turned poet, I wish you to criticize the enclosed with
the utmost severity. As I take no pride in the vocation, you need not
fear to offend me. I promised a very intelligent young lady to try my
hand on an Irish song, as we differed in opinion about the style and
spirit of it. The enclosed is a copy. What think you of it?"

"To Henrietta Mitchell — Washington City.

Yes ! Dear Henrietta, I think of thee still.
And see thee in spirit in fountain and rill.
I hear thee in whispers, in prairie and gi'ove.
That speak to my heart like a spirit of love.

I dream while awake of thy sweet sunny smile,
A beam from the soil of my own native isle.
I dream, while I sleep, of the isle o'er the sea
Where love Avould be transport and rapture with thee.

The eye and the smile and the heart touching tone,
Though far from me now are in spirit my own.
Thus fancy brings visions of love and delight
To cheer me and bless me by day and by night."

This, however, was not the first piece of poetry written by Shields.
In 1837, when Canada was in rebellion against England, Shields, then
my partner, felt very much inclined to join the insurgents. But Mr.
Snyder and myself dissuaded him from making the attempt. Shields
had, however, already written a very stirring Canadian war song, which
indeed did great credit to his poetical talent.

l-.M

THE WARRENS OF WARRENVILLE.

(By Harriet N. Warren Dodson, 1888, Geneva, 111.)
We were a family of ten persons, father, mother, one brother and
seven sisters. The heads of this family were Daniel Warren and Xancy
Morton. Our parents were born in Massachusetts. Our father's ances-
tors were English, his mother's maiden name Avas Adams. Our mother's
origin from all I can learn was Scotch, her mother's maiden name was
Goddard. They were married in 1803 at Madison, Xew York, my
father being twenty-three years of age and my mother eighteen. They
remained in Madison until after the birth of two children, the eldest
Philinda, and the second Louise. My father then came to Fredonia,
Xew York. His first work there was the clearing of a large tract of
land for Judge Gushing. Fredonia became their home permanently at
that time where they lived until 1823, and where the six younger chil-
dren were born. Their names were Julius, Sally, Harriet, Mary and
Maria (twins) and Jane. In 1823 (if I remember rightly) we re-
moved to the village of Westfield, some fifteen miles farther west and
remained there until 1833. In April of that year my father started to
come to the "Far West," as Illinois was then called, to seek a new home.
He had many reverses in business and determined to try his fortune in
a new country. Many thought him wild to venture with a family of
daughters mainly, only one son, to a new untried country, at his age
too, he was then fifty-three years old. My mother's health also was very
poor, and some even predicted that she would never live to accomplish
the long and fatiguing journey. One of my mother's brothers came
quite a distance to try and dissuade her from coming. He said he
thought it folly in the extreme for her to think of following her hus-
band so far from all the comforts of civilization; and wondered she
could think it her duty to come.

My father came in April, a brother-in-law came in May (Mr. Fred-
rick Bird who had married the next oldest daughter, Louisa), the fol-
lowing July my brother came with ^[rs. Bird, her three children and
another sister. My father in the meantime had bought a claim and
began building a house; he, my sister and family living in (or staying
in) a small log hut until the new house was enclosed. My brother re-
turned East again and began making preparations for the remainder
of the family to come. In October not far from the 7th of the month
my mother and the four younger daughters with an old neighbor to care
for the team and drive them left our pleasant home and started on
the perilous journey. It was a sorrowful and sad parting for my
mother as well as myself. The younger sisters did not seem to realize it,
the novelty was much to them, and they did not seem to understand our
mother's health was one of gTeat anxiety and fear on the part of the
older members of the family, especially to the older sister and brother

125

remaining in the old home, to dispose of that and other property, and
follow in another spring. After our brother eanie on with his sister
and family in July he returned at once in order to get us off as soon as
the new home was prepared for us. We were three weeks and three days
making the journe}^, and many incidents of interest occurred on the
route, one in which my sisters were particularly amused. It was the
meeting of our mother and an old friend of her girlhood days. To hear
them call each other familiarly by their maiden names was laughable
indeed to them. It was a strange coincidence that two persons so far
separated from each other since they were young should meet and recog-
nize each other in a "Wayside Inn." We stayed all night in the village
of Springfield, Pa., with friends by the name of Gibson whom we had
seen and become acquainted with in Wariield. Our mother also found
old friends in Munroe, Michigan, named Hale, who gave us a hearty
welcome. We fell in comj^any with a A'ermont family named Hayse
at Sandusky, Ohio, with whom we travelled the remainder of the jour-
ney. They came with us to our new wild prairie house and rested for
a day or two, then went to their destination, somewhere in Sangamon
County. We have never met them and only once heard from them
since we parted so many long years ago. They were a nice family :
father, mother and six small children. Had a nice pair of Vermont
gray horses, and seemed much pleased to have fallen in company with
us. The "Maumee Swamp" was a great terror to us, a narrow turnpike
road with tall timber on each side and we were told still infested Avith
wild animals, terrible roads. It would become suddenly dark about
5:00 p. m., our horses giving out, and all (only our mother and the
most courageous sister as driver) obliged to walk trying to keep up with
the man who must keep near the team all the time in fear of wild
beasts. Surely this was no enviable situation. We were compelled to
stay over night in travelling through this swamp, and such a place, it
seemed fit place for crime of "deepest dye;" and weary as we all were,
we could not sleep for fear; and we could only say, ''Oh! that we were
once again in our old home."

In Laporte, Indiana, we found one of our Westfield neighbors,
whose name was Stout, who seemed pleased to see us and with whose
family we remained overnight. From Laporte to Michigan City the
route was not Avell defined. We camped over one night between these
two places. It was our first experience in "Camping." Some emi-
grants were before us however and we saw where they built fires and
cooked their meals. At the foot of a large tree near by a beautiful
spring seemed to boil up. We prepared our supper, after which our
mother and two sisters with the family of Mr. Hayse encamped in a
small enclosure made of limbs of trees, and one sister and myself made
the best sleeping place we could and remained in the wagon, the man
slept under the wagon and the horses were tied at the back of each
wagon, and from a trough had their allowance of oats. The next night
we stayed in Michigan City, but why called a city we were puzzled to
know, about half a dozen rude houses or huts more properly called com-
prised the town. The log houses we camped in were little better than
our wagon for shelter. There were quite a number of travelers there
before us, and the room we stayed in was the low roofed chamber over
the only other room in the house. The floor of this room was covered

126

with quite a number of '"Prairie Beds" so they were called, made of
coarsest prairie grass. Our mother was fortunate to have a bed with
her for such emergencies, although she would lie awake the greater part
of the night in all such places. The following night we encamped on
the lake shore between Michigan City and the Calumet. Here we built
large fires as near the lake as possible. The daughters fatigued fell into
sound sleep, but our mother informed us in the morning she had not
slept at all. She sat and watched over us all night holding an umbrella
over us most of the time, there being a drizzling rain some of the time.
Such wakefulness was a source of great anxiety on our part. We knew
she must have sleep or rest if she succeeded in getting through the
journey. That is we thought we knew. But she seemed to have so
much resolution and courage that she endured all these privations better
even than the daughters so young and strong. The following day we
walked nearly the whole distance. The heavy sand through which we
had to travel was terrible for our little Canadian ponies; the "Vermont
Greys" seemed quite as weary. Only our mother was in the wagon dur-
ing the day. When we were within a few miles of the Calumet it com-
menced raining, the walking was very heavy in the deep sand, the horses
were driven as near the lake as possible on account of the depth of the
sand any distance from the shore, and we began to fear we must stay
another night on the dismal shore, when there came up behind us a man
with a cart and a pair of oxen attached to it, who seeing us came to the
wagon and asked if some of us would accept a place' in his rough vehicle,
at the same time saying we were but a mile or two from the Calumet,
where he himself was to remain over night. Mother hesitated a mo-
ment before accepting the kind offer. In the meantime my twin sisters
had entered the cart and were quickly gone from sight. It was be-
ginning to rain quite heavily and with our anxiety about the two sisters
it seemed the next hour was the longest one we ever experienced. We
at last reached the shagg}^ settlement at the mouth of the Calumet Eiver.
Just before we drove up in front of the only house to be seen in the
dusk of the evening, a man drove past us with a pair of horses having
as we afterwards learned just come from Michigan City, and seemed to
be very angry because some one had disturbed his hay just on the road
back of us. Said he would like to know who had pulled his hay down..
The little man, driver of the cart in which the sisters had been riding
stepped up to him and told him he had taken a handful or two of hay
on the roadside to make a more comfortable place for two young ladies
to ride in the cart he was driving. We found out the large angry man
was the owner and proprietor of the place. His name was Mann, but
he seemed in his anger to be a savage. My mother hearing the loud
talk went at once to the big man and said whatever there w^as to pay for
the hay she was the one to settle for it as it was taken for her daughters'
benefit. He seemed to be ashamed of himself at once, and said no more,
but the little man with the cart was very indignant at his conduct and
would not cross the "ferry" the next morning. Said he would risk
drowning himself and oxen rather than pay such a mean man to bring
him across. We watched him safely across the next morning before
we went on the "ferry" ourselves, because we were told the quick sand
made it dangerous crossinsr, and this is the last we saw of the little
man with the little cart and small yoke of oxen almost as speedy as

127

horses and well matched and well broken. We wished to have come
across him again to thank him for his kindness once more, but from this
simple experience we learned a rough exterior often covers a gentle
heart, and that "appearances are deceitful sometimes." Mr. Mann had
an Indian wife. The Mann house seemed full of people. We were
marched to a small house of one room with one bed resting upon what
was called a prairie bedstead, made fast to the house by two posts with
cross pieces for slats. Our mother's bed was brought from the wagon,
the excuse for a bed being taken from the rude bedstead, placed on the
floor and three of the sisters with our traveling wraps on, camped on it
and slept quite sweetly; mother and the younger sister occupying the
bedstead whereon her bed had been placed. I think mother slept some
towards morning, after the excitement of that wearisome day.

The following day we arrived in Chicago. One can scarcely believe
when viewing that city today it could possibly be the same spot as that
we found over fifty years ago. The "Mansion house" built by the elder
Mr. Graves, the father of Mrs. E. H. Haddock, was nearly enclosed. To
this we drove but found it impossible for us to find shelter there. We
next came in sight of the old Sauganash, but seeing quite a number of
Indian.« loitering on the steps, we gave it a wide berth. We then crossed
the river and it seems strange but I cannot remember whether upon a
bridge or ferry. I well remember that we crossed in the same place on
a ferry in 1837, so concluded there was no bridge as early as in 1833.
We found a house on Lake Street on the West Side named the "Green
Tree Hotel," and asked to stay over night there, and were met with
the answer "AVe never keep movers, we have over seventy Ijoarders."
Upon this my mother said, "Is it possible we must camp out in this far-
famed city of Chicago?" The landlord upon hearing this remark came
to the side of our wagon and looked in and commenced making excuses,
but after taking a survey of the occupants he said, "You may get out
madam, I can see you have some young ladies here and it is a long time
since we have seen one." My mother from the goodness of her heart
said, "Well now that Ave have permission to stay we will give up our
place to the family travelling with us as a mother with five .young chil-
dren so much more needs the rest." He at once said, "You may get out
we will try and find a place for you all." His name was Clock. While
we well remember being so thankful for the permission to stay within
the Avails of a comfortable house after so many nights of anxiety and
broken rest, it was nearly dark then, but we no sooner stepped out upon
the platform than a gentleman came to my mother and said, "Is this not
Mrs. Daniel Warren of Fredonia, N". Y. ?" She then looked at the
questioner and said "yes," and at once recognized Dr. Isaac Harmon,
an old time acquaintance. He insisted at once she should accompany
him home with our younger sister. Said he kncAV ]\Ir. Clock Avould find
good places for the three sisters remaining. IMy tAvin sisters attracted
a great deal of attention among that household of boarders. They were
so exactly alike that even our father could not readily tell them apart.
Many eyes were turned upon them as we entered the hotel. I particu-
larly remember Mr. Elston, who had recently come from England with
his wife, placing himself upon the stairs and watching all our move-
ments until we Avent to our room for the night. IMr. S. B. Cobb says
he folloAved our Avagon over to our stopping place and then and ther&

said, "He shoiikl have one of those girls for a wife if ho lived and eoidd
get lier" (and he finally did get one). The following morning was Sun-
day and we needed so niueh a day of rest, l)ut were too anxious to reach
our destination to think of taking it. We were up as soon as light and
our mother was all ready, over from Dr. Harmon's when we came down,
and our wagon and driver at the door. We had a great dread of the
nine miles covered with water through which we must pass. ^Mother
fainted away near three times before starting and the landlord was
very kind, tried his l»est to cheer her. Said he could blindfold his
boy ten years of age and send him across that prairie without danger.
He only urged us to keep outside the main road. Only once over the
route did our horses so down, and then we had ventured into the main
road ton far, the old beaten road was like a river all the way, running
with a heavy current all across the nine miles. Another source of trou-
ble to us, we saw quite a number of Indians going the same way, but
with their ponies they kept some distance out on the prairie away from
the main travel, knowing from experience probaI)ly that they were less
liable to mire down. We were told they had Ijeen to Chicago to an
Indian payment. They had nice blankets on their ponies. Some were
lost on the prairie which our man was quite inclined to pick up, but
mother said no decidedly. The man said for argument we might as
well have them as others, as there were ever so many emigrant wagons
not far behind us. We saw one Indian fall from his pony and his
squaw watched by his side until he became sober, I suppose, as she was
still watching over him until we were out of sight. Two others had
what seemed a small tin pail of whiskey and wel-e quarreling over it.
We were in great fear until they were far behind us. We came as far
as Brush Hill that nioht. Although it became so dark for a mile or
more before we arrived the man had to walk and occasionally stoop down
to see that we kept the road, the track was so dim. We were glad in-
deed when we saw a faint light in the distance, and the people occupy-
ing the same log house gave us a cordial welcome. They were Dr. Grant
and his wife with one little child. They earnestly wished my mother
to occupv their bed (one of those made to the side of all those primitive
houses) but she declined and we camped down the same as we did at
Michigan City on beds made from the coarsest material filled with prairie
hay. It must have been late in the evening when our frugal supper was
over. Besides our two families there were eight men from Sangamon
County with teams, on their way to Chicago to get their goods which
were coming by water ; and as we were nearlv ready to retire to one of
those hay beds on the floor in came four Indians for supper, and they
too found a resting place in front of the fire on the broad hearth. Xo
sleep for poor mother dear that night, although so greatly needed. She
told us next morning when she knew we were sleeping and thought from
their breathing the Indians were also sleeping, she sat up and thought
over her whole life and wondered what next would befall her. The next
day we found ourselves on better ground, no sloughs to speak of and we
travelled faster, although we had to ford the East DnPage, which was
quite deep and the banks very muddv. When we were within three
miles of our father's new home it wns nearly dark, but Mr. Sweet, a
brother-in-law of Capt. Xaper, pointed out our route so plainly that we
found no trouble, and aliout seven o'clock in the evening about ihe

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eleventh of November, I think it was, we reached the desired haven of
rest. We found our father, sisters and all well and oh ! so glad to Bee
us all. The house was not large but a tolerably good sized stor}' and a
half house, a good roof, windows in, only the outside doors yet hung.
One room enclosed and one small bedroom partly enclosed and only
planked up on the outside with openings between the planks wide enough
to thrust your finger through, and this was the house to which we had
come in the beginning of winter ; and we at once exclaimed, "Father you
expect to get your house in a different condition before winter fairly
sets in, do you not?'^ and the sisters who had lived all summer in the
log cabin at once exclaimed, ''If you do not like this house you can go
out and live awhile where we have been living;'' said they thought they
were in paradise now when compared to the old cabin.

Mr. Hayse and family accompanied us to this unfinished house and
remained a day or two, long enough to get rested and replenish their pro-
vision chest. Our mother never seemed so happy as when contributing
to others comfort and happiness, and I have often wondered when look-
ing back at her unselfishness, after the long and tedious joiirney, nearly
worn out with sleepless nights and anxious days, yet so thoughtful of
those travelling companions. She could not rest until they were re-
cruited and well provided with everything she could furnish for their un-
finished journey. Perhaps while upon this subject of hospitality on the
part of both our father and mother I will mention one case in particu-
lar which seemed to astonish all the neighbors. Judge Caton. then only
a young man in Chicago, had been quite ill in tbe citv witb ty]ilioi(l
fever if I remember rightly. AYhen the physician thought him well or
nearly so he thought he would venture out in the country. He first came
to the East DuPage Eiver, but after a day or two of rest he started on
horseback for Naperville with his gun. He was caught in a heavy rain
and a relapse came. He was considered dangerously ill. My brother
watched with him, also my husl)and who was then a young man living at
C'lybournville on Fox Eiver, (they were well ac(|uainted with Captain
Naper, a grand man, one who attracted all others to him). Emigrants
were constantly arriving and departing- from bis unpretentious home
designated "hotel," and in this place filled with tired travelers, crying
children and all the discomfort incident to such a place, the sick man
came. When returning one morning after watchino- ^vith him my
brother gave such an account of his uncomfortable situation, told bow
he begged of him to try and have him removed to some quiet place where
there were no children, he finally told him that he knew of no place but
our new rude home where he could find the quiet he so desired and he
could not possibly see how we could make him comfortabl;' in such
cramped quarters, but mother said "Inconvenient as it is and must be,
I should say any woman that would refuse to take you in, a stranger in a
strange land, under the circumstances should at least never claim the
name of Christian :"' and he was l)rought and was an inmate of our
house for more than two long months. Our only living room was occu-
pied by him. Our mother's self denial doubtless saved his life, a worthy
life and one already known as honorable and successful, financiallv. and
he still remains a staunch and true friend to all our fainilv.

—9 H S

Tliere was nothing vcrv remarkable about our new home, but to
everyone in the family it became very pleasant, and now as we look back
upon our life passed under that humble roof we seem to remember only
the great content we experienced. The location even now as I recall it
must have been lovely, situated on rolling undulating prairie, three miles
in front of us, on the east side, not a tree or shrub in sight and in the
early June covered with flowers of every hue. We frequently saw deer
going or coming the whole distance. Once I remember well two came
from the grove just west of us, skirting the DuPage Eiver and stood and
gazed into the windows until they saw us move, then quickly moved away
and we could trace them until they reached the timber three miles away
east. Just north of the house stood one large oak all alone in its
grandeur. On the west or back of the house there was a grove of several
acres of wild crab apples and plum trees mingled with forest trees quite
uniform in size, which we hoped in the near future to have trimmed up,
the undergrowth removed and sown with clover, as a sort of picture
ground. Naperville was some two miles south of us. A little southeast
a few rods from the house was a fine spring of living water from which
flowed a little rivulet and emptied itself after coursing through low
meadow ground into the DuPage Eiver. We had to cross this marsh to
visit our nearest neighbor on the southwest of us. Their name was
Murray. The family consisted of the father, mother, two daughters and
one son. That son is now Judge ]\Iurray of Naperville, and he is the
one of the family living. The mother of this family was a sister of
Captain ISTaper, and they were hospitable pleasant neighbors. We "had
many pleasant visits with them. They always seemed to appreciate our
coming. The greater part of the year we were obliged to cross the
marsh to reach them and sometimes we would miss our footing in
stepping from bog to bog and then our feet were wet and our stay could
not be prolonged.

Our nearest neighbors on the north were the Fowler brothers, Hiram
and Harry, an aged. mother and maiden sister Amelia. They were
genial pleasant people, but oh ! so peculiar. Dickens alone could por-
tray such men and women, they were something of the Peggoty order,
large hearts, noble qualifications but little refinement and culture, but we
sisters were fond of going there. They always gave us a hearty welcome.
Their land joined ours. One of our social affairs in a public place was
attending a wedding at the house of Captain Xaper with the Fowler
brothers. Mrs. Paper's sister, I think it was, was to be married to a
]\[r. King, and our invitation came by Capt. ^''aper to the Fowlers, say-
ing: "We would like to have you bring Mr. Warren's daughters." We
accepted of course anything for a novelty in our quiet life. The wedding
was on Sunday and our conveyance a cart drawn by oxen. We had never
been out anywhere at that time. I think it was in the early part of
Avinter after our arrival in N'ovember. I know one of the brothers kept
saying, "You must not think we are nearing the city (when coming in
sight of a cluster of log houses) this is only the suburbs," but we were
actually then driving up to the tavern door, the residence of the hos-
pitable Capt. Joseph jSTaper, and such a wedding. The bride was act-
ually scrubbing the floor of the only room in the house where she was
to stand when the ceremony was to be performed. It seemed we were
the first guests to arrive, luit soon all was in order. The bride made her

131

appearance in a dress of the common veiling material, a kind of cinna-
mon brown. She was a sensible looking woman about thirty or thirty-
five years of age. Her intended also looked about that age or a little
older, an affair of little romance surely, but sensible I should judge
as I look back upon it now. From introductions to various persons on
that day however came a little romance if it could be called such, and
to me. I hope it will not seem egotistical or vain for me to describe
it or try to. There was far too much of the ludicrous to seem to have
much of romance in it. I think it was in June or July following the
wedding (I know my oldest sister was here and she came in the spring)
two gentlemen called at our house, the older one a Mr. Sweet, a brother-
in-law of Capt. Naper, on pretense of business. The younger one a Mr.
King, a young brother of the Mr. King, bridegroom of the previous
winter. It seems from all we could leam Mr. Sweet had persuaded this
young man to call. We had met him at the wedding but had entirely
forgotten him ; and he it seems on business intent remained after Mr.
Sweet left. We four sisters were in the room all busy sewing or reading
when they came. Mr. King arose directly and walked over to where I
sat and said something like this (I may not remember the precise words)
"Can I see you alone for a few minutes Miss Warren?" I was too sur-
prised to answer him as I should have done of course. As nearly as I
can remember my answer was this, "I am not prepared to answer you
such a question." I should have said no at once, but it seemed the
ansAver I gave him had the same effect, for he rushed for his hat at once
and out the door he went, so very suddenly that we seemed to have lost
our civility altogether; for our mother seeing him go, and knowing
nothing of what had occurred, stepped at once to the door and asked
him if he would not stop and take dinner with us. He declined de-
cidedly. The sisters were too convulsed with laughter to conceal their
merriment, which the young man evidently saw, and he felt he had been
a little hasty probably. The affair would not have seemed quite so
ridiculous if we had only had some place where a private conversation
could have been possible, but we were sitting in the only enclosed room
in the house, excepting our father's and mother's room and the sisters'
sleeping apartment above. I really did not hear the last of this for a
long time, and was really annoyed for the teasing.

In the early spring of 1834, our brother-in-law, Mr. Bird, had been
over to Fox River in the neighborhood of Geneva (or where Geneva now
is). He was delighted with the appearance and he was anxious to get
into a home of his own in time to put in a crop. I think it must have
been as early as the last of March that my sister. Bird, with another of
the Fowler brothers who had recently come on from the East, accom-
panied by Mr. Sidney Abel (who was afterwards Chicago's first post-
master) and myself started in a lumber wagon for a first visit to the
Fox River region. There were no laid out roads. We followed the
Indian trail to the river, where Aurora now stands. I think our wagon
must have been the first ever going through the big woods timber, at
that time a dense forest, 9 miles long and 3 miles wide, skirting the east
bank of the river from near where Aurora now is to Batavia. The men
were obliged to remove logs frequently on the way that our wagon might
keep on this trail. Of course the Indians traveled on ponies and in
single file, which left a deep black path, and this we followed until we

132

reached tlio Ijank of the river, which we sisters o;rcatly feared to cross,
but' Mr. Bird insisted we could go even with our higli hiinl)er Magon
where an Indian pony could. As we came to the east bank which was
bordered with tall trees on either side and looked dark and deep we were
greatly alarmed to find we were going into the river at once. We sup-
posed we were to stand on the bank and see ]\Ir. Bird drive over first
before venturing to take us ; but he gave us no time to urge the matter
but plunged in at once ; said he could see the trail on the other side and
that there was no danger; but our hearts were in our throats until we
were safely across. The first object to meet our view was the large wig-
wam of the Indian Chief "Wabaunse" surrounded by smaller ones. This
lodge of the old Chief was remarkable for its neatness. There were no
Indians anywhere to be seen, and we sisters did not regret it. The old
fear had not altogether vanished from our mind. Mr. Bird said they
Avere prol)al)Iy all in the Avoods making sugar as all their cooking imple-
ments had also disappeared. Not as much as a white man Avas anywhere
to be found so far. We came up as far as Avhere Geneva now stands
on the west bank of the river and. were charmed with the lovely landscape
all the way. We were obliged to hurry back as we were to return by
another route. AVe re-crossed the river a little north of where Batavia
is now, but this time Ave insisted Ave Avould not go until the team had gone
over once, and it Avas quite frightful enough then as Ave sisters stood
up on the high spring seat, Mr. FoAvler and Abel holding us by the hand
sufficiently to keep us from falling, and then the Avater Avas so dee]) as
to come over the seat where we stood and dampen the soles of our boots.
On the east side near where the depot now is, of Burlington & Quincy
road, Ave found the first house and then had a dinner — bacon, cornbread
and coffee Avithout cream or sugar, but aa-c AA'cre hungry enough to relish
it and were made quite Avelcome. They were Indian ])eople and their
name Paine. Mr. Bird Avith my sister and family settled that same year
about a half mile north of the village of Geneva on a small farm, but in
the course of two or three years moA'ed again still farther Avest to Eock
Eiver. In fact this sister was the great pioneer of all the family, passing
through more hardships in the various homes she helped to build than
anyone I knoAv of in this country. Tlie year they Avent out to Eock Eiver
they had to go to OttaAva for flour, the only mill Avithin one hundred or
more miles. In fact her life was a remarkable one in many respects.
Married Avhen only eighteen years old. The mother of seven children,
all now living. A widoAv at 36 or Avhen married 18 years. She re-
mained a AvidoAv 18 years, then married again to a man named Warren,
taking again her maiden name. MoA'ed back to her natiA'e state. Was
left again a Avidow in less than 18 years. Eeturned again to Illinois
AAdnere she made her home Avith her daughter, Mrs. Talbot, until her death
Avhich occurred May 10, 1883, in Chicago.

My oldest sister had a heart history AAdiich of course I cannot give,
I was too young to fully realize it. She was engaged to be married to a
Mr. Sage, Avho died in the South Avhere he had gone Avith a young friend
to bettcT their fortunes. Staying too late in the spring before starting
north they both took the fever and died. It Avas a serious blow to my
sister, but after being in the West a number of years she married ]Mr.
Alva FoAvler, a grand and good man. and her declining years are peace-
ful and quiet and comparatively happy. She Av'as like another mother

133

to the younger daughters, phuiuing and making most of our dresses,
teaching us how to sew, as well as doing many other kinds of work. I
have spoken of m^ second sister first, but will try and tell of the other
members of the family as they come by their respective ages.

Sister Philinda Fowler is the oldest, sister Louisa Bird Warren the
next,_ my brother Julius comes next, he has ever been a good son and
brother/ kind in all the relations of life, unselfish in a large degree. He
should have lieen a married man with a good wife to be a solace to him
in his declining years, but he has remained a bachelor. He used often
to say he must see all his sisters well married and settled in life before
he could take so important a step for himself ; and after they were gone
from the old home he said, "I looked about years ago to see who I would
have and now the time has come when I have to look around to see
who will have me, so I think I had on the whole better remain as I am.''
He no doubt felt more keenly than any other member of the family the
breaking off of the old associations in our Eastern home. He was of the
age when the social element in any one of his genial temperament was at
its height, and he was popular with all his young acquaintances ; but he
soon with us all felt the West was his home and enjoyed it more and
more until our mother died, since which he seems lost and lonely enough.

My sister Sally married Mr. A. C. Carpenter in June, 1836. She
came West before the other members of the family came in November.
She came with our married sister and children. Her vocation was teach-
ing. She was assistant teacher in one of the first schools inaugurated
in Chicago. In fact I may say the first well organized school. I think
it must have been the very first fall we came she was solicited to go to
the city. She was one of the three first teachers I remember. She was
engaged to be married to a Dr. Vandervogart, the principal of the school
in 1834. I think he was quite sick in the city with typhoid fever and
when well enough came out to my father's, was taken Avorse and died at
our house, either in '34 or '35. She, too, has had many sorrows to bear.
Their oldest son, Ashley, died while in the army. He was a very promis-
ing young man, and his mother's idol. The family have never fully
recovered from this great loss. This sister is now a widow and resides
in Aurora, Illinois. She has three children living, Mrs. Shel Walker
with whom she now makes her home, an only son, Will, now living on his
farm a few miles east of Batavia, and Mrs. William Hollister also living
on a farm in the same vicinity.

I am the fourth and next sister according to age. Mr. Dodson and
myself were married on the 2d day of February, 1837 (47 years ago
today, the 2d day of February, 1884) in the sitting room of this old
first home we occupied when coming to this State over fifty years ago.
Sister Carpenter and myself were the only daughters married in this
old home. Mr. Dodson was then a contractor on the Illinois and Mich-
igan Canal. We went to his place a few miles from Lockport to live
after a few weeks in Chicago at the old Saginaw Hotel, kept by our
old friends J\lr. and Mrs. John Murphy. My first experience in house-
keeping was in a newly built log house upon the canal. I was nineteen
years of ase the July previous, and thought myself quite a competent
housekeeper,, but when I came to depend wholly upon myself without
mother to ask questions of, T found myself deficient in many things when
depending upon my own judgment. In the following year (June) Mr.

134

Dodson sold his contract and we moved to Chicago where we com-
menced h'ving in a new house on Lake Street on the West Side. We
remained there until the winter of '38 when our first children (twin
sons) Charles and Julius were born. The great financial crisis was
the cause of our leaving the city. If Mr. Dodson had not endorsed
other men's papers we undoubtedly would be living in the city today, but
the property at that time sold at ruinous prices, and what he then let go
to satisfy the bank when he had signed a note for an old friend for less
than thirty thousand dollars, would now be worth millions. It is only
the history of hundreds of others. At the time men supposed to be
millionaires one day were bankrupt the next, many now remaining in
Chicago similarly situated, put their property out of their hands for a
certain number of years, and are now immensely rich. My husband was
advised to do the same and after all the papers were drawn up and his
lawyer, Mr. Morris, assured him it was a legal transaction he gave it
all up and turned over everything to pay for that which he never had,
but which the law made imperative. Since that time our home has
either been principally in Geneva or on our farm a mile below. The
farm life was new to me and in many ways distasteful to me, owing
doubtless to inexperience principally, although quite deficient in all mod-
ern improvements which seem to make the farmers of the present day
much more comfortable and happy. We had seven children, five of
whom are still living. One of our twin boys was scalded to death only
a week before the birth of our oldest daughter, in ten days he would
have been three years old. It was a fearful trial to pass through and
made me feel at the time that any mother ought and could be reconciled
to the death of a child when dying from natural causes ; but when our
second boy died from measles it was just the same terrible loss, even if the
going was less fearful. Mr. Dodson has since our marriage had the con-
tract for removing the Indians twice to their reservations beyond the
Mississippi Eiver; twice has he been to California to recruit his for-
tunes. He made money as contractor when young. He had two or three
contracts on the Northwestern Eailroad. He built the piers and abiit-
ments across the river here (in Geneva) upon which the railroad bridge
is and which is now being made into a double track; also those upon
which the bridge near Sterling, Illinois, now is. He also had the first
harbor contract in Chicago, and one or two stage contracts, so that he
has been an active business man the greater part of his life; and now
we are quietly living alone in our plain simple way in Geneva, our chil-
dren all away, and I sometimes wonder if on life's record our names
shall be placed, where — under success or failure?

Our twin sisters were both married on the 27th of October; sister
Maria to S. B. Cobb in 1840, and sister Mary to Jerome Beecher in
1842. The history of one has been that of both so far as a very pros-
perous life in financial affairs is concerned. In their declining years
they seem to be very happv. Sister Cobb has had six children, three
living and three gone. Their eldest son, Walter, was taken when he
seemed to be just entering upon the responsibilities of manhood ; he
seemed to be so necessary to the mother although loved just as tenderly
by his father. No one may know until they know by experience what
that father and mother felt in giving up their only son. Their little
daufjhter too was to me one of the most beautiful children I have ever

135

known, the other little one died when quite young, but to the parents'
heart the loss is terrible in every case. They have three daughters liv-
ing, all have beautiful homes, are very wealthy and seemingly happy;
few, very few- such palatial homes are possessed by parents and children
too. Sister Beecher never had children of her own, but she is entitled
to be called a mother in Israel. Her life seems to be filled with the
sweetest charities. They have two adopted daughters whom she loves
and cares for more tenderly than many care for their own. I am sure
not only they but numberless others rise up to bless her. Not often do
we see such large means accompanied by such large and numerous char-
ities as she and Mr. Beecher bestow upon the worthy everywhere.

Our youngest sister, Jane, was married to Mr. W. B. Curtis, April
8, 1850, upon our father's seventieth birthday (his oldest granddaughter
was also married on the same day to Dr. Woodworth). Their home was
in Peoria in this State. Mr. Curtis was an excellent man; he was also
a fine business man ; was for many years president of the First National
Bank of that city. He was a kind husband and father and always re-
spected as a good citizen and for his splendid business qualifications.
He died several years ago from the effects of brain fever, brought on by
the great financial struggle in New York about the time of the "Black
Friday." He was quite a speculator on Wall Street. Sometimes made
large sums in a day and again lost.

My sisters and myself were very congenial in all our tastes. When
all together in the old home two sisters did house work one week and
washing and ironing the next, and sister Jane and I were always to-
gether in our allotted tasks, alternating with the twin sisters. After
Mr. Curtis' death she returned to Warrenville where she died August
26th, at the home of her son-in-law, W. J. Manning. Although the
youngest of the seven sisters, she was the first to go. She is buried by
the side of her husband and children in Peoria. She had four children,
two of whom are now living, Mrs. Manning and Nancy, named for her
grandmother Warren. She also adopted a daughter named for herself
(now living also). At her funeral services the elergyman said, "Her
character and life as they exist in your memory are the most eloquent
tribute she can have." This was true, and a fitting eulogy for one who
was beloved by all w^ho knew her.

I think it must have been early in 1838 that the first home was dis-
posed of, and the family remaining removed to the little village of .
Warrenville, where my brother had previously built a saw mill and a
public house.

I must mention here another family of Warrens who came West a
few years after we came, an uncle (brother of my father) with his fam-
ilv. Uncle and aunt are both dead. Their bodies lie in the little ceme-
tery at Warrenville. Other and older members of the family are in
Oregon, on or near the Pacific Ocean. The daughter, Mrs. Holmes, was
for many years teacher of the Ladies' Seminary in Warrenville. Nearly
every sister in our family has had children in her school so long as
she remained principal of the school. She was a thorough teacher espe-
cially in the rudiments, never allowed one to take up new studies until
the old were thoroughly understood. Slie was married to ^Fr. Holmes
while still engaged in teaching, and all felt sad to see her go from the
place where she had been so long the leading spirit; but sadder still

136

M-as luT I'c'tuiii. a \vi(l»i\v in less than two juDiitlis after her marriage.
Her luisband died of cholera, and she came and once more resumed her
place in the old home. Was a.yain at tlie head of the school; but now
for many years has been in iiockford, Illinois. She still keeps to her
old vocation, teaching, only private school, having a few young ladies
under her care.

I have not spoken of some incidents occurring in our first home,
which should have been noticed earlier. Our brother-in-law, Mr. Car-
penter, sold goods in Warrenville from a little store built by himself
soon after or about the time of his marriage to my sister. As I think it
over I think it must have been previous to his marriage. He sold the
first dry goods in the place. The little incident of which I was going
to speak occurred while he was a young man as my sister was still
teaching in the city, and one of my twin sisters and myself were invited
to a wetlding by him because he loaned a saddle to the young man who
was to be married. The invitation was "Come over and see us married
and bring your girls along if you like ; you are so kind to let me have
the saddle, it would have been hard to ride all the way to Chicago bare-
back, I have to go in to get the license." Poor man he could not get
the license the first time, had to go in the second time because the girl
was not of age and he had to take the written consent of the parents.
We arrived even before the poor fellow had returned from his second
trip. The guests were all assembled and the groom had to go to a
log stable to dress himself. The ceremony and supper had to wait quite
a while for him to complete his toilet. The bride was overhead making
hers when he came, and soon made her appearance, coming down a lad-
der. She was quite a_ pretty young Hoosier girl. It was cold and the
young man seemed nearly perished when he finally came in. It took
him several minutes to pull on his gloves, and then Squire Allen of
Naperville tied the knot. We had a palatable supper, with something
passed around called "black strap" for drink, which we were told was
made of whiskey and molasses; but which we declined taking. Mr.
John Yan Xortwick, Sr., had two sisters there, who had their invitations
much the same way we had ours, the young man bringing them having
in some way obliged the bridegroom. This wedding was in a log house
with only one room, two beds in the room, supper cooked upon the hearth
of the broad fireplace. A long table composed of two wide boards about
ten or twelve feet long resting on something like saw horses at each end
only higher. The place was at the head of the big woods timber, is still
fresh in mv memorv, although I cannot remember the names of the
people married.

One other little experience and then I will hring to a close this
rambling sketch. The first summer here we asked one day for the
ponies and wagon of our father to go and call upon a girl whom we liad
heard had recently come from the East to keep house for her two
bachelor brothers. Our father was a little reluctant to let us have the
horses, knowing how little experience we had about driving. We had
already invited Eutli ]\rurray and Amelia Fowler to go with us in case
we could secure the team. My twin sisters and myself with these two
neighboring girls started on a visit to Miss Lucinda Gerry (now Mrs.
Wheaton) for whose husband the place now called Wheaton, about eight
miles east was named. It was onlv about three miles north of us but

137

we were late getting off. Father said we had better leave the harness on
the horses as he feared we could not get it on right again, but we were
not quite obedient to his orders. We found Miss Gerry in the field
helping her brothers put in their corn, but nothing would do but we
must unharness those horses, as she said, "I guess a girl going through
the Indian war can unharness a pair of horses," so we of course allowed
her to do as she pleased. Such a time though as we did have when we
attempted again to replace that harness made us wish we had regarded
more faithfully our father's wishes. I think nearly every buckle must
have been undone. We were so long getting the harness on, if I remem-
ber rightly, the brothers had to be called to our assistance, although
they were evidently not intending to come in from the field while we
remained. I presume they did not care to be seen in their coarse gar-
ments, bare feet and smutty faces. The first move by our hostess after
the harness was removed was to wash the floor while we were loitering
around the outside admiring the scenery, the next move to put on her
shoes and stockings, comb her hair, dress herself neatly, all the time
talking and visiting except the short time she was dressing. A brisk
fire was made, the tin oven brought on and such a marvelous supper
was set before us. It was all so good, such a nice variety, it seemed like
magic. Splendid biscuits, a nice custard pie, cake, some kind of stewed
fruit, probal)ly brought dried from her eastern home, honey, etc., and
all done by her own hands, most of the time chatting and visiting. She
would not allow us to help her, and now as I look back and think of her
and all she accomplished on that short afternoon fifty years ago, it seems
like a dream. I think she is still living in Wheaton, but this was the
only visit to her while I remained at home. She must have been an
energetic woman.

And now I must close. Perhaps few instances can be found where
seven sisters from one family have been as pleasantly situated, all so far
as the outside world judges, marrying respectably, all having comfort-
able homes and surroundings, some luxurious homes, but the "inner life"
may not be written. It is well that it may not perhaps. For myself,
I am far from realizing the hopes and aspirations of my youth.

Through memory's half forgotten realm

O'er the half Century's track.
Wishing some worthiness to find

T venture to look back;
But I find only — the commonplace —

The uneventful life —
The sad regrets, the toil, the strife —

Incident to all life in every sphere.
Yet I will not complain — my life, no doubt.

Has l)een the best for me
As somewhere in a "higher life"

I'll clearly see.

The vase where the roses of life were distilled,

For me — is now broken in twain.
The fragments I have, they are precious to me —

While the scent of the roses — remain.

138

POLLY SUMNER CHAPTER, DAUGHTERS OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. QUINCY, ILLINOIS.

(Quincy Historical Papers of 1912. Early Quincy 1822-1830.)
Marquette's journal tells us that in thirty days, July 17, 1673, he
having reached the mouth of the Arkansas;, and beyond, began liis return
journey and again entered the Mississij^pi. While no mention is made in
his journal to this locality as it does to Alton and Eock Island, yet on his
chart there is drawn high land, at just the place on the river where our
bluffs appear. In 1821 our now beautiful gem city was inhabited by In-
dians, the mink, muskrat, otter, raccoon, wolf, fox and beaver were run-
ning wild through our present streets. Daniel Wood, son of Governor
Wood who is with us now, remembers his mother telling him one day
when she was alone in the log cabin, she saw faces of Indians looking in
at the window. The chief entered and said "want honey;'' she told him
there was none. He said, "If white squaw does not give me honey I will
take her scalp." While he was preparing, she xan out. When the Indians
left they left us as memorials of their existence the mounds upon our
bluffs and many Indian relics have been found. Along the bank that is
now known as Broadway to Delaware there were trees, this was the land-
ing for boats and the trees were convenient to tie to. The city at that
time was equally divided between prairie and timber. East of 18th Street
all was prairie except a short thicket which ran eastward a few blocks
from the Alstyne quarter near Chestnut and a small grove of trees at what
is now known as Highland park. Between 12th and 18th, John ]\Ioore's
addition, a small northwest corner was prairie. On the south side of
Gov. Wood's large field about 18th and Jefferson was about twenty acres
of heav)' timber, part of which still stands. Droulard's between 8th and
12th was cut up by ravines. Eobert Tillson's lot was part brush and
prairie (corner 5th and Jersey). On Third Street was a thick timber
and a pretty little pond. A noted resort for wild ducks, its western
limit reaching nearly to the bluffs, covering three acres. Daniel Wood
remembers well that pond. In 1840 signs of this little lake existed.
Long before this the timber had disappeared and the pond was drained
in cutting York Street through the bluff. The square, Maine and Fourth
Avas prairie, just north of Hampshire, Vermont and Fifth along the
southern edge of Jefferson Square, one-third was prairie and tbat por-
tion which was afterwards a burying ground. The highest ])eak of the
bluffs above low water mark was 126 feet and the highest peak was known
as Mount Pisgali. It stood in the south side of Maine near Second. It
is said that the lads and lassies pledged their troths in the gloaming on
top of Mt. Pisgah at sunset and by meonlight. This reminds me of a
romance where one la^A^er fell in love with his wife at the bottom of
Mt. Pisgah instead of the top. The lawyer was passing Mt. Pisgah
when from the heights he saw something rolling down the Mount and

139

the piece of humanity stopped at his feet. He picked the almost un-
conscious child up, carried her to his home. Her family were Mormons
and lived on the top of the Mount. They were very poor and had a _
large family. Of course the little girl was a beauty. He educated her,
sent her to Vassar, where she finished her education. They married, he
lived a few years, then she taught music. She was the second wife
of Judge Skinner.

Gov. Wood was the first settler in Quincy; in 1819 he met Williard
Keyes from Vermont, who, like himself, was young, adventurous, look-
ing out for a place to settle down for life. They first established them-
selves in all the royal independence of a log cabin in the bottom, 30
miles south of where Qiiincy is. Lived there three years. They saw a
map while there showing a bluff bank, east side of the river, the only
point north of the Illinois for a town that would always be above over-
flow. They borrowed horses, stopping where now is Camp Point, the
spot where their park now is. In 1821, John Wood secured a section
of land adjoining his residence (12th and State), told Keyes what he
had done. Keyes borrowed a horse and came and purchased 160 acres for
sixty dollars. Had $20 and borrowed the rest. On the 8th of December,
1822, Wood was at home. His house stood in the southeast corner
of Front and Delaware Streets. In March, 1823, Jeremiah Eose, wife
and daughter came to Wood's cabin and kept house, the proprietor board-
ing with them. At this time Keyes purchased half section north of
Broadway, west of 12th. In the Spring of 1828, Williard Keyes came
to Quiney. He built a cabin larger than Wood's, located corner 1st and
Vermont. They were all squatters in those days. The only newspaper
in the country was ■ published in Edwardsville. John Wood led the
movement, which after a few years resulted in the formation of Adams
County. The Keyes' cabin became the temple of Justice, where the
first court was held and was used for religious meetings and hotel. In
1824 there were only three cabins, Wood, Keys, D'roulard's. Droulard
was a Frenchman, a shoemaker and served in the army. He took 160 acres
in the center of the city on which Keyes had settled, bounded by 12th
and Broadway, north and east. West from Maine to Hampshire between
Kentucky and York Streets he erected a cabin northwest corner of Jer-
sey and 8th, west of the gas works. These three cabins were the only
buildings in the place in 1824. This season Asa Tyrer (who had vis-
ited the place before) came and built a cabin, blacksmith shop a mile
southwest, called Watson Springs, named after his son-in-law Ben Wat-
son. Dr. Thomas Baker was the first doctor in the country. He came
in the summer, lived two miles south, only remaining a few months ; at
this time the pioneers of Quiney were Wood, Keyes, Droulard, Rose.
The census in 1825 gave the population of Adams and Hancock country
192. They were all living on land that had 'no obtained title, mail
coming once a month, the only news they had from the outside world
was from an occasional traveler. They were pumped of all their news.
The time soon came for this community to ])lay a very important part in
shaping the destiny of Illinois. During this year (1824) there came
up and was settled the most exciting and vital political and moral
struggle that ever affected the social and political interest in the State of
Illinois. Six years before Illinois had been admitted to the Union; with
a free Constitution. The early settlers were from the South. They had

14U

brought liere and owued slaves. There was but four voters in Quincy and
what is now Adams County and they were in earnest. Tlie county
which was then Pike was canvassed, voters turned enmasse on Sunday
morning (day before election) nearly fifty gathered here at the Bluffs
(as Quincy was then called), rode to Atlas, 4U miles south, swimming
the creeks and plumped their votes the next day. One hundred votes.
Last ninety-seven were for no convention (or a free State), three for
the convention. The "no convention'' ticket swept the State, 1,800 ma-
jority and Illinois was a free State. Eiditecn hundred twenty-five was
a notable year in the history of Quincy. It was the natal year of the
city and county. Three commissioners laid out. the town and fixed the
county seat. They wanted it as near geographical center as possible. Luck,
strategy and the kind treatment received at the bluffs changed their
minds. Wood was in St. Louis, Keyes offered to guide them, for some
reason he was left at home. After flounderino- through briars, bogs,
swamps and quicksands of Mile Creek they retraced their steps. When
dusk came on they found shelter in the cabin of John Wood and Jere-
miah Eose. Had fine supper, comfort and sleep, hearty breakfast. They
with all the people of the place passed over broken bluffs, grassy woods to
the narrow prairie ridge that is now Washington Square. They halted
about the spot where is now the bronze statue of John Wood, here driving
a stake in the ground they officially announced that the northwest quarter
of section two, township two, range nine west, was from that hour the
county seat of Adams County. Then reverently placing their hands upon
the top of the stake they christened the place Quincy. John Quincy
Adams had been inaugurated President that 4th of March. 1835, first
election. They had many a hard fought battle to preserve Washington
Park from desecration. First butcher in (^)uincy spiked a wooden bar to a
tree, hung his meat there. Fifth and Maine running half way to Fourth,
bought for $30.00. The comer where now stands the Newcomb hotel
brought the highest. Eufus Brown, first hotel keeper paid $27.00,
the highest price paid for property around the square. In 1827 when
Quincy was two years old there was a court house, hotel, store, shoemaker
on the edge of town, doctor a mile away, a school was opened late in the
year in the court house, teacher was Eev. Jabez Porter, Presbyterian
from Massachusetts, graduated in England, preached regularly in the court
house. The court house was on 5th between Maine and Hampshire in
the middle of the block. In 1835 the court house was burned. Back of
the court house was a grove of hazel and small trees. The square was a
rough hazel patch. Where the cathedral stands was a corn field in
which was a blacksmith shop ; only house on that side of the street was
Droulard's second house. Double cabin (where the Bushnell house now
stands) corner 4th and .Maine a two story frame, known as the old post
office building, the fir.st frame structure of the town built in 1829. In
its chimney the first bricks (4th and Maine) burned, all preserved in
the wall of the five story brick building (Newcomb). In 1830 where the
public library stands was organized a church in the log house of Peter Felt.
First called Presbyterian church. October 10, 1833, name was changed
to First Congregational Church. After holding services in houses, a
room tAventy feet square over the residence of Levi Wells, corner Maine
and 5th. a chai)i'l was built on Fourth Street between Maine and Jersey.

141

This building was known as the Lord's barn. Seats and pulpit, plank
boards. Bell, paid for by the women, was suspended in the rear of
the chajiel on poles. Eope entering the chapel through a hole in the
wall and the single stove on the preachers platform. From time to
time the}^ lengthened the building. (It resembled a rope walk more than
a place of worship.) Father Turner was the preacher over 7 years. In
1834 H. Snow selected tunes for the services, used a large bass viol, sat
in front of the platform. In 1828 there was little to attract settling in
Quincy. Contained only two hundred people, a dozen log cabins along
the river shore with the exception of the Ke^'es' cabin, foot of Vermont,
in the fall he added a frame addition, a ten or twelve feet square room.
The second frame structure in the place was Wood's cabin, foot of
Delaware. It was the first cabin built. Had some log extensions. On
the hill around the public square were cabins. As yet there had been
no frame or brick house built. Place was little more than a steam-
boat landing for the boats that passed occasionally from Galena and
St. Louis. Often passed without stopping, having no freight or pas-
sengers. There M-ere two stores, Anderson and Tillson & Holmes sold
everything needed. Took as pay anything in trade. There were half
dozen groceries which dealt with one single article. (Staple did a bet-
ter business than the general stores.)

This year, 1829, came the second doctor, S. ^Y. Eogers and the
first lawyer, Archibald Williams. A saddler. L. B. Allen, shop on
south Maine, same side Michael Mart's (tailor) and Justice Ensign's
hatter shop. Front street near York, tannery of Ira Preece and Jeptha
Lambkin's pottery. Droulard's cabin and shoemaker's shop near where
the gas Avorks are now. These are the names of those who came to
Quincy before the year 1829 : Eeuben Doty, W. P. Harrison, Geo. Chap-
man, Dr. S. W. Eogers, S. Meachen, Archiliald Williams,' Thaddeus
Pond, J. H. Anderson, Thos. Crank, Wm. Kirkpatrich, W. H. Wade,
Peter Ore, James Thomas. In 1829 among the public notices was this
"the manumission of some sla\es by John S. Stern and Jas. Anderson."
(Had been brought here from Kentucky by their masters) and under the
existing laws of the State it was requisite their masters must give bonds
for their conduct, and that they should not become dependent upon the
jniblic for support and must make official announcement of this, which
was done by posters and hand bills, there being no papers published. At
this time the village depended upon itself for its enlivenment and the
quaint characters who strayed in from the country were always loafing
aljout the stores and groceries. One night the inhabitants were awakened
at midnight by a racket in the streets. There were two men, leading
officials (county), parading about the square with a candle box in which
were .lighted candles, shouting, "Rouse ye neighbors, behold us, we are the
light of the world." Another oddity used to ])arade on his big horse
Boleway and announce in his set speech "I'm Mike Dodd in a minute.
I'm built from the ground up like a muskrat house and I don't beg
potatoes of a negro." At the writing of this paper we have with us
Daniel Wood, first white child born in Quincy, 1829, son of Gov. Wood.
He remembers well the log cabin and tells many stories about the In-
dians. There are descendants of Willard Keyes with us and descendants
of Eobert Tillson, 1829. The writer of this paper knew Gov. Wood

142

well. Jler father, Jas. Jiiett Langdon owned the Whig aud Eepublican
during the war and many years after.

Kate Louisa Langdon,

1601 Hampshire St.

HOUSEKEEPING IN QUINCY IN THE THIRTIES.

Let us turn time backward this al'ternoon about 80 years and spend
the day in Quincy, Illinois, that little settlement far oif in the wilderness
to which some adventurous spirits were then turning. Some have come
from their bleak little homes in New England, others from regions far-
ther south and west, impelled by that pioneer spirit which is always
reaching out for larger fields and better opportunities.

I will invite you first to make a call at the S. W. corner of 4th and
Maine Sts. at the log cabin of my grandfather, Col. Peter Felt. Family
tradition has it that Grandfather Felt built the first frame house in
Quincy on this site, but on this date, Saturday, December 4, 1830, they
were still occupying their log cabin It is to be supposed that this cabin
was built like others in Quiney and vicinity, of logs, with puncheon floor
(that is logs split and laid flat side up) chimney and fire place made of
rough stones chinked with mud or of sticks and mud. There was gen-
erally a long wooden latch on the inside of the door and reaching across
it, to which a string was attached and passed out through a hole above.
With this string the catch could easily be raised from the outside, while
to securely lock the door from the inside, it was only necessary after
latching it to pull in the string. There was sometimes a loft or attic
above but often the one room served for parlor, library, dining room and
kitchen and bedroom, privacy sometimes being secured by partitions of
cotton cloth. Some one I once knew hated portieres to the end of her
life as they reminded her of the times when cabins were partitioned off
with quilts. Brick and mortar, lath, shingles and plaster and paint be-
gan to be known in 1828 but log cabins were still fashionable in 1830.
The settlers by this time began to bring their possessions with them and
in the cabin to which I invite you there were colonial mirrors and silver,
furniture and pewter brought down the Erie Canal to the Ohio Eiver,
thence up the Mississippi to Quincy. The pretty 17-year-old girl with
the very blue eyes who opens the door is my mother and she hospitably
seats us around the roaring fire in the fireplace. This is to be the
winter of tlie deep snow, three feet on a level but as yet it has not fallen,
thoush the creat blazing back log on the shinincr andirons feels verv ac-
ceptable after the wintry air outside. Perhaps this morning as some-
times happened, thoiigh the fire was carefully banked in the fireplace and
covered with ashes the night before, it was found to be out in the morn-
ing. It was some years after this, wav off in Vienna and the South
German States that matches were invented and became a commercial
article. What then is to be done? Sometimes two pieces of flint were
struck together till they made a spark and sometimes a gun was fired into
tinder. Sometime afterwards my mother was nearly a victim when
my father had attempted to make a fire in this way. The easiest way
when neighbors were near was to run over and borrow a shovel full of
coals. We listen to an account of their long journey by water in com-
pany with the family of John P. Eobbins which took several weeks;

143

long enough for acquaintances she made on board to become something
dearer had mother so willed. Then finding that in the afternoon there
is to be a gathering there to organize a church under the leadership of
the Eev. Asa Turner, we take our leave. We learn afterwards that the
following persons met and formed the first church in Quincy: Amos
Bancroft, Adelia Ames Bancroft (these were the first people to be married
in Quincy), Rufus Brown, ISTancy Brown, Peter Felt, Mary Felt, Henry H.
Snow, Lucy K, Snow, Rose Martha Turner, Daniel Henderson, Hans
Patten. Of these it was said four were Presbyterians, three Congrega-
tionalists, three Baptists and five from the world, which is thought to
have meant of miscellaneous beliefs. I am disappointed not to show
you the very pewter cups which were used as communion cups that day
and also afterwards at the formation of the Baptist church here and two
churches at Columbus. One of the resolutions made by the church on
this day was that total abstinence was an indispensable term of admis-
sion to the church and 18 months later it was said, "The great majority
of our citizens can now come to Quincy and do business without whiskey."
The beautiful young woman with the pink cheeks and brown eyes and
curls who signed her name as Martha Turner was the bride of the Rev.
Asa Turner who had Just been sent out from the east by a Home Mis-
sionary Society. In those days it meant quite as much of a sacrifice
to go to Quincy as in these days to go to India. It was going out into
the great unknown, communication with those left behind almost cut off.
There were eastern mails twice a week by stage which did not always
arrive. Letters sent over 400 miles cost 25c paid by the receiver. If
on two, three or more pieces of paper the postage was doubled or trebled
accordingly. Letters from the seaboard cities and from Washington
were o-enerallv about two weeks in transit. Postaoje being so high and
required to be paid in silver it was not unusual for letters to lie in the
post office for a long time before the needed money could be secured with
which to obtain their deliverance.

So when the beautiful Miss Martha Bull (cousin of the Quincy
family of that name) cast in her lot with the poor young home mission-
ary leaving her teaching in Boston, she entered upon a life of hardship
and self denial which however probably brought its own reward. Shall
we let her tell us of some of her house keeping experiences in extracts
from a letter she wrote to her sister in Hartford, Dec. 9. 1830. The
house in which thev lived is still standing on 4th near York.

"My dear Sister: A letter from you about two weeks since is all I
have had since I left Hartford. I recollect that it takes four weeks for
a letter from here and about five for an answer. I find matter enough
to fill one of the large sheets weekly. Two weeks we have been keeping
house and I find little time for anvthing else. I clamber up two flights
of stairs from the kitchen to my room in the second story. I am power-
fully Aveak after having toted pots, kettles, etc. Dec. 22 ; Our goods arrived
here on the 10th of this month. We had almost given them up as
lost as we heard that a steamboat latelv sank in the Mississippi. We
have but one room for sitting room, bedroom, study, kitchen and dairy.
We have in it our best bureau, 2 tables, 3 trunks, fi chairs, 2 medicine
chests, 2 writing desks, cupboard in one corner and several other pieces
of furniture besides our bedstead. We have to have a study by spring.
The thermometer stood yesterday at 9 l)elow zero. We can keep nothing

144

from freezing. I have thought some of our good Lehigh stoves today.
We have plenty of wood which costs nothing but the drawing of it from
the woods as Mr. Turner cuts it himself, but still it is not the comfortable
heat of Lehigh. 1 have a cow which gives a fine quality of rich milk
and should be very happy just to put down a few pounds of butter for
you. You smile at the idea of my making butter, but such is the fact.
It is considerable trouble to take care of milk particularly when frozen
and I cannot prevent this now. Perhaps you would like to know how I
get along in housekeeping. Why pretty much as you would expect in one
so little acquainted with domestic concerns. We live mostly on wheat
batter cakes and corn dodgers. Xow and then I bake a pone or loaf of
bread. But this I do not much like. You and mother will decide that
it requires some skill to make good bread of bad flour. • Xow^ and then
I make milk toast and we have very good coffee and tea. I wish you
could see how comfortably we are situated. It would do you good. So
different from what we expected. Our log cabin has proved to be a
frame house nicely (that is comparatively) fitted up for us. But still
very different from the houses in which we have been used to live." Her
husl)and adds, "She makes very good batter cakes, tea, coffee and butter
and that is all we live on except now and then a slice of bread. She has
made SVs pounds of butter, a good heap of pumpkin pies and some power-
ful good cake. On the whole she is a very good wife worth all her
transportation and I consider her a right smart woman. Our honey-
moon still lasts and I see no probability of failure for we have great
chance of bees here." She makes suggestions about Hartford young
ladies coming to Quincy to do good in various occupations and assures
them they will make no sacrifice as to society. We have as good as that
to which they have been accustomed. Sometime in the spring of 1831
probablv a cousin of Eev. Asa Turner, Ebenezer Turner, having attained
his majority, left his father's little stony farm in Maine and struck out
for something better. On reaching Quincy he found employment with
Eev. Asa Turner at first for $11 a month. Being sent on a business
errand one day to Deacon Peter Felt's, the door w^as opened by his
daughter. From this first meeting affairs w^ent on till the spring of
1833 when my parents were married by Judge Snow and there was a
hanging of the crane in their own little cabin north of Quincy. We will
continue our ramble by paying our first visit to the pioneer store keeper
of Quincy, Asher Anderson, corner of Third and Maine. He opened
his little" store in 1820 and carried a miscellaneous stock of goods,
xlishes, shoes, calico and household articles of all kinds. A story is told
of his buying a $3,000 stock which sank on the steamboat npon which
they were shipped, some distance below Quincy. After being under
w^ater som.e time, the boat was raised but to his dismay, the goods which
consisted largely of colored prints, muslins, shawls, handkerchiefs, rib-
bons, etc., had all their hues run together, making a most brilliant
blending of undecipherable designs. With a wild hope of saving some-
thing from his wrecked fortune he offered the goods at public auction.
So strongly did these hotchpotch colored goods catch the fancy of the
settlers that he realized a profit from his sale which enabled him to lay
in a -larger stock than before. Which goes to show that a bargain
counter even then a])pealed to the peoi:)le of Quincy. Blue jeans or but-
ternut colored jeaiis and linsey-woolsey ansAvered for outer clothing.

145

Those who could afford them indulged in calico- and shoes, those who
could not did without. Sometimes the men dressed in buckskin which
when carefully dressed, dyed and fitted, made a handsome, indeed often
an elegant, suit with wonderful durability of wear. Women generally
wore homespun, the linsey woolsey with the printed muslin or calico to be
donned on Sunday. And on the head the huge horn comb covered by the
universal sunbonnet worn at all times indoors and out. Shoes were a
dress article used by all who could afford them and carefully hoarded up
for winter needs by all. It was not uncommon for women walking to
meeting or a gathering of any kind to take their shoes in hand and
put them on just before they reached the place of assemblage, taking
them off again while on their return. It is said that Gov. Wood in
1826, the day before he was married walked down to opposite the mouth
of the Fabius, canoed over the river, thence footed it to Palmyra, to pur-
chase a pair of shoes for his bride to wear at the ceremony the following
day, returning the same way he went. One of the country's early set-
tlers can remember seeing Gov. Carlin's wife milking cows and she was
barefoot at that time. And one of Quincy's most elegant and haughty
ladies, still living used to be seen coming into town riding in her father's
farm wagon with her shoes tied with white strings. Stockings which
were utterly unknown in ancient times were almost equally unknown in
the early days of the west. Those that were worn were of wool home
knit, generally white or gi-ay except when taste of coquetry gave them
a walnut or grape or some other modest dark vegetable dye. The busy
housewife had not only to spin the yarn and knit these stockings, she
had also to make her husband's clothes. It is said Gov. Wood's first
wife's people did this for pay and it is narrated that after Mrs. Joseph
Turner's advent in 1834 a great improvement was noted in the appear-
ance of the men in the neighborhood M'hen they went to church as she
was such an expert tailoress. A brief description of a handsome, con-
scious rustic belle of Adams County, as she appeared when dashing up
to the meeting house door on horseback some 50 odd years ago is thus
told by a lady observer. Dark grey woolen stockings, cowhide brogans,
with leather shoestrings, a very short skyblue silk skirt somewhat faded,
a black silk waist or sleeveless jacket, also much worn and furnishing its
own fringe in the fray of its edges, a square muslin cape with a l)road
unstarched ruffle, a huge white leghorn sugar scoop bonnet, with a long
black feather and parti-colored ribbon promiscuously bestowed thereon.
This represents, however, a state of things about to pass away. Every
year brought in new settlers and before the close of the thirties a decided
change was seen in the construction of houses and general comfort and
style of living. But people enjoyed themselves then, everybody was
young, there were no class distinctions, they helped each other and in
all this wide world there is no hospitality so generous and cordial and
sincere as was that of the pioneers of Illinois. We have stayed a long
time at Asher Anderson's watching him exchange his goods for honev and
coonskins and beeswax. The latter a favorite object of barter. ^Money
was scarce, especially small silver. This led to the use of "cut money."
A Mexican or Spanish dollar would be cut in eight pieces. Each of
these little silver wedges representing 1214c and their circulation was
general. It was shrewdly suspected, liowever. flint if all the pieces of
—10 H S

146

any one dollar eoiikl conic together there would be discovered nine.
The coiner thus paying himself for the labor of manufacture.

We will now walk up if you please to the corner of 4th and Maine
where the Xewcomb now stands and investigate Rufus Brown's hotel.
We find the following tavern rates. Single meal of victuals 25c, lodg-
ing I'iy^c, pint whiskey I2V2C, I/2 pint rum 18%c, 14 pint French
brandy o^i^c, i/o pint wine 37i/^c, bottle of wine $1.00, horse feed for
night, fodder and grain 2r)C, horse feed single I2I/2C. This does not
please us, so we will wend our way through the deep roadway which
outs the square from S. W. to N. E. taking note as we go of the sumac
and hazelbrush and few scattering trees upon it with just one large white
oak. This brings us out to the corner of 5th and Hampshire or Pucker
Street as it was called in the town slang of those days. A short distance
west the Widow Sallie Wheat had a private boarding house and just as
we are turning she comes out with a horn nearly as long as herself and
blows a Avelcome blast to call her boarders to her famous meals. She
afterward moved down to the river near the foot of Broadway where her
boarders followed, climbing up and down the bluff for their meals rather
than change to the hotels. This lady whose good cooking goes down in
history must have cooked in a fireplace as cook stoves were then un-
known. I have been unable to find when cook stoves were invented but
the first one east in Quincy was in 1849 and was called the Prairie State.
As to the possibilities of a fireplace let us quote Clark Carr who in his
mini says, ''Who can forget the savory fragrance that came from the
pots and kettles that hung upon the crane, and from the Dutch oven and
the frying pans and the spits and the griddles and all the accessories of
the great fireplace. I have never been able to find in a London grill
room or in a Paris or Vienna or Copenhagen cafe viands that began
to equal those prepared by good Illinois pioneer women at those fire-
places, seasoned as they were by good cheer and good apnetite. Think
of the corn bread and johnny cake baked in the Dutch oven, the hoe
cakes and pan cakes baked on the griddle, the hasty pudding, the hulled
corn and the hominy boiled in the pot, with all the savory meats cooked
in a dozen different ways. Who that has tasted such fare would not
wish to go back again and live in a pioneer's cabin?" I have been as-
sured 1)y one who had tasted it that never was bread so sweet as the salt
rising bread my mother used to bake in her Dutch oven. This was a
large circular, rather 'shallow, iron pot on legs with a cover upon which
was heaped hot coals and ashes. And a roast surrounded by potatoes
and baked in this was delicious, says Mr. Lyford. On extra occasions.
Christmas, etc., a goose perhaps would be suspended from the ceiling
in front of the fire with a pan underneath to catch the drippings. This
was slowly revolved until done brown.

Then as now Adams County was kind to her children. Food came
almost spontaneously. The forests were full of game, wild turkeys,
prairie chickens, quail, even deer. The ponds and rivers were full of
fish, cattle had unlimited pasture. The rich soil returned a generous
yield of domestic vegetables, grain and fruit. A story is told of Dr.
Bartlett. one of the keenest of the old time sportsmen who came into
Quincy late one night. Xext morning when he went down stairs he
found the landlord buying a saddle of venison for 50c and just then
Capt. Phillins came in with his gun and dog and a back load of quails

147

which he had shot in Keyes' cornfield. He went upstairs and told his
wife he had found the place to stay. There were wild plums, grapes,
blackberries, crab apples and gooseberries to be had for the picking, but
canning was unknown and the housewife perforce must preserve them
to keep them. Gov. Wood raised his first apple orchard (between 12th
and 14th, State and Kentucky) from seed. The first lot of seed he
walked nearly to Alton to secure, paying a dollar for a pint, only 3 seeds
of which grew. The second lot of seed he washed from pomace of a
cider mill and was afterwards given some seed by a sick family in grat-
itude for a present of maple sugar. Perhaps in some garden you might
be shown bushes with small red fruit and told they were love apples.
They were never eaten. These were the ancestors of our tomatoes so
much a part of our daily menu. It was quite a step onward when the
housekeeper owned and used a tin oven. It was set down in front of
the fire and sometimes had a rod through it on which to suspend pieces
of meat. There was also a reflector where the bright tin reflected the
heat of the fire.

When Deacon Ebenezer Turner (husband of our patron Saint,
Polly Sumner) came to Quincy he brought dandelion seeds with him
being very fond of dandelion greens. When we laboriously seek to ex-
terminate them from our lawns by back breaking methods must we
blame the old Deacon for their introduction? I am sure I never saw a
dandelion growing wild but always near the habitation of man. The
early settlers procured wild honey and later had their own bees. Honey
was often used for sjtveetening. I have heard my mother say they used
to drink sage tea sweetened with honey but how she detested it. I can
assure you however, that crabannles or ground cherries cooked in honey
are delicious. Bountiful as the supply of food was however, it was
sometimes hard for the Quincy hotels to keep their tables steadily sup-
plied since there were no markets, no gardeners, no milkmen. A good
cow could be bought for $8 or $10 and could be pastured free, yet there
were many times when there was no milk for the coffee of guests of the
hotel. A story is told of a boarder at Brown's Hotel who put his head
in the door just as the others were finishing breakfast and called to the
landlord, "I've got her, bring me a bucket." When they went out on
the front porch they found he had brought a cow, fastened her with a
trace chain to one of the posts of the porch and was getting the milk
he wanted for his coffee. Things went better after that. In those
early times there was a wedding at Carthage, where the family wishing
to do something out of the ordinary, sent to St. Louis for lemons
and served the wedding guests with lemonade. The .guests took the
rinds home for souvenirs. Everyone rode horseback or in wagons. Mv
father and mother took their wedding journey on horseback (of ten or
twelve miles). Polly Sumner's chaise and the two seated carriage which
came you know in 1834, must have been quite a distinction if anything
was left of them after the 60 days trip from Maine.

T have been told by a man 90 years old that when he came to Quincy
in 1843 there was but one buggy owned in the town and he had it en-
gaged every other Sunday to go see his girl. A poor lady died (near
Payson I think) and was hauled to the graveyard on a sled, though it
was summer time, for there was nothing else to take the body to the
place of interment.

148

The cost of living about 1835 was in .sonie respects light and others
heav}^ Home products were easil}' and cheaply obtained at low prices.
Imported stuff's were exceptionally dear. The following shows some
of the prices current in 1835: Hams 8c and lOc, beef 4c, best but-
ter IGc, coffee 30c, brown sugar 13c, loaf sugar 20c, whiskey 30c, 50c
per gallon, cheese 10c, coal 20o per bushel, flour averaging about $4 per
barrel, beeswax, which had been a cash staple, IGc. Of grass seed which
appears to have been very scarce, clover $8, timothy $3, blue grass $2,
hides 9c, green hides, 4^/2^, cut nails 10c, wrought nails 20c, salt $1.00
to $1.50. Wheat sold for about 50c, potatoes ranged from 2oc to $1.00.
About this time importations of staples, such as flour and bacon ceased.
The home productions being sufficient. From this time Quiney lived
mostly on the products of home industries.

We must hasten our walk as time is flying. We will call on Mr.
Keyes who has built a house near the foot of Spring Street, as we Avish
to see the large spring over which the house is built and Avhich bubbles
up through the cellar or lower story of the house and runs freely over
the surface to the bay. This spring gives the name to the street. It
now is said to run underground and has been almost forgotten unless
the one on the Monroe Dye Works domain is the same. We hurry
through the old cemetery where the courthouse now stands. The
graves are fenced in with rails like -little pens. We make another call
at a little cabin where the inmates say they have to stand close to the
fire place to eat their meals it is so cold and the snow sifts in several
inches deep. We hear about a piano which a neighbor over at Carthage
has had brought as far as possible by water and then hauled miles and
miles by land. All the settlers from miles around go to hear it played.

It is after dark when we return to the square. The children are
hushed to sleep and laid in their downy nests. The housewife ]n-ides
herself on the number and quality of her feather beds. There are no
springs but a rope laced across and across forms the foundation for the
beds. The thrifty housekeeper no doubt has her breakfast planned as
she sets her spinning wheel back out of the way or swings her quilt up
to the ceiling, but it does not include baking powder biscuit or the 1001
breakfast foods which were then unheard of. With a spill lighted at the
fireplace she lights the candles she has dipped or moulded in candle
moulds. They will need an occasional snuffing but soon they twinkle
around the square and even a little way out Maine and Pucker Streets,
quite as merrily as the electroliers of 1913. "How far those little
candles throw their beams." (Helen C. Turner, read Oct. 12, 1912, at
Mrs. Thresher's.)

Extract from letter of Mrs. Catherine Sewall to her cousin written
March 3, 1891. "You asked some questions about our tri]) from
Maine to Illinois. You know T was eleven the winter we arrived here.
We started from the East side of the Androscoggin. Hundreds of peo-
ple collected on the banks to bid us goodbye. Father stood on the
pole of his wagon to make his speech and sav farewell. I think Ave Avere
about two weeks on the road to Dedham, Mass., Avhere we stayed tAvo
weeks. Our train consisted of fathei-'s tAvo horse carriage; grand-
mother, mother and Rufus Avere the occupants. Next came the one
horse -shay. Aunt Ann driving wnth Charles and myself tormenting
her, putting our feet through the wheels, etc. Next came Uncle John

14U

with a baggage wagon. Next Uncle Leverett, Aunt Leverett, William,
James and Eben, a sick boy. So was Eufus sick all the way. Then
Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell with their two boys. All with horses, no cattle.
We were about 60 days on the road. As to dates, I have none, only know
we came to our cabin in jSToveniber and a homesick crew we all were, but
when Spring came we were all happy. Father would come in so de-
lighted, no stones to knock the plow out."

Extract from John Turner's letter to his niece written March 6,
1891. "We did not drive any open from Maine. Your father drove
two, I drove two. Your Aunt Bradbury one the rackcr in the chaise
(east with a top) all of the horse race.

The first day, yes before we got ten miles we had an accident. You
see we had a dog. We did not want to lose him, so they tied him to
the axle of my wagon. Well the dog was not well broke to lead and I
suppose got very suddenly badly choked and as suddenly there was the
most outlandish yow yow yowing that is often heard. Anyhow Old
Becky my lead nag thought so no doubt for quick as a flash she started
on a gee pull and in spite of me, got herself past your fathei-'s wagon and
hooked my near wheel to his off hind wheel and as old Becky proposed to
go faster than your father, the one consequence was, the tongue of my
wagon was broken and so a halt had to be sounded. The above occurred
on Aug. 25, 1834 as I remember it and I believe that is or was the date
of our leaving our old neighborhood. We crossed the old Androscoggin
Eiver from the east side to the west and as we approached the landing
there were at least 100 people assembled to see us off. The song, "When
shall we meet again" was sung and many a "God bless you" was said.
Many salty tears were wiped and we drove on the boat and after we
were all across the cavalcade started down stream and only a few miles
were made until the dog tragedy occurred. I remember that we made
our first bivouac at what is now the city of Lewistown or Lewiston, the
city of cotton mills. Now I cannot remember any other place that we
stayed over night in Maine, but I don't think we were more than four
or five days getting to Dedham, Mass., or to mother's old home. The
date that we pulled out S. W. from mother's people I have no idea, but
I think we Avere there not over ten or twelve days. We traveled about
S. W. through Connecticut. Crossed the Hudson at Sing Sing I know,
passed N. Y. about ten miles north of what was then New York. Across
N. Y. to Easton, Penn. Harrisburg, Chambersburg on the McAdam
road, from Baltimore to Wheeling where we crossed the Ohio Eiver.
Columbus capital of Ohio, Indianapolis, capital of Indiana, then to
Springfield, 111. Now all of these towns were small or the most of
them. All the way along there were towns but it was day by day
business to make headway west and it got to be an awful old story to
me and it is only now and then that I remember anything particular that
transpired on the way. In the east part of the State we struck the
prairies and one afternoon were entirely out of sight of timber which
was wonderful to me then, not a house or tree in sight." The above are
extracts from family letters giving an account of the journey from
Maine.

150

THE MAKING OF A CITY.
(1830 to 1845.)

We can hardly realize the hardships of the pioneers who first set-
tled here; either of their lives or of their long journey in coming.
Many of the first who came walked, some rode on horseback, some rode
in wagons drawn by horses, more by ox-teams. Some floated down the
Ohio River on flat boats and came up the Mississippi as best they could.

In 1819 Asa Tryer, the man who settled by the beautiful spring in
South Park walked with a knapsack on his back, carrying flint, steel
and punk, to make a fire on the way. He came to locate a quarter sec-
tion of land he had bought from a soldier of 1812. He came through
the tangle of brush to "The Bluffs" and easily found his land, as the
marks made by the Government surveyors were still fresh. He rode
back to St. Louis on a government steamboat that had been sent out to
try the feasibility of navigating the Mississippi. He was on the river
bank, as the boat passed down and it stopped and took him on. Thus,
he was the first man to ride on the first steamboat that ever stopped
at Quincy and it was many a year before another came.

Four years later he returned and built a cabin on his land, and
the next year brought his family up the river on skiffs, the two being
lashed together with a platform placed on them, upon which the family
rode slowly and safely. He set up a blacksmith shop and also im-
provised sort of a machine to pound up corn for hominy, which was
propelled by water from the spring.

The same year that Asa Tryer first came to Quincy the Whipple
family came to Illinois. While they were floating down the Ohio Eiver
on a flat boat a son (Daniel) was born. It was late in the season when
they reached the vicinity of Alton and as there was no house and not
time to build one, they passed the first winter in a cave. One day they
all got into a skiff and went up the river to visit some people they knew.
(These isolated pioneers needed to visit each other to break the terrible
monotony and loneliness). Upon the return of the family to their cave
home they found feathers scattered around its mouth, which frightened
them dreadfully. They were much afraid to go in, thinking that
Indians might be there. Finally mustering courage they entered and
found some white hunters occupying the place and they felt so re-
lieved and so glad to see people that they kept the hunters as guests for
several days.

That winter they had to go 40 miles to get corn meal for bread.
When they came from the East they had brought enough potatoes for
planting, but before spring came they were so hungry they dug out the
eyes of the potatoes and saved them for plantiner. eating the remainder
of the potatoes. But, from the little dried up eyes, which they saved,
they raised a fine crop in the rich virgin soil the next year. The Whip-
pies came on up the river and settled at Quincy before 1830. Mr.
Whipple also had an improvised corn mill of the pestle and mortar
type, run by water power. The meal for breakfast being pounded dur-
ing the night. One night a hungry coon while trying to help himself
to the corn in the mortar met his fate by means of the pestle and in the
morning there was a mingling of com and coon. (This story of the
Wliipples was sent to me by Edwin Streeter, Oregon, whose mother was
a Whipple and it has never been published.)

151

When John Wood bought his first piece of land from Flynn in 1821
or 1822, he walked to Alton, 120 miles to make the bargain and when
there was danger that Illinois would be a slave State (as told by ^liss
Langdon) he walked all over Hancock and Adams Counties rallying
voters. He took these and other long walks because he was to« poor to buy
a horse. It seemed to be the age of walking. There is a family tradition
that Ebenezer Turner (husband of our Polly Sumner) came here ahead
of his family to prepare a home for them and when he thought they
ought to be nearly here he grew so anxious and so heartsick for the
sight of them that he, a man of 63 years, took his cane and walked to
meet them. He walked to Springfield, and when they met, no one was
able to speak a word for everyone was crying. In this company which
he met, all the wagons were drawn by horses. "Polly" with two other
women rode in a carriage and ray mother (Nancy Ann Turner) drove a
"one horse shay." In one spring wagon a large rocking chair with arms
was firmly fastened. In this chair rode Polly's oldest married daughter
(Mary Leverett) holding in her arms all that long weary journey of 60
days from Livermore, Maine, a sick child two years old, as carefully as
possible so that the jar of the rough roads would not tire him too much.

Extract from a letter written by Ebenezer Turner, July, 1835 to
relatives in Massachusetts. He with his wife, Polly Sumner, and family
had moved to Adams County the previous year, when he was 63 and his
wife 59 years old. This letter is unique, on account of the prophecy it
contains concerning the developments in the then far West and also about
transportation facilities.

"We all live in small log cabins and put what we can under the bed,
and the remainder on top of it. About one-third of the land in this
country is covered with wood and two-thirds prairie. Where there are
few or no settlements the prairie is burned over, generally in the Fall,
but where settlements are thick the fires have been arrested and the Avood-
. land will increase. Twenty years will settle this State as thickly as
Massachusetts was thirty years ago, and then there will be a million in-
habitants in it. My friends, in a few years, perhaps fifteen, those who
may then live in Illinois may travel to Boston in four days." (It had
taken his family 60 days to come with horges from Maine.) "If facil-
ities for travelling keep pace with the times as they have for 20 years
past, railroads will perhaps be made and run with locomotive engines,
from Maine to the Mississippi; and some time after that is done, from
the Jiississippi to the Pacific Ocean. There is a company of 100 fam-
ilies who have engaged to emigrate from the State of Missouri (next
west of us) to Unner California, on the Pacific Ocean. This I had,
from a newspaper. Emigration is pushing westward, but the great
Pacific Ocean will bring them all up. The people in this State begin
.to shove over the great Mississippi to find land, that they take i^p, with-
out money or price, and multitudes from Middle and .Northern states
are arriving to take their places, and settle on the fine i^rairies. From
your good friends, Ebenezer Turner and Polly Turner."

When Eev. and Mrs. Asa Turner came to Quincy in 1830, they
forded every stream between Cincinnati and Quincy. The flay previous
to the night they reached the end of their long ride from Massachusetts
they passed over a large prairie which was on fire on each side of the
road and nearer, passed through a strip of timber, which was also on

lo2

fire, inajdng it dangerous to pass, as burning trees were falling on each
side. They did not know how near they were to their journey's end and
Avhen they reached Brown's at 4th and ]\Iaine (of which Mrs. Turner
has told) it seemed indeed a haven of refuge to the weary travelers.

We call hardly imagine the terrors timid women had to face, who
came to make new homes, with their husbands and little children. Tho'
the women were brave, and made the best of their hardships, it did not
take away their keen fear, or make them less nervous. There is a
story of a women who lived one whole summer with three little children
in a pen made of poles and she was all the time in deathly fear of the
rattlesnakes, which were so numerous then. There is another storv of
an English family, just from a great city, to which the wilderness was
a horror of fear. The mother of the family suffered with terror of being
scalped by the Indians during the Black Hawk War, not knowing when
they were prowling about. Wolves they often saw, in daytime and could
hear sniffing around at night and setting up blood curdling howls. The
father had Ijrought from England a massive chest, and by the combined
strength of the family it was dragged before the door each night, when
they felt comparative safety from the Indians.

In those early days hotels were few and far between and accommoda-
tions meager, but "Heart-room, House-room" was the prevailing motto
with most of those noble pioneer men and women. They never said
"No" to a weary traveler, seeking food or shelter. It is said of a family
near Clayton (Campbell) that they lodged eleven of the aristocracy of
Quincy at one time, in their cabin but 16 ft. square.

Father Turner as a home missionary traveled nearly all one night.
He at last found a cabin. There were 16 people in it, but a log cabin
those days was never full, so he was welcomed to what the people had.
Another time he was travelling in company with a friend, and sought
a night's shelter after the family had retired. The cabin was about 12
ft. square. The woman had three in her bed and two on a bed sup-
ported by sticks driven into the logs. She got up and took one child off
the floor and put into her bed, and another off the floor and put into the
"patent" bed, thus making room for Mr. Turner and his friend to sleep
on the floor. Wasn't that true hospitality? The people of those days
were obliged to be resourceful. I know of one young girl who found
the cabin roof on fire. No water in the bucket and the spring one-
fourth mile away. Her mother ran screaming to call the men from the
field, but the girl climbed on the roof, with a pan of buttermilk and -with
a cloth, "dablded" away at the fire, putting it out before the men came.
(My husband's mother, Harriet Bittleston Long). All the women of
those times knew how to make remedies for the family ills, from the
herbs and barks and roots that grew at hand and how to minister to one
another in all the extremities from birth to death. It was a time when
strong and lasting friendships were formed and the word neighbor had
its true scriptural meaning. These were the kind of brave men and
women who gathered here and made a little settlement, the beginning of
a city. Quincy has had three different phases in her life. First a vil-
lage under State laws for nine years, second a town incorporated for six
years and a city with a charter ever since.

In 1830 though five years had passed since the commissioners named
our city and decided where the county seat was to be (naming both city

and county for the new president, John Quincy Adams) it only contained
a popnhition of about 200 people, though this was really a rapid growth.
The village was just a ragged little hamlet. The forlorn looking bluffs,
seamed with gullies and nearly barren of timber. A few cabins lay along
Front Street, mostly north of Hampshire. Among these was Keyes'
cabin and a little south was the double cabin, called the Steamboat
Hotel. There were but two routes by which wagons could ascend the
hill; one following the creek where Delaware Street now is, the other
by a very steep and winding track, from the foot of Vermont Street fin-
ally reaching level ground on Hampshire Street between 3d and 4th.

Being a county seat, it was necessary to have a courthouse. The
next year after the stake was driven in the Park (1826) there was a
sale of lots to raise funds and a two-story log courthouse was built, the
upper story being for the county offices. It was on the east side of the
square, ^ot long after the log jail was built. It was a peculiar struct-
ure, for there were no doors, only grated windows. The prisoners were
dropped down through a trap door in the top, but the building was so
open that they could joke with the passers-by^ Just back of this jail
was land owned by Ebenezer Turner and his son Edward lived there.
One day Polly's grandson Eben Leverett tried to give a drink of water
to a negro who was imprisoned, but the little boy failed to reach as high
as the negro could reach down, so the poor fellow had to remain thirsty.
Edward Turner built a little machine shop on the back of the lot where
Doerr's now is and here later on Eobt. Gardner learned the machinist's
trade.

By 1830 the village had a store, two taverns and quite a number of
residences. There was a two-story frame house at the N. W. corner
of Maine and 4th built in '29 by Eobt. Tillson, where, for years, the post
office was kept, after it was moved from the pine box in John Wood's
cabin at the foot of Delaware Street. Beside the Tillson house, Eufus
Brown on the S. E. corner of 4th and Maine had built a frame addition
to his log hotel ; and Willard Keyes to his cabin on Front Street. The
lumber for these very fine improvements had been brought on a raft from
mill in N. E. Missouri. The previous year a man named Holt had made
some bricks and in the thirties Asher Anderson built a small brick addi-
tion to his store on the N. side of Maine, E. of 3d st. and there were a
few chimneys laid np. Around the square were scattered about half a
dozen cabins on each side, a few more were south of Maine and east of
5th on Hampshire. This was Quincy in 1830.

It had been necessary to go 40 miles to Atlas (South) for meal and
flour. In '29 Wood and Keyes deeded to Mr. Whipple a quarter section
of land to build a mill upon. This mill was about at the foot of Cedar
Street. It ground very slowly as the mill-stones were only 12 in. in diam-
eter, but it was a great improvement upon the 40 mile ride every time
the mealsack was empty. With the easy and rapid means of transporta-
tion we now have, we cannot realize how dependent tlie settlers were
upon the river, as a means of bringing the necessaries of life. There were
a few steamboats but their arrival was verv uncertain. They left St.
Louis only when they had a full cargo and then came slowly. Polly
Sumner's husband once grew weary of waiting for the boat to start froin
St. Louis and walked, beating the boat to Quincy by two hours. Much
of the traffic, however, was carried on by keel l)oats. These were pro-

1.54

pelled by poling, putting long poles in the muddy banks and prying the
boat forward, crawling along the bank, up stream. Other boats"^ pro-
gressed by "cordelling" which was by passing a long rope around a tree,
ahead and then drawing the boat up by pulling the rope. Either way
was dreadfully hard, slow work and 8 miles a day was a good average
progress. (Mrs. Sibley told of her grandfather, the merchant of
Cahokia, making a trip each year in these boats, way up the river to
trade with the Indians and how sometimes his family accompanied him
on these journeys. She told how her mother, a little girl, in reaching
over the side of the boat to get a drink ot' water dropped the cup and
lost it, one of a set of a dozen little silver cups.)

Congress had devoted 3l^ million acres of land, in that part of
Illinois lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Elvers and extending
North from their junction 198 miles to the payment of the soldiers of
the War of 1812, each one to receive IGO acres. This comprehended
3/5 of the entire tract, and it was provided that no land should be sold
by the government, therein, until all the soldiers were paid. It was thus
that this portion of the State became knoM'n as the "Bounty Lands" or
"Military District." In 1830 the Government land office, for the sale
of this land, was located in Quincy. This with private land offices rep-
resented all the unsold land in the tract, 1,400,000 acres. This opening
of land for sale was an event of great importance. Soon the counties
began to fill up with newcomers, who paid the imiform price of $1.2o
per acre. The land office here in 1830, as everywhere, was very impor-
tant. The Eegistrar had to record all applications for public lands.
The Eeceiver had to take and receipt for all money deposited by the ap-
plicant, to secure him a patent and future ownership of the land he had
selected. Dishonest men could have padded their pockets, and defrauded
the applicants, knowing as they did know from surveys in their posses-
sion, the character and value of all the unentered land.

For 15 years this district was the most important one in the State,
and the transferred records show a clearer face, and have had less to
come up for reexamination than from any other of the old land dis-
tricts. The honest and able men, entirely trustworthy, who filled this
office, were Thomas Carlin (who became Governor), Alexander, Leech,
Flood, Sullivan, Asbury, Eogers, Holmes, Marsh and Hauser. These
were successively in charge until the office was transferred to Springfield
in 1859 or '60. "

During the winter of '30-'31 the deepest snow ever known in Illi-
nois fell. For three months it lay on the ground, making it almost im-
possible to travel. Many animals were killed off because they could find
nothing to eat. The settlers were shut up in their homes, often far
from any one else. The snow began to fall December 27, 1830, and in the
morning was two feet deep outside and as a man who remembered and
told it in later years said, "it was six inches deep inside the cabin." This
was Mr. Sterne of Ellington Township. He made a path to his spring,
by extreme exertion and from there carried water and saturated the snow
on the roof of his cabin making it windproof and snowproof for the rest
of the winter.

In 1831 several frame buildings were erected and several log ones.
Also a steam flour mill was built. This, with the establishment by
Capt. Nat'l Pease of a pork packing establishment, two years later, were

155

great benefits to the community for they created a market for the grain
and hogs raised in all the surrounding country, making possible the com-
ing of prosperity.

The establishment of the land office brought money, cash which was
so badly needed for circulation. Previous to this, most dealings had of
necessity, been by barter or swapping. The land office brought so many
travelers, that another hotel was needed. This was built at the N. W.
corner of 5th and Hampshire (Stern's) and was called the "Land Office
Hotel" and later on was nicknamed the "Bed-bug Hotel" on account of
liveliness of its beds.

As late as 1832 when the Black Hawk ^Yar broke out Indians were
numerous around Quincy. These were of the Sac and Fox tribes. Fre-
quently the shores of the river were covered with their wig-waras. They
traded with the white people in the village and in the country. Gen-
erally they were peaceable when sober. Sometimes they had squaw
dances and sent the hat around for money. Quincy and the country
around sent two large companies of volunteers to fight the Indians in
the Black Hawk AVar. There was great excitement, especially the morn-
ing the volunteers marched away. Of those brave men, few if any, lost
their lives, and it was well for nearly every able bodied man had gone
to the war.

In 1833 that fatal disease, cholera, made its first appearance here.
It was the 4th of July. Many of the people were going to a barbecue
at Ursa. Two or three of these were taken sick and died before sun-
down of that day. The utmost consternation prevailed. Many left in
great haste. Within the next five days 33 deaths from cholera occurred.
Two days after the epidemic appeared, a meeting was called at the court-
house to consult upon means to prevent the further spread of the dis.-
ease, and to adopt measures of relief for the sick. Wm. Flood was
chairman and 0. H. Browning secretary of this meeting. The town was
divided into three districts, and committees of vigilance appointed.
These committees were to meet at 8 o'clock every morning to make all
necessary arrangements for the care and nourishment of the sick and
also for the burial of the dead. These men themselves had often, not
only to wait upon the sick, but to bury the dead, digging the graves
themselves. Mr. Browning told of taking a corpse to the cemetery by
himself, where he dug the grave and buried it alone. (The question
came up as to where coffins were obtained in this emergency, and all
concluded that rough boxes were nailed up.)

Fortunately the disease soon ran its course, and not all who had
the disease died of it. Many recovered, but it needed most prompt
attention to save a life. This record is interesting because it shows
how the self reliant pioneers met the crisis. They were strong men of
true mettle and they did their duty.

From 1885 to 1834 the village had no laws or ordinances, living
under the general laws of the State. In June of '34 the. "Town of
Quincy" was incorporated. Archibald Williams, Samuel W. Eogers,
Levi Wells, Michael Mast and Joseph T. Holmes were elected its first
trustees. These trustees met and organized ; wrote and passed a code
of ordinances and by-laws for the new town. The 1st article defined
the limits of the town, the 2d prohibited shontinfr inside the limits witli
a fine of $1.00 for each offense; the 3d concerned the disposal of the

loG

bodies of dead aninicals ; the 4th forbade the obstructing of water courses
(these last two to protect the health of the people) ; the 5th forbade
obstructions in the streets longer than positively necessary for the load-
ing and unloading of building materials; the Gth concerned ])eace dis-
turbance; the 7tli was a strict rule against gambling houses. Three of
the men who lived here about this time became Governors of the State;
Ford, Carlin and Wood. Three became U. S. Senators; Young, Brown-
ing and Eichardson. One, Morgan, a Major General during the
rebellion.

Mr. Keyes brought the first steam ferryboat in 1835. Previous to
this time travelers were ferried over the river on flatboats w4th great
labor and much hard rowing. It was an old steamboat, almost worn
out, but so fast in contrast with the hand propelled craft, that its com-
ing was hailed as a great event and it was even used for an excursion,
one which was the forerunner of many similar experiences of frolic and
disaster. Another event of great importance to our rapidly growing
town was the establishment of a real newspaper in 1835 when Quincy
was only a ten-year-old town. This was the early newspaper in the
State. It was named the "Illinois Bounty-Land Eegister." The paper
"proposed to make known to the world, the values of this fair region,"
and it was mostly given to the description of the Military district and
its history, also there were all kinds of advertisements and notices con-
cerning the land business. There was some Eastern news, and a few
local items. Its circulation became quite large, and it played an im-
portant part in the early growth of the surrounding country. Later on,
with the advent of more papers in the other counties, the character of
the "Eegister" changed and became more local. Its name also had
several changes, and about 1840 it became the "Herald." The "Whig"
was established in 1838. These two papers have traveled down the
years, side by side, recording all the events of importance, representing
the two great political beliefs.

From the first copy of the first paper published, we found this ex-
tract from the pen of Joseph T. Holmes : "From July, 1831, to July,
1832 there was imported into Quincy, produce, consisting principally of
flour and bacon to the value of $5,000. From July, 1834, to July, 1835
with an increased population there will be no importation of these arti-
cles but on the contrary it is safely stated that produce of these articles
will be exported to the value of $40,000." This boom, this gain, this
changed condition was possible, because the country was filling up, being
cultivated and stock raising began, coupled with the fact of the steam
flour mill and the pork packing business being established in town to use
what the farmers produced.

By 1835 the mail came in, or was expected to, twice a week by stage
lines from the East. When the roads permitted the mail was brought
in an old fashioned "Troy Coach" stage, but during part of the time the
conveyance was a "mud-wagon" or '^one-breaker" either name being
appropriate This was simply a huge square box, fastened on two
wheels, into which the passengers and the mail were piled promiscuously
and it is said that the prayer of the insensate mail and of the passengers
was "Good Lord Deliver Us."

The log courthouse built ten years before where, as a wag used to
say "Justice is dispensed with," was burned during the winter of 1835-

157

3G and like its successor, there was rejoicing at it birth and its death.
There were no regrets heard, as the flames shot upward. Indeed some
of the logs were even pushed in, to be sure it should all be consumed.
Following this, there was another sale of town lots to raise money to
replace the burned building and work upon it was at once begun.

The importance of Quincy as a land center, bringing so many vis-
itors on land business, made it necessary that there should be one good
large hotel. In 1836 the Quincy House, on the corner of 4th and
Maine (The site of Brown's Hotel) was commenced. This was a really
handsome building, and it looked odd, with only log cabins and small
frame buildings near by. Mr. Munroe was the first landlord. He, his
wife and three charming daughters were soon very popular and under
their management the Quincy House became the social center of the
town, while, as a hotel it was equal if not superior to any in Illinois or
in St. Louis at that time.

Our State, thus far, had only been opened up, and settled along the
water courses. These were fringed with settlements, but the l^ack
country, was all a vast grassy wilderness. Only by the coming of the
railroad, could these fertile acres be developed. The first organized
movement in Quincy was in 1836 when a meeting was held, requesting
the Legislature to incorporate a company to build a railroad from
Quincy to the Illinois Eiver. A section of this road was built, from
Springfield to the Illinois River (the present Wabash line) and finally
work here in Quincy was begun. Patriotism was vigorous, excitement
ran high, and all thought the "N'orthern Cross Eailroad" would soon be
in operation. The route was graded nearly to Camp Point when the
money gave out. Part of this track was used by the C. B. & Q. later on.
Some of the grading which was done still remains out East Broadway.
It was intended to have the cars run to 12th & Broadway, and from
there to the river was to be an inclined plane, operating with stationary
engines. This project was finally changed to the approach north of
town which follows the natural grade of the water courses and was
adopted by the C. B. & Q. many years after.

The state of Missouri was slave holding. Slaves could cross the
river, and were helped here by people who believed slavery to be wrong,
to escape to Canada. This led to a very strained feeling between the
people of these two neighboring sections. In 1836, Dr. Nelson, a bril-
liant preacher who had a school in Palmyra and who was a strong
Abolitionist, made an injudicious remark at a camp meeting in Missouri
and had to flee for his life such intense excitement followed. He ran
through high grass and brush to the river, was nearly caught, but
finally reached Quincy, wet and nearly exhausted. Following this,
some most unkind messages were sent back and forth, and Dr. Xelson
moved his "Institute" of learning out east of Quincy about five miles,
where he educated young men for the ministry and they were enabled
to pay part of the expenses by working on the land, while living in little
cabins built around the one large house. (This is tlie "Sprigg" farm
when the narcissuses come in Spring.)

There was another Institute in East Quincy about 25th or 26th
Street and between Maine and Hampshire. The object of this school
was princinally to educate men and women for missionary service. The
teachers of this school also, were strong Abolitionists and several years

158

later some incensed slave owners from Missouri, whose slaves had. been
helped away, came and burned the institute buildings.

Those were troubulous times, indeed, fore-runners of the terrible
conflict coming. I'lie next year, there was another excitement when
feeling, ran high and when Abolitionists stored all kinds of firearms
and weapons of defense under the pulpit in the baptistry in "God's Barn."
It was caused by the efl'ort to vindicate the freedom of speech, at all
hazards, by the Abolitionists, when those who favored slavery tried to
break up their meetings.

There began in 1838 an immigration of the Mormons, Avhieh, later
on began to flow away to their new purchase at ISTauvoo. Joseph Smith
lived in Quincy, temporarily, when driven from Missouri. The condi-
tions of these people was pitiable, at times, and the people of Quincy
were kind and expressed great sympathy for them. They were crowded
into barns and sheds, many in huts and tents, all through the town,
but in spite of all hardships they kept up all their religious services, and
for a time were more numerous than any other religious organization in
Quincy.

In 1838 a "Hook and Ladder" company was formed, to protect the
community from the ravages of fire. They had four ladders of 15, 20
and 25 and 30 feet in length, also six fire hooks, and 12 buckets. These
purchases were the beginning of our present capable fire department and
the men who formed this company were the prominent young men of
the town. The next year (1839) a fire engine was purchased — a hand
engine — the citizens stood on each side and pumped.

That year (1839) also saw the first public improvement. It was
decided to spend $200 improving DelaAvare Street whenever $300 should
be furnished by donation and that $1,000 be appropriated was offered
to Maine Street. The Maine Street people declined, as the land owners
were required to give bonds for whatever the expense should exceed the
$1,000. Then the Hampshire Street people accepted and it was graded
and gravelled from 3d to Front. i\.s by this time there was much
shipping on the steamboats, this improvement was of very great benefit.
Mr. Eedmond whose name was prominent in the forties had the contract.
When four years later, Maine Street w^as opened through the high bluff
called Mt. "Pisgah to the river, there were found in its high mound
many human skeletons, presumably those of the earliest inhabitants of
our fair county.

Eighteen hundred fortv was an ambitious one for Quincy. It was
now 15"years old, and had a population of from 1,850 to 2,000. Please
remember that only ten years before it had just about 200. The pre-
vious year, by special charter allowed from the State Legislature, a new
board of trustees were chosen at the April election, Conyers, Holmes,
Tillson, Leech and Woodruff. These men prepared new ordinances, so
comprehensive that they were adopted, almost without change, when in
1840 the town emerged into a real city. When the business of the town
corporation was closed up there was a lialance of $365.00 "for pin
monev" with which the newly born city began its career.

The future city was divided into three wards, all north of Hamp-
shire Street being Ist ward ; all between Hampshire and Maine to 5th
and thence south to York eastward as a dividing line was 2d ward;
and all south of this was 3d ward. The election for the first city offi-

159

eers was very earnest, but good natured. Everybody knew everybody
and most of the voters were young men, jolly and full of life and jokes.
The Whigs nominated Ebcnezer Moore and the Democrats Samuel
Leech for Mayor. Mr. Moore was elected. He was reelected the next
year and was followed by Enoch Conyers for two vears and next by
John Wood who served four years.

In the early forties the first public schools were established, after
much agitation and many objections. It was ordered that a school-
house be built in the old cemetery lot (where cur courthouse now
stands). This was the first "Jefferson School." A lot was also pur-
chased on South 5th Street where the Eranklin School was built later.
A building Avhich was burned several years ago. From these plantings
in the forties our splendid school system has grown.

This same year ten gentlemen formed themselves into an Historical
club, for the preservation of early historical events in this section,
realizing that even that soon, many of the earliest happenings were
growing to be forgotten, and the men who came as young men were
reaching middle age. Of these men Peter Lott, E. J. Phillips and
Henry Asbury were chosen to collect materials and prepare such his-
tory for publication. The committee went to work holding interviews
with the earliest settlers and noted down many interesting items. An
introductory chapter was written by Judge Lott, but, as all were busy
men the matter was finally dropped. Many years after that Mr. Asbury
wrote his valued history from the material gathered at that time.

In 1841 the square was fenced; Before this it was a neglected
spot. Farmers used it as a convenient place to feed their teams and
exhibit stock, a place to make trades and exchanges. This year the city
decided to enclose ■ and to beautify it. This aroused much onnosition,
the country people claiming it was county property and that they had
a right to occupy and use it. There is a story connected with this about
the first Seal of Quincy. John Wood had at his own expense with the
consent of the new city council transplanted a handsome elm tree to
the center of the park. One night some person girdled the tree and of
course, it died. In the next issue of the "Herald" appeared a rough
sketch of ]\Ir. Wood resting upon his cane and gazing mournfully at the
dead tree. At the next meeting of the council, it was voted that this
picture be made into a device for a seal for the city, which was done
and the seal was used for many years.

In '-41 the first steps were taken toward forming a Public Library.
A number of gentlemen met, in one of the offices of the old brick court
house. It was during the hard times and m.oney was dreadfully scarce,
but they began by contributing $5 worth of stock each and all the books
each one could collect, which aggregated 700 volumes by the end of the
year. For some time the only revenue was from lectures by the citizens.
In 1844 a lecture was given on magnetism and telegraphy by the Eev.
Geo. Giddings, Eector of the Episcopal church. At the close of this
lecture Lorenzo Bull and Andrew Johnson (partner of Judge Williams)
gave a practical demonstration of the telegraph. This was the begin-
ning of telegraphy in Quincy.

Previous to 1840, the Presidential elections had been conducted in
a quiet and decorous manner, bv the Whigs and Democrats. Quite differ-
ent, was the campaign, the spontaneous outburst for "Tippecanoe" and

IfiO

"Tyler too." Quiucv had its tirst parade There were over a hundred
delegates going to a county convention at Columbus. These rode on
horses, two abreast, then a large yellow wagon with the l)and of the
'"'Quincy Grays/' a local military organization surmounted by an im-
mense flag having pictures of Harrison and Tyler. Xext the cannon,
upon its gun-carriage, surmounted by the U. S. Flag, next a canoe, on
wheels, and amid-ship a barrel of hard eider, very hard, and hanging
upon the barrel a gourd. In the back end of the boat sat a man mak-
ing motions as if "paddling his own canoe." In some processions there
were log-houses, with coon skins nailed upon them built on wagons, and
these small houses always had a barrel of hard cider inside.

In 1844 was tlie great race for the presidency between Henry Clay
and James K. Polk. The hard cider and coon skin element which
had their origin in ''40 still lingered. Henry Clay was called "Harry
of the West." The coon skin and Democracv represented by a tin
rooster away up on a hickory pole, the higher the better, have had their
counterpart in the many campaigns since.

Before 1830 there had been a few visits to the little hamlet by
travelling preacher? who held religious services in cabin?. In 1830
there came to Quincy a home missionary from Massachusetts. Asa Tur-
ner. He was 31 years old and full of vigor. With him came his
beautiful bride, only 21 years old. These two godly people, had much
to do with shaping the sentiments of the new settlement. He preached
his first sermon in the log courthouse and soon organized a congrega-
tion of fifteen members of various beliefs. He had a small salary from
the East, but it was insufficient and the people here were too poor to
pay him much. He sold the extra clothe? he had brought with him for
money to live upon, and when the horse that had brought them safely
here from Massachusetts to Illinois died, it seemed a real calamity. He
Avrote to his friends back East of these times, "If I could only find time
to work on a farm, I could earn provisions, but with no other minister
short of 80 miles and calls to preach from every quarter, I cannot even
find time to hoe my garden."

It was quite natural that newcomers should seek out the pastor and
he often had to keep them until they could find homes. This was a
heavy drawback upon his resources, but always gladly done. As soon
as possible, a place of worship was built, the only structure for years,
devoted to religious purposes. It was on 4th Street just south of where
the Library now is. It was a long low frame building, an ugly clap-
boarded shed, but a place of glowing memories and sacred associations.
This was "God's Barn." It cost great labor, but very little money was
used in its erection, for there was but little. In the rear of it perched
upon two poles wns a bell, the rope of which came into the church
through a hole behind the pulpit. This hell was paid for Iv the needle-
work of the women. In an address years after by Lorenzo Bull, he said
"that sanctuary Avas the cradle out of which came most of the Protestant
churches of Quincy. It was made memorable by the fervor of Father
Turner, bv the learnina- of !N"elson and the originalitv of Parson Foote."

Bv 184.5 nearlv all of the Protestant churches had church buildings
of their own though not all on the present site of their church edifices.
The St. Boniface is the oldest Catholic Church in Quincv. It was
founded in 1837 and was first called "The Church of the Ascension of

161

our Lord." In 1839 the name was changed to St. Boniface and the
ground at 7th and Maine where it now stands was purchased. The
St. Boniface has alwaj-s held German services. The building of the
Northern Cross Eailroad had brought many Irish Catholics and these,
united with about 50 other English speaking Catholics in the town
were able to have a church home and a pastor of their own in 1839,
these founding St. Peter's. It is said of the St. Boniface Church and
of the Lutheran St. John's Church which was founded the same year
('37) that they acted as a strong magnet in drawing German immigra-
tion to Quincy. Old German settlers say that when they reached New
Orleans and upon landing learned of these German churches, they were
induced to come here to found their new homes.

And now a word about the character of our population. The first
settlers came mostly from the New England states and from Kentucky
and Virginia. By 1833 a few Germans began to come in. From '36 to
'40 a large settlement of Irish came in, induced by the State public
improvements and railroad labor required here, at that time. About
1840 and for 10 or 15 years after a steady stream of German immigra-
tion flowed in. One steamboat landed 100 immigrants who shipped
direct from Germany to Quincy. It was a common sight to find the
entire landing covered by these families with their household goods of
every description and perhaps among the scores of newcomers, not a
single persoji able to understand our language.

There is not time to tell of the fine class of people who had been
filling up the surrounding country. Many from Eastern states had
descended from Eevolutionary heroes and quite a number had ancestors
who came in, or soon after, the Mayflower. ]\Iany also, were from
Kentucky, Maryland and Virginia. Strong, sturdy brave men and
women. These people beside building new homes, working hard in the
fields and timber all day took time to organize and build churches and
schools, that their children might have proper influences around them.
In some parts of the countn^ these were built earlier than those in
Quincy. They founded their homes with high aspirations; with a high
regard for religion and education, for law and for order.

Jexxt Bradbuey Loxg.

Eead at Mrs. Eeynolds, Nov. 9, 1912.

BEFOEE THE WAE, 1845-1860.

I notice that Mr. Asbury in speaking of the killing of Joseph
Smith, the Mormon prophet, on July 27, 1844, says that "While few in
the community felt sympathy for the people, still the news of his
death in jail created deep feeling and that perhaps no citv in the Union
has been so often the victim of adverse outside disturbances as Quincy.
First because of our border location, the slavery question ; then the Mor-
mon question and then the war of the rebellion. But now that it is
over, a retrospect of our history shows that we have been a forbearing,
generous and loving people, giving shelter to all who came to us in time
of trouble."

The census taken in 1845 showed an almost. uniform doubling of
the population during each five years since 1825. At that time some
—11 H S

162

twenty persons in the place and neighborhood, 350 in 1830, T53 in 1835,
l,850'in 1810, 4,000 in 1845, 7,000 in 1850, 10,000 in 1855 and its sub-
sequent gi-owth was 14,000 in 1800, 35,000 in 18T0, only 2T,000 in
1880, 31,000 in 1890, 36,000 in 1900 and then the less said concerning
an increase the better. In 1845 the city council voted a salary to alder-
men of $2.00 for each regular and 50c for each special meeting; before
this time they had been paid nothing. Urgent requests were made to
the "city fathers" to organize a "night watch" but they decided that the
city did not need it and could not afford the expense. During the pre-
ceding winter the city obtained from tlie Legislature the relinquish-
ment of I\ailroad Street (now Broadway) and also secured from the
United States the title to what is known as "Tow Head," containing
then 207 acres, but much more now. About this time the citv voted for
additional taxes for public schools and issued seven $100.00 bonds for
the same purpose. The school trustees appropriated $300.00 towards
the erection of a public school building. Finding that the necessary
cost of the building would be $1,200.00 the council increased its appro-
priation by $200.00 more. This was the first public school building in
the city and was erected on the ground where afterwards stood the
Franklin school. So the free school has been with us for seventy-five
years. As early as 1841 they had here what was called the Underground
Eailway and it was a common thing for runawav slaves to come here
for refuge. Indeed, it was understood that they would find here a
haven. A man named Nelson from ^lissouri with considerable talent
was untiring in his efforts to promote the cause of Christianity as he
understood it, and also the cause of Christian education. He went East
and with his great ability and energy, both as a speaker and conversa-
tionalist, he soon interested a number of people and raised some money
with Avhich to carrv on his educational nlans. The main idea Avas to
educate young men for missionaries. Several branches of the original
school called Institutions were established in the country, but the cen-
tral school was established just outside of the then city limits, east of
and near 24th st. The main building was a plain brick of not large
dimensions, but it was surrounded by a number of small one story
structures, called students lodges. For a time the Eev. Moses Hunter
presided over the Institute; he was said to possess great knowledge and
education, was a good Greek and Hebrew scholar and withal quite a
superior man, and dressed himself in a sort of seamless rolie in imita-
tion of Christ. It soon became known that nearly all connected with
the Institute were intense Abolitionists. Two young men from the
school crossed the river in a skiff and were soon surrounded and cap-
tured by a large party of Missourian? and were immediately committed
to jail in Palmyra. Their accusation was "Xi<To-er Thieves." They
were accused and convicted and sent to the penitentiary for twelve
years. By this time the people of !Marion Connty had become well ac-
quainted with the location and anti-slavery character of the Institute,
and one night in the winter a crowd came over on the ice and burned
the Institute to the ground. It was about this time that the public
square was enclosed : before it had remained an open and neglected spot.
Its enclosure created some comment and couiplaint among the people of
the country. The farmer had considered it a good place upon which to
feed his team, show off fine horses and as a sort of exchange. Early in

163

the 40's jDrompted by members of the Library Association, a club of ten
gentlemen formed themselves into a Quincy Historical Club for the
preservation of early historical events of the place. Some time after
the city council passed a resolution that the subject of a history of
Quincy should be recommended to the club, and it designated Peter Lott,
E. J. Phillips and Henry Asbury to collect materials and prepare such
history. This committee went to work and through interviews with old
settlers as John Wood, Williard Keyes and others, collected and wrote
down many items. They began with great interest as is usually the case.
An introductory cha]:)ter was partly written by Judo-e Lott and then
stopped. Capt. Phillips went away and later Lott the same. And after
the death of both, Mr. Asbury wrote his valuable book that means so
much to all of us now. In 1846 Woodland cemetery was laid off with
less than 40 acres ; and eleven years afterwards something more than
four acres were added to it, making about forty-three in all. An exten-
sive sale of lots at once took place and by May (that was a month after)
there had been three burials. During the succeeding fall and winter
a great number of bodies were removed from 24th and Maine and
Jefferson Square. In 1848 besides the daily stage mails from the East
and semi-weekly mails to and from the adjoining counties, there was
the twice a week mail from St. Louis by steamer. In this year the
city limits were extended for the first time from Vine, Jefferson and
12th then called Wood Street, one hundred and twenty acres called
Nevins addition Iving between 12th, Broadway, 18th and Jersey. No
addition was made again for ten years, when the north boundary was
moved to Locust street, Harrison and 24th. One can scarcely realize
that as late as 1847 there were but nine buildings between i2th and
24th. The first steamboat hull ever constructed here was built this
year. It was set up at the foot of Delaware and launched on March
18. Telegraphic communication with the outside world was also
established in the summer of this year. And the first city directory
made its appearance ; showing seven hotels, three breweries, five beer
shops, five bakeries, six saddlers, three drug stores, thirteen tailors, seven
confectioners, nine blacksmiths, thirteen churches, five private schools
and fifteen lawyers. About this time Brazilli Clark, the first justice of
the peace, tried a case and in his decision gave offense to one of the par-
ties. A few days after while he was plowing in his field, the offended
party came to him and gave him a dreadful cursing. For this he fined
him for contempt of court. The case finally went to the Supreme Court
and the fine was sustained. The chief attractions of the winters of this
period were the library lectures. They constituted almost the sole
source of revenue to the public library and were of weekly occurrence.
They were 'Tiome made," that is they were prepared and delivered by our
own citizens with an occasional, but verv rare addition by some neigh-
boring clerg\^man or Illinois college professor. They were given gratis
and upon such subject as the writer chose. They were of much merit
and well attended. They were given in the courthouse, so hall rent
was free and only lights and fire had to l)e provided : and the winter
course usually netted about two or throe hundred dollars. Among the
list of lecturers chosen for the year 1848-9 we find the names of John
C. Cox, 0. H. Browning, John Tillson. Jr., Eev. Foote, Judge Lott and
others whose names are not so familiar. With such subjects as Progress

lG-1

of Civilization, Since the Christian Era, The Future Exemplified by the
Past, Early Settlement of the Mississippi Valley, The Saracen in Spain,
Our Duties and Obligations in Eeference to American Slavery. The
prices for tickets were: Gentlemen, $1.00; gentleman and lady, $1.50;
family of four, $3.00 ; of six, $3.00. And thus the library struggled on
for forty-five years until the beginning of the 20tb century when by the
provision of a tax levy devoted to its support, its position was assured.
In 1849 the Asiatic cholera broke out and one of the first deaths
was the mayor; probably four hundred cases in all. As late as 1851 it still
prevailed and that year there were two hundred victims. The first rail-
road meeting was held at the courthouse in January, 1849. Some fine
speeches were made and much interest manifested and work was begun
on the C, B. & Q. in 1851. In 1850, C. M. Woods started the first
daily newspaper. About this time real estate began looking up and
sales were better and more numerous than for the past fifteen years.
The two large lots at 12th and Maine where now stands the High
and Webster schools and which had been offered the year before for
$500.00 were bought this year for school purposes " for $3,000.00.
And some handsome private residences were also constructed, which
feature had been sadly neglected in Quincy before. Up to this time
there had been only the Wood, Keyes, Young and Browning mansions,
the last erected in 1845 at a cost of $30,000.00 and two or three others.
The Leavitt house, afterward bought by Gen. Singleton and finally
occupied by Judge Lawrence on Vermont and Eighth streets, and is now
a portion of the convent, was considered the most pretentious in the city.
At this time there were more people owning their own homes here than
in any other town or city of the same grade in the West. And it is be-
lieved that this state of things has continued and still does exist at
the present time. In this year the first private banking business was
begun. And the temperance sentiment which at this time was all per-
vading throughout the country took possession of Quincy with a force
unknown before or since. During 1851 the organization of a night
police was made under the supervision of the mayor. -And among the
needed and imposing improvements was Kendall's Hall at the corner of
6th and Maine at a cost of $20,000.00. This was the first public hall.
Before this time the courthouse or the churches when they could be
obtained, were the only conveniences for lectures, fairs and all exhibi-
tions of this character. Quincy was much exercised now for the want
of a "Nom de plume." All of the other cities in the land had their
fancy names and she had none. The titles which seemed most appro-
priate for her as "Mound City" or 'T51uffs City" had already been taken
by St. Lonis and Hannibal. It was proposed to call it Hill City, but
that would have dwarfed it beside Hannibal. There were sixteen
churches here at this time, a very large number in proportion to the
population and it was seriously urged to have the place christened "The
City of Churches," but this was a name that in all likelihood would not
endure and had already been adopted elsewhere, so it ran on for some
years until the name "Gem City" was assumed; why, how or for what
reason it is difficult to say, though of course there are some appropriate
points to warrant the title. A charter for the bridge company was pro-
cured at the legislative assembly of 1858-3. The renuirements were,
that the bridge should be commenced within three and finished within

165

six years, but it was not constructed for twelve years afterward. But
the most notable occasion of the year and as Mr. Collins in his history
puts it "the most shining event" was the completion of the gas works
and the first lighting of the city on December first; and was celebrated
by a general turning an of the gas in all the street lamps and private
houses; and a general turning out of all the peoDle into the streets to
see how the city and themselves looked; and also by a banquet at the
Quincy House. There was a capital stock of seventy-five thousand dol-
lars and a local contract made with the city for twenty-five years. The
greater portion of the stock was owned by a man from St. Louis who
for a long time controlled the affairs of the company. There were sixty-
five street lamps, one hundred and fifty meters, and three and one half
miles of street mains and by 1857, three years later, there were seven
miles of mains, two hundred and forty street lamps and two hundred and
eighty meters.

As early as 1854 some forty steamboats ran regularly from St.
Louis to Quincy passing here in the up river trade. During the navi-
gation season of ten months, there were registered 1,350 steamboat
landings averaging about five arrivals each day. Quincy was celebrated
at that time for the excellence of its hotels. They were then acknowl-
edged to be decidedly superior to those of any other city on the river
north of St. Louis in every particular. In 1855 the city limits were
extended to Harrison street on the south, Locust on the north and
tw^enty-fourth, or as it was called Orange, on the east. Two years later,
in '57 the boundaries were put at their present limit. In 1855 a char-
ter for water works was obtained but nothing resulted from it. Ten
years later another for the same purpose passed the Legislature, but did
not receive the executive approval and it was not until ten years further
on that this enterprise was permanently established. A charter was ob-
tained for the Woodland Orphans' Home. This was begun in 1853 when
fifteen citizens pledged one hundred dollars apiece toward the purchase
of the ground. The land was bought of Gov. Wood for $1,500.00 being
the block owned by the Home on south 5th street and from that time
on the institution has flourished and done untold good. Probably the
most destructive fire that had yet attacked the city was on the 20th of
October, 1854, when Thayer's large distillery with many of its sur-
roundings were destroyed. The damage was estimated at $50,000.00 with
little insurance. The second annual meeting of the Adams County
Fair Association was held in the fall of this year. It was a great ad-
vance on the previous year, being a success to which the city and county
contributed ; and it attracted attention from all the surrounding section,
both on this and the other side of the river. It soon ranked among the
best of the Illinois county fairs. By this time there were five military
companies in Quincy, all in a flourishing condition, so that when the
war broke out a few years later the place was very fairly equipped to
organize a regular militia. Much building was done in the city this
year; to give an idea of it, I quote from one of the papers published at
that time. "As one of the evidences of the progress and ])rosperity of
Quincy, there are contracts made for laying nearly two million of brick
in buildings to be erected in the city this season. The supply of brick
is entirelv inadequate to meet the demand. Good brick commanrl a
high price, say five to six dollars a thousand and all now made or in the

166

kiin are engaged."' In 1856 the third big hotel was commenced. There
had been the Quincy House in 18136 and the City Hotel afterward, the
Virginia and now came the Catlier House named for its owner and pro-
prietor and located on the site of the old Judge Younsr residence, which
afterward, much enlarged became the Tremont., During this year one
hundred and ten thousand barrels of flour were made here, 550,000
bushels of wheat used. The average price of flour was $6.50, of wheat
$1.UU per bushel. How does this compare with our prices of today, more
than half a century later?

Several disastrous fires occurred in the early part of '56 some of
them in business and central sections of the city, one at the northeast
corner of the square; the loss was severe to some of the occupants, but
the gain to the city was great. The same enterprising impulse which
many years before, Avhen tlie old log courthouse caught fire, induced the
happy spectators to throw on more kindling, was gratified to see the
"old rookeries'' go, with the prospect of their l)eing replaced by better
structures. Another result of these fortunate misfortunes was to in-
crease precautions against fire. The enumeration of houses was in 1857
for the first time ordered by the council and it was an amusing absurd-
ity. It prescribed that each twenty-five feet of lineal curbstone should
constitute a number, that First Street should be the base for its running
east and west. The figures alternated across the street every twenty-five
feet. This part has continued, but some dozen years later, the conven-
ient, so called Philadelphia, system was adopted, which makes the initial,
figure of each house number to correspond with the initial figures of the
street bounding the block; and the streets running north and south to
begin at Broadway and State. This proved so perfectly absurd and
confusing that it was finally abandoned and Maine street was made the
base from which to number, north and south. In other words as they
simplify it in teaching in the schools, the even numbers are on the right
hand side of the street going from the river and from Maine, at the
rate of one hundred to a block. On the title page of the Quincy Di-
rectory for 1857-8 is the residence, the new one of Gov. Wood and on
through the pages appear other illustrations such as "English and Ger-
man Male and Female Seminary," now Jefferson schoolhouse. A fancy
clock with "J. AV. Brown, Fashionable Jewelry." Two large buildings
on the east side of the square with signs on them reading "Jansen and
Smith, Furniture" and "Comstock and Co., Stoves and Tinware." A
goddess of liberty with "Hedges & Duff, Forwarding IMerchants. 50
Front St." Another "Forwarding Merchant" has a steamboat in full
sail as his ad. A queer looking old time carryall and chaise with
"Weaver & Miller." A man resembling Atlas onlv instead of the world
on his shoulders, a mammoth stove and "H. Eidder & Co., Tin, Cop-
per, Sheet iron, China, Glass and Queensware, 127 Maine St." "Whig
Office, 38, 4th St. Terms, Daily, $5.00; Tri-weekly, $3.00." Then "The
Albion, Mumby proprietor, East Quincy a pleasant resort for ladies and
gentlemen, a distance of two miles from the city Buffet." Then a weird
picture of a tomb with weeping women standing around, draped in
mourning and underneath this notice, "All kinds of produce taken at
market prices for Avork." In 1858 the place was somewhat scourged
and still more terribly scared by smallpox, during the summer and
again in the fall. But the episode of the year was a rattling earthquake

167

shock in July which pervaded the Mississippi Valley aud was pronounced
as the most severe of any that had shaken up the country since the
famous one of 1811. Probably one of the most important events that
ever took place in the city occurred during this fall. That was the cele-
brated Lincoln and Douglas debate, but because of its recent celebration
here a few years ago it will not be necessary to go into any details con-
cerning it.

A marked increase appeared about this time in foreign immigration,
which had fallen off of late years. This was almost entirely German.
They had first made their appearance here in 1833-4 aud from 183G to
'39 a large settlement of Irish came in. These mostly remained and a
large percentage of the Irish families of the city now, count back their
coming to that date. Later on about 1840 and for ten or fifteen years a
steady stream of Germans flowed in, then it gradually decreased, but now
for some reason it had revived again. One steamer landed one hundred
immigrants who had shipped direct from Germany to Quincy, It had
become a common sight to find in the early morning the entire public
landing covered by these families with their household goods of every
description. Some articles so cumbrous that the cost of transportation
infinitely exceeded their value. And not a single person able to speak
or understand a word of our language. It was in 1859 that two private
schools or colleges were established here. Gov. Wood gave the ground
at 12th and State and Mr. Keyes at 8th and Vine. They were very
excellent schools and continued for several years. Amnsements kept
pace with other advances. And a theatre with regular performances six
evenings in a week was a leading contribution in that line. The city by
this time had taken long steps toward a metropolitan appearance and
had for that period quite a city air. There were ten visitors this year
when there had been one before. It was not longer than five years be-
fore, whenever a stranger made his appearance the whole community,
village like would note his coming, inquire and soon find out who he
was, what he was after and so on. Not so now. This year marked a
social change in that res])ect that was permanent. People came and
went with as little notice as they did in larger places or as they do here
today. Quincy now, thirty-two years from its foundation and seventeen
from its incorporation as a city, fully exhibited the characteristics of such
and felt itself to be one.

Julia Sibley.

DUPING THE WAP.

Quincy next to Cairo was the most important military point in the
State. The line of military effort between the loyal and the slave states
reached from the Potomac Piver westward across West Virginia and
Kentucky to Cairo, thence bent northward to the Iowa line and thence
westward to Nebraska and Kansas. After Cairo was occupied the next
movement of the army was to secure the control of ]\rissouri. Quincy
situated on the extreme western edge of Illinois longitudinally projecting
into the State of Missouri thus became of great strategetic importance.

Public opinion however, was not entirelv in favor of the war at this
time in Quincy. For a large part of the citizens had come from south
of the Ohio Piver bringing with them their idea that slavery was the nor-

168

mal condition of the negro, therefore there was much non-union senti-
ment. The Quincy Herald of April 10, 18G1 had these words: "The
slave states have gone out of the Union or those that have not already
done so will most likely do so soon; when that takes place the Kepuhlicans
will not be able to rallv the thousands of deluded men who have followed
them with the cry of no more slave states or down with slavery," The
Herald had a very poor idea of the temper of the northeastern states at
that time. Instead of rallying by the thousand they rallied by the mil-
lion. And out of a population of about -41,000 Quincy sent to the war
2,300 men.

Quincy was the point where the national army made its rendezvous,
effected its organization and from here they crossed the river to take pos-
session of the northern part of Missouri, while forces organized in St.
Louis should take possession of the southern part. Quincy thus became
a center of great military activity. Companies gathered here from vari-
ous parts of the State to be organized into regiments. Steamers passed
down the river loaded with soldiers from Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Orators made patriotic speeches and ministers preached patriotic ser-
mons. Mechanics were busy making munitions of war. Women were
organizing to make provision for the sick and wounded. The effect of
the shot fired at Ft. Sumpter is indescribable. That shot united the
■entire North. Immediately after the proclamation was issued calling for
troops, a meeting of the citizens of Quincy and vicinity was called at
the courthouse which was packed to its utmost capacit}^ Recruiting
was begun by the "Guards' and in less than twenty-four hours over a
hundred men were enrolled. These left immediately for Cairo under
command of Capt. Prentiss. Capt. Morgan accompanied them on
crutches; 10,000 people accompanied them to the train on which they
were to leave. The crowd sang the Star Spangled Banner and with
much cheering they left on their flag-decorated train. To be followed
later by the "remaining number of the 2,300 men that went from
Quincy.

Special efforts were made to raise an Adams County regiment and
on Sept. 16 one was mustered into service, with M. M. Bane as Colonel
and Wm. Swarthout as Lieutenant Colonel. This regiment was the
pet of Adams County. It was nicknamed "The Blind Half Hundred."
Its record showed that it was anything but blind. It began its services
in Missouri then went to Cairo, thence to Forts Henry and Donelson.
It was in the battle at Shiloh at Corinth and at Allatoona and then
marched with Sherman to the sea. It participated in the grand review
at Washington. Ordered to Louisville to be mustered out, it won the
prize banner in a competitive drill with the 63d Illinois and the 7th
Iowa Infantry.

In the same month of September, Edward Prince proposed to
raise a Cavalry Company and he was made Colonel of the 7th Illinois
Cavalrv. Col. W. A. Eichardson was tendered command of a "Ken-
tucky Brigade." The three months volunteer-s returning in August were
tendered a most enthusiastic reception and they immediately reenlisted

for three years.

During the next spring and early summer Quincy besran to see
the results of active campaigns, in sickness, wounds and death. In the
autumn of 1862 the horrors of war had chilled much of the enthusiasm

1G9

of this vicinity. About this time there were about 800 soldiers in the
hospitals in the city. At this time efforts were made to induce the
negroes to enlist. Many went from Quincy, some with Col. Gross and
some joined a Massachusetts regiment. There were 903 in Colonel
Gross' regiment which made a glorious record.

In the spring of 1864 Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and Illinois believing
the war near its close tendered the Government a force of 85,000 men to
relieve the veteran force of guard duty. In response the 137th In-
fantry was mustered in here at Camp Wood, Gov. John Wood being
made Colonel. For the last call for soldiers it was necessary to make a
draft. There being so much "Copperhead" sentiment in Adams County,
we can understand how this announcement was received. But with the
fall of Richmond there was again much enthusiasm and many of the
Copperheads were converted.

I can only mention a few incidents of this exciting period. There
was much military activity across the river, as Palmyra was a hot-bed
of secession. Green and Porter were industriously organizing companies
for Confederate service. Union men were being put out of the way, many
were being driven from their homes. It was feared that a raid might
at any time be made upon Quincy so companies of Home Guards were
organized in each ward, over 100 in a company. They at once began
target practice. Gen. McNeil was placed in charge of the Union forces
in Palmyra. There was much political disorder and lawlessness in Pal-
myra at that time. Union men had been severely treated by Southern
sympathizers but Gen. McNeil brought order out of disorder with an
iron hand. He caused fourteen secessionists to be arrested and held as
hostages for the return of some prominent Union men. Unless these
Union men were returned these fourteen were to be shot. As these
Union men could not be returned, having been put out of the way pre-
viously his order was executed.

This summary proceeding restored order and taught the citizens that
in the future Union men were not to be molested. Many considered his
order too severe and socially Gen. McNeil was ostracized even after the
war when he returned to his home in St. Louis. And yet the people had
to be taught that military order? must be obeyed.

On the 12th of July, Col. IT. S. Grant arrived here and went into
camp with his men at West Quincy. It is interesting to note this is the
place where the man who was finally to bring the war to a successsful
termiuation, first stepped upon hostile territory. While he was sta-
tioned here the "Needle Pickets" sent a pillowcase full of lint and
bandages for the use of his regiment. Mrs. C. H. Morton carried it to
the boat and delivered it in person to Col. Grant. He thanked the ladies
through her and putting the bundle under his arm carried it on to the
boat himself.

The soldiers were encamped at three different points in the city
while the army was being organized. Camp Wood was first located at
.5th and Locust which place was then covered with small oaks and hazel-
brush. This point becoming too small Camn Wood was then moved to
"the prairie" at a point where now Oak St. extends beyond 14th St. An-
other camp was located east of Woodland Cemetery.

Temporary hospitals were established here for the sick and
wounded. The chair factory at 5th and Ohio was used for one and

iro

at one time Jefferson School was used. There were I'our others. At
one time there were about 800 soldiers in these hospitals. There were
two organizations of women^ the "Xeedlc Pickets" and the "Good
Samaritans" wlio were very active in providing comforts for those in
the hospitals here and also in forwarding things to the front. They
raised money by the thousands.

BUSINESS.

What we now consider as wonderful is that business was so pros-
perous during the war. Local contractors were busy in making accou-
trement for infantrv, cavalrv and artillerv. The Government Cloth-
ing Hall used 3GU,U00 yards of blue kersey, made 250,000 pair of pants
and made shirts and drawers in like proportion. The Greenleaf Foun-
dry made cannon, another firm made knapsacks. Then as now Quincy
was noted for its manufactures. ^Ir. Kobt. (Jardner had already
patented his celebrated Automaton Steam governor, which is in demand
everywhere. In the manufacture of stoves and hollow-ware, Quincy was
second to no city west of Pittsburg. At this time there were five tobacca
factories here but these have since been merged into the trust. There
were also ten flour mills, now there are only four. There was one hoop
skirt manufactory. There must have been a veritable boom here fol-
lowing the war as I note that 500 ])uildings were erected in one
year. The population in 1860 was about 14,000 and in the next tea
years it was nearly doubled.

CITY OFFICIALS.

In the year 1801, I. 0. Woodruff was Mayor. On his resignation
that year Thomas Eedmond filled the vacancy and continued to he re-
elected until 1864. Geo. F. Waldhaus was elected in 1865. A board
of Fire Engineers was established in 1865 and E. M. Miller was placed
at the head. There was no Chief of Police until 1867. From that time
until 1904 the members Avere appointed by the Council, one from each
ward. Thomas Jasper was the first president. Then I. O. Woodruff
held the office for the next four vears. Hope L. Davis was Superin-
tendent of Schools from 1860 to 1864. A. W. Blakesley filled the office
in 1865.

SCHOOLS.

Irving School was built in 1864 at a cost of $5,400. Jackson was
built in 1866 at a cost of $12,000. This building destroyed by a tornado
in 1875 was immediately rebuilt at a cost of $6,000. (Xow being torn
down (1913) to be replaced by one which is to cost about $40,000.)
The High School was first established in 1864. It was held in the
Centre School which then occupied the old Unitarian Church at 6th and
Jersey. In 1866 it was transferred to the Jackson School, later it was
transferred to the Franklin School where it remained until removed to
the present building at 12th and Maine St. A. W. Starkey was its first
principal.

CHUnCHES.

Of the Protestant Churches in existence at this period the First
Congregational is the oldest. It was organized in 1828. During the
war period they were occupying two churches, one at 4th and Jersey and
the other at 5th and Jersey. Ground was bought for the present struct-

ure at 12tli and Maine in 1869. This society first occupied a building
on 4th St. between Maine and Jersey 23 feet by 26. It was commonly
known as "'The Lord's Barn" and was the scene of a prominent episode
in the early history of Quincy. Rev. Samuel Hopkins PLmery was its
pastor in war times. At the time of the death of Lincoln he was resid-
ing at the southeast corner of 8th and Spring St. The large white
maple tree in the front yard was planted by him on the day of Lincoln's
assassination.

The Methodist Society was organized in 1833. Their first church
was located on Vermont St. opposite the present courthouse. It was
known as the "Old Fort." This being too small it was sold and in 1865
they occupied the old Kendall Hall at 6th and Maine until it was de-
stroyed by fire in 1867. The society bought the ground for their present
church in 1865.

Xext oldest is St. John's Parish organized in 1837. The present
edifice was erected in 1853 and enlarged in 1868. The Presbyterian So-
ciety was organized in 1839. Their first building was on the south side
of Maine St. between 6th and 7th. They were holding services here in
the time of the war as their present church was not built until 1879.
The Unitarian Church was organized in 1840. The building where they
are now holding services was built in 1858. It is one of the few churches
now standing that was built before the war. (Since the above was writ-
ten this church is being torn down, the ground to be occupied by business
houses.)

The First Baptist Church was organized in 1835. They occupied a
small frame building on 4th St. between Hampshire and Vermont.
They bought their present building of the Congregationalists in 1869,
for $26,500. This is one of the oldest, if not the oldest church building
now standing.

In 1856, 38 members withdrew 'from the above society and formed
the Vermont St. Baptist. Their present church was built just previous
to 1860.

The Christian Church was organized in 1850, but had no church
building during this period.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John is the oldest of the
German church societies- in the city dating as far back as 1837. Their
church is located at 325 South 7th St.

The German M. E. Church was founded in 1844. Their first
church home was at 514 Jersey, on which site a new church was built
in 1854. This building has recently been used as a natatorium. The
present church is at 8th and Kentucky.

Salem Evangelical began to hold services in rented rooms in 1848.
In that same year Gov. Wood gave them the lot on which their present
church stands. The first building was 48 feet long and 36 feet wide.
Au addition to the church was built in 1863. The present church was
built in 1876 and 1877. Over 4,000 souls are ministered to from this
church.

St. Jacobi Lutheran was organized in 1851. Its first building is
still standing at the corner of 7th and Jersey. Its present church at
8th and Washington was erected in 1866. It has had only two pastors
until very recently.

172

The German Baptist was organized in ISoo but I see no record of
their having a church until 1873. Their ])rt'SL'nt church building is at
10th and Washington.

At this time there were only three Catholic Churches in Quincy,
St. Boniface as it now stands and a small church on Vine street belong-
ing to the St. Francis congregation and St. Peter's at 8th and Main.

There was one church occupied by colored people during the war.
It was on the site of their present Methodist church and was built in
1863. This was burned in 186G, but soon after they built the present
church.

The 8th and Elm St. Baptist Society was organized in 1865, but
they had no church building then. In 1866 they bought one at 8th
and Jersey. In the early sixties there were but 13 churches in Quincy,
by 1869 there were 25. There are now 38.

HOSPITALS AND HOMES.

Temporary hospitals were established here during the war. St.
Mary's Hospital had been incorporated but the main building was not
erected until 1867. It was then said to be the most imposing building
in the city. Woodland Home Association and St. Aloysius Orphan
Association had both been incorporated but neither one had homes nntil
1867. Woodland Home then bought at 5th and Washington and St.
Aloysius had erected their present building. This and the Lindsay
Home were the only ones occupying their own homes. The city now
has 14 charitable organizations owning their own homes.

BANKS.

The Quincy Savings Bank of 1857 was in 1864 merged into the
First National Bank with C. M. Pomeroy as President. In 1864 the
Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank was organized with Lorenzo
Bull as president. In one of the newspapers of this time is the follow-
ing: "Perhaps one of the safest and most successful private banking
houses in Illinois is that of H. F. J. Eicker of this city, established in
1860." Another newspaper item is this : "The Union Bank of Quincy
occupies one of the handsomest structures in the city and has every
modern convenience for security and speed in the transaction of its
business."

Hotels were much more numerous in those days than at the present
time for I find that Quincy then had 28 ; at present there are but one-
half that number. There were four restaurants then, now 30.

One event took place in 1864-5 that was of especial interest to this
city. At that session of the Legislature, Thomas Eedmond, a repre-
sentative from Adams County succeeded in procuring the reenactment
of the act of incorporation for the building of a bridge here across the
Mississippi River. John Wood succeeded in obtaining the sanction of
the National Government. The incorporators were John Wood, Sam-
uel Thomas, James M. Pitman and Nehemiah Bushnell. The last
named was made president of the bridge company. The bridge was
completed in 1868.

The business interests of Quincy had always been very intimately
associated with the Hannibal and St. Joseph R. E. Largelv by Quincy
capital this branch of the road running from Quincy to Palmyra had

173

been built before the war, but through some legal technicality it could
not be connected to the main line. Not a car could be moved from one
track to the other. During the war (1862) Gen. McNeil ordered the
two roads to be connected, as a military necessity to the convenience of
succeeding generations.

The old depot which stood upon Front St. between Hampshire and
Vermont was built in 1864. At that time it was said to be the finest,
with one exception, west of Cincinnati.

An event of nation-wide importance at this time was the establish-
ment of the Eailway Mail Service on the Hannibal and St. Joseph E.
E. Mr. Wm. L. Davis was the originator of the idea. The first postal
cars were built in Hannibal. Mr. John Patton a life-long resident of
Quincy with Mr. Davis and Fred Harvey sorted mail on the first train
that ever carried a postal car.

This was the beginning of the immense business now performed
by the Post-Office Department upon the railroads.

Emily M. Bradford.

Eead at Mrs. Henry's March 8, 1913.

QUINCY AFTEE THE WAE, 1865-1880.

We have a complete history of Quincy from the founding or making
to the present time, the close of the war. As Mr. Asbury says in his
book, this is the most difficult chapter to write. I find this is true as
I am not a native of either Quincy or Adams County, and know very little
except from what I have been able to copv. Quincy was not materially
injured by the war. We find she made rapid progress in business.
Taking first the situation, there is no city that has a more beautiful site
to be founded upon. From 1866 "Quincy is a city with city ways."
(Asbury.) She has made progress not only in the increase of popula-
tion. The true worth of a city is measured, Quincy presents facts justi-
fying prices. Overlooking the grand old Mississippi it presents a view
unsurpassed by many other cities.

"A city of homes" the large number of tasteful and elegant resi-
dences are very much in evidence and steadily increasing.

1865. A man named Eose was shot and killed (or hanged) I
should say, by §ome soldiers in the hospital, aided by some of the inhab-
itants. He was a "Bushwhacker" and accused of having shot a man
named Wimble, a citizen of Marcelline. The only thing that was of
any importance to tell will be first,

1866. The city that had always had a "fire brigade" used by hand
for many years thought best to improve it and secured a steam fire
engine.

1867. The railroad bridge was commenced to span the Mississippi
Eiver at a cost of. $1,800,000. There were 1,898 steamboats passed
through that season. This bridge was a grand piece of workmanship of
modern construction. The river has always been to the inhabitants
along its margin and especially to Quincy, an object of interest. Before
the railroads were built it was the only means of transportation or
carrier of freight.

1867. The first street railroad operated by "horsepower" was
opened. It commenced at the old post office on Maine street, to the

174

northern limits of the city, by way of Fifth street. It was called the
Quincy Street Eaihvay and Carrying Company.

18GT. Fire destroyed the old City Mali on curiier ul Maine and
6th St. This same year, May 6, another fire at the corner of -ith and
Maine destroyed the Jerald Building with other leading interests. This
fire was disastrous, involying a loss of $'300,000.

18GS-9. State Fair was held here^ The Fair grounds were what
is now Baldwin Park.

1872. Water works were commenced, much discussion was caused
among the people who knew ycry little about the actual cost and ex-
pense of running this system. They felt they were being charged too
much and a great deal of discontent prevailed. Haying gotten along
to the place where we can boast of a good fire department we are com-
pelled to haye water, then beside this, it is a necessity, for use in private
homes.

1874. Fire on Maine St. between 6th and 7th occurred — a loss
of $28,000.00. This was the year of the great bank robbery. The
vault of the First National Bank was broken open and a large amount
of money and a number of bonds were taken ; there was never a trace of
the guilty party.

1879. The fire at corner of 8th and Broadway destroyed the Pres-
byterian Church. It was in January, tlie temperature was 19° below
zero. This loss was $38,000.00.

The same year the "Quincy Academy of Music" was burned. This
loss was $68,000. A man by the name "of Lanky was killed by falling
from a telephone pole.

The business interests of Quincy are very extensive, there being
now about 1,500 business houses, shops and places of dealing beside
every kind of trade. The dry goods business is very extensive, both
wholesale and retail.

The enterprise and merits of the magnificent industries have made
markets in all parts of the world, which are enlarging with profit and
fame. Taking into consideration the manufacturing advantage of a
citv there are two things to he looked at ; the degree of cheapness with
which things are produced and the facilities with which they are dis-
tributed through the country.

Quincy has the best advantage of intercourse with j)ther countries
and points; through the railroads and the river we may go or send to
any point with dispatch or receive all we need or use of products of
the United States or Europe. From our depot we may start and reach
without unreasonable change any point in our broad land, Northern
Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean or Pacific and far lands in the
East or West, having eight railroads and the grand river as a means
of transportation.

In 1880 the population is said to be 30.000, but the time has come
and passed for recording names and countries from which men came.
To be a citizen of Quincy is now the first importance. The general pub-
lic has little concern as to where a man comes from or was born, to be
a good and honest man is of more importance. Quincy in her munic-
ipal government, like other cities, has not always elected her hest men
to office. They are seldom willing to accept men of business who have
their own private affairs to look after, and these elections have been

175

allowed to fall into the hands of those least interested in the prosperity
of the city, the salary being the first considered. Next in civilized com-
munity came education and learning. One of the best features of the
times is the attempt to extend the advantages of education to all classes
of people. This is the purpose of the common or public school system,
which are within the reach of all. Quincy is well fixed in this respect,
but is not without other institutions of learning. The City of Churches
— but these have been written of so will not touch them again.

The records of individual attainments is no less pleasing. "Quincy
has not lacked in need of ability" once remarked a venerable Premier
and the evidence of that ability has not been limited to local affairs.
It has been in the State Bar, Legislature, in the Halls of Congress,
United States Senate, in medicine and in other learned professions. In
pulpit, drama, authorship, music, hard fought battlefields and in all the
honorable walks of life is found evidence of ability of notable men and
women of Quincy.

Addie M. Noll.

I\ead at Mrs. Giswindener's, April, 1912.

QUINCY, 1880-1913.

With the opening of 1880 we find a thriving city of 27,000 inhabi-
tants all of them thriving and industrious. In 1883 the State Legisla-
ture passed a law allowing a special tax of three mills each for light-
ing, water and sewers. This had a notably good effect on Quincy, whose
revenue previously had been so inadequate as to lead to serious results.
These included a debt repudiation movement which was stopped by the
courts with the result that the city had to pay the costs as well as the
indebtedness.

In 1887 the city began a year of local improvement, of great im-
portance to the city in the way of sewer work and street paving. The
first brick street paving was laid on the east side of Washington Park
in the spring of 1887. An average of 2 miles a year was laid for four
years at a cost of $65,000 a year though not all of it was brick. This
takes us up to 1891 when the State Legislature at the instance of a
bunch of private citizens passed a law which put a stop to extensive im-
provements.

This law required the consent of owners representing half the prop-
erty frontage before sewer or paving could be done by special taxation.
There was an amendment made to obviate this but it was proved to be
unconstitutional. The unfortunate effect of this law of 1891 was the
stoppage of much sewer building by the city to Avhieh the city had
planned to contribute $10,000 a year out of the general taxes. There
had been in the four year improvement era very little sewer work done,
not nearly so much as was called for by the public and private needs.

In 1888 the Quincy Boulevard and Park Association M^as incor-
porated. The revenue for this work was derived first from membership
fees of $5.00 per year and private subscriptions and later by the associa-
tion framing laws which were later passed to levy a special tax of from
one to three mills for park and boulevard purj'toses. Quincy is noted for
her lieautiful parks laid in a chain al)out the city the value of which
officially estimated must be nearly $300,000.

176

•

The history of Qiiincy's bonded indebtedness is said to be very inter-
esting altliougli far from creditable and a^^ it was beyond my understand-
ing I'll not enter into its details, but 1 advise all women inclined to
suffrage to investigate the matter before casting their ballot.

The plan by which the city was to own the water works is another
complicated matter, which would take too much time to work out in
this short paper; suffice it to know that since the city conceived a
plan by which they could own the water works system, the citizens are
paying the same price for water and drinking filth with the outcome still
unsettled. One of the things which works to our advancement is the
Upper Mississippi Eiver Improvement Association. This was organized in
1902 by a committee of Quincy citizens who waited upon Mayor Town-
send tiien in charge of the Government work on the river north of
St. Louis. Its work is wholly in the interest of commerce of the five
states, contiguous to the upper river. It recognizes no local scheme, the
permanent improvement of the upper river is its theme and it has met
• with excellent results and its influence bids fair to secure from the
National Government needed appropriations which will establish a depth
of 6 feet at low water in the channel. The fact that the plan for this
commission originated in Quincy makes its citizens proud of her ad-
vancement, for with the river improvement so that there can be steady
operation of the boats it will not be long till the middle West will float
cargoes to the gulf and outward through the Panama Canal to the mar-
kets of the world.

June 18, 1900 the Quincy Chamber of Commerce was evolved from
the Young Men's Business Association, the latter having been organized
in 1887. It has been a sort of open parliament for the discussion of
matters pertaining to the commercial and general Welfare of tlie city.

The Quincy freight bureau was organized in 1897. "While much of
its work is not seen by the general public, the Q. F. B. is known all over
the country and has the respect of the railroads as well as the various
kindred organizations of the country.

The Civic Improvement Association was organized in 1909, and in-
corporated under the laws of Illinois; all citizens public spirited are
eligible for a small fee. The work of the Civic League has been
noticeable for the many good changes brought about. The remov-
ing of the old time awning of "Ye ancient Quincy" is not the least of
its efforts, but the association expect to accomplish greater things this
year. Through their efforts the back yards have been exposed and a
systematic cleaning demanded, next we want clean streets and front
door yards and we are going after it this year in dead earnest, together
with the garbage can. Something different must be arranged for the gar-
bage if we want to be a clean, healthy city and we look to the Civic
League to carry out our wishes in the matter.

The Quincy Horse Eailway and Carrying Company was created by
an act of the State Legislature and approved February 11, 1865. The
change from horse power to electricity was made January, 1891. The
present owners known as the McKinley Syndicate secured control in the
fall of 1898 and have transformed and extended its system until we
can todav travel over 20 miles for the small amount of ,5c or 4c if we
buy a book of six, twelve or twentv-four tickets for $.25, $.50, or $1.00.

177

The Quincy Gas Light and Coke Company was organized in 1853.
The Thompson Houston Electric Light and Power Company was organ-
ized in 1882 and was consolidated with the other plants by the McKinley
interest in 1898.

The Empire Light and Power Company was instituted in 1895,
which continued till 1898 when it with the others was merged into the
presents Quincy Gas and Electric Company and purchased by the J. T.
Lynn and associates of Detroit, Michigan in 1903. When the first
company was formed gas was furnished for $4.00 per thousand; it has
gradually been reduced till today we pay but $1.00 per thousand feet
and everybody uses it for cooking at .that figure, while for lighting our
homes, electricity is used largely, the gas being too poor for anything
but fuel.

In keeping with its general progress Quincy's educational progress
has kept pace. It is claimed that our schools will compare favorably
with those of the best class of cities of Quincy's size. While our col-
leges have won widespread and deserved recognition. We have 12 grade
and one high school. Lincoln is for the colored children and is one of
the 12 grade schools and located in their district and many of the grades
are crowded, even with the number of schools provided. The public
school system of the United States is claimed the finest and best in the
world.

The corner stone of our present Public Library was laid the after-
noon of May 31, 1888. The building was opened as a free Public
Library and reading room June 24, 1889.

Quincy hotels have come to the front during this time. The New-
comb was built on the site of the old Quincy House, 4th and Maine, the
latter being burned on the night of January 19, 1883. It was built
by a company of stockholders and has proved a good investment, always
having been under good tenants. At present it is run on the European
plan.

The new "Quincy" built on the old "Tremont" site on Hampshire
between Fifth and Sixth is a later building, built out of concrete and
claimed to be entirely fireproof : it too is on the European plan and very
much up-to-date in all particulars. ^§||

The "Hasse Hotel" another of modern type is located at 3d and

.Oak and it, like the others, is run on the European order. These are the

most prominent, yet there are others as well as a great many boarding

houses all of which do a thriving business during the present high cost

of living.

Our churches are many, most all denominations being represented.
The congregation of St. John's Catholic Church was established in
the year 1880 and the corner stone of the present structure was laid
in 1895 and dedicated February 14, 1899. It is a beautiful stone build-
ing, built in pure roman style.

The first society of Christian Scientists was organized June 30, 1889,
and the church duly organized September 28, 1891, and incorporated
vmder the State law of Illinois; they apparently had little of the strug-
gle attendant in such organizations but were flourishing from the start
and at present occupy a fine building at 18th and Vermont streets.

—12 H S

178

The Luther Memorial Church was organized July 19, 1891, in the
old police station at 8th and Maine.' The society was forined to supply
what many felt to be a much needed addition to the religious force of
the city of Quincy, namely a Lutheran Church using the English lan-
guage. Two years later the congregation bought the lot at the corner
of 12th and Jersey and a large stone church was built costing with the
lot about $28,000.00.

The "St. Kose of Lima" congregation was taken out of St. Peters
the latter being divided and the northern portion formed the St. Eose
of Lima Church. The building was of brick, the first floor being used
as a school and the second as a church. Now this building is used
entirely as a scliool and a new church has been built out of buff brick
on the corner of Eighth and Chestnut with the same priest. Father
Brennan, as when it was organized 21 years ago.

The first "United Brethren" church was completed and dedicated
in 1895. It is a frame structure on the corner of Gth and Cedar and is
valued at $4,700. It is in a flourishing condition and manages to keep
in good running order.

The Unitarian Society whose church has been on IMaine between
6th and 7th disposed of their property last year and bought ground
to build a new church at 16th and Hampshire. The building is to be
of stone and concrete after the old English style of architecture and
will make a fine addition to the corner and that part of the city. It is
now under way of construction and they hope to dedicate it when church
opens in the fall.

The churches above mentioned only refer to the more modern, either
in organization or building, but Baptists, Methodists, both Grcrman and
English, Congregational and Christian have long had homes in Quincy.

The Quincy National Bank was founded in 1887.- The State Street
Bank in 1890 and in the last few years the Mercantile Trust and Sav-
ings Bank, The Illinois and The Broadway Bank have been given
a local position of prominence and further shows that there is business
for all in this silurian spot of Quincy founded nearly 90 years ago
(1825). The strength of our banks was well illustrated during the
general panic of 1883 when banks all over the country were badly
shaken, the safety of Quinc}^anks remained unquestioned.

Blessing Hospital incorporated in 1873 and opened in ^lay, 1875,
was enlarged in 1895 at an expense of $14,500; in 1903 further enlarge-'
ment became necessary and a home for the nurses became imperative.
This was all done at an expense of $30,000, making Blessing Hospital
one of the most modern and best arranged hospitals outside of Chicago.

The training school for nurses was established in 1891 and is moi^t
successful. Blessing Hospital has a small endowment which was begun
by Mrs. Denman's bequest of $4,000 in INIarch, 1883.

St. Mary's Hospital under the care of the Sisters of the Poor of St.
Francis has met with a like experience and had several additions from
time to time. In 1900 an addition was erected at a cost of $40,000 mak-
ing it now one of the best hospitals in the West. The value of its
building and grounds is more than $100,000. St. Mary's has no en-
dowment but depends solely on the benevolence of those who have come
to appreciate its good work ; but both hospitals have what they call
"Tag day" when the community is called upon by the ladies of the board

179

and their helpers to buy a tag for the good cause for which you can
pay any sum you feel inclined from 10c up and in this way several
thousands will be donated which goes a long way toward expenses of the
work.

Woodland Home, one of our noted charities, was organized by a few
ladies in January, 1853, for the purpose of assisting the worthy poor
and ultimately building a home for destitute widows and orphans. This
institution has grown and expanded until today it has commodious quar-
ters at 27th and Maine St. The funds to pay for the land and also
the present building was mostly solicited from the citizens of Quincy.
The same costing $17,000. The institution has received gifts and be-
quests until now the income from the fund is about one-third (1/3) of
the current expenses the balance being made np of donations.

The Old Peoples' Home (German) at 418 Washington Street was
founded May 15, 1890, the original building was donated by Charles
Pfeiffer but three extensions have been added to the building and the
present valuation is $25,000. It is supported by the German M. E.
conference.

St. Vincent's Home at 1340 N. 10th Street was founded in 1884
by the Sisters Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ of Ft. Wayne, Indiana.
Four blocks of ground were bought in Cox addition for $7,000. The
first building addition to the old Cox home was dedicated September 8,
1885, and cost $10,000. The home was opened before this, April 4,
1885, with three inmates. It now has 130 besides IG sisters. The
present building cost $45,000 and was dedicated November 14, 1897.

Mrs. Anna E. Brown, widow of Charles Brown died in Quincy,
October 22, 1893. In her will she provided for the establishment of a
home for the aged to which she devised her home at 5th and Maple streets
and endowed it with interest bearing securities worth $55,000, thus was
founded the Anna Brown Home for the Aged. About $18,000 was spent
for new buildings and other improvements in 1897, and the house was
opened in January, 1898. Acceptable applicants are admitted only and
an entrance fee of $300 at that time has been raised to $500. The
house has a membership of 21 and under the care of Miss Lida Henry
is a home of happiness and contentment that isn't often found. The
grounds are spacious with a plot in the rear for gardening and some of
the inmates look after it and enjoy the labor as well as the fresh fruit
and garden products in their time.

The Cheerful Home was founded in 1887 by Miss Cornelia Collins
a young woman of noble character and unselfishness. Its object was to
furnish a pleasant evening resort for a class of boys who might other-
wise be on the streets; while this object has not been lost sight of, the
scope of its work has been extended with great value to both girls and
boys to whom regular class instructions in domestic science, sewing,
manual training and kindergarten are given daily. The first meeting
place was 215 North 4th St. but in the spring Mr. Lorenzo Bull bought
the Wells home place on 5th and Jersey for $5,000 and donated it to
the Home, later he added a gymnasium equipped at a cost of $6,000 and
this now benefits hundreds of boys and girls and plans are being made
to still further enlarge the good work.

The Quincy Humane Society was incorporated under the name of
Quincy Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, July 20, 1880.

180

When Anna E. Brown died she left a will beqiieathinor the society an
amount between $14,000 and $15,000. Tlie income from this has en-
abled the society to greatly enlarge its work.

The Young Men's Christian Association at 9th and State was
organized in 1893 and their building cost $32,000. It was recently
sold to the Labor Unions and after being remodeled serves as a place of
meeting for the different union organizations of the city.

In 1911, Quincy became active in a new scheme for a Y. M. C. A.
and prominent citizens solicited a $100,000 fund with which to build
and equip a new structure. The location was selected on 4th and Jer-
sey, S. W. corner, and a beautiful building meets the eye of the traveler
as he rides over the city.

The Y. W. C. A. is meeting the needs of the time in smaller way
in rented rooms on the west side of the Square. This was organized
in February, 1905, and is supported by donations and subscriptions
from the people as it is not yet in a position to entirely support itself.
It is doing a good work and hopes in time to also own its own building.
It is controlled by a board of managers, all ladies, of wide capabilities
and active and zealous in their work.

Quincy Historical Society was organized in 1896. Its object was
to gather up all that relates to the historv of Quincy and vicinity and to
provide a safe place to keep and deposit all books and pictures, docu-
ments and relics of every sort pertaining hereto. Some years later the
Society bought the home of Governor Wood on South 12th street which is
now known as the Historical Building to which were removed all the
relics, etc., belonging to the Society. The place is furnished with old
mahogany and rare pieces of furniture of the style of Governor Wood's
time and earlier and a caretaker lives there and looks after it. It is well
worth one's while to visit this place for it tends to convince one that
America too is making history with her years. It was the Historical
Society that located the boulder in Washington Park on the spot where
the debate between Douglas and Lincoln took place in the memorable
times before the war. So much for our public and semipublic build-
ings and philanthropic and kindred institutions, but it would hardly
be fair to pass over the work of some of the fraternal orders. Most
prominent of all is the Masonic Temple situated on the S. W. corner
of 5th and Jersey, one block East of the Y. M. C. A. In July, 1910,
the corner stone of the beautiful Masonic Temple was laid and the men
responsible for that building watched the laying of each stone and brick
as it grew to the perfection of their hearts desire some there were
among the brethren who not only refused to give toward the enterprise,
but were knockers as well and kept many from contributing who would
otherwise have done so, but the big hearted ones won out and today
Quincy has, so visiting Masons claim, one of the finest temples in the
State, a joy to the eye and beauty to the city. Others claim and with
truth that it was the Temple building that put Quincy on the map,
so to speak, and the Y. M. C. A. and the Armory soon followed.

One of the sight-seeing places of Quincy is the Soldiers' Home.
After quite a contest as to location, a number of cities seeking it, the
committee decided the matter in favor of Quincy, December, 1885, and
bought a tract of land (140 acres) lying just north of the city. Since
that time additions have been bought of about 80 acres, contracts were

181

let for the various buildings under the first amount of money appro-
priated for tlie time in May, 188G, and it was opened for the reception
of members in March, 1887. In 1903, the north Fifth Street car line
was extended into the Home grounds following the main drive to the
headquarters building and a small but well built station was provided.
This has been a great convenience to the lame and feeble members who
otherwise could not have left the grounds, as it saves a walk of half a
mile or more. It has also been a good thing for the company in the
returns from increased traffic.

Quincy has had its ups and downs like all cities during this period.
Epidemics and storms and deplorable accidents, all came to us, as they
are bound to come to all cities, but the city pulled itself together and
struck 'out again to grow and become larger and greater than ever and
so we will leave it with great prospects and a hope that it may all
come true.

MPiS. Annie M. Porter Eldred.

Bead at Mrs. A. W. Turner's, May, 1913.

182

CLASS POEM (1912), ALTON, ILLINOIS. HIGH SCHOOL.

(By Blanche Peters.)
Slowly the sun to the westward

Had sunk in a golden blaze,
Eadiant the sky in the distance

Glowing a crimson maze.

Over the sky gleamed golden bars.
Soft and mellow and tinted.

Over the land, a fairy veil

Of haze, from the river glinted.

There, on the eastern shore, tall crags
With their faces stony and gray

Now turned toward the vanishing sun.
Bidding farewell to the day.

From time worn rifts along their sides
Were hanging ivy and mosses

Crowned w^ere they by evergreen trees.
And long, thick waving grasses.

They seemed as faces of ancient gods

Of sublime, majestic mold.
Or as Grecian sculptors carved

Their laurel crowned heroes of old.

Silent, the river flowed beneath

To its mighty ocean home
Bringing the leaves and the driftwood

Lightly tossing the foam.

A riotous beautiful golden flow

When kissed by the sun's last beam

Or, lighted by Nocturne's stately lamp
Eefulgent with silver sleam.

^&^

The mighty and grand Mississippi
Onward and onward through time.

The "Father of Waters," indeed.
Sullen, relentless, sublime.

Twilight was stealthily creeping on.
Softly the night wind was sighing,

While out on the river's bosom
All traces of day lay dying.

183

Beautiful nature was silent all,
Save sounds of water lapping,

The insects^ monotonous hum,

Or wing of the night bird flapping.

Out on the edge of a stony crag,

Stood blithely a maiden fair.
Over the river her wand'ring eyes

Were searching for lover there.

Then out of the purple shadows
That crept over hill and stream

Came flashing the glint of an oar,
Came brightly the ripple's gleam.

Steadily on came the boatman, ^
While tiny waves rose and sank.

Grated the bark on the pebbles.
Lightly he leaped to the bank.

Scarce, had he drawn up his birch bark
From out of the plashing tide.

Scarce, had he answered her light halloo
Till glowing he reached her side.

There were sweet words and soft laughter
But conscious were each of each

Nor knew they of danger lurking
Nor of dusky forms on the beach.

Till a wild halloo reached their ears
Followed by swift hissing dart.

But, swifter than arrow, the maiden
Sprang, shielding her lover^s heart.

And into her own soft bosom
Sank deeply her father^s shaft;

Then, catching the swaying maiden
The lover defied his craft.

One instant, in calm defiance

They poised on the crag's stone edge,
Another, and into the space beyond

Together leaped over the ledge.

Slowly a crescent, the queenly moon

Creeps over the willows high
And silvery white the early stars

Are gleaming in river and sky.

And far out there in the moonlight.

With its vigil just begun,
A monument stately guards the spot*

Where love and bravery won.

* Lover's Leap at Alton.

184

Thus, are our yesterday's stories told

Of bravery, faith and love;
To-day, the Infinite Spirit of Peace

Views changeless the scene from above.

The same bright sunset and golden haze
The same gray crags, cold and sheer

The same broad river and sandy beach.
Though another race is here.

Another race and a hero

As brave as the ones of old
Has left his life's written story

In shining letters of gold.

Who contrasted slavery's crushing blight,

With freedom's most sacred way.
Striving for broader knowledge

To light up a future day.

"For greater love hath no man

Than to give his life for his brother"

And greater hero is not found
Than he who would lift another.

And pointing its mission skyward

With its vigal just begun,
A monument, stately, guards the spot,f

Where Lovejoy's bravery won.

Then, point to these youths and maidens

Of the class of Nineteen-twelve
These very deeds are our birthright.

With pride let the bosom swell.

To-day as our feet reluctant

Stand ready for destiny's call.
We should feel we can meet the future

With a spirit to conquer all.

To-day in pride let us point

And through all the future years
To the days of our dear old High School

With its mixture of joys and cares.

To the hearts and the hands that have led us
That have stored our memory's shelves

That have, taught us higher and nobler things
That have lifted us out of ourselves.

To the days when fun would creep inside

And we sat a giggling set
When we scattered lessons far and M'ide,

While youth and joy and frolic met.

t Lovejoy Monument at Alton.

185

To the days when we won the victory

By firmness, patience and love,
To tlie days wiien we trust an Angel

Eeeorded our efforts above.

May tlie treasures we've gleaned in High School

Lead on to the highest call
To sacrifice self for another

To lives of service to all.

God aid us in vears that are comino-

And guard the places we'll fill,
Clothe us with love, hope and courage

To faithfully do Thy will.

And then as our days are closing.

As we count the victories won,
Mav a beautiful shaft of gleaming white

Be built of the deeds we've done.

187

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abel, Sidnej', first postmaster of Chicago 131

Abolitionists 157 , 158 , 162

Abraham— Chief Sachem of the lower Mohawk

Castle 46

Adams, , mother of Daniel Warren 124

Adams County, 111

..72,139,140,145,146,151,153,165,168,169,172,173
Adams County, 111., Baker, (Dr.) Thomas, first

doctor in Adams County 139

Adams County, 111., census of 1825, gives popu-
lation of Adams and Hancock County as 192. . 139
Adams County, 111., "Copperhead" sentiment.

War of the Rebellion 169

Adams County, 111., Courthouse, burned in

1835 140

Adams County, I]l.gcut off from Pike County. . 140

Adams County, Ill.n^llington Township 154

Adams County, 111., Fair Association 165

Adams Coimty, 111., first court held in Keyes

Cabin in Quincy, 111 139

Adams County, 111., named for John Quincy

Adams 140, 153

Adams, John Quincy, inaugurated President

of the United States March 4, 1825 140

Adams, John Quincy, Quincy, 111., Adams

County, named for 140,153

Agriculture and Education Committee — Illi-
nois Bankers' Association 78,79,80

Albany, N. Y 43,44

Albion, 111 6

Albion (The), resort in an early day near East

Quincy 166

Alexander, Samuel, agent in the United States

land office Quincy, 111 : 154

Algonquin, tribe of Indians .■ 96

Allatoona, battle of, War of the Rebellion 168

Allegheny Mountains 88,89

Allegheny, Pa., Presbyterian Theological Sem-
inary located in 30

Allegheny River 46

Allen, James, one of the founders of the town

of Clinton, Dewitt County, 111 72

Allen, L. B., early .saddler in Quincy, 111 141

Allen, (Squire) Nathan, of Naperville, 111 136

Altmore, County Tyrone, Ireland 114

Alton, 111 6,138,147,150,151,182,183

Alton, 111. High School, class poem, 1912,

Blanche Peters 182-185

Alton, 111., Lovejoy, Elijah Parish Monument

at Alton, 111 184

footnote 184

Alton, 111., Lover's Leap at 183

footnote 183

Alton, 111., Peters, Blanche, class poem, Alton

111., High School, 1912 182-185

America 42,43 ,44,45 ,46,

47, 48, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 84, 95, 102, 113, 114, 115, 180
America— England known as the mother

country of America 63

America — French in America, overthrow of 46

America — German emigration to America
brought about by economic reasons in Ger-
many 64

America— Germany, the Fatherland to a large

per cent of our population since 1830 63

America — Revolutionary fathers in America.. 113
America — Writing on journeys to America

between the years 1830 and 1860 63

American Bankers' Association 80,81

American Bankers' Association Agiicultural
Commission 80

PAGE.

American Bottom in St. Clair County, 111 67

American Confederacy 88

American Fur Company, Antoine Ouilmette

employed by 98

American History 84,87

American Indians 42,43,44,53

American Missionary Societies 105

American Revolution 84,90

American Slavery, Our Duties and Obligations
in Reference to American Slavery, lecture

on, reference to 164

American Wars 114

A mericans 50 ,63 , 102

Anderson, Asher, early settler of Quincy, 111. .

141,144,145,153

Anderson, James, manumission of slaves by,

public notice of in 1829 141

Anderson, J. H., early settler of Quincy, 111 141

Androscoggin River, Maine 148,149

Anti-Nebraska Democrats 119

Arkansas River 138

Armory— Illinois State, at Quincy, 111 180

Armstrong, Perry A., The Sauks and Black

Hawk War 91

footnote 91

Asbury, Henry 154, l.';9, 161 , 163, 173

Asbury, Henry, agent for the united States

land office at Quincy, 111 154

Asbiu-y, Henry, early settler of Quincy, 111

154,159.161,163 173

Asbury, Henry, History of Quincy, 111., refer-
ence to 159,161 ,163,173

Asiatic Cholera in Quincy in 1849 164

Athenian School 28

Atlantic Ocean 174

Atlas (Adams County), 111 140,153

Atwater, Caleb, politician from Ohio 99

Atwater, Caleb, quoted on the Indian orator at

treaty making councils 87

Atwater, Caleb,quoted on thetreaty at Prairie

du Chien, July 29, 1829 87,99-102

Atwater, Caleb, United States- Government
Commissioner, at the Indian treaty at Prairie

du Chien 99

Atwater, Caleb, Western Antiquities and Re-
marks on a Tour to Prairie du Chien in 1829,

quoted 99-102

Aubrey, Mons du. Sec Aubry 46,47

Aubry, Charles Phillipe, an officer in the French

service in Louisiana and Illinois 46,47

Aubry, Charles Phillipe, led the sortie at Fort

Du Quesne, September 4, 1758 46,47

Aurora, (Kane County), 111 78,131,133

Automaton Steam Governor, patented by
Robert Gardner of Quincy, 111 170

Baker, Edward Dickinson 116

Baker, (Dr.) Thomas, first doctor in Adams

County, 111 139

Baldwin Park, Quincy, 111 174

Baldwin, Theron, letter of Benjamin Godfrey

to, dated Vandalia, 1837, reference to 18

Baltimore, Md 149

Bancroft, Adelia Ames, early settler of Quincy,

111 143

Bancroft, Amos, early settler of Quincy, 111.. 143
Bane, (Col.) M. M., Fiftieth Illinois Volunteer

Infantry called "The Blind Half Hundred,"

Quincy, 111 168

188

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

P anker Farmer Movement OriRinating with
the Illinois Bankers' Association, Story of—
Address at annual meeting Illinois State
Historical Society, 1915, bv B. F. Harris..

: 16,77-S3

Bankers' Association, Illinois 77-83

Banks of Qiiincy, HI 172

Baptist Church". 143, 171 , 172,178

Baptist Church, Quincv, 111 171 ,172,178

Baptist Church, Elm Street, Quincy, 111 172

Baptist Church, (First), Quincy, 111. — Vermont

Street Baptist Church 171

Baptist Church, German Baptist Church,

Quincv, 111 172

Barnes, (Judge) R. M 32

Bartlett, (Dr.) , early settler of Quincy,

111 146

Batavia, 111 131 , 132, 133

Bateau.x (Boat) 47

Battle of Allatoona, War of the Rebellion 168

Battle of Cerro Gordo, War with Mexico

117,118,122

Battle of Contreras, War with Mexico 121

Battle of Corinth, War of the Rebellion 168

Battle of Fallen Timbers, War of 1S12 89

Battle of Shiloh, War of the Rebellion 168

Battle of the Thames, War of 1812 91

Battle of Tippecanoe, War of 1812 91

Battle of Winchester, War of the Rebellion. .

120,122

Beardstown, 111., Volunteers in the Black

Hawk War, assemble at 57

Beckwith, (Hon.) Hiram, of Danville, 111 51

Beckwith, (Mrs.) Lyime, Indian medals given
at the Vincennes Conference, in possession

of 51

Bedouin Encampment, reference to 96

Beecher, Jerome, 134,135

Belin Gate, in the city of Mexico 117

Belknap, (Gen.) William Worth, impeachment

trial of, refereuc to 33,34

Belleville, 111 67,12()

Belleville, 111., Koerner, Gustav, locates near.. 67
Belloville, 111., Snyder, Shields & Koerner,

law firm of, Belleville 120

Benton, Thomas H., United States Senator

from Missouri 118

Biggsville, (Henderson County), 111., attempt

to remove county seat to 61

Bird, Frederick 124 , 131 , 132

Bird, Louisa Warren 124,132,133

Bird, Louisa Warren, the great pioneer of the

Warren family 132

"Black Friday" in New York, reference to. . . 135
Black Hawk, chief of the Fox and Sac Indians

47,51,52,53 ,56,91

Black Hawk— Patterson, (Col.) C. B., Life of

Black Hawk, reference to 56

Black Hawk War 55,56,57,58,91,99,152,155

footnote 91

Black Hawk War— Armstrong, Perry A., The

Sauks and the Black Hawk War 91

footnote 91

Black Hawk War— Beardstown, 111., volun-
teers for Black Hawk War assemble at 57

Black Hawk War— Stevens, Frank E., History

of the Black Hawk War 91

footnote 91

Blaine, James G 26,33,35

Blakesley, A. W., superintendent of schools,

Quincy, 111 170

Blanchard, Rufus, Discovery and Conquests of
the Northwest and History of Chicago, refer-
ence to 90

Bland, Richard Parks, extract from address
in Congress upon the presentation of Shields

statute 121

Blessing Hospital, Quincy, 111., incorporated

in 1873 178

"Blind Half Hundred, (The)"— 50th Illinois

Volunteer Infantry so called 168

Bloomington, 111

6,25,26,28,29,31,32,33,36,38,39,40,71,72

PAGE.

Bloomington, 111., Bar Association, tribute to

Adlai E. Steven.son, reference to 40

Bloomington, 111., Bloomington-Danville Cir-
cuit 29

Bloomington, 111., Daughters of the American
Revolution, Letitia Green Stevenson Chap-
ter, reference to 39,40

Bogy, Lewis V., United States Senator, from

M issouri 120

Boston, Mass 143,151

Braddock, (Gen.) Edward 45

Bradford, Emily M., Quincy During the War

167-173

Bradt, R. E., member of the State Highway

Commission under the Tice Road Act 81

Breeders' Gazette, Chicago, January 31, 1912,

q noted " 79

Breeders' Gazette, (Chicago) March 29, 1911,
quoted on P esident B. F. Harris of Lllinois

Bankers Association 79

Breese, Sidney, Justice of the Supreme Court

of Illinois 118

Breese, Sidney, United States Senator from

Illinois ". 118

Brennan, (Father) John P., Priest in charge of
St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church, Quincy,

111 178

British agent's influence \vith the Indians.. 88, 89

British Army ». 47

British Fort at Stony Point 89

British Race 45,46,47,48,51

Bross, (Col.) John A., (by mistake printed

G ross) 169

"Brother Quider," name given by the Indians

to Peter Schuyler 45

Brown, Anna E., Anna Brown Home for the

Aged, Quincy, 111 179

Brown, Amia E., bequest to the Quincy Hu-
mane Society 180

Brown, Charles of Quincy, 111 179

Browni, J. W., early jeweler of Quincy, 111 166

Brown, Nancy, early settler of Quincy, 111 143

BrowTi, Rufus, early hotel keeper in Quincv, 111.

140, 143 , 146 , 153 , 157

Brown, Rufus, Brown's Hotel, Quincy, 111

146,147,152,153,157

Browning, Orville H 116,155,156,163,164

Browning, Orville H., earlv settler of Quincy,

111 116 , 155, 163 , 164

Browning, Orville H., residence, Quincy, 111 ..164
Browning, Orville H., United States Senator

from Illinois 156

"Brush Hill," north of Hinsdale, Dupage

County, 111 128

Brussels, Belgium, James S. Ewlng, minister

to 32

Bryan, William Jennings 38

Bull, Lorenzo, early citizen of Quincy, 111

159,160,172

Bull, Lorenzo, President of the ilerchant's
and Farmers' National Bank of Quincy,

111 172

Bull, (Miss) Martha, wife of Rev. Asa Turner . . 143

Burlington & Quincy Railroad 132

Burlington, la 54

Burnham, (Capt. J. H.) 6,17,18

Burr, Aaron, at Kaskaskia 116

Burr, Theodosia, daughter of Aaron Burr 116

Bushnell Home, Quincy, 111 140

Bushnell Neherniah, president of the Bridge
Company, Quincy, 111 172

Cahokia, 111 115, 154

Cairo, 111 77,167,168

Caldw 11, Billv, beneficiary of the Indian

Treaty of 1833 at Chicago 108

Caldwell, Billy, made Indian Chief of the Pot-

tawattomies at Treaty of Prairie du Chien .98-99

Calhoim, John C, United States Senator 118

California State 118, 120, 134,151

Calumet, Indian Pipe of Peace 90

189

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Calumet River 126

Calvin, John, great Protestant reformer 25

Campbell Family 152

Camp Point, 111 139, 157

Camp Wood, Qnincy, 111., location of 169

Canada 98,123

Canadian agent's influence with the Indians . 88,89

Canadian Militia 47

Canadian War Song, by General James Shield,

reference to 123

Canterbury Days 29

Canton, 111 55

Cape Girardeau, Mo 116

Capen, Charles L., member of the Bloomington

bar 32

Carbondale, 111 6

Carlin, Thomas, agent United States land office

Quincy, 111 154

Carlin, Thomas, Governor of Illinois 145,156

Carlisle, JohnG., of Kentucky, member of the

Forty-fifth Congress 35

Carpenter, A. C 133 , 136

Carpenter, Ashley 133

Carpenter, Milton 116

Carpenter, Richard V 6

Carpenter, Sally Warren 133

Carpenter, William 133

Carr, (Hon.) Clark E., Honorary President Il-
linois State Historical Society 6,19

Carr, (Hon.) Clark E., "Illini," by Clark E.
Carr, quoted on the cooking of pioneer days . . 146

Carroll County, Mo 120

Carrollton, Mo 113,121,122

footnote 113

Carrollton, Mo., Monument to General James

Shields, dedication of 113

footnote 113

Carthage, 111 147, 148

Cartwright, (Judge) James H., Judge Supreme

Court of Illinois 17

Cass, Lewis, Governor of Michigan

, 92,93 ,99, 101 ,118

Cass, Governor Lewis— Clark, (Gen.) William,
associated with General Cass in negotiations

with the Indians 97

Cass, Governor Lewis, extract from speech of,
at Indian Council at Chicago, August 29,

1821 92-93

Cass, Governor Lewis, Indian Treaty of August

29, 1821, at Chicago, negotiated by 92

Cass, Governor Lewis, United States Commis-
sioner to treat with the Indians 95

Cass, Governor Lewis, Wolcott, Alexander,

letter of January 1, 1821, reference to 93

Gather House, Quincy, 111 166

Catholic Church, Church of the Ascension of
Our Lord, name changed to St. Boniface,

Quincy, 111 160, 161

Catholic Church, St. Boniface Catholic Church,

Quincy, 111 160,161,172

Catholic Church, St. Francis, Quincy, 111 172

Catholic Church, St. John's Catholic Church,

Quincy, 111 171,177

Catholic Church, St. John's Parish, Quincy,

111., organized in 1837 171

Catholic Church, St. Peter's Catholic Church,

Quincy, 111 172, 178

Catholic Church, St. Rose of Lima, Catholic

Church, Quincy, 111 178

Caton, John Dean 129

Cattle 67,149

Cayuga Indians 46

Center College, Danville, Ky 26,30

Centre School, Quincy, 111 170

Cerro Gordo, Battle of, War with Mexico

117,118,122

Chambersburg, Pa., on the McAdam Road.. 149

Champaign, 111 6, 15, 16,78

Chapman, George, early settler of Quincy, 111. . 141

Chapultepec, Mexico 117 , 1 18 , 122

Chapultepec, Mexico, Field at Chapultepec,
great painting of, in the Capitol at Wash-
ington 118

Chariton County, Mo 115

PAGE.

Charleston, S. C 114

Cheerful Home, Quincy, 111., foimded by Miss

Cornelia Collins 179

Chester County, Pa 71

Chicago Creek 92

Chicago, 111 6,15,16,18,40,56,72,78,79,

80,84,85,86,88,92,93,98,102,103,104,107,108,

109,116,127,128,129,131,132,1.33,134,136,157,164
Chicago, 111., Abel Sidney, first postmaster of

Chicago 131

Chicago, 111., Blanchard, Rufus, Discovery and

Conquests of the Northwest and History of

Chicago, reference to 90

Chicago, 111., Chicago, Burlington & Quincy

R. R 157,164

Chicago, 111., city council of, change name of

Indian Boundary Road to Rogers Avenue ... 92
Chicago, 111., city council of, tribute to AdlaiE.

Stevenson 40

Chicago, 111., Commercial Association is

Chicago, 111., Currey, J. Seymour, History of

Chicago, Vol. I, quoted 84

Chicago, 111., first postmaster, Sidney Abel 131

Chicago, 111., frontier village in 1833 102

Chicago, 111., "Green Tree Hotel," in early

Chicago 127

Chicago, 111 , Historical Society 92

Chicago, 111., Indian Treaty of August 29, 1821

at Chicago, 111 92-95

Chicago, 111., Indian Treaty of 1833 at Chicago,

111 85,88,98,102-109

Chicago, 111., Indian Treaty September 26, 1833

102-109

Chicago, 111., Latrobe, Charles J., Account of

the Indian Treaty at Chicago, 1833 103-108

Chicago, 111., Mansion House in 127

Chicago, 111., Northwestern R. R 134

Chicago, 111., Quaife, Milo Milton, Chicago and

the Old Northwest, quoted 86,109

Chicago, 111., Sauganash Hotel 127

Chicago, 111., stage line from Chicago to Yellow

Banks, reference to 56

Chicago, 111., Wolcott, Alexander, Indian

agent at 93 ,98 ,99

Chicago Portage 91 ,92

Chicago \ „ .

Cliikago J River 90,91,127

Chillicothe, Mo 115

Chippewa Indians

48,89,91,92,95,96,98,100,101,102

Chippewa River 96

Cholera, Asiatic Cholera in Quincy, in 1849 164

Cholera, German emigrants to the United

States susceptible to yellow fever and cholera 66

Cholera, in Europe in 1833 66

Cholera in Quincy, 111., in 1833, 1849 155,164

Chouteau Auguste, treaty with the Indians at

St. Louis, August 24, 1816 91-92

Christian Church, Quincy, 111., organized in

1850 171 , 178

Christian County, Ky 24

Christiansen, builds fort about four miles below

what is now the city of Albany 44

Chur, Switzerland, Tscharner Brothers from

Chur 67

Churches, Baptist Church, Quincy, 111

.■ 143,171,172,178

Churches, Baptist Church (Elm Street),

Quincy, 111., organized in 1865 172

Churches, Catholic Church, Chillicothe, Mo. .115
Churches, Catholic Church, Church of the

"Ascension of Our Lord," name changed to

St. Boniface, Quincy, 111 160-161

Churches, Catholic Church, St. Boniface, old-
est Catholic Church in Quincy, 111. . .160,161,172
Churches, Catholic Church, St. Francis,

Quincy, 111 172

Churches, Catholic Church, St. John's Parish,

Quincy, III., organized in 1837 171,177

Churches, Catholic Church, St. Peter's Quincy,

111 172,178

Churches, Catholic Church, St. Rose of Lima,

Quincy, 111 178

Churches, Christian Church, Quincy, 111 ... 171 , 178

190

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Churches, Christian Scientist Cliurch, Quincy,

111 177

Churches, Congregational Church, Quincy,

111 UO, 141 ,143 ,170, 178

Churches, Episcopal Church, Quincy 111 1.59

Chiu-ches, German Baptist Church, Quincy, 111 .172
Churches, German M. E. Church, Quincv, Til.

171,179

Churches, Lutheran Church, Evangelical

Lutheran Church of St. John, Quincy, organ-
ized in 1837 171

Churches, Lutheran Memorial Church, Quincy,

111 178

Churches, Lutheran St. Jacobi, Quincy,

111 171

Churches, Lutheran St. John's Church.

Quincy, 111 161 ,171

Churches, Methodist Church, Quincy, 111. . 171 ,178
Churches, Methodist Church or Society, organ-
ized in Quincy, III., in 1833 171

Churches Methodist (Colored) Quincy, 111 ...172

Churches, Prcsbyt.'^rian Church 115

Cnurches, Presbyterian Church Quincv, 111.

140,143,171,171

Churches, Presbyterian Chiu-ch, Quincy, 111,

organized in 1839 171

Churches, Salem Evangelical Church, Quincy,

111 171

Churches, Unitarian Church, Quincy, III.

170,171,178

Churches, United Brethern Church, Quincy,

111 178

Cincinnati, Ohio 151 , 173

City of Me.xico 117

City of Me.\ico, Belin Gate in 117

Civil War. See War of the Rebellion

15,59,60,118,119,120,121

Clark, Brazilli, first justice of the peace in

Quincy, 111 163

Clark, George Rogers, captures Kaskaskia in

1778 115

Clark, John Kinzie, and Indian children of,

beneficiaries of the Indian Treaty at Chicago,

1833 108

Clark, William, associated with General Cass

in negotiations with the Indians 97

Clark, William, explorer of the Columbia River 98
Clark, William, treaty with the Indians at St.

Louis, August 24, 1816 91-92

Clark, William, United States Commissioner

to treat with the Indians at Prairie du Chien

August 19, 1825 95

Clay, Henry 30 , 118, 160

Clay, Henry, called "Harry of the West" 160

Clay, Henry, candidate for the Presidency in

1844 160

Clayton, 111 152

Clendenin, H. W 6

Cleveland, Grover, President of the United

States 35,36

Clinton, (Dewitt County), 111 72

Clinton, (Dewitt County), 111., founding of, by

Jesse W. Fell and James Allen 72

Clinton, J. W 6

Clock, David, proprietor of the "Green Tree

Hotel " in early Chicago 127

Clybournville, 111., on the Fox River 129

Coat of Arms of the United States on medal

presented to the Indians at Indian Council. . 50

Cobb, S. B 127 , 134

Cobb, Walter 134

Colaer, (Father). See Van Corlear 45

See Van Curler.
Coles, (Gov.) Edward, address of welcome to

G eneral Lafayette, reference to 1 16

Collett, Josephus, scientist of Indiana 51

Collins, (Miss) Cornelia, founds "the Cheerful

Home" Quincy, 111., in 1887 179

Collins, William H., History of Adams County,

quoted 165

Columbia River, William Clark, e.xplorer of .. 98

Columbus, (Adams County), 111 143

Columbus, Ohio 149

Colyer, Walter 6

PAGE.

Commercial Queen of the West, Kaskaskia so

called 116

Committees— Good Roads Committee, Illinois

Bankers' Association 81

Committees — Illinois Bankers Association. ..80, 81
Comstock and Company, stoves and tinware

merchants in an early day in Quincv, 111 166

Congregational Church 140,141,143,170,178

Congregational Church, Quincy, 111

140, 141 ,170, 171 ,178

Congregational Church, Quincv, 111., known

as the Lord's Barn ". 140,141,171

Connecticut State 149

Constitution of Illinois 1848, reference to 30

Continental Wars 114

Contreras, Battle of, War with Mexico 121

Conventions, Illinois Bankers' Association,

convention, 1911, 1912 81

Conyers, Enoch, early mayor of Quincy, 111.. 159
Conyers, Enoch, member new Board of Trus-
tees, Quincy, 111 158

Cook County, 111 80,91

Cook County, Indian boundary road 91-92

Cook, John W., Life and Labors of Hon. Adlai
Ewing Stevenson, address before Illinois

State Historical Societv, 1915 15,16,23-41

Cooley, Bill, Educational Bill, 1913 80

Copenhagen, Denmark 146

Cord, William H., member of the law firm of
Williams, Cord & Dent of Bloomington, 111. 26

Corinth, Battle of, War of the Rebellion 168

Coriolanus, Caius (or Cneius), hero of an early

Roman legend, reference to 97

Council Bluffs, la 109

County Agents, bill in Illinois Legislature to

maintain 79

C ox Home, Quincy, 111 179

Cox, JohnC, early settler of Quincy, 111 163

Crank, Thomas, early settler of Quincy, 111 141

Cunningham, J. O 6

Currey, J. Seymour, History of Chicago,

Volume I, quoted 84

Currey, J. Seymour, Lake Michigan's Illinois

Coast 15

Currey, J. Seymour, President Evanston His-
torical Society 15

Curtis, Nancy Warren 135

Curtis, W. B 135

Gushing, (Judge) of Fredonia, N. Y ..124

Cut Money, early use of, in Quincy, 111 . . .145, 146

Dagu~rre, Louis Jacques Mande, "Father ot

Photography," reference to 118

Dairv — Report on dairy situation in Chicago. . 80

Dakota State 60

Dakotah Indians 96

Danville, 111 29,42,51

Danville, Ky., Center College located at 26,30

Daughters of the American Revolution, Na-
tional Society of 31,39,40,138

Daughters of the American Revolution, Illinois,
D.A. R., Letitia Green Stevenson Chapter,

Bloomington, 111 39-40

Daughters of the American Revolution, Polly

Sumner Chapter, D. A. R., Quincy, 111 138

Davis, David, lawyer of McLean County, 111 .29,72
Davis, Hope L., Superintendent of Schools of

Quincy, 111 170

Davis, Jefferson 118

Davis Settlement on Indian Creek 52,53

Davis, Wm. L., early railway clerk 173

Davis, Wm. L., originator of the railway mail

service, Hannibal & St. Joseph R. R 173

Decatur, III 72

Declaration of Independence 113

Dedham, Mass 148,149

Deer 130, 146

Dekalb Countv, 111 79

Dekalb, 111 6,15,16,81

Delaware Indians 48,89

Democratic Party 34,35,38,118,119,159,160

Demosthenes, Greek orator 29

191

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Denman, (Mrs.) M. B., of Quincy, 111., bequest
to Blessing Hospital 178

Dent, Samuel H , member of the law firm of
Williams, Cord & Dent, Bloomington, 111.. . 26

Des Plaines River 92

Detroit, Mich 177

Dickens, Charles 130

District of Columbia 37,118

Dodd, Mike, eccentric character in Quincy,
111., in an early day 141

Dodson, C B., contractor on the Illinois-
Michigan Canal 133

D odson, Charles 134

Dodson, Harriet N., married on February 2,
1S37 133

Dodson, Harriet N., The Warrens of Warrens-
Tille 124-137

Dodsou, J ulius 134

Donelson, Fort 168

Doty, Reuben, early settler of Qiiincy, 111 141

Douglas, Stephen "Arnold

30,38,58,110,117,118,167,180

Dougla.s, Stephen A., "Little Giant" 30

Douglas, Stephen A , Lincoln-Douglas Debates
in Quincy in 1858, reference 167 , 180

Douglas, Stephen A., Lincoln-Douglas Debate,
Quincy, 111., boulder marks site of 180

Douglas, Stephen A., Lincoln-Douglas De-
bates, semi-centennial celebration 38

Douglas, Stephen A., presides over the first
term of the Circuit Court in Henderson
County 58

Douglas, Stephen A., resigns from the Bench
of the Supreme Court of Illinois, Shields ap-
pointed to fill term 117

Douglas, Stephen A., speech at Oquawka, 111.
in 1858, reference 58

Droulard, John, cabin and shoemaker shop in
an early day in Quincy, 111 141

Droulard, John, early settler of Quincy, 111..
138 , 139 ,140

Duden, Gottfried— Duden and his Critics by
Jessie J. Kile 15,63-70

Duden, Gottfried, account of the climate in the
United States 65 ,66

Duden, Gottfried, advice to emigrants where to
locate, etc 66-67

Duden, Gottfried, Emigration Society of Gies-
sen, criticizes Duden 67

Duden, Gottfried, German physician 63

Duden, Gottfried, Report on a Journey to the
Western States of America and Sojourn in
Missouri, 1824 and 1827, Gustave Koerner
quoted on 64

Duden, Gottfried, justifies slavery to his
countrymen 69

Duden, "Gottfried— Kile, (Miss) Jessie J.—
Duden and his Critics 15,63-70

Duden, Gottfried, not interested in land specu-
lation nor colonization schemes 69

Duden, Gottfried, Opinions on the Fertility of
the Soil in Missouri 67

Duden, Gottfried, quoted on the healthfulness
of the west 66

Duden, Gottfried, quoted on the Mosquitoes in
the United States 68

Duden, Gottfried, Report on a Journey to the
Western States of America and Sojourn in
Missouri from 1824 to 1827, reference to 63 ,64

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph, purchases lots in
Oquawka 58

Dutme, (Governor) Edward F., Governor of
the State of Illinois 113

Dupage River 130

Dwight, 111 72

Earthquake in Illinois in 1811, reference 167

Earthquake iirQuincy, 111., in 1858 166

Earthquake in the Mississippi Valley in 1811

and 1858, reference 167

East Dupage, 111 128

East Dupage River 129

PAGE.

Easton, Pa 149

Edwards, (Governor) Ninian, Territorial

Governor of Illinois 56

Edwards, Ninian, treatv with the Indians at

St. Louis, August 24, 1816 91-92

Edwards, Ninian Wirt 116

Edwards, Samuel, connected with the story of

the murder hoax in Oquawka, 111 ". .60-61

Edwardsville, 111., early newspaper published

in, reference 139

Edens, W. G 78

Eel River Indians 89

Education— Agriculture and Education Com-
mittee Illinois Bankers' Association person-
nel 78

Education— Alton, (111.) High School 182,185

Education— Center College, Danville, Ky..26,30
Education— English and German, Male" and

Female Seminary, Quincy, 111 166

Education— Friends (Quaker) Subscription

School, Pennsylvania 71

Education— Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111.. 6
Education — Illinois Southern Illinois State

Normal University 6

Education— Illinois State Normal School,

Normal, 111 6,15, 23

Education— Illinois— University of Illinois. 6, 15, 63
Education — Institute, near Quincy, 111., Dr.

David Nelson, head of 157 , 158

Education— Institute, Quincy, 111., to educate

men and women for missionary service. .157-158
Education — Kansas — University of Kansas,

Lawrence, Kan 15

Education— Ladies' Seminary of Warrenville,

111 135

Education — Maynooth College, twelve miles

from Dublin 115

Education — Monticello Seminary, Godfrey, 111. 18
Education — Northwestern University, Evans-
ton, 111 6

Education — Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary, Allegheny, Pa 30

Education— Quincy, 111., public schools

159,166,170

Education— University of Illinois 6,15,63

Education— Vassar College, Poughkeepsie,

N. Y 139

Education — Vocational Education Bill, Illinois

Bankers' Association 80

Eelkens, Jacob 44,45

Eelkens, Jacob, in command at Fort Nassau.. 44
Eldred, (Mrs.) Aimie M. Porter, Quincy, 1880-

1913 175, 181

Ellington Township, Adams County, 111 154

Ellskwatawa (The Prophet), brother of Tecum-

seh, the Shawnee Chief 91

El Paso, 111 72

Elston, , from England, early arrival at

Chicago 127

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, quotation from .54

Emery, (Rev.) Samuel Hopkins, pastor of the
First Congregational Church, Quincy, 111.,

during the war " 171

Emigration — Illinois, German emigration to

69 , 161 , 167

EmigrationSociety of Giessen, criticize Duden. 67
Emmet, Robert — Irish Patriot, born in Cork,

1780, died September, 1803 114

EmpireLight&PowerCo. of Quincy, 111 177

England 45,63,64,113,116,119,123,127,140,152

England, the Mother Country 63,88

English Laws 114

English Race 124

Ensign, Justice, early hatter of Quincy, 111 141

Episcopal Church, Quincy, 111 '....159

Erie Canal 142

Europe : . . . .35,37,63,64,66, 104, 113 , 174

Europe, Cholera in, in 1833 66

European War 63

Evanston, 111 92,98,99

Evanston, 111., Historical Society 15,92,99

Evanston, 111., Historical Society Collections.. 99
Evanston, 111., Historical Society, J. Seymour
Currey, President 15

192

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Ewing, James S., law partner of Adlai E.
Stevenson 31

Ewing, James S., Minister to Brussels, refer-
ence to 32

EwinR, James S., prominent lawyer of Bloom-
ington, 111 28,31 ,32

Ewing, William 116

Fabius River, Missouri 145

Fallen Timbers— Indian Battle of Fallen

Timbers 89

Faribault, Minn 120

Farmers' Institute 80

"Father of Waters" (Mississippi River)...

61 ,116, 182

Federal Agricultural Demonstration and State
Agricultural Education, reference to bill,

Illinois Bankers' Association 79

Fell, Jesse W., address before the Illinois His-
torical Society, 1915, by Miss Frances More-
house 16,71-76

Fell, Jesse W., agent for the State Bank of Illi-
nois 72

Fell, Jesse W., biographical sketch 71

Fell, Jesse W., Commissioner of School Lands

in McLean County, 1834-35 7

Fell, Jesse W., friendship between Jesse W.

Fell and Abraham Lincoln 72

Fell, Jesse W., Morehouse, (Miss) Frances, Jesse
W. Fell, address before Illinois State Histor-
ical Society, 1915 71-76

Fell, Jesse W., one of the founders of the towTi

of Clinton, Dewitt County, 111 72

Fell, Jesse W., owner of large tracts of land in

Wisconsin and Illinois 72

Fell, Jesse W., secures his certificate to practice

law 71

Fell, Jesse W., tree planting, essential part of

town planning with Jesse W Fell 72

Fell, Jesse W., towns in Illinois in which he was

actively interested 72

Felt, Mary, early settler of Quincy, 111 143

Felt, (Col.) Peter, early settler of Quincy, 111. .

140, 143 , 144

First National Bank of Quincy, 111 172

Flambeau Lac du, Rice Lake, region of 96

Flood, William G., agent United States land

office in Quincy, 111 154

Flood, William G., early settler of Quincy, 111 -

154 , 155

Florida State 34

Flynn, Peter, early settler of Quincy, 111 151

Fonddu Lac 97

Foote, (Rev.) Horatio, early Congregational

Minister of Quincy, 111 160, 163

Ford, Thomas, Governor of Illinois 116,156

Fort Chartres 46,47

Fort Chartres, Garrison of, under McCarty,

comprised the flower of French soldiery 46

Fort Dearborn Indian Massacre at, reference . . 53

Fort D onelson 168

Fort DuQuesne at the juncture of the Allf gheny

and Monongahela Rivers 46

Fort DuQuesne, captured and renamed Fort

Pitt by the British 46

Fort Gage (or Fort Kaskaskia) 18

Fort Henry 168

Fort Johnson, Indian council at, reference 46

Fort Kaskaskia 18

Fort Leavenworth, Mo 109

Fort Nassau— Jacob Eelkens, in charge of Fort

Nassau 44

Fort Niagara 46,47

Fort Pitt— Fort DuQuesne captured by the
British and renamed Fort Pitt 46

Fort^iSri 120,168

Fort Washington 48,49

Fort Wavne, Ind 47 , 179

Fowler, Alva 132

Fowler, Amelia, early settler of Illinois. 130, 131 , 136
Fowler Brothers, early settlers of Illinois. . 130,131

PAGE.

Fowler, Harry, early settler of Illinois 1.30

Fowler, Hiram, early settler of Illinois 130

Fowler, Philinda 132, 133

Fox Indians 55,90 91,95,96,100,155

Fox River 51 ,91 ,96 , 129 , 131

Fox River, portages of, reference 96

France 43 ,45

France, colonies of .' 45

Fredonia, N. Y 124,127

French Army 47

French, Augustus C 116

French Fort, at the juncture of the Allegheny
and Monongahela Rivers (Fort DuQuesne). . 46

French in America, overthrow of 46

French Priests', influence with the Indians... 45

French Race 45,49

Friends (Quakers) Subscription School, Penn-
sylvania 71

Fruit Hill, near Payson, Adams County, 111 72

Galena, 111 141

Galesburg, 111 6 ,58,59

Galesburg, 111., Lincoln-Douglas Debate, at,

reference to 58,59

Galland, (Dr.) Isaac, early settler of "Yellow

Banks" 55

Gardner, Robert, early settler of Quincy, 111.

153,170

Gardner, Robert, of Quincy, 111., patents his

Automaton Steam G overnor 170

Garfield, James A 33, 35

G atewood , Cyrus 116

Geneva, 111 124,131,134

George, William 78

German-Americans 63

German Baptist Church, Quincy, 111 172

German .Element, one of the large factors in

our population ■. ... 63

German Emigrants to the United States,
Duden interested only in w^hat parts of,

would be advantageous to the Germans 69

German Emigrants to the United States, find
lack of help in farming and domestic matters,

one of the drawbacks 69

German Emigrants to the United States, many

were highly educated 69

German Emigrants to the United States, suc-

ceptible to yellow fever and cholera 66

German Emigration to America, brought about

by conomic reasons in Germany 64

German Emigration to Illinois, Duden's Re-
port of a Journey to the Western States of
America and Sojourn in Missouri from 1824
to 1827, influence of, on emigration to Illi-
nois 63 ,64

German Emigration to Illinois, effect of Du-
den's Report of a Journey to the M'estern

States of America, etc.. on 63 ,64

German Immigration to Quincy, 111 161,167

German M. E. Church, Quincy^ 111 179

German Race 63-70,161,167,179

Germans, Duden and his Critics, by Jessie J.

Kile 63-70

Germans, emigrants suffer from fever in Mis-
souri 66

Germans— Koemer, Gustave, German Ele-
ment in the United States, quoted 64-65

Germans, opposed to slavery 69

Germany 63,64,65,69,161

Germany the Fatherland to a large per cent of

Americas' population since 1830 63

Gerry, (Miss) Lucinda, (Mrs. Wheaton)..136,137

Gibson family 125

Giddings, (Rev.) George, Rector of the Episco-
pal Church, Quincy, 111 159

Giessen, Germany, Emigration Society of,

criticizes Duden 67

Giswindener, (Mrs.) 175

Goddard, , grandmother of Nancy

Morton 134

Godfrey, Benjamin, letter of, to Theron Bald-
win, dated Vandalia, 1837, reference to 18

193

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

'God's Barn, " place of worsMp in an early day

hiQuincv, 111 160

'Good Samaritans," organization of women,

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion 170

Gordon, James W., Reminiscences of Yellow

Banks 15,54-62

Grand River, Mich 92

Grant, (Dr.) , early settler of Illinois. .128

Grant, (Col.) U. S., arrives at Quincy, 111.,

July 12, 1864 169

Grattan, Thomas Colley, popular Irish novelist
born in Dublin in 1796, died in 1864, British

Consul at Boston from 1839 to 1853 113

Graves, Dexter, builder of "The Mansion

House" in early Chicago 127

Great Britain 43 ,45 ,47 ,88

Great Britain, Treaty of Peace with Great

Britain, September 3, 1783, reference to 88

Great Spirit 87 ,94

Grecian Sculptors 182

Green, , organizes companies for Con-
federate service, War of the Rebellion 169

Green Bay 96

Green, (Miss) Letitia, wife of Adlai E. Steven-
son 30

Green. Lewis Warner, D. D., President of the
Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Alle-
gheny, Pa 30

Greene, (Dr.)EvartsB 6,17

Greenleaf Foundry, Quincy, 111 170

"Green Tree Hotel" in early Chicago, David

Clock, proprietor 127

Greenville, Ohio, Indian Treaty of August 3,

1795 88-90

Gross, (Col.) error should be (Col.) John A.

Bross 169

Gross Pointe, twelve miles north of Chicago... 98
Grover, Frank R., Antoine Ouilmette, the

first settler of Evanston and Wilmette 99

Grover, Frank R., Indian Treaties Aflecting

Lands in the Present State of Illinois. . 16 ,84-109
Gulf of Mexico. 101,174

Haddock, (Mrs.) E. H 127

Haines, Elijah M., The American Indian,

published, Chicago, 1888, quoted 87,98-99

Hale family, of Munroe, Mich 125

"Half Moon," boat from Holland 43

Hancock County, 111 139 , 151

Hancock County, III., census of 1825, gives
population of Adams and Hancock Comities

as 192 139

Hannibal, Mo 164, 172,173

Hannibal & St. Joseph R. R 172,173

Hannibal <k St. Joseph R. R., railway mail ser-
vice established on .' 173

Hardin, (Gen.) John, in Frontier Indian War.. 48
Hardin, (Gen.) John J., member of the Legis-
lature, Vandalia, 1836 116

Hardin, (Mrs.) Martin D., daughter of Adlai E.

Stevenson 40

Harmar, (Gen.) Joseph, in Frontier Indian

War 48

Harmon, (Dr.) Isaac 127 , 128

Harris, B. F., Story of the Banker-Farmer
Movement. Originating with the Illinois
Bankers' Association, address to Illinois State
Historical Society, annual meeting, 1915. 16,77-83

Harrisburg, Pa 149

Harrison, William Henry, aid-de-camp to

General Anthony Wayne 89

Harrison, William Henry, appointed Governor

of Indiana Territory in 1801 90,91

Harrison, William Henrv, President of the

United States " 160

Harrison, W. P., early settler of Quincy, 111.. .141

"Harry of the West," Henry Clay so called 160

Hartford, Conn 143,144

Harvey, Fred, early railway mail clerk 173

Hasse Hotel, Quincy, 111 177

Hauberg, John H 18

—13 H S

PAGE.

Hauser, Damon, agent United States land

office, Quincy, 111 154

Havana, 111 55

•• Hawkeye," name given by the Indians to S.

S. Phelps 55

Hayes, Rutherford B., Hayes-Tilden Contest

for the President of the United States 34

Hayes-Tilden Contest for the Presidency of the

United States 34-35

Hayne, Robert Young, Webster and Hayne

Debate 33

Haynie, William Duff, lawyer of Bloomington,

111 36

Hayse family of Vermont 125,129

Heckwe'der, John, Moravian Missionary. . . .48,51
Hedges & Duff, earlv merchants of Quincy,

111 166

Henderson County, 111 54,57,58,61

Henderson County, 111., Abraham Lincoln's

first visit to in the capacity of a soldier 57

Henderson County, 111., Knights of the Golden

Circle in , reference to 60

Henderson County, 111., Oquawka county seat

of, attempt to remove 61

Henderson County, 111., Mrs. Robert Hodson,
daughter of S. S. Phelps, one of the firstwhite

children born in Henderson County 62

Henderson County, 111., part of Warren

County 58

Henderson Coimty, 111., Stephen A. Douglas
presides over the first term of the Circuit

Court in 58

Henderson, Daniel, early settler of Quincy, 111. .143

Henry, Fort 168

Henrv, (Miss) Lida, in charge of the Anna E.

Brown Home for the Aged, Quincy, 111 179

Henry, Mrs. , of Quincy, 111 173

"Hiawatha," Longfellow poem, reference to.. 84

Hickory Branch, Mo 115

Highland, 111 67

Hill, Benjamin H., ofGeorgiain United States

Congress 33

Hirsch, (Rabbi) Emil G., Historical Thinking,
address before the Illinois State Historical

Society, 1915 15

Hirsch, "(Rabbi) Emil G., honorary member

Illinois State Historical Society 17

Hodder, (Prof.) Frank E., The Relation of Illi-
nois Railroads to the Passage of the Kansas-
Nebraska Act 15

Hodson, Robert, Phelps home in which Lin--
coln occupied room when in Oquawka in

1858, owned by Robert Hodson 59

Hodson, (Mrs.) Robert, daughter of S. S.
Phelps, one of the first white children born

in Henderson County, 111 ; 62

Hogan, John, early legislator in Illinois 116

Hogan, (Bishop) John, acts as godfather for

child of General James Shields 115

Hogan, (Bishop) John, pioneer Catholic Priest

of North Missouri 115

Holderman's settlement on the Fox River 52

Holland, country of 43, 44, 45^47

Hollander in America, reference to. 45

Hollanders 44 ,45

HoUister, (Mrs.) William 133

Holmes, Charles, agent United States land

office, Quincy, 111 154

Holmes, Joseph T.. one of the trustees of the

town of Quincy, 111 155

Holmes, Joseph T., quoted on imports into

Quincy in 1831-32 .■ 156

Holmes, Joseph T., trustee for Quincy, 111.,

new board 158

Holmes, (Mrs.) S W., teacher in the Ladies

Seminary of Warrenville, 111 135,136

Holt, , early settler of Quincy, 111 153

Home Missionary Society, Rev. Asa Turner

sent out West by 143

Hoopes, Joshua, botanist of Pennsylvania 71

Hotels— Brown's Hotel, early hotel in Quincy,
111 147 , 152, 153, 157

194

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Hotels— Cather House, Quinqy, 111 166

Hotels— Green Tree Hotel, early hotel in

Chicago 127

Hotels — Hasse Hotel, Quincv, 111 177

Hotels— Land Office Hotel, Quincv, 111 155

Hotels— Mansion House, Chicago 127

Hotels— Neweomb Hotel, Quincv, 111 140,177

H otels— Quincy House, Quincv, 111

157,lti5,166,177

Hotels — Sauganash, Chicago 127

Hotels— Steamboat Hotel, Quincy. Ill 15.3

Hotels— Tremont Hotel, Quincv, 111 166

Hotels— Virginia Hotel, Quincy, 111 166

Hudson, Hcnrich, Commander of the "Half-
Moon" from Holland •. . 43

Hudson, Ilenrich, Hudson River, named for

Henrich Hudson 43

Hudson River 43,44,149

Hudson River, named for Henrich Hudson ... 43
Hunter, (Rev.) Moses, presides over the Insti-
tute of Learning, Quincy, 111 162

Huron, 111 55

Huron Indians 89

mini, (The), by Clark E. Carr, quoted on the
Cooking of Pioneer Days 146

Illinois and Broadway Bank, Quincy, 111 17S

Illinois and Michigan Canal ." 133

Illinois College, Jackson^ille, 111 6

Illinois Countrv 42,45 ,7 1

Illinois River . ". 90, 139,154,157

Illinois State 6,7,8.9,17,18,19,23,24,25,

26, 29, 30, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 48, 51, 54, .56, 58, 60,
61, 63, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 88. 90, 91. 92, 98, 102, 103, 108, 109,
113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,124,
132,133,134,135,136.138,1:39,140,141,142,145,
146, 148, 149, 1.50. 151, 152, 1.>1, 1.55, 156, 157,158.
160.163,16.5,166,167,169,172,175,176.177. 178.182

Illinois State, Arcliives of, work on the 102
counties in Illinois, refer nee to 17

Illinois State Armory, at Quincy, 111 180

Illinois State Bank, Jesse W. Fell, agent for. . . 72

Illinois State Bankers' Association 77-83

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Agricul-
tural Commission, monthly publication is-
sued by ." 80

Illinois State Bankers' Association, "Agricul-
ture and Education" Committee 78,80,81

Illinois State Bankers' Association, .\griculture
and Education Committee introduces trained
agricultural advisor in each county 79

Illinois State Bankers' Association — Banker-
Farmer Movement Originating with Illinois
State Bankers' Association, address before
Illinois State Historical Society, May, 1915,
by B. F. Harris 16,77-83

Illinois State Bankers' Association, circular
quoted 79

Illinois State Bankers' Association, committee
advocates vocational work, compulsory
agricultural education and consolidated
schools 80

Illinois State Bankers' Association, committee
circular quoted 79,80

Illinois State Bank-»rs' Association, Executive
Council 0910) 77

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Good
Roads Committee. , 81

Illinois State Bankers' Association, groups
organized for "banker-farmer" movement.. 81

Illinois State Ban ers' Association, Harris, B.
F., Story of Banker-Farmer Movement. .77-83

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Peoria
Herald, 1912, quoted on 81

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Presi-
dent's Report of 1912. quoted 82

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Survev of
1913 80

Illinois State Bankers' Association, Vocational
Educational Bill 80

PAGE.

Illinois State Bar Association 175

Illinois State Bounty Land Register, news-
paper, published at Quincy, 111 156

Illinois State Centennial Celebration, plans
for .....19

Illinois State Centeimial Commission, work
of, etc 19

Illinois StateConstitution of 1848, reference to. . 30

Illinois State, early settlers from the New Eng-
land States and the South, settle in Quincv,
111 "..161

Illinois State, earlv settlers of from the South. .
139 , 161

Illinois State, earthquake in, in 1811, reference. 167

Illinois State Fair held in Quincy, III., 1S6.S-69. . 174

Illinois State, General Assembly. Sie Legisla-
ture.

Illinois State, German Emigration to Quincv,
111 161,167

Illinois State, German Emigration to Illinois,
Duden one of the important sources to con-
sult 63

Illinois State, Germans in the Southern part of
Illinois intended to settle in .Missouri 69

Illinois State, growth and development of. . .23,24

Illinois State Highway Commissioners, under
the Tice Road .\ct, reference to 81

Illinois State Historical Building, appropria-
tion for, discussed 18

Illinois State Historical Library 7,9,11,12

Illinois State Historical Librarv, Act to estab-
lish ". 9

Illinois State Historical Library, Publications
of. See list at end of this volume 211

Illinois State Historical Societv

6,11,12.15,17-19,59

Illinois State Historical Society, An Appeal to
the Historical Society and the General Public,
circular letter ". 11,12

Illinois State Historical Society, Board of
Directors 6

Illinois State Historical Society, business meet-
ing 17-19

Illinois State Historical Society, constitution
of .8-12,18

Illinois State. Historical Society, constitution,
of discussed 18

Illinois State Historical Societv, contributions
to State History 113-185

Illinois State Historical Society, Genealogical
Committee report 17

Illinois State Historical Society, Grand Army
of the Republic, committee report of ". 17

Illinois State Historic.d Society, Hirsch,
(Rabbi) Emil G., made an honorary member
of 18

Illinois State Historical Society, journal of 7

Illinois State Historical Society, officers of 6

Illinois State Historical Society, papers read
at the amiual meeting 21-109

Illinois State Historical Society, Program Com-
mittee, report of 17

Illinois State Historical Society, publications.
See list end of this volume 211

Illinois State Historical Society, record of offi-
cial proceedings 13-19

Illinois State Historical Society, Treasurer's
Report 17

Illinois State Historical Society, work of, on
the archives of the 102 counties in the State,
reference to 17

Illinois State, Hodder, (Prof.) Frank E., The

, Relation of Illinois Railroads to the Passage
V of the Kansas-Nebraska Act 15

Illinois State — Indian Treaties Affecting Lands
in the Present State of Illinois, bv Frank R.
Grover 84-109

Illinois State Internal Improvement Scheme,
1836-37 117

Illinois State, Kaskaskia, capital of Illinois 115

Illinois State Legisl ature 9 , 17 ,

79, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 157, 162, 165, 172,175,176

Illinois State Legislatiu-e, appropriates money
for the entertainment of General Lafayette. . 116

195

INDEX Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State Military Tract, bounty lands,
given to soldiers for services in the War of

1812 154

Illinois State Normal Schools, Dekalb, 111 6,15

Illinois State Normal School, Normal, 111 23

Illinois State, prairies of 67,72,89,100,

103,105,106,107,109,125,126,128,130,138,140,151
Illinois State, proposed Constitutional Con-
vention of 1824, reference 140

Illinois State, Shields, (General) James, Audi-
tor of the State of Illinois, 1838 117 ,118

Illinois State, Shields, (Gen.) James, presented

with a sword by the State of Illinois 118

Illinois State— Slavery, Illinois politics torn

apart on the issues of slavery 119

Illinois State, Soldier's Home at Quincy, 111..

180,181

Illinois State, Southern Illinois State Normal

University 6

Illinois State Supreme Court

..58,81,117,118,121,163

Illinois State Supreme Court Building 15,17

Illinois State, University of Illinois 6,15,63

Illinois State, War of 1812. bounty lands given

to soldiers in the War ot 1812 154

Illinois State— War of the Rebellion, Seventh

Illinois Cavalry 168

Illinois State — War of the Rebellion, 50th Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry ("Blind Half

Hundred") '. 168

Illinois State— War of the Rebellion, 63d Illinois

Volunteer Infantry ; 168

Illinois State— War of the Rebellion, 137th Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry 169

Illinois State— Winter of the Deep Snow, refer-
ence tOi 142,154

Illinois Territory 56,115

Illinois Territory, Kaskaskia, capital of 115

India 143

Indiana State 48,51,89,90,125,149,169,179

Indiana State, Fort Wayne, Ind 179

Indiana State, Indianapolis, Ind 149

Indiana StgJ;e, LaPorte, Ind 125

Indiana Territory— Harrison, (Gen.) William
Henry, appointed Governor of Indiana

Territory, 1801 90

Indianapolis, Ind 149

Indian Boundary, fixed by the Treaty of Green-
ville, gives land comprising most of the pres-
ent State of Ohio and a small part of Indiana

to the white men 89

Indian Boundary Line, boundaries of the

treaty of August 24, 1816, at St. Louis 91

"Indian Boundary Road," name changed
by Chicago City Council to Rogers Avenue

91-92

Indian Confederacy, Tecumseh undertakes to

form Indian Confederacy 91

Indian Councils, historians of reputation have
often treated the Indian councils with Govern-
ment commissioners very lightly 86

Indian Councils, Putnam, (Gen.) Rufus, speech
at Indian council, presents white wampum

belts of peace and medal 49-50

Indian Creek, D avis settlement on 53

Indian Massacre, S. S. Phelps averts Indian
massacre, incident related of Tama (Fox

Chief J and family 56-57

Indian Medals, The Story the Medals Tell.. 48-51
Indian Medals, United States Government

medals given to the Indians 48,50,51,101

Indian Orators 86,87,91,93

Indian Orators, Caleb Atwater quoted on 87

Indian Orators in Treaty Councils, sayings of,

carefully preserved as apart of our literature. 86
Indian Orators, Metea, Pottowattomie Cliief,
leading orator of his nation, speech at Treaty

of August, 1821, at Chicago 93-95

Indian Orators, Nature in the first place made

him an orator 86

Indian Orators, Teeumseh's speeches, exam-
ples of the best Indian orator j* 91

Indian Ponies 106

Indian Reminiscences 98

PAGE.

Indian Territory 109

Indian Trail : 131

Indian Treaties 84-109

Indian Treaties Affecting Lands in the Present

State of Illinois, by Frank R. Grover 84-109

Indian Treaties, Treaty of Greenville, August

3, 1795 84,88-90

Indian Treaties 1804, with the Sacs and Foxes

90-91

Indian Treaties, 1804, with the Sacs and Foxes,

land ceded to the Government by 90,91

Indian Treaties, St. Louis, Mo., Indian Treaty

of August 24, 1816 91-92

Indian Treaties, St. Louis, Treaty of August

24, 1816, land ceded bvthelndians 91

Indian Treaties, Chicago, August 29, 1821 92-95

Indian Treaties, Prairie du Chien, Treaty of,

concluded August 19, 1825 95-98

Indian Treaties, Prairie du Chien, July 29, 1829

98-102

Indian Treaties, Prairie du Chien, Caleb At-
water quoted on 87

Indian Treaties, Chicago, Indian Treaty of 1833

85 ,88 , 98 , 102-109

Indian Treaties, Chicago, September 26, 1833

102-109

Indian Treaties, Chicago, 1833, Charles J.

Latrobe, accountof 102-108

Indian Treaties, Cliicago, 1833, compensation

received by the Indians for land 108

Indian Treaties, whiskey, its use in the Indian

Treaties 98,106,107

Indian Treaties, William Perm, Indian Treaty

negotiated with, reference to 88

Indians 11,12,15,42-53,55,56,57,

84-109, 12.8, 131, 132, 134, 138, 141, 150, 152 154, 155
Indians — Abraham, Chief Sachem of the lower

Mohawk Castle 46

Indians, Algonquin family 96

Indians — American Indians 42,43 ,44

Indians — Armstrong, Perry A., The Sauks and

Black Hawk War 91

footnote 91

Indians— Black Hawk, Chief of the Fox and

Sac Indians 47,51 ,52,53,56,91

Indians — Black Hawk War

51,52,53,55,56,57,58,91,99,152,155

Indians — British Agents' influence with the

Indians 88 , 89

Indians— Canadian Agents' influence with the

Indians 88,89

Indians — Cayuga Indians 46

Indians— Chicago, Indian Treaty at 1833

85,88,98,102-109

Indians— Chippeway Indians

48,84,89,91^2,95,96,98,99,100,101,102-109

Indians, council at Fort Johnson, reference to . . 46

Indians — Dakota Indians 96

Indians— Delaware Indians 48,89

Indians— Eel River Weas Indians 89

Indians— Ellskwatawa (The Prophet) brother

of Tecumseh, the Shawnee Chief 91

Indians— Fox Indians 55 , 90 ,9 1 ,95-98 , 100 , 155

Indians— Fox Indians, Treaty Sac and Fox

Indians, 1804 90,91

Indians, French Priests' influence with 45

Indians— G reenviUe Treaty , 1 795 84 , 88-90

Indians— Grover, Franic R., Indian Treaties

Affecting Lands in the Present State of

Illinois 16,84-109

Indians— Haines, Elijah M., The American

Indian, quoted 87 ,98-99

Indians— Huron Indians 89

Indians— Iowa Indians 95 ,96

Indians — Iroquois Indians 44^45,47,96

Indians — Jones, Lotte E., group of stories of

the American Indians: The Silver Covenant

Chain; The Story the Medals Tell; Shabona's

Ride 15,42-53

Indians — Kaskaskia Indians 89

Indians, Keokuk, Sac and Fox Indian chief. .

56,97,101

Indians, Kesis, Pottowattomie Chief 50,51

Indians— Kickapoo Indians 48, .50, 89

196

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Indians— Land ceded by the Indians in the

Treaty at Chicago, 1833 102, lOS

Indians— Land ceded by the Indians in the

Treaty of Greenville, 1795 88

Indians — Land ceded bv the Indians in the.

Treaty at Prairie du Chien, July 29, 1S29. . 99, 101
Indians— Land ceded by the Indians in the

Treaty at St. Louis, August 24, ISIG 91

Indians, Little Turtle Chief of the Miamis 89 ,90

Indians— Maps and drawings of the Indians

used in the Indian Treaties 97

Indians— Medals, The Story the Medals Tell

48-51

Indians — Medals, United States Government

medals given to the Indians 48-51,100

Indians— Menominee Indians 95-98 ,100

Indians— Metca, Pottawattomie Chief, speech

of^ at Indian Treaty at Chicago, 1821 .92,93 ,94 ,95

Indians— Miami Indians 47 ,89

Indians — Miami Indian village near the present

site of Ft. Wayne, Ind 47

Indians— Mongazid, speech of, at Indian Treaty

of Prairie du Chien 97

Indians, Morgan of the Saiiks and Foxes 101

Indians— Nawadaha, singer in the poem, "The

Vale of Tawasentha" 44

Indians— Ojibway Indians 84,89

Indians— Oneida Indians 46

Indians— O nondaga Indians 46

Indians — "Oquawkiek" Indian name "Yellow

Banks, " rendezvous for the Indians 55

Indians— Ottawa Indians

48,51,89,91,92,95,96,98,100,101,102,109

Indians— Piankashaw Indians 88-90

Indians— Pontiac, Ottawa Chief 42,51,115

Indians— Pontiac, Ottawa Chief, miu-dered

near Cahokia 115

Indians — Pottawattomie Indians

48 ,88-90,91 ,92,93,94 ,95,

96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,103
Indians — PottawattQmie Indians— Metea, Chief ,

speech of, at Treaty at Chicago, 1821 92-95

Indians— Prairie du Chien Treaty 87,98-102

I Sac I Indians

Indians— \ Saux ; 55,90,

! 91,95,96,97,98,100,101,155

Indians, Sac and Fox, treaty with, 1804 90,91

Indians— Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Thirty

Years with the Indian Tribes, quoted 95

Indians— Schoolcraft, Heniy Rowe, Travels in

the Central Part of the Mississippi Valley,

quoted 92,93

Indians— Schuyler, Peter, Commissioner of

Indian Affairs 45

Indians, Seminole War, reference to 117

I Sliabbona i

Indians ^ ^^rfend""''^' *^^ "^^^^ ""^'^ ', 51-53,99
I Shabona I

I^^^-Miha^anoe^ "^8,89.91

Indians, Silver Covenant Chain 43-48

Indians - Sioux Indians 95 ,96 ,97 ,98 , 100

Indians— Tama Fox Indian Chief, massacre of
Tama and his family averted by S. S.Phelps. 56

Indians— Tawasentha, Vale of, poem 44-45

Indians — Tecumseh, Shawnee War Chief, at-
tempts to form Indian Confederacy 91

Indians — Treaties with the Indians

42,88-90,90-98 ,99-109

Indians- Treaty at Greenville, Augusts, 1795

88-90

Indians— Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 1804

90-91

Indians— Treaty of August 24, 1816, at St. Louis
91-92

Indians— Treaty atciiicago, August 29, i82i. 92-95

Indians— Treaty of Prairie du Chien, con-
cluded August 19, 1825 '. 95-98

Indians— Treaty of Prairie du Chien July 29,
1829 98-102

Indians— Treaty at Chicago, September 26, 1833
102-109

PAGE.

Indians— Treaty at Chicago in 1833, compensa-
tion received by the Indians for their land

102,108

Indians— Wampimi belts of peace given to the

Indians by General Putnam 49

Indians— Wanita, Yankton Chief 96

Indians— Wapelo, Sac and Fox Indian Chief.. 97
Indians— Waubunsee, Pottawattomie Indian

Chief 132

Indians— Weas, (Eel River) Indians 89

Indians— Winnebagoe Indians

95,96,97,98,100,101,102

Indians— Wyandot (Huron) Indians 89

Ingersoll, Robert G., prominent Illinois orator

and lawver 29,32

Iowa Indians 95 ,96 ,97 ,98

Iowa State 54,121,167,168,169

Iowa State, Burlington, la 54

Iowa State, Ottumwa, la 121

Iowa State, War of the Rebellion, 7th Iowa

Infantry 168

Ireland 24 ,25 ,113 , 114

Ireland, Altmore, County Tyrone, Ireland 114

Ireland, Parliament 113

Ireland, Tyrone County 114

Ireland, Ulster, County, Ireland 25

Irish immigrationtoQuincy,Ill 161,167

Irish Race 161 ,167

Irish Song, to Henrietta Mitchell, Washington

City, composed by Gen. James Shields 123

Iroquois Indians 44^45 ,47 ,96

Irving, Washington, traveling compamon of
Charles J. Latrobe 102, 103

Jackson, Andrew 114

Jackson School, Quincy. Ill 170

Jackson, Stonewall, Confederate General, War

of the Rebellion 120,121

Jackson, Stonewall, (Gen.) James Shields,

quoted on 121

Jacksonville, 111 6,71

James, Edmund J .♦ 6

James, James Alton 6

Jansen & Smith, early furniture dealers of

Quincy, 111 166

Jasper, Thomas, of Quincy, 111 170

Jefferson School, Quincy, 111 159,106,170

Jefferson, Thomas 113

Jerald Building, Quincy, 111., destroyed by fire,

1867 174

Jesse W. Fell, Morehouse, (Miss Frances) Jesse
W. Fell, address before Illinois State His-
torical Society, 1915 71-76

Johnson, Andrew, early citizen of Quincy, 111. . 159

Johnson, (Dr.) Charles B 15,17

Johnson, (Dr.) Charles B., Illinois in the Civil

War 15

Johnson, (Sir) William 45,46 ,47

Johnson, (Sir) William, in charge of Indian

affairs in America for Great Britain 45,48

Joliet,Ill 72

Jones, Lotte E., a group of stories of the Ameri-
can Indians: The Silver Covenant Chain;
The Story the Medals Tell; Shabona's Ride
15,42-53

Kansas City, Mo 115

Kansas State 15,58 ,109,167

Kansas State, Kansas-Nebraska Bill 15,30,118

Kansas State, University of Kansas, Law-
rence, Kan 15

Kaskaskia, Aaron Burr at Kaskaskia in further-
ance of Ms plan or conspiracy 116

Kaskaskia, 111., capital of Illinois 115

Kaskaskia, 111., capital of the Territory of Illi-
nois 115

Kaskaskia, 111., commercial queen of the West. 116
Kaskaskia, 111., French build a fort at in 1766. . 115
Kaskaskia, 111., George Rogers Clark captures
Kaskaskia in 1778 115

197

INDEX — Continued,

PAGE.

Kaskaskia, III., Lafayette's visit to in 1825 116

Kaskaskia, 111., Shields, (Gen.) James, teaches

school in Kaskaskia, 111 114,115

Kaskaskia, Volney C. F., quoted on Kaskaskia

in the Summer 65

Kaskaskia, Indians 89

Kendall's Hall, first public hall built in Quincy,

111 164

Kentucky State

24,25,26,30,35,40,141,101,107 168,171

Kentucky State Brigade, War of the Rebellion,

Col. W. A. Richardson tendered command

of a Kentucky Brigade 168

Kentucky State. Christian County, Ky 24

Kentucky State, Danville, Ky., Center College

located in 26

Keokuk, Sac and Fox Indian Chief 56,97,101

Kerrick, (Hon.) T. C 32

Kesis, noted Pottawatomie Indian Chief,

buried in the Kickapoo Burial Grounds in

Vermilion County 50,51

Keyes, Willard

139,140,141,147,148,153,156,163,164,167

Keyes, Willard, brought the first steam ferry

boat to Quincy in 1835 156

Keyes, Willard, early settler of Quincy, 111

139,140,141,147,148,153,156,163,164,167

Keyes, Willard, residence, Quincy, 111 164

Keytesville, Mo 121

Kickapoo Indians 48 ,50,89

Kickapoo Indians Burial Ground, Vermilion

County, 111 50

Kiefer, J. Warren, of Ohio 35

Kile, Miss Jessie J., Duden and His Critics

15 ,63-70

King, , early settler of Illinois 130,131

Kinzie Family, beneficiaries of the Indian

Treaty at Chicago, 1833 108

Kinzie, John 93,98

Kinzie, John, speech of, at Indian Treaty at

Chicago, August 29, 1821, reference to 93

Kirkpatrick, William, early settler of Quincy,

ID 141

Knights of the Golden Circle in Henderson

Countj', 111., reference 60

Knott, (Hon.) Proctor, tribute to Adlai E."

Stevenson 40

Knox, John, Scottish reformer 25

Knoxville, 111 55

Koerner 1 „

Korner j Gustave....64,65,66,67,68,120,121,123

Koerner, Gustave, advice to emigrants, where
to locate, etc 66,67 ,68

Koerner, Gustave, agrees with Duden in some
of Ills accounts of the climate in the United
States 65

Koerner, Gustave, German Element in the
United States, quoted 64-65

Koerner, Gustave, German Patriot 120

Koerner, Gustave, German political refugee to
America 64

Koerner, Gustave, Justice of the Supreme
Court, State of Illinois 121

Koerner, Gustave, member of the law firm of
Snyder, Shields & Koerner, Belleville, 111.. 120

Koerner, Gustave, Memoirs of, quoted 123

Koerner, Gustave, Minister Plenipotentiary at
theCoui-t of Spain 121

Koerner, Gustave, quoted on the fertility of
the soil in Missouri and other parts of the
United States 67 ,68

Koerner, Gustave, quoted on the mosquitoes
in the United States 68

Koerner, Gustave, Review of Duden's report
on a Journey to the Western States of Amer-
ica, quoted 64

Kopfii, (Dr.) Kaspar, German settler at High-
land, 111 67

Lac du Flambeau, Rice Lake region of 96

Lafayette, (Gen.) Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves
k^ Gilbert Motier 116

PAGE.

Lafayette, (Gen.) Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves
Gilbert Motier, Kaskaskia the most westerly
point visited by Lafayette in his visit to the
United States in 1825 no

Lake Michigan 15,53,90,91,92,96,103,109,126

Lake Superior 96,97

Lamar, Lucius Quintius Cincirmatus, member
of United States Congress, from Georgia 33

Lambkin, Jeptha, owner of a pottery in
Quincy, 111., in an early day 141

Land ceded by the Indians at the Treaty of
Prairie du Chien, 1829 101

Land ceded by the Indians at the Treaty at Chi-
cago, 1833 102

Land Office Hotel, Quincy, 111 165

Land Office, United States established in
Quincy, 111 154 , 155

Land Office, United States, Quincy, 111., list
of agents of 154

Langdon, James Juett, owner of the Whig and
Republican, newspaper at Quincy, 111 142

Langdon, Kate Lomse 142,151

Langdon, Kate Louise, Early Quincy, 1822-
1830 138,142

Lanky, , killed in Quincy, 111., by fall

from telephone pole 174

La Point in Lake Superior 96

Laporte, Indiana 125

Latrobe, Charles J., Account of the Indian
Treaty at Chicago, 1833 103,108

Latrobe, Charles J. , English traveler and
writer 102

Latrobe, Charles J., Governor of New South
Wales 102

Latrobe, Charles J., Washington Irving, trav-
eling companion of 102,103

Latrobe, Charles J., The Rambler in North
America, Vol. 2, quoted 103-108

Lawrence, (Judge) Charles B., Residence,
Quincy, III 164

Lawrence, George A 6

Lawrence, Kan., University of Kansas 15

Leech, Samuel, Agent United States Land
Office, Quincy, 111 154

Leech, Samuel, early citizen of Quincy, 111.
154,158,159

Leech, Samuel, member of New Board of
Trustees, Quincy, 111 158

Legislation, IllinoisBankers' Association secure
passage of bill for agricultural advisor or
county agents in each county 79

Legislation, Smith-Lever Bill 79

Lehigh Stoves , 144

LeRoy, (McLean County), 111 72

Letters— Godfrey, Benjamin, to Theron Bald-
win, dated Vaudalia, 1837, reference to 18

Letters — Sewall, (Mrs.) Catherine, extract from
a letter of, with an account of their journey
from Maine to Illinois 148-149

Letters— Stevenson, Adlai E., letter of the
members of the United States Senate to
on his retirement from office as President
of the Senate 37

Letters— Turner, (Mrs.) Asa, to her sister in
Hartford, Coim., dated, Quincy, 111., Dec. 9,

1830 143-144

Letters — Turner, Ebenezer, extract from a let-
ter from Quincy, 111., in 1835 to relatives in

Massachusetts 151

Letters — Turner, John, extract from a letter of

describing a trip from Maine to Illinois 149

Letters— Wolcott, Alexander, letter of, to
Governor Lewis Cass, dated January 1, 1821,

reference 93

Lever Bill, Illinois State Bankers' Association
bill for Federal Agricultural Demonstration
and State Agricultural Education, merged

into the Lever Bill 79

Leverett, Eben, grandson of Ebenezer Turner. 153

Leverett Family 149

Leverett, Mary, early settler of Quincy, 111 151

Leiwistown, 111 55 ,58

L ewiston J Maine, the city of cotton mills. . . 149

198

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Lexington, 111 72

Lillard, John T., member of the Bloomington

Bar 32

Lincoln, Abraham

....29,30,38,39,57,59,72,116,119,120,167,171,180
Lincoln, Abraliam, anecdote concerning the
gift of a pocket knife to S. S. Phelps of

Oquawka 59

Lincoln, Abraham, appears at Yellow Banks

with his company for the Black Hawk War . 57
Lincoln. Abraham, appoints Gen. James
Shields Major General, Civil War, fails of

confirmation in the Senate 120

Lincoln, Abraham, assassination of, reference . . 171
Lincoln, Abraham, defeated for the United

States Senate 119

Lincoln. Abraham, Henderson County, III.,
Lincoln's first appearance in, in the capacity

of a soldier 57

Lincoln, Abraham, Jesse W. Fell's friendship

for 72

Lincoln, Abraham, Lincoln-Douglas Debate in

Quincy, 1858 167,180

Lincoln, Abraham, Lincoln-Douglas Debate,

Quincy, 111., boulder marks site of 180

Lincoln, Abraham, Lincoln-Douglas Debate

semicentennial 38

Lincoln, Abraham, personal friend of S. S.

Phelps of Henderson County, 111 57-58

Lincoln, Abraham, Rathbone, Henry R.,
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, address
before the Illinois State Historical Society,

1915 16

Lincoln, Abraham, Shields, (Gen.) James, ten-
ders his services to President Lincoln at the

outbreak of the Civil War 120

Lincoln, Abraham, speech at Oquawka in 1858,

reference 59

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 30,38,167,180

Lincoln-Douglas Debate in Quincy in 1858,

reference 167 ,180

Lincoln-Douglas Debate, Quincy, 111., boulder

marks site of 180

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, semicentennial cel-
ebration of 38

Lincoln School, Quincy, 111 177

"LittleGiant,"StephenA.Douglasso called .. 30

" Little Turtle, " Chief of the Miamis 89,90

Livermore, Maine 151

Liverpool, England 100

Lockport, 111 133

Logan, (Dr.) John, member of the General

Assembly, 1836-1838, Vandalia, 111 116

Log Cabin, description of an early one in

Quincy, 111., built by Col. Peter Felt 142

Log Cabin of Lincoln, representation of used

in floats in Oquawka in 1858 -"jg

London, England 46 , 100 , 146

London, England, Lords Comrmssioners of.

Trades and Plantations 46

Longfellow, Henry W., "Hiawatha" quoted. 84
Long, Harriet BitUeston, early pioneer of Illi-
nois 152

Long, Jenny Bradbury, Quincy, The Making of

the City, 1830-1845 150-161

"Long Knives," Virginians so called 47

Lott, Peter, assists in work of writing history

of Quincy, 111 163

Lott, Peter, early settler of Quincy, 111 159,163

Louisiana State 34

Louisville, Ky 168

Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, monument at Alton,

111 184

footnote 184

Lover's Leap at Alton, 111 183

footnote 183

Lutheran Church — Evangelical Lutheran

Church, Quincy, 111., organized in 1837 171

Lutheran Memorial Church, Quincy, 111.. 161, 178
Lyford, (Mr.) Quoted on Cooking in the

Pioneer Days in Illinois 146

Lynn, J. T., of Detroit, Mich 177

P.\GE.

McAdam Road — Chambersburg, Pa., on the

Mc.Vdam Road 149

McCarty, Chevalier de, in command at Fort

Chartres 46

McClernand, (Gen.) John A 116,118

McClernand, (Gen.) John A., contestant for the
United States Senate from the State of Illi-
nois 118

Mackinac Island 90

Mackinack, Mich 96

McKinley, William, President of the United

States 35

McKinley, William B., head of the Syndicate,
Electric Light and Railways Company.. 176, 177

McLaughlin, Robert K 116

McLean Countv, 111., Bar Association, tribute

to Adiai E. Stevenson 32-33

McLean County, 111., Board of Supervisors,

tribute to Adlai E. Stevenson, refeience 40

McLean County, 111., Jesse W. Fell, Commis-
sioner of School Lands in McLean County,

111., 1834-35 , 72

McMillan, , Irish surgeon ta the French

Army and the Mexican .\rmy 117

McNeil, (Gen.) John, placed in charge of the

Union forces at Palmyra, Mo 169 ,173

"Mad Anthony Wayne," (General Anthony

Wayne) 89,90

"Mad Anthonv" (General Anthony Wayne)

" The Peace of Mad Anthony ". 89

Madison, N. Y 124

Mail brought into Quincy, 111., in 1835, by the

old fasliioned "Troy Coach Stage" 156

Maine State 35,144 ,148,149,151

Maine State, Livermore, Me 151

Mann, , early settler of the Calumet

District 127

Manning, W J 135

Manning, (Mrs.) W.J 135

Maps, Indian bark maps and drawings used

in Indian treaties 97

Marcelline, Adams County, 111 173

Marietta, Ohio 48

Marion County, 111 162

Marquette, (Father) Jacques, Journals of,

reference 116 , 138

Marsh, A. C, agent United States land oflice,

Quincy, 111 154

Mart, Michael, early tailor in Quincy, 111 141

Maryland State 149 , 161

Maryland State, Baltimore, Md 149

Masonic Temple, Quincv, 111 180

Massachusetts State... 124, 140, 148, 149, 151, 160, 169

Massachusetts State, Dedham, Mass 148,149

Mast, Michael, one of the trustees of the town of

Quincy 155

Matches, first invented in Vienna and the

south German states 142

Maumee River 47

Maumee Swamp 125

"Mayflower, The," ship of the Pilgrim Fathers.161
Maynooth College, The National College of
St. Patrick at Maynooth in County of Kildare
about twelve miles from Dublin founded in

the year 1795 115

Mazatlan, Mexico 115

Meachen, S., early settler of Quincy, 111 141

Medals, coat of arms of the United States,
engraved on medals given to the Indians

at Indian council 50

Medals, United States Government medals

given to the Indians 48-51,100

Medals— Indian Medals, The Story the Medals

Tell 48-51

Meese, William A 6

Menominee Indians 95 ,96 , 100

Mercantile Trust & Savings Bank, Quincy,

111 178

Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank of

Quincy, 111 172

Metamora, 111 29,30,31,32,38

199

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Metamora, 111., courthouse 38

Metea, Potfcawattomie Chief 92,93 ,94 ,95

Metea, Pottawattomie Indian Chief, speech of,

at Treaty of Chicago, August 29, 1S21 93-95

Methodist Church, Quincv, 111 171,172,178,179

Methodist Church (Colored), Quinc}% 111 172

Methodist Church, German, Methodist Church,

Quincy, 111 171 ,179

Methodist Church or Society, organized in

Quincy, 111. in 1833 171

Mexican War 117 ,122

Mexican War, Battle of Cerro Gordo... 117 ,118, 122

Mexican War, Battle of Contreras 121

Mexico..: 115,116,120

Mexico, (Gen.) James Shields, interested in

mining ventures in 120

Miami Indians 47,48,89

Miami Indian Village, near the present site of

Fort Wayne, Ind ^

Michigan City 125 ,126 ,128

Michigan State 90.92,103,125

Michigan State, Munroe, Mich 125

Mile Creek, Adams County, 111 140

Military Roads— hewing of the military roads

through the forest 89

Military Tract— State of Illinois, bounty lands

given to soldiers who served in the War of

1812 154

Miller, E. M., placed at head of Board of Fire

Engineers, Quincy, 111., 1865 170

Miller, Mrs. I. G 19

Minnesota State 120,122,168

Minnesota State, (Gen.) James Shields elected

to the United States Senate from 120

Mississippi River 46 ,47 ,54 ,

55,57,(50,61,67,90,95,96,98,101,102,103,109,
115,134,138,142,143,150,151,154,172,173,176,182
Mississippi River, bridge across river at Quincy,

111., completed in 1868 172

Mississippi River, "Father of Waters". 61, 116, 182
Mississippi River— Upper Mississippi River

Improvement Association 176

Mississippi Valley. .45,84,88,92,97,103,115,164,167
Mississippi Valley— Early Settlement of the

Mississippi Valley, lecture on, reference 164

Mississippi Valley, earthquakes in, in 1811 and

1858, reference 167

Mississippi Valley— Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe,

Travels in the Central Part of the Mississippi

Valley, quoted 92-93

Missouri River Valley 67

Missouri State 66,67,68,

69,90,109,113,115,120,122,151,157,158,162,167,168

footnote 113

Missouri State, Carroll County, Mo. : 120

Missouri State, Chariton County, Mo 115

Missouri State, Chillicothe, Mo 115

Missouri State, Duden, Gottfried, quoted on

the fertility of the soil in 67

Missouri State, Fort Leavenworth, Mo 109

Missouri State, German emigrants sutler from

fever in 66

Missouri State, Hickory Branch, Mo 115

Missouri State Legislature 120

Missouri State, Mormons driven from 158

Missouri State, slave state 157

Mitchell Family 149

Mitchell, Henrietta, (Gen.) James Shield's

poem dedicated to 123

Moberly, Mo 122

Moline, 111 6

Money, cut money early use of, in Quincy,

111- 145,146

Mongazid, of Fond du Lac, speech of, at Indian

treaty 97

Monmouth, III 55 ,58

Monongahela River 46

Monroe Dye Works, Quincy, 111 148

Monroe, William proprietor of the Quincy

Hotel in 1836 157

Monticello Seminary, Godfrey, 111 18

Moore, Ebenezer, early mayor of Quincy, 111.. 159

Moore, John, early resident of Quincy, 111 138

Moravian Missionary— John Heckwelder 48,51

PAGE.

Morehouse, (Miss) Frances — Jesse W. Fell,

paper read before the Illinois State Historical

Society, May, 1915 16 ,71-76

Morgan , of the Sac and Fox Indians.. 101

Morgan, (Maj. Gen.) James D., War of the

Rebe lion 156,168

Mormon Prophet — Joseph Smith, Mormon

Prophet, death of, July 27, 1844 161

Mormons 139,161

Morris, Buekner S., early lawyer of Chicago. .134
Morton, (Mrs.) C. H., presents gift from the

"Needle Pickets," Quincv, 111., to Cot.

Ulysses S. G rant 169

Morton, (Miss) Nancy, wife of Daniel Warren. . 124
Mosquitoes— Duden, Gottfried, quoted on the

mosquitoes in the United States 68

Mosquitoes— Koerner, Gustave, quoted on the

mosquitoes in the United States 68

Mount Pisgah Blufif, near Quincy. 111. . 138,139,158
Mumby, , proprietor of ''The Albion"

a resort in an early day near Quincy, 111 166

Munroe, Mich 125

Munroe, William See Monroe 157

Murphy, John, proprietor of the Saginaw

Hotel, Chicago, III 133

Murphy, (Mrs.) John 133

Murray Family, early settlers of Illinois 130

Murray, (Judge) R. N., of Naperville, 111 130

Murray, Ruth 136

Naper, (Capt.) Joseph, early settler of Illinois

128,129,130,131

Naperville, 111 129 , 130

Nauvoo, 111., Mormons in 158

Nawadaha, Indian singer, in the poem, "The

Vale of Tawasentha' 44

Nebraska State 118 , 167

Nebraska State — Kansas-Nebraska Bill 15,118

Needle Pickets, organization of women,

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion 169-170

Needle Pickets, Quincy, 111., gift of to Col.

U. S. Grant 169

Nelson, (Dr.) David, early instructor in

Quincy, 111 160

Nelson, (Dr.) David, institute of learning near

Quincy, 111 157 , 160 , 162

Nelson, (Dr.) David, preacher and teacher in

Palmyra, Mo., strong abolitionist 157

Newcomb Hotel, Quincy, 111 140 , 177

New England 142, 161

New France in America 46,47,48

New France in America, lost forever 47

New Orleans, La 66 ,80,114 , 161

New Salem, (Sangamon County), HI 55

New South Wales, Latrobe, Charles J., Gov-
ernor of New South Wales 102.

Newspapers, Breeders' Gazette, Chicago, 111.. 79
Newspaper, Edwardsville, 111., early news-
paper published in / 139

Newspapers, Illinois Bounty, Land Register

published at Quincy, 111 1.56

Newspapers, Peoria Herald, Peoria, 111 81

Newspapers, Prairie Farmer, January 15, 1912,

quoted 79

Newspapers, Quincy, 111., Herald 156,159,168

Newspapers, Quincy Herald, April 10, 1861,

quoted 168

Newspapers, Quincy Whig, Quincy, 111 156

Newspapers, Rock Island Union, Rock Island,

111 15

Newspapers, Sangamo Journal, 1834 55

Newspapers, Saturday Evening Post 81

Newspapers, Whig and Republican, Quincy,

111 142

New York City .58 , 135 , 149

New York City, "Black Friday" in, reference

to 135

New York State 124,127

New York State, Fredonia, N. Y 124,127

New York State, Madison, N. Y 124

New York State, Westfielcl, N. Y 124,125

Niagara, Fort, defeat of the French at 47

200

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Noll, Addie M., Quiucy After the War, 1865-

1880 173-175

Normal, 111 16 ,71 72,74

Normal 111., North Bloomington later called

Normal, p armed ia 1854 7 2

Norman's Kill, a small stream entering the

Hudson River 44

North America 64

North American Indian 84

Northern Cross R. R 157, 161

Northern Lakes 174

Northwestern University, I vanston. Ill 6

Northwest— Quaife, Milo Miltcn Chicago and

the Old Northwest, quotoi 86,109

Northwest Territory, St. Clii r ,'1ea.) Arthur,

Governor of 89

Norton, W. T 6

Nortwick, John Van, Sr 136

Ohio Company, Ger va' Putnam agont for 48

Ohio River 4f ,47.4'. :,r,tj, 88,89, l'!2, 149, 150, 167

Ohio State : ... .35 ,71 ,8$ ,9 1, 125 , 149 , 169

Ohio State, Colum. ii-; Ohio 149

OhioState, Sandnslcy, Ohio 125

Ohio State, Steubei'ville, Ohio 71

Ohio State. W ".ing, Ohio 149

OhicVa' 84,88,89

OjiV ■ 1., iniLS 84,89

''Oin flio ;jiv, '• Andrew Jackson so called 59

Old N orthwest 48,51 ,86

Old Nortl.w9~t— Q;:"ifo. Milo Milton, Chicago

and the *.) i Nortnw ...:., refereac ' 86

Old Peop'e s Home (German), Quiucy, III 179

Old Yellow Banks, addres? before the Illinois
State Historical Society, 1C15, bj Jr'nes

W.Gordop 15,54-62

Oneiia Indiuns 46

Ono'.' laga Indians 46

Onondaga, N. Y 45

Oquawka, 111 1.3,54. .55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62

Oquawka, III., county "eat of Henderson

County, attempts to remove 65

Oquawka, 111., county seat of two counties 5i

Oquawka, 111., Douglas, Stephen Arnold,

speech at, in 185S, reference 5S

Oquawka, 111., Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph, pur-
chases interest in th e town 5S

Oquawka, 111., early shipments of grain, flour,

lard, bulk pork, butter, hides, etc., from 58

Oquawka, 111., exports clearing tlirough in 1852 58
Oquawka, 111., imports, total imports in 1852.. 58
Oquawka, 111.— Lincoln, Abraham, speech at

Oquawka in 1S.")S, reference 59

Oquawka, HI., Murder Hoax, Story of, in

Oquawka 60-61

Oquawka, 111., town of, named anl platted in

1836 58

"Oquawkiek," Indian name for Yellow

Banks 55

Ore, Peter, earlv settler of Quincy, 111 141

Oregon State 135,150

Oregon Territory, (Gen.) James Shields, ap-
pointed Governor of, by President Polk 118

Osborne, Georgia L., Report, Genealogical

Committee, Illinois State Historical Society. 17
O'Shaughnessy, Francis, General James
Shields, of "Illinois, contribution to State

History 113-122

Oswego, N. Y 45

Ottawa, 111 53 ,132

Ottawa Indians

48,51,89,90,91,92,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102-109

O ttumwa, la 121

Ouilmette, Antoine 98,99, lOS

Ouilmette, Antoine and Family, beneficiaries

of the Indian Treaty at Chicago, 1833.... 99, 108
Ouilmette, Antoine, employed by the Ameri-
can Fur Company 98

Ouilmette, Antoine, Frenchman connected

with the early liistory of Chicago 98

Ouilmette, Antoine— Grover, Frank R., An-
toine Ouilmette, The First Settler of Evans-
ton and Wilmette 99

I'.\r,E.

Ouilmette, Antoine, AVilmette Village origi-
nates from the spelling of his name 98

Ouilmette, Archange and cliildren, land given
by the Treatv of Prairie du Chien, July 29,
1829 ." 99

Ouilmette, Archange, wife of Ouilmette 98,99

Ouilmette Reservation, land given to Archange
Ouilmette and her children by the Treaty of
Prairie du Chien, July 29, 1829 99

Pacific Ocean 135,151 ,174

Page, (Professor) EdwaxdC ....6,18

Paine Family, early setflers of Illinois 132

Palmer, John M., quoted on General James

Shields 121

Palmetto Regiment, South Carolina Regiment

in the War with Mexico 117,122

Palmetto Sword, sword given by South Car-
olina to General James Shields, reference to. 122

Palmyra, Mo 145,162,169,172

Palmyra, Mo., (Gen.) John McNeil, placed in

charge of the Union forces at Palmyra, Mo. . 169
Palmyra, Mo., War of the Rebellion, hot bed of

secession 169

Panama Canal 176

Paris, France 100,146

Pasfield, George, Jr 78

Patten. Hans, early settler of Quincy 111 143

Patterson, (Col.) J. B., Life of Black Hawk,

reference to 56

Pat' in John, early railway mail clerk of

Quincy, 111 173

Pavson, Adams County, 111 72,147

Peace of "Mad Anthony," by Frazer E.

Wilson, reference 90

Pease, (Capt.) Nathaniel, early settler of

Quincy, 111 154

Penn, William, Indian Treaty negotiated with,

reference 88

Pennsylvania State 30,71 ,125, 149

Pennsylvania State, Chambersburg, Pa 149

Pennsylvania State, Chester County, Pa 71

Pennsylvania State, Easton, Pa 149

Pennsylvania State, Harrisburg, Pa 149

Pennsylvania State, Philadelphia, Pa 72,166

Pennsylvania State, Pittsburg, Pa 170

Pennsvl vania State, Springfield, Pa 125

Peoria", III 58,81,82,135

Peoria, 111., Peoria Herald, newspaper, quoted. 81

Periclean Age 28

Perrin, J. Nick 18

Peters, Blanche, Class Poem, Alton, 111., High

School, 1912 182-185

Petersburg, 111 55 , 78

Pfeitier, Charles, donates building for German

Old People's Home, Quincy, 111 179

Phelps, Sumner S., earlv settler of Henderson

County, 111 ." 55 ,56 ,57 ,59 ,62

Phelps, Sumner S., Lincoln anecdote concern-
ing the gift of a pocket knife to S. S. Phelps. . 59
Phelps, Sumner S., named by the Indians

Hawkeye. 55

Phelps, Sumner S., personal friend of Abraham

Lincoln 57,58

Phelps, Sumner S., Saved the life of Tama (Fox

Chief) and his family 56-57

Phelps, Sumner S., (Gen.) Winfleld Scott com-
mends S. S, Phelps for his courage and

bravery in protecting Tama and his family

56-57

Phelps, William, early settler of Henderson

County, 111 55

Philadelphia, Pa 72,166

Phillips, E. J., assists in work of writing early

liistory of Quincy, 111 163

Phillips, E. J., earlv settler of Quincy, 111

' 146,159,163

Piankashaw Indians 89

Pike County, 111 140

Pitman, James M., one of the incorporators of

the Bridge Companv, Quincy, 111 172

Pittsburg, Pa 170

301

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Plains of Abraham, defeat of the French at 47

Polk, (President) James K., appoints Gen.
James Shields as Commissioner General of

the Land Office of the United States 117

Polk, (President) James K., appoints General
James Shields, Governor of Oregon Terri-
tory 118

Polk, James K., President of the United States

117,118,160

Polo, 111 6

Pomerov, C. M., President of the First National

Bank "of Qiiincy, 111 172

Pond, Thaddeus, early settler of Quincy, 111.. 141

Pontiac, 111 72

Pontiac, Ottawa Chief 42,51 ,115

Pontiac, Ottawa Chief, murdered near Caho-

kia 115

Pope, Alexander, extract from poem of 100

Porter, Joseph C., organizes company for Con-
federate service. War of the Rebellion 169

Porter, (Rev.) Jabez, early Presbyterian

preacher and teacher, Quincy, 111 140

Potomac River 167

„ ^^ . . ! Indians

Pottawatomie ,. 48,49,50,89,90,91,92.

Pottawattamie | 93,94 95,96,97,98,99,100-109
Pottawatomie Indians— Caldwell, Billy, made
Chief of the Pottawatomies at Treaty of

Prairie du Chien 99

Pottawatomie Indians, history of, since leaving

Illinois , 109

Pottawatomie Indians, language of, emphatic .105
Pottawatomie Indians— Metea, Pottawatomie

Chief 92-95

Pottawatomie Indians — Metea, Pottawatomie

Chief, speech of, at Treaty at Chicago 93-95

Pottawatomie Indians— Robinson, Alexander,
made Chief of the Pottawatomies at the

Treaty of Prairie du Chien 98-99

Prairie du Cliien, Indian Treaty at 88.95-102

Prairie du Cliien — Atwater, Caleb, Western
Antiquities and Remarks on a Tour to^

Prairie dU Chien in 1829, quoted 99-102

Prairie du Chien— Indian Treaty of Prairie du

Chien concluded, August 19, 1825 95-98

Prairie du Chien — Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe ,
Description of Treaty at Prairie du Chien,

August 19, 1825 95-97

Prairie du Chien, treaty with the Indians July

29, 1829 98-102

Prairie du Chien, treaty at July 29, 1829,

Atwater, Caleb, quoted 99-102

Prairie du Chien, Treaty of, July 29, 1829, lands

ceded by the Indians 98,99

Prairie Farmer, editorial reference to B. ,F.
Harris, President Illinois Bankers' Associa-
tion 79

Prairies of Illinois 67,72,89,100,

103,105,106,107,109,125,126,128,130,138,140,151
Preece, Ira. owner of a tannery in Quincy, 111.,

in an early day 141

Prentiss, (Capt.) Benj. W., War of the Rebellion. 168

Presbyterian Church 115 , 140, 143 , 174

Presbyterian Church, Quincy, 111 140,171.174

Presbyterian Church, Quincy, 111., organized

in 1839 171

Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Alle-
gheny, Pa • 30

Presquelsle 47

Prince, (Col.) Edw;ard, Colonel of the Seventh

Illinois Cavalry, War of the Rebellion 168

Progress of Civilization Since the Christian

Era, lectm-e on, reference to 163,164

Purple, (Judge) Norman H 58

Putnam, (Gen.) Rufus, agent for the Ohio Com-
pany 48

Putnam, (Gen.) Rufus, medals given at the
Indian Council by, explanation to the Indi-
ans as to the engravings on, etc 50-51

Putnam, (Gen.) Rufus, speech at the Indian
Council, presents white wampum belt of

peace 49-50

Pypegee, son of Black Hawk 51 ,52

Pyps, nephew of Black Hawk 51

PAGE.

Q. F.B., Quincy Freight Bureau 176

Quaife, Milo M. , Chicago and the Old North-
west, quoted 86,109

Quider, "Brother Quider," name given by the

Indians to Peter Schuyler 45

Quincy, 111 54 ,138-169

Quincv, 111-, Academy of Music, burned, 1879 . . 174
Quincy, 111., After the War, 1865-1880, by Addie

M. Noll 173-175

Quincy, 111., "Albion, (The)" a resort in an

early day near East Quincy 166

Quincv, 111-, Allen, L. B., early saddler in

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., amusements in, in an early day. .167
Quincy, 111., Anderson, Asher, early settler of

Quincy, 111 144 , 145 , 153

Quincy, 111^ Anderson, Asher, early store-
keeper in Quincy, 111 144 , 145

Quincy, 111., Anderson, J. H., early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Anna E. Brown, Home for the

Aged 179

Quincy, 111., armory, Illinois State, at Quincy,

111 180

Quincy, 111., Asbury, Henry, early settler of

Quincy, 111 159 , 161 , 163

Quincy, 111., Asbury, Henry, History of

Quincy, 111 159 , 161 ,163

Quincy, 111., Asiatic Cholera in, in 1849 164

Quincy, 111., Baldwin Park in 174

Quincy, 111., Bancroft, Adeha Ames, early

settler of 143

Quincy, 111., Bancroft, Amos, early settler of

Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111-, bank robbery in 1874 174

Quincy, 111-, banks 172,178

Quincy, 111., Baptist Church 171,172,178

Quincy, 111-, Baptist Church (First) organized

in 1835 171

Quincy, 111., Baptist Church, German Baptist,

organized in 1853 172

Quincy, 111., Baptist Church (Elm Street),

organized in 1865 172

Quincy, 111., beginning of telegraphy in 159

Quincy, 111., Blakesley, A. W., Superintendent

of Schools 170

Quincy, 111., Bluffs, (The), Quincy called

"The Bluffs" in an early day 140

Quincy, 111 , Blessing Hospital, incorporated

in 1873 178

Quincy, 111., Boulevard and Park Association. 175
Quincy, 111., Bradford, Emily M., Quincy

During the War 167-173

Quincy, 111., bridge across the Mississippi

River completed in 1S6H 172

Quincy, 111., Brown, Anna E., Anna E. Brown

Home for the Aged, Quincy, 111 179

Qiuncy, 111., Brown, Anna E., bequest to the

Quincy Hi;mane Society 179

Quincy, 111., Brown, J. W., early jeweler of 166

Quincy, 111., Brown, Nancy, early settler of

Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111., Brown, Rufus, early hotel keeper

of Quincy, 111 140,146,153,157

Quincy, 111., Browm, Rufus, early settler of

Quincy, 111 140,143 ,Mii , 1 J7 ,153,157

Quincy, 111., Brown's Hotel, early hotel in

140 146,147,153,157

Quincy, 111., Browning, Orville H., early law-
yer of Quincy, 111 155

Quincy, 111., Browning, Orville H., early settler

of Quincy, 111 155 ,163

Quincy, 111., Bull, Lorenzo, early settler of

Quincy, 111 159,160

Quincy, 111., busmess interest of, industries,

g{^Q ___ ., 174

Quincy, ilT."called''TheBVulis" in an early
day 140

Quincy, 111-, Camp Wood, War of the Rebel-
lion, location of 169

Quincy, 111., Gather House, Quincy, 111 166

Quincy, 111., Catholic Churches in

160,101,172,177,178

202

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., Catliolic Church, "The Church of
the Ascension of our Lord," name chanjted

to S t . Boni face 160 , 16 1

Quincv, III., Catholic Church, St. Boniface..

160, 161,172

Quincy, 111., Catholic Church, St. Francis 172

Quincv, 111., Catholic Church, St. John's 177

Quincy, 111., Catholic Church, St. Peter's. . .172,178
Quincv, Ill.,CatholicChurch, St. Rose of Lima. 178
Quincv, 111., census of 1825, 1830, 1835, 18-10,
1S45, 1850, 1855, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1S90, 1900..

161,162,174

Quincy, 111., Centre School 170

Quincy, 111., Chamber of Commerce 176

Quincv, 111., Chapman, George, early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., charitable institutions in 178-179

Quincy, 111., Cheerful Home, Quincy, 111.,

founded hv >liss Cornelia Collins in 1887 179

Quincv, 111.; cholera in, in 1S33 155

Quincy HI., cholera in, in 1849 164

Quincy, 111., Christian Church 171,178

Quincv, 111., Christian Church organized in

1850". 171

Quincv, 111., Christian Scientist Church, or-
ganized in 1891 177

Quincv, 111-, Churches

140,141,160,161,170-172,174,178

Quincy, 111., city hall destroyed by fire in 1867.174
Quincy, III., City Hotel (afterwards the Vir-
ginia) 166

Quincy, 111., Civic Improvement Association . . 176
Quincy, Ills., Clark Brazilli, first justice of the

peace in Quincy, 111 163

Quincy, 111., Commissioners laid out the town

and fixed county seat 140

Quincy, 111., Comstock & Co., merchants in

earlj' day in Quincy, 111 166

Quincy, III., Congregational Church (First),

1833 .140,141 ,160,170, 171 , 178

Quincy, 111., Congregational (First) Church,

knowTi as the Lord's Barn 141,160,170,171

Quincy, 111., Conyers, Enoch, early mayor of

Quincy, 111 .... .' 159

Quincy, 111., cost of living in, in 1835 148

Quincy, HI., costumes worn by the early set-
tlers of 145

Quincy, 111., courthouse, log one burned during

the winter of 1835-36 140,156, 157 ,166

Quincy, 111., Cox Home 179

Quincy, 111., Cox, John C, early settler of

Quincy, 111 163

Quincv, 111., Crank, Thomas, early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincv, 111.. ''Cut Monev," early use of, in

Quincy, HI '- -' 145 , 146

Quincv, 111., Davis, HopeL., Superintendent of

Schools from 1860 to 1864 170

Quincy, 111., Davis, Wm. L., early railway
mail clerk, originator of the railway mail

service 173

Quincy, 111., directory of 1857-S 166

Quincy, III., Dodd, Mike, eccentric character

in an early day in Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Dotv, Reuben, early settler of

Quincy, 111....: .'....141

Quincy, 111., Droulard, John, cabin and shoe-
maker shop in Quincy, 111., in an early day. . 141
Quincv, 111., Droulard", John, early settler of

Quincy, 111 138, 1-39, 140, 141

Quincy, 111., Duff, (Hedges & Duff), early mer-
chants in 166

Quincy, 111., early alderman of, salaries of 162

Quincy, 111., early business firms of, list 166

Quincy, 111., early hotels in

140,140,147,153,157,166

Quincy, 111., early names suggested for 164

Quincy, III., Early Quincy, 1822-1830, by Kate

Louisa Langdon 138-142

Quincy, 111., early settlers in, mostly from New
England States, Kentucky, Maryland and

Virginia 161

Quincy, ID., earthquake in, in 1858 166

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., education, English and German

Male and Female Seminary 166

Quincy, 111., education, first public school

building in 162

Quincy, 111., educational progress 162,177

Quincy, 111., Eldred, (Miss) Amiie M. Porter,

Quincy, 18S0-1913 175 , 181

QuincVj 111., Emery, Rev. Samuel, Pastor of
the First Congregational Church, Quincy, 111.

during the war 171

Quincv, 111., Empire Light & Power Co., in-
stituted in 1S95 177

Quincy, 111., English and German Male and

Female Seminary 166

Quincv, 111., Ensign, Justice, early hatter of

Quincy 111 141

Quincv, 111., numeration of houses in, begun

in 18".i7 166

Quincy, 111., Felt, Marv, earlv settler of Quincy,

HI ". ." 143

Quincy, 111., Felt, (Col.) Peter, earlv settler of

142,143

Quincy, 111., Fiftieth Illinois Volunteer Infan-
try, (nicknamed The Blind Half Hundred),

organized September 12, 1861 168

Quincy, 111., Fire Engineers, Board of, estab-
lished in 1865 170

Quincv, 111., fire of 1854 165

Quincy, 111., fire of 1856 166

Quincv, 111., fire of 1867, destrovs city hall 174

Quincy, 111., fire of 1874, 1879. 174

Quincy, 111., first church founded in, list of

members 143

Quincy, III., first city directory in 163

Quincv, 111., first cook stove invented in,

calle'd the ■' Prairie State" 146

Quincv, 111., first courthouse burned, 1835-36

....; 140,156,157,166

Quincv, 111., first hotel keeper in, Rufus Brown

140 , 146 , 1.53 , 157

Quincy, HI., first justice of the peace in, Bra-
zilli (Jlark 163

Quincy, 111., first marriage in, Amos Bancroft

andAdelia Ames 113

Quincy, 111., first National Bank 172

Quincy, 111., first public improvements in 158

Quincy, 111., first public school building in.. 162
Quincy, 111., first public schools established in. 159
Quincy, 111., first railroad meeting held in, in

January, 1849 164

Quincy, ill., first seal of, reference to 159

Quincy, 111., first steamboat hull constructed

in 1847 163

Quincv, 111., first steam ferryboat, bought by

Millard Keyes in 1S3.5 156

Quincy, 111., first steam fire engine in, 1866.. 173
Quincy, 111., first street railroad operated by _

horsepower in 1S67 173

Quincy, 111., Flood, William, early settler of

Quincy, 111 155

Quincy, 111., Foote, (Rev.) Horatio, early Con-
gregational minister in Quincy, 111 160,163

Quincy, 111., Franklin School 159,162,170

Quincy, 111., freight bureau, organized in 1897. . 176
Quincv, 111., Gardner, Robert, early settler of

Quincy, 111 153

Quincy, 111., Gas and Electric Company 177

Quincv, 111., Gas, Light & Coke Co., organized

in 1853 177

Quincy, 111., Gem City 164

Quincy, 111., Germaii Baptist Church organ-
ized in 1853 172

Quincy, 111., German M. E. Church 171 ,179

Quincy, 111., German M. E. Church founded in

1844 171

Quincy, 111., German immigrants land direct

from Germany to Quincy 161 , 167

Quincy, 111., German immigration to 161,167

Quincy, 111., Giddings, (Rev.) George, rector

of I he Episcopal Church, Quincy, 111 159

Quincy, 111., God's Barn, (The Lord's Barn)
the Congregational Church called in an early
day 141,160,170,171

203

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., "Good Samaritans," organization

of women. War of the Rebellion 170

Quincv, 111., Government Clothing Hall, War

of the Rebellion 170

Quincv, 111., Gravs, local military organization. 160

Quincv, 111., Greenleaf Foundry 170

Quincv, 111.. Harrison, W. P., early settler of

Quincv, 111 141

Quincv,"lll., Hasse Hotel 177

Quincy, III., Hedges & Duff, early merchants

in. . " 166

Quincy, 111., H-nderson, Daniel, early settler

of Quincv, 111 143

Quincv, 111"., Herald (newspaper).. 156.159,168

Quincy, Herald, Quincy, 111., issue April 10,

1861, quoted 168

Quincy, 111., High School. Quincy, 111 164

Quincy, 111., Historical Club or Society formed

in, in an earl v day 159. , 163

Quincv, 111., Historical Papers of 1912, Polly

Sumner Chapter, D.A.R 138-181

Quincy, 111., Historical Society organized 1896 .180
Quincy, 111., Historical Society, purchases the

G overnor Wood home 180

Quincv, 111., Holt, , early brick maker

in..". 153

Quincy, 111., Horse Railway & Carrying Com-
pany, created by Act of the Legislature,

February 11, 1865 176

Quincy, 111., hospitals and homes established

in 172

Quincy, 111., hotels, early 140,146,153,157

Quincv, 111., Housekeeping in Quincy in the

Thirties, by Helen C. Turner 142-149

Quincy, 111., Humane Society 179,180

Quincy, 111., Humane Society, Anna E.

Brown's bequest to 180

Quincy, 111., Hunter, (Rev.) Moses, presides

over the Institute of Learning in Quincy 162

Quincy, 111., Illinois and Broadway Bank 178

Quincy, 111., Illinois Bounty Land Register,

newspaper 156

Quincy, 111., important military point. War of

the Rebellion 167

Quincy, 111., imports into, from July 1831 to

July, 1832 156

Quincy, 111., institute of learning to educate

men and women for missionary service.. 157-158

Quincy, 111., Irish immigration 1836 to 1839 167

Quincy, 111., Irving School 170

Quincy, 111., Jackson School 170

Quincy, 111., Jansen & Smith, early furniture

dealers in 166

Quincy, 111., Jefferson School 159,166,170

Quincy, 111., Jerald Building destroyed by fire,

1867 174

Quincy ,111., Johnson, Andrew, early citizen of

Quincy, 111 159

Quincy, 111., Kendall's Hall, first public hall

built in Quincy, 111 164

Quincy, 111., Keyes, Willard, early settler of

Quincy, 111 139, 141^147, 148, 163, 164, 167

Quincy, 111., Kirkpatrich, WiUiam, early set-
tler of Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., labor unions 180

Quincy, 111., Lambkin, Jeptha, owner of a

pottery in an early day in Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., land office, estab ished in 1830,

154,155

Quincy, 111., Land Office Hotel 155

Quincy, 111., Langdon, Kate Louisa, Early

Quincy, 1822-30 138-142

Quincy, 111., Leech, Samuel, early citizen of

Quincy, HI 159

Quincy, 111., Leverett, Mary, early settler of

Quincy, 111 151

Quincy, 111., Library Association 163

Quincy, 111., Lincoln-Douglas Debate, boulder

marks site of 180

Quincv, 111., Lincoln-Douglas debates in, in

1858, reference 167

Quincy, 111., Lincoln School 177

Quincy, 111., local improvement in, beginning

with 1887 175

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., log cabin, description of an early

one built by Col. Peter Felt 142

Quincv, 111., Long, Jennie Bradbury, Quincy,

the Making of the City 1830-1845 150-161

Quincy, 111., Lott, Peter, assists in writing

early history of Quincy, 111 163

Quincy, 111., Lott, Peter, early settler of

Quincy, 111 159 , 163

Quincy, 111., Lutheran Churches in

161 ,171-172,178

Quincy, 111., Lutheran Memorial Church,

Quincy, 111 178

Quincy, 111., Lutheran St. John Church,

Quincy, 111 161

Quincy, 111., mail in an early day in 156,163

Quincy, 111., mail in an early day brought,
1835, by the old fashioned "Troy Coach"

stage 156

Quincy, 111., Making of a City 1830-1845, by

Jennie Bradbiu^y Long 150-161

Quincv, 111-, Mart, Michael, early tailor in

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Masonic Temple 180

Quincy, 111., Meachen, S., early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Mercantile Trust & Sa\ings

Bank 178

Quincv, 111., Merchants' and Farmers' National

Bank 172

Quincy, 111., Methodist Church 171 ,172,178

Quincy, 111., Methodist Church (colored) 172

Quincy, 111., military companies in, in 1854... 165
Quincy, 111., Miller, E. M-, placed at head of

Board of Fire Engineers, 1865 170

Quincy, 111., Miliar, (Weaver & Miller) early

business firm in 166

Quincy, 111., Monroe Dye Works 148

Quincy, 111 , Moore, Ebenezer, early mayor of

Quincy, 111 159

Quincy, 111., Mormons in 158

Quincy, 111., Mount Pisgah, high bluff near ...

138, 139, 158

Quincy, 111., named for John Quincy Adams

140,153

Quincy, 111., National Bank founded in 1887.. 178
Quincy, 111., "Needle Pickets," organization

of women in War of the Rebellion 169-170

Quincy, 111., Nelson, (Dr.) David, early in-
structor in Quincy, 111 160

Quincy, 111., Nelson, (Dr.) David, establishes

Institute of Learning in 162

Quincy, 111., Newcomb Hotel 140,177

Quincy, 111., Noll., Addie M., Quincy After the

War, 186.5-1880 173-175

Quincy, III., Non-Union sentiment in, during

the Civil War 168

Quincy, 111., Old People's Home (German).. .179
Quincy, 111., Ore, Peter, early settler of Quincy,

111 141

Quincy, IlL. Patten, Hans, early settler of

Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111., Patton, John, early railway mail ■

clerk 173

Quincy, 111., Pease, (Capt.) Nathaniel, early

settler of Quincy, 111 154

Quincy, 111., Phillips, E. J., early settler of

Quincy, 111 159

Quincy, 111., Police, no chief of police in Quincy

until 1867 170

Quincy, 111., Polly Sumner Chapter, D. A. R..138
Quincy, 111., Polly Sumner Chapter D. A. R-,

Historical Papers, 1912 138-181

Quincy, 111.. Pond, Thaddeus, early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., population of in 1825, 1830, 1835,
1840, 1850, 1855, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900..

161,162,174

Quincy, 111., Porter, (Rev.) Jabez, early teacher

and preacher in Quincy, 111 140

Quincy, 111., Preece, Ira. owner of a tannery in

Quincy, 111., in an early day 141

Quincy, 111., Presbyterian Church 140,171,174

Quincy, 111., prices of, home products and im-
ported goods in 1835 148

204

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Quiney, 111., public schools 159,170

Quincy, 111., public schools established in 159

Quiney, 111., Public Library 159 , 177

Quincy, 111., Public Library early formation of. 159
Quincy, 111., Quincv House (on site of Brown's

Hotel) built in 1836 157,165 160,177

Quincy, 111., railroad bridge commenced to

span the Mississippi Kiver, 1867 173

Qumcy, 111., Redmond, Thomas, mayor of 170

Quincy, 111., rendezvous of National Army,

War of the Rebellion 168

Quincy, 111^ Ricker, H. F. J., establishes private

bank in Quincy in 1860 172

Quincy, 111., Ridder, H. & Co., early business

firm in 166

Quincy, 111., Rogers, (Dr.) S. W., early settler

of Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Rogers, (Dr.) S. W., second doctor

in Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Rose, Jeremiah, early settler of

139 , 140

Quincy, HI., Rose (Mrs.) Jeremiah, early set-
tler of 139

Quincy, 111.. St. Aloysius Orphans' Home

Association 172

Quincy, 111., St. Boniface Catholic Church..

160, 161 ,172

Quincy, 111., St. Boniface, oldest Catnolic

Church in Quincy, 111 160,161

Quincy, 111., St. Francis Catholic Church 172

Quincy, 111., St. Jacobi Lutheran Church.. 171

Quincy, 111., St. John's Catholic Church 177

Quincy, 111., St. Mary's Hospital 172,178

Quincy, 111., St. Peter's Catholic Church 172

Quincy, 111., St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church,

Quincy, 111 178

Quincy, 111., St. Vincent's Home 179

Quincy, 111., Salem, Evangelical Church 171

Quincy, 111., Savings Bank of 1857, merged into

the First National Bank 172

Quincy, 111., seal, first seal of, reference 159

Quincy, 111., Sibley, Julia, Quincy Before the

Civil War 161-167

Quincy, 111 , Singleton, (Gen ), James, resident

of Quincy, 111 164

Quincy, 111., smallpox scare in, in 1858 166

Quincy, 111., Smith, Joseph, Mormon leader .

lived in for a short time 158

Quincy, 111., Snow, Henry H., early settler of

Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111., Snow, Lucy K., early settler of

Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111., Soldiers' Home in 180,181

Quincy, 111., State Fair held in, in 1868-9 174

Quincy, 111.. Steamboat Hotel in, early hotel.. 153
Quincy, 111., steamboats passing tlirough

Quincy in 1867 173

Quincy, 111., steamboats plying regularly be-
tween St. Louis and Quincy in 1854 165

Quincy, 111., Street Railway & Carrying Com-
pany 174

Quincy, 111., Thayer's distillery destroyed by

fire October 20, 1854 165

Quincy, 111., Thomas, James, early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Thompson, Houston, Electric

Light & Power Co 177

Quincy, 111., tliree commissioners laid out the

town and fixed the county seat 140

Quincy, 111.. Tillson, John, Jr., early settler of

Quincy, 111 163

Quincy, 111., Tillson, Robert, early settler of

Quincy, ill 138 , 141 , 153

Quincy, 111., town incorporated, list of first

trustees of 155

Quincy, 111., town laid out and county seat

selected, 1825 140

Quincy, 111., training school for nurses 178

Quincy, 111., Tremont Hotel, Quincy, 111.-166,177
Quincy, 111., Tryer, Asa, early settler of Quincy

139,150

Quincy, 111., Turner, (Rev.) Asa, early minister

in Quincv, 111 141,143,144,151,152,154,160

Quincy, 111., Turner, (Mrs.) Asa 143,151

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., Turner, (Mrs.) Asa, letter of, dated
Quincy, 111., December 9, 1830, to sister in
Hartford, Conn 143-144

Quincy, 111., Turner, Ebenezer, early settler of
Quincy, 111 144 ,147 ,151 , 153

Quincy, 111., Turner, Edward, son of Ebenezer
Turner 153

Quincy, 111., Turner, Helen C, Housekeeping
in Quincy in the Thirties 142-148

Quincy, 111., Turner, (Mrs.) Joseph, early settler
of 145

Quincy, 111., Turner, Nancy Ann, early settler
of Quincy, 111 151

Quincy, 111.. Turner, Polly Sumner, early set-
tler of Quincy, III 147 ,153

Quincy, 111., Turner, Rose Martha, early set-
tler of Quincy, 111 143

Quincy, 111., Union Bank of 172

Quincy, 111., Unitarian Church 170 171

Quincy, 111., Unitarian Church in, organized
in 1840 171

Quincy, 111., United Brethen Church 178

Quincy, 111., United States land ofKce, estab-
lished in 154 ,155

Quincy, 111., Virginia Hotel 166

Quincy, 111., Wade, W. H., early settler of
Quincy, 111 141

Quincy, 111., Waldhaus, George F., mayor of ..170

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, by Emily
M. Bradford 167-173

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, business in
Quincy prosperous during War of the Rebel-
lion 170

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, Blind Half
Hundred Regiment, 50th Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, nicknamed 168

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, 50th Illinois
Volunteer Infantry 168

Quincv, 111., War of the Rebellion, negro enlist-
ment 169

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, 137th Illi nois
Volunteer Infantry mustered in 169

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, Quincy an
important recruiting point 168

Quincy, 111., War of the Rebellion, 2,300 soldiers
furnished by 168

Quincy, 111., Washington Park 175,180

Quincy, 111., Weaver & Miller, early business
firm in 166

Quincy, 111., Webster School 164

Quincy, 111., Wells Home 179

Quincy, 111., Wheat, Sallie, early settler of
Quincy, 111 146

Quincy, 111., Whig and Republican, newspaper
in 142

Quincy, 111., Whipple, Daniel, early settler of
150,153

Quincy, 111., Whipple Family early settlers of.l50

Quincy, 111., AVhipple's Mill, early mill at
Quincy, 111 :.:." . 150,153

Quincy, 111., Williams^ CJ"W£?e) Archibald,
early citizen of Quincy, 111 :, 141 ,159

Quincy, 111., Williams, Archibald, first lawyer
in Quincy, HI 141

Quincy, 111., Wood, Camp Wood location of ..169

Quincy, 111., Wood, Daniel, son of Governor
Wood 138, 141

Quincy, 111., Wood, (Gov.) John, early settler

of Quincy, 111 138,139,140,141,145,147,

151,153,159,162,163,164,165,166,167,171,172,180

Quincy, 111., Wood, (Gov.) John, Colonel, 137tn
Illinois Volunteers 169

Quincy, 111., Wood, (Gov.) John, home of, now
the property of the Quincy Historical Society .180

Quincy, 111., Wood, (Gov.) John, mayor of
Quincy, 111 159

Quincy, III., Woodland Cemetery ...163,169

Quincy, 111., Woodland Cemetery, laid off in
1846 163

Quincy, 111., Woodland Orphan's Home, char-
itable institution 165 , 172, 179

Quincy, 111., Woodruff, I. O., mayor of, 1861.. 170

Quincy, 111., Woods, C. M. publishes the first
daily newspaper in Quincy, 111. . . ^ 164

205

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Quincy, 111., Young, Richard M., residence in
164, 166

Quincy, 111., Young Men's Business Associa-
tion. .' 176

Quincy, 111., Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion 180

Quincy, 111., Young Woman's Christian Associ-
ation 180

Railroads— Burlington & Quincy R. R 132

Railroads— Chicago, Burlington & Quincy

R. R 157,164

Railroads— Chicago, Northwestern R. R 134

Railroads— Haimibal & St. Joseph R. R . .172,173
Railroads— Mail clerks, early ones on the Han-
nibal & St. Joseph R. R 173

Railroads— Northern Cross R. R 157,161

Railroads— North Missouri R. R 122

Railroads— Santa Fe R. R 61

Railroads— Wabash R. R 122,157

Railway Mail Service, establishment of, on the

Haimibal & St. Joseph R. R 173

Rammelkamp, (Dr.) Charles H 6,18

Rathbone, Henry R., Assassination of Abra-
ham Lincoln, address before Illinois State

Historical Society, 1915 16

Read, (Judge) 32

Redman, (Capt.) Henry (?), an officer in the
War of 1812, first white settler in Henderson

County 55

Redmond, Thomas, early contractor in Quincy,

111 158

Redmond, Thomas, mayor of Quincy, 111 170

Redmond, Thomas, representative from
Adams County, procures reenactment of the
Act of incorporation for building bridge

across the Mississippi River 172

Reed, Thomas B., of Maine 35

Reminiscences of Yellow Banks, by James W.

G ordon 15 , 54-62

Report of a Journey to the Western States of
America and Sojourn in Missouri from 1824

to 1827, by Gottfried Duden 63

Republican Party 34,35,38,168

Revolutionary War 47 ,51

Reynolds, (Mrs.) 161

Rice Lake Region of Lac du Flambeau 96

Richardson, (Col . ) William A 156 , 168

Richardson, (Col.) William A., United States

Senator from Illinois 156

Richmond, (Judge) E ijah Dewey 32

Richmond, Va., War of the Rebellion, fall of

Richmond 169

Rickor, H. F. J., establishes private bank in

Quincy in 1860 172

Ridder, H. & Co. , early business firm in

Quincy, 111 166

Rio Grande River 117

Roads— "Indian ^oundarj Road," Chicago
City Council jhange name to "Rogers Av-
enue" 91-92

Roads — Military Roads, hewing of tlu-ough the

forests 89

Robbins Family 142

Robbins, John P 142

Robinson, Alexander, beneficiary of the Indian

Treaty at Chicago, 1833 108

Robinson, Alexander, made Indian Chief of the
Pottawattomies at Treaty of Prairie du

Cliien 98-99

Rockford, 111 136

Rock Island, HI 54, 101 , 138

Rock Island, 111., Old Confederate Prison at
Rock Island, HI., address before Illinois
State Historical Society, 1915, by Sherman

W. Searle 15

Rock River 56,57,98,132

Rock River Country 56,57

"Rogers Avenue," Chicago, formerly called

"Indian Boundary Road" 92

Rogers, Hiram, agent United States land office,
Quincy, III 154

PAGE.

Rogers, (Dr.) Samuel AV., early settler of

Quincy, 111 141

Rogers, (Dr.) Samuel W., one of the trustees

of the town of Quincy 155

Rogers, (Dr.) Samuel W., second doctor in

Quincy, 111 141

Roman Helmet, reference to : 97

Roosevelt, Theodore, Winning of the West,

Vol. 5, reference 90

Rose, , muider of, in Quincy in 1865. . . 173

Rose, Jeremiah, early settler of Quincy, 111.139,140
Rose, (Mrs.) Jeremiah, early settler of Quincy,

111 139

Russel, Andrew ..6,18

Sauk /Indians 55,90,91,95,96,100,101

Sac Indians, Indian Treaty of 1804 with the

Sacs and Foxes 90-91

Sage, , early sweetheart of Philinda

Warren 132

Saginaw Hotel (Sauganash?), Chicago 133

St. Aloysius Orphan Home Association,

Quincy, 111 172

St. Boniface, oldest Catholic Church in Quincy,

111 160 , 161 , 172

St. Clair, (Gen.) Arthur, Governor of theNorth-

west Territory 48 , 89

St. Croix River ■ 96

St. Francis— Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis,

in charge of St. Mary's Hospital, Quincy,

111 178

St. Francis Catholic Church, Quincy, 111 172

St. Jacobi Lutheran Church, Quincy, 111 171

St. John's Parish, Catholic Church, Quincy,

111., organized in 1837 171

St. Louis, Mo 66,67,90,91,97,

115,140,141,147,150,153,157,163,164,165,168,176
St. Louis, Mo., German emigrants came to St.

Louis before deciding where to settle 66

St. Louis, Mo., Indian Treaty of August 24,

1816 91-92

St. Louis, Mo., Indian Treaty of August 24,

1816, land ceded by the Indians 91

St. Mary's, Indians sell land to the United

States Government at 94

St. Mary's Hospital, Quincy, II 172,178

St. Peters Catholic Church, Quincy, 111 172

St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church, Quincy,

111 178

St. Vincent's Home, Quincj^ 111 179

Salem Evangelical Church, Quincy, 111 171

Sandusky, Ohio 125

Sangamo Joiunal, 1834, advertisement in, of a

Stage line from Springfield to Yellow Banks. 55

Sangamon County, 111 125 , 128

Sangamontown, Sangamon County, 111 55

Santa Anna, (Gen.) Antonio Lopez de, Mexican

general, War with Mexico 117

Saracen in Spain, (The), lecture on, reference. . 164

Saturday Evening Post, quoted 81

Sauganash Hotel, Chicago 127

Sauks and the Black Hawk War, by Perry A.

Armstrong 91

footnote 91

Sault Ste. Marie 95 ,96

Sault Ste. Marie, Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe,

Indian agent at 95

Schirding, Harry 78

Schmidt, (Dr.) Otto L., President Illinois State

Historical Society 6 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe— Account of the In-
dian Treaty at Prairie du Chien, August 19,

1825 95-97

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Indian agent at the

Sault 95

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Tales and Legends,

reference 84

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Thirty Years with

the Indian Tribes, quoted 95

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Travels in the Cen-
tral Partof the Mississippi Valley quoted.. 92-93

206

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Schuyler, Peter, called "Brother Qiiider" by
the Indians 45

Schuyler, .Peter, Commissioner of Indian
Affairs 4.'i

Scotch-Irish Race 24,25

Scotland 115

Scott, Rufus,' connected with the story of the
murder hoax at Oqiiawka, 111 60-fil

Scott. (Gen.) Winfleld, contjratnlates S. S.
Pholps on his bravery in .>;avinR Tama and
family and averting an Indian massacre. .. 57

Scott, (Gen.) Winfleld, la the War with Mex-
ico 117

Scott, (Gen.) Winfleld. Semmes, Campaign of
General Scott in the War with Mexico,
quoted 121

Searle, Sherman W., The Old Confederate
Prison at Rock Island, 111 15

Selby, Paul 59

Seminole War 117

Semmes, Raphael, Campaign of General Scott
in the War with Mexico, published, 1S52,
quoted 121

Seneca Indians 46

Sewall, (.Mrs.) Catherine, extract from a letter
of, on her trip from Maine to Illinois 148-149

Shabbona

Shab-eh-nay '■ Chief of the Ottawas, the white

Shabona I man's friend 15,51,53,99

Shabbona \

Shab-eh-nay !• Shabona's Ride 51-53

Shabona J

Shawaneel ^ ,. .„ „. .,

Shawanoe / Indians 48,89,91

Shelby County, 111 57

Sherman, Lawrence Y i 6

Shields, Catherine, mother of Gen. James

Shields 114

Shields, Charles, father of Gen. James Shields. 114
Shields, James, (First), uncle of Gen. James

Shields 114

Shields, James, born May 9, 1806, in the village

of Altmore County, Tyrone, Ireland, died

at Ottumwa, la., Jime 1, 1879 113-122

Shields, (Gen.) James, appointed by President

Lincoln, Major General in the Civil War,

but appointment failed of confirmation in the

United States Senate 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, appointed by President

Polk as Commissioner General of the Land

Office of the United States 117

Shields, (Gen.) James, appointed Governor of

Oregon Territory by President Polk 118

Shields, (Gen.) James, appointed to fill out

term of Stephen A. Douglas on the bench of

the Supreme Court, State of Illinois 117

Shields, (Gen.) James, Auditor of the State of

Illinois, 1838 117 ,118

Shields, (Gen.) James, Brigadier General of

Volunteers in the War with Mexico 117

Shields, (Gen.) James, Brigadier General in the

Civil War 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, Canadian War Song by,

reference 123

Shields, (Gen.) James, candidate for the United

States Senate, Lyman Trumbull elected 119

Shields, (Gen.) James, elected to the United

States Senate from Minnesota 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, extract from speech on

slavery 119

Shields, (Gen.) James, Illinois presents sword

to 118

Shields, (Gen.) James, interested in mining

k venture in Mexico 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, Irish Song, written by. . 123
Shields, (Gen.) James, magnanimity of. Battle

of Contreras, War with Mexico cited 121

Shields, (Gen.) James, member of the law firm

of Snyder, Shields & Koerner, Belleville,

111 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, monument to, at Car-

rollton, Mo., dedication of 113

footnote 113

P.^GE.

Shields, (Gen.) James— O'Shaughnessy. Fran-
cis, General James Shields of Illinois, con-
tribution to State History 113-122

Shields, (Gen.) James, Palmer, Jvhn M.,

quoted on 121

Shields, (Gen.) James, poet— Poem, "To Hen-
rietta Mitchell, " Washington City 123

Shields, (Gaii.) James, quoted on Stonewall

Jackson 121

Shields, (Gen.) James, seriously wounded at

the Battle of Cerro Gordo, War with Mexico. 117
Shields, (Gen.) James, shipwrecked on his way

to America 115

Shields, (Gen.) James, South Carolina presents

General Shields with a jewel hilted sword.. 117
Shields,(Gen.) James, statue of, in the rotunda

of the Capitol at Washington 121 , 122

Shields, (Gen.) James, swords given to Gen.
Shields by South Carolina and Illinois...

117,118,122

Shields, (Gen.) James, United States Senator

from Illinois 118

Shields, (Gen.) James, United States Senator

from Mimiesota 120

Shields, (Gen.) James, United States Senator

from Missouri 120

Shiloh^ Battle of, War of the Rebellion 168

Skinner, (Judge) Onias C 139

Skinner, (Mrs.) Onias C, of Quincy, 111 139

Sibley, Julia, Quincy Before the War, 1845-

1860 : 161-167

Sibley, (Mrs.) -, grandfather of, early

merchant in Cahokia 154

Sibley, Solomon, of Michigan, Indian Treaty

of August 29, 1821, negotiated by 92

Silver Covenant Chain 43-48

Simpson, Jonathan, lawyer, connected with the

murder hoax at Oquawka, 111 60

Sing Sing, (N. Y.) 149

Singleton, (Gen.) James W., resident of Quincy,

111 164

Sioux Indians 95,97

Sisters — Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ,

found St. Vincent's Home, Quincy, 111 179

Slavery 28,69,118,119,141,157,158,161,162,164

Slavery — American Slavery, Our Duties and

Obligations in Reference to, lecture on 164

Slavery— Anderson, James, manumission of

slaves by 141

Slavery — Duden justifies slavery to his coun-
trymen 69

Slavery, Germans opposed to 69

Slavery — Illinois politics torn apart on the

issues of slavery H9

Slavery, Shields, (Gen.) James, extract from

a speech on 119

Slavery — Stern, John S., manumission of slaves

l,y... 141

Slavery — Underground railroad 162

Smith, George W 6

Smith, Joseph, Mormon Prophet 158,161

Smith, Joseph, Mormon Prophet, death of,

July 27, 1844, reference 161

Smith-Lever Bill 79

Smith, (Gen.) Persifer F., at the Battle of

Contreras, War with Mexico 121

Snow, Henry H., early settler of Quincy, HI.

141,143,144

Snow, Lucy K., early settler of Quincy, 111... 143

Snyder, Adam W 120, 123

Snyder, Adam W., died on the eve of an elec-
tion which would have made him Governor

of Illinois 120

Snyder, Adam W., member of the law firm of
Snyder, Shields & Koerner, of Belleville,

Hi:.... 120

Snyder, Shields & Koerner, law firm of Belle-
ville, 111 120

Soldiers' Home in Quincy, 111 180, 181

Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Bloomington, 111.. 74
"Something of Men I have Known," by Adlai

E. Stevenson, reference 29 ,39

South Carolina, Charleston, S. C 114

207

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

South Carolina, Palmetto Regiment of, in the
War with Mexico 117

South Carolina, Shields, (Gen.) James, pre-
sented a jeweled sword by 117

South German states 142

Spain, court of, Gustave Koerner, minister to
the Court of Spain 121

Spain— The Saracen in Spain, lecture on,
reference 164

Sprigg Farm, near Quincv, 111 157

Springfield, III 6,1;-), 55, 71, 78, SI, 149, 151 154

Springfield, 111., stage line from Springfield
to Yellow Banks, advertisement of, in San-
gamo Journal, 1S34 55

Springfield, 111., Stuart, John T., leading lawyer
of Springfield, 111 71 ,75

Springfield, 111., United States land office in. . 154

Springfield, Pa 125

Stage line from Chicago to Yellow Banks, refer-
ence 56

Stage line from Springfield to Yellow Banks,
advertisement of, in Sangamo Journal, 1834. . 55

Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War under
President Lincoln 120

Starkey, A. W., first principal of the Quincy
High School 170

Star Spangled Banner, (song) 168

Steamboat Hotel, early hotel in Quincy, 111.. 153

Steamboats passing ihrough Quincy in 1867 . . 173

Sterling, 111 134

Sterne, John M., early settler of Adams County,
III 154

Stern, John S., manumission of slaves by 141

Steubenville, Ohio 71

Stevens, Frank E., Black Hawk War 91

footnote 91

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing— Cook, John W., Life
and Labors of Hon. Adlai Ewing Stevenson
16 .23-41

Stevenson, Adlai E., appointed on the Bimetal-
lic Commission to Europe by President
McKinley 35,37

Stevenson, Adlai E., attitude of, in the Hayes-
Tilden contest for President of the United

States 34-35

'Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, biographical sketch
24-25

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, Bloomington Bar
Association, tribute to, reference to 40

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, Chicago City Council
Tribute to Adlai E . Stevenson 40

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, death of, June 14, 1914 40

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, Knott, (Hon.) Proc-
tor, Tribute to Adlai E . Stevenson 40

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, legal career of 30-32

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, letter from members
of the United States Senate on his retiring
from office as President of the Senate 37

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, life in Metamora, 111.
29-31

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, member of Congress
34,35

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, McLean County Bar
Association, tribute to 32-33

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, McLean County
Board of Supervisors, tribute to, reference to 40

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, member United
States House of Representatives 33

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, nominated for the
Vice Presidency on the ticket with William
J. Bryan 38

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, orator at Blooming-
ton on the one hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Lincoln 39

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, orator at the celebra-
tion of the historic Lincoln and Douglas
Debates, semicentennial celebration 38

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, Postmaster General
under Grover Cleveland 35,36

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, "Something of Men
I have Known, " 29 ,39

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, United States House
of Representatives, tribute to 40

PAGE.

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, Vice President of the

United States, Cleveland administration.. 36, 37
Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, White, An<lrew D.,

quoted on 40

Stevenson, (Mrs.) Adlai Ewing 30,31,38,39,40

Stevenson, (Mrs.) Adlai Ewing, Bloomington
Chapter, D. A. R., Letitia Green Chapter

named for Mrs. Stevenson 39-40

Stevenson, (Mrs.) Adlai Ewing, death of, in

Bloomington^ 111., December 25, 1913 39

Stevenson, (Miss) Letitia, daughter of Adlai

E. Stevenson 40

Stevenson, Letitia Green. See Stevenson,

Mrs. Adlai E.
Stevenson, Lewis Green— son of Adlai E.

Stevenson 40

Stewart, (Judge) J. H., of Oquawka, 111 59

Stony Point, British fort at 89

Story of the Banker-Farmer Movement Orig-
inating with the Illinois Bankers' Associa-
tion, address by B. F. Harris, meeting Illinois

State Historical Societv, 1915 77-83

Stout Family ." 125

Streeter, Edwin 150

Stronghurst, Henderson County, 111., attempt
to remove county seat of Henderson County

to 61

Stuart, John T., leading lawyer of Springfield,

111 71,75

Sullivan, H. V., United States agent, land

office, Quincy, 111 154

Sumner, Polly — Polly Sumner Chapter, D. A.

R., Quincy, 111 138,147

Sumner, Polly, wife of Ebenezer Turner

147,151,153

Supreme Court, State of Illinois 163

Swarthout, (Lieut. Col.) William 168

Sweet, , brother-in-law of Capt. Joseph

Naper 128,131

Swett, Leonard 29

Switzerland 64

Swords given to General James Shields by
South Carolina and Illinois 117,118,122

T
Talbot, (Mrs.) , daughter of Louise

Bird Warren 132

Tama, Sac and Fox Chief 56,57

Tama, Sac and Fox Chief, incident in connec-
tion with saving the life of Tama and his

family by Sumner S. Phelps 56-57

Tarbell, Ida M., Life of Lincoln, extract from,

on the Black Hawk War 57

Taylor, (Gen.) Zachary, in War with Mexico. 117
Tawasentha, Vale of, meeting place of the

Indians 44,45

Tawasentha, Vale of, extract from poem 44

Tawassgunshee, eminence on the bank of a

small stream entering into the Hudson

River 44

Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief.... 47,91

Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief, speeches of, best

examples of Indian oratory 91

Texas State, annexation of, reference to 117

Thames, Battle of. War of 1812 91

Thayer's Distillery, Quincy, 111., destroyed by

fire, October 20, 1854 165

Thomas, James, early settler of Quincy, 111 141

Thomas, (Judge) Jesse B., one of the early

judges, State of Illinois 58

Thomas, Samuel, one of the incorporators of the

Bridge Company at Quincy, 111 172

Thompson, Houston, Electric Light & Power

Co., Quincv, 111 177

Thresher, Mrs., of Quincy, 111 148

Tice, Homer J., Tice Road Act, reference to . . 81
Tilden, Samuel J., defeat of for President of

the United States 34

Tillson & Holmes, early mercantile firm of

Quincy, 111 141

Tillson, John, early settler of Quincy, 111 163

Tillson, Robert, early settler of Quincy, 111..

138,141,153,158

208

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Tippecanoe, Battle of, ^Var of 1812 91

•'Tippecanoe and Tvler Too," Presidential
campaign, 1840 159 , 160

Tipton, Thomas F., defeated for Congress by
Adlai E. Stevenson 35

Towanda, 111 72

Townsend, (Mayor), error, should be Major
Townsend 176

Townsend, (Major) Curtis McDonald, in
charge of the Government work. Upper
Mississippi River Improvement Association. 176

Tracy ct Reny, proprietors of a stage line be-
tween Springfield and Yellow Banks, 111.,
advertisement in Sangamo Journal, 1834. . . 55

Travels in the Central Part of the Mississippi
Valley, by Henry R. Schoolcraft, quoted.. 92, 93

Treaty of Peace with Great Britain September
3, 1783, reference to 88

Treaty of Greenville, 1795 88-90

Treaty of Greenville, first words of the pream-
ble, unlike similar recitals 89

Treaty of Greenville, 1795, Indian boundary
fixed by 89

Treaty of Greenville, negotiations proceeded
daily from July 15, to August 3, 1795 90

Treaty of Greenville, one historian has called,
"The Peace of Mad Anthony " 89

Treaty of 1S04 with the Sacs and Foxes.90-91

Treaty of August 24, 1816, at St. Louis 91-92

Treaty of .Vugust 29, 1821, at Chicago 92-95

Treaty of Prairie du Chien, concluded August
19, 1S25, preamble of '. 95

Treaty of Prairie du Chien, July 29, 1S29. . .98-102

Treaty of Prairie du Chien, July 29, 1.S29, lands
ceded by the Indians 99

Treaty at Chicago with the Pottawatomies,
Chippewas and Ottawas, concluded Septem-
ber 26, 1S33 102-109

Tree planting essential part of town planning
with Jesse W. Fell 72

Tremont Hotel, Qnincy, 111 166,177

' ' Troy Coach Stage ' ' mail brought into Quincy,
111., in 1S35 in 156

Trumbull, Lyman 119 , 121

Trumbull, Lvman, elected to the United
States Sena'te 119

Tscharner Brothers from Chur, Switzerland,
quoted on the fertility of the soil in the United
States 67

Turner, (Rev.) Asa, earlv minister of Quincy,
111 141,143,144,151,152,154,160

Turner (Rev.) Asa, home missionary from
Massachusetts arrives in Quincy, 111 143,160

Turner, (Mrs.) Asa 143,144,151

Turner, (Mrs.) -\sa, letter of, to her sister dated
Quincy, 111., December 9, 1830 143-144

Turner, (Mrs.) A. W., of Quincy, 111 181

Turner, Ebenezer, early settler of Quincy, 111.
144,147 151,153

Turner, Ebenezer, extract of a letter of, written
from Quincy, 111., 1S35 to relatives in Massa-
chusetts 151

Turner, Edward, son of Ebenezer Turner,
earlv settler of Quincv, 111 153

Turner, (Mrs.) Helen C." 142,148,152

Turner, Helen C, Housekeeping in Quincy in
the Tliirties 142-148

Turner, John, extract of a letter describing
journey from Maine to Illinois 149

Turner^ (Mrs.) Joseph, early settler of Quincy,
111 145

Turner, Martha, wife of Rev. Asa Turner, early
settler of Quincy, 111 143 , 151

Turner, Nancy Ann, early settler of Quincy,
111 151

Turner, Polly Sumner, (wife of Ebenezer
Turner) early settler of Quincy, 111. . 147,151, 153

Tyler, John, President of the United States. . .160

Tyrer, Asa, earlv settler of Quincv, 111 139,150

Tyrone County, Ireland 114

Ulster County, Ireland 25

PAGE.

Underground Railroad, Quincy, 111., connected

with the freeing of slaves 162

Union Bank of Quincy 172

Unitarian Church, Quincy. Ill 170,171,178

Unitarian Church, Quincy, 111., organization

in 1840 171

United Brethen Church, Quincv, 111 178

United States 36, 49, 50, 51, 85, 89 "90, 91, 92,95 ,97,

101 103,106,116,117,118,120,122,162,174,175,177
United States, coat of arms of the United States
on medal presented to Indians at Indian

Council 50

United States Commissioners, at treaties with
the Indians.. 85, 86, 87, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108

United States Congress

24,26,33,34,35,37,79,118,120,121,154,175

United States Congress donates land to soldiers

for services in the War of 1812. . .' 154

United States buys swords of General Shields. .118

United States Flag 160

United States, German Element in the United

States by Gustave Koemer, quoted 64,65

United States Investor, quoted on the Illinois

Bankers' Association 81-82

United States, Lafayette, Marquis de, visit to

the United States in 1825 116

United States land office established in Quincy,

111., in 1830 154 , 155

United States, medals given to the Indians

.50,100,101

United States, Shields, (Gen.) James, ap-
pointed by President Polk Commissioner
General of the Land Office of the United

States 117

United States, Supreme Court 122

University of Illinois 6, 15,63

Urbana, 111 6

Ursa, Adams County, 111 155

Van Curler or \ „ , ,^ , • „ i

Van Corlear f Governor Arendt, born in Hol-
land about 1600, drowned in
Lake Champlain, October,

1667 45

Van Curler, Governor Arendt, called by the

Indians "Father Colaer" 45

Vandalia, 111 18 , 116

Vandaiia, Capital of Illinois 116

Van der Bogart, (Dr.; Henry, early school

teacher of Chicago ". 133

Vandervogart, error, should be Van der Bogart.

Van Nortwick, John, Sr 136

Vassar Collegp, Poughkeepsie, N. Y 139

Vera Cruz, Me.xico 117

Vermilion River 50

Vermont Greys, Canadian Ponies 125,126

Vermont State 125, 139

Vienna, Austria 142,146

Vincennes, Ind 49,50,51,91

Vincennes, Ind., Indian conference at 49,50,51

Virginia Hotel, Quincy, 111 166

Virginia State 161

Volney, C. F., quoted on the temperature at

Kaskaskia in the summer 65

Wabash R. R 122.157

Wabash River 47,49 ,93

Wade, W. H., early settler of Quincy, 111 141

Waldhaus, George F., mayor of Quincy, 111-,

elected in 1865 170

Walker, (Mrs.) Shell, daughter of Mrs. A. C.

Carpenter 133

Wampum belts of peace, given to the Indians

by General Putnam 49

Wanita, Yankton Indian Chief 96

Wapelo )

Wapello f Sac and Fox Indian Chief 97

Waupellow ;

War of the Revolution. .31, 47,51, 84, 89, 90, 113, 114

War of 1812 55 ,91 ,99 , 114 , 154

War of 1812, bounty lands for services in,

reference to 154

209

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

War with Mexico 117 , 118,121

War with Mexico, Battle of Cerro Gordo

117,118,122

War with Mexico, Battle of Contreras 121

War with Mexico, Palmetto Regiment of South
Carolina, in the War with Mexico 117

War with Mexico, Scott, (G n.) Winfleld, in
War with Mexico 117

War with Mexico, Shields, (Gen.) James, Brig-
adier General of volunteers in 117

War with Mexico, Taylor, (Gen.) Zachary, in
War with Mexico 117

War of the Rebellion

15,59,60,118,119,120,121,122,108,169,170

War of the Rebellion, Adams County, 111.,
"Copper Head" sentiment in 169

War of the Rebellion, Battle of Winchester. 120 , 122

War of the Rebellion, Camp Wood, Quincy,
111 169

War of the Rebellion, -'Good Samaritans"
organization of women, Quincy, 111., War of
the Rebellion 170

War of the Rebellion, Henderson County,
loyalty of in War of the Rebellion 59,60

War of the Rebellion, Johnson, (Dr.) Charles B.
Illinois in the Civil War, address before the
Illinois State Historical Society, 1915 15

War of the Rebellion— Illinois, Seventh Illi-
nois Cavalry 168

War of the Rebellion— Illinois, 50th Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, organized at Quincy,
111., September 12, 1861 168

War of the Rebellion— Illinois, 63d Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry 168

War of the Rebellion— Illinois, 137th Illinois
Volunteer Infantry , ... 169

War of the Rebellion — Iowa, Seventh Iowa In-
fantry 168

War of the Rebellion, Kentucky Brigade, Col.
W. A. Richardson, tendered command of.. .168

War of the R bellion, "Needle Pickets," or-
ganization of women at Quincy, 111 169,170

War of the Rebellion, Palmyra, (Mo.,) hotbed
of secession 169

War of the Rebellion, Richmond, (Va.), fall
of Richmond 169

War of the Rebellion, Quincy, Hh, furnished
2,300 soldiers during 168

War of the Rebellion, Quincy, 111., important
military point in the State 167

War of the Rebellion, Quincy, 111., important
recruiting point 168

War of the Rebellion, Quincy, 111., National
Army made its rendezvous in 168

War of the Rebellion, Quincy, 111., negro enlist-
ment in 169

Warfield, Pa.( ?) 125

Warren County, 111., Henderson County part
of 58

Warren,

AVarren,

Warren,

Warren,
111....

Mrs. Daniel ^ 127

Harriet 124

Harriet N 131,133,135

Jane 124 , 135

Jane, wife of W. B. Curtis 135

Julius 124,133

Louise 124,132,133

Louise Bird 132, 133

Maria 124,134

Maria, wife of S. B. Cobb 134

Mary 124,134,135

Mary, wife of Jerome Beeper 134,135

Philinda 124

Sally 124 , 133

Sally, early school teacher of Chicago,

133

Warren, Sally, wife of A. C. Carpenter 133

Warren, Silas, second husband of Louisa Bird . 132
Warrens of Warrenville, Dodson, Harriet N.,

The Warrens of Warrenville 124-137

Warrenville, 111 135, 136

Warrenville, 111., description of an early mar-
riage in 136

PAGE.

Warrenville, 111., Ladies seminary in 135

Washington, D. C

37, 49, 79, 103, 107, 122, 123, 143, 168

Washington, (Gen.) George 50,89

Washington Park, Quincy, 111 175,180

Watson Spring, near Quincy, 111 139

Wabaunsee, Pottawatomie Indian Chief 132

Wayne, (Gen.) xVnthony, Harrison, William

Henry, aid-de-camp to General Wayne 89

Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony, "Mad Anthony

Wayne'* 89,90

Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony, Wilson, Frazer E.,

Peace of Mad Anthony, reference to 90

Weaver & Miller, early business firm of Quincy,

111 166

Weber, Jessie Palmer, Secretary Illinois State

Historical Society 6,12,17,18

Weber, Jessie Palmer, Treasurer, Illinois State

Historical Society, report 17

Webster, Daniel 33 , 118

Webster, Daniel, gr at debate with Hayne,

reference to 33

Webster Schooh Quincy, 111 164

Weas Indians, Eel River Weas 89

Wells Home, Quincy, 111 140 , 179

Wells, Levi, early resident of Quincy, 111...

140,1.55,179

Wells, Levi, one of the trustees of the town of

Quincy, 111 155

West, Duden's account of the healthfulness

of the West 66 ,67

West Virginia State 167

Western Annals, reference 90

Western Antiquities and Remarks on a Tour
to Prairie du Chien in 1829, by Caleb At-

water, quoted 99-102

Western Continent 43,46

Western Continent, supremacy of the Saxon in. 46

Westfield, N. Y 124 , 125

"What the Illinois Bankers' Association is
Trying to do for Illinois and the Union"

(1911) pamphlet 79

Wheat, Sallie, early settler of Quincy, 111 146

Wheaton, 111 136,137

Wheaton, 111., named for Warren L. Wheaton . 136
AVheaton, (Mrs.) Warren L., formerly Miss

Lucinda Gerry 1.36,137

Wheeling, Ohio 149

Whig and Republican, (newspaper), Quincy,

111 142

Whig Party 119, 159

Whipple, Daniel, early settler of Quincy, 111.

1.50 , 153

W'hipple Family, early settlers of Illinois 150

Whipple's Mill, early mill at Quincy, 111 153

Whiskey, its use in the Indian treaties. . 98 , 106 , 107
White, Andrew W'., quoted on Adlai E. Stev-
enson 40

Wilkinson, (Gen.) James, in Indian border

warfare 48

Williams, (Judge) Archibald, early citizen

of Quincy, 111 141 , 1.55, 159

Williams, Archibald, first lawyer in Qmncv,

111 141

Williams, Archibald, one of the trustees of the

town of Quincy, 111 155

Williams, Cord i Dent, liw firm of Blooming-
ton, 111 26

Williams, Robert E., member of the law firm
of Williams, Cord & Dent, Bloomington,

111 26

Williams, Robert E., prominent lawyer of

Bloomington, 111 26 ,32

Wilmette, 111 98

Wilmette, 111., named for Antoine Ouilmette. . 98
Wilson, Frazer E., Peace of Mad Anthony;

reference to 90

Wimble, (probably Trimble) , early

citizen of Marcelline, Adams County, III 173

Winchester, Battle of. War of the Rebellion. .

120, 122

Winnebagoe Indians 95 ,96,97,98, 100, 101 , 102

—14 H S

210

INDEX— Concluded.

PACE.

Winninp of Ihe West, by Theodore Roosevelt,

roteronce 90

Wisconsin IU\er 96 , 101

AVisconsiii River Portage 96

AVisconsin State 72,90,9S , 16s

■\Volcott, (Dr.) Alexander, Haines, I^lijah M.,
gives credit to Wolcott for his fidelity to the
United States Government interests in the

Indian treaties 99

Wolcott, (Dr.) Alexander, Indian agent at

Chicago 93 ,98,99

Wolcott, (Dr.) Alexander, letter to Governor

Cass. .January 1, 1821, reference to 93

Women, (iood Samaritans, organization of

women, Qiiiiicy, 111., War of the Kebellion.. 170
Women, "Needle Pickets," organization of
women at Quincv, 111., W'ar of the Rebel-
lion ." 169-170

Wood, Camp, Quincv, 111., location, of 169

Wood, Danlel,son of Governor John Wood. 138,141
Wood, (Gov.) John, earlv settler of Quincy,

111 138, 139 ,'140,141, 14.-), 147, 151

153,159,162,163,164,165,166,167,169,171,172,180

Wood, (Gov.) John, Governor of Illinois 156

Wood, (Gov.) John, influence in securing bridge

across the Mississippi River at Quincy, 111. .172
Wood, (Gov.) John, made Colonel, 137th Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry 169

Wood, (Gov.) John, mayor of Quincy, 111 159

"Wood, (Gov.) John, residence of, Quincy, 111.

164 , 180

Wood, (Gov.) John, residence of, property of

the Quincy Historical Society ISO

Wooders, , former resident of Oquawka,

connected with the storv of the murder

hoax ." 60,61

Woodland Cemetery, Quincy, 111 163,169

Woodland Cemeterv, Quincv, 111., laid off in
1846 ". " 163

PAGE.

Woodland Orphan's Home, Quincy, III...

165,172,179

Woodruff, I. () , mayor of Quincy, 1861 170

W'oodruil, I.e., member new board of trustees,

Quincy, 111 158

Woods, C. M., publishes first daily newspaper

in Quincv, III 164

Woodworth, ( Dr.) , of Peoria, III 135

Wyandot Indians 89

Yates, (Gov.) Richard, the younger 6,18

Yellow Banks, Lincoln, Abraham, appears
with his company for the Black Hawk W'ar
in Yellow Banks 57

Yellow Banks, "Oquawkiek" Indian name
for Yellow Banks 55

Yellow Banks, (Oquawka,) III., Reminiscen-
ces of Yellow Banks, bv James W. Gordon
15 , 54-62

Yellow Banks, rendezvous for the Indians 5.5

Yellows Banks, stage line from Chicago to
Yellow Banks, reference to 55 ,56

Yellow Banks, stage line from Springfield to
Yellow Banks, advertisement of, in San-
gamo Journal, 1834 55

Yellow Fever, German emigrants to the United
States susceptible to yellow fever and cholera 66

Young, (Judge) Richard M., residence, Quincy,
111 164,166

Young, (Judge) Richard M., United States
Senator from Illinois 58,156

Young Jfen's Christian Association, Quincy,
111 .'. 180

Young Women's Christian Association, Quincy,
111..' :...180

211

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY AND SOCIETY.

No. 1. *A Bibliography of Newspapers publislierl in Illinois prior to 1860. Prepared by Edmund
J. James, Ph.D., and Milo .1. Loveless. 94 p. Svo. Springfield, 1899.

No. 2. *Information relating to the Territorial Laws of Illinois passed from 1809 to 1812. Prepared
by Edmund J. James, Ph.D. l."j p. svo. Springfield, 1899.

No. 3. *The Territorial Records of Illinois. Edited by Edmund J. James, Ph.D. 170 p. Svo.
Springfield, 1901.

No. 4. *Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the year 1900. Edited bv E. B.
Greene, Ph.D. .5.5p. Svo. Springfield, 1900.

No. .5. *Alphabetic Catalog of the Books, Manuscripts, Pictures and Curios of the Illinois State
Historical Library. Authors, Titles and Subjects. Compiled bv Jessie Palmer Weber. 363 p. Svo.
Springfield, 1900.

No. 6 to 21. *Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the years 1901 to 1915. (Nos.
6 to 12 and IS out of print.)

*Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. I, edited by H. W. Beckwith, President of the Board of Trustees
of the Illinois State Historical Library. 642 p. 8vo. Springfield, 1903.

*Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. II, Mrginia Series, Vol. I, edited by Clarence W. Alvord, CLVI
and 663 p. Svo. Springfield, 1907.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. Ill, Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 18.58. Lincoln Series. Vol.
I. Edited by Edwin Erie Sparks, Ph.D., 627 p. S vo. Springfield, 1908.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IV. Executive Series, Vol. I. The Governors' Letter-Books
1818-1834. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Clarence Walworth Alvord. XXXII and 317 p. Svo.
Springfield, 1909.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. V. Virginia Series, Vol. II, Kaskaskia Records, 1778-1790. Edited
by Clarence Walworth Alvord. L and 681 p. Svo. Springfield, 1909.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VI. Bibliographical Series, Vol. I Newspapers and Periodicals
of Illinois, 1814-1879. Revised and enlarged edition. Edited by Franklin William Scott. CIV and
610 p. Svo. Springfield, 1910.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VII, Executive Series. Vol. II, Governors' Letter-Books,
1840-1853. Edited by Evarts Boutell Greene and Charles Manfred Thompson. CXVIII and 469 p.
Svo. Springfield, 1911.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. VIII. Virginia Series, Vol. III. George Rogers Clark Papers,
1771-1781. Edited with Introduction and notes by James Alton James. CLXVII and 715 p. Svo.
Springfield 1912.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IX. Bibliographical Series, Vol. II. Travel and Description,
1765-1865. By Solon Justus Buck, 514 p. Svo. Springfield, 1914.

♦Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. X. British Series Vol. I. The Critical Period, 1763-1765. Edited
with introduction and notes by Clarence Walworth Alvord and Clarence Edwin Carter, L\'II and 597
p. Svo. Springfield, 1915.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. XI. British Series, Vol. II. The New- Regim, 176.5-1767. Ed-
ited with introduction and notes by Clarence Walworth Alvord and C arence Edwin Carter. XXVIII
and 700 p. 8vo. Springfield, 1916.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. XII, Bibliographical Series, Vol. III. The County Archives
of the State of Illinois. By Theodore Calvin Pease. CXLI and 7.30 p. Svo. Springfield, 1915.

♦Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library, Vol. I No. I, September, 1905. Illinois in the
Eighteenth Century. By Clarence Walworth Alvord. 38 p. Svo. Springfield, 1905.

♦Bulletin of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. I, No. 2, June 1, 1906. Laws of the Territory
of Illinois, 1809-1811. Edited by Clarence Walworth Alvord. 34 p. Svo. Springfield, 1906.

♦Circular Illinois State Historical Library, Vol. I No. 1, November, 1905. An Outline for the Study
of Illinois State History. Compiled by Jessie Palmer Weber and Georgia L. Osborne. 94 p. Svo. Spring-
field. 1905.

♦Publication No. 18. List of Genealogical Works in the Illinois State Historical Libriirv. Georgia
L. Osborne, Compiler, Svo. Springfield, 1914.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. I, No. 1, April, 1908 to Vol. 8, No. 4, January,
1916.

Journals out of print. Vols. I, II, III, IV.

♦ Out of print.

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