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Publication Number Twenty-six

OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

Transactions

OF THE

Illinois State Historical Society

FOR THE YEAR 1919

Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Society, Springfield, IlHnois,

May 12, 1919

Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

iLLixois State Journal Co.

Springfield, Illinois

State Printers

19 2 0

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Officers of the Society 5

- Editorial Note .' 7

Constitution of the Illinois State Historical Society 8

An Appeal to the Historical Society and the General Public 11

PART I.— RECOED OF OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS,
ANNUAL MEETING, 1919.

Annual Meeting 1919

Business Meeting 15

Secretary's Report 20

Report Genealogical Committee 26

PART II.— PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL
MEETING 1919.

Thomas C. MacMillan, M. A., LL. D., Annual Address. "The

Scots and Their Descendants in Illinois 31

George A. Lawrence. "Clark E. Carr, Late Honorary President

of the Illinois State Historical Society." A Tribute 86

Mrs. Joseph T. Bo wen. "The War Work of the Women of Illinois"' 93

Eugene Davenport. "The Agricultural Development of Illinois

Since the Civil War ". 101

Elizabeth Duncan Putnam. "The. Life and Services of Joseph

Duncan, Governor of Illinois, 1834-1838 107

Anna Edith Marks. "William Murray, Trader and Land Specu-
lator in the Illinois Country" 188

PART III.— CONTRIBUTIONS TO STATE HISTORY.

John F. Snyder, M. D. "Captain John Baptiste Saucier at Fort

Chartres in the Illinois, 1751-1763 215

Index 264

List of Publications of the Illinois State Historical Society and
Library following Index.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

President.
Dr. Otto L. Schmidt Chicago

First Vice President.
George A. Lawrence Galesburg

Second Vice President.
L. Y. Sherman Springfield

Third Vice President.
EiCHARD Yates Springfield

Fourth Vice President.
Ensley Moore Jacksonville

Directors.

Edmund J. James, President University of Illinois. .Urbana-Champaign

E. B. Greene, University of Illinois Urbana-Cliampaign

Mrs. Jessie Palmer, Webee. ., Springfield

Charles H. Eammelkamp, President Illinois College Jacksonville

George W, Smith, Southern Illinois State Normal Uni-
versity. .1 1 Carbondale

William A. Meese Moline

EiCHARD V. Carpenter Belvidere

Edward C. Page, Northern Illinois State Normal School DeKalb

Andrew Eussel Jacksonville

Walter Colyer Albion

James A. James, Northwestern University Evanston

H. W. Clendenin Springfield

Col. D. C. Smith Normal

Clinton L. Conkling . Springfield

John H. Hauberg Eock Island

Secretary and Treasurer.
Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber Springfield

Assistant Secretary..
Misg Georgia L. Osborne Springfield

Honorary Vice Presidents.
The Presidents of Local Historical Societies.

EDITORIAL NOTE.

Following the practice of the Publication Committee in previous
years, this volume includes, besides the official proceedings and the
papers read at the last annual meeting, some essays and other matter
contributed during the year. It is hoped that these "contributions to
State History'^ may, in larger measure as the years go on, deserve their
title, and form an increasingly valuable part of the Society's transac-
tions. The contributions are intended to include the following kinds
of material :

1. Hitherto unpublished letters and other documentary material.
This part of the volume should supplement the more formal and exten-
sive publication of official records in the Illinois historical collections,
which are published by the trustees of the State Historical Library.

2. Papers of a reminiscent character. These should be selected
with great care, for memories and reminiscences are at their best an
uncertain basis for historical knowledge.

3. Historical essays or brief monographs, based upon the sources
and containing genuine contributions to knowledge. Such papers should
be accompanied by foot-notes indicating with precision the authorities
upon which the papers are based. The use of new and original material
and the care with which the authorities are cited, will be one of the main
factors in determining the selection of papers for publication.

4. Bibliographies.

5. Occasional reprints of books, pamphlets or parts of books now
out of print and not easily accessible.

Circulars letters have been sent out from time to time urging the
members of the Society to contribute such historical material, and
appeals for it have been issued in the pages of the Journal. The com-
mittee desires to repeat and emphasize these requests.

It is the desire of the committee that this annual publication of the
Society supplement, rather than parallel or rival, the distinctly
official publications ,of the State Histatical Library. In historical
research, as in so many other fields, the best results are likely to be
achieved through the cooperation of private initiative with public
authority. It was to promote such cooperation and mutual undertaking
that this Society was organized. Teachers of history, whether in schools
or colleges, are especially urged to do their part in 'bringing to this
publication the best results of local research and historical scholarship.
In conclusion it should be said that the views expressed in the
various papers are those of their respective authors and not necessarily
those of the committee, Nevertheless, the committee will be glad to
receive such corrections of fact or such general criticism as may appear
to be deserved.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

ARTICLE I— XAME AND OBJECTS.

Sectiox 1. The name of this Society shall be the Illinois State
Historical Society.

Sec, 2. The objects for which it is formed are to excite and
stimulate a general interest in the histoiT of Illinois; to encourage his-
torical research and investigation and secure its promulgation ; to collect
and preserve all forms of data in any way bearing upon the history of
Illinois and its people.

ARTICLE II— OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY— THEIR
ELECTION AND DUTIES.

Sectiox 1. The management of the affairs of the Society shall
be vested in a board of fifteen directors, of which board the President of
the Society shall be ex officio a member.

Sec. 2. There shall be a President and as many Yice Presidents,
not less than three, as the Society may determine at the annual meet-
ings. The board of directors, five of whom shall constitute a quorum,
shall elect its own presiding officer, a Secretary and a Treasurer, and
shall have power to appoint from time to time such officers, agents and
committees as they may deem advisable, and to remove the same at
pleasure.

Sec. 3. The directors shall be elected at the annual meetings and
the mode of election shall be by ballot, unless by a vote of a majority of
members present and entitled to vote, some other method may be adopted.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the board of directors diligently
to promote the objects for which this Society has been formed and to
this end they shall have power :

(1) To search out and preserve in permanent form for the use of
the people of the State of Illinois, facts and data in the history of the
State and of each county thereof, including the pre-historic periods and
the history of the aboriginal inhabitants, together with biographies of
distinguished persons who have rendered services to the people of the
State.

(2) To accumulate and preserve for like use, books, pamphlets,
newspapers and documents bearing upon the foregoing topics.

(3) To publish from time to time for like uses its own transac-
tions as well as such facts and documents bearing upon its objects as it
may secure.

(1) To accuinulato J'oi' like use such articles of historic interest
as may bear upou the history of persons and places Avithin the State.

(5) To receive by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase, books,
prints, i^aintiugs, manuscripts, libraries, museums, moneys and other
property, real or personal, in aid oi' the above objects.

(G) They shall have general charge and control under the direc-
tion of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, of
all property so received and hold the same for the uses aforesaid in
accordance with an act of the Legislature approved May 16, 1903, en-
titled, "An Act to add a new section to an act entitled, 'An Act to estab-
lish ilie Illinois State Historical Library and to provide for its care and
aiaintenance, and to make appropriations therefor,' "' approved May 35,
1889, and in force July 1, 1889 ; they shall make and approve all con-
tracts, audit all accounts and order their payment, and in general see
to the carjying out of the orders of the Society. They may adopt
by-laws not inconsistent with this Constitution for the management of
the affairs of the Society; they shall fix the times and places for their
meetings; keep a record of their proceedings, and make report to the
Society at its annual meeting.

Sec. 5. Vacancies in the board of directors may be filled by elec-
tion by the remaining members, the persons so elected to contiime in
office until the next annual meeting.

Sec. 6. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society,
and in case of his absence or inability to act, one of the Vice Presidents
shall })reside in his stead, and in case neither President nor Vice Presi-
dent shall be in attendance, the Society may choose a President pro
tempore.

Sec. T. The officers sliall perform the duties usually devolving
upon such offices, and such others as may from time to time be prescribed
by the Society or the board of directors. The Treasurer shall keep a
strict account of all receipts and expenditures and pay out money from
the treasury only as directed by the board of directors; he shall submit
an annual report of the finances of the Society and such other matters
as may be committed to his custody to the board of directors within
such time prior to the annual meetings as they shall direct, and after
auditing the same the said board shall submit said report to the
Society at its annual meeting.

ARTICLE III— MEMBERSHIP.

Section 1. The membership of this Society shall consist of five
classes, to wit: Active, Life, Affiliated, Corresponding, and Honorary.

Sec. 2. Any person may become an active member of this Society^
upon payment of such initiation fee not less than one dollar, as shall
from time to time be prescribed by the board of directors.

Sec. 3. Any person entitled to be an active member may, upon
payment of twenty-five dollars, be admitted as a life meml:)er with all the
privileges of an active member and shall thereafter be exempt from
annual dues.

Sec. 4. -County and other historical i^oeieties, and otlier societies
engaged in historical or archaeological research or in the preservation
of the knowledge of historic events, may, upon the recommendation of
the board of directors be admitted as affiliated members of this Society
upon the same terms as to the payment of initiation fees and annual
dues as active and life members. Every society so admitted shall be
entitled to one duly credited representative at each meeting of the
Societ}', who shall, during the period of his appointment, be entitled as
such representative to all the privileges of an active member except that
of being elected to office; but nothing herein shall prevent such repre-
sentative becoming an active or life memljer upon like conditions as
other persons.

Sec. 5. Persons not active nor life members but who are willing
to lend their assistance and encouragement to the promotion of the
objects of this Society, may, upon recommendation of the board of
directors, be admitted as corresponding members.

Sec. 6. Honorary membership may be conferred at any meeting of
the Society upon the recommendation of the board of directors upon per-
sons who have distinguished themselves by eminent services or contribu-
tions to the cause of history.

Sec. 7. Honorary and corresponding members shall harffe the privi-
lege of attending and participating in the meetings of the Society.

x\RTICLE IV— MEETINGS AXD QUORUM.

Sectiox 1. There shall be an annual meeting of this Society for
the election of officers, the hearing of reports, addresses and historical
papers and the transaction of business at such time and place in the
month of May in each year as may be designated by the board of
directors, for which meeting it shall be the duty of said board of
directors to prepare and j)ublish a suitable program and procure the
services of persons well versed in history to deliver addresses or read
essays upon subjects germane to the objects of this organization.

Sec. 2. Special meetings of the Society may be called by the board
of directors. Special meetings of the boards of directors may be called
by the President or any two members of the board.

Sec. 3. At any meeting of the Society the attendance of ten mem-
bers entitled to vote shall be necessary to a quorum.

ARTICLE V— AME^^DMEXTS.

Sectiox 1. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
.of the members present and entitled to vote, at any annual meeting:
Provided, that the proposed amendment shall have first been submitted'
to the board of directors, and at least thirty days prior to such annual
meeting notice of proposed action upon the same, sent by the Secretary
to all the members of the Society.

. 11

AN APPEAL TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND
THE GENERAL PUBLIC.

OBJECTS OF COLLECTION DESIRED BY THE ILLINOIS
STATE HISTOEICAL LIBEAEY AND SOCIETY.

(Members please read this appeal.)

Books and pamphlets on American history, biography, and gene-
alogy, particularly those relating to the West; works on Indian tribes,
and American archeeology and ethnology; reports of societies and insti-
tutions of every kind, educational, economic, social, political, cooperative,
fraternal, statistical, industrial, charitable; scientific publications of
states or societies; books or pamphlets relating to all wars in which
Illinois has taken part, especially material illustrating Illinois' part in
the late great world war and the wars with the Indians; privately
printed works; newspapers; maps and charts; engravings; photographs;
autographs; coins; antiquities; encyclopedias, dictionaries, and biblio-
graphical works. Especially do we desire.

EVERYTHING RELATING TO ILLINOIS.

1. Every book or pamphlet on any subject relating to Illinois, or
any part of it; also every book or pamphlet written by an Illinois citizen,
whether published in Illinois or elsewhere; materials for Illinois history;
old letters, journals.

2. Manuscripts; narratives of the pioneers of Illinois; original
papers on the early history and settlement of the territory; adventures
and conflicts during the early settlement, the Indian troubles, or the
War of the Rebellion or other wars; biographies of the pioneers; promi-
nent citizens and public men of every county, either living or deceased,
together with their portraits and autographs; a sketch of the settlements
of every township, village, and neighborhood in the State, with the
names of the first settlers. We solicit "articles on every subject con-
nected with Illinois history.

3. City ordinances, proceedings of mayor and council; reports of
committees of council; pamphlets or papers of any kind printed by
authority of the city; reports of boards of trade and commercial asso-
ciations; maps of cities and plats of town sites or of additions thereto.

4. Pamphlets of all kinds; annual reports of societies; sermons or
addresses delivered in the State; minutes of church conventions, synods,
or other ecclesiastical bodies of Illinois; political addresses; railroad
reports; all such, whether published in pamphlet or newspaper.

5. Catalogues and reports of colleges and other institutions of
learning; annual or other reports of school boards, school superinten-

dents, and school committees; educational pamphlets, programs and
papers of ever}- kind, no matter how small or apparently unimportant.

6. Copies of the earlier laws, journals and reports of our terri-
torial and State Legislatures; earlier Governor's messages and reports of
State officers; reports of State charitable and other State institutions.

7. Files of Illinois newspapers and magazines, especially complete
volumes of past years, or single numbers even. Publishers are earnestly
requested to contribute their publications regularly, all of which will be
carefully preserved and bound.

8. Maps of the State, or of counties or townships, of any date;
views and engravings of buildings or historic places ; drawings or photo-
graphs of scenery; paintings; portraits, etc., connected with Illinois
history.

9. Curiosities of all kinds; coins, medals, paintings; portraits;
engravings; statuary; war relics; autograph letters of our soldiers in
in the service, or of distinguished persons, etc.

10. Facts illustrative of our Indian tribes— their history, charac-
teristics, religion, etc., sketches of prominent chiefs, orators and war-
riors, together with contributions of Indian weapons, costumes, orna-
ments, curiosities, and implements ; also, stone axes, spears, arrow heads,
potter}^, or other relics.

In brief, everything that, by the most liberal construction, can
illustrate the history of Illinois, its early settlement, its progress, or
present condition. All will be of interest to succeeding generations.
Contributions will be credited to the donors in the published reports
of the Librar}' and Society, and will be carefully preserved in the State
house as the property of the State, for the use and benefit of the people
for all tinn.-.

Members of the Society are urged to help in the preservation of all
historical material relating to the part taken by Illinois in the World
war. Now is the time for this work.

Communicr.tions or gifts may be addressed to the Librarian and
Secretary.

(Mrs.) Jessie Palmer Weber.

PART I

Record of Official Proceedings

1919

TWENTIETH ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING OF THE
ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The annual business meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society
was called to order in the Supreme Court Eoom, Springfield, Illinois, at
10:30 o'clock, May 12, 1919, the President of the Society, Dr. Otto L.
Schmidt, presiding. Doctor Schmidt called the meeting to order and
asked the Secretary, Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber, to read the minutes of
the last meeting, which she did. Mrs. Weber called the attention of the
members of the Society to the fact that last year was a special centennial
meeting, the annual business meeting being held on the ir)th of May.

On motion, the minutes were approved and placed on file.

The President then called for the report of the Secretar}^, which
was read. Mrs. Weber stated that in the report of the Secretary given
last 3^ear a great deal of the present report was incorporated but that
she would repeat it as it may be of interest. It had been read to the
directors and by them referred to the Society. On motion, it was ap-
proved and placed on file.

The report of the Genealogical Committee was called for by the
President. Miss Georgia L. Osborne, chairman of that committee, gave
her report. It was moved and seconded that this report be received and
placed on file.

Further reports were called for. Mrs. Weber made the report for
the program committee.

Doctor Schmidt asked that Mrs. Weber make a few remarks on the
progress of the work on the Centennial Building, He stated that after
many many years there was now the promise of a permanent home for
the Society.

Mrs. Weber spoke of the crowded condition of tlie Library and said
ic now looked as though the realization of the dream of many years was
to come to pass. The plans for the new building are practically ready,
although plans for the interior are not entirely completed. Mr. Edgar
S. Martin, the State Architect, has taken great interest in the work of
the Library. He is much interested in Lincoln, and it is a labor of
love for him. The building will provide for the State Historical Li-
brary, Natural History Museum, the State Library and the State Super-
intendent of Public instruction. There will be adequate book stacks,
a beautiful small assembly room which will take care of about 500 and
will be used for meetings of the Society, and various other purposes
for which a small assembly room will be convenient. Adequate stacks,
consultation and study rooms, directors' rooms, facilities for shipping
and above all storage facilities will be provided. Mrs. Weber said she
should not say "above all" perhaps, but that the storage is very iriiport-
ant, though our needs in all respects can be met, it is hoped in this

building, which will be a really modern fire proof building, with all that
the term implies. Mrs. Weber spoke also of a Department of Archives,
but stated that this matter was not entirel_y settled and said that the
Secertary of State, in his official capacity, is the legal custodian of the
archives. It has been suggested that a conference of archivists and
historians be called in this city and that Mr. Emmerson be invited to
issue the call and the matter of State Archives be thrashed out. A few
years ago a bill was passed authorizing county authorities to deposit in
the Historical Library archives which were no longer necessary for their
current business. This law is not mandatory and so far no county com-
missioners have been anxious to part with these records. They say
'"your state house is uo more fire proof than our court house.'

Mrs. Weber told how from time to time the Historical Society and
Library have been compelled to decline gifts when the provision that the
gift be placed in a fire proof building was one of the conditions. She
stated that all of these objections would be removed within the next few
years with the completion of the Centennial Memorial Building. One
of the princi^jal features of this building will be a Lincoln Hall, where
will be shown our Lincoln relics, etc. Mrs. Weber then said that she
would be glad to answer questions but that she was not enough of an
architect to answer technical ones. She stated that the building will
be beautiful and memorial in its character. The back of the building
will be devoted to office rooms, etc.

Doctor Schmidt stated that the report of the chairman of the
Illinois State Historical Library was in order, but that Professor Greene
w^as not present at that time and his report would have to be deferred.
He asked if there were any other reports. There being none the Society
proceeded to the transaction of miscellaneous business. The President
asked if there were any matters which any of the members would care
to bring up for discussion.

Mr. Ensley Moore of Jacksonville thought that the matter of the
county archives ought to be under the authority of the county judge.
He stated that as a general rule the county commissioners were ]iot the
kind of men to take care of those things and thought this matter should
be looked into. If necessary, he thought this change should be made
by law, making the county judge the custodian of the county archives.

Mr. Dixon of Chicago, who is very much interested in genealogy,
told of an experience of his at a county seat of one of the sister states
and which he thought possibly occurred frequently in Illinois. The
county he visited had recently erected a new court house and he had
occasion to consult some of the earlier marriage records and land records.
He was informed that when the records were moved into the new court
house they ordered all of the old marriage records destroyed and he was
told that some of the land records which Avere mildewed might as well
be destroyed. Practically all their records previous to 1850 were de-
stroyed.

Doctor Schmidt said he was glad Mr. Dixon spoke of the matter.
He stuted that about eight years ago the State Historical Library had all
of the countv records of the State examined by Messrs. Pease and Coles

and that their report was published. He said he thought it would be
well that all of the people of the nation read that report, as it would
show the neglect of these most important records. He stated that the
subject was a complicated one and that action should be taken by legis-
lation. That there should be a central organization to take charge of
such records. In the report referred to, statement is made that the
records of a number of county seats had been destroyed up to a later
date even than 1850, and in other instances some of the earliest records
in the State had been lost and officials do not know what they repre-
sented or where they are. There is no law that can be brought to bear
on these county officials. In Missouri, through the efforts of Judge
Douglas, the old records from St. Genevieve, Kew Madrid and other
places have been deposited in the Missouri Historical Society at St.
Louis, but that has not been possible in this State although attempts
have been made by the Society.

Mr. Ensley Moore of Jacksonville moved that a committee on county
archives be appointed, the President and Secretary of the Society to be
e.\ officio members of that committee. This motion was seconded and
carried.

Doctor Schmidt' asked Mr. Moore if it was the sense of his motion
that the President appoint this committee and Mr. Moore stated that
it was.

Mrs. Weber then took up the subject of the war records and asked
for expressions from the members on this subject,

Mrs. I. Gr, Miller of Springfield stated that she found that it was
the sentiment of soldiers who were in camps in this country but who had
never gone across (although willing to go but for reasons best known
to the officials of the Union were never sent), that they ought not to be
in that book. She said that she had this to contend with in her own
family, her son and many of his friends contending that they should not
be in such a history.

Mrs, Weber told of her nephew a volunteer in the navy who said
"I didn't do Uncle Sam any good but I did my best," She said, "They
are entitled to enrollment and were a part of the army, Mrs, Miller's
son is too modest."

Mr. George W. Smith of Carbondale then spoke. He felt that the
collection of clippings, etc., would be a poor way to preserve the material
on the war history. That in the course of time it would be next to im-
possible to do an3^thing with material so collected as it would be dis-
jointed and disconnected. He told that in some counties such material
was being commercialized. In Jackson County they are gathering up
photographic material, biographical sketches, histories of campaigns, all
to be put into a book and sold, the subscribers themselves to pay for it.

He stated that in most cases the matter of funds interfered with
the collection of this material as far as private individuals was con-
cerned. It takes time and is expensive. He suggested that some organi-
zations in each county appoint an official collector to make this
history. Lots of material could be gathered up by these men and saved

— 2 H S

that otherwise would be lost. He thought the whole movement lacked
organization. Somebody ought to think out a plan for uniformity, the
work to be done locally if possible.

Mrs. Weber suggested that a county scrap book might contain a
manuscript history of war activities, liberty loan drives, Eed Cross,
children's war gardens, any and all activities along this line.

Mr. Smith said there was no trouble now in getting the typewritten
material to be put in bound volumes. He thought definite and uniform
instructions should be sent out.

Mrs. Weber told of the circular that she had sent out. ]\Ir. Smith
stated that nothing had been done in his county.

Mrs. Weber spoke of the collections of the State Council of Defense
and of the Adjutant General's records and said that she could see no
reason why it should not be possible to have county scrap books with
manuscript accounts of the various war organizations. She said that
it should be the duty of somebody in each county, even if the Historical
Society does not do it, to get the organizations to turn over these books
and we will have an incomplete but at the same time a good source book
for each of the 102 counties of the State. She said she would like a
committee appointed to take up this work.

Doctor Schmidt said that Illinois had been derelict in gathering
war material. He said that the State Council of Defense had intended
to do this work and that its chairman, Mr. Insull, had planned it, thus
dividing the work into the civilian part of the work and the military part.
He told how the adjoining states had taken hold of this matter, the
State of Minnesota planning at one time to send their secretary to
France. Wisconsin, Michigan and Iowa are working hard in gathering
this material. He also S2>oke of the bill before the Illinois House of
Eepresentatives for undertaking this work on a larger scale and thus
to reach into each of the counties.

Mrs. Weber told how the material gathered by the State Historical
Society would be source material for the preparation of historical works
by the historian and asked that a committee be appointed.

Mrs. Arthur Huntington suggested that a uniform scrap book could
be easily obtained by the Historical Society suggesting the size, etc.

Mr. H. E. Barker of Springfield asked if the work of jSTellie Brown
Duff did not apply in this case.

Mrs. Weber stated that the work of Miss Duff was confined to
Sangamon County and that lots of material that we would get she could
not ; and later Miss Duff' would come to the Historical Library and
would cull from the collection made by that department such material
as she would wish to use in her compilation.

Mr. H. E. Barker then made a motion that a committee of five to
be called the Committee on War Eecords be appointed.

This motion was seconded by Mrs. I. G. Miller and carried.

Doctor Schmidt then asked if there was any further business. There
being none he asked that some one move that a Nominating Committee
be appointed. This motion was made by Mr. George W. Smith and
carried.

Doctor Schmidt appointed Mrs. Isabel Jamison, Mrs. I. G. Miller,
Mr. Henry Conway, Mr. L. J. Freese, Mr. J. H. Collins. Mr. Collins
having left the meeting Mr. H. E. Barker was appointed in his place.

While the Nominating Committee was deliberating the program
for the morning was continued. Mr. George A. Lawrence a close
friend and neighbor of Col. Clark E. Carr of Galesbiirg, gave a memorial
on Colonel Carr, late honorary president of the Society.

Mr. -Clinton L. Conkling of Springfield moved that the thanks of
the Society be tendered to Mr. Lawrence for his admirable address.
Carried.

Doctor Schmidt asked that those assembled rise and stand for a few
moments in deep respect for the memory of Colonel Carr. This being
done he called attention to the fact that the Society had lost by death
Judge J 0. Humphrey who was always at the service of the Society and
worked largely for the historical interests of the State. He asked again
that the audience arise and stand for a few moments out of respect for
the memory of Judge Humphrey.

The report of the Nominating Committee was called for and Mrs.
Jamison, the chairman of the committee stated that it was the desire
of the committee to nominate the officers who had served the Society
so well and faithfully for the past year.

Doctor Schmidt asked what should be done with the report of the
Nominating Committee. Mr. James M. Graham of Springfield moved
the adoption of the report of the chairman of the committee which
was made unanimous and the Secretary was authorized to cast the ballot
of the Society for the election of the officers nominated by the committee.

This she did and the officers as suggested by the nominating com-
mittee were declared duly elected.

Mrs. Weber read the paper prepared by Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen,
Chairman Woman's Committee Council National Defense, Illinois
Division and member of the Illinois Council of Defense, who was not
able to be present.

Judge Michael Girten of Chicago stated that word had been received
of the illness of President E. J. James and thought that it would be
appropriate if the Historical Society would send a telegram of condo-
lence and best wishes. The motion of Judge Girten was seconded and
carried and Mrs. Weber the Secretary of the Society was instructed to
send the telegram.

Doctor Schmidt asked that a vote of thanks be extended to Mrs.
Bowen for her paper. Mr. Graham moved that a vote of thanks be
extended to Mrs. Bowen for her remarkable paper. Seconded and
carried.

There being no further business the Society adjourned to meet
at the afternoon session.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

To the Board of Directors of the Illinois State Historical Society.

Gentlemen : On May 19, 1899, almost exactly twenty years ago,
a feAv persons interested in the History of Illinois met at the University
of Illinois, Urbana, in response to a call issued at the State University
and signed by Judge H. W. Beckwith, E. J. James, George ^t. Black,
E. B. Greene, J. 0. Cunningham, J. H. Burnham, David McCulloch
and others interested in State history to form an Illinois State His-
torical Society.

The Illinois State Historical Library had then been in existence
nearly ten years. The three members of the board of trustees of the
Library were among the signers of the call. A temporary organization
was formed with H. W. Beckwith of Danville, President, and E. B.
Greene of the University of Illinois as Secretary. These officers were
made permanent officers at the regular meeting of the Society held in
Peoria the January following.

The Society has had five Presidents, Judge H. W. Beckmth, Dr.
J. F. Snyder, Gen. Alfred Orendorff, Col. Clark E. Carr and Dr. 0. L.
Schmidt.

As I have stated the first Secretary was Prof. E. B. Greene, In the
absence abroad of Professor Greene, Prof. J. W. Putnam served as Sec-
retary. He was succeeded by J. McCan Davis, and in 1903 the present
Secretary was elected.

In 1900 the Secretary reported that there were about sixty mem-
bers of all classes. Today in my report you will learn that we have
about fifteen hundred members and we have never made a membership
campaign.

The Society is the largest State Historical Society in point of
numbers in the United States.

At this our twentieth annual meeting the Secretary has the usual
story of progress. In the Journal mention is made of the principal hap-
penings of the Society and this report must be a repetition of much of
this information and of that transmitted to the Board of Trustees of the
Library in my report as Librarian.

The Centenary of the State.

The observance of the Centennial of the State was an important
part of the work of the Society for the year 1918. The Historical
Society observed in cooperation with the Centennial Commission. De-
cember 3, 1917, April 17-18, 1918, and December 3, 1918.

The Historical Society also cooperated with the Springfield Minis-
terial Union in the observance of a Eoosevelt Memorial meeting held in

the State Arsenal, February 9, 1919. As you, of course, remember, our
principal meeting of the Centennial year was on April 18, the Centenary
of the Enabling Act. This was our special Centennial meeting. The
Constitution of the Society requires that the regular annual meeting be
held in May each year. Accordingly on May 15, 1918, a meeting was
held, a very small one, it is true, but a sufficient number of members of
the Society were j^resent to constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business.

The principal matter brought before the regular meeting was the
question of the collection and preservation of the history of the part
taken by Illinois in the great World War. Of this I Avill speak later.
The special Centennial meeting was a notable one. The plan of the
meeting was to have addresses from representatives of Virginia, and the
States of the old Northwest Territory, of which Illinois had once been
a part. Connecticut and New York had claims to parts of the Northwest
Territory, though rather shadowy ones as far as it related to territory
as far west as Illinois. The result of this plan was the presence of
representatives from these various States, who gave us some splendid
addresses which are printed in the Transactions of the Society.

The President of the Society, who is also chairman of the Centen-
nial Commission, called the meeting to order and presided over the meet-
ing of April 17. On the evening of the 18th, he introduced Governor
Lowden as the presiding officer of the Centennial meeting and the Gov-
ernor introduced the speakers of that evening.

Mr. H. J. Eckenrode represented Virginia, Prof. Elbert J. Benton
of the Western Eeserve University represented Ohio; Mr. Charles W.
Moores, Indiana, and Prof. Allen Johnson of Yale University repre-
sented Connecticut. All made admirable addresses. The Centennial
address was presented by Mr. Edgar A. Bancroft. His subject was
'•Illinois, the Land of Men."

A letter from President John H. Finley of the University of New
York was read. Mr. Einley had expected to attend the meeting, but
was called away to head the Palestine Relief Expedition. He was born
in Illinois and retains his devotion to his native State, though his
duties take him far away from his beloved prairies.

A most inspiring address was delivered by M. Louis Aubert of the
French High Commission to the United States. Its title was a "Mes-
sage From France." ]\Ir. Aubei-t surprised everyone by his knowledge
of Illinois History and the message he brought was touching and in-
spiring.

It would be interesting to recount for you the different observances
and those held by different local associations throughout the State,
but I will only mention those in which the Historical Society officially
took part.

On December 3, 1918, Illinois completed her first Century of State-
hood. A meeting was held in the House of Eepresentatives, with Gov-
ernor Lowden as presiding officer. Lieutenant Governor John G.
Oglesby gave an historical address on the office of Lieutenant Governor
of the State. Hon. James H. Cartwright told us about the Supreme
Court of Illinois and Speaker of the House, Hon. David E. Shanahan

0-)

gave an address on the oflBce of Speaker of the House, and an acconnt
of the eminent men who have occupied that position.

The principal address of the occasion was by President John H.
Finley, who had but a short time before returned from liis mission to
Palestine, and thus was able to make one of the principal addresses
during the Centennial observance of his native State. Governor Lowden
was much gratified at the success of the Centennial observance to which
he gave enthusiastic support.

Membership.

The membership of the Society grows, though not rapidly, as we
make no campaigns for members. Our publications, which of course
are sent to all members of the Society, are so expensive, paper, labor
and all printing materials have advanced to such an extent during the
war, with no apparent decrease in sight, as to make our publications
real luxuries.

When the Centennial Memorial building is completed and we have
adequate quarters, we ought to make a campaign for members. At
present very large editions of our volumes are out of the question, on
account of their expense, lack of storage and shipping space, lack of
library force to handle the books, and many other reasons.

Some of our members constantly work in the Society's interest, tell-
ing the best citizens of the State of its work and interesting them. This
results in many new and desirable members, who are most welcome.

The membership now includes: Nineteen honorary members,
twenty life members, 1466 annual members. This list includes officials
of the State of Illinois to whom publications are sent; and in addition
there are 273 newspaper or Press Association members, 353 Libraries
and Historical Societies in Hlinois, to which we send our publications;
and 158 Libraries and Historical Societies outside the State to which
we send our publications on an exchange basis. A total of 2289 volumes
are sent. Our editions are but three thousand, and so we are left only
about seven hundred copies above our first distribution. These are soon
exliausted. As we have practically no storage space, and are storing preci-
ous material in warehouses out in town, we cannot keep large supplies
of our back numbers on hand, so they are soon out of print. Some time
ago one of our members, Mr. H. E. Barker, advertised for publications
of the Library and Society. I protested, saying if the State gives them
away and you pay for them, you will place us in an embarrassing posi-
tion, but he said I need not have been concerned, as none were presented
for purchase.

Of course in the case of the death of a member of the Society and
the sale of his efl:ects or his librar}', our publications come on the market,
but not in large quantities, and they command respectable prices. The
book dealers' catalogues sometirues list them, but not more frequently
than happens with all historical publications, or I believe it may be said,
not more often than any other serial publications. I have never seen a
complete set of the Library and Society publications offered for sale.

The Transactions of the Society for last year, 1918, are printed,
waiting only for the Index. It will be an interesting number, as it con-
tains the Centennial addi'esses.

The Journal is several numbers behind, but we are hoping to catch
up and be on time within this year. The Centennial work has taken
much time, and as you all know State printing is slow and when a
piece of work is begun there are many vexations and delays. There is
still another reason. The editor of the Journal earnestly recjuests more
active cooperation from the Society. Contributions and suggestions are
much desired. The editor is proud of the Journal and receives many
kind and appreciative letters commending it. It is the organ .of the
Illinois State Historical Society and the editors Avish it to be repre-
sentative of the organization. It is your magazine. Help it to become
a better rei^resentative of you.

The othcers of the Society would like suggestions from the members
for addresses for the annual meetings, both as to interesting or neglected
topics and competent speakers.

Deaths op Members.

The Historical Society has suffered severely since my last report in
its loss of members by the hand of death. Our beloved Honorary Presi-
dent, Clark E. Carr, passed away on March 28, 1919. Mr. Lawrence
will address the Society on the services of Colonel Carr. Judge J Otis
Humphrey of Springfield passed away on June 11, 1918. Judge Hum-
phrey was a native of Morgan County, Illinois. He was born December
30, 1850, the son of William and Sarah Stocker Humphrey. Judge
Humphrey was in his sixty-eighth year. The Humphrey family is of
English extraction. The great grandfather of J Otis Humphrey was a
Major in the Ehode Island Infantry in the War of the Eevolution.
Judge Humphrey graduated at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, Illinois,
and taught in that institution after his graduation. He studied law in
Springfield in the office of Eobinson, Knapp and Shutt, one of the most
prominent legal firms in Central Illinois. In 1883, Mr. Humphrey
formed a legal partnership with Henry S. Greene, a distinguished law-
yer, and this partnership continued for sixteen years.

Mr. Humphrey as a young man had the happy faculty of inspiring
the confidence and respect of older men. He was a great favorite with
Hon. Milton Haj^, and of Senator Shelby M. Cullom. He was very
prominent in Eepublican politics in this State until his appointment
by President Mclvinley in 1897 as Judge of the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Mr. Humphrey belonged to
a number of fraternal organizations. He was a very prominent member
of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was a member of the
Masonic fraternity.

Judge Humphrey was one of the group of devoted men who in 1909
formed the Lincoln Centennial Association to perpetuate, by yearly
meetings on Lincoln's birthday, the name of Lincoln and the significance
of the observance of his natal day. Judge Humphrey was president of
the organization from its founding until his death.

24:'

He was ver}' active in the affairs of his church, the Central Baptist
Cliurch in Springfield. He loved his native State and its history. He
vas an early member of the Historical Society.* He prepared and read
at the annual meeting of the Societ}', 1907, an able paper on the Baptist
pioneer preacher and teacher, John Mason Peck, the founder of Shurt-
leif College. This address is published in the Society's Transactions for
that year.

Judge Humphrey was married in 1879 to Miss Mary E. Scott, the
daughter of the Kev. A. H. Scott, a Baptist clergyman. Mr. and Mrs.
Humphrey luid five children. A sou, 0. Scott Humphrey, a soldier in
the service of the United States, who is still in France, and four daugh-
ters, Mary, Maude and Grace Humphrey, and Euth, the wife of J\Ir.
Booth Grunendike.

Judge Humphrey's chief happiness was in his family, and he took
great pride in the work and attainments of his children. Mrs. Hum-
phrey died in February, 1919. An adequate address on Judge Hum-
phrey's career will be published in the Journal of the Society in an early
number.

Biographical notices are published in the Journal. Please inform
the Secretary if you have knowledge of the death of one of our members.
Other members as far as known to me who have died since my last re-
port are:

Avery N. Beebe, Yorkville, III, April 14, 1919.

Charles A. Bond, Chicago, September 25, 1918.

Mrs. J. McCan Davis, Chicago, September 23, 1918.

Dr. W. 0. Ensign, Rutland, May 8, 1918.

Miner S. Gowin, MeCune, Kansas, July 23, 1918.

Eobert A. Gray, Blue Mound, December 3, 1918.

Ernest Hertzberg, Chicago, June 25, 1918.

John T. McComb, Chicago, 1918.

Miss Louise Maertz, Quincy, 1918.

James H. Matheny, Springfield, December 11, 1918.

Edwin S. Munroe, Joliet, October 4, 1918.

William A. Vincent, Chicago, March 21, 1919.

John F. Wicks, Decatur, February 5, 1919.

(Mr. AVicks was Secretary, Macon County Historical Society, a
devoted and indefatigable historical worker.)

C. E. Wilson, Mattoon, 1918.

Collection of Histoeical Material Eelating to the Great War.

Members of the Society, one of the most important pieces of his-
torical work that is before you, one of the most important tasks that
has confronted this or any Historical Society is the collection and pre-
servation of material relating to the history of the great war just ending.
A circular has been sent you calling your attention to this work. I make
no further recommendations. It is rather, now, your duty to discuss
this question in all its phases. The history of all the war activities is
wanted. Letters, diaries, photographs of soldiers, all records and official
reports, military matters, civilian war relief associations and children's

work. The circular letter sent you was only suggestive. If this Society
can do any practical work it is this war history work. If some skilled
historian shall write the history, it is our part and our duty to collect
and preserve the material from which it can be written.

Members of the Society, I know you are interested in the work.
Show your interest. Contribute to the Society by your presence at the
meetings, and advice and suggestions. We have a strong and highly
representative membership, let us make it the most effective.
Very respectfully,

Jessie Palmer Weber,
Secretary Illinois State Historical Society.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GENEALOGY.

To the Members of the Illinois State Historical Society:

I Avisli to report to the Society that we have published, and it will
be ready for distribution in a short time, a supplemental list of the
genealogical material in the Illinois State Historical Library. This
will be Xo. 25 of the publications of the library and a supplement to
publication Xo. IS, published in 1914.

This is a small edition but will be generally distributed to the
libraries of the State and to those on our regular exchange list such as
State Libraries and Societies, and to such members of the Historical
Society as are working along this line.

Our reference work by mail increases, and we try to give it as much
attention as we can, consistent with our other duties in the library.

As our books do not leave the department this necessitates a great
deal of research work, besides the time given to copying the material
necessary in order to supply the desired information.

We have had lately many valuable contributions in our Journal
from members of the Society in the way of articles on famil}* history.
These have attracted attention, and many inquiries have been made con-
cerning the writers and asking for additional information. We are still
in search of county histories (\diich give biographical sketches of the
pioneer families) in the southern states and those comprising the
states that were formerly a part of the Xorthwest Territory.

As we mentioned in our last report, ^Ir. Ensley Moore continues
in his newspaper articles in the Jacksonville Journal to contribute to
the history of Morgan County the records of old families and events,
which he sends to the department. I trust this will be taken up by other
members of the Society in the various counties of the State and by them
sent to us to be of use to students, working along genealogical lines.

I would suffsrest that the Committee on Genealosrv' in the Society
be reorganized, as many on this committee like Mrs. E. S. Walker and
Mrs. E. G. Crabbe have left the State, and others are unable to serve.

We appreciate the help we have received at different times from the
members of the Society and ask their further cooperation, so that we
can make this department of the library still more useful to students
and workers.

Eespectfully submitted,

Georgia L. Osborne,

Chairman, Genealogical Committee, Illinois

State Historical Society.

PROGRAJI.

Order of Exercises.

SUPREME COURT BUILDING.

Tuesday, :May 20, 1919.
Db. O. L. Schmidt, President of the Society, Presiding.

9:00 o'clock A. M.

Meeting of the Board of Directors of the Society.

10:00 o'clock A. M.
Annual Business Meeting of the Society.
Reports of Officers.
Reports of Committees.
Miscellaneous Business.
Election of Officers.

A Memorial of the Life and Services of Clark E. Carr, Late Honorary

President of the Society Mr. George A. Lawrence

A Sketch of the History of Woman's "Work in the Illinois State council

of Defense Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen

Chairman, Woman's Committee Council National Defense, Illinois
Division, and Member State Council of Defense.

Mrs. Bowen's address will be read hy the Secretary of the Society.

12:45 o'clock P. M.

Luncheon at the St. Nicholas Hotel.

Price Seventy-five Cents.

(Please make reservations through the Secretary of the

Society as early as possible.)

SUPREME COURT ROOM.

2:30 o'clock P. M.

The Life and Services of Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois, 1834-

1838 Miss Elizabeth Duncan Putnam

Davenport, Iowa.

Songs Mrs. Mose Salzenstein

Some Phases of Agricultural Development of Illinois Since the Civil

War Dean Eugene Davenport

University of Illinois.
Music.

William Murray, Trader and Land Speculator in Illinois

;Miss Anna Edith Marks

University of Illinois.

8:00 o'clock P. M.

Centennial Music Mrs. Westenberger

Annual Address — The Scots and Their Descendants in Illinois

Mr. Thomas C. MacMillan

Chicago, Illinois.

Music Mr. Ridgely Hudson

Reception — In Supreme Court Building.

PART II

Papers Read at the Annual Meeting,

May 20, 1919

THE SCOTS AND THEIR DESCENDANTS IN ILLINOIS.

[Thomas C. MacMillan, M. A., LL. D.]

The pages of American history contain the names of men of Scottish
birth and blood, whose notable achievements have reflected credit upon
the land and race of their forebears ; and, we may venture to add, have
shed luster upon the cherished country of their adoption. In almost
every decade of America's development, subsequent to Great Britain's
entrance upon the scene of action, are to be found records of the enter-
prises here of Scotland's sons.

Full and cheerful recognition is accorded the varied and valuable
contributions of other European peoples to the upbuilding of the several
Commonwealths, which, nearly a century and a half ago, united to form
our Nation. What is here asked for is a fair consideration of the claims
of Scotsmen for the services rendered by their fellow countrymen and
their descendants in this undertaking; and a just recognition of their
share in the preparation for, and the creation and construction of the
United States.

The Scot in America has ever been so occupied in making general
and local history that he has not given much, if any, time or attention to
the writing of his own history. It has come to pass that historical data
concerning the Scot, in the earlier years of his advent to these shores,
were not collected, and preserved, by those most interested, to such an
extent as we would have desired. However, we may catch glimpses of
him here and there; occasional mention; incidental reference; until, in
recent times, his personality is more clearly revealed and his influence
traced.

When the earlier Scots emigrated to the American Colonies, they
but responded to the racial instinct of expansion, and accepted the oppor-
tunity to establish themselves as free-holders. With them religious and
civil liberty had ever been a master passion. As "political prisoners"
many were transported hitherward by Charles I, by Cromwell, by
Charles II, and by James II. As pioneers, they became independent.
As patriots, with such a heritage, they grew into leadership. As State-
bnilders, they had some considerable share in the establishment of the
new Eepublic. We may guess, that those who were able, were also ready,
to aid their less fortunate fellow-countrymen; and did so; for, in 1657,
the Scot's Charitable Society, of Boston, was established, and continued
to do a service of untold help and hope to the expatriated ship-loads
of Scotia's sons who were practically slaves, sent here to work for the
already settled colonists.

From Bunker Hill to Port Eoyal, and from Manhattan to the AUe-
ghenies, when the Eevolutionary War began, there was scarcely a thriv-

ing ccmimnnity in all that region which did not have settlers of the
Scottish race. To enumerate them would be but to repeat the name of
every important district. They readily adapted themselves to pioneer
conditions. Their native parish administration, with its larger shire
(county) system, made it an easy matter for them to understand, to
adopt, and to put into successful operation, the Xew England town-
meeting, and the Virginia county organization.

It has well been pointed out by Scottish writers, that the early
emigrants from the home-land traversed the Atlantic in two main
streams. One came direct from Scotland. The other was by way of the
extreme northeast Province of Ireland, called Ulster. At this point,
Scotland and Ireland are separated from each other by channels which
are only from twelve to twenty miles or so in width. Intercourse between
the two countries has always been easy and frequent. It is not either our
pirovince or our purpose to enter into the details of how Ulster came to
be peopled by Scotsmen. It is merely necessary to state that the Scots
who crossed over to Ulster took with them their own language, literature,
laws, religion, customs, and occupations, and maintained them there.

The Hon. Whitelaw Eeid (quoted by Rev. D. MacDougall, in his
admirable work, "Scots and Scots' Descendants in America") remarks:
"If these Scottish and Presbyterian colonists (who went from Scotland
to Ulster) must be called Irish because they had been one or two gen-
erations in the North of Ireland, then the Pilgrim Fathers, who had
been one generation or more in Holland, must by the same reasoning be
called Dutch, or at the very least 'English-Dutch.' "

This much is said to explain the substantial unity of the Scotch,
and those whom Americans popularly designate as the "Scotch-Irish,"
but who more appropriately may be called "Ulster-Scots." It will require
slight reflection, therefore, to suggest the oneness of these peoples, and
to indicate the impossibility of separating them nationally and historic-
ally. The battles waged by these strains of Covenanters— that is, those
religious and civil reformers, who believed in, and subscribed to, what
was Scotland's Declaration of Independence, known as the "Solemn
League and Covenant" — before, during and after those years called "the
killing time," because of its martyrdoms and persecutions, had prepared
them for the contests in America in which they ranged themselves in the
ranks of the Colonial Patriots against what were familiar to them as
royal aggressions. The blood of thousands of Scotland's devoted sons
and daughters has dyed the heather of her glens and bens, as witness
that they determined to continue the struggle until the dawn of the
day sung in heroic verse by Eobert Burns, their nation's bard :
"When man to man, the world o'er,
Will brithers be, for a' that."

As our story has to do largely with the results of the American
Eevolution, we may be pardoned for what may seem to be a digression.
The well-informed student of our national history does not need to be
reminded that four of Washington's major-generals, at the time of dis-
charge, were Scottish: Henry Knox (Mass.); William Alexander*

(X. J.j ; Alexander MacDougall (X. Y. ; aucl Arthur St. Clair (Pa.).
( MacDoiigalPs "Scots and Scots' Descendants'').

It is also to be noted that this race, besides its signers of the
Declaration of Independence, and other patriots, gave Washington
thirty-live other generals; "three out of four members of his cabinet;
and three out of five Judges of the first Supreme Court;'' (Herbert X.
Casson in "Life and Work of Cyrus Hall McCormick," p. 20) ; while
of the British Colonial Governors, who served before, and, under Provi-
dence, prepared the way for the Eevolution, more than forty were of
Scottish birth and blood.

The history of Illinois, during the period of early French occupa-
tion, would be incomplete were there no reference to, and no understand-
ing of, the relation to it of John Law, author of the so-called ''Missis-
sippi Scheme," and its successor, the ""South Sea Bubble;" who how-
ever, never visited this country.

Law was a native of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, Avhere he was
born in 1671. If heredity is to be trusted, he came naturally by his'
faculty of financiering, as his father was engaged in what now would be
termed ""the banking business." He was given an excellent education. His
abilities are said to have been good. After a varied career in London,
Holland, and elsewhere, and after having made a special study of bank-
ing, he devised a plan for the establishing of a governmental financial
institution, which, however, he failed to induce either Scotland or France
ro adopt. Meanwhile, he had amassed a large fortune. Then followed
his introduction into some of the most powerful court circles of France.

For years close social and political relations had been sustained
between France and Scotland. The royal house of the Stuarts had long
been the beneficiaries of the Bourbon dynasty. The object of this policy,
on the part of France, was to meet and curtail the increasing power of
England. William of Orange, warrior and statesman though he Avas,
never seemed to foster the northern part of his kingdom ; Scotland could
not easily forgive him for the dreadful '"'Massacre of Grlencoe;" nor for-
get his persistent and successful opposition to the Scottish enterprise of
colonizing the Isthmus of Darien, as Panama then was designated — an
undertaking conceived and promoted by William Paterson. the son of a
Dumfriesshire farmer, who had founded the great bank of England, and
whose vision of Panama and its commercial possibilities was more than
two centuries in advance of his day and generation.

In 1712, Antoine Crozat,a> favorite of Louis XIV, obtained a mo-
nopoly of the commerce and trade, with the control, of the "Illinois
Country." In 1717 this grant was surrendered. The spectacular and
extravagant reign of Louis the Grand had brought financial confusion,
if not practical bankruptcy, to France. It was then (1717) that John
Law's project was launched. Law believed in the "omnipotence of gov-
ernment." His plan was to combine foreign and domestic finance into
one all-powerful monopoly to be controlled by the Xation.

The "Company of the West" was created by Law, with himself as
its governing head. To it was given the exclusive control of the trade
and commerce of this region, as France then claimed dominion over

— 3 H S

Canada and the Mississippi Yalley. This grant carried with it the
powers of administration, and the French Government was to receive
large returns from the monopoly. The "Company of the West" had the
entire trade in tohacco, and in the mines, which the region was supposed
to contain; and, later was awarded a monopoly of commerce with the
East Indies, China, and that indefinite something denominated "the
South Sea;" hence the organization under this grant of "the East India
Company.''

These conditions and circumstances are cited, so that we may have
an understanding of several results which affected the growth and
development of the "'Illinois Country."

The important effects of these were: 1. The detaching of the
Mississippi Valley territory from its relation to and its dependence
upon, the French authorities in Canada; and its transfer to Xew
Orleans, which center was established in 1718. 2. The creation, in the
Mississippi Yalley, by the French, of nine military and civil districts,
each with its own Commandant and Judge, under the supervision of the
Council at Kew Orleans. Thus the "Illinois Countrj^" became next in
influence and importance to the New Orleans district.

This change of jurisdiction at once, and for years afterward, con-
tributed materially to the upbuilding of the "Illinois Country." It had
been too remote from the center of Canadian control; while, because of
river communication, it was in direct and easy connection with the
Crescent City. It led to the founding of Fort Chartres and to the
strengthening of the other posts in this region. It had a direct relation
to the transfer, by the conquest of General Clark, of Illinois, to the
United States. It also came, in the beginning of the nineteenth century,
to have a not inconsiderable indirect influence in furthering the negotia-
tions which culminated in the "'Louisiana Purchase" from France by
the United States, in President Jefferson's administration; a policy of
peaceful territorial expansion of which, like Alaska, we have had sev-
eral examples.

The period of British rule in the "Illinois Country" extended from
1765 to 1778. During that time there were few events of historical im-
portance with which our study has to do.

The continuous opposition of the British General Gage, to the
settlement and development of the North-West Territory had decidedly
deterrent effects. This policy was the reverse of that of the last royal
Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore (James Murray), a Scot, who
heartily encouraged the colonization of this region. Under the latter's
system, pioneers from Virginia, from the Carolinas, and from Georgia
made their wav to Kentuckv and to Tennessee, and later removed to
Illinois. The records of the epoch show that these settlers largely were of
Scottish birth and descent. Among the best known of the leaders then
of the border of Kentucky and Tennessee were Daniel Boone, Simon
Kenton, and George Eogers Clark, all of Scottish ancestry.

Eegarding the- Scottish settlements in the Colonies, at the begin-
ning of the Eevolutionary War, MacDougall in his "Scots and Scots'
Descendants in America" (Vol. 1, p. 28) says:

'^There were nearly twenty communities of Scots and Ulster-Scots
in New England, including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut; from thirty to forty in- New York; fifty to
sixty in New Jersey ; more than one hundred and thirty in Pennsylvania
and Delaware; more than a hundred in Virginia, Maryland, and East
Tennessee; fifty in North Carolina; about seventy in South Carolina
and Georgia; in all, about five hundred settlements (exclusive of Eng-
lish Presbyterian congregations in New York and New Jersey) scat-
tered throughout all the American Colonies."

These were the sources from which flowed the streams of settlers
to the Northwest.

In 1758 Scottish Highland soldiers appeared in the Ohio Country,
under command of Major Grant. In 1765, when France relinquished
control of the territory, after the French and Indian War, Captain Stir-
ling, with troops of the 42d Highlanders, the famous "Black Watch,"
proceeded from Fort Pitt, down the Ohio river, and up the Mississippi,
to Fort Cliartres, and took possession of that stronghold in the name of
the British Crown. Captain Stirling's successors included Captain Sin-
clair, or St. Clair, as it is also written, both having names that suggest
their ancestry, as their troops indicate their nationality.

From Kirkland's and Moses' "History of Chicago," (Vol. 1, p.
27-28) we learn the story of Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, who,
for several years before the Eevolutionary War, commanded the British
forces at Mackinac, and therefore the district of which Chicago was a
part.

Colonel De Peyster was a New Yorker of ancient Dutch stock. His
wife was a Scotch lady. When the peace between the United States and
Great Britain was signed, in 1783, the colonel retired, and settled in
Dumfries, Scotland. There in 1813, he first published a volume entitled
"Miscellanies." This was edited by Gen. J. Watts de Peyster, of Yon-
kers, and republished in 1888.

The colonel in Dumfries commanded a regiment of militia, of
which the poet Eobert Burns was a member. In his "Miscellanies" are
some verses — for he wrote rhyme — entitled "Speech to the Western In-
dians." This "poem" mentions Clark, and also Chicago, which is
spelled "Eschikagou," that in a foot note, he describes as "a river and
fort at the head of Lake Michigan."

It may be considered significant — and Scotch — that the warlike
colonel, who was childless, bequeathed his property to his wife's people,
who, General De Peyster remarks, were "MacMurdos or whatever was
the name of her nephews." Perhaps this is another illustration of the
influence in Illinois, and elsewhere, of the thrifty Scot !

The acquisition by the Colonies, in 1778-9, of what came to be desig-
nated as "The Northwest Territory," out of which were organized Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, is a well known story. It
has furnished abundant material for historian and romancer alike.

Gen. George Eogers Clark was the central figure in the conquest
of the country northwest of the Ohio Eiver, as has been well said by
Hon. W. H. English of Indiana, in his exhaustive history of that great

enterprise. He (Clark) was born in Albemarle Count v, Virginia,
November 29, 1752. Mr. English states that the traditions of Clark's
ancestry are "meager, vague, and unsatisfactory;'' but he adds — without
giving authorities therefor — that his paternal ancestor came from Eng-
land. The same author records that this pioneer "met and fell in love
with a Scotch girl who became his wife," and that she was described as
"a red-haired beauty.^' It is a matter of history that John and Jona-
than Clark, descendants of the "red-haired Scotch lady,''' and the fore-
bears of Gen. George Rogers Clark, lived for some time in the parish of
Dpysdale, in King and Queen County, Virginia; and also that the light
hair of their handsome ancestress was noticeable in the family of her
descendants for several generations.

]S"ow let us read what MacDougal says (in his "Scots and Scots'
Descendants in America," Vol. 1, p. 54) concerning Gen. Clark's
descent: "John Clark, great-grandfather of General George Eogers
Clark (1752-1818), came to Virginia in 1630 from the southwestern
part of Scotland." This is certainly distinct and unequivocal.

A word with reference to the name "Drysdale" may here not be
out of place. It is still a not uncommon one in southwestern Scotland,
from which, MacDougall says. General Clark's ancestors came to
America. It seems scarcely necessary to direct the attention of the
student of history to the origin of county, town and settlement names,
as this is elsewhere noted. The name "Drysdale" is as distinctively
Scottish of the Lowland, or southern, districts, as are MacDonald, Mac-
Leod, MacPherson, and Cameron of the Highland; and, when we recall
what MacDougall says (supra) regarding the "more than a hundred
(Scottish communities) in Virginia, Maryland, and East Tennessee,"
we are not surprised to find a "Drysdale" within the bounds of these
Colonies.

"George Eogers Clark," says Kirkland and Moses (in their "His-
tory of Chicago," vol. 1, p. 24), "was a typical pioneer, frontiersman,
Indian fighter and American soldier. He embodied the best qualities of
Daniel Boone, John Todd, Simon Kenton, William Wells, and the other
hardly pioneers who made possible the 'New West. In brilliancy of
achievement, and permanency of results, he is head and shoulders above
them all. It is not too much to say that to Clark we owe it, that, at
the Peace of Paris, the whole upper Mississippi Valley fell to us instead
of England," meaning, of course. Great Britain, for Americans have a
habit of speaking of the Island Empire as if it were composed only of
the Southern part; quite as though we were to call the United States
after the Empire State; while Scots affirm it was not "Great Britain"
until the union of England with Scotland.

It is to be observed that the John Todd referred to was Col. John
Todd of the Kentucky family to whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln was re-
lated— certainly a Scottish name.

General Clark's family were people of substance and standing in
Virginia. His younger brother, William, was the Captain Clark of the
"Lewis and Clark Expedition," sent out by President Jefferson, in 1805,
to explore, to the Pacific Coast, the recently acquired territory of "Lousi-

ana/' ana who made the memorable journey from St. Louis to the mouth
of the Columbia Eiver and return.

At the age of nineteen, General Clark was on the border among the
adventurous spirits of his native Colony. He made several trips back
and forth to A^'irginia in the interest of the settlers of Kentucky. By
his twenty -fourth year he was a recognized leader. He had served in a
campaign against the Indians, under Major Angus McDonald — observe
this name — which, quaintly remarks one of his biographers, ^'developed
him in military and political sagacity." He was one of two delegates
sent from Kentucky to the Virginia I^egislature, to seek aid for the
settlers against the Indians, in which he was successful. Then came the
conception of the plan to make conquest of the North-West.

tfudge John Moses (in "Illinois: Historical and Statistical," vol 1,
pp. 145 et seq.), relates how the prominent men of A'^irginia^ during
the second year of the Eevolutionary War, had their attention directed
to the "Illinois Country," then British territory.

Before entering upon his enterprise General Clark deemed it neces-
sary to learn directly the conditions at Kaskaskia, and the adjacent
settlements in Illinois, and their attitude toward the Americans, were a
descent upon them to be made by Colonial troops. Judge Moses adds:
''To confirm his views he (General Clark) sent, in 1777, to Kaskaskia,
two trusty spies, one of whom was James Moore, afterwards a distin-
guished settler." His vision revealed to him that the way to meet and
master the threatened overrunning of Kentucky by the British, and their
Indian allies, was not merely to prepare for a defense of the American
settlements, but also to assume the offensive.

Mr. IST. Matson (in his "Pioneers of Illinois") tells this story of
the other spy. He relates that "John Duff, a Virginian of French
descent/" visited Illinois in 1777, and upon his return east reported to
General Clark what he had seen and heard; how the French inhabitants
of the "Illinois Country," who comprised by far the largest part of the
population here, were dissatisfied with the British, and were ready to
change their allegiance to the Americans. Thereupon General Clark
and John Duff laid the situation before the Governor, Patrick Henry,
of Virginia, who authorized General Clark to recruit troops for an expe-
dition to conquer the territory, although the ostensible object was to
protect the frontier; and Governor Henry furnished the means and
equipment to prosecute the enterprise.

Where and how Mr. Matson learned that John Duff Avas of ''French
descent" does not appear. Let it be borne in mind that General Clark
and John Duff must have been intimate, else he (Clark) never would
have entrusted so important a mission to Moore and Duff. The name
"Duff'" is not at all "French," but decidedly Scottish. The Duffs and
the MacDuffs of Virginia were directly descended from Scottish fam-
ilies. Then, too, we recall the Scottish settlement of "Drysdale/' as
well as General Clark's Scottish descended associate, Simon Kenton, and
many other members of this expeditionary force who were, as their
names show clearly, Caledonian by ancestry, if not by birth. Later
Duff and Kenton both were given lands in "Clark's Grant" in Indiana,

for their services during his campaigns. Mr. English speaks of Kenton
as standing "with Daniel Boone in the front rank of Western pioneers."

Patrick Henry (1736-99), the Governor of his native Virginia, who
made possible the expedition of General Clark to the Northwest, was
the son of a Scottish father and mother. His father was John Henry,
and his grandmother was a kinswoman of Principal Eobertson, the
Scottish historian, and of the mother of Lord Brougham, the British
(Scottish-born) statesman.

L. E. Jones, in "Decisive Dates in Illinois History^' (p. 96), writes
that Governor Henry "was a relative of George Eogers Clark," which
confirms the statement regarding the latter's Scottish extraction.

The years immediately following the passage by the United States
Congress of that remarkable and historic instrument, known as the
"Ordinance of 1787," by which the North-West Territory was created,
were troublous ones, both for -officials and for people. Political con-
struction, or reconstruction, is always attended by difficulties and dan-
gers, even under the most favorable circumstances.

It was no small task to organize, and no light labor to institute,
the administrative agencies provided by the Congress in the act of organ-
ization. Its initial operation would have tested the wisdom, patience,
and skill of the ablest statesman of the time.

The territory affected was vast. The settlements were small,
and were scattered from the Ohio Eiver to the Great Lakes, and from
the Alieghanies to the Mississippi. Within these bounds roamed pow-
erful tribes of hostile Indians, led by able and warlike chiefs, whom
it took Gen. William Henry Harrison long to subdue, and then only after
several hard-fought battles. The seat of government — Marietta, Ohio —
was remote from Kaskaskia, and the adjacent communities in Illinois;
and was not accessible save by circuitous river routes, or by hazardous
journeys overland.

Many of the members of General Clark's command, after the con-
quest, had remained in or had returned to the North-West Territory,
and had "taken up" land here. The rivers afforded favorite settlement
centers and sites.

The first Governor of the North-West Territory was Major-General
Arthur St. Clair. "His career reads like a tale of fiction, so varied, so
romantic, and, ultimately, so tragic" was it. When the Eevolutionary
War closed, he was one of the four Major-Generals under Washington
who were of Scottish birth.

General St. Clair was a native of Thurso, Scotland, where he was
born in 1734. Educated for the medical profession in the University of
Edinburgh, he forsook the healing art to enter the British army. Com-
ing to the Colonies, he served successively under General Amherst in the
Louisburg campaign, and with General Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he
settled and married in Pennsylvania. Vfhen the Colonies began their
struggles, he promptly cast in his lot with them, and became a patriot
leader. At the beginning of the Eevolutionary War he was awarded a
Colonelcy. In 1776 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General.

In 17T8 he was made a Major-General, which, he retained until he became
the head of the army.

In 1787 General St. Clair was chosen President of the United
States Congress. When that body created the North-West Territory, he
^/as appointed its first governor. In 1790 he visited Illinois, and organ-
ized this entire territory into one county, which he named after himself.
This and others of his acts gave rise to adverse comment.

It is not our purpose to recount, or even to give a resume of, his
official course while he was chief executive of this Territory. The his-
torians agree that, in this capacity, his administration was open to criti-
cism. It may be explained, in partial extenuation, that, from the first,
there were serious differences between the executive and the judicial
branches of the territorial government, which one, by taste and train-
ing a soldier, could not easily adjust. Besides, the internal affairs were
much disordered when he came, matters which his successors took a long
time to settle.

A kindly estimate of General St. Clair is quoted from Judge Moses'
"History" (Vol. 1, p. 212) :

"■He was brave in battle and faithful to his friends. He advanced
large sums from his private means to sustain the Government in the
darkest hour of the Eevolution, as well as to defray the current expenses
of the territorial government, which w^ere never repaid him. His for-
tune, once a large one for the times in which he lived, had been mainly
spent in the service of his Country, and he found himself in his old age
reduced from affluence to poverty, until at the age of eighty-four years"
(in 1818, that in which Illinois became a State) "he closed his days in
a log cabin in Pennsylvania, a striking illustration of the proverbial
'ingratitude of republics.' "

Following a period of what consists somewhat of tradition the real
history of Chicago begins with John Kinzie. It is to be observed that
Mr. Kinzie came to what grew to be Chicago the same year in which
Captain John Whistler arrived to undertake the building of Old Fort
Dearborn. Here again our Army, as in many other instances, was a
pioneer of civilization; for the Fort made this a seat of authority and
commerce, to which the tribes and traders came.

John Kinzie was the only son of his father, whose name was John
McKenzie, a Scotchman. Like many other members of his race, he had
made his way across the Atlantic, and at the time of his son's birth, in
1763, the family lived in Quebec. That city then was the center of
Canadian commerce with the posts and settlements of the entire St..
Law^rence basin. There the hardy trapper, traveler, and fur-trader out-
fitted, and to it and from it went their expeditions. This was the
atmosphere in which John McKinzie began his life. His father died
when the son was an infant. The widow, some time afterward, married
William Forsyth, a Scotchman of devout Presbyterian stock. Several
children were born of this union, whose names appear in early Detroit
and Chicago annals.

John Kinzie dropped the "Mc" from his name, and that of Kinzie
was adopted, and has remained the family name ever since. Why this
discontinuance of the "Mc" came about, we may only conjecture. It

. 40

may liave been because of the popular prejudice to anything savoring
of British origin or rehitionship, as the feeling of the Americans then,
and for a long time thereafter, was pronounced against Great Britain.
But this has never since existed among Americans regarding Scotchmen.
Mrs. .lobn Tl. Kinzie, the interesting and informing author of
"Wau-Bun," who was John Xinzie's accomplished daughter-in-law, says
that he was "of an enterprising and adventurous disposition," as well
he might be with such a progenitor, and with such surroundings as were
in Quebec and Detroit. When the Forsyths lived in Detroit, Mrs. Kinzie
states, Jolm Kinzie "entered the Indian trade, and had establishments
st-t Sandusky and jMaumee, and afterward pushed further west about the
year Ih'OO, to St. Joseph" (Michigan). But the lure -was still westward,
and he came to Illinois in 1803 to look the ground over with a view to
settlement. In l8(J-± he brought here his wife and son, John li. Kinzie.

As to why he chose Chicago, instead of remaining in the St. Joseph
river region, we may reasonably make inferences. It has already been
intimated that his coming to Chicago was nearly that of the arrival of
Captain Wliistlcr who built Old Fort Dearborn. Captain Whistler also
came from Detroit. It is not unlikely that Mr. Kinzie was aware of the
work to be undertaken by Captain Whistler for the War Department.
He certainly perceived the strategic position of the new military post.
It was on the lake ; a stream was here ; the portage from Lake Michigan
to the inland river and country was made at or near this point ; here
several affiliated tribes made their headquarters ; and from here the red-
men of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin could be brought into
trading relations. The Indians who hunted and fished in what are now
Southwestern Michigan and Northern Indiana were within easy reach
of the new fort, and with these he had already established friendly
relations.

Ai Chicago, the military post then was everything. There were only
a few log-houses outside of it. The fort afforded some society and con-
veniences which an isolated Indian post lacked. Mr. Kinzie may have
had a dream of a future center, for it would surprise none to learn how
often the pioneers were also prophets. His active mind and enterprising
spirit again readily expressed themselves. Soon he had established sta-
tions for trade among the tribes on the Illinois, and on the Kankakee,
and among the Menominee Indians in AVisconsin.

We may obtain a picture of the life of an Indian trader from Mrs.
John H. Kinzie, who wrote :

"Each trading post had its superintendent and its complement of
engages, its train of pack-horses, and its equipment of boats and canoes.
From most of the stations the 'furs and peltries' were brought to Chicago
on pack-horses, and the goods necessary for the trader were transported
in return by the same method.. The vessels came in the Spring and fall
(seldom more than two or three annually) to bring the supplies and
goods for the trade, and took the furs already collected to Mackinac, the
depot of the Southwest and American Fur Companies. At other seasons
they were sent to that place in boats, coasting around the lakes,"

Mr. Kinzie possessed qualities which secured for him the friendship
of many of the chiefs of the tribes inhabiting this region. In periods

: 41

qf peril, as during the year 1812, that of the "Fort Dearborn Massacre,"
this friendship stood him in good stead. He could speak their language.
Indeed, there is a tradition that he prepared some books of an educa-
tional nature of the Winnebagoes, as well as of the Wyandots or Hurons.

After the troubles of 1812, covering an interval of three or four
years, he returned to Chicago and resumed his activities. Fort Dear-
born had meanwhile been rebuilt, this time on a larger scale. It was
for years alternately abandoned and occupied on account of the Indian
troubles, its final evacuation taking place in 1836. Mr. Kinzie died
January 6, 1828. His descendants became honored and prominent citi-
zens of Chicago. A leading street, a public school, and a land addition
of Chicago bear his name; and, as has been said, historians call him
"the Father of Chicago," as he. was its first permanent civilian white
settler.

From the days of Father Marquette, the heralds of the Cross had
large part in the opening up of the North- West. Their devotion was
proverbial. No tribe was too hostile to deter them from attempting its
conversion. No journey was too dangerous to keep them from the
prosecution of their self-sacrificing task. As explorers, they not only
accompanied as spiritual advisers Joliet and La Salle, but also often
themselves were far in advance of these adventurous men.

When the Territory had passed beyond the era of trapper and
trader, and became the home of the permanent white settler; the Mis-
sionaries of the Gospel ministered to the people in the distant and
isolated communities.

One 0^ these splendid men was John Clark. Of him. Dr. Peter
Eoss (in his work on "The Scot in America," pp. 160-1), says:

"Turn to a lay preacher who did magnificent work for the Master
in his day and generation, and around whose name many fragrant
memories yet linger. This was John Clark, better known as "Father
Clark," whose only educational training was that which he received in
the school of his native parish of Petty, near Inverness ( Scotland) .
He was born in 1738, and in early life is said to have been a sailor. In
the course of one voyage he landed in America, and concluded to associ-
ate his future with it. He settled for a time in South Carolina, where
he taught a backwoods log-school, and then moved to Georgia, where he
joined the Methodist Church, and became a "class-leader." In 1789
he became an itinerant preacher in connection with the Methodist body.
He was a man of devout spirit, outspoken in his views, and ready to
denounce wrong wherever he found it, without regard to church affilia-
tion, general polic)', or self-interest." As might be expected, he was a
bitter foe to slavery, and it is on record that he twice refused to accept
his annual salary of $60 because the money was obtained through slave
lahor."

"Father Clark" made his way to Illinois. Here he taught school,
and preached when opportunity arose. He quitted the Methodist
Church, and joined an anti-slavery organization, known as the "Baptized
Church of Christ, Friends of Humanity," and labored as a traveling-
evangelist. It is stated of him (Judge Moses' "History," vol. I, p. 235),

4X5

that he was the first Protestant minister to cross the Mississippi, and
to preach to the Americans there in 1798. He died in St. Louis in 1833.

One of the great preachers of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
modern times was the late Bishop Eobert Mclntyre. His career was
remarkable. By birth and ancestry Scottish, he worked as a brick-
mason until he reached man's estate. When the call to preach came,
lie was laboring with the trowel. It involved a mighty soul struggle.
Once over and settled, he threw himself into the work with a zeal that
knew no obstacles. It was as if the fires of his spirit had been lighted
at the divine altars. Here was a field for his imaginative spirit to soar
in. He became minister, preacher, evangelist, orator. In spiritual
fervor, opulence of reference, aptness and abundance of illustration,
finish of expression, and force of utterance, he was a marvel in pulpit
or on platform. Few if any of the preachers of the denomination — al-
ways noted for its preachers — could be classed with him. The older
people who heard him were reminded of that other great Methodist
Episcopal preacher. Bishop Simpson, also a Scot. Before he was chosen
a bishop Dr. Mclntyre was for years pastor of an influential and large
church in Chicago-St. James : M, E. — which has contributed four bishops
to the denomination, and has had many other strong preachers in its
pastorate.

Bishop Wm. E. McLaren, of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of
Chicago, was the son of a Scotch descended Presbyterian minister who
was well known and highly esteemed in his denomination. The bishop
was rector of a large church in Cleveland when he elected and confirmed
as bishop in succession to Bishop Whitehouse, who was a scholar and
administrator of eminence in his time. The career of Bishop McLaren
in Illinois was marked for its uniform success, the admirable spirit
which he manifested, and for the growth of the church throughout his
jurisdiction.

John Laurie was a Scotchman w^ho came to Illinois in the first third
of the nineteenth century. He settled on a farm in Morgan County.
He had several sons, three of whom were educated in whole or in part in
Illinois College, Jacksonville, and all three became ministers. Thomas
the oldest, was born in what the Scots delight to call "the Athens of the
North" — the city of Edinburgh. He was scarcely ten years of age
when he came with his family to the United States. Graduating from
college in 1838, he resolved to devote himself to religious service in for-
eign lands. The field to which he was assigned was inhabited by that
interesting people, the Nestorians, among whom he labored until his
health compelled him to relinquish what he had hoped would be a life-
work. Upon his return to the United States, and the restoration of
some degree of strength, he preached, and wrote: one of his books was
entitled,""Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians'" which passed through
several editions. Inglis, the second son, held pastorates in Minnesota.
James completed his literary course at Williams College, and went to
Andover for his theological training, becoming a minister of promi-
nence in his day. There were other sons who were farmers, respected
and useful citizens in their community.

President Charles M. Stuart, of Garrett Biblical Institute, Evans-
ton, the Methodist Episcopal Theological Seminary (whose career is in-
dicated elsewhere), is one of the Scottish leaders of his denomination
whose services in behalf of education and ministerial training are widely
known and appreciated.

Of "well-kenned" (well-known) Scottish ministers there have been
many, and of "leal-hearted" ones not a few, who have occupied the pul-
pits of Illinois. As preachers, they were counted theologically sound,
but not by any means only "sound." To give even a limited list of
them would be as difficult as to condense into a paragraph Dr. McCosh's
two volumes on "Realistic Philosophy," or to summarize the "Shorter
Catechism" into a sentence. Some of them used until the last the
"Doric," as the Scots' language — for it is a distinct language — is affec-
tionately designated by the natives of the land of the heather. But the
majority adapted themselves readily to the speech of their new country,
with perhaps just a gentle flavor of their OAvn to make it attractive.

Eev. Wm. Horace Day, D. D., son of the late Eev. Dr. Warren
Day, formerly of Ottawa, Illinois, is Moderator (1919) of the National
Council of Congregational Churches of the United States. He is the
grandson on his maternal side of a Scot; "Dr. Day is now minister of
the leading Congregational Church in Bridgeport, Conn. Another man
of Scots' birth and lineage, who was Moderator of that body (1907-1910),
is a resident of Cook County, Illinois, and was Moderator of the Illinois
State Congregational Association in 1899-1900, and has been a State
Senator. His home is in LaGrange, Illinois.

Eev. John M. Farris, some fifty odd years ago, was one of the best
known and highly esteemed ministers of the Old School Presbyterian
Church in all this territory. He served with success and satisfaction
as financial representative of the then North-Western Presbyterian
(now the McCormick) Theological Seminary. He was an Ulster-Scot,
the worthy son of, stalwart ancestry. His home in the later period of
his life was at Anna, Union County, where he devoted himself to horti-
culture. His son, Eev. Wm. W. Farris, a graduate of the old Chicago
University and of the North-Western Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary, became a useful minister, and an author, as well as a frequent
contributor to the periodical press of his time.

Eev. George C. Lorimer, D. D., for a number of years, was one of
the most eloquent and engaging pulpit orators of Chicago. A Scot,
he was an adopted American, whose loyalty and learning made him a
power for civic betterment and moral uplift throughout his extended
pastorate of one of the leading and most influential Baptist Churches
in the Garden City. As a lecturer he was sought from far and near.
As a preacher he is remembered with Dr. 0. H. Tiffany, Bishop Charles
H. Fowler, Bishop Eobert Mclntyre, Dr. W. H. Eyder, Dr. Herrick
Johnson, Dr. Eobert Collyer, Prof. David Swing, Dr. Eobert W. Patter-
son, Dr. E. M. Hatfield, Dr. H. W. Thomas, Dr. J. P. Gulliver, Dr.
Brooke Herford, Bishop Chas. E. Cheney, Dr. E. P. Goodwin, Dr. Clin-
ton Locke, Dr. F. A. ISToble, and others who in their time were outstand-
ing leaders in their several churches.

Among the settlers who came to southern Illinois during the first
quarter of the nineteenth century, no group furnished more sturdy, in-
dependent, successful, religious, law-abiding citizens that did the Ee-
formed Presbyterians. The name by which they were popularly known
was "Covenanters." They wei^e, to a man, woman, and child, Scotch and
Ulster-lScotch.

The Covenanter was a product of the despotism of the House of
Stuart upon a people who had an over-mastering zeal for civil and re-
ligious liberty. This conviction followed the Covenanter in his migra-
tion overseas. It made him the foe of slavery, and the apostle of free-
dom. When the attempt was made in Governor Coles' administration,
to have slavery formally recognized by law and established in Illinois,
the Covenanters, who had made their homes in Eandolph County, at
once ranged themselves among the anti-slavery people, and by voice
and vote did their full share in deciding, once for all, to make, and to
keep, Illinois a free State.

In their public worship, these intelligent, earnest, courageous, use-
ful, liberty-loving citizens used in their praise service the "Psalms in
Meter," and the "Paraphrases," that is, Bible themes set forth in verse.
In their public worship they stood while prayers were offered, and they
sat while they sung. They eschewed instrumental music in their public
worship and would allow no "kist of whistles" to lead their singing.
They believed in a national as well as a personal conscience, in the exist-
ence and consequences of national as well as personal repentance, and in
personal supplications.

Some sixty years ago, or so, there were in Cook County two Re-
formed Presbyterian Congregations. Though relatively small, it is
remarkable how productive they were in developing denominational
leadership. Indeed, this fact is to be noted in connection with the little
churches throughout this State. Church leaders almost as a rule have
come out of the small or rural, not the large or city churches.

Out of the church of the Covenanters in Chica*go, and that — an
Old School Presbyterian Church — into which it grew, came a group who
were leaders in religious, benevolent, and educational fields. Its minister
was an Ulster-Scot. Eev. Eobert Patterson, D. D., not to be taken for
Eev. Eobert W. Patterson, D. D., who for many years was minister of
the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, and who was reared in
Bond County, Illinois, and was educated at Illinois College, Jacksonville.
Three of the young men may be named Avho were products of this Cove-
nanter and Old School Church — John C. Hill became a missionary to
Guatemala, after which he returned to the United States, and preached
in Illinois ; for some time he has been in a leading church in Ohio.
John Currer and Alexander Patterson, sons of the ministers, have long
since finished their work here. Mr. Currer came from a Dumfermline,
Scotland, family; preached in Hebron, Illinois, in Girard, Kan,, and in
LeSuer, Minn., Mr. Patterson devoted himself first to evangelistic
service, then became a denominational educator, and the author of sev-
eral bible-text books. Miss Lillian Horton, who was a^ member of the
later — the Old School — church, went to Korea as a missionary. It is
worthy of note that in this church also, in his earlier life, was the late

Thomas Templetou of Evanstou, avIio for years was prominently con-
nected with the Marshall Field Company, and who left provisions in his
will for the disposition of about a million of dollars for denominational
and charitable purposes. The late James Crighton, for a third of a
century a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, another young man
of this church, for more than twenty-five years was superintendent of
one of the most important city missions of the Presbyterian denomina-
tion. This little church had in its membership a number of well-known
and successful teachers. One member became an editor and a State
Senator, and, as elsewhere intimated. Moderator of the National Con-
gregational Council (1907-1910).

The other church Avas in the town of Bloom, Cook County, whose
minister Avas Eev. Mr. Phillips. In this church Avas reared the late
State Senator William J. Campbell, of Chicago and Riverside, Avho, dur-
ing the administration of Governor John M. Hamilton, Avas President
of the State Senate, and thus was Lieutenant-Governor; Avas prominent
lawyer; and Avas a member of the National Committee from Illinois of
his party.

The interesting group of people whom Ave know as Covenanters may
not be passed Avithout the recital of an incident illustrative of the man-
ner in Avhich they expressed their convictions. It is published in a
pamphlet issued in 1918, by the "Sunday School Times Company," in
which is a discourse by Eev. Paul Eader, pastor of the Moody Church,
Chicago, entitled, "Hoav Lincoln Led the Nation to Its Knees." Mr.
Eader said :

"Thank God for the little group of men in Ohio Avho could see God's
ways well enough to meet for deliberation and prayer, and for the aom-
pany in Sparta, Illinois, who adopted this pledge: 'To labor to bring
the Nation to repentance toAvard God, and to a faithful administration
of the Government according to the principles of the Word of God.' "

Under the provisions of, and by request of the United States Sen-
ate, expressed in resolutions introduced by Senator James Harlan, of
loAva, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated March 30, 18G3,
setting apart April 30, 1863, "as a day of National humiliation, fasting,
and prayer," and requesting "all the people to abstain on that day from
their ordinary secular pursuits, and to unite at their several places of
public worship and their respective homes, in keeping this day holy to the
Lord and devoted to the humble discharge of the religious duties proper
to that solemn occasion."

These were "the darkest days" of the Civil War. Mr. Eader adds :
"The day of prayer came April 30. In a little moi'e than two months
the sky was flooded Avith decisive victory. By the morning of tbe 5th of
July, Lee Avas on his way in retreat to the Potomac Avith one-qiiarter of
his AA'hole army gone, and seventeen miles of Avagons Avith the wounded.
Vicksburg had fallen, and there Avas the victory of Gettysburg."

This is the interpretation given the gloom and the succeeding light
of 1863. In his proclamation, fixing August 6 as a day of Thanksgiving,
President Lincoln said : "It has pleased Almighty God to hearken to
the supplications and prayers of an afflicted people, and to vouchsafe to
the Army and Navy of the United States victories on land and sea so

signal and effective as to furnish reasonable grounds for augmented
confidence that the Union of these states will be maintained, their Con-
stitution preserved, and their peace and prosperity permanently re-
stored."

Eev. W. J. Smiley, of Sparta, states of Eev. Samuel Wylie that he
planted the Eeformed Presbyterian Church there. j\Ir. Wylie was an
Ulster-Scot, having been born in Antrim, February 19, 1790. Concern-
ing the Eeformed Presbyterian Church, Mr. Smiley remarks : "Her in-
fluence for liberty has been felt, and her testimony against slavery,
lifted up at the close of the last" century, (since 1800 no slave-holder
was retained in her communion), has been vindicated."

With the "Covenanters" here, sixty years ago, the "Communion
Season" was the important semi-annual event. It was observed in the
spring and autumn. Usually the resident minister was assisted in this
sacrament by one other clergyman. The preparation was serious and
thorough. The minister and elders, who comprised the "session," care-
fully examined all applicants for membership. Those who came for the
first time were well-versed in the Bible and the "Shorter Catechism."
So far as recalled, there was no "Lachlan Campbell," of "Beside the
Bonnie Brier Bush'" fame, to be grand inquisitor of the young and
timorous. The week preceding the "Lord's Supper Sabbath" — for it
was never known by the pagan name of "Sunday" — was devoted to
special preparatory services. In some parishes there was a "fast day,"
and it was a real "fast." Each intending communicant was given a
"token," which entitled its holder to a seat at the Communion-table;
for a table occupied the space between the front row of pews and the
pulpit. It was covered with a spotless table-cloth. The communicants
moved down from their pews by the right-hand aisle, with slow and
solemn step. The "precentor^' led in the singing of a Psalm in meter,
to some impressive tune familiar to all. At the end of the aisle two
elders stood, and to them each communicant handed the "token." The
officiating minister occupied a seat in the center of the table facing the
congregation. When the seats were filled, the minister began the service
with prayer; then a short discourse; after which the "elements" were
distributed. When all were partaken of, the "precentor" resumed the
singing, the communicants arose, slowly moved out of their places by
the left-hand circle, while another group or company came down the
right-hand aisle, and took the vacated seats. These exercises made the
service a lengthened one, for it was the only worship in the church that
Sabbath-day.

On such days there were no "liot dinners" in the family. Indeed,
all Sabbath preparations were always completed on Saturday night.
"Thou shalt cut neither horn nor hair on the Sabbath-day" was faith-
fully observed. All bathing, changing of linen, polishing of shoes, and
making ready for Sabbath meals as far as possible, were completed the
evening before. Hence, on Sabbath morning, the Sabbath garb was as-
sumed without hurry, and the worshipper did not need to rush into
church on Sabbath morning "as a warrior hasting to the battle-field."

The Bible was carried to church. In the back part of it were the
"Psalms in meter" and the "Paraphrases." When the minister read the

■^'Scripture lesson," each member turned to the chapter, and carefully
followed the reading. There was a running exposition of the passage.
Where some difficult verse appeared, it was critically explained, and the
meanings of the original Hebrew or Greek given. The sermon was
rarely less than from a hour to an hour and a quarter in length. It
was preached without manuscript, or even "notes." It abounded in
analyses ; tlie historical setting was given ; there were from three to five
main "heads" each with as many subdivisions; it was delivered with
clearness and fervor; throughout it was scholarly; closing with a reca-
pitulation, and the powerful application. It contained sufficient material
to keep the congregation busy until the next "diet of preaching."

The records of the first schools in Illinois are fragmentary. The
county histories, for the most part make only incidental mention of the
early teachers. They are composed of accounts of the methods of form-
ing "subscription schools," as they were called : that is, where petitions
and subscription papers were circulated by persons who desired to "take
up" or to "keep schools;" with descriptions of the crude quarters in
which the schools were held; and with certain picturesque features
which prevailed.

That was before the establishing of free public schools. The com-
pilers of the local annals of long ago emphasize the popular phrase that
*'lickin and larnin" then invariably went together. They relate interest-
ing tales of the "loud schools," or, as they used to call them in Kentucky,
the "blab schools;" that is, where the pupils studied their lessons aloud,
— a type which long preceded the "silent schools" of our day. Several
of these histories contain references to schools which were "kept" by men
who had served with Gen. George Eogers Clark during his conquest of
Illinois.

One of the pioneer teachers was Eev. John Clark (see the section
on Eeligion" for his sketch), a Scotchman, who, about l&Oo-G, labored
with much usefulness in this behalf among the settlers.

The venerable author, the late Dr. Samuel Willard, in his "Brief
History of Early Education in Illinois" (published by State Superin-
tendent Henry Raab in the fifteenth biennial report, 1884, pp. XCVIII-
CXX), states that Eandolph County, the home of many of the Scotch
Covenanters, followed close upon Monroe County in establishing schools,
in 1805-6 and in 1817. He adds, that, in 1821, a school was taught near
Sparta, a center of these Scots. In St. Clair County, in 1811, a school
was opened at Shiloh, and the Scotch settlement.

It was not however, until 1824, or six years after the admission of
Illinois into the Union, that any definite action was taken by the State
for the creation and maintenance of free public schools. This measure
was introduced into the General Assembly by State Senator Joseph
Duncan who later sensed three terms in the United States Congress,
and was elected Governor of Illinois.

Governor Duncan was born on February 22, 1774, in Paris, Ky.
His father was Major Joseph Duncan, a native of Virginia of Scotch
ancestry. The home of the Duncans was Kirkcudbright, in southwestern
Scotland. His daughter, the late Mrs. E. P. (Julia Duncan) Kirby,
of Jacksonville, preserved among her family treasures a picture

of Kirkcudbright, which the writer has often seen, and of which that
lady frequently spoke with pride, as showing the nativity of her father's
ancestry.

The Duncan Act of 1824 was for the establishment and support of
free common schools in Illinois, It became a law. However, it was far
in advance of its time, and was subsequently repealed. It "led in
1854-55, to the passage of a bill prepared by Xinian W. Edwards, for
the system of common schools which we now have, and the provisions
of which are similar to those of the law adopted in 1824 of which Sena-
tor Duncan was the author" (Mrs. Kirby's "Sketch," p. 34).

Although his measure had been nullified. Governor Duncan did not
cease to advocate the advisabilit}' and necessity of popular education.
In his inaugural address as Governor he devoted a large part to a "dis-
cussion of the benefits to be derived from the establishment of a system
of public schools, which he stronglv recommended" (Judge Moses, "His-
tory," vol. 1, p. 402).

For many years the Governor was a trustee of Illinois College,
Jacksonville, founded in 1829. To its support he was always a liberal
contributor; a deep interest which his daughter and lier husband (Judge
and Mrs. E. P. Kirby) maintained to the end.

Among the pioneer-educators of Cook County the name of Stephen
Forbes holds an honored place. He was of Scottish ancestry. Assisted
by his wife, who was a true help-mate, he opened a school in Chicago in
June, 18S0, near Michigan Avenue and Eandolph Street, not quite two
squares south of Old Fort Dearborn. He was engaged by Colonel Beau-
bien and Lieut. David' Hunter, who was of Scotch descent, and who
was afterwards a general in the U. S. Army. Mr. Forbes' school had
some twenty-five pupils, children of families connected with the Fort
and of civilians residing near by.

Hon. William H. Wells, w^ho sixty years ago was superintendent of
Chicago's public schools, and who was a competent authority on the
subject, wrote a history of early education in Chicago. Of Mr. Forbes*
school, Mr. Wells said: "This, no doubt, deserves to be recognized as
the first school in Chicago above the rank of fi family school."

Scots claim a share in the honor of the services accomplished for
popular and higher education by the dean of Illinois schoolmen. Dr.
iSTewton Bateman. His ancestry is traced by his biographer, Paul Selby,
both to English and Scotch sources. Educated at Illinois College, he was
successively teacher, principal, county superintendent, and professor.
In 1858 he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a
position which literally he filled for fourteen years, the longest term
that office was ever held by any one. Later, Dr. Bateman was President
of Knox College, Galesburg (1875-1893), and then became President-
Emeritus. His activities included the editorship of educational jour-
nals. He was one of three to foimd the National Bureau of Education.
Of his seven biennial reports as State Superintendent, it may be recalled
that, in whole or in part, they have been re]mblished in five different
languages in Europe, and that his volume of "Common School Deci-
sions," issued originally by order of the Legislature, is "recognized by
the courts, and is still regarded as authority on the subject" (Paul Selby,

in "Illinois, Historical and Statistical"). It was during Dr. Bateman's
State Superintendency that our public school establishment as it exists,
was really established and developed along the lines marked out by State
Senator Duncan. Dr. Bateman's State reports are classics. They contain
a wealth of information, a source of inspiration, and a breadth of view
never surpassed, if ever equalled, as official publications in the Missis-
sippi Valley, or elsewhere, since the time of Horace Mann.

The old Chicago University was for years one of the cherished in-
stitutions of the city. In its beginnings it was called the Douglas
University. In 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who was of Scotch
descent, donated a tract of land, along Cottage Grove Avenue, at
Thirty-third street, for an institution of learning. A provision was
attached to the gift, that $100,000 be raised to erect buildings thereon.
On July 4, 1857, the corner-stone of the main building was laid. This
was the year of the disastrous financial panic, which seriously crippled
many of its friejids. Senator Douglas, in view of the conditions, ex-
tended the time in which to secure the necessary building funds, and
subsequently deeded the land to the university without reserve. The
institution had many vicissitudes, between the panic and the Civil War,
and at last had to succumb. The idea, hoAvever, never failed, for a few
years after its close was born the present University of Chicago. The
alumni of the old university include not a few distinguished men.

A Presbyterian of Ulster-Scot ancestry was engaged, some three-
score years ago, in extending his already large manufacturing business
throughout the Middle West. He was a man whose principle was that
"there was religion in his business and business in his religion." He
was deeply impressed by "the rough immorality of the new settlement."
These places, he conceived, needed more and better-trained ministers.
It came to him as a real "call" that he should do something to help this
want. He sprung from a family and race of earnest, intelligent. God-
fearing people, and to see a spiritual or moral need, was to find and to
provide means to meet it. This was the ideal which Cyrus Hall Mc-
Cormick entertained when, in 1859, he offered $100,000— then con-
sidered a princely sum — to establish a Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary, in the city where he had made his money and his home. It was
at first called the North-Western Presbyterian Theological Seminary.
Such were Mr. McCormick's large gifts to and interest in it, that later
it was named in his honor. The life of Mr. McCormick is a history of
industry, genius, vision, public spirit, devotion, and generosity — an ex-
ample which his widow and children have fully maintained in their con-
tinued and large contributions to educational, religious, and philan-
thropic objects.

Blackburn University, at Carlinville, was named after Eev. Dr.
Gideon Blackburn, a minister of the then New School Presbyterian de-
nomination. Born in Virginia, August 27, 1772, his father was Eobert
Blackburn, and his mother was a member of a well-known family named
Eichie. Both parents were Ulster-Scots, and devout Presybterians. At
the age of twenty-one he was licensed to preach. Beside becoming a
minister, all his life he was deeply interested in education, especially

— 4 H S

iu the higher branches. In the decade from 1830 to 1840, Illinois made
great advances in the building of churches, schools, and colleges. Dur-
ing that period Dr. Blackburn was the linancial agent of Illinois College
at Jacksonville. In 1837, he conceived the idea for an institution of
learning, which, in 1857, was formally incorporated, and for a time had
courses of study especially adapted to young men preparing for the
ministry. The curriculum later was extended so as to include prepara-
tory and collegiate departments. It was another instance of "one sowing
and another reaping," for Dr. Blackburn died in 1838; as well as an
illustration of that other saying of a good man's works following him.
Not only in the institution was this true. Two of his sons became mini-
sters, and a third would have been had he lived. Of Dr. Blackburn, it
has heen said that of "all the men who ever lived and labored for the
benefit of Macoupin County, he stands in the foreground;" also, that
"he was a man among men, and a man of God." His influence has been
widely felt for four-fifths of a century, and will continue while Black-
burn University lives and bears his name.

llonmouth College, at Monmouth, Warren County, is the product
of pioneer Scotch Presbyterians. Its founders were two ministers of
vision and devotion. They were Eev. J. C. Porter, pastor of Cedar
Creek, and Eev. Robert Eoss, pastor of South Henderson. In 1852, they
conceived the plan of founding an educational institution for higher
scholarship on the rich prairies of Western Illinois. In this enterprise,
they had, as might be expected, the hearty indorsement and support of
their denomination of stalwart United Presbyterians. In 1853, it was
opened as an academy, and two years later steps were taken to raise it
to the rank of a college. In 1857, it was granted a charter. The year
before Eev. David A. Wallace, D. D., LL. D., had been elected its
President. Dr. Wallace had faithfully ministered to Scottish churches
in New England, and was one of the clergymen who were prominent
in combining several bodies which took the name of United Presbyterian.
For twenty-two years he was its executive head. His successor was Eev.
J. B. McMichael, D. D., who was president for nineteen years. These
two able educators were respectively founder and builder. The endow-
ment was increased under the presidency of Eev. S. E. Lyons, D. D.
The present President, Eev. E. H. MclMichael, D. D., is the worthy son
of the former executive, and for more than sixteen years has with un-
varying success conducted its affairs. The college has eighteen hundred
in its alumni ; many others have received their training there ; forty-five
per cent of its young men have entered the ministry; a fifth of the
ministers of the United Presbyterian denomination are Monmouth Col-
lege men ; over fifty have gone into foreign missionary w^ork ; and others
have entered the learned'professions in forty-three of the forty-eight
states, and five hundred of its youth have been with tlie Colors in the
recent European conflict ; while two hundred-flf ty of its young men went
into the Civil War. In the list of graduates are: Maj. E. W. Mc-
Claughvy, the noted penologist; and John M. Glenn, the able secretary
of the Illinois Manufacturer's Association, Chicago.

McKendree College, at Lebanon, is one of the group of colleges
begun in the early "30"s." The others were Illinois College at Jack-

sonville, and Sliiirtleff College at Upper Alton. That was an era of
great intellectual activity in sontliwestern Illinois, Many new settlers
had come and were arriving from the East. In the latter "30's"
financial clouds had begun to darken the State's horizon. However,
school, college, and church building progressed rapidly. Among the
institutions founded during the decade from 1830 to 1840, was Mc-
Kendree College, which at first was named McKendreean College, The
Methodists, as is their custom, were energetic and thoroughly alive to
the needs of the situation. Of the leader for whom McKendree College
was named. Bishop E. E. Hoss thus writes in his biography of Bishop
William McKendree :

"If anything at all has been preserved concerning his (Bishop Mc-
Kendree's progenitors, it has wholly escaped my search. The family
name, however, shows that they were of Scotch origin, though, as was
the case with thousands of others of the same blood, they probably
reached America by way of the north of Ireland. The transplanted
Scotchmen are a masterful race."

The Armour Institute, of Chicago, ranks high in the educational
world. As has been aptly expressed, "Mr, Armour's idea in manual
training was, that all shall be taught and done so that muscles shall not
be more thoroughly trained than the moral character, and the perception
of truth and beauty." The Institute has always had a close relation
on the one side to the public school and on the other side to the uni-
versity. Its founder was the late Philip Danforth Armour. His birth-
place was Stockbridge, Madison County, N. Y., where he was born May
16, 1832. His father was descended from James Armour. That part
of Scotland where the Armours have lived for generations is Argyllshire.
The chief city is Campbelltown, named after the powerful and noted
Duke of Argyll's family. The channel which here separates Argyllshire
from Ulster is only twelve miles wide. The intercourse between the two
countries for centuries has been easy and constant, as elsewhere indi-
cated in this paper. Mr, Armour's Ulster-Scottish ancestor came to
America during the middle of the eighteenth century, and settled in
New England; and his descendents removed to New York in 1835.
Mr, Armour was one of the most widely known of Chicago's great
business men. He was a patron of art. His interest in higher practical
education was deep and abiding. He was one of the most generous sup-
porters of the Scottish organization known as the Illinois Saint Andrew
Society. It was entirely through his benefactions that the Institute
which bears his name was founded and endowed. His plans for the
large ideals of the Institute have been well carried out by his son, J.
Ogden Armour.

Every one who was a student in or acquainted with the University
of Illinois during the first two score years of its history will remember
Prof. Thomas J. Burrell, As of Virgil's hero, it may be said of Pro-
fessor Burrell tliat he himself was a great part of its achievements. He
was the sympathetic adviser of the undergraduate, and to the end
remained the friend of the alumni, Scots and their brethren, the Ulster-
Scots, claim him, for his ancestry was in part of that blood. Born in
the Bay State, he came with his family to Stephenson County, Illinois,

where his father was a farmer. In former times the head of the Uni-
versity was called the Eegent. When a vacancy came in this office, the
Trustee's urged him to accept it, but he was fully satisfied to continue a
member of the faculty, although he was defacto President until the
election of Dr. Draper. Educated in the State Xormal, at Normal,
during the "60's", he had the good fortune, soon after graduation, to
receive an appointment as botanist in one of the expeditions of Maj.
J. W. Powell, the noted geologist and anthropologist, whose explora-
tions of the Colorado Eiver and Canon form a thrilling chapter of
Western history. Upon the organization of the University of Illinois,
he was elected to a professorship, and was the first librarian of that
institution. He closed his long and honorable career as a man loved and
esteemed by all who had the privilege of knowing him.

Prof. David Kinley is one of the leading educators of the present
generation. He occupies a position of distinction in the University of
Illinois. His birthplace was Dundee, Scotland, where he was born
August 2, 1861. In 1872 he came to the United States; was educated
at Yale; pursued post-graduate studies at Johns Hopkins; and for a
time taught in several well-known institutions. He has specialized in
economics, and served on a number of international industrial and
financial commissions. He is the author of several standard works, and
has been a frequent contributor to the leading periodicals. His services
as a University Dean led to his selection (1919) as acting-President of
the University of Illinois during the year's absence on leave of Dr.
James. Professor Kinlev is a loval American whose affection for the
homeland has made him a much-sought after speaker at Saint Andrew
Society and other Scotch anniversaries.

When Chicago was nothing more than a straggling, struggling
village, something like three-quarters of a century ago, Lyons Township
had become a well-known settlement among the communities of Cook
County. Its nearest corner to Chicago was a dozen miles to the south-
west. So important had it grown, that in 1836' there assembled within
its borders delegates to the first political convention ever held in the
county. This meeting took place on the Vial farm, south of the present
suburb of Western Springs. The meeting-place wiis a log house on the
farm now owned by the venerable Eobert Vial, who has lived on the
identical spot for eighty-five years.

Opposite the Lyonsville Congregational Church, on the Joliet road^
was built in the early "40's" the first public school-house in the Town-
ship. It was of logs. One of those who helped to "raise" it was the
late Samuel Vial, an older brother of Robert, then a young man. Its
first teacher was Miss Margaret McNaughton, a Scotch lass, who came
to America with her parents from Aberdeen. She became the wife of
Samuel Vial, who died a nonagenarian, in October, 1911. One of their
sons, the late George MclSTaughton Vial, became the Moderator of the
Illinois State Congregational Conference, and was for many years a
leader in the National Councils of the denomination, Joseph Vial, the
other son, has been Township Treasurer for nineteen years.

In Chicago, Scots and the sons of Scots have contributed their part
to the public school establishment of the city. This has been acknow-
ledged by the Board of Education in the naming of at least twenty-
seven of its largest grammar schools after distinguished Scots and
descendents of Scotsmen. The services for popular education of Daniel
E. Cameron, John McLaren, Graeme Stewart, and John J. Badenoch
can scarcely be properly estimated by this generation. Mr. McLaren
was for many years a trustee of the Lewis Institute, one of Chicago's
educational establishments.

To these annals should be added the names of Prof. Hugh McDonald
Scott and Prof. Wm. Douglas Mackenzie. Both were Scotch, and both
were members of the faculty of the Chicago Congregational Theological
Seminary, at Union Park; both were preachers, teachers, and authors;
and both were leaders in their denomination in their city, State, and
J^ation. Professor Scott was killed in a street-car accident; and Pro-
fessor Mackenzie went from Chicago to become President of Hartford
Theological Seminary, Connecticut, which office he still holds.

Another Scot, whom his countrymen delight to honor, is President
Charles M. Stuart, of the Methodist Episcopal Theological Seminary
at Evanstou, known as Garrett Biblical Institute. President Stuart is a
native of Glasgow; educated in its noted High School; graduated in
1880 at Kalamazoo College, and later at Garrett Biblical Institute; was
assistant editor of the "Northwestern Christian Advocate" from 1888
to 1896, and its editor from 1908 to 1913; was Professor of Homiletics
in Garrett Biblical Institute from 1896 to 1908 ; and has been its Presi-
dent since 1912; a record of educational and editorial service deserving
of a large recognition in these chronicles.

The long, successful and satisfactory labors of President Thomas
McClelland, late of Knox College, Galesburg, deserve an honored place
in the college annals of Illinois. He is one of the sons of the sturdy
Ulster-Scots, who have planted the church and the school side by side.

In Perry County, in early day, among the teachers mentioned are
Francis Thompson McMillan and Martha McMillan. In Eandolph
County, at the Plum Creek settlement, we find among the Presbyterians
who came from South Carolina those who had the "energetic traits which
have marked the race in all parts of the United States." It is related
that that staunch Covenanter, Rev. Samuel Wylie, "frequently had
private students," probably preparing for the ministry. Adam W3die,
a brother; taught in 1833-5 at Sparta. It is related by S. B. Hood, that
"in the summer of 1832 G. T. Ewing, afterwards a Covenanting
minister, taught school in Section 9, east of Eden."

In the records of the early schools in McDonough County are to be
found the names of Scots who did good service in building up education
throughout the "Military Tract." And this is duplicated in many other
counties and districts.

The story of the early publications of Illinois is that of change in
ownership, editorship, places of issue, policies, and affiliations. The
small and scattered settlements of pioneer days, and the scarcity of
money, were not conducive to their sustained and substantial support.

The news of the separated communities found among its most efficient
disseminators the traveling preachers or circuit-riders, and the itmeranu
peddlers. These, with their more or less novel narratives and unusual
tales, were welcome visitors in the log-cabin and the wayside tavern.

In those times the habit, now practically universal, of subscribing
for, and of reading, the local paper had not been acquired. Touching
authorship, as at present understood, there was little if any in Illinois,
unless we except the well written and useful works of Morris Birkbeck
and George Flower, of the English colony of Edwards County.

The excellent sketch of Governor Joseph Duncan ("Fergus* His-
torical Series," No. 29), by his daughter, the late Mrs. Julia Duncan
Kirby, of Jacksonville, contains the following:

"Capt. Matthew Duncan'* (Governor Duncan's brother) was edu-
cated at Yale College, and after completing his education, and return-
ing to his native state "(Kentucky)," he for a time edited a paper in
Eussellville, Ky., caUed "The Mirror." On removing to Illinois, in

1814, he edited and published at Kaskaskia "The Illinois Herald," the
first newspaper published in Illinois. In December, 1814, he published
the first book or pamphlet that was published in the State. In June,

1815, he published the first volume of what was known as "Pope's
Digest." In 1817, Matthew Duncan sold his paper to Daniel P. Cook
and Eobert Blackwell. He abandoned journalism and entered the army.
He resigned after four years of service, and engaged in business in
Shelbyville, Illinois, where he died January 16, 1844, only a few hours
after Governor Duncan, neither knowing of the illness of the other.
"For the Scotch ancestry of Matthew, see the sketch of Governor Duncan
given elsewhere in this paper.

" Other historians state that Matthew Duncan '^'brought a press and
a primitive printers outfit from the state" (Kentucky). Hooper War-
ren, who was the founder of the third paper established in Illinois,
afiirms that Duncan's press "was for years only used for public printing."
The oldest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence is
Yol. I, Xo. 30, and bears date December 13, 1814. It was a three-column
paper. When Cook and Blackwell acquired it, they changed it to "The
Intelligencer," and increased it to four columns. In 1820, it followed
the State Capitol from Kaskaskia to Yandalia.

Eobert Goudy (writes Hon. Ensley Moore), of Jacksonville, Illinois,
in "Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Societ)^" 1907, pp.
315-23), was presumably born in the neighborhood of Armagh, County
Tyrone, which is in the province of Ulster, in the north of Ireland,
November 2, 1785. The Goudies were, and are to be found in Ayrshire,
next to Wigtownshire and Argyllshire, Scotland, the nearest to that part
of Ireland where the Protestant population is largest and where lived
the Ulster-Scots. The Scotch poet Eobert Burns had a friend, "John
Goudie, the terror of the Wliigs," to whom he addressed some character-
istic verses. In the migrations of those who bore the name, it was
variously written Goudie, Goudy, Gowdie and Gowdy. Mr. Goudy
married Miss Jane Ansley, who was of Scotch descent. The Scottish
spelling of the name Avas and is Ainslie. Like many others, it too was
changed, as it were, in transportation finally to Ensley. Mr. Goudy

early learned the art oi' printing. The family lived for a time in
Indiana, and in June, 1832, came to Illinois, settling in 1833 in Jaclv-
sonville. It is believed that he, like Duncan, brought with him his
printing plant. In 1834 he published "The News" in Jacksonville. The
i?ame year was issued from the Goudy press "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois,"
a book, now rare, that became an authority, and, aside from official
publications, probably the first book printed and bound in Illinois. Then
began the publication of "Goudy's Farmer's Almanac," which contained
much varied and valuable information. Mr. and Mrs. Goudy had nine
children, all of whom were to become noted in their respective homes
and walks of life."

Hon. Calvin Goudy, M. D., was their second child. When Jack-
sonville became their home, he attended Illinois College, and had among
his associates, War-Governor Eichard Yates, and Eev. Eobert W. Patter-
son, D. D., long the pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago,
whose sons, Eobert W., and Eaymond were prominent newspaper men,
the first the editor, the other the Washington correspondent, of the
"Chicago Tribune." In conjunction with a brother, probably Ensley
T., in 1837, Calvin published the "Common School Advocate," the first
journal of its class in the west. He studied medicine, and practiced his
profession in Taylorville, Christian County. In 1850 he was elected to
the Legislature, and, as indicated elsewhere, took an active part in edu-
cational advancement. He died March 8, 1877. His services in pro-
moting education and periodical literature were many and useful. Of
his distinguished brother, Hon. W. C. Goudy, mention is made in that
section of this paper entitled "Bench and Bar."

The growth of the newspaper business in Illinois from 1830 to 1900
has been marvelous. During the first half of this seventy-year period
it is impossible now to trace the antecedents of their founders, owners,
and editors in the State at large.

. As Chicago developed, there were long connected with its press num-
bers of Scots whose writings in their specialties made them noted, A
few may be mentioned.

James Ballantyne, during the Civil War decade, was an authority
on financial and commercial matters. His department on the old "Ee-
publican" was a standard.

James Chisholm, before and after the Great Fire of 1871, was a
dramatic critic of local fame. His articles in the "Inter Ocean" were
universally read by the theatrical world. The weekly review which he
prepared and published under the whimsical pseudonym of "John
Barleycorn" Avere inimitable, "pawky;" delightful for their wit, with a
flavor and expression that reminded one of Charles Lamb.

E. ]Sr. Lament, writer for the same paper, was a man of rare attain-
ments, retiring, with a fine, graceful style, an essayist whose counter-
part is George P. Upton, so long one of the charming contributors to
the columns of the "Tribune." Lament's book-reviews were unexcelled
for discrimination and taste. He had no superior as a literary Scot in
the Garden City.

At one time on the writing-staff of the "Inter Ocean" alone there
were no fewer than five Scots and descendants of Scots. Indeed in tliat

5fi

journalistic group Virgil's Avell-known line was playfully paraphrased
to the "cultivating of literature on a little oat-meal."

In the circle of the religious press of that period was Eev. E.
Erskine, who edited the "North- Western Presbyterian" an influential
publication of the denomination : genial, alert, capable, a preacher who
was also an excellent editor.

Cyrus Hall McCormick, once owner of the "Times," before Wilbur
F. Storey's advent, founded and maintained the brilliant "Interior,"
whose editor. Dr. Wm. C. Gray, in his day was next to Dr. J. A. Adams,
of the Congregational "Advance," the best paragrapher on the American
religious press.

Dr. Charles M. Stuart, long associate editor, then editor, of
Methodist Episcopal "North-Western Christian Advocate," published in
Chicago, was a journalist who ranked with p]rskine, Gray, and Adams.

Gen. Daniel Cameron, who always retained the "burr" of the "r"
in the heather-r-r, was a virile editorial writer, who a half century ago
was a i^olitical, as well as a journalistic power in northern Illinois." His
brother, A. C. Cameron, was long a prominent local publisher of news-
papers.

In these latter days the Scots in Illinois and throughout the North-
West take great pleasure in recalling the useful and esteemed George
Sutherland, of the "Western British American;" courteous, courageous,
quiet, pure, he was beloved of all.

In a county history of 1883, appears the following: "D. F. Mc-
Millan began the publication of the 'Eandolph County Eecord' at Sparta,
May 28, 1844." It is said he went there from Kaskaskia in 1842, and
removed to Chester in 1846. He was one of the few of the name in
Illinois who were newspaper men.

The history of Illinois could not well be written were the names of
Robert Fergus and his son, George Harris Fergus, omitted. In 1839,
Eobert Fergus issued the first directory of Chicago, and other similar
works in subsequent years as late as that of 1857, including reprints
of the same after the Great Fire of 1871. His son, George, was his
close companion and cordial coadjutor from the early "60's." Eobert
Fergus also printed the first decisions of the Illinois Supreme Court,
known as "Scammon's Eeports."

Father and son published "The Fergus Historical Series" which
embrace some forty volumes and pamphlets bearing on early Chicago,
Illinois, and the North-West. Today "The Fergus Historical Series"
comprise collectively the most authoritative history of pioneer days in
Chicago and the State. The complete "Illinois : Historical and Statis-
tical," by the late Judge John Moses, is a work in two volumes of over
1,300 pages, and was published through the sole enterprise of George
Fergus.

Both Eobert and George Harris Fergus, all their active and useful
lives, were deeply interested in civic betterment. Although neither of
them ever held public office, both — Eobert from 1839 to 1860 and George
from 1860 to 1911 — were upbuilding and influential factors in city.
State, and National affairs, and were always on the side of good gov-
ernment.

Eobert Fergus was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815. His
father was John and his mother was Margaret Patterson (Aitken)
Pergus. He was educated in the schools of his native city, and at the
age of fourteen years entered the University Printing Office at Villafield.
In those early days he "worked at the case" on Sir Walter Scott's "Mar-
mion," "The Lady of the Lake,'' and "The Lay of the Last Minstrel."
He also took part in "setting up" Sturm's "Piefiections" and Meadow's
Prench, Italian and Spanish dictionaries. His training in the "art pre-
servative," and in publishing was practical and thorough, and laid the
foundation for his future career in Chicago, where he arrived one month
prior to his twenty-fourth birthday, and where he lived for sixty years.
His wife's maiden name was Margaret Whitehead Scott, who, too, was
a native of Glasgow, and was the daughter of James Scott, a merchant
weaver and a burgess and freeman of the city. Mr. Fergus founded in
Chicago the printing and publishing house that bore his name, and he
•continued actively in that business until his decease.

George Harris Fergus, their eldest son, was born in Chicago, Sept-
ember 1, 1840. He was educated in the public schools of the city, and
became a partner of his father, and continued the business until his
death, November 24, 1911.

During the late "50's" George became a member of the famous
company known as "Ellsworth's Zouaves." When the first call for troops
was issued by President Lincoln, he was appointed First Lieutenant of
Company K, 11th New York Infantry, under Colonel Ellsworth. This
command was mustered into service at Washington, D. C, May 7, 1861,
and was the first regiment sworn in for the Civil War. Colonel Ells-
worth, in the fall of 1860, entered the office of Mr. Lincoln at Spring-
field to study law, and accompanied the President-elect to Washington
on the way to his inauguration. Lieutenant Fergus served with his
I'egiment in May, 1861, when it was detailed to guard President Lincoln
at the White House. He was present when Colonel Ellsworth, while
attempting to haul down a Confederate flag, in Alexandria, Va., was
shot. May 24, 1861. Mr. Fergus was married to Mary Electa Stocking
on November 24, 1867. Mrs. Fergus is an honored resident of Chicago
(April, 1919).

The characteristics of father and son are revealed in all their work.
Both gave their lifetime to historical research and investigation, and
their publications bear witness of their almost faultless accuracy. Robert
Fergus was thoroughly Scottish, and George was as thoroughly Ameri-
can in spirit. They had much in common. Both were intense in thought
and action. Eobert was a great reader of the best literature. George
was an esteemed, companion to many famous men. George was direct,
forcible, retiring, but always responsive, and ever master of himself.
Both were true to their respective traditions — Scottish and American.
In their useful careers, they exemplified the ancient motto of the Clan
Fergus — "Ready, Aye Ready."

In Northern Illinois, just before the Civil War, the abolitionists
-were unusually active. They were open in their advocacy of uncon-
-ditional freedom for the Slaves, and they were daring in their efforts to

aid fugitives. The "agents" and "stations^' of the "Undergroiind Eail-
road" had greatly increased in numbers and efficiency in all this section.

La Salle County had become important as a district where the
"lines" from the South converged, to be continued from there to Chicago.
In Ottawa, particularly, there was an aggressive anti-slavery society.
In 1838-9 there had been organized in that place three churches, the
Congregational, Baptist, and Methodist, whose members were ardent
in the anti-slavery cause.

Xo braver or bolder man in all this region was there than John
Hossack. He was a stalwart Scotchman, who was born in Caledonia
in 1806. Love of liberty has always been a notable trait of his country
men.

From an interesting paper, by Eev. John H. Eyan, of Kankakee,
entitled "A Chapter from the History of the Underground Railroad in
Illinois," published in the "Journal of the Illinois State Historical
Society," (April, 1915, vol. 8, Xo. 1, pp. 23-30), the following, largely,
has been gathered :

John Hossack had settled in Ottawa about 1849. It is related of
him that the first fugitive, slave whom he helped to freedom was sent to
him by the fearless and fertile Rev. Ichabod Codding, a Congregational
minister and anti-slavery lecturer, who had traveled much. At that
time, John Hossack was evidently a man of recognized force.

The incident, in connection with which his name has come down to
our time, involved a fugitive slave named Jim Gray, or "Xigger Jim,"
as slaver}-'s supporters called him. "Jim" had escaped from his master,
one Richard Phillips, and had made his way from Missouri to Union
County, Illinois. There he was captured and put in prison. A Mr.
Root interested himself in the fugitive, and sued out a writ of habeas
corpus in the State Supreme Court. The case was taken before Judge
J., D. Caton, who sat at Ottawa, then one of the grand divisions of this
jurisdiction.

John Hossack had been notified that the slave and his captors were
to arrive in Ottawa at a certain time. He was at the station to meet
them. The party who had "Jim" in charge consisted of Phillips, his
son, a constable, and "three kidnappers, Jones, Curtley, and McKinney."

The "kidnapping" of negroes had long been practiced in the
southern counties of the State. Two or three men were usually asso-
ciated together for this business. One would establish himself at St.
Louis, or at one of the other border towns, and work up a reputation as
a seller of slaves. The others would move about the Illinois counties on
the lookout for negroes — slaves or free. The "kidnappers" never stopped
to inquire whether a colored person was free or not. The question simply
was, could he be carried off in safety? The slave-hunters seized their
victims secretly, or enticed them to accompany them under false pre-
tences, placed them in a wagon, and 'drove as rapidly as possible to the
borders of the State" (Prof. N. Dwight Harris' "History of Xegro
Servitude in Illinois," pp. 54-5). Then they were sold down South."
When John Hossack met the Phillips party, "Jim," says Rev. Mr.
Ryan, "had a trace-chain fastened to his legs, his arms pinioned and a

£9

rope aroi;nd his neck, and down between his legs — the end held by a
white man, the negro walking in front." This was too much for John
Hossack. He demanded of Jim's guard to know of what crime the negro
had been guilty that he should be thus treated. The answer given was
so unsatisfactory that Hossack exclaimed: "'I^o man can be taken
through the streets of Ottawa thus humiliated — not while John Hossack
lives I" This fearless, public protest led to some abatement of "^Jim's"
treatment.

This exhibition of slavery's inhumanity caused intense excitement
in the community. In deference to public sentiment, the Phillips party
took their prisoner to a hotel instead of putting him in jail that night.
In the evening church bells rang, meetings were held, plans were made
for the hearing before Judge Caton the next day, and attorneys were
retained to defend the fugitive.

On the hearing, and after evidence was submitted and the argu-
ments were presented. Judge Caton discharged "Jim" from custody.

]^ow came the crisis. There had been some understanding that this
would be done. When, therefore, the United States Marshal was re-
moving his prisoner, the crowd gathered around captors and captive.
Those most instrumental in separating "Jim" and the Marshal were
John Hossack and Dr. Stout and Dr. Hopkins, and some dozen or fifteen
others. A carriage was in waiting close by. Mr. Campbell (his name
certainly sounds Scotch) had charge of the team. The rescuers quickly
put "Jim" in the carriage, and away they went. The fugitive was con-
veyed to a place of safety a few miles from the present city of Streator,
where he remained concealed until he was taken by friends to Chicago.
There he was received by Philo Carpenter, and later sent to Canada
and freedom.

John Hossack, with Dr. Joseph and James Stout, and ten or fifteen
others were indicted by a United States grand jury for their participa-
tion in the rescue from the Marshal of a prisoner. They were tried in
Chicago in the United States District Court, and convicted. John
Hossack was defended by Messrs. Isaac N. Arnold, Burton C. Cook, and
E. C. Larned, all able and distinguished lawyers, and all personal friends
of Mr. Lincoln.

In his own defense, when asked what he had to say why sentence
should not be pronounced, Hossack made an address of which Eev. Mr.
Eyan says: "It will become memorable as later generations appreciate
the heroism of our ]!*3'ational crisis." Hossack was sentenced to serve ten
days in jail, and to pay a fine and costs amounting to $591.

It was a dearly won victory for the pro-slavery people. "Jim" had
escaped, literally Scot-free, Hossack's courageous course, his manly
bearing during the trial, and his stirring speech in court, were as fuel
to a conflagration that spread through, and lighted up, all of the northern
part of the State. His prison became a Mecca to which crowds flocked.
The newspapers reported every incident in connection with it in detail.

Many who had hitherto been indifferent on the subject of slavery
were now won over to the side of the oppressed black man. His friends
were greatly encouraged by the change in public sentiment. Indeed,

probably no single act, in 1859-60, in northern Illinois had more in-
fluence in advancing the cause of the anti-slavery people; nor did more
to create a local atmosphere lor the ^National Convention which met in
Chicago and nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency.

At that time Hon. .John Wentworth was Mayor of the city. He also
owned and managed a newspaper published in Chicago. In its columns
the following was one of his clarion utterances regarding the penalty
visited on the sturdy Scot, John Hossack, for his acts in behalf of Jim
Gray:

"Scotchmen, patriot's and citizens, visit John Hossack ! Eemember
our friends of freedom as bound with him!'' Then he added: '"Let
their fines and costs be paid !"

And the public response was general and generous. The slave-
hunter's trade in Illinois was dead. John Hossack and his brave asso-
ciates had killed it.

In 1848 there died in Chicago a Scot, whose varied adventures read
like a romantic tale of Eobert Louis Stevenson or Mayne Eeid. His
name occurs frequently in "Astoria," that interesting book of Washing-
ton Irving, himself the son of a native of the Orkney Islands. If the
reader would learn of the hazards and harvests of the fur-trade of the
JSTorth-West of a century ago, let him peruse the delightful pages of
Irving's "Astoria."

Eobert Stuart was born at Callander, Scotland, which is familiar
to every American tourist who has taken the charming trip through the
district made famous by Sir Walter Scott in "The Lady of the Lake."
The story of the life of Stuart (related by Dr. Peter Eoss, in his "The
•Scot in America," pp. 59-63), is that Eobert was a grandson of Alex-
ander Stuart, who, as "Allan Breck'^ would say, had "a King's name."
Alexander was the bitter enemy of that notorious cateran, Eob Eoy.

Eobert came to America when about twenty-one years old. As a
fur-trader in Canada he had seen life; on the coast of Labrador he had
been a fisherman; with the voyageurs he had made various expeditions
into the interior. The first John Jacob Astor found in him a trusted
partner and fearless pioneer in his almost empire-visioned enterprises in
the Far North-West.

In 1819, Stuart quitted Oregon, struck the trail for the East, and
found his wa}' to Mackinac Island. The summer visitor to this well-
known place in "The Straits" will remember the old "Astor House."
Still to be seen there are some of the hewn-log structures of a century
ago, in which the furs brought in by hunters and traders were sorted
and stored, preparatory to shipping them to the sea-board. There, too,
may be inspected the interesting records of Eamsay Crooke, the Scotch
factor, who was in charge of the post. Stuart continued his work on the
Island as a fur-trader. His knowledge of, and influence with, the
Indians led to his appointment by the Government as Commissioner to
the tribes of the region. In 1831 he removed to Detroit, and was chosen
Treasurer of the State of Michigan. The tribes with whom he had been
associated sincerely respected and trusted him., as he was a man whom
by long experience they had come to know as their friend; whose

promises to them had never been broken ; a reputation by no means uni-
versal of those to whom the Government has entrusted its Indian ad-
ministration.

His son David, a leading lawyer, and a Congressman from Michi-
gan, came to Chicago, as attorney for the Illinois Central Eailroad;
volunteered in 1861; became Colonel of the Fifty-fifth Illinois Infantry;
commanded a brigade in General Sherman's army; was wounded at
Shiloli, and served brilliantly at Corinth and elsewhere. He was a
gallant and talented officer, and exhibited in his life and services the
loyalty of his father to the United States.

Of the one hundred and two counties in Illinois at least twenty-five
bear the names of men of either Scottish birth or blood. As may be
inferred, these names are of those distinguished in the military and
civil service of the United States, during and since the Eevolutionary
War. They began with St. Clair, the first county organized, and extend
to next to the last, Douglas County, created in 1857.

In upwards of sixty counties, from Alexander, on the extreme south,
to Jo Daviess and Lake, on the north line, there are more than a hun-
dred cities, towns, villages, and communities which have distinctively
Scottish names.

Of the original of the names of Elgin and Dundee, in Kane County,
there need be no question. In Scotland, however, the "g" in Elgin is
given the "hard sound" and in the United States it is given the "soft
sound."

In regard to the naming of Dundee, a local historian relates the
following :

"Early in 1837, all were convinced, from what was going on at the
crossing of the Fox Eiver, that a town would soon grow up at that point.
The people began to discuss a name for it. A meeting was called to
consider the question. ISTearly every one had some favorite that would
recall some locality back at the old home. " Finally a young Scotchman
named Alexander Gardiner rose, and in his rich Scotch dialect proposed
the name 'Dundee' after his native town. The name was unanimously
adopted."

Wheatland Township, Will County, had, in 1843-4, several additions
to its settlers, who, with their descendants, have exercised a determining
influence in its development. Among them were William and John
McMicken, who came direct from Scotland. It is recorded that in 1844
Stephen Fridley founded the "Scotch settlement" there. In the same
year Eobert Clow arrived, also Mungo Patterson. In 1847 the Scotch
Church was organized, and its house of worship, a mile north of
Tamarack post office, was erected a few years later. Eobert Clow lived
until 1880, when at the age of 83 he passed on ; a useful widely known
and respected citizen, whose descendants have been identified with the
best interests of the community, and have contributed their full share
to its up-building.

An interesting custom was transplanted to this "Scotch settlement"
some forty-five years ago, and found firm root there. It is the annual
"plowing match" which has come to be the most popular agricultural

function in the County, and for years has exceeded in attendance any
of the old-time County fairs which once were quite an institution. This
"plowing match" anniversary owes its creation and continuance to the
late James Patterson, whose birthplace was in the southwestern part of
Scotland, celebrated for its plowmen. While yet a young man, J\Ir.
Patterson, who had thoroughly learned farming in his native province,
came to Will Count}', bought laud, and became one of the widely known,
respected, and successful farmers in a district famous for masters in that
profession. He also brought with him an enthusiastic zeal for the best
customs of his Scottish forbears' land. One of these was the celebration,
with the aid of capable workmen and under farming conditions, of the
Ayrshire, W^igtownshire, and Kirkcudbrightshire — indeed of all agricul-
tural Scotland — customs of yearly "plowing matches." These took place
in the autumn, when the crops were harvested, and the fields were ready
for "fall-plowing." Their objects were, to cultivate thoroughness in
soil-preparedness and treatment, speed and skill in turning the furrows,
and general interest and efficiency in all kinds of field-work. Prizes
were awarded the successful plowmen. The competition was keen. The
day set apart for the trials was an event. Then horses were employed
before this day of the tractor. The teams were selected with care. The
place where the work was done took on the appearance of a popular
fair. The farming-implement manufacturers and dealers were there in
evidence with their out-puts. This was the custom which Mr. Patterson
introduced, and until the end of his life maintained with success at the
"Scotch Settlement." The last one which the writer attended (1917)
was held in the district, and it was reported that there were lined-up
around the fields upwards of 1,200 automobiles, and about ten thousand
spectators. The visitors represented practically every County in
Northern Illinois, and considerable delegations were in attendance from
the adjoining States of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana.

In McDonough County, the heart of the Military Tract, the Scot
early found a hospitable abiding place, and was rewarded by having a
township named after his native land, Scotland.

Among the early events of public importance in the County is
recorded the work of Charles Hume, son of a Scot, who taught the first
school in Hire Township; he became County Judge, and was a gallant
soldier in the Civil War. William McMillan was a State Senator from
the district in 1844-8. William CoAvan, of Tennessee Township, a
prominent citizen, was of Scotch parentage. In Scotland Township,
were James Clark, John and Alexander Watson, and the Barclays —
John, James, Andrew and Eobert — and Andrew Binnie, whose names
tell their ancestry. In Prairie Township were Hugh Eobertson, and J.
M, and C. W. Hamilton. In Industry Township was James Allison.
In Chalmers Township (Scotch) was Wm. M. Reid. In Bushnell Town-
ship, David Eobinson taught the first school, and Martha Campbell Avas
the first teacher in New Salem Township. In Macomb, James M.
Campbell was long a leading citizen, and also Lewis W. Ross, William
Job, and John and James Vance, and others of Scot and Ulster-Scot
lineage.

No man was better known throughout that section, a third of a
century ago, tlian the genial Alexander McLean. A native of Glasgow,
he and his brother John were long active in public affairs. He (Alex-
ander) was appointed in the first tenn of Governor CuUom a member
of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, and served on
that body, it is believed, longer than any other man. Mr. McLean was
the son of Hector and Catherine McMillan McLean, and came to the
United States in 1849. He was a Presidential elector in 1ST6. There
was another brother, Duncan, who became a judge in Idaho.

Adam Douglas, John McMillan, Andrew McCandless father of the
well-known family, all were of Scotch blood, and reflected credit on their
ancestrv.

In Madison County we find such familiar names as that of David
Gillespie, and his sons, Mathew and Joseph, who were Scotch, although
of Ulster birth. The father came to Illinois in 1818, and delighted to
trace his ancestry to the Clan Campbell of Argyllshire. Samuel Mc-
Alilly was also of Scotch descent, and settled during the same period in
Madison County.

In early days AVinnebago County's settlers often were the victims
of the depredations of organized bands of outlaws, who stole, intimidated,
and sometimes murdered, the peaceful pioneers. At last the conditions
became so serious, because of the boldness and badness of these bandits,
that the settlers formed companies who were called "Eegulators," to put
a stop to the operations of the high-handed thieves. John Campbell, a
Scotchman, a devout Presbyterian, and an esteemed citizen, was chosen
to be the leader of the law-abiding people. In one of their enterprises,
the outlaws killed Mr. Campbell. A desperado named Driscoll was held
to be the murderer, and he was promptly executed for the crime. The
summary punishment thus dealt out to one of their chief men rid the
country of these ruffians.

Among the well-known early settlers of Winnebago County, were
Scots who were prominent in private and public affairs. No attempt
is here made to give anything like a list of them. Those mentioned
may be taken as illustrations of how the Scot has made his way. These
are named with the year of their arrival in the country ! Thomas D.
Eoberston, 1838 ; Duncan Ferguson, 1839 ; D. H. Ferguson, 1839 ; Daniel
Dow, 1811, and G. Tulloch, 1811. Mr. Piobertson was an influential
banker of Eockford. Duncan Ferguson was educated at the University
of Glasgow, and was a leading citizen and official, D. H. Ferguson, who
was an infant when he came, served (1866-1870), as Collector of In-
ternal Eevenue for the district, and was a banker.

The town of Caledonia, numerically not large, and conunercially
not considerable, is one of the most prosperous and best known in Boone
County. The locality was settled in 1838 ; and, when the county was
organized two years later, it began to show marked growth. The officials
who had the matter in hand gave it its name upon the presentation of a
petition which set forth that it had been chosen by the residents of the
locality. Like its successful .and not distant kith and kin, Argyle, its
leading residents in the beginning were from Argyllshire, Scotland.
John Greenlee, whose sons became prominent and prosperous business

men in Belvidere, was from the parish of Southend. The native Scot
understands that the village of Southend is just east of the Mull of
Cantire, and in sight of the famed ruin of Dunaverty, which stands like
a sentinel on the shore. Alexander McXair and James Montgomery
were of Argyllshire birth, and John and A. D. Ealston bore names of an
influential family in Scotland, one of whose members became distin-
guished in California history.

To give in detail, within the limits of this paper anything like a
complete account of the various "Scotch Settlements,'' in Illinois and
their early residents, would be an impossible task. However, enough
has been intimated to suggest somewhat of their members, locations, aud
the characters and lives of those who established them. It may be said,
without fear of successful contradiction, that in no community has the
Scot settled in Illinois where he has not left an impress that did not
make for its betterment in every particular.

Xortheast of Eockford, in Winnebago County, and near the western
border of Boone Coimty, is the "Scotch settlement," Arffvle. It is the
home of the Willow Creek Presbyterian Church. From the history of
this congregation, prepared and read by D. G. Harvey, at the semi-cen-
tennial, "held June 6-7, 1895, are taken many interesting annals, as
well as valuable data that are published in the pamphlet containing the
details of that celebration.

James Armour, of Ottawa, took up a claim of prairie and timber
land, afterwards, known as "Scotch Grove," on Willow Creek. This
claim came to be owned by George and John Armour, and then by
George Picken, Wm. Ealston, and Eobert Armour. In 1836. Jolm
Greenlee, "the pioneer and founder of the Argyle Settlement." lo-
cated on the line between Winnebago and Boone Counties, and in
1837 he brought his family "to their new home, being the first Scotch
family to locate in this part of Winnebago County." Others soon
followed. We find among them, the names of Hugh Eeid (1838);
George Picken, Eobert Howie, Andrew GifEen, and Alexander Mc-
Donald (1839); Wm. Ferguson, James Picken, John Andrew, Alex-
ander Eeid, Eobert Armour, (1840) ; Gavin and David Ealston, Wm.
Harvey, John McEachran, and John Picken (1841) ; David Smith,
James Montgomery, Peter Caldwell, James and Alexander Eeid, and ^Ir.
McXair (1842) ; and in 1843, the families of Peter and Alex. Ealston,
Charles Picken, and Lionel Henderson ; thirty families who located there
before the church was organized. There were fifty-one charter members,
who represented seventeen groups of different names.

The Dukes of Arg\'ll (written here Argyle) were and are chiefs of
the distinguished Clan Campbell. The histories tell of the most of them
as men of high character and excellent reputation. Some of their land-
agents — "factors" they are called over there — were not so favorably
known. In the decade between 1830 and 1840 some of these "factors"
treated the tenant-farmers of the then Duke with great harshness. These
measures became so severe that an exodus of many of the farmers to
Illinois followed.

The large settlement in Winnebago County in which they made
their homes thev named Argyle after the shire in the home-land.

In the early years, religious meetings were held in the homes of the
people, for the settlers did not fail to "assemble themselves together for
prayer, praise and reading of the Scriptures." In 1842, a log-house was
erected, which was used for day-school, Sunday School, and public wor-
ship. Frontier fraternity prevailed. The people were ministered to,
when possible, by Baptist and Methodist clergymen. In 1843, an effort
was made to organize a church, but it was not until December, 1844,
that this was done. In January, 1845, the church decided to unite with
the Old School Presbyterian body. The church was staunch in doctrine,
and pronounced in its anti-slavery convictions.

In those olden days the congregational singing was led by a "pre-
centor,'' as in Scotland. The "elders" were ordained and installed ac-
cording to time-honored Scottish custom. Those who held positions in
the church as trustees, treasurer, and clerk, were styled "office-bearers."

There was a "manse," as the Scot^i call a parsonage: When a
minister was engaged to preach for a, tinie,il)Tlt not as a settled pastor,
he was known as a "supply." The iDiistoi^ pre\failed of having "candi-
dates," if there was a vacancy in the pulpit. If a janitor of the church
were needed, "bids" for the place were received by the trustees. Calls
to the pastorate were "prosecuted before Presbytery ;" that is, submitted,
and Presbyterial action follo'w'^d. When a minister resigned, the "pas-
toral relation was dissolved." These things are familiar to Presbyteri-
ans, and are merely mentioned here for the information of those not
uiembers of that body.

The ministers of Willow Creek Church included Eev. James Mac-
laughlan, well known two score of years ago in Chicago as the pastor
of the Scotch Presbyterian Church, and at the time of his decease, some
two years ago, one of the oldest members of Chicago Presbytery, and
minister of the Brighton Park Presbyterian Church.

A number of the ministers became prominent in the denomination.
The church in this respect has a remarkable record.

Among the young men who grew up in this church, was Eev. John
•A. Montgomery. He was a son of Elder James Montgomery and his
wife Jane Caldwell ]\Iontgomery. Mr. ]\Iontgomery was l^orn in Argyll-
shire, Scotland, December 18, 1839, and came to the United States with
his parents when a child. He was educated in the Marengo Academy,
in Wheaton College, and in the Chicago Congregational Theological
Seminary, at Union Park. He graduated with the highest honors from
college and academy. The late venerable President Pranklin W. Fisk
of the latter institution, was ever a w'arm personal friend of Mr. ]\Iont-
gomery, and expressed his deep appreciation of him to the effect that
"you (Mr. Montgomery), have been a constant joy to me all the years
since you went from the Seminarv." Mr. ]\Iontgomery served in the
active ministry for twenty-five years, in three Congregational Churches
— Dwight. Morris and LaGrange. In his pastorates, he drew about him,
men like Dr. Keeley, Edward Kemeys, the sculptor of the lions in front
of the Art Institute, Chicago ; Gen. P. C. Hayes, Member of Congress ;
Justice Orrin X. Carter, of the State Supreme Court : F. D. Cossit, the
Founder of LaGrange; George M. Yial, ^Moderator of the Illinois Con-

— 5 H S

gregational Conference; and Eev. J. C. Armstrong, D. D., of the well-
known Armstrong family of La Salle County, and for more than a third
of a century Superintendent of the Congregational City Missionarj-
Society of Chicago. Mr. Montgomery was always a close student, an
indefatigable worker, and was held in high esteem by Jiis ministerial
brethren. He was an honored official of the State Cono^resrational Asso-
elation, and was a delegate from Illinois to the First National Council
of Congregational Churches, in 1871.

The Argvle Church history shows that three other voung Jnen of
the parish became ministers, namely: John Giffen, Mattliew Howie,
and James A. Harvey. This is another instance of the country church
being the '"'mother of ministers.'' All of them discharged faithfully
their duties as preachers and teachers, "rightly dividing the word."

It may here be recorded that some of these independent former
Argyllshire farmers at times seriously considered the advisability of
sending back to the hard-hearted "factors" of the Duke a testimonial
which should fittingly express their deep appreciation of the exactions
that had caused them to leave their ancestral farm-steadings. They felt
that but for the severities imposed upon them by the "factors" they
would probably never have come to America, and never have achieved
the prosperity and peace which had fallen to their lot in their adopted
country. Here they came to own their own farms. In their native
land they would always have been tenants. So they often talked of
showing the despotic "factors" what a blessing their course had been,
although it was never thus intended; and they would have rejoiced to
show their gratitude in some way to the "factor bodies" whose vigors
had made them in on6 way exiles, but in another way, had led to plenty.
And yet, it has been remarked b}' some who do not know the true nature
of the Scot, that he has no sense of humor.

The name Cantire is also written Kintyre. It's headland — the Mull,
as it is called — is the last prominent landmark in the Scottish coast to
which the Scot sailing from Glasgow bids farewell on leaving his native
Caledonia, and the first which greets him on his return from journeying
in foreign climes. It used to be said of the stalwart and hospitable
Scots of Arg}-le, "W^innebago County, that any chance visitor to their
neighborhood was certain of a hearty "Highland "Welcome" if he but
correctly pronounced "Machrihanish" or "Southend."

Such were some of the products of this "Scotch Settlement" at Ar-
gyle. It would be impossible to trace their influence. Only the "book
of remembrance" will reveal it. But so much of it as we know intimates,
in a fragmentary way, perhaps what a community of God-fearing, honest,
industrious, intelligent people may accomplish for the promotion of good
government, for the encouragement of education, and for the advance-
ment of the race.

Scots and their descendants have never comprised any considerable
part of the legal profession in Illinois. What they have lacked in num-
bers, however, they have fully made up in the character, ability, and
achievements of their representatives.

From the time of Senator Stephen A. Douglas to the diplomatic
services of Hon. William J. Calhoun, the men of the race, who have

occupied official position, or have been active in the practice, have left
records to which their countr3anen may now refer with satisfaction. The
brilliant career at the bar, on the bench, and as a statesman of Senator
Douglas need not here be recapitulated. His public life belongs to the
Nation, although Illinois claims him as one of her most distinguished
sons.

A great lawyer, and an able and honored jurist, was Judge Thomas
Drummond. Born in the State of Maine, his father, James Drummond,
was a farmer of direct Scottish descent, noted for his sound sense and
excellent judgment, qualities which his eminent son possessed in a high
degree.

We may infer the insignificance of Chicago, and the importance of
Galena, in 1835, when we recall that the latter city was described, by
the writers of that day, as so many miles north of St. Louis, while no
reference whatever was made to its distance from the present metropolis
on the shores of Lake Michigan. The bar of Galena even then was
composed of "some of the ablest practitioners in Illinois." Mr, Drum-
mond soon was acknowledged as one of the leading lawyers in that entire
circuit. The characteristics for which he was noted are epitomized by
his biographers as "intense application to the solid work of his pro-
fession ; investigation of facts and precedents ; cautious and thorough
analysis of the principles of law involved in the case at bar ; and ,above
all, absolute integrity, sincerity, and candor. (Kirkland's and Moses'
"History of Chicago," vol. I, p. 161). He was appointed at the age of
41 by President Ta3dor to the office of United States District Judge for
Illinois. In 1855, when the State was divided into two districts, he be-
came the Judge of the Northern District. In 1869, he was promoted
to the United States Circuit Court, which comprised then, as now, the
states of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. The period of his service was
one during which many importa^jt causes were decided, especially those
involving railroads. It is related that in this latter class alone, receivers
were appointed representing bonded indebtedness of perhaps a hundred
million of dollars. All this business came directly or indirectly under
Judge Drummond's care, and his name passed through the long ordeal
unassailed by a breath of suspicion, not only of corruption but of im-
fairness" (Idem, p. 161). He was a patriot in the true sense, never a
partisan. His attitude towards the bar was invariably considerate, dig-
nified, modest, firm. He ranks with the great judges who have adorned
the United States Courts of this country.

Hon. William C. Goudy's name occupies a deservedlv high place
among lawyers in the general practice. The Goudie family's members
were of Ayrshire, Scotland, origin. As elsewhere stated, the name was
written in Scotland, Goudie. When the tyranny of the time led the
Scots to emigrate to the Province of Ulster, and later to America, the
orthography was changed to Goudy and Gowdy. As those who held it
removed still farther westward, they settled in western Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, and then came to Illinois. As one of his biographers
(Hon. Ensley Moore, of Jacksonville, Illinois, in "A Notable Illinois
Family," "Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society" for
1907, pp. 315-323), has well said: "He was born Mav 15, 1824, an era

when so many great men M-ere born, and he "was destined to become, or
to make himself, the most prominent and distinguished member of the
family. There was much in common, in the early days, of the various
struggles of such men as Douglas, Lincoln, and Grant, with poverty and
other adverse circumstances, and Wm. C. Goudy belonged to that class
of men."

He was successively, school teacher, college-graduate, lawyer. State's
Attorney, and State Senator ; a power in the choosing of United States
Senators ; in the naming of Presidents ; and in the selection of members
of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is related of him that
"in 1855 he argued his first case before the Supreme Court of Illinois.
One hundred and thirty volumes of these reports have been issued (up
to 1894), and in every one of them cases have been reported which have
been argued by Mr. Goudy. In the higher courts of other Western
States, and in the Supreme Court of the United States, he has been
almost as conspicuous a figure." In his church relationships he was a
leader, having long served on the Board of Directors of the McCormick
Theological Seminary. Like Hon. Milton Hay, of Springfield, often he
was consulted by distinguished public men, who held his opinion and
advice in high esteem, and were largely guided in their course by his
views.

Hon. William J. Calhoun was bom in Pittsburgh, Pa., the son of
a member of the Scottish Clan of Colquhon, as the name is written in
Scotland. The Colquhons were of ancient lineage, and their chiefs were
prominent in Dumbartonshire, and in other western districts of Scot-
land. One sect of the clan removed to Ulster, where the name came to
be spelled more nearly as it was pronounced — Calhoun. The families of
this latter branch were the progenitors of the Calhouns who l>ave become
disting-uished in the United States. Mr. Calhoun's parents Avere Eobert
and Sarah (Knox) Calhoun. The hisitorian, Francis Parkman. makes
frequent mention Qf "Knox's Diary." This was the record kept by Capt.
John Knox, a British officer Avho was Mr. Callioun's great-grandfatber.
At the age of sixteen Mr. Calhoun enlisted in an Ohio Volunteer infantry
regiment. AVhen the Civil War ended, he removed to Illinois, worked
on a farm, taught school, studied law, and became an attornev in Dan-
ville. In 1882 he was elected to the Legislature. Two years later he
was elected State's Attorney for Vermilion County. In 1892 he was
chosen general attorney for the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Eailroad.
He had been acquainted in Ohio in youth with President McKinley, and
in 1896 was active in bringing about his nomination. In 1897 he was
appointed upon a difficult governmental mission to Cuba, which he dis-
charged with fidelity and success. In 1898 he was selected as a mem-
ber of the United States Inter-State Commerce Commission. The Vene-
zuela difference called him into service in South America as a special
commissioner, and there again he displayed great skill. Fl'om 1907 to
1913 he served as our Minister to China, and added to his already high
reputation as a displomat. His record was even that of a man of marked
ability and integrity. He died September 17, 1916.

Several other names of men of Scotch birth and ancestry will illus-
trate as many different types of service performed.

Andrew Crawford, born in Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1831, was the son
of an old and respected family. The Crawfords of that district in
Scotland were eminent in the nation's history for centuries. ]Mr. Craw-
ford's mother was of the Hay family, also a distinguished one. At the
age of twenty-one he came to the United States; settled Geneseo, Illi-
nois; studied law; in 1868 was elected to the State Senate; in 1873 made
his home in Chicago; became a prominent attorney; was a specialist in
railroad law; and when he died in 1900 was reckoned one of the wealthy
and influential members of the bar.

Judge James A. Creighton, of Springfield, was elected to the State
Circuit bench for six successive terms, a record only duplicated by the
late Judge Joseph E. Gary, of Chicago, before whom the anarchists were
tried. Judge Creighton was a native of Illinois. His biographer states :
"He was always proud of the fact that his parents, John and Mary
Creighton, were both born in Illinois, as well as that they were direct
descendants of an old Scotch family that came early to the United
States, and removed from South Carolina to Illinois in 1817." The
name in Scotland is also written Crighton and Crichton, and one of the
distinguished men who bore it will be remembered as "The Admirable
Crichton." The name of his brother. Judge Jacob B. Creighton, of
Fairfield, is well known in Southern Illinois. Judge James A. Creighton
died in Springfield in 1916. He was a highly respected jurist, and an
esteemed member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Hon. James McCartney, who was Attorney General of Illinois from
1880 to 1884, was the son of Scotch parents, although he himself was
bom in Ulster. He served a^ a volunteer in the Union Army succes-
sively in the 17th and 112:tH Illinois Volunteer Infantry. At the close
of the war he settled in Fairfield. During his administration, as the
chief legal officer of the State, the "Lake Front Suits" of Chicago, were
instituted, whicli resulted, after extended litigation, in a decision in
favor of the city. He was a painstaking lawyer, a faithful official, and
a citizen who enjoyed the regard of the community.

Judge John M. Scott, lawyer and jurist, born in St. Clair County,
,August 1, 1824, was of Ulster-Scot ancestry. For half a century he
lived in McLean County. He was County School Commissioner (that is.
Superintendent), County Judge, Circuit Judge, Judge of the State
Supreme Court. One of his notable works was his "History of the
Illinois Supreme Court." He died in Bloomington, January 21, 1898.
He wrote several valuable papers on the Ulster-Scots and their services
in Xation-building.

In Illinois, as indeed the world over, the Scot as a banker has been
conspicuous. The intelligent reader need scarcely again be reminded
that the founder of the great Bank of England was William Paterson,
the son of a Dumfriesshire farmer, who inaugurated the most compre-
hensive system of financiering of the last two centuries, which has since
influenced the transactions of every civilized country.

The most widely known financier in the jSTorth-West, during the
first half of the last century, was George Smith. He was born in 1806
in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, a district noted for its men of affairs.

ministers, scholars, military chieftains, and scientists. Like General
St. Clair, in his youth Mr. Smith studied for the medical profession;
like that soldier he came as a young man to America; but here their
similarity ends, for Mr. Smith devoted his talents exclusively to civil
pursuits, and became and remained wealthy.

When he arrived in Illinois, in the middle "30's," he came to a
place which was only ''in the gristle,'^ and not far in, at that. Even
then, however, he saw something of its possibilities, because of its
geography, as did Wm. B. Ogden, its first mayor, and John Wentworth,
Congressman, mayor and editor, and Isaac N. Arnold, lawyer, legislator,
and historian, and others whose names are inseparably connected with
the beginnings of the Garden City.

For several years he was engaged in various business enterprises.
He extended his interests to Milwaukee, with whose large concerns he
became closely connected. In these he was associated with Hon. Alex-
ander Mitchell, another Scot, who was a banker, railroad builder, and
Katioual legislator. He was one of the early promoters and directors of
the Galena and Chicago Union Eailroad — now the Northwestern sys-
tem— the first line west out of Chicago. He was a charter member of
the Board of Trade of his city. In 1839-40 he established his bank in
Chicago, which became probably the most important and influential
financial institution in tlie North- West in its time. In 1860 he was
accounted one of the richest and most successful men of the oS^ation. He
strongly supported the Union in the Civil War. Upon his retirement
from active life, he returned to Great Britain. He contributed liberally
to the educational institutions of his native land, and was held to be one
of the. foremost financiers of his generation.

Kirkland's and Moses' ^'History of Chicago" (\^ol. T, 517-18) con-
tains the following:

''From 1837 to 18-10, Strachan and Scott were bankers — an enter-
prising firm of Scotchmen associated with George Smith. In 1840, the
banking firm of George Smith & Co., was established, and continued to
be the leading house for about sixteen years, when it dissolved, and the
senior partner retired to his native Scotland with an ample fortune, and
a reputation of being one of the shrewdest and most enterprising busi-
ness men, who had up to that time made Chicago their home. George
Smith of Chicago and Alexander Mitchell at Milwaukee, were two
Scotchmen who enjoyed, the latter until his death, a few years since
(this was written in 1894) "a most successful career in finance and
other enterprises. Their resources were boundless, and their energy
untiring, and although many attempts were made by their rivals to
crush them, they always discomfited their opponents and carried their
enterprises to successful conclusions.'^ Their institutions were popularly
known as "Smith's Bank" and "Mitchell's Bank."

In Eockford were two Scots bankers — Thomas D. Robertson and
D. H. Ferguson, who were known as leaders far beyond their own com-
munities.

The brothers, James B. Forgan and David E. Forgan, are recog-
nized as among Chicago's prominent bankers. When Lyman J. Gage

was appointed Secretary of the Treasury iu President McKiuley's cabi-
net, James B. Forgan became President of the First National Bank of
Chicago, an office which he filled for nearly a quarter of a century with
signal ability, satisfaction, and success. David E. Forgan was founder
and is President of the National City Bank of Chicago.

Of John Crerar the "History of Chicago," by Kirkland and Moses
(Vol. II, pp. 730-31), thus speaks:

"Mr. Crerar never married, and left no posterity, to inherit his
estate and perpetuate his memory. He made the public his heir, and
erected a monument which will endure after marble has crumbled to
dust, and the fame of mere earthly deeds shall have faded from the
memories of men. By the provisions of his carefully prepared will he
left the greater portion of his estate, amounting to two and a half
million dollars, for the founding and maintenance of a free public
library. A million dollars were bequeathed to religious, historical, liter-
ary, and benevolent institutions, one hundred thousand dollars for the
erection of a colossal statne of Abraham Lincoln, and six hundred thou-
sand dollars to relatives and friends."

Mr. Crerar was born in New York City, the son of Scotch parents.
His father was a native of Crief, Perthshire, his mother's maiden name
was Agnes Smeillie. His father died the year of the son's birth. In
1862 he came to Chicago, and was long the senior member of the Crerar,
Adams & Co. firm. He had large holdings in a number of leading
manufactnring and transportation corporations, banks, and insurance
companies. His benefactions embraced many charities, and religious
and other societies. He was a member of the Second Presbyterian
Church, Chicago. The only office he ever held was that of Presidential
Elector in 1888, when a Presbyterian elder was chosen Chief Magistrate
of the Nation. He was a generous supporter of the Illinois Saint
Andrew Society, the oldest chartered charitable organization in the
State.

The fund which he provided for the library has been well expended.
Two of its original trustees were the late Col. Fluntington W. Jackson
and the late Norman Williams, both intimate friends. That it might in
no way compete with the great Newberry Library which is in the North
Division, he provided that it should be located in the South Side. His
hisfh ideals are seen in this statement in his will : "I desire that books
and periodicals be selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy
moral and Christian sentiment. I want the atmosphere that of
Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of char-
acter." Truly the library which bears his name is a memorial of the
most enduring nature.

"The Crerar Library," says S. E. Winchell, in his "Chicago" (1910)
"is exclusively a reference library, and aims to cover especially the field
of scientific and technical literature, in order that the scope of the
leading libraries of the city may not be duplicated."

Two companies of a semi-military character, organized for, and
devoting much time and attention to, training in arms before the Civil
War, won recognition in Illinois, and made fine records during the

Great Conflict. P^ach had a distinctive uniform. The members of botli
rei^reseuted some of the choicest young men of Chicago. In the case of
one, its leader met an untimeh' death earl}' in the war; in the other,
the Commander served throughout the war, and returned home in safety,
after having passed through many hazardous experiences. These com-
panies were the Ellswoi'th Zouaves and the Highland Guards. In tlie
chapter of this paper entitled "■Historical Publishers" mention is made
of the first-named troop, in this connection reference will be made
to the second.

The Highland Guards were organized in Chicago, on ^May 3, ISoo.
The members were Scotchmen. Their uniform was the Highland garb —
kilts. On public occasions the Guards were in constant demand. In
1859, when the Centennial celebration of the birth of the poet, Robert
Burns, was observed, and when probably 'the largest and most striking
procession which Chicago had witnessed up to that time took place, the
Highland Guards were the most picturesque division of the day. In
1859-1860, the records show these officers : Captain, John McArthur;
First Lieutenant, Alexander W. Eaffen; Second Lieutenant, J. T.
Young; Third Lieutenant, Andrew Quade; Fourth Lieutenant, Eobert
Wilson; Secretar}-, T. McFarland; Treasurer, John Wood. Capt. John
T. Eaffen was in command when the Civil War began. The Guards were
among the first to answer the call of President Lincoln. They were
mustered in as Company E of the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteer In-
fantr}', and soon were at the front. Thereafter their record is part of
that -of the splendid "Old Nineteenth."

One of this regiment's exploits was at the battle of Murfreesboro,
otherwise called Stone Piver. General Eosecrans' gallant army there
met the seasoned troops of General Bragg. The fighting had been heavy
and protracted. At a critical hour the Confederates had made vigorous
and successful inroads on the Union left. All along that sector the
peril was so great that it seriously threatened other parts of the Federal
lines.

The "Old Nineteenth," by a magnificent charge, achieved glory on
the field that day. The apparently overwhelming tide of the opposing
hosts was effectually stemmed. The impending disaster was turned into
complete victory. General Eosecrans' army held the battle-ground.
General Bragg's forces filed away to Chattanooga. In the rain of shot
and shell, the valiant Colonel Scott, commander of the Nineteenth, was
so severely wounded that he died soon after. Col. Joseph B. Scott Avas
born in 1838 in Brantford, Canada, of Scotch parentage, and was one of
the youngest colonels in the Union armies, having been made com-
mander of his regiment in August, 1862, (James Barnet's "Martyrs
and Heroes of Illinois," published in Chicago in 1865). The Highland
Guards, with high courage and dauntless deeds, maintained the tradi-
tions of their countrymen at the relief of Lucknow; when they held "the
thin red line" at Balaclava; and in the desperate engagemejit at Tel-el-
Ivebir; — a reputation which the Scotch troops perpetuated in many a
sanguinary struggle during the late AVorkl War, when the kiited soldiers

came to be known and to be designated by the Germans as "the Ladies
of Hell."

The contribution of this State to the Union armies during the Civil
War is told in the ringing words of Dr. Chamberlin's popular song:
"Xot without thy wondrous story,
Illinois, Illinois,
Can be writ the Nation's glory,
Illinois, Illinois."

Men of Scotch birth and blood had no small or inconspicuous part
in that history. Vre may but remind the student of our National
chronicles of some of those whose achievements are known and read of
all. We, therefore, need but recall the names of Grant, and Logan, and
Kawlins, and McClernand, and Dlavid Hunter, and McNulta, and Owen
and D'avid Stuart, and McClurg, and Daniel Cameron, and Beveridge —
all Illinois men of Scotch nativity or ancestry, who served in our armies,
and whose deeds are large parts of our State's and Country's history.

Gen. John McArthur was the most prominent Illinois soldier of
Scottish birth who was a Civil War Commander. He was born in the
parish of Erskine, in Eenfrewshire, on February 17, 1836. At the age
of twenty-three he came to the United States, and settled in Chicago.
For some years he was engaged in the manufacturing business. Amid
all the activities incident to the establishing of his concern's enterprises,
he found time to give to the building up of the Highland Guards. The
year before the Civil War he was chosen its Captain. When Fort
Sumter was fired on, he promptly volunteered, and was commissioned
a captain in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry. His promotion to Lieutenant-
Colonel and Colonel was deserved and rapid. For gallantry at Fort
Donelson he was made a Brigadier-General. He participated in the
battle of Shiloh, where he was wounded, but immediately upon having
his injuries dressed, he returned to the fighting line.

When the lamented Gen. W. H. L. Wallace fell mortally wounded.
General McArthur succeeded to the command of his diAdsion. In the
operations against Vicksburg, he commanded a division of General
McPherson's corps. At the battle of Nashville, commanding a division,
his services were so signally satisfactor}^ that he won a brevet Major-
Generalship. Upon returning to his home city, at the close of the war,
he was for several years a member of the Board of Public Works, in
which he repeatedly gave evidence of his honesty and ability. From
1873 to 1877, he was Postmaster at Chicago. General McArthur de-
lighted to wear the "Scottish bonnet" which accompanies the fidl-dress
Highland garb. In his residence of nearly three-score years in Chicago
he was the recipient of many honors at the hands of his fellow-citizens.
When he died on March 16, 1906, his passing was considered as a public
bereavement.

Col. James McArthur, a 3^ounger brother of the General, and Maj.
George Mason, a nephew, were brave soldiers, and respected by former
comrades-in-arms, as well as by a large circle in civil life. Major Mason
is a well-known and esteemed resident of Chicago.

As a born Scot would say, "it's a far cry," that is, a long wav, from
tlie Black Hawk War of 1832 in Illinois to the fateful held of Culloden
of 1746 in Scotland. And yet, they are "sib" which as Eobert Louis
Stevenson might say, in our manner of speaking, means, related or con-
nected by blood-ties.

Drumtossie, or, as it is generally known in history, Culloden, is
a moorland situate only a few miles from "the rose red town" of Inver-
ness, Scotland, also cailled "the Capital of the Highlands.'' It was on
Drumtossie, or Culloden Moor that "Bonnie Prince Charlie," sometimes
styled "the Pretender," met total defeat, on April 16, 1746. and put an
end forever to the attempts of the luckless house of the Stuarts to regain
the British crown. The victorious army of King George was commanded
that day by the Duke of Cumberland.

Many of the chi^'tilric Highland chiefs had advised strongly against
the "uprising," as the campaign of Charles Edward was designated.
Among them was the gallant Lochiel. AVhcn, however, the Prince per-
sisted in undertaking the enterprise, they threw themselves into it with
characteristic abandon, although they foresaw inevitable disaster to the
allied clans from the numerous and disciplined hosts that were mar-
shaled against them. Scottish song and story perpetuate their loyalty
and sacrifice on behalf of the scion of a dynasty that fell far short of
their Highland idealism in his later life. The clans were decimated.
The survivors became fugitives. Government offered large sums for
the apprehension of Prince, chiefs, and other participants. Some,
hunted like game, and hiding in caves and clachans, among woods and
moors, at last made their way to the Continent. Others, after number-
less hair-breadth escapes, succeeded in reaching the American Colonies.
One of these latter was the grandfather of our Gen. Winfield Scott, who
settled in Virginia. And, thus, Culloden's calamitous field gave the
Colonies, in the Eevolutionary War a gallant patriot soldier, and, sub-
sequently, the United States the commander-in-chief of its armies.

The student of our history may read into this tragic incident of a
decadent dynasty several strangely suggestive lessons.

Whatever may be said of the personal qualities and of the impos-
sible dreams of Black Hawk, the war which bears his name was under-
taken by many of the allied tribes as their final, desperate stand for what
they beelieved to be their right to their ancient home and hunting-
grounds, as against its invasion and occupancy by the white race.

It may interest the American reader to be reminded of tlie not
inconsiderable contribution to Scottish literature which grew out of the
various, though futile, attempts of the Stuarts to wrest the crown from
the house of Hanover. The important fact is, that many of the distin-
guished Americans of Colonial, Eevolutionar}', and later times, were
direct descendants of men who "came out in '45," that is, who joined
"the Pretender" in that "unsuccessful endeavor. The remarkable feature
is, that they, followed a leader, and, forfeited their all for a cause, that
represented in its extremest form "the divine right of kings," to become
in this land the champions of personal liberty, and the founders of popu-
lar government on this side of the Atlantic.

Old Fort Dearborn occupied the site of what is now a business block
opposite the south approach to the Eush Street Bridge, Chicago; on
which business block was a tablet commemorative of the fort. The name
connected with the building of Old Fort Dearborn is that of Capt. John
Whistler. He was of Ulster-Scot blood. During the Revolutionary War
he served in America under Burgoyne at the battle of Saratoga. After
peace was declared, he entered the United States Army. In 1803-4 he
was stationed at Detroit, and was detailed to the command of the post
at Chicago, and to build there three forts. He remained in charge until
1810, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He became a major,
and died in 1827. His grandson was James McNeil Whistler, the brilli-
ant etcher and painter.

Col. A. J. Nimmo, of Jonesboro, Union County, was the son of a
native of Virginia of Scotch ancestry. The colonel was a gallant volun-
teer soldier in two w-ars — the Mexican, and the Civil. He recruited and
commanded the One Hundred and Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry
in the great conflict, and made a record wdiich was one of high credit.
He was repeatedly honored by his fellows-citizens in having been elected
to offices of trust, and discharged their duties with fidelity and ability.

Maj. John Wood,^a leading citizen of Cairo, was a native of Scot-
land, having been born near Edinburgh. He came to the United States
when he was seventeen years of age (in 1850). He was a brave and
capable volunteer in the Civil War, and rose to the rank of major. He
was a member of the commissions that built the State Hospital at Anna,
and the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbondale.

The reports of State Adjutant General Allen C. Fuller, contain a
complete roster of the Civil War Volunteers from Illinois, and also an
outline-history of each regiment and batter}' engaged in the service from
1861 to 1865. From these voluminous and valuable records some in-
teresting facts are learned. Thirty-one Illinois regiments, beside their
numerical designations, had distinctive names, by which they were
known. The Twelfth Eegiment, whose first commander was Col. (after-
wards Maj. Gen.) John McArthur, was called the "First Scotch." Its
chief used to wear the "Scotch bonnet," which crowned a handsome and
soldierly figure. The Sixty-fifth Eegiment, commanded by Col. (after-
wards Brig. Gen.) Daniel Cameron, was known as the "Second Scotch,"
also called the "Highlanders." The achievements of both regiments are
among the most creditable of the Prairie State's Volunteers.

Of the officers who served in the Illinois regiments, and who at-
tained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and above that, we find in Ad-
jutant General Fuller's records upwards of sixt}' who were of Scottish
birth and ancestry. The officers from Major to Second Lieutenant of
Scots descent number into the hundreds. These officers represent every
arm of the service, and entered the army from practically every district
in the State. It is needless to remind the reader that these Scots and
Ulster-Scots and their descendants include the one who became the
General of the United States Army as well as the most distinguished
Volunteer Major General of the era. It may be added, that no instance
is recorded wherein a single one of these patriot leaders was found dere-
lict in the discharge of his duty, or who came out of the great conflict
with a blot on his escutcheon.

TJie most distinguished literary man to whom Illinois may lay
claim probably was Hon. John Hay. Lawyer, journalist, statesman,
author, he was descended from John Hay, who fought with famous Scots
Brigade in the Low Countries, and whose son emigrated to America.
The family history relates that two of the sons of this soldier served
on the side of the Patriots during the Eevolutionary War. Although
Indiana was the state of John Hay's birth, his active public life was
shaped and begun in Illinois, and will always be held as a part of our
. State's heritage. Educated at Brown University, he studied law in
Springfield, and in 1861 was admitted here to the bar. He became
secretary to President Lincoln, and served in several military capacities
during the Civil War. Called to important positions in our diplomatic
service, he was successively connected with the United States Legations
at Paris, Madrid, and Vienna. For a period he was engaged in journal-
ism, having been editor of ''The Illinois State Journal"' of Springfield,
and upon the staff of the "Tribune" of Xew York. In 1897 he was
our Ambassador to Great Britain, and from 1898 to 1905 was Secretary
of State of the United States. It was during his administration that the
Panama Canal negotiations were carried to a successful issue; the in-
tegrity of China Avas recognized by the United States; also, the dispute
settled with reference to Samoa, and the Alaska gold-boundary question.
In the realm of literature his works include the well-known "Pike County
Ballads," the "Castilian Days," the "Bread "Winners," and, in collabor-
ation with John G. Nicola}^, the "History of the Life and Times of
Abraham Lincoln." Several of his poetical contributions have included
notal)le hymns of a religious character. His early impressions and ex-
periences received while he lived in Illinois remained with him to the
end of his career, and afford us warrant for claiming him for our State.

James Barnet, a half century ago, was one of the best known print-
ers in Chicago. He and his brother Alexander were typical, loyal Scots,
and were among those who organized the Scotch Presbyterian Church
of that city. James was a book publisher and writer, and many pamph-
lets and not a few books, issued before the Chicago Fire of 1871, were
from his pen and press. JsTearly all these have disappeared. One, how-
ever, survives, and is in the writer's library. It is entitled "The Martyrs
and Heroes of Illinois," and was edited and published in 1865 by Mr.
Barnet, who was an industrious compiler. It contains a brief and appre-
ciative biograjjliy of President Lincoln, and sketches of some seventy
Illinois soldiers who were killed or died of wounds and disease during ■
the war. ;

Peter Grant, born in the beautiful valley of the Spey, one of Scot-
land's largest and noted rivers, was for years the popular "Bard of the
Caledonian Society of Chicago, before he made his home in Detroit,
]\Iich. Like so many other Scots who have the f»pirit and gift of song,
he began to compose while still a lad tending the flocks and herds in
his native strath. To Illinois he brought with him the warmest recol-
lections of the land of heather and heroes, which find fitting expression
in his varied verse. Loyalty to his adopted country is frequently and
forcefully voiced in his limpid lines. Among historical collections, none
furnishes more or better illustrations of the versatility of his muse than
"By Heath and Prairie," published in 1900. Here we h?.ve the lyric.

the ballad, the love song, the nature study, the sturdy defense of the
revered religion of his forefathers, the championship of freedom and
right as they live in the Eepublic; mingled with a lighter vein that is
characterized by pawky humor ; and all having the lilt that reveals the
true son of song in delightful doric and in present American.

In all of the Fifty-one General AssemlDlies of the State of Illinois,
since its admission into the Union, the Scot has been a more or less
prominent factor. The first chief executive of this Commonwealth who
was of Scottish extraction was Joseph Duncan, of whom mention is
made in the chapter devoted to "Education." The other Governors to
whom we may refer who were of Scotch descent have been John L.
Beveridge, John M. Hamilton, William J. Campbell (President of the
State Senate and x\cting Lieutenant Governor), and Frank 0. Lowden.
All served in the State or National Legislative Branch of the Govern-
ment. Gov. Eichard J. Ogiesby (who was elected three times chief
State executive, and also was a United States Senator, and a Major
General in the Civil War) liked to trace his ancestry to Scotland.

The Scots and the descendants of Scots wh^ were either Members
of Congress or State Senators and members of the Legislature number
close to two hundred. They have come from some sixty different counties
of the one hundred and two in the State. In every one of the sessions
of the General Assembly from 1818 to 1919, the impress of these Scots
is seen in the framing of the session laws. Their woi'k has covered
practically every chapter of the State Statutes. As an illustration of the
kind of legislation in which they have been prominent, it may be noted
that members like Dan McLaughlin, Wm. Mooney, and W. H. Steen,
of Will Coimty, Wm. Scaife, of Grundy County, and David Boss, of La
Salle County, have made records of the utmost value to the coal miners
of the entire State, in providing for safety appliances and intelligent
and rigid inspection of the mines where so many men are engaged in
this hazardous occupation. The long and distinguished careers of Joseph
Gillespie, of Madison County, and John McISTulta, of IMcLean County
(later of Chicago), are examples of the useful public services of descend-
ants of Scots whose memories this State delights to honor. In the
several Constitutional Conventions the Scot has had his part, as well as
in such measures as Illinois shares in the World^s Columbian Exposition,
and in the commission which drafted the bill creating the great Chicago
Drainage (Sanitaiy District) Canal, one of whose members, a Scot, then
a State Senator, was largely instrumental in securing the passage in
1889, of this act which has secured to the Garden City a perpetual supply
of pure water for its millions of people.

Few if any of the stalwart citizens of Kane County compared with
Hon. John Stewart, of Elburn, commanding as he was in stature, he
was even more so in character and al)ility. Farmer. luml)erman, capital-
ist, legislator, traveler, he was a remarkable man. Born in New Bruns-
wick of parents both of whom were Scotch, he passed over sixty years
of his active, useful, and honorable life in Illinois. As a business man,
his word passed current wherever it Avas given. As a member of the
Legislature, he, was incorruptible, capable, and courageous. In the coun-
cils of his political party, he was a leader. He was a man Avho did things,
never one who was noted for his "much speaking." His brother, Hon.

Alexander Stewart, represented the Wausau, Wis., district in Congress
for a number of terms. His son, Hon. Tliomas Stewart, of Aurora, has
served in the State Senate. Both brother and son worthily sustained the
fami]}' reputation. Mr. Stewart was one of the famous "103" wdio
elected, in 18&5, Gen. John A, Logan to the United States Senate, the
last time he Avas chosen to fill that office.

Hon. Eobert A. Gray, of Macon County, was a member of the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assemblies. He was of Ulster-
Scot ancestry. He was a farmer, legislator and poet. His career as a
law-maker was one of intelligence, industry, and honesty. He had in an
unusual degree the ability of writing verse. Several of his lyrical pro-
ductions have been widely published. They found a well-merited place
in the "Readers'' of the late Dr. Eichard Edwards, who for four years
"was State Superintendent of Public Instruction of Illinois. One of the
most pathetic and popular of these poems was entitled, from a line it
contained, "There's But One Pair Stockings to Mend Tonight," tender,
touching, and revealing the spirit and power of the true songster.

"P^ce hath her victories
Xo less renowned than war."

Sir William Keith, a Scot, was related to the "Illinois Country"
during the era of French Dominion. As far back as 1718 — the time of
John Law — Sir William, who was royal Governor of Pennsylvania, sent
out an agent, James Logan (also a Scot?), to explore this region, with
the object of discovering some routes to the Mississippi which might be
of use to the British. The report made by Logan is quoted in Andreas'
voluminous and valuable "History of Chicago" (Vol. I, p. 79). Says
Logan: "From Lake Huron they (the French) pass by the Strait of
Michilimakina four leagues, being two in breadth, and of great depth,
to the Lake of Illinois (Michigan) ; thence one hundred and fifty leagues
to Fort Miami, situated at the mouth of the river, Chicago. The fort
is not regularly garrisoned." It is stated, in the same history, that "this
fort (at Chicago) was doubtless a stockade, erected by the French to
facilitate the trade between Canada, via the lakes, and their settlements
at Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres."

The introduction to Chicago of the oi'chard and garden products
of southern Illinois was an enterprise of considerable value to both dis-
tricts. The originator of this project was D. Gow, Avho was born near
Edinburgh, Scotland, February 15, 1825, and, settling in Cobden Town-
ship, Union County, became one of the leading fruit and vegetable gi'ow-
ers in that region. Those of the older generation who were acquainted
with the late John B. Drake, whose name was so long connected with
the famous Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, may recall that it was to him
that Mr. Gow shipped his products w^hich made that popular place one
of the best in the Garden Ciij.

Among the well-known and successful manufacturers, by whose en-
terprise the city of Cairo was built, was John T. Eennie, born May 20,
1819, in the "Auld Town o' Ayr," the native place of Scotland's National
Poet, Eobert Burns.

Family names have undergone numerous and radical, changes in the
United States, especially in the West, including and since the days of the

pioneei'S. The historian is frequently confused in his endeavors to trace
these names to their parent-stems. The orthography has greatly A^aried
with localities. This has been due to the peoi)le themselves, and to the
public registrars of lands, marriages, births, and deaths. In many fron-
tier communities, a century or so ago, there was little "book learning."
Schools were few and far between. Teachers were rarely able to do
more than impart the rudiments of the "three E's." Family records,
generally were not kept. When it became necessary to make record of
names, the writers were often compelled to enter them on their books
"as they sounded." Therefore, it came to pass, that a family name would
be spelled one way in, say, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky
or Ohio, and quite differently in Indiana and Illinois. Even in adjacent
settlements these variations obtained.

A few illustrations will serve to show how these changes were brought
about. It will be remembered that John Kinzie, "the Father of Chicago,"
was the son of John McKenzie, a Scot. Why John dropped the "Mc"
and wrote "Kinzie" for "Kenzie" is now a matter of conjecture. In
Scotland, Sinclair, (pronounced "Sinkler" with the accent on the first
syllable) is that also written here St. Clair or Saint Clair. In Wig-
townshire, Scotland, the name Hanna (from which Mark Hanna, of
Ohio, descended), was long ago written "Hannay." MacMillan
is variously written as McMillan, M'Millan, McMillain and Mc-
Millin. Jamieson becomes Jameson and Jamison. Stuart is also
Stewart, Steuart, and Steward. Ainslie is changed to Ainsle}', Ansley,
and finally Ensley. Paton is Patton, and Patten. Tait is made Tate.
Ballantyne becomes Ballantine and Ballentine. Goudie of Ayrshire, was
written Goudy in Ulster, and when it reached Ohio, Indiana and Iowa,
it was and is Gowdie and Gowdy. Mathieson of Gairloch, Scotland, is
written Matteson in Colorado. But perhaps the most remarkable trans-
formation is that of the Highland MacPherson, where the "Mac" was
discontinued, and the "Pherson" became Person, and at last by some is
written Parson. MacCutcheon has been so changed that Cutcheon is
now Cutchen. These are but a few instances which will show to the
reader how pioneer names, properly understood, can be traced back to
their originals. The interested reader may find in this brief remark
that which will aid in connecting present-time families with their remote
ancestors, who in early day came across the Atlantic to these then dist-
ant parts of the American Continent.

Samuel Muir was the son of a talented Preshyterian minister, Eev.
James Muir, a Scot who preached at Alexandria, Va., from 1789 to 1820,
the year of his death. The son was born in the District of Columbia in
the year of his father's settlement at Alexandria. He studied medicine
in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1813, he became a surgeon
in the United States Army. The year Illinois was admitted into the
Union (1818), he resigned his commission, and married the daughter
of the then chief of the Sac or Fox Indians. Settling among the people
of his wife, he assumed their ways, and came to be considered as a
leader. In 1828, he quitted the Indians, and went to Galena, where he
practised medicine. In 1832, the 3^ear of the Black Hawk War, there
was an epidemic of cholera among the United States Troops, and he

volunteered his services, which were accepted. Dr. Muir saved many
lives b}- his skill, but fell a victim to the disease within a few months
(Dr. Peter Ross in ''The Scots in America,'' p. 160).

David McKee was the first blacksmith in what is now Chicago of
whom we find any mention in the early histories. He was born in Vir-
ginia, in 1800, of Scottish ancestry. He married Wealthy Scott,
daughter of Stephen J. Scoft, who presumably was of Scotch lineage.
It is said that he arrived at Fort Dearborn (Chicago) in 1822 or 1823.
At all events, it is of record that he paid taxes in 1825, and voted in
1826 and 1830, and his name appears on the poll-list as an elector. He
was employed for a time by the Government at his trade. He built a
home and shop at what is now the corner of Kinzie and Franklin Streets.
The other civilians' houses, outside the Fort, were then chiefly if not all
on the north side. In 1828, he was the mail carrier between Chicago
and Fort Wayne, Ind. He rode this mail route on horseback, and it
took a month to make the round-tri}D — now by rail 151 miles, one way,
and traversed by train in about four hours. He could speak fluently,
the Indian language (probably the Pottawatomie). It is stated that he
met at Chicago the families of the Israel P. Blodgett party, and guided
them out to their future homes in what is now Du Page County. One
of the early histories states that he served in the Black Hawk War in
1832. .He died A^p'ril 8, 1881, and is buried in the Big Woods Cemetery.

Capt. Joseph Xaper, for whom Xaperville, DuPage County, was
named, was a prominent early citizen of the northern part of the State,
and was of Scotch descent. In the early histories the name is spelled
"jSTapier," that being still the recognized orthography followed in Scot-
land, where the family has not a few distinguished members. (S.
Augustus Mitchell, published in Philadelphia in 1836.)

John Eobertson, one of the leading men of Morgan County, and in
his day probably the richest, was the son of Alexander and Elizabeth
Eobertson, both of whom were Scotch. He was born in 1823, and here
became a leading banker. His Americanism was pronounced. In the
time of President Lincoln and War-Governor Yates, he was reckoned
among their most enthusiastic and capable supporters. When the Gov-
ernment, in Civil War times, needed financial assistance, as those of the
past few years may well imagine, John Robertson, like Joshua Moore,
and other loyal men of the county, liberally subscribed for its bonds, and
otherwise labored to keep going the machinery of the Xational adminis-
tration.

Two brothers, John and Samuel McCarty, were the founders of
Aurora, Kane County, and were the sons of Charles and Mary (Scud-
den) McCarty, who were descended from old Protestant families of
Scotch and English extraction. Samuel donated the land in Aurora
on which was built the first Presbyterian Church. This place became
famous as the one on which the first Republican State Convention was
held, and where it received its name.* He was a fi^enerous contribu-

* The first Republican or Anti-Xebraska State Convention was held at Bloom-
ington. May 29, 1856. This convention nominated for Governor of the State
William H. Bissell who was elected and was the first Republican Governor of
Illinois.

tor to education, especially in building up Jennings Seminary in that
city.

In the north entrance of the Federal Building, Cliicago. wliich was
wrecked, in 1918, by the bomb of an anarchist, stands a bust of Cleorge
Buchanan Armstrong. It was erected by the clerks of the United States
Eailway ]\Iail Service, in honor of the founder of that branch of the
Post Office Department. Mr. Armstrong, for whom a public school in
Chicago is named, was an Ulster-Scot.

Says Dr. Boss (in "The Scot in America") of one who was an
interesting figure half a century ago : "Very considerable space might
be given to the exploits of Allan Pinkerton, the ablest detective who
ever assisted justice in America. -Sketches of this man's career are
j)lentiful enough, and his successes and experiences have been told in a
series of volumes bearing his name." Pinkerton was born at Glasgow,
in 1819, his father being a policeman. He certainly became one of the
best-known detectives in America, and was a terror to evil-doers of all
classes. His home and headquarters were in Chicago, where he died in
1884. He performed valuable services for the United States during the
Civil War.

When a native of Scotland would express his high appreciation of
the ability of a youth of his acquaintance, he "cannily"' describes him as
"a lad of pairts." Such undoubtedly was Dr. Andrew Eussel, the grand-
father of Hon. Andrew Eussel, of Jacksonville, former State Treasurer,
and now (1919) State Auditor of Illinois. Dr. Eussel was born in
Scotland, in 1785, and his wife, Miss Agnes Scott, daughter of John
Scott, was a native of Glasgow. In that city the Doctor received his
literary and professional education. Upon his coming to Illinois, he
bought a large farm some ten miles south of Jacksonville, remaining
upon it until his removal to the County seat of ^lorgan Countv in the
spring of 1853. There he continued to live until his decease in 1861.
The Doctor was one of the prominent men of Morgan County. He and
his wife, who lived to be octogenarians, were deeply religious, and were
staunch Presbyterians. They left a record for loyalty, usefulness, and
goodness which their children and their grandchildren have sustained.
Auditor of State Eussel is a banker of his home town, Jacksonville, and
has long been associated with M. F. Dunlap, who also is well knojwn
throughout Illinois. Mr, Eussel is one of the founders and a director
of the Illinois State Historical Society.

In the realm of reformatory Avork for and among the erring, no one
in Illinois occupies a more conspicuou.s place than Maj. Eobert W. Mc-
Claughry. A native of Hancock County. Illinois, his ancestrv was
Ulster-Scotch, and Presbyterian by faith. Ho graduated in 1860 from,
^[onmouth College, and when the Civil War began he volunteered, was
elected a captain, served throughout that conflict, and rose to the rank of
major. In 1874 he Avas appointed warden of the Joliet Penitentiary,
filling that office until 1888; was superintendent of the Beformatory at
Huntington, Pa.: was largely instrumental in framing and securing
the passing of the act creating the Illinois Eeformatory at Pontiac, of
which he became Superintendent (1893-97) ; again Avarden of Joliet

—6 H S

(1897-99) ; and warden of the Federal Prison at Leavenworth. Kansas,
from 1899 until his retirement from active service. As a penologist he
has been recognized throughout the Xation.

D'r. J. D. Scouller, a native of Ayrshire, Scotland, was for many
years the Superintendent of the Eeform School for Boys at Pontiac
before it became a State reformatory for older persons, and previous to
the founding of the School for Boys at St. Charles. He had remarkable
aptness for and success in this line of work.

The Illinois Saint Andrew Society is the oldest charitable organiza-
tion chartered by the State. It was instituted in 1846 and was incorpo-
rated in 1853. Like all the other bodies of that name the world over,
its object is to aid those of Scottish birth and ancestry Avho are in need.
It has built, and maintains, near Riverside, Cook County, the establish-
ment known as the "Scottish Old People's Home." This is endowed
amply, and furnishes a beautiful, comfortalile, and commodious retreat
in their old age to nearly forty women and men. The Scot does not
take kindly to a poor-farm or work-house, and the "Home" is a place for
guests, not "Inmates." The building and endowing of this "Home" are
due to the untiring efforts of John Williamson, a Scot, who has been
President of the Illinois Saint Andrew Society, and is Vice President
of the People's Gas Company of Chicago.

Every civilized nation was represented at the World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Those who visited it will recall the
matchless "Court of Honor." It was the center to which all naturally
gravitated. The most striking feature of that surpassing scene was the
Colossal Fountain. It has been reproduced oftener perhaps than any
other one part of the entire exhibition, and with reason, for easily it was
the most beautiful. To it was and is attached the name of the gifted
artist whose inimitable creation it was. The "'MacMonnies Fountain"
will live when the memories of the ornate structures which adorned the
ample grounds are forgotten. The sculptor, Frederick MacMonnies,
may here be named because of his many contributions to the plastic
arts, and on account of his lineage. He came of a Dumfrieshire, Scot-
land, family, although he first saw the light in BrookljTi, N. Y. The
influence of his marvelous conception is not measurable. And we may
claim a part of this "Court of Honor" as of a son of one of Scotia's sons.

John Finley Wallace ranks among the great engineers of the United
States. His father was Eev. Dr. David A. Wallace, the first President
of Monmouth College, which is referred to in our chapter on "Educa-
tion." Dr. Wallace's four sons have all made records for usefulness that
are well worthy of, mention. These are: John Finley, Eev. William,
Eev. Mack H., and Charles, who has reached high rank in the United
States Signal Corps; while his daughter is the wife of Judge Taggart,
who has been Superintendent of Insurance of Ohio. John Finley Wal-
lace, the oldest, studied at Monmouth, and has occupied important
positions in the river and harbor work of the Mississippi, in railroad
engineering and administration, as general manager of the Panama
Eailroad and Steamship Line, as engineering expert for the Chicago
City Council's Committee on Eailway Terminals, and in other important

»
enterprises of a similar na-ture. His professional standing is evidenced
by his election to the Presidency of the American Society of Civil En-
gineers. His home and headquarters in recent years have been in New
York, and yet Illinois does not waive the right to hold him as one of
its sons of Scottish ancestry.

Malcolm McNeil and John McNeil, brothers, Scotch of ancestry,
birth, and training, for upwards of half a century have contributed
largely to the business history of Illinois. The wholesale grocery house
of McNeil and Higgins is known widely and well. The brothers estab-
lished themselves in Chicago after the Great Fire of 1871, and the firm
has since then been one of the most prominent and prosperous. Malcolm
McNeil, now (1919) 87 years of age, retains his active connection with
its large interests and has his home in the North Division of Chicago.
John McNeil, whose home was in Elgin, traveled for years to and from
Chicago, covering a distance in his time of a million of miles. He passed
to the great beyond in April of this year (1919) at the age of four score.
For nearly half a century he was an honored officer in the First Baptist
Church of Elgin, and was president of the Home Trust and Savings
Bank of that city. Malcolm McNeil is one of the representative men of
Chicago, esteemed throughout the communit.y, one in whose entire
career are illustrated the sterling qualities characteristic of the best of
his race.

Where the Scot has cast in his lot — and where has he gone? — he
has made a place and a name for himself, in the city and country alike.
A few only, out of a number, are here mentioned, as time would fail,
and space be utterly wanting, even to enumerate more than a limited'
list of those whose contributions have gone into the developing of Illi-
nois. For from the days of John Kinzie — the son of a Scot, and known
in all the histories as the "Father of Chicago" — until the present time,
there has not been a decade in which Scotchmen have not been familiar
figures, and played prominent parts, in the upbuilding of the city by the
lake. Carlisle Mason and John McArthur had their names linked to-
gether before the Civil War. Mr. Mason is stiU represented by Maj.
George Mason, who gallantly served his country during the Great Con-
flict. John Clark, a manufacturer, was a stalwart Eeformed Presby-
terian elder, who lost his life in the Chicago Fire of 1871. His name
was continued by his son Eobert, who with John T. Eaffen formed the
firm of Clark and Eaffen. Eobert was prominent in municipal councils,
and was a generous supporter of the Illinois Saint Andrew Society.
Captain Eaffen Avas a brave soldier who went into the Nation's armies
at the beginning of the war with the "Highland Guards." James S.
Kirk founded the company of fine toilet soap manufacturers which
carries his name. John T. Pirie and Andrew MacLeish, of the dry-
goods house of Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., are known not only as mer-
chants, but also as benefactors of church and educational enterprises.
George Armour was one of the "grain kings" of his time, a loyal and
liberal Presbyterian, one of whose memorials stands in the public square
in his native city of Campbelltown, Scotland, to refresh with its cooling
waters the passer-by. David E. Eraser and Thomas Chalmers were as-
sociated in the Eagle Works, of which P. W. Gates was president, and

later they established the Fraser and Chalmers Company, whose great
shops were in Chicago as well as in Erith, near London, England, and
whose machinery has found its way into mills and camps in every civil-
ized land. Their sons, respectively, Xorman D. Fraser and William J.
Chalmers, sustain well their forbears' reputations. ^Yhen Chicago was
the world's great lumber market, John Oliver, John Sheriff, and John
McLaren were among the leaders in that line. John Alston was at the
head of the paint house of his name. Andrew \\'allace was the success-
ful manager here of J. H. Bass, manufacturer and banker, of Fort
Wayne, Ind. William Stewart, wholesale grocer, of the firm of Stewart
and Aldricli, was the father of Graeme Stewart, of wdiom mention is
elsewhere made. The extensive ship-yards and dry-dock of Thomas E.
and Brice A. ]\Iiller, brothers, on the North Branch, were patronized
by vessel men of the Great Lakes from Buffalo and Duluth to Chicago.
William McCredie, whose home was in Hinsdale, Du Page County, was
for many vears an official of the Burlington Bailroad. John Crighton,
a member of the Board of Trade, occupied a leading place as Presby-
terian elder and business man. Sjdvester Lynd sixty years ago was a
prominent capitalist. George MacPherson was a pharmacist of high
standing, a thorough and accomplished Gaelic scholar and one of the
founders, and long an elder, of the Scotch Presbyterian Church. Hugh
Templeton, a baker, well known, was one of the founders and an elder
of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church.

The Scot in Illinois, as elsewhere, in the United States, entertains
a sentiment for, and maintains a relationship to, his adopted country
akin to the homeland, which, perhaps, cannot be more aptly described
than by likening the former to the faithful husband and the latter to
the affectionate son. He holds to the Scriptural injunction of leaving
the parent, howsoever devoted, and cleaving to the wife. Hence, he
becomes the patriotic naturalized American citizen, whose contribution
to all that is best, in the body politic is considerable, conscientious, and
continuing. He sees to it that his children go and do likewise. He has
never been known to pervert his nativity, nor to employ it, to obtain
political position before the electorate. He has given America its most
popular out-of-door pastime o;olf. In his anniversary celebrations he
always links the toast of ''The Land We Left" with tliat of "The Land
We Live In." His countrymen are well aware that the "cottage where
our Eoblne Burns was born" is the shrine to which more American pil-
grims annually travel, and is more popular, than even the home of the
"divine William" at Stratford-on-Avon. He becomes and remains an
American through and through.

The historical and biographical data herein given are necessarily
incomplete. The object of the writer has been only to suggest somewhat
of the field to be covered, and to intimate the sources from which the
information expressed and implied have been obtained, together with
the immediate and indirect influences of those who are named upon the
creation and development of our Prairie Commonwealth. To the his-
torian of the future miist be committed the task" — which here has been
in the nature of a labor of love — of preparing a fuller, more compre-
hensive, accurate, and satisfactory chronicle of the Scot and his descend-

ants in Illinois. It is hoped that in this direction a beginning has been
made. This has become possible by the courtesy of the Illinois State
Historical Society, which already has accomplished so much in the pre-
servation in permanent form of our State records, without which these
annals would soon forever be lost to coming generations. Sincere thanks
are also acknowledged to the Society's capable Secretary, Mrs. Jessie
Palmer AVeber, for kindly cooperation.

Note. — It is frankly admitted that, in tlie foregoing paper, there has been
made scarcely more than a, preliminary study of the subject, so far as known the
first in Illinois.

Many State and local, as well as National, authorities have been consulted.
The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to these, and to all who have cooperated
throughout the collection of the data, and whose suggestions have aided materially
in their preparation.

Particularly are thanks due, and hereby expressed, to these friends for cordial
and valuable assistance :

Hon. Ensley Moore, Jacksonville.

J. Ritchie Patterson, Chicago Public Library.

Miss Caroline Mcllvaine, Chicago Historical Society.

President Charles M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston.

President McMichael. Monmouth College, Monmouth.

Hon. Millard R. Powers, LaGrange (formerly of McDonough County).

Robert Collyer Fergus, Chicago.

E. E. Gore, LaGrange (formerly of Carlinville).

A. M. Langwill, LaGrange.

William J. Thompson, Chicago (formerly of Randolph County).

James G. Wolcott, Assessor Lyons Township, Cook County.

Mrs. Geo. M. Vial and family, LaGrange.

Charles Paterson, President Paterson Institute. LaGrange.

CLARK E. CARR. LATE HONORARY PRESIDENT OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. A TRIBUTE

BY GEORGE A. LAWRENCE.

"I was born in a beautiful valley of Western Xew York, more
beautiful to me than any other I have ever seen." Such are the opening
words of ''The Illini." The Day and Generation of its author was spent,
and his full career terminated in Illinois.

Clark Ezran Carr, of Galesburg, Illinois, Honorary President of the
Illinois State Historical Society, and its honored and efficient President
from 1909 to 1913, after a lingering illness, due to the infirmities of age,
■ peacefully passed away on the evening of February 28, 1919.

His death calls for appropriate action by this Society, which he had
so long, so well and so ably served. Not only by reason of that service,
however, but by reason of the likewise substantial fact, that in his death
the Stat-e of Illinois has lost one of its most distinguished citizens, who
for more than sixty years has been intimately associated with its progress
and prosperity along many lines.

It has been given to but few men in the history of the State to have
lived a career, embracing so many avenues of activit}^ in all of which he
was especially prominent, efficient and successful.

An epitome of his life, necessarily briefly stated, will furnish a faint
idea of the scope of his activities.

Clark E. Carr was born at Boston Corners, Erie County, X. Y., on
May 20, 1836, and had he lived until today would have been eighty-
three years of age. He was the son of Clark Merwin Carr and Delia
Ann (Torrey) Carr. His mother died when he was but three years of
age and when he was five years old his father married Fannie LeYaw,
who became a devoted and affectionate mother to him and his brothers.

The family came West around the lakes in March, 1850, landing in
Chicago. Here teams were purchased and they made their journey in
prairie schooners to Henry County, Illinois, locating on a farm near
Cambridge. In t)ie autumn of 3 851 they moved to Galesburg, where
he maintained his residence from that time until his death.

Colonel Carr's paternal ancestry reaches back to Caleb Carr, former
Colonial Governor of Ehode Island, and to Rev. John Clark, who was
driven out of the Massachusetts Colony for preaching the doctrines of
the Baptist Church. Like Eoger Williams, John Clark went to Rhode
Island (then a wilderness) and afterwards became its Governor. His
great-grandmother was a Miss Clark, descended from Governor John
Clark, and "Clark" has been the Christian name of his grand father,
his father, of himself, and of the son who died just upon reaching his
maturity.

J^gJ^/<^L>J^ ^

at't.<y*y^

^^^^^,^ /f(^^.

His father, Clark M. Carr, was a man of unusual ability, interested
in public affairs and with high ideals for his family. He provided early,
educational advantages for them, of the better sort, and the son attended
the District School of the village until he was eleven years of age. He
then went to Springfield Academy, Erie County, N. Y., where he re-
mained two years. At fourteen he arrived at Galesburg; entered Knox
Academy and afterwards the Collegiate Department of Knox College,
leaving at the end of his Sophomore Year, to commence the study of
law. After a year at the Poughkeepsie New York Law School, he sul)-
sequently entered the Albany Law School, where he graduated in 1857,
with the degree of LL. B. Eeturning to Galesburg, he entered into the
acti\e practice of law, which was interrupted after a few years, by his
advent into active politics, and official life.

Colonel Can- came upon the field of action at a time when great
movements were taking shape, regarding both personal and national
destiny. Hardly more than a lad, he took part in the Fremont Cam-
paign of 185G; became vitally interested in and closely followed the
Lincoln-Douglas Debates. While an admirer of Douglas, he became the
ardent champion and follower of Lincoln, and took an active part in the
Presidential CamiJaign of 1860, in lijs behalf.

He had great gifts as a public speaker and had sedulously cultivated
them under great teachers at the Albany Law School.

At the beginning of the war, he was appointed on the staff of
Governor Yates, with the rank of Colonel, and throughout the war was
engaged in the organization of regiments; in visiting the army to ascer-
tain and improve its condition; and in bringing the sick and wounded
home.

In 1863, he spoke at a Mass Meeting in Chicago, held for the pur-
pose of sustaining Lincoln in the issuance of the Emancipation Procla-
mation, and his great speech from the Court House steps in Chicago at
that time gave him a wide reputation as a finished and convincing orator.

His four brothers all filled important positions in the Army of the
Eepublic. The splendid career of Gen. Eugene A. Carr is knoM-n to
everyone. Byron 0. Carr attained the rank of General in the Volunteer
Army. Ecv. H. M. Carr, D.D., served throughout the war Avith the
rank of Chaplain, while the younger brother, George P. Carr, arose to
the rank of Captain.

Colonel Carr was a delegate to the Eepublican l^ational Convention
at Baltimore, in 1864, and Avas a delegate at large in 1884, to the
Xational Convention, which nominated Blaine and Logan ; and it may
be said in passing that he attended every Xational Convention of the
Eepublican Party for more than fifty years.

In 1861, President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Gales-
burg, Illinois, a position which he filled with rare ability until 1885.

In 1889, he was appointed by President Harrisoii, Minister Eesi-
dent and Counsel General to Denmark, and while a Conference of
Counsel Generals (of which he was a member) was in session at Paris,
he received notice of his promotion, to the rank of Minister Plenipo-
tentiary and Envoy Extraordinary, in which position he represented our
country in that brilliant Court for four years.

I tliink it may well be said that uo member of the Dii^lomatic Corps
of tlie United States was ever more cordially received and intimately
treated by the Court, to which he was delegated, than was Colonel Carr.
lie had all the graces of the polished gentleman and at the same time
the frank comraderie so natural to him that it admitted him to the
closest relationship of friendship, while never giving offense.

Xegotiations for the acquisition of the Danish West India Islands
were begun while he held the position of Embassador, and could liave
been successfully comijleted at that time, but public sentiment in
America was not yet ripe for their taking over, wdiich has since been
accomplished.

His championship of maize, and the introduction of American
meats into Europe, led to his election as President of the American
maize propaganda, and in further recognition of this work, in 1900 he
was appointed to organize the famous corn kitchen at the Paris Expo-
sition, the features and success of which the world is familiar with.

Perhaps one of the crowning services of his life was rendered as
Commissioner of the State of Illinois, for the Soldiers Xational Ceme-
tery at Gettysburg, to ^\iiich he was appointed in 1863, and he was the
last survivor of that distinguished body of men. He sat upon the plat-
form at its dedication, verv close to President Lincoln, and drank in
every word of the Gettysburg Address. He was among the very first to
aj)preciate that greatest speech that ever fell from human lips; he did
not need to see it in print, for it was graven upon his memory. It
became a passion with him, and perhaps more to him than to any other
man, we are indebted to the universal knowledge and appreciation of it
the world possesses today. The little book, "Lincoln at Gettysburg,"
published in 1906, contains nraterial of world wide interest, to be found
nowhere else.

Other public posts of responsibility and trust, undertaken by this
man, were many; Illinois Commissioner for the Omaha Exposition in
1898; Trustee and Member of the Executive Committee of Knox Col-
lege, since 1881; Director of the Galesburg Public Library Association
from 1898 until his death; President of the Knox County Historical
Society; President of the Illinois State Historical Society from 1909
to 1913; and Honorary President of the Illinois State Historical Society
at the time of his death.

He had spoken for the Republican Party in nearly every northern
state in every Eepubliean Xational Campaign since 18-56.

You wall recall the custom of Henry C. Bowen, Editor of the "Xew
York Independent"' to celebrate Independence Day at his beautiful home
at Woodstock, Conn. Year after year were invited the most distin-
guished orators of the country to take part on the program there held,
which became of national importance.

On the Fourth of July, 1887. in response to an invitation to take
part in the exercises, Colonel Carr delivered his great address on "The
Life and Character of John A. Logan," which published in full in the
*'Xew York Independent" gave him a national reputation as an orator
and historian of the first rank.

It will be interesting to note, as also showing a side light upon his
ability, that in the published account in the ""Independent" of date July
7, 1887, the program shows that the '"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
was sung bv the \ast audience there assendjled, led b\' Colonel Chirk E.
Carr.

The closing words of this great oration may well be quoted here, as
they concern another great son of Illinois, of whom we are justly ]3i-oud :

"From time immemorial, men have vied with each other in com-
memorating the achievements of the brave. Statues and towers and
arches, and great edifices, wonders of art, have been erected to their
memory. The sublime epic of Homer, recounting their deeds of valor,
is older than any inonument of granite, of brass, or of marble, and will
be read when those that are now being builded shall have crumbled to
dust. The eloquence of Pericles and Lincoln^ in honor of brave men,
will go forever ringing down the ages; but no other man ever lightened
llie burdens, supported the tottering limbs, and assuaged the griefs of
so many worn and weary and wounded patriot heroes as did John A.
Logan."

Colonel Carr will ever be connected with the prosperity of Gales-
burg, Illinois, his home, through his efforts to induce the Santa Fe
Eailroad to build its Chicago line through Galesburg, instead of follow-
ing a line, practically decided upon, about twelve miles south of that
cit}'. Through the efforts of citizens, headed by Colonel Carr, the com-
pany was induced to prospect a line through Galesburg, which was
finally adopted, under conditions involving personal subscription and
personal financial responsibility, which he, in connection with other
citizens of Galesburg, gladlv and successfully met. The result was, as
prophesied by him, in his letter to President Strong of the Santa Fe
System: "They would find a town of about fifteen-thousand people,
which with the added impulse the coming of the Santa Fe would give
it, would make certain a town of twenty-five-thousand people," which
has been more than justified.

The foregoing is but a part of the civic and political activities of
Colonel Carr and, briefiy stated, as they are known to all.

Colonel Carr was married on December 31. 1873, to Grace Mills,
only daughter of the Hon. Henry A. Mills, of Mount Carroll, Illinois.
One daughter, the wife of Brig. Gen. William P. Jackson, now in
France, one grand-daughter Margaret Jackson, and his widow survive
him. An only son, Clark Mills Carr. born on March 16, 1878, served
with credit during the War with Spain, in the 9th Illinois Regiment In-
fantry, He later met an accidental death bv drowning in the Xorth-
West.

In his public career, before mentioned, reference might be made
to his candidacy in the 70's for the nomination to Congress. In 1880 he
was candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor, and again
in 1888, having a strong following in both Conventions.

In 1887 he was candidate for the caucus nomination, of his party,
for the United States Senate and had the unanimous and hearty support
of his own coimty and senatorial district. While failing in achieving

these honorable ambitions, reverses never embittered Colonel Can', nor
caused him to swerve in his party allegiance, but it did give him an inti-
mate relation with the politics of his State and a wide acquaintance with
its men of public affairs. His whole experience and later promise
brought him in contact with the gi'eat men of the State and of the Na-
tion; and no man in Illinois had a more comprehensive knowledge of
the State's political history, or could treat of its men and measures with
greater charm.

A natural orator, he was at the same time an accomplished elocu-
tionist, and could not only repeat in words the great speeches of men
and the stirring lines of actors, but could accurately reproduce them in
tone and expression. The thorough knowledge of men and history of
his time, which he possessed, was a very valuable asset in the work of
his closing years, along literary lines, which I now approach.

His retirement from public life did not mean for him a life of case
and pleasure. Without communicating his ambitions to his friends, at
the outset, he began putting into permanent literary form his recollec-
tions and reminiscences. His first book, "The Illini," (the manuscript
prepared in his own handwriting) was practically finished before it was
submitted for criticism or suggestion, to even his closest friends. It
treated in the pleasant form of fiction, of the development of Illinois,
and the stirring events that preceded the Rebellion. Its dominant
character had been a member of the Galesburg Colony in the early days
of the Underground Railroad, and many of the people prominent in the
development and growth of the State were interwoven in this most
pleasing romance, which achieved a distinguished literary success and
has passed through 15 editions, still finding ready sale.

Following this was the "Life of Stephen A. Douglas," which is
today the authoritative life of that great man, and commends itself to
every impartial historian.

In "My Day and Generation" are preserved very many interesting
sketches of men found nowhere else, of permanent value to his "day-
and generation" and to succeeding generations, all drawn from his
prolific memory and embellished by his felicitous expression.

"Lincoln at Gettysburg" I have already referred to, as perhaps
having accomplished as much as any other one thing the re-awakening
and quickening of interest in the life of that great statesman, while the
history of the coming of the Atchison & Santa Fe Railroad and of the
Postal Railway Service, though of minor and to some extent local im-
portance, are still of great historical value.

His activities in promoting the memory of Lincoln and deepening
the public's appreciation of him, were noteworthy. He was especially
interested in the celebration of the anniversaries of the Lincoln-Douglas
Debates throughout Illinois, at the various points at which they were
held, and succeeded in assembling the great orators and statesmen of
the country to give prominence to such celebrations. Xotably at the
celebration under the auspices of Knox College at Galesburg. Illinois, it
was his personal influence that procured Chauncey M. Depew, ex-Goyer-
nor Palmer and Mr. Robert T. Lincoln, as speakers upon that occasion.

It is impossible, in the brief time j^ermitted here, to do justice ade-
quately to the public life of this man; for he was a man. He played a
man's part in the discussion of the grave questions preceding the war;
a man's part when the Union was in danger, and was the last of that
score of Immortals, who have dignified and glorified the name of Illi-
nois, chief among whom was Abraham Lincoln ! It was a brilliant
galaxy of men, who were his co-workers and compatriots : Stephen A.
Douglas, Orville H. Browning, John Wentworth, Jonathan Blanchard,
Lyman Trumbull, David Davis, John A. Logan, John W. Bunn, Richard
J. Oglesby, Newton Bateman, Norman B. Judd, John M. Palmer,
Leonard Swett, Joseph Medill, Shelby M. Cullom, Richard Yates, and
Ulysses S. Grant! Of these names, (and there are others) only the one
remains; the friend of Lincoln and the intimate associate of them all —
John W. Bunn, "The grand old man" of Springfield, (and may I say)
the first citizen of Illinois !

I have attempted to give a brief outline only, of the life and accom-
plished service of Colonel Carr, as the public knew him and as impartial
history will measure and place him. I feel that this memorial would be
incomplete to all of us here present, who personally knew and loved
him, if I did not make special reference to him as a friend and co-worker
and to the man as he was known and understood by those, who were in
close relationship to him.

I have spoken of his oratorical and literary ability, but his greatest
charm lay in the fact that he made such constant use of them in every
day life, that he shed abont him and upon all who came in contact with
him real enlightenment, and under the wizardry of his personal charm,
palest prose became poetry; and mere music, a swelling s3^mphony.

His tastes were all of the uplifting order. He loved music, art,
literature, in all its forms; whether in the printed page or when spoken
in words. He knew intimately much of the world's best literature. His
wonderful gift of memory enabled him to convey it to his friends and
listeners, with all the freshness and fire of the original; a memory
remarkable in its capacity and scope that would permit him to recite
entire acts from Shakespeare with the impressiveness of a Booth or
an Irving; that could quote the "Elegy in a Country Churchyard"
throughout, without hesitation; that treasured np the immortal words
of statesmen, orators and poets of all the ages, and could reproduce them
to our edification and delight.

Especially was he fond of sacred music, and the old hymns, all of
which he knew by heart. He once said "There is more power and
persuasion in 'Coronation' and in 'The Portuguese Hymn' tlian in the
assembled volumes of the most brilliant skeptics combined !"

His library was a working library, and within its walls he was at
his best. It was a veritable "sanctum sanctorum" and there he spent his
declining years. Wide-awake to the present; interested in the progress
of human events the world over; loyal, patriotic, apprehensive of his
country's danger in these days of stress, but resigned to the fact that his
activities were of the past. It was there he sought and invited the com-
panionship of those he loved.

His home was ever of the most hospitable sort. He was a host
beyond compare. At his home, the most distinguished men and women
of the day have gathered. On one occasion the President of the United
States and his entire cabinet, with one exception, were guests beneath
his hospitable roof.

He was the very soul of kindness, and beneath at times a brusque
exterior, there beat a warm, sympathetic heart. I recall not so many
years ago, when a faithful man-servant was stricken with small-pox, and
removed to the pest-house, the close attention that he gave to see that
everything possible was done for him. Dnmb animals loved him, and for
3'ears a large deer-hound was his constant companion. Were he out of
the cit}^, the faithful dog was inconsolable.

He was not a rich man in the sense of dollars. He had not given
himself to large acquisitions, but he had achieved through his long life
a remarkable culture, that while personal to himself, was of benefit to
others in that his kindly nature placed it freely at their disposal and
command.

He was a notable figure in any assembly. Did he spend the evening
at the social club his chair was sure to be surrounded by interested
listeners, held there by the charm of his discourse and the overflow of
his well filled mind. Emphatically of this generation, in that he was
alive to all of its necessities, opportunities, and requirements, yet it can
be as truly said of him that he was a rare representative of the "old
school gentleman." Choleric, if you please, on occasion, yet ever digni-
fied, courtly and benign, his memory will be cherished in Hlinois as one
of the "Men," the meaning of the word implied, and, the verdict of
Illinois, in passing upon his enrollment in that List of Honor, will be
"He has well served his 'Day and Generation.' "

THE WAR WORK OF THE WOMEN OF ILLINOIS.

[Mks. Joseph T. Bowex, Member of the Illinois State Council of Defense,
and Chairman of Women's Activities for "War Work.]

At the begiimmg of the war, the Council of Xational Defense in
Washington appointed a Woman's Committee to have charge of women's
war work throughout the country. In every state in the Union a tem-
porary chairman was appointed who was asked to call together a meeting
of all the women's organizations in the State and to elect their own
officers.

In Ma}', 1917, the heads of all the women's organizations in Illinois,
gathered together, elected their officers and formed the Woman's Com-
mittee of the Council of Xational Defense, Illinois Division; I was
elected chairman. At the same time the Governor did me the hoJior
to appoint me on the State Coimcil of Defense and I was made chairman
of women's activities throughout the State. The two organizations were
thus combined in one under one set of officers but always kept their two
names, which was found to be of great value on occasions. For example,
when the legal advisor of the State Council of Defense gave as his opinion
that aU the mone}' raised by the State Council's various committees,
should be put into the hands of the treasurer of the State Council and
requisitioned out only hy ilie State Council, it was a great comfort to
be able to say that our money was raised under the name of the Woman's
Committee, Illinois Division.

We were told in the beginning, to prepare for a long war and be-
lieving that organization was more important than anA-thing else, we
built a very solid foundation. From Cairo to Kockford, from Quincy to
Paris every county, city, town and township in Illinois added its unit,
one by one, to make up the most complete organization of women that
Illinois has ever attained. An organization including women of all
classes, creeds and nationalities united in one democratic force, working
under one standard ■■'TTw ilie TTar." We have in the State 2,136 local
units. The work of the committee was initiated as various needs pre-
sented themselves, until finally there were 18 full departments of the
committee whose work was directed by 7, TOO chairmen. The active
workers in these various departments, numbered 3"26,323. The com-
mittee was housed at 60 East Madison Street, Chicago in a large vacant
store donated by Burley & Company but later moved into the State
Council of Defense building at 120 West Adams Street where it occupied
an entire floor with several rooms on other floors. The State Council
gave this space with telephone, heat and light, rent free and, in addition,
furnished the services of two stenographers, postage and office supplies
amounting to abotit $1,000 a month.

After the armistice was signed tlie committee gave tip its rooms
in the State Council of Defense Building and moved into offices in the
Fine Arts Building which will be kept open until October 1. 1919.

When the war began we felt that one of the most important things
to be accomplished was to take stock and find out how many women
could be depended upon to render war service ; we therefore asked women
to register ; First — :that we might know how many there were who could
take the places of men as post women, taxi cab drivers, chauffeurs, census
takers, elevator women, gas inspectors, etc. Second — that we could clas-
sify those who registered in order to call upon them for service. The
committee registered for war work 692,229 women. The registration
cards (which were the same all over the United States but which were
prepared by Illinois) were kept in every city and town where registration
was taken and have been of great value in furnishing workers for gov-
ernmental drives, for the exemption boards, for nurses in the recent
influenza epidemic and for many other purposes. In Chicago alone, the
registration was very small, compared with the State, comprising only
150,000 women, yet out of this 150,000 women, whose cards Were kept
in our office, 7,052 lists of women and the names of 17,000 individual
workers were given to various war associations asking for volunteers.
In Chicago, 300 regular workers were provided for the exemption boards
and over 300 nurses were at one time furnished the Eed Cross, saving
the situation and bringing help to the influenza victims, in one of the
recent epidemics.

In Chicago, the registration cards were kept in the department
known as the "Yolunteer Placement and Filing Department" and as
many as 18,000 calls a month were sent out by this department. The
women who registered offered every type of service, from the stenographer
who worked all day and offered to give every evening to help win the
war, or the little cripple confined to her bed who, because she had trained
a canary bird, felt that she could train carrier pigeons for the United
States Army or the woman who registered that she "Was willing but
nervous and could pray if necessary" to the woman of wealth who offered
her machine, her house and all her employees for the use of wounded
soldiers. The registration in Illinois would undoubtedly have been
larger if the women had received more education on the subject but,
although there were 10,000 registrars in Chicago alone, German propa-
ganda hindered registration as there were repeated stories among the
foreign born to the effect that if a woman registered she would have to
leave her family and go abroad. For this reason the registration in
Chicago was not as large as it should have been, yet the State registered
a larger number of women than any other state in the Union except one.

The Finance Department raised most of its money in a democratic
way. Every woman who registered was asked to contribute 10 cents if
she felt she could afford it and $73,000 was raised in this way. Half
of this amount was sent to the State Treasurer and the other half was
kept by the city or town where the registration was taken. In addition,
nearly $100,000 was raised by subscription or in business ventures. At
one time, when the War Department was urging the use of potatoes in-
stead of bread, the Finance Department put upon the streets of Chicago
and in some of the towms throughout the State, packages of potato
chips which they called "Liberty Chips" and these chips, selling for 5
cents a package, in Chicago alone netted $7,000 in three days. At an-

othci; time a moving picture called ^'Belgimii, the Kingdom of Grief'"'
was shown at the Auditorimn. There were French nights, English
nights, and Belgian nights and the net proceeds of tlie performance, for
one week, was $11,000. In addition, the committee raised $485,000
by Tag Days for various war and other charities and sold $3,250,000
worth of Liberty Bonds. The expenditures to date have been $97,793.98.

The Speakers Department, numbering 300 women and 265 men,
has sent its speakers to all parts of the State. They have attended 2,408
meetings and have reached 600,509 people, carrying the war message as
an off-set to German propaganda, to even the most remote hamlets in
the State. Of course, some of the requests for speakers were absurd;
one club wrote that they wanted "an atrocity sent them who would tell
war stories set to music," but on the whole, the demand for information
was genuine and was sorely needed. At one meeting, whose subject was
^'Thrift and War Saving Stamps," the opinion seemed to prevail that
these stamps were something like the Eed Cross Tuberculosis Stamps
and were to be attached to the envelope of every letter. At another
meeting where the subject of "Liberty Bonds" was being discussed, a
foreign woman arose and said she did not think it was right for the
Government to put out these bonds, they were the kind her old man
bought when he wanted to get out of jail and she did not think it was
right for the Government to make it any easier for him. This depart-
ment will continue its work as the Speakers Committee of the Com-
munity Councils of Illinois.

At the beginning of the war we found that large numbers of women,
most of them over 40 years old, whose husbands or sons had gone to the
war, came to us for employment which was necessary in order that they
might live. Some of the officers of the committee were so besieged with
applicants, that it was found necessary to open an Employment Depart-
ment. About twenty volunteers, women of experience, were put to work
interviewing the applicants and it was a touching sight to see, in the
waiting room of this department, as many as seventy-five women at a
time, well dressed and with gray hair, all waiting for an opportunity to
get some kind of employment. At first, when they were told to go to the
free employment bureau of the State or the Government, they would
say that they could not as it was too humiliating but that they did not
mind coming to a war organization to ask for help in this crisis of their
lives. We have registered 9,082 such women and have found positions
for 2,205. One of the first difficulties encountered in placing them was
that they had had no training; they all wanted positions of responsi-
bility and they all felt they were capable of filling them although they
had never had any previous experience. One woman wanted to be put
in charge of the keys of an association and dozens of women asked for
the position of office manager as they seemed to feel that this was an
honorable position which did not require much skill. Many of them
wanted to look after children and felt- that they knew all about them,
their reason being no better than that of the Irishwoman who had borne
ten and lost nine. The majority asked for a position as housekeeper be-
cause, having kept their own home they seemed to feel that in this
matter they would be experienced.

We found it was necessary to establish training courses in -order
that these women might secure sucli instruction as would enable them to
take clerical and other positions. Training courses were therefore estab-
lished in Go cities of the State and 90 courses were offered in Chicago.
These courses included TelegraphV;, Filing, Indexing, Stenograpliy, Home
Xursing, Economics, Wireless, Motor Driving, Engineering, Dramatics,
Story Telling, and special courses in the Public Evening Schools. When-
ever there was a sufficient demand for a certain course of instruction
a way was found to secure teachers and form a class in that particular
study. Even after the armistice was signed, women and soldiers, who
had had experience in telegraphy and clerical courses, still offered to
give their evenings in order that they might train those Avho desired
instruction. This department has paid a teacher in the Favill School
for the Handicapped and given her $1,500 worth of equipment. It also
gave $5,000 for the Bureau of Eeturning Soldiers and Sailors. This
Employment Bureau met with such success that early in the w^ar it was
taken over by the United States Government who paid all of its expenses
but allowed the entire direction of it to be under the Woman's Com-
mittee, Council of National Defense and all its volunteers to come from
that body.

In connection with this department it was found necessary to estab-
lish a Mending Shop for very old women, some of them over 70 years
of age who were too old to take a regular position. This shop has been
very successful, is nearly self-supporting and gives steady work to about
thirty women. Its headquarters are in the Venetian Building and it has
now been placed under the management and is being supported by one
of the large clubs of Chicago.

The State Council of Defense has done a magnificent piece of work
all over the State but its activities have largely had to do with questions
concerning Military Matters, Finance, Crops, Labor, Business, etc., while
Ihe Woman's Committee has had more to do with women and children
and with the practical details of the home; it has dealt mainly with
human beings.

The Child Welfare Department financed and managed by the Eliza-
beth McCormick Memorial Fund has weighed and measured 325,000
children and has instructed the parents of these children as to their
proper care. It has 1,000 child welfare chairmen throughout the State
and has put out 1,750,000 pieces of literature and 227,000 windows
cards, posters, buttons, etc.

This department has succeeded in stirring up the State to the neces-
sity of conserving its children, even the school boys became interested in
the subject; one boy wrote a composition in which he said, "Now that
we are at war, it is everybody's business to have a baby and to save it."

This department has also conducted the "Back to the School" drive
Avhich was ordered by the President of the United States and it is mak-
ing its work permanent by the establishment of the child "welfare centers,
community nurses, increased medical inspection in the public schools and
the education of mothers in the care of children.

Diiring the war the government called upon the women of the
country to practice conservation and our Conservation Department has

given throughout the State, in ahnost every town and city, demonstra-
tions concerning substitutes for sugar and flour, the re-making of clothes
and the necessity for the elimination of waste. It has been very difficult
to get any figures from down-State and it would be impossible, in a short
report of this kind, to give an account of the various cities Avhere stores
have been taken, demonstrations given, canning done, and other efforts
made to conserve food for ourselves and our allies. In Chicago alone,
205,000 women were reached by these demonstrations, which were held
in vacant shops, department stores, settlements and even on motor vans
which were turned into portable kitchens. One store at 28 ISTorth Wa-
bash Avenue, was fitted up as a kitchen, demonstrations were held here
every day and the articles cooked, sold for a moderate amount. This
store alone, in six months, was visited by 60,000 people. The vice-chair-
man of this department was the head of the States Eelation Service in
Chicago and had her office with the Illinois Food Administration De-
partment so that when an order was received by this department, from
the Government, it was at once transmitted to this vice-chairman who
gave it out to the city and the State.

The Eecreation Department tried to reach the girls of the State by
forming them into Girls Patriotic Leagues. Twelve thousand members
were thus enrolled; these girls taking a pledge which stated that they
promised to do better than they had ever done before, the particular
thing which they were then doing. Each girl wore a button and in differ-
ent parts of the city, many girls were drilling as they wanted the physi-
cal exercise. Once a month, or oftener, these Patriotic Leagues held
meetings where they had some inspiring speakers and, occasionally,
3,000 or 4,000 of them gathered together in the big Auditorium of the
Municipal Pier. This department was taken over by the War Camp
Community Service of the United States Government.

The Social Hygiene Department, just taken over by the State of
Illinois, whose chairman has been made supervisor of Health Instruction
for Women of Illinois, has had a corps of over 50 phy^sicians who have
given instruction to girls and women, in shops and factories, and have
shown moving pictures called "How Life Begins" and "The End of the
Eoad," etc., which have attracted large audiences to the State Council
of Defense Building. Fifty-four thousand women and girls have been
reached in Chicago by this department and these lectures are being
booked and the films shown in various parts of the State.

Tlie Food Production Department immensely stimulated the raising
of crops throughout the State. It issued primers for the school children
giving instructions "When and Hoav to Plant Cold Frames," "When to
Plant in the Open," "How to Eaise Vegetables," etc. It found, upon
investigation, that only one out of every four farmers in Illinois, raised
their own vegetables and an appeal was made to the farmers' wives to
start their own gardens and "take their families off the market." This
committee had 110 school gardens and 90,000 war gardens manned by
children reported to it.

Appreciating the fact that if the war continued, Avomen must do
the work of men upon the farm and that they must have some training,

— 7 H S

a farm of 250 acres at Libertyville, Illinois, was loaned us, rent free,
where women were trained for agricultural and dairy ])ursuits. This
farm had eighteen cows, hogs, sheep, chickens, etc. The girls all lived
in a large new cow stable where the stalls were made into bedrooms,
76 girls were made into farmers; they drove a tractor, cultivated the
land, planted the crops, gathered them in, made and sold butter and
cheese and did all the work of a farm. One thousand applications were
received from girls who were interested and 40,000 people were addressed
on the subject of agricultural pursuits. The equipment of this farm, in-
cluding its stock, has been given to Blackburn College, Carlinville, Illi-
nois, where an agricultural course for girls is to be opened.

Knowing that a "Singing ISTation is a Winning Nation," we have
tried to arouse patriotism by Community Sings and 265 Liberty Choruses
were organized through the State and 81,000 song books have been
distributed. On Thanksgiving Day, 1918, 125 Community sings were
given in the State and at stated intervals the Community Choruses of
Chicago, including a Children's Chorus of 1,000 children, met in the
Assembly Hall of the Municipal Pier and gave most stirring concerts.
This Department has been taken over by the Federation of ^lusical Clubs.

The Women and Children in Industry Department has bettered the
condition of women and children in industry, throughout the State. It
published a report on Standards for Women's Work. It investigated
munition factories and made certain recommendations concerning women.
It has had an investigator throughout the State, looking after the in-
terests of school children. It has made investigations where women
were employed by the Government on woolen underwear. It persuaded
one of the large railroads in Chicago not to employ women for
handling heavy freight. It has reported on all violations of the
Child Labor Law and has had an exliilDit on women in war time. The
woman's division of this department has been taken over bv the Woman's
Trade I'nion League and the children's division bv the Elizabeth Mc-
Cormick Memorial Fund.

The War Information Department has supplied public school prin-
cipals and others throughout the State, with war information. At one
time, within a period of three weeks, it sent 143,000 pamphlets to its
500 war information chairmen. It has supplied the public schools of
Chicago with over 10,000 pamphlets ; has stimulated the principals of
these schools to have the children write essays upon certain subjects
connected with the war and which in many instances, especially in for-
eign neighborhoods, have done much to bring parents to the realization
of the meaning of the war. This department has also supplied speakers
and others connected Avith the Woman's Committee, with information
concerning war work for women not only in this country but abroad. It
has published several pamphlets on the subject and has sent out thousands
of letters and circulars containing valuable information. This depart-
ment will be continued as "The Information Committee of the Com-
munity Councils of Illinois."

The Publicity Department has not only managed the publicity for
the Woman's Committee, getting articles in the paper every day, but
it has sent throughout the State every week, a "Xews Letter" and, in

addition, lias published two camouflage recipe books, has awarded prizes
for sugarless puddings and candy and at one time, with the Conservation
Department, took a vacant store, made and sold 4,000 pounds of sugar-
less candy. It has also conducted a "Do Without Club" of over 2,000
people. At one time it held a large meeting for the cooks of the city,
at this meeting, patriotic speeches were made and an attempt made to
impress upon the cooks the necessity of consen'ation.

The Americanization Department, although organized late in the
summer of 1918, has conducted three institutes for the foreign born;
has had large meetings for different nationalities and has reached over
50,000 people. This department will, in the future, be conducted by the
Woman's City Club of Chicago, Federation of Clubs and other organi-
zations.

The Social Welfare Department has made connections between
1,516 volunteer's and social agencies and it is estimated, has saved these
agencies $100,000 which, if it had not been for the volunteers, they
would have had to pay to their social workers. In addition, this depart-
ment provided wool for the "Shut-Ins" in hospitals, insane asylums, old
peoples homes and prjsons, where the inmates, for the first time, felt
that they were doing something toward winning the war. One cripple
who had been on his back for thirty j^ears, in the poor house, was almost
made over when he found he could knit socks for the soldiers abroad.
In the Old Ladies Home, one old woman who had been in the habit of
knitting all day and unraveling at night what she had knitted, in order
that she might knit it over again the next day, burst into tears when she
was told that she could have all the wool she w^anted to knit into useful
articles for the soldiers. This department has been taken over by the
Central Council of Social Agencies.

The Allied Belief Department raised for relief $788,130.68 and has
sent to Europe 705,140 hospital supplies; 182,035 garments; 27,188 kits,
and has adopted 8,844 fatherless children.

I want to take this occasion to make recognition of all the help
which has been given to the Woman's Committee, not only by firms, who
have given us, rent free, stores and offices, who have done our printing
for nothing or at reduced cost and who have in every way aided and
encouraged us, but I also wish to thank the individuals who have given
us generously of their time and money and I want to express to every
one of the women who have helped the Woman's Committee, my thanks
for their loyalty and their willingness to cooperate.

The Woman's Coinmittee of the State Council of Defense and the
Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, Illinois Divi-
sion, will go out of business when peace is declared and proclaimed by
the President of the United States or at least, as soon afterwards as it is
possible to close up their affairs. However, the United States Govern-
ment, through the Department of the Interior and the Department of
Agriculture and the Field Division of the National Council of Defense,
are asking all the State Councils of Defense and all the Women's Com-
mittees throughout the country, to throw the strength of their organiza-
tions into community councils. Organizations in every town and city
or in every ward in the larger cities, composed of representatives of every

100

organization both men and women^ will come together, form a com-
munity council and take up whatever work comes to their hand; it may
be clean milk or it mav be clean streets but this centralizing of the
organizations of a town will prevent duplication of effort, will be demo-
cratic and will have a tendency to do away with the insidious propaganda
which is spreading through Europe and which is even menacing our own
country.

The Community Councils of Illinois have already been organized
with headquarters in Chicago and a temporary State coimnittee of
fifteen people elected by representatives from all over the State.

When we went into the war we saw in our mind's eye, the shell torn
battlefields of France, the ruined villages, the desolate homes, the long
dusty highways full of artillery wagons, guns, cannon, motors, ambu-
lances and all the paraphernalia of war and that endless procession of
khaki clad men who had crossed the seas to fight for the most righteous
cause for which any nation ever fought.

^N'early two years have passed since that time; two years full of
momentous events and we know now, that those boys of ours with a
smile on their lips and the spirit of a crusader in their hearts, went into
the fight at the crucial moment and, by the sheer weight of their will t(5
win, turned the tide and pushed back the foe.

Most of these men, thank God, are coming back to us, but some of
them sleep in France. All honor to them and to the brave and noble
dead of our allies. ''They found their lives by losing them, they forgot
themselves but they saved the world."

Toward the men who are returning, we feel a deep sense of obliga-
tion; they laid aside all the shams of life and dealt only with its
realities. Thev learned all that sacrifice and suffering could teach : thev
understand the real meaning of fellowship and these men have today a
vision of better things, a vision of a happier home, a cleaner city, a
better State, a greater Nation. Thev have been fisrhtin2r for democracy
but we will never have a real democracy in this country, that democracy
of which we caught just a glimpse during the war when we were brought
together by a common danger and by a common s\Tapathy, until we
once more continuously work together for the ffood of our community;
until we learn to reverence, not the aristocracy of birth and wealth and
position but only the aristocracy of service ; until we can assure to eyerj
human being in our great Eepublic, equal opportunity for health, for
education, for work, for decent living, for love, for happiness.

These men will look to us to help them realize their vision. Shall
we fail them? The Community Councils of Illinois offer a method for
this democratic experiment. Let us try it.

101

ON THE AGRICULTL-PLAL DEX'ELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS

SINCE THE CIVIL WAR.

[Deas^ Eugexe Davestobt, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois.]

There are four rather vrell-defined stages in the development of a
country such as this. First come the explorers led on by the spirit of
adventure, the missionaries interested in converting the primitive races,
and the traders interested not in the country but in what they can make
from the people in trade for their skins and furs.

Following these come the home builders, moving out of older
countries to better their conditions, looking not for trade nor indeed for
profit but for a place where the family may live and by dint of hard
work grow up into independent manhood and womanhood. It was this
period which we had reached in Illinois at the opening of the Civil War.

If the country is naturally poor in its resources it will stop about
here, but if it is rich in its soil, kindly in its climate, and favorable as to
its contour, the time is certain to arrive when the possession of its acres
becomes a ruling passion with its inhabitants, and eve^^illing is sacri-
ficed for getting land while yet it can be had. This was the passion that
overtook our people immediately after the Teconstruction, and it charac-
terized the activity in the Mississippi Valley during the last quarter of
the last century as it has never characterized any other c-ountxy on earth.
It was then that men and women and little children made almost a
religion out of work, not for wort's sake as has been erroneously sup-
posed, but in order to get land while yet it could be had. It was then
that men sold improved farms farther east and came west to enlarge
their holdings. It was then that land rather than money was the ruling
passion of most people.

Following this stage comes the period of finished agriculture when
money rather than land is the object in farming, and when the best
utilization of acres rather than their exploitation is the test of good
farming. TVe are beginning to enter that period now and it is not with-
out profit that we analyze somewhat closely the prominent features that
characterize the period just passing; namely, the land-acquiring period
in Illinois development, covering roughly the last half century.

"VThen we remember that the total value of farm property in IS 60
in the State of Illinois was given as only $500,000,000, it seems that
those were davs of small things as measured against the valuation of
^,000,000,000 in 1910. But it must not be forgotten that the
$5b0,0'00,0'00 valuation of 1S60 represented nearly a 300 per cent in-
crease over the ten years preceding. That is to say, things had begun to
move somewhat rapidly about this time. There are other evidences that
the period from 1S50 to 1S60 was one of great activity in matters agri-

103

cailtnral in all the cat^teni portion oi' the Union, and the impetus was
strough' felt iu the Mississippi A'alley in the decade immediately pre-
ceding the Civil War.

In 1860 only a little over 50 per cent of the land in Illinois was in
farms as against 90 per cent in 1910. TheState was producing in 1860
a little over 100,000,000 hushels of corn as against 400,000,000 in 1910.
It was producing something over 20,000,000 bushels of wheat, or about
two-thirds the present vield. It had approximately 750,000 horses as
against 1,750,000 in 1910; 1,500,000 cattle as compared with 2,500,000
fifty years later; and 2,500,000 swine as compared with 4,500,000 in
1910. The value of the'domestic animals in the State in 1860 was given
as $72,000,000 as against $308,000,000 in 1910, and the farm imple-
ments and machinery were valued at $17,000,000 as against $74,000,000
a half century later.

These figures, however, give but an inadequate conception of the
changes that have come to the State since its boys in blue went out to
fight. The reaper and the mower had but just come into use and were
regarded as horse-killing inventions; and hay which was raked together
by the new-fangled machinery was considered unfit for a horse to eat.
Some of us remember the burning of self-binders immediately after the
close of the war by angry mobs of workmen for the reason that such a
machine would deprive them of harvest wages. And yet it was the very
scarcity of labor that forced the rapid development of American farm
machinery.

AYhile the Civil War resulted in a very great industrial develop-
ment, yet it also marked the period of the beginning of the struggle for
land which has lasted imtil the present day. Every man who had a farm
enlarged it if he could, running into debt to do so, or he sold his farm and
moved west to acquire more acres and grow up with the new country. It
was impossible to work all these acres by hand labor or by such crude
machinery as had been in use before the war. Speedily the great ques-
tion in farming became this: How many horses can one man drive and
how many acres can one man farm ?

And so the matter went, through the '70's, the '80's and even well
into the '90's before anything like high-priced land or a tenant system
could be said to have developed in the State. ^Yhen 1 first came to Illi-
nois in 1895, land was considered well sold at $75 an acre ; within twenty
years of that time a considerable amount of the best land of the State
had lain untouched at 50 cents because of lack of drainage, and this in
the very region where land is selling from $275, $300, to even $100 an
acre without regard to improvements.

The struggle of the people for land has been nowhere more pro-
nounced or more significant than in Illinois. While there have been
some large holdings, this has not been a State of bonanza farming. Corn
has been its ruling crop and live stock its most prominent industry, and
the natural combination of the two has led to the development of a kind
of farming which means high values in land. While it is not and never
has been a range State, yet the cattle industry has always been relatively

103

large and the luovemeut for high-grade live stock dates from almost
exactl.v the middle of the last centin\y.

The Illinois State Board of Agricnlture was founded and held' its
first show in 1853. It was the result of the activities in the Legislature
of Capt. James X. Brown of Grove Park, Sangamon County, who was
one of its first and most successful exhibitors. It was about this time that
the enthusiasm for the impoi-tation of high-class cattle passed from iSTew
York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Ohio to the prairies of Illinois, and
at the first great sale of the Illinois Importing Company in 1857, this
same Captain Brown bid of? the two-year-old heifer, Eachel II, at the
then very unprecedented price of $3,025. The sale as a whole made an
average of $1,165, and from this time dates the beginning of high-class
live stock for this great State. It is notable too that this importation
contained four cattle from the herd of Amos Cruickshank, a Scottish
breeder then almost unknown, but whose herd a few years later became
the most famous in short-horn history.

It was during the '70's that this enthusiasm for high-class cattle
developed strength. The Illinois State Fair, under the management of
the Illinois State Board of Agriculture drew to its show ring some of
the best animals then bred, and I was told by the late Col. Charles F.
Mills that he had personally, as secretary of that body, organized the
pedigree associations for one-half the breeds produced in America — ■
showing the extent of the influence exerted at that time by the Illinois
State Board of Agriculture. A little later came the Fat-Stock Show in
Chicago, which sealed the doom of the four-year-old steer and proved
beyond any doubt that the cheapest beef could be made from young
animals.

The introduction of our best pasture, the Kentucky blue grass, dates
from this same period and owes to these early cattle men the influence
which spread it broadcast over the prairies. It came with the cattle from
Kentucky, and while the prairies are not the natural home of the blue
grass, it after all has no equal for pasture purposes and has developed
in this State as in few others.

As the value of land rapidly increased in the '90's, it became
economically impossible to produce market cattle in competition with the
western range. From then on, feeders were grown in the west and
shipped east to be finished on Illinois corn. With this new condition has
gone something of the glory of the old-time breeding herds, but even as
this is written the range itself is being broken up and the problem of
raising our own feeders is returning to the farmers of Illinois.

With the development of the herds of the State and with the in-
creased production of corn, a new shipping center was inevitable.
Hitherto Cincinnati had been called "Porkopolis," but the title and the
distinction were destined to move to Chicago. Cincinnati was the
natural outlet of the Miami Valley, one of the greatest live stock regions
of the timberland states, but the prairies were seeking outlets, and
Chicago, Kansas City, and Omaha were inevitable choices. Isaac Funk,
one of the gi'eatest shippers of cattle and swine in an early day was ac-
customed to drive from Funk's Grove to Chicago in successive herds.

104

putting iu each bunch as many cattle and pigs as the Chicago shiughter
house could handle in a single day.

The Union Stock Yards Company for handling the increased ship-
ments was organized and opened for business in 1865. Nothing shows
the extent and the growth of the live stock business in this State as do
the records of the receipts of this company for the fifty-three years since
its opening, and they are listed here for record, by ten-year periods :

Cattle. Calves. Hogs. Sheep.

1866 393,007 961,746 207,987

1876 ..1.096,745 4,190,006 364,095

1SS6 1,963,900 51,290 6,718,761 1,008,790

1SH6 2.600,476 138,337 7,659,472 3,590,655

1906 3.329,250 413,269 7,275,063 4,805,449

1918 3,789,922 657,767 8,614,190 4,629,736

It is sufficient for purposes of reading to note that whereas the total
receipts of cattle at these yards in 1866 was but 393,000, they amounted
in 1918 to over 3,750,000. During the same period hogs had increased
in shipment from fewer than 1,000,000 to over 8,500,000, and sheep
from 207,000 to over 4,500,000. By this we see, of course, that these
great stock yards, in later years particularly, have drawn from far be3'ond
the limits of our own State.

Eealizing the value of the old Fat-Stock Show to the live stock of
this State and region, this company- has for a number of years conducted
an annual exposition which is without doubt the greatest live stock
show in the world, and from here have come and gone in recent years
the very pink of perfection in the breeder's art.

Even a hasty sketch of the agricultural progress of Illinois in the
last half century would be exceedingly incomplete without special men-
tion of what this State has done for heavy horses. It has of course had
its light horse champions and interests, but in an early day the Xorman
horse was brought into various sections of this State for farm purposes,
and later on it was Mark Dunham of Wayne more than any other single
man who was responsible for bringing the best breeding of la telle France
into the middle west. jSTo enthusiast whom I have ever known was
prouder of his achievement than was Dunham of the mark which
"Brilliant" put upon the American horse industry, and of Eosa Bon-
heur's picture of that wonderful animal.

It is evident to the most casual student that the earlier development
of the last half century was in acreage, farm machinery, and live stock.
It was not until practically the opening of the present century that the
State took much interest in the scientific study of the principles under-
lying agricultural practices or in the education of the 3'oung for the
profession of farming. It was the current belief in those days that if a
man was to have a good herd it must be founded by his grandfather,
and that the only way to become a successful farmer was by being to
the manner bom and bv associating long and intimatelv with those
who succeeded. It was the worship of the ancients over again, and
while there were veritable giants in those days in matters agricultural,
it is also the fact that a great many of the things they assiduously be-
lieved were at the same time untrue. The last generation has been
somewhat busy in the attempt to separate tradition from truth and to
learn what are the underlying principles of successful farming.

105

Accordingly the University of Illinois has been authorized, in-
structed, and endowed to conduct investigations along certain prominent
lines, particularly in the feeding and breeding of animals, the control
of diseases in fruits and vegetables, and in such methods of production
as shall prove most economical and effective. For example, it used to be
supposed that deep cultivation is the sine qua non of good farming. Ex-
perimentation has shown, however, that the deeper corn is cultivated the
more the roots are cut off and the more the crop suffers. It had been
said that corn was cultivated in order to preserve moisture, but scientific
methods have shown that it is done mainly in order to kill weeds. Plants
are now bred as are animals, and there is no more significant work done
in the State than is that of the Funk Brothers' Seed Company, which,
like the Vihnorins of France, is interested not only in dealing in seeds
but in producing the best varieties.

Perhaps the most notable single piece of work undertaken in the
State of Illinois for the betterment of agriculture is the soil survey,
whereby each separate type of land of which the State is possessed is not
only located as to its boundaries and mapped accordingly, but also studied
in the laboratories and in the field as to its physical and chemical quali-
ties, so that when the map is published each man may know how many
and what are the distinctive types of soil on the land he occupies and
what are the treatments that should be employed. The forty experimental
fields upon the various types of soil scattered over the State each under
all possible combinations of fertilizer treatment constitute by far the
most extensive and exhaustive inquiry into the character of land that
is to be found anywhere on earth.

Such a sketch of agricultural progress would be entirely incomplete
without a word upon the strictly educational side. Not only has the
Agricultural College of the State developed from a half dozen students
in 1890 to twelve hundred and fift}^ at the opening of the war, but there
are now more than forty high schools in the State organized to do work
under the Smith-Hughes Act. A definite department is established in
the high school under the charge of its own instructor, usually employed
for twelve months and always teaching under the project system. It is
not too much to expect that another generation of careful research and
the systematic training of the young will produce agricultural results
in this State that will be no discredit to the record of the great men
who have gone before. From now on our progress will be marked not
by the individual achievements of a few phenomenal men, but by the
systematic procedure of the citizens of the State.

Illinois has developed within the last generation one of the best
farmers' institute systems of any state in the Union. It is under the
direction of a body of farmers recognized by the Legislature as the State
Farmers' Institute. The meetings held under the auspices of this body
of representative farmers, whether of State or local character, afford a
steady forum for the discussion of the many questions that constantly
arise touching the interests of agriculture. The extent to which such
a foruni can operate as a safety valve and a balance wheel both for pub-
lic opinion and for the farmers' state of mind is beyond computation.

106

The State is now served by a most etficient agricultural press by
no means confined to the boundaries of this particular commonwealth
yet serving its distinctive interests exceptionally well. These journals
constitute the great avenue for the exchange of ideas, experiences, and
practices back and forth between the farmers of this State and other
states and between the practices of the farm and the findings of the
various scientific bodies scattered over the world.

Perhaps the most distinctive single item of progress made in Illinois
in the last half century lies in the principle now well recognized that
the farmers themselves through their own organizations assume the
responsil)ility of leadership in all matters of agricultural progress. The
farmers in this State are neither led nor driven. They are themselves
a forward-looking body of men with a well recognized objective, the de-
velopment of the agricultural resources of the State. They are therefore
regarded as the special sponsors of agricultural education and research,
whatever may be the particular machiner}' devised for the detailed man-
agement of schools and experiment stations.

Pursuant to this general principle the development of the so-called
extension work in this State is sroinof forward imder the direction of
county farm bureaus which are self-directing agricultural associations
projecting their affairs especially along business lines. Over sixty of
the counties of the State are now so organized, and the creation of the
Illinois Agricultural Association for the further development of agricul-
ture as a cooperative enterprise, particularly in selling, was so logical
as to be inevitable.

It is not too much to say that since the Civil War, agriculture has
developed from the old self-sufficing system of pioneer days to that stage
where it is recognized in its full meaning, both as a productive industry
to those engaged therein and as a sisjnificant economic factor in the
social fabric of the State. The idea of a permanent agriculture is defi-
nitely fixed in the minds of nearly all the progressive farmers of Illinois,
whereby the fertility of the lands shall be maintained and not mined out
as the generations pass. To that determination we are now beginning
to add the idea of a finished agriculture, by which is meant not neces-
sarily intensive farming but rather systems of farming which shall be
more diversified than heretofore and Avhich shall recognize more com-
pletely the peculiar demands of the consuming public and the particular
resources of the various localities.

107

THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF JOSEPH DUNCAN.
GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS, 1834-1838.

[By Elizabeth Duncan Putnam.]

PREFACE.

The request of the Illinois State Historical Society, in 1019, for a
sketch of Governor Joseph Duncan led me to search through the papers
preserved by the family to^ see if there was any new material that would
throw light on the life of one of the pioneers of Illinois. The sketch pre-
pared at that time for the annual meeting has since grown, by the ac-
quisition of new material found in the Library of Congress and other
libraries, into the present more extended life.

His daughter, Mrs. Julia Duncan Kirby, wrote a biographical ^
sketch of Joseph Duncan for the Jacksonville Historical Society in 1885,
containing many reminiscences of Mrs. Duncan and of her friends and,
quoting, nearly in full, the interesting diary kept by Mr. Duncan while
lie Avas in congress.^ Mr. E. W. Blatchford, an old family friend, wrote
a brief sketch in 1905 for the Chicago Historical Society.

Aside from these two sketches, there has been no life written of
Governor Duncan. Most of the histories of Illinois are influenced
in their estimation of him by the opinion given by Thomas Ford in his
history of Illinois written in 1847. As Ford was a political opponent of
Governor Duncan and party feeling ran high at that time, he naturally
wrote from a prejudiced point of view. Unfortunately Mr. Duncan's
papers have suffered irreparable loss, as the most important ones were
burned in the Chicago fire of. 1871 and others in our home fire in Daven-
port in 1887.

There are still preserved- a few family letters, many expense ac-
counts from Kentucky and Illinois ; diaries^ of Governor and Mrs.
Duncan ; an interesting note book of Governor Duncan's ; a brief anony-
mous life addressed to "Governor Joseph Duncan, Jacksonville, Illinois,"
and dated 1840, obviously an original document;'* and finally there
are a few political hand bills and cartoons. Another note book, evi-
dently for use in the campaign of 1842 with clippings and notes, is in
the Library of the University of Illinois.

I have consulted the Journals of the House of Eepresentatives and
the Senate of Illinois and the Journal of the House of Eepresentatives
of the United States for the records of his political life and the news-

' Chicago : Fergus Printing Co. 1888.

- At present deposited in the Historical Library of the Davenport Academy
of Sciences. Davenport, Iowa.

3 The diary of Governor Duncan kept while he was in Congress in 1829 is
printed in the appendix.

■•It was printed in the Illinoisan, Jan. 19, 1844, four days after the deatli of
Governor Duncan.

108

papers of the time for contemporary opinion. Use has been made of j\irs.
Duncan's reminiscences and diaries to give an account of a journey west
in 1828 and a picture of their life later in Jacksonville.

Many traditions have come down in the family but I have only used
those that seem to help in drawing the.portrait from out of the shadows
of a century ago of this pioneer of Illinois, a strong man of action, of
independent opinion, with a keen sense of law and right, modest and
unassuming. Tradition says that he had great social charm, which is
borne out by the letters that describe the cordial reception he received
whenever he went east. The same Scotch honesty and allegiance to duty
and principle which was sho'wn as a boy of eighteen in his providing for
his widowed mother and younger brothers and sister before he left home
in the war of 1812, dominated his ideals and public acts in his later
career as soldier, state senator, congressman and governor.

I am indebted to Prof. A. M. Schlesinger and to Prof. Theodore
Calvin Pease for valuable suggestions, to Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber of
the Illinois State Historical Society and to Miss Caroline Mcllvaine of
the Chicago Historical Society for assistance in obtaining material, and
to Miss Puth Putnam for criticism and encouragement. My brother
Edward K. Putnam has aided me in the arrangement of the materials
• and the review of the political speeches of Governor Duncan.

Elizabeth Duncan Putnam.
Davenport, Iowa.
January 15, 1921.

CHAPTER I.
Early Life: War of 1812: Eemoval to Illinois.

Joseph Duncan was descended oh both sides from Scotch and Scotch-
Irish ancestry. The family first settled in Virginia, from there Major
Joseph Duncan went to Kentucky in the early days but returned to
Virginia to marry Anna Maria McLaughlin of Cumberland A'alley, and
in 1790 the family moved to Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky. Here
Joseph was born on February 22, 1794, the ihird son.

The Duncan house is still standing in Paris, a substantial stone
house, with an interesting entrance doorway and panelling in the rooms.
A lease of 1815 describes it as "the old stone house on the square with
kitchen, billiard-room, smoke house, lower stables, etc., and two parti-
tions to be run across the ball room."

In 1806 Major Duncan died. There was apparently a great deal of
property but much confusion in affairs. Mrs. Duncan married in 1809
Captain Benjamin ]\Ioore, of the regular army. He lived but two years,
dying in 1811. One son, Duncan Moore, was born of this marriage.

Joseph was but twelve years old when his own father died. The two
older sons had been sent, Matthew to Yale and James to Transylvania
College, Lexington, Kentucky, but there was probably no ready money
to send Joseph to college. He assumed the responsibilities of the family,
paying bills and arranging financially for his mother. He was appointed
guardian to his two younger brothers and sister and later paid for at
least part of their education. All through his life he manifested an in-
terest in education, probably intensified by the lack of college training

109

in his own life. In his informal correspondence he was a poor speller,
as were many of the men of his time.

From his father and step-father Joseph naturally was interested in
military affairs. War with England was not declared until June 18th,

1812, but a month beforehand, on May 12th, we find Joseph Duncan
had paid to F. Loring, Paris, Kentucky :

To making undress coat f 10. 00

To 5 % yards of silver braid 2.75

To making a Cockade 75

To making- 2 pair pantaloons and 2 vests ' . 1.00

To finding pading and thread 50

To 1 hank of white silk 12%

$15.12i/o

He entered the army as an Ensign in the lUh U. S. Infantry and
remained in service throughout the war.

He at once began securing recruits. As he was leaving to join the
northern army in 1813, he gives the following note, — "The above bill of
eight pounds and eleven shillings, I am bound to pay unless my mother
pays it. Kelly and Brant may deduct it out of the money I now leave
in their hands, and should she apply for any- other articles in their store
they will let her have them and charge them to her account." It is
worth note that the credit and word of an eighteen year old boy carried
sufficient weight to take care of the family.

There is no record where Joseph Duncan was the first year of the
war. On June 13th, 1813, he passed' Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, with
the 17th Regiment of U. S. Infantry, on his way to St. Louis, Missouri
Territory, as is shown by the letter from his brother, Matthew Duncan,
who tried to overtake the boats at Little Eock Ferry. On August 2nd,

1813, Duncan was at the defence of Fort Stephenson, near Sandu.sky,

Ohio. A copy of a letter written by Joseph Duncan and describing the

attack has been preserved. It was written many years later in response

to inquiries from Gen. C. F. Mercer, but it gives a graphic and detailed

description of the battle.

Washington City, March 25, ISS/f.
Dear Sib:

Your letter of the 20th has been received and I most cheerfully comply
with your request in giving such an account of the transactions at Sandusky
as my memory at this late period and my time will enable me to do.

About the 20th of July, 1813, General Harrison, then at Lower Sandusky,
hearing that the British Army had crossed Lake Erie to Fort Meigs, being
about five thousand strong, immediately changed his headquarters to Seneca,
seven or eight miles up the Sandusky River, where he assembled his forces,
leaving Major Croghan with about 150 men to defend Fort Stephenson, with
an understanding or an order, as it was understood by me at the time, that
the Fort then in a weak and wretched condition, was to be abandoned should
the enemy advance with artillery, but if not, to be defended to the last ex-
tremity.

Harrison with his force, then small, had scarcely left us before Croghan
commenced putting the fort, which was only a stockading of small round
logs and a few log storehouses, in a proper state of defence, in which he
evinced great judgment and the most untiring perseverance.

During the ten or twelve days that intervened between the time that
General Harrison left us and the appearance of the enemy, a ditch was dug
four feet deep and six feet wide entirely around the Fort outside of the
stockading — the ground for two hundred yards round the fort was cleared
of timber and brush and many other preparations made for the enemy.

110

About this time General Harrison received information that the enemy
had raised the siege of Fort Meigs and had started in the direction of San-
dusky and Camp Seneca. On receiving this intelligence he determined to
retreat from his position, and immediately sent an express to Fort Stephen-
son, which arrived about sunrise, ordering Major Croghan to burn the fort
with all the munitions and stores and retreat without delay to Headquarters,
giving also some precautionary instructions about the route, etc.

On receiving this order, Croghan instantly placed it in the hands of the
officers, who were all present, and required them to consider it and express
an opini'on as to the propriety of obeying or disobeying it. The Board was
formed and on putting the question, beginning as is usual with the youngest
officer, [Duncan] it was ascertained that a majority of us was for disobeying
the order. Croghan returned to the room and being informed of our decision
remarked, "I am glad of it, I had resolved to disobey it at all hazards," and
Immediately dispatched an express to General Harrison giving him that in-
formation. Immediately on the arrival of this express General Harrison
dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Ball with his squadron of Dragoons, with
orders to arrest Croghan, bring him to Headquarters (which was done) and
sent another officer to take his command. By this time, in consequence of
our not arriving agreeably to his expectations and orders, the General
abandoned all idea of a retreat, although his munitions and stores were all
piled up ready to be set on fire as soon as Croghan should reach Seneca
and it is doubted that if Croghan had arrived according to orders. General
Harrison would have retreated instantly, leaving the whole Frontier, our
fleet at Erie and the boats and stores at Cleveland, (the destruction of which
was the object of the invasion and movement down the Lake) at the mercy
of the enemy.

After being detained one night, Croghan was returned to Sandusky and
reinstated in his command — an occasion which gave indescriable joy to the
officers and soldiers in the Fort, and which could only be equaled in intensity
of feeling by the chagrin and mortification felt at his arrest. Especially was
this event pleasing to those officers who had sustained him in disobeying the
order, resolved as they were, when he was arrested, to share his fate, be it
good or evil.

Soon after his return, the enemy, so long expected, made his appearance
and demanded a surrender. Croghan answered by directing Ensign Ship to
assure General Proctor that he would be blown to Hell first.

I need hardly say after what has been related that their appearance,
relieving us from our long suspense, was hailed with seeming joy by the
Major, and most, if not by all, of his command.

The excitement produced by what had occurred, and his return just in
time to meet the enemy, inspired his command with an enthusiasm rarely,
if ever, surpassed, and which alone renders man Invincible.

The Fort was forthwith besieged, cannonaded and bombarded from the
Gun Boats, and the batteries on land for nearly forty hours, without cessa-
tion— during all which time every officer and soldier appeared to be animated
by the cool and manly bearing of their commander.

I well remember his expression at the first sound of the bugle given
by the enemy as a signal for the charge upon the works. We were sitting
together — he sprang upon his feet, saying — "Duncan, every man to his post,
for in ten minutes they will attempt to take us by storm. Recollect, when
you hear my voice crying relief come to me with all the men that can be
spared from your part of the line." He instantly passed up the line repeating
the order to every officer, and had scarcely got the men in place, before the
whole British Army, divided into three columns marched upon the Fort, and
made a desperate assault, continuing it for near an hour, when they were
repulsed with a loss of killed and wounded, estimated at the time to near
double the number in the Fort, and is stated by the English writers to be
about ninety.

During the engagement I saw Croghan often and witnessed with delight
his intrepid and gallant conduct, which I firmly believe has never been sur-
passed at any time or on any occasion.

Ill

The sagacity displayed in arranging tlie cannon so as to open a masked
embrasure to rake tlie enemy in the ditch at the point evidently selected by
them for the breach, in placing logs on pins near the top of the pickets
which could be tilted off by one man, and being from 20 to 30 feet long, of
heavy timber, swept everything before them, his tact in placing bags of sand
against the pickets wherever the enemy attempted to make a breach with
their cannon, by which means each point lof attack grew stronger from the
moment it was assailed, — are worthy of any General of any age.

You are right, Sir, in my judgment, in saying that the Government has
not done justice to Colonel Croghan for his conduct in that affair, which is
without parallel in the Military annals of our Oountry.

As to myself, having acted but a very subordinate part, I never did, and
do not now, set up for any' claim for distinction. To know that I did my
duty to my Country, though not hardened into manhood, was then and is
now, enough for me. But of him I feel no delicacy in saying that great in-
justice has been done to him, in being overlooked by the Government, and
by the erroneous statements of historians.

McAfee, the historian of the late War, and Dawson, the Biographer of
General Harrison, have studiously kept out of view that the object of the
invasion was the destruction of our ships under Commodore Perry at Presque
Isle, and the boats and stores at Cleveland. These were looked upon with
great solicitude by the British — were reconnoitred, and on one or two occa-
sions were attempted to be destroyed by landing the small force on boara of
their fleet. They have also failed to account for the movement of the whole
British forces down the Lake in the direcion of Cleveland and Erie, before
their defeat, at Sandusky, which was attacked to gratify their Indian allies
who demanded the scalps and plunder of the place. They have kept out of
view the fact that General Harrison had determined to retreat to the interior
after having burnt all the supplies which he had collected — that he ordered
Major Croghan to abandon and burn Fort Stephenson — that his refusal to
obey, and failure to arrive at Headquarters, prevented this retreat and con-
sequent destruction of our Fleet, millions of public stores, and exposure of
five hundred miles of frontier to the combined enemy.

Both have stated that General Harrison never doubted that Major
Croghan w'ould be able to repulse an enmy of near two thousand, with one
hundred and twenty men (his effective force on the day of battle), one
six pounder, with ammunition for only seven shots and about forty rounds
for the small arms; when the fact was notorious that General Harrison was
heard to say during the siege, when the firing could be heard in his camp,
speaking of Croghan, "the blood be on his own head. I wash my hands of
it," not doubting for a moment, nor did any one with him, that the Garrison
would be cut off.

With great respect,

Your obdt. Servant,

Joseph Duncan.
Gen. C. F. Mercer.

Congress passed a resolution on June 18, 1834 "Presenting a gold
medal to George Croghan and a sword to each of the officers under his
command for their gallantry and good conduct in the Defence of Fort
Stephenson in 1813."

The young Kentuckian remained in the army throughout the war.
August 10, 1814, there is an order from "Colonel Tod from Chillicothe
to Lieutenant Duncan for recruiting service, for the 17th Infantry, at
Lexington, Kentucky."

The following winter however, he was in the north, apparenth' on
scouting duty. By an order dated Fort Shelby, Xovember 4th, 1814,
signed Harrison H. Hickman, Captain 17th Infantry, Lieutenant Dun-
can W'as placed in command of a detachment consisting of three sergeants,
three corporals and forty privates. This detachment seems to have been

112

sent lip close to the enemy in Canada. On Janiiar_y 7, 1815, Lieutenant
Duncan was ordered to cross the river and eight days later, January
15, Captain Hickman sent this express letter from Detroit to "Lt. Jos.
Duncan, Commanding Detachment, Fort Thrasher."

"I have this moment received yours of the 10th by express. Detain the
two men until you bring them or have an opportunity of sending them down.
I need not request you to use every exertion to procure information of the
positions and movements of the enemy. When you write again be so good as
to give me what information you can collect in regard to the quantity of
wheat and flour there may remain in the river and the prospect of its trans-
portation to this place. Our papers by the last mail brought no news of
importance, otherwise I would have sent you some. My respects tio Mr.
Stewart.

Should any of your men meet with eight Indians who will show them my
name written on a piece of paper — they will let them pass without any ques-
tions. Breath not a lohisper of this to a living mortal, except to the leader
of such scouting parties as you may send out and let that leader be such a
man as will keep the secret."

The Treaty of Peace was signed at Ghent on December lith, 18 li,
and the last battle of the war was fought at New Orleans on 8th of
January, 1815, and still this letter says "there was no news of import-
ance" at Detroit on January 15th, 1815 !

There are traditions of other feats in the wilderness — of crossing
Lake Erie in an open yawl during a winter storm — of being the bearer*
of dispatches — of swimming his horse across a swollen river where the
Indian guide refused to follow — of coming upon a block house late at
night and instead of finding friends, to be greeted with a savage yell —
of his presence of mind in throwing coin upon the hearth and while
the Indians were scrambling for it, making his escape.

In August, 1815, Joseph was appointed guardian for his younger
brothers and sister and on September 13, 1815, the court approved a
division of the estate of the father. Major Joseph Duncan. There is men-
tion of slaves but none in Joseph's portion. Checks show that the son
was at Paris then, as he was in the summer of 1816, when his report as
guardian to his younger brothers and sister was recorded. There are
on record other documents showing that he acted as "attorney" for his
older brothers as well as "guardian" for the younger children, in whose
education he took a special interest.

There is among the family papers a curious old statement of "Mr.
Joseph Duncan in acct. Avith Allen & Thomas, drs.," running from x\ug.
14, 1815, to June 28, 1816, which shows that Joseph was looking after
the needs of his mother, brothers and sister. For his mother there is the
purchase, among bther things, of 6 yards of calico for 9 shillings. There
is 5 yards cotton cloth and a "Posam hat" for Thomas, the latter costing
£1.10.0. For John there is 51/0 yards "long cloth" and pumps. For
James a vest and leather gloves. There are many entries "per sister."
She had 5 yards of "long cloth, a "beaver hat draped", (£3), several
pairs of shoes, stockings, gloves, "ribbans" on frequent occasions, a pen-
cil, letter paper, a "bowl for holding paints," etc. There are not many
items for Joseph himself, but he purchases a pair of beaver gloves, a pen
knife, powder flask, 1/0 pound of powder, padlock, and wafers. The only
items of food are such things as were not grown in Kentucky — an occa-
sional 14 pound of tea or 2 lbs. of sugar, once 1/0 lb, of ginger, and onco

113

3 shillings for raisins. Soap was probably made at liome but one cake
was bought for 9d. There is one entry for "1/2 doz. Sigars per Thomas,
9 shillings.'' There are several entries for buttons, needles, ])ins and
thread. Cash was sometimes paid on account and sometimes advanced
by Allen and Thomas to members of the family, as : "Cash for Miss
Polly Anne 1/6, ditto for John, 6'/-" or "Cash per John for Mothei'
$5.00, £1.10.0." Under March 11, 1816, are the following entries:

18.1.6

Mch 11, Cash lent voii $100.00 in Feby 3ii. 0.0

" Cash paid Bayler for your Taxes $8.19 2. S.lVi

" Cash pd. ditto for your Mother's Taxes $22.4 4.12.3

These last items were taken care of in April w^hen Joseph Duncan gave
a check for $130.23.

January 19th, 1817, he was at Detroit, Michigan Territory, and
again in the summer of 1817 was at Paris, seeing a brother off to school
as the following letter from his brother Thomas shows. It was written
from Washington, D. C.

* * * "I paid my tuition with the money you gave me when I left
Kentucky. I have read the Odes of Horace and made some progress in Greek,
Witherspoon on Moral Philosophy, etc. Sold my horse for $20, $15 of which
I have not, nor do I expect to get at least for sometime, as the student to
whom I sold him, has since been expelled and is, I believe, destitute of money
at present." * * *

There has come to light a curious U, S. government bond that
proves that Joseph was at this time a real Kentuckian, as on May 10,
1817, "Joseph Duncan and Tandy Allen and Ann Duncan" gave a $50
bond to the United States to pay "on the 2-lth of May next to the col-
lector of revenue for the 4th collection district of Kentucky the sum
of twenty dollars and fifty-two cents, on a still of the capacity of 114
gallons * * * to be employed in distilling spirits from domestic
materials." It was later in life, when living in Illinois, that he became
an ardent supporter of the temperance cause, giving to it half his salary,
$500, when governor.

Joseph Duncan, with the same pioneer spirit as his ancestors, moved
from Kentucky to Illinois in ISIS. He had seen the prairies of Illinois
while in the army in the war of 1812 and no doubt had been attracted
by their future possibilities.

His eldest brother Matthew Duncan had moved from Eusselville,
Kentucky, where he had edited a paper, "The ]\Iirror," to Kaskaskia on
the Mississippi Eiver in Illinois. Through Ninian Edwards, formerly a
lawyer in Eusselville, Matthew secured the printing of the first edition
of the Illinois Territorial Laws in 1813. He moved his press to Kas-
kaskia in 1814 and began the Illinois Herald, the first newspaper pub-
lished in Illinois. In December, 1814, he issued the first pamphlet pub-
lished in Illinois and in June, 1815, the first book, A'olume I Pope's
Digest.

On November 19th, 1819. there is a note from Joseph to Matthew
Duncan for the sum of ten thousand dollars. "I have this day pur-
chased from ]\[atthew Duncan an equal interest in the mill upon the
outlet of the big lake, together Avith an equal interest in 209 acres [in
Jackson County, Illinois]." In September, 1820, he was able to pay

— 8 H S

114

$1,822 on this note and eventually the note was receipted iu I'liU but with
no date. This is among the first records of his purchases of property.
He began to buy land in many counties of the State. The family con-
nections were around Kaskaskia but later he owned land in the northern
part of the State, including a tract in what is now Chicago,

The family moved from Paris, Kentuck}-, to Brownsville, called
Fountain Bluffs, Jackson County, Illinois, sometime before 1820. About
this time Joseph began an interesting note book^ that for quaiutness
might be printed entire. Beginning with quotations from Seneca, Young,
Proverbs, he continues with a "Memorandum of Boats of all kinds that
pass my house on the Mississippi going up and down in 182-i.^' There
are 13G entries, from January 2, to August 5, 1824. There is a "cure
for rheumatism — " "Law of Louisiana for inspecting Beef and Pork
1826," "Potatoes to be planted the second week in June" — "Policy of
the Jackson Party — ." Notes for campaign speeches in 1842 (when he
ran the second time for Governor) — question of the standing arm}'- —
list of land owned by him in various counties in Illinois, etc.

There is an interesting letter from his younger brother Thomas,
written on November 28, 1820, from Eusselville, Kentucky, to his
mother, "care of Maj. Jo. Duncan'^ in Brownsville, Illinois, defending
Joseph from an unjust attack.

"I have this naoment heard that Joseph has been charged with defrauding
my father's estate and with reducing the family to penury. I regret the
occasion but I glory in the opportunity of doing justice to a man, whose
unbending integrity, no temptatiion could seduce and whose disinterested
generosity to yourself and every member of our family imposes claims not
to be forgotten, bare remembrance of which excites feelings which I cannot
express. At the tender age of 15 or 16 he attracted the notice and admiration
of all who knew him by the correctness of his deportment and the skill and
assiduity he displayed in the management of an estate, which by the prema-
ture death of my father, was left in a state of confusion and complexity.
At the commencement of the war he took his station among the defenders
of his country's rights. But his patriotism did not make him forgetful of
his widowed mother and his little orphan brothers and sister; without funds
in his hands belonging to the estate, he had even at this early period of his
life, acquired a reputation which enabled him upon his own responsibility
to lobtain such conveniences as were necessary for the comfort of the family
in his absence. To trace him through the variety of scenes that were ex-
hibited from that to the present period — and in which he has uuiformily
acted the same magnanimous part, would greatly exceed the limits of a
letter. But there is one observation which I would make because it not only
acquits him of taking any advantage but shows beyond the power of contra-
diction that he acted disinterestedly. In 1814 the estate was divided by
persons appointed by the court for that purpose — Joseph was selected by
each of the infant heirs as their guardian. The rent of my part of the estate
was nothing like enough to defray my expenses at school even in Kentucky,
yet he sent me to Pennsylvania to college and defrayed my expenses while
there. The part of the estate alloted me is still mine and never was of any
benefit to him, but to the contrary has been a trouble and I believe an ex-
pense to him. His high standing in this state cannot be affected by the foul
aspertions of those from another quarter."

I have been interested in the. journeys of Joseph Duncan and finally
made as complete a record as addresses to letters, old bills, military
orders, etc., could give. Considering that all these journeys were made
on horseback or boat, it shows indefatigable energy. We are apt to think

^ Deposited in the Historical Library of the Davenport Academy of Sciences.

115

of the picturesqueness of this period, forgetting the hardships entailed.
The majority of the pioneers died young. My mother was born in 1832
hut even in her youtli, she said the prevalence of chills and fever and the
almost daily dose of quinine were taken as a matter of course. Out of
their family of ten children but three survived to maturity.

Joseph Duncan had spent most of his life on the frontier and knew
the hardships of the pioneer. Later when in Congress Mr. Duncan con-
stantly plead the cause of the settler of small means. The pioneers were
"brave, hardy, enterprising" men "possessing an ardent love of liberty,
freedom and independence," who "endured privations and hardships"
giving up "all the comforts of society," overcoming "difficulties which
most gentlemen in Congress know nothing about," and with "no other
view in settling than to secure an independent home for their families."
We feel he was speaking of a subject of which he knew first hand.

During these years Duncan was studying the state and the people
and unconsciously laying the foundations for the popularity that over
and over again elected him to office. At this period it was the man, and
not the party, that was elected.

He must have taken an active part in the militia as in October 1822
his uncle, Eobert T. McLaughlin, asks him to appoint Colonel Ewing of
Vandalia "to the place you held previous to vour election as Major
General of Militia."

Apparently he entered politics early. We know that he was Justice
of the Peace in Jackson County from LS31 till 1823.^ Heharl many and
diverse interests, even appearing as a director and later president of the
Brownsville Branch Bank." Of his resignation from this last position,
the Illinois Intelligencer of ISTovember 17, 1824, says : "Joseph Dun-
can, the Senator from Jackson County, has resigned his office of Presi-
dent and Director in the Branch Bank at Brownsville. It is perfectly
in character for this gentleman, when on the eve of taking his seat in
the councils of his adopted state, to divest himself of everything which
might even be supposed to give a bias to his judgment on subjects which
came officially before him." Mr. Duncan had already had a varied ex-
perience, therefore, when in the summer of 1824 he ran for the State
Senate.

CHAPTEE II.

Meimber of Illinois State Senate.

the public school bill.

On jSTovember 15, 1824, the Illinois State Legislature convened at
Yandalia. A year before the town was the scene of an intoxicated pro-
slavery mob, who had rioted through the village, with their cries of "Con-
vention or death." Their insults to Governor Coles, the quiet, deter-
mined Virginian, who had come to Illinois to free his slaves, and to his
valiant band of anti-slavery men, had turned the tide of public opinion.

' Copies of warrants in note book beginning June 21, 1821, and continuing to
February 23, 1823.

= Illinois Historical Collections, Vol. IV. d. 130-132 (Governors' Letter-books,
Vol. I).

116

Ford saA'S, "The people had been so long under the influence of an in-
tense excitement that they required rest."^

The recent election of August, 1824, had brought many new men,
with new views to the Legislature. We can picture the primitive village
— the burnt State House repaired by the citizens, the members arriving
on horseback, with their saddle bags, bringing the news from the north
and from the south. Among them was Joseph Duncan, from "the county
of Jackson." He was thirty years old at this time. He had won dis-
tinction in the war of 1812 ; had settled in Illinois from Kentucky, in
1818; Justice of the Peace in Jackson County from 1821 till 1823;
Major General of Militia, and elected to the State Senate in August,
1824.

Judging from the portrait, painted some years later, he nmst have
been a striking man in his youth. Erect, with dark eyes, that look
directly at you out of the old portrait, high cheek bones and exceedingly
sweet expression on the firm lips, the resourceful face of a man of affairs,
who had lived all his life in the open; independent and fearless in his
\news. These Scotch characteristics were tempered by a genial expression
and an optimistic point of view. "He was a man of genteel, affable and
manly deportment : with a person remarkably well adapted to win the
esteem and affection of his fellow citizens. * * * He had a sound
judgment, a firm confidence in his own convictions of right, and a moral
courage in adhering to his convictions, which is rarely met with."^

The brief anonymous life of the Governor written in 1840 gives this
sketch of his appearance and character:

Governor Duncan in person is a large man, considerable above the ordi-
nary size, his features are strong, and manly, crowned by a high intellectual
forehead, and large black eyes, expressive and penetrating, speaking the
language of the heart. To a person thus prepossessing is united a mind
imbued with rich and practical knowledge. As a speaker he is perspicuous,
plain and forcible, fixing the attention more by his knowledge of the subject
than by any attention to the graces of oratory. His conversation is inter-
esting and replete [with] apt and characteristic anecdotes.'

Mr. Duncan at once took an active part in the business of the Senate.
One of his first votes was for Birkbeck as Secretary of State. This vote
indicates his independence and belief in the best man for the place irre-
spective of party, a policy he carried consistently through life. Birkbeck
was a strong anti-convention and anti-slavery man, a warm friend of
Governor Coles. In the Senate on January 14, 1825, Duncan moved that
the nomination of ]\Iorris Birkbeck be confirmed and, undiscouraged by
defeat, the following day offered a resolution "that ^Morris Birkbeck, Esq.,
late Secretary of State, has discharged all the duties of that office with
ability and strict fidelity." He ranged himself on the side of the man,
who, next to Governor Coles, did inore than any one else to save Illinois
from becoming a slave State.* Sometime afterward Duncan said. "I
came to Yandalia with every prejudice against Mr. Birkbeck as Secretary
of State but when I looked into the office and saw the order and man-
agement, especially when contrasted with the previous confusion, my
opinion was completely changed.'"^

^Pord, History of Illinois, page 55.
-Ford, History of Illinois, page 169.
^Anonymous life, 1840, anong- family papers.

* Illinois State Journal. 1825-1826.

* Sketch of Governor Coles by E. B. AVashburn, page 197.

117

Mr. Duncan was made Chairman of the Committee on Military
Affairs, "to draft, arrange and compile a complete militia law,"^ and
also Chairman on the Committee on Seminar}^ Lands. The following
recommendation contained in Governor Cole's Message of November 15,
1824, had been referred to this committee: "The United States has
made liberal provisions, through grants of lands, for the establishment
of township schools and a university. Is it not our duty to make pro-
visions for the establishment of local schools throughout the State ?"

This recommendation led to the introduction and enactment of a
public school bill remarkable for its time. Mr. Francis G. Blair, Sup-
erintendent Department of Public Instruction, State of Illinois, has
described the passage :

"This recommendation fell upon more willing and intelligent ears. For-
tunately for the cause of public education and for the purpose of Governor
Coles there had come to the Senate a man from Jackson County by the name
of Duncan. He proved himself to be a patriot and a broadminded statesman
in his attitude toward all the large questions which came before the General
Assembly. He was chairman of the Committee on Seminary Lands, the only
committee which had to do with educational questions.

This reciommendation of the Governor was referred to that committee
and on the first day of December a bill that provided for the establishment
of a wide flung system of free common schools was reported out of that com-
mittee with the recommendation that it pass. Evidently some of the more
conservative members of the Senate were alarmed by the provisions of this
bill for the Senate resolved itself into a committee of the whole to discuss its
provisions. Several amendments were offered some of them weakening and
some of them strengthening the general purpose of the bill. When the
committee arose and reported the bill with amendments back to the Senate,
Senator Duncan moved that the bill with amendments be re-referred to his
committee in order that the amendments might be written into the bill so
as to make it harmonious.

Within forty-eight hours the bill was reported back to the Senate with
the amendments so incorporated as to strengthen in every instance the main
purpose of the bill. On the 14th day of December, just two days less than a
month after the recommendation, the bill passed the Senate. It moved a
little more slowly through the House but on the 25th day of January, 1825,
just a little over two months after Governor Coles had made his recommen-
dation, the bill passed the House, was signed by the Governor and became
a law.

And that law providing for the establishment of free common schools
throughout the State was from twenty-five to fifty years in advance of any
school enactment in any of the commonwealths of the Union. It not only
provided that these districts when formed should levy a tax for the main-
tenance of the school, a thing which was resisted bitterly in every common-
wealth, but it went still farther and provided that out of every $100 which
came into the Stale treasury two dollars should be set aside for a fund to
encourage the establishment and maintenance of these common free schools
throughout the State. "-

The preamble of this bill as introduced by Mr. Duncan reads as
follows :

"To enjoy our rights and liberties, we must understand them; their se-
curity and protection ought to be the first object of a free people; and it is a
well established fact that no nation has ever continued long in the enjoyment
of civil and political freedom, which was not both virtuous and enlightened;
and believing that the advancement of literature always has been, and ever
will be the means of developing more fully the rights of man, that the

1 Senate Journal. 1824.

2 Francis G. Blair: Governor Cole's Contribution to Freedom and Educa-
tion in Illinois, in Journal of Proceedings 64th Annual Meeting, Illinois State
Teachers' Association, 1917, pages 87, 88.

118

mind of every citizen in a republic, is the common property of society, and
constitutes the basis of its strength and happiness; it is tlierefore considered
the peculiar duty of a free government, like lOurs, to encourage and' extend
the improvement and cultivation of the intellectual energies of the whole."

The preamble reflects the general type of the famous Ordinance of
the Northwest Territory, of 1787 :

"Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government
and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall for-
ever be encouraged."

Mr. Blair, in the article quoted from, suggests that there are "strong
suggestions" that Governor Coles " had much to do" with the writing of
the law, adding that its preamble "bears internal evidence of the magic
touch of his pen." If Coles was the author, he allowed it to pass with a
discrimination against the blacks. But is there any reason why Duncan
should not have written the bill ? Throughout his whole life, as a youth
in Kentucky, as a young man in Illinois, as State Senator, Congressman
and Governor, he was always interested in the question of education.

Mr. Duncan came of a family who appreciated the advantages of
education but on account of his father's death, the war of 1812, and later
assuming the responsibilities of the family, he missed the education at
Yale and Transylvania that his elder brothers had received and, which
through his personal sacrifices, his younger brothers later attained.

There are several quotations in the Note Book started in 1818 about
education : one of special interest : "It is the want of equal education
that makes the great difference between man and man : and the bar that
divides the vulgar man from the gentleman is not so much a sense of
superior birth, as a feeling of difference, a consciousness of different
habits, Avays of thinking and manners, the result of opposite situations."

In 1829, the Illinois Intelligencer mentions a meeting in New York
"for the purpose of devising means to aid Illinois College. It seems
that our representative in Congress General Duncan and the Eev. Mr.
Ellis were able to hold out such inducements as- have enlisted the feelings
of some of the wealthiest citizens of New York in favor of the best in-
terests of our State. A proposition was made to the non-resident pro-
prietors of land in Illinois."^ Mention is made later of the contribution
of $900 from "eight gentlemen from New York who own lands in this
State."

Hon. Joseph Gillespie whites of knowing Mr. Duncan personally:
"He was a staunch friend of education and gave that subject his constant
support. He believed it w'as better to govern the country through the
schools ihan the courthouses, the jails and the penitentiaries."-

Eev. Dr. Edward Beecher of Illinois College, of which Mr. Duncan
was trustee, wrote of his interest in education : "I regarded with deep
interest his life and influence as a stateman, and in all the relations of
social life my feelings toward him were those of absolute confidence in
his integrity and in his wisdom as a counsellor in every good work, as
well as in his energy as a worker in the great cause of education in all
its departments."^

^ Illinois Intelligencer, December 12, 1829.

^ Recollections of Early Illinois and her Noted Men, Hon. Joseph Gillespie.
Chicag^o Historical Society, 1880.

* Letter, May 12, 1885, quoted by .Julia Duncan Kirby, Biographical Sketch
of Joseph Duncan, page 66.

119

While ill Congress, 'Mr. Duncan, in his speeches on the })ub]ic hmds
question, constant!}' referred to the benefits of education and of the j'ub-
lic school S3'stem, especially in the pioneer states.

And there is contemporaneous evidence that Duncan Avrote the law.
In the anonvnious life, written in 1840 and printed in the Illinoian
Januarv 19, 1844:, occurs this passage:

"He will be regarded by many of the rising generation of Illinois as a
benefactor and as an instrument in the hands of Providence in improving
their morality and intelligence — for he was the author of the first law for
a public scbool ever enacted in the State, to which he wrote the following
preamble, to wit: — " (here follows the preamble).

This early life calls attention to the unpopularity of the law among
certain classes who objected to the tax feature. Duncan is reported to
have closed one defense with : "If it was wrong for a free o-overnment
sustained by the intelligence of the people to take care that all are edu-
cated, then he confessed he had done wrong and labored under a delusion.
If so he could only pray as Cicero did in relation to the immortality of
the soul that all mankind might labor under the same delusion."

The most important evidence that Mr. Duncan wrote the bill- is that
he quotes its preamble as his own in his passage as Governor in 1836 :

"In all ages, and under every circumstance, education has decided the
relative greatness of men and nations. Placed beyond its genial influence,
man becomes a savage, and a nation a wandering band of lawless depredators.
Education, under all forms of government, constitutes the first principle of
human happiness; and especially it is important in a country where the
sovereignty is vested in the people. Entertaining such views in 1825, while
a member of the Senate, I submitted, (in a preamble, to a bill, for the estab-
lishment of free schools) a sentiment, and still considering it sound and
just, I beg leave to quote the following extract: [Here follows the preamble
as above.]

"Since then I have reflected much on the subject, and am more fully
convinced that such a policy is perfectly consistent with the rights and in-
terest of every citizen, and that it is the 'only one calculated to sustain our
democratic republican institutions; in fact, general education is the only
means by which the rich and the poor can be placed on the same level, and by
which intelligence and virtue can be made to assume its proper elevation
over ignorance and vice."

It is inconceivable from a general knowledge of the character of Mr.
Duncan that he should claim credit for something in which he had no
part.

It is much more likely that the enthusiastic, energetic, young Sena-
tor took the suggestion of the highly educated, reserved Governor and
worked up the law to the honor of Illinois. There was a long friendship
between Governor Coles and Mr. Duncan, even through an election in
which Coles had been defeated for Congress by Duncan. As late as April
10, 1836. Mr. Duncan in a letter describes stopping to see Governor Coles
in Pliiladelphia where he had removed.

Ford gives an explanation of why this law was not continued that is
a curious illustration of the point of view of the pioneer — quite different
from a century later:

"Doth of these laws worked admirably well. [The other was a road tax].
The roads were never, before or since, in such good repair, and schools
flourished in almost every neighborhood. But it appears that these valuable
laws were in advance of the civilization of the times. They were the subject
of much clamourous opposition. The very idea of a tax, though to be paid

1-30

in labor as before, was so hateful, that even the poorest men preferred to
work five days in the year on the roads rather than to pay a tax of twenty-
five cents, or even no tax at all. For the same reason they preferred to pay
all that was necessary for the tuition of their children, or to keep them in
ignorance, rather than to submit to the mere name of a tax by which their
wealthier neighbors bore the blunt of the expense of their education."'

The Coininittee on Military affairs, with ilr. Duncan as chairman,
which had boon called npon to draw up a militia law, reported "an act
for the org-anization and government of the militia." This was finally
passed January 19, 1827, was agreed to by the House, and ordered
printed with the rules of inspection and review, and the articles of war.-
Duncan's military experience through the War of 1812 and his services
as Major General of the State Militia of Illinois, qualified him to be
of great service in this important field of legislation. He wanted the
militia organized for efficiency and for this reason the staff officers should
be selected by the field officers and not appointed either by the Governor
or Legislature. He, therefore, objected to certain appointments by the
Governor.^

The State Senate in those days consisted of only eighteen men and
in a new state they had to pass on a great variety of subjects. Duncan,
although a young man and new member, took an active part in all the
proceedings of both sessions of the Leg^islature during his term as Sena-
tor. The Public School and Military bills were only two of many. He
also had opportunity to act on the repairs of the State House, on the
incorporation of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Company, on appropria-
tions, on drawing up a digest of "the most important laws of the state"
(for which the committee was allowed legal talent), on the leasing of
seminary lands, on an act to establish "the ISTorthern, Western, Southern,
Eastern and Central Academies of Illinois," on compelling the contrac-
tors to cause the cornice or water spouts of the State House "to be
finished as to conduct water off the walls," on the naming of Jo Daviess
County "to perpetuate the memory of Colonel Joseph Hamilton Daviess,
who fell in the battle of Ti,ppecanoe," and on the question of the survey
of the Xorthern boundary of the state.

After the close of the first session of the Senate which lasted from
Xovember, 1824, to January, 1825, Duncan apparently made a trip to
the East as his diary while in Congress refers to his having been in Wash-
ington at the time of the inauguration of President John Quincy Adams,
(Mar. 4, 1825). His eyes may have already been turned toward the
lialls of Congress.

During this summer he also made a trip, at his own expense, to the
northern part of Illinois to obtain first-hand information on the question
of the Illinois-Michigan canal,- a subject on which he was called upon
to act both as committeeman and senator, and which later absorbed so
much of his attention as Congressman and Governor.

The Fourth of July, 1825, was celebrated in Vandalia by a dinner
at the hotel of "Messrs. Thomas and Dickerson," at which Governor
Coles presided as President, assisted by E. Iv. ^McLaughlin. Governor

1 History of Illinois. Ford, page 58.
= Senate .Tonrnal, .Tan. 19, 25. 1827.
3 Senate Journal. Feb. 15, 1827.
^Anonymous Life of Joseph Duncan, 1840. '

121

Coles responded to the toast "Our Free Institutions," and General Dun-
can tu '•Washington and Bolivar the Patriots of tAvo Centuries, may the
finale of the latter be as glorious as that of the former." Two of tlia
thirteen toasts were to Henry Clay. Some of the others were : "The
Cross must triumph over the Cresent and Liberty over Despotism,'' "To
the memory of George Eogers Clarke," "The Will of the People, Let
the Servant who Disobeys Tremble," "General Jackson, May he be our
next President, Daniel P. Cook to the contrary, notwithstanding."

The following month Duncan was to annoimce himself as a candi-
date for Congress. When the second session of the Legislature met,
December, 18,26, Duncan had already been elected to Congress but he
continued to do his full share of the business of the Senate, resigning
February 19, 1827, at the close of the session.

CHAPTEE III.

MoiBER OF Congress From Illinois.
1827-1834.

In August, 1826, Daniel P. Cook was a candidate for re-election to
Congress. He had been first elected in 1819, when he was only about 25
years old and he had continued to be the sole representative of Illinois
in Congress for four terms, while his father-in-law, jSTinian Edwards,
had been one of the two LTnited States Senators from Illinois during the
same period. Together, with their friends, they had dominated Illinois
politics. Cook was a young man of pleasing personalit}-, with the confi-
dence of politicians and statesmen, both in Washington and Illinois, and
with the promise of a brilliant future. As early as 1817, President ]\Ion-
roe had sent him to London, on a special mission inviting John Quincy
Adams, then minister to England, to become Secretary of State, this
leading to a friendship with ]\Ir. Adams. In Congress, Cook had served
on the Committee on Public Lands and later on the Ways and Means
Conunittee. He had secured a grant of government lands in aid of the
proposed Illinois-Michigan Canal. Several of his acts in Congress, how-
ever, had been criticized in Illinois. At the time of the Presidential
contest in 1824, he had as sole congressman cast the vote of the state for
Adams, this practically deciding the election. The state had, in regular
election, given two electoral votes for Jackson and one for Adams. Cook
had said he would follow the clearly expressed desire of the voters, but
as there were four candidates and Adams, Jackson and Clay ran close
on the popular vote, no one receiving a majority. Cook defended himself
by declaring that there was no clear expression. On the land question
Cook and his father-in-law, Senator Edwards, were both accused of
opposing the reduction in the price of land, a matter of vital interest
in a pioneer state. The old price was $2 an acre, 50 cents cash and the
balance in five years. Cook and Edwards opposed the bill making the
price $1.25, all cash, on the ground that it did away with the credit
feature.^ There was also a growing feeling that too much infiuence was
in the hands of Edwards, Cook and Pope, constituting what was called
"a family of rulers."- On January 28, 1826, Cook wrote to Edwards:

^ Pease, Centennial History of Illinois, page 104.
''Washburne: Edwards Papers, pagre 255.

122

"Mr. Clay told me that the President wanted to send me abroad. This I
shall prefer but would not like to do anything until I am elected again
and 1 wish a large majority, if it can be had."^ This family question,
influenced by Edwards' plan of campaign for the governorship at the
same time, had its effect on Cook's chances.

All these things were preparing the way for a new figure to enter
into national politics. The old opponents of Cook apparently felt that
it was useless to oppose him. He had previously beaten McLean, Kane
and Bond, powerful factors in Illinois life. The election of 182G was in
danger of going by default, when, according to William H. Brown,- a
contemporaiy, "the people of the State were astonished at the temerity
of a young gentleman, then but little known, in announcing himself as a
competitor with Mr. Cook for this office." This was Joseph Duncan,
state senator from Jackson county. "His chances of success," Brown
goes on, "were apparently hopeless; and it is supposed that a betting
man * * * would not have risked one to one hundred dollars upon
his election. He canvassed the State with diligence and assiduity
* * * He was unaccustomed to public speaking, and in this respect
compared very disadvantageously with Mr. Cook. Yet he had a faculty
of presenting his ideas in a plain and simple way, easily understood
by the masses, and to a great extent effective in such a population as
then constituted the state * * *. The old opponents of Mr. Cook,
of course, united upon him. As a candidate, he was a perfect God-send
to them. If he failed in his election, it would be attributed not to the
weakness of the party, but to the absence of all claims on the part of
Gen. Duncan to such a position."

Of Mr. Duncan's canvass it was said: "His [Duncan's] speeches,
devoid of ornament, though short, were full of good sense. He made a
diligent canvass of the State, Mr. Cook being much hindered bv the
date of his health."=^

Probably Duncan's "unassuming manner" alluded to at the time of
his death by his fellow citizens, united with his independent spirit which
held him aloof from alliance with any faction or political party, were the
real reasons why he had not been considered a formidable opponent.

On the other side, Duncan had been steadily growing in favor with
the people of Illinois. According to Governor Ford, his political oppon-
ent in later years, Duncan's character was such as "to win the esteem and
affections of his fellow-citizens. He had not been long a citizen of this
State, before he was elected major-general of the militia, and then a
State Senator, where he distinguished himself * * * by being the
author of the first common school law which was ever passed in this
State." He had a brilliant record in the War of 1812. He was more-
over at this time, before the development of Jackson's later policies, a

^ Letter in Chicago Historical Society coUections.

= History of lUinois and Life and Times of Ninian Edward*: 'iv X'lip" W.
Edwards, page 260. A memoir of Cook by Mr. Brown occupies pages 253-273 of
the Edwards History.

3 Davidson and Stuve : History of Illinois, pase 338. [Tn connr-rtion with th-^^r.
references to Mr. Duncan as a speaker, I find a note made of an interview in 1896
with an old cousin, Mrs. Jane Duncan Snow, daughter of General James M. Dun-
can, in which .■'he savs : "Joseph Duncan had a great power in speaking. He gave
an address at Elm Grove, on the election of Henry Clay, in pouring rain, three
hours, and people would have stayed all night. He was plain but powerful speaker
and had a talent for making himself popular — like Lincoln." — E. D. P.]

123

"thorough Jackson man/' being "attached to General Jackson from an
admiration of his character and tlie glory of liis military achievements.'''^
Duncan well represented the pioneer spirit of the west, but his popularity
must have been based on his worth and sincerity, or he would not have
been kept in office continuously for over fourteen years.

Joseph Duncan had announced himself a candidate for Congress in
August, 1825, a year before the election. -

Duncan received 6,322 votes to Cook's 5,G19, with 824 votes going
to a third candidate, James Turney. The result was received with sur-
prise and amazement by Cook's friends who had difficulty in picturing
another man occupying his seat in Congress. A contemporary letter
expresses this feeling: "What will the old members of Congress say
when D. [Duncan] is seen to rise (if he ever should be so unfortunate)
in the place of C. [Cook]. They must believe us madmen and fools."^
On the other hand, Mr. Brown, the author of the memoir of Cook, says :
"It is but just to General Duncan to say that his constituents were;
happily disappointed in his subsequent development of talents and tact,
rendering him a worthy successor to our second representative."* "Gen-
eral Duncan," he continues in a footnote, "remained in Congress until
1834, having been elected Governor in that year. Before this time his
original supporters had left him and he was sustained mainly by Mr.
Cook's old friends."

When Mr. Duncan took his seat in Congress in 1827, John Quincy
Adams was President. The young Illinoisan had been present at Adam's
inauguration in 1825 and in his diary later he contrasts the military
parade of that inauguration with the simplicity of Jackson's to the
advantage of the latter. There was an unusual group of men at the
Capital at the time — Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Benton and others.

Duncan, being the sole representative from Illinois in Congress from
1827 to 1833, was especially interested in the matters that concerned the
west. The Congressional Debates show that all his speeches directly or
indirectly deal with policies that affected the new and growing part of the
country — land, internal improvements, protection of settlers, etc. Even
his speech on the United States Bank dwelt largely on its usefulness in
developing the west. The land question was his special interest and he
became an active member of the Committee on Public Lands, a position
he held during his four terms in Congress. It must be remembered that
many of the great questions to be solved involved the development of the
territory west of the Alleghenies and little knowledge of this region could
be expected from eastern congressmen. In 18'25, Senator McLean writes:
"I heard Webster observe better than a year ago that King had no idea
that the country west of the Alleghany formed any part of the United
States. * * * There was much truth in the remark."^ From this
new region, on account of the spare population, the few states sent a com-
paratively small number of Congressmen. Each one of these Congress-

' Ford, History of Illinois, pa.ges 75 and 169.

=> Illinois Intellig-encer, Aug-. 19, 1825.

3 Letter of Joseph M. Street to Governor Edwards, Shawneetown, July 28, 1827,
in Chicago Historical Society collections.

■• Brown. Memoir of Cook, in Edwards History of Illinois, page 266.

5 Letter of John McLean to Governor Edwards 25 April, 1825. Chicago His-
torical Society Collections.

124

men had to be most active in reiDiesenting the interest of his section of
the country — the Debates of Congress sliow that Duncan performed his
duty.

His first motion was on February 18, 1828, in connection with the
pay of the llliiiuis and Michigan Militia on account of the recent Indian
disturbances.

Coming fresh from the frontier, Mr. Duncan made his first real
speech April 1, 1828, in introducing a resolution for mounted volunteers
for the better protection of western settlers. The resolution read as
follows :

"Resolved, That the Committee on Military Affairs be instructed to in-
quire into the expedience of attaching to the Army of the United States,
eight companies of mounted volunteer gun-men, to be stationed on the West-
ern frontier of the United States, and of disbanding from the present peace
establishment, one regiment of infantry."

On the resolution he spoke as follows :

"Mr. Duncan said he considered the change in the army which was con-
templated by the resolution he had submitted, was one of very great import-
ance, and especially so to the settlers on the Western frontier of the United
States, who had so often suffered for want of a more efficient protection from
the armies of the United States. He said it was a fact well known, that the
Indians do not dread an army of foot soldiers, or any number of troops
stationed in the forts on the line; that small parties of Indians were fre-
quently known to pass by those forts with impunity, and commit the most
shiocking outrages upon the defenceless citizens, and make their escape un-
hurt.

He said he was aware that the House would receive with reluctance, any
proposition to make a material change in an important branch of the Gov-
ernment, without the most conclusive proof of the necessity or propriety of
such a change, in consequence of which, be had written to General Gaines,
and Governor Cass upon the subject, knowing them both to be intimately
acquainted with every thing which relates to the defence of our Western
frontier. He said he had received their answers; and moved that the cor-
respondence with them be printed; which was agreed to."^

The resolution was adopted, but as Mr. Duncan had to bring up the
same subject at several later sessions of Congress, it appears to have
taken time to secure action.

On May 13, 1828, Mr. Duncan married Elizabeth Caldwell Smith
of Xew York City. She was a granddaughter of Eev. James Caldwell
of Xew Jerse}', Chaplain in the Eevolutionary Army who was killed
shortly after his wife, Hannah Ogden, had been deliberately shot by the
Hessians under the command of the British. Their daughter, Hannah
Ogden Caldwell, married James E. Smith, of Xew York City. Mr.
Smith had come to this country as a lad from Kirkcudbright, Scotland,
and by energy and ability had become a successful merchant in New
York City. He evinced his shrewd business ability by buying property
along Broadway up to and beyond Thirty-fourth Street. He lived in
Pearl Street and had a summer home in Greenwich near what is now
Washington Square. He drew up a remarkable will trying to entail
the property till the youngest grandchild (which would have been Mrs.
Julia Duncan Kirby of Jacksonville) should be of age.

Miss Smith, after the death of her mother made her home in Wash-
ington, D. C, with her sister Mrs. Matthew St. Clair Clarke, whose hus-

1 Congressional Debates, 20 Congress, 1 Session.

^ ^ . m^^Tut^U^fi'oiX.

125

baud was for many years clerk of the House of Representatives and their
home was a popular social center.

In her reminiscences^ Mrs. Uuncan writes of studying French, logic,
music and dancing, a curious preparation for her future life in the west.
She also naively mentions that she was quite "a belle^^ and gives the
names of her swains. These glimpses are rather refreshing as her mature
diaries are mostly taken up with texts of sermons ! Throughout life,
in spite of being more or less an invalid, she was exceedingly fond of
society.

Mrs. Duncan's reminiscences continue : "I was invited to President
John Q. Adams to dinner, when I wore a crimson silk [dress], hair in
three puffs on the top and three puffs on each side of the head — High
tortoise shell comb. I tell this to show the fashion of the day. Em-
broidered silk stockings and black satin slippers. I was introduced to
General Duncan from Kaskaskia, Illinois, by William Carroll of Carroll-
ton. Henry Clay at dinner told me of his [Duncan's] goodness to his
mother — said he was not only a good looking fellow but was a good son
and brother, having taken care of his mother and educated his sister and
two brothers. * * *^

* * * ''j\fy sister, Mrs. Clarke, gave me a select Avedding. Two
weeks after we came out to Kaskaskia to visit his sister, Mrs. Linn. His
mother, Mrs. Moore, lived with her. His brother Mat and his wife lived
at Fountain Bluff where my husband owned a saw mill. Mrs. Colonel
Mather lived there at that time. Mrs. Conn lived near there.

"My husband and I rode on horseback to the river to take the boat
to go and visit General Jackson at the Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee.
But just as we got in sight, the boat pushed off' and left us. As my
husband was electioneering and was limited as to time, we were never
able to make the promised visit.

"^Ye crossed the mountains in a stage. Steamboat at Wheeling to
Cairo, from Cairo to St. Louis in company with Mr, and Mrs. James K.
Polk of Tennessee, little thinking he would ever fill the President's chair,
such a common place man. In St. Louis, Mrs. General Ashley invited
us to her house. We spent a delightful week there. * * * St. Louis
was settled by the French. x\t that time they owned most of the business
part of the city and the streets were narrow and dirty and the weather
was warm and I was glad to take a boat to Kaskaskia. We went to
Fountain Bluff on horseback, Mr. Duncan's sister, Polly Ann, going by
boat with the provisions. The boat was delayed and we reached there
to find no one in the house but an old colored man servant, who my
husband left me in charge of and rode awav to the landing with the
horses to meet his sister. It grew dark before they returned and I asked
for a candle. Found to my dismay there was not one in the house. He
said Missus would bring the tallow and he would soon dip some. That
evening was as dark and frightful to me as the Dark Day was to our
Fathers, and from that night I was never caught without both candles

' Copy is preserved in Mrs. Julia Duncan Kirbv's handwriting dated "Jack-
sonville, Illinois, September 28, 1875."

Introduction ; ** "j have thought it would not be without interest some day
to my little niece (Bessie Duncan Putnam) to read what I shall be able to write
for her of her Grand Mother's life.*** Your Grand Mother says, I was born in Pearl
Street, X. Y. City March 28, 1808, •' etc.

12 G

and matches with me. And although a troublesome thing to always
think of once it saved the lives of a whole party in crossing the moun-
tains ( which by the way I did 8 times in a stage or private carriage),
the driver got oil" the road. ^Vllen he called out he wished that nervous
woman whom he had scolded for carrying a candle would hand it out
that he might see w^here he was. When I did so he found he was within
an inch of a frightful precipice. Another step of the horses would have
plunged us hundreds of feet below.'^

Mrs. Duncan stayed with her husband's relatives at Fountain Bluff
and at Vandalia while Mr. Duncan electioneered throughout the State.
Ninian Edwards speaks in a handbill of August 1 "that General Duncan
posted through Belleville with much haste."

During the summer he visited the lead mines about Galena near
which there had been trouble with the Indians the year before. It was
supposed that these mines were in Illinois but as the official government
surveys had not been extended that far there was some doubt as to
whether the mines were in Illinois or Michigan Territory. On July 10,
1828, Mr. Duncan writes to his wife from the '"Steam Boat Indiana"
of the Fourth of July celebration when a party of "42 ladies and 53
gentlemen from Galena visited an Indian village, near what is called
Labukes [Dubuque?] mines where we saw a large number of Indians
spent a few hours made them some presents and returned. I never have
witnessed a celebration of the Fourth of July with as much pleasure as
I did this, everything conspired to make it interesting except your ab-
sence. The fact alone of witnessing more than forty intelligent and
accomplished ladies chiefly married, who had followed the fortunes of
their husbands five hundred miles in the wilderness and in an Indian
country was enough of itself to create feelings of the warmest admiration.
* * * The people in the mining country are generally intelligent
and enterprising and appear to have assembled from the four quarters
of the globe and as each depends upon his own industry for success there
is no rivalry amongst them of course more than usual cordiality.

"I left Mr. Davidson o\\v Greencastle friend at the mines. We
ascended the river in the same boat. I shall send this letter to St. Louis
and may write you again from Alton when I land, should nothing inter-
fere I will be at Vandalia about the 16 of this month and shall pass
through Greene, Morgan, Sangamon and Mt. Gomery counties on my
way."

Later in the summer, 1828, after a few days at Jacksonville, which
was to become their future home, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan returned to
Washington for the Second Session of Congress. Mrs. Duncan's papers
continue : "Mrs. Mather took us in their carriage to Carhde several days
journey two nights and two days. We stopped for the night at a log
cabin Wt one room, so four of us slept in one room^ not an unusual
occurrence in those days. At Carlyle we took the stage, went through
the State to Indiana over cordoroy roads through Ohio and Michigan
to Cleveland. The lake was so rough and the boat so poor we coasted the
lake in a covered wagon to Buffalo. Through Xew York State in a
stage to Albany. In a steamboat from there to New York then stages
to Washington City. We were three weeks in reaching my sister's house.
Mv husband was re-elected to Congress was the reason for our return.

127

In ISTovember the weather was beautiful. It Avas a rough journey. I
felt I was going home. I never liked the west and was so glad to get
back."

In this session the only speech of ]\|r. Duncan recorded in the Con-
gressional Debates was on the question of the survey of the northern
boundary of Illinois, involving the lead mines he had visited the pre-
ceding summer. There were two bills, one appointing a commissioner
to run the boundary, the other assigning the work to the U. S. Engineer
Corps. Mr. Duncan urged prompt action, saying :

"Much interest was felt on the subject in Illinois, particularly in the
northern part of that State, where rmore than 20,000 people were now settled
in the vicinity of the lead mines. Great inconvenience was continually
sustained, for want of having this line definitely settled. A portion of these
lead mines was claimed by Michigan and by Illinois, and it was all-important
that the controversy as to jurisdiction should be brought to an end as
speedily as possible."^

Mr. Duncan said he understood that "Colonel McCrea, surveyor
general now designated in the bill, was a most competent engineer, very
scientific, and a practical man, who enjoyed, and he believed justly, a
high reputation." However, the bill was laid on the table. ]\Ir. Duncan
through his Congressional career watched the interests of the lead mines.
In ]\Iarch, 1829, for instance, his diary shows he opposed a purely
political appointment as superintendent.

In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected President. Duncan was evi-
dently an ardent supporter of him at this election. Though Jackson was
nearly thirty years older there is a curious similarity in the public careers
of the two westerners ; both had fought and distinguished themselves in
the war of 1812; both had been Major General of MiKtia in their re-
spective states; both had served in Congress. While Jackson was in the
United State Senate, Duncan was in the State Senate. They evidently
knew each other from the mention in Mrs. Duncan's diary of the in-
tended visit to the Hermitage.

From Mr. Duncan's diary begun just before Jackson's inauguration
it is apparent he looked forward with anticipation to Jackson's presi-
dency. The diary gives a contemporaneous view of this important
period and is published entire in the appendix. From the first entry it
is evident that Duncan disapproved of the men surrounding the General
and evidently felt he was liable to be unduly influenced.

"1829

Feb. ( )

Various applications for me to support D. Green for Public Printer.
Could not consent to do so, knew too much of him. Believed and told his
friends that they would soon get tired of him, he was arrogant, dictatorial
and possessed no fixed principles. General Jackson arrived in Washington
City. Major Eaton met him on the road and escorted him in."

Mr. Duncan called on the President several times and on February
21st called again to introduce a friend.

"Saw Mr. Tazewell with the President, the only suitable companion I
had met. Saw Capt. Taylor of the U. S. Army. Says he heard Genl. Jackson

was to call that day upon President A that he met Genl. D. G. and

told him that he understood that Genl. J. was to call on Mr. A. that day.
Genl. D. G. said that he would not believe the report and that he would go
and see, if it was so he would very soon put a stop to it. Arrogance enough.

' Cong. Debates — 20 Cong., 2 Session.

128

Disgusted to see W. M. L. Genl. D. G., J. P. V., etc., constantly with Genl. J.
to the exclusion of his or the countries friends.

"Feby. 23rd. From the persons who surround the Genl. I fear he is
to be improperly influenced in his first appointments. The Central Com-
mittee appear to consider him their own game. Some of them are constantly
with him or about the doors, so I am informed for I do not know them all
by sight. I called to see Genl. J. at 7 o'clock in the evening with two friends,
M. S. C.^ and Lt. Johnson. The president expressed much pleasure at seeing
us. Said he was more gratified to see us at that hour, as Duff, as he called
him, had presumed to set his hours for him to receive his visitors, but he
said that would all be right as he had ordered Green to correct the statement
in his paper regulating his hours for receiving visitors. What e.xcessive pre-
sumption was the first feeling I had. but it is all right, as it must very soon
place this character in his proper hole."

There are rumors aboiit the cal)inet and the various appointments.
Then comes another interview with the President in which "he says lie
will remove no officer on account of his political opinions unless he has
used his office for the purpose of electioneering. He appears liberal
and I agree perfectly with his views."

AYe can imagine Mr. Duncan's rejoicing over this assurance as
through life he believed in an efficient civil service. Unfortunately Jack-
son did not maintain the high standard expressed in this remark but soon
inaugurated sweeping removals from office.

"4th March: Attended the President's inauguration. He walked from
Gadsbies Hotel with his hat off, in a great crowd. Having a fine view from
the west room in the clerk's office in the Capitol, I could see him & the
vast crowd at every point until they ascended the great steps which enter
the Capitol. Saw nothing that I disliked but the conspicuous station and part
acted by the Central Committee. Stood near the President when he read his
address. Was struck with the profound attention of the multitude while he
read, especially as I am convinced that three-fourths of all present could not
have heard the sound of his voice at least so as to distinguish one word.
The expression of the p&ople on his first appearance was very fine and showed
that he has a strong hold on their affections. The number present is vari-
ously estimated, opinions of intelligent persons vary from 15 to 30 thousand.
No parade of the military present except one or two oompauies and they were
very far off. I think they were from Alexandria as I saw one of them
coming from that direction. With this I was much pleased. I am opposed
to great parades and especially military parades on such an occasion. Had
rather see the honors done after the service is performed, but in this District
where most of the people are servants or connected with the government
[it] is natural they should worship the rising sun. I was forcibly struck
with the contrast between Mr. Adams entering on and closing his official
duties as President. I was present in 1825 when his inauguration took place.
It was a fine day and from the moment I first looked into the street on the
4th of March until dark, I saw nothing but a bustle [of] people moving in
all directions and many of them by sunrise in full military dress, and by 10
o'clock the Avenue was crowded with armed soldiers which I took to be a
mixture of marines, infantry and artillery of the U. S. and militia of the
District. It was certainly the finest display I ever witnessed. Was informed
that many of the coats had been bought to honor Genl. Lafayette. I was glad
to hear it for the idea of their having been bought lor this occasion was too
ridiculous. In 1829 Mr. Adams was not seen on the 4th of March and I
suppose would not have been thought of but for a coffin hand bill that was
circulated in the crowd announcing his death in the most digusting manner.
It produced general disgust. Did not go to the Palace to see the President
receive his friends after the inauguration. Understood that the crowd was

' Matthew St. Clair Clarke, Mr. Duncan's brother-in-law and Clerk of the
House of Representatives.

129

very great, all sorts of folks, some on fine satin chairs and Sofas, mahogany
tables, &c., with their feet. A report was circulated that the gold & silver
spoons were stolen on this occasion, I believe it was not true.

The city is filled with office seekers. There is general disappointment
in the appointment of the cabinet. Clay says that they charged Mr. A. with
making a bargain, that he thinks Genl. J. had better have made one."

The State appointments came np for discussion between the two
Senators and the one Eepresentative. McLean and Duncan "opposed
removals except for some good cause other than political. * * *
Kane rather differed in opinion about removals."

The question of removals from office for political purpose was the
cause of the first strain on Duncan's allegiance to Jackson. From the
time in the State Senate when he had voted for Birkbeck on account of
his efficiency — consistently through life he refused to concur in what be-
came a political tenet of the Democratic party of that period. The
ruling passion of Duncan's political career seems to have been an efficient
civil service. It has not been possible to find a trace of inconsistency
in the career of Joseph Duncan in the stand he then took on the ques-
tion of removals from office for other than inefficiency and which he held
till the day of his death. It was the chief charge he held against Van
Buren in his joint debate with Douglas in 1840 in Springfield. He had
refused offers of the Jackson administration to appoint relatives if he
would recommend them. "This I cannot consistently do as I am un-
willing to ask or receive a favor wdiich would place me under obligations
to the executive power of the government while I am a representative of
the people."

His cousin, James Finley, writes on January 24th, 1824: "In
speaking of the appointment of your brother you .say that it was made
in opposition to your recommendation. This, all who are acquainted
with your uniform policy will readily believe."

At this time Congressman Duncan was active in connection with the
Illinois and Michigan Canal :

"March, 1829. * * * Called to see the President & Secretary of War
about getting the Illinois & Lake Michigan Canal located & the route from
the Illinois River to Lake Erie examined. Saw Genl. Gratiott, got him to
go with me to the War Dept., find him very friendly to my views and to the
West. Secretary thinks the law does not authorize him to send engineers
to locate. Refer to the case in Indiana under the same law: He appears
disposed to do right and says if the favor has been done to Indiana it should
also be extended to Illinois, promises it shall be ordered.

Later in his congressional career considering this as more than a
State affair, he spoke on January 4, 1831, on the National government
assisting in financing the improvement. From the vantage ground of
90 years, we can see that the advocates of the canal were optimistiG
about its cost and importance.^ It is to be remembered that there were

^ It is now more than a hundred year.s since the canal between T.a1--e Aticbiean
and the Illinois River was definitely proposed. It has been the subject of endless
debate in both Spring-field and Washington. It was built, served a useful purpose
for many years before the railroads were fully developed, and in time became neg-
lected. With the construction of the Chicago drainage canal and the revived in-
terest in waterway transportation it has in recent years again come into the lime-
light of debate in Springfield and Washington. With the appropriation of $20,000,000
for a modern waterway connecting Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River it may
again become a factor- in commerce as well as in debate.

— 9 H S

130

no railroads in Illinois at this time and tlir travel was largely by water.
The canal system was an important element in the transpoi'tation facili-
ties of the east and was steadily spreading west. The importance of
connecting the different parts of Illinois both for commercial and for
future political reasons cannot be lost sight of. The south was mostly
settled from Kentucky and the slave states while the settlers of the
north were from Xew England. The records of Congress show that Mr.
Duncan was a strong advocate of the canal connecting Lake Michigan
and the Mississippi and also of a National road for the free use of the
east and the west, and again on June 4, 1832, he urged the improvement
of the harbors on the Great Lakes: ''Commerce upon the lakes had in-
creased beyond all calculation, yet it was exposed to innumerable dangers
for the want of better harbors. For the want of these improvements
much property and many lives had been lost. On Lake Michigan a valu-
able engineer had unhappily perished."

On May 26, 1829, Congressman Duncan left Washington for Illinois,
and early in July went to Kentucky, visiting relatives and attending to
family business. He went on to Xashville, Tennessee, to visit his brother
Thomas. At Nashville he met Colonel Wilson, an editor, who had just
returned from Washington, and entered in his diary:

"I asked liim if he had seen much of Geiil. Jackson while in Washington.
He had. I inquired if he had observed any changes in his intellect. He re-
plied that he visited Washington in consequence of having observed that the
Genl's. mind had sunk about the death of his wife and he regretted to find
that it was still sinking. He dreaded the news by every mail for he and the
Genl's. friends generally fear his total [incompetence (?) ]

In Paris, Kentuck}', he spent the time from July 30tli to August
.12th "'rather unpleasantly owing to the political controversies among
many o'f my old friends." He sold certain lots, including "the stone house
<& attached ground for six hundred dollars in cotton at 15 cents per doz."
He closed up most of the accounts, including one that recalls how he had
helped his brothers secure an education :

"The money or cotton received for stone house I expect to sell to pay
my checks as I owed the debts to Garrard & Hickman on account of money
borrowed out of bank to send my brother Thos. A. Duncan to school which
with the interest amounts to much more than the price received for said
house, but I never expect to make further claim for this and other monies
I have advanced to and for my brothers."

In 1830, Thomas Duncan, a brother, was killed in Louisiana. It
was probably accidental, but the foUow^ing letter, written by Joseph
Duncan from Washington to his brother. Gen. James M. Duncan who
went south to investigate the circumstances, shows his respect for law
and justice. Considering that he was a Kentuck'ian and had lived most
of his life on the frontier where people acted impulsively, it seems to be
indicative of an unusual .character.

"Feb. 21, 1830. * * * in any event I hope you will indulge no feel-
ings of revenge. ' If the law acquits him, leave him with his God, who has
said, 'Vengeance is mine.' I hope you will see that he has strict justice done
him, and will employ such council as will insure him a fair trial and if it
shall be a punishable offence, I sincerely hope that the law may be satisfied,
but avoid anything like persecution, and indulge no malace. * * * Even
though this wretch has murdered our brother, I would not for the world
do him injustice. — * * * but at the same time I hold it a duty that
we owe ourselves, and to society, and to the memory of our beloved brother.

131

to see that the law shall be fairly and fully administered, and when this is
done we should leave the rest with Providence."

On August first. 1830, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan returned to Jackson-
,vi]le which then became their permanent home. Mr. Duncan was re-
elected to Congress by a large majority, receiving 13,052 votes to 4,652
for Breese, and to 3,30T for Coles. Leaving his wife and children in
Jacksonville' he returned to Washington alone.

On December 18, 1830, he writes from Washington City to Mrs.
Duncan :

"How I would delight to be restored to our fire-side, surrounded by our
little family. * * * All the gayety and splendid entertainments of this
city, have no charms compared with the pleasure of such a scene, but the
time is rapidly passing and I hope soon to meet you all in good health.
* * * I write too often to tell you much news at a time and indeed I
have too little intercourse and take too little interest in this city to know
much about it."

"Dec. 22. I dined yesterday at Mr. Wni. T. Carroll's.^ They live in fine
style, he has a great many fine things in his house, you might know that
however, from your knowledge of him, his wife appeal's to be very amiable.
I dine again tomorrow with the President after which I may write you some
news as I hope something may occur worth telling you."

Unfortunately the letter alluded to is not with this collection. It
was probably with the papers of political importance burned in the Chi-
cago fire.

"December 25. I dined yesterday with Mr. G. Dyson, in company with
your two sisters, Mrs. Black, Mr. C. etc; that aunt of theirs is too fulsom
for my taste altogether, she talks of nothing but learned authors, critics,
ministers of state and her humble self.* * Tomorrow I dine with the Post
Master General, the day before yesterday. I dined with the President and
last night I supped with Mr. Ingham. So you [see] I am in no danger
of starving and as Capt. Jack Nichols of the Navy would say, I have the
run of all the kitchens in the city, more indeed than I would wish, but I do
not let it interfere in the least with my business."

"December 31. I have been so engaged the last two days that I have
not written to you. * * * i fin(j my business increasing rapidly and it
may be that I will write less frequently in future but if I do Sister Janet
and Anna Maria C. [Caldwell] will make up for me. * * * It is now just
after daylight and I am writing by candle light. I am uneasy about the
horses, etc., at home. I fear Mr. Guin will not feed and water them well,
you must get Mariah to look to them and see that they are regularly attended
to. I expect to go to the British Minister's tonight. I will send you the
invitation as you are invited. 0 how I would delight to have the pleasure
of your company even to go to a heartless levee for a single night but how
much greater would be the happiness of being restored to the bosom of
my dear little family at our own fireside. * * * Tomorrow is the great
day at the President's so of course I must make my appearance."

Trouble that could not be overlooked began with the Indians, under
Blackhawk in 1831. They returned to their old village in Eock Eiver
Yalley near the present city of Bock Island, where it is said they drove
ofF the settlers, killed the cattle and threatened the people 'with death if
they remained. The land had been previously ceded to the government
and the settlers protested to Governor Reynolds. He referred the matter
to General Gaines, in command of the U. S. troops at Jefi^erson Barracks,
Missouri, offering the aid of the State troops. General Gaines asked
for 600. On May 27, 1831 the Governor issued a call for volunteers to
assemble at Beardstown on June 10, The response was enthusiastic, it

^A groomsman at their wedding in 1S28.

132

was a busy time on the farms but 1,500 men, mostly on horseback, pre-
sented themselves eager to defend the frontier. As they hoped to intimi-
date the Indians and avoid bloodshed, the entire force was taken. "The
whole brigade was put under the command of j\Iajor General Duncan of
the State Militia. This was the largest military force which had ever
been assembled in the State and made an imposing appearance as it
traversed the then unbroken wilderness of prairie. * "^ * Much
credit is undoubtedly due to Governor Eeynolds and General Duncan
for the unprecedented quickness with M'hich the brigade Avas called out
and oro:anized and marched to the seat of war.^

Under date of 18th June, 1831, Governor Eeynolds writes from
Beardstown to Governor Edwards at Belleville :

"We will have about fourteen hundred men ready to move against the
Indians. There are so many that we must have a Brigade. I called Gen.
Duncan to act as Brigadier-General. There will be an election for 2 Colonels
and 4 Majors. I think we start about Monday next. The companies are
divided to make about 50 or 60 men each.

I received another letter from Gen. Gaines of the 13th inst. He advises
to be 'vigilant' and to go 'soon.'

I have no news to inform you of. A great spirit of harmony prevails.

A junction was made with the U. S. troops under the command of
General Gaines near the mouth of Eock Eiver, on the Mississippi.^ In
the council meeting held that evening, to arrange for the attack the
following day. General Duncan naturally accepted the statements of
General Gaines about the topogi'aphy of the land, as the latter had been
in this vicinity for some time. The U. S. troops went by steamer to
Vandruff's Island in Eock Eiver where the volunteers met them. General
Gaines' plan included attacking the Indians from both the Island and
the bluff overlooking it. The island was a dense thicket in which the
troops became entangled. When they finally reached the main shore, they
found that the Indians had quietly retired during the night to the west
bank of the Mississippi.

The Indian village was destroyed by fire. Blackhawk and his chiefs
signed an agreement on June 30, 1831, at Fort Armstrong "to reside
and hunt upon their own lands, west of the Mississippi Eiver." "The
enemy being apparently humbled and quiet restored, the army was dis-
banded and returned home in the best of spirits, not a single person, by
disease, accident, or otherwise, having lost his life.''*

The Chicago American of July 18, 1842, has an interesting quota-
tion from the Alton Telegraph :

"Governor Duncan was at this time, [Black Hawk War] a candidate for
election to Congress which rendered his position one of great delicacy. Under
such circumstances men are too apt to expect indulgences. But never was
an army commanded with more sternness. He performed his whole duty
himself, and compelled every office and soldier to do the same. * * *.

This campaign was in the spring of the year at a rainy, disagreeable
season, over an uninhabited portion of the country, full of streams, which
the army was frequently compelled to cross in the prairies, with mud banks
and bottoms, which would have retarded its movements for many days but

1 Ford, History of Illinois, pages 112, 115.

- Washburne, Edwards Papers, page 572.

'History of the War [Blackhawk] by John A. Wakefeld, page 6.

* Davidson and Stuve, History of Illinois, p. 380.

133

. for the invention of a grass bridge to cross tliem, which Governor Duncan
made by tying mowed grass in large bundles or fagots and causing a com-
pany of men to carry a bundle and in quick succession throw them into the
stream until it was filled; at the same moment the army commenced crossing
rapidly so as to keep the grass pressed to the bottom. In this way he usually
crossed his whole force over in about thirty minutes, which otherwise would
not have been passed in twenty-four hours.

When General Gaines was informed of the invention of these bridges,
which had enabled Duncan to come to his relief ten or fifteen days sooner
than he expected him, he declared, "If one of Napoleon's officers had dis-
played such tact, it would immediately have raised him to the highest honors
of the nation.' It was owing to the use of these grass bridges that our army
was enabled to overtake and capture the same band of Indians when they
Invaded the country again in 1832." [From Alton Telegraph.]

Mr. Duncan in a speech in Congress on June 9, 1832, when the
second Blackhawk war was in progress in Illinois, reverted to his early
and forceful plea for mounted troops to defend the settlers on the fron-
tier. He submitted "a letter giving some very shocking details of the
massacres committed by the Indians upon the defenceless inhabitants,"*
and advocated a mounted force for defending the frontier. He "firmly
believed that all the distress and bloodshed that had just been heard of in
Illinois would have been avoided if Congress had adopted the plan he
then (18'28) and now suggested. The government had the power and it
was j)i"oper that it should protect everyone of its citizens while engaged
in their usual pursuits. On great occasions, he thought the militia
should be relied on for the National defence but it was ruinous to any
people engaged in civil pursuits to be compelled to defend their own
firesides or to be required to march in defense of their neighbors, on every
invasion of an enemy, however small their force. The militia on the
frontier had always given the highest evidence of patriotism, by turning
out at a moment's warning to defend the country, even though it de-
prived them of raising a crop for the support of their families, which
was the case last year and he did not doubt it would be so again this
season."'^

The bill, embodying principles which Mr. Duncan had been urging
since his first entry into Congress, was finally passed after being amended
by the Senate.

Mr. Duncan appears to be always interested in reward of bravery.
On February 5, 1831, he supported the granting of a pension to a mail
carrier wounded while carrying mail through the Indian country.^ (Bill
was lost.) March, 1834, he voted with John Quincy Adams on the exten-
sion of pension laws to revolutionary soldiers.

On March 26, 1832, in a discussion of a bill to organize the Ordi-
nance Department^ he offered a resolution "To extend all the other staff
departments of the army where it ma}^ be required for the public service,
so that each corps or department shall be perfect and distinct without
a detail from the officers of the line, * * * to provide that no pre-
ference be given exclusively to cadets educated at West Point in filling
vacancies which may happen in the army, "increasing pay of non-com-
missioned officers and soldiers and providing a bounty for serving two
terms of five years each.''

1 Cong. Debates, 22 Congress, 1 Session.
- Cong. Debates, 21 Congress, 1 Session.
^ Cong. Debates, 22 Congress, 1 Session.

134

On June 1, 1832, Mr. Duncan spoke in favor of appropriating sub-
sistence to friendly Indians who may seek refuge during the present
Indian disturbance. "One act of hostility committeed on one of these
friendly tribes would be sufficient to involve the whole frontier in trouble
for years." ^

On March 13, 1834, on the military appropriation bill, he approved
the policy of establishing "a line of posts with suitable stables" from
the Arkansas Eiver to the Northern Lakes for the accommodation of the
dragoons or mounted troops. He favored "displaying a force on the
whole frontier at least once a year."-

The opening of the west was making immediately necessary the ex-
tension of the government survey. Speaking January 12th, 1831, on a
•bill for the survey of public land, the Congi-essman from Illinois said:

"A very large portiion of the State of Illinois was yet to be surveyed —
only twenty-seven out of forty odd millions had been surveyed. Mr. D. spoke
of the quality of the soil and beauty of the country in the northern section
of Illinois,, and north of it, and the prospect of its immediate settlement
when surveyed and brought into market. He said there was now, and had
been for several years, a large number of citizens, estimated at near ten
thousand, residing in the northern part of Illinois, far beyond the present:
surveys; that an equal or greater number resided north of the State, in the
Northwest territory, where there was not an acre of public land surveyed.
He hoped that a statement of these facts would sufficiently show the necessity
of extending the surveys in Illinois and Michigan."

Mr. D. proceeded, and said, "that the whole argument of the gentleman
(in opposition) was in favor of keeping up the price of public land, by keep-
ing the public land out of market; which he said was a piolicy peculiarly
favorable to the land speculator, and oppressive to the poor, who has his
home yet to purchase. He said that a farmer, who wanted his land for his
own use, cared but little whether it was estimated at a high or low price;
nor did such men generally care at how Low a rate their poor neighbors
purchased their homes, it was only those, he said, who had land to sell,
that felt much interest about the price it bears."

"Mr. D. believed it to be the true policy of the Government to survey all
the lands within the States and Territories as soon as possible, and bring
them into market. He thought it quite probable that there were enough
settlers at this moment on the imsurveyed land, who are prepared to purchase
their homes, to pay enough at once to defray the expense of surveying all the
public lands yet to be surveyed in the States. He thought it was too late for
gentlemen to succeed in an attempt to arrest the emigratiion to the West.
People, he remarked, are now settled, in large or small bodies, in nearly
every district of the public lands where the Indian title has been extin-
guished; and he held it to be the duty, as well as the best policy of the
Government, to afford them an opportunity of purchasing their homes as
&oon as possible, and on the most favorable terms. "^

On February 23, 1832, Mr. Duncan spoke in a debate on surveys
of public lands.

"It was the settled policy of the Government to survey the public lands
as fast as possible. The enterprising emigrants alluded to by the gentleman
from New York (Mr. Root) were continually making farms beyond the
surveys. It was good policy to enable them to become free holders of the
soil and enable them to commence improvements."*

The Illinois Eepresentative, realizing as he did, the importance of
waterway transportation wherever available, spoke on ^lay 3, 1832 in

1 Cong:. Debates, 22 Congress, 1 Session.

- Cong-. Debates, 23 Congress, 1 Session.

^ Cong. Debates, 21 Congress, 2 Session. -^

* Cong. Debates, 22 Congress, 1 Session.

135

reference to a dangerous shoal in the Mississippi Eiver, and proposed
an amendment to the act of 182-i providing for the removal of obstruc-
tions in the channel of the Upper Mississippi between St. Louis and
Galena. This would include rocks and shoals as well as snags.

In the midst of this busy session of Congress Mr. Duncan was
selected to attend the Baltimore Convention. He regretted anything that
would take him away from his duties as representative, as shown by the
folloAving letter:

House of Representatives.
April 18, 1832.

T. W. Smith.

Dear Sik: You wish to Icnow whether I will attend the Baltimore Con-
vention and intimate that your attendance will depend, upon my answer.
Being the only representative in this house from the State, I have always
thought the selection of myself as one of the representatives to that con-
vention was ill-advised. This convention meets about the close of this
session of Congress, which is the time that most of the bills are usually
passed, and as there are many now before both houses of great interest
to our State, it may be out of my power to attend.

I therefore would by all means advise you to attend this convention.
You say that more than seventy counties have met and approved my appoint-
ment and that it is the general wish that I should attend. These facts
impose a strong obligation upion me to go and if at all compatible with my
other duties, and there should be a necessity for it, I intend to do so.

With great respect,

Your obedient servant,

Joseph Duncan.

The Baltimore Eepublican of May 25, 1832, gives the names of the
delegates from Illinois at the Convention as Elias K. Kane and John M.
Eobinson. Apparently Mr. Duncan did not attend.

Mr. Duncan was a member of the Committee on Public Lands dur-
ing his entire service in Congress. Benton, in the Senate, was urging
the reduction in the price of lands to make it possible for the poorest
settler to own land. "In this agitation lay the germs of the later home-
stead system, as well as of the propositions to relinquish the Federal pub-
lic lands to the states wherein they lay."^

In the house Mr. Duncan spoke frequently on the land question. x\s
this is part of the history of the State, his speeches are worth preserving.
His first one was on December 29, 1829.

He pointed out that the grants, or donations, of land by the gov-
ernment to the new states, consisting chiefly of the sixteenth sections
in each township given for the use of schools to be established in the
township, were more "justly considered as a part of the consideration
and an inducement to the purchase of all the remaining lands in the
township." Moreover these grants "were made upon the express condi-
tion that those states would never tax the public lands within their limits,
nor those sold by the General Government within five years after the
sale. Surely this is no donation, it is a fair bargain, and the new states
have the worst part of it, as they have given up a right which Avould be
worth more to them now than a hundred times the quantity of land they
have received.'" Replying to the objections that land had in some cases

' Rise of the New West by F. J. Turner, p. 143.

136

been given to certain new states to assist them in making internal im-
provements, such as roads and canals, he said:

"That it was a fact well known to every man of common observation,
that every valuable improvement in a country, such as a road or a canal.
is calculated to increase the value of the lands through or near which they
are constructed; and as the general Government owned much the largest
part of the land in the new States, and especially where some of those im-
provements are to be made, he thought he should hazard nothing in saying
that, in every instance where the improvement is made, the increased value
of the public lands occasiioued exclusively by the improvement will amount
to ten times the value of the donation. He said that a policy which would
be wise in an individual owning large quantities of wild land, would also be
wise in a Government; and he appealed to any gentleman to say whether
he wiould not consider a portion of this land well appropriated in this way,
when there was a certainty of its hastening the sale, and increasing the
value of the residue.

"He said that about eighteen-twentieths of all the lands in the State he
represented belonged to the General Government, and that his constituents
were burdened with a heavy tax to construct roads and bridges, which,
though necessary to their own convenience, had a direct and certain tendency
to raise the value of all the lands over which they are made. He said
he knew the States had no power to compel the General Government to
contribute its part to these improvements; but he hoped that a sense of
justice would prevent its receiving such advantage without contributing its
full portion towards it.

He said he believed his constituents would be satisfied with having their
just and reasonable claims satisfied, which were, that the price should be
reduced, and the sales so regulated as to enable all the settlers to obtain their
homes on reasonable terms. "^

In the debate on the Illinois canal January 4th, 1831, he spoke on
the public land question and the fact that no encouragement was helcli
out to settlers to improve the land belonging to the United States. Xo
one would venture to settle on or improve land without a hope of ever
owning it. He continued, according to the record, in defense of the
pioneers and ''squatters" :

"Gentlemen in this House appeared to think that all lands of equal
quality and situation ought to sell for the same price, but in this they were
greatly mistaken. He said that improvements and good society gave value
to land; if that was not the case, he asked, why were not all the wild lands
already sold? Mr. D. said he had heard much said against squatters, as they
are called, on the public land, but he did not hesitate in affirming that they
had been the means of selling nine-tenths of all the land that had been sold
by the government. He said that it was the hardy, enterprising, poor man
that first ventured into the wilderness, and suffered all the privations and
dangers incident to such an enterprise, who, acting as pioneers, were fol-
lowed by the more fortunate or wealthy, and too often deprived by them of
their homes, and driven further and further into the woods. "=

In the first session of the Twentj-second Congi-ess, on December 27,
1831, the Illinois representative again brought up the public land ques-
tion especially in reference to the use of the proceeds of sales of land for
internal improvements and for education. He asked that the Committee
on Public Lands be instructed to inquire into the expediency of appro-
priating one-third of the proceeds of the future sales of public lands to
objects of internal improvements within the states in which said lands are
sold; one-third for the construction of roads and canals from the Missis-

^ Cong-. Debates — 21 Cong., 1 Session.
-Cong. Debates— 21 Cong., 2 .Session.

137

sippi, the Ohio, the lakes and the St. Lawrence to the commercial cities
ot the Atlantic, the remaining one-third for purposes of education.

His idea was that the proceeds from the sale of lands should be
spent in the states in which the land is located. He objected to the pres-
ent manner of disposing of the proceeds which operated ''oppressively to
the citizens of the new states, by exacting from them the higiiest prices for
their lands, and spending nearly every cent of the money on the seaboard,
in building ships, harb(n's, etc. It was difficult to impoverish a people
by a tax, however high, if the same money was expended among them;
but that it was equally difficult to stand for a very long time a perpetual
drain, however small, without return of it." The people of Illinois were
taxed five days work or five dollars per annum for making roads. The
State made appropriations for roads and bridges, the counties had often
done the same. All these improvements, however necessary to the con-
venience and prosperity of the State, were calculated to benefit and give
value to the public lands six or eight times as much as it did that of the
citizens. The United States owned about six-eighths of all the land in
the State. Every principle of justice would require the government to
contribute its full share of every expenditure which went directly to in-
crease the value of the public lands, and make them sell. He said that
gentlemen both in and out of Congress are greatly mistaken about the
real value of the public land in its present wild condition. "How does
it sell for one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre," he asked, "unless
it receives its value from the improvements made by the money and labor
of the settlers?"

Mr. Duncan remarked that Congress had bargained the new states
out of any right to tax the public land, and had even gone further by
compelling them not to tax for five years land sold by the United States.
It was perhaps too late to correct this error, but he hoped it was not too

late to do justice.

"He said that the first branch "of his proposition was to give one-third
of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands for works of the impnovement
in the States in which they are sold, which would create a fund sufficient to
adorn and beautify the country, and would ensure such an increased value
to the remaining portions of the land, as to render, through all time, an
inexhaustible fund for the accomplishment of the other objects contemplated
in his amendment.

He said the second branch of his proposition was to appropriate one-third
of the proceeds arising from the sale of those lands to the construction of
roads and canals, so equally throughout the Union as to connect this ex-
pansive valley with every seaport on the Atlantic, which, he said, independent
of the great commercial and military importance to the Government, would
do more to unite and harmonize the States than any thing that had been
done since the revolution.

As to the third branch of his proposition, which was to appropriate a
third of this fund for purposes of education in all the States, he thought
it enough to say (as was universally admitted) that the freedom and inde-
pendence of the Government and the happiness of all depend upon the intelli-
gence and virtue of the people."^

It is especially significant to note in this plea for the support of
education a repetition of the sentiments he had expressed in the Illinois
Senate when he introduced the first public school lull and which later he
expressed as Governor of the State.

^ Cong. Debates — 22 Cong., 1 Session.

13S

It is also a pleasure to note in connection with iuipiovcnients the
use of the words '"adorn and beautify/' an idea to which he recurs in his
first message as Governor.

Public lands being again up for discussion on March 27, 1832, Mr.
Duncan modestly assured the House ''he always felt reluctant to consume
a moment of the time of the House"'' but as it is a question of public lands
he continued speaking ! The report of the Commissioner of the General
Land Oliice filled him "with feelings of indignation." It had furnished
the arguments for the opposition of his colleague on the committee, Mr.
Hunt of \'ermont, and had convinced him that the officer who made it
was unfit to fill the station he held. That officer had used his official
station to unjustly injure and insult the very persons over whose par-
ticular interests he was appointed to preside. He replied especially to a
charge that the privilege of pre-emption to settlers had been abused and
had led to speculation by "intruders and trespassers." The charge, if
true at all, was so in only a few individual cases and it was unfair to
make it against a whole community.

"Most of his life had been speut on the frontier. He knew it to be a fact
that all the new States had been settled first by enterprising men, who had
gone ahead of the land sales, often of the surveys of them. He had never
before heard them denounced as trespassers and intruders; they had never
been so regarded in that country, or by this Government. It was true that
there had been an old resolution of Congress, near fifty years ago, forbidding
such settlements, which had never been regarded, except as a gross absurdity.
And, so far from prohibiting, the Government had always encouraged those
settlements, by making liberal donations, and grants of the right of pre-
emption. From the passage of that resolution up to the present time, many
of the most respectable citizens in all the new States had been settlers on
the public land. Most of them had commenced poor; they were generally a
brave, hardy, and enterprising people, possessing an ardent love of liberty,
freedom, and independence; who, so far from speculating upon the bounties
of the Government, had on all occasions evinced the most disinterested
patriotism and ardent love of country, by encountering every danger, hard-
ship, and fatigue, in defending the frontier during the late war, and the
savage invasions and attacks which have always retarded and embarrassed
the settlement of that country.

Mr. D. thought it a great mistake to suppose that it was a gracious
bounty to allow a man to purchase a tract of public land to include his
improvements, at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. He said, if a
tract of land was given to such settlers, it would scarcely compensate them
for the privations and hardships they must necessarily encounter, who give
up all the comforts of society to settle a new country. These settlers had
to overcome difficulties which most gentlemen in Congress knew nothing

about."

"And If it was true that settlers who were unable to pay for the land
had sold these improvements, was it a fit subject for the taunt and attack
made by the commissioner, and so earnestly and warmly urged by the gentle-
man from Vermont? Certainly not. Is it possible that any orflcer of this
Government, or any member of Congress, will seriously urge that the poor
man who penetrates the forest, subdues it by his labor, reduces it to culti-
vation, and builds a house on the public land, shall have nothing for it?
What other public officer ever staked his reputation by recommending that
the house and improvements of a poor man should be sold to the highest
bidder, and the Government pocket the money obtained by the profits of his
labor? Yet such is the effect of the commissioner's recommendation. And
this is not all. After recommending the sale of the lands, and opposing the
grant of pre-emption, he tauntingly and insultingly recommends that these
"intruders and trespassers be left to the local tribunals of justice." Sir, said
Mr. D., what man acquainted with the brave and enterprising men who have

139

settled all of our frontier States, can read this report without feelings of
indignation?'"

Mr. Duucan replied to certain detailed objections that had been
raised and made a special plea for making possible the sale of land in
forty aci'e tracts, a provision which "will, as it is mainly intended, benefit
the poor, by, enabling every man who could raise fifty dollars to secure a
home for his family."

The bill finally passed, 119 to 44.

In the next session the old discussion as to pre-emption was revived
by a proposal to extend the act of 1807 to prevent settling on public lands
until authorized by law. Mr. Duncan on February 20, 1833, spoke as
follows :

"He objected to reviving a law which had remained near forty years a
dead letter on the statue books; an act which had never and could never be
enforced. Public opinion had long sipce fixed the seal of reprobation upon
any attempt to punish individuals for settling or trespassing as it is called,
upon the public lands. Suits had often been brought under this act and the
result had universally been, that the Government paid the cost. He was in
favor of extending the power of the President tx) lease the mines west of the
Mississippi on the same terms that those east of that river are now leased.
Such a policy would receive the sanction of the people; would produce a large
revenue; and be the means of preserving the timber, and of husbanding the
resources of the country.

He was opposed to the bill on account of the impossibility of enforcing
it, the principles it contained, and the vexation and violence which he thought
would certainly ensue if an attempt should be made to enforce it, under the
policy now pursued in relation to the mines east of the river. He said
it was in the power of the Government agent to protect the timber and mines
from waste; and when that country is offered for sale, which must soon be
done, it would command a high price, after having paid, in rents received
from the mines, largely more than the original cost of the whole country.
He was not very favorable to the leasing system; it would be much better
to sell these mines as soon as possible; and the Committee on the Public
Lands agreed with him on that subject, and had reported a bill for selling
all the mineral lands east of the Mississippi. But one thing is certain,
that the enterprising citizens of that country cannot be kept out of this
newly acquired territory; and it was a question now to be settled, whether
we should admit every good citizen, or by attempting to exclude all, only
admit those who are independent of, and will disregard all laws."-

The lead mines around Galena were authorized to be sold by the
President in a bill introduced June -j, 1834. On this subject Duncan
said:

"The people of Illinois felt a desire that the country should be perma-
nently settled, rather than leased out as it now was. Under the present
system, the expense of leasing was said to be nearly equal to the avails from
the leases; and, in the meanwhile, the lands were ruined by the operation.
Those who leased them, trenched the country in all directions and threw out
the clay over the soil, so that, when they gave it up, it was in many places
rendered wholly useless for agricultural purposes. Whereas, were the lands
sold instead of being leased, they would bring a high price, both on account
of the mineral riches they were known to contain, and on account of the
fertility of the soil. But after the land was spoiled by the diggings, that
covered it like the tracks of so many moles in a garden, it would bring little
or nothing. As property of the United States, it was becoming less and less
valuable every day."^

^ Cong. Debates, 22 Congress. 1 Session.
^ Cong. Debates, 22 Congress, 2 Session.
^ Cong. Debates, 23 Congress, 1 Session.

140

In the closing days of his eight years of service in Congress Mr.
Duncan spoke again on Jnne 13, 183-4 on the land issue, his favorite
subject. There is something inspiring in the picture of the representa-
tive from Illinois in Congress d-efending consistently all these years the
rights of the sturdy settlers in Illinois. It should entitle him to recog-
nition in the histories of his State. His last speech on this subject is
similar to others but, as the dust and oblivion of years have rested on this
epoch of his life in Congress and as it gives more details of the picture
of the early settlers of Illinois, we will quote a part of it :

"He said * * * his constituents were no speculators; those who
settled on the public land were generally poor men, or men in moderate
circumstances, who live by their honest labor, and had no other view of
settling than to secure an independent home for their families. They were
no trespassers. They had been encouraged to go on and improve the public
lands by the repeated acts and settled policy of the government — a policy
well known to be as favorable to the sale of the lands and the public interest
as it is just to the settler. It was owing to this wise policy of inducing
the hardy sons of the west to encounter all the privations and hardships
incident to such an enterprise, that the seven new states in this Union owe
their unexampled prosperity. Who, he asked, ever heard of a wealthy man
leaving ease, luxury, and society, and going into the forest, as our enter-
prising settlers had often done, at every sacrifice, encountering the wild
beasts and savages, and depending for the first year or two upon the rifle
for a precarious subsistence? He never knew an instance; and he believed
if the vast valley of the Mississippi had never been settled until those able
to purchase the land should become the pioneers, that it would not have
reached its present state of improvement in a century to come. He con-
sidered it the interest of the whole Union to adopt a liberal policy in dis-
posing of the public domain. To build up great and prosperous communi-
ties, he said was, infinitely more important than all the gain that ever had
or would be received into the treasury from the sale of these lands. But,
he said, his friend from Alabama (Mr. Clay) had plainly shown that noth-
ing had been gained for many years by selling the lands at auction; it had
added nothing to the treasury, though it had some times been the means of
oppression to the settlers. He said he considered the present as a question
whether this government is willing to sell the poor man's improvement to
the highest bidder, and put the profits of his labor into the public treasury,
which is now full to over-flowing. He could not believe honorable gentle-
men, understanding the subject, could ever consent to such gross injustice.
Much objection, he said, had been made to this bill on account of an idea
which had been suggested, that some persons might make speculations by
taking up mill-seats, ferries, etc. He had no doubt some Instances of the
kind might occur; but in all probability, if this advantage was not secured
to the settler, it would be reaped by a combination of speculators, who gen-
erally contrived to pay no more than $1.25 per acre to the government.
Mills and ferries, he said, are necessary to tlie settlement of the country,
and those who first establish them are entitled to great favor; and no im-
provements could be of more benefit to the public.'"

He Ijelieved it would be found to the best interests of the govern-
ment and permanent improvement of the country, to allow the settlers
to select their homes as soon as the land was surveyed.

On June 14, 1834, Mr. Duncan writes to the Alton Spectator- from
the House of Eepresentatives :

"The pre-emption bill has just passed and only waits the President's sig-
nature to become a law. This bill is more favorable to our settlers than any
ever passed. It revives the act of 1830 and continues in force for two years

1 Congr. Debates. 23 Congress, 1 Session.
= Published July 1, 1834.

141

from this time which will give the settlers, virtually, 2 years to pay for
their lands, both on lands now subject to entry at private sale and those
which have not been offered at public auction unless they shall sooner be
sold by the proclamation of the President.

This act gives the right of pre-emption to all who are settlers at its
passage and extends the act to those persons who were settlers on the public
land in 1829 and who were deprived of their right by the construction placed
on the law by the Secretary of the Treasury. We had a warm debate in the
House of Representatives which lasted six hours but it passed by a large
majority.

The question of internal improvements was constantly to the fore
during Jackson's administration. To the representative of a sparsely
settled frontier State like Illinois, knowing the isolation of the communi-
ties, the difficulties of travel and of bringing the produce of the farms
to market, the importance of a National road connecting the different
parts of the country was almost a necessity. The taxes of the State, with
the government owning eight-tenths of the land and not allowing the
land to be taxed for five years after it was sold, would be inadequate
to build the necessary roads for many years. Mr. Duncan does not seem
to have gone the lengths of some of the politicians of the day in advocat-
ing government assistance, but he asks for a liberal interpretation of
the law.

We find a few speeches on this subject in the Congressional Debates.

March 1, 1831, Mr. Duncan spoke against the toll taxes of the
Xational road in Ohio, which would exempt her own citizens and throw
all the cost of keeping the road in repair upon the people residing in the
states west of Ohio :

"It would drive the constituents, and all the people west of the Ohio,
from this road as they could not and would not pay so unjust a tax especially
as the road was made by compact and out of the funds of Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri as well as those of Ohio. He could see no hope for his constitu-
ents except to tax the citizens of Missouri traveling to the Atlantic cities.
This tax would make It impossible for his constituents to drive their stock
on this road."^

The bill passed and toll gates were permitted.

On June 17, 1834 the question of the Cumberland road came up and
Mr. Duncan said :

"It was a high, a vital object to connect this almost unbounded country
by roads and public highways and especially was it the duty of the govern-
ment to overcome great natural obstructions — such as separate the west from
the eastern section of the country. Such improvement would make us a
united, prosperous and happy people."-

The last speech of Mr. Duncan recorded in the Congressional De-
bates was on June 24, 1834, an amendment proposed by him to continue
the act incorporating the present bank of the United States for twenty
years with certain limitations and regulations. "He rose to support his
amendment with great reluctance at a moment when members were pre-
paring for their journeys home."

"He was governed by no feelings either favorable or unfavorable to the
present bank or its directors, in bringing forward his bill; he had no per-
sonal acquaintance with any of them; he did not owe the bank; he had not
one cent of interest in it ; nor was any one of his friends, so far as he knew,

^ Cong. Debates, 21 Congress, 2 Session.
- Cong. Debates. 23 Congress, 1 Session.

142

in the slightest degree interested in it. He could not be charged with having
any political object in view in introducing his amendment: he believed
every member of the House would acquit him of such a charge: he was
governed by no such motives; his object was now, as it had been on all
occasions, w^hen called upon to act in that House, to do the best for his
constituents and country, according to his judgment, without reference to
party. He had taken part, it was true, in some of the political struggles
in the country, and would probably do so again, but his conduct, as a Repre-
sentative, never had been, and never should be, governed by any such con-
siderations. He cared less for who was in power than for the manner in
which it was used by those in whose hands it was placed, he had never asked
or received a favor of the government, and never would while he was
honored with a seat in Congress.

"He was opposed to any plan making the State or local banks the treas-
ury of the nation; it could answer no good purpose. The million and a half
of dollars of broken local bank notes now lying useless in the treasury, with
the numerous banks which are daily breaking or stopping payment, had
taught him they were wholly incompetent to answer the purposes of govern-
ment as fiscal agents, but admitting them to be safe, who does not know that
they cannot furnish a sound and uniform currency? He was alarmed at the
array of local banks springing into existence in several of the states last
winter, after the removal of the deposits, and when the downfall of the
United States Bank was considered probable. It reminded 'him of the host
of spurious banks which rose up, like mushrooms, in a night, after the wind-
ing up of the old bank of the United States. From 1812 to 1818, he said,
the country was literally inundated with their paper, until the best judges
of that day could not tell a good note from a bad one, or whether the bank
had a location in fact or only in the imagination, as very many of them
were the production of speculators on the public credulity. Hundreds, nay
thousands of poor men were swindled and suffered much then from the
dreadful derangement of the currency, and he was greatly surprised, after
so much experience, and with such an example before us, to see so large a
party in this country, and in that House, disposed to place the currency
in the same fearful situation. He knew the evils too well to give such a
measure any support.

But sir, said Mr. D.. if the United States Bank is put down, the embarras-
ment to the west will be two fold. Their sales of produce are made in the
south, at New Orleans, where specie, which is too cumbersome to carry, or
the local currency, must be taken in payment, and their purchases are
made in the north. Thus subjected to a double discount upon their money,
it must fall heavily upon the products of the country. But this is not all.
The large cities contain all or nearly all the capital employed in carrying
on commerce, and they will receive no note of the west except at a very
heavy discount. This was the case in the days of unsound currency previ-
ously mentioned, and would certainly be the case again. But, sir, said Mr.
D., the evil does not stop here. While there is no uniformity or confidence
in the currency, people can neither travel nor emigrate to the west. No
man will venture to sell his property- in one of the old States for local bank
notes, and start to the west, uncertain how soon the bank would break, or
being certain, as he would be, that he must change his money with a broker
at the line of each State through which he was to pass. Such a condition
of affairs must retard the settlement and improvement of all the new States
again, as It did from 1819 to 1826, a period of the greatest embarrassment
he ever knew, and which was occasioned by the previous deranged state of
the currency. The general confusion which, in his opinion, would certainly
grow out of the proposed destruction of the United States Bank, presented
to his mind a fearful picture of the future condition of the country.

"He said some such measure as his was necessary to give relief to the
country from the pressure now felt, and which must, in his opinion, inevit-
ably increase, if the present bank should be compelled to wind up and collect
in its fifty-four millions of dollars of outstanding debts. JSIo new bank, he

143

said, can be created until after March, 1836, and, of course, more than two
years must elapse before a substitute can be put into operation. This was
one of the reasons why he preferred to recharter, under proper restrictions,
the present bank; but this was far from being the only one: his bill proposed
to distribute nearly two-thirds of the stock among the states, and he knew,
by observation, that the high credit of this bank would secure to the stock-
holders a larger dividend and more certain profit upon their capital, tlian
any new bank, with a prudent charter, could possibly do; and, by making
the States interested, additional stability and character would be given to
this institution.

"He was of opinion that Congress should have the most unlimited power
to investigate all the books, accounts, and official acts of the bank and its
officers, and had endeavored, by a provision in his amendment, to secure that
right in the fullest extent, and punish any officer or director of the bank
who should oppose such an investigation. But, sir, said Mr. D., suppose all
the dangers to exist, and the abuses, as alleged, to be true, was this an argu-
ment against the value and importance of the bank? What created being
or institution, he asked, had ever existed, that was capable of doing much
good, that was not also capable of doing great harm? Was it not the persons
selected for the management of the bank, and not the bank itself, that had
given such offence? If its officers had acted improperly they could be dis-
placed; it was to his mind no argument against any institution, and especi-
ally to one that had performed so many important services for the govern-
ment— an institution which was in fact the treasury, and the best possible
treasury that could be established — 'an institution, which kept the public
money safely, paid it out on the order of the Treasurer, without risk or
charge, at any point required; which had paid a bonus to the United States
of one million five hundred thousand dollars, and by his bill was to pay
two millions more for the use of the public depositea and the benefits of the
charter. He a'sked, has it not done more than all this for the country, in
furnishing the best currency in the world, better than gold or silver, for all
commercial purposes, its notes being preferred in most cases, and especially
in large sums, to either? Had it not extended the commerce of the country
beyond all conception, by furnishing the means of carrying on and enlarging
trade? Built our steamboats, which, in proportion as they gave facility and
cheapness of transportation, had increased the value of the products in the
west? He would not say that all of the prosperity which had recently spread
over and blessed every portion of the great valley of the west w^as owing
to the means furnished by this bank for the improvement of the country
and carrying on commerce, or to the uniform and sound currency it had
supplied; but much, very much, of it was.

Mr. Diiucan suggested that if the alleged misconduct of some few
of the officers were a sound argument against the bank itself, the same
might apply to other departments of government, but no one would seri-
ously think of abolishing the Post Office Department in consequence of
the abuses charged to exist there.

"It is the duty of wise legislators, he said, to preserve the government
pure in all its parts, and, as experience pointed out defects or abuses, to
rectify them, and guard, by timely checks and limitations, against their
recurrence, and by every possible means to keep the political and moneyed
institutions as distinct as possible.

He regarded the bank or a bank of the United States as intimately con-
nected with, and in fact a branch of the government; though but remotely
under its control, it was almost as valuable, in the performance of its
peculiar functions, as any other department, and more intimately connected
with all the wants and interests of society. But being an institution that
required the jealous care and support of the National Legislature, it should
have nothing to do with politics or political partisans; nor should they,
tinder any circumstances, be permitted to control or molest it while acting
within its proper sphere. The political wheel, he said, was in motion, and

144

no one could tell what party might be placed in power by its next revolution.
If the party favorable to the present hank shall succeed, they, like most
parties elected on a particular question, may recharter without those whole-
some guards and checks which experience has shown to be necessary. On
the other hand, if another party rises into power, much is to be feared from
the establishment of a political bank, managed by and subservient to the
ambitious views of government officers — a power more to be dreaded than
the brandished sword of a tyrant. The one warns you of danger to come,
while the other embraces but to corrupt and subdue.

The present he thought a most auspicious moment for settling this great
question. The parties were nearly balanced, and nothing could be done by
either except by the consent of the other, on the principles of a compromise.
He appealed to the patriotism of both parties to settle this important ques-
tion of the currency without reference to former prejudices. It should have
nothing to do, he said, with politics; and now, before the candidates for the
presidency were brought out, he thought a bank might be established on such
a basis as to secure the confidence and good will of every party and every
citizen in the country.

He had carefully reviewed all the opinions of the President, and believed
his bill or amendment met and obviated all of his objections to the present
bank charter, and could not doubt, should the amendment pass, it would
meet with his approval. This, however, was to him a secondary consider-
ation; he had discharged his duty according to his best judgment, and would
leave other public servants to do the same."^

With lii.s vote in favor of re-chartering the United States Bank^
the independence of Mr. Dnncan's views and actions led to a practical
Avithdrawal of his adherence to the Jackson party as then constituted.

After the adjournment of Congress in July 1834, Mr. Duncan was
detained in the east by illness in his family. The election for Governor
occurring in August he allowed his name to be used as a candidate and
received 17,349 votes to 10,229 votes for William Kinney and 4,320 for
Eobert Iv. McLaughlin, Duncan's uncle. He was the only Governor of
Illinois elected without electioneering or the making of speeches. Mr.
Duncan resigned from Congress and returned to Jacksonville with his
family in the fall of 1834. Up to the last year of his service he had
been the sole Congressman from Illinois. In the last Congress he was
one of the three representatives from Illinois, being elected from the
northern district,

CHAPTEE lY.
GovEKXOR OF Illinois, 1834-1838.

After an absence of eight years in Congress, Mr. Duncan returned
to Illinois in the fall of 1834 to take up his duties as governor. Some-
old letters and notes make clearer his relation wdth state politics and
the gradual growth of his dissatisfaction as to Jackson's policies and the
final severance of his relationship wdth the Jackson party.

The year 1834 was a confused period in Illinois politics, as previous
to this time, factions had formed around leaders or groups of leaders.
A contemporary notes : "It is difficult to catch the hang of parties here
for although there is considerable party feeling there is very little party
organization."^ Mr. Duncan was not alone in his change of political

1 Cong. Debates, 23 Congress, 1 Session.

' Dr. Finley from Jacksonville, Illinois, letter to Representative Duncan, May
27, 1834. In family pacers

145

views. There was a small but strong minority who from the ardent ad-
miration of General Jackson, the man who "was to reform all abuses,"
came a disappointment in his acts as President especially when he came
under the influence of his "kitchen cabinet" and Van Buren.

Before the inauguration of President Jackson, Mr. Duncan notes
in his diary "Called to see the President, He says he will remove no officer
on account of his political opinions, unless he has used his office for the
purpose of electioneering. He appears liberal and I agree perfectly
with his views." In his note book Duncan writes :

"Policy of the Jackson party up till 1830 and —

.1, One Presidential term.

2. Economy.

3. Eetrenchment.

4. Reform of all abuses.

5. Prevent officers interfering in elections.

6. Hold officers to strict accountability."

When Jackson announced his candidacy for a second term and more
so when he selected his successor, Van Buren, it was self evident, from
previous knowledge of the man, that Duncan would never accept, against
his judgement and conscience, the dictates of the Jackson party as it
had now become.

In a letter published in the Western Observer, June 14th, 1831, he
explains his views :

"Many complain that I have not sufficiently supported the party in my
votes in Congress. To such I would say, I have investigated every subject
upon which I have been called upon to act, with a sincere 'desire of obtaining
correct information. My votes have been governed by my best judgment,
and an ardent wish to promote the true interest and honor of the country,
without regard to what either party supported or opposed. Having been
led to observe in early life that a man who had firmness and independence
enough to do right in high party times though condemned by the ambitious
and selfish demagogue is certain to be sustained by the patriotic and honor-
able men of all parties. I was at no loss what course to pursue when I
entered Congress.

That man who is so weak or so wicked as to vote under the influence
of party feelings, or party discipline, will be compelled almost every day to
abandon his principles if he has ever assumed any — the interests of his
constituents — his own honor — and his independence — and I envy them not
the praise they may receive from any party."'

Mr. Duncan "had maintained a policy of independence towards
Jackson's measures for which in 1831 he had been criticised at home.
He voted to pass the Mayville turnpike bill over Jackson's veto."- How-
ever this criticism of his independent attitude by those who still sup-
ported Jackson did not prevent his being re-elected to Congress in 1832
or his election as governor in 1834.

The debates of the last session, of Congress that Mr. Duncan at-
tended, are interesting as showing the trend of his votes irrespective of
party lines. On February, 1834, he voted with Adams and the Whigs
for the extension of pensions to revolutionary soldiers. In March he
voted with the administration to "appoint a Committee of Ways and

* Quoted from the ananymous life, 1S40. in family papers.
2 Centennial Hist, of 111. Pease, Vol. II, page 143.

—10 H S

146

Means to inquire into the expediency of a plan accompanie'd by a bill
to reduce the revenue to the necessary expenses of the government." In
June he voted for the re-chartering of the Bank of tlie United States.
Here came his final break with the Democratic party.

Later great capital was made by the Jackson men of this "defection"
of Duncan's and he is spoken of as a "traitor," etc., to his party. He
was simpl}' an independent thinker v/ith the courage of his convictions,
a man who refused to follow blindly party leadership.

Ford has written of this period more graphically than any contem-
porary man and as he was a political opponent of Duncan his views
of the latter's change of party cannot be accused of flattery, or partjality.

"A public man has a perfect right to his own opinions and predilec-
tions. Governor Duncan was a brave, honest man, a gentleman in his inter-
course with society, and possessed a rare talent for conciliating affection
and inspiring confidence. But his great error was in becoming attached to
a party and a cause, in the first instance, without knowing the principles
by which he was governed. Thousands of others were in the same predica-
ment, many of whom, both before and after Governor Duncan, left as he
did, when the Jackson party began to be developed. * * * Without as-
serting that Governor Duncan was right in his change, for such would mot be
my opinion, yet it would seem from his example and many others that it
would be better for politicians, if they could reverse the order of their ex-
istence, come into the world in their old age and go out when young. He is
to take a party name and, however, much he may afterwards become en-
lightened, or parties shift ground, he is never to change, under penalty of
being branded as a traitor to his party. But perhaps this is one of the means
appointed by providence and implanted in man's nature to keep the opinion
of the governing party united and give some stability to the councils of
Republican government."^

The gradual affiiliation with the Whig party as more nearly repre-
senting his views offered a target to his political opponents that con-
tinued during future campaigns till his death in 1844 and that has
affected his reputation to an astonishingly important degree in the his-
tory of Illinois. The long life of service to the State and a marked
integrity of character, is lost sight of in view of this change of party
affiliations, or rather the chance it gave his political opponents to warp
the acts of Duncan's life, both public and private.

The four following letters give an interesting, gossipy picture of
life in Illinois and especially of the political situation before the election
of Governor in 1834. They were written by a cousin, James C. Finley,
who had come from the east to take charge of Mr. Duncan's affairs in
Jacksonville while he was iii Congress. He speaks of himself as a mere
observer, asking no political favors.

The letters begin Avith the building of the Duncan house in Jack-
sonville which was started in the fall of 1833. The house known as
Elm Cjrove is still standing in the midst of the half circle of stately elm
trees, planted by Mr. Duncan.

On jSTovember 9, 1833, the masons were going on very well with the
foundations.

"I send you by mail the last number of the Illinois Patriot, in which
you will find a very ungenerous and insidious attack upon you about the
United States Bank and the Patriotic money. I remonstrated with Edwards,
[Editor of a paper in Jacksonville] upon the propriety and injustice of

^ Ford, History of Illinois, pages 75-77.

147

associating the two but his hands appear to be tied by a small faction here
who are very bitter against you and who are probably urged on by men Avho
would like to preserve some terms with you. The report has been very
industriously circulated here that you announced yourself hostile to the
bank a few days before you left Jacksonville. Judge Evans asserts that,
last winter, while you were holding out to your friends here that you were
in favor of the bank, he heard you say to President Jackson, that you con-
curred with him in his objections to the bank. He and Bredan are very
noisy upon your inconsistency about the bank. Coddington says he saw a
roll of the Patriotic notes in Wilkinson's store as large as his arm, and
Edwards says he is told that you pay your agents 6 per cent for passing
them off. The idea they are trying to pass upon the people is this: That
you say you see so much corruption in the politics of the country, that you
consider the cause of the Republic desperate and they think you are disposed
to come in for your share of the spoils: they say further, that the Patriotic
bank will lend you a large amount of money, say perhaps |100,000 at a very
low interest — 3 per cent — perhaps for nothing, for the sake of getting their
notes in circulation, and that you, for the sake of producing a scarcity
of money and compelling the people to take them, will use your influence
to put down the U. S. Bank and that you have put out the present small
amount as a feeler to see how the thing will take. Hardin has taken the
matter up warmly in your behalf and written a reply."

On Xovember 30, 1833, Dr. Finley writes :

"* * * Crawled up to the post oflSce to hear the news and as the mail
has not closed I will take time to add a few more lines to a letter I have
already put in the office. I there found a pretty considerable crowd of people
and among them Evans and Edwards. The former was very polite and
affiable and the subject of the bank being introduced he expressed his
regret that his name had been dragged into the controversy and gave such
a version of the conversation and controversy as at once cleared you from
every suspicion of duplicity in relation to the bank business. When I told
Edwards of his version and reminded him of the. caution I had given him
about giving credit to so improbable a tale, he blushed like a damsel of 18
when her sweetheart first popped the question. He affected a great deal of
candor, however, and prom.ised to retract everything that cannot be sus-
tained. * * * There is nothing kept secret here and men appear to take
a pride in revealing both their own secrets and the secrets of their friends."

On December 27, 1833, Dr. Finley writes:

"Cassels saw the man today with whom he contracted for the hewed
timber and says that they are all ready for delivery and will be on the
ground by the first of January. The additional timbers requisite for the
new plan will delay them but a few days. I am very much afraid that delay
will arise from Johnson's disposition to procrastinate. He now promises
to commence on Monday and run the mill night and day until your bill is
complete.

"As regards your reply to Edwards I am at a loss to know whether to
publish it or not. The attack was evidently gotten up by one or the other
of the two parties here — the Prosser or the Lockwood party — for the purpose
.of intimidating you on the bank question or forcing you to take sides.
Poor Edwards of whom it is difficult to say whether he is most the object
of compassion or contempt, has been evidently a mere automaton in the
affair; and now that his advisers are disposed to shrink from the position
of principals, feels himself in a most unpleasant attitude. He now wishes
to say that the publication was intended as an act of kindness to you in
order that surmises and insinuations which were secretly circulating much
to your injury might be brought before the public in an attitude that would
give you a fair opportunity of meeting them. An office of charity, so un-
thankful, as I intimated to him today, that a prudent man would very
willingly leave the conferring of it to others. Mrs. Edwards says that she

148

opposed his having anything to do with it until shp made herself sick
about it.

"The active movers have been Gillett, Gorden, Hedeuburgh, Bredan and
Forsyth and Dr. Jones, the most insolent, self-conceited and contemptable

that ever passed current in decent society. Gillett, a strange fellow.

He appears to be, and I believe is, your personal friend and would be happy
to do anything to serve you, but he probably thinks that he has a large
pecuniary interest in the rechartering of the bank and that he has reason
to complain of you for disappointing your constituents on the subject of the
bank. Forsyth is "the respectable merchant" referred to in the Banner
who said you offered them money if they would circulate it in the country
but not to pay debts at Pittsburgh. Besides the clamor raised by the
politicians, the merchants have pretty generally taken a stand against the
money, principally because they supposed it had been placed in the hands
of other merchants to whom it would give facilities for transacting business
that they would not possess. Commercial jealousy therefore may reasonably
be placed to the account of much that has been said.

"All persons here are prodigiously anxious to ascertain the political
course you mean to adopt. Some from one motive, some from another and
some from no motive at all. It appears to be the intention of all to let you
run for Governor without opposition. If you side with them they are will-
ing to receive you with open arms but they intend to hold themselves as
loosely connected with you in order that if you take sides against them ihey
may take advantage of the difficulties which surround the Gubernatorial
office in this State to break you down and deprive you of what they suppose
to be the ultimate object of your ambition — a seat in the United States
Senate.

"As we are now on the subject of your political relations, I will remark
that intimations have been made to me that an attempt is being made to
Injure you by secretly circulating a report about the Meridosia lots which
is represented as being very much to your discredit. It is said that you
gave no consideration for these lots and therefore your taking them can be
considered in no other light than as a bribe to do that which you were
already bound to do by the relation between you and your constituents.
The individual who related this to me (as an act of friendship to you to put
you on your guard) named Hackett as one of his authorities, who told him
if he would call at his house he would exhibit to him the most satisfactory
evidence of the fact. This is one of the things Edwards alluded to in his
publication as something much more prejudicial to you than anything which
had yet appeared. As an evidence that the purchase of the lots on your
part was not bona fide, it is alleged, that the contract was to be null and
void if the preemption right was not obtained within a certain time. I
declined making any inquiries about it, as my informant wished, because
I saw nothing to be gained by doing so, but I mention it to you because

I know that great pains have been taken to obtain certificates to

[tornl when the time comes. I saw Hackett a few days ago and inquired
about the deeds. He had neither received them nor knew why they were
not made out.

"We have had Mills here lately electioneering, Williams, too, a member
of the Senate from the :Military District, called here on his way from Van-
dalia and was very anxious to organize an Anti-VanBuren party upon the
principals of the bank, the Land Bill, etc. Jones and he have written to
Casey upon the subject and would have liked to have written to you upon the
subject, if they could have taken the liberty. They promise to build you up
a partv and establish you a popularity that will last as long as you live.

"But I have so much to say about politics that I am forgetting what I
doubt not will be much more interesting to you— your private business.
How high do you want the windows of the first story from the floor— I saw
Hawkins yesterday going after some of your cattle which had been strayed
since you left here. * * * The scarcity of money in this country is
unexampLed."

149

January 24th, 1834, Dr. Finley writes :

"As Hackett was disposed tio be very surly and Hardin was absent
in Kentucky I got Walter Jones to inquire into the cause of the delay in
the acknowledgements of those deeds. He caught Hackett at Brochen-
borough's discussing the matter in full Divan. He told him that there was
no consideration paid for the lots and that Mrs. A. T. C. was unwilling to
convey their dower. Furthermore he stated that a fellow by the name of
Stetes, who claimed the right of preemption, is making arrangements to
commence suit against the whole of you for the whole of the land."

"* * * I told Hawkins nothing about your being willing to give him
additional wages. He is very attentive to your interests and anxious to se-
cure your approbation. His labors, it is true, were very great for a few
weeks while he was gathering in the corn. * * * Your cattle, horses and
mules are in very fine order. Your Kentucky stud that you bought of Price
departed this life very suddenly a few days ago. We have inquired every-
where for stock hogs but have only been able to find ten.

The Springfield papers have sent some a proof sheet of your letter in
advance of their paper. The whole thing has so perfectly died away that I
thought it perfectly unnecessary to publish your letter to me. Jones is a
fool, so perfectly made up in every joint, and the public consider it unneces-
sary to answer him. Poor Edwards has suffered a thousand deaths, and is
so humble and penitent that I am glad you touched him lightly. He has a
hundred times requested me to explain his feelings to you and tell you that
all he published was intended as a pure act of friendship — merely to appraise
you of the rumors that were afloat. If the opinion of the leading politicians
can be relied upon you are very certain to get three-fourths of the votes
of this country, although the scullions of the Kitchen Cabinet will all in-
fluence against you. * * * i could tell you of other things equally
curious, but you have seen too much of this business for it to have aught
of interest to you. It is fortunate for this part of Illinois that there are too
many aspirants for office for the present state of things to continue. Prossen
and Turney and a host of men of their level are aspiring to Congress, and,
because May has pre-empted the ground as the VanBuren candidate, are
determined to come out against the whole concern.

By the way why has your name never been formally announced as Gov-
ernor?^ The Editors say that your name has not been announced and some
of your enemies are very industrious in conveying the impression that it is
your intention to withdraw from the field in favor of your uncle. Edwards
and Jones are both anxious to come out for you. Will you permit them
to announce you? * * * The pressure on the money market has been
very severe and I regret to say that I have not been able to collect any for
you although I have made considerable effort to do so.

The Sangamon Journal has taken a very scurrilous notice of your letter
and published an article, also, intimating that you will not be a candidate
in opposition to your uncle, and that Kinney and McLaughlin would be the
only candidates for Governor. This article is signed "A friend to Mc-
Laughlin" but it doubtless comes from a friend of May's who wishes either
to make you occupy such a position as will remove him from all appre-
hension that you may oppose him or to injure your popularity, by leading
the people to suppose you mean to play a double game upon them. Evans
of this county, is to be the candidate for Lieutenant Governor.

"In speaking of the appointment of your brother you say that it was
made in opposition to your recommendation. This, all who are acquainted
with your uniform policy will readily believe, but some color is given to a
different statement by an assertion that you told Weatberfield you were
authorized to make the appointment and had the commission with you.
It may never be used against you, but if W. is hostile to your election it will
perhaps be prudent to be on your guard.

^ The Alton Spectator for May 1, 1834, gives official notice of the candidates
for the August election : "For Governor : Joseph Duncan, Robert K. McLaughlin,
William Kinney."

150

Mr. Dimean's reply to the attack of the two editors, to which Dr.
Finley refers, is dated Washington City, Dec. 16, 1833. He explains
the circumstances under which he had borrowed a small sum from the
Patriotic Bank, and to settle the question as to whether or not he had
misled Jackson on his position on the U. S. Bank, Duncan went directly
to the President: ''* * * In addition to my own clear knowledge
that it is false I called on the President a few days since and asked him,
in presence of General John Carr, a member of Congress from Indiana,
how he had always understood my opinions to be on the question of re-
chartering of the United States Bank — to which he replied that so far as
vvus known to iiim, they had ah\ays been in favor of rechartering it, and
said, though we had differed, he always regarded it as an honest differ-
ence of opinion, etc."^

February 15, 1834, Dr. Finley writes :

"Great efforts are being made to bring General Henry out in opposition
to you for Governor. Other instruments are said to be at work to bring
him out in opposition to May for Congress. Who are the movers in these
things I know not."

The latter part of the following letter is important as a contem-
poraneous view of the confused state of politics.
On May 27, 1834, Dr. Finley asks :

"Have you any idea when Congress will adjourn or when you will be
home? Dunlap has two fine young mules, a year old that he offers for thirty
dollars a piece. Do you want any more?

In politics we have a perfect calm. Every man is going for himself
(with the exception of one or two who go for their party) and avoiding
excitement as far as possible. It appears to be a very general opinion here
that you will not receive less than three-fourths ef the votes both of this
and of Sangamon and so strong is this impression said to be that althouglx
the friends of Kinney were sometime back pretty tolerably noisy, not a
candidate for any office ventured to electioneer for him openly.

Mills is here very confident of success and May is expected here daily.
The latter trying to ride Jackson and the former trying to saddle him with
VanBuren. With what success I know not. It is difficult to catch the hang
of parties here, for although there is considerable party feeling there is very
little party organization. The Clay party go for you very universally. Of

the Jackson candidates Henry and Cloud go for you. Wy [rest of

name torn], Weatherford profess to be neutral and May complains bitterly
that his opponents try to sew him up with VanBuren. So much for politics.

I will be very much obliged to you to send me the African Repository,
commencing with the present volume, and the last annual report."

Into the midst of this political upheaval and to a state greatly in-
creased in population, rapidly losing its pioneer spirit and becoming
identified in political and commercial interests with the East, the newly
elected Governor returned after eight years in Congress.

The Legislature convened in Vandalia December 1, 1834.

A contemporary describes the scene, "Yesterday, last night, all night
nearly this town has been a scene of busy, buzzing bargaining, etc. It
is said 150 persons, some from the most distant parts of the State [are
seeking] for the appointments of Sergeant at Arms of the Senate and
Doorkeeper of the House of Eepresentatives.^

1 Alton American, Jan. 30, 1834, copied from Sangamo Journal.
2D. J. Baiter to Kane December 1, 1834, copy Library of University of
Illinois.

151

Another contemporary writes on December 20, 1834 :

"The political character of the Legislature of Illinois may properly
l)e estimated to be abont 60 for the administration and 21 against it."^

In his first message Governor Duncan speaks of being absent from
the State "a greater part of the last seven or eight years on public
duties/"'

Like most messages the recommendations are general but they show
his continued interested in land questions and education. He speaks of
Illinois as being among the first states to abolish imprisonment for debt,
and feels '"that the time has now arrived to continue this policy still
further" and to exempt the homestead from execution "so as to secure
the families of the unfortunate against those casualities and misfortunes
to which we are all liable."

Most fitting for tlie man who introduced the first bill to provide
for public schools in Illinois, his first message should discuss education,
recommending that the fund of over one hundred thousand dollars which
the State then possessed for education should be divided up, by a system
to be devised, and applied to the purposes of education leaving "to those
who come after the rich revenues to be derived from the lands, canals
and other improvements, to form a permanent fund for the purposes of
education." He also urges the establishment of colleges. He advocates
the "setting apart the entire revenue arising from it [the canal | for the
promotion of education."

The distinction he draws between the general government allowing
pre-emption right on public lands, which he advocated during his serv-
ice in Congress, and the State, "under a mistaken view of the object and
condition of the grant and of what was due the public and the nation
who gave them" granting pre-emption claims to the settlers on seminary
lands, shows his regard for law. "It should be the duty of the Legisla-
ture on the contrary faithfully to execute the trust confided to them and
to sell those lands which were given for the common benefit of our citi-
zens, for the full -value which their quality or location may impart to
them."

One of his arguments in favor of the beginning of a general system
of internal improvements seems to have shown foresight. The State was
at present so sparsely settled that the "road, trackways, railroads and
canals, can be made straight between most of the important points with
very little expense and difficulty, compared wath what will result, if their
location is postponed until lands increase in value and settlements are
formed."

My attention Avas caught by the use of a word in this message and
also in other speeches, which in the pioneer days is unusual. There was
much said of "virtue, enlightenment, liberty," but here our eye is caught
by the simple word "beauty." Improvements for "the convenience,
beauty and commerce of our country." It is a thought to which we are
but just awakening in recent years — to preserve the beauty of the land
along with the utilitarian improvements. The idea was evidently a defi-
nite one in Grovernor Duncan's mind as he had used it three years before

^Greenup to Kane December 20, 1834, copy Library of University of Illinois.

153

in a speech in Congress on internal improvements, reference to which
has already been made.

It makes one realize the distance we have travelled in inventions
to read that the Governor iu 1834 considered canals as more useful than
railroads, which "are kept in repair at a very heavy expense and will last
but about hfteen }ears/' This was written in the year Xew York was
about to construct lier first railroad from the Hudson River to Lake
Erie. On A'ovember 8, 1838, just before Governor Duncan retired to
private life, he rode on "the first locomotive that ever turned a wheel in
liie Mississippi N'alley' a distance of eight miles from Meredosia on the
"Northern Cross Line" which was to connect the Illinois Eiver with
Spriuglieid via Jacksonville.^ To the man who had travelled by boat
and on horseback up and down the State when it was a wilderness this
must have been a wonderful experience, the beginning of a new and great
era.

The next subject Governor Duncan took up in his message, was one
that he knew from actual experience, "The ease with which our prairies
may be brought under cultivation." "The fertility of the soil which
yields a rich product, its lightness renders it easy of cultivation, while
its depth- almost certainly secures the prudent and industrious farmer
against those vicissitudes of the season which so frequently destroy the
crops in other countries." The canal connecting the Great Lakes with
the Mississippi was to provide an outlet for the farm produce raised in
Illinois. He advocated a steamboat canal, a plan which the engineers of
today regard as the only practical one.

He warns that the "utility and success, as well as its expense [of the
canal work] will depend upon the kind of improvement that the Legis-
lature shall adopt and upon the plan of its construction."

With a realization of the troubles ahead he closes his message with:

''That we should be divided in opinion on these great questions of power

and public policy, which have recently divided, and which are agitating the

whole nation, and threaten to shake its center, is no more than is to be

expected.

In conclusion permit me again to urge that no party spirit shall be per-
mitted to distract and interrupt our councils, or to interfere with our duties
and obligations to those we represent."^^

From this distance of time, one cannot help but admire the imagi-
nation of these men who built for the future of Illinois, a future that
exceeds their dreams. I quote from the Nicolay-Hay Life of Lincoln:
"They addressed themselves at once to the Avork required of them and
soon devised, with reckless and unreasoning haste, a scheme of railroads
covering the vast uninhabited prairies as with a gridiron. The scheme also
provided for the improvement of every stream in the State on which a
child's shingle-boat could sail; and to the end that all objections should be
stifled on the part of those neighborhoods which had neither railroads nor
rivers, a gift of two hundred thousand dollars was voted for them, and with
this sop they were fain to be content and not trouble the general joy. To
accomplish this stupendous scheme, the Legislature voted eight million
dollars, to be raised by loan. Four millions were also voted to complete the
canal. These sums, montrous as they were, were still ridiculously inade-
quate to the purpose in view. But w^hile the frenzy lasted there was no
consideration of cost or possibilities. These vast works were voted without

^Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Bateman and Selby, p. 360.
== Senate Journal, Dec. 1, 1834.

153

estimates, without surveys, witliout anj- rational consideration of their
necessity."'

The State was without debt and with these visions of tlie future "'the
great plenty of money had made every one morally drunk."-

Governor Duncan's first nominations were confirmed by the Senate,
but when on February 13, 1835, he followed the nomination of Edward
Coles as President of the Board of Canal Commissioners with that of
John H. Hardin as Commissioner and Treasurer, the latter was defeated
by a vote of 11 to 12. Later William Linn was confirmed for the office
10 to y." GoverDor Coles was at this time in Philadelphia and was
appointed a special representative of the State to visit eastern cities and
negotiate the loan. He was imable to do this without the credit of the
State. Later a law was passed, authorizing a loan of half a million
dollars on the credit of the State for the building of the canal. Governor
Duncan went east in 1836 and negotiated this loan. He paid his own
expenses, ''refusing to receive compensation therefor, because he believed
in so doing he would be virtually offering violence to the Constitution
of the State."-^

Only a few family letters of this period have been saved and unfor-
tunately they tell of the meeting with relatives, and old friends instead
of the business and political side of the journey. For instance he writes
from Philadelphia, April 10, 1838 ; "I saw Governor Coles last evening
and went with him to a literary club where I met many of the first citi-
zens and spent a delightful evening." Here met the two men who had
framed the first law creating public schools in Illinois in 1835, who had
been rival candidates for Congress in 1830, and now were both interested
in the canal project. If the historian could but have heard their re-
miniscences and their views on the questions of the day !

Governor Duncan went on to New York where a few items in his
letters show that domestic troubles existed then as now: April 30, 1836,
"I will do all I can to send you some servants. E. Dyson expects 500
emigrants in one of his ships and thinks I can get some to suit."

April 33 ; "I have partly sold some of my land and am in great hopes
something can be done with the Eailroad. If money was more plenty
there would be no doubt. I dine at home today, the second time since
1 came. Yesterday I had three invitations and am engaged several days
next week, so you see I am likely to be well fed." The servants did not
materialize but he is not deterred from extending western hospitality,
as he writes a few da3^s later, May 8 ; "Mr. Alexander Hamilton and his
wife start to Illinois in their own carriage in a few days on a trip of
pleasure. I have invited them to visit you and remain in our house while
they stay in Jacksonville. As they are the first people here I know you
will be pleased to entertain them. I have dined with them twice since
I have been here. They live on Broadway in very fine style. "°

May 39, 1836: "I hope to start tomorrow — I have taken a seat in
the stage at Albany for Tuesday morning and have a stateroom on the

^ Nicolay-Hay, Lincoln, Vol. T, pase 135.

^ Ford, Historv of Illinois, page 15.

3 Senate Journal. 1834-35.

♦Alton Telegraph, April 23, 18-12.

' There is preserved in the family a time-stained copy of the "Geographical
View of the World" with the inscription "Colonel Alexander Hamilton to Henry
St. Clair Duncan of Illinois, aged 7 years, New York, 6 October. 1837."

154

steamboat Michigan A^liicli leaves Buffalo on the 4th of June for Cliicago.
I Avas never so heartily tired of Xew York. Xothing is so much talked
of as a scarcity of money and as I came to raise money, it is of course a
disagreeable subject to me/'

On July 4, 1836, work on the canal was begun with a great celebra-
tion at Canalport on the Chicago Eiver. Before the close of Governor
Duncan's administration the entire line of canal was under contract
except 23 miles between Dresden and Marseilles. Financial difficulties
augmented by unwise extension of other internal improvements in the
State, also by the financial panic of 183T and the failure of the State
Iknk in 1842 delayed its completion till 1848. "Itself the cause of more
than one-third of the enormous debt that threatened to drive Illinois into
bankruptcy, the canal furnished the means of escape from impending
ruin. The canal played an important part as a commercial route l^efore
the use of railroad transportation. Its influence on economic develop
ment of the region was even more marked as attested in growth of popu-
lation, industry and commerce in that portion of the State from 1835
to 1855. It not only transformed a wilderness into a settled and pros-
perous community but it made Chicago the metropolis of the ^lississippi
T alley. For half a century the influence of the canal was felt as a trans-
portation route and as a freight reguhitor.'"^

"During the Civil War the canal was a s^reat factor in meeting the
transportation demands of that period. From 1860 to 1880 the records
sliow this canal not only handled a large tonnage but its revenues were
sufficient to more than pay its cost of construction and operating ex-
penses."-

In his message to the Tenth Annual Assembly of Illinois December
5th, 1836, Governor Duncan tells of his efforts to negotiate the loan in
the east for the Illinois and Michigan Canal. He took a loan of $100,000
at 5 per cent advance, but did not consider the terms favorable for a
larger loan. He calls attention to the act of Congress directing the
deposit wit,h the states 'of the surplus revenue of the United States and
suggests that this be placed in a fund for internal improvements. He
again urges the establishment of "a general and uniform system of in-
ternal improvement in the State," and again urges a general law pro-
viding that the State may take a certain amount of the capital stock in
all canals and railroads. He reports that contracts have been let for the
construction of several sections of the lUinois and Michigan Canal and
from these it appeared the cost would exceed the estimates, but adds,
"The work is of the highest importance both to this State and the United
States and no ordinary difficulty or expense, should for a moment deter
us from its vigorous prosecution."

In this message the Governor called attention to the educational
needs of the State in a passage already quoted in connection with his
school bill when State Senator in 1825.

Governor Duncan then takes up certain questions of vital national
interest, the chief of them being the "spoils" system of President Jack-

1 ininois and Michigan Canal by James AViUiam Putnam, Ph. D., University
of Chicago Press. 1918.

= Inland Waterways and Transportation Costs by Mortimer G. Barnes. Chief
Engineer, Division of Waterways, Department of Public Works and Buildings.
State of Illinois.

]55

son and what lie considered the dangerous assumption of power by the
National executive. On this ]Joint, he says :

"Under our liberal, free and happy form of government the people
possess all power, elect and cause all officers to be elected or appointed, and
as a matter of convenience alone it is made the duty of the President of the
United States, who is not the government, nor^ the "fountain of honor, and
who may do no wrong," to nominate, and by and with advice of the Senate
(which is made a check upon his appointing power) to appoint all public
officers. It is a principle of our declaration o-f rights, that all governments
should be instituted for the good of the governed, and for the public officers,
or the party who happens to be called by the people, to administer its affairs.
If these axioms be true, then the claim set up of late by a political party
in this country, that the appointment of public officers and patronage of the
government is given to the President of the United States for the purpose
of sustaining his authority and extending his power and influence, is unjust
and fallacious. To sanction the power of the President to remove men from
office for an independent expression of opinion, or an honorable opposition
to his measures, is a species of oppression and proscription wholly incom-
patible with the spirit of our government. When the public officer is ap-
pointed for his support of the party in power, he knows that his retention
in office does not depend so much upon his qualifications and fidelity, as on
the zeal and ability he displays at elections, in supporting his party. If the
President may thus fortify himself, who does not see the influence he can
exercise over the people, either to extend his own power, or to build up and
establish that of his favorite. Should this new principle obtain, and it be
acknowledged that the executive branch of the government is to exercise
such unlimited power over the destiny and liberties of the public officers,
and they become at once'a trained band, backed by all the influence of place
and the money of the country, to corrupt, manage, and plunder the people;
such principles are not more novel in our country than they are dangerous
to its liberties."

He objects to the principles involved in the President's protest
against the authority of Congress to question his official conduct.

He objects "to the chief executive putting himself in possession of
the public revenue so completely that a man by the name of Whitney,
a private individual bound by no bond or oath of office, and whose char-
acter would seem to disqualify him from holding any public trust, has
had the acknowledged direction of the whole public money for several
years, which amounts to near $40,000,000." The reference is to Eeuben
M. Whitney who in 1836 became agent for the deposit banks which re-
ceived the deposits removed from the United States Bank.

Keeping in mind the contrast between Jackson, the hero, and Jack-
son, the autocrat. Governor Duncan continued:

"It is immaterial whether the President in assuming this power was
actuated by a desire to break down the restraints that the Constitution im-
posed upon his authority, or by those high and patriotic principles which
influenced him to set at nought the law and Constitution in 1815 at New
Orleans when the safety of the country called for all his energies. The
question now to be settled is, whether this power does or does not belong
to the executive branch of our government."

The Governor objects further to the President's abuse of the power
of removal, due to the building up of the system of patronage which has
encouraged men "who make politics a trade for the purpose of managing
the voters at elections and procuring an office by which they may subsist
without work."

156

"Indeed such are the temptations that this patronage holds out to allure
our Industrious and virtuous citizens from their honest occupations that the
inordinate love of office is rapidly becoming one of the prominent vices of
our country. The long cherished principle that offices in a republic should
never be accepted unless freely given, and never declined when freely offered,
is only remembered as the phantom of an idle dream."

This power can also be used to "influence and dictate" the official
conduct of officers, thus putting into jeopardy "the life, liberty and prop-
erty of every citizen."

The Governor looked with alarm on the improper influence over the
freedom of the press by the appointment of so many public printers in
the states, and the appointment to other offices of "a long list of violent
party editors."

He calls attention to the President's frequent appointment of mem-
bers of Congress to high positions, thus directly reversing the position
he held before his election as chief executive.

In closing the Governor emphasizes his policy of placing the good of
the country above party:

"In presenting these subjects to your consideration, gentlemen, I have
discharged what I consider a solemn duty, and should the manner or the
substance be unpleasant to any individual, I shall regret it much, and can
only say that nothing is further from my wish or intention than to excite
any party feelings (which I consider the bane of our government), or to
wound the feelings of the most sensitive. They are grave and important
subjects, and however unpleasant the task, we myst meet them fearlessly
and frown them down, if we would not have them considered precedents
for the conduct of future administrations.

Now that this election is over, and all party strife, it is hoped, has
ceased, and a new administration is just coming into office, appears to be
the most auspicious moment for a calm investigation and safe decision of
these objects. They can only be decided by public sentiment expressed by
the Legislatures of the several states, and by the people in their primary
assemblies and upon that decision in my opinion, depends the fate and
future destiny of our Free Repuhlican Government.

In bringing these subjects before you I have been influenced by no
ambitious views. The principles are intended to apply without distinction.
Actuated by a sincere desire to sustain and perpetuate our free institutions,
I leave the subject with you, gentlemen, praying that patriotism, virtue and
harmony may guide your deliberations."^

In the House, that part of the Governor's message that related to
the general government was referred to a committee. The report, pre-
sented December 23, 1836, concurred with Governor Duncan in his
"broad and republican principles," but was convinced never-the-less that
the President had the right of removal. Hardin led in the defense of
the Governor, l)ut the report was adopted, 57 to 24.-

A few letters written to Mrs. Duncan, who remained in Jacksonville
during the winter of 1836-7, indicate that Governors, even in those days,

had their troubles.

December 7, 1836. Vandalia.

"I have had my message printed and will send you a copy but it is un-
certain when I will deliver it to the Legislature as they have not been able
to elect a President of the Senate. Davison and Hacher are tied.

"I want it understood by all the hands on the place when they have
nothing else to do that they are to cut down the underbrush in the grove

1 Senate Journal, Dec. 5, 183G.
= House Journal, 1836-7.

157

and pile it up. Mr. Linn and Dr. Blackman have gone to tlie State House
to attend an Internal Improvement meeting."

"I hope Mr. Barber will find time to set out trees all round the yard
this winter and in every place round and through the front lot also "

December 18, 1836. Vandalia.

"I would come for you if I could, now the snow is so fine for sleighing.
But I cannot leave here until the appropriation bill passes which will not be
much before 20th or 25th. * * * p^^y j^^^ |-^jj.g Linn] wants me to
tell Anna Maria [Caldwell] to bring some of the girls with her, for company,
as there are no young ladies in Vandalia."

January 22, 1837.

"I was truly disappointed that Judge Lockwood came in the stage last
night without St. Clair. * * * j ^^^^ sincerely regret that there is so
much difficulty in organizing the new church. I feel determined to go for-
ward. As to the numbers with which we begin it is less than no objection.
God has promised that where two or three are gathered together in His
Name, He will be in the midst of them. I have always thought there were
too many Christians influenced by fashion, so if we have but few and these
unpretending Christians to begin our church, we may feel our weakness and
thereby be taught humility. I assure you I would prefer organizing our
church with Mr. Gowdy as the only elder than with ten rich influential men
to fill such offices. For my part I like small beginnings.

February 16, 1837.

"Anna, Mrs. Hardin, and Lucy were to have gone in the stage but we
have had a violent snow storm and the stage driver says that they cannot
go, indeed I very much doubt if they get away from here before March.

If you get word of the blue grass seed being at Meridosia I want a team
sent for it immediately as it should be sowed as soon as possible. There is
some little hopes of the Legislature adjourning on the 6th of March, though
they have fixed no day and it is quite uncertain. This is my own opinion
only.

The next letter should be a sufficient refutation of the political
charges brought against him by some of his political opponents that he
planned the railroads so as to increase the value of his own land.

February 23, 1837. Vandalia.

"The Legislature is progressing better with their business and will prob-
ably adjourn by the 6th of IMarch. You want to know if I cannot hurry
them, certainly not, as they have generally made it a point to oppose all my
icislies and recommendations. They have passed a bill to construct several
railroads which will add greatly to the value of some of my property, but as
I think it was bad policy, I intend to vote against it today, in the council of
revision.

I suppose the girls are at home safely. Tell Lucy that Mr. has

been here twice. Anna's beau has not looked towards the house since she
left it, that I know of, but is still in Vandalia. You may tell them also that
I have slept quietly ever since they left. Not even a door shutting or a
loud laugh to interrupt me."

The Council of Eevision on February 25, 1837, returned the bill
entitled, "An Act to establish and maintain a general system of Internal
Improvements." To the objections of the other members of the Council,
Governor Duncan added "The under signed concur in returning the bill,
for the reasons given by Judges Brown and Lockwood and in addition
objects to the bill on the ground of expediency. He is of the opinion
that such works can only be made safely and economically in a free gov-
ernment by citizens and by independent corporations aided or authorized ,
by the government." The Internal Improvement bill became a law Feb-
ruary 27, 1837. In reviewing this period Ford writes, "It is a singular
fact, that all the foolish and ruinous measures which have ever passed an

158

Illinois Legislature, woukl have been vetoed by the Governor for the
time being, if he had possessed the power. The laws creating the Lite
banks and increasing their capital by making the State a stockholder
to a large amount and the Internal Improvement system, would have been
vetoed by Governor Duncan. In all these cases the veto power would
have been highly beneticial. The Democrats helped to make the banks,
but the Whigs controlled the most money which gave them the control
of the baiiks."'^

"Governor Duncan took a conservative attitude on the question of
Jnternal Improvements. He favored the construction of the Illinois
Canal but urged that other improvements be left to private initiative.
He joined with the Council of Eevision in their unsuccessful attempt to
prevent the adoption of the so-called "system" of 1837 and on the State
banking system took a similar position. He opposed the chartering of
the State Bank but was again overruled and his administration closed
in the shadow of a great financial depression which liegan with the panic
of 1S37.'"-

The Legislature adjourned March G, 1&3T, but the condition of the
country was such as to require a special session during the summer. The
tide of immigration had been flowing into the State by road, river and
canal, and had been overtaken by the panic which followed the fever of
reckless speculation.

A vivid contemporaneous description of the scenes in Chicago when
the speculative boom was rising to its height, was written by Harriet
Martineau, who visited Chicago in 183G and drove out as far as Joliet
to see the "prairies."' A negro, dressed in scarlet and mounted on a
white horse, announced the sales to the crowds in the streets. "The im-
mediate occasion of the bustle Avhich prevailed, the Aveek we were in
Chicago, was the sale of lots, to the value of two millions of dollars, along
the course of a projected canal." She was struck with wild land along
a canal not even marked out, selling for more than rich improved land
along the Erie canal in the Mohawk Valley. She calls the rage for
speculation a "prevalent mania" and said the bursting of the bubble must
come soon. She mentions one lot bought for $150 in the morning sell-
ing for $5,000 in the afternoon. She does not worry over the speculators,
but she is sorry for the young men and the simple settlers.^

The panic of 1837 caused the banks throughout the United States
to suspend specie payments and in May the banks in Illinois were in
difficulties. Governor Duncan called a special session of the Legislature
in July, 1837. From his point of view these disasters were to be attri-
buted to the evils resulting from the removal of the government funds
from the bank of the United States. In his niessage of July 10, 1837,
he contrasts the former prosperity of the country with the present "al-
most universal bankruptcy, in prostrating alike its business, its energies
and confidence." He traces the causes of the evils to find out the remedy
for them. "The inquiry, however, is important and useful, as the dis-
covery of the cause not unfrequently suggests the remedy."

^ Ford, History of Illinois, pagre 189.

2 Governors' Letter Books. 1840-18i53. Greene and Thompson. Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. VII. page XX.

' Printed in Fergus Historical Series, Chicago, No. 9. See pages 37-8.

159

"In the midst of the disasters whicii have already fallen on the com-
mercial world and which are still threatening us on all sides, a favorable
opportunity occurs to escape from the perils of that system of Internal Im-
provements adopted last winter, which to my apprehension, is so fraught
with evils, and for the reason assigned when I refused my assent to the
enactment passed in its favor, as well as from existing pecuniary troubles
and derangements, I now recommend its repeal. Let the present pernicious
system be rescinded, and in its stead adopt the safer, the more generous,
more economical, more expeditious, and in every respect the preferable plan
of encouraging private individuals and corporations by suitable aid from
the State."

"The Public Treasury must again be firmly placed in the custody of the
law, and all power and control over it by the Executive of the United States
must be repudiated, a violation of law to collect the revenue in one quarter
of the country in specie only, and in another to collect in bank paper. The
patronage of the Executive must be reduced, and his power to remove public
officers modified so as to prevent his displacing a faithful and competent
man, either to gratify party malice or to intimidate him in the free and
independent exercise of the elective franchise.

"Party spirit in its mildest form has ever been found an enemy to Lib-
erty and sound legislation but when it is the offspring of ambition and
avarice, directed by designing' bad men in high places, it begets a blind
devotion and infuriated zeal which shuts the door against all reason, justice
and patriotism. No power must be allowed to exist in this country superior
to that of the people, or that does not acknowledge the supreme and in-
flexible authority of the laws as the rule of action both for the President
and every other functionary of the government."'

The House by a vote of 52 to 31 and the Senate by 19 to 11 laid
on the table the bills for the repeal of the Internal Improvement Law.
"So here ends we hope forever the opposition to our noble system of im-
provements, the Govei'nor to the contrary. "-

By a vote of 42 to 24 the House passed resolutions disavowing the
"truth of the charges of Governor Duncan in his late message that the
present calamity in the moneyed concerns -of this country is the result
of the General Government upon its currency." Among the men who
sustained the Governor were Lincoln, Stuart and other prominent Whigs,

There is a relief in the midst of the general depression to find a
record that Governor Duncan was following his favorite hobby about
political appointments. He informs the House that they violated the
19 Section of the 2 Article of the Constitution by two appointments
to positions in the State of men who were members of the Legislature
and aVo increased their salary contrary .to law.^

This respect for the authority of the law runs all through his private
as well as his public papers — as we have seen in 1830 he wanted the man
who shot his brother in Louisiana "to have strict Justice done him and to
employ such council as will insure a fair trial."' In the ex'citing times
of the anti-slavery agitation Governor Duncan wanted the law respected
by both sides.

The Alton riots occurred in the fall of 1837, resulting in the death
of Elijah Parrish Lovejoy. The Governor was not called upon to exercise
his authority.

He writes to an abolitionist, Eev. Gideon Blackburn, on December
12, 1837:

1 Senate Journal, July 10, 1837.

-The State Register July 15. 1837.

= House Journal July 10, 1837, page 33.

160

"The outrage at Alton must be disapproved and regretted by all good
citizens, and nothing has happened within our peaceful State that has filled
me with so much regret as this event. The restless spirit of the people of
the United States, so frequently developed of late in mobs, has made a deep
Impression on my mind and is evidence that all is not right with us.

I hold that no power in this country is superior to the law, and that a
violation of it with impunity is impossible without giving a serious wound
to the liberties of the people and impairing the strength and value of our
free institutions; but little, however, you must know, is left to the executive
branch of this State ^government in such cases, as all offenders are to be
tried by the courts and juries of the country, which is the only safe tribunal
to entrust with such power. * * *_

While thus condemning mobs and all sorts of lawless violence, which I
do from the bottom of my soul, for I believe they are never necessary and
generally judge and execute their judgements improperly, to say nothing
of the violence done the law and the Constitution which is an attack on the
rights and liberties of every citizen and especially the poor and the weak
part of them, yet I must at the same time express my decided disapprobation
of any attempt while the public mind is in such a state of excitement, to
agitate the question of abolishing slavery in this country, for it can never
te broached without producing violence and discord, whether it be in a free
or slave state. I confess I am one of those who believe it will neither be
consistent with sound policy or humanity by a single effort to free all the
slaves in the Union, ignorant, vicious and degraded as they are known to be,
and then turn them loose upon the world without their possessing the least
qualification for civil government, or knowledge of the value of property,
or the use of liberty. * * *.

Mr. Lovejoy's death was caused by a lawless mob and whether he killed
the first man or not, they were aggressors and must stand condemned in the
eyes of every virtuous and peaceful citizen. I am bound in candor to say
that I disapprove of Lovejoy's determination to persist in the publication
of sentiments that had driven him from St. Louis and twice before had
caused the destruction of his own press in Alton; * * * i cannot, hoAv-
ever, from my knowledge of the man, for a moment doubt the purity of his*
motives.

You call Mr. Lovejoy a martyr. I consider no man entitled to the dis-
tinction of martyrdom who is the first to shed blood and who dies with
arms in his hands."

Later, Governor Duncan wrote a letter to the president of Illinois
College, on a report that abolition principles were being taught in that
institution :

"Believing that it is wrong, morally and politically, for any citizen or
public institution to teach or advocate doctrines or principles in this country
which can not be carried into practice peaceably without violating the Con-
stitution of the United States, or forcibly, without civil war, the risk of
disunion, and the destruction of our free and happy government, I can not,
with my present convictions of the course pursued by its faculty, consist-
ently hold any connection with this institution.'"

As the report was disproved this letter was not sent.

Governor Duncan disapproved of slavery as "a great moral and
political evil." Like many other Kentuckians in Illinois, Hardin,
Browning, Mather, etc.. he hoped a peaceful solution could be found to
end slavery. It was while Mr. Duncan was Governor that Abraham Lin-
coln, on March 3, 1837, just before the adjournment of the Legislature,
introduced into the lower house his famous protest, stating that "the
institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy" and

^ Julia Duncan Kirby, Biographical Sketch of Joseph Duncan, page 54.

ODUNCAN HOME, ELM GROVE, JACKSONVILLE, ILL.

161

;ontiiiuing: '*Tlie j^i'oniulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to
increase than abate its evils. '"^ The first of these declarations of the
young Lincoln is frequently quoted; the second is apt to be neglected.

Mr. Duncan did not run for Governor in 1838. Thomas Carlin
was elected.

On December 4th, 1838, on retiring from office. Governor Duncan
addressed the Legislature again on the Internal Improvement policy —
the same as before — recommending "the Illinois and Michigan Canal
fi? a national highway to be kept as free as the waters of the Mississippi
or the St. Lawrence;" admitting that many mistakes had been made,
as "in a country almost entirely destitute of skill and experience in
such works, was to have been expected," objecting to pul^lic officers being
used by politicians for purpose of influencing the elections, urging a
sound money system, and closing with :

"In taking leave of you, gentlemen, allow me to offer the assurance of
my sincere good wishes and friendly feeling for every one of you. The vio-
lence with which I have been assailed, by my political opponents, during
the whole time I have been in ofHce has caused no rankling in my bosom.
The plain manner in which I have felt it my duty to speak of what I sin-
cerely believed to be errors, and abuses, of the party now in power, I knew
well would bring their vengeance with all its force upon me, and had I loved
ease and office more than my duty, I should have chosen a different course.
But I owe too strong a debt of gratitude, to the people of Illinois and hold
the Constitution and freedom of our country, in too much esteem ever to
shrink from the discharge of my duty."

Thus ends his public career of fourteen years.

CHAPTER V.
Eetirement to Private Life. *

The Christmas of 1838 found Mr. Duncan at home in Jacksonville,
a private citizen after fourteen years of continuous public service. The
friendship and respect of his fellow citizens, a beautiful home which
was the centre of hospitality and which today maintains its dignity of
structure, a large and growing family of children, lands, farms and
cattle, all promised a future of quiet and ease.

Mrs. Duncan's reminiscences give a vivid picture of their early life
in Jacksonville whither she had gone in 1832, dressed "in white India
muslin dress and long sky blue sash," No wonder people asked "what
brought you so far from the city out into the wild country. I said,
^my husband, I followed him.' People were kind but they appeared very
rough in their home spun clothes but I learned to love and appreciate
them after living among them. Wherever I went they turned my trunk
inside out, tried on all my clothes and admired them generally. It was
funny and often annoying to have them cut patterns of every thing they
could, often ruining them past use.

uv * :;= jj^ ^.^,Q dsLjs we came into tov.'n and there being a small
hotel and court in session we slept in Murray Mc Conn el's office. The
next morning the office was filled with men before I got out of bed and
it was with difficulty I got a chance to dress. jSText move was Mrs.

^ Nicolay-Hay, Lincoln, Vol. I. page 140.
—11 H S

10-?

Matthew Stacey's garret where it was so low I could not stand up to
dress. I am only 4 feet 5 inches so you can imagine the height of the
ceiling. After that we removed to the country three miles east of town,
Mrs. James Kerr. We lived a good deal on peaches. Maria (the nurse)
used to drive for me and we took old Tom and the two boys and came
in for my husband every night while he built me a small frame house
one mile west of the square. It was completed in four weeks from the
day it was commenced. Three rooms and an entry. It was beautifully
situated. It was opposite the college which was only the south wing.

* * * 1830 was the winter of the deep snow. In the morning when
1 looked out of my cottage window it was above the sill. Mr. Duncan
Avas in Congress. His mother was with me. Eunice Conn was with me
that night and she cried, thinking she would be buried alive in the snow.

"The next fall I went to Washington with Mr. Duncan. James
was 2 years 7 months old. He died at Wheeling, Virginia and we buried
him on the hill in sight of the river. I was very ill at the time.

* * * \Yl^en I arrived in Washington they were all grieved that
James was not with us — none more so than Peggy who had his little
chair sitting in the window for him."

The summer of 1833 was spent in the east and on account of the
cholera in Washington Cit}^ they went to Mrs. Anne McLaughlin Myers,
Mr. Duncan's aunt in Greencastle, Pennsylvania, where their daughter
Mary Louisa, my mother, was born. The following summer they came
west, finding the cholera in Jacksonville. Mrs. Duncan writes:

"We entertained Mr. T. M. Post, nephew of my beloved pastor,
Eev. Eeuben Post, the same that united us in marriage, the same that
found me a girl very fond of dancing and gay society and that led me
to give it all up and be a Christian it being one of the requirements
of the Presbyterian Church. Though I felt sure in regard to simple
dancing, my father's views on that subject were correct, for in my child-
hoods home after we had our dance, at ten o'clock the piano was closed,
the servants called in, the family bible opened and although we used
Eouse's version of the Psalms, singing of the dolorous music, never
affected unpleasantly our dreams, after kissing our parents goodnight,
we retired refreshed in body and mind.

"Mr. Post came to us the day Mr. Duncan had a barn raising.
About twelve or fifteen men were to have their dinner. Mr. Duncan
constructed a table out of planks nailed to the trees back in the grov(;
and the men stood around it. .1 sat on a chair placed on a box to bring
me up on a level with the rest of them. Maria was a good cook and
gave them a good meal. Mr. Post enjoyed our little home after the long
journey from the east. He spoke of waking in the night and passing
his hands over the linen pillow cases and sheets and feeling as if he
was in heaven."

It is interesting to read Dr. Post's description of this same scene,
written in 1884 when he was a noted preacher in St. Louis. He had
intended to follow the profession of a lawyer and was tempted to settle
in Piichmond, Virginia, "attracted by its social culture, and advantageous
inducements offered me by Senator Elvers but through the influence and
representations of your father I was induced to determine I would visit
him in Illinois before permanently settling elsewhere. In view of this

163

fact I have ever regarded your father as one through whose influence
Providence has permanently touched the history of my life, turning its
course toward a new world and fixing its field in the then far west.

"In pursuance of this plan, in May, ISSS, I visited Jacksonville,
Illinois, then an extreme out-settlement toward the Northwest. In this
region I found your father at his home, not far from where the family
residence now stands, about one mile from the town, which was then a
crowded village of log cabins. His home, a small initial pioneer struc-
ture, quite shanty-like compared with those which afterward arose in
its place. It was the only attempt at a wooden frame dwelling I can
now recollect in that vicinity. I remember as I approached it I was
much struck with the contrast it presented to your mother's former
luxurious surroundings and delicate culture, and to your father's repu-
tation and reality of proprietorship of great wealth; and I saw I was
looking upon the beginning of a new world.

"I found your father and mother under the shade of large trees
in front of their house, surrounded by a company mainly of crude,
rough, stalwart men with manner, garb and speech of plain and quite
primitive type, with bronzed strongly marked, shrewd faces, the back-
woodsmen political leaders of the newly emerging commonwealth. It
was near the dinner hour and rough tables were set in the shadow of the
lofty trees. Then, as we gathered around them, I shall never forget
how your mother, a little delicate brave woman, solitary amid that
company of men, arose and as your father was not at that time a com-
municant of the church, offered thanks and asked the divine blessing
on our repast. The scene and the incident give us a glimpse of the life
of those times and are also characteristic of the Christian heroism of
your mother. I shall never forget it. It affected me peraianently in
various ways, besides impressing me ever with a high admiration for
her Christian principle and bravery."

Mr. and Mrs. Duncan returned to "Washington for the winter session
of Congress. Mrs. Duncan was ill during the summer of 1834. She
writes, "In the fall without any electioneering my husband being elected
Governor of Illinois we came west to remain.^ He brought me on a
spring bed in a close carriage, another carriage followed with my three
children, Cousin Anna Caldwell, an English wet nurse for Nannie, John
McClusky, an Irishman came as driver and remained with us 14 years
— a more faithful man never lived. We came to the cottage till the large
house was completed. James Finley we had got to superintend the
building. He changed the plans of the size of the windows and doors,
which I always regi"etted. We moved into the house in the summer of
1835.2

^ Mrs. Duncan's account of the return to Illinois malves no nipntion of the oft
repeated story of the meeting of Governor Reynolds and Governor Duncan. The
latter was returning to Illinois to be Governor and tlie former Governor was on
the way to take Duncan's seat in Congress. "Yes," said the old ranger, "and we
are changing horses politically, too. You are riding the Yankee mule and I am
going to keep astraddle of Old Hickory." Quoted in the Biographical Sketch of
Joseph Duncan by Julia Duncan Kirby, page 27.

- The grounds in front of the hou.se were given m'any years ago by Mrs. Dun-
can to the town of Jacksonville as a park. Recently, in 1920, the house was bought
by the Daughters of the American Revolution to be used as a club house and also
by the local Historical Society. It is doubtful if there are many other houses
left in Illinois of this early period and of as interesting architecture. It resembles
the old Duncan house in Paris, Kentucky, but is larger and the rooms in better
proportion, with a finely designed vestibule and hall. The outside of the house

- 164

"Daniel Webster made us a visit in 1837, My husband gave a bar-
becue in our grove in his honor. They roasted a steer whole. Webster
made a speech which was as eloquent as his always were, calling out
cheer after cheer, from his delighted audience."

Dr. T. JST. Post of St. Louis describes this occasion in a letter written
Dec. 23, 1884: ''* * * One evening of unique and memorable in-
terest I distinctly recall spent by myself and my wife with your father
and mother and Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Webster and their daughter, at
your father's house. Mr. Webster had changed somewhat since I had
seen him in Washington, in the pride of his strength in the great con-
stitutional battle of the Titans, wrestling with Callioun and those of
his school. Time, with its work and wear and worriment, was telling
somewhat on him, yet still his stalwart strength was on him, and per-
haps his manhood, as well as his ambition, was never greater. I shall
never forget his conversation with me on the ''Book of Job" that evening,
by your father's fireside, and he will ever continue as one of the grand
historic figures I met w^ith in those years in your father's home of
princely hospitalities."^

The hospitality of the house was unbounded; and Mrs. Duncan's
diary shows no surprise at relatives and friends "dropping in" for a visit
of several weeks though there are occasioned requests for Christian
patience and fortitude to cope with the difficulties of housekeeping. The
tradition of an old colored cook who said "Massa Joe, all this here house
needs to be an hotel, is the hanging out de sign," is verified by an entry
in the diary of 1841. "For the first time in 6 months we ate breakfast
and dinner alone. In the evening Mr. Norris the gentleman who is to
deliver the lecture on the orphan asylum, accompanied by Mr. Wilkinson
came to remain a week with us * * * both very agreeable gentle-
men," and a few days later — "Had the pleasure of 3 friends coming
unexpectedly to spend the day with me, had the meat of a bear for
dinner but cannot say that I would prefer it.

"January 14, 1841. Took a ride with my husband in the sleigh
with an unbroken colt and all the children," and a few days later,
"attended a maternal meeting with my four eldest children. Was
pleased with Mary and Ann Elizabeth answering so promptly their text
in relation to keeping the Sabbath day. * * * The dear children

has been altered by the addition of porches. The original clapboards of black wal-
nut have recently had the paint removed and are of a beautiful tone. All the
furniture and china that has come down in the family from this period are choice
and beautiful.

There is a small square mahogany piano, an unusual piece of furniture to
have in those days, and, with other articles shows a love of the fine arts. In this
connection it is of interest to mention a large mahogany French magnifying glass
with colored lithographs of Versailles, St. Cloud and curiously enough one of Kirk-
cudbright, Scotland (the home of JMrs. Duncan's father) a collection of eight
French lithographs by Grevedon : a large mahogany centre table and book case
with columns which tradition saj's were the work of a local cabinet maimer, cer-
tainly a good one : the glass in the small panes is primitive. Unfortunately all the
books were stored and lost.

There are beautiful pieces of furniture, silver and glass, belonging to Mrs.
Duncan's father and the bills of lading show they either went by ship from New
York to New Orleans and up the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers to Meredosia and
then by wagon to Jacksonville, or "avoiding the dangers of the seas" as one bill
states, came by canal, across the mountains and down the Ohio River.

With the exception of a short time when it was rented, the old house was occu-
pied by the family from the time it was built in 1833 until it was sold in 1920.
For many years it was the home of Judge and ^Nlrs. Edward P. Kirhy. Mrs. Kirby
died there in 1906. Seldom in the west does it happen that a person is bom,
marries and dies in the same house.

^Letter to Mrs. Julia D. Kirby, ciuoted, Biographical Sketch, page 69.

165

were asked if the}' would like to educate a Heathen child and call him
Edward Beecher they showed their spirit by holding up their right
hands.

"February 5, 1841. Snowing all day. * * * spent the even-
ing in reading the lives of General Jackson and Daniel Webster as com-
parisons are odious I will Tiot make any.

The next day "the sun shone brightly, rose at 6 o'clock."

"February 22, 1841. "Washington's birthday, felt a little better
and rode down town and saw a procession going to church a new society
by the name of the Washingtonians who appear to do a great deal of
good. My husband also appears much engaged about it. It was also his
birthday, being 48 years old."

"March 11. * * * In the evening prepared to go down to meet-
ing and found the horses cutting up and remained at home. I fear I
should not be able to give my body to be burned if it was necessary.
Lord enable me to search myself and see what manner of spirit I am."

"May 19, 1841. Took my usual ride of a mile on horseback.

"July 20. Great excitement in town concerning the robbery of
the Illinois Bank. Satan appears to be walking up and down on the
earth."

There were lectures by the abolitionists, meetings of the Coloniza-
tion Society and on March 29 — "attended a meeting to do something
for the education of females." This was the beginning of the Ladies
Educational Society which still is doing good work in enabling girls to
obtain an education and then repay the money advanced. Scattered
through the pages are little human touches, as when on March 15 she
writes, "Judge Eobbins the temperance agent staid with us the Sabbath
and Monday he related many interesting anecdotes in relation to it.
I still however feel a degree of foolish feeling in regard to it that if I
join it I shall then feel inclined to di'ink it when I never did," and
a few days later "an old countryman came in at tea time and was a
[illegible] on my pleasure as all vulgar people are. Lord forbid that
I should indulge improper pride."

Intermingled with the serious affairs of life is mention of calls,
teas and great neighborly kindness.

Mr. Duncan went east in 1840 and again in 1841 — and there are a
few letters of that period written to Mrs. Duncan in Jacksonville.

New York, June 3, 1840.

"You will hardly believe how anxious I am to leave this place — but I am
resolved not to leave here until my business is satisfactorily arranged and
from present appearances it may take all this month for I never found men
here so reluctant to do anything. * * * General Thornton went out in
the British Anna. It is nothing now to go to Europe. The vessels all go
out full of cabin passengers and return crowded to overflowing with all
kinds; thousands of emigrants are coming here from Europe every week.

Nc « 4:

Everything in this city is very dull. There is a dutch girl here, Fanny
Elssler, a dancer that is turning the brains (if that be possible), of all the
fashionable and the soap locTcs of this city. It is said she is no better than
she should be, yet she is worshipped here as a being from another world,
so much for taste and fashion.

Mr. Page the artist who painted my portrait three years ago thinks he
has improved since and as he does not like the likeness he has offered to

166

paint another for nothing so I am now sitting for it and may possibly bring
it home with me."

June 16, 1840.

"I forgot whether I had written you that I have had a splendid portrait
painted of me. It is said to be very fine."

A few of his letters home in 1841 are quoted:

Washington City, November 27, 1841.

"Nothing has occurred since my arrival worthy of note. I have however
called on the President and several of the heads of departments. Mr. Web-
ster enquired particularly for you. They all look unhappy indeed. I think
they have no great reason to bfe otherwise. I have done nothing with ray
business here and I begin to fear it will be out of my power to effect any
arrangements though I am very glad I came on as I shall have to provide
for defending the suit."

New York, 18th December, 1841.

"You see I am still here and for my life I cannot tell when I shall get
off. My patience is almost exhausted with the Dysons and if they do not
settle with me very soon I shall put my claim into the lawyers' hands. I am
also trying to arrange to get something for Janet and that has already been
and may still be a cause of detention.

I have not had time to visit but intend to see all of our friends the day
before I leave as It would be impossible to go out much to dine and that
is the only way to avoid it. * * *.

I have not bought you a thing yet, as I have collected no money and
unless I do It is going to be scarce times with me."

19th, Sunday night.

I went to hear Dr. Haux, the celebrated Episcopalian. There I met
Colonel and Mrs. Hamilton and also old Mrs. Hamilton, widow of Gen. Alex.
Hamilton, of the Revolution and went home with her and took dinner and
never was more delightfully entertained by any young lady, though she "s
now 84 years old. She is as active and her mind as clear as that of any lady
I have seen in the city. Indeed she is more animated and intelligent than
any I have seen. She is very much interested in several benevolent societies,
one of which she founded 40 years ago. She said to me with great anima-
tion, Sir, our accounts never get confused and our treasury is never empty
— I keep them myself."

Washington City, 7th January, 1842.

"I assure you that nothing shall detain me that I can avoid after my
suit is decided and I hope that may be done next week as the Supreme Court
meets on Monday next but it would be madness to leave before it is settled.
If the court tried this case soon after it sits as I hope it may, I shall start
home next week and if not, I shall have to wait their own time.

There is nothing going on here worth relating to you. I am staying
with your sister and spend my time as pleasantly as I could anywhere out
of my own home. I take but little part in politics as the Wliigs are split
into factions, on some questions about which sometimes one. and sometimes
both are wrong but I believe all will in the main come right. Therefore
I take no active part with either.

Finding that I have a large space left, I will fill it with an account of my
visits for want of something better to write about.

On the first of January I went with the crowd to pay my respects to the
President. It was a lovely day and I never saw so great a crowd at the
White House. There was nothing like it even in General Jackson's day.
Whether it was the President's popularity, the fine day or the facilities of
getting to the city by railroads that brought such a multitude together I
cannot tell. On the 3vd I went to the Buchanan levee and it was crowded
as well, a splendid affair. I have dined out by invitation only four times
and am to dine with the President today. Yesterday I dined with Mr. Gales
and met Mrs. Madison there. She looks exceedingly well and is now, as sh»
ever has been a very great favorite.

167

Mr. Webster has paid me no attention. I met his wife with liim in the
street. She made particular enquiries about you. I cannot suppose his neg-
lect is intentional for he is said to be very much depressed by the abuse
his old friends are giving him and I suppose he thinks I feel as every one
else acts towards him. 1 forgot that I dined also with W. T. Carroll, it was
given to Miss Taylor and was a splendid entertainment."

The charm of the old Jacksonville still lingers about its spacious
homes with the atmosphere of generous hospitality reminiscent of the
South, and along the elm-lined streets which remind one of a New Eng-
land town. For into the life of Jacksonville have gone these two ele-
ments. From Xew England came the Yale Band to found Illinois
College on "The Hill" — with Sturtevant, Turner, Kirby, Adams and
the others. From New England came also Dr. Hiram K. Jones, the pla-
tonic philosopher carrying on the Emerson-Alcott tradition.^ From Ken-
tucky came the Duncan's, Hardin's,- Clay's, Brown's, and a large group,
equally influential in contributing toward the chaxacter of the city in
which the features of New England and the South are so happily blended.

CHAPTER VI.

Last Political Campaign: Business Affairs.

In 1840 Governor Duncan took an active ^aart in the campaign
against VanBuren for re-election as President. His note book contains
material he gathered for speeches, a hand bill announcing one of the
meetings, and numerous newspaper clippings.
The hand bill reads :

"GOVERNOR DUNCAN, Will make a speech to the original supporters
of General Jackson, and all who may please to come and hear him in
CARROLLTON, ON MONDAY, OCTOBER 26,

HE WILL ENDEAVOR TO PROVE,

1st. — That the present administration does not now, and that it never
has, since 1830, acted upon the principles avowed by General Jackson and
his friends, previous to his election in 1828.

2d.— That Mr. VanBuren's policy has generally been anti-Republican,
has a tendency to the destruction of public liberty, and that his professions
of Democracy and love for the people, are false and hypocritical.

3d. — That Mr. VanBuren has, in violation of General Jackson's pledge,
increased the standing army — is seeking to establish a large standing army;
and that his late denial of having recommended the plan submitted by the
Secretary of War, for recruiting and keeping in the service of government
200,000 troops, under the pretext of organizing the militia, is a gross mis-
representation of facts, for the purpose of deceiving the people, and avoiding
responsibility.

As truth is the only object, and that can be best known by hearing both
sides, he invites any friend or supporter of Mr. VanBuren to answer his
speech, and to discuss those charges with him.

October 24, 1840.''

Governor Duncan criticised VanBuren for his opposition to the
War of 1812, for his opposition to the original Jackson policy of 1824-

^ Even as late as the nineties Dr. Jones continued giving his weekly Platonic
lectures. One of the writer's most impressive childhood recollections of her visits
to Jacksonville was attending tliese Saturday morning monologues. It remains
unsolved whether she was taken as a matter of course, or whether ihere was a hope
of her becoming interested in transcendental philosophy.

- Colonel John J. Hardin was one of the closest friends of Governor Duncan.
The Hardin papers have not been edited and may contain much of interest on the
early period of Illinois history.

168

1829, for his lack of true democracy, for his extravagance, for advocat-
ing what was considered a standing army, and for his abuse of patronage.
At Governor Duncan's speech in Springfield September 25th, 1840,
Stephen A. Douglas accepted the challenge to answer, the result being
a joint debate interesting as anticipating the joint debates between
Lincoln and Douglas.

In 1841 Governor Duncan went to Washington in connection with
his personal business.

There has been preserved a copy of a letter to the President, inter-
esting as giving his views on the political questions of the hour:

Washixgtox, 2Gth November, 1S41.

Dear Sir: It was my intention, had an opportunity offered, when I
called to see you yesterday evening, to have suggested verbally, what 1
am now [doing] upon reflection the better way, as your time must he mucli
occupied at present with your official duties. I shall offer no apology for
this letter, or for the suggestions I am about to make, as it is the duty of
every citizen to do everything in his power to secure the peace and pros-
perity of our country. My object then, sir, is to call your attention, (in
hopes you may notice it in the message you are about to submit to Con-
gress), the following proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United
States, viz:

1st. — To render the President of the United States ineligible for a re-
election to the same office.

2nd. — To limit the Executive control over the public moneys, until after
they may have been appointed by law.

3rd. — To restrict the President's power to remove all public officers (ex-
cept members of his Cabinet and diplomatic agents) to causes of incom-
petency, infidelity, or want of usefulness, the evidence of which, to be sub-
mitted to the Senate for their approval.

4th. — To prohibit members of Congress from accepting appointments
from the Executive.

The last twelve years of this country shows the great importance of
these amendments. With such guards thrown around our free institutions
we may reasonably hope that they would be perpetual. Without them,
should the administration ever again get into the hands of an ambitious
man at the head of a great organized party, we may expect again to witness
the same scenes of corruption, and the same violent action of the government
on our elections and on all the institutions of the country, which have so
recently agitated and convulsed every portion of it.

"The correction of these abuses was the great subject that occupied the
public mind in on/ late struggle, and in my opinion this limitation of
Executive power, is the first reform that the people expected this adminis-
tration to recommend and Congress to ca*rry out."

With great respect, your friend,

Joseph Dunca' .
To the President of the United States.

Mr. Duncan had for four years been attending to his private in-
terests, although, as has been shown, he took a keen interest in the
changing political conditions.

In 1842, he was again induced to run for Governor. He made his
campaign on his record in public life, in his speeches paying special
attention to a sane policy of internal improvements and banking. The
Mormon question was also an issue. His opponent Adam W. Snyder
died during the campaign and Thomas Ford became the rival and suc-
cessful candidate. Probably no better man could have been elected in
this crisis in the financial affairs of the State than Thomas Ford.

169

This was Governor Duncan's last political campaign. He was a
statesman of the frontier and pioneer days, the days of blazing trails
in government as in the western wilderness. There was soon to come
a time when the vision, daring and vigor of the pioneer was not so much
needed as the more systematic and business-like building up of the new
states, and this work, important but perhaps not so fascinating, was to
be done by other men.

This last campaign was clouded by the references to Mr. Duncan's
private business affairs — complicated by a lawsuit of the government
against the sureties of William Linn who had defaulted as receiver of
]Hiblic monies in Vandalia. • Mr. Linn had married Polly Ann Duncan,
Joseph Duncan's sister. Mr. Duncan was one of these sureties and
apparently took the burden of the suit on his shoulders.

Linn on February 13, 1835, was re-appointed receiver of public
moneys at the land office of the district of Vandalia for the term of four
years from January 12, 1835, it becoming publicly known later that
his record at the time had not been clear. Over a year later, on April
1, 1836, Joseph Duncan, with eight others, became his sureties, a new
bond being apparently signed August 1, 1836, Linn appears to have
used the money in his hands for land speculation and became a defaulter.
The government made a demand for an accounting November 23, 1837,
and again April 2, 1838. Suit was brought in the Circuit Court of the
United States for the district of Illinois against Linn and his sureties.
There were several technical points introduced, one of these the fact that
the first instrument was not properly sealed, and another that the in-
strument was executed over a year after Linn had been in charge of the
monies. Logan & Brown are mentioned as the attorneys for Joseph
Duncan. The case was carried up to the United States Supreme Court
in the January term of 1841 and the January term of 1843. The
Supreme Court by a divided opinion reversed the decision of the lower
court which had favored the defendants. Joseph Duncan appears to
have been the only one of the nine sureties who was solvent and the
government proceeded to collect the whole debt from him.

"Thousands of acres of the best and most carefully selected lands In
Illinois were sold at ten cents an acre; some of the handsomest residence
properties in Jacksonville at three and four dollars a lot and nearly forty
acres comprising Duncan's Addition to Chicago, now in the heart of the
city, were sold from five to seven dollars a lot."^

As a result of the. ruthless and unbusiness-like method by which the"
execution was carried out all of Governor Duncan's fortune and part of
his wife's was swept away. The amount realized was less than half the
amount of the judgment. Had it been handled differently the judgment
could have been paid in full and something saved for other creditors and
for the family.

In an endeavor to clear up this complicated case I have recently
consulted Mr. Stuart Brown, of Springfield, Illinois, as to the records
of this case and at his suggestion include the correspondence between
Mr. Duncan and Solicitor of the Treasury in which the former states
his case in a straightforward manner and the reply of the Solicitor

^ Julia Duncan Kirby: Biographical Sketch of Joseph Duncan, page 64.

170

indicates his appreciation of the strength of the chaini l)iit that liis ollice
has no legal authority to take action.

Four law suits were brought in the District Court and two in the
Supreme Court of the United States. The records of the District Court
of the United States of Illinois, when the District of Illinois was sepa-
rated into two districts, called the Xorthem and the Southern Districts
of Illinois, were removed to Chicago in 1855 and were destroyed by the
Chicago Fire in 1871. Because of this loss of the files and records an
accurate statement of all the points in controversy cannot now be made.

It appears from the Eecords of the United States Supreme Court
that in the first case there was a division- of opinion on the question
whether an instrument not a bond was yet a binding contract at Common
Law.^ The second case was brought in the Circuit Court of the United
States for the District of Illinois upon a declaration in three counts.
Joseph Duncan and others plead Non est factum to the first count.
Joseph Duncan filed a special plea to the second and third counts. To
this plea the Government filed a special demurrer and the court gave
judgment for Duncan on the demurrer. The first count went to the
jur}'- and on instructions by Court there was a verdict for the defendants
upon the issues of fact.

The United States then took the case to the Supreme Court of the
United States on Writ of Eri^or, which court reversed the case and sent
it back to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District for
Illinois for further proceedings.^'-

It must be assumed that in such "further proceedings"' the Govern-
ment obtained judgements against all the sureties. It is regrettable that
the destruction of the records in the Chicago Fire prevents us from
analyzing the proceedings or finding out who were the judges and the
lawyers acting.

It is thought advisable to reprint the correspondence of Mr. Duncan
with the Solicitor of the Treasury. This was printed in the Alton Tele-
graph and Democratic Eeview, Alton, 111., Saturda}^, June 11, 1842.
Charles B. Penrose, Esq.

Solicitor of the Treasury:
Sir: You are apprised that three judgments were obtained against A.
M. Jenkins. J. Griggs, C. Will, J. M. Duncan, Wm. L. D. Ewing, R. J. Hamil-
ton, M. Duncan, J. Whitlock. L. F. Watwood, John Echols, J. Allen. H. Foster,
John Fleming, J. Long, S. Alphin, B. W. Brooks, Wm. M'Connel, A. P. Field,
J. Linder, L. Lee, J. Hall, A. Lee. D. B. Watterman, Wm. C. Greenup, and
myself, at the June Term, 1841, of the District Court of the United States,
for the State of Illinois, for several sums, amounting to $28,597.20, as securi-
ties, on part, or on all, the official Bonds of Wm. Linn, late Receiver of
Public Moneys at Vandalia, in said State.

The Marshal has now an Execution in his hands against us. and will
be compelled, of course, to make the money out of our property, which must
prove ruinous, if carried out with all the rigors of the law, to several of our
most valued citizens. Under these circumstances, I have voluntarily come
to Washington, for the purpose, if possible, of making some arrangement
for the payment of this large and most unjust claim, by which that ruin
may be obviated which usually follows the sale of property under execution,
for cash; and especially in such times as these.

' 15 Peters page 29 0.
= 1 Howard page 104.

171

I propose, therefore, to pay the above debt in real estate, to be valued
under oath, by two persons chosen by the United States and one by the
securities; by which arrangement the whole claim will be secured to the
Government, and as they can afford to wait for some time, the whole would
be realized. Thus relieving the securities from debts which can not be paid
otherwise; and which, being a lien upon their property, must, to a great
extent, paralyze their energies, and usefulness as citizens, so long as those
judgments hang over them.

I have said that it is an unjust debt; and believing it to be so, I should
not hesitate to appeal to a just Executive, if it were in his power, to relieve
us from its payment; but, as that is impossible, I confidently anticipate the
most favorable arrangement that can be made, consistent with law and
justice. All these transactions, except the judgments and executions, trans-
pired under the VanBuren administration; and I shall refer to them as
briefly as possible, for the purpose of showing that this debt is unjust, and
such as a virtuous people, could it be submitted to them, would never allow
to be collected and put into the public Treasury.

You are aware of the requirements of the laws of Congress, that deposits
shall be made every three months, whether the sum in the hands of a
Receiver be large or small; and that the Treasury regulations are explicit
and positive, that, whenever the sums received shall amount to Ten Thou-
sand Dollars, the Receiver shall forthwith make a deposit of it.

Relying upon the Executive to see that these laws were faithfully ex-
ecuted, as he was sworn to do, I felt confident, and so must all concerned
have felt, that the risk could not be very great, in signing his first bond:
much less could any of us have anticipated that the Receiver would have
been appointed a second and third times, and we again and again induced
to sign his bonds, when he was known to the Executive, as they now say,
to have been a defaulter all the time. Who could possibly have supposed
that the chief officer of Government, having so high a trust, could be either
so careless or corrupt as to have retained him in office, without warning
his securities that they were holden, under his previous bonds, for a defal-
cation. None of his securities were so warned; his default was studiously
concealed from us all, except from one gentleman, a prominent supporter
of the party, who had been security on the two first bonds, who may have
had notice, as he did not renew his security on the third, or the collateral
bond; and that he was thus warned and protected by Executive favor, is
strongly to be inferred, from the fact that he has not been sued on the two
bonds that he did sign.

It will be seen, from the Records of the Treasury Department, that Linn
was first appointed a Receiver on the 11th of June, 1830. He was reappointed
on the 2d of May, 1831. At this time he is found to have been a defaulter,
on the trial of the suit, in the small sum of $621.99. As it is possible his
accounts may not have been adjusted at this time, I am not disposed to
attach any importance to it. But he was .again appointed in 1835, for which
no excuse can be given; as Mr. Woodbury and the President both knew that
he was a large defaulter at the time; which they studiously concealed from
the public, thereby bringing this ruin upon his unsuspecting securities. At
the date of this appointment, it will be seen from the correspondence, that
Linn was a large defaulter. He was then considered a man of substance;
and, if his securities had been notified of his default, they would not only
have compelled him to pay up, but would have declined signing the bond
then taken, on which the United States have recovered a judgment for the
full amount, say $20,000.^

On the 20th October, 1834, (Doc. No. 297, 2d session 25th Congress) Mr.
Woodbury writes to Mr. Linn:

1 ''There were not wantinR- those that said that his (Linn's) reappointment
under such circumstances was a scheme of the Jackson men to break down Dun-
can, who they knew would remain surety on the bond of his brother-m-law. inat
such was the hope and expectation of the Democratic leaders in Washington was
once admitted to the writer by the Hon. Murray McConnell." — Mrs. Kirby s Bio-
graphical Skstch of Joseph Duncan, page 63-4.

172

"Observing from your monthly return of the 30th September, 1834, that
notwithstanding the positive injunction contained in a letter from the De-
partment, dated 23d June last, (of which a copy is here enclosed) the public
moneys have been permitted to accumulate in your hands, in violation of
law, and the instructions of the Department; and that it amounted, on the
30th ultimo, to the sum of $10,936.39."

Under date of the 4th December, 1834, (same Doc, page 37), Mr. Wood-
bury again writes to Mr. Linn:

"Sir, allow me to inquire why it is, that your letter, of the 16th ultimo,
is entirely silent as to your neglect to comply with the positive instructions
in a letter from the Department, dated 23d June last; and that you still
neglect to pay over the public moneys in your hands."

Thus he stood a public defaulter for a large sum, when Mr. VanBuren
reappointed him in 1835, as will be seen by reference to the same Document,
page 41. Mr. Woodbury writes, under date of 12th February, 1835 — "To
William Linn:

"Sir, although it has pleased the President, under the explanation given,
notwithstanding your past neglect in some cases, to deposit the public moneys
as required by law and the instructions of the Department, to renominate
you for the office of Receiver of Public Moneys at Vandalia, Illinois, and your
nomination has been confirmed, yet it is not to be inferred from this evi-
dence of his regard, that any farther omission in this respect can be over-
looked."

From the above it will be seen that Linn's default was known and
connived at by the Government; and I leave you to judge of the motive for
concealing the fact from the Senate, when he was renominated for its ap-
proval, and of the measure of justice to his securities, who had no means
of knowing that he had been using the public money from the first, in vio-
lation of law% with the full knowledge of the President, as is shown conclu-
sively by Mr. Woodbury's correspondence above referred to. I call your
attention also to the fact, that Mr. Woodbury's letter of the 12th February,
1835, disguises' the truth, when he says, "Your past neglect, in some cases,
to deposit;" when the whole correspondence, and result of the suits, show
him to have been a continued defaulter from the beginning; and if all the
correspondence be examined, it will show that he did not only neglect or
refuse to deposit the money in his hands up to the time referred to, but con-
tinued to withhold them up to the time of his resignation in 1838.

What would a faithful and honest Executive have done in such a case?
You will doubtless answer — He would have promptly dismissed the officer,
and given immediate notice to his securities. Was there any honorable
reason why this was not done? I venture to say, the President himself will
not venture to offer one. No, it is impossible that any one can suppose
that he was kept in office for the public good, or that he was not retained
to be used, and made a scape-goat of, by the Government party. If you
should doubt this, I refer you to a letter from Wm. J. Brown, one of the
traveling political agents of the late Administration. [See same Document
No. 279, page 199.] He writes to Hay ward of Linn thus:

"The general character of the Receiver, so far as I could learn, was that
of a gentleman of honor and probity. In the transactions of his official
business as a public officer, he seems to be polite and accomodating. Of his
fidelity to the Government I have no doubt."

That this meant "fidelity" to the party, who can doubt? Y^Tien it is seen
that Linn could not even then, wuth every aid, show the amount of public
money he acknowledged to be in his hands, and that a very large portion
of the money for which Linn's securities are now held responsible, was
expended in supporting the Executive party, there can be no doubt. I have
recently ascertained, to a certainty, that large sums of money w^ere advanced
by him to support the VanBuren party; and that, in addition to consider-
alDle sums actually given by him to import into Illinois two Editors and
presses, he advanced to one of them, (who was taken from this city) the
Editor of the State Register, the sum of $1,200,, which he has never since

173

been able to recover, although he is still the PRINCIPAL VanBuren EDITOR
in the State.

From these and other facts, I am perfectly satisfied that this large de-
fault was mainly owing to the exactions of an unprincipled band of political
gamblers, who, knowing his good nature and pliant disposition, and being
apprised of his default and consequent servile dependence upon the Ex-
ecutive, did not hesitate to tax him freely to support the party; especially
as there was a prospect of saddling his whole default upon their political
opponents.

The Secretary's correspondence and the records, show that Linn con-
tinued to be a defaulter, after the third bond was given; and instead of dis-
missing him and warning [his sureties, he resorted to the] dishonorable and
unjust expedient of requiring him to give a collateral, or as Mr. Woodbury
calls it, a strengthening bond, in the penalty of $100,000; a sum large enough
to save them any further trouble of looking after his accounts; and from
this time he appears to have been allowed full latitude to use the public
money as he pleased, which he no doubt did to the entire satisfaction of the
Government party, as his previous default had called forth such regards for
him by the President as are contained in Mr. Woodbury's letter, notifying
him of his third appointment in 1835. Under this and the third bond, his
default pose in about three years to a sum over $50,000; and if he had not
then voluntarily resigned, there is no doubt it would have been permitted
to increase to $100,000, the full penalty of the bond. His resignation took
place in 1838; and I solemnly aver, that I never kneiv or heard of ?iis default
until after that time, nor do I believe that any of his securities ever did,
unless the individual heretofore alluded to may have received warning, as I
have reason to suppose he did. My residence is ninety miles from Vandalia;
and I could only judge of Linn's solvency by public report and external
appearances, which were all very much in his favor, — The public, and that
portion of the securities residing at Vandalia, were equally deceived as to his
integrity as a public officer, by the extravagant encomiums passed upon his
punctuality and lofiicial conduct by General Spicer, and W. J. Brown, two
government agents sent there under pretext, as I now believe, to examine
his accounts, when the real object was to ascertain, whether there was any
doubt of his fidelity to the party; and if he was found to be true, his default
was to be concealed, by praising his official conduct, as they did publicly
in the village.

Now, sir, I beg leave to assure you, that I am not disposed to ask or
receive any favor from this or any Administration, that is not wa.rranted
by law and strict regard to the public interest. I am here without consul-
tation with my co-securities. Knowing the situation of most of them, I came
with as anxious a desire to shield them from ruin, as to relieve myself from
debt and suspense; and although I may ever regret to see money so unjustly
obtained put into the Treasury of the nation, I do not, and I am sure they
would not, wish to evade the payment of one cent, that We are legally bound
for. My only request now is, after having been prosecuted by the VanBuren
Administration for two or three years, with the expense and vexation of
defending four law suits in the District Court, and two in the Supreme
Court, of the United States, that I may be allowed to pay the debt without
ruinous sacrifice of our property in times like the present.

Your obedient servant,

Joseph Duncax.

Washington City, 1st Dec, 1841.

New York, 11 Dec, 1841.

Dear Sir: Not having received an answer to my letter, bearing date
about the last of last month, I beg leave to call your attention to my proposal
for paying the judgments against myself and other securities of the late
Receiver of public moneys at Vandalia, Illinois. Since the date of that letter,
I have received satisfactorv information THAT MR. WOODBURY WROTE
A CONFIDENTIAL LETTER TO THE HON. LEWIS F. LINN, ONE OF
THE SECURITIES OF WM. LINN, informing him. that said Wm. Linn was
a defaulter to Government for a large amount. This confidential letter was

174

inclosed to Wm. Linn by Dr. Linn, just before his third appointment; at
which time he urged him strongly, by a letter from himself, to pay over the
Government money in his hands. These facts establish beyond a doubt that
Mr. Woodbury did not only connive at Linn's default, but that he used secret
and dishonorable means to relieve his partisans and to entrap and if possible
sacrifice his political opponents. No one can now doubt, that Dr. Linn, the
near relation and intimate friend of the Receiver, would have signed his
third bond for $20,000, and his strengthening bond taken soon after for
$100,000. but for the secret warning thus given him by the Secretary of the
Treasury. I learn by a letter from home, that the Marshal has again been
at my house to levy on more property to satisfy these executions, as what
I gave up in the first instance falls very far short of satisfying them. I also
learn that he has received instructions from the Government to select a per-
son to purchase the property of Linn's securities in, for the Government, at
two-thirds of its value. Although I frankly confess, so far as I am indi-
vidually concerned, that I should even prefer this sacrifice of my property,
rather than to have every thing I own incumbered by judgments, which
prevent the disposal of any portion of it to satisfy just demands against me,
yet I am unable to perceive the justice or the propriety of the Government's
claiming such an advantage of individuals who have evidently been circum-
vented by the oflScial misconduct of unworthy and designing public officers.

I should despise myself, if I could, under any circumstances, be tempted
to solicit or receive a favor at your hands, or from any other officer of Gov-
ernment:- and I could not fail to condemn any public officer, who would,
from feelings of friendship or from party relations, swerve from an inde-
pendent, honorable and just discharge of his official duties. With these
views, I submit with confidence to your sense of right and wrong, and of
justice to all the parties (under the circumstances) whether the Government
should not protect those securities from sacrifice by buying in their property
at a fair cash valuation; which at present, when every kind of property
is depreciated so much, must (under our law which requires the appraise-
ment to be made on oath with reference to its cash value) cause great
sacrifice of property, even if it should sell for its full appraisement.

In conclusion, I would beg leave to inquire whether justice to the other
securities, does not require, that suits should now be instituted, or other
means resorted to, to compel the Hon. Lewis F. Linn and the Hon. Charles
Dunn, who were securities on Linn's two first bonds, to pay their portions
of the judgments obtained on those bonds. Mr. Dunn is a United States
Judge in Wisconsin, and Dr. Linn, you know, is Senator from Missouri.
Hoping to hear from you soon, and to have this business brought to a
speedy close.

I remain your obedient servant,

Joseph Duxcax.

To the Solicitor of the Treasury.

21st Dec, 1841.
Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury.

Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the first, and
eleventh instant, on the same subject; and to say that I regret that the de-
mands upon my time of more pressing official business have delayed the
consideration of the proposition submitted by you, which its nature and
Importance demanded, and a reply to it.

You propose on behalf of yourself and others, sureties of William Linn,
late Receiver of public moneys at Vandalia, in Illinois, against whom judg-
ment was rendered at June term of the District Court of the United States,
on the official bonds of Mr. Linn, for several sums amounting to $28,597,21,
"to pay the above debt in real estate to be valued under oath by two persons
chosen by the United States, and one by the sureties."

The ground upon which you urge this proposition is, that "the laws of
Congress" require "that deposits shall be made every three months, whether
the sum in the hands of a Receiver be large or small ; and that the Treasury
regulations are explicit and positive, that whenever the sums received shall
amount to ten thousand dollars, the Receiver shall forthwith make a deposit

175

of it;" and that these laws and regulations were disregarded by Mr. Linn,
who was a defaulter at each successive period of his re-appointment. And
you allege that this fact was well known to the President of the United
States, Mr. VanBuren, and the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Woobury, who,
as you say, "studiously concealed it from the public," and from all the sure-
ties "except one gentleman, a prominent supporter of the party," who you
say was secretly informed by the Secretary that Mr. Linn was a defaulter,
and that in consequence of it he did not become his surety on his last bond.

You declare that this conduct of these high officers was a fraud upon the
sureties; and that the default of Linn "was connived at by the Government,"
because he freely applied large sums of money to import into Illinois two
Editors and presses, and to support the VanBuren party. And all this and
the evidence to which you refer in support of it is presented as a ground
for the just interposition of this office, so far to protect those sureties, as to
permit the payment of the judgments obtained against them in lands at a
fair valuation.

However reprehensible may' have been the conduct of the officers re-
ferred to by you, you will readily perceive that if it did not constitute a
defense to the bonds in favor of the sureties — and that I take to be the
settled law in such cases — it cannot be made the ground of action by this
office, or by the Executive government, in any way not warrented by law.
However it might form a strong inducement to treat with lenity within the
competency of the Government those unfortunate sureties, who have been
made to suffer by the concealment complained of, there is no power here to
relieve them. Congress, in my apprehension, alone possess this power.

What can be done to make the payment of the judgment recovered as
easy to them as possible, and which may be compatible with my duty, I
shall be prepared to do. But you well remark, that, however it may comport
with the just policy of a benevolent government such as ours, to avoid as far
as practicable, harshness towards those who, as sureties, have become liable
to pay a debt, the power in regard to the collection of debts, is vested, and
regulated by law, which only admits of the exercise of this spirit within
prescribed limits. Indeed, I do not understand you as asking that anything
should be done not strictly warranted by law, but on the contrary, you very
properly disclaim any intention to do so; and I should not have made any
remarks on this point; but from the fact that the case you present IS CER-
TAINLY A STRONG ONE FOR RELIEF. AND I CONSIDER IT DUE TO
YOU TO SAY, THAT IT IS ONLY BECAUSE NO AUTHORITY. IN MY
JUDGMENT, IS GIVEN TO THE OFFICE TO ACCEPT YOUR PROPOSI-
TION, THAT I AM CONSTRAINED TO SAY I CANNOT ACCEDE TO IT.
I am not authorized to permit real estate to be taken upon any terms in
satisfaction of a debt, with the collection of which this oifice is charged.
Power is given by express enactment to the Solicitor, to appoint an agent
to purchase for the United States, lands of its debtors, sold under execution
in their favor. The express and specific power so given excludes the idea
of any other power to be inferred from the general duties enjoined upon the
office.

You are misinformed in regard to the appointment of an agent to pur-
chase in the lands of Mr. Linn for the United States — The Marshal has re-
ported the name, as he is required to do by the general instructions of this
office, of a suitable person to be appointed; but he at the same time informed
me that he waited for a report of the District Attorney as to the titles.
I have instructed him not to proceed with the sale until I have this report.
When it comes in, the appointment of an agent will be made. The law of
your State requires that lands sold on execution shall sell for two-thirds
of their appraised value; and it has been the practice of this office to in-
struct agents to purchase only when lands sold, sell for less than that. Your
information, no doubt, is in consequence of this practice. My letter of in-
structions to your Marshall was written a few days since.

. Very respectfully,

Chas. B. Penrose,

Joseph Duncan, Esq. Solicitor of the Treasury.

The Linn ufl'air is referred to by Mrs. Duncan in her diary. On liie
19th of March, 18J:1, Mrs. Duncan writes * * * "felt somewhat
depressed from hearing of some persons taking advantage of my husband
and they professing Christians. My pride wounded in regard to some
tilings. The case has gone against Mr. Linn and I presume my dear hus-
band will have to pay for it. He feels now as if every cent would go. I
trust we shall be able to keep our home but if God sees best to take
that from us I trust we shall be enabled to say thy will be done. I have
been trying for some time to be enabled to be passive in the hands of
God but oh how difficult." * * * There is frequent mention in her
diary at this time of Mr. Duncan being absent in Springfield, going back
and forth by stage.

The shadow of the anxiety of this affair is seen in the few remaining
letters of Mr. Duncan. They are mostly concerned Avith business and
trying to clear his property. In the last letter, written on the way to
Washington, he emphasizes that his children must never, never go security
for any one, and longs to be free. "If it takes all I possess"' and then
with fine courage the man of forty-nine is ready to begin over again and
says, "L can easily provide a living."

On a trip to Washington a few months before his death Mr. Duncan
writes home the following characteristic letter:

Steamboat Ohio Mail, 7th September, 1843.

"We are in hopes to reach Wheeling tomorrow evening though the river
is very low. My time is spent in reading and sleeping.

I forgot to leave any money to pay the men 25 cents for bringing in the
cattle from the springs. I hope they were paid. About the loth of this
month I expect a man to have 4 mule colts for me. Tell King to turn then
with the other colts in some place where they can get plenty of water and
plenty to eat. * * *.

We are now within a half days journey of Wheeling and the river is
rising so I hope to have plenty of water on my return. If we get off in the
morning, I hope and nothing happens I expect to be in Washington City
on the 10th inst., and I sincerely hope to see you again within this month
and to bring the glad tidings of having settled with the government and
thrown off one of the greatest burdens that has been borne. Even if it
takes all I possess to get rid of it. it will be a blessing. I shall at least be
free and when so I can easily provide a living. I pray if I never see my
children again that you will inculcate it upon them, as never to be forgotten,
never to go any ones security. It has bound me in fetters for the last four
or five years which have caused evils and losses that I can see, but which
no one else would believe, if I were to tell them. Tell them that I never
have gone security in my life, for great or small sums, without having had
reason to repent of it and for them, never, never, under any consideration.
Poverty is not to be dreaded, but the slavery of a debtor is abhorrent, and
should be guarded against with as much care as they would preserve virtue
and honor, for it drags them but too often in its drains.

I hope King will see that my hogs are properly fed and all kept in the
proper place. I hope to make them pay off Wm. Brown's claim so as to free
the Morgan House but if not he will be able to collect his pay or I can raise
the balance somehow and when he, Wightman and Hughes are paid, you
and our dear children will have enough secured to support you and educate
them, a thing I have greatly at heart, as I should not die happy if I were
to neglect to apply the funds left by your father for that purpose."

The Linn case was a severe blow to Governor Duncan and clouded
the later years of his life up to his death in -184:4. Hon. Wm. Thomas
was appointed administrator of the estate and did his best to effect a

]77

compromise but without result. Mrs. DuiicaJi did not claim her third
of her husband's estate and would have been reduced to complete poverty
if it had not been for the trust fund left her by her father, which was
not to be divided till her youngest child w^as of age. For this trust fund
Mr. Duncan had set aside land in her name, of which Dr. Stnrtevant
was trustee. She was forced, from time to time, to get an order of
court, to sell pieces of land to maintain the family and. educate the cliil-
dren. My mother told of Colonel Hardin coming to the house on horse-
back "one day, and protesting that General Duncan's children must be
educated. The family kept the old home but the life for many years
was reduced to the barest necessities. Mrs. Duncan, however, strove to
give the children what opportunities she could. When Jenny Lind sang
in St. Louis, Mrs. Duncan sold a cow so that her danghter Marv could
hear the great singer, paying $35 for a seat. The incident illustrates the
spirit with which she rose above her misfortunes.

Mrs. Duncan survived her husband many years, dying at the home
of her daughter, Mrs. Julia Duncan Ivirby, in Jacksonville, May 23,
1876. I remember her as a delicate, kindly little lady, always dressed
in black silk and lace, and always expecting to be waited on.

CHAPTER YII.
Deatii January 15, 1844.

Governor Duncan returned to Jacksonville late in the fall of 1843
and died January 15, 1844, after a few days illness. Surrounded by his
wife and seven children,^ with his mind clear to the last, fearlessly he
met death, leaving among other messages the following:

"My Friend: Let me beseech you to drop everything until you have
made your peace with God. There is nothing in the wealth, in the pleasures
or honors of the world, to compare with the love of the Saviour shed abroad
in the human heart."-

Mrs. Duncan's diary has an unusual account of his last journey and
siil)spquent illness.

Christmas (1843) was a day not to be forgotten. * * * h^ ga,id in
the morning before he arose, I must go to St. Louis today. I expostulated
with him and remarked Mr. Duncan you are not well enough. Oh yes I am.
As he had been obliged from cold to stay from Church the day before and
the weather so unpleasant, I could not bear the thought. * * * he feared
the river being closed so after breakfast he sat off in the stage. * * *.

He returned 2nd of January with a heavy cold — a few days later he com-
plained of "taking my Death Chill" — I tried to persuade him to retire. No
he would take the old Kentucky plan of lying down in front of the fire and
he lay there till 6 o'clock. [When the doctor was finally sent for] Mr. Dun-
can said, "Dr. I am afraid I shall be like some man who never was sick but
once in his life and then died."

^ Of Governor Duncan's ten children onlv three readier] maturity: INfar-.-
L.ouisa Duncan, wife of Charles E. Putnam of Davenport, Iowa ; .lulia Smith Dun-
can, wife of Hon. Edward P. Kirby of .lacksonviUe. Illinois; and .loseph Duncan
of Chicago, Illinois. His only grandchildren were the eleven children of Mr. and
Mrs. Putnam. Of these five are now living: Henry St. Clair Putnam, New York
City ; George Rockwell Putnam, Washington, D. C. ; Elizabeth Duncan Putnam,
Davenport, Iowa; Edward Kirby Putnam, Davenport, Iowa; and Benjamin Risley
Putnam, E.xeter, California. There are .six great-grand-children. His eldest grand-
son, Joseph Duncan Putnam was a noted entomologist and influential in the build-
ing up of the Davenport Academy of Sciences. He died December 10, 1S81.

=* Funeral discourse delivered by President Julian M. Sturtevant, January, 1844.

—12 H S

178

On 15th January * •= * the last remedy was used to no purpose [he
had been bled a quart of blood). * * * "Dr. Pierson," said he, "I die
at peace with all the world. I wish to have the sacrament administered to
me. I wish to commune with your Church. I bear malice to no one. Don't
leave me Dr. till I die." To Dr. Jones he said the same. The Doctor re-
marked. "Gov. I have a lecture at three o'clock." "Leave that today." "I
will Gov." he said. To Dr. Todd [of Springfield] he said, "I understand you
do not belong to any Church. Lay aside your business till you find the pearl
of great price. What avail is anything in comparison with the interest of
tJie soul." * * * [to the children] Speak the truth **=;=. Hi^ mind
was clear to the last.

Sabbath — [Jan.] 21, [1844]. Dr. Pierson met me at the Church door and
handed me to my pew with my little family of 7 — the eldest 11 and the
youngest 13 months. Mr. Eddy preached from Collossians 3rd Chap. 2nd
verse. In the afternoon went to the Congregational Church and heard Dr.
Post.

Dr. Truman X. Post of St. Louis wrote of this scene in a letter to
Mrs. Kirby in 1884—

I was with him as he died and I received the confession of his dying
moments. I shall never forget that night nor the figures and the grouping
around that bed of death. The night winds were out and there was a stir
in the elements, as seemingly in sympathy with the hour when a great and
strong soul was departing. * * * The sword given him by an admiring
and grateful country hanging on the wainscoting over the bed. * * *
That form of grandest manhood, strongest and noblest of all its physical
types that were grouped around him in that chamber and seemingly assur-
ing its possessor of the longest life, was in the wrestle with death. * * *
Just as the pale, silent seal was set. I asked him: "Governor Duncan, is
Christ precious to you at this hour?" Brokenly, but to our hearing dis-
tinctly came the response, the last words spoken by him till the earth and
sea give up their dead: "Ever precious, ever precious" — and so the soul
of our prince and brother passed to his Father and God.

Governor Duncan's last thoughts lay stress upon religion and the
education of his children. Education had always appealed strongly to
him both in its large aspects and in reference to his own family.
Tor fourteen years he was a trustee of Illinois College and gave $10,000
in land to the institution. He was one of the first trustees of the State
Deaf and Dumb Institution at Jacksonville. He took great interest in
the temperance question and gave $500, half of his salary as Grovernor,^
to the first society started in Jacksonville in 1837. In 1836 he sub-
scribed $1,000 for the erection of a Presbyterian Church in Jackson-
ville.'''- He had joined the church the year previous.

He was very democratic and the views he impressed upon the mind
of his daughter, Mary, (my mother), who was but 11 years old when he
died, went with her through life. One of the stories she told was of
coming home from school and laughing at a girl so poor, that she wore
a linsey woolsey dress. Mr. Duncan said nothing, but the next day ap-
peared with a bolt of linsey woolsey material which was made up and
worn by his daughters for many a long day. Mary was trained to be
ail exi:)ert rider, going with her father when he hunted. She drove
"^'Dancing Feather" while her father shot quail between the horse's ears.
His word to control the horse must be carried out. The children were

^ In this he followed the example of Governor Coles who save his salary to
tlie anti-slavery movement. See Nicolay-Haj% Lincoln, Vol. I, page 144.

- Letter of Mr. Cnttin. Batavia. Illinoi.s. to ^Irs. Kirby, December, 1S85.

179

trained in a most spartan manner in obedience and to endure hardship.
He was adored by his children and famil5^

Thus died at the age of forty-nine Joseph Duncan, one of the pioneer
builders of the State of Illinois. Independent and fearless in his views,
honest and with respect for the law uncommon among the frontier men
of his day, beloved by family and friends. He had traveled the untrodden
prairies and forests and seen the Indians disappear and dreamed of the
improvements- "for convenience, beauty and commerce of our country,"
and had lived to see many of his dreams come true. He had defended
the rights of the frontier settlers in all public land discussions in Con-
gress during his entire service from 1827 to 1834, believing that the
pioneers who endured hardships to open up a wilderness deserved justice
and encouragement.

He appreciated the value of education, which he helped other mem-
bers of his family to attain. He had introduced and secured the passage
of the first public school law of Illinois. Throughout his public and
private career he kept in mind the interests of education, and showed an
appreciation for the higher things of life, all the more remarkable in a
man coming from a pioneer state.

He believed in wise constructive internal improvements as essential
for the development of the new western states, but when Governor from
1834 to 1838 he endeavored in vain to restrain and keep within bounds
the lavish expenditure of the peoples' resources.

He consistently held to his ideals of law and justice through all his
life. Every question that came up was considered from the point of
view of law and order. In Congress he did not join in the claim of cer-
tain western states to the public lands within their bounds because this
was contrary to the acts creating the states but he advocated a liberal
interpretation of the law. While Governor he went east to negotiate a
loan for the State for the canal and paid all his own expenses, "refusing
to receive compensation therefor, because he believed in so doing he
would be virtually offering violence to the Constitution of the State."
He vetoed a railroad bill while Governor that would have greatly in-
creased the value of his property because he thought it against the best
policy for the State. In the Alton riots he felt both sides had done
wrong in their lack of observance of the processes of law. In the same
spirit he wanted counsel to be procured to defend the man who shot his
brother in order that justice should be done him.

He maintained throughout his life his insistence on an efficient pub-
lic service, insisting on no removals from office except for just cause and
appointments made for fitness for service rather than for patronage. He
refused to use his influence to procure offices for relatives. He placed
the welfare of the State or nation above party interests. This inde-
pendent view was shown as State Senator and continued throughout,
life. Parties might change their platforms and party leaders their views
but he continued his way regardless of attacks of enemies and sometimes
the loss of friends.

The records of his service in the Legislature, in Congress and as
Governor prove his consistency in steadfastly maintaining these high
principles in public life.

180

At a mass meeting held in Jacksonville the day nfter his death his
felloAv citizens adopted resolutions using these simple words:

"In the walks of both private and public life, a modest and unassuming
spirit was his peculiar characteristic. As a private citizen or as a public
officer, he was a man of uncommon decision of character. He had private
interests, as other men, but, if circumstances required, these were ever the
victims of principle. He indeed dared to be honest in the worst of times.
This Is no flattering portrait — it is strictly true."

APPENDIX.^

DIARY.

Joseph Duncan. Washington, 1829.

Feby. [ — ] 1829. Various applications for me to support D. Green
for public printer. Could not consent to do so. Knew too much of him.
Believed, and told his friend that they would soon get tired of him, he
was arrogant dictatoral & possessed no fixed principals, believed he
would use all of his influence to bring Govr, Edwards into favor with
Genl. J. and his administration. G. threatened a member from Va.
with his power for not voting for him.

Bearded a Senator from Pennsylvania made a false communication
to the Senate about Blake of Boston the Senators generally disgusted
with him Imt appear to be afraid to oppose him. B. K. McK. B. of Pa.,
K. of A. and several others say they dislike him and will vote for any
other J. man in preference.

February, 1829. Genl. Jackson arrived in Washington City Majr.
Eaton met him on the road and escorted him in. On the 17th I called
to see him. 20th caled again found him engaged in another room, as
I was informed by Capt. D. with the corps of Editors, after waiting
a while Genl. Jackson entered the room followed by D. Green, Noah
Karole Hill and several other persons that I did not know.

21st called again to introduce a friend saw Mr. Tazewell with th^
President. The only suitable companion I had met — called again a few
days after Mr. Badwin was present from his kind reception supposed
he had come by request. Saw Capt. Taylor of U. S. Army says he heard

that Gen. J Avas going to call that day uppon President A

that he met Genl. D. G. and told him that he understood that Geni
J. was to call on Mr. A. that day Genl. D. G. said he did not believe the
report but that he would go and see, and if it was so, he would very soon
put a stop to it. Arrogance enough, Disgusted to see W. M. L. Genl.
D. G. I. P. V. &c. &c. constantly with Genl. J. to the exclusion of his
or the countries friends. This brings to my mind McKee of A. when
he parted with The President at The Hermitage he took a very im-
pressave leave of Genl. J. The Genl. observing something unusual, re-
marked whe Wl. [ ?] I hope we shall soon meet again, McKee replyed
yes Genl. we shall both soon be in Washington but there is no certainty*
that we shall meet, for I expect your new friends will be so zealous that
all the old ones will be crowded into the back grounds McKee told m«
this anecdote before the Genl. arrived in the city.

' The diary is among the family papers.

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111

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181

Feby. 23. From the persons who surround the Genl. I fear he is to
be improperly influenced in his first appointments.

The central committee appear to consider him as there own game
some of them are constantly with him or about the doors so I am in-
formed for I do not know them all by sight.

I called to see Genl. J. at 7 o'clock in the evening with two friends
Mr. S. C. & Johnson, the president expressed much pleasure at seeing
US; Said he was more graitfyed to see ,us at that hour as Duff as he
called him, had presumed to set his hours for him to receive his visitors
but he said that would all be right, as he had ordered Green to correct
the statement in his paper regulating his hours for receiving visitors.
What excessive presumption, was the first feeling I had, but it is all
right, as it must very soon place this character on his proper hole.

Various rumors about the appointment of the cabinett Tazewell to
be secretary of State Hayne Xavy, McLean War Baldwin Treasury,
Ingham P. M. G. all agree that the cabinet will be composed of five of
the following persons Tazewill A^anburen McLean Baldwin Hayne
Hamilton (Ingham P. M. G.) & Chevis. My own choice T. of Ya.
S. S. McL. S. T. B. of Pa., War, I. of Pa. P. M. G.

Genl. Ogle arived in the city came into the H. of E. his red vest
attracts great notice every one whispers to his neighbour to know who
he is.

Several new Senators have arived McLeane of Illinois, letters have
been received stating that he obtained his election by a union with the
E. & A. party, hope it is not so, have a better opinion of him.

Called to see the President he says he will remove no officer on
account of his political opinions, unless he has used his office for the
purpose of electionering he appears liberal, and I agree perfectly with
his views.

Herd various rumors about appointments in the cabinett wrote the
following letter to the President

[Page in diary not filled]

4th March. Attended the President inaugeration, he walked from
Gadsbies Hotell with his hat off, in a great crowd, having a fine view
from the west room in the clerks office in the Capitol I could see him
and the vast croAvd at every point untill they assended the great steps
which enters the Capitol, saw nothing that I disliked but the conspicuous
station, and part acted by The Central Committee, Stood near the Presi-
dent when he read his address, was struck with the profound attention
of the multitude while he read especially as- 1 am convinced that three
fourths of all present could not have heard the sound of his voice at least
so as to distinguish one word. The expression of the people on his first
appearance was very fine and showed that he had a strong hold on their
affections the number present is variously estimated opinions of intelli-
gent persons vary from 15 to 30 thousand. Xo perade of the Military
present except one or two companies and they were very far off. I think
they were from Alexandria as I saw one of them coming from that direc-
tion with this I was much pleased. I am opposed to great perades and
especially Military perades on such an occasion, had ratlier see the honon

183

done after the service is performed, but in this District where most of
the people are servants or connected with the Government is natural
they would worship the rising Sun. I was forcably struck with the
contrast between Mr. Addams entering on and closing his oflScial duties
as President. I was present in 1825 when his inaugeration took place
it was a fine day and from the moment I first looked into the street
on the 4th of March untill dark I saw nothing but a bustle people mov-
ing in all directions and many of them by sunrise in full military dress
and by 10 oclock the avenue was crowded with armed soldiers, which
I took to be a mixture of Marienes Infantry & Artilary of The TJ. S.
and Militia of the district it was certainly the finest display I ever wit-
nessed was informed that many of the fine coats had been bought to
honor Genl. Lafayatt. I was glat to hear it for the ideah of tliere having
been bought for this occasion was two ridiculous, in 1829, Mr. Adams
was not seen on the 4th of March and I suppose would not have been
thought of, but for a coffin hand bill that was circulated in the crowd
anouncing his death in a most disgusting manner it produced general
disgust did not go to the Palace to see the President receive his friends
after the inaugeration understood that the crowd was very great all sorts
of folks some on the fine satin chairs and sofas mehogna tables &c. with
their feet a report was circulated that the gold and silver spoons were
stolen on this occasion. I believe it was not true.

5th. The City is said to be filled with office hunters. There is
general disappointment in the appointment of the cabinett Clay says
that they charge Mr. A. with making a bargain that he thinks Genl. J.
had better have made one. Genl. H. at the request of the T. deligation
went to see the P. to oppose E . . . . s appointment, Says it was not well
received & that he will be appointed McL. of 0. told me that he had
agreed to accept the W. D. Learn since that E. wont take G. P. 0.
Strang things going on.

March, 1829. Governor Kinney & E. J. W. wish me to request the
removal of certain officers from office which I decline as I am opposed to
removing competent and worthey men on account of a mere difference
of opinion. They appear to be dissatisfyed but that will make no differ-
ence in my conduct as such a course would be averse to all of my notions
of propriety.

Went with Govr. K. to see the President, recommended West for
Secretary of Legation to G. P. M. Minister to Columbia Genl. J. says
he will try and provide for him.

Went to see Secretary of the Treasury, in favour of G. T. Pell
he thinks he will appoint him examiner, the senators join in this recom-
mendation, he is recommended by many members of the Legislature of
Ills.

March, 1829. Kane McLeane & Myself met in McLeans room to
consult about appointments in the event of any removals or vacancies.
McLeane and myself opposed removals except for some good cause other
than political (I had recommended the removal of James j\Iason for
having speculated in the purchase of script while a public officer
in possession of public moneys & possessing the records & law so as to
give him an advantage over the poor people of the country for whos

183

benefit the script was granted.) K. rather differed in opinion about
removals We agreed to recommend C. Slade for Marshall in the event
of Conners removal as charges had been made against him, we did not
all agree upon any one else nor can I say that we disagreed very much
although several were named,

March, 1829, Still in Washington waiting on my wifes health
called to see the President & Secretary of War about getting the Illinois
& Lake Michigan Canal located and the rout from the Ills. River to Lake
Erie examined. Saw Genl, Gratiott got him to go with me to the
War Dept, find him very friendly to my views and to the west Secretary
thinks the law does not authorize him to send Engineers to locate,
refer to the case in Indiana under the same law. he appears disposed
to do right & says if the favour has been done to Indiana it should also
bo extended to Ills, promices it shall be ordered,

March, 1829, Met Majr. Campbell of Tennessee near the Treasury
Dept, he told me that the President & Secretary of War had given him
the appointment of Superintendent of the lead mines on the Upper
Mississippi River in Illinois & Michigan, I resolved to remonstrate
against this appointment and informed Mr, Campbell of my intention, I
Avent immediately to the President and told him that the appointment
of a man frord Tennessee to hold an office in Illinois would be treating
his friends in that State very badly and that it could not help exciting
much displeasure, he assured me that he would do nothing that would
displease his friends any where if he knew it that Mr. Campbell was
the only applicant. That he was not acquainted with the fact that so
large a portion of those mines was in Illinois he wrote a note to the '
Secretai7 of War uppon the subject, and assured me that it should be
satisfactorily arranged. I called the same day to see Majr. Eaton he
appeared anxious to appoint Campbell I assured him that it would be
resented by every Citizen of Illinois if he was appointed. I knew and
so did all concerned know that C. was bankrupt for a large sum I urged
the necessity if a change was made of their compelling the Superin-
tendent to give bond and security as contemplated by my bill upon the^
subject of governing the mines, left the Secretary without much satis-
faction, but convinced that he would insist on Campbells appointment,.

Confined for several days on account of my wifes situation Saw
John Reaves formerly of Ills, he told me that he saw Campbell the day
before and that he told him of my opposition to his appointment, but
that it had not availed as he was told to return home and the appoint-
ment should follow him, I immediately wrote the following letter to the
President as I was determined that I would clear my self of the respon-
sibility of transporting a man from another state who was notoriously
insolvent in to Illinois to hold an office which placed in his hands $40,000
per annum of public property without check or security to protect the
interest of the government (jSTote, cannot lay my hand on the letter)
Got a letter from J, M, D, he wants to be appointed Indian agent in
place of Graham or Hamtramock who he says Genl. Smith of Missouri
informs him are to be removed he requests me to use my influence this
I cannot consistently do as I am unwilling to ask or receive a favour
which would place me under obligations to the executive power of the
government while I am a representative of the people as the appointment

184

of my brother upon my request would have that tendency and I think
every person applying for an office should have the recommendation of
the people with whom he resides, or with whom he is to serve. This I
do not doubt my brother could obtain if he pleased, he requests me to
mention his wishes to the two Senators from Illinois which I have done
and they both say they intend to recommend him.

Dined at the Presidents a splendid entertainment all the Secretaries
W. E. Davis Genl. A^arnum & myself of congress, Genl. McComb, Jessup
Gibson & Gratio, Col. Gowson, and all the foreign ^linesters in full
dress were present with several other auditors &c. Ma jr. Eaton in-
formed me that he had concluded not to change the nature of the agency
at the mines that he had or would detail another officer of the U, S. A.
to succeed Lt. Thomas and that he would have several assistants to ap-
point and invited me to recommend some persons to fill tliem 1 agree
to see him the next day.

\Yent to War Office met D. Green coming out wondered if he had
any person for one of those places & was told that he wanted Dr. Green
of St. Louis appointed. I recommended the retention of McXight also
recommended Col. Wight E. W. C— Col. S. A. & E. B. L.— could re-
ceive no answer, he spoke of others out of the State for some of the
places to which I objected.

Called again at the W. D. saw Com. Warrington go in while I Avas
waiting in the ante chamber understood from Secretary that he was
urging the appointment of his brother in law Capt. for one of

the appointments at the mines, and felt satisfyed that he had received a
promice, also learned that Campbell of Tennessee was to the best situa-
tion, not well satisfyed but must submit.

Understand that J. M. D. is sick in Boston.

Wrote to Genl Gratiott about sending Engineers to Locate Ills. &
Lake Michigan Canal &c,

April, 1819. E. J. W. returned to the City Left K in Balti-
more he has a strong recommendation from Merchants and other persons
of distinction in the City of Xew York recommending for Charge De
affairs to

I went with him to see the P. and Y. they say they would appoint
him but the appropriation for that purpose is exhausted.

Govr. Kinney arived very anxious for Wests appointment delighted
with his trip to the Xorth says he left Jas. M. D. in Boston getting
better to come on with Capt. S. D. Eichardson went with K. to see the
president he tells the Pr. that his appointments in Boston gave genl.
Satisfaction says the people expects the Adams men to be returned out.
The P. expressed pleasure at hearing his appointments gave such satis-
faction K. urges the necessity of removals says the republicans had
fought hard and had gained a great A-ictory but if the old Federalists
were left in office the same l)attle will have to be fought over again, he
said if it Avas left to him he would drive them all out as he would a,
parcle of dogs out of a meat house.

The P. laughs hartily at this remark but made no' reply returning
we met Handy of Indiana at Wiliamsons K. asked him if he had been
here ever since he saw him — he said he had. K. advised him to go home
or some one would administer on his estate. The little fellow bore tho

185

joke very well & replyed that they would he poorly paid for their trouble
if they did There is many others in the city who were running the
same risque.

• Kinney came to see me said that Eaton would appoint a citizen of
Ills, to one of the offices at Galena if I would recommend one which I
rather declined as felt indignant at the appointment of citizens of Ten-
nessee & Va. to hold offices in Illinois K. wants May appointed I could
not join him as I had promised Col. A. G. S. W. to recommend him for a
place at the mines.

Went with K. to W. D. and recommended A. G. S. W. never done
any thing with more reluctance as I feared that it might be considered
as a surrender of the ground I had taken agains the other appointments.
E. asked me if I had heard from my brother, who was sick in Boston
expressed a wish to see him &c. Ky. said something about his appoint-
ment of I. A. Eaton said that he had come to no conclusion but thought
he would appoint him & requested me to recommend him which 1 de-
clined b)^ saying that my brothers must rely upon others to recommend
them, dont like the proposition believe it was intended to get me so
committeed so that if I complained of the other appts. it might be attri-
buted to disappointment in this.

Kinney informs me that he has Wights commission that the salery
is less than the rest and less than was promised.

24th May, 1828. Received a letter from S. B. Munn to J. M. Dun-
can which informed me of his having left K. York for Washington.

26th. Left Washington for Illinois in com})any with 2 Indian
agents Govr. Kinney & E. I. West West has some hopes of an appoint-
ment of charge De affairs next winter.

About the 1st of Juh^ 1829, left Illinois for Hopkinsvill in Ky.
Arived at My aunts on the 3d.

4th of July was invited to a public barbacue by the citizens of
Plopkinsville, was tested and made a speech.

5th.' Mrs. Morehead died very sudently,

6th. Court commenced.

7th. Settled my business and agreed to pay the Executor of J.
McLaughlin one thousand dollars one half on the 15th of Feby. 1830
and one half on the 15th of Feby. 1831 for which I gave checks on the
U. S. Bank at Washington City in full of all claim.

[Note : — written across page] — Have paid those checks and owe the
estate of Jas. H. McLaughlin nothing.

8th. started for Nashville & lodged at Ben Kellies.

9th. Stayed . . 10th stayed at Tirees or White Creek

Springs.

11th. Went to Nashville found Thos. family from home, dined at
Edmonsons & went to Mc Stothartt.

12th. Thomas returned from an electionering tour.

loth. Pursuaded him to decline running for the Senate Dined
with J. Bell.

16th. Went to theatre with Col. Foster & Family Eeturning from
J. Bells rode in with Col. Wilson Editor of a paper published in Nashville

186

he had just returned from Washington City. I asked him if he hatl
seen much of Genl. Jackson while at Washington he had, I enquired if
he had observed any changes in his intelect he replied that he visited
Washington in consequence of having observed that the Genls. mind had
sunk about the death of his vi^ife and that he regreted to find that it
was sinking he dreaded the news by every mail for he and the Genls.
friends generally feared his total incompitelly [word not distinct. In-
competency?]

Eeceived a letter from James M. D. after his return to Illinois, he
says that Majr. T. P. M. was informed by Majr. W. B. Louis that he
would not be appointed Indian agent owing to my being opposed to the
measures of Genl. Jacksons administration, that Majr. Eaton talked
about the duty of men to make sacrifices about patriotism &c. &c.

In answer I wrote the following letter :

[Page in diary blank]

July 25th arived at Glasgow. Sold my horse for $50, and went
to see Jo. Duncan,

• July 26th. Sold Jo. Duncan two hundred acres of land belonging
to the heirs of my father at one dollar & fifty cents per acre amounting
to three hundred dollars at a credit of two and three years.

July 28th. Arrived at Harrodsburgh Springs in company with
bishop Eavenscroft of N. Carolina found him very agreeable and inteli-
gent Saw H. Clay just starting to Danville to attend a dinner [?]
Eat breakfast and went to Lexington same night.

July 29. Sunday went to hear the Bishop preach to to hear Mr. J.
Young at night, got at Harrodsburgh a handbill of Kinkade charging
M. V. B. W. T. B. & others with writing letters to influence the election.

1829. July 30. Arived in Paris visited many of my old friends
the next day, remained in Paris untill the 12th of August Spent my
time rather unpleasanth' owing to the political controversies among
many of my old friends Advertised lots for sale had an auction but
effected but little, sold pond lot for fifty two dollars to Pike This
was all I sold at auction Sold one other lot of my sisters to Pike for
one hundred and fifty Dollars sold brother Johns lot to Wm. Alexander
for one hundred and ninety dollars in cotton sold him the stone house
& attached ground for six hundred dollars in cotten at 15 cents per doz
Sold II. Brent my lot on public square for one hundred • and fifty 2
dollars gave checks to Garrard Hickman Bain Moreland McElvain &
Ingles & Burr and closed all of my accounts and liabilities in Paris
except a small balance to Garrard & Hickman which will remain after
the checks are paid Sold one of Jo. Duncans notes for one hundred
and fifty dollars to Wm. Alex.r for $145. in cotten at 15 cts per Doz
transfered the other to Thos. & Will Kelley of Paris to pay brother
Johns debt for same amount $150 the money or cotten received for Stone
house I expect to sell to pay my checks as I owed the debts to Garrard
& Hickman on account of money borrowed out of Bank to send my
brother Thos. A. Duncan to school which with the interest amounts to
mucJi more than the price received for said House but I never expect to

187

make further claim for this and other monies I have advanced to & for
my brother. The one hundred and fifty dollars is to be paid my sister
for the lot I sold to Pike for that amt. only, having sent cotten for the
one sold for fifty two to her at Illinois.

20th March 1830 Handed Mr. Kane by request two recommenda-
tions to the Secretary of War in favour of James M. Duncan for Indian
agent The 1st signed by James Hall, Charles Prentice, R. K. McLaugh-
lin, James Black, E. C. Berry, Wm. H. Brown & James Whitlock (30th
Nov 1829) The 2nd was signed by T. W. Smith, J. D. Lockwood, Wm.
Wilson and Thomas C. Brown dated Dec 8th 1829

E. K. K. senator told H. H. Maxwell & myself that he had dined
twice & had the 3d invitation to dine with the president 18th of March.
This is to my mind another conclusive proof that the President does not
rely upon the propriety of his acts or appointments for the support of
the. senate as I have heard of no member of the H of II being invited
more than once but this is only one of many instances that I have ob-
served of an effort to conciliate the senate to use no worse term.

18S

WILLIAM MURRAY, TRADER AND LAND SPECULATOR
IN THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY.

" By Anna Edith Makks.*

I. IXTRODUCTORY SURVEY.
II. WILLIAM MURRAY, TRADER IX ILLINOIS.
III. WILLIAM MURRAY, LAND SPECULATOR IX ILLIXOIS.
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1.

IXTRODUCTORY SuRVEY.

The untold possibilities of the extensive and fertile Mississippi
Valley were practically unknown to the British Avhen they became sover-
eigns of this region by the Treaty of Paris in February, 17G3. It was
evident that a colonial policy needed to be determined and inaugurated
in order to protect the Indians from exploitation by the unscrupulous
traders; and thus dispel their well founded distrust of the English.
But the many conflicting opinions as to the nature of such a policy and
the dissensions among the ever changing ministries in England proved
an insurmountable obstacle to the launching of whatever policy was
planned.

In England, westward expansion was viewed from three angle? —
there were some ]>ersoiis Avho heartily favored it as a means of produc-
ing markets for English goods; others who favored a gradual process;
while there were those who, deeming its primeval condition more con-
ducive to fur trading, absolutely disapproved of any settlements west of
the Appalachian Mountains.

The first definite constructive work towards a colonial policy after
1763 was done by the youthful Lord Shelburne, then President of the
Board of Trade. Realizing the emigrating spirit in the eastern colonies
and the temptation to occupy the rich lands in the West, he wished to
satisfy this tendency but at the same time to pacify the anxious fears
of the Indians who saw their hunting grounds gradually shrinking in
size. For these reasons, building upon the work of his predecessors, he
l)roposed that a boundary line be run beyond which no white settlements
could be founded until the Imperial government had purchased the land
from the Indians. The ministry, considered this boundary line merely
a flexible and temporary demarcation which would be extended west-
ward as new purchases would from time to time be made by the Euglish
government. This plan would allow for a gradual and legitimate settle-
ment of the West.

* Thesis for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History. College of Liberal
.\rts and Sciences, University of Illinois, 1919.

189

Unfortunately fate doomed its execution to be postponed. Pontiac's
War allowed no time for the establishment of such a carefully laid
boundary line; and so on October 7, a proclamation naming the Appa-
lachian Mountains as the termination of settlements was issued by Lord
Shelburne's successor, Lord Hillsborough. It was not until the Treaty
of Fort Stanwix in November, 1768, that the boundary line favored by
Lord Shelburne was accepted by the Iroquois Indians.

The regulation of fur trade was one of the paramount considera-
tions of the ministries when they viewed western policies. The only
restriction upon fur trading, according to the Proclamation of 1763,
was the need of licenses Avhicli the governors of the respective colonies
were to issue to prospective western traders upon their jDromise to obey
any new trade regulations. In the summer of 1764, the Board of Trade
proposed that an Imperial department of Indian affairs, dependent
neither upon the military commander-in-chief nor upon the colonial
governments, be credited. A detailed administrative system was worked
out and a corps of officials, including superintendents for the territory
north and south of the Ohio, were to be appointed.

But once again the hope of obtaining a system of administrative
control for the West was blighted. A tax on fur trade had been sug-
gested as the means of defraying the expenses necessary for such a cen-
tralized organization by the Old Whigs, who were responsible for the
repeal of the odious Stamp Act, were adverse to passing an act of
colonial taxation. As a result, no Imperial plan was put into execution
by the home government. In March, 1768, the control of Indian trade
was again placed in the control of the individual colonies.^ Since the
latter did not agree as to one common policy, uncontrolled trading re-
sulted. In this same month, steps for some regulation had been taken
in Illinois. Captain Forbes, the commandant at Fort de Chartres,
ordered all traders to state the number of packs that they were sending
down the Mississippi and also to give a security of £200 to the eff'ect
that these goods were destined for a British post. The governor of
Louisiana was notified to keep the people of his province from ascending
the Illinois, Ohio, and Wabash Elvers. But these measures actually did
little to prevent New Orleans from receiving most of the Illinois peltry.

No complete system of civil government for the West was provided
until the passage of the Quebec Act in 1774. This negligence, most
likely due to the prevalent ignorance of the character of the villages
and to the desire of promoting the fur trade rather than settlement,
caused the French much discomfort. Consequently we find the task of
maintaining order devolving upon the English commandants. This
duty, which did not legally belong to their office, was very poorly exe-
cuted by the military men.-

Although several attempts had been made to relieve the French
garrison at Fort de Chartres during Pontiac's War, it was not until 1765
that the Illinois country was actually occupied by the British troops.^
The British and Colonial governments felt that once the British garri-
son took possession of the posts, trade, which followed its natural outlet
through New Orleans, could be directed eastward up tlie Ohio and
centered in Pennsylvania. Meanwhile traders in Pennsylvania watched

190

conditions with a hopeful eye, ready to seize their first opportunity to
participate in any advantages resulting from the Treaty of 1763.

Fort Pitt at the head of the' Ohio Eiver was the rendezvous of groups
of eastern merchants interested in fur trading. The first company to
enter actively into the exploitation of Illinois was that of Baynton and
Wharton, later known as Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan, when the
name of Baynton's son-in-law, George Morgan, was added. Morgan,
young and full of optimism, became their personal representative in
Illinois. As early as March, 1766, five bateaux of their goods, to be
exchanged for the Indians' peltry, were making their way down the
Ohio, under the command of John Jennings.* In order to discourage
the Shawnee from carrying their furs to other traders at Fort Pitt,
this firm had established a post on the Scioto Eiver. But certain mer-
chants had no intentions of allowing Baynton, Wharton, and vMorgan,
to monopolize the fur trade. On October 4, 1766, Simon and Milligan,
John Gibson, Alexander Lowrey, and others at Fort Pitt protested to
Sir William Johnson, Indian superintendent, against the establishment
of the Scioto post.^

Especially opposed to Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan was the Lan-
caster gToup of merchants whose pioneering and speculative spirits were
as fresh in 1768 as in 1748, when they expended their first efl:orts to-
wards the West. The mere mention of names of Joseph Simon, David
Franks, George Croghan, and William Trent recalls a host of trading
operations in which they figured prominently. Probably the most im-
portant merchants of this group were Joseph Simon" and David Franks
who composed the firm of "Levy and Franks." In addition to their
individual enterprises, it was customary for these men to enter from
time to time into special partnerships with each other. Their special
interest was fur trading and Lancaster was early the origin of many
such expeditions into the present states of West Virginia, Ohio, and
Kentucky.

To be concerned in the activities of this group was a practical pre-
paration for western fur trading. Two enterprising young men, Barnard
and Michael Gratz, were especially fortunate in receiving such a business
education. Each in turn became a clerk in David Franks' Philadelphia
counting house, Barnard in 1754, and Michael in 1759; and thus ac-
quainted with David Franks' associates. Their relationship was further
enhanced by the marriage of Michael in 1759 to the daughter of Joseph
Simon. After 1760, the two brothers were often concerned together in
various business operations, but in 1768 they formed the wholesale firm
of B. and M. Gratz of Philadelphia. Their natural interest in the West
was greatly stimulated in the summer of 1768, by their knowledge of
the Iroquois Confederacy's intention to cede land in the present state of
Virginia to traders who had suffered losses during Pontiac's War.'^ It
was in that year that William Murray made his debut into Illinois his-
tory as their agent.

But who was this William Murray and why was he chosen to repre-
sent the Gratz Brothers in Illinois, one may well ask. The question
of his identity is moot. In November, 1764, a Capt. William Murray
of the forty-second regiment of Eoyal Highlanders, commanded five com-
panies at Fort Pitt. It is probable that he had taken part in the

191

critical battle of Bushy Run, the year before, under Colonel Bouquet.^
We have record of him still acting as commandant at Fort Pitt late in
the year of 1760.*^ While in charge of Fort Pitt, he became intimately
acquainted with George Croghan, the deputy agent of Indian affairs,
and possibly with his associates. In this frontier post, he learned first
hand the frontier practices — the squatters, and the ensuing Indian re-
sentment, and at one time was ordered to remove some homesteaders at
l\ed Stone Creek. ^° Being in frequent communication with Major
Farmar and his successors at Fort de Chartres, Captain or Major (these
titles Avere used intercliangeably) Murray was no stranger to the condi-
tions existing in Illinois. Moreover, the Western traders and merchants,
Avaiting to embark on new ventures and returning from previous ones,
gathered at Fort Pitt where they talked over their anticipations and
disappointments, sold their peltry, purchased new merchandise, and
gossiped about conditions in general. Captain Murray himself, pur-
chased merchandise from Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan with Avhich to
alleviate the almost continuous complaints of the Indians. The fact
that Captain Murray was Avell acquainted with western conditions and
men added to the absence of his name in the Pennsylvania Archives
after William Murray appears in Illinois, suggests that they may have
been one and the same man. Of course, it is possible that he may have
sailed with those Pi oval Highlanders who left America in 1767.^^ At
in-esent, the question has not been definitely decided.

CHAPTER II.
William Murray, Trader in Illinois.

William Murra}^ trader and land speculator, before going to Illi-
nois was not unacquainted Avith the East. Such reference as : "You
knoAV him (David Franks)," by Michael Gratz in writing to Murray,
"^Svhen he takes a thing into his head, it is not so easily forgot,'^ and
^'Since my Brother Barnard's letter to you, mentioning his going to
London in company Avith your old and esteemed friend. Miss Eichi
Franks," lead us to infer that Murray kneAV the Franks family exceed-
ingly Avell.^- As an "old and esteemed" friend, Murray must have
knoAvn "Miss Eichi" for many years. ^^ His letters to and from the
Gratz display much intimacy and regard for each other. Almost every
letter contains some personal touch. The Gratz continually send Avishes
for Murray's health and remembrances to his family in which Mrs.
Gratz and her children- joined. Such allusions as the following are
characteristic of the friendliness and good will of the Gratz toAvards
Murray ; "I am glad to hear you made so good a hand of the goods you
took with you, Avhether we are concerned in them or not, and I shall
always be glad to hear of the Avelfare of our friend, Avho I hope Avill not
forget us.^* In Philadelphia, Murray had a large circle of friends who,
John Ormsby wrote Murray after he reached Fort de Chartres, joined
him in his Avishes for his safe arrival and future success. ^^

Ormsby Avith whom Murray had had business relations, AA^as well
acquainted with the Murray family. The latter consisted of Mrs.
Murray, Franky and Miss Jennv, all of Avhom folloAved Mr. Murrav to
the West.^°

192

Murray had named Gratz as his attorney to dose u]) his affairs in
the East — to settle all outstanding dehts and to lind a purchaser for his
land in Shearman's valle3^ Having much faith in Barnard Gratz's
fairness he left the terms of its disposal to his discretion.^' The disposal
of his land would seem to indicate that he regarded his future home in
Illinois as rather permanent, an assumption strengthened by the fact
that his wife and two children soon joined him.

j\Iurray's partnership with the Gratz must have been formed in the
early sunmier of 17G8, for he intended to accompany Lieutenant-Colonel
Wilkins to the Illinois country. The latter with five companies of the
eighteenth regiment was to relieve Captain Forbes and the garrison at
Fort De Chartres. Although Wilkins left Philadelphia early in June,
due to obstructions from the inhabitants in the back parts of Penn-
sylvania, he was unable to embark upon the Ohio before July 20.^^

These intervening weeks gave Murray ample time in which to make
the final preparations for his new venture. On his way up to Fort
Pitt, he stopped at Lancaster and visited ]\Ir. Simon, whom we are not
surprised to find a factor in Murray's expedition. Indeed part of his
cargo to the value of £600 had been purchased of "Levy and Franks"
(of which Mr. Simon was a partner) and £100 of silver work, including
jings, bracelets, and earbobs, of Mr. Simon. ^° These invoices, however,
were both on the account of Moses Franks, Arnold Diiimmond, and
Company of London.^'' The Gratz were likewise sending an adventure
in this cargo.-^ Thus we see how closely interwoven were the interests
of the London and American merchants in the Avestward movement
and how they both were gaging probable benefits to trade from the com-
ing Fort StanAvix conference with the Indians. Murray's personal ac-
count amounted to £320, and consisted mostly of shoes and stockings
for soldiers. --

The Fort Pitt wharf on the hot July day of embarkment was the
scene of much commotion. Moving excitedly amongst the scarlet clad
soldiers and roughly dressed traders, was William Murray — noAv shout-
ing orders (often mingled with his fluent and colorful profanity) to
the men busily engaged in unloading the casks of rum, the sacks of
sugar and coffee, and the precious rifles and silverwork from the wagons
as they slowly came up ; now hastening to see that they were carefully
reloaded upon the large fiat boats ; noAV assigning new tasks to his clerk,
]\Ir. Burk, or himself taking a hand in the loading. And yet he was
not a little pleased when he stopped to reflect, for the King's bateaux
were carrying his cargo. This arrangement saved him the cost of
bateaiix men's Avages and proA'isions, not a small item in transportation
expenses. The long journeying about the intricate windings of the Ohio
RiA'er for over a thousand miles to its mouth, Avas enlivened by the pur-
suit of game, AA'liich proved very abundant after the Scioto Elver Avas
reached ;^^ by occasional trading through Avhich Murray fortunately dis-
posed of most of his shoes and rum; and by shooting the falls of the
Ohio,-- Avhich Avas reached August 8. When about 150 miles beloAv the
falls, the ncAvcomers Avere initiated into the gruesome side of their neAV
life, for ncAvs came of the murder of several hunters by Indian Avar
parties. The journeyers met Avith no great impediments, until the rapid
and muddy ilississippi Avas reached. In spite of their greatest exertions

193

they were unable to ascend the strong current until scouts, going ahead
to Fort de Chartres, sent back boats in which part of the cargoes were
loaded.-^

Fort de Chartres was reached early in September and on September
5, Colonel Wilkins took charge of the fort. The sight of the square
stone fort with its many loop holes and bastion at each corner and the
nearby stone barracks, commanding a view, on the one side, of the
Mississippi, and on the other, of the vast expanse of meadows with their
tall swaying grasses stretching out till they mingled with the distant
horizon, must have soothed their fatigued spirits.'"

Upon his arrival at Fort de Chartres, Murray lost no time in start-
ing the business for which he had come to Illinois. His activities fall
into three classes : trading, provisioning the garrison at Fort de Chartres,
and land speculation. Although the thread of each can be discerned
as distinct in character, still being discharged by the same person and
at the same time, they tend to overlap at many points. Due to the
often seeming complexity of his duties, we shall consider each one not
only separately but also as related to each other.

Being desirous of establishing a business in Illinois, Murray soon
became acquainted with his new surroundings. Of course he was not a
total stranger, for on his trip he had learned to know Colonel Wilkins
and most of the troops. Then too, as provisioner of the garrison, he was
almost immediately thrown into constant communication with the mili-
tary population. But there was one person who watched Murray's activi-
ties with no little concern. Murray's venture was not unknown to the
far-sighted George Morgan, agent of Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan,
who long before Murray's arrival had been anticipating such a business
rival with no few misgivings and had sent each tiny scrap of informa-
tion concerning him to his firm. He had tried, however, to minimize
the probable results of his competition with Murray, writing : "Depend
upon it unless Mr. Murray be an adapt in business and the French
tongue, he will not soon make himself master of the trade here."-"
What he feared most was that Murray might have negroes to sell, which
at that time commanded anything in the market, such as flour, cattle,
and furs.

Baynton and Wharton had not remained inactive in the East where
they had gleaned much knowledge of the business intentions of their
prospective competitor.^^ They and Morgan were both aware of Mur-
ray's appointment as the Illinois agent not only of B. and M. Gratz but
also of the London syndicate of Messrs. Franks, jSTesbitt, and Sir Eobert
Colebrook who had contracted to supply the British garrisons in
America.

Soon after Murray reached Illinois, Morgan had frequent conver-
sations with him. Vigilant as ever, he wrote his colleagues : "Most
of ]\Iurrays other goods (that remained after his vendues along the
Ohio) will remain with him unless we find it prudent to purchase the
whole from him — which I assure you I am no w^ays anxious to do — I
shall exceed my own judgment rather than let him into the spirit of
the trade. But in doing this I shall be in no hurry — for except for a
few quarts of rum and some pairs of shoes he has sold nothing."-^

—13 H S

194

Morgan admitted, that he was particuhirly anxious to deprive Murray
of his silver work which was greatly coveted by the Indians. But being
desirous of selling Murray provisions, he acted very civilly toward him.
Morgan, well educated and a man of cultured tastes, could prove a
charming companion if he so desired and Wilkins and Murray could
frequently be found dining with him. Occasionally, commissary Cole,
McMillan, and Richardson joined this trio.

With Mrs. ]\Iurray's coming in November, life in Illinois became
more comfortable and happy for jMurray, especially as his home was
enlivened by his two children, Frank and ^liss Jenny.^*^ Murray soon
became very attached to his new home and developed much confidence
in the possibilities of the Illinois country. "•With a number of indus-
trious Germans," he felt Illinois would make one of the finest countries
in the world. Proper settlement in his estimation would certainly tend
to drive away the common and distressing ague.^^ He had himself,
made a small ]nirchase of land which he felt if he has a "genius for
husbandry would turn to good account.^' By land conveyances and
vendues he was sure he could more than clear himself.^^

Let us follow Murray in his activities as a w^estern merchant. To
understand more clearly his trading activities it is advisable to consider
them as dividing into the following periods : from his arrival in Illinois
in September, 1768, until his partnership with James Eumsey formed on
May 19, 1770; from the formation of this partnership, until the fall
(probablv October 19) of 1770 Avhen it was merged into that of "David
Franks and Company;" from the fall of 1770 until April 3, 1773, when
Murray was appointed their attorney to close up their business in Illi-
nois; from April 3, 1773, until his final departure from Illinois, during
which period he acted now independently and now in partnership with
others.

Before turning to an examination of each individual period, let us
consider some general considerations which are true for the whole time.
The merchandise sent to Illinois was diverse in nature, extending from
rat and mouse traps (for the preservation of the peltry) to soap which
lost in its competition with the homemade brands of the industrious
French housewife. The "Indian goods,-" often sent," included among its
scores of articles, guns, axes, kettles, pipes, blankets, scarlet cloth, linen,
ribbons, laces, and silver trinkets as, hair ornaments, earrings, bracelets,
and arm bands. Of course, large qiiantities of clothing were sent. There
were occasional orders for shoes — as one order by Eumsey for one dozen
"women's neat clogs.""^ In the cloth line, coarse goods, and checks
were found the most salable. There was always a large demand for rum,
wine, tea (green and bohea), coffee, spices and sugar, with which the
inhabitants were prone to vary their plain diet. We have record of one
shipment by the Gratz to "Franks and Company" consisting of fifty
pounds of loaf sugar at lli/^ pence (25 cents) a pound and thirty-two
gallons of spirits at 51 pence ($1.05) per gallon, totaling over £9 or
$45.^* When we stop to think that today we complain if sugar sells at
ten cents a pound, and then consider the scarcity of money in those days
and its greater purchasing power, we realize that it was indeed a luxury
for the frontiersmen. The beverages were especially welcome during the
frequent and distressing epidemics of the malaria.

195

The greater portion of this merchandise was shipped from Eng-
land, often in the boats of Mr. David Sproat,^^ a Philadelphia merchant
and boat owner. These goods were either spoken for in advance by the
American merchants, or purchased in England by them (if they chanced
to be there) or by tlieir relatives and friends who were constantly on the
lookout for goods suitable for western trade.^*^ These wholesalers, ,such
as David Franks, Joseph Simon, and the Gratz Brothers in turn for-
warded this merchandise in the contractor's bateaux, carrying provisions
for the troops, to the traders such as Murray and Eumsey actually
stationed in Illinois.

During Murray's independent trading and his brief partnership
with Ptumse}'', sometimes he was concerned alone in these shipments as
his portion (valued at £320) of the first Gratz cargo to Illinois — or
sometimes the Gratz were concerned alone. When he was concerned
alone, the Gratz merely acted as wholesalers, as did "Levy and Franks."
The latter concern sent the largest amount of the goods which was sold
on Murray's own account or on that of Gratz and Murray. The usual
practice was for Murray and the wholesalers to be jointly concerned in
them. Interesting is the consignment of jewelry valued at (£95:8:6)
sent by the Gratz as adventure for their children, Eachel, Solomon, and
Frances. We note that the Gratz agreed to have it sold either on com-
mission or else by allowing Murray and Eumsey to be one-quarter con-
cerned in it.^^ Due to the complexities of the business arrangements
between IMurra}^ and his associates, it is impossible to estimate his profits
accurately.

Murray's first cargo turned out exceedingly well. By June, 1769,
he was able to remit the Gratz, £239:19:0 ($1,167) assuring them if he
had had time to get in fees, vendue commissions, and outstanding debts
of his own private sales he could have made this check for £500 ($2,430)
more. He had also sent David Sproat, of whom he had purchased his
first goods with a bond payable in December, the full amount of this
bond with interest till the twenty-ninth of August.

xAfter 1768, due to the transference of the management of the Indian
affairs to the colonies, Wilkins was forced to manage the local Indian
affairs. Fortunately for the business interests of the traders, Wilkins
succeeded in keeping most of the Indians pacified. There were, however,
continual rumors of an Indian war and threatened attacks upon Fort de
Chartres in 1769 and several white settlers about the Post were
murdered.^® Murray, somewhat worried, warned the Gratz brothers
that he feared mischief on the Ohio. By the spring of 1769, Murray
had already felt the effects of the competition with the French traders
at St. Louis and Sainte Genevieve, who succeeded in keeping many
Indians away from the stores at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Chartres vil-
lage. But he was too clever a business man, knowing the conditions,
to "stock up" in Indian goods, and therefore advised the Gratz not to
send much goods. ^'^ In spite of his wish that they should send him other
goods on their joint account by the first bateaux, Michael Gratz refrained
from doing so partly because of fear of a war by the discontented Sene-
cas,''° because of the scarcity of goods (due to the non-importation act)
and because Mr. Franks insisted upon using for other purposes the goods
coming in Mr. Sproat's boat, although the Gratz Brothers had spoken

196

for tliem.*^ Knowing that the purchase of the goods in Philadelphia
would be more expensive, they deterred from forming a cargo.

Meanwhile Murray was in the depths of despair in not receiving a
large cargo. He sent a letter to the Gratz full of disappointment. So
disheartened was Murray, that he even suspected that the goods were not
sent because his partners doubted his ability to pay for them. If this
were the case, he felt that Mr. Franks would have advanced the money —
besides " [he] would have made [a] remittance before the goods produced
[it].''*^ It was not the real Murray, buoyant and optimistic, who spoke
thus. Being attacked for the sixth time with the fever, we can well
understand his mood, especially when he concluded with the saying so
common during our recent epidemic, "I must go to bed and sweat." His
despondency only accentuated his tastes for the luxuries of a more
civilized life, for he exclaimed : "A plague ! why, did you not send some
good spirits, sugar, tea. Port wine, if possible, and some little et ceteras
for my own use?"*^ This plea was answered by a cask of madeira, as
with thorough searching Michael Gratz was unable to procure any port.**
Murray's letter of September, brought a very gracious and reassuring
reply from Michael Gratz. He was assured that it was not any possible
diffidence in his honor which prevented a shipment of goods, but merely
a lack of goods, when the last bateaux left for the west, due to the non-
importation act.-^ Furthermore he was gathering a cargo to be shipped
in the spring. He kept his promise faithfully, notifying Murray in
April, 1770, that he had sent goods to the amount of £608 :11 :4 Pemi.,
($1,760) in the contractor's bateaux. It is interesting to note that Gratz
credited Murray in their accounts with £186:7:111/2 ($906) as one-half
share of the profits of this venture.^^ From such transactions, we see
that their profits were often one hundred per cent. One must remember
that their risks were correspondingly great.

We are rather surprised to find George Morgan's right hand man,
James Eumsey,*^ going over to the enemy. Morgan had written of him
on September 19, 176^9, "It would be a principal part of my happiness
to go hand in hand with a union of souls with Mr. Eumsey, through the
different stages of life enjoying and partaking of each other's blessings
or sorrows. This associate of Morgan, entered into partnership with
Murray on May 19, 1770.

The articles of agi'eement stated that Murray and Eumsey were to
be partners at Kaskaskia for three years. Murray was not to be hindered
in functioning as Commissary to the troops at Fort de Chartres nor as
the agent of the Gratz Brothers. The £340 of goods which Murray had
on hand were to be put up on their joint account, and they bound them-
selves to the amount of £1,000. This agreement stipulated that David
Franks, if he so desired, should be admitted as a joint partner.*® TMs
latter step was taken in the fall of 1770. The Gratz Brothers and
Alexander Eoss became the other members of this firm designated as
"David Franks and Company."

James Eumsey entered immediately into the spirit of this new part-
nership. In January, he intended to take invoice of the unsold goods
belonging to the Gratz and to put them on the joint account. By the
first of the new year he had disposed of the most salable part of the
spring cargo sent by the Gratz Brothers. On January 26, he sent them

197

a public bill for the amount of £640 in order to show them how much he
had the interest of "Mr, Murray's friends" at heart. Since Murray had
gone East on a business trip, he was very busy attending to their three
stores, performing his duties as Secretary to Wilkins, and counteracting
the machinations of his former friend, Morgan, whom he now character-
ized as a "Bedlamite."''^ Morgan's relations were also severed with
Wilkins, and between 1770 and 1772, Illinois was torn with party strife
— Morgan leading the opposition, composed mostly of disconnected
French, against Rumsey and Wilkins. °°

•Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan determined to withdraw from Illi-
nois in the Spring of 1771. Murray informed Gratz on May 7, that he
and Eumsey had |)urchased a large part of that firm's residue of mer-
chandise.^^ This transaction caused the Gratz no little concern, and
they wrote October 2, — "was sorry to hear of the large purchase which
was made of B. W. and Morgan's old goods, which I suppose must be a
great deal of damaged and unsalable goods amongst. Such a large sum
as we are told they expect in payment for the goods next month- — I am
sure they cannot get without a large remittance from you."^- Gratz
seems to have had suspicions of Mr. Eumsey and cautioned Murray to
be frugal, industrious, and careful. They had received from Mr. Franks
only £640 (sent by Eumsey) on all the goods they had sent up and
begged him for a small remittance. ^^

The firm of "David Franks and Company" did not confine its oper-
ations to Fort de Chartres, but on August 8, 1771, purchased three lots,
a stone house, and a mill for £300 Penn., ($850) in Ivaskaskia. The
indenture was made in the name of Moses and Jacob Franks of Phila-
delphia, James Eumsey, and William Murray of Illinois."''^ Murray and
Eumsey made frequent business trips east as the letters forwarded took
so long to reach their destination that there were continual misunder-
standings. On one return trip a blacksmith and a distiller, accompanied
Eumsey in order to enlarge further the firm's undertakings.

Besides his partnerships, Murray had his own personal afl^airs. He
still maintained a correspondence (mostly of a business nature) with
Messrs. Callender, Thompson, Eoker, Murphey, Simon, and Burke of
Pennsylvania. With some of these he was debtor, as with Callender and
Thompson, and with other a creditor as with Mr. Cameron. In such
relations, the Gratz acted for hijn in the East. During 1773, Murray
officiated as the executor of the estate of Capt. James Campbell, a former
member of Wilkins' Court. In this capacity, he sold the estate at
auction, paid the laborers who had worked on it, and compensated
"Franks and Company" for supplies furnished the slaves."^^

Although the Gratz and David Franks were very much concerned
in these trading ventures, yet that was not their all-absorbing interest.
Ever since Samuel Wharton had sailed to London on behalf of the
Indiana Grant, these prominent easterners had watched his progress
with breathless interest. Wharton had received a private opinion from
Lord Camden and Lord Chancellor Yorke in 1769 to the effect that
titles to land purchased directly from the Indian tribes by individuals
or groups of individuals would be upheld in the British courts.^^ In
spite of ^\Tiarton's attempts to keep this opinion secret, it. leaked out
about 1772. The knoAvled^e of it most likelv led to the decision of

198

"Franks and Company'' in 1773, to discontinue their trading operations
and take advantage of this opinion by entering into land speculations
of their own.^' On April 3, consequently, Murray was appointed their
attorney with full power to settle and close up the business of this com-
pany whose jaartnership was soon to expire.^*

In this settlement we gain some idea of the way in which they had
conducted this business and its magnitude. From October 19, 1770,
to April 24, 1773, the Gratz furnished "Franks and Company'^' with
£1,953:104% ($9,li00) worth of merchandise. On July 1, 1773, they
had a balance of £1,560:0:11 ($8,392) with this concern.^^ They
profited as wholesalers on the goods which they sent and besides, shared
in the profits after the goods were retailed. It is probable that David
Franks did likewise. We have record of one shipment alone by him
amounting to £724:10:10 ($3,520). Murray and Eumsey in addition
to the profits on the final sale of the goods, must have received remuner-
ation for their services. Murray continued to be in account with
"Levy and Franks" on November 20, 1772, they credited him with
£14,611:6:101/4 ($71,157) because of disbursements he made at the Illi-
nois between June 25, 1770, and September 10, 1772.^° We see by the
last statement that Joseph Simon, member of "hevj and Franks" was
also concerned in Murray's affairs. Eumsey made his final settlement
in September, with "Franks and Company" through William Murray.
His account consisted of 10,634 livres (French money) most of which
was to be paid in flour and other provisions for the garrison. "^^

We can see that the trading operations were often closely associated
with the provisioning of the troops. Before following these merchants
in their land speculations let us take a brief survey of the history of
the provision branch. From Ivaskaskia on July 11, 1768, Morgan had
written of a contract made by Mr. Moses Franks and two other London
gentlemen for provisioning the troops there at 131^ Sterling per ration
or twenty-seven cents per person per day. Moses Franks, Mr. Nesbitt,
and Sir Eobert Colebrook had for several years supplied the British
armies in America with food.*^'- It was William Murray who acted as
deputy for David Franks at Fort de Chartres where he was to personally
supervise the fulfillment of the contract mentioned by Morgan. The
failure to receive this contract was a great disappointment to Baj'nton,
Wharton, and Morgan. ^^ So apprehensive was Morgan of its detriment
to their interests, that he urged the senior members of his firm to
arrange with Mr. Franks to supply William Murray with the rations
at 131/4 pence Pennsylvania, or Neiv YorJc currency.®'* In this way their
firm could profit from the sale of provisions while the London company
could profit by the difference of exchange.

]\Iorgan did achieve his end in this branch, for within a few weeks
after ^Murray reached Fort de Chartres, he procured his order for 35,000
pounds of meat to be delivered by February for the garrison at Fort de
Chartres.®^ Morgan charged ]\rurray higher rates for these provisions,
except the pork than had been formerly charged, by agreeing to deliver
the provisions in the English Aveight which was 12 per cent, to 9 per
cent, higher than the French weight. He was also to be allowed one-
half bushel of salt for preserving the meat, for ever}- barrel of beef of

199

220 pounds. Thus, although competitors, Murray and Morgan found
themselves dependent upon each other.

Murray in turn received vouchers from the government through
Mr. Eeed, commissary at Fort Pitt.*^^ It appears that in 1769, a Mr.
Eoss was manager of the contractors at Fort Pitt. In this capacity he
was in the habit of supplying the contractors, of whom Murray was one,
with provisions from the East. We might well infer that the Franks
by this time preferred to fulfill their own contracts rather than to pur-
chase the provisions from Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan. Murray,
however, embarrassed Eoss by not sending him an account of what he
needed; and so Eoss knew not how to supply him. Eeed, perturbed by
Murray's actions wrote Wilkins that Murray might deem it below him
to send the account, adding : "Trade which makes the contractor's people
rich often make them above their business."^'^ Murray may have sent his
order directly to Mr. Franks or to the Commissary General.

The provisioning of the garrison never seemed to have been satis-
factory to the military officials. Murray and Wilkins in the late spring
of 1770 had a dispute about the provisions. Wilkins wrote Eumsey:
"I must beg that there be an end to this dispute and that the troops are
regularly served as I have ordered, and which is the only manner they
can be fed at present vizt as at Xew York or Philadelphia or other places
where cattle is to be got when demanded. I cannot see in wdiat manner
Mr. Murray proposes to make a deposit of fresh meat otherwise than I
have directed weekly, shall desire Lieutenant De Berniem to consult him
on that head. Am not surprised at Mr. Murray's insinuation with re-
spect to the credit he has given me for deposits made in my name but
must declare that I have never asked any price but left the matter to
him and yourself at any rate I cannot boast of my farming scheme but
am happy to find all articles so much reduced since I took the same
in hand I have myself much to do at present, therefore must beg that if
Mr. Murray and yourself have more to say in the present dispute (where-
in I have nothing in view but justice to the public and contractors)
that you -will make me a visit so as to put an end to the afl;air, and
if Mr. Murray imagines he hath given me a partial credit — he pleased
to apologize for my not remitting to him at present."®* But Wilkins
was soon again on terms of friendship with Eumsey and Murray. He
wrote Eumsey, on October 25, that he hoped the excesses which he had
suffered at Fort de Chartres would cease at Kaskaskia, and sent his re-
gards to Mr. Murray. .^^

Lieutenant-Colonel Wilkins was discharged from the service in Sep-
tember, 1771, on the charge of falsifying accounts and taking large sums
to himself. ^° He was succeeded by Maj. Isaac Hamilton who after
abandoning and destroying Fort de Chartres left fifty soldiers at Fort
Gage, near Kaskaskia, under Capt. Hugh Lord."^

Gage ordered Capt. Hugh Lord to inquire into frauds suspected
of the contractor's agent — Mr. Murray. Captain Lord informed Gage
that in September, 1772, Colonel Wilkins had made a requisition for a
deposit of provisions, but that the buffalo beef had to be condemned.
He stated further that Murray, who was at that time acting for the con-
tractors and most of his emplo3'ees were away; and so he was prevented
from giving tlie requested information. '^^ After the abandonment of

200

Fort (le Cliartres in Septeniljer, and the withdrawal of most of the troops,
we have scarcely a mention of the provisioning of the troops except, when
Murray wrote the Gratz in 1773 from Pittsbnrg that if Croghan's in-
formation be correct "that the administration (intended) to send a
battalion to the Illinois country, as they had at last found it to be the
master key to Canada they would not fail doing something worthy,"'^

CHAPTER III.
William Murray, Laxd Speculator ix Illinois.

It was during Murray's brief sojourn with Croghan mentioned in
the previous chapter, that Murray was assured by that latter that Lords
Camden and York had personally confirmed to him their opinion con-
cerning Indian titles, when he was last in England. Murray quite elated
over tliis confession transmitted it to the Gratz adding, "So courage, my
boys. I hope we shall yet be satisfied for past vexations attending our
concern at the Illinois." A traveler whether by land or canoe or barge
was almost always the deliverer of some letters or goods at his destina-
tion. ]\Iurray brought three horses here to Mr. Mahon. Light-hearted
and jestingly he ^vTote, "By two of them (horses) he sold in a few
minutes after he gained possession, he gained eleven pounds. You see,
Michael, that a Scotch-Irishman can get the better in a bargain with
a Jew. I cannot have it in my power to transgress the Mosaic law by
eating swine's flesh here. Not an ounce of it can be had in this beggarly
place ."^*

Murray did not tarry long in the East but returned soon to Illinois
in order to make the land ^uirchase, which he and his partners had
planned during his stay, as quickly as possible. Murray continued his
journey down the Ohio with brighter prospects than those which had
attended his former returns. Already twenty-two stockholders had
signed the proposed new land affair, including Thomas Marshall of York
County, Capt. John Campbell, Eobert Callender, and William Thompson
of Cumberland County. All of these men were Pennsylvanians." Thus
as early as May, fairly definite plans for the Illinois company had been
formulated. Murray upon arriving at Kaskaskia on June 11, made
known the opinion of the British lawyers to Captain Lord. But the
latter, far from acquiescing and allowing himself to encourage such
schemes, replied that: "he should not suffer him to settle any of the
lands as it was expressly contrary to his Majesty's orders" — referring
of course to the provisions of the Proclamation of 1763.'^^ But Murray's
spirit was not one to he daunted by pessimistic denunciations of one
of his Majesty's less important servants. During the month of June,
Murray held several public conferences at Kaskaskia with the Illinois
tribes, to which the British officers and the residents of the village were
invited. Such an open meeting together with his orders against giving
the Indians liquor, he thought, would show he had no intentions of
trickery. He allowed nearly a month for their transactions, in order that
the chiefs and sachems would have plenty of time for deliberation and
consultation with the tribes which they represented."

The bronzed Indians with their blankets wound about them — some
standing in majestic dignity, others lounging about smoking their long

201

pipes ; the red coated soldiers ; the buckskin clad Frenchman — all gazing
upon the purchase price consisting of piles of bright red blankets, shirts,
stockings, shining brass kettles, steel knives, sacks of flour; and even
cattle and horses — must have formed a peculiarly striking and impressive
setting for the signing of the agreement perfected on Juh- 5 at Kas-
kaskia. By this contract, William Murray purchased for himself and his
colleagues two tracts of land east of the Mississippi liiver — one between
the Ohio and the Mississippi Elvers just below Kaskaskia, and the other
from the mouth of the Missouri north to that of the Illinois, and thence
along the latter's course. But even more impressive was the ceremony
itself — the translation and explanation into French of the complicated
and formal deed, by Eichard Winston to Michael Dane and Piero Bloitj
Indian interpreters, who in turn repeated the lengthy explanation, in
the most ceremonial manner, to the Indians.'^ The Indian chieftains
before the entire assemblage assented to this transference and, one by
one, set their characteristic seals, in the form of bear's heads, fish, or a
cross, if baptized, upon the parchment. The cost of this purchase was
later stated to have been $37,326.17.'^

The interpreters were duly sworn before the commandant of the
Illinois, Capt. Hugh Lord, who certified this act on July 20, 1772. In
all, it took about fifteen days to complete the transaction. On examin-
ing the list of the twenty-two grantees we find that all except Moses
and Jacob Franks of London, William Murray of Illinois, and James
Eumsey, late of Illinois, were Pennsylvanians. Most of them had had
business dealings with the Franks Company (all of whom were gran-
tees). We notice the familiar names of David Sproat, Milligan, and
John Inglis of Philadelphia; Joseph Simon and Andrew Levi of Lan-
caster; Thomas Menshall of York County; Eobert Callender of Cum-
berland County; and John Campbell of Pittsburg who with the Gratz
formed Croghan's closest associates. All of these men had been con-
nected with trading with Illinois and being naturally speculative, it is
not surprising to find them venturing together in a quicker realization
of profits. We have seen that Murray had not tried to get the consent
of the British Council before making this purchase but had worked on
the assiimption that the Indian tribes were sovereign nations who could
grant lands and that, although the British Crown was the possessor of
this territory, it did not personally own the soils since it had never pur-
chased or leased the land itself.

This deviation of policy to buy lands without government sanction
— which seemed a defiance to British control and even in direct opposi-
tion to the Proclamation of 1763, caused an almost continuous exchange
of letters between the British authorities. In a letter written September
30 to Haldimand, Superintendent Johnson condemned such purchases
in these words : "I think Mr. Murray's proceedings very extraordinary.
The spirit of purchasing and pushing settlements into the back country,
remote from the influence of government and where they do as they
please, is already so prevalent that unless his Majesty shall fall on some
vigorous measure to prevent it, I despair of its ever being done.^° From
this letter we see Johnson feared such purchases would cause no small
administrative problem. Haldimand replied to Johnson that he was
glad to hear that the latter's opinion concerning these purchases corres-

202

ponded with his own, in their representation to the Secretary of State,
[Dartmonth] .**^ Haldimand sent his objections to Dartmouth in Nov-
ember. Although no actual settlements had been made, still he feared
that settlements which were rumored to be made in the spring by emi-
grants from the East, would irritate the Indians and make the region
one of lawlessness. ^-

The grantees, realizing the opposition of the crown to their pur-
chase, when they could receive no aid from their own state, Pennsylvania,
cleverly seized upon the plan of obtaining the sanction of Virginia, which
by her charter claimed the whole Northwest. ^^ Accordingly Murray
went East, and on April 19, 1774, presented a petition on behalf of the
Illinois Land Company to the Earl of Dunmore, Governor of Virginia,
asking that: "Virginia extend her laws and jurisdictions over their
purchase since it was within her limits.®* Their reasoning follows logic-
ally: That they wished for well regulated commerce and to avoid the
evil consequences which come with irregular and lawless emigi'ants, that
such regulated settlements would form a frontier for the present frontier
of Virginia as well as for the other states, and that they would comply
with any rules, such as quit rents, which Virginia should choose to im-
pose.

Murray knew the way to a true speculator's heart, such as Governor
Dunmore's of Virginia, and most likely promised him due compensation
for his support. Dunmore strongly urged Dartmouth to act favorably
on this petition of April, a copy of which he sent him in May,®^ and spoke
highly of the names attached to the petition.^'' The three men were
known to him, especially, Mr. Murray, of whom he said, "[He] has been
long a merchant in the Illinois country, knowing well the country which
they were about settling and thoroughly understands the advantages that
may be derived from their settlement there, to trade which is the prin-
ciple of their undertaking and therefore cannot be prejudicial in any
sense to His Majesty.^' Dartmouth, who did not react favorably to his
proposal, wrote Johnson that Dunmore's reasons had not weight with
him.®"

Meanwhile Murray was busy planning his "compensation" for Dun-
more. As early as May 16, 1774, he spoke of the "old and new affair"
about which he had had letters sent to the Franks Brothers of London.
His activity shows him to be the prime instigator. Plans were well under
way as he wrote the Gratz on that day: "Further exploring has been
determined upon at last meeting; some settlement to be made by way
of taking possession, and all former transactions fully approved by those
who were not formerly concerned, as well as on the part of the new
hands."®® Eight Marylanders had already signed the new affair.

Murray's hopes once again seemed high and gave rise to such ex-
clamations as "My rib presents her compliments to you" — and his little
joke at the expense of Michael Gratz of whom he writes : "Now as the
Devil will have it, you must be informed forsooth, that Moses was upon
the top of a mount in the month of May — consequently his followers
must for a certain number of days cease to provide for their families,
though perhaps he may be promoted to such high rank above that he
may think it beneath his dignity to associate with his countrymen."

203

The border warfare on the Ohio in 1774, increased in gruesomeness.
Murray wrote the Gratz from Philadelphia that verbal reports of the
murder of thirty-eight or forty-eight Indians by white people had reached
them. "If this intelligence be true," he anxiously wrote, ''it would mean
much against us and greatly endanger my scalp. I hourly hope to hear
that the report is void of truth."^^ These rumblings bespoke of the
Dunmore War which soon broke out. This war involved Virginia and
Pennsylvania and made the western Indians restless and Illinois the
scene of frequent raids.^*^ Murray was still in Philadelphia in June
and Michael Gratz hoped he would not leave until he learned the reports
of the raids along the Ohio Avere groundless and advised that he return
via New Orleans.

Meanwhile the British ministry had not viewed Murray's purchase
as favorably as had Lord Dunmore. General Gage then in England
urged the ministry very strongly against validifying the grant. As early
as May, the Secretary's opposition was known to the speculators through
a letter written by Samuel Wharton to his brother stating that : "Lord
Dartmouth had sent orders to Lord Dunmore not to grant a foot of
lands to any person on the Ohio and for him to make null and void the
patents he has already granted.''^

Gage wrote to Capt. Hugh Lord commending his opposition to«
these land purchases which greatly pleased Lord Dartmouth. He then
related the following commands: "you will therefore take all opportuni-
ties to acquaint the Indians with this, His Majesty's concern for their
happiness and Avelfare, in preventing persons taking advantage of them
and* purchasing the lands which it is the King's determined resolution
to reserve to them, and to prevent as much as lays in your power any
purchase so contrary to the royal will and regulations * * * and
that his Majesty's new subjects may not be deceived and persuaded to
act contrary to the intent of it [i. e. the Proclamation] you will be
pleased to order the Notary Public to erase from his Eegisters any of
the proceedings relative to the purchase already made and publicly to
protest against them, and to declare all that has been or may be done
hereafter relative to it void and of non-effect.^^

It Avas these unlawful purchases Avhich caused the British ministry
in the Quebec Act of June, 1774, to include Illinois in the province of
Quebec.''^^ By so doing they hoped to discourage settlements in Illinois,
since the residents could not enjoy English law; and thus fur trading
would be encouraged. An annulment of Murray's deed Avas attempted.
"Eighteen months subsequent [about January, 1775] to this transac-
tion [July, 1773 purchase]" stated Murray, "General Gage ordered —
[Captain Lord] to convene the Indian chiefs afresh after I purchased
the lands, and to inform them ; 'That notwithstanding the sale they had
made, and the consideration that they might hold these lands and that
they Avere still their property." After some deliberation, the chiefs re-
plied: 'That they thought what the Great Captain said was not right;
that they had sold the lands to me and my friends not for a short time,
but, as long as the sun rose and set; That I had paid them what they
had agreed for and to their satisfaction and more than they had asked
for — and they would protect us against our enemies and we do the same
for them when we settled.' "^^ Murray, was content with the Indian

204

repl}^ and ignored the rebnlce from the crown. In September he com-
menced a series of negotiations similar to those of 1773, at Post St.
Vincent and Ouiatenon with the different tribes of the Piaukashaw and
Wea.

He was not acting merely on the Camden opinion, for he wrote:
"Previous to my commencing to negotiate either purchase, I had records
examined [kept since early days by the French.] to see what lands were
ceded by — the Indians for garrisons or use of the inhabitants and by
what titles the latter held them."^^ If the Crown could stop his pur-
chase could they not nullify, the French claims? And what an uproar
such reasoning would cause among the French. By consulting the oldest
Indians and the earliest French settlers, he learned that their land hold-
ing "originated from cessions obtained for a valuable consideration from
Indians,'^ stated that his purchases were made from the same Indians.°*^
These Indians he claimed were sovereign and not tributary to the Six
jSTations or any other Nation.

Was the idea that Frenchmen who once bought land from the
Indians could do so again, the reason for having his French partner,
Louis Viviat, act as the purchaser of the Wabash lands P^'' Did he reason
that the English Crown would not dare oppose such a prominent French-
man as Louis Viviat who was merely reiterating the acts of other French
settlers — on a larger scale of course? By using him, Murray could of
course gain the good will of the French. In any case, Louis Viviat,
prominent French merchant and former judge at Kaskaskia, held public
conferences, similar in nature to those held in 17T3, at Post Vincent and
Vermillion. There he obtained from their chiefs on October 18', 'tw^o
large tracts of land, one above and one below A'incennes. Merchandise
similar in chara^^ter to that used for the first purchase but valued at
$12,-477.73 ($5,000 in excess of the former purchase) was paid for this
land.'-"^ The Earl of Uunmore's name stands prominently among the
grantees, in fact his name is the first of the eighteen on the list and is
followed by that of his son, John Murray, Maryland had a fair repre-
sentation and we note that William Murray's brother, Daniel, is now
engaged with him. This deed was duly registered on December 5, 1775.
In the deed again appears the names of our old friends Moses and Jacob
Franks, who with Slurray and David Franks are the only grantees of
177s. The names of Eumsey, Gratz, Campbell, Simon are conspicuous
by their absence. With the American Eevolution, their most prominent
sponser with the ministr}', Lord Dunmore, was dropped from their
journals.

Events 'w^ere moving with lightning rapidity in America during the
fall of 1775 and the year 1776 — hopes of the removal of grievances began
to engender thoughts in bolder minds of independence ; parties were be-
ginning to form ; and the conservatives, neither Tory nor Pro-Independ-
ent, began to be forced to cast their lot in with one of the two sides.
"William Murray must have watched these events with some apprehen-
sions and yet with some hopes — w^ar certainly would delay the settlement
of these newly acquired lands, but now that Britain had shown her abso-
lute disapproval of his undertakings by direct criticisms and by the in-
clusion of Illinois in the Quebec Province, would he not have a better
chance bv casting his fortunes in with the Eevolutionists. Besides his

205

Scotch blood probably seized the opportunity to side in with the Colonies
against England.

In the early summer of 17 T6, Murray left Illinois for the East, in
order to exert more direct influence for his grants. Before leaving Kas-
kaskia, he instructed his brother Daniel, whom he left in charge of his
western affairs, to give every assistance to any American troops that
miglit arrive there. These instructions he repeated through Col. George
Gibson who came from New Orleans to Illinois. ^°°

Faithful to his brother's commands, Daniel Murray preferred valu-
able aid to George Eogers Clark upon his entry into Kaskaskia on July
4, 1778'. It is even suggested that the loyal Daniel opened the door of
the fort to him.^°^ By the morning of the fifth he and Winston had
plenty of provisions for the fatigued and hungry troops, whose gratitude
to such friends of the American cause must have been very great.^°^

Daniel Murray continued his assistance and supplied Clark with
large quantities of flour, beef, pork, salt, tallow, liquor, and merchandise.
For these commodities, he accepted continental money at gold valuation
without stopping to consider depreciation, and he later claimed to have
induced the French to do likewise. ^"^ Not only did Daniel Murray act
as voluntary provisioner of the troops, but he also acted as commissary
and quartermaster, and served in military operations under Clark. His
assistance to the Virginians proved very detrimental to his interests and
those of his brother. In a memorial on December 29, 1781, to the Vir-
ginia Delegates in Congress, he prayed them to save himself and his
brother from ruin by the payment of two bills for $6,-181% and $1,590,
which were drawn by Colonel Montgomery. ^°*

Although it is not within our scope to pursue Murray's activities
outside of Illinois in any detail, yet the following account seems neces-
sary. Clark's undertakings were not unknown in the East. After a
long interval of no meetings, the Illinois and Wabash Land Companies
held a joint session in Philadelphia on November 3, 1778, thirteen days
before the news of Clark's achievement reached Williamsburg. Could
not their western sympathizers such as Daniel Murray have sent them
news of Clark's success? At this meeting, the companies determined
to unite, to rectify the indefinite boundary lines of the Illinois Eiver
tract of the 1773 purchase, to cede sufficient land to pay the soldiers
enlisted in the American cause, and to present a memorial to the Vir-
ginia Legislature. William Murray was appointed as executor of many
of their ' proposed plans — to supervise the correction of the northern
boundary (for which £600 to be increased to £1,000 if necessary was
approximated) and to present their memorial to Virginia. Seeing that
it was Virginia who actually occupied the Illinois country, the pro-
prietors were anxious to make their claims formally known. On De-
cember 26, 1778, William Murray presented this memorial to the Legis-
lature at Williamsburg. After stating briefly that they had purchased
lands on the Wabash Eiver, the Illinois and Wabash Companies tactfully
added that when conditions allowed for the settlement of these lands
they had no intention to dispute the jurisdiction of Virginia or any other
state rightfully claiming jurisdiction over them.^°^

In 1779, frequent meetings of the companies were held.^"'' George
Eoss, signer of the Declaration and now chairman of these companies

206

sent Capt. John Campbell, their surveyor-general, instructions for the
founding of a town at the junction of the Ohio and Wabash Eivers, and
the terms of settlement proposed. They informed him that Murray was
their agent in this alfair.

In spite of Virginia's reiteration on May 18 that no persons could
purchase any land within her limits, the companies went hopefully ahead
in completing their organization and plans. In August, they divided
their lands into eighty-four shares, two of which were soon after sold
to Mr. Eobert Morris, renowned financier of the Eevolution, and Mr.
John Holder, Counsel of France, for £8,000 each. With the names of
these prominent members added to those of Gerard, the French minister
who had a large following in Congress, and Governor Thomas Johnson
of Mar^'land, in addition to the ten members from Maryland, we are not
surprised at Maryland's opposition to Virginia's obtaining permanent
sovereignty in the West. On April 29, 1780, a definite constitution was
drawn up; a resolution was passed ordering that £4:,000 (from the sale
of the shares to Messrs. Holder and Morris) be paid to Murray, for de-
fraying the necessary expenses of the Companies ; and detailed provisions
were made for settlements at the mouth of the Ohio and Illinois Rivers
as well as at the mouth of the Wabash. They decided to postpone the
actual settlement of these sites until peace was declared. ^°^ The various
events leading to Maryland's ratification of the Articles of Confederation
on February 2, 1781, showed plainly that the Companies could now hope
for little success by working through Maryland alone. Knowing Mary-
land's intention of ratification they presented a memorial to Congress
on February 3, 1781, which found no favor.^^^ The members of the
United-Illinois-Wabash Companies refused to cast entirely aside their
visions of golden prosperity, and we accordingly find them petitioning
the Continental Congress in 1788,^°® the United States Congress in 1791,
1797, and 1804.^^" The petition of 1791 had been presented by James
Wilson, the eminent Pennsylvanian, and his friends. The House acted
favorably on it but a deadlock in the Senate prevented any action.^^^
iSTo better fortune favored that of 1797. The whole matter was finally
repudiated on January 30, 1811.^^^

During this period of the futile attempts of the Illinois-Wabash-
Land Companies to gain official sanction to its purchases, we have but a
fleeting glimpse of William Murray. The affairs of these United Com-
panies had become his chief interest. Besides, the Eevolutionary War had
greatly curtailed western trading, not only by making western expedit-
ions hazardous, but also by discouraging the Indians from trapping.
Shortly after the March meeting of 1779 of the land companies, the
Gratz JBrothers intended to m^ake a final settlement with Murray. Michael
cautioned his brother to take care when he settled with him to get
'^lard" money instead of the depreciated paper.^" Murray may have
gone West in the interest of their companies for Daniel Murray wrote
Bentley that he expected him.^^* We hear nothing of him in the years
folloAving, until 1786, when he is the bearer of a letter from Barnard
Gratz then in Eichmond, Virginia, whither his business interests had
moved, to Michael.^ ^^ He still maintained business relations with the
Lancaster group. In June of that year, he deeded one-half of his 2,000
acre land tract, in Jefferson County, Virginia, to Joseph Simon.^^^ This

207

land adjoined the militai^ survey of Col. John Campbell which lay
within the present site of Louisville, Kentucky.

His holdings in Kentucky and the subsequent failure of the Illinois-
Wabash Companies to maintain their title, cause us to wonder if he was
not the William Murray who appeared so prominently in Kentucky's his-
tory as the opposer of the Kentucky Resolutions, in 1798. Sine©
the interests of the Gratz were turned in that direction he may have
followed in their path. If he is this William Murray, he emigrated to
Xatchez, Mississippi, in 1803, and died there in 1805.^^^ But the
proof of this case is still wanting. Thus we see the finale as well as the
beginning of the life of this dramatic personage remains still to be ascer-
tained. In my discourse I have attempted to trace his activities in Illi-
nois alone; and so I must leave the solution of this problem to later
researchers or to others, ambitious of throwing light upon some of the
truly eminent pioneers who gave their most previous years to laying a
cornerstone for our State of Illinois.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Manuscript Sources.

Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan. Manuscripts : in the Pennsylvania
State Library (Harrisburg).

Draper, Lyman C. Manuscripts: preserved in the library of the State
Historical Society of Wisconsin (Madison).

Etting. Manuscripts: in the Pennsylvania Historical Society (Phila-
delphia).

Great Britain. Public Record Office. Colonial Office Papers (London).

Haldimand, General Sir Frederick. Manuscripts: in the British Mu-
seum, Additional Manuscripts (London).

Johnson, Sir William. Manuscripts : in the New York State Library
(Albany).

Kaskaskia Manuscripts, preserved in the circuit clerk's office (Chester,
Illinois).

Morgan, George. Letter Book : preserved in the Carnegie Library
(Pittsburg, Pennsylvania). ■

Pennsylvania Division of Public Records : in the Pennsylvania State
Library (Harrisburg).

Pennsylvania Supreme Court Records : in the Pennsylvania State Library
(Harrisburg).

Transcripts of the above manuscripts are found in the Illinois Historical
Survey of the University of Illinois.

Published Sources.

Account of the proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabaclie Land Com-
panies, in pursuance of their purchases made of the indedent natives,
July 5, 1773, and 18th October, 1775 (Philadelphia, 1796).

Alvord, Clarence W. Caholcia Becords, 1778-1790 [Ill'mois Historical
Collections, vol. ii, Virginia series, vol. i], (Springfield, 1907).

KashasMa Records, 1778-1790 [Illinois Historical Collections,
vol. V, Virginia series, vol. ii], (Springfield, 1909).

208

Alvord, L'lareiice \V., ami L'larejice E. Carter. Critical Period, ITGJi-
17()5. [Illinois Historical Collections, vol. x, British series, vol. i],
(SpriiigiieUl, 11)15).

Alvord, Clarence W., and Clarence E. Carter. New Regime, 1765-1767.
[Illinois Ilistorical Collections, vol. xi, British series, vol. ii],
(Springfield, 1916).

American State Papers, class viii, public lands, vol. ii, edited by Walter
Lowrie and Walter S. Franklin (Washington, 1834).

John P. Branch. Historical Papers of Piandolph-Macon College, edited
by Charles H. Ambler, vol. iv, (liichmond, 1915).

Byars, William Y. B. and M. Gratz, Merchants in Philadelphia, 17 SJ^-
179S. Transcripts from the Gratz papers with introduction and
notes (Jefferson Cit}', 1916).

Calendar of Virginia State Papers, edited bv William P. Palmer (Eich-
mond, 1881).

Documents relative to the state of New York, edited by Edmund &
O'Callagiian, vol. viii, (Albany, 1857).

Historical Magazine, edited, bv John G. Shea, vol. viii, (^ew York,
1854).

James, James A. George Roger Clarlc Papers, 1771-1781, [Illinois
Historical Collections, vol. viii, A'irginia series, vol. iii], (Spring-
field, 1913).

Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, 13th January,
1797, referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, and Mr. Bald-
■win, published by order of the House of Eepresentatives (Phila-
delphia, 1797). •

"Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Companies;" in American
State Papers, class viii, public lands, vol. ii, p. 108 ff.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, vol. xix, (Lansing, 1892).

Pennsylvania Archives, fourth series, edited by George Edward Eeed,
under the direction of [the] secretary of the commonwealth, vol.
iii, (Harrisburg, 1900).

Thwaites, Eeuben G. and Louise P. Kellogg, editors. Revolution on the
Upper Ohio, 1775-1777, (Madison, 1908).

Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. xvi, (Eichmond,
1908).

Secondary Works.

Alvord, Clarence W. CahoMa Records, 1778-1790 [Illinois Historical
Collections, vol. ii, Virginia series, vol. i], Introduction (Spring-
field, 1907).

Kaskaslcia Records, 1778-1790 [Illinois Historical Collections,
vol. V, Virginia series, vol. ii], Introduction (Springfield, 1909).
Mississippi Valley in British Politics, (Cleveland, 1917), 2
vols.

Carter, Clarence B. Great Britain and the Illinois Country, 17 63-177 J/.,
(Washington, 1910).

Collins, Lewis, History of Kentucky, [Eevised edition, Eichard Collins],
(Louisville, 1877).

Fisher, George H. 'Brigadier-General Henry Bouquet," in Pennsyl-
vania Magazine of History and Biography, vol, iii, (Philadelphia,
1879).

209

Gayarre, Charles. Ilislonj of Louisiana, The French Domination, vol.
iii, (New Orleans, 1903).

Green, Thomas M. "Spankli Conspiracy," (Cincinnati, 1891).

James, James A. George Rogers Clark Papers, 1771-1781, [Illinois
Historical Collections, vol. viii, Virginia series, vol. iii]. Introduc-
tion, (Spring-field, 1913).

Kohler, Max J. ''The Franks Family as British Army Contractors," in
American Jewish Historical Society Publications, vol. xi, (Balti-
more, 1903).

"Some Jewish Factors in the Settlement of the West," in
American Jewish Historical Society Publications, vol. xvi, (Balti-
more, 1907).

Shaler, N. S. Kentucky, A Pioneer Commonivealth, (Boston, 1885).

1 On March 18, 1768, the Ministry definitely accepted the principle of allowing
the colonial government to manage the trade of the Wp.st, the proposition of estab-
lishing a tentative boundar3' line, and the retention of the offices of Indian super-
intendents. Alvo'rd, Mississiiipi Valley in British Politics, vol. ii, 31.

- For a thorough discussion of these policies see Alvord. Mississi2ipi Valley in
British Politics, passim.

^ It was chiefly due to the influence and efforts of George Croghan that peace
was made with Pontiac in July. Learning of Pontiac's promise that the Knglish
troops would not be hindered in their passage to Illinois, Captain Sterling left Fort
Pitt on August 24, and arrived at Fort de Chartres on October 9. Great Britain
and the Illinois Country, 38-45.

■» Carter, Great Britain and the Illinois Country, 83-84.

5 October 4, 17G6. in Alvord and Carter, The New Regime, 397.

" Joseph Simon, one of the wealthiest Indian traders in Pennsylvania, came to
Lancaster about 1740. Byars, (?) B. and M. Gratz, 3.

' For a detailed discussion of this cession, see Alvord, ^Mississippi Valley in
British Politics, vol. ii, chap. iii.

* In 1763 Colonel Bouquet commanded at Philadelphia when the new rising of
the Indians was instigated by Pontiac, he marched to the relief of Fort Pitt. On
August 5, he defeated the Indians in a long and stubborn contest at Bushy Rim.
Four days later he reached Fort Pitt. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
vol. xvi, 151. See also Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, vol. ii, 67, 76, 370. 408.

^ Baynton, Wliarton, and Morgan to Johnson, December 28, 176G, Alvord and
Carter, The New Regime, 466.

"Clarkson's Diary, August 6, 1766 — April 16, 1767, Alvord and Carter, The
New Regime, 349.

" Gage wrote to Shelburne about the disposal of the troops of the forty-second
regiment on August 24, 1767. Alvord and Carter, The New Regime 591-593.

'= September 1. 1769, Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 102.

^^ Mr. Byars' explanation of this allusion is as follows : "If he is the Captain
Murray of the Royal Highlanders ordered to Lancaster after the Conestoga Mas-
sacre, and stationed at Fort Pitt, — he certainly would have spent some time hi
New York on landing there with the troops, and his acquaintance with Miss Franks
might have begun then." Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 103. .Miss Richi Franks, daugh-
ter of Jacob Franks, sailed for London not long after lier father's death in 1768,
probably in order to consult her brothers, Moses and Napthali, then in London,
about the management of her father's estate. American Jeicish Historical Society
Publications, vol. xxii, 139.

"Michael Gratz to William Murray, September 1, 1769, Byars, B. and M.
Gratz. 102-103.

^"September 15, 1768, Pennsylvania Historical Society, Btting Collection.

" In his very first letter to the Gratz from Carlisle, Murray asked that they
would please not "forget the Little ones down the River," and wished that they
might be bound out to some honest tradesman in town or country." June 8, 1768,
Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 84. He repeated these requests, speaking of them as "the
two poor Little Chance Boys." Ibid.. June 8, 1768, Idem.. 9 5. The Gratz in turn
wrote of visiting "Your Little Ones down the River" and of "clothing them and
paying their board." April 4, 1770, Idem. lO'i.

In the Record of Apprentices of Philadelphia we find that on March 13, 1773.
Barnard Gratz had apprenticed William Murray with consent of his father, to
Alexander Hamilton of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bi-.
ogruphy, vol. xxiv, 121. Murray must have had another son, for Mary Robertson
wrote him from Scotland in 1775 concerning the education of his son, Willie, then
in Scotland. This son can hardly have been the one spoken of above. Byars,
B. and M. Gratz. 353.

1' William Murray to Barnard Gratz, June 8, 1768; Byars, B. and M. Gratz,
88.

—14 H S

210

"Gage to Hillsborough, August 17, 1768, in Public Record Office, Colonial Office
Papers, vol. v, folio. 291. Major WHlkins, commandincr at Niagara was made Lieu-
tenant-Colonel of the Eighteenth Regiment, Royal Irish in June, 17G4. Historical
Magazine, vol. viii, 258.

" "The silver ware," wrote George Morgan to his partners, "is a good parcel,
but the principal articles thereof and many of the small ones are charged from 20
to 50 per cent too high." October 30, 1768, Pennsylvania Division of Public Rec-
ords.

2" See IMcl.

"Michael Gratz to William Murray. .Tuly 8. 1768. Byars. B. and M. Oratt. 87.

"William Murray to Barnard Gratz, .Tune 8. 1768, Idem., 84. For this goods
pui-chased from Sproat and Company Murray gave his bond pavable in December,
1768 fnex-t). Morgan to Baynton. ^T^^arton and Morgan, October 30. 1768, Penn-
sylvania Division of Public Records.

" Indeed so plentiful was the game that Ensign George Butricke asserts each
company was commonly served with one buffalo a day besides quantities of deer,
geese, turkeys, ducks, turtles and the extremely large catfish. Butricke to Captain
Barnsley, September l.'^. 1768. Historical Magazine, vol. viii, 259. For a biograph-
ical note of Barnsley. see Idem. 258.

24 "The falls appear tremendous at first sight," wrote Butricke. "and startled
our people." It was only after he had gone safely over them that the rest followed.
Ibid,

"-^Ihid., 260.

=« "Fort Chartres." Butricke added, "is a midline- sized Fort — the walls about
2 foot thick and 2ft foot high — with Loon lioles to fire small arrrts thro' — [andl —
some port holes for great guns. But they seldom use them for they shock the
works too much, the barracks are very good built of stone, but they will not con-
tain more than 200 exclusive of officers." Fort Chartres was built in 1720, at a
distance of a mile from the Mississippi. It was repaired in 1750. 'Bv 1768. owing
to a new channel formed by the river, was not over eighty yards from the water.
After the surrender of the West to the British. St. Ange de Bellerive. an old and
experienced French officer, held it through the period of Pontiac's consniracy.
On October 1ft. 1765. Captain Stirling took charge of it for Great Britain. History
Maga-sine. vol. viii. 257.

=' Morgan to Baynton and WHiarton. .Tuly 20. 1768, Morgan Letter Book.

=8 Ibid.

=' Morgan to Baynton, Wharton, and IMorgan. October 30. 1768. Division of
Public Records. Pennsylvania State Library. This remark seems ironical in view
of the fact that it was later Murray who purchased the merchandise of Ba.vnton.
Wharton, and IMorgan. Poste., 24.

'"Mrs. Murray and her children left Philadelphia on .Tuly 8, and arrived at the
mouth of the Tvaskaskia in Xovcmber. Ibid. November 7. Later Murray sent
Franky East — probably to be educated. In 1771. the Gratz wrote that they had
seen him and that he was growing into a fine fellow. Byars. B. and M. Grnt^. IIP.
In the account books of "Levy and Franks." Murray is charged with £104:18:6V2
for payments made (March 3ft. 1771 — April 2, 1773) to .Tames Cannon for Franky's
maintenance. Pennsylvania Historical Siocietv, Ettino Collection.

"William Murray to B. and M. Gratz, April 24, 1769, Bvars, B. and M. Gratr,
93.

^Ibid.

'•'' .Tames Rinn«ey to Barnard and Michael Gratz. January 26. 1771, Bvars. E.
and M. Gratfs, 115.

•'^ Messrs. B. and M. Gratz. account current with Franks and Company, 1770-
1774. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Etting Collection.

^"^ During the Revolution David Sproat was Commissary of the Naval Prisoners.
The mortality of the prisoners under his care at New York was very great. He
was attainted of treason in Philadelphia and his estate was forfeited.

'" Michael Gratz wrote Murray that he hoped Barnard who was in London
would bring home an assortment of goods suitable for Illinois, Michael Gratz to
William Mui-ray, April 9. 1770, Byars. /?. and M. Gratz. 109.

*' B. and M. Gratz to Messrs. William Murray and James Rumsey, May 24,
1772. Byars, B. and M. Grats. 123-124.

2" Carter. Great Britain and the Illinois Conntry 1763-74, 73-74.

=>' Byars. B. and M. Grats, 93.

••"Michael Gratz to Barnard Gratz, August 21. 1769, Byars, B. and M. Grats,
100. "The Seneca Indians," wrote Michael Gratz to his brother then in England,
"are much discontented on account of the purchase money that was given at the
last treaty [referring to Fort StanwixT to the Nether Indians, and their share not
yet received by them, which makes them very insolent and daring, though it is
thought they want nothing but presents and rob. if they can in the ineantime. So
I am in no ways sorry that we did no£ send any more, as I am much afraid of
what we have there alreadv. if an Indian war should happen."

"/btd. September 1, 1769, 102.

^Idem. 104.

« William Murray to B. and M. Gratz, September 22. 1769. Ibid.

" B. and M. Gratz to William Murray. Anrll 4. 1770. Idem. 109.

••'IMichael Gratz to William Murray. December 28. 1769. Idem. IftS. On
October 25. 1765. "the merchants and other citizens of Philadelphia." including
David Franks and the Gratz. adopted the "Non-Importation Resolutions" in which
they agreed not to have anv goods shipped froin Great Britain until the Stamp
Act was repealed. Morals, The Jcivs of Philadelphia, 22. It still was in force in

311

1770, although the Stamp Act had been repealed. In that year Michael Gratz pro-
posed to Barnard, who was still in London, that they would ship their goods to
Illinois by the way of Baltimore, Maryland, for canvass goods, linens, cloth from
4 to 6 shillings per yard, blankets and rugs could be imported there. Byars, B. and
M. Grats, 112.

■"I William Murray's Account Current with B. and M. Gratz, 1773-1774. This
account further states "as per Sales in Franks and Company Books."

""Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 98. Lieutenant Rumsey accompanied Lieutenant
Stirling to Illinois in 1765. He vvas soon after appointed royal commissary at Fort
de Chartres. He became prominent in Illinois, serving in the court, established
by Wilkins in December of 1768. He associated himself early with Morgan. Carter,
Great Britmn and the Illinois Country, 50, 68, 69.

*^ Pennsylvania Historical Society, Etthig Collection, Miscellaneous manuscripts,
vol. i, 133.

« James Rumsey to B. and M. Gratz, January 26, 1771, Byars, B. and M. Gratz,
116.

=» Carter. Great Britain and the Illinois Country, 71. "Wilkins had formerly
been very friendly with Baynton. Wharton, and Morgan, and had made them grants
of lands, in which he, himself, was interested. Gabriel Cerrg's Testimony Concern-
ing Illinois. July, 1786, Alvord, Kaskaskia Records, 384.

"The cost of this purchase was £9,955 :14 :4, excluding £1,000 of goods chargedl
to the firm hut rejected by Rumsey. Pennsylvania Historical Society, Supreme
Court Becwds. April Term. 1773. In May, 1774, Thomas Wharton wrote his
brother that David Franks had not yet paid this bill although he had obtained)
judgment for it "12 months" since. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bi-
ography, vol. xxiii, 333.

52 Byars, B. and M. Ch-ats, 118.

" Ibid.

•'* Draper Manuscripts. 12 s 29 3.

"August 31, 1773, Estate of Captain James Campbell, in account with William
Murray. Executor. Supreme Court Records, April Term, 1773. Pennsylvania His-
torical Society.

•"'■Wharton to .Johnson. .Tune 14. 17f!9, in .Johnsoii .^ff/)M'.s'•)■^)^<t. vol. xvM, 190.

5' The demolishment of Fort de Cliartres in the fall of 1772, the reduction of
the size of the garrison stationed in Illinois, and the talk of doing likewise to Fort
Pitt must have greatly discouraged these men and made them even more eager
for land speculation. See HilLsborouah to Gage. Decf»m'ier' 4. 1771. in Pnblic
Records Office. Colonial Office Papers, 5:90, p. 5; and Gage to Hillsborough, Sep-
tember 2. 1772. in Idem. p. 113.

^^ Kaskaskia Court Record. 265.

5' Pennsylvania Historical Society, Etting Collection, Gratz Papers.

*" Pennsylvania Historical Society, Etting Collection. Miscellaneous Manuscripts,
vol. i, 141).

8^ Recognition of Indebtedness to Franks and Company, by J. Rumsey, May 15,
1773. Kaskaskia Manuscripts. Court Record, folio 273.

" David and Moses Franks were sons of Jacob Franks of New York. During
the French and Indian War. the armies in America were supplied with provisions
by Me.ssrs. iMoses Franks. Nesbitt. and Colebrook. The latter two are probably the
"other two men" referred to by Morgan. Contracts to the value of £76,400 were
made for provisioning British Armies and Garrisons in North America, particularly
in New York. Maryland. Fort Pitt, and the Illinois Country. Both Moses and
David figure prominently in the correspondence of this firm (1759-1779) as its
agents. David Franks managed their interests in Pennsylvania. American Jewish
Historical Publications, vol. xi. 181-183.

*3 Baynton. Wharton and Morgan did however receive large contracts for sup-
plying the Indian department with goods to be \Tsed as presents to the Indians.
Carter. Great Britain and the Illinois Country, 83.

'■•July 11, 1768, Morgan Letter Book. £100 fiterliirg v,-as ennivp.lent to ?170
Pennsylvania.

«' Morgan to Baynton and Wharton, October 30. Morgan said he thought they
could arrange matters so as to lav in 50.000 pounds. Ibid.

«"Reed to McMillan. April 16. 1769. in J. P. Branch. Historical Papers, vol.
iv. no. 2. 109-110. Reed is not to be confused with Lieutenant-Colonel John Reed,
stationed at Fort de Chartres in 1766-1768.

"'.Tune 6. 1769. in J. P. Branch, Historical Papers, vol. iv. no. 2, p. 110.

'* Illinois Historical Survey.

«» Pennsylvania Historical Society. Gratz Papers. This statement shows that
Murray was .aroing to make Kaskaskia the center of his business and connects with
the purchase of the lots "etc" made there in Auanist. See ante, 25.

""Carter. Great Britain and the Illinois Country. 155.

"Hillsborough sent Gage orders for its demolishment on December 4. 1771.
Public Record Oflfice. Colonial Office Papers, 5:90, p. 5. Its abandonment and de-
molishment was reported to Hillsborough by Gage on September 2, 1772. See
Idem. p. 113.

"April 9, 1773. in British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, 21730 f. 27. ■

"May 15. 1773. Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 130.

■*Ibid. This acknowledgment of his being Scotch makes us naturally think
of him as possibly being the Captain Murray of Fort Pitt.

" Ibid.

'•Lord to Gage, July 3, 1773, Johnson Ma/iiu scripts, vol. xxv, no. 211.

^''Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies.

''^Ihid. Richard Winston was an inhabitant of Kaskaskia.

'"'Ibid. This e.stimate covered the purchase price, the cost of the treaty, and
the interest on the balance of the goods.

212

*» In British IMuseum, Additio)Uil Manuscripts, 21670, f. 82.

"October 20, 1773, in British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, 21670, f. 91.

K* November 3, 1773, in the British Museum, Haldimand Papers: Correspond-
ence with Liord Dartmouth (1773-1775).

»3 Alvord, Mississippi Valley in BHtish Politics, vol. ii, 203.

"Public Record Office, Colonial Office Papers, o, 1352, p. 141.

*5 Mav 18. 1774, in Idem.

'8 David Franks, John Campbell, and Murray were the "names attached to the
petition."

"July 6, 1774, New York Colonial Docit^ments, vol. viii, 468.

^ Byars, B. and M. Grats, 140.

^^ Idem. 141.

"See Alvord, Mississippi Valley in British Politics, vol. ii, 188 ff.

"L. A. Levy to Michael Gratz, May 28, 1774, Byars, B. and M. Grats, 142.

^- Haldimand to Lord, March 9, 1774, in British Museum, Additional Manu-
scripts. 2169.3, f. 355.

*3 Alvord, Mississippi Valley in British Politics, 2: 237 ff.

^* Account of the Proceeding of the Illinois and. Ouahache Land Companies.

»' Ibid.

»« Ibid.

*' After his brother's departure from Illinois, Daniel Murray declared the part-
nership between William Murray and Louis Viviat dissolved, as "Viviat had acted
in a. manner unjust and illegal since the absence of his partner." April 13. 1777,
Kaskaskia Mam(,sci-ipts, folio 111. This estrangement may have been caused by
their different political affiliations — Murray being pro-American and Viviat being
pro-British.

^^ Accortnt of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies.

^Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies.

i"" Captain George Gibson left Fort Pitt, July 19. 1775, and reached New Orleans
in August. Thwaites and Kellogg, Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 2 27, contains an
account of Gibson's mission to New Orleans. Alvord states this letter must have
reached Daniel Murray in 1777. Alvord, Kaskaskia Records, Introduction, xx.

'"'Alvord. Cahokia Records, Introduction, xiii. Murray was a close friend of
Thomas Bentley who was accused of aiding the Americans. For an account of
their activities, see Alvord. Kaskaskia Records, Introduction, xvi-xxv.

"•-Clark's Memoir, 1773-1779, in James, George Rogers Clark Papers, 229.

103 Yirginict State Papers, vol. ii, 675, Clark must have been surprised to find
the continental money passing at par. It is said that many merchants tried to
buy up goods in Illinois on this basis. Alvord, Cahokia Records. Introdui,-tion 1.

1"* Virginia State Papers, vol. ii, 675.

"» Virginia State Papers, vol. i, 314.

i"^ On March 13. August 20, and November 8. Account of the Proceedings of
the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies.

^0' Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies;
American State Papers, Public Lands, vol. ii, 109.

108 Ibid.

"» Ibid.

"0 Ibid.

"1 Ibid.

"-Idem., vol. ii, 253.

"3 Michael Gratz to Barnard Gratz. April 13. 1779. Byars, B. and M. Gratz, 180.

'"Daniel aiurray to Thomas Bentley, May 25, 1779, 2Iichigan Pioneer and His-
torical Collections, vol. xix, 417.

"» Michael Gratz to Barnard Gratz, January 20, 1786, Byars, B. and M. Gratz,
232.

"" This deed is recorded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Byars, B. and M. Gratz,
374.

"'Collins, History of Kentucky, 277. William IMurray representative from
Franklin County, led the debate against these resolutions. Collins states that his
contemporaries spoke of him in terms of admiration and he was probably the most
eminent scholar in his day. Ibid. Shaler suggests that Murray's opposition was
given "in order to lialance his as yet unpublished relation'' to the intrigue of the
Spanish governor, Carondelet, in gaining the secession of Kentucky from the I'nion,
Shaler. Kentucky. 141. For an extended treatment of this conspiracy, see. Green,
The Spanish Conspiracy.

PART III

Contributions to State History

CAPTAIN JOHN BAPTISTE SAUCIER

At Fort Chartres in the Illinois,
1751-1763

By
JOHN F. SNYDER, M. D.

Ex-President of the Illinois State Historical Society

Reprinted with Some Additions, and Correction of Certain Errors in the

First Edition

CONTENTS.

PREFACE.

Chapter I.

The Sauciers in France.

Chapter II.
The Boyhood and Education of Jean Baptiste Saucier.

Chapter III.
Fort Chartres in the Illinois.

Chapter IV.
Social Life at the Fort.

Chapter V.
Rescue of the Commandant's Daughter.

Chapter VI.
Early Navigation of the Mississippi.

Chapter VII.

A Second Visit to New Orleans.

Chapter VIII.
A Brush With Southern Indians.

Chapter IX.
Death of the Commandant's Daughter.

Chapter X.
Defeat of Washington at Fort Necessity.

Chapter XI.
In New Orleans Again.

Chapter XII.
The Mysteriou.s Woman in Black.

Chapter XIII.
A Miraculous Escape From Death.

Chapter XIV.
Marriage of Captain Saucier.

Chapter XV.
Surrender of Fort Chartres to the English.

217

PREFACE.

Every intelligent man should learn all he can of his ancestry, and
transmit that knowledge to his descendents, in order that the traits and
tendencies of the stock, if elevating, may be emulated ; if degrading, may
be corrected and improved.

This view prompted the writing of the biographical sketch, here pre-
sented, of Captain John Baptiste Saucier of the French Army, who
assisted in designing the plans of the second Fort Chartres, in the Illi-
nois, and superintended its construction.

Since the first edition of this little Avork was published, in 1901,
diligent investigation of the Saucier family history has resulted in the
discovery of new facts, and elimination of several errors in the original
text. This revised edition is therefore believed to be substantially cor-
rect, and an inconsiderable, but reliable, contribution to the early his-
tory of Illinois.

Documentary evidences verifying many of the statements herein
related, were lost nearly a century ago in the destruction by fire of his
son's residence.

The known facts, and family legends, concerning Captain Saucier,
have been collected, in this narrative form, by one of his descendents,
to perpetuate the name and history of a brave soldier and honorable,
upright citizen.

Virginia, III, , J. F. S.

218

CHAPTER I.

The Sauciees in France.

At the beginning of the Eighteenth Centur}' Monsieur Jean Beau-
mont Saucier — or Saussier, as the famil}- name was then spelled* — was
a prominent and prosperous merchant in the quaint old city of Orleans,
in France. He was descended from a line of merchant ancestors, who
had transacted business at the same place, the eldest son succeeding his
father, from time immemorial. He had been carefully trained in the
mercantile art by his father, Beaumont Saucier, who had, on retiring
from business, a few years before, transferred to him the real estate,
goods, credits and good will of the old establishment.

Jean Beaumont Saucier was then, in 1700 about twentj^-five years
of age; was happily married, and in the enjoyment of life's chief bless-
ings, in the venerable family home situated midway between the house
of Joan D'Arc and the ancient city wall. His only brother, Felix Xavier
Saucier, a few years his senior, had chosen the military profession, and
was then an officier in the Eoyal Guards at Versailles.

In the passing of time, with its swiftly shifting scenes and ceaseless
changes, two sons were born to Monsieur and Madame Jean Beaumont
Saucier; the first receiving the name of Louis Beaumont Saucier, and
the other that of Paul. The thrifty young merchant was then blessed
with possession of all the choicest gifts of life — health, success in busi-
ness, friends in abundance, and angelic wife and two jjromising children.
The world seemed to him radiant with joy, and the future full of buoyant
hope. But suddenly a deep shadow fell upon his bright and happy home ;
caused by one of those subtle strokes of Fate, or inexorable Law, so diffi-
cult to reconcile with generally accepted doctrines of Omniscient mercy
and goodness. By an accidental fall, down a tortuous stairway in the
rambling old mansion, the young wife and mother received injuries that
caused her death in a few hours.

M. Saucier was almost distracted by the shock, and for a long time
was broken down by the intensity of his grief. But time compassionately
assuages the pangs of suffering it inflicts, and mitigates the acutest sor-
row. The terrible blow fully tested the young merchant's power of men-
tal endurance; but he survived it, finding solace in the care and educa-
tion of his children, and preparing them for the great battle of 1) :o before
them.

The elder of the two, Louis Beaumont, destined to succeed his
father, and perpetuate the Sa^^cier mercantile house, received, at Paris,
as thorough business training as was at that time practicable to obtain.
Paul, who was gifted with his mother's gentle disposition, in course of
time, was educated for the Church; and, after taking holy orders, was

* See Note A in the Appendix. The French descendents of this family retain
the original spelling of the name — Saussier — pronounced So-se-a.

219

installed as coadjutor, or assistant priest, in the old Cathedral of his
native city.

The time at length approached when M. Saucier, according to
ancient family custom, would retire from the active management of his
business, and relinquish it to his son, Louis. The thought of leaving the
old homestead where he was born, hallowed by so many tender and en-
dearing memories, cast a shadow of melancholy upon his mind, and
induced a feeling of indescribable lonesomeness. He had purchased a
little estate a few miles from Orleans, and fitted it up to suit his tastes,
contemplating passing there the remainder of his days. This change of
residence removed him but a few miles from the city; yet, it separated
him for the greater part of time from his sons, and isolated him in the
silence and solitude of the country, with servants as his only associates.
This condition, contrasted with his former active life on the busy, noisy
street, with genial, pleasant surroundings, seemed to him intolerable, and
suggested — as is often the case with old widowers — the desirability of
securing a sympathetic companion to share his elegant retirement.

While revolving the propriety of this momentous step in his mind
an amusing incident occurred that dispelled any doubts or misgivings
he may have entertained on the subject; and, like a stroke of magic,
relieved him of all ennui and despondency. For years horseback riding
had been his favorite exercise for the promotion of health, and relaxation
from long hours of mental and physical business drudgery.

Mounted on his trusty horse, one fine evening in early summer, he
cantered out beyond the limits of the old town, as was his custom, and
turned his course into the great forest, preserved there for ages in its
primitive wildness, to enjoy a view of nature in one of its grand and
majestic forms. As he rode on he became so absorbed in the freshness
and fragrance of the budding and blooming shrubs, and the wide-spread-
ing leafy branches of the stately old trees, the chattering of squirrels
and songs of birds, and, perhaps, in deep reveries of more tender kind,
that he lost all note of time, direction and distance, and wandered on,
along by-ways and obscure paths, until the light of day was fast dis-
appearing. Great banks of black clouds now floated up from the south
and overspread the sky; and, soon, intense darkness ushered in the
approaching night.

He had often before ridden through the forest, and was familiar
with the windings of its roads; but now, unable to see any object to
guide his course, he realized the fact that he Avas lost. It was not, how-
ever, his first experience of that sort. He had before lost his way in the
forest at night, when, trusting to the sagacity of his horse, the faithful
animal had safely and speedily carried him out of the dungeon-like gloom
back to his home. He now dropped the reins, and, holding fast to the
pommel of his saddle, bowed his head and urged his horse forward.
Cautiously and steadily his four-footed servant pursued his course, across
ravines, up one hill and down to another, turning now to the right, then
to the left, and again straight on through the dense blackness that sur-
rounded them. In his dreamy meandering before sunset, M. Saucier
must have penetrated far into the depths of the old woods; for an hour
or more had passed since his horse had commenced its unguided effort
to retrace his course. So long indeed, that his confidence in the animal's

220

iii.<tiiict Ijegaii to waver, and the hori'id thouirlit occiin-ed to him that all
this groping in the (hirk had been aimless, and that every step, perhaps,
carried them farther into the interior of the vast wilderness. He began
mentally to debate the advisability of sto])ping there, where he was, to
await the return of day, when the rumbling of distant thunder, and
flashes of blinding lightning, portending an advancing storm, strength-
ened his resolution to proceed yet a little farther. Just then the clatter
of the horses' hoofs, and his accelerated gait, proved that he had reached
a broad, well-beaten road. In a few minutes a glimmering liglit in the
distance revived the despairing traveler's drooping spirits.

The light, when approached, was found to emanate from the window
of a farm house. M. Saucier, though his horse manifested no disposition
to slacken his brisk pace, concluded to stop and dispel his utter bewilder-
ment by inquiring of the inmates of the house his exact whereabouts.
Dismounting, he made out a gate that obstructed his course to the light.
Securing his horse to the fence, he entered the premises and walked up
a graveled way to the veranda, which now the interior light, and fitful
lightning, disclosed from the impenetrable darkness. He had advanced
to within a few steps of the house, when, to his utter amazement, a
female figure came bounding from the door to meet him. She threw
her arms around his neck, and kissing him fervently, exclaimed : "Oh,
Papa ! I am so glad you have come. You were so late getting home,
I was fearful you had met with some accident."

Eecovering from his surprise, and comprehending the young lady's
mistake, he replied, "You are mistaken, Madame ; I am not your father ;
but be not alarmed. I am Monsieur Saucier, a merchant on Rue Dupont,
in Orleans; and having lost my way I stopped here on seeing the light
in your window, to inquire where I am, and by w^hat road I may the most
speedily get back to my home." The young lady was obviously much
confused ; but regaining her composure, invited her accidental guest into
the house, where he at once discovered her identity, and recovered his
lost bearings.

Much to his relief he saw before him Mam'selle Adelaide Trotier,
daughter of his old friend and patron, Jaques Trotier; and was in a
house he had frequently before visited, situated on Trotier's farm, not
quite a league from the old city wall. The girl explained that her father
had gone to town early in the afternoon, and that she was anxiously
expecting his return when she heard M. Saucier open the gate and come
up the walk ; and that she was feeling quite uneasy about his protracted
absence ; as he was very seldom detained in town to so late an hour. She
had scarcely finished her last sentence when a step was heard on the
veranda, and the door was opened by M. Trotier, w'ho was no little
astonished upon the unexpected meeting with his friend there. Expla-
nations followed, and though the belated merchant was hospitably pressed
to remain until morning, he declined, and, mounting his impatient horse,
arrived at his own home as the threatened rain began to fall.

The adventures of that evening — most probably that impetuous kiss
he received in the dark — wrought a notable change in M. Sander's train
of thought; and, also, in his plans for the future. His depression of
spirits vanished and was replaced by marked cheerfulness. His eques-
trian excursions became more frequent and less extended, usually ter-

221

minating at the Trotier farm. In short, it was soon noticed by his inti-
mate associates that he had once more capitulated to Cupid, and, when,
a few months later, his nuptials with the motherless Mam'selle Adelaide
Trotier were announced in the Church, it elicited a variety of gossiping
comments, but no surprise. The young lady was twenty-four years of
age, handsome, tall and muscular; with some education and much amia-
bility and sweetness of disposition. M. Saucier was then fifty-two years
old — a little passed the middle period of life, — but in the prime of
vigorous manhood.

The union of a man, some years passed the meridian of his probable
existence, to a lady several years less than half his age, is usually — and
justly — regarded as a violation of the natural order of things, and a
consummate act of folly on the part of both. Yet, marriage under any
auspices — the most flattering, or least promising — is always, in its happi
ness-producing results, a mere matter of lottery — an untried experiment.

CHAPTER II.
The Boyhood and Education of Jean Baptiste Saucier.

Four leagues below Orleans, on the right, or northern bank of the
river, is situated the pretty little village Lachapelle; and half a league
beyond it, nestled in the vine-clad hills overlooking the picturesque valley
of the Loir for miles, was the tasty, yellow-roofed cottage of M. Saucier,
where himself and bride were domiciled a few weeks after their marriage.
Their ticket in the matrimonial lottery, fortunately, drew the highest
prize ; for, notwithstanding the disparity of their ages, their natures were
compatible, and their days were redolent with unmarred happiness.

The doctrine of special Providence perhaps cannot be sustained;
l»ut surely none will deny the special mercy vouchsafed poor humanity
by its total impotency to penetrate the future. With this knowledge
given to mortals, suicide would depo]nilate the earth; without hope life
would be a dreary blank. Among the many useful articles ]\I. Saucier
had taken with him to the country from his town residence, was his
factotum, Pierre Lepage, a young man of unexceptionable habits, in-
dustrious, honorable, and strictly reliable. Moreover, he was a broad-
gauged optimist, with splendid flow of spirits and humor. Pierre was
installed as general manager of the little estate, and saw to trimming
the vines, pruning the trees, cultivating the garden and miniature fields,
and took care of the pigs, the poultry, the cows, and horses. All the day
lie was busy from dawn till bed-time; and was usually singing or whist-
ling when not talking or laughing; and if not working or eating, was
often fiddling or dancing.

Tbe sentiment of love is not contagious as measles or whooping
cough, but may be communicated by examj^le or association. Pieri-e was
exposed to this infection, and was a very susceptible subject to its in-
fluence. The connubial bliss he daily witnessed in the cottage profoundly
impressed him, and strengthened his conviction that it is not best for
man to dwell alone. He pondered the matter over for some time, and
the more he thought about it the more assiduous he became in his devo-
tions, or rather, in his attendance at church. Heretofore the priest had,
•n several occasions, reprimauded him for his neglect of this duty, and

222

Pierre always excused himself on the plea of want of time. Now, how-
ever, he was, every Sabbath, the first one at the church door, and was a
frequent caller at the priest's residence during week days, especially in
the evenings. His neighbors, and the villagers, were for a time consider-
ably surprised at this sudden manifestation of zealous piety, and began
to surmise that Pierre's sins must be weighing heavily upon his con-
science. This view seemed confirmed when he was seen to enter the
confessional, supposedly to invoke the holy man's aid in lifting the
burden from his sin-stricken soul. But they were mistaken. About all
that Pierre had to confess to Father Jarvais was the fact that he was
in love with his sister, Mam'selle Marie Jarvais ; and that what he needed
to ensure his happiness, and incidentally that of the young lady also,
was not absolution so much as the good Father's consent to their union.
This he obtained, and in due time they were married.

A year and a half had passed since M. Saucier had inducted his
blooming young bride in their new home; and the fleeting days and
months had brought to her increasing joy and happiness, and rose-tinted
anticipations of a future blessing that would add new charms to that
home, and gladden the hearts of its inmates. But, oh, how merciful it
was for their sanguine hopes that no power could reveal to them the
hidden calamity the future had in store for them.

On July 35th, 1726, the event occurred to which they had looked
forward with glowing expectations, not unmixed, very naturally, with
feelings of grave anxiety. On that day a son was born to them;
and, for a short time it seemed that heaven had smiled upon them in
the realization of their fondest wishes. The young mother had received
the congratulations of her delighted husband and sympathetic friends
and relatives around her; and had impressed on her infant's lips an
impassioned kiss, when she was suddenly seized with horrible, agonizing
convulsions, that continued at short intervals, baffling the skill of able
physicians, and unceasing efforts of heroic nurses, until death mercifully
relieved her of her suffering.

Marie Lepage, whose honeymoon had scarcely passed, remained
resolutely by the stricken young woman's bedside, rendering every service
in her power, until the aw^ful scene was closed ; and then took charge of
the motherless child, constituting herself its foster mother and most
affectionate and devoted nurse.

It is .needless here to dwell upon the effect of this great bereavement
upon Monsieur Saucier. Its crushing shock can much more readily be
imagined than described. This pitiless stroke wellnigh bereft his life
of every charm and hope. But from the almost intolerable misfortune
there yet remained to him one incentive to live, and to continued exertion.
The young life consigned to his love and care by the holy affection and
confidence of the one who gave her life for it, demanded, and must re-
ceive, his unsparing attention for the balance of his declining years.

One bright Sunday morning the babe was taken down to the village
church and baptized by Father Jarvais, receiving the name of Jean
Baptiste Saucier, after a favored relative of his father, one Jean Baptiste
Saucier, who had recently gone to America in the King's service.*

* See Appendix, Note B.

223

Pierre and Marie Lepage enjoyed the special privilege and honor
of appointment as his god-father and god-mother. No more willing or
faithful sponsors for the motherless child could have been selected. Un-
der the angel-like watchfulness of Madame Lepage he thrived and grew
apace, developing robust proportions, and rather more than average
activity and intelligence.

Three years then passed over the house of mourning, when the gloom
of its great sorrow was measurably dispelled and enlivened by a gleam
of joy, this time unattended, or followed, by casualty or disaster. To
Pierre and Marie was born a daughter, which event the proud father
lost no time in heralding throughout the neighborhood and village. All
went well, and the sunlight of love and joy again illuminated the cottage.
The time for another baptism was soon at hand. By this time Pierre's
exuberance of happiness had settled down sufficiently to permit him to
think coherently, and he asked Marie if she had yet thought of a name
for their girl.

''Yes, Pierre, I have", she said, ''as a testimonial of our respect and
affection for the sainted dead, and a token of gratitude to M. Saucier
for the kindness and benefits we have received at his hands, I think we
should name our child Adelaide ; don't you ?"

"Indeed I do, Marie", said Pierre, "and for the additional reason
that Adelaide was my good old grandmother's name also."

And, so, the child received that name; but for convenience it was
abridged to Adel. The two children infused new life and light in the
cottage; and it regained much of its former cheerful home-like appear-
ance. They were reared together as brother and sister, sharing alike the
love and tender care of the young mother, and of Pierre and the old
gentleman. In time they grew strong enough to follow Pierre about
when at work in the garden, or among the vines, and to ride with him
in the cart to and from the fields. And when Marie dressed them out
in gay attire, M. Saucier experienced great pleasure and pride in taking
them with him in his gig on his frequent visits to the village, where
they were petted and admired by friends and relatives. In course of time
they daily walked to the village together, when the weather was fair,
the boy carrying their dinner basket, and attended the village school,
and learned the catechism. It Avas a long walk, but as other children
joined them dlcmg the road, they enjoyed the exercise and were bene-
fitted by it. In bad weather, or muddy roads, Pierre bundled them in
his cart and took them to the school house, and returned for them when
School was dismissed in the evening.

Jean Baptiste rapidly grew to be a manly lad; stout, athletic, and
courageous. He learned quickly, was fond of active sports, and, though
neither ill-tempered or quarrelsome, was not slow to resent an insult,
or redress a Avrong. In consequence, he often had occasion to test his
muscular power, and was not long in being accorded the pugilistic cham-
pionship of the school.

Adcl Avas of quiet and retiring disposition, but brave and spirited
enough to admire her foster-brother's knightly traits. They were brought
up, as their parents and ancestors had been, in the Catholic faith, and
together received elementarv religious instruction at Father Javvais'

224

parochial school: and together they knelt at the altav in their first Coni-
mimiou.

But the happy childhood days were fleeting, and the inevitable time
at length arrived decreeing their separation, and diverging their young
lives into different channels. The boy would ere long have to assume
his part in the serious drama of life, and needed to be well prepared
for it. He had exhausted the old village teacher's resources and learn-
ing, and must seek higher instruction at the Academy in Orleans. He
left his home for the first time, and though his destination was but a
few miles away, the leave taking left no dry eyes in the cottage. He
visited his home at the close of each week; yet, his absence left a dreai-y
void that dampened the hilarity of the family circle.

He was graduated at the Academy at the head of his class, and then
accompanied his father to Paris, to visit his uncle. Col. Felix Xavier
Saucier, and to see the many attractive sights visible in the splendid
metropolis. It is a family tradition that Colonel Saucier bound the
iboy's liands together behind his back with a handkerchief, when he took
him through the great palace at Versailles, in order to restrain his in-
tense desire to touch or handle the swords and other glittering arms he
saw there at every turn.

Jean Baptiste was so captivated by the fine martial bearing of
Colonel Saucier, and the perfect discipline and gorgeous appearance of
his regiment of Eoyal Guards, that he determined then and there to
.emulate his uncle's course in the profession of arms; and to consecrate
his life to the cause of his king and his country. His natural aptitude
for that calling, and erect, soldierly, figure, won the Colonel's admiration
and encouragement. After much persuasion he gained his father's con-
sent; then through the influence and efforts of his uncle, was admitted
into the Eoyal Military School as a cadet.

This disruption of home ties — destined to be prolonged indefinitely
— cast upon the inmates of the cottage overlooking the Loir a deeper
cloud of sadness. M. Saucier wandered about the fields and vineyards
aimlessly as though lost, and Adel wept in secret. Pierre was not so
jolly as" of old, and had frequent* moments of serious reflection. And
poor Marie, diligent as ever with her routine domestic affairs, often
blamed the onions, or mustard, or the dust or smoke, for bringing tears
to her eyes that she wiped away with her apron.

Jean Baptiste was too thoroughly engTossed in his studies and duties
to be homesick. His excellent scholarship, assiduous application and
intellectual alertness enabled him to readily master the curriculum and
training of L'Ecole Militaire; from which he emerged at the early age
of twenty-two with a commission of Lieutenant of Engineers in the
Eoyal x\rmy.

He returned to his cottage home on a brief leave of absence, arrayed
in the tinseled trappings of his newly attained rank, a superb type of
physical manhood and gallant soldier. All gazed on him with pride,
and feelings akin to ado'ration. Pierre no longer called him pet names,
but doffed his hat in respectful obeisance; and Marie, in happy amaze-
ment, addressed him as Monsieur Jean Baptiste. Adel could scarcely
realize that the handsome young military officer, in showy uniform,
now before her, was the impetuous boy companion of her childhood;

225

and she awoke to the consciousness that her sisterly affection for him
had somehow changed to a different and loftier sentiment. This dis-
covery caused her to be strangely demure and reserved in his presence.
Too soon the limit of his furlough expired; and he received orders from
the War Department at Paris, to report for duty at once to Major
Makarty at Brienne. Then came the trying ordeal of taking final leave
of his dear old home where he had passed all the early and happiest
years of his life, and of the loved ones he was destined never to see
again.

Feeling his fortitude about to desert him, he tore himself away,
after receiving the tremulous blessing of his gray-haired father, the
tearful farewell of big-hearted Pierre, and fervent embrace of his beloved
foster-mother, Marie, and lastly, the parting kiss of Adel, now a charm-
ing maiden with lustrous black eyes, rosy cheeks and queenly figure,
who, with mighty effort, repressed her tears until the young soldier had
disappeared down the winding road leading to the village.

It is altogether probable that the order of the Ministre de Marine
to the young officer, to join Major Makarty's command for service in
America, was in compliance to his own request. The romance and
glamour of the new world, centering in highly colored representations
of wild, free life on the great Mississippi, were still attracting there
many from the better classes of the French people. Moved by the spirit
of adventure usually exuberant at his age, and by aspirations for attain-
ing distinction in the service of his country, Lieutenant Saucier did not
hesitate to sever the sacred bonds of kindred, home, and friendships, in
responding to that call to duty. Two considerations, however, tended
to ameliorate the pangs of that sacrifice and his prospective exile; one
was the vague hope that his absence would not be of long continuance,
and the other that lie would meet relatives of his father there who had
preceded him to the new empire, one of whom, in particular, a civil
engineer, who had long been em})loyed in the construction and preser-
vation of old Fort Chartres.*

CHAPTER III.

Fort Chartres in the Illinois.

In the autumn of 1718, Pierre Duque Boisbriant, recently appointed
Commandant of the Illinois, by the Company of the Indies, arrived at
Kaskaskia with a detachment of troops for the purpose of constructing
a fort in that region to protect the Company's interests there, and the
French colonists in that portion of N'ew France. Boisbriant, a Canadian
by birth, and cousin of Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana, arrived at
Mobile on the 9th of February, 1718. Proceeding to Biloxi he there
made his preparations, and then commenced his long voyage up the great
river, which he accomplished by fall without incident of note. Gov.
Bienville and a colony of French accompanied him from Mobile to a
point on the east bank of the Mississippi, thirty leagues above its mouth,
where they founded a post they named Iberville, subsequently re-named
Xew Orleans.

* See Appendix. Note B.
—15 H S

226

The site selected by Boisl)riant for his fort in the Illinois, was near
the east bank of the Mississippi, on the fiat allnvial bottom land, sixteen
miles above Kaskaskia; having a long slongh, or lake, the remains of
an ancient channel of the river, on the east midwa}' between it and the
bluffs four miles away. This slough, he supposed, would add materially
to the strategic strength of the position. The fort he erected there was
a wooden stockade reinforced on the interior with earth taken from the
excavations of the exterior moats. It was completed in 1720, and named
Fort de Chartres, as a compliment to the Eegont, whose son was Le Due
de Chartres.

This fort was for many years the chef-lieu, or seat of civil as well
as military government of the Illinois district embracing the territory
from the mouth of the Ohio to Canada between the Mississippi and
Wabash rivers. In 1731, the Company of the West failed and surrend-
ered their charter to the king. The Illinois was by this act receded to
the crown of France.

For the protection of Kaskaskia from threatened incursions of the
fierce C'hickasaAvs, below the mouth of the Ohio, a stockade fort, was
in the year 1733, erected on the bluff just east of the town, and a portion
of the trooiis at Fort Chartres were sent there to garrison it. This
Kaskaskia fort has been known, erroneously, since the conquest of the
Illinois by George Eogers Clark, as "Fort Gage." Its name, and the
name of its Iniilder, are lost. It was a French fort, and when the dis-
heartening news of the cession of the country by the craven King of
France to the English, in 1763, reached the town of Kaskaskia, the in-
dignant citizens set fire to the fort and destroyed it, determined that the
hated ensign of England should not float over it. The ^'Fort Gage"
entered by Col. George Rogers Clark, on the night of the 4th of July,
1778, was the stockaded Jesuit buildings in the town, occupied by the
British under the command of M. Eocheblave.*

It is much to be regretted that s6 few of the records and official
documents of old Fort Chartres have been preserved to reveal to us the
story of its occupants in their daily life; of the stirring events, and
strange, thrilling scenes transpiring there ; of the busy throngs that came
and went ; of the military expeditions marching from its gates to repel
invasions, or attack distant enemies: of the Indians lounging about its
gates, or camped near by; of the joys and sorrows, deaths and griefs,
hopes and disappointments of its inmates in their remote exile from
civilization.

About the close of the first half of the Eighteenth century France
and Ensland were again at war because of a disasfreement l)etween
Frederick the Great and Marie Theresa; and this produced serious dis-
turbances in the settlements in the Illinois. Some Englishmen lurking

* Fort Chartres passed into possession of the English in 17G5. Seven years
later, in 1772, occurred an extraordinary rise of the Mississippi that inundated all
the low lands along- its borders. The water rose in Fort Chartres to the depth of
seven feet. The northwest bastion, and greater part of the western wall fell into
the river. The Fort was abandoned by the English, who took possession of the
large buildings of the .Jesuits in Kaskaskia, siu-rounding them with a stoc'<^ade,
which thev named Fort Gage, and there estal)lished their seat of government,
military and civil, for the Illinois. At the period of Capt. Bossu's second visit
to Fort Cliartres, in 175-5, the fort on the hill, east of Kaskaskia. was garrisoned
by French troops commanded by Captain :i\rontcharvaux. It was destroyed in 1766.

See "The Armament of Fort Chartres." a paper in the 1906 Transactions of the
Illinois ,^tate Historical Society, page 225.

237

on the Mississippi were arrested as spies and confined in the dungeon at
Fort Chartres. Then rumors came of a contemplated English and In-
dian attack on the Fort in retaliation. Chevalier de Bartel, the Com-
mandant of the Post was sorety perplexed. The Fort was sadly out of
repair, and supplies of all sorts very nearly exhansted. Many of the
soldiers of the garrison, tiring of idle confinement had deserted to try
free life in the woods and prairies. "Many of the old-time Indian allies
v/ere won over by the British, and had agi-eed to destroy the French post
during the moon of the fall of the leaf ; but in this were thwarted by the
skill and address of De Bartel."*

The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, gave the dissolute King of
Fi-ance, Louis XV, brief respite from contention with England and
profitless continental wars, only to sink deeper in vice and debauchery,
and to become more completely under control of the beautiful, soulless
Madame de Pompadour. He had impoverished France by his profligacy,
and support, with his armies and treasury, of his father-in-law's claims
to the throne of Poland, and in the wars of the Austrian succession.
Meanwhile his American colonies were utterly neglected, and some of
his Avestern military posts, including Fort Chartres, on the verge of
abandonment. This latter calamity, however, was averted "when", again
quoting from Mr. Mason's paper, "the Marquis de Galissoniere, Governor
General of Canada, presented a memorial on the subject to the home
government. He (therein) said, 'The little colony of Illinois ought not
to be left to perish. The King must sacrifice for its support. The prin-
cipal advantage of the country is its extreme productiveness; and its
connection with Canada and Louisiana must be maintained'." Again in
January, 1750, he urged upon the King the importance of preserving
and strengthening the post at the Illinois; describing the country as
open and ready for the plough, and traversed by an innumerable multi-
tude of buffalos. 'And these animals', he says, are covered with a species
of wool, sufficiently fine to be employed in various manufactories'. And
he further suggests, and doubtless correctly, that the buffalo, 'if caught,
and attached to the plough would move it at a speed superior to that of
the domestic ox'."

The King was at last aroused to a proper understanding of the de-
plorable condition of afi'airs in his far western possessions, and decided
upon a vigorous policy to defend and retain them. He ordered Fort
Chartres to be rebuilt with stone, and garrisoned with a l:)ody of regular
troops. For the reconstruction of the Fort he appropriated a million of
crowns; and ordered large quantities of munitions, and other supplies,
to be sent up the Mississippi at once.

In the summer of 1751, Chevalier Makart}',! a Major of the Engi-
]ieer Corps, a rugged soldiei' of remote Irish descent, ai-vived at the

* Old Fort Chartres. A paper read by Hon. E. G. Mason before the Chicago
Historical Society, June 16th. 1880. Fergus Co., Chicago.

t This is the correct spelling of his name, as written by himp^lf on the parish
records of the Church of St. Anne of New Chartres. Of Major IMatcarty, who was
Commandant at Fort Chartres during the very interesting period of its construction,
unfortunately but little is known. Of his i^ersonal history and characteristics we
know absolutely nothing. But meagre mention is made of him in any of our local
histories ; and the records of his official acts are lost, or stored in the state archives
at Paris. In 1753, M. DuQuesne, Governor General, wrote to the Minister of
Marines, at Paris, charging Commandant Makarty with illicit sales of liquor to
the Indians and French settlers, and advising that he be relieved therefor of his
command. But no attention was paid to this charge, and he was not relieved until
1761, and then by his own request ; as, at this time, he was incapacitated for active
ser^-ice by reason of disability from rheumatic gout.

228

Fort, from France, with a considerable military force and a large num-
ber of artisans and laborers, and boats ladened with tools, ammunition,
arms, provisions and clothing. The Major assumed command of the
l)ost, and lost no time in beginning the great work he had been sent
there to do. In this era of scientific military engineering it is difficult
to imagine any reason for locating a defensive work upon such a
wretched site as that selected for Fort Chartres. It was situated on
sandy, alluvial soil but little elevated above the river's level, and continu-
ally subject to the river's encroachments; with a slough between it and
the river bank, and a large slough between it and the bluffs; and in the
midst of pestilential malarious, mosquito-infested, swamps. And why
an Engineer of Chevalier Makarty's presumed attainments erected a
splendid fortress, at immense expense on the same ground is beyond
comprehension, excepting on the supposition that he acted in obedience
to positive instructions. His arrival at the post, with well equipped and
well disciplined soldiers and their sprightly officers, accompanied by a
small army of skilled mechanics ancl laborers, and a fleet of keel-boats
of stores, produced a great sensation not only at the decayed and nearly
deserted post, but all through the settlements in the Illinois. Fort
Chartres awoke from its lethargy and was transformed to a scene of
busy animation. The hum of a new activity resounded in the forest
and" distant hills. The habitants of the bottom were elated; and the
Indians gazed upon the new arrivals in mute surprise.

Captain M. Bossu, who came up the Mississippi with a company
of marines, the following spring, 1752, writing from Fort Chartres, says,
'•'LeSieur Saussier, an engineer, has made a plan for constructing a new-
Fort here according to the instruction of the Court. It will bear the
iiame of the old one, which is called Fort de Chartres." The stockades
of the old fort were decayed beyond repair, though the buildings they
enclosed were yet tenable and in fair condition. The site chosen for
the new structure was not half a league above the old Fort, and but a
short distance from the river.*

At that point a mission for the Kaskaskia Indians had many years
before been established — which was perhaps one reason for locating the
new Fort there — and it served as the nucleus of quite a town at the gate
of the Fort, subsequently known as Xouveau (New) Chartres.

Chevalier Makarty began operations by sending a large force of
workmen to the bluffs at the nearest escarpment of limestone, about four
miles east, where they built temporary quarters of logs covered with
clapboards, there to blast the rock and cut the detached masses to re-
quired dimensions. "The place in the bluff may be seen to this day
Avhere the stone was quarried to erect the fort."t Another force of
laborers, with carts drawn by oxen, conveyed the dressed stone, around

* I acknowledge with pleasure mv indebtedness to Hon. H. W. Beckwith. Presi-
dent of the Illinois State Historical Society, for important references corroborating
this fact, and correcting- the common impression that the new fort, built of stone,
w-as a reconstruction of the old stockade. Captain Bossu, w^ho again visited the
fort in 1755, says — in his Travels en Louisiane — "I came once more to the old tort
Chartres, where I lay in a hut, till I could get lodging in the new fort, which is

almost finished." ,,^, ^ . -^, i • v, *v,„ „„«-«

t Reynold's Pioneer History of Iimwis. "The finer stone, with which the gate-
ways and buildings were faced, was brought from beyond the Mississippi. i^. br.
Mason.

239

the end of the slongh, in the dry season, to the builders by the river;
and in the wet season to the slough, or lagoon, across which they were
ferried in flat boats, and then taken on to the required place. Beside
these Avere lime burners, mortar mixers, wood choppers and whip-saw-
yers, carpenters, blacksmiths, boatmen, teamsters, hunters, cooks and
servants, comprising, with the soldiers, a population of several hundreds.
The new fort was projected on a more modern plan than the old one,
and was much larger; a quadrangle, comprising an area of four acres.
The exterior walls of massive masonry, thirty inches in thickness at the
base, and loop-holed for musket and artillery firing, rose sixteen feet in
height, with square bastions at each corner, and midway in the west wall
was a small gate for convenience of access to the river landing. The
northeastern bastion having the flagstaff was higher than the others. In
the southeastern bastion was situated the magazine of stone, laid in
cement now as hard as flint. It is yet in sound preservation ; its vertical
end walls twenty-five feet in height, closing the arch between. Its floor,
seven feet below the surface, and its interior, well plastered with cement,
measuring twenty-five feet by eighteen; and twenty-two feet from floor
to apex of the arch. There were also long lines of barracks, officer's
quarters, and store rooms.

The period occupied in building the new fort was one of unprece-
dented prosperity for that portion of New France. Kaskaskia, the me-
tropolis of the Illinois, the center of its widespread commerce, and of
its wealth and industries, profited largely by its proximity to the mili-
tary post. Its citizens of French lineage, were not distinguished for
energy or enterprise, but were thrifty and self-reliant. With this con-
tinuous round of mirth and festivities they were not unmindful of their
own interests. Cahokia, twenty-eight miles above the fort, on the
Mississippi, rivaled Kaskaskia as a trading point, was almost its equal in
population, and its people were as noted for their social gaieties and
generous hospitality. Prairie du Eocher, settled in 1722, and nestled
at the foot of a high perpendicular cliff of the bluffs, four miles south-
east of the fort, gained much importance during the construction of the
new fortification. St. Philip, founded by Eenault, five miles above the
eld fort, on his extensive land grant, had passed the zenith of its growth,
and was already known among the settlers as "Le Petite Village". New
Chartres in the parish of St. Ann, near the main gate of the new fort,
gained the proportions of a considerable town having absorbed the
greater part of the population of the town below, near the old fort,*
with a large part -of that of St. Philip, and comprised the temporary
homes of the mechanics and laborers employed on the new structure;
also of some of the officers and soldiers having families.

These settlements constituted an isolated community surrounded
by Indians, having only periodical communication with the outside
world by way of New Orleans, or the northern lakes and Quebec. They
were all situated on the alluvial "bottom" of the Mississippi, a region
of unsurpassed fertility, teeming with wild fruits and nuts, and overrun

* "The site of this viUag-e was swept off by the Mississippi ; so that not much
of any vestige of it remains at this day. This viUage had its common field, com-
mons for wood and pasture, its church and grave-yard, like the other settlements
of Illinois." Reynolds' Pioneer History of Illinois.

230

by herds of buffalo, doer, turkeys, prairie chickens, and other varieties of
game; its numerous lakes and sloughs visited by myriads of water fowls,
and alive with the finest of fish. Xature lavishly supplied, in a great
measure, tlie simple wants of the people, and left both old and young
to regard the pursuit of pleasure the chief object of existence.

PLAX OF FORT CHARTRES.

Bffl ^S

□

Each 96 feet in length and

Main gate : facing the east.

The river gate.

Officers' quarters, hospital and store rooms.
36 feet in breadth.

Soldiers' barracks. Two stories high, 135 feet in length and 36 feet in
breadth.

Storerooms and guardhouse. Each building 90 feet long and 24 wide.

One of the several weUs.

The magazine.

The wine and kitchen cellar.

The bake oven.

A ravine marking the limit of erosion by the river in 1772, and the por-
tion of the walls then washed away.
The large council hall back of the officers' quarters, is not shown in the cut.
The bastions were more nearly square than the artist has represented them
in the above diagram.

. L.

CHAPTER IV.

Social Life at the Fort.

The household of the Commandant, Chevalier de ^lakarty, con-
sisted, with himself, of his son and daughter, his wife having died some
years before of that entailed curse upon humanity, pulmonary consump-
tion. The son, Maurice, acted in the capacity of his father's secretary
and personal assistant. The daughter, Eulalie, a tall, .slender, hand-
some girl of twenty summers, with very fair complexion, blue eyes and

231

auburn hair, though French by parentage and education, possessed some
marked traits of her father's 'Celtic ancestry, with the physical consti-
tutional frailties of her deceased mother. As some of the officers in the
Chevalier's command were accompanied by their wives and families, she
had come with her father and brother, by advice of her physician, in
quest of health and vigor that a change of climate might offer.

She was by no means an invalid; and the rough, wild life at the
post, for a time, greatly improved her strength and animation. In the
(juarters she enlivened the garrison with her music and laughter, when
not engaged in alleviating the sufferings of the sick by her kind and
patient attentions. A great deal of her time was passed in the open air
when the weather permitted, as she was much interested in the progress
of the work, and in everything she saw in the strange new country. She
had for a companion — who followed her everywhere like her shadow —
a mulatto servant, named Lisette, a native of Martinique, a few years
her senior in age; strong, agile as a cat, and absolutely fearless. This
maid was devoted to her young mistress almost to infatuation. In
pleasant weather with bright skies, the two could be daily seen together,
mounted on their ponies, galloping over the prairie ; or on the high bluff
viewing the grand panorama before them; or in a canoe, paddled by the
intrepid Lisette, on the broad Mississippi; or fishing on the marais; or
gathering wild flowers, nuts, or grapes near the Fort. Occasionally
some of the ladies from the officers' quarters joined them, and quite
often a gallant officer, then off duty, offered his services as an escort
to guard them from harm, and to enjoy the young lady's smiles. Eulalie
and her tlusky maid needed no countersign to pass the camp sentinels;
but were prudently restrained from going beyond the cordon of out-
liding pickets without an escort of armed horsemen.

The nmltitude of people at the Fort engaged in the gigantic work,
and the number of officers and soldiers quartered there, rendered it an
attractive place for all surrounding settlements; not only for sale of
produce, and other traffic, but also for social enjoyment and pastimes.
The Fort was frequently visited by parties of ladies and gentlemen from
Kaskaskia, or Cahokia, or both, to spend the day in rowing, fishing,
or picnicing, followed, after candle lighting by dancing.

Strict discipline was at all times enforced by the Commandant of
the garrison. The troops were regularly drilled; sentinels and picket
guards, or videttes, were constantly on duty, and the distant stone and
wood workers and teamsters were guarded by squads of well armed
soldiers. These precautions, apart from maintaining discipline and
order, were necessary because of the defenseless condition of both forts,
the old and the new, during the erection of the latter, in view of the
many rumors of Indian hostilities, and possible attacks at any time by
Ihe despised English.*

* In 1752 six Indians of the Outagami, or Fox tribe, then residing west of
I^ake Micliigan, came down the country on a hunting expedition, and were cap-
tured bv the Cahokia Indians, who burned five of them at thp stake. The sixth
one escaped to return to his people and report the fate of hi.s companions. A
council was called, and revenge determined upon. One hundred and eighty bark
canoes filled with Foxes and their allies, the Kickapoos and Sioux, descended the
river, passing the fort at Cahokia, then commanded by Chevalier de Volsci, at
night without being seen. Tlie Cahokias and Michigamis were encamped, as Bossu

232

Lieutenant Jean Baptiste Saucier reported for duty to Major Ma-
karty at Brienne ; and there, before sailing with his command from
France, received from the Minister of Marine specific instructions re-
garding the character of fort tlie king desired to be erected. During
the long, tedious voyage across the Atlantic, and the laborious ascent of
the Mississippi, the young lieutenant was much in the company of the
Major's daughter, Mam'selle Eulalie. And after their arrival at the
old Fort, his relations with the Commandant continued confidential and
intimate, his assignment as Chief Designer requiring his presence at
headquarters much of his time. While there at work the young lady
Avas frequently at his side, assisting in his drawings and calculations;
and, when off duty, he was often her companion in morning excursions,
and in the evening cotillions and waltzes. This continued association
of the handsome young officer and the brilliant girl, in their distant
exile, naturally engendered in both sentiments of mutual regard higher
and more fervent than mere respect. And indeed, with her, this senti-
ment gradually deepened to an absorbing passion. He would probably
have fully reciprocated this feeling, but for the everpresent image before
him of his childhood's pla^Tnate, schoolmate, and more than sister, the
stately Adel, far away on the sun-kissed hills of the Loire. He admired
Eulalie, but loved Adel.

CHAPTER Y.

Rescue op Commandant^s Daughter.

All through the winter and succeeding summer the adjacent forest
resounded with strokes of the woodman's axe and mason's hammer ; and
heavy blasting of rocky cliffs above Prairie du Rocher was reechoed like
distant peals of artillery. The Indians watched the progress of the work
in silent amazement, and the Creole settlers were loud in praises of their
good and munificent King. The second winter passed pleasantly at the
Fort with no cessation of labor in preparing building materials; or in-
terruption of the usual exchange of polite courtesies between the officers
and the elite of Kaskaskia and Cahokia. Unrelaxed military vigilance
was maintained ; and the peace and quietude of the post was undisturbed,
save by frequent false alarms of Indian uprisings, or English invasions.

The second Easter came and passed, and the snow and ice dis-
appeared. The hickory buds were bursting in the woods tinged with
green ; and the prairie lark, just up from the south, enlivened the scene
with his cheery notes. One beautiful morning in the early spring, Lieu-
tenant Saucier had passed out of the river gate, on a tour of inspection
of that portion of the structure, when he was suddenly startled by the
discharsre of a musket and loud shrieks of the sentinel stationed on the

says, but a league from Fort Chartres. The day on which the avengers arrived
happened to be one of tlie numerous fast davs of tlie Catholic church, when sevfral
of the Indians from the village had gone to Fort Chartres to witness the cere-
monies of the Church there. They were aU who survived the vengeance of the
Foxes, who slew every man, woman and child remaining in the village, excepting
a fifteen year old girl who ran to Capt. Bossu for protection and was not mo-
lested. Capt. Bossu says he witnessed this massacre "from an eminence near by" :
but it is difficult to understand what "eminence" he found there, without it was
one of the ancient prehistoric Indian mounds. The Foxes reascended the Missis-
fippi river, firing their guns in triumph as they passed the Cahokia stockade.

233

river bank scarcely a rifle shot distant from where he stood. Eushing
to the spot he saw the soldier wildly gesticulating and loudly calling for
heljj. Glancing over the river bank, the Lieutenant saw the cause of his
agitation — a sight that almost paralyzed him; but only for a moment.
Eulalie and her maid, lured by the brilliance of the perfect day to re-
sume their canoe excursions suspended during the long winter, had
rowed some distance up the great stream, and returnipg, when but a
short distance from the landing, a puff of wind blew the young lady's
hat off into the water. In her effort to recover it she capsized the canoe,
and the two girls were struggling for life in the turbid current of the
river. Lisette was clinging to the upturned dugout with one hand, and
with the other had grasped her young mistress and was endeavoring to
support her head above the treacherous waves. The sentinel on duty
there, a few yards away, witnessed the accident, but as he had never
learned to swim, was powerless to afford help; yet, had the presence
of mind to fire his gun to attract assistance.

As the Lieutenant reached the water's edge Lisette lost her hold of
Eulalie who sank beneath the surface. Quick as thought, he threw aside
his coat and hat and plunged into the stream. He w^as an expert
swimmer, and though encuml^ered with his clothing, and the water was
very cold, he caught the girl as she was disappearing, and, by exertion
that only such an emergency could inspire, succeeded in bringing her
to the shore.

When Lisette saw her mistress sink she quit the canoe to attempt
her rescue ; but the Lieutenant, who had by this time grasped the drown-
ing girl, called to the servant to save herself, which she readily did by
swimming to the bank. The report of the sentinel's gun and his frantic
cries were immediately answered at the Fort by the long roll of the drum,
and the company then on duty, led by its officers, came dashing to the
place of supposed attack. A hand litter was quickly improvised upon
which Eulalie, exliausted, pale and imconscious, but still breathing, was
placed, warmly enveloped in several of the coats that nearly every mem-
ber of the company divested himself of and offered for the purpose. She
was hurriedly taken to her apartments, where the post surgeons, aided
by all the ladies of the garrison, in time, resuscitated her. From the
river bank Lisette, fatigued and, of course, dripping wet, walked brisklj^
behind the litter borne by the soldiers, and could not be induced to lose
sight of her mistress until assured that all immediate danger was passed.

Eulalie was saved from death by drowning; but the shock she re-
ceived, together with the cold immersion, resulted in a severe attack of
pneumonia that brought her to the verge of collapse. She was confined
to her room for some weeks, for several days in the balance between life
and death, the beam finally turning in her favor. The wild roses and
sunflowers were in bloom when she had gained sufficient strength to sit
in the dearborn, or caleche, cushioned around, for exercise in the prairie
in the early mornings and evenings. A cough she had contracted during
the Christmas festivities became aggravated and persistent. The melan-
choly fact that she was now an invalid, with serious pulmonary trouble,
was apparent, with but little doubt of its ultimate result.

234

CHAPTEK VI.
Eaklx Xavigatiox of the Mississippi.

L'omniuuieatiou with France, by the residents of the Illinois, was
at that era slow and uncertain. The best sailing vessels required from
two to four months to cross the Atlantic; and often that length of time
was consumed in propelling keel boats, or lighter craft, from Xew Orleans
to Kaskaskia, or the Fort. About half the same j)eriod of time was
necessary for the transmission of despatches and letters from Quebec, by
friendly Indians, or hardy Canadian couriers, to the Illinois settlements.
Traveling bv either route was irksome and laborious, and attended bv
many dangers, particularly when passing through hostile tribes of In-
dians.

Lieutenant Saucier called frequently on Eulalie, and by affecting
much cheerfulness himself, sought to stimulate her hopes, and inspire
her with courage. And her spirits always revived when in his presence,
or within sound of his voice.

Several weeks had passed since Eulalie' s thrilling experience in the
river when, one day, a courier, accompanied by several Indians, arrived
at the Fort from Quebec, bringing official despatches from the Governor
General, and also from the home government, and European mail for the
Fort and surrounding settlements. When the Lieutenant called that
evening, as usual, at the Commandant's cjuarters to enquire how the
young lady had passed the day, and to assure her that she looked better,
he received, among other letters from France, one with familiar super-
scription closed with a black seal, which he pretended not to notice as he
Imrriedly put it, with the others, in his pocket. He soon excused himself
on the plea of duty, and, reaching the privacy of his room, tore the
black-sealed missive open with trembling Jiands, and quivering lips.
It was from Adel, and its contents caused a conflict of emotions ; of
profound grief and joy, of sadness and pleasure, that plunged him in
deep thought, oblivious to his surroundings for a long time. Slie in-
formed him of the death of his father ; how he calmly passed away Avith
his two sons and military brother by his side; how his priest son lutd
administered to him extreme unction; and how in his last conscious
moments he had spoken of, and invoked the blessings of heaven upon his
youngest and beloved son, now in the King's service far away in New
France. She described the funeral ceremonies, and told of the great
concourse of friends of the deceased that followed his body to the grave.
She then said that by this sad event her father, Pierre, would be thrown
out of employment, as the estate would pass into other hands, and that
he had concluded to emigrate to America and try his fortunes there.
She added that they had engaged passage in a vessel named L'Etoile du
Xord, for New Orleans, and would sail from the port of Brest about the
tenth of February. In a postscript she told him he need not answer
her letter, as their preparations for leaving the dear old cottage were
then nearly completed.

Young Saucier was deeply affected by the death of his father,
though he had passed the three score and ten allotted to humanity and
succumbed to the inexorable law of nature. His grief was mitigated by

235

the reflection that he woukl again meet Adel and her dear, dear parents,
much sooner than his most sanguine hopes had permitted him to expect.

After entering tlie military service the Lieutenant was always re-
ticent about his family history and relatives, and confided to no one the
profound and sincere love he entertained for Adel. For reasons of his
own he mentioned to no one the information Adel's letter had conveyed,
excepting to tell of his father's death to Chevalier Makarty.

He was now moody, silent and reflective, in such marked contrast
with his usual social, jovial disposition, as to attract the notice of his
associates, who charitably attributed the change to his tender solicitude
for the invalid girl in the Fort, now slowly fading away. How to dispose
of Pierre and Marie Avhen they arrived gave him no uneasiness, as he
was well able financially to situate them comfortably in aiiy of the
neighboring settlements. But there was another matter he could not so
easily dispose of, that he now had to consider. He was fully aware of
Eulalie's fervent regard for him; now intensified by gratitude for having
saved her life at the risk of his own; and his sense of honor upbraided
him for permitting her to be longer deceived respecting the true senti-
ments he entertained for her. He concluded he would frankly tell her
that another had a prior claim to his affections. But then, Adel had
never spoken or written to him of love, save that of a sister; and, for
aught he knew, she might then be the plighted fiancee of another. Hav-
ing nerved himself to the point of making a full disclosure of his per-
plexing thoughts and sentiments to Eulalie, he called upon her for that
purpose. His resolution, however, failed him when, seated by her hed-
side, he took her feverish hand in his and looked into her shrunken,
haggard face. He saw that her frail condition could not bear such a
revelation; and he esteemed her too highly to subject her to the angTiish
of mind it would cause, and thereby endanger her slender hold upon
life; and, so, postponed his intended confession to a more propitious
time.

The days sped by and he continued dreamily to discharge his
routine duties in silence.

The time had arrived for the annual descent of the fleet of keel boats
to New Orleans for supplies for the post. The voyage that year Avas one
of unusual importance, as engineer's reports and other weighty des-
patches were awaiting transmission to France, and a consideral)le amount
of specie, large supplies, and a company of recruits for the Fort, must
be brought up from Xew Orleans. The annual voyages to and from Xew
Orleans were generally in charge of a subaltern of the Commissary, or
Quartermaster's department ; and they were by no means mere pleasure
jaunts. The lading and unloading of the boats, their navigation, con-
trolling the crews of boatsmen, and gaiarding against the many dangers
by the way, involved grave responsibilities, and entailed many hardships,
with much exposure and hard labor ; requiring vigilance, prudence and
great firmness. The boats commonly employed in this service, called
pirogues by the French river men, were large, unwieldy, clumsy affairs,
constructed of hewed timljers and whip-sawed plank fastened together
with wooden pegs. Floating Avith the current and the use of oars, ren-
(k-red descent of the stream comparatively easy: but stemming the river's
current in its ascent for over a thousand miles Avas accomplished only

236

by persistent hard work. To suriuount the force of the swift current for
long stretches of the way, or to jsass strong eddies, the boats were "cor-
deled"; that is, a long line was taken ashore and carried far above, where
it was made fast to a tree on the river's bank. The boat was then drawn,
by hand, or capstan, to that point; and this was repeated again and
again until calmer water was reached, when the oars were once more
plied. When practicable, the boats were drawn by the united strength
of the crew walking along the shore, as horses draw canal boats. At
night, when going up stream, the boats laid by in willow thickets border-
ing sand bars, or islands, for safety from surprises or night attacks by
hostile Indians.

CHAPTER VII.
A Second Visit to New Orleaxs.

The Commandant w^as about to detail a non-commissioned officer
for that summer's voyage, when he was much surprised by receiving an
application from Lieut. Saucier for this duty. While Major Makarty
would not have ordered a commissioned officer for this onerous service,
he was pleased when Lieut. Saucier volunteered for it ; for he knew that
it could not be entrusted to anyone more reliable, or more capable to
conduct it successfully, and gladly assented to his request.

Having perfected his preparations, the Lieutenant took leave of
Eulalie, promising to return as soon as possible, and expressing the hope
that he would find her much better when he came. His boats were fur-
nished by the merchants of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, free of charge except-
ing the transportation down the river of their export produce. Some
of them were loaded with lead in bars from Eenault's mines at New
Potosi, in the Spanish territory across the river; others carried cargoes
of furs obtained in trade from the Indians; others with beeswax, dried
venison, buffalo meat, and other products of the country. Even at that
early day much wheat was raised by the hahitants, and flour, ground by
the water mills, was one of the principal exports of the country.

The Lieutenant's progress, with his fleet, down the river was rapid
and without extraordinary incident. The tedium of the voyage was
lightened by his anticipations of joy in meeting, at his destination, the
loved ones who had left France some months before, and were probably
then at New Orleans awaiting his arrival. In imagination he pictured
the surprise of Pierre and Marie upon meeting him, and wondered how
Adel looked, and what she would say.

Arriving at New Orleans, after securing his boats, he eagerly en-
quired along the river front for the expected vessel, L'Etoile du Nord,
and was grievously disappointed when told that nothing had yet been
heard of it. After paying his respects to Colonel Kerlerec, the then
Governor of Louisiana, he secured pleasant lodgings, and proceeded in-
dustriously to discharge the duties of his mission. The Governor court-
eously took charge of his despatches, to transmit them, with his own, to
the Minister of Marine by special messenger. Overhauling and refitting
his boats; keeping his crews of boatsmen under control; receiving, re-
ceipting for, assorting and stowing away his cargoes of munitions, and
supplies of various kinds, occupied his time for many days. Though he

237

was the recipient of many invitations from the Governor, ofifieers, and
citizens, to dinners, balls, and other social entertainments, he declined
all that he well could on different pretexts, feeling that in his state of
mental anxiety they would afford him no pleasure, and he could not
acquit himself as a gtiest with credit.

He arose every morning with the sun, and took long walks along the
river levee, or about the straggling town; and often during the day he
scanned the great river southward hoping to catch sight of an incoming
ship. Occasionally he was elated by seeing in the distance a sail slowly
moving toward the landing. With feverish impatience he awaited its
arrival, to be again overcome with disappointment when it proved to not
be the vessel he was expecting, nor bringing any news of it. One evening,
after an unusually busy day, he again, as was now his custom, sought the
river side, with a lingering hope of perhaps gaining some tidings of
those he longed to see. As he approached the river he was astonished
on seeing a large ship moored near the wharf, from which its passengers
and their luggage were being put ashore. The setting sun had touched
the line of verdure that fringed the western river bank, and its departing
rays converted the broad surface of the stream into a sheet of burnished
gold. The resplendent beauty of the scene, however, was lost to the
Lieutenant as he hurried to the water^s edge to see the name of the vessel.
He saw it painted in large letters above the rudder, and almost sank
from revulsion of overwrought hope again blasted. The name he read
was not "L'Etoile du ISTord", but ''La Cygne", and, as he soon learned,
from Bordeaux, France, having touched on the way in at Fort Eoyale,
in Martinique. Eallying his drooping spirits he clambered aboard to
make inquiries for the object of his weary watching. Accosting the
Skipper of the vessel, he asked if he coulct give him any information
of "L'Etoile du Nord" that sailed from Brest four months ago. The
burly old seaman, apprised by the questioner's uniform, that he was a
military officer in the King's service, touched his cap, and answered
courteously, regretting that he kncAv nothing of the ship ; Init said his
Commis (Purser) over there perhaps did; and added, so far as he knew,
that craft had not been heard from since it left the French port. The
Purser, a brisk young man, busy with pencil and entry book, overheard
the question and the Skipper's answer, and without looking up from his
book and ;papers, said, "Is it of the French ship, L'Etoile du Nord,
Monsieur is enquiring?"

"Oui, oui", gasped the Lieutenant, "can you tell me where she
now is?"

"Yes" ; answered the 3'oung man, between rapid strokes of liis pencil,
"she is in the bay of St. Pierre, in Martinique, undergoing repairs, hav-
ing had a disastrous transit of the ocean. One of her passengers who
came aboard this ship at Fort Eoyale, and has not yet gone ashore, can
probably give you any additional information you may desire".

With great effort to appear calm the Lieutenant asked the busy
Commis if he would be so kind as to point out to him the person men-
tioned.

"Certainly, Monsieur ; there is the man, in white clothing and broad
brimmed hat, sitting on the chest by the main mast".

238

The iiulividual in wliite clothing, a middle aged man of gannt frame,
with grizzled hair and thin sallow face, evidently emaciated by prolonged
sickness, was instantly confronted by the agitated vouns: officer, who
asked :

""'Were you a passenger from France on L'Etoile du Nord?"

^'Yes, Monsieur, I was", the man dryly answered.

"Tell me, please, were Pierre Lepage and his family on that vessel?"
was the next anxious inquiry.

''They were", said the man with ominous emphasis on the "were".

"Can you inform me Avhere they now are?" faintly asked the ques-
tionrer.

"Yes, Monsieur, I can", replied the weary looking individual,
"they are all three dead and at the bottom of the sea".

"Mon Dieu-" gasped young Saucier, "•that surely cannot be pos-
sible'".

'"'Yes : it is indeed possible, and too true. Did you know them,
Monsieur ?'"

To this question the Lieutenant responded that he did.

"Pardon me, Monsieur", added the stranger, eyeing him closely,
"may I ask who you are?"

"I am Jean Baptiste Saucier, from Lachapelle, near Orleans, in
France, now in the King-'s military service"'.

"Ah, yes, yes", remarked the man musingly, "and so you was not
slain by the Indians as was reported? I see how you knew Pierre Le-
page and wife. They kept house for your father, whom I knew well;
and I remember you when a school boy at the village near by your
father's place. My name is Isadore Brusier. I lived in Tours, and my
business occasionally called me to Orleans, and there I became acquaint-
ed witli your father and his son Louis"

'"Pardon me, Monsieur Bruiser", interrupted Jean Baptiste, "but
please tell me of the fate of the Lepages".

"Ah- Mon cher enfant", feelingly replied M. Brusier, becoming
quite communicative, now that he knew to whom he was talking, "I
have a very sad story to tell you. You have, I presume, heard of the
death of your father? Yes; well, after his burial, his estate was sold
lor partition and passed into possession of strangers; so Lepage con-
cluded to leave France and seek a new home in America. About that
time — fortunately after your father death — the report came that you
liad been killed in battle with the savages. This report, believed by all
to be true, very nearly caused Lepage to give up the voyage and remain
in France, — and would to God that he had done so ! But his prepara-
tions were completed, and he went to Brest with his wife and daughter,
and took passage on the ill-fated ship on which my brother and myself
embarked.

"The voyage, though tedious, was not unpleasant until we had
traversed about two-thirds of the way, Avhen we were struck by a terrific
storm, coming from the northeast, that continued Avith unabated fury,
for six days. Two of the seamen were washed, or blown away, as was
also the main mast ; and the ship sprung a leak that threatened to sink
us to the bottom. We could do nothing but keep the vessel in line with

. 239

the course of the gale, and that carried us far out of our way iu tlie
direction of Brazil. It is well that L'Etoile du ZsTord was staunch and
Avell built, else none of us would have ever reached dry laud — and not
many of us did, as it turned out.

'"But we all worked the pumps, night and day, and kept afloat.
AYhen the storm at length abated, and the raging sea subsided, the leak
m the hull was securely closed, and by crowding on all the sails the two
remaining masts could carry, we regained our course and made fair
headway, being driven by the African tradewinds. All this was bad
enough ; but as nothing compared to what fate yet had in store for us.

"What with calms, and storm and very slow sailing we had been
on the sea for three months or more. Our supplies of water and pro-
visions were running low; but we were all well, and buoyed up by the
expectation of soon sighting some one of the West India Islands. The
weather was intensely hot and the little water remaining in. our casks
was scarcely fit to drink. Suddenly, one day, one of the passengers was
taken violently sick, and soon died. Then another was prostrated with
the same symptoms and lived but a short time. Then we realized the
appalling fact that the plague" had broken out among us and we were
doomed to destruction by this horrid pestilence. Lepage was among
the first victims, and lived but twenty-four hours. He was always jovial
and good humored, and by his fine flow of spirits, had materially miti-
gated the dreariness of the voyage, and greatly aided in sustaining the
flagging hopes and courage of all on board throughout all our troubles.
We gently lowered his body into the sea; but had no time to indulge
our grief, as he was quickly followed by others.

''The terrible disease attacked the strong as well as the weak, the
old and the young alike, with pitiless severity. The only mercy it ex-
tended was to render its victims speedily unconscious. The ship's cap-
tain, surgeon, half the crew, and more than half of the passengers fell
before the awful scourge and were consigned to the deep. Madame
Lepage, who had been untiring in ministering to the sick and dying, was
s])ared for some time; but, at length she was stricken down and soon
breathed her last, following Pierre to an unmarked grave. We were
now approaching the West India Islands, and very eager to reach land
— any land — so that those of us who survived might abandon the in-
fected vessel and flee to the shore for our lives. Only a day and a night
after we had given to the waves the body of Marie Lepage, her daughter,
Adel. already exhausted by grief and attention to the sick, was seized
by the dreadful epidemic, and quickly succumbed to its deadly viru-
lence. I was bathing her head with sea Avater, in her death struggles,
when all at once I felt very sick. The ship seemed to be rapidly whirl-
ing around; everything becanje dark, and I fell to the deck unconscious.

''When I awoke, as though from a long, troubled sleep, I was in a
large shed-like house thatched with ])alm leaves, on the highlands in the
northern part of the island of Martinique, where my brothei-, who was
of the number not attacked by the plague, had me immediately brought
from the ship— avp having entered the Bay of St. Pierre, in that island a
few hours after I liad fallen. There he and others took can'-<ir me until

• Probably a virulent form of Asiatic cholera.

240

I recovered. My brotlior haviii<i^ secured employment at Fort Koyale
will remain there until winter and then join me here where we will en-
gage in business. As soon as the anchor was dropped in the Bay of St.
Pierre my brother had me carried to the highest part of the island — as
far as he could go from the death smitten ship — without stopping, and
I have seen none of our surviving fellow-passengers since. I learned,
however, before leaving Fort Eoyale, that L'Etoile du Nord was at once
deserted by all the survivors aboard, and is still in the Bay of St. Pierre
being thoroughly repaired."

CHAPTEE VIII.
A Brush with Soutiieen Indians.

Lieutenant Saucier sat as though stupefied while listening to Mon-
sieur Brusier's startling narrative, and only by a mighty effort could he
control his emotions when the narrator depicted the closing scene of
AdeFs young life. How he left the La Cygne and got back to his quar-
lers in the town he never could remember. In the solitude of his room
he contended with his great grief through the sleepless, restless, night.
He was literally prostrated with the weight of sorrow that taxed all his
fortitude to bear. His glowing day dreams were cruelly dissipated, and
even hope had vanished and left him dismally alone in the world with
nothing further to live for. The next morning was ushered in with
rain; and dense black clouds covered the sky like a pall, as though the
very elements were testifying their sympathy with the young soldier's
woeful wretchedness. Pleading indisposition, he remained in his room
and excused himself to all who called on him. In the evening a messen-
ger from the Governor informed him that the company of recruits for
the force at Fort Chartres, he was expecting, had arrived, and begged
him to call at the executive office next morning to arrange for their
transportation up the river. This had some effect to divert his mind
from, and somewhat relieve it of, the dark gloom that had fallen upon
him.

The next morning, he arose early, as usual, resolved, if possible,
not to be overcome by his misfortunes ; but to assert his manhood, and
continue the conflicts of life with all the firmness he possessed. At the
appoinied hour he called at the Governor's office with little, if any, exter-
nal indication of the soul-racking torture he was enduring. Arrange-
ments for additional boats and provisions Avere perfected in a few days;
and then, having neither incentive or desire to longer remain in the
melancholy place, he hurried the preparations for his departure as
rapidly as possible. In less than a week after his interview with the
Governor he was ready to start, courting, rather than dreading, the
perils and hardships that he knew awaited him.

As the prevailing winds at that time of the year are from the south,
Lieutenant Saucier concluded to try the experiment, when they blew
with sufficient force from that direction, of utilizing them in propelling
his boats. Accordingly he caused a light, strong and movable mast to
be stepped in each of his pirogues, rigged Avith spars and sails. Several

241

of his recruits, enlisted about the seaport towns of France, were familiar
Avitli the management of sailboats, and these he installed as his navi-
gators.

At length all was in readiness, his bills were all settled, his cargoes
snugly stowed in the boats, and his round of farewell calls ended. His
men were in superb condition for service, and at the dawn of one of the
closing days of July, he left New Orleans with his fleet having every
sail set and filled by a stiff breeze from the Gulf. Not a sail was furled
during the entire day, and they proved valuable adjuncts to the oars.
The sun in setting must have passed the new moon, as it appeared in
the early twilight a little way above the western horizon, and was pro-
nounced by the sages amojig the crews, a "dry" moon, angering a pro-
pitious voyage and pleasant weather. The river was at .that season at
ils lowest stage, and its current, in consecjuence, at its slowest rate; so,
the progress of the flotilla, if not rapid, was quite satisfactory. In pro-
jjelling the boats the men had regular relays at the oars, and when off
duty, some slept, others fished, and a few, with musical talent, enlivened
tlie toil of their comrades with exhilirating strains of the violin.

Everything went well until the mouth of the Arkansas was passed.
Indians at several places along the river, had come to the boats in their
canoes in friendship, to beg, or to barter game they had killed for calico
and brass ornaments; but though manifesting no unfriendly disposition
then they were known to be treacherous and utterly unreliable. To
guard against night attacks of hostile savages ashore — for there was no
danger whatever from them in midstream, or in day time — keelboatmen
cautiously landed on one side of the river in the evening, or on an island,
and there made fires and spread their meals. Then extinguishing the
fires, resumed their course for a short distance, and tied up on the oppo-
site shore rmtil morning.

On the evening of the fourth day after having passed the mouth-
of the Arkansas river, the sky became heavily overcast with dark clouds,
and the rumbling thunder and vivid lighting were sure harbingers of an
approaching storm. The boats that had been lined up on the Arkansas
side of the river for the evening repast, w^ere hastily cast loose, and, as
customar}^, rowed to the opposite side, in the rain and darkness, and
made fast to the overhanging trees there for the night. Not an Indian
had been seen during the day on either side of the river; or any indi-
cation of their presence observed anywhere. By the time the boats were
secured to the river bank, and the tarpaulins drawn over each, the rain
descended in torrents, and continued for the greater part of the night.

At early dawn next morning, the rain had ceased, but the sky was
still obscured by clouds, and the air was hot and sultry. The men, glad
to escape from the sweltering confinement of the boats, leaped ashore
M'ith the first rays of light in the east, and began to kindle fires to pre-
pare their breakfast. A few of them had the precaution to take their
arms with them as they left the boats, probably from force of habit. Of
this number was Lieutenant Saucier, who never went ashore without his
tnisty carbine. While all were busily engaged in search of fuel dry
enough to feed the flickering fires, they were suddenly assailed by a

—16 H S

242

shower of bullets from the surrounding trees and undergrowth, followed
by a chorus of unearthly yells and whoops, as a large band of hideously
painted savages rushed wildly upon them. The few Frenchmen armed
stood their ground, and with steady aim returned the fire of their assail-
ants as they advanced, then clubbing their guns went fearlessly into
tlie fight. Those without their arms fled to the boats to secure them,
and very soon returned with the balance of their comrades who had not
before landed, all well armed, and lost no time in coming to the support
of those holding the Indians at bay. They charged upon the horde of
red demons, who had not had time to reload their guns, with such fury, ,
that they fell back, and scattered in full retreat. In this brief but
spirited engagement the Frenchmen fought with the courage and pre-
cision of well-trained veterans. They followed up the advantage their
first charge gave them, and advanced in quick time, firing at the retreat-
ing foe as long as one of them could be seen. At the first appearance
of the Indians, Lieutenant Saucier fired and killed the one nearest him ;
then seizing his carbine by its muzzle he brained the next one, and struck
right and left, at the same time cheering his men on, until his reinforce-
ments came up, when he led them on until the enemy was dispei*sed.
He was twice wounded, but not seriously, and was not aware of having
received any injury until the fight was all over. The Frenclunen lost
but one man, one of the new recruits was killed, but several of the others
were more or less severely wounded. Seven of the Indians were left dead
on the ground, and several more so badly wounded they could not escape,
and they, the infuriated boatmen despatched vrithout mercy. They
breakfasted without further molestation, then pushed off, continuing
their voyage, taking with them the liody of the dead soldier which they
buried at evening on the western side of the river. The wounded were
made as comfortable as possible, and they proceeded, with more caution,
and without further incident or accident, to their destination.

CHAPTEE IX.

Death of the CoiiMAXDAXT's Daughtee.

The first frosts of early autumn had tinged the dark green maples
with scarlet and gold, and the ripening hickory nuts and pecans were
beginning to fall, when the long line of boats were drawn up to the Fort
landing. The commander of the successful expedition, who had not yet
recovered entirely from his wounds, looked haggard and careworn.
Leaving the boats, he marched the recruits, not disabled from wounds
or sickness, to the barracks, and then repaired to the Commandant's
quarters. His knock at the door was answered by Lisette who to his
hurried inquiries, told him her young mistress was very low, and daily
failing in vitality; also, that as long as she could speak she had asked
abouthim every day, and prayed that she might see him again before
she was called away to her mother. Following the devoted servant into
the sick chamber he was shocked upon seeing the ravages wrought by the
unrelenting disease during his absence. The sunken cheeks flushed with
hectic fever, the glistening eyes, the cruel, persistent cough and hot, dry
hands, plainly told that the fair young girl was doomed and her life

243

nearing its dose. She spoke his name in a husky whisper as she extended
her thin bloodless hand, and a gleam of radiant joy lighted her wan
features when he pressed it, and implanted a kiss upon her forhead.
She was too far exliausted to speak to him; but the mute eloquence of
her expression assured him that his presence afforded her real comfort
and happiness. Almost heartbroken already by M. Brusier's narrative,
the pathetic sadness of Eulalie's condition very nearly overpowered him.
All the strength he could command was required to control his feelings
while by her side, and not add to her distress by an exhibition of emo-
tional weakness. With great effort he appeared cheerful, and tried to
speak to her in the pleasant, airy strain of other days — and partially
succeeded. But he could not long sustain this unnatural simulation,
and, with a promise to call again in a short time, he took leave of her
and hurried to his own quarters, and there found relief in unmanly tears
that could no longer be repressed.

The arrival of the boats with stores, mails and recruits, was an
exciting event at the Fort. From the Commandant down to the serv-
ants, all were elated and eager to hear an account of the voyage, and
learn what was going on in the outer world. The pirogues were unloaded
and sent back to Kaskaskia ; the sick and wounded were carried to their
separate wards in the hospital ; the munitions were safely placed in the
magazine, and other supplies in the store rooms: and the voluminous
mail matter promptly distributed. Lieutenant Saucier was weak and
still suffering from his wounds, and sorely depressed in mind; but re-
fused to be billeted by the post surgeon to the hospital, and applied him-
self as diligently as his condition permitted to writing the report of his
transactions in Xew Orleans, and of his fight with the Indians, and all
other important incidents of his memorable descent and ascent of the
great river. He visited Eulalie exevj day as often as his duties per-
mitted, and experienced some assuagement of the oppressive affliction
he was bearing in silence, by his eft'orts to soothe and mollify the fleeting
hours of her waning life. He recounted his adventures • on the river,
and told her of amusing incidents and strange sights he had witnessed
at Xew Orleans : and by interesting her in that way sought to detract
her attention from the gloom and misery of her mournful fate.

A week, or more, had passed since the arrival of the boats at the
Fort, and the commotion that event caused had gi-adually siibsided to
the ordinary routine life of the post. One beautiful morning in the
mellow haze of lovely Indian summer, the bright sunshine streaming
through the invalid's open window, and the soft, invigorating breeze
fanned her wasted form, the Lieutenant sat by her side with her small
hand clasped in his : her brilliant blue eyes were fixed upon his sad face,
a sweet smile played upon her pallid lips, and then, without sigh or
tremor, her spirit took its flight, so gently and quietly that, for several
moments, those around her could scarcely realize that the struggle was
ended.

"Eulalie is dead*', was whispered throughout the garrison, and all
was hushed ; all labor suspended ; the flag floating from the highest
bastion was lowered to half mast and the great fortress became at once
a house of mourning. They draped her cold body in robes of spotless
white, and laid it in state in the large hall, where she had, in health,

244

reigned as qneen of the dance and joyoiis festivities, and received the
homage of all in her social realm. Then placed in a coffin covered with
white velvet, they conveyed her to the church in Kaskaslria, preceded by
a guard of honor with arms reversed, the flag craped and drums muffled,
followed by all the officers and ladies of the Fort, and a large concourse
of civilians from the adjacent settlements. After the sacred offices of
the priests she was tenderly consigned to the grave in the village ceme-
tery near the church and buried with military honors.

CHAPTEE X.

Defeat of Washington at Fort Necessity.

The grand object to be the attained in rebuilding Fort Chartres
was the permanent security of French possessions on the Mississippi,
and, incidentally, the maintenance of peace. But the great work was
not completed when hostilities between England and France again com-
menced. Their respective military forces in America, ever at variance,
were not long in engaging in earnest conflict. In the month of May,
1754, one George Washington, a Virginian, in the service of the English
King, commanding a body of militia from his native state, then stationed
in Pennsylvania, surprised Conlon de Jumonville with a small detach-
ment of French soldiers, near the Youghiogeny, (not far from the pres-
ent city of Connellsville, in Fayette county), and defeated him, Jumon-
ville falling at the first fire, shot through the head.*

The report of this affair, and its resultant disaster to the French
arms, when received at Fort Chartres produced the wildest consterna-
tion, and fired the military ardor of the inactive garrison. Neyon de
Villiers, the senior Captain of Chevalier Makarty's command, a brother-
in-law of Jumonville, asked leave of the Commandant to march to the
scene of conflict and assist in avenging the death of his relative and re-
gaining the lost prestige of France in that quarter. This leave he readily
obtained; and, with alacrity, began his preparations for the expedition.

To the depressed mind of Lieutenant Saucier the excitement and
hazard of this undertaking offered alluring promise of relief. He felt
willing to undergo any hardships ; or risk any danger that would tend
to revive his broken spirits and divert his thoughts from the sad occur-
rences of the past few months. He volunteered his services, and was
granted permission by the Commandant to accompany Capt. de Villiers
as one of his Lieutenants. A hundred picked men were selected and
fully equipped with everything necessary for the long journey. The
boats were overhauled and put in order. Embarking, they proceeded
down the Mississippi, then up the Ohio to Fort du Quesne, where they
joined the force of Coulon de Villiers, an elder brother of the Captain.
They there organized their men in four companies under trusted offi-
cers, and sallied forth in the quest of the enemy. Washington, apprised,
l)y Indians friendly to the British, of the advancing French, retreated
to the Great Meadow, a short distance from the spot where he had as-
sassinated Ensign Jumonville, a short time before. There he sought
safety in Fort Necessity, a temporary defense of little strength, and

• "Judge it as we may. this obscure skirmish began the war that set the world
on fire." Montcalm and Wolf. By Francis Parkman. Vol. 1. p. 150.

245

tnvaited the avengers. He had not long to wait. De Villiers was soon
upon him, and investing his entrenchments, poured in upon him a mur-
derous fire from all. sides. The engagement lasted nine hours. Wash-
ington seeing the futility of contending longer with such a superior and
determined foe, after a short parlay, surrendered. 'The French, mag-
nanimously permitted him to march out with side arms and camp equip-
age. In tiiis affair Washington lost twelve killed and forty-three wound-
ed. He returned to the east side of the Alleghanies, leaving not an
Englishman or English flag on their western side. On leaving Fort
Necessity, Washington's Indian allies killed all his horses and cattle,
plundered his baggage, knocked his medicine chest in pieces, and killed
and scalped two of his wounded men. Left Avith no means of trans-
portation his men were obliged to carry their sick and wounded on their
backs.* He commenced his retreat on the fourth of July, a day after-
ward made glorious to a new born nation. The Fort Chartres contin-
gent returned to the Mississippi flushed with victory, and without loss
of a man.

They received a royal welcome from the garrison, and their suc-
cessful humiliation of Mr. Washington and his loyal militia was cele-
brated in all the settlements around the Fort with prolonged festivities.

Not long after the return of this expedition a courier arrived at the
Fort from Montreal with important despatches from the home govern-
ment and from the Governor General of Canada. Among those papers
were commissions of promotion, as rewards, for several of the officers
and men who had faithfully discharged their duties in the erection of
the new Fort. Of those thus rewarded by the King, Major Makarty was
advanced to the rank of Colonel, and Lieutenant Saucier to that of
Captain.

English emissaries were soon busy among the Indians all through
the west attempting to win them over to their cause. And by liberal
presents, more liberal promises, and misrepresentations, were successful
in seducing several of the tribes from their allegiance to, and friendship
for, the French. This change of policy by the savages caused much
uneasiness and some trouble at Fort Chartres. A British invasion was
among the possibilities expected; but no immediate danger of a general
uprising of Illinois Indians was apprehended. Yet, the scattered settle-
luents required protection, particularly from threatened inroads of the
Chickasaws about the mouth of the Ohio river. Companies were de-
tailed for police duty to different points, and frequent excursions were
made in the interior of the country by detachments of soldiers to punish
marauding bands of Indians. Chevalier de A^olsci and his men having
been ordered to Canada, Major Makarty sent Capt. Saucier to take com-
mand of the fort at Caliokia. This stockade was situated near the center
of the village just across the road from the church, and was spacious
enough to contain the entire population of the town in case resort to it
for protection was at any time necessary, f Captain Saucier was quite

* Montcalm and Wolf. By Francis Parkman. Vol. 1. pp. 147-161.

t In the course oi' certain improvements on the old .Jarnot place in Cahokia.
made in 1890 by Nicholas McCracken, the proprietor, there was dug up part of a
large mulberry post, much decayed, believed to have been one of the gate posts
of the fort, planted there 150 years before.

■MO

a favorite among the Cahokians; and Avhile conimaii(1ing there was very
suecessfnl. not in fighting the discontented Indians, hut in pacifying
them and regaining their friendship.

When spring returned peace i)r('vaiU'd tliroughout the Illinois, and
the scattered soldiers were recalled to the Fort. The tribes in upper
Louisiana : or, more i)roperly, along the Mississippi river l)elow the Ohio,
l}o\vever, were reported to have joined the English — as all the eastern
colonists were called — , and were harassing the whites engaged in navi-
gation of the river. One of the first pirogues enroute for Xew Orleans
was captured by them, and its crew were all slain.

The time had again arrived for dispatching the boats to Xew Or-
leans for the garrison's annual supplies. In the then hostile attitude
of the southern Indians, it was necessary to select for this service men
of tried courage and endurance, and a commander of prudence, firmness
and experience. Besides the supplies that might be drawn from the
Quartermaster's and Commissary's departments in Xew Orleans, it
would be necessary to purchase considerable quantities of stores there
for the troops at the Fort. There were also expected at Xew Orleans
important despatches, and a large sum of money, from France, for the
Commandant, and Paymaster at the Fort ; and it was very desirable that
all these valuables should be brought up the river in safety.

After pondering the matter over for sometime. Col. Makarty sent
for Captain Saucier, and asked him if he woitld undertake the manage-
ment of the voyage, stating that he would not detail him for that service
if he preferred not to go; but that he would regard it a personal favor
if he would accept the perilous office. The Captain answered, without
hesitation, that he was one of the King's soldiers, ready at any time to
go wherever required, and this duty would suit him as well as any.

The late spring rains had long since ceased. The waters had re-
ceded from the low, overflowed lands, to the lowest level of their ac-
customed channels. The sandbars had reappeared with barren promi-
nence above the river's surface, when Capt. Saucier repaired to Kas-
kaskia, and put his fleet of boats in readiness, as before. He was fortu-
nate in finding the best men of his former crews, whom he engaged; and
takino- from the Fort a few of the most reliable enlisted men who were
with him on his former voyage, he once more bid adieu to the Illinois,
and set his flotilla in the current of the great river. He again took his
departure when the young moon was a silvered crescent about to drop
into the dark western forest; choosing this phase of that orb for leaving,
not from superstitious notions ; but because he would have light at night
for some time, enabling him to continue his course with the least possible
delays.

At only two points on the river were hostile demonstrations made
by the Indians, and these he repitlsed without trouble, being constantly
im his guard. By the exercise of cool judgment and careful manage-
ment he reached his destinatimi in comparatively a short time, without
casualties, or encountering oxtradrdinary hardsliips.

"~ 247

CHAPTER XI.
In New ()i;leaxs AciAix.

Thirt.v-sevcn years had i)asse'(l since the first settlement was made at
Xew Orleans by Bienville; and it was already a pretentious town*, the
metropolis of all the vast territory claimed by the French Crown from
the Gulf to the great northern lakes; and the commercial and military
gateway to all that region. The primitive architecture of the place gave
it the appearance of an irregular collection of huts with streaks of mud
for streets. Yet, that early, much wealth was concentrated there, which
— as in older communities— had the effect of creating social distinctious
ranong its people. Squalor and poverty were conspicuous in some quar-
ters of the place, while in others Parisian opulence and splendor, and
Parisian styles and fashions were lavishly displayed. An aristocratic
class had been fostered there by the late Governor of Louisiana, Pierre
de Eegaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, who, a short time before, was trans-
ferred to Quebec as Governor General of Canada, superceding there M.
de Gallisouiere. De Vaudreuil's pomp and state; his sumptuous style
of living, punctilious etiquette and courtly manners, which found many
servile imitators, caused his official residence, or chateau, on Pue Pon-
chartrain, to be named by the populace "Le Petite Versailles". The
shipping interests of the town were represented by large and commodi-
ous warehouses, and the many gay shops and elegant stores gave evidence
of commercial prosperity. The Jesuits were there, of course, since 1?27 ;
i)ut the only edifices yet erected i)y the church were the Ursuiine Con-
vent, Hospital, and Chapel. Xew Orleans was made the capital of Louis-'
iana in 1T21. On going ashore from his boat, near the spot where the
Captain had met Monsieur Brusier when last here, the memory of that
gentleman's doleful story was revived, with the wretched dispiriting
efl'ect he had experienced when listening to it.^ A feeling of extreme
misery crept over him as he reviewed the cruel fate of those he loved,
his blighted hopes, and lonely life. The vision of two angelic young
(rcatures, now still in death, wdiose love had illumined his soul and lent
a charm to existence, arising before him, with the shades of his revered
father and foster parents beyond — all now gone forever — almost over-
powered him with a sense of heart-rending despondency. Philosophy,
however, came to his rescue. It argued to him tbat nothing could be
gained by repining and brooding over ill-fortune. The dead were beyond
his reach, the living had claims upon him, and he was yet 3'oung enough
to dispel the incubus of grief, and to benefit humanity and his country.
Pallying all the strength of his resolute mind, he determined to hide
his sorrows in the recesses of his own thoughts, and act to the best of
his abilities, the part assigned him in the world's affairs.

To further this resolve, he concluded no longer to mope in seclusion ;
hut to reenter society, and seek forgetfulness in its pastimes and frivoli-
ties. This course, he correctly judged, Avould be the most effective to
ijanish melancholy. Social gaieties and amusements in jSTew Orleans
Avere not, in that era, restricted to certain seasons. There was then no

* By the close of the year 1752. forty-five brick hou.=cs liad been built in XTew
Orleans. Gayarre's History of Louisiana.

248

hegira of the favored class to iiortlieni \v;\toring places, or seaside re-
sorts, during the heated term; but pleasure there, considered — next to
obtaining the necessities of life — the chief duty of existence, its pursuit,
in feasting, dancing and visiting, Avas always in order from one Christ-
mas to another.

The Captain's presence in town was soon generally known, and
but little time was left him to feel lonely. His military rank, his youth,
manly figure and handsome features, with his gentlemanly bearing and
manners, made him a desirable acquaintance; and the knowledge that
he was an accredited government agent disbursing large sums of money
for military supplies, gave him ready admission into the highest circles
of society, in which he soon became conspicuous. He was lionized by the
wealthy mercenary traders, by the educated and refined, and also by
shrewd mothers having marriageable daughters. By accepting pressing
invitations from all quarters, he was quickly inducted to the whirlpool
of social entertainments, and was in a short time, one of society's chief
attractions. He was a graceful dancer and interesting talker, and ever
ready to take part in current amusements ; but detested the coarse revelrj'
and dissipation of the barracks and messroom.

Among the wholesale dealers and importers whose stocks of goods
he inspected preliminary to making his purchases, was a merchant
named Antoine Delorme, one of the wealthiest citizens of the town, a
leader in its business circles, and an affable, hospitable gentleman. His
residence on Eue Ponchartrain, in what was then known as the aristo-
cratic quarter, was exteriorly plain, but large, roomy, and furnished
interiorly with taste and munificence. Patterned after the gaudy man-
sion of the former Governor, the Marquis de Yaudreuil, it had all the
appointments and accessories of luxurious comfort that wealth could
provide, including a retinue of negro slaves perfectly trained for personal
and domestic service.

Monsieur Delorme's family comprised only his wife and daughter,
at home. Another daughter, who was married, resided in France, and a
son, also married, was the principal merchant and shipowner in St.
Pierre, on the island of Martinique. Madam Delorme was, in many re-
spects, the antithesis of her husband. He had married her when both
were young and poor, from a social stratum below that to which his
parents belonged. She was a peasant's daughter, coarse, illiterate, and
a stranger to the usages of refined society in which he had been nurtured.
But she was a pretty girl, strong, healthy, industrious, and a shrewd,
economical household manager. She had proven an efficient coadjutor
in the accumulation of his large fortune, a true wife and exemplary
mother. Advancing age had wrought serious changes in her girlish
figure and rustic beauty; and her altered station in life had developed
the, too common, arrogance and foolish vanity of riches displayed by
vulgar people becoming wealthy. She was corpulent, florid and broad-
faced, and spoke very ungrammatically ; but dressed in fine, showy clothes
made in the height of fashion, that illy became her rotund form, and
wore a profusion of flashy, costly jewelry. Coming, as she had, from the
mudsills of society, she seemed to have forgotten her early hardships anil
privations, and now looked down upon the plebeians with uncharitable
contempt.

249

Her daughter, Mani'selle Eosealie, the young-est of her children, was
reared iu luxury and indulence, receiving considerable polish — if not
much erudition — in a French convent in Paris. Her face was pretty
hut wanting in expression. With a tendency to obesity, she had in-
herited none of her mother's former energy and force, but all of her
mother's later weakness for fine raiment and sparkling ornaments. She
was blessed with an easy, good-natured disposition and pleasant voice;
was a fair musician, a voluble talker and fine entertainer. To secure
for this girl a husband of wealth, or rank — both preferably — was now the
object for which Madame Delorme lived. No means were spared in
making her salons attractive, and eclipsing all others in the sumptuous-
ness and brilliancy of her entertainments, not excepting those of the
late Governor De A^audreuil. Her balls and dinners were grand, and
her musicales and garden dejeuners superb.

Captain Saucier was not wealthy; but for business reasons, and
because of his official position in the King's service, he soon became a
frequent and welcome guest at the Delorme mansion. He was among
the first invited to the Madame's fetes and parties, and was always graci-
ously received when he dropped in, informally, to pass an hour in pleas-
ant chat with Mile. Eosealie.

CHAPTER XII.

The Mysterious ^YoMA^T ijg- Black.

A month had passed since the Captain's arrival at New Orleans, in
which he had been busily employed every business hour each day. He
had made all his purchases, but was still detained awaiting the expected
despatches from France. Time however did not hang heavily on his
hands. He had.formed many agTeeable acquaintances who extended to
him the cordial hospitality of their homes, and vied with each other
in their efforts to enchance the pleasures of his visit. He received
flattering attentions in these charmed and charming circles, from the
ladies particularly, who allowed him but little opportunity for serious
retrospective reflection, and impressed upon him the axiom that life is
for the living and should be enjoyed while it lasts.

Calling one morning before the sun's rays became oppressive, at
the Delorme mansion, his knock at the door was answered, as usual, by
a colored servant who ushered him into the small parlor, or drawing
room, and then went to apprise her young mistress of his presence. As
he entered the room he casually glanced through the open folding doors
into the adjoining room and saw there a woman, apparently young,
sitting in a large alcove engaged in sewing. Her hands, he saw, were
white; but he did not see her face. She arose on his entrance into the
parlor, and gathering up her work basket and the material upon which
she was plying her needle, left the apartment without so much as glanc-
ing in his direction. He saw. as she flitted out of the room like a shadow,
that her tall, well-molded form was plainly but neatly dressed in black.
As Mile. Eosealie directly made her appearance, the woman in black
passed out of his mind, and the pampered daughter of fortune amused
and interested him for a time with her vivacious conversation and music.

The climate at New Orleans has not materially changed since the
administration of affairs there by the "Grand ^Marquis" Vaudreuil, a

250

century and a half ago. In the late summer the nights and mornings
are pleasantly cool, with uncomfortable heat during the middle part ot
the day. In the olden days, however, the rush and bustle of business
of the present time were unknown there, and through the heated hours
business pursuits and pleasure-seeking were suspended until a fall of
temperature in the evening.

A few days after the Captain's last morning call at the Delorme
abode, he was again there one evening with a gay party of young gentle-
men and ladies, who had met him on the street, and prevailed upon him
to accompany them. Such impromptu gatherings of young society people
were then of almost daily occurrence, and always highly enjoyed by
hostess and guests alike. While the Captain was recounting to a group
of girls some of his experiences in Kaskaskia and Cahokia society he
chanced to look, from the piazza where he sat, towards the flower garden,
and saw the same figure in black he had seen a few mornings before
sewing in the alcove, enter the garden from the street, by a side gate,
and passing through the shrubbery and flowers, disappear beyond the
rear angle of the building. She wore, as before, a plain, neatly-fitting,
black dress and her head was covered by a sunbonnet that concealed her
face. He looked at tlie retreating woman as long as she Avas in view,
though she seemed, from her garb, to occupy no higher station than
that of an upper menial — -a hired seamstress perhaps — and of no conse-
quence. It may have been the striking contrast she presented to Mile.
Eosealie, in the perfect symmetry of her form and her graceful move-
ments, that attracted his attention and curiously interested him. On
two or three other occasions when at the Delorme mansion he again
caught glimpses of that mysterious retiring young woman in the dist-
ance ; and though he strove to dismiss her from his mind, as one in whom
he was in no manner concerned, she strangely impressed him, and he
found it difficult to suppress the desire to learn who she was.

The long looked for ship from France at length arrived, bringing
the expected despatches and mails. The Captain, much relieved, now
began earnestly to complete his final preparations for his long and
trying return voyage. Early and late he was in the large Delorme ware-
jliouse, where his goods were stored, superintending and directing the
assorting and transferring of bales, boxes, and casks to the boats, and
seeing to arranging them there securely and compactly.

Comino^ into the spacious buildins' on the first mornins,- to hurrv
for^vard this work, he was hailed by old Michael ^lallait, the clerk and
guardian genius of this department of the Delorme establishment who
had been in the Delorme service since its commencement, witli this
cheery greeting :

"Ah! bon jour; bon jour; Monsieur le Capitaine. You are quite
well, I am happy to see. And, so, you are going to leave us, eh ?"

'"Yes, Uncle Michael : I expect to bid Xew Orleans a long, and
perhaps last, farewell, on next ^londay morning, Dieu volante,'' said the
Captain.

"Ah ! mon cher fils'', continued the old man, "we will ail miss
3'ou very much when you are gone: and you don't know the devastation
your departure will cause here."

251

"You are surely jesting, my friend; for what calamit}' can my leav-
ing occasion?"

"Broken hearts among the demoiselles, of course," answered the old
man, with a knowing smile; and then added; "T don't know how they
will manage to get along without you in their fine balls and parties. And
Mam'selle IJosealie, poor thing! will be inconsolable in your absence".

"Bah !" retorted the Captain, with some impatience, "she will very
soon forget that I was ever here." This allusion to Rosealie reminded
him of the plainly-attired young woman he had now and then seen about
the Delorme premises, and seeing no impropriety in interrogating him
about her, he asked, "Now that I think of it, mon oncle ; can you tell me
who that strange young woman is, of whom 1 have sometimes caught
sight, up at the mansion?"

"No, I cannot; only this of her have I learned, that she has but
recently arrived here — since you came — , from France, I think, and that
she is a distant relative of Delorme's, an orphan, destitute, and trying to
support herself with her needle. I have heard her name, but cannot
now recall it. Of course she is not admitted into Mam'selle Rosealie's
set."

Their conversation then turned on business affairs and each was
soon engi'ossed in matters that concerned him most, and which gave them
ample occupation for the balance of the day. This routine work con-
tinued until Saturday evening, when the Captain had everything in
readiness to start away the next evening, or on Monday morning. His
boats were all in first class condition, each with its cargo in place ; his
arms and ammunition carefully inspected ; his bills all settled, and his
men at their respective posts ready for duty. He would have given the
order to shove off that evening, but for the conscientious scruples of the
men, who could not agree to embark on such a perilous journey without
first attending mass, and receiving absolution from the priest, on the
Sabbath.

The Ca])tain had a snug little cabin fitted up in his boat, walled
around with bales and boxes, and covered with tarpaulin. At either end
Avas a small window looking fore and aft, a carpet covered the floor, and
a cosey l)iink and a couple of chairs imparted to it an air of home-likel
comfort. The termination of his stay in New Orleans had arrived. He
had paid all of his farewell visits, and bid adieu to all his social and
business acquaintances including the Governor and military officers,
then gladly left his quarters in the town, and took possession of his cabin
and boat, prepared for the arduous task before him.

After retiring for the night he reviewed the time he had just passed
in New Orleans ; the mission he had successfully accomplished, inter-
spersed and varied, as it had been, with many pleasant episodes, with
courtesies, and the respect and kindness accorded him by his many new
acquaintances, and many charming ladies. All this was gratifying to
his self-esteem. He found that he had gained much of his former cheer-
fulness and interest in life, and ambition for an honorable career. He
fell aslee]) congratulating himself that he had overcome the poignancy
of grief without impairment of his loyalty to the memory of the dead,
successfully resisting the arts and l)landishments of the city beauties.

252

CHAPTER XIII.
A Miraculous Escape Fro:m Death.

The golden light of the Sabbath dawn shone resplendent in the east
beyond Lake Borgne, and as the sun arose above the horizon, the cur-
tain of fog, settled on the bosom of the great river during the night, was
sJowly furled and floated away.

From force of habit, observed in camp, at the Fort, and on the
march, the Captain arose at the reveille hour. His daily practice while
sojourning in the town was to be up before the rising of the sun, and
take long walks before breakfast, for exercise. Sometimes he strolled
along the levee above the river bank; or out to the lakes; then again, he
walked through the noisy and odorous markets; or by the slumbering
residences and perfume-ladened flower gardens in the opulent quarter;
or among the lowly huts of the poor classes.

On this refreshing Sunday morning, seeing that everything about
the boats was quiet and in order, he took his course to the old Place d'
Amies, and then into the deserted streets, with no aim in view but to
look for the last time on some of the objects and localities he had become
familiar Avith. His unrestrained thoughts dwelled upon the possibili-
ties and probabilities of his voyage; then wandered to the more serious
problem of impending war with the English; mentally discussing its
consequences in the Illinois, and its ultimate results, and how it would
aft'ect his individual plans and aspirations, and in what way he might
licst serve his King and country, and at the same time promote his own
interests.

He walked on slowly, in deep reverie, heedless of his course; past
the silent rows of closed shops and stores, and on through the, little park,
or commons, then towards the Ursulinc Convent and Chapel, seeing no
one astir but the devout few on their way to the Chapel to attend la has
messe, or matin services. Arousing himself from his meditations to take
his bearings and see where he had wandered to, he noted that he was
then passing the Chapel into which a few shuffling old people and young
girls were noiselessly creeping, like straggling bees into a hive. He
stopped, and concluded to retrace his steps, and regain the river and his
boats by the most direct route. He walked 'back a short distance, but
a sudden impulse caused him to again turn and continue in the direc-
tion he had been walking, as by that course he could, with a few detours,
reach the boat landing without much loss of time or distance. Going on
he passed by some of the better class residences where he had been, in
the last few weeks, royally entertained; and, for a moment felt a pang
of regret in exchanging those generous luxuries for the rough fare of
the river and camp.

A little farther on he came in sight of the well-known gables and
piazzas, and spacious grounds, of the Delorme mansion now wrapped
in the stillness of profound repose. As he proceeded toward the house,
along the apology for a sidewalk, the side gate of the flower garden next
to the street suddenly opened, and the black-garbed figure of the young
woman he had occasionally seen about the mansion, emerged, with rosary
and prayer book in hand, and head bowed in devotional attitude, evi-

253

dently on her way to matin worship at the Chapel. She came on toward
him with downcast eyes, walking slowly, as though in deep thought, or
burdened with some secret sorrow. Thougii ]:)enuiless and alone in the
world, and consigned by fate to a life of toil and obscurity, as old Michael
Mallait represented her, she moved with grace and dignity strangely at
variance with her lowly station.

As they approached each other on the narrow walk, she raised her
eyes slightly as he was about to step aside to let her pass by. His gaze
was fixed upon her, and as she momentarily looked up he saw her face
for the first time. Starting back in bewildered amazement, he exclaimed
"Merciful God ! Can this be but a mocking dream ! Pardon me,
Madame, will you please tell me who you are? " She did not faint
or scream ; but stood — like a statue — transfixed with surprise. The color
left her cheeks for a moment, but regaining her presence of mind she
answered firmly, "My name is Adel Lepage."

"Adel Lepage!'", he repeated, with agitation; "But Monsieur
Brusier told me that my — that is — I mean — the Adel Lepage whom I
knew in France, died of the plague aboard the ship, L'Etoile du ISTord,
at sea."

"I escaped death almost by a miracle"', said she; but, pray sir, who
are you?"

"I am Jean Baptiste Saucier", answered the Captain, as he clasped
the astonished girl in his arms.

"Oh ! Jean Baptiste", she cried half incredulously, "can it be jjos-
sible that it is really you ? They told us you were killed by the savages,
and my poor parents and myself mourned for you \vith bleeding hearts."

He turned and walked with her in the direction of the Chapel ; but
so intent were they with mutual explanations of causes why they were
not dead, and accounts of events transpiring in their lives since they
had seen each other last, they passed the Chapel without seeing it, and
proceeding to the Convent lawn sat down on one of the rustic seats there,
and continued their animated conversation perfectly oblivious to all
surroundings.

"Did you", she asked, "receive my letter giving you an account of
your father's death, and of my father's conclusion to emigrate to Xew
France ?"

"Yes", he answered sadly, "and that was the last letter I received
from you. You perhaps forgot to write to me again."

"Oh ! Jean Baptiste, how can you say that ?", she said reproachfully,
and her eyes became suffused with tears. "I will tell you why I did not
write to you again" she continued: "You no doubt remember Jo.
Michot?"

"I do, indeed", said the Captain ; "'and I will hardly ever forget —
nor do I think he will — the thrashing I gave him, when we were at
school at Lachappelle, one recess, for meanly kicking over our dinner
basket."

"Well", continued Adel, "he annoyed me very much by his persist-
ent attentions, after you left home, and asked me to marry him. I, of
course, refused; for I always cordially detested him. It was just after

254

your iaiher"a death — a lew dav? aiu-r 1 liad written to you of it — and we
were preparing to start to Americ-ii. tliat he brouirht the intelligence
from Orleans that you had been slain in i)attle with the Indians. From
the accounts you had written us of those terrible savages. I believed the
sad news he brought was true. He then told me 1 need not go to
America to look for you, as you were dead : and I might as well marry
him and remain in France. This not only pained, but infuriated me,
and I replied that I was anxious to go to New France, and would go
there, or anywhere else, if for no other reason than that I might be where
! would never .see. or hear of him again.'"

•'Mille Tonnerrel". interrupte<l the Captain vehemently. "I wish
the lying poltroon was here now. so that I could show him whether I
;im dead, or not."

"8o then'", continued Adel. "Monsieur Isidore Brusier told you all
about the awful misfortunes that befel us on the ocean. Oh I it was
dreadful beyond any human power of description. In an hour or two
after I was attacked by the plague I lost all consciousness, and only
know what followed by having been told of it by others. All were satis-
fied 1 was tlying when Monsieur Brusier was stricken down, and they
made ])ieparations to throw me into the sea to toUow my poor father
and mother and the others who had died. And two or three times again
it was thouirht I had breathed mv last: but when the unfortunate ship
next morning, cast its anchor in the Bay of St. Pierre, in the island of
Martinique. I was still alive. All on board, sick and well, were imme-
diately sent- ashore.

"Monsieur Brusiers l)rother. who escai)ed the scourge, and who had
cared for him every moment of his sickness, employed natives at once to
carry the sick man to the northern part of the island, so as to be near
relatives of theirs at Fort Royale. The other sick persons, who had
friends or relatives with them, were also carried away to the hills as soon
as possible; but I. having no one left to care for me, was taken on shore
and placed in a vacant native hut under the palms, with no thought
that I could survive many hours — or minutes, perhaps. The arrival of
our vessel, and its disastrous voyage, were soon known in St. Pierre,
and the citizen there lost no time in offering such relief as was in their
power.

•'Augustine Delorme. son of M. Antoine Delorme of this place, the
wealthiest merchant in St. Pierre, and himself a shipowner, and whose
grandmother was a Lepage, on learning from our ship's register my
name, and my parent"s names, as passengers, from near Orleans, thought
Ave might be relatives of his, and sent an agent to the ship right away to
enquire about us. On learning the facts he came himself immediately
with a lot of servants, and caused me to be ]daced in a covered litter,
or iialanquin, and conveyed, by relays of carriers, to his summer house
upon the mountain side. There a corps of physicians and nurses, super-
intended by Monsieur Augustine's good wife, bravely contended with
the horrid disease that was consuming me, for many days, and finally
triumphed.

255

CHAPTER XIV.

Marriage of Captaix Saucier.

"I told them my .^tory"', continued Adel, "when sufficiently recovered
to he able to talk, and when able to sit up my newly found relatives
removed me to their home in St. Pierre, and installed me there as one of
their family. I there did all I could for them to repay their great
benevolence, by such services as 1 could render; and, while there, learned
to be quite an expert dressmaker. Though every comfort was at my com-
mand, and every want gratified, I could not avoid the feeling that I
was a dependent and object of charity. I begged M. Augustine to per-
mit me to come to this town on one of his ships, where 1 might find better
opportunities to earn my support. They all tried to dissuade me from
the view I had taken and the purpose I had formed, and implored me to
remain with them. It must have been some destiny impelling me, for
i could not resist the constant impulse to come here.

"With reluctance and regrets, they at length consented ; but only
on my promise to go directly to AI. Antoine Delorme's house, and make
it my future home, and if I was disappointed in my expectations here
to return immediately to them.

"I arrived here four weeks ago, and found the Delorme mansion a
very pleasant home, and have been treated very kindly. I soon dis-
covered, however, that my place there was that of a poor, dependent re-
lation, and that I was expected not to transgress its bounds by intruding
myself into Mam'selle Rosealie's circle.

■'This situation has its twinge of humiliation; but not of hardship;
for society has no allurements for me, and I long only for the quietude of
•obscure retirement — that Madame Delorme and Mam'selle Rosealie seem
quite willing for me to enjoy. I have though, without consulting them,
made arrangements to leave the mansion tomorrow morning, and com-
mence work in Madame Durand's dressmaking and millinery establish-
ment, on Rue St. Charles, where I can earn good wages and be measur-
ably independent."

The Captain listened to this recital with deep interest, and to some
of its passages, with illy-suppressed emotions. He then told her of Fort
de Chartres and the country in which it was located ; of Kaskaskia,
Cahokia, and of the peo'ple who lived there. He told her of his life at
the Fort, and of his former voyage down the river, and the great joy he
anticipated in meeting her and her parents in Xew Orleans, and of his
plans for their future settlement in the colonies near the Fort. He re-
counted his eager watching for the arrival of their ship, and of his heart-
rending disappointment and grief when he met Monsieur Brusier, and
heard from him the terrible reality, with assurance of her death also.
He then informed her of his present mission to Xew Orleans, its objects
accomplished, and his arrangements all perfected for starting that even-
ing, or early the next morning, on his return, not omitting a description
of the perils and hardships of the voyage. Then taking her hand in
both of his, he said. "Adel, will you be my wife, and go with me":"*'

2r^G

She raised lier eyes to hi>, heaiuiii^i' willi joyous eonrKli'iice. as she
answered unhesitatingly; "Yes, Jean Baptiste, 1 will; and will go with
\6\\ anywhere."

■' They again met early next morning at the TJrsuline Chapel, and
knelt together at the altar. The othciating priest, informed of the
Captain's situation, dispensed with the Church's rule in ordinary mar-
riages, of publishing the bans from the altar for three consecutive Sun-
days, and proceeded to solenmly pronounce the ceremony that made
them man and wife.

The only witnesses present were old Michael Mallait and jNIonsieur
Delorme; Madame Delorme and Maniselle Eosealie, if invited, did not
deign to even send their regrets, much less to offer either reception or
wedding feast for the young couple. An hour later the boats were mov-
ing up stream, with Adel as mistress of the Captain's cabin, envonte'to
a new, strange world to found a new home under novel auspices.

Their progress up the tortuous river was laborious, and not alto-
gether free from exciting adventures and narrowly averted dangers ;
but in due time; all arrived safely at the Fort.

New Chartres, the town, near the entrance to the Fort, so named
in contradistinction to Old Chartres, near the gate of the old fort
below, had grown to respectable dimensions. Commencing with tempo-
rary habitations of artisans and laborers, it had absorbed the population
of the old town, and the greater part of that of St. Philip.^' Several
traders settled in it and some of the officers and soldiers of the garrison
having families resided in the village in preference to the restricted
limits within the walls. A beautiful lawTilike esplanade, or drill ground,
of twenty acres, laid between the great gate and the town. We can well
imagine the maneuvers here of gTenadiers, in pleasant weather, viewed
with patriotic pride, by the officers and their friends, from the large
stone platform surmounting the carved arch of the principal gate. Cap-
tain Saucier's cottage was the newest and neatest in the village "officers
row," its attractiveness aiid embellishments due to the taste and industry
of his handsome wife. As a token of his special regard for the Captain,
Chevalier Makarty transferred Lisette to Adel, for whom she formed an
attachment at their first meeting; and the true, worthy servant remained
in the Captain's household, through its fortunes, the rest of her days.

For several years after his marriage Capt. Saucier remained steadily
on duty at the Fort superintending the work 6i the builders, until, at
last, in 1763, the great structure was almost completed. The broad
stone platform over the fine arch of the main gate was placed in posi-
tion ; and also the stone stair case and balustrade leading up to it. The

• "On the first-named grant. Renault established a little village, and as is the
fashion in more modern times, honored it by his own baptismal name — St. Philip.
It was on the rich alluvion and had its common field there, the allotments inade
by himself and within five miles of Fort Chartres. then just erected on a small
scale, and with no view of durability or strength ; within its shade grew up
'Chartres Village' as it was called, with its 'common field' also, and 'commons'
embracing a large scope of the unappropriated domain, and with a chapel served
by a Franciscan friar and dedicated to St. Anne. Not a vestage of these two vill-
ages now remain, save some asparagus yearly putting forth its slender stems
upon the open prairie." — The Early History of Illinois. By Sidney Breese, Cliicago,
1884, pp. 177-178.

257

cannon,* bearing on their surface, the monogram and arms of Louis
XIV, were mounted in the bastions, and the buildings and arched maga-
zine within the huge walls were all nearly finished. On the low swampy
bank of the Mississippi river, in the far western wilderness, it stood,
a marvel of engineering skill and labor, the grandest and strongest
fortress in America.

CHAPTER XV.

Surrender of Fort Chartres to the English.

Fort Chartres was the depot of arms and munitions, and the seat
of military power for all the vast region from New Orleans to Montreal
west of the Alleghanies, as France then, claimed the entire Mississippi
valley. England's rapidly increasing colonies on the Atlantic seaboard
however passed the mountain barrier, and were overrunning the territory
claimed by France north of the Ohio river. Their aggressions brought
on local conflicts which, in 1755, resulted in war between the two nations.
Braddock that year marched on Fort Du Quesne and was defeated. In
1756, the English General, Forbes, with 7,000 men, retrieved Braddock's
disaster and compelled the French to evacuate Fort Du Quesne, where
all the garrison of Fort Chartres, but one company, had been drawn.
It was now plain that the empire of France in America was tottering
to its fall. It was too extensive to be successfully defended at all points
from onslaughts of such a foe. For three years more the unequal contest
continued, when it was practically terminated by the English victory on
the Plains of Abraham, and fall of Quebec, on the 13th of September,
1759. The boldness and sagacity of Pontiac, the friend and ally of the
French, however, prevented tlie victorious English from taking possession
of the Illinois until six years later.

The reverses of the French arms Avere severely felt at Fort Char-
tres, and throughout the settlements on the Mississippi, though they
were not in the theatre of the war. The Fort had been rebuilt at im-
mense expense of treasure and labor, designed to be a permanent bulwark
for the French possessions in the Mississippi Valley. Yet, it was not
completely finished when the fall of Canada clearly presaged its doom.

In 1761, Col. Makarty was, by his own request, ordered back to
France, and Capt. Xeyon de Villiers, who, of seven brothers in the mili-
tary service of the King in America, was the only survivor, the other
six having been killed in defense of Canada, succeeded him in command
at the Fort. The retiring veteran, upon taking his departure, bid fare-
well, with touching sadness, to the officers and men, to the colonists who

* The cannon, five in number, were taken from the ruins of Fort Cliartres, in
1812, by Gov. Ninian Edwards and mounted on his Fort Russell, n mile and a
half from the present city of Edwardsville. One of them was bursted when firing
in celebration of Gen'l. Jackson's victory at New Orleans, in .January, 1815. Of
the other four no trace can be found. Of the aspect of Fort Chartres, when he
visited it in 1802, Gov. Reynolds says ; "It was an object of anti-quarian curiosity.
The trees, undergrowth, and brush are mixed and interwoven with the old walls.
It presented the most striking contrast between a savage wilderness; filled with
wild beasts and reptiles, and the remains of one of the largest and strongest fortifi-
cations on the continent." He visited it again in 1854, and found "Fort Chartres
a pile of mouldering ruins, and the walls torn away almost even with the surface."
At present nothing of the great structure remains but one angle of the wall a few
feet in height, and the magazine."

—17 H S

258

revered him, lo the splendid citadel he erected, and to the grave of his
idolized daughter. \\'hcn he parted with Capt. Saucier, who accom-
panied him from France, and had for a decade been intimately associ-
ated with him in all the aifairs of the Fort, and had shown his daughter
such, tender attentions, his iron firmness failed, and tears coursed do'WTi
his bronzed cheeks as he flung himself into his boat and left the Illinois
for ever.

When the weak and corrupt King of France, having secretly trans-
ferred Florida, New Orleans and all the territory west of the Mississippi,
to Spain, purchased peace with England by ceding to her all the balance
of his possessions in America, in 17G3, the settlers in the Illinois district
were overwhelmed with surprise and mortification. Disgusted and heart-
broken. Captain de Yilliers abandoned Fort Chartres and went to New
Orleans. Captain Saucier, not wishing to return to France, and seeing
his military career in America terminated, handed de Villiers his resig-
nation from the army and took up his abode in Cahokia. The veteran
Commandant, Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who many years before com-
manded the old stockade Fort Chartres, now came from Vincennes, with
forty men, an& assumed command of the grand new Fort, only to for-
mally surrender it, on the 10th of October, 1765, to Captain Sterling,
of the 43d Highlanders, much to the chagrin and deep disgust of Pontiae
and his braves, and to all the French colonists. To the lasting disgrace
and humiliation of France her lillies were hauled down from the bastion
staff and replaced by the detested flag of Great Britain. Fort Chartres
was the last place on the continent of North America to float the French
flag. St. Ange de Bellerive, unwilling to live under English rule, after
the surrender embarked with his handful of men, at the Fort landing and
proceeded up the river to St. Louis, which he thought was yet in French
territory, and assumed command of that post. New Chartres was
speedily deserted; several of its inhabitants following St. Ange to St.
Louis, and the balance scattering out in the neighboring settlements.

Captain Saucier and wife, enamored with the country and people,
upon his resignation left New Chartres and purchased an elegant home
in Cahokia, where they were accorded the highest respect and consider-
ation by the entire community. The feeble exhibition of authority by
the new rulers of the Illinois efllected no perceptible change in the old
regime, and the peaceful habitants were soon reconciled to the new
dynasty. Cahokia continued to flourish and grow in importance. Cap-
tain Saucier engaged actively in business pursuits and prospered; and
was a patriotic citizen of the United States for many years after George
Eogers Clark, on the night of the 4th of July, 1778, tore down the odious
banner of St. George at Kaskaskia, and planted in its stead — for all
future time — the ensign of political freedom.

Owing to the loss of the Cahokia parish records — in the confusion
of removing the Church property to a place of safety during the dis-
astrous overflow of the Mississippi, in 1&44 — it is now not known when
Capt. Saucier and his wife died. But it is known that they were buried,
side by side, in the little gi'aveyard adjoining the old Cahokia Church,
and that their dust still reposes there with that of several generations
of the early French pioneers of the Illinois.

259

GENEALOGICAL.

The marriage of Capt. John B. Saucier and Adelaide Lepage was
blessed by the advent of three children, in the following order :* Baptists
Saucier, Matthieu Saucier, Francois Saucier.

Baptiste Saucier and Marie Josephine Belcour were married, in
Cahokia, in the year 1778. Of the three children born to them, Adelaide
Saucier and Matthieu Saucier survived; a younger son, John Baptiste
Saucier, died when a grown young man.

The daughter, Adelaide, married, in 1799, a young Frenchman
named Jean Francois Perry, from the vicinity of Lyons, in France ; and
of their four daughters, three survived, named Louise Perry, Adelaide
Perry, Harriet Perry.

Adelaide Perry, married on the 18th of October, 1820, at Cahokia,
a young man from Fayette County, Pennsylvania, named Adam Wilson
Snyder ; and of several children born to them, three sons survived, named
William Henry Snyder, Frederick Adam Snyder, John Francis Snyder.

APPENDIX.
Note A.

During the early agitation for revision of the Dreyfus trial, in
1897, frequent mention was made in public prints of "General Saussier,
Military Governor of Paris". In the press despatches from Paris there
appeared this paragraph: "Paris, January 16, 1898. One hundred
and twenty-six patriotic and military Societies held a demonstration
today in the Place Vendome in honor of General Gustavo Saussier,
Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, and Military Governor of
Paris, who now retires under the age limit.^^

The announcement of his death, in 1905, was cabled to this country
as follows :

Paris, Dec. 20. — General Felix Gustave Saussier, former comman-
der-in-chief of the French army, died today. He was one of the best
known and bravest- officers in France. In the battles around Metz a
quarter of a century ago he distinguished himself most signally. The
famous infantry charge at St. Privat, which practically barred the prog-
ress of the Germans on that side, was led by him. Saussier was one of
the officers who signed the protest against the surrender of Metz. Gen-
eral Saussier also served in Italy, Mexico and the Crimea. He was a
deputy for some time and in 1873 distinguished himself in the discus-
sions on the reorganization of the army.

Note B.

In the confusion incident to removing the church property to a
place of safety during the great overflow of the Mississippi in 1844:, the
parish records of Cahokia were lost. Fortunately, at some time prior

* Pioneer History of Illinois. By John Reynolds. Second (or Fergus) edition,
Chicago, 1887, pp. 286 to 291.

See also Adam W. Snyder and his Period in Illinois History, lS17-lSJi2. By Dr.
J. F. Snyder, Virginia, Illinois, 1906.

260

to 1844, Mr. Oscar W. Collet, of St. Louis, copied the Cahokia register
of marriages, which copy was discovered, nearly half a century later, iu
the St. Louis University. It is, however, quite defective, having many
errors and omissions. The parochial records of Kaskaskia and St.
Anne, still preserved, are also very defective, with errors, omissions,
and important parts entirely missing. Hence the difficulty, or impossi-
hility, of tracing the family history, or personal identity, of many citi-
zens of French descent who were prominent in the first settling of Illi-
nois. Tho some of them were well educated, they left no written records
of themselves or their times. For these reasons there is today much
uncertainty regarding the earlier members of the Saucier family in
America, several of whom were noted among the pioneers from Canada
to Louisiana.

The following brief references — comprising in great part the present
knowledge of them — are copied, by permission, from the "Saucier
Papers" of Judge Walter B. Douglas, of St. Louis :

Louis Saucier, (son of Charles Saucier and Charlotte Clairet, of
St. Eustache, Paris), married, at Quebec, Canada, Margueritte Gailliard
dit Duplessis, on the 12th of January, 1671. They had two children,
Charles and Jean.

Charles, baptised Sept. 1st, 1672, married, 1st, Marie Anne Bisson,
2d, Marie Madeline St. Dennis,, and, 3d, Marie Francois Lebel, and
had four children.

Jean, baptised Dec. 4th, 1674, — further history not given.*

One Jean Saucier was an early inhabitant of Louisiana, as appears
in the census of 1706, towit, "Jean Saucier, a wife and two children." f
In Hamilton's Colonial Mobile, p. 80, his name is given as J. B. Saucier,
his wi'fe was Gabrielle Savary, and his occupation a "Marchand."

In the same book "Madame Socie" is mentioned, p. 151, as a land
owner in Mobile in 1760. On page 192 it is stated, "of other officials,
Ave know Fr. Saucier as sub engineer in 1751."

When New Orleans was settled, in 1722, some of the family removed
there, as in the list of first grantees of lots is the name "Sautiei*" as a
grantee of lot 144.

"Le 24 X bre (24th of October), 1739, Mr. Sauzier, ingenieur, est
party avec un detachment d' iVrcanzas et quelques Canadiens a dessin de
charcher le chemin par on Mr. d'Artaguet avoir este aux Chics." ^

The place from which he departed was Bienville's camp near the
present site of Memphis.

In the Kaskaskia parochial register, "Saucier" signs as a witness
to a marriage, on the 20tli August, 1742. In same, under date of July,
1761, is this entry, "Marie Jeanne Fontaile, widow of Francois Saucier,
lieutenant refonne (half pay) and inginieur pour le Eoy at Fort Char-
tres, married Alexander du Clos. In March, 1788, she was married,
for the third time, to Jean du Martin, a native of Ax, in Gascony. She
is described in the last entry as "Marie Jeanne Saucier, widow of the
deceased Alexander du Clos."

• Tanguay's Dictionaire Genealogique des Famille Canadienes.
t Fortier s History of Louisiana, p. 52.

JJoiirnfil de la Guerre du Mississippi en 1739 et flni en 1740 le ler dpvril.
Par un officier de TArmer de M. de Nouallle. N. Y. Shea. 1859.

261

Jauvier 7, 1761, Monsieur Saucier fils signs as a marriage witness

1759, Francois Saucier, cadet, is a godfather.

From the St. Anne parish register it is learned that "le Sieur Jean
B. Sausie, ingenieur," was godfather at Fort Chartres on the 19th of
February, 1753.

In the same register, 12 avriel, 1758, Sausier was witness at the
marriage of Marie Amie Belcour.

1758, 30 Juliet, Saucier again signs as marriage witness.

1760, 10 Juin, Saucier again signs as marriage witness, and is
designated in the entry as "Monsieur Saucier."

1760, 8 Janvier, a negro slave of Saucier was buried.
There was in early days, Billon says, in St. Louis, Marie Barbe
Saucier, wife of Julien Le Koy. They were married at Mobile in 1755.
One of their daughters married Jean Baptiste Frudeau, first school
master in St. Louis. Joseph Francis Saucier was godfather of some of
the Le Eoy children in 1767.

Prof. Clarence W. Alvord, of the Illinois State Universit}-, found
in the Canadian Archives, copied from Archives Coloniales a Paris,
several legal documents emanating from "nouns, Francois Saucier, Ar-
penteur, Soussigne, &c;" and states. "Saucier was still Arpenteur in
1737, beginning in 1707 (Archives C. F. 224, p. 24 and G. p. 80), most
of the documents of the period in the volume were written by Saucier."
I am also indebted to Prof. Alvord for the following records copied
from those of Kaskaskia and St. Anne, (translated) :

Feb. 6, 1733. Village of M. Renault. Francois La Croix and his
wife Barbe Meaumenier, sold to their son-in-law, Henry Saussier, a
ierre of three arpents front extending from tlie Missfssippi to the bluffs,
lying between land of M. Girardot and Francois La Croix, for three
hundred minots of wheat, payable in yearly instalments of 10 minots.
Furthermore, Saussier promises to maintain in repair the commune
which crosses his land, and to pay the seignioral rights. Signed by
cross for La Croix, and cross for his wife. Eobbilhand witness. Jerome,
^STotary.

Sept. 22, 1737, Jean Baptiste Saucier acknowledges to have sold
to Joseph Deruisseau and company a family of slaves, consisting of a
negro, a negress, a negroit and negrillome, for 2000 livres payable in
wheat, &c. Made in the house of J. Bte. Bauvais. Signed J. B. Saucier,
J. Deruisseau, (and company), J. B. Beaulieu, Joseph Leduc, Barrois.
Notary.

Sept. 17, 1758, at the request of Henry Saucier, and on the order
of M. Buchet, judge in the jurisdiction, the Royal hussier (auctioneer),
Louis Robinet, offers at auction before the door of the parish church of
St. Anne, after mass, land of two and a half arpents front extending
from the Mississippi to the bluffs, situated in the commons of the village
of St. Philippe du Marais, belonging to the said Saucier. It is offered
three times, and is finally sold for 305 livres to J. Belcour. Signed
Robinet, Huissier, Belcour signed with a cross. Metius, Duchemin,
witnesses.

April 19, 1763. In the house of M. Deselle at Prairie du Rocher
an elaborate marriage contract was entered into by Sieur Antoine Duclos,

262

Ecuyer, "natif de la paroise de St. Anne a la Nouvelle Chartres, aux
Illinois, diocese de Quebec, fil de Sieur Alexandre Duclos, ancien officer
des trouppes de sa majeste tres Christienne," on the one part, and
"Demoiselle Marie Jeanne Saucier, fille d Sieur deffunct Francois Sau-
cier, ingeuieur pour le Eoy," &c., of the second part, with consent of
her mother, Sieur Pierre Girardot, her appointed guardian, of Dame
Magdeliene Loiselle Girardot, her aunt, Demoiselle Felicite Saucier
her sister, and Sieur Baptiste Saucier her brother. Parties and wit-
nesses all signed in presence of Viault Lesperance, Xotary.

In Collet's "Index" to the old Cahokia marriage register the fol-
lowing are the only Sauciers recorded :

Baptiste Saucier married Marie Josephine Belcour. Before 1784.

Francois Saucier married Angelique Eoy dit Lapensee. Before
1787.

Matthieu Saucier married Catherine Godin, 1788.

Matthieu Saucier married Josette ChatiUon, Sept. 8, 1812.

fils du Baptiste Saucier fille du Francois Chatillon.

et Marie Josephine Belcour et Margaret Lachaine.

And all of them enumerated in the census of Cahokia in 1787 are:*
Matthieu Saucier ; Matthieu son fils ; Francois Saucier pere ; Charle son
fils ; Bte Saucier pere ; Jean Baptiste son fils ; Matthieu son fils.

The three heads of families here named, brothers, Baptiste, Mat-
thieu, and Francois Saucier, were quite prominent in the public affairs
of Cahokia and vicinity during the latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury, all three serving for some time as Justices of the district court, f
Matthieu and Francois Saucier "founded the village of Portage des
Sioux in Upper Louisiana,''^ and for many years were successful traders
there.

The writer of this sketch was for many years intimately acquainted
with Matthieu Saucier, (my mother's uncle), son of above named Bap-
tiste Saucier. He was born at Cahokia in 1782, married Josette Cha-
tillon dit Godin in 1812, and died at Prairie du Pont in 1863, at the
age of 81. He was a very intelligent, quiet and unassuming gentle-
man, with but limited education, and only traditional knowledge of his
ancestral genealogy. All that he knew of his grandfather was that he
came from the Loir district in France, and had been an army officer at
Fort Chartres. He believed him to have been the Francois Saucier
mentioned — as quoted in this Xote — in the Journal de la Guerre du
Mississippi en 1739, etc., as the "ingeneur" who led a detachment of
"Arcanzas" and a few Canadians on the route taken by d' Artaguiette
against the Chickasaws in 1736; and, in Hamilton's Colonial Mobile,
as a "sub engineer in 1751;" and the inference of his death prior to
1760 from the registry of marriage of his widow, in July, 1761, to
Alexandre du Clos, in which he is alluded to as a retired (reforme)
lieutenant and engineer at Fort Chartres. That lieutenant Saucier
evidently was in the King's military service on the Mississippi at quite

* Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. II. Cahokia Rec-
ords. C. W. Alvord. 1907, p. 624 et seq.
t Cahokia Records. Alvord, 1907.
t Reynolds' Pioneer History of Illinois, p. 280.

263

an early day, and probably served as an engineer in the building of the
first Fort Chartres, and perhaps of the second Fort also.

In 1737 there was a Jean Baptiste Saucier at Prairie du Eocher,
of whom nothing is now known, and who is supposed to have come to
America with Eenault in 1731.

It is learned from the St. Anne parish records that "le Sieur Jean
B, Saucier, ingenieur", was at Fort Chartres in February, 1752.

Eeynolds says, "in 1756, Jean Baptiste Saucier, a French officer
at Fort Chartres, and married in that country. After the country was
ceded to Great Britain in 1763, he located himself and family in Caho-
kia where he died. He had three sons : Jean B., Matthieu, and Francois
Saucier, who were popular and conspicuous characters in early times
in Illinois.^'*

Edward G. Mason states — in his KasJcaskia and its Parish Records.
Chicago, 1881. p. IS. — "On May 22d, 1806, (occurred) the marriage
of Pierre Menard, widower, and Angelique Saucier, granddaughter of
Jean B. Saucier, once a French officer at Fort Chartres, who resigned
and settled in the Illinois country."

•Pioneer History of Illinois, 2d Ed., Chicago. 1887, p. 286.

164

INDEX.

PAGE.

Aberdeen. Scotland 52

Aberdeenshire, Scotland (J9

Adams Family 167

Adams, (Dr.) J. A 56

Adams, (Pres.) John Quincy, 120, 121,

123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 133, 145, 182
"Advance." Periodical of the Con-
gregational Church 56

Agricultural Development of Illinois
Since the Civil War. By Dean
Kugene Davenport of the Univer-
sity of Illinois 27, 101-106

Agriculture. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph.
Interest in Agricultural Develop-
ment. See Public Lands.
Ainslie. Various spelling of the

name 79

Aix-la-Chapelle. Peace of, in 1748.. 227

Alaska 34, 76

Alaska. Gold Boundary Question.

Reference 76

Albany, N. Y 87, 126

Albany, N. Y. Law School 87

Alexander Co., Illinois 61

Alexandria. Va 57, 79, 128

Alexandria, Va. Muir, (Rev.) James,
a Scot preached in Alexandria, Va.,

from 1789 to 1820 79

Alexander, William 186

Alexander, (Maj.-Gen.) William, of
New Jersey. War of the Revolu-
tion 32, 33

Allegheny Mountains

31, 38. 123, 245, 257

Allen and Thomas. Business firm,

Ky 112, 113

Allen, J 170

Allen, Tandy 113

Allison. James 62

Alphin, S 170

Alston, John 84

Alton, 111. American, Jan. 30, 1834.

Foot-note 150

Alton, 111. Riots, 1837. Death of

Elijah P. Lovejoy 159. 160

Alton, 111. Telegraph, April 23, 1842.

Foot-note 153

Alton, 111. Telegraph and Demo-
cratic Review, Alton, Illinois, June

11. 1842 170

Alvord, Clarence Walworth

207, 208. 211, 212, 261

Foot-notes 209, 262

Alvord, Clarence Walworth. Cahokia
Records, 1778-1790. Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. II. Vir-
ginia Series, Vol. T 207. 208

Foot-note 262

Alvord. Clarence Walworth. Critical
Period, 1763-1765. Vol. I. British

Series 208

Alvord. Clarence Walworth. Kas-
kaskia Records, 1778-1790. Illi-
nois Historical CoUecrtions. Vol.

V. Virginia Series, Vol. II

207. 208, 211. 212

Alvord, Clarence Walworth. Miss-
issip])) Vallev in British Politics

208, 212

Foot-note 209

PAGE.

Alvord, Clarence Walworth and Car-
ter, Clarence E. New Regime,
1765-1767. Illinois Historical Col-
lections, Vol. XI. British Series,

Vol. II 208, 209

Ambler, Charles H 208

America 31,

66, 70, 81, 88, 206, 234, 238, 257, 263

American Colonies 31, 35, 74

American Colonies. Scots and Ul-
sters. Scots in 31, 35

American Continent 79

American Farm Machinery, develop-
ment in 102

American Fur Companies 40

American .Jewish Historical Society

Publications 209, 211

American Maize Propaganda 88

American Society of Civil Engineers 83
American State Papers. Public Lands,
Vol. II. Account of the proceed-
ings of the Illinois and Ouabache

Land Companies 212

Amherst, (Gen.) Jeffrey. (Baron

Amherst) 38

Andover, Mass. Theological College 42
Andreas, A. T. History of Chicago.

Quoted : . . . 78

Andrew. John. Early settler of Win-
nebago Co., Illinois 64

Anna, 111. Illinois State Hospital,

located in 75

Ansley, (Miss) Jane 54

Antrim, Ireland 46

Appalachian Mountains 188, 189

Appendix. Joseph Duncan's Diary..

180-187

Arc, Joan. See Joan d'Arc 218

Archives Colonials A Paris 261

Argyle, Dukes of Argyle 64

Argyle, (Winnebago Co.) 111. Scotch

Settlement 64-66

Argyle. Scotland 63

Argyllshire, Scotland

51, 54, 63, 64, 65, 66

Arkansas River 134, 241

Armagh, County Tyrone, in the Prov-
ince of Ulster in the north of Ire-
land 54

Armour, George 64

Armour. George. Native city Camp-

belltown, Scotland 83

Armour Institute, Chicago 51

Armour, .Tames 51

Armour. James of Ottawa, 111 64

Armour, J. Ogden 51

Armour, John 64

Armour. Philip Danforth, of Scotch

Ancestry 51

Armour, Robert. Early Settler of

Winnebago County, 111 64

Armstrong Family 66

Armstrong, George Buchanan.
Founder of Railwav IMail Service. . 81

Armstrong, (Rev.) J. C. D.D 66

Arnold, Isaac N '. 59, 70

Art Institute, Chicago. Ill 65

Artaguette. Pierre. Expedition
against the Chickasaws, 1736.
Reference 262

265

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Ashlev, (Mrs.) 125

Asiatic Cholera. Foot-note 23 !»

Aster House, Mackinac Island 60

Astor, John Jacob 60

"Astoria," By Washington Irving.

Reference •• 60

Atchison and Santa Fe R. R 90

Atlantic Ocean "4, 79

Aubert, Monsieur Louis. French
High Commission to tlie United

States 21

Aubert, Monsieur Louis. Message

from France 21

Aurora. Ill 78, 80, 81

Aurora. 111. Jennings Seminary lo-
cated in 81

Aurora, 111., Presbyterian Churc!« . . . 80

Ax in Gascony 260

Ayr. Scotland 78

Ayrshire, Scotland .. 54, 62, 67, 69, 79, 82

Badenoch, John J 53

Baker, D. J. Letter to Kane, Dec.

1, 1834. Foot-note 150

Balaclava : 72

Baldwin, Abraham '. 208

Ballaiityne, James 55

Ballantyne. Variou.s spelling of the

name 79

Ball, (Lieut-Col.) James Vincent,
Squadron of Dragoons, War of

1812 110

Baltimore, Md 87, 135. 209, 211

Baltimore, Md. Political Convention

of 1832 held in 135

Baltimore ;\Id. Republican National

Convention at Baltimore in 1864.. 87
Baltimoie, Md., Republican (News-
paper) May 25, 1832. Quoted 135

Bancroft, Edgar A. "Illinois, the

Land of Men" 21

Bank of the United States. Joseph

Duncan's position on 146, 147

Banner of St. George 258

Baptist Church 41. 43, 58, 86

Baptist Church, Chicago. Ill 43

Baptist Church, Ottawa, 111 58

Baptist Church of Christ, Friends of
Humanity, Known as an anti-
slavery organization 41

Barclay. Andre\v 62

Barclay, James 62

Barclay, John 62

Barclay. Robert 62

Barker, Harry E 18, 19, 22

Barleycorn. John, Pseudonym of

James Chisholm 55

Barnes, Mortimer G. Inland Water-
ways and Transportation costs.

Foot-note . 154

Barnet, Alexander 76

Barnet. James. Early printer and

publisher in Cliicago 72, 76

Barnet, James. Martyrs and Heroes
of Illinois. Pub. Chicago, 1865.

Reference 72, 76

Barnsley, (Capt.) 210

Barrois, Notary, 1737 261

Bartel, Chevalier de 227

Bass, J. H 84

Batavia, 111. Foot-note 178

Bateaux. (Boats) on the Ohio River 192

Bateman, Newton 48, 49, 91

Foot-note 152

Bateman, Newton, of English and
Scotch de.«cent 48

PAGE

Bateman, Newton, Superintendent of
Public Instruction, State of Illi-
nois, President of Knox College,

Galesburg, 111 48

Bateman, Newton and Selby, Paul.
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.

Foot-note 152

"Battle Hvmn of the Republic" 89

Battle of Metz 259

Battle of Tippecanoe, War of 1812.. 120

Bauvais, J. Bte 261

Bay of St. Pierre, Island of Mar-
tinique 239. 240, 254

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
Eastern Merchants, Traders in the

Illinois Country

..190, 191, 193, 197. 199, 207, 210, 211

Foot-note 209

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
(Competition with William Murray,
Ag-ent of B. and M. Gratz in the

Illinois Country 193, 194

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
Contract for provisions at Fort

Chartres 198

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, es-
tablish Post on the Sctoto River.

Opposition to, by other firms 190

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
Manuscripts in the Pennsylvania

State Library 207

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
Opposition to their monopoly of
the Fur Trade, Illinois Country .. .190
Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.
Received large contracts for sup-
plying Indian Department with

goods for presents to Indians 211

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan with-
draw from the Illinois Country. . . .197

Beardstown, 111 131, 132

Beaubien, (Col.) M 48

Beaulieu, J. B 261

Beckwith, (Hon.) Hiram W 20

Foot-note 228

Beebe, Avery N 24

Beeclier, (Rev.) Edward. President
of Illinois C o 1 1 e g- e, Jackson-
ville 118, 165

Belcour, J 261

Belcour, Marie Anne 261

Belcour, Marie Josephine 259, 262

Belcour, Marie Josephine. Marriage

to Baptiste Saucier, 1778 259

Belcour, Marie Josephine, wife of

Baptiste Saucier, Children of 259

"Belgium the Kingdom of Grief".

Moving Picture. Reference 95

Bell, J 185

Bellerive, Louis St. Ange de....210, 258
Bellerive, Louis St. Ange de. Sur-
renders Fort Chartres to Captain

Sterling-, Oct. 10, 1765 258

Bentley, Thomas 206, 212

Benton, (Prof.) Elbert J 21

Benton, Thomas H 123

Berniem, (Lieut.) De 199

Berry, E. C 187

Beveridge, (Brev. Brig-Gen.) John

L 73

Beveridge, (Gov.) John L., of Scot-
tish descent 77

Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne.
First settlement in New Orleans

made by Bienville 247

Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne
Sieur de Governor of Louisiana. . .
225. 260

366

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Big Woods Cemetery 80

Billon, Frederic L. Comp. Annals of
St. Louis under the French and

Spanish Dominations 261

Biloxi, Miss 225

Binnie, Andrew 62

Birkbeck, Morris 54, 116

Birkbeck, Morris, Anti-slavery Man.. 116
Birkbeck, Morris, Secretary of State

of Illinois 116

Bissell, William H. Nominated for
Governor of Illinois at Republican
Convention held in Bloomington,

May 29, 1856. Foot-note 80

Bissoh, Marie Anne, wife of Charles

Saucier 260

Blackburn, (Rev.) Gideon.. 49, 50, 159
Blackburn, (Rev.) Gideon. Letter of
Governor Duncan to, in reference

to Alton Riots, 1837 159, 160

Blackburn, (Rev.) Gideon, of Ulster-
Scot Ancestry 49

Blackburn University, Carlinville, 111.

49, 50, 98

Black, George N 20

Black Hawk 131, 132

Black Hawk. War, 1832

74, 80, 131, 132, 133

Foot-note 132

Black Hawk War. Wakefield, John
A. Historv of the Black Hawk

War. Foot-note 132

Black, James 187

Blackman, (Dr.) ■ 157

Black, (Mrs.) 131

Black Watch (42d Highlanders) 35

Blackwell, Robert 54

Blaine, James G 87

Blair. Francis G. Superintendent of
Public Instruction, State of Illi-
nois, quoted on the Public School

Bill 117, 118

Blair, Francis G. Governor Cole's
Contribution to Freedom and Edu-
cation in Illinois, quoted. Foot-
note 117

Blanchard, Jonathan 91

Blatchford, E. W. Sketch of Gover-
nor Josenh Duncan. Reference. . .107

Blodgett. Israel P 80

Bloit, Piero 201

Bloom. (Cook Co.) Ill |5

Bloominqton. Ill 69

Foot-note 80

Bloomington, 111. First Republican
or Anti-Nebraska State Convention
held in. May 29. 1856. Foot-note 80
Boisbriant, Pierre Duque', Command-
ant of the Illinois. Builds Fort

Chartres 225, 226

Bonaparte, Napoleon 133

Bond, Charles A 24

Bond Co., Ill 44

Bond, Shadrach 122

Bonheur, Rosa. Painter of note of
animals. Reference to work of... 104

Boone Co., Ill 63

Bonnie Prince Charles. Styled "The •

Pretender" • • • 7|

Boone, Daniel 34, 36

Booth, Edwin 91

Bordeaux, France 237

Bossu, (Capt.) M. Foot-notes

226, 228, 231, 232

Bossu, (Capt.) M. Travels en Lou-

isiana. Quoted. Foot-note 228

Bossu, (Capt.) M. Visits Fort

Chartres. Reference 228

Foot-notes 226, 228

Boston Corners, Erie Co., N. Y 86

PAGE.

Bouquet, (Col.) Henry 191, 208

Foot-note 209

Bouquet, (Brig.-Gen.) Henry. Briga-
dier-General Henry Bouquet. By

George H. Fisher 208

Bourbon Co., Ky 108

Bowen, Henry C. Editor of the

"New York Independent" 88

Bowen, (Mrs.) Joseph T 19, 27, 93

Bowen, (Mrs.) Joseph T. The War
Work of the Women of Illinois. . . .

27, 93-100

Braddock, ( Gen. ) Edward 257

Bragg, (Gen.) Braxton, Confederate

General, War of the Rebellion.... 72
Branch, John P. Historical Papers
of Randolph-Macon College. Edited

by Charles H. Ambler 208, 211

Brantford, Canada 72

Breese, Sidney 131

Foot-note 256

Breese, Sidney. History of Illinois,

quoted. Foot-note 256

Brent, H 186

Brest, France 234, 238

Brienne, France 225, 232

Bridgeport, Conn. Congregational

Church 43

Brighton Park Presbyterian Church 65

"British Anna," Vessel 165

British Army '. 109, 110

British Coloniel Governors, many of

Scotch descent; 33

British Museum, London, England.
General Haldimand Manuscripts in

207, 212

British JNIuseum, Manuscripts, Lon-
don, England 207, 211, 212

Brooklyn, N. Y 82

Brooks. B. W 170

Brougham. Lord 38

Brown Family 167

Brown, (Capt.) James N., of Island
Grove, 111., importer of high-class

cattle 103

Brown, Stuart 169

Brown, Thomas C 187

Brown University, Providence, R. I. 76

Brown, William 176

Brown, William H 122, 187

Foot-note 122

Brown, William J 172, 173

Browning, Orville H 91, 160

Brownsville, 111. (called Fountain

Bluffs) Jackson Co., Illinois 114

Bruiser, Monsieur Isadore

238, 240, 243, 247, 254, 255

Buchanan, (Pres.) James 166

Buchet, M 261

Buffalo, N. Y 84, 126, 154

Bunker Hill 31

Bunn, John W 91

Burgoyne, (Gen.) John 75

Burke, of Philadelphia 197

Burlington, R. R 84

Burnham, (Capt.) J. H 20

Burns, Robert, Baird of Scotland. . . .

32, 35, 54, 72, 78, 84

Burns, Robert. Centennial Celebra-
tion of the birth of 72

Burrell, (Prof.) Thomas J., of

Ulster-Scot Ancestry ol, 52

Bushnell Township, McDonough Co.,

Illinois 62

Bushy Run, Battle of. Reference. .191

Bushy Run 209

Butricke, (Ensign) George 210

Byars, B 209, 210, 211 212

267

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Cahokia 195, 229, 231, 232, 236,

245, 246, 250, 258, 259. 260, 262, 263

Foot-notes .' 231, 232, 245

Cahokia. Census of 1787 262

Cahokia, Collet's Index to the old

Cahokia Marriage Register 262

Cahokia Indians. Foot-note 231

Cahokia. Jarnot place in. Refer-
ence. Foot-note 245

Cahokia Parish Records lost... 258, 259
Cahokia. Register of Marriages of
Cahokia, copied by Oscar W. Collet

of St. Louis 260

Caliokia. Rivaled Kaskaskia as a

trading point 229

Cahokia. St. Anne Parish Records.. 263
Cahokia. Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Bap-
tiste. Sent to take command of the

fort at Cahokia 245, 246

Cahokia. Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Bap-
tiste. Takes up his residence in

Cahokia, after his marriage 258

Cairo, 111 78, 93, 125

Caldwell, Anna 163

Caldwell, Anna Maria 131, 157

Caldwell, Hannah Ogden, wife of

James R. Smith of New York City. 124
Caldwell, (Rev.) James, of New Jer-
sey. Chaplain in the Revolutionary

Army 124

Caldwell, Peter. Early settler of

Winnebago County, 111 64

Caledonia, (Boone Co.,) 111., settled

in 1838 . 63

Caledonian Society of Chicago.
Peter Grant, popular Bard of the

Society 76

Calhoun Family 68

Calhoun, (Hon.) J. Short Sketch .. . 68

Calhoun, John 164

Calhoun, John C 123

Calhoun, Robert 68

Calhoun, Sarah Knox 68

Calhoun, (Hon.) William J 66, 68

Callander, Scotland 60

Callender, Robert, of Cumberland

Co., Pa 197, 200, 201

Cambridge, (Henry Co.,) Ill 86

Camden. Lord 197, 200, 204

Cameron, A. C 56

Cameron, (Brig-Gen.) Daniel 73, 75

Cameron, (Gen.) Daniel R., Journal-
ist 53, 56

Cameron, Donald, Lochiel. A High-
land chief of Scotland 74

Campbell, aids in the rescue

of Jim Gray (nigger Jim) 59

Campbell family of Argyllshire,

Scotland 63, 64

Campbell, (Capt.) James 197, 211

Campbell, James M 62

Campbell, (Capt.) John, of Cumber-
land Co., Pa

200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 212

Campbell, John. Killed by outlaws in

Winnebago Co., Ill 63

Campbell, Lachlan 46

Campbell, (Major) of Ten-
nessee 183

Campbell, Martha. Early School

teacher in McDonough Co., III.... 62
Campbell, William J. (Senator from

Chicago) 45, 77

Campbell, William J., of Scottish

descent 77

Campbelltown, Scotland 51, 83

Camp Seneca. War of 1812 110

PAGE.

Canada GO, 260

Canadian Archives 261

Canalport, on the Chicago River.... 154

Cannon, James 210

Cantire, (Kintyre) Scotland 66

Carbondale, 111. Southern Illinois

State Normal located in 75

Carlin, (Gov.) Thomas 161

Carlinville, 111 49. 50, 85, 98

Carlinville, 111. Blackburn College

located in 49, 50, 98

Carolinas, (The) 34

Carondelet, Baron d e, Spanish

Governor 212

Carpenter, Philo. Gives aid to Jim

Gray (nigger Jim) 59

Carpenter, Richard V 5

Carr, (Gen.) Byron 0 87

Carr, Caleb. Colonial Governor of

Rliode Island 86

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra

19, 20, 23, 27, 86-92

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Address
on the Life and Character of

John A. Logan. Reference 88

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Commis-
sioner of the State of Illinois for
the Soldiers' National Cemetery,

Gettysburg, Pa 88

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. "The

mini" 86, 90

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Lincoln

at Gettysburg 88, 90

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Memorial
on the Life and Services of Clark
E. Carr, by George A. Lawrence . .

27 86-92

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. ' Minister

Plenipotentiary to Denmark. .. .87, 88
Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. "My Day

and Generation" 90, 92

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Political

Activities 89, 90

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. President
of the Illinois State Historical
Society, 1909-1913. President Emer-

^itus 86, 88

Carr, (Hon.) Clark Ezra. Writings

^ of 86, 90

Carr, Clark Merwin 86, 87

Carr, Clark Mills. Son of Clark E.

Carr 89

Carr, Delia Ann Torrey 86

Carr, (Gen.) Eugene A 87

Carr, (Capt. ) George P 87

Carr, (Rev.) H. M. D.D 87

Carr, (Gen.) John 150

Carroll, William, of Carrollton 125

Carroll, William T 131, 167

Carrollton, 111. Hand bill announcing
Governor Duncan's Speech, Oct. 26,

1840, in Carrollton 167

Carson, Pirie Scott & Co. Dry Goods

firm, Chicago 83

Carter, Clarence E. Great Britain
and the Illinois Country, 208, 210, 211

Foot-note 209

Carter, Clarence E. and Alvord, Clar-
ence W. Eds., The New Regime,
1765-1767. Illinois Historical Col-
lections, Vol. XI 208

Foot-note 209

Carter, (Justice) Orrin N 65

Cartwright, (Hon.) James H. Ad-
dress, on The Supreme Court of

Illinois. Reference 21

Casson. Herbert N. Life and Work
of Cyrus Hall McCormick 33

268

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Caton, (Judge) John Dean 58, 51*

Cerr^, Gabriel 211

Chalmers, Thomas 83. 84

Chalmers Townshiii, :M<jDonough Co.,

Ill 62

Chalmers, William J 84

Chamberlin, Charle.s H. Author of

Song, "'Illinois" 73

Charles I. of Kngland 31

Charles II. of England 31

Chartres Village. Foot-note 256

Chatillon, Francois 262

Chatillon. Josette. Marriage to ]\Iat-

thieu Saucier, Sept. 8, 1812 262

Chattanooga, Tenn 72

Cheney, (Bishop) Chas. E 43

Chicago, 111 35,

36, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55,
56. 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
98, 99. 103, 104, 107, 108, 154, 158, 170

Foot-notes 85, 118, 122, 123, 154

Chicago, 111. American, July 18, 1842.

Quoted 132

Chicago, III. Andreas' History of

Chicago. Quoted 78

Chicago. 111. and Eastern Illinois

Railroad 68

Chicago. 111. Armour Institute 51

Chicago. 111. Art Institute 65

Chicago, 111. Barnet, James, early
printer and publisher in Chicago. . 76

Chicago, 111. Board of Trade 45

Chicago, 111.. Called the "Garden

City" 55. 70. 77, 78

Chicago, 111. Congregational City

Missionary Society of Chicago.... 66
Chicago, 111. Congregational Theo-
logical Seminary 53

Chicago, 111. Congregational Theo-
logical Seminary at Union Park. . 65
Chicago, 111. Covenanters in, lead-
ers in religious, benevolent and

educational fields 44

Chicago, 111. Crerar Library 71

Chicago. 111. Drainage (S an i t a r y

District) Canal 77

Chicago, 111. Earlv School Teachers

in 48

Chicago, 111. Ellsworth Zouaves.... 72
Chicago, 111. Fat Stock Show. Ref-
erence 103, 104

Chicago, 111. Federal Building
wrecked bv bomb of an anarchist,

in 1918. Reference 81

Chicago. III. Fergus Historical Se-
ries, history of pioneer days in

Chicago and Illinois 56

Chicago, 111. Fergus, Robert, pub-
lished the first directory in Chi-
cago 56

Chicago, 111. Fire of 1871. Refer-
ence 55, 56. 83, 107, 170

Chicago, 111. Grammar Schools in
Chicago, named after distinguished
Scots and descendants of Scots-
men 53

Chicago, 111. Grand Pacific Hotel. . . 78
Chicago, 111. Highland Guards, or-
ganized May 3, 1855 72

Chicago, 111. Historical Society, 107, 108

Foot-notes 118, 122, 123

Chicago, 111. Historical Society Col-
lections. Foot-note 123

Chicago, 111. Inter-Ocean (Newspa-
per) 55

PAGE.

Chicago, 111. In 1835 67

Chicago, 111. Jefferson Park Presby-
terian Church 84

Chicago. 111. Kinzie, John, called

the father of Chicago 41, 79, 83

Chicago, 111. Kirkland and Moses,

History of Chicago. Quoted

35, 36, 67, 70, 71

Chicago, 111. "Lake Front Suits,"

Reference 69

Chicago, 111. Lewis Institute 53

Chicago, 111. McKee, David, first

blacksmith in Chicago 80

Chicago. 111. Martineau, Harriet, de-
scription of the boom in Chicago,

1836 158

Chicago, 111. Moses and Kirkland,

History of Chicago. Quoted

35, 36, 67, 70, 71

Chicago, 111. Municipal Pier 98

Chicago, 111. National City Bank of

Chicago 71

Chicago, 111. Newberry Library. ... 71
Chicago, 111. Ogden. William B.

First Mayor of Chicago 70

Chicago. 111. People's Gas Co. of

Chicago 82

Chicago. 111. Presbyterian Church,

2d, of Chicago 44, 55, 71

Chicago, 111. Public Librarj'. Foot-
note 85

Chicago. 111. Scotch Presbyterian

Church 76. 84

Chicago. 111. Scots in, connected

with the press of the city 55, 56

Chicago, 111. Tribune, (Newspaper) 55
Chicago, 111. Times. (Newspaper) . . 56
Chicago, 111. Union Stock Yards, or-
ganized and opened for business in

Chicago in 1865 104

Chicago, 111. University of Chicago,
in its beginning called the Douglas

University ; . . . . 49

Chicago, III. University 43, 49

Chicago, 111. Woman's City Club... 99
Chicago. 111. World's Columbian Ex-
position 77

Chicago River 154

Chickasaw Indians 226. 245, 262

Chillicothe, Ohio HI

China 34, 68, 76

China. Calhoun, (Hon.) William J.

Minister to China 68

Chisholm, James 55

Chisholm. James. Pseudonym. John

Barleycorn 55

Christian Co., Ill 55

Churches, Baptist Church. . 41. 43, 58, 86
Churches. Congregational Church . .

43. 52, 58, 66

Churches. Methodist Church 58

Churches. Presbyterian Church. 2d,

Chicago 44. 51, 71

Churches. Presbyterian Church,

Jacksonville. Ill 178

Cincinnati, Ohio 103, 209

Circuit Riders 54

Civil War. See War of the Rebel-
lion..45, 49. 50, 55, 57. 68, 70, 71.
73, 75, 76, 80. 81. 83. 101, 102, 154
Civil War. Illinois and Michigan
Canal in. great factor in trans-
portation 154

Clairet. Charlotte, wife of Charles

Saucier 260

Clark and Raffen, Business firm,
Chicago. Ill 83

269

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Clark, (Gen.) George Rogers

34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 47, 121, 205, 208,

209, 212, 226, 258

Clark, (Geo.) George Rogers. Cap-
tures Kaskaskia, July 4, 1778. Ref-
erence 205, 226, 258

Clark, (Gen.) George Rogers.
"Clark's Grant" of land in In-
diana. Reference 37

Clark, (Gen.) George Rogers. Con-
quest of the Illinois 34

Clark, (Gen.) George Rogers. James,
James A. George Rogers Clark
Papers, 1771-1781. Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. VIII, Vir-
ginia Series, Vol. Ill 208, 209, 212

Clark, (Gen.) George Rogers, Toast
to. Fourth of July celebration,

Vandalia, 111., 1825 121

Clark, James 62

Clark, (Rev.) John. Early Mission-
ary in Illinois. Dr. Peter Ross,

quoted on 41

Clark, (Rev.) John. Pioneer teacher

and preacher in Illinois 41, 47

Clark, (Rev.) John. Massachusetts

Colony 86

Clark, John. Great-grandfather of

Gen. George Rogers Clark 36

Clark, John. Manufacturer 83

Clark, Jonathan 36

Clark, (Miss) 86

Clark. Robert, of the firm of Clark

and RafEen 83

Clark, (Capt.) William, of the Lewis

and Clark Expedition 36, 37

Clarke. Matthew St. Clair. .124, 125, 128

Foot-note 128

Clarke, Matthew St. Clair, Clerk of
the U. S. House of Representa-
tives. Foot-note 128

Clarke, (Mrs.) Matthew St. Clair

124, 125

Clarkson, Matthew, Diary Aug. 6.

1766-April 16, 1767. Quoted 209

Clay. Clement C, of Alabama 140

Clay Familv 167

Clay, Henrv 121, 123, 186

Foot-note 122

Clny. Henry, Toast to, at Fourth of
July celebration, Vandalia, Illinois,

1825 121

Clendenin, H. ^V 5

Cleveland, Ohio 42. 110, 111, 126

Clos, Alexandre du 260, 262

Cloud, Xewton 150

Clow, Robert 61

Cobden Township, Union Co., Ill 78

Codding, (Rev.) Ichabod. Anti-slav-
ery lecturer 58

Coddington, Joseph 147

Coffin. (Mr.) of Batavia. 111.

Letter to Mrs. Julia Duncan Kirby,
dated December. 1885. Reference.

Foot-note 178

Colebrook. (Sir) Robert ... 193, 198. 211
Cole, Edward, Commissary, Illinois

Country 194

Coles, Arthur 16

Coles, Edward. President of the
Board of Canal Commissioners. .. 153

Coles, (Gov. ) Edward 44,

115, 116. 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131
Foot-notes 116, 178

PAGE.

Coles, (Gov.) Edward. Blair, Francis
G. Governor Coles' contribution to
Freedom and Education in Illinois.

Quoted 118

Foot-note 117

Coles, (Gov.) Edward. Sketch of
Governor Coles by B. B. Wash-
burn, quoted. Foot-note 116

Coles, (Gov.) Edward. Work in be-
half of education, State of Illinois

117, 118

Collett, Oscar W. Cahokia Register

of Marriages, copied by 260

Collet, Oscar W. Index to old Ca-
hokia Marriage Register 262

Collins, J. H 19

Collins, Lewis. History of Kentucky

208, 212

Collins, Richard 208

CoUyer, (Dr.) Robert 43

Colonial Office Papers 210, 211, 212

Colonial Patriots 32

Colorado River 52

Colquhon Family 68

Columbia River 37

Colyer, Walter 5

Common School Advocate 55

Community Councils of Illinois 100

Company of the Indies 225

Company of the West, created by

John Law 33, 34

Company of the West, failed in 1731 226
Conestoga Massacre. Foot-note. ... 209
Congregational Church, Bridgeport,

Conn 43

Congregational Church. First Na-
tional Council of Congregational

Churches, 1871 66

Tongregational Church. Ottawa, 111. 58
ConTregational City Missionary So-
ciety of Chicago 66

Congregational Conference, Illinois

State 52

Congiegational Theological Seminary,

Chicago 53

Conkling, Clinton L 5, 19

Conn, Eunice 162

Connellsville, Fayette Co., Pa 244

Conway. Henry 19

Copk, Burton C 59

Cook Co., 111. Forbes, Stephen,

Earlv educator in 48

Cook Co.. 111. Forbes, (Mrs.) Ste-
phen. Early educator in 48

Cook Co., 111. Lyons Township.

Foot-note 85

Cook Co. ,111. Reformed Presbyter-
ian congregations in, in an early

day 44

Cook. Daniel P 54, 121. 122

Cook. Daniel P. Congressional ca-
reer 121. 122

Corinth, Battle of. War of the Re-
bellion 61

Corn, Illinois Corn production, 1860.

1910 comparisons 102

Corn Kitchen at the Paris Exposition 88

"Coronation" Hymn. Reference 91

Cossit, F. D. Founder of La Grange,

Illinois 65

Covennnteis. Anti-slavery people,

covenanters lend aid to 44

Covenanters, Church of, in Chicago. . 44
"Covenanters" Communion season. 46. 47
Covenanters. Incident illustrative of
the manner in which they expressed
their convictions 45

270

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Covenanters, Migration overseas. ... 44
Covenanters. Were Scotch and Ul-
ster Scotch 44

Cowan, William 62

Crabbe, (Mrs.) Edwin G 26

Crawford, Andrew 69

Crawford Family 69

Creighton, (Judge) Jacob B 69

Creighton, (Judge) James A. Short

sketch 69

Creighton, John 69

Creighton, Mary 69

Crerar, Adams & Co 71

Crerar, John. Short sketch 71

Crerar Library, Chicago 71

Crescent City, (New Orleans) 34

Crichton, Admiral 69

Crichton, (Crighton) Family 69

Crief, Perthshire, Scotland 71

Crighton, James 45

Crighton, John 84

Croghan, George. Deputy agent of

Indian affairs 191

Croghan, George. Gold medal, pre-
sented to, by Congress, for defense

of Fort Stephenson Ill

Croghan, George. Indian Trader...

.7 .190, 191, 200, 201

Foot-note 209

Croghan, (Col.) George. War of 1812

Cromwell, Oliver 31

Crooke, Ramsey • • 60

Crozat, Antoine, obtains a monopoly
of the commerce and trade, with
the control, of the "Illinois coun-
try" ^"^

Cruicksiiank, Amos. Scottish breeder

of short-horn cattle 103

Cuba "

Culloden! 'Battle of. 1746 • • 74

Cullom, (Gov.) Shelby M 23, 63, 91

Cumberland Co., Pa 200, 201

Cumberland Valley 108

Cunningham, (Judge) J. 0 20

Currer, John • 44

Curtlev, , Kidnapper, case of

Jim Gray, (nigger Jim) 58

Dane, Michael 201

Danish West India Islands 88

Danville, 111 68

Danville, Ky 186

D'Artaguette, Pierre. Expedition
against the C h i c k a s a w s, 1736.

j^gf^j^gjKjQ 2ihZ

Dartmouth, Lord 202, 203, 212

Davenport, (Dean) Eugene. The
Agricultural Development of Illinois

since the Civil War 27, 101-106

Davenport, Iowa, Academy of Sci-
ences. Foot-notes 107, 114. 177

Davidson, Alexander and Stuve,
Bernard. History of Illinois.

Foot-notes 122, 132

Davidson, (Mr.) 126

Davidson, William H 156

Daviess, (Col.) Joseph Hamilton.
Jo Daviess County, Illinois named

for 120

Davis, David 91

Davis, J. McCan 20

Davis, (Mrs.) J, McCan 24

Davis, W. R 184

Dawson. Biographer of General
Harrison Ill

P.\GE.

Day, (Rev.) Dr. Warren 43

Day, (Rev.) Wm. Horace, D.D 43

De Bartel. Chevalier de. See Bar-

tel 227

De Berniem, Lieut 199

Declaration of Independence 33

Delaware State. Early Scots, in.... 35
Delorme, Antoine. Early Merchant

of New Orleans 248, 254, 255, 256

Delorme, Augustine 254, 255

Delorme, (Madam) Antoine. .. .248, 256
Delorme Family of New Orleans. . . .

248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 255, 256

Delorme, (Mam'selle) Rosealie

249, 250, 251, 255, 256

Denmark. Carr, (Hon.) Clark E.
Minister Plenipotentiary to Den-
mark 87, 88

Depew, Chauncey M 90

Deruisseau, J 261

Deselle, M 261

Detroit, Mich 60, 75, 76

DeVaudreuil, Marquis 247, 248. 249

Diary of (Gov.) Joseph Duncan . 1 80-187
Diary of Mrs. Joseph Dune a n.

Quoted 125,

126, 127, 164, 165, 166, 167, 177, 178

Foot-note 125

Douglas, Adam 63

Douglas Co., Ill 61

Douglas, Stephen Arnold

49, 66, 67, 68, 87, 90, 91, 129, 168

Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Carr,
(Hon.) Clarke E. Life of Stephen

A. Douglas 90

Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Debate
with Gov. Joseph Duncan. Refer-
ence 168

Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Donates
land in Chicago for an institution

of learning -49

Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Lincoln-
Douglas Debates, 1858 87, 90, 168

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, of Scotch

descent 49

Douglas University, Chicago Univer-
sity in its beginning was so called. 49

Douglas, (Judge) Walter B 17, 260

Dow, Daniel. Early settler in Win-
nebago County, 111 63

Drake, John B 78

Draper, (Dr.) Andrew Sloan, Presi-
dent of the University of Illinois. . 52
Draper, Lyman C. Manuscripts in
Library of the State Historical

Society of Wisconsin 207, 211

Dresden, 111 154

Dreyfus Trial, 1897 259

Driscoll, . Held for the murder

of John Campbell in Winnebago

Co., Ill 63

Drummond, Arnold 192

Drummond, James 67

Drummond, (Judge) Thomas 67

Drumtossie, or Culloden, Scotland. . 74
Drysdale, Parish of, in King and

Queen County, Va 36

Duchemin, . Witness, 1758.... 261

Duclos, Alexandre 262

Duclos, (Sieur) Antoine 261

Duff, John, one of the spies sent by

Clark to Kaskaskia 37

Duff, (Miss) Nellie Brown 18

Duke of Argyll 51, 64

Duke of Cumberland 74

Duluth, Minn 84

Dumbartonshire, Scotland 68

271

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Dumfernline, Scotland 44

Dumfrieshire, Scotland 69, 82

Duncan, Act of 1824, State of Illinois 48

Duncan, Ann 113

Duncan, Ann Elizabeth 164

Duncan Family 47, 48, 114

Duncan Family. Removal of, from

Paris, Ky. to Brownsville, 111 114

Duncan, Henry St. Clair. Foot-note. 153

Duncan Home, Jacksonville, 111 14b

Foot-notes 163, 164

Duncan Home, Jacksonville, 111., pur-
chased by the Rev. James Cald-
well Chapter, D. A. R. Foot-note. 163
Duncan Home, Paris, Kentucky, still

standing 108

Duncan, James, son of Major Joseph

Duncan 108, 112

Duncan, James, son of Gov, Joseph

Duncan 162

Duncan, (Gen.) James M. Foot-
note 122

Duncan, James M 170, 185, 187

Duncan, John, son of Major Joseph

Duncan 112

Duncan, (Maj.) Joseph. Father of
Gov. Joseph Duncan, of Illinois..

47, 108. 112

Duncan, (Major) Joseph, of Scotch

Ancestry 47

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. The Life
and services of Joseph Duncan,
Governor of Illinois, 1834-1838. By
Miss Elizabeth Duncan Putnam..

27, 1(17-187

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Anonymous
life. Addressed to Governor Dun-
can, dated, 1840 107, 116

Foot-notes 107, 116, 120, 145

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Banks. State
Bank. Governor Duncan opposed

chartering of 158

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Banks.
United States. Duncan's Amend-
ment 141, 142, 143, 144

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Banks.
United States Bank, his position

on 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Biographical
sketch by his daughter, Mrs. Julia

Duncan Kirby. Quoted 54, 107

Foot-notes

118, 160, 163. 164, 169, 171

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Black Hawk
War. Joseph Duncan Brigadier

General in 132

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Blatchford,
E .W. Sketch of Governor Joseph

Duncan. Reference 107

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Break with

the Democratic Party 146

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph Calls special
session of the Legislature, July,

1837 158

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Career in

the Illinois Senate 115-121

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Civil Serv-
ice, Advocate 129

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Congres-
sional career, 1827-1834 121-144

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Death of,
in Jacksonville, III., January 15,

1844 177-180

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Debate with

Stephen A. Douglas. Reference. . .168
Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Description
of V 116

PAGE.

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Diary

107, 127, 145, 180-187

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Diary of,

quoted on Jackson's Presidency. . .127
Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Dissatisfac-
tion as to Jackson's policies 144

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Early life.
War of 1812. Removed to Illi-
nois 108-115

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Education,

work in behalf of

47, 48, 117-119, 151

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Free School
law of Illinois. Evidence that

Duncan wrote the law 119

Duncan. (Gov.) Joseph. Governor of

Illinois, 1834-1838 144-161

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Home of,
in Jacksonville, "Elm Grove" built

in 1833 131, 146

Foot-notes 163, 164

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Home of,
in Jacksonville, Illinois, purchased
by the Rev. James Caldwell Chap-
ter, D. A. R. Foot-notes 163, 164

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Illinois and

Michigan Canal. Joseph Duncan

active in the interest of. .129, 130, 161

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Illinois State

Senate. Governor Duncan, member

of 115-121

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Interest in
the survey of the northern bound-
ary of the State and the lead mines. 127
Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Internal Im-
provements. Governor Duncan's

arguments in favor of 151, 152

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Internal Im-
provements work in behair oi . . . .

151, 152, 158, 161

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Jackson-
ville, 111., becomes permanent home

of 131, 146

Duncan, ((i^ov.) Joseph. Jackson-
ville, Illinois. Citizens pass reso-
lutions on the death of 180

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Kirby,
(Mrs.) Julia Duncan. Biographical
sketch of Joseph Duncan. Quoted

48, 54, 107

Foot-notes

118, 160, 163, 164, 169, 171

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Lead mines
at Galena, Illinois. Duncan quoted

on 139

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Last pol-
itical campaign. Business affairs

167-177

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter from
his brother Thomas to his mother,
defending Joseph from an unjust

attack 114

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter to
Rev. Gideon Blackburn in regard

to Alton Riots, 1837 159, 160

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter of
Dr. Finley to, dated Jacksonville,

May 27, 1834. Foot-note 144

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter of,
to Gen. C F. Mercer, dated Wash-
ington City, March 25, 1834 .. .109-111
Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter of,
to Charles B. Penrose, dated Dec.

1st, 1841 173-174

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter to
Charles B. Penrose, Esq., Solicitor
of the Treasury, on the Linn
affair 170-171

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Duncaji. ( ( Jov. ) Joseph. Letter to
Charles B. Penrose, Solicitor of the
Treasury, dated Dec. 21. 1841. .174-175

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter to
the President of the United States,
dated Nov. 26, 1841 168

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letter to
T W. Smith, dated. U. S. House of
Representatives, April 18, 1832.... 135

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Letters of,
(Dr.) James C. Finley to 14()-150

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Military
career, War of 1812. Reference. . .120

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Note Boolt.

Reference 114, 118

Foot-notes 114, 115

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Of Scotch
Ancestry 47, 48, 77, 108

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Papers of,
destroyed in the Chicago Fire. 107, 131

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Park in
fiont of home of, given to Jaclv-
sonville by Mrs. Duncan. Foot-
note 163

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Plea in Con-
gres.s for mounted troops to defend
the settlers on the frontier 133

Duncan. (Gov.) Joseph. Political
speeciies while campaigning 122

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Public
Lands, Congressional record of

Joseph Duncan on

134, 135, 136, 137, 138. 139, 140

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Putnam,
Elizabeth Duncan. The Life and
services of Joseph Duncan, Gov-
ernor of Illinois, 1834-1838. . .107-187

Duncan. (Gov.) Joseph. Quoted on
the northern boundary of Illinois.. 127

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Quoted on
the Spoil system 155, 156

Duncan. (Gov.) Joseph. Removes
from Kentucky to Illinois in 1818.. 113

Duncan, (Gov.) Josepli. Resolution
in Congress for mounted volunteers
for the better protection of west-
ern settlers, 1828 124

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Resolutions
on the death of, adopted by citi-
zens of Jacksonville, 111 180

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Retirement
to private life 181-167

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Slavery.
Duncan disapproved of. as "a great
moral and political evil" 160

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Speech in
Springfield, 111., Sept. 25, 1840.
Reference 168

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Takes an
active part in the campaign of Van
Buren 167

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Trustee of
the Deaf and Dumb Institution,
Jacksonville, 111 178

Duncan, (Gov.) Jo.seph. Trustee of
Illinois College in Jacksonville, 111.178

Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph. Washington
and Bolivar. Toa.«t to. by Duncan.
Fourth of July celebration at Van-
dalia. 111., 1825 121

Duncan, Joseph (2nd), of Chicago.
Son of Gov. Joseph Duncan. Foot-
note ■. 177

Duncan, (Mrs.) Josepli. (Elizabeth

" Caldwell Smith)

..107, 108, 124, 125, 126, 156, 177, 17S

Duncan, (Mrs.). Joseph. Death of,
in Jacksonville, 111., May 23, 1876.177

PAGE.

Duncan, (.Mrs. Joseph) Diary.

Quoted 107, 125, 126,

127, 164, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178

Foot-note 12S

Duncan, ( Mrs. ) Joseph. Journey
from Washington, D. C, to Foun-
tain Bluffs, Illinois 125-126

Duncan, (Mrs.) Joseph. Park in
front of the Duncan Home, Jack-
sonville, given to the city by Mrs.

Duncan. Foot-note 163

Duncan, (Mrs.) Joseph. Reminiscen-
ces. Quoted. . .125, 126, 161, 162, 163
Duncan, Julia Smith. (Mrs. lOdward

P. Kirby). Foot-note 177

Duncan, M 170

Duncan. Mary Louisa. 162, 164, 177, 178

Foot-note 177

Duncan, Mary Louisa. Wife of

Charles E. Putnam. Foot-note. . . .177
Duncan, Matthew. Editor and pub-
lisher of "The Illinois Herald," in

Kaskaskia 54, 113

Duncan, Matthew. Editor of "The
Mirror." Newspaper in Russel-

ville, Ky 54, 113

Duncan, Matthew. Printer of the

Illinois Territorial Laws in 1813.. 113
Duncan, Matthew. Son of Major
Joseph Duncan.. 54, 108, 109. 113. 125'

Duncan, ( Mrs. ) Matthew 125

Duncan, Polly Ann. (Mrs. William

Linn) 113, 125, 157. 169

Duncan, Thomas A

112, 113, 114, 130, 186

Duncan, Thomas. Killed in Louis-
iana 130'

Duncan, Thomas. Letter to his
mother dated Russelville, Ky., Nov.

28, 1820 114

Dundee, 111., origin of the name 61

Dundee, Scotland 52

Dunham, Mark, of Wayne Co., 111.

Breeder and importer of fine horses. 104
Dunlap, Millard F., of Jacksonville,

111 8l

Dunmore, Earl of, Petition of the Illi-
nois Land Company to, April 19.

1774 202

Dunmore, (Lord). (James Murray)

34, 202, 203, 204

Dunmore. War 203

Dunn, (Hon.) Charles 174

Du Page Co., Illinois 80

Du Quesne, M. Foot-note 227

Durand, (Madame) of New Orleans. 255
Dunaverty, Ruin of. Scotland. Ref-
erence 64

Dwight. 111. Congregation Church... 6.">

Dy.son, G 131

Dyson, R 15a

East India Company 34

East Indies 34

Eaton, (Major) 127, 183, 184, 185

EchoLs. John 170

Eckcnrode, H. J 21

Eden, 111. G. T. Ewing, early teacher

in 53

Edinburgh, Scotland 42. 75. 79

Edinburgh, Scotland, called "The

Athens of the North" 42

Edinburgh, Scotland. University of

Edinburgh 79

Edmund & O'Callaghan, (Eds.) Docu-
ments relative to the State of New
York . • 20S

273

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

E. D. p. Initials of Elizabeth Dun-
can Putnam. Foot-note 122

Education. Coles, (Gov.) Edward.
Work in behalf of education, State

of Illinois 117, 118

Foot-note 117

EducatioTi. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph.
Work in behalf of education. State

of Illinois 47, 48, 117-119, 151

Education, Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, 111 42, 44, 48, 50, 55, 118, 178

Education, University of Illinois. . . .

52, 63, 101, 105

Foot-note 188

Edwards Co., III., English Colonv. ... 54

Edwards, James G 146, 147, 149

Edwards, James G., Editor of the
Illinois Patriot, Jacksonville, 111.. 146

Edwards, (Mrs.) James G 146

Edwards, Ninian. History of Illinois,
and Life and Times of Ninian Ed-
wards. By Ninian Wirt Kdwaids.

Quoted. Foot-notes 122. 123

Edwards, (Gov.) Ninian. Letter of
John McLean to, dated April 25,

1825. Foot-note 123

Edwards, (Gov.) Ninian. L,etter of
Joseph M. Street to Governor Ed-
wards, dated Shawneetown, July

28, 1827. Foot-note 123

Edwards, (Gov.) Ninian. United

State Senator from Illinois. . 121, 122
Edwards, (Dr.) Richard, Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, State

of Illinois 78

Edwardsville. 111. Foot-note 257

Elburn, (Kane Co.), Ill 77

"Elegy in a County Churchyard,"

Gray. Quoted 91

Elgin, 111. First Baptist Church.... 83

Elgin, 111., origin of the name 61

Elizabeth McCormlck. Memorial

Fund. Reference 96, 98

Ellis, (Rev.) John Millot. Early

educator in Illinois 118

Ellsworth, (Col.) Ephraim Elmer.

Killed May 24, 1861 57

"Ellsworth Zouaves." Reference. .57, 72
Elm Grove, Home of Governor Dun-
can. Built in Jacksonville,. 111.,

1833 131. 146

Foot-notes 122, 163, 1G4

Elssler, Fanny 165

Emancipation Proclamation of Abra-
ham Lincoln 87

Emerson. Ralph Waldo 167

England 69, 121, 244, 257

England. Bank of England founded

by William Paterson 69

England. Colonies on the Atlantic

Seaboard. Reference 2.") 7

English Colony in Edwards Co., 111. . 54
English emissaries succeed in winning
the allegiance and friendship of the

Indians from the French 245

English Flag 245, 258

English Flag. Banner of St. George. 258
English, (Hon.) W. H. Conquest of

the Northwest. Quoted 35

Ensign, (Dr.) W. 0 24

Erie Canal 15g

Erie Co., N. Y 86, 87

Erith, England ' 34

Erskine, (Rev.) E., Editor of the

North Western Presbyterian 56

Erskine Parish in Renfrewshire,
Scotland 73

—18 H S

PAGE.

Eschikgon, (Chicago). A river and
fort at head of Lake "Michigan. ... 35

Etoile du Nord, — Vessel

234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 253

Etting, Manu.scripts in the Pennsyl-
vania Historical Society, Phila-
delphia 207, 209, 210, 211

Evan.s, (Judge) 147

Evanston, 111., Garrett Biblical Insti-
tute located in 43, 53

Ewing, G. T 53

Ewing, Wm. L. D 170

Exeter, Cal. Foot-note 177

Farmar, (Major) Robert, British

Commandant at Ft. Chartres 191

Farris, (Rev.) John M 43

Farris, (Rev.) Wm. W 43

Fat, Stock Show, Chicago. Refer-
ence 103, 104

Fayette, Co., Pa 244, 259

Fergus family 57

Fergu.s, George Harris 56, 57

Fergus Historical Series. Quoted. 54, 50

Foot-note 158

Fergus, John 57

Fergus, Margaret Patter.son (Aitken) 57
Fergus Printing Co., Chicago. Foot-
note 107

Fergus, Robert, Publisher of the first

directory of Chicago 56, 57

Fergus, Robert Col Iyer. Foot-note... 85
Ferguson, Duncan. Early settler in

Winnebago County, 111 63

Ferguson, D. H 63, 70

Ferguson, William. Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Field, Alexander P 170

Field, Marshall & Co., Chicago 45

Finley, James 129. 163

Finley, (Dr.) James C, Letters to
Joseph Duncan, Dated Nov. 9,
1833 ; Nov. 30, 1833 ; Dec. 27, 1833 ;
Jan. 24. 1834 ; Feb. 15, 1834 ; May
23, 1834; May 27, 1834.. 146, 147, 150

Foot-note 144

Finley, (Pres.) John H 21, 22

Finley, (Pres.) John H., Address at
Centennial observance, State of

Illinois. Reference 22

Fisher, George H. Brigadier General
Henry Boquet. In Penn.sjlvania
Magazine of Biography and His-
tory 208

Fisk, Franklin W 65

Fleming, John 170

Fontaile, Marie Jeanne, Widow of

Francois Saucier 260

Forbes, (Capt. ), Commandant at Fort

de Chartres 189, 192

Forbes, (Gen.) Joseph 257

Forbes, (Mrs.) Stephen. Early edu-
cator in Cook Co., Illinois 48

Forbes, Stephen. Early educator in

Cook Co., Illinois 48

Ford, (Gov.) Thomas. Elected Gov-
ernor of Illinois 16S

Ford, fGov. ) Thomas. History of

Illinois. Quoted 107, 116, 119

Foot-notes

116. 120, 132, 146, 153, 158

Fcrgan, David R. Banker, Chicago.

70. 71

Forgan, James B. Banker, Chicago.

70, 71

Forsyth, William 39

274
INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Fort Aimstrong 132

Fort Chartres, (Fort de Chartres) . . .

34, 35, 78,

189, 193, 197. 198, 199, 210, 211,
225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231,
232, 240, 243, 244. 255. 256, 257. 258

Foot-notes

209, 226, 227, 228, 232, 257

Fort Chartres, Abandoned by the
British. Foot-note 226

Fort Chartres. Bossu, (Capt. ) M.,
visits Fort Chartres. Reference. . .228
Foot-notes 226, 228

Fort Cliartres, British in possession
of 35

Fort Chai'tres, Building of the new
fort 228, 229

Fort Chartres, Cannon from, taken
from the ruins of Fort Chartres. . .257
Foot-note 257

Fort Chartres, Completed in 1720,
named as a compliment to the
Regent, whose son was Le Due de
Chartres 226

Fort Chartres, Construction of — Seat
of Civil as well as military govern-
ment of the Illinois 226

Fort Chartres, Demolishment of 211

Fort Chartres, Described by Ensign
George Butricke 210

Fort Chartres, Forbes, (Capt.). Com-
mandant of 189

Fort Chartres, Founding of. Refer-
ence 34

Fort Chartres, French garrison at, at-
tempts to relieve 189

Fort Chartres, Hamilton, (Maj.),
Isaac, abandons and destroys Fort
Chartres 199

Fort Chartres, In possession of the
English in 1765. Foot-note 226

Fort Chartres, Mason, Edward G.,
Old Fort Chartres, a paper read
by Hon. E. G. Mason before the

Chicago Historical Society 22 7

Foot-note 227

Fort Chartres, Plan of 230

Fort Chartres. Provisioning of never
satisfactory to the military
officials 199

Fort Chartres. Rebuilt and gar-
risoned by a body of regular
troops 227

Fort Chartres. Rebuilding of, for
permanent security of French pos-
sessions on the Mississippi 244

Fort Chartres. Reynolds, ( Gow )
John, visits Ft. Chartres in 1802
and in 1854. Foot-note 257

Fort Chartres. Saucier, Jean Bap-
tiste I, civil engineer employed in
the construction of Fort Chartres. 225

Fort Chartres. Snyder, (Dr.) John
F., The Armament of Fort Char-
tres. Foot-note 226

Fort Chartres, Social life at the Fort,
under Commandant Chevalier de
Makarty 230, 232

Fort Chartres, Strongest fortress in
America 257

Fort Chartres, Surrender of, to the
British 257, 258

Fort Chartres. Wilkins, (Lieut. Col.)
John, takes command at Ft. Char-
tres 193

Fort Dearborn

39, 40, 41, 48, 75, 80

PAGE.

Fort Dearborn, Final evacuation,

1836 41

Fort Dearborn, Massacre 41

Fort Dearborn. Old Fort Dearborn

location 75

Fort Donelson, War of the Rebelion. 73

Fort Du Quesne 257

Fort Gage, Stockaded Jesuit building

in Kaskaskia. Foot-note 226

Fortier, Alcee. History of Louisiana.

Quoted. Foot-note 260

Fort Necessity, Defeat of Washington-

at 244

Fort Pitt 35. 190, 191, 192, 199. 211

Foot-note 209

Fort Pitt. Murray, (Capt.) William
of the Forty-second Regiment of
Royal Highlanders, commands five

companies at Ft. Pitt 190, 191

I'ort Pitt. Reed. Commissary at

Fort Pitt 199

Fort Pitt. Rendezvous of groups of
eastern merchants interested in fur

trading 190

Fort Pitt. Ross, (Mr.) .

Manager of the Contractors at

Fort Pitt 199

Fort Royale, Island of Martinique . . .

237, 240, 254

Fort Russell, Cannoii from P^. Char-
tres, mounted in. Foot-note 257

Fort Stanwix 189, 192, 210

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of Ft. Stanwix,

1768 189

Fort Stephenson. Col. George Crog-
han presented with a gold medal
by Congress for defence of Fort

Stephenson Ill

Fort Stephenson. War of 1812

109, 110, 111

Fort Sumter 73

Fort Thrasher 112

Fort Wayne, Ind 80, 84

Foster, H 170

Fountain Bluff. Brownsville, Jack-
Co., early so called 114, 125, 126

Fowler, (Bishop) Charles H 43

Fox Indians 79

Foot-notes 231, 232

Fox River, 111 61

France '. 33, 100,

105, 241, 244, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254

Franklin Co., Ky 212

Franklin, Walter S 208

Franks Brothers of London, Eng. . . .

194, 197, 198, 202, 211

Franks, David 190

191. 194, 195, 197, 198, 210, 211, 212
Franks, David. Counting House,

Philadelphia 190

Franks, David & Co., Tradei s, Illinois

Country 194, 196, 197

Frank Family 191, 209

Franks. Jacob 197, 201, 204, 209, 211

Foot-note 209

Franks, Moses

192, 197, 198, 201, 204, 211

Foot-note 209

Fi-anks, Moses, Contract made by,
and others for provisioning the

troops in Kaskaskia, 1768 198

Fi-anks, Napthali. Foot-note 209

Franks, Nesbitt & Sir Robert Cole-
brook, London Syndicate, contract
to supply the British garrisons in

America 193

Franks, (Miss) Richi 191

Foot-note 209

275

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Fraser & Chalmers Co., shops in Chi-
cago and Eritli, near London 83

Fraser, David R 83

Fraser, Norman D 84

Fraternal Organizations. Masonic

Fraternity 23

Fraternal Organizations. Odd Fel-
lows , 23

Frederick the Great 226

Freese, L.. J 19

Fremont Campaign of 1856. Refer-
ence 87

French and Indian War 35. 211

French Flag. Lillies of France 258

Fi-ench. Military and Civil districts
created by the French in the Miss-
issippi Valley 34

Fridley, Stephen 61

Frudeau, Jean Baptiste, First School

master in St. Louis 261

Fuller, (Adj. -Gen.) Allen C, State of

Illinois 75

Funk's Grove, McLean Co., Illinois. .103
Funk, Isaac, Shipper of cattle and

swine in an early day in Illinois. .103
Fur Trade, Eastern merchants ren-
dezvous at Fort Pitt interested in

F^r Trading 190

Fur Trade, Regulation of, by the
British. licenses to prospective
western traders 189

Gadsbies, (Gadsby) Hotel, Wash-
ington, D. C 128, 181

Gage, Lyman G. Secretary of the

United States Treasury 70, 71

Gage, (Gen.) Thomas

34, 199, 203, 210, 211

Foot-note 209

Gage, (Gen.) Thomas. Opposition to
the development and settlement of

the Northwest Territory 34

Gailliard, Margueritte, dit Duplessis,

wife of Louis Saucier 260

Gaines, (Gen.) Edmund P. 131, 132, 133

(3airloch, Scotland 79

Galena, 111 67, 70. 79, 126, 139

Galena, 111. Galena and Chicago
Union Railroad, now the North-
western 70

Galena, III. In 1835 07

Galena, 111. Lead Mines... 126, 127, 139
Galena, 111. Lead Mines, authorized
to be sold bv the President in a

bill introduced June 5, 1834 139

Galesburg, 111 53, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90

Galesburg, 111. Knox College, lo-
cated in 53, 87

Galesburg, 111. Public Library Asso-
ciation ^ 88

Galissoniere, Marquis de Roland
Michel Barrin. Governor General

of Canada 227, 247

Garden City, Chicago so called

70, 7T, 78

Gardiner, Alexander 61

Garrard and Hickman. Business

firm in Kentucky 130, 186

Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston,

111 43, 53

Footnote 85

Gary, (Judge) Joseph E 69

Gates, P. W. President of the Eagle

Works, Chicago 83

Gayarre, Charles. History of Louis-
iana. Quoted 209

Foot-note 247

PAGE

Gavarre, Charles. History of Louis-
iana, The French Domination.

Vol. Ill 209

G-enealogical Works in the Illinois

State Historical Library 26

Georgia State 34, 35, 41

Georgia State. Early Scots in 35

Gerard, French Minister to colonies ;
member of Illinois Wabash Land

Company 206

Gettysburg, Pa. Battle of Gettys-
burg. Reference 43

Gettysburg, Pa. Soldiers' National

Cemetery 88

Gibson, (Col.) George 205,212

Gibson, John. Protest to Sir William
Johnson, Indian Superintendent Illi-
nois Country 190

Giffen, Andrew, early settler of Win-
nebago Co., Ill 64

Giffen, John 66

Gillespie, David • • 63

Gillespie, Joseph 63, 77

Foot-note 118

Gillespie, Joseph. Recollections of
early Illinois and her noted men.

Foot-note 118

Gillespie, Mathew 63

Girardot, Dame Magdeline Loiselle. .262

Girardot, Pierre 261, 262

Girten, (Judge) Michael 19

Glasgow, Scotland 53, 57, 63, 66, 81

Glasgow, Scotland. University of

Glasgow V • • • V,,"-'

Glenn, John M. Secretary of the Illi-
nois Manufacturer's Association,

Chicago ■• ■• 50

Godin, Catherine. Marriage to Mat-

thieu Saucier, 1788 262

Godin, Josette 262

Gonson, (Col.) 184

Goodwin, (Dr.) E. P 43

Gore, E. E 8d

Goudie, (Gowdie) Family

54, 55, 67, 79

Goudie, John, "The terror of the

Whigs" 54

Goudy, (Hon.) Calvin, M. D 55

■ Goudy, Ensley T 55

Goudy, Robert. Ancestry of 54

Goudy, Robert. Early publisher in

Illinois 54, 55

Goudy, (Mrs.) Robert 54, 55, 67, 88

Goudy, (Hon.) William C....55. 67. 6S
Goudy, (Hon.) William C. Short

sketch 67, 68

Goudy's Farmer's Almanac 55

Gow, D. Early fruit and vegetable

grower in Illinois 78

Gowin, Miner S 24

Graham. James M 19

Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago 78

Grant, (Maj.) Scottish Highland
soldiers in the Ohio Country under

command of 35

Grant, Peter. Bard of the Cale-
donian Society of Chicago 76

Grant, (Gen.) Ulysses S 73, 91

Gratiot, (Gen.) Charles. . .129, 183, 184
Gratz, Barnard. Member of the firm
of B. and M. Gratz of Philadelphia,

Western traders

190, 192, 193, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212

Gratz, Barnard

190, 192, 206, 210, 211, 212

Foot-note 209

-3:6

INDEX — Continued.

<^ai^ B. aad IL Vtr- Hamfltoa. lOoL) Alexander, oi FVOm-

ii'lgfcii Wiffiam 3tar- delphia 1»3. ICC. 2*9

IffiBMB Ob— 111 Fbot-noce 13S

Graffs BL»t *M. 3^ Hamiitna. <OdL) Alexander and Mrs.
F^Sardri^phia. vtescers Ha^utUMi, start in tlior carria^ic
IM. IS^ : frvB Xew Torfc to imnnE in 1$3C.133

Grazs, lYanees HamOtiKi. iMrs.) Akacando- 1»3. ICC

Gratat mrhntl IM, 191, : HaxuKco. (lbs.) Alexander, vidov

2«S. 3*3. 2*4. 2««b 2t9l i oTGeB. Alcxando- Haniittoti (rf tbe

fill iTi HifiiirT M^tfbor oc Hsvirtntiaa 1C<

of B. and H. <^alx of I%i: HanuttoB. C. ^T C2

■^fetgjn ti mV.ii HamOtoB. (llajor) Isaac; abandons

IMi. 191, 193. 195. 1 . : Z*Z and destro5s Ftat Caiaxtres 199

<&'£iz Pa^cis. INnnMlii '-' ~- Hamilton. J. M CS

larieal Soaetr 211 HamiTton^ CI^ Got.) Joiin IL. of

(^ratx. Ttarfcpl 19S nanHM* descent 4». 77

(^atz. rrniiiMnni ISS tt«— iM»» h. J 1T«

&ay. Jim. (Xiset* J^). F^eiU^ Oandttan's Cotaoial Ifobile. Qooted

SaiE^, ease at 51. 59. «• 2C«. 2C2

Grax. Bflfeert A.. 24. T8 tt»w»>« faini?y same, often writt^

Gray. Robert A-, of Clster-Soot An- "OumMj" 79

eesCiT 7» Hansa. Mark, of Ofaio 79

<^a7. CDr.) ITk. C 5C Hardin F^nuly 1C7

Great Brttain Harffin. J<dm H 1»3

Tti, 76. 2#7. 2M» 2«9. 21i. fll Hardin. (Ool.) Jolm J

<^ax Britain. Cuter, fitiinri E. 149. 1»C. ICC. 177

Great BEttain and the Tmjtnip Ftoot-note 1C7

CioaCzr. 17»-17T4 2n. £lt. 211 HardiB Papas. Foot-note 167

F>Bct note- -^ 2t9 Harris. X. Dwi^it. Sstarr of Xegro

Great 'Bpt'-.—_ :Soe. amilnde in Tiii»«iaa 3g

Oniwr' z-zzc:i . 2*7 Harrtson. (Pres.) Benjamin S7

<^«at liSkrs §4. 139 Harrisaas, (Gen.) WHliam Hairr

iBsOsv 244 as. It*, lit

IX AvpBcant for PaUic Hariison. fGen.) WHliam Henrx.

r. rmted Scates 127. 128 War of irL2 It9. lit

IX rnlilli: mater. I^ited Hartford. Omn.. Tltetrtogieal Semin-

.Ud. 164 aiT 53

», St Harrey. I>. G 64

158 Harrey. James A C6

Erarts Bo^dL Kdiior of Harr^r. WilBaiq. Eaiix aettler of

" ~ " 164t- Winnebasa. CSol, m 64

1S53. BfinoB Hismrieal Oollectinms HatfieML (Sr.) B. M 43

ToL TXL Ftoot-aote 158 Hanx. (Dr.) (Frotetaiy Dr. Pran-

Htnai S - S3 as L. Hanks) 166

■Ice. Jo^B. FSone^ and funwifc ■ ' Hanbtag. Jotaa H 5

ae AzEVie wilfc—'nl. Winne- Har Fondly 69

en Oa, HI 63. 64 Hay. John, of Scotland /•

a. "OtamatM MarshalL TBie Hay. JoSm. Ij a v y e r. JonmaBst.

- ^ Ohi pii III J' 2*9, 212 - Statesman 76

^ilffiam C lit Hay. Jokn. ^TorlEB of TC

-Tt^ 151 Hay. fHon.) IBiton 23, 68

jam C £«tter to Kane. Hayes, r Gen.) P. C 63

i+. 1834. Ftoot-note 151 Hayvazd. 172

~-—fdk linmL,! ildii Be- Heald. <Cavt.) ^fiatban. at Fbrt

:-note 164 Deaibotn 75

lit Hedenbor^i. Peter 148

aonei. Early setOer a£

Co, m 64

moBT. fG«!B.y James D lit

r. of Got. Patrick

y.'CGoT.) Patrick 37. 38

EterfiDrd. CDr.) Brooke 43

rrbe). Home of General

near XaAriDe; Tenn

125. 127. 18t

Ekneit 24

fIJeiit.) Harrison H. -Ill, 112

Higfct—J Gnard^ Chicaeo 72. 73. «3

■mm^itams GnardB of ChieagD. Or-

- ~ May 3. 1853 72

War of the Be-

42d. The famous

WatA." BeCeflcnce 35

Hm. John C Miwii< j to Gnate-

Hm. Xoah Karole. . ISt^

t77

INDEIX — Condnuei

Lor* — J. -li-

14*

ji, sa

Hco*i

E. E. .
B-trn.

Heips

- . „ aa

. iX
- - 54

: . .'r%

i?-ll

3;.ssaui - . SS

,5e ar. etc" . .5*-S0

■J-t 74

1 TTOCan. o£ iSj£

; tiie t-Hixaa
_ FtJOt-nots-.lT'i

TL Eaj-iy aeciL^ of Wrx-
ni ............. a-i

-11 ¥7

Ji2

fi C

3raice 24

;._^. J OC2-..19, 23, 24
, jTidg^) J Ocs. Stom

23, 24

. . li

- __ - - - - ^^

Mrs. Bocci. Gras-

24.

USbBois ami ''^'3J:a.

.1>4

Wock^

npaay.

.208

' Vsmioat - - - - .13S

^.^ _ i-ld «» T3

^-cn. Its. Artijr 13

-' -. Fa_ Sca.Ee BafiomiasarT
- 51

IbervHIe. Fosc o^ re-najiLe«. Xe«r Or-
i^ans — -

HTT-nT i^Tii«)._ By Clark E

can. iG--
wcrfe tn

■:, 1^

Ulizsois and J^ ^.^— -'*

Civil VTjl- -j4

UliEois ai ' -

Jtr'^g "■ ^

FtJOC-JlOCii

oc t<^Tia July -k, ISS-j 154

Illinois ind Oiiiiiauziie (.W^xS}astO

Lami Companies

205. 2fl4. 20T. 2'}*. 211. 212

niJdMis aiKd '«rate£& IjuhI Okb-
ActwigtB t» sste «ScasI
in it pMihii If 3i»S^ 3««

231' —

mar — ^-
Paa^ -i ' — —
VoL

Pecrio!i_ to tjj& Cci
greas, 1 . 13

-IS

-^ '_Qn.-

salt ^- -

strgggie- far
TT'^rtRx Callfig'-

flfi

. J .
13

mie in.
34

Traoos

1$3

niinms ; - -

'. Go"^. ^ :£-.^_ _ .

cee of

Elmjffis Caimrry 33, ?*. ^"^

niinais CuoaLry. Ba: —

ami ICargaTT :^^e'.

i7m m irr^

occir^"" 1*--
ninioL; "

^reii - 1 -^^ _-

Cshe; .1-1 ZTi lUS, - -

F: -

T~'fTTnn£ Cwnnry. Craaar.
iftiTnipory at T5ie Camnxei'
oraife "wltx tie .lamtmL oi, i^ie
•'UlraGis Catiniry~ 33

HTfiwiBs Ohuiu-v. ':Sn=5. B. ana Ml
O

ITTjiot

at Fhiiaiieipiiia,

rare for IW

r^. _aiiiiiial in rhu^

TTTfnni -

rZinoLr

IZimiL- — . Mo-^
■Wil_ . : _ .rray. -
spectnaijCK' is Qte TTim«t««. Cuiuicry . -
t«S-*!2

tniwnii CU Oil cry.

lia

TTTrnaist CutmLry 1*3

Wlnwwyt T^n^iT^gggcgr- ^Bg. IS. 1*25.
QoDced. Ftwc-aat3 123

T-rrtf fa TTg .... ........... .245

T^T».f Com^airy PeGtam. on

of. ta li- ;" f DniMriQcg.

1TT4 -■-

Qlimits 5r»'^ . .

FdOC-OSKeS — -' -Ti

TttMM^s Stat» A.f^TTT-irrr G'MWmi'S

r«eoni& 'Warid "Wxr. Sec- IS

diwks Scits A.^'CTii'nral. - ; _

grQwrli Jjid w ^I'lS

TKunc siaoa t. "War. ^"
r*aa. Su^jaii _ rt IJl-lilS

278

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State Board of Agriculture,
founded and had its first show in
1853 103

Illinois State Agriculture, County
farm bureaus 106

Illinois State Agriculturist Associa-
tion 106

Illinois State. Bancroft, Edgar A.
"Illinois the Land of Men" 21

Illinois State, Bank failure, 1842. . . .154

Illinois State Bank, robbery of 1841.
Reference 165

Illinois State. Barnet, James. "Mar-
tyrs and Heroes of Illinois" 76

Illinois State. Bateman and Selby's
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.
Foot-note 152

Illinois State. Bateman, Newton,
Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, State of Illinois 48

Illinois State. Bowen, (Mrs.) Joseph
T. "The War Work of the Women
of Illinois" 27, 93-100

Illinois State. Breese, Sidney. His-
tory of Illinois. Quoted. Foot-
note 256

Illinois State. British Series. The
New R§gime, 1765-1767. See end
of this volume.
Illinois State. Cahokia Records, 1778-
1790. Historical Collections. Vol.
II, Virginia Series, Vol. I. See end
of this volume.

Illinois State. Cattle, horses, swine,
domestic animals, 1860. Compari-
sons later dates 102

Illinois State. Centennial Memorial
Building 15, 16

Illinois State. Centennial observances
by the Illinois State Historical So-
ciety 20-22

Illinois State. Child Labor Law.
Reference 98

Illinois State. Clark, George Rogers,
Papers, 1771-1781. Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. VIII. Vir-
ginia Series. Vol. III. See end of
this volume.

Illinois State. Clark, (Rev.) John.
Pioneer teacher and preacher in
Illinois 47

Illinois State. Coles, (Gov.) Edward.
Life of, by E. B. Washburn. Re-
print Illinois Historical Collections,
Vol. XV., Biographical Series, Vol.

I. See end of this volume.
Illinois State. Coles, (Gov.) Edward.

Work in behalf of, education State

of Illinois 117, 118

Foot-note 117

Illinois State Community Councils of
Illinois. Reference 100

Illinois State. Congregational Asso-
ciation, 1899-1900 43

Illinois State. Congregational Con-
ference 52

Illinois State. Constitutional De-
bates. Historical Collections, Vol.
XIV., Constitutional Series, Vol.

II. See end of this volume.
Illinois State Constitutions. Illinois

Historical Collections, Vol. XIII.,
Constitutional Series, Vol. I. See
end of this volume.
Illinois State. Corn production, 1860,
and 1910 102

P.\GE.

Illinois State Council of Defense,

World War 18

See Mrs. Josepli T. Bowen's article
on the War Work of the women
of Illinois 93-100

Illinois State. Counties of, bearing
the names of men of either Scot-
tish birth or blood 61

Illinois State. County Archives of
Illinois. Illinois Historical Collec-
tions, Vol. XII., Bibliographical
Series, Vol. III. See end of this
volume.

Illinois State. County Farm Bu-
reaus 106

Illinois State. Davenport, (Dean)
Eugene. The Agricultural Develop-
ment of Illinois since the Civil War
27, 101-106

Illinois State. Davidson, Alexander
and Stuve, Bernard. History of
Illinois. Quoted. , Foot-note 122

Illinois State. Deaf and Dumb Insti-
tution, located in 178

Illinois State. Department of Public
Works and Buildings. Foot-note. . 154

Illinois State. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph.
Interest in the Illinois and Michi-
gan Canal 129, 130, 153, 154, 161

Illinois State. Duncan, (Gov. ) Joseph.
Interest in the survey of the north-
ern Boundary of the State 127

Illinois State. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph.
Pleads the cause of the pioneers in
Congress 115

Illinois State. Duncan, (Gov. ) Joseph.

Work in behalf of education

47, 48, 117-119, 151

Illinois State. Early schools in, re-
cords of, fragmentary 47

Illinois State. Early settlers of
Scottish birth 34

Illinois State. Education and religion
made great advances in, the de-
cade 1830, to 1840 50

Illinois State. Education. Public
School Bill 116, 117

Illinois State. Edwards, (Gov.)
Ninian. Foot-notes 122, 123

Illinois State. Edwards, (Gov.)
Ninian. United States Senator
from Illinois 121, 122

Illinois State. Edwards, Ninian Wirt.
History of Illinois and Life and
Times of Ninian Edwards. Foot-
notes 122, 123

Illinois State. Enabling Act, April
18, 1818. Centennial observances
of 21

Illinois State. Federation of Clubs. . 99

Illinois State Fair 10:!

Illinois State Farm lands in 1860.
In 1910 102

Illinois State. Farm property value
in 1860 101

Illinoi.s State. Farm property value,
1910 101

Illinois State. Farm values 1860,

compared with later dates 102

Illinois State. Farmer's Institute. . .105
Illinois State. Fergus Historical
Series, history of pioneer days in

Chicago and Illinois 56

Illinois State. Fight on Slavery in. . 44
Illinois State. Food Administration
Department. World War 97

379

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State. Ford, (Gov.) Thomas.
Quoted on the Black Hawk War.
Foot-note 132

Illinois State. General Assembly.
Scots in, more or less prominent
factor 77

Illinois State General Assembly.
Senate Journal, 1824. Quoted.
Foot-note 117

Illinois State. General Assembly.
Senate Journal, 1827. Quoted.
Foot-note 120

Illinois State. General Assembly.
Senate Journal, Dec. 1, 1834. Foot-
note 152

Illinois State. General Assembly.
Senate Journal, 1834-35. Foot-
note 153

Illinois State. General Assembly.
Senate Journal, Dec. 5, 1836.
House Journal, 1836-7. Foot-note. 156

Illinois State. Gillespie, Joseph. Re-
collections of early Illinois and her
noted men. Foot-note US

Illinois State. Governor's Letter
Books. 1818-1834, 1840-1853.

Illinois Historical Collections, Vols,
rv and VII. Executive Series,
Vols. I and II. See end of this
volume.

Illinois State. Governor's Letter
Books, 1840-1853. Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. VII. Foot-
note 158

Illinois State. Hamilton, (Col.)
Alexander and Mrs. Hamilton visit
Illinois in 1836 153

Illinois State. Harris, N. Dwig-ht.
History of Negro servitude in Illi-
nois 58

Illinois State Historical Collections.
See list, end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Biographical Series. See end of
this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Bibliographical Series. See end of
this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections,

Vol. X. British Series, Vol. 1 208

See also end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections,
Vol. II. Cahokia Records, 1778-
1790. Virginia Series, Vol. 1.207, 208
See also end of this volume.

Foot-note 262

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Constitutional Series. See end of
this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections,
Vol. VIII. George Rogers Clark
Papers, 1771-1781. Virginia Series,

III 208, 209, 212

See also end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Executive Series. See end of this
volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Governor's Letter-Books, 1818-1834,

1840-] 853. Foot-note -. . . 115

See also end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Collections.
Kaskaskia Records, 1778-1790,
Vol. V. Virginia Series, Vol. II...

211, 212

See also end of this volume.

PAGE.

Illinois State Historical Collections,
Vol. XI. The New Regime, 1765-
1767, Vol. II. British Series. Foot-
note 209

See also end of this volume.

Illinois State Historical Librai-y

7. 11, 16, 26

Illinois State Historical Library. List
of works on Genealogy. Also

Supplemental list 26

See also end of this volume.
Illinois State Historical Library Pub-
lications. See list, end of this
volume.

Illinois State Historical Society

...5, 8-10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22
23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 85, 86, 88, 107, 108
Illinois State Historical Society. An
appeal to the Historical Society

and general public 11-12

Illinois State Historical Society.
Carr, (Hon.) Clark E. President,
1909 to 1913. President Emeritus

at the time of his death 86, 88

Illinois State Historical Society.
Centennial of the State observances

by the Society 20-22

Illinois State Historical Society.

Constitution 8-10

Illinois State Historical Society.

Genealogical Committee's report.. 26
Illinois State Historical Society

Journal 23, 24, 58

See also end of this volume.
Illinois State Historical Society.

List of presidents of the Society. . . 20
Illinois State Historical Society

Membership 22, 23

Illinois State Historical Society

(Dfficers 5

Illinois State Historical Society.
Papers read at the annual meeting,

May 20, 1919 29-212

Illinois State Historical Society

Publications, see list, end of this

volume.

Illinois State Historical Society.

Record of official Proceedings, 1919

13-27

Illinois State Historical Society.
Weber, Jessie Palmer, Secretary

Report 20-25

Illinois State Historical Survey of the

University of Illinois 207

Illinois State Hospital at Anna', Illi-
nois 75

Illinois State. Illinois and Michigan

Canal 120,

1£1. 129, 130, 153, 154, 161, 183, 184

Foot-notes 129, 154

Illinois State. Illinois in the Eigh-
teenth Century. See end of this
volume.
Illinois State. Importing Company,

high class cattle, etc., 1857 103

Illinois State. Internal Improvement

Bill, became a law, Feb. 27, 1837. .157
Illinois State. Jones, Lotte B. De-
cisive dates in Illinois History.

Quoted 38

Illinois State. Lawrence, George A.
Memorial on the Life and Services

of Clark E. Carr 27, 86-92

Illinois State Legislature. See Gen-
eral Assembly.

280

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Illinois State. Lincoln-Douglas De-
bates. Illinois Historical Collec-
tions, Vol. III. Lincoln Series,
Vol. I. See end of this volume.

Illinois State. MacMillan, Thomas C.
The Scots and their Descendants in
Illinois 27, 31-85

Illinois State. Marks, Anna Edith.
William Murray. Trader and Land
Speculator in the Illinois Country.
27, 188-212

Illinois State. Mats^on, N. Pioneers
of Illinois. Quoted 37

Illinois State. Militia Law, 1827.... 120

Illinois State. Military Tract.... 53, 62

Illinois State. Normal School, Nor-
mal. Ill 52

Illinois State. Outline for the Study
of State History. .S'cf, end of this
volume.

Illinois State. Panic of 1837... 158, 159

Illinois State. Pease, Theodore Cal-
vin, Editor, Centennial History of
Illinois, Vol. 2. The Frontier State.
1818-1848. Foot-note 121

Illinois State. Pioneers of, from Vir-
ginia, the Carolinas and Georgia,
largely of Scottish birth and de-
scent 34

Illinois State. Pioneers of, Joseph
Duncan pleads the cause of the
settlers of small means, wliile in
Congress 115

Illinois State. Prairies of Illinois. .
103, 113, 152, 15S

Illinois State. Putnam, (Miss) Eliza-
beth. The Life and Services of
Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illi-
nois, 1834-1838 27. 107-187

Illinois State. Raab, Henry, Super-
intendent of Public Instructions,
State of Illinois 47

Illinois State. Reynolds, (Gov.) John.
Pioneer History of Illinois. Quoted. 263
Foot-notes ...228, 229, 259, 262, 263

Illinois State. Saint Atidrew Society,
Scottish organization ..51, 71, 82, 83

Illinois State. School Law 48

Illinois State. Schools. Duncan Act
of 1824 iS

Illinois State. Scotch Settlements in.
See Paper on the Scotch-Irish by
MacMillan 31-92

Illinois State. Scott, (Judge) John
M. History of the Illinois Supreme
Court. Reference 69

Illinois State. Southern Illinois Nor-
mal at Carbondale, 111 75

Illinois State. Spanish-American
War. Ninth Illinois Regiment. ... 89

Illinois State. Supreme Court

56, 58, 65, 69

Illinois State. Supreme Court, his-
tory of, by Judge John M. Scott.
Reference ' 69

Illinois State. Supreme Court,
"Scammon's Reports" 56

Illinois State. Teacher's Association,
1917. Foot-note 117

Illinois State. Temperance Society,
early one. Reference. Foot-note. . 178

Illinois State. Territorial Laws. 1809
to 1811, 1809-1812. Territorial
Records. See end of this volume.

Illinois State. University of Illinois.

52, 63, 101, 105

Foot-note 188

PAGE.

Illinois State. University of Illinois.
Agricultural Department, Soil Sur-
vey, etc 105

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion
OfRcers and men in, of Scottish
descent. Reference 75, 76

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
Twelfth 111. Vol. Inf., (First
Scotch) 73, 75

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
Seventeenth 111. Vol. Inf 69

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
Nineteenth 111. Vol. Reg 72

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
Fiftv-flfth III. Vol. Inf 61

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
Sixty-fifth 111. Vol. Inf., (Second
Scotch) 75

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
One Hundred and Ninth 111. Vol.
Inf 75

Illinois State. War of the Rebellion.
One Hundred and Twelfth 111. Vol.
Inf 69

Illinois State. Wheat production,
1860. Comparisons with later
dates 102

Illinois State. Willard, (Dr.) Samuel.
Brief history of early education in
Illinois. Reference 47

Illinois State. Winter of the deep
Snow, 1830. Reference 162

Illinois State. Woman's Committee
of the Council of National De-
fense. Illinois Division 93

Illinois State. Woman's Trade Union
League. Reference 98

Illinois State. World War, collect-
ing material on, important

. . 17, 18, 24, 25

Illinois State. World War. See Paper
on, by Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, "The
War Worlc of the Women of Illi-
nois" • 93-100

Illinois Territory 113, 12b

Illinois Territory. Duncan. Matthew
Printer of the Illinois Territorial
Laws, 1813 113

Illinois Territory. Pope. Nathaniel..
Laws of the Territory of Illinois.
Pope's Digest 113

Illinois Territory. Territorial Laws
1809 to 1811, 1809 to 1812. Terri-
torial Records. See end of this
volume. „„„

Indian Titles in the Illinois Country. 200

Indian Trade. British control Illinois
(Country 189

Iridi.-\n Trade. Illinois Country,
1768 189

Indian Trader. Life of, described by
Mrs. Kinzie in "Wau-Bun" 40

Indian Village near Labultes (Du-
buque) 1^6

Indiana State 62, 67, 79, 129, 150

Indiana "Steamboat" 126

Indians

37, 38, 40, 41, 60, 79, 124, 126,

131, 132, 133, 188, 189, 190, 194,
195, 200, 201, 203, 210, 211, 226,
228, 229, 231, 232, 234. 238, 240,
241, 242, 245, 246. 254, 257, 258, 262
Foot-notes 209, 231. 232

Indians. Baynton, Wharton and Mor-
gan. Received large contracts for
supplying Indian Department with
goods for presents to Indians 211

281

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Indians. Cahokia Indians. Foot-
note 231

Indians. Chickasaw Indians

226, 245, 262

Indians. Conestoga Massacre. Foot-
note 209

Indians. Dunmore War, made west-
ern Indians restless 203

Indians. English emissaries succeed
in winning- the allegiance and
friendship of the Indians from the

French 245

Indians. Fort Dearborn Massacre. . . 41

Indians. Fox Indians 79

Foot-notes 231, 232

Indians. Huron Indians 41

Indians. Iroquois Confederacy 190

Indians. Iroquois Indians

189, 190, 245

Indians. Kaskaskia Indians 228

Indians. Kickapoo Indians. Foot-
note 231

Indians. Menominee Indians in Wis-
consin 40

Indians. Michigamie Indians. Foot-
note 231

Indians. Murray, William, dealings
with the Indians at Kaskaskia. . . .

200, 201

Indians. Nether Indians 210

Indians. Outagami or Fox tribe.

Foot-notes 231, 232

Indians. Piankashaw Indians 204

Indians. Pontiac, Ottawa Chief

257, 258

Foot-note . 209

Indians. Pottawatomie Indians 80

Indians. Sac Indians 79

Indians. Seneca Indians 210

Indians. Sioux Indians. Foot-note. 231

Indians. Winnebago Indians 41

Indians. Wyandot Indians 41

Industry Township, McDonough Co.,

Ill 62

Ingham. (Mr.) 131

Ingles and Burr. Business firm in

Kentucky 186

Inglis, John 201

Inglis, Milligan 201

Inland Waterways and Transporta-
tion costs by Mortimer G. Barnes.

Foot-note 154

Insull, Samuel 18

"Interior," Newspaper 56

Inverness, Scotland 74

Ireland 32, 51, 54

Ireland. Armagh County, Tyrone. . . 54
Ireland, Ulster, peopled by Scotsmen. 32

Iroquois Indians 189, 190

Iroquois Indians. Iroquois Confeder-
acy 190

Irving Henry 91

Irving', Washington 60

Isthmus of Darien. Panama early
called 33

Jackson, (Pres. ) Andrew 121,

122, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 145,
150, 154, 155, 165, 167, 180, 181, 186
Foot-note 257

Jackson, (Pres.) Andrew, Account of
his inauguration by Joseph Dun-
can 128, 129

Jackson, (Pres.) Andrew. Duncan,
(Gov.) Joseph, ardent supporter of
1828 127

P.VGE.

Jackson, (Gen.) Andrew. Hermi-
tage home of, near Nashville,

Tenn 125, 127

Jackson, (Gen.) Andrew, Toast to.
Fourth of July celebration, Van-

dalia, 111., 1825 121

Jackson, (Gen.) Andrew, Victory at
New Orleans, Jan., 1815. Foot-
note 257

Jackson Co.. Ill 113, 114, 116, 122

Jackson, (Col.) Huntington W 71

Jackson, Margaret 89

Jackson, (Brig.-Gen.) William P.... 89

Jackson, (Mrs.) William P 89

Jacksonville, 111 42,

44, 50, 51, 54, 55. 81, 107, 124,
126, 144, 146, 152, 161, 162, 165, 180

Foot-notes 85, 144, 163, 164

Jacksonville, 111., Cholera in 1833 162

Jacksonville, 111., Citizens of, resolu-
tions on the death of Gov. Joseph

Duncan 180

Jacksonville, 111., Duncan Home, Jack-
sonville, known as "Elm Cjrove,"

built in 1833 146

Jacksonville, 111., Duncan Home, Jack-
sonville, purchased by the Rev.
James Caldwell Chapter, D. A. R.

Foot-notes 163, 164

Jacksonville. 111., Duncan, (Mrs.)
Joseph, reminiscences quoted on her

early life in Jacksonville 161-163

Jacksonville, 111.. Historical Society. 107
Jacksonville, 111., Illinois College, lo-
cated in 42, 44, 48, 50, 51, 55

Jacksonville, 111., Ladies Educational

Society 165

James, (Dr.) Edmund J... 5, 19, 20, 52

James, James A 5, 208, 212

Foot-note 209

James, James Alton, George Rogers
Clark Papers, 1771-1781, Illinois
State Historical Collections, Vol.

VIII, Virginia Series, III 208, 212

See also end of this volume.

Foot-note 209

James, II of England 31

Jamieson, Various spelling of the

name 79

Jamison, (Mrs.) Isabel 19

Janvier, negro slave of Saucier 261

Jarvais, Father 222, 223

Jarvais, Mam-selle Marie 222

Jefferson Barracks, St. Douis, Mo... 131

Jefferson Co., Va 206

Jefferson Park, Presbyterian Church,

Chicago 84

Jefferson, (Pres.) Thomas 34,36

Jenkins, A. M 170

Jennings, John, in command of ba-
teau of goods of Baynton, Wharton

& Morgan 190

Jennings Seminary, Aurora, Illinois. . 81

Jerome, , notary, Feb. 6, 1733.261

Jesuits, in New Orleans since 1727.. 247

Joan D'Arc 218

Job, William 62

Jo Daviess, Co., Ill 61, 120

Jo Daviess Co., 111., named for Col.

Joseph Hamilton Daviess 120

John Barleycorn, Pseudonym of

James Chlsholm 55

Johnson, (Prof.) Allen 21

Johnson, (Dr.) Herrick 43

Johnson, (Gov.) Thomas, of Mary-
land 206

Johnson, (Sir) William

190, 201, 202, 207, 211

282

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Johnson, (Sir) William, Manuscripts
in the New York State Library,

Albany 207, 211

Johnson, (Sir) William, Superintend-
ent of Indian Affairs 190

Joliet, 111 81. 158

Joliet, 111., State Penitentiary located

in 81

Joliet, Louis 41

Jones, , Kidnapper, case of Jim

Gray (niggrer Jim) 58

Jones, (Dr.) Hiram K., of Jackson-
ville, 111 167, 178

Foot-note 167

Jones, (Dr.) Hiram K., Platonic

philosopher 167

Foot-note 167

Jones, Lotte E., Decisive dates in

Illinois history. Quoted 38

Jones, Walter 149

Jonesboro, (Union Co.), Ill 75

Journal de la Guerre du Mississippi

in 1739 ■. . . ..262

Foot-note 260

Judd, Norman B 91

Jumonville, Coulon de 244

Kalamazoo, Mich. Kalamazoo Col-
lege 53

Kane County, 111 61, 77

Kane, Ellas Kent

122, 129, 135, 182, 187

Foot-notes 151, 152

Kane, Elias Kent. Greenup, William
C. Letter to, Dec. 20, 1834. Foot-
note 151

Kane, Elias Kent. Letter of D. J.
Baker to, dated Dec. 1, 1834. Foot-
note 150

Kaskaskia 38, 54,

56, 78, 109, 113, 125, 195, 196, 197,
198, 199, 205, 207, 211, 212, 225,
226, 229, 231, 232, 236, 258, 260, 263
Foot-note 229

Kaskaskia. Clark, George Rogers.
Captures Kaskaskia, July 4, 1778.
Reference 205, 258

Kaskaskia. Contract made by Moses
Franks and others for provisioning
troops, 1768 198

Kaskaskia Court Record 211

Kaskaskia. David Franks and Com-
pany, purchased store house and a
mill in 1771 197

Kaskaskia. Fort Gage, the Stockaded
Jesuit building in Kaskaskia 226

Kaskaskia. Fort Gage near 199

Kaskaskia. Illinois Herald, (News-
paper) published in 54, 113

Kaskaskia. Manuscripts, preserved
in the Circuit Clerk's office, Ches-
ter, 111 207

Kaskaskia. Mason, Edward G. Kas-
kaskia and its Parish Records. .. .263

Kaskaskia. Metropolis of the Illi-
nois 229

Foot-note 229

Kaskaskia. Murray, William, confer-
ences with the Indians, on lands
possessed by in the Illinois Country

200, 201

Kaskaskia. Parish Records 263

Kaskaskia. Parochial records still

preserved 260

Kaskaskia Records. See Illinois His-
torical Collections, Vol. V, end
of this volume.

PAGE.

Kaskaskia Indians 228

Kaskaskia River 210

Keeley, (Dr.) 65

Keith, (Sir) William 78

Kellies, (Kelly) Ben 185

Kellogg, Louise P. and Thwaites,
Reuben Gold, Eds. Revolution on

the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777 208, 212

Kelley, Thomas 186

Kelley, Will 186

Kelly and Brant, early business firm,

Paris, Ky 109

Kemeys, Edward 65

Kenton, Simon 34, 36, 37

Kentucky State.... 34, 37, 47, 54, 79,

103, 114, 118, 130, 190, 208, 209, 212
Kentucky State. Collins, History of

Kentucky 212

Kentucky State. Collins, Lewis. His-
tory of Kentucky. Revised edition

by Richard Collins 208

Kentucky State. Paris, Ky

1U8, 109, 130

Kentucky State. Shaler, N. S. Ken-
tucky. A Pioneer Commonwealth

209, 213

Kerleree, (Col.) M.de. Governor of

Louisiana 236

Kerr, (Mrs.) James 162

Kickapoo Indians. Foot-note 231

King and Queen Co., Virginia 36

King of France, Louis XV 227

King of France. Transfers Florida.
New Orleans and all the territory
west of the Mississippi to Spain. . .258

King George of England 74

King Rufus of New York 123

Kinley, (Prof.) David. Born in

Dundee, Scotland 52

Kinney, William 144, 150, 182, 185

Foot-note 149

Kinney, William. Candidate for

Governor of Illinois 144, 149, 150

Foot-note 149

Kinzie, John. "Father of Chicago" . .

39, 41, 79, 83

Kinzie, (Mrs.) John H. Author of

"Wau-Bun" 40

Kirby, (Judge) Edward P. Foot-
note 164

Kirby, (Mrs.) Edward P. (Julia

Duncan) 47, 48, 54, 124, 177

Kirby, (Mrs.) Julia Duncan

47, 54, 107, 124, 177

Foot-notes

118, 125. 163, 164, 169, 171, 177, 178
Kirby, (Mrs.) Julia Duncan. Bio-
graphical Sketch of Joseph Dun-
can 48, 54, 107

Foot-notes

118, 160, 163, 164, 169, 171

Kirby, (Mrs.) Julia Duncan. Letter
of Mr. Coffin of Batavia, 111., to,
Dated Dec, 1885. Reference. Foot-
note 178

Kirby, William 167

Kirk, James S. Founder of Company,
Kirk, toilet soap manufacturers. . 83

Kirkcudbright, Scotland 47, 48, 124

Foot-note 164

Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland 62

Kirkland and Moses' History of Chi-
cago. Quoted 35, 36, 67, 70, 71

Kittera, John W 208

Knox Academy. Knox College,

Galesburg, 111 87

Knox College, Galesburg, 111

48, 53, 88, 90

283

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Knox Colleg-e, Galesburg, 111. New-
ton Bateman, President 48

Knox County Historical Society 88

Knox, (Maj. Gen.) Henry of Mass-
achusetts. War of the Revolu-
tion 32

Knox, (Capt.) John. British officer. 68

Knox's Diary 68-

Kohler, Max J. "The Franks Family

as British Army Contractors". ... 209
Kohler, Max J. Some Jewish Factors

in the settlement of the west 209

Korea. Lillian Horton, Missionary to
Korea 44

Lachaine, Margaret 262

LaChapelle, France 221, 253

La Croix, Francois 261

"La Cygne." Vessel 237, 240

Lafayette, (Gen.) Jean Paul Roch

Yves Gilbert Motier 182

La Grange, 111 65

Foot-note 85

La Grange, 111. Congregational

Church 65

La Grange, III. F. D. Cossit, founder

of La Grange, 111 65

La Grange, 111. Peterson Institute

located in 85

Lake Borgne 252

Lake Co., Ill 61

Lake Erie 109, 110, 112, 152, 183

Lake Huron 78

Lake Michigan 35, 40, 78, 129, 130

Foot-notes . 129, 231

Lake Michigan. (Lake of Illinois).. 78
Lake of Illinois. (Lake Michigan) . . 78

Lamb, Charles 55

Lamont, E. N 55

Lancaster, Pa 190, 201, 212

Foot-note 209

Lancaster, Pa. Group of merchants
from, pioneers and speculative

traders in the west 190

Land purchases by Murray and others
caused the British Ministry in the
Quebec Act of June, 1774, to in-
clude Illinois in the Province of

Quebec 203

Land Speculation of William Murray

in the Illinois Country 200-204

Langwill, A. M. Foot-note 85

Larned, E. C 59

La Salle Co., Ill 66, 77

La Salle, RenS Robert Sieur de 41

Laurie, Inglis 42

Laurie, James 42

Laurie, John. Early settler of Mor-
gan Co., Ill 42

Laurie, Thomas 42

Law, John 33, 34, 78

Law, John. Author Mississippi Scheme
and its Successor, the "South Sea

Bubble." Reference 33

Law, John. Company of the West

created by Law 33, 34

Law, John. "Mississippi Scheme"
and the "South Sea Bubble." Ref-
erence 33

Lawrence, George A.... 5, 19, 23, 27, 86
Lawrence, George A. Memorial on

the Life and Services of Clark E.

Carr 27, 86-92

Lead Mines at Galena, 111.. 126, 127, 139

PAGE.

Lead Mines, Galena, 111. Authorized
to be sold by the President in a bill
introduced June 5, 1834 139

Lead Mines, Galena, Illinois. Gover-
nor Joseph Duncan's interest in . .
127, 139

Lieavenworth, Kansas. Federal
Prison, located in 82

Lebanon, 111. McKendree. (Mc-
Kendrean College), located in... 5, 51

Lebel, Marie Francois 3rd. Wife of
Charles Saucier 260

Leduc, Joseph 261

Lee, A 170

Lee, L 170

Lee. (Gen.) Robert E. Confederate
General. War of tne Kebellion... 45

Lepage, Adelaide

223, 224, 225, 232, 234, 235,

236, 239, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258

Lepage, Adelaide. Marriage of, to
Capt. Jean Baptists Saucier. . .255-257

Lepage, Adelaide. Meeting with Capt.
Jean Baptiste Saucier in New (Or-
leans 253

Lepage, Adelaide. Wife of Capt. Jean
Baptiste Saucier. Buried in the
little graveyard adjoining the Old
Cahokia Church 258

Lepage, Marie

223, 224, 225, 235, 236, 239

Lepage, Marie. Died on Ship Board
on way to America 239

Lepage, Pierre 221,

222, 223, 224, 225, 235, 236, 238, 239

Lepage, Pierre. Died on Ship Board
on way to America 239

Lepage, Pierre. Sails with his family
to America 234, 235

Le Roy, Julien 261

Lesperance, Viault. Notary 262

Le Suer, Minn 44

Letters. Baker, D. J. to Elias Kent
Kane, dated Dec. 1, 1834. Foot-
note 150

Letters. Coffin, (Mr.) of Batavia,
Illinois, to Mrs. Julia Duncan
Kirby. Dated Dec, 1885. Refer-
ence. Foot-note 178

Letters. Duncan, Joseph to T. W.
Smith. Dated U. S. House of Rep-
resentatives, April 18, 1832 135

Letters. Duncan, Joseph to Gen. C.
F. Mercer, dated Washington City,

March 25, 1834 109-111

Letters. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph to
Rev. Gideon Blackburn in regard

to Alton Riots, 1837 159, 160

Letters. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph to

Charles B. Penrose, Solicitor of the

Treasury, on the Linn affair. .170-171

Letters. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph to

Charles B. Penrose, dated Dec. 1st.

1841- 173-174

Letters, Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph, to
Charles B. Penrose, Solicitor of the
Treasury, dated New York, Dec. 11,

1841 173-174

Letters. Duncan, (Gov.) Joseph.
Letter to the President of the
United States, dated Washington,

Nov. 26, 1841 168

Letters. Duncan, Thomas, to his
mother, dated Russelville, Ky., Nov.
28, 1820 114

284

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Letters. Finley, (Dr.) James C. to
Joseph Duncan, dated Nov. 9, 1833,
Nov. 30, 1833, Dec. 27. 1833, Jan.
24, 1834. Feb. 15, 1834, May 27,
1834 146-150

Letters. Finley, (Dr.) James to
Joseph Duncan, dated Jacksonville,
111., May 27, 1834. Foot-note 144

Letters. Greenup, William C. to
Kane, Dec. 20, 1834. Foot-note. . .151

Letters. McLean, John to Governor
Edwards, dated April 25, 1825.
Foot-note 123

Letters. Street, Joseph M. Letter to
Governor Edwards, dated Shawnee-
town, July 28, 1827. Foot-note. . .123

"L. Etoile du Nord." Ship

234, 237, 238,-239, 240, 253

Levi, Andrew 201

Levy and Franks. Fur Traders in
the west. .190, 192, 195, 198, 210

Lewis and Clark Expedition 36

Lewis Institute, Chicago 53

Lexington, Ky 108, 111, 186

Lexington, Ky. Transylvania Col-
lege, located in 108

Le Yaw, (Miss) Fannie, second wife
of Clark Merwin Carr 86

Libertyville, 111. Farm near, loaned
during the World War, for train-
ing women for Agricultural and
dairy pursuits 97, 98

Lillies of France. French Flag 258

Lincoln, Abraham ....45, 57, 59, 60,
71, 72, 76, 80, 87, 88, 90, 91, 159, 161
Foot-notes 122, 153, 161

Lincoln, Abraham. Carr, (Hon.)
Clark E. Lincoln at (]f ettysburg . .
88, 90

Lincoln, Abraham. Emancipation
Proclamation 87

Lincoln, Abraham. Gettysburg Ad-
dress. Reference 88

Lincoln, Abraham. Lincoln-Douglas
Debates, 1858 87, 90, 168

Lincoln, Abraham. Nicolay and Hay.

Life of Lincoln. Quoted 152, 153

Foot-notes 153, 161

Lincoln, Abraham. Proclamation.
National humiliation, fasting and
prayer. Dated Mch. 30, 1863 45

Lincoln, Abraham. Rader, (Rev.)
Paul. Extract from his discourse
on "How Lincoln led the Nation to
its Knees" 45

Lincoln, (Mrs.) Abraham 36

Lincoln Centennial Association 23

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

87, 90, 168

See also end of this volume.

Lincoln, Robert T 90

Lind, Jenny. Famous Swedish Singer
177

Linder, J 170

Linn, (Hon.) Lewis P 173, 174

Linn, William. Letter of Woodbury
to, dated Feb. 12, 1835 172

Linn, William. Receiver of Public
Moneys, appointments 169, 171

Linn, William. Receiver of Public
Moneys at the land office of the
District of Vandalia. . . . 157, 169, 171

Linn, "William. Suit brought in the
Circuit Court of the United States
against 169, 170

Linn, William. Treasurer of the
Board of Canal Commissioners,
State of Illinois 153

PAGE.

Linn, (Mrs.) William. (Polly Ann
Duncan). .Sister of Joseph Dun-
can 125, 169

List'tte, a native of Martinique. Maid
to Eulalie Makarty . . 231, 233, 242, 256

Little Rock Ferry 109

Lochiel. A Highland Chief of Scot-
land. See Cameron, Donald 74

Locke, (Dr.) Clinton 43

Lockwood, J. D 187

Lockwood, (Judge) Samuel Drake... 157
Logan and Brown. Law Firm,

.Springfield, 111 169

Logan, James. Illinois Country, Re-
port of. Quoted 78

Logan, (Gen.) John Alexander....

73, 78, 87, 88, 91

Logan, (Gen.) John A. Address on,

by Clark E. Carr. Reference 88

Loire River, Fi-ance 232

Loire, Valley of, in France 221, 262

London, England 33, 192

Long, J. 170

Lord Camden 197

Lord (Chancellor Yorke 197

Lord Dunmore, (James Murray) .... 34

Lord Hillsborough 189

Lord, (Capt. ) Hugh. Commandant.

199, 200, 201, 203

Lord Shelburne 188, 189, 209

Foot-note 209

Lorimer, (Rev.) George C, D,D 43

Loring, P 109

Louis XIV., King of France 33. 257

Louis XV., King of France 227

Louis, (Maj.) W. B 186

Louisburg Campaign 38

Louisiana 189, 209, 247, 260

Foot-note 260

Louisiana. Fortier, Alc6e. History

of Louisiana. Quoted. Foot-note. 260
Louisiana. Gayarre, Charles. His-
tory of Louisiana. Quoted. Foot-
note 247

Louisiana State. Gayarre, Charles.
History of Louisiana, The French

Domination. Vol. III..r 209

Louisiana. Governor of, notified to
keep people of his province from
ascending Illinois, Ohio and Wa-
bash Rivers on account of fur

trade 189

Louisiana. New Orleans made the

Capital of, in 1721 247

"Louisiana Purchase" 34

Lovejoy, Elijah Parrish. Death of,

in Alton, 111., 1837 159

Lowden, (Gov.) Frank Orren. .21, 22, 77
Lowden, (Gov.) Frank Orren, of

Scottish descent 77

Lower Sandusky 109

Jjowney, Alexander 190

Lynd, Sylvester 84

Lyons, France 259

Lyons, (Rev.) S. R., D.D. President
of Monmouth College, Monmouth,

111 50

Lyons Township, Cook Co., 111. Foot-
note 85

Lyonsville, Congregational Church,
Cook Co., Ill 52

McAfee, Robert B., History of the
late war in the western country.
Reference HI

McAlilly, Samuel 63

285

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Mc Arthur, (Gen.) John 75, 83

Mc Arthur, (Capt.) John, Highland
Guards A,; • : • '

McArthur, (Gen.) John, Short Sketch

Macarty," (Makarty) Chevalier de.
Commandant at Fort Chartres. . . .
225, 227, 230, 232, 236, 244, 246, 257
Foot-note 227

McCandless, Andrew 63

McCartney, (Hon.) James, Attorney
General, State of Illinois, 1880 to
1884 69

McCartv, Charles 80

McCarty, John, one of the founders
of Aurora, 111 80

McCarty, Mary Scudden 80

McCartv. Samuel, one of the founders
of Aurora, 111 80

McClaughry, (Maj.) Robert W., noted
penologist 50, 81, 82

McClaughry, (Maj.) Robert W., Short
Sketch 81. 82

McClelland, (Pres.) Thomas, of Knox
College, of Scotch Ancestry 53

McClernand, (Gen.) John A 73

McClurg. (Brev. Brig.-Gen.) Alex-
ander C 73

McClusky, John, Faithful servant of
Governor Duncan 163

McComb, John T 24

McConnel, Murray, of Jacksonville,
111 161

McConnel, Murray, of Jacksonville,
111. Foot-note 171

McConnel, Wm 170

McCormick, Cyrus Hall, Life and
work of Cyrus Hall McCormick.
By Herbert N. Casson. Reference. 33

McCormick, Cyrus Hall, of Ulster-
Scot Ancestry 49

McCormick, Elizabeth, Elizabeth Mc-
Cormick Memorial fund 96, 98

McCormick, Theological Semmary . .
43. 68

McCosh, (Dr.) James, "Realistic
Philosophy" 43

McCracken. Nicholas. Foot-note. .. .245

McCrea, (Colonel), Surveyor General
United States 127

McCredie, William 84

McCulloch, David 20

MacCutcheon, Various spelling and
changes in the name 79

McDonald, Alexander, Early settler
of Winnebago Co., Ill 64

McDonald. (Maj.) Angus 37

McDonough Co., Ill 53, 62

Foot-note 85

McDonough Co., 111., Early education
in, Scots did good services in build-
ing up education 53

McDonough Co., 111.. Scots in 53, 62

MacDougall, (Maj. Gen.) Alexander,
of New York, War of the Revolu-
tion 33

MacDougall. (Rev.) D., "Scots and
Scots," Descendants in America.
Reference 32, 33, 34, 35, 36

McEachran, John, Early settler of
Winnebago Co., Ill 64

McFarland, T., Secretary of the
Highland Guards 72

Mcllvaine, (Miss) Caroline M., Li-
brarian of the Chicago Historical

Society 108

Foot-note 85

Mclntyre, (Bishop) Robert -)2, 43

McKee, David, First blacksmilh in

Chicago 80

McKendree (McKendreean) College,

Lebanon, 111 50, 51

McKendree family, name shows they

were of Scotch origin 51

McKendree, (Bishop) William 51

McKenzie. Various changes in the

spelling of the name 79

McKenzie, John, (Father of John

Kinzie) 39, 79

Mackenzie, (Prof.) Wm. Douglas... 53

Mackinac Island, "Astor House" 60

McKinley, (Pres.) William. ... 3, 68, 71
McKinney, Kidnapper, case of Jim

Gray (Nigger Jim) 58

McLaren, John 53, 84

McLaren, (Bishop) William E 42

MacLaughlan, (Rev.) James 65

McLaughlin, Dan 77

McLaughlin, (Miss) Anna Maria,

wife of Major Joseph Duncan 108

McLaughlin, Robert K 120, 144, 187

Foot-note 149

McLaughlin, Robert K., candidate for

Governor of Illinois 144, 149

Foot-note 149

McLaughlin, Robert T 115

McLean, Alexander 63

McLean, Catherine McMillan 63

McLean Co., Ill 69, 77

McLean, Duncan 63

McLean, Hector 63

McLean, John.... 63, 122, 123, 129, 181

Foot-note 123

McLean, John, Letter to Governor
Edwards, dated April 25, 1825.

Foot-note 123

McMichael, (Rev.) J. B., D.D., Presi-
dent of Monmouth College, Mon-
mouth, 111 50, 85

McMichael, (Rev.) R. H., D.D., Presi-
dent of Monmouth College, Mon-
mouth, 111 50

McMicken, John 61

McMicken, William 61

McMillan 194

McMillan, D. F., Editor of the Ran-
dolph County Record 56

McMillan, Francis Thompson, Early
school teacher in Perry Co., III... 53

McMillan, John 63

McMillan, Martha, Early school

teacher in Perry Co., Ill 53

MacMillan, Thomas C, The Scots and

their Descendants in Illmois

27, 31-85

McMillan, Various spelling of the

name 79

McMillan, William 62

MacMonnies, Frederick, Sculptor... 82

McNair, Alexander 64

McNair, (Mr.) , Early settler

of Winnebago Co., Ill 64

McNaughton, (Miss) Margaret, Early
school teacher Lyons Township,

Cook Co., Ill 52

McNaughton, (Miss) Margaret, wife

of Samuel Vial 52

McNeil & Higgins, Wholesale Busi-
ness firm, (Chicago 83

McNeil, John 83

McNeil, Malcolm 83

McNuIta, (Brev,-Brig.-Gen.) .Iohn.73, 77

Macomb, (McDonough Co.), Ill 62

Macon Co., Ill 24, 78

Macon County, 111., Historical So-
ciety 24

386

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

MacPherson, George 84

McPherson, (Gen.) James B 73

MacPherson, Various spelling and

changes in the name 79

Madison Co., Ill 63, 77

Madison, (Mrs.) James 166

Madrid, Spain 76

Maertz, (Miss) Louise 24

Mahon, (Mr.) 200

Maine, State 35, 67

Makarty (Macarty), Chevalier de,
Commandant at Fort Chartres ....

225, 227, 230, 232, 244, 246. 257

Foot-note 227

Makarty, Chevalier de. Social life at
Fort Chartres, under Commandant

Chevalier de Makarty 230-232

Makarty, Eulalie, Daughter of Chev-
alier de Makarty, Commandant at

Fort Chartres 230,

231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 242-244
Makarty, Eulalie, Death of, at Fort

Chartres 242-244

Makarty, Eulalie, Rescue of, by Lieut.

Jean Baptiste Saucier 232-233

Makarty, Maurice, Secretary to his
father. Chevalier de Makarty at

Fort Chartres 230

Mallait. Michael 250, 253, 256

Mann, Horace, Educator 49

Marengo, 111., Academy 65

Maria, Nurse with Mrs. Joseph Dun-
can 162

Marie Theresa 226

Marietta, Ohio, Seat of government

of the Northwest Territory 38

Marks, Anna Edith, William Murray,
Trader and Land speculator in the

Illinois country 27, 188-212

Marquette, (Father) James 41

Marshall, Thomas, of York Co., Pa.. 200
Martin, Edgar S., State Architect,

Illinois 15

Martin, Jean du 260

Martineau, Harriet, Description of

the boom in Chicago, 1836 158

Martinique, Island of

231, 237, 239, 248, 254

Martinique, Island. St. Pierre in the

Island of 248

"Martyrs and Heroes of Illinois."

By James Barnet. Reference 76

Maryland, State 35, 36, 206

Maryland, State, Early Scots in.... 35
Maryland, State, Opposition to Vir-
ginia's sovereignty in the west. . . .206
Maryland, State, Signs articles of

confederation 206

Mason, Carlisle 83

Mason, Edward G 263

Foot-notes 227, 228

Mason. Edward G., Kaskaskia and

its Parish Records 263

Mason, Edward G. Foot-note. Old
Fort Chartres 227

Mason, (Maj.) George 73, 83

Mason, James 182

"Massacre of Glencoe." Reference. . 33

Massachusetts Colony 86

Matheny, James H 24

Mather, Thomas 160

Mather, (Mrs.) Thomas 125, 126

Matson, N., Pioneers of Illinois.

Quoted 37

Matteson (Mathieson), Various spell-
ing of the name 79

Maxwell, H. H 187

PAGE.

May, William L.. Elected to Congress,

1834 and 1836 150

iVIayvillo, Turnpike Bill 14o

Meaumenier, Barbe, wife of Francois

La Croix 261

Medill, Joseph 91

Meese, William A 5

Menard, Pierre, Marriage to Angeh-

que Saucier, May 22, 1806 263

Menominee Indians in Wisconsin.... 40

Menshall, Thomas 201

Mercer, (Gen.) C. F., Letter of Joseph
Duncan to, dated Washington City,

March 25, 1834 109-111

Meredosia, 111 152, lo7

Foot-note 164

Meredosia, 111., Northern Cross R. R.,
Jacksonville to Meredosia, 111.

RsfcrGncG loii

Methodist Episcopal Theological Sem-
inary, Evanston, 111 43, 53

Methodist Church, Father Clark an

itinerant preacher in 41

Methodist Church, Ottawa, 111 58

Methodist Episcopal Church, Spring-
field, 111 69

Metius, Witness, 1758 261

Mexico 259

Miami Valley 103

Michigamie Indians. Foot-note 231

Michigan State, Pioneer and His-
torical Collections, Vol. XIX.

Quoted 208, 212

Michigan Territorj' 126

Michot, Jo 253

••Military Tract," State of Illinois. 53, 62

Miller, Brice A 84

Miller, (Mrs.) I. G 17, 18, 19

Miller, Thomas E 84

Mills, Benjamin, Lawyer of Galena,
III., Defeated for Congress by

William May 150

Mills, (Col.) Charles F 103

Mills, (Miss) Grace, wife of Col.

Clark E. Carr 89

Mills, (Hon.) Henry A 89

Mirror, (The) newspaper. Edited by

Matthew Duncan 113

"Miscellanies," By Col. De Peyster,
Edited by Gen. J. Watts de Peys-
ter. Reference 35

Mississippi River ..38, 42, 109, 113,
114, 130, 132, 135, 136, 139, 152,
161, 183, 189, 192, 193, 201, 225,
226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234,
236, 244, 246, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262

Foot-notes

164, 226, 228, 229, 232, 260

Mississippi River, Early navigation

on 234-236

Mississippi River, Flood of 1844.

Reference 258. 259

Mississippi River, Journal de le

Guerre du Mississippi in 1739 262

Foot-note 260

Mississippi Valley 34

49, 101, 102. 152, 154, 188. 209, 212
Mississippi Valley, Alvord, Clarence
Walworth, Mississippi Valley in

British Politics 208, 212

Foot-note 209

Mississippi Valley, Claimed by

France 257

Mississippi Valley territory, detach-
ing of. from its dependence upon
the French Authorities in Canada. 34
Mississippi Valley, Military and Civil
districts created by the French in. 34

287

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Missouri River ^.201

Missouri State i^, 58

Missouri State Historical Society.... 17

Missouri Territory 109

Mitchell, (Hon.) Alexander, Banker,
railroad builder and national legis-
lator TO

Mitchell, S. Augustus 80

Mobile, Hamilton's Colonial Mobile.. 262

Mohawk Valley 158

Monmouth College, Monmouth, 111 . . .

50, 81, 82

Monmouth, (Warren Co.), 111., Mon-
mouth College located in. . . .50, 81, 82
Monroe Co., 111., Early schools in.

Reference 47

Monroe, (Pres. ) James 121

Montcalm and Wolfe, By Francis
Parkman. Reference. Foot-notes

244, 245

Montgomery Co 64, 126

Montgomery, James, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64, 65

Montgomery, Jane Caldwell 65

Montgomery, (Rev.) John A 65

Moody Church, Chicago 45

Mooney, William 77

Moore, (Capt.) Benjamin 108

Moore, (Mrs.) Benjamin 108

Moore, Duncan 108

Moore, Ensley 5, 16, 17, 26, 54, 67

Foot-note 85

Moore, (Hon.) Ensley, Goudy
Family. See article on, in Trans-
actions of the Illinois State His-
torical Society, 1907 67

Moore, James, One of the spies sent

by Clark to Kaskaskia 37

Moore, Joshua 80

Moores, Charles W 21

Morals, The Jews of Philadelphia. . .210

Morehead, (Mrs.) 18^

Morgan Co., Ill 23, 42, 80, 81, 126

Morgan Co., 111., Laurie, John, Early

settler in 42

"Morgan House," Jacksonville, 111... 176

Morgan, George

190, 193. 194, 196, 197, 207, 210, 211
Morgan, (iteorge. Letter Book, pre-
served in the Carnegie Library,

Pittsburgh, Pa 207, 210,211

Morgan, George, Member of the firm
of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan,
eastern traders in the Illinois

country 190, 193, 194, 207

Morris, 111., Congregational Church.. 65
Morris, Robert, Financier of the Rev-
olution 206

Moses, John, Illinois : Historical and

Statistical. Quoted

37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 56

Mount Carroll, 111 89

M. S. C. Initials of Matthew St. Clair

Clarke 128

Muir, (Rev.) James, Minister in
Alexandria, Va., from 1789 to

1820 79

Muir, (Dr.) Samuel, son of Rev.

James Muir 79, 80

Munn, S. B 185

Munroe, Edwin S 24

Murfreesboro, Battle of, otherwise
called Stone River, War of the

Rebellion 72

Murphey, of Philadelphia. . .197

Murray. Daniel, Aids George Rogers
Clark 205

PAGE.

Murray, Daniel, Memorial to the Vir-
ginia Delegates in Congress, Dec.
29, 1781 205

Murray Family 191

Murray, Frank 191, 194, 210

Murray, James, (Lord Dunmore) . . .
34, 204

Murray, (Miss) Jenny 191, 194

Murray, John 204

Murray, (Capt.) William, of the
Forty-second Royal Highlanders,
commands Ave companies at Fort
Pitt 190, 191

Murray, William, Activities as a
western merchant 194

Murray, William, Agent for B. &

M. Gratz, of Philadelphia

190, 191, 192

Murray, William II, Apprenticed to
Alexander Hamilton of Phila-
delphia. Foot-note 209

Murray, William, Competition with
French Traders in the Illinois
country. Foot-note 195

Murray, William, Deeds land in
Jefferson Co., Va., to Joseph Simon. 206

Murray, William, Fort Chartres,
trading and provisioning the
garrison at 193

Murray, William, Land purchases of,
does not secure consent of the
British Council 201

Murray, William, Land speculator
in Illinois 200-207

Murray, William, Marks, Anna Edith,
William Murray, Trader and Land
speculator in the Illinois country. .
27, 188-212

Murray, William, Partnership formed
with James Rumsey, May 19, 1770
194 195 196

Murray, William, Partnership with
Louis Viviat, dissolved 212

Murray, William, Trader in Illi-
nois 191-200

Murray, (Mrs.) William, with chil-
dren, join William Murray in the
Illinois country 194, 210

Murray, (Mrs.) William. .191, 194, 210

My Day and Generation. By Clark
E. Carr 86, 90, 92

Myers, (Mrs.) Anne McLaughlin. ... 162

Murray, Daniel 204, 205, 206, 212

Naper, (Capt.) Joseph, Naperville,
111., named for SO

Naperville, (Du Page Co.), 111.,
Named for Capt. Joseph Naper... 80

Nashville, Battle of, War of the Re-
bellion 73

Nashville, Tenn 125, 127, 230

Nashville, Tenn., Hermitage The,

Home of General Jackson in

125, 127

National Bureau of Education 48

National Road, Joseph Duncan,
quoted on 141

National Road, Toll taxes of the
National Road in Ohio 141

Negroes. Harris, N. Dwight, His-
tory of negro servitude in Illinois. 58

Negroes. Kidnapping of Jim Gray,
(Nigger Jim) 58-60

Nesbitt, (Mr.) 198,211

Nestor ians, "Dr. Grant and the
mountain Nestorians." Reference. 42

288

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Nether Indians 210

Newberry Library, Chicago, 111 71

New Brunswick 77

New Chartres in the parish of St.

Ann 229

New Chartres, The town near the

entrance to the Fort 256

New England, Scots and Ulster Scots

in New England 35

New Hampshire State 35

New Jersey, Early Scots in 35

New Madrid, Mo., Old records of in
the Missouri Historical Society.... 17

New Orleans, La

34, 112, 142, 189, 203,

205, 209, 229, 234, 235, 241, 243,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 258, 260

Foot-notes 164, 257

New Orleans, Battle of Jan. 8, 1815.112

Foot-note 257

New Orleans, La., The Crescent City. 34
New Orleans, La., Delorme. An-

toine, early merchant in 248

New Orleans, First settlement in,

made by Bienville 247

New Orleans, Jesuits in New Orleans

since 1727 247

New Orleans, La., Made the Capital

of Louisiana in 1721 247

New Orleans, La., Receives most of

the Illinois peltry 189

New Orleans, La., Settled in 1722 260

New Orleans, Ursuline Convent, Hos-
pital and Chapel in 247, 252

New Potosi, Renault Mines in 236

New Salem Township, McDonough

Co.. Ill 62

Newspapers, Alton Spectator, .luly,

1834 140

Foot-note 140

Newspapers, Alton, Illinois Tele-
graph 132. 133

Foot-notes i33. 153

Newspapers, Alton, Illinois Tele-
graph, April 23, 1842. Foot-note .. 133
Newspapers, Baltimore Republican,

May 25, 1832. Quoted 135

Newspapers, Chicago American, July

18, 1842. Quoted '.132

Newspapers, Chicago Republican.... 55

Newspapers, Chicago Times 56

Newspapers, Chicago Tribune 55

Newspapers, The Illinoian. Foot-
note 107

Newspapers, Illinois Herald, Edited
and Published by Capt. Matthew

Duncan at Kaska.skia 54, 113

Newspapers, Illinois Herald, early

issue of. Reference ui

Newspapers, Illinois Intelligencer,

Aug. 19, 1825. Foot-note 123

Newspapers, Illinois Intelligencer,

1829 lis

Newspapers, Illinois State Journal. . 76
Newspapers, Illinois Patriot, pub-
lished at Jacksonville, 111 146

Newspapers, "Interior" 56

Newspapers, Inter Ocean, Chicago... 55
Newspapers, "The Mirror," edited in
Russellville, Ky., by Capt Matthew

Duncan 54, 113

Newspapers, New York Tribune 76

Newspapers, Randolph County Rec-
ord, Sparta, 111 ." 56

Newspapers, Sangamon Journal 149

New.spapers, Western Observer, June
14, 1831 145

PAGE.

New York City

51, 71, 83, 88, 126, 207

New York City, Independent News-
paper 88

New York State

35, 51, 57, 86, 87, 103, 207, 208

New York State, Early Scots in 3^

New York State. Edmund & O'Cal-
laghan, Eds., Documents relative to

the State of New York 208

New York State. Erie Co., N. Y . . . . 86
New York State Library, Albany,
Sir William Johnson's Manuscripts

in 207

New York State. War of the Re-
bellion, 11th N. Y. Inf 57

Nichols. (Capt.) Jack 131

Nicolav & Hav, Life of Lincoln.

Quoted 76, 152, 153, 161

Foot-notes 153, 161

Nicolay. John G., Collaborator with
John Hay. in the History of the
Life and Times of Abraham Lin-
coln 76

Foot-notes 153, 161

Nimmo, ( Col. ) A. J 75

Noble, (Dr.) F. A 43

Non-Importation Resolutions adopted.
Merchants of Philadelphia adopt
the Non-Importation Resolutions .. 210
Normal, 111, Illinois State Normal

School located in 52

Norris, (Mr.) 164

North Carolina State, Early Scots in 35

Northern Cross Railroad 152'

Northwest. English, (Hon.) W. H.,
Conquest of the N o r t h aV e s t.

Quoted 35

Northwestern Christian Advocate... 53

North-western Presbyterian 56

North-western Presbyterian Theolog-
ical Seminary 43, 49

Northwest Territory 34, 35. 38, 39

Northwest Territory. Gage, (Gen.)
Thomas, Opposition of Gage to the
settlement and development of the

Northwest Territory 34

Northwest Territory, Ordinance of

1787. Reference 38

Northwest Territory. St. Clair.
(Gov.) Arthur, First governor of

the Northwest Territory 38. 39

Northwest Territory, States carved
from 35

Ogden, Hannah, Wife of Rev. James
Caldwell, Chaplain in the Revo-
lutionary Army 124

Ogden, William B., First Mayor of
Chicago 70

Ogle, (Gen.) 181

Oglesby, (Lieut.-Gov. ) John G., Ad-
dress oh the office of Lieutenant-
Governor of the State of Illinois.
Reference 21

Oglesby, (Gov.) Richard J 77, 91

Oglesbv, (Gov.) Richard J., of
Scottish descent 77

Ohio River 137,

189, 190, 192, 193, 195. 200, 201.
203, 206, 208, 212, 226, 244, 246, 257
Foot-note 164

Ohio River. Thwaites. Reuben Gold,
& Kellogg. Louise P., Eds., Revolu-
tion on the upper Ohio, 1775-1777
208, 212

289

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

"Ohio." Steamboat .176

Ohio State 67, 68, 79, 103, 126, 190

Oliver, John, Lumberman 84

Omaha. Neb 88, 103

Omaha, Neb., E.xpositlon, 1898 88

Ordinance of 1787 38, 118

Orendorf, (Gen.) Alfred 20

Orkney Islands 60

Orleans, Fi-ance. .218. 219, 220, 221, 238

Ormsby, John 191

Osborne, Georgia L., As.'^istant Secre-
tary Illinois State Historical So-
ciety 5, 15, 26

Osborne, Georgia L., Chairman Gen-
ealogical committee, Illinois State

Historical Society 15

Osborne, Georgia L... Comp. Genea-
logical works in the Illinois State
Historical Library. Supplemental

list 26

See also end of this volume.

Ottawa, 111 58, 64

Ottawa, III., Anti-Slavery Society. . . 58

Ottawa, 111., Baptist Church 58

Ottawa, 111., Congregational Church. 58

Ottawa, 111., Methodist Church 58

Ouiatenon. William Murray, Nego-
tiations with Indians at Ouiatenon. 204
Outagami or Fox tribe of Indians.

Foot-notes 231, 232

Owen, (Brig-.-Gen.) Joshua, T 73

Page, (Mr.)

-Artist, portrait

of Governor Duncan. Reference.

165, 166

Page. Edward C ^

Palestine, Country of 21, 22

Palestine Relief Expedition 21

Palmer, (Gov.) John M 90,91

Palmer, William P., Calendar of

Virginia State Papers, edited by. 208

Panama Canal, Negotiations 76

Panama, Early called the Isthmus

of Darien 33

Panama Railroad and Steamship

Line 82

Panama, William Paterson's Vision

of Panama and its commercial

possibilities 33

Paris, France 76, 88, 259, 261

Paris, France. Archives Coloniales

a Paris 261

Paris, France. Exposition Famous

Corn Kitchen 88

Paris, FYance. Saussier, (Gen.)

Felix Gustave, Military Governor

of Paris 259

Paris, (Bourbon Co.). Ky

108, 109, 112, 114, 130, 186

Foot-note 163

Paris, Ky., Duncan family remove

from Paris, Ky., to Brownsville,

Illinois 114

Paris, Ky., Duncan Home, in Paris,
Ky., reference to. i-ooi-note 163

Parish of St. Ann 229

Parkman, Francis, Conspiracy of
Pontiac 209

Parkman, Francis, Historian. . .68, 209
Foot-notes 244, 245

Parkman, Francis. Montcalm and
Wolfe. Foot-notes 244, 245

Paterson, Charles. President of
Paterson Institute, La Grange,
Illinois. Foot-note 85

—19 H S

PAGE.

Paterson luFtitute, I^a Grange, 111.
Foot-note 85

Paterson, AVilliam I. Founder of the
Bank of England 69

Paterson, William II. Vision of
Panama and its commercial pos-
sibilities 33

Paton, (Patton) (Patten) Various
spelling of the name 79

Patterson, Alexander 44

Patterson, James, Early Scotch set-
tler in Will Co., 111., inaugurated
the annual plowing match 62

Patterson, J. Ritchie. Foot-note... 85

Patterson, Mungo 61

Patterson, Raymond 55

Patterson, (Rev.) Robert 44

Patterson, (Rev.) Robert .W., D.D.
,. . . . 43. 44, 55

Patterson, Robert W., Editor Chi-
cago Tribune 55

Pease, (Prof.) Theodore Calvin.
Foot-notes 122, 145

Pease, Theodore Calvin. Editor Cen-
tennial History of Illinois, Vol. 2.
The Frontier State, 1818-1848.
Foot-notes 122. 145

Peck, (Rev.) John Mason 24, 55

Peck, (Rev.) John Mason, Gazet-
teer of Illinois 55

Pell, G. T 182

Pennsylvania State

35, 67, 78, 79, 103, 114, 208, 210. 211
Foot-note 209

Pennsylvania State Archives. 4t'i
Series, Edited by George Edward
Reed 208

Pennsylvania State, Division of Pub-
lic Records 207, 210

Pennsylvania State, Early Scots in.. 35

Pennsylvania State Historical So-
ciety 207. 211

Pennsylvania State HLstorical So-
ciety. Philadelphia, Etting manu-
scripts in 207

Foot-note 209

Pennsylvania State Library. Bayn-
ton, Wharton and Morgan. :Manus-
cripts in 207

Pennsylvania State Library, Penn-
sylvania Division of Public Rec-
ords in 207, 211

Pennsylvania State Magazine of

History and Biography 208, 211

Foot-note .209

Pennsylvania State Supreme Court
Records 207

Penrose, Charles B. Esq., Letter of
Governor Duncan to Charles B.
Penrose, solicitor of the Treasury,
on the Linn affair 170. 171

Penrose, Charles B., Letter of Gov-
ernor Duncan to, Dated Dec. 1,
1841 173-174

Penrose, Charles B., Letter of Gov-
ernor Duncan to Charles B. Pen-
rose, solicitor of the Treasury,
dated Dec. 21, 1841 174-175

People's Gas Co. of Chicago 82

Periodicals, "Advance" of the Con-
gregational Church 56

Periodicals, Common School Advo-
cate 55

Periodicals, Northwestern Christian
Advocate 53

Periodicals, Northwestern Presby-
terian 56

290

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Perry, Adelaide, Daughter of Ade-
laide Saucier and Jean Francois

Perry 259

Perry, Adelaide, Wife of Adam Wil-
son Snyder 259

Perry Co., 111., Early school teach-
ers in 53

Perry, Harriet, Daughter of Ade-
laide Saucier and Jean Francois

Perry 259

Perry, Jean Francois 259

Perry, Louise, Daughter of Adelaide

Saucier and Jean Francoi.s Perr>'.259
Perry, f Commodore) Oliver H., AVar

of 1812 Ill

Peters, Records of the United

States Supreme Court. Foot-note. 170
Petty, near Inverness, Scotland.... 41
Peyster (Col.) Arent Schuyler de,
Commanded the British forces at

Mackinac 35

Peyster, (Gen.) J. Watts de 35

Philadelphia, Pa 153, 191, 201

Philadelphia, Pa., (Gov.) Edward

Coles makes his home in 153

Phillips, (Rev.) 45

Phillips, Richard, owner of the fugi-
tive slave, Jim Gray 58

Piankashaw Indians 204

Plcken, Charles, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Picken, George, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Picken, James, Early settler oL

Winnebago Co., Illinois 64

Picken, John, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Illinois 64

Pierson, (Dr.) Azel 178

Pilgrim Fathers 32

Pinkerton, Allan, Detective, born in

Glasgow, Scotland 81

Pirie, John T., Member of the Arm
of Carson, Pirie Scott & Co.,

■ Chicago 83

Pirogues, (Boats) 235, 243, 246

Pittsburg, Pa 201, 207

Pittsburg, Pa., Carnegie Library,
George Morgan Letter Book, pre-
served in 207

Plains of Abraham, English victory
on the Plains of Abraham and

fall of Quebec, Sept. 13, 1859 257

Plowing Match, Will County, Scotch

Settlement 61-62

Plum Creek Settlement, Randolph

Co., Ill 53

Poland 227

Polk. James K 125

Polk, (Mrs.) James K 125

Pompadour, Madame de 227

Pontiac, 111., State Reformatory lo-
cated in 81, 82

Pontiac, Ottawa Chief

189, 190, 210, 257

Foot-note 209

Pontiac's War 189, 190

Pope, Nathaniel 54, 113, 121

Pope, Nathaniel, Laws of the Terri-
tory of Illinois. Pope's Digest. .54, 113
Porter, (Rev.) J. C, Pastor of Cedar

Creek Presbyterian Church 50

Port Royal 31

Portuguese Hymn. Reference 91

Post, (Rev.) Reuben 162

Post St. Vincent, IMurray. William.
Negotiations with Indians at Post
St. Vincent 204

PAGE.

Post, (Rev.) Truman M...162, 163, 178
Post, (Rev.) Truman M., Describes
visit to Jacksonville in 1833, and

home of the Duncans 163

Postal Railway Service 90

Potomac River 45

Pottawatomie Indians 80

Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Law School... 87
Powell, (Major) J. W., Noted Geol-
ogist and Anthropologist 52

Powers, (Hon.) Millard R. Foot-note 85

Prairie du Pont 262

Prairie du Rocher. . . . 229, 232. 261, 263
Prairie du Rocher, settled in 1722... 229

Prairie Schooners 86

Prairie Township, McDonough Co.,

Ill 62

Prairies of Illinois. .. .103, 113, 152, 158

Prentice, Charles 187

Presbyterian Church

55, 64, 65, 71, 80, 162, 178

Presbyterian Church, Aurora, 111... SO
Presbyterian Church, Brighton Park

Presbyterian Church 65

Presbyterian Church, Chicago, 2nd

Presbyterian Church 71

Presbyterian Church, Jacksonville,

111 178

Presbyterian Church, Willow Creek

Presbyterian Church 64

Presbyterian Theological Seminary,

Chicago 49

Presque, Isle Ill

Proclamation of 1763 200, 201

Proclamation of President Lincoln,
setting apart a day of fasting and

prayer, dated March 30, 1863 45

Proctor, (Gen.) Henry A., British

General. War of 1812 110

Putnam, Benjamin Risley, of Exeter,

Cal. Foot-note 177

Putnam, Charles E., of Davenport,

Iowa. Foot-note 177

Putnam, Edward Kirby, of Daven-
port, Iowa. Foot-note 177

Putnam, (Miss) Elizabeth Duncan..

27, 107

Foot-notes 125, 177

Putnam, (Miss) Elizabeth Duncan,
of Davenport, Iowa, grand-daugh-
ter of Gov. Joseph Duncan. Foot-
note 177

Putnam, (Miss) Elizabeth Duncan.
The Life and Services ot Joseph

Duncan, Governor of Illinois

zi, lOr-187

Putnam, George Rockwell, of Wash-
ington, D. C. Foot-note 177

Putnam, (Prof.) J. W '>0

Putnam, (Miss) Ruth ....108

Putnam. Henry St. Clair, of New

York City. Foot-note 177

Quade. (Third Lt.,) Andrew. High-
land Guards 72

Quebec Act, 1774 189, 203

Quebec Act of June, 1774. Includes
Illinois Country in the Province of
Quebec 203

Quebec, Canada

189, 203, 229, 234, 247, 257, 260

Quebec, Canada. English victory on
the Plains of Abraham and fall
of Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759. Refer-
ence 257

391

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Raab, Henry, Superintendent of Pub-
lic Instruction, State of Illinois. . . 47
Rader, (Rev.) Paul. Extract from
his discourse, entitled "How Lin-
coln Led the Nation to Its Knees" 45
Rader, (Rev.) Paul, Pastor of the

Moody Church, Chicago 45

RafCen, (First Lieut.) Alexander W.,

Highland Guards 72

Raffen, (Capt.) John T., Highland

Guards 72

Raffen, John T., of the firm of Clark

& Raffen 83

Railroads, Atchison & Santa F6 R. R. 90

Railroads, Burlington R. R 84

Railroads, Chicago and Eastern Illi-
nois Railroad 68

Rfiilroads. Chicago & Northwestern

R. R. 70

Railroads, Galena and Chicago Union

R. R. Now the Northwestern.... 70
Railroads, Northern Cross Railroad. . 152

Railroads, Santa Fe R. R 80

Ralston, A. D 64

Ralston, Alexander, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Ralston, David, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Ralston, Gavin, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Ralston, John 64

Ralston, Peter, Early settler of Win-
nebago Co., Ill 64

Ralston, William 64

Rammelkamp, (Pres.) Charles H. . . 5

Randolph Co., Ill 47, 53

Foot-note 85

Randolph Co., III., Early schools in. . 47
Randolph Co., 111., Plum Creek Settle-
ment, Randolph Co., Ill 53

Randolph Co., 111., Scotch Covenant-
ers in. Reference 47

Randolph-Macon College, Va.. His-
torical Papers, Edited by Charles

H. Ambler 208

Rawlins, (Gen.) John Aaron 73

Reaves (Reeves) John 183

Red Stone Creek 191

Reed, George Edward :i08

Reed, (Lieut.-Col.) John, at Fort de

Chartres 211

Reed, (Col.) John, Commissary at

Fort Pitt 199

Regaud, Pierre, Marquis de Vau-

dreuil 247

Reid, Alexander, Early settler of

Winnebago Co., Ill 64

Reid, Hugh, Early settler of Winne-
bago Co., Ill 64

Reid, James, Early settler of Winne-
bago Co., Ill 64

Reid, Mayne 60

Reid, William M 62

Renault Mines, at New Potosi in the
Spanish Territory across the Miss-
issippi River 236

Renault, Philippe 229, 261, 263

Foot-note 256

Renault, Philippe, St. Philip founded

by, called Le Petite Village

229, 256, 261

Foot-note 256

Renfreswshire, Scotland 73

Rennie, John T. Born In the Auld
Town of Ayr, Scotland 78, 79

PAGE.

Republican Party. First Republican
or Anti-Nebraska, State Conven-
tion held in Bloomington, May 29,
1856. Foot-note 80

Republican National Convention at
Baltimore, in 1864 87

Revolutionary Soldiers, Pension laws.
Reference 133

Revolutionary Soldiers. Pensions to.
Extension of 1834. Reference 145

Revolutionary War 31, 32, 133, 145

Reynolds, (Gov.) John 131, 132

Foot-notes „„

163, 228, 229, 257, 259, 262, 263

Reynolds, (Gov.) John. Pioneer His-
tory of Illinois. Quoted -ioo

Foot-notes^.. ^^^^.......^.......2^3

Reynolds, (Gov.) John. Visits Ft.

Chartres in 1802 and m 1854.

Foot-note •^- \- : " 'A ' ' '

Rhode Island State. Caleb ^Carr,

Colonial Governor of Rhode Island 86

Richardson, — • ■ • • • }Ia

Richardson, (Capt.) S. D 184

Richie Family - • • • • • • • • • • • *»

Riverside, (Cook Co.) 111. Scottish

Old People's Home, located near. . 8<i
Rivers. (Senator) 7— Error

Should be Rives, William C, ot

Virginia ^ . ^^.

Rives, (Senator) William C, of Vir-

' ' ' - Witness, Feb. 6,

.162

162

ginia

Robbilhand, - ...

^733 iiDi

Robertson, " Alexander 80

Robertson, Elizabeth °"

Robertson, Hugh • • • • • • • ^^

Robertson, John, of Morgan Co., 111.

Of Scotch descent 80

Robertson, Principal. (James

Craigie)? Scottish Historian 38

Robertson, Mary • • ^^'^

Robertson, Thomas D. Early settler

in Winnebago Co., Ill 'ofi-i

Robinet, Louis • ■ • • ^^^

Robinson, David. Early school

teacher in McDonough Co., Ill 62

Robinson, John M 135

Robinson, Knapp and Shutt. Law

firm, Springfield, 111 • . 23

Rocheblave, Phillippe BYancois de

Rastel, Chevalier de 226

Rockford, III 63, 70, 93

Rock Island, 111 131

Rock River Valley 131

Roker, of Philadelphia 197

Roosevelt, Theodore. Memorial meet-
ing, Springfield, 111 20, 21

Root, ■ Interested in the case

of the fugitive slave, "Jim Gray". .58

Root, Erastus, of N. Y 134

Rosecrans, (Gen.) Wm. S. Union

General War of the Rebellion 72

Ross, Alexander 196

Ross, David 77

Ross, George 205

Ross, Lewis W 62

Ross, (Mr.) Manager of the

Contractors at Fort Pitt 199

Ro.'s.s. (Dr.) Peter. "The Scots in

America." Quoted 41, 60, 80, 81

Ross, (Rev.) Robert. Pastor of South

Henderson 50

Roy, Angelique dit Lapensee. Mar-
riage to Francis Saucier, before

1787 262

Roy, Rob 60

292

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Rumsey, James

194, 195, 196, 199, 201. 204. 210, 211

Rumsey, James. Partnership formed
with William Murray, May 19,
1770 194, 195, 196

Russel, (Dr.) Andrew. Born in Scot-
land 81

Russel, Andrew 5, 81

Russel, Andrew. Auditor of the State
of Illinois 81

Russel, Andrew. Member of the
Board of Directors of the Illinois
State Historical Society 81

Russel, Andrew, of Scotch Ancestry 81

Russelville. Ky 54, 113, 114

Ryan, (Rev.) John H. Article on
the Underground Railroad. Ref-
erence 58

Ryder, (Dr.) W. H 43

Sac Indians 79

Saint Andrew Society of Illinois. 82, 83

St. Anne in Chartres Village

229, 260, 262,263

Foot-notes 227, 256

St. Anne. Parish at Fort Chartres

229, 256, 260, 262. 263

Foot-notes 227, 256

St. Anne. Parish records 263

St. Anne. Parochial records still

preserved 260

St. Charles, 111. State School for

Boys, located in 82

St. Clair (Gen.) Arthur

30, 33, 38, 39, 70

St. Clair (Gen.) Arthur. First Gov-
ernor of the Northwest Territory

33, 38, 39

St. Clair, (Gen.) Arthur. Moses'

History of Illinois. Quoted on. . . 39
St. Clair, (Maj. Gen.) Arthur, of
Pennsylvania. War of the Revo-
lution 33

St. Clair Co., Ill 47, 61, 69

St. Clair Co., 111. Scotch Settle-
ment 47

St. Dennis, Marie Madeline, 2nd.,

Wife of Charles Saucier 260

St. Eustache, Paris 260

St. Genevieve, Mo 17, 195

St. Genevieve, Mo. Old records of,
in the Missouri Historical Society 17

St. Lawrence River 137, 161

St. Louis, Mo

42, 58, 67, 125, 260, 261

St. Louis, Mo. Frudeau, Jean Bap-
tiste, first Schoolmaster in St.

Louis 261

St. Louis, Mo. University. Cahokia
register of marriage, copy of,

found in the University 260

St. Philip, founded by Renault,
called "Le Petite Village". . .229, 256

Foot-note 256

St. Phillipe du Marais, village of... 261
St. Pierre, on the Island of Mar-

tinque 248, 254, 255

St. Pierre Bay of. Island of Mar-

tinque 239, 240

St. Privat, France 259

Salzenstein, (Mrs.) Mose 27

Samoa 76

Sandusky, Ohio 109, 111

Sandusky River 109

Sangamon Co., Ill 103, 126

Sangamon Journal 149

PAGE

Santa F6 R. R 89. 90

Saratoga, Battle of. War of the
Revolution 75

Saucier, (SaussSer), (Sautier).
(Socie). Various spelling of the
name 218, 260-263

Saucier, Adelaide. Daughter of
Baptiste Saucier and Marie Jose-
phine Belcour 259

Saucier, Adelaide. Wife of Jean
Francois Perry 259

Saucier, Angeliciue. Marriage to
Pierre Menard. May 22, 1806.... 263

Saucier, Baptiste 259, 262

Saucier, Baptiste. Children of 259

Saucier, Baptiste. Marriage to
Marie Josephine Belcour. ... 259, 262

Saucier. Baptiste, son of Capt. Jean
Baptiste Saucier and Adelaid?
Lepage 259

Saucier, (Saussier) Beaumont 218

Saucier, Charles 262

Saucier, Charles. Son of Louis
Saucier and Margueritte Gailli-
ard 260

Saucier Family in America. Un-
certainty regarding earlier mem-
bers 260

Saucier, (Saussier) Family. The
Sauciers in France 218-221

Saucier, Felicite 262

Saucier, (Saussier), (Gen.) Felix
Gustave. Military Governor of
Paris 259

Saucier, (Saussier) Felix Xavier...
218, 224

Saucier, Francois

259, 260, 261. 262, 263

Saucier, Francois. Lieut, refonne,
and inginieur le Roy at Fort
Chartres 260

Saucier, Francois. Son of Capt.
Jean Baptiste Saucier and Ade-
laide Lepage 259

Saucier, Francois. Marriage to
Angelique Rov dit Lapensee. Be-
fore 1787 262

Saucier, Fr., sub-engineer in 1751.. 260

Saucier, (Sau.ssier) Henry 261

Saucier, Jean Bapti.ste 1 222. 224

Saucier, .lean Baptiste, 1737 261

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Baptiste, at
Fort Chartres in the Illinois, 1751-
1763. Bv Dr. John F. Snyder.
M. D. ..". 215-263

Saucier, (Saussier). .lean Baptiste.
Boyhood and education of .... 221-225

Saucier, (Lieut.) Jean Baptiste. A
brush with southern Indians. 240-242

Saucier, ( Capt. ) Jean Baptiste.
Buried in the little graveyard ad-
joining the old Cahokia Church.. 258

Saucier, ( Capt. ) Jean Baptiste.
Chief engineer and designer
second Fort Chartres 256, 257

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Baptiste. In
command of keel boats from Ft.
Chartres to New Orleans 236-240

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Baptiste.'
Marriage to Adelaide Lepage. 255-257

Saucier. (Capt.) Jean Baptiste.
New Orleans. Capt. S a u c i e r ' s
second trip to, for supplies for
Fort Chartres 246-249

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean Baptiste.
Reports for duty to Major Ma-
karty at Brienne 232

S93

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Saucier, (Cap.) Jean Baptists,
Rescues from drowning Eulalie
Makarty 232, 233

Saucier, ( Capt. ) Jean B a p t i s t e.
Rewarded by the King of France,
advanced to that of Captain 245

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean B a p t i s t e.
Sent by Major Makarty to New
Orleans for supplies, etc., for
Fort Chartres 246-249

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean B a p t i s t e.
Sent by Major Makarty to take
command of the Fort at Ca-
hokia 245, 246

Saucier, (Capt.) Jean B a p t i s t e.
Takes up his residence in Cahokia.258

Saucier, Jean Baptiste, with Neyon
de Villiers in his attack on Fort
Necessity 244. 245

Saucier, (Saussier) Madam Jean
Beaumont 218

Saucier, (Mrs.) Jean Baptiste.
(Adelaide Lapage). Buried in the
little graveyard adjoining the Old
Cahokia Church 258

Saucier, Jean Baptiste, of Prairie du
Rocher 263

Saucier, (Saussier) Monsieur Jean

Beaumont „„ ,

218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224

Saucier, J. B 260

Saucier, Jean B 261

Saucier, Jean B. II 263

Saucier, Jean. Son of Charles
Saucier 260

Saucier, Jean. Son of Louis Saucier
and Margueritte Gailliard 260

Saucier, (Capt.) John Baptiste at
Fort Chartres in the Illinois,
1751-1763. By John F. Snyder,
M. D 215-263

Saucier, John Baptiste. Son of Bap-
tiste Saucier and Marie Josephine
Belcour 259

Saucier, Joseph Francis 261

Saucier, Louis. Son of Charles Sau-
cier and Charlotte Clairet 260

Saucier, (Saussier) Louis Beau-
mont 218, 219

Saucier, Marie Barbe. Wife of Julian
Le Roy T 261

Saucier, Marie Jeanne 260. 262

Saucier, Marie Jeanne. Wife of An-
toine Duclos 261, 262

Saucier, Matthieu 259, 262, 263

Saucier, Matthieu. Marriage to Cath-
erine Godin, 1788 262

Saucier, Matthieu. Marriage to Jo-
sette Chatillon, Sept. 8, 1812 262

Saucier, Matthieu. Son of Baptiste
Saucier and Marie Josephine Bel-
cour 259

Saucier, Matthieu. Son of Capt. Jean
Bapti.ste Saucier and Adelaide Le-
page 259

Saucier, Matthieu II 262

Saucier, name appears as a witness
to a marriage on Aug. 20, 1742,
Kaska.skia parochial Register. . . .260

Saucier Papers 260

Saucier, (Saussier) Paul 218, 219

Sautier, name given as a grantee of
lots in New Orleans, 1722 260

Savary, Gabrielle, wife of J. B. Sau-
cier ■ 260

Scaife, William 77

Scammon, Jonathan Young. Reports
Illinois Supreme Court 56

PAGE.

Schlesinger, (Prof.) A. M 108

Schmidt, (Dr.) Otto L. President of
the Illinois State Historical So-
ciety 5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27

Scioto River 190, 192

Scioto River. Post established on,
by Baynton, Wharton and Morgan,

opposition to 190

Scotch Bonnet worn by Gen. John

McArthur. Reference 75

"Scotch Grove" on Willow Creek. ... 64
Scotch-Irish. May be called Ulster-
Scots 32

Scotch Presbyterian Church, Chicago 84
Scotch Settlement, Will Co., 111.
Ploughing match, annual occur-
rence 61-62

Scotland 31, 32, 124

Foot-note , 209

Scotland's Declaration of Indepen-
dence, known as the "Solemn

League and Covenant" 32

Scotland. Kirkcudbright, Scotland

47, 48, 124

Foot-note 164

Scotland. Kirkcudbrightshire 62

Scotland Township. McDonough Co.,

Ill 62

Scots. Among the signers of the
"Declaration of Independence" and

other patriots 33

Scots and Scots' Descendants in
America. By Rev. D. MacDougal.

Quoted 32, 33, 34, 36

Scots and their Descendants m Illi-
nois. Address by Thomas C. Mac-

Millan . 27, 31-85

Scots and Ulster Scots in New Eng-
land 35

Scots. As State builders 31

Scots. British Colonial Governors

many of them of Scotch descent.. 33
Scots. Charitable Society of Boston,

established in 1657 3]

Scots. Covenanters were Scotch and

Ulster Scotch 44

Scots. Emigrants from the home-
land traversed the Atlantic in two

main streams 32

Scots. Generals under Washington,

many were Scots 32, 33

Scots in America. By Dr. Peter Ross.

Quoted 41, 60, 80, 81

Scots in Illinois. Patriotic natural-
ized American Citizens 84

Scots in Ireland 32

Scott, (Miss) Agnes. Wife of Dr.

Andrew Russel 81

Scott, (Rev.) A. H 24

Scott, (Prof.) Hugh McDonald 53

Scott, James, of Glasgow, Scotland.. 57
Scott, John, of Glasgow, Scotland.. 81
Scott, (Judge) John M. "History of
the Illinois Supreme Court." Ref-
erence 69

Scott, (Judge) John M. Ulster-Scots
and their services in Nation build-
ing. Papers on. Reference 69

Scott, (Col.) Joseph R 72

Scott. (Miss) Margaret Whitehead.

Wife of Robert Fergus 57

Scott, (Miss) Mary. Wife of Judge

J Otis. Humphrey 24

Scott, Stephen J 80

Scott, (Sir) Walter 57,60

Scott, (Sir) Walter. Works of.
Quoted 57

294

~ INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

Scott, Wealthy. Wife of David Mc-

Kee 80

Scott, (Gen.) Winfield 74

Scottish and Presbyterian colonists. . 32
Scottish Old People's Home, near

Riverside, Cook Co., Ill 82

Scottish settlements in the colonies
at the beginning of the Revolu-

. tionary War 34, 35

Scottish Writers. Quoted. On the

early emigrants to America 32

Scouller, (Dr.) J. D 82

Selby, Paul 48

Foot-note 152

Selby, Paul, and Bateman, Newton.
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.

Quoted. Foot-note 152

Seneca Indians 210

Shakespeare, William 84

Shaler, N. S. Kentucky, a Pioneer

Commonwealth 209, 212

Shanahan, (Hon.) David E. Address
on the office of Speaker of the
House, State of Illinois. Refer-
ence 21, 22

Shawnee Indians 190

Shea, John Gilmary 208

Foot-note 260

Shea, John Gilmary. Historical Maga-
zine, edited by 208

Shelburne, (Lord) William Petty

188, 189

Foot-note 209

Sheriff, John. Lumberman 84

Sherman, Lawrence T 5

Sherman, (Gen.) William Tecumseh 61
Shiloh, Battle of, War of the Rebel-
lion ■ 61, 73

Ship, Ensign. War of 1812 110

Shurtleff College. Upper Alton, 111.

23, 24, 51

Simon and Milligan, with others, pro-
test to Sir William Johnson, Indian
Superintendent, Illinois County,
against establishment of the Scioto

Post 190

Simon, Joseph. Indian Trader

190, 195, 197, 198, 201, 204, 206, 209
Simon, Joseph. William Murray deeds

land in Jefferson Co., Va., to 206

Simpson, (Bishop) Matthew 42

Sinclair, (Capt.) or St. Clair 35

Sinclair. Various spellings of the

name 79

Slade, C 183

Slavery 41, 57, 58, 59, 60, 159, 160

Slavery. Anti-slavery Society in Ot-
tawa, 111 58

Slavery. Baptized Church of Christ.
Friends of Humanity. Klnown as

Anti-slavery organization 41

Slavery. Duncan-, (Gov.) Joseph, dis-
approves of slavery as "a great

- moral and political evil" 160

Slavery. Gray, Jim, fugitive sl^ve

58, 59, 60

Slavery. Harris, N. Dwlght. His-
tory of Negro servitude in Tlliiurs .58
Slavery. Hossack. John, and the case

of the slave. "Jim Gray"... 58, 59, 60
Slavery. Illinois State fight on slav-
ery in 44

Slavery. Ryan, (Rev.) John H. Ar-
ticle on the Underground Railroad.

Reference 58, 59

Slavery. Underground Railroad.... 58

Smeillie, Agnes 71

Smiley, (Rev.) W. J 46

PAGE.

Smith, David. Early settler of Win-
nebago Co., Ill 64

Smith, (Col.) D. C 5

Smith, (Miss) Elizabeth Caldwell.

Wife of Gov. Joseph Duncan, 124, 125
Smith, George Financier in the

northwest 69, 70

Smith, George and Co., Bankers, Chi-
cago 70

smith, George W 5, 17, 18

Smith-Hughes Act. Education 105

Smith, James R., of New York City. .124

Smith, Jeremiah 208

Smith, T. W 135, 187

Smith, T. W. Letter of Joseph Dun-
can to, dated U. S. House of Repre-
sentatives, April 18, 1831' 135

Snow, (Mrs.) Jane Duncan. Foot-
note 122

Snyder, Adam W. Adam W. Snyder
and his period in Illinois History,
1817-1842. By Dr. J. F. Snyder.

Foot-note 259

Snyder, Adam W. Candidate for

Governor of Illinois 168

Snyder, Frederick Adam. Son of
Adelaide Perry and Adam Wilson

Snyder 259

Snyder, (Dr.) John Francis. 20, 215, 259

Foot-note 259

Snyder, (Dr.) John Francis. Adam
W. Snyder and his period in Illi-
nois History, 1817-1842. Foot-
note 259

Snyder, John F., M. D. Captain John
Baptiste Saucier at Fort Chartres,

1751-1763 215-263

Snyder, John Francis. Son of Ade-
laide Perry and Adam Wilson Sny-
der 259

Snyder, William Henry. Son of Ade-
laide Perry and Adam W' ilson Sny-
der 259

Socle, Madame 260

"Solemn League and Covenant."
Scotland's Declaration of indepen-
dence 32

South America 68

South Carolina State.... 35, 41, 53, 69
South Carolina State. Early Scots in 35
Southend. East of the Mull of Can-
tine. Scotland t 64

Spanish - American War. Illinois,

Ninth Illinois Regiment 89

Spanish Conspiracy. By Thomas M.

Green 209

Sparta, 111 45, 46, 53, 56

Sparta, 111. Randolph County Rec-
ord, published in 56

Sparta, 111. Reformed Presbyterian

Church 46

Sparta, 111. Scotch Covenanters in

45, 46, 47. .

Sparta, 111. Wylie, Adam. Early

teacher in 53

Spey Valley of Scotland 76

Spicer, (Gen.) 173

Springfield Academy, Erie Co., N. T. 87

Sproat, David 195, 201, 210

Sproat, David. War of the Revolu-
tion. David Sproat Commissary of

Naval prisoners 210

Stacey, (Mrs.) Matthew, of Jackson-
ville, 111 161, 162

Stamp Act Repealed 210, 211

"Steamboat Indiana" 126

Steamboat Ohio 176

Steen, W. H 77

295

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

Stephenson Co., Ill 51

Sterling, (Stirling) (Lieut.) Thomas

35, 209, 211, 258

Sterling, (Stirling) (Capt.) Thomas.
Takes command of Ft. Chartres

Oct. 10, 1765 258

Stevenson, Robert Louis 60, 74

Stewart, Alexander 77

Stewart and Aldrich, wholesale gro-
cers 84

Stewart, Graeme 53, 84

Stewart, John, of Elburn, Kane Co.,

Ill 77, 78

Stewart, Thomas, of Aurora, 111.... 78
Stewart, William, of the firm of

Stewart and Aldrich 84

Stewart. Various spelling of the

name 79

Stirling, (Sterling) (Capt.) Thomas

35, 209, 211, 258

Stockbridge, (Madison Co.) N. Y.... 51
Stocking, (Miss) Mary Electa. Wife

of George Harris Fergus 57

Storey, Wilbur E. Journalist 56

Stout, James. Aids in the rescue of
fugitive slave, Jim Gray, (Nigger

Jim) 59

Stout, (Dr.) Joseph. One of the res-
cuers of Jim Gray. (Nigger Jim) 59

Strachan and Scott, Bankers 70

"Strait of Michilimakina" 78

Street, Joseph M. Letter to Gover-
nor Edwards, dated Shawneetown,

111., July 28, 1827. Foot-note 123

Stratford-on-Avon 84

Strong, William B. President of the

Santa Fe R. R S9

Stuart, Alexander 60

Stuart, (Pres.) Charles M. Garrett
Biblical Institute, Evanst.on, 111... 53

Foot-note 85

Stuart, (Col.) David 61,73

Stuart, John T 159

Stuart, Robert. Born at Callander,

Scotland 60

Stuart, Robert. Short sketch 60, 61

Stuarts. Royal house of the Stuarts 33
Stuart. Various spelling of the

name 79

Sturtevant, (Dr.) Julian M ! ! ! ! ! 167

Foot-note 177

Stuve, Bernard, and Davidson, Alev-
ander. History of Illinois. (Quoted

Foot-notes 122, 132

Sunday School Times Company. ..." 45

Sutherland, George 56

Sweet, Leonard 91

Swing, ( Prof. ) David '.'.'.'." 43

Taggart, (Judge), Superintendent of

Insurance, Ohio 82

Tait, (Tate). Various spelling of

the name 79

Taylor, (Miss) 167

Taylor, (Capt.) Zachary, of the U.

S. Army 127, 180

Taylor, (Pres.) Zachary 67

Tazewell, (Mr.) 127

Tel-el-Kebir 72

Temperance Society in Illinois, early

one. Reference 178

Templeton, Hugh 84

Templeton, Thomas 45

Tennessee State.. 34, 35, 36, 79, 125, 183
Tennessee State. Early Scots in... 35

PAGE.

Tennessee Township. McDonough Co.,

Ill 62

Thomas and I5ickerson, Proprietors
of a hotel in Vandalia, Illinois, in

1825 120

Thomas, (Dr.) H. W 43

Thomas, (Hon.) William 176

Thompson, Charles Manfred. Editor
Go\ ernor's Letter Books, 1840-1853.
Illinois Historical Collections, Vol.

VII. Foot-note 158

Thompson, William, of Cumberland

Co.. Pa 197, 200

Thompson, William J. Foot-note. . . 85
Thornton, (Gen.) William Fitzhugli.165
Thwaites, Reuben Gold and Kellogg,
Louise P., Eds. Revolution on the

Upper Ohio, 1775-1777 208, 212

Tiffany, ( Dr. ) O. H 43

Tod, (Col.) Charles Scott, War of

1812 Ill

Todd, John 36

Todd, (Dr.) John 178

Tonnerre, Mille 254

Tours, France 238

Transylvania University, Lexington,

Ky 108, 118

Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Nov., 1768.. 189
Treaty of Paris, February, 1763.... 188

Trent, William 190

Trutier, ( Mam'selle) Adelaide

220, 221, 222

Trotier, (Mam'selle Adelaide). Wife

of Jean Beaumont Saucier. .. 221, 222
Trotier, Farm near Orleans, France

220 221

Trotier, Jaques ' . 220

Trumbull, Lyman 91

Tulloch, G. Early settler in Winne-
bago Co., Ill 63

Turner, Frederick J. Rise of the
New West. Quoted. Foot-note. .135

Turner, Jonathan Baldwin 167

Turney, James. Candidate for U. S.
Congress 123

Ulster Province, Ireland 54

Ulster-Scots and their services in
Na.tion-building. Papers on, by
Judge John M. Scott. Reference.. 69

Union Co., HI 58, 78

Union Co., 111. C'obden Township... 78

Union Stock YardS, Chicago. Organ-
ized and opened for business in
1865 104

Union Stock Yards, Chicago. Rec-
ords of the receipts of the com-
pany from 1866 to 1918 104

United Illinois and Wabash Land
Companies. See Illinois and Wa-
bash Land Company ; .

United States Army 75

United States Bank. Duncan, Joseph.
Amendment to 141, 142, 143, 144

United States Bank. Duncan, Joseph.
Position on 146, 147

United States Congress. Congres-
sional Debates, 20th, Cong., 1st
Sess. Foot-note 124

United States Congress. Congres-
sional Debates, 20th Cong., 2nd
Sess. Foot-note 12 7

United States Congress. Congres-
sional Debates, 21st Congress.
Foot-notes 133, 136, 141

296

INDEX— Continued.

PAGE.

United States Congress. Congres-
sional Debates, 22nd Congress.
Foot-notes 127, 133, 137, 139

United Slates Congress. Congres-
sional Debates, 23rd Congress.
Foot-notes 139, 140, 141

United States Congress. Scots and
their descendants, members of.
Reference 77

United States. Inter-State Com-
merce Commission 68

United States Supreme Court. Linn,
William, case in 170

United States. War of 1812. Seven-
teenth U. S. Infantry 109

University of Illinois 51, 105, 207

Foot-notes 150, 151

University of Illinois. Agricultural
Dpt. Investigations on all lines.. 105

University of Illinois. Historical Sur-
vey 207

Upper Alton, 111. Shurtleff College,
located in 51

Upton, George P 55

Ursuline Convent, Hospital and
Chapel, New Orleans 247, 252

Van Buren, (Pres.) Martin

129, 145, 149, 150, 167, 172, 173

Van Buren, (Pres.) Martin, Joseph
Duncan takes an active part in

campaign of 167

Vance, James 62

Vance, John 62

Vandalia, 111.54, 115, 120, 126, 172, 173
Vandalia, 111. Fourth of July cele-
bration, 1S25 120, 121

Vandruff's Island in Rock River.... 132

Varnum, (Gen.) 184

Vaudreuil, Marquis de. Governor of

Louisiana 247, 248, 249

Vermilion Co., HI 68

Vermont State 35,138

Versailles, France 218, 224

Foot-note 164

Vial Farm, near Western Springs,

Cook Co., Ill 52

Vial, George McNaughton. . . . 52, 65, 66
Vial, George M. Moderator of the
Illinois Congregational Confer-
ence 65, 66

Vial, (Mrs.) George M. Foot-note.. 85

Vial, Joseph 52

Vial, Robert 52

Vial. Samuel 52

Vial, (Mrs.) Samuel. (Margaret Mc-
Naughton) 52

Vicksburg, Miss. Siege of. War of

the Rebellion 45, 73

Vienna. Austria 76

Villafield, Scotland 57

Villiers. (Capt. ) Neyon de

244, 245, 257, 258

Villiers, (Capt.) Neyon de. Attack

on Fort Necessity 244, 245

Vilmorins of France. Seed producers. 105

Vincent, William A 24

Virginia, 111. Foot-note 259

Virginia State. 32, 35. 36, 37, 38, 49,

79, 80, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 212
Virginia State. Calendar of Virginia
State Papers. Edited by William

P. Palmer 208

Virginia State. Early Scots in 35

PAGE.

Virginia State. Land claimed by, in

the Illinois Country

202, 203, 204, 205, 206

Virginia State. Memorial of the Illi-
nois, Wabash Land Company to
Legislature, Dec. 26, 1778 205

Virginia State. Petition of the Illi-
nois Land Company to the Earl of
Dunmore, Governor of Virginia. .. 202

Virginia State. Papers, Vols. I and
II. Quoted 212

Virginia State. Virginia Magazine of
Biography and History 208

Vivat, Louis. French Merchant and
former Judge at Kaskaskia. . 204, 212

Viviat, Louis. Partnership with Wil-
liam ^Murray dissolveti 212

Volsci, Clievalier de 245

Foot-note 231

Wabash Lands 204

Wabash River 189, 206, 226

Wakefield, John A. History of the

Black Hawk War. Foot-note 132

Walker, (Mrs.) Edwin S 26

Wallace, Andrew 84

Wallace, Charles 82

Wallace, (Rev.) David A., D.D.,
LL.D., President of Monmouth Col-
lege, Monmouth, 111 50, 82

Wallace, John Finley, engineer 82

Wallace, (Rev.) Mack H 82

Wallace, (Gen.) W. H. L 73

Wallace, (Rev.) William 82

War of the Revolution 33, 34,

35, 38, 61, 74, 75, 76, 124, 206, 210
War of the Revolution. Battle of

Saratoga 75

War of the Revolution. Sproat, David,
Commissary of Naval prisoners. . .210

War of 1812

108, 109, 110, 112, 118, 120, 127, 167

Foot-note 2 57

War of 1812. Battle of New Or-
leans, January, 1815 112

P^oot-note 257

War of 1812. Battle of Tippecanoe. 120

War of 1812. Camp Seneca 110

■War of 1812. Duncan, Joseph, mili-

tarv career 12 0

War of 1812. Fort Stephenson

109, 110, 111

War of 1812. McAfee, Robert B. His-
tory of the late war in the western

country. Reference Ill

War of 1812. Treaty of Peace signed

at Ghent Dec. 14, 1814 112

War of 1812. United States. Sev-
enteenth United States Infantry. . .109

War of the Rebellion

57, 61, 69, 72, 73, 75

War of the Rebellion. Barnet, James.
"Martyrs and Heroes of Illinois."

Pub. Chicago, 1865 72

War of the Rebellion. Battle of

Corinth 61

War of the Rebellion. Battle of Mur-
freesboro, otherwise called Stone

River 72

War of the Rebellion. Battle of

Nashville 73

War of the Rebellion. Battle of

Shiloh 61, 73

War of the Rebellion. Ellsworth
Zouaves of Chicago 72

297

INDEX — Continued.

PAGE.

War of the Rebellion. Fort Donel-

son 73

War of the Rebellion. Highland

Guards of Chicago 7 2

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State.
Twelfth Illinois Volunteer Infantry.

(First Scotch) 73, 75

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State.

Seventeenth 111. Vol. Inf 69

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State.

Nineteenth 111. Vol. Inf 72

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State. ,

Fifty-fifth 111. Vol. Inf 61

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State.
Sixty-fifth 111. Vol. Inf., (Second

Scotch 75

War of the Rebellion. One Hundred

and Ninth 111. Vol. Inf 75

War of the Rebellion. Illinois State.
One Hundred and Twelfth 111. Vol.

Inf 69

War of the Rebellion. New York.

Eleventh N. Y. Infantry 57

War of the Rebellion. Vicksburg

Siege 73

War with Mexico 75

War Work of the Women of Illinois.

By Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen 93-100

Warren. Hooper, Editor and pub-
lisher early newspaper in Illinois. . 54
Washburne, Elihu. Edwards Papers.

Quoted. Foot-note 132

Washburne, Elihu B. Sketch of Gov-
ernor Coles. Quoted. Foot-note. .116
Washington and Bolivar. Toast by
Jo.seph Duncan. P'ourtli of Julv
celebration, Vandalia, 111., 1825... 121
Washington, D. C.57, 124, 126, 162, 170
Washington, D. C. Cholera in, 1832. .162
Washington, (Gen.) George. 33, 121, 244
Washington, (Gen.) George. Defeat
of Washington at Fort Necessity. .244

Watson, Alexander 62

Watson, John 62

Wattennan, D. B 170

Watwood, L. F 170

"Wau-Bun." By Mrs. John H. Kin-

zie 40

Wausau, Wis 78

Weatherford, William 150

Weber, Jessie Palmer. Secretary Illi-
nois State Historical Society

..5, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 85, 108
Weber, Jessie Palmer. Report Sec-
retary Illinois State Historical So-
ciety 20-25

Webster, ' Daniel". '. '. '. '. ". 123', " i 6 4 ," 1 6 5 , 167
Webster, Daniel, visits Jacksonville,
111., in 1837. Guest of Governoi'

Duncan 164

Webster. ( INIrs.) Daniel 164

Wells, William 36

Wells, (Hon.) William H. Early Su-
perintendent of Schools in Chicago 48

Wentworth, (Hon.) John 60, 70, 91

Wentworth, (Hon.) John. Mayor of
CHiicago 60

Wentworth, (Hon.) John. Quoted on

John Hossack 60

West, E. 1 185

Westenberger, (Mrs.) Gary 27

"Western British American" 56

Western Observer, June 14, 1831.... 145

West India Islands 239

West Virginia 190

Wharton, Samuel 197, 203

Wharton, Thomas 211

PAGE.

Wheat. Illinois production, 1860.

(Comparison witli later dates 102

Wheatland Township, Will Co., 111... 61

Wheaton, 111. Wheaton College 65

M'heeling, 0 125, 176

Wheeling, Va 162

Whig Party. Joseph Duncan affiliates

with 146

Whistler, (Capt.) John 39, 40, 75

Whistler, James McNeil 75

White Creek Springs, Ky 185

Whitehouse. (Bishop) Henry J 42

Whitlock, J 170

Whitlock, James 187

Whitney, Reuben M 155

Wicks, John F 24

Wigtownshire, Scotland 54, 62, 79

Wilkins. (Lieut.-Col.) John. Briti-sh

Commandant Illinois Country

192. 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 210, 211
Wilkins, (Lieut.-Col.) John. British
Commandant at Fort Chartres ....

193, 194, 195, 197

Wilkinson, John P 147, 164

Willard, (Dr.) Samuel. Brief his-
tory of early education in Illinois.

Reference 47

Will, C 170

Will Co., Ill 61, 62, 77

Will Co., 111. Scotch Settlement An-
nual Plowing match 61-62

Will Co., 111. Wheatland Township . . 61
William Murray, Trader and Land
Speculator in the Illinois Country.

By Anna Edith Marks 188-212

William of Orange. Warrior and

Statesman 33

Williamsburg, Va 205

Williams College, Williams, Mass. ... 42

Williams, Norman 71

Williams, Roger 86

Williamson, John. President of the

Illinois Saint Andrew Society 82

Willow Creek Presbyterian Church

64, 65

Wilson, C. E 24

Wilson, (Col.) Editor of a paper

published in Nashville, Terin 185

Wilson, (Col.) Quoted on President

Jackson 130

Wilson, James 206

Wilson, (Fourth Lt.) Robert. High-
land Guards 72

Wilson, William 187

Winchell, S. R 71

Winnebago Co., Ill 63, 66

Winnebago Co., 111. "Regulatoi-s"
formed to put down lawlessness in

the County 63

W"innebago Indians 41

Winston, Richard 201, 205, 211

Winston, Richard. An inhabitant of

Kaskaskia 211

Wisconsin State 62, 67, 207

Wisconsin State. Historical Society
Library. Draper manuscripts in.. 207

Wolcott, James G. Foot-note 85

Wolfe, (Gen.) James 38

Woman. Bowen, (Mrs.) Joseph T.
A sketch of the History of Wom-
en's work in the Illinois State

Council of Defense 27, 93-100

Woman's Committee of the Council of
National Defense. Illinois Division.

World War 93-100

Woman's Committee of the Council of
National Defense. Illinois Division.
Allied Relief Department 99

298

INDEX— Concluded.

PAGE.

Woman's Committee of the Council of