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HIRAM  W.   BECKWITH. 
President  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society.  1899-1903. 


PUBLICATION  NO.  8  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORICAL  LIBRARY 


TRANSACTIONS 


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For  the  Year  1903. 


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Springfield,  January  27  and  28,  1903, 


Published  by  Authority  of  the  Board  of  Trustees   of   the 
Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  1903. 


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SPRINGFIELD.  ILL,: 
Phillips  Bros.,  Stati  PBiimBS, 

1904. 


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PCBLICAHay  OCHOIIfTEZ     7  7ZZ  lUjyOIS  STATE 

HISTORICAL  ;iX.LETY. 


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IV 

2  able  of  Con^ew^s— Concluded. 

List  of  illustrations— 

1.  Frontispiece.    Portrait  of  H.  W.  Beckwlth,  president  of  the  Illinois  State  Histori- 

cal Society.  1899-1903 

2.  View  of  the  site  of  old  Port  Massac 38 

3.  Uniform  of  42d  or  Highland  Regiment  of  British  troops 46 

4.  Uniform  of  officers  of  U.  S.  Army 63,62 

5.  Map  of  the  Ohio  river  in  the  vicinity  of  Port  Massac 60 

6.  View  of  site  of  old  Port  Massac 60 

7.  Cutof  engine  and  coach  used  on  early  railroads  of  the  United  States 6S 

8.  The  old  State  House  at  Springfield 73 

9.  Edward  Coles,  second  Governor  of  Illinois 97 

10.  Last  relic  of  Fort  Chartres,  1903 105 

11.  Gen.  E.  B.  Hamilton 122 

12.  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark 166 

13.  John  McLean  memorial  tablet 190 

14.  Hon.  Thomas  Sloo 202 

16.  Abraham  Lincoln  in  1858 221 

16.  Schuyler  county  court  house  at  Rushvllle 224 

17.  The  Sauganash  hotel,  Chicago 284 

18.  Philo  Carpenter,  the  first  druggist  In  Chicago 258 

19.  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6 276 

20.  Lovejoy  monument  at  Alton 289 

2L  Chicago  Wigwam  of  1860 291 

22.  English  Colony  House  at  Albion 292 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY,  JANUARY,  1903- JANUARY,  1904. 

Presidenf, 
J.  F.  Snyder,  Virginia,  111. 

1st   Vice  President, 
H.  W.  Beckwith,  Danville,  111. 

2d  Vice  President, 
EvARTS  B.  Greene,  Urbana,  111. 

3d  Vice  President, 
Wm.  Vooke,  Chicago,  III. 

Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  Springfield,  111. 

Board  of  Directors, 

The  President;  the  Secretary;  E.  J.  James,  Ph.  D.,  President 
Northwestern  University,  Evanston;  Geo.  N.  Black,  Springfield,  111,; 
David  MoCuUoch,  Peoria,  111.;  J.  H.  Burnham,  Bloomington,  111.; 
M.  H.  Chamberlin,  President  McKendree  College,  Lebanon,  111. 

Honorary  Vice  Presidents, 

The  Presidents  of  the  following  named  local  historical  societies: 
Champaign  County  Historical  Society,  J.  O.  Cunningham,  President, 
Urbana,  111.;  Chicago  Historical  Society,  J.  N.  Jewett,  President, 
Chicago,  111.;  DeKalb  County  Historical  Society;  Evanston  Histor- 
ical Society,  H,  B.  Hurd,  President,  Evanston,  111.;  German  Amer- 
ican Historical  Association,  Wm.  Vocke,  President,  Chicago,  111.; 
Logan  County  Historical  Society,  James  T.  Hoblit,  President,  Lin- 
coln, 111.;  McLean  County  Historical  Society,  George  P.  Davis, 
President,  Bloomington,  111. ;  Maramech  Historical  Society,  J.  F. 
Steward,  President,  Chicago,  111,;  Massac  County  Historical  Society, 
S.  B.  Kerr,  President,  Metropolis,  111.;  Old  Settlers  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, Randolph  County,  Frank  Moore,  President,  Chester,  111.; 
Quincy  Historical  Society,  Lorenzo  Bull,  President,  Quincy,  III; 
Stillman  Valley  Battle  Monument  Association,  Lovejoy  Johnson, 
President,  Stillman  Valley,  111. 


VI 


MEMBERS  OF   THE    ILLINOIS    STATE    HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY. 


HONORARY  MEMBERS. 

♦Boal,  Dr.  Robert Lacon.IIl. 

Bradwell,  Judge  James  B  Chlcagro.  111. 

Edwards,  Mrs.  Benjamin  S.. Springfield, 111. 

Johnson,  Hon.  Chas.  P St.  Louis. Mo. 

*McClernand,  Gen.  John  A.. .Springfield,  111. 

McClernand,  Mrs.  John  A Springfield,  111. 

Morrison,  Mrs.  I.  L Jacksonville,  111. 

•Palmer.  Gen.  John  M Springfield,  111. 

Palmer.  Mrs.  John  M Springfield,  111. 

♦Huggles,  Gen.  James  M Havana,Ill. 

♦Stuart,  Mrs.  John  f Springfield,  111. 

Thwaites.  R.  G Madison,  Wis- 

Yates.    Mrs.    Catherine    (Mrs.    Richard 
Yates,   Sr. ) Jacksonville,  111. 

ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

(This  list  includes  all  members,  including 
those  who  have  joined  the  Society  since 
the  annual  meeting,  up  to  and  including 
August  1,  1903.) 

Anderson.  Horace  G Peoria,  111, 

Bangs,  J.  E Springfield.  111. 

Bangs,  Margaret  M.  (Mrs.  J.  E.) 

Springfield,  111. 

Barker.  H.  E Springfield,  111. 

Barry,  Hon.  P.  T.  (life  member) 

No.  77-79  Jefferson  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Beckwith,  Judge  H.  W Danville,  111. 

Berry,  D Carmi,  111. 

Black,  Geo.  N SpringfieM.  HI. 

Black,  Mrs.  Geo.  N Springfield,  111. 

Blanchard.  Rufus Whearon.  HI. 

Breevoort,  J.  H Rutland,  111. 

Brown.  Hon.  C.  C SprlDgfield,  111. 

Brown,  Mrs.  C.  C Springfield.  111. 

Brydges,  W.  R....227  Division  st., Elgin,  111. 

Bnrnap,  Prof.  W.  L.,  Lake  Forest  Uni- 
versity  Lake  Forest,  111. 

Burnham,  Capt  J.  H Bloomington,  111. 

Bush,  Hon.  J.  M Pittsfield.  111. 

Capen,  Chas.  L Bloomiigton.  ill. 

Carriel.  Mrs.  Mary  Turner  (Mrs.  H.  F.) 
Jacksonville,  111. 

Chamberlin,  M.  H.  (President  McKen- 
dree  College) Lebanon,  111. 

Clark.  Prof.  Olynthns Eureka.  111. 

Clary,  Prof.  J.  M.  (President  Greer  Col- 
lege)   Hcopeston,  111. 

Clendenin,  Hon.  H.  W Sprinefield,  111. 

Collins,  W.  H Quincy,  111. 

Congdon,  Geo.  E Waterman,  111. 

Conkllng.  Hon.  Clinton  L.... Springfield,  111. 

Cook,  J.  S... LeRoy,  111. 

Cooper,  Hon.  John  L Fairfield,  111. 

Crabbe,  Mrs.  Harriet  Palmer  (Mrs.  E.  G.) 
618  S.  8th  St.,  Springfield,  111. 

Crandon,  Frank  P 

1414  Forest  av.,  Evanston,  111. 

Cunningham,  Judge  J.  O Urbana,  111. 


Curry,  J,  Seymour E  vanston.  111. 

Cushing,  Prof.  J.  P New  Haven,  Conn. 

Davis,  George  P Bloomington,  111. 

Davis,  J.  McCan Springfield.  111. 

Davis,  Mrs.  J.  McCan Springfield,  111. 

Davis.  W.  W Sterling,  111. 

Dearborn,  Hon.  LutherM 

Title  and  Trust  bldg..  Chicago,  111. 

Degge.  A.  R Petersburg.  111. 

Dieffenbacher,  Philip  L Havana.  111. 

Dilg,  Charles  A 

Lake  View,  606  Dlversy  boul..  Chicago,  111. 

Dilg,  Philip  H 

Lake  View,  1727  Oakdale  av.,  Chicago,  111. 

Dougherty,  N.  C Peoria,  111. 

Dunn.  Mrs.  Julia  Mills Moline,  111. 

Edwards,  Dr  Richard Bloomington.  Ill, 

Engelmann.  Mrs.  Mary  E LaSalle.  IlL 

Eschmann,  Rev.  C.  J.. Prairie du  Rocher,  111. 

Fairbanks,  Rev.  John  B Jacksonville,  111. 

Faxon.  Hon.  E.  W Piano,  111. 

Felmly,  Prof.  David Normal,  111. 

Fisher.  Albert  Judson  (historian  Illinois 
Society  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution ) 

No  604  Masonic  Temple.  Chicago.  111. 

For !)es.  Prof.  S.  A.  ( University  of  Illinois) 
Urbana.  111. 

French.  Dr.  A.  W Springfield,  111. 

FuLk.  Hon.  D.  M Bloomington,  111. 

Funk.  Hon.  LaFayette Bloomington,  111. 

Qarrett.T  M 

No  301  Ontario,  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Gillespie,  Mrs.  David Lincoln,  111. 

Greene.  Prof.  Evarts  B.  (University  of 
Illinciw) Urbana,  111. 

Grldley,  J.N Virginia,  111. 

Gross,  Lewis  M Sycamore,  111. 

Gross,  W.  L Springfield,  111. 

Haines,  .lames Pekin,  111. 

Hall  Henry  H 

W.  College  av.,  Jacksonville,  111, 

Hardy,  H-  L , Chicago,  111. 

Hatton,  Frederick  Hammond 

Rock  Island,  111. 

Harvick.  Arthur  L Vienna,  HI. 

Hay,  Logan Springfield,  111. 

Heinl,  Frank  J Jacksonville,  111. 

Henderson.  Judge  John  G 

..No.  416.417  Roanoke  bldg.,  Chicago,  IlL 

Henninger,  Prof.  J.  W Macomb,  111. 

*Hood,  Dr.  H.  H Litchfield,  111. 

Hood,  Mrs.  H.  H Litchfield,  111. 

Hostetter,  A.  B Springfield.  IlL 

Houston.  J.  W Berwick,  IlL 

James.  Dr.  Edmund  J.  (President North- 
western University)  Evanston,  111. 

James,  Prof.  J.  A.  (Northwestern  Uni- 
versity)   Evanston,  111. 

Jayne,  Dr.  William Springfield,  111. 

Jones.  Miss  EmmaF Springfield,  111. 

Kane,  Judge  Charles  P Springfield,  111. 

Kepley,  Henry  B Efiangbam.  111. 


♦  Deceased. 


VII 


List  of  Members — Continued. 


Kerrick.  Hon.  L.  H Bloomlngton.  III. 

Kimball,  Kev.  Clarence La  Junta.  Colo. 

Kirby,  Hon.  E.  P Jacksonville.  111. 

Lewis,  Hon.  Ira  W Dixon,  111. 

Little,  Mrs.  Helen.  M.  J.... Bloomlngton,  111. 

Lodge.  William  F Monticello,  111. 

McAdams,  William.  Sr 

R.  R.  No.  13.  Kansas.  Edgar  Co.,  111. 

Manny.  Walter  I Mt.  Sterling.  III. 

Marmon.  Mrs.  W.  W Bloomlngton,  111. 

McConnel,  Q.  M.  (Chicago  Chronicle) 
Chicago.  111. 

MeCormlck.  Prof.  Henry  (Normal  Uni- 
versity)   Normal.  111. 

McCuUoch,  Judge  David Peoria,  111. 

McPike.  H.  (i Alton.  111. 

Meese.  Hon.  William  A Moline,  111. 

Merritt.  Hon.  E.  L Springfield,  III. 

Mills,  Richard  W Virginia,  111. 

Miner.  Dr.  James Winchester,  111. 

Moss,  John  R Mt.  Vernon,  111. 

Norton,  W.  F Alton.  111. 

Orendorff.  Hon.  Alfred Springfield,  111. 

Orendorflf.  Hon.  John  B.... Bloomlngton,  111. 

Osborne,  Miss  QeorgiaL 

Jacksonville,  111. 

Page,  Prof.  E.  C.  (Normal  School) 

DeKalb.  111. 

•Palmer,  Hon.  John  Mayo Chicago,  111, 

Palmer.  Mrs.  John  Mayo Chicago,  III. 

Parker.  C.  M Tavlorville.  111. 

Pearson.  J.  M olodfrey.Jll. 

Perrin.  Hon.  J.  N Lebanon,  111. 

Primm,  Enoch  W ..Belleville.  111. 

Pierce,  Frederick  C.  (vice  president  and 
secretary  Sherman  Historical  Asso- 
ciation  P.  O.  box  No.  244,  Chicago.  111. 

Pitner.  Dr.  T.  J Jacksonville.  111. 

Prince.  Ezra  M Bloomlngton.  111. 

Putnam.  Prof.  J.  W.  (Cornell  University) 
Madison,  Wis. 

Quincy  Historical  Society Qulncy,  111. 

Roosa,  Mrs.  S.  V Springfield,  111. 

Sayler.  H.  L 

No.  138  Jackson  boul..  Chicago.  111. 

Sanders,  Col.  George  A.... ..Springfield,  111. 

Sattley.  Miss  Olive Springfield.  111. 

Schmitt.  Dr.  Otto  L 

No.  3328  Michigan  av..  Chicago,  111. 

Scott.  Edgar  S Springfield.  111. 

Scott,  Julia  Green  (Mrs.  M.  T.) 

Bloomlngton,  111. 


Selby.  Paul Chicago.  111. 

Sheets.  J.  M Oblong.  111. 

Sheppard,  Prof.  R.  D.  (Northwestern 
University) Evanston,  HI. 

Smith,  Col.  D.  C Normal,  111. 

Smith,  George  W.  (Southern  Illinois 
Normal  University) Carbondale.  Ill, 

Snlvely.  Hon.  E.  A Springfield,  111. 

Snlvely,  Katherine  Dubois  (Mrs  E.  A.) 
Springfield,  111. 

Snyder,  Dr.  J.  F Virginia.  111. 

SparKs,  Prof.  E.  E.  (University  of  Chi- 
cago)  Chicago,  III. 

Spear.  S.  L Springfield.  111. 

Stearn?,  Arthur  K 

...No.  112-114  Genesee  st.,  Waukegan.  III. 

Stennett.  Dr.  W.  H No. 

303  Linden  av..  Oak  Park.  Cook.  Co..  111. 

Stevens,  F.  E No.  1205  Cham- 
ber  of   Commerce   bldg.,   Chicago.   III. 

Steward.  John  F 

No.  1889  Sheridan  road..  Chicago.  III. 

Stubblefield.  Hon.  Geo.  W..  Bloomlngton.  III. 

♦Stuve,  Dr.  Bernard 

No.  526  S.  7th  St..  Springfield.  HI. 

Taylor.  Mrs.  Harriet  Rumsey.  LaGrange.  111. 

Thayer.  Miss  Maude Springfield.  111. 

Tomlin.  Mrs.  Eliza.  I.  H 

No.  904  S.  Main  St..  Jacksonville,  111. 

Vocke.  Hon.  William  (president  German- 
American  Historical  Society) 

....No.  103  109  Randolph  st.,  Chicago,  III. 

Walte,  Dr.  H.  N Johnson,  Vermont. 

Wallace,  Joseph Springfield,  111. 

Weber,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer.. Springfield,  111. 

Wertz,  Miss  Adda.  P Carbondale,  111, 

West.  Hon.  Simeon  H Leroy.  111. 

Wheeler.  Mrs.  Katherine  Qoss  (Mrs.  S. 
P.) Springfield.  111. 

Wheeler.  Judge  S.  P Springfield,  111. 

Wheeler.  C.  Gilbert 

No.  14  State  St.,  Chicago,  III. 

Wightman,  G.  P Lacon,  111. 

Wiles,  Alice  Bradford  (Mrs.  Robert  H.) 
No.  5711  Woodlawn  av.,  Chicago,  111. 

WUlcox,  E.  S Peoria,  HI. 

Worthington,  Hon.  Thomas 

Jacksonville.  111. 

Worthington.  Miriam  Morrison  (Mrs. 
Thomas) Jacksonville,  111. 

Wyckoflf,  Dr.  Charles  T.  Bradley  Poly- 
technic Institute) Peoria.  111. 


Deceased. 


VIII 


CONSTITUTION  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORTICAL.SOCIETY. 

(Organized  June,  1899;   Incorporated  May,  1900,  made  a   Department  !of  the   Illinois  :State 

Historical  Library.  July  1,  1903.) I 

CONSTITUTION. 

Article  I.    Name  and  Objects. 

Sec.  1.  The  name  of  this  society  shall  be  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Society. 

Sec.  2.    The  objects  to  be  sought  by  this  society'shall  be:' 

(1)  To  search  out  and  preserve  in  periranent  form  for  the  use  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  State  of  Illinois,  facts  and  data  in  the  history  of  the  State,  and  of 
each  counts^  thereof,  including  the  prehistoric  periods  and  the  history  of  the 
aboriginal  inhabitants,  together  with  biographies  of  distinguished  persons 
who  have  rendered  services  to  the  people  of  the  State. 

(2)  To  accumulate  and  preserve  for  like  use  books,  pamphlets,  news- 
papers and  documents  bearing  upon  Ihe  foregoing  topics.; 

(3)  To  publish  from  time  to  time  for  like  uses  its  own  transactions,  as  well 
as  such  facts  and  documents  bearing  upon  its  objects  as  it  may  secure. 

(4)  To  accumulate  for  like  use  such  articles  of  historic  interest  as  may 
bear  upon  the  history  of  persons  and  places  within  the  State. 

(5)  To  receive  by  gift,  grant,  devise,  bequest  or  purchase  books,  libraries, 
museums,  monies  and  real  property  and  other  property  in  aid  of  the  above 
objects. 

Article  II.    Membership. 

Soc.  1.  Any  person  may  become  an  active  member  of  the  society  on  pay- 
ment of  the  initiation  fee  of  $1. 

Sec.  2.    The  annual  fee  for  active  members  shall  be  $1. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person  eligible  for  active  membership  may  become  a  life 
member  on  payment  of  a  fee  of  $25.  Life  members  shall  be  exempt  from  the 
payment  of  annual  membership  fees. 

Sec.  4.  Honorary  membership  may  be  conferred  upon  any  person  who  has 
distinguished  himself  or  herself  by  services  or  contributions  to  the  society  or 
the  cause  of  history,  upon  the  nomination  of  the  president  and  confirmation 
lay  the  board  of  directors. 

Article  III.    Meetings. 

Sec.  1.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  society  shall  be  held  at  such  time  and 
place  in  the  month  of  January  as  may  be  designatedby  the  board  of  directors. 

Sec.  2.    Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  president. 

Sec.  3.  At  any  meeting  of  the  society  the  attendance  of  ten  members  en- 
titled to  vote  shall  be  necessary  to  constitute  a  quorum. 


IX 

Article  IV.    Officers. 

Sec.  1.  The  officers  of  the  society  shall  be  a  president,  such  vice  presidents 
as  may  be  deemed  best  by  the  society,  a  secretary,  a  historian,  a  treasurer, 
and  a  board  of  directors  consisting  of  the  president,  the  secretary  and  five 
other  members  of  the  society. 

Sec.  2.  All  of  the  officers  of  the  society  shall  be  elected  by  ballot,  annually, 
at  the  regular  annual  meeting  in  January,  except  that  the  society  may  desig- 
nate particular  officers  to  be  elected  for  an  indeterminate  period. 

Sec.  3.  The  duties  of  the  president,  the  vice  presidents  and  the  secretary 
and  the  treasurer  shall  be  those  usually  appertaining  to  such  officers.  The 
secretary  shall  also  act  as  secretary  to  the  board  of  directors.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  board  of  directors  to  prepare  the  programmes  for  the  annual 
meetings  of  the  society  and  to  perform  such  other  functions  as  may  from  time 
to  time  be  entrusted  to  it  by  the  society. 

Sec.  4.  The  board  of  directors  shall  at  each  annual  meeting  present 
through  the  secretary  a  report  of  the  finances  of  the  society,  and  on  its  work 
during  the  preceding  year,  together  with  such  recommendations  as  may  seem 
to  them  appropriate. 

Article  V.    Board  of  Directors. 

Sec.  1.    The  board  of  directors  shall  have  general  charge  and  control  of  all 
the  property  of  the  society,  shall  make  and   approve   all  its    contracts,  shall 
direct  the  librarian  in  the  selection  and  purchase  of  books  and  other   histori 
cal  matter,  shall  see  to  the  carrying  out  of  all  orders  of    the  society  and  shall 
perform  all  duties  prescribed  b>  the  by  laws. 


— B  H 


TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY. 


Fourth  Annual  Meeting   of   the   Illinois   State   Historical 

Society  Jan,  27  and  28,  1903,  State  Library  Room, 

Capitol  Building,  Springfield. 

BUSINESS   meeting. 

Tuesday,  Jan.  27,  10:00  a.  m. 

Vice  President  J.  F.  Snyder  in  the  ohair,  in  the  absence  of  Presi- 
dent H.  W.  Beckwith.  The  secretary  made  a  verbal  report,  and 
asked  further  time  to  prepare  a  report  for  the  records  of  the  society. 
On  motion  of  M.  H.  Chamberlin,  seconded  by  George  N.  Black,  the 
secretary's  report  was  accepted  and  approved. 

J.  H.  Burnham,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  local  historical 
Societies  read  the  report  of  that  committee.  On  motion  of  George  N. 
Black  the  report  was  approved  and  accepted. 

Mr.  George  N.  Black.chairman  of  the  committee  on  legislation,  asked 
that  that  committee  be  allowed  further  time,  before  making  its  re- 
port. Dr.  Chamberlin  moved  that  further  time  be  granted.  Dr. 
•Chamberlin's  motion  was  carried. 

The  St.  Louis  Exposition  Committee  report  was  called  for  by  the 
presiding  officer.  Dr.  E.  J.  James,  chairman  of  the  committee,  being 
absent,  the  report  of  the  committee  was  read  by  J.  H.  Burnham. 
Adopted  and  approved. 

Captain  Burnham  read  a  personal  report  of  his  visits  to  the  his- 
torical societies  of  Wisconsin  and  Indiana,  and  of  the  meeting  at 
Urbana  of  the  sub-committee  of  the  Illinois  Commission  to  the 
Louisiana  Exposition  at  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Chamberlin  moved  that  discussion  on  this  report  be  allowed, 
motion  seconded  by  Dr.  William  Jayne,  carried.  Dr.  Chamberlin 
moved  seconded  by  Dr.  Jayne,  that  the  thanks  of  the  society  be 
tendered  Captain  Burnham  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  society  in 
thus  traveling  to  other  states  in  its  interests,  and  for  his  able  and 
instructive  report  of  his  visits,  carried.  George  N.  Black,  chairman  of 
the  finance  committee,  read  the  report  of  that  committee.  The  re- 
port was  approved  and  accepted. 

The  report  of  the  committee  appointed  by  the  president  to  attend 
the  ceremonies  attendant  upon  the  installation  of  Dr.  E.  J.  James  as 


president  of  the  Northwestern  University  at  Evanston,  Oct.  19,  1902, 
was  read  by  the  secretary.  It  was  moved  by  Mr.  Black  and  seconded 
by  Dr.  Ohamberlin  that  this  report  be  accepted  and  placed  on  file  in 
the  records  of  the  society.  Adopted.  (N.  B.  The  report  is  in  the 
form  of  a  letter  from  Prof.  E.  C.  Page  of  De  Kalb,  111.) 

The  secretary  read  an  invitation  to  the  society  and  its  individual 
members  to  attend  a  meeting  of  the  Chicago  Historical  society  Jan. 
29,  1903.  Dr.  Chamberlin  moved  that  the  thanks  of  this  society  be 
sent  to  the  Chicago  Historical  society  for  the  invitation,  and  that  the 
Chicago  Historical  society  be  asked  to  present  this  society  with 
copies  of  the  addresses  delivered  at  the  meeting. 

The  secretary  read  a  letter  from  L.  R.  Bryant  of  Princeton,  repre- 
senting the  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  Old  Settlers'  association,  sug- 
gesting co-operation  with  the  State  Historical  society  and  asking 
suggestions.  Discussion  followed  the  reading  of  this  letter.  Cap- 
tain Burnham  moved  that  a  greeting  and  thanks  be  sent  the  society, 
through  Mr.  Bryant.     Carried. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  acting  president  and  chairman,  called  Dr.  A.  W. 
French  to  the  chair. 

Dr.  Snyder  addressed  the  society  on  the  subject  of  an  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  society.  It  was  suggested  that  in  the  ab- 
sence of  Judge  David  McCulloch,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
By-Laws,  that  the  matter  of  the  amendment  be  continued,  etc.  This 
suggestion  put  in  the  form  of  a  motion  by  Dr.  Chamberlin  was  offered, 
seconded  and  carried.  Moved  that  the  Committee  on  By-Laws  and 
matters  connected  with  it  be  continued.     Carried. 

Mr.  Burnham  made  a  motion  that  80  days'  notice  to  the  members  of 
the  society  be  necessary  in  cases  where  amendments  to  the  Constitution 
are  contemplated.  This  motion  was  carried  and  such  30  days'  notice 
to  the  members  of  the  society  is  now  necessary  before  an  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  can  be  voted  upon  by  the  society. 

Dr.  Snyder,  chairman  of  the  Program  committee  read  the  report 
of  that  committee.  On  motion  of  Dr.  Chamberlin,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Black,  the  report  was  approved  and  adopted. 

Necrologist's  report.  Dr.  Snyder  read  memorial  addresses  on  de- 
ceased members  Gen,  E.  B.  Hamilton  of  Quincy  and  James  Affleck 
of  Belleville.  These  memorial  addresses  were  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Greorge  N.  Black,  seconded  by  Dr.  Jayne,  accepted  by  thesociety,  and 
the  secreiary  directed  to  place  them  in  the  records,  and  publish  them 
in  the  transactions  of  the  society. 

Dr.  Snyder  read  resolutions  of  sympathy  for  Judge  David  McCul- 
loch in  his  recent  bereavements.  These  resolutions  were  on  motion 
of  Mr.  Black,  adopted  by  a  rising  vote,  and  the  secretary  was  directed 
to  forward  to  Judge  McCulloch  a  copy  of  the  resolutions. 


An  expressiou  of  eyinpathy  by  the  Illinois  State  Historical  society 
for  Hon.  David  McCulloch,a  member  of  its  Board  of  Directors. 

We  have  learned,  with  the  deepest  regret  of  the  sad  bereavement  of  our 
much  esteemed  associate,  Judge  David  McCulloch,  of  Peoria,  by  the  recent 
death  of  his  onlv  daughter  and  his  wife. 

The  cherished  child  who  had  filled  his  home  with  the  sunlight  of  joy  and 
love;  the  beloved  wife,  Mrs.  Mary  Hemphill  McCulloch,  whose  gentle,  faith- 
ful and  inspiring  companionship  throughout  his  prominent  career  cheered 
him  in  adversity  and  rejoiced  in  his  triumph;  the  angelic  friend  of  the  needy 
and  distressed;  respected  and  revered  by  the  entire  community  for  her  ex- 
alted virtues,  her  piety,  generous  kindness  and  benevolence, — were,  within 
the  space  of  a  few  weeks,  when  in  the  enjoyment  of  health  and  all  the  com- 
forts and  happiness  of  life,  stricken  down,  and  after  brief  illness,  taken  from 
him  and  consigned  to  the  grave. 

In  the  presence  of  such  an  overpowering  affliction  mere  words  can  afford  no 
consolation;  nor  avail  in  the  least  to  remove  the  great  burden  of  grief — hu- 
man efforts  are  powerless  to  dispel  the  gloom  of  its  sorrow.  Yet,  the  dictates 
of  friendship  and  duty,  and  the  high  regard  and  esteem  we  entertain  for 
our  honored  fellow-member  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  society  impel  us 
to  extend  to  him,  in  his  unspeakable  loss,  assurance  of  our  profound  sympa- 
thy, and  sincere  expressions  of  our  heartfelt  condolence. 

Captain  Burnbam  made  a  motion  that  discussion  on  papers  and 
addresses  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  presiding  officer. 

Dr.  B.  Stuv6  moved  an  amendment  to  the  motion  before  the  society, 
(Burnham's.)  that  the  author  or  the  person  who  reads  the  paper,  or 
any  member  of  the  society  may  ask  a  discussion  of  the  paper. 

Dr.  A.  W.  French  objected  to  any  discussion  or  criticism  of  papers. 
The  vote  being  put,  Captain  Burnham's  original  motion  (the  discre- 
tion of  the  presiding  officer)  was  carried  by  a  rising  vote,  5  for  the 
original  motion,  2  for  the  motion  as  amended. 

It  being  announced  that  President  H,  W.  Beckwith  positively  de- 
clined re-election;  Dr.  M.  H  Chamberlin  read  resolutions  of  appre- 
ciation of  the  services  to  the  society  of  Judge  Beckwith,  and  its 
thanks  to  him  for  them.  Doctor  Chamberlin  moved,  seconded  by 
Mr.  Black,  that  these  resolutions  be  spread  on  the  records  of  the 
society,  and  that  the  secretary  be  directed  to  send  a  copy  of  them  to 
Judge  Beckwith.     Carried  by  a  rising  vote. 

GREETING  AND   RESOLUTION  OF  RESPECT  AND  ESTEEM  FOR    H.  W.     BECKWITH. 

The  State  Historical  Society  of  Illinois  holds  in  profound  esteem  the  em- 
inent services  of  Judere  H.  W.  Beckwith,  who  for  the  past  four  years — com- 
mencing with  the  origin  of  the  society — has  been  its  efficient  president.  Its 
members  regret  that  his  failing  health  should  prove  the  cause  of  his  refusal 
to  stand  for  re-election. 

His  eminent  services  to  the  State,  his  conspicuous  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 
State  Historical  Library,  his  exemplary  life  as  a  citizen,  call  for  unqualified 
esteem  and  admiration,  and  as  evidence  of  the  profound  regard  in  whieb  he 
is  held  by  this  association  we  recommend  that  this  testimonial  be  adopted  by 
a  rising  vote;  and  that  the  same  be  spread  on  the  record  of  the  proceedings 
of  this  meeting. 

Adopted  by  a  rising  vote. 


Doctor  Chamberlin  moved  the  acceptance  by  the  society  of  an  in- 
vitation to  a  reception  to  be  tendered  it  on  Wednesday,  Jan.  28,  8:00 
p.  m.,  by  Governor  and  Mrs.  Richard  Yates.     Carried. 

Doctor  Snyder,  in  the  chair,  named  Messrs.  Burnham,  Black,  Cham- 
berlin and  Jayne  as  a  committee  to  nominate  officers  for  the  follow- 
ing year,  Jan.  1903  to  Jan.  1904.  Mr.  Burnham  declined  to  act  and 
the  name  of  J.  MoCan  Davis  was  added  to  the  committee.  The 
committee  retired. 

During  the  absence  of  the  Nominating  committee  Capt.  J.  H. 
Burnham  made  some  remarks  explanatory  as  to  the  situation  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Commission,  as  to  amount  of  funds,  uses  of 
same,  requests  for  it,  etc.,  and  the  plans  of  the  society  in  asking 
future  appropriations,  etc.,  from  the  commission. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Barker  moved  that  a  committee  of  the  society  be  ap- 
pointed to  solicit  donations  and  loans  to  be  exhibited  at  the  Louis- 
iana Purchase  Exposition.     Carried. 

Capt.  J.  H.  Burnham  extended  an  urgent  invitation  to  the  society 
to  hold  its  next  annual  meeting,  January,  1904,  at  Bloomington,  Ills. 
Referred  to  board  of  directors. 

Dr.  A.  W.  French  moved  that  papers  read  at  annual  meetings  of 
the  society  and  not  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary  within  60  days  fol- 
lowing the  reading  of  the  same,  be  published  at'  the  discretion  of  the 
secretary.     Carried. 

The  Nominating  committee  made  its  report  of  the  following  per- 
sons for  officers  of  the  society,  January,  1903  to  January,  1904: 

President — J.  F.  Snyder,  Virginia. 

1st  Vice  President — H.  W.  Beekwith,  Danville.     . 

2nd  Vice  President — E.  B.  Greene,  Urbana. 

3rd  Vice  President — Hon,  Wm.  Vocke,  Chicago. 

Secretary  and  Treasurer — Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  Springfield, 

Board  of  Directors— E.  J.  James,  Geo,  N.  Black,  David  McCuIloch,  J.  H. 
Burnham,  M.  H,  Cnamberhn  (the  president,  the  secretary,) 

Report  signed, 

Wm.  Jayne, 

M.  H.  Chamberlin, 

J.  McCan  Davis. 

On  motion  of  Mr,  H.  E,  Barker  the  secretary  was  directed  to^cast 
the  ballot  of  the  society  for  the  above  named  persons  which  he  did 
and  the  persons  named  by  the  nominating  committee  were  declared 
elected. 

Captain  Burnham  moved  that  the  presidents  of  local  historical 
societies  be  honorary  vice  presidents  of  the  society.  This  motion  was 
carried,  and  Mr.  Geo,  P.  Davis,  President  McLean  County  Historical 
Society;  Mr.  J  F.  Steward,  President  Mararaech  Historical  Society; 
Hon.  John  M.  Jewett,  President  Chicago  Historical  Society;  Hon. 
Harvey  B.  Hurd,  President  Evanston  Historical  Society  (and  others, 
names  to  be  supplied)  be  made  honorary  vice  presidents  of  the 
society. 


Mr.  Black  moved  that:  Thiei  sooiety  desires  to  express  to  its  retir- 
ing secretary,  Mr.  J,  McCaa  Davis,  its  appreciation  of  his  labors  in 
behalf  of  the  sooiety  during  the  past  year,  and  to  thank  him  for 
them.  This  motion  was  seconded  by  Dr.  Wm,  Jayne  and  adopted 
by  a  rising  vote. 

On  motion  of  Doctor  Chamberlin  the  meeting  adjourned  at  12:15 
p.  m,,  to  meet  in  literary  session  at  2:00  p.  m. 


COMMITTEE    REPORTS. 


LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION  COMMITTEE. 

2o  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society, 

At  our  last  annual  meeting  it  was  suggested  that  our  society  endeavor  to 
assist  the  Illinois  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  in  decor- 
ating the  Illinois  Building,  by  introducing  paintings  of  historic  landscapes, 
portraits  of  our  great  men  and  women,  photographs  of  State  and  county 
monumentci,  pre  historic  collections  and  various  historical  illustrations. 

At  a  later  meeting  of  the  board  a  committee  was  appointed  to  confer  with 
the  commission.  This  committee  consisted  of  H.  W.  Beckwith,  Prof.  E.  J. 
James,  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  George  N,  Black  and  J.  H.  Burnham,  with  power 
to  act  for  the  whole  board  of  Directors. 

The  entire  committee,  with  one  exception,  met  the  members  of  the  Illinois 
Commission  at  the  Leland  hotel  in  September,  and  presented  a  brief  outline 
of  the  proposition,  which  was  very  favorably  received  by  the  commission. 
Want  of  time  prevented  immediate  action,  but  the  matter  was  informally 
turned  over  to  the  education  and  decoration  committees. 

Thus  far  this  may  be  considered  as  a  report  of  the  progress  made  by  the 
above  mentioned  committee,  but  something  further  should  be  presented, 
mainly  in  the  nature  of  my  personal  report. 

For  the  purpose  of  perfecting  our  knowledge  of  what  is  most  desirable  for 
a  State  Historical  Society  to  possess  as  an  historical  museum,  I  was  requested 
to  visit  some  of  the  State  societies  of  neighboring  states,  in  order  to  be  pre- 
pared to  make  a  report  to  the  directors,  to  be  used  as  a  basis  for  future 
action.  I  therefore  visited  the  State  Historical  Society  at  Indianapolis,  and 
the  State  Museum,  Library  and  Society  at  Madison,  Wis.  As  a  result  of 
these  visits,  I  have  gathered  many  ideas  concerning  what  I  conceive  to  be 
proper  objects  and  subjects  for  our  society  to  pursue  and  study,  but  as  the 
enumeration  of  these  matters  would  consume  much  time  it  has  hardly  seemed 
to  me  desirable  here  to  attempt  to  do  full  justice  to  the  whole  matter.  At 
another  time  this  can  be  done,  and  a  more  definite  statement  than  the  present 
can  be  made  in  regard  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  project. 

After  my  visit  to  these  societies,  I  was  invited  to  meet  at  the  State  Univer- 
sity at  Urbana,  on  December  I3th,  with  the  Education  Committee  of  the 
State  Commission.  Several  of  the  leading  educators  of  this  State  were  also 
present.  It  was  learned  that  of  the  $250,000  appropriated  by  the  State,  $100,000 
are  set  apart  for  the  construction,  decoration,  care  and  maintenance  of  the 
Illinois  building,  and  $150,000  for  educational,  agricultural,  horticultural, 
mechanical  and  all  other  exhibits  of  the  State,  to  be  shown  in  various  appro- 
priate parts  of  the  exposition  grounds. 

Our  plans  were  set  forth  to  the  committee  by  a  written  statement  from 
Professor  James,  one  of  our  committee,  with  a  very  brief  oral  addition  from 
myself  and  they  were  very  well  received  by  the  members  of  the  Educational 
Committee  present.    But  inasmuch  as  our  plans   contemplate   assisting   the 


committee  mainly  by  decoration  of  the  building  with  maps,  oil  paintings  and 
photographs,  busts,  and  portraits,  together  with  antiquarian  and  prehistoric 
relics,  and  so  forth,  it  appeared  that  the  decoration  instead  of  the  education 
committee  would  be  most  interested  in  our  proposed  work. 

I  saw  at  the  architect's  office  in  Chicago,  the  plans  which  have  been 
adopted  by  the  commission  for  the  Illinois  building,  and  a  contract  will  soon 
be  let  for  its  construction.  From  all  I  can  learn,  the  cost  of  this  building 
will  absorb  all  or  more  than  the  money  set  apart  tor  its  construction  and 
decoration,  but  I  found  it  was  considered  advisable  to  make  an  application 
for  $10,000  of  this  amount  for  our  use,  with  the  distinct  understanding,  how- 
ever, that  when  the  Committee  on  Decoration  holds  its  meeting  our  applica- 
tion may  be  considered  as  being  most  appropriately  in  their  department. 

It  also  appears  to  be  the  general  opinion  that  the  State  of  Illinois  will  need 
much  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million,  in  order  to  make  an  adequate  display  at 
St.  Louis,  and  that  the  Legislature  will  be  called  upon  to  make  a  much  larger 
appropriation,  and  that  if  this  is  done,  an  itemized  application  will  be  made, 
in  which  application  a  very  generous  sum  should  be  set  apart  for  the  objects 
advocated  by  our  society. 

It  is  therefore  possible  that  we  may  have  some  reasonable  share  in  the 
work,  even  if  no  additional  appropriation  is  made,  while  if  more  money  is 
allowed,  our  prospects  are  sufficiently  promising  to  warrant  this  Board  of 
Directors  in  following  up  the  same  line  of  action  we  have  hitherto  pursued. 

Our  plans  and  objects  have  been  well  advertised  through  the  press,  and 
from  letters  received  by  myself,  I  feel  satisfied  ihat  there  is  a  very  satisfactory 
public  sentiment  already  aroused  in  our  behalf,  and  that  the  way  is  open 
before  us,  if  we  are  able  to  follow  it,  to  carry  our  plans  to  a  successful  result. 

In  conclusion,  I  wish  to  suggest  that  as  we  are  at  present  organized,  it 
appears  to  me  almost  impossible  to  go  much  farther  as  we  are  now  proceed- 
ing, and  that  we  must  soon  make  more  definite  and  reliable  arrangements 
than  we  have  at  present,  and  place  the  care  and  management  of  this  work  in 
the  hands  of  some  competent  person  who  can  take  all  the  time  needed  to  study 
the  subject,  attend  meetings  of  the  Commission  and  of  committees,  and  be 
fully  prepared  to  follow  out  the  aims  of  the  society,  through  all  the  changing 
intricacies  of  the  future.  Whenever  this  may  be  done,  or  whenever  the  di- 
rectors may  require  it,  I  can  soon  be  prepared  with  further  details  of  what  it 
has  seemed  to  me  desirable  for  us  to  attempt  to  accomplish. 

REPORT  OP  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLICATION. 

Inasmuch  as  the  lUioois  State  Histirical  Society  is  totally  destitute  of 
funds  to  defray  the  cost  of  printing,  the  accumulated  results  of  its  labors;  and 
is  wholly  indebted  for  the  publishing  of  its  annual  Iransactions  to  the  cour- 
tesy and  liberality  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  State  Historical  Library 
— said  Iransactions  appearing  when  issued  as  publications  of  that  board — 
your  Committee  on  Publication  necessarily  has  but  a  meagre  report  to  offer. 

However,  although  relieved  of  all  connection  with,  and  responsibility  for, 
the  mechanical  execution  of  our  only  publication  of  the  past  year,  the  1902 
Transactions  of  the  Society,  your  committee  found  ample  employment  in  col- 
lecting and  properly  arranging  the  various  papers  it  contains  and  securing 
the  illustrations  accompanying  them. 

The  State  Historical  Society,  in  its  brief  existence,  has  compiled  three 
volumes  of  annual  Transactions,  and  your  committee  "points  with  pride"  to 
the  fact  that  each  volume  exhibits  a  marked  improvement,  in  quantity  of 
matter  and  its  arrangement,  upon  the  one  preceding  it — a  fact,  however, 
evincing  progress  and  growth  of  the  society  aad  enlargement  of  its  sphere  of 
work,  rather  than  increased  efficiency  of  any  means  at  the  disposal  of  your 
committee. 

The  octavo  form  of  the  volume  was  adopted  to  correspond  with  that 
of  the  preceding  publicstions  of  the  State  Historical  Library ;  and  the  main  por- 
tion of  its  contents  comprises,  in  regular  order,  the  proceedings  of  the  last 


annual  meeting  of  the  society,  held  in  Jacksonville  on  the  23d  and  24th  of 
January,  1902.  The  "Addendum"  department  introduced  in  the  volume  is  a 
valuable  addition,  enabling  us  to  present  to  the  public  original  contributions 
to  Illinois  history  not  before  published,  obtained  from  various  sources.  We 
would  recommend  special  attention  to  be  given  in  future  to  this  department, 
and  its  enlargement  with  increased  facilities  for  publishing  our  annual 
volumes  hereafter. 

The  "In  Memoriam"  papers,  eulogistic  of  deceased  members,  should  here- 
after be  placed  in  a  defined  "Necrological  department"  of  annual  volumes 
for  biographical  notices,  more  or  less  extended,  of  members  of  this  society, 
and  of  old  pioneers  of  our  State,  who  have  departed  this  lite  since  the  last 
preceding  annual  meeting.  The  management  of  this  suggested  department 
should  be  entrusted  to  a  special  officer,  provided  for  by  our  Constitution,  to 
be  known  as  the  Historian  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society. 

Your  committee  regrets  exceedingly  the  unreasonable  delaj  in  the  publica- 
tion of  our  Iransactions,  and  most  earnestly  condemn  the  small  style  of  type 
employed  in  printing  them;  but  under  present  conditions  these  grave  short- 
comings are  entirely  beyond  our  control;  and  we  can  only  hope — and  pray — 
that  the  General  Assembly  will,  in  the  fulness  of  its  wisdom,  relieve  the  State 
Historical  Society  from  its  present  situation  of  helpless  dependence. 

The  portrait  cuts  and  maps  we  have  introduced  in  our  latest  volume  is,  we 
hope,  an  improvement  that  will  be  appreciated;  and  we  doubt  not,  will  be 
continued,  and  more  fully  amplified,  in  succeeding  annual  volumes. 

To  Hon.  Charles  Aldrich,  secretary  of  the  Iowa  Department  of  History,  to 
Mr.  John  A.  Atwood,  editor  of  the  Stillinan  Valley  limes,  to  the  Wisconsin 
Historical  Department,  and  to  Mr.  John  F.  Steward,  of  Chicago,  your  com- 
mittee is  greatly  indebted  for  the  kindly  loan  of  electrotypes.  And  for  index- 
ing,proof  reading  and  general  superintendence  of  publishing  the  recently  issued 
volumes  of  1902  Iransactions,  the  society  is  under  lasting  obligations  to  Mrs. 
Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  Librarian  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  and 
her  assistant,  Miss  Georgia  L.  Osborne. 

J.  F.  Snyder,  Chairman, 

J.  H.  BUNHAM, 

J.  McCan  Davis, 

Committee  on  Publication. 
Springfield,  Ills.,  Jan.  27,  1903. 

REPORT  OF  THE  PROGRAM  COMMITTEE. 

Your  Committee  on  Program  respectfully  submits  its  report  for  the  past 
year,  as  follows: 

Owing  to  its  constitution  requiring  the  regular  annual  meetings  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Historical  Society  to  be  held  in  midwinter,  when  the  weather  is 
usually  unpleasant  and  traveling  the  most  disagreeable;  at  that  time  also, 
when  our  senators  and  representatives  in  Congress,  and  other  government 
officials,  are  engaged  at  the  national  Capitol,  and  when  teachers  in  the  uni- 
versities, college?  and  other  educational  institutions  of  the  State  are  employed 
with  their  routine  duties  which  they  cannot  neglect,  we  have  been  unable  to 
secure  the  presence  and  active  co-operation  at  the  society's  annual  '^ueetings 
of  a  number  of  prominent  citizens  who  would  willingly  and  gladly  contribute 
to  our  Iransactions  the  results  of  their  historical  researches  and  labors,  were 
our  meetings  held  at  the  time  of  their  vacations,  in  the  milder  seasons  of  the 
year. 

In  preparing  the  program  of  exercises  for  this  meeting  we  extended  invita- 
tions to  several  persons,  profoundly  learned  in  Illinois  history  and  biography, 
to  favor  us  with  papers  or  addresses  appropriate  to  the  occasion;  and  those 
invitations  were  with  few  exception,  courteously  accepted;  but  after  the  lapse 
of  some  weeks,  several  of  their  recipients  found,  that  for  reasons  above 
named,  it  would  be  impracticable  for  them  to  fulfill  their  promises,  and — 
much  to  our  regret  and  disappointment — cancelled  their  engagements,  when 


8 

too  late  to  supply  their  places  with  others.  Quite  a  number,  however,  who 
signified  their  acceptance  of  our  invitations,  in  eompliauce  therewith — as  is 
seen  by  our  printed  programs — will  present  to  the  meeting  their  much-prized 
contributions. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  those  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  kindly  render  to  our 
society  such  valuable  assistance,  do  so  without  compensation  and  at  their  own 
expense  and  loss  of  time,  your  committee  would  suggest — as  a  graceful  ac- 
knowledgement— the  society  will  testify  to  each,  by  written  letter,  or  by  an 
earnest  expression  of  gratitude,  by  resolution  or  otherwise  in  open  meeting, 
our  high  appreciation  of  their  services. 

For  the  musical  feature  of  our  program  of  exercises  the  society  is  indebted 
to  the  ladies  of  Springfield,  who,  with  their  characteristic  elegant  taste,  and 
kindness,  arranged  it  to  enhance  the  interest  and  attractiveness  of  the  meet- 
ing. 

A  question  has  arisen  in  this  committee  of  the  propriety  of  varying 
the  arrangement  of  exercifes  of  our  annual  meetings  from  the  course  herto- 
fore  pursued,  by  inviting  general  oral  discussion  of  the  subject  treated  of  by 
each  speaker  or  reader,  immediately  following  said  papers  and  addresses. 
And  upon  that  question  your  committee  is  divided.  While  one,  of  the  three 
composing  the  committee,  is  earnestly  favorable  to  this  innovation,  another 
member  dissents,  for  the  reason  that — in  his  opinion — no  discussion  of  that 
kind  can  be  entirely  free  from  some  element  of  criticism;  and  that  anything 
savoring  of  criticism  of  a  paper  or  address,  voluntarily  and  gratuitously  con- 
tributed to  the  society  in  open  meeting,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  author  of  the 
paper  or  address,  would  be  in  exceeding  bad  taste,  if  not  positively  repre- 
hensible. As  this  question  has  before  been  mentioned  in  the  society,  or  Execu- 
tive Board,  meetings,  it  is  now  alluded  to  in  this  report  that  it  may  be  duly 
considered  by  the  present  business  meeting,  if  such  action  is  thought  to  be 
expedient  or  necessary. 

rJiln  closing  this  report  your  committee  begs  leave  to  call  the  society's  attention 
to  the  last  exercise  of  our  program,  the  cordial  invitation  you  have  received 
from  Governor  Y"ates — the  first  native  born  son  of  Illinois  called  by  its  people 
to  the  exalted  position  he  now  occupies,  whose  earnest  interest  in  the  welfare 
and  success  of  our  society  has  often  been  manifested— to  attend  his  proffered 
reception  at  the  Excutive  mansion  on  tomorrow  evening,  the  28th  inst. 

J.  F.  Snyder,  Chairman, 

J.  H.  BURNHAM, 

J.  MgCan  Davis, 

Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ON  LOCAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES. 

Bloomington,  III.,  Jan.  13,  1903. 

2o  the  Members  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society: 

Your  Committee  on  Local  Historical  Societies  was  appointed  late  in  the 
year,  at  the  September  meeting,  and  we  have  made  but  little  effort  in  the 
line  of  our  duty. 

In  the  month  of  October  a  county  historical  society  was  organized  at  Pitts- 
field,  Pike  county.  We  have  had  correspondence  with  parties  at  Eureka, 
Woodford  county,  where  the  preliminary  steps  were  taken  a  few  days  ago  to 
form  an  organization,  and  we  have  been  informed  that  at  Princeton,  Bureau 
county,  and  also  at  Edwardsville,  Madison  county,  it  is  probable  that  socie- 
ties will  soon  be  organized  and  we  are  hoping  to  hear  good  reports  from 
other  localities. 

We  believe  there  are  already  almost  as  many  historical  societies  in  Illinois 
as  are  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  adjoining  states. 

Of  societies  in  cities,  we  can  refer  to  one  in  Chicago,  one  in  Evanston,  one 
in  Rockford,  one  in  Elgin  and  one  in  Quincy. 

Of  county  societies  we  have  had  reported  from  first  to  last  the  following: 
Champaign,  DeKalb,  Jersey,  Kendall,  Logan,  Pike  and  McLean. 


We  believe  if  there  is  a  general  revival  of  interest  this  year  in  the  work  of 
the  State  Historical  Society,  that  the  societies  already  in  existence  will  be  of 
great  assistance  to  the  State  society,  and  that  our  society  can  very  readily  be 
the  means,  if  proper  exertions  are  made,  of  calling  into  existence  several 
more  influential  local  societies. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

J.    H.   BURNHAM, 

J.  0.  Cunningham, 
J.  McCan  Davis, 

Committee  on  Local  Historical  Societies. 


Literary  Session — 2:00  P.  M. 

Springfield,  Jan.  28,  1903. 

The  literary  sessions  were  carried  out  according  to  the  printed 
program,  except  that  in  the  absence  of  President  H.  W.  Beckwith, 
the  response  to  Lieutenant  Governor  Northcott's  address  of  welcome 
was  delivered  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  first  vice  president  of  the  society; 
and  on  account  of  the  absence  of  Prof.  E.  B.  Greene  and  Mr.  Ethel- 
bert  Stewart,  their  papers  were  read  by  Capt.  J.  H.  Burnham,  In 
the  afternoon  session  Prof.  E.  B.  Sparks  asked  permission  to  deliver 
a  few  remarks  on  the  necessity  for  marking  historic  spots  in  Illinois 
The  permission  was  granted,  and  he  delivered  a  brief  address  in  which 
he  made  the  suggestion  that  a  committee  of  the  society  be  appointed 
to  report  what  has  been  done  to  mark  historic  spots  in  the  State,  and 
to  suggest  means  by  which  the  custom  might  be  made  general,  or  at 
least  to  aid  in  extending  the  building  of  such  monuments,  It  was 
moved  by  Mr.  H.  E,  Barker  that  the  president  appoint  such  a  com- 
mittee, the  motion  was  seconded  and  carried, 

The  president  named  as  the  committee  for  marking  historic  sites 
in  Illinois,  Prof.  E.  B.  Sparks,  Chicago,  chairman;  Mrs,  Thos.  Worth- 
ington,  Jacksonville;  Mrs.  Helen  M.J  Little,  Bloomington;  Dr.  Wm. 
Jayne,  Springfield;  J.  McCan  Davis,  Springfield. 

At  the  close  of  the  afternoon  literary  session,  Hon.  C  P.  Kane 
moved  that  the  thanks  of  the  society  be  extended  to  the  speakers  for 
the  most  able,  instructive,  and  entertaining  addresses  delivered  be- 
fore the  society;  to  the  young  ladies  who  furnished  beautiful  music  at 
the  sessions,  Mrs,  Kobert  Jess,  Miss  Laura  Fisher  and  Miss  Mary 
Tiffany,  and  to  Gov.  and  Mrs,  Richard  Yates  for  their  hospitality  in 
inviting  the  society  to  a  reception  at  the  Executive  masion,  and  to 
the  committee  of  Springfield  ladies,  who  as  a  Reception  committee 
added  comfort  and  pleasure.     Carried  by  a  rising  vote. 

The  evening  session  of  Jan.  27,  1908,  was  held  in  the  Supreme 
Court  room. 

The  reception  given  to  the  society  Jan.  28,  1903,  by  Governor  and 
Mrs.  Yates  was  held  at  the  Executive  mansion.  Governor  and  Mrs. 
Yates  were  assisted  in  receiving  the  guests  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder, 
the  newly  elected  president  of  the  society,  and  by  the  ladies  of  the 
reception  committee. 


10 

The  county  judges  of  the  State  being  in  session  in  the  city  paid 
their  respects  to  the  Governor  and  Mrs.  Yates,  by  calling  at  the 
mansion  the  same  evening. 


PROGRAM  OF  EXERCISES. 


Tuesday,  January  27,  10:00  A.  M. 

Business  meeting  of  the  society,  secretary's  report,  reports  of  committees, 
•lectiou  of  officers  for  1903;  misceUaneous  business. 

2:00  p.m. 

"The  Mines  of  Jo  Daviess  County" Hon.  Wm.  Spensley,  Galena 

Music. 

"Old  Fort  Massac" Mrs.  M.  T.  Scott,  Bloomington 

8:00  p.  m. 

Music. 

"Address  of  Welcome" 

Hon.  W.  A.  Northcott,  Greenville,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Illinois 

Response Hon.  H.  W.  Beckwith,  Danville,  president  of  the  society 

Annual  Address,  "The  Constitutions  and  Constitutional  Conventions  of  Illi- 
nois"  Hon.  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  Bloomington 

Wednesday,  January  28,  9:30  A.  M. 

"Men  and  Manners  of  the  Early  Times  of  Illinois" 

Dr.  A.  W.  French,  Springfield 

Music. 

"Sectional  Forces  in  the  History  of  Illinois,  1818-1865," 

Prof.  E.  B.  Greece,  University  of  Illinois 

"Decisive  Events  in  the  Building  of  Illinois" W.  H.  Collins,  Quiney 

2:00  p.m. 

"Edward  Coles,  Second  Governor  of  Illinois" .  .Mrs.  S.  P.  Wheeler,  Springfield 

"Fort  Chartres" Joseph  Wallace,  Springfield 

Music. 

"A  Few  Notes  for  an  Industrial  History  of  Illinois" 

Ethelbert  Stewart,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Chicago 

8:00  p.  m. 

Reception  at  the  Executive  Mansion  by  Governor  and  Mrs.  Yates. 

Reception  Committee — Mrs.  John  M.  Palmer,  Mrs.  John  A.  McClernand, 
Mrs.  John  R.  Tanner,  Mrs.  Wm.  A.  Northcott,  Mrs.  George  N.  Black,  Mrs. 
S.  P.  Wheeler,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Brown,  Mrs.  Alfred  Orendorff,  Mrs.  Clinton  L. 
Conkling,  Mrs.  Wm.  L.  Gross,  Mrs.  E.  G.  Crabbe,  Mrs.  Wm.  S.  Jayne,  Mrs. 
Charles  P.  Kane,  Mrs.  George  A.  Sanders,  Mrs.  E.  A.  Snively,  Mrs.  J. 
McCan  Davis,  Mrs.  Thomas  Worthington,  Mrs.  Logan  Hay,  Mrs.  Joseph 
Wallace,  Mrs.  Edgar  S.  Scott,  Miss  Emma  F.  Jones,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer 
Weber,  Miss  Molhe  C.  Stuve,  Miss  Effie  French,  Miss  Georgia  L.  Osborne, 
Miss  Maude  Thayer,  Miss  Susie  Merr;tt. 


11 


ADDRESS  OF  WELCOME. 

By  Hon.  W.  A.  Northcott,  Lieutenant  Gorernor  of  Illinois. 


It  affords  me  much  pleasure,  at  the  request  of  Governor  Yates  and  as  the 
representative  of  the  chief  executive  of  Illinois,  to  welcome  to  the  capital 
city  the  members  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society.  This  official  wel- 
come is  due  you  because  of  the  great  work  you  have  accomplished  in  pre- 
serving so  much  of  the  traditions  and  early  history  of  this  State  which  has 
not  yet  found  its  way  into  print. 

There  have  been  two  great  epochs  in  the  history  of  the  American  republic. 
Tha  first  was  the  nation's  building  epoch,  and  had  for  its  central  figure 
George  Washington.  The  second  was  the  nation's  preserving  epoch,  and 
had  for  its  central  figure  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Nations  are  not  built;  they  grow.  In  the  beginning  of  the  republic  our 
forefathers  left  two  great  questions  for  future  generations  to  solve,  and  the 
discussion  of  these  questions  moulded  the  bullets  that  were  fired  in  the  war 

0fJ861.; 

^j>The  first  of  these  great  questions  found  an  early  expression  in  the  Ken- 
tucky and  Virginia  resolutions,  inspired,  and  probably  actually  written,  by 
Thomas  Jefferson,  and  which  enunciated  the  doctrine  that  the  right  of  the 
state  was  above  the  right  of  the  federation.  John  C.  Calhoun,  the  disciple 
of  Jefferson,  continued  the  contest  on  this  idea  of  state  sovereignty  and 
joined  with  it  the  other  great  unsolved  question  of  human  slavery.  This 
contest  brought  into  action  the  masterly  eloquence  of  Daniel  Webster,  whose 
defense  of  the  federal  government  will  always  be  a  part  of  our  national  his- 
tory; and  it  found  its  most  dramatic  incident  when  Andrew  Jackson  raised 
his  right  arm  and  swore  "by  the  eternal"  that  the  right  of  the  federation 
was  above  the  right  of  the  State. 

The  storm  that  had  been  gathering  for  more  than  half  a  century  threw  its 
first  shadow  on  Illinois  soil,  and  at  Alton,  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  died  the  death 
of  a  martyr  to  the  great  cause  of  human  liberty.  The  man  of  this  second 
great  epoch  came  to  the  front  in  his  great  debates  with  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
and  the  martyrdom  of  Lovejoy  found  expression  in  the  immortal  words  of 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

The  history  of  Illinois  forms  the  most  important  part  of  this  great  epoch. 
The  man  of  its  ideas  was  Abraham  Lincoln;  the  man  of  its  armies  was  Grant. 

As  early  as  the  election  of  Governor  Coles,  away  back  in  the  203,  Illinoig 
came  to  the  front  with  its  verdict  in  opposition  to  human  slavery  upon  these 
broad  prairies,  and  from  that  day  until  the  emancipation  proclamation,  Illi- 
nois led  in  this  great  battle  for  human  rights. 

Representing  as  you  do  the  preservation  of  the  history  of  such  a  State, 
your  mission  is  indeed  a  great  one,  and  you  have  the  best  wishes  and  co- 
operation of  the  good  people  of  Illinois. 


12 


KESPONSE  OF  DR.  J    F.  SNYDER. 


Governor  Northcott,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen- -In  the  absence  of  Judge 
Beckwith,  the  retiring  president  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  it 
devolves  upon  me,  the  vice  president,  to  attempt  to  express,  in  behalf  of  the 
members  of  our  society,  the  gratification  and  pleasure  afforded  us  by  the 
flattering  welcome  tendered  us  this  evening. 

We  accept  this  cordial  welcome  to  the  State's  Capital,  so  gracefully  and 
eloquently  extended  to  us,  as  evidence  that  our  diligent  efforts  are  appre- 
ciated by  the  public,  and  assure  you  that  it  can  not  fail  to  inspire  us  with 
renewed  zeal  in  the  prosecution  of  the  important  purposes  we  have  in  view. 

I  will  here  remark  that  we  are  also  truly  thankful  for  the  uniform  kindness 
and  consideration  accorded  us,  while  engaged  in  our  self-imposed  labors,  by 
the  citizens  of  Springfield,  and  for  the  courteous  attention  and  assistance  we 
have  invariably  received  from  the  State  officials. 

Though  but  a  feeble  and  inadequate  expression  of  the  fervor  of  our  grati- 
tude, this  brief,  but  heartfelt,  response  to  Governor  Northcott's  elegant  ad- 
dress is  perhaps  all  that  propriety  would  dictate  should  be  said  on  this  occa- 
sion by  a  representative  of  the  State  Historical  Society.  Yet  the  interests  of 
that  society  seem  to  demand,  in  addition  to  our  grateful  acknowledgements,  a 
public  reiteration  of  the  object  and  intention  of  its  organization  and  contin- 
ued maintenance. 

The  benefit  that  the  people  of  Illinois  may  derive  from  the  results  of  our 
investigations — alluded  to  in  such  complimentary  terms  by  the  eminent 
speaker  who  has  just  addressed  us — may  not  be  apparent  to  all.  Many  in- 
telligent persons  who  have  given  the  study  of  history  but  little,  if  any,  seri- 
ous thought,  fail  to  detect  anything  in  it  of  tangible  or  practical  value.  To 
that  class  a  State  Historical  Society  seems  but  a  mode  of  harmless  diversion 
for  a  few  fossilized  scholars  who  dwell  in  the  past,  and  of  no  utility  to  the 
people  at  large.  Why,  they  ask,  waste  precious  time  in  delving  in  the  musty, 
lifeless  long  ago,  when  the  stirring,  all-important  activities  of  the  strenuous 
present  have  so  many  pressing  demands  upon  every  moment  of  our  fleeting 
days? 

To  them  the  dead  past  has  buried  its  dead,  and  they  can  discern  no  mate- 
rial good  to  be  derived  from  their  resurrection.  But  to  those  who  permit 
their  minds  to  transcend  the  exactions  of  necessary  daily  pursuits,  history 
has  a  peculiar  charm.  To  them  it  is  not  merely  a  record  of  past  events,  and 
dry  statistics,  and  necrological  reports.    It  is  much  more  than  that. 

r^It  deals  with  the  actions  and  deeds  of  men  and  communities  that  have  been 
instrumental  in  shaping  and  guiding  the  destinies  of  states  and  empires.  _  It 
investigates  the  ethical  principles  and  philosophy  underlying  and  governing 
society.  It  treats  of  the  origin  and  structure  of  political  institutions;  of  the 
evolution  of  domestic,  economic  and  industrial  artss  of  the  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  public  morals  and  individual  conduct,  and  of  the  various  other 
complex  forces  constituting  our  civilization.  It  probes  and  analyzes  the 
motives  and  impulses  of  by- gone  man — at  once  the  creature  and  master  of 
his  environments — and  traces  in  his  progress  and  advancement  in  the  past, 
the  achievements  of  the   present   and   the   possibilities   of  the   future.    Ob- 


13 

viously,  then,  history  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of  comprehen- 
sive education,  and  serves  as  an  invaluable  guide  in  the  highest  and  noblest 
aspirations  of  mankind.  In  the  truest  sense,  the  historian  is  the  heir  of  the 
ages — the  custodian  o**  an  inheritance  of  accredited  knowledge  to  be  trans- 
mitted to  posterity,  without  which  education  must  be  defective  and  civiliza- 
tion retarded. 

Consider  for  a  moment  the  present  greatness  of  the  State  of  Illinois;  its 
proud  position  as  third  in  rank  of  all  the  states  of  this  mighty  republic;  its 
millions  upon  millions  of  wealth;  its  vast  system  of  interlacing  railways ; 
its  grand  educational  institutions;  its  marvelous  industries,  and  immense 
agricultural  and  mineral  resources! 

We  can,  it  is  true,  emulate  the  example  of  a  certain  domestic  animal,  and 
feed  in  serene  contentment  upon  the  acorns  of  prosperity  we  find  in  pro- 
fusion on  the  ground  before  us  without  once  looking  up  to  the  source  from 
whence  they  come.  But  can  the  man  or  woman  of  intelligence,  gifted  with 
the  power  of  thought,  contemplate  the  grandeur  and  glory  of  Illinois  without 
experiencing  the  desire  to  know  something  of  the  causes  and  forces  that  pro- 
duced such  results?  Can  any  educated  person  be  entirely  insensible  to  the 
fascination  of  that  study  which  discloses  the  incentives,  the  hopes,  aspirations 
and  heroic  efforts  of  our  early  pioneers  who  here  vanquished  the  savages  and 
subdued  the  asperities  of  Nature;  who  toiled  and  suffered  to  reclaim  the  wilder- 
ness and  make  it  fruitful;  who  developed  the  hidden  wealth  of  the  prairies 
and  hills,  and  whose  persistent,  well  directed  labors  wrought  from  the  primi- 
tive exuberance  of  its  soil  the  evolution  of  this  great  State? 

To  perpetuate  the  story  of  those  people,  and  rescue  from  forgetfulness  their 
trials  and  sacrifices  when  opening  this  region  to  the  light  of  civilization;  to 
trace  and  record  the  social,  political  and  industrial  progress  of  the  new  State 
from  its  inception;  and  to  collect,  systematize  and  preserve  that  knowl- 
edge and  love  for  future  generations,  is  the  chief  function  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society. 

Can  anyone  doubt  or  discredit  the  value  of  the  work  we  have  undertaken? 
■  The  importance — nay,  the  necessity — of  this  object  was  recognized  by  the 
I  thoughtful  and  studious  among  our  early  pioneers.  In  1827,  but  nine  years 
after  Illinois  was  admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union — the  need  of  effective 
cooperation  for  preserving  the  State's  history,  brought  together  at  Vandalia, 
then  the  capital,  a  number  of  pioneer  citizens  of  education  and  literary  tastes, 
who  thereupon  organized  the  first  State  historical  society.  Judge  James 
Hall,  the  brilliant  writer  was  chosen  its  president  and  Henry  C.  Eddy,  sec- 
retary. On  its  roll  of  membership  are  inscribed  the  names  of  John  Mason 
Peek,  Governor  Edwards,  Prof.  John  Russell,  John  Reynolds,  Sidney  Breese, 
Peter  Cartwright,  Samuel  D.  Loekwood  and  others  equally  distinguished  in  the 
State's  annals.  They  commenced  the  work  with  spirit  and  with  commendable 
enthusiasm.  Several  meeting  were  held,  at  which  valuable  papers  were  con- 
tributed and  able  addresses  delivered,  upon  special  phases  of  the  State's 
history  and  progress. 

But,  the  meetings  ceased,  and  the  organization  was  lost,  for  want  of  the 
cohesive  element  of  financial  support.  To  have  looked  to  the  State  for  that 
support  was  out  of  the  question,  as  at  that  time  it  was  all  the  State 
could  do  to  support  itself.  And,  unfortunately,  most  of  the  members  of  the 
society  were  in  the  same  condition.  To  absent  themselves  from  their  voca- 
tions and  travel  to  Vandalia,  on  horseback  through  trackless  prairies  and 
woods  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  society,  and  defray  their  own  expenses, 
was  a  sacrifice  that  but  few  of  them  could  afford  to  make.  Considering  the 
then  undeveloped  condition  of  the  State,  that  attempt  to  establish  a  State 
historical  society — a  praise-worthy  conception  of  the  best  talents  of  the 
times — was  certainly  premature  for  permanency.  It  was  abandoned,  and  un- 
fortunately for  those  who  came  later  upon  the  stage,  the  material  relating  to 
the  State's  history  which  they  had  gathered  together  was  entirely  lost. 

Ten  years  later,  in  1837,  a  second  effort  was  made,  by  prominent  literary 
men  of  this  State,  to  place  its  history  upon  record  in  permanent  form.  They 
met  by  agreement  at  Vandalia,  the  capital,  and  formed  an  association  with 


14 

Judge  Samuel  D.  Loekwood  as  presiding  officer  and  Walter  B.  Scates  its 
secretary.  A  set  of  resolutions  with  amendments  nrade  by  James  Shields, 
Thomas  J.  Hewett  and  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr.,  reported  by  Thomas  Ford, 
chairman  of  a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  set  forth  the  aim  of  their 
association  to  be  the  preparation  of  a  complete  history  of  Illinois  from  its  earl- 
iest discovery  down  to  recent  times,  which  should  be  written  without  preju- 
dice for  or  against  any  sect,  party  or  local  interest.  To  Rev.  John  M.  Peck 
of  Rock  Springs  Seminary,  was  assigned  the  post  of  chief  historian  to  carry 
out  the  grand  scheme,  with  the  aid  of  21  coadjutors  to  collect  data  from  all 
parts  of  the  State.  The  members  of  that  standing  committee  of  assistants 
were:  Sidney  Breese,  Nathaniel  Pope,  Wm.  Brown,  James  Lemen,  Wm. 
Kinney,  Samuel  McRoberls,  Samuel  D.  Lockwuod,  Zadok  Casey,  Thomas 
Ford,  Cyrus  Edwards,  John  Reynolds,  Prof.  John  Russell,  John  Hay, 
Richard  M.  Young,  James  M.  Robinson,  Pierre  Menard,  John  Kinzie,  Wm, 
Thomas  and  Rev.  Gideon  Blackburn. 

But  that  magnificent,  well  planned  project,  like  its  predecessor  of  a  decade 
before,  had  no  financial  support  from  either  public  or  private  source,  and 
was,  of  course,  barren  of  results.  Had  the  movement  been  aided  by  a  liberal 
State  appropriation  we  can  well  imagine  the  priceless  work  that  such  an 
array  of  pioneers,  combining  the  finest  minds  in  the  State,  would  have  pro- 
duced. And  though  their  meeting  was  without  immediate  fruition,  it,  no 
doubt,  seemed  to  stimulate  the  laborious  research  and  investigation  to  which 
we  are  now  indebted  for  the  valuable  historic  writings  and  compilations  of 
Peck,  Brown,  Ford,  Reynolds  and  Breese, 

With  the  social  and  educational  progress  of  Illinois  and  its  increase  of 
population  and  wealth,  there  has  been  among  its  people  a  corresponding  ap- 
preciation of  taste  for  that  kind  of  literature  and  a  growing  demand  for 
organized  agencies  having  for  their  object  more  expanded  and  more  exhaus- 
tive historical  work. 

Incited  by  that  popular  feeling  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  was  founded 
in  1856.  It  was  a  local,  incorporated  enterprise  ana  highly  successful,  when 
its  library  and  collections  were  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  1871  that  swept 
Chicago  away.  It  was  immediately  re-established,  and,  maintained  by  the 
intelligent  and  opulent  citizens  of  that  wonderful  city,  it  has  grown  to  its 
present  magnificence.  Yet,  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  is  a  local  institu- 
tion, in  some  respects  falling  short  of  the  requirements  of  a  State  Historical 
Society. 

Since  the  time  when  the  State  capitol  crowned  the  picturesque  bluffs  of  the 
romantic  Okaw,  at  Vandalia,  much  has  been  written  relating  to  the  State  of 
Illinois.  Nevertheless,  the  necessity  for  a  State  Historical  Society  compre- 
hending in  its  scope  of  work  every  county,  township  and  precinct  in  the 
State,  is  as  imperative  today  as  it  then  was.  More  searching  and  systematie 
investigation  than  ever  before  pursued  is  rewarded  with  multiplying  facts 
unknown  to  former  writers,  and  from  the  ancient,  musty  records  of  foreign 
countries  are  received  revelations  of  hidden  passages  of  Illinois  history  of 
incomputable  value.  With  this  constant  accession  of  information  new  to  us, 
and  more  intelligent  interpretation  of  old  facts,  we  are  enabled  to  correct 
many  erroneous  statements  of  our  earlier  published  histories,  many  of  them 
transmitted  from  one  to  another  down  to  the  present  time. 

To  well  and  properly  digest  accreting  new  data,  and  purify  the  old  from 
mistakes  and  errors,  and  place  at  hand  for  the  future  historian  of  Illinois  the 
most  trustworthy  material  for  his  work,  is  the  mission  of  this  society.  The 
urgency  of  that  mission  being  for  some  time  apparent  to  us,  we  met,  by 
agreement,  at  the  State  University  in  Urbana,  on  the  19th  day  of  May,  1899, 
and  inaugurated  the  movement — for  the  third  time  since  the  first  effort  in 
1827 — to  establish  a  State  historical  society.  Having  there  taken  the  prelim- 
inary steps  for  that  purpose,  we  again  met  at  the  State  house  in  Springfield, 
in  June  following,  when  we  completed  the  organization  by  adopting  a  consti- 
tution, electing  officers,  paying  our  dues  and  incorporating  the  society  in  ac- 
cordance with  provisions  of  the  Slate  incorporation  laws. 


15 

We  have  since  held  regular  meetiugs,  gained  some  accessions  of  members 
and  collected  quite  an  amount  of  valuable  historical  material.  In  addition  to 
that  we  have  published  three  small  volumes  of  annual  transactions  which  il- 
lustrate the  substantial  character  of  our  work.  That  much  we  have  accom 
plished  without  a  dollar  of  State  aid,  save  expense  of  publication  defrayed 
by  courtesy  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  State  Historical  Library. 

And  yet;  after  almost  four  years  of  successful  management  of  this  society, 
with  marked  improvement  in  its  several  departments  each  year,  we  must  ad- 
mit that  our  efforts  are  still  but  an  experiment  dependent  for  permanent  suc- 
cess upon  public  encouragement  and  support.  To  be  placed  upon  an  endur- 
ing basis,  in  ord>  r  that  its  benefits  to  the  public  may  be  enlarged  and  popu- 
larized in  the  future,  it  must  have  State  recognition  and  the  State's  fostering 
assistance  to  the  extent,  at  least,  of  providing  it  with  a  safe  and  commodious 
place  of  deposit  for  its  archives  and  records,  and  financial  aid  sufl&cient  to  de- 
fray expenses  of  publication  and  diffusion  of  the  products  of  its  labors.  The 
Illinois  State  Historical  Society  may,  it  is  true,  be  continued  indefinitely, 
maintained,  as  now,  solely  by  individual  efforts  and  means,  but  the  history 
of  similar  undertakings,  both  in  this  State  and  others,  warn  us  that  without 
the  active  sympathy  and  co-operation  of  the  people  of  the  State  all  our  en- 
deavors and  toil  may  end  in  dissolution  and  abandonment. 

To  avert  such  a  possible  calamity  we  will  apply  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  people's  representatives  now  in  session  here,  for  needed  assistance,  and 
the  cheering  words  of  cordial  welcome  spoken  to  us  this  evening  by  the  pre- 
siding officer  of  the  Senate  are  to  us  full  of  promise  that  the  people  of  Illinois 
correctly  estimate  the  import  and  value  of  our  organization,  and  will  not  per- 
mit it  to  languish  and  fail." 


16 


THE    CONSTITUTIONAL    CONVENTIONS    AND    CONSTI- 

TUTIONS  OF   ILLINOIS. 


THE   ANNUAL    ADDRESS. 

Address  of   Hon.  Adiai  E.  Stevenson  before  the  State  Historical  Society,  at  Springfield 

Jan.  27. 190ci.) 

As  preliminary  and  pertinent  to  the  subject  to  be  discussed,  some 
data  of  historic  interest  will  be  given.  The  veritable  history  of 
what  is  now  "Illinois"  begins  with  the  coming  of  Marquette  and 
Joliet.  As  messengers  of  the  cross,  as  well  as  explorers,  they  were 
the  first  white  men  whose  feet  pressed  our  soil.  Their  expedition 
was  by  authority  of  the  commandant  at  Quebec,  the  ancient  seat  of 
government  of  the  French  empire  in  the  new  world.  The  landing  of 
these  explorers,  whose  names  are  inseparably  interwoven  with  our 
early  history,  was  in  the  month  of  June,  1673,  upon  tbe  east  bank  of 
the  Mississippi.  The  inhabitants  of  the  first  village  they  visited 
were  known  as  "the  Illini,"  a  word  signifying  "men."  The  euphonic 
termination  added  by  the  Frenchmen  gives  us  the  name  "Illinois." 

The  glory  of  having  discovered  the  upper  Mississippi  and  the  val- 
ley which  bears  its  name  belongs  to  Marquette  and  Joliet.  It  was 
theirs  to  add  the  vast  domain,  under  the  name  ?of  "New  France,"  to 
the  empire  of  the  grand  monarch.     In  truth  it  was  a  princely  gift. 

But  no  history  of  the  great  valley  and  the  majestic  river  would  be 
complete  which  failed  to  tell  something  of  the  priest  and  historian, 
Hennepin,  and  of  the  knightly  adventures  of  the  chevalier,  LaSalle. 
Much,  indeed,  that  is  romantic  surrounds  the  entire  career  of  the 
latter.  Severing  his  connection  with  a  theological  school  in  France, 
bis  fortunes  were  early  cast  in  the  new  world.  From  Quebec,  the 
ancient  French  capital  of  this  continent,  he  projected  an  expedition 
which  was  to  add  empire  to  his  own  country  and  to  cast  a  glamour 
about  his  own  name.  In  1669,  with  an  outfit  that  had  cost  him  his 
entire  fortune,  with  a  small  party,  he  ascended  in  canoes  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  a  few  weeks  later  was  upon  the  broad  Ontario.  Out 
of  the  mists  and  shadows  that  envelop  much  of  his  subsequent 
career,  it  is  impossible  at  all  times  to  gather  that  which  is  authentic. 
It  is  enough  that,  with  Hennepin  as  one  of  his  fellow  voyagers,  he 
reached  the  Ohio,  and  in  due  time  navigated  the  Illinois,  meantime 
visiting  many  of  the  ancient  viiages.  But  his  great  achievement, 
and  that  with  which  abides  his  imperishable  fame,  was  his  perilous 
descent  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  to  the  Gulf 


17 

of  Mexico.  On  the  9th  day  of  April,  1682,  upon  the  east  bank  of  the 
lower  Mississippi,  with  due  form  and  ceremony,  and  amid  the  solemn 
chanting  of  the  TeDeum  and  the  plaudits  of  his  ccmrades,  LaSalle 
took  formal  possession  of  what  was  then  called  the  Louisiana  Coun- 
try, in  the  name  of  his  royal  master,  Louis  XIV  of  France. 

For  the  period  of  92  years,  beginning  with  the  coming  of  Mar- 
quette and  Joliet,  Illinois  was  a  part  of  the  French  possessions. 
Sovereignty  over  the  vast  domain  of  which  it  was  a  part  was  exer- 
cised by  the  French  King,  through  his  Commandant  and  subordi- 
nate officers.  First,  the  dependency  of  Canada,  "the  Illinois  coun- 
try," by  decree  of  the  Royal  Council,  in  1717,  passed  under  the 
government  established  for  Louisiana.  Subsequently,  in  1721,  it  be- 
came, by  virtue  of  the  same  authority,  one  of  the  separate  provinces 
into  which  the  Louisiana  country  was  then  partitioned.  A  Com- 
mandant and  judge  were  appointed  and  the  seat  of  authority  trans- 
ferred to  Fort  Chartres.  Population,  meanwhile,  gradually  increased 
in  the  great  American  bottom,  then  embracing  all  of  the  French  set- 
tlements in  Illinois.  A  recent  historian  has  truly  said:  "The 
French  sought  and  claimed  more  than  they  had  the  ability  to  hold 
or  possess.  Their  line  of  domain  extended  from  the  St  Lawrence 
around  the  Great  Lakes  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  a  distance  of  more  than  3,000  miles."  Truly,  a 
magnificent  domain,  but  one  destined  soon  to  pass  forever  from  the 
French  monarch  and  his  line. 

The  hour  had  struck,  and  upon  the  North  American  continent,  the 
ancient  struggle  for  supremacy  between  France  and  her  traditional 
enemy  was  to  find  bloody  arbitrament.  Great  Britain  claimed  as  a 
part  of  her  colonial  possessions  in  the  new  world,  the  territory  bor- 
dering upon  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  rich  lands  of  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  valley. 

Passing  rapidly  the  minor  incidents  of  the  varying  fortunes  of  the 
stupendous  struggle,  which  had  been  transferred  for  the  time  from 
the  old  world  to  the  new,  we  reach  the  hour  which  was  to  mark  an 
epoch  in  history.  The  time,  the  thirteenth  of  September,  1759,  the 
place,  the  Heights  of  Abraham,  at  Quebec.  Here  and  then,  was 
fought  out  one  of  the  pivotal  battles  of  the  ages.  It  was  the  closicg  act 
in  a  great  drama.  The  question  to  be  determined:  whether  the  Eng- 
lish speaking  race  or  its  hereditary  foe,  was  to  be  master  of  the  con- 
tinent, It  was  literally  a  struggle  for  empire,  tbe  magnificent 
domain  stretching  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
incidents  of  the  battle,  need  not  now  be  told.  Never  were  English 
or  French  soldiery  led  by  more  knightly  captains.  The  passing 
years  have  not  dispelled  tbe  romance  or  dimmed  the  glory  that  gath- 
ered about  the  names  of  Wolfe  and  of  Montcalm.  Dying  at  tbe  self- 
same moment,  one  amid  the  victors,  the  other  amid  the  vanquished, 
their  names  live  together  in  history. 

By  the  treaty  of  Paris,  which  followed,  France  surrendered  to  her 
successful  rival  all  claim  to  the  domain  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  Gage,  the  commander  of 

—2  H. 


18 

the  British  forces  in  America,  took  possession  of  the  recently  con" 
quered  territory.     Proclamation  of  this  fact  was  made  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  Illinois  country  in  1764  and  a  garrison  soon  thereafter 
established  at  Kaskaskia.     Here,  the  rule  of  the  British  was,  for  the 
time,  undisputed. 

British  domination  in  the  Mississippi  valley  was,  however,  to  be 
of  short  duration.  Soon  the  events  were  hastening,  the  forces  gath- 
ering, which  were  in  turn  to  wrest  from  the  Crown  no  small  part  of 
the  splendid  domain  won  by  Wolfe's  brilliant  victory  at  Quebec. 
While  our  Revolutionary  War  was  yet  in  progress,  and  its  glorious  ter- 
mination yet  but  dimly  foreshadowed,  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark 
planned  an  expedition  whose  successful  termination  has  given  his 
name  to  the  list  of  great  conquerors.  Bearing  the  commission  of  Pat- 
rick Henry,  governor  of  Virginia,  with  200  followers  equally  brave  as 
himself,  the  heroic  Clark  crossed  the  Ohio  river  and  began  his  per- 
ilous march.  After  enduring  hardships,  the  recital  of  which  even 
now  makes  the  heart  sick,  the  undaunted  leader  and  his  little  band 
reached  Kaskaskia,  The  British  commander  and  his  garrison  were 
surprised  and  quickly  captured.  This  was  on  the  4th  day  of  July, 
1778,  15  years  after  the  treaty  of  Paris.  The  British  flag  was  low- 
ered and  "the  Illinois  country"  taken  possession  of  in  the  name  of 
the  commonweath,  whose  governor  had  authorized  the  expedition. 
Thus,  on  the  anniversary  of  our  historic  day,  the  symbol  of  British 
authority  disappeared  forever  from  the  Illinois  country.  In  the 
month  of  October  following  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia  the  House  of 
Delegates  of  Virginia  extended  jurisdiction  over  what  had  previously 
been  known  as  "the  Illinois  country."  A  law  was  enacted  creating 
"the  county  of  Illinois,"  and  a  commandant  appointed  by  Patrick 
Henry,  who  has,  by  one  of  our  historians,  been  called  "ex-officio,  the 
first  Governor  of  Illinois." 

The  significant  event  which  soon  followed,  one  of  far  reaching  con- 
sequence, was  the  cession  by  Virginia  to  the  general  government  of 
the  vast  domain  of  which  Illinois  was  a  part.  To  the  famous  instru- 
ment by  which  Illinois  became  a  part  of  the  United  States,  were 
signed  as  commissioners,  upon  the  part  of  Virginia,  the  illustrious 
names  of  Thomas  JefiPerson,  Arthur  Lee  and  James  Monroe.  The 
resolution  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates  preceding  the  act  of 
cession,  contained  the  important  stipulation  that  the  lands  thus 
ceded  should  be  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  United  States,  and 
should  be  formed  into  distinct  republican  states  which  should  be- 
come members  of  the  Federal  Union  and  have  the  same  rights  of 
sovereignty,  freedom  and  independence  as  the  other  states. 

Another  mile  stone  is  now  reached  on  the  pathway  of  "the  Illinois 
country"  to  the  dignity  and  sovereignty  of  statehood.  I  refer  to 
what  is  so  well  known  in  our  political  history  as  the  Ordinance  of 
1787.  Not  inaptly,  has  it  been  called  the  second  "Magna  Charta." 
It  was  Mr.  Webster  who  said  of  the  great  Ordinance:  "We  are  accus- 
tomed to  praise  the  great  law-givers  of  antiquity,  we  help  to  perpet- 
uate the  fame  of  Solon  and  of  Lycurgus,  but  I  doubt  whether  one 


19 

single  law,  ancient  or  modern,  has  produced  efiPects  more  distinct, 
marked  and  lasting  in  character,  than  the  Ordinance  of  1787."  By 
an  eminent  jurist  it  has  been  described  as  having  been  "A  pillar  of 
cloud  by  day  and  of  fire  by  night  in  the  settlement  and  government  of 
the  northwestern  states." 

On  the  historic  day,  March  1,  1784,  that  Virginia  ceded  to  the 
United  Slates  the  vast  domain  mentioned,  Mr.  Jefferson  proposed  to 
the  Continental  Congress  a  plan  for  its  government.  His  far-seeing 
statesmanship  is  unmistakably  evidenced  by  two  provisions  in  the 
plan  he  formulated.  One,  that  slavery  should  not  exist  in  the  terri- 
tory after  the  year  1800;  the  other  that  the  states  to  be  carved  from 
the  territory  were  to  remain  forever  members  of  the  American  Union. 
This  plan  failed  to  receive  the  sanction  of  that  Congress,  and  in  later 
days,  and  by  other  hands,  the  great  Ordinance  was  destined  to  come 
into  being. 

The  fact  is  significant  that  while  the  convention  of  1787  was  in 
session  and  its  great  work,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  yet 
unfinished,  the  historic  Ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  North- 
west territory  was  formulated  by  the  Congress  then  convened  under 
the  Articles  of  Confederation.  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  the 
advocates  of  the  great  Ordinance,  in  some  measure,  caught  the  inspir- 
ation which,  in  the  historic  convention,  was  making  possible  "the 
more  perfect  Union,"  which  bad  been  the  dream  of  Washington,  of 
Hamilton  and  of  Madison.  In  the  latter  body  was  held  high  debate, 
to  which  the  world  had  hitherto  been  unaccustomed,  touching  the 
fundamental  principles  of  human  government.  How  best  to  garner 
up  the  fruits  of  successful  revolution  and  crystallize  into  organic  law 
the  deathless  principles  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  was  the 
problem  confronting  the  statesman  of  1787.  It  was  the  period  when, 
as  never  before,  debate  touched  the  very  springs  of  political  power. 
The  result:  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  declared  by 
Gladstone:  "The  most  wonderful  work  ever  struck  off  at  a  given 
time  from  the  brain  and  purpose  of  man."  Even  now,  after  the  lapse 
of  more  than  a  century,  its  framers  seem  to  have  been  inspired  by 
wisdom  more  than  human.  It  would  have  been  strange  if  the  Con- 
gress, the  contemporary  of  the  great  convention,  and  itself  controlled, 
in  large  measure,  by  signers  of  the  Declaration  and  soldiers  of  the 
Revolution,  passing  strange  indeed,  if  an  assembly  so  constituted, 
had  failed  to  establish  suitable  safeguards  for  the  liberties  of  the  mil- 
lions yet  to  occupy  the  vast  western  domain. 

Antedating  the  Federal  Constitution,  the  Ordinance  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Northwest  territory  was  enacted  July  13,  1787.  As 
this  was  indeed  the  Genesis  of  Illinois  history  under  the  Federal 
government,  it  may  be  well  to  note,  briefly,  some  of  the  provisions  of 
the  great  Ordinance.  By  its  terms  a  government  was  established 
for  the  territory  and  a  Governor,  Secretary,  and  Judges  duly  ap- 
pointed, with  power  to  adopt  such  laws  of  the  original  states  as  were 
most  convenient;  a  Legislature  was  authorized  when  the  territory 
should  have  5,000  free,  male  inhabitants;  religious  freedom  and  civil 


20 

rights— not  to  depend  upon  religious  belief— were  guaranteed;  like- 
wise the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  and  trial  by  jury.  Two  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  famous  Ordinance  possessed  a  value  that  cannot  be 
measured  by  words.  One,  the  states  to  be  formed  from  said  territory 
were  to  remain  forever  apart  of  the  United  States  of  America;  the 
other  that  "neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  should  exist  in 
the  territory  otherwise  than  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  should 
have  been  duly  convicted."  The  value  of  the  great  Ordinance  to  that 
generation — and  to  the  millions  who  have  since  found  homes  within 
the  limits  of  the  vast  area  embraced  within  its  provisions— cannot 
be  overstated. 

Pursuant  to  the  ordinance  of  1787 — the  Northwest  territory  having 
attained  the  requisite  population — a  General  Assembly  was  con- 
vened in  Cincinnati,  in  February,  1799,  Illinois  was  now,  for  the 
first  time,  represented  in  a  legislative  chamber.  Its  delegates  were 
men  well  known  to  our  early  history:  John  Edgar,  from  the  county 
of  Randolph,  and  Shadrach  Bond,  from  St.  Clair.  .During  the 
sessions  of  this  Assembly,  all  needed  legislation  was  enacted  for 
Illinois,  then  embraced  within  the  boundaries  of  the  two  historic 
counties  just  named. 

By  act  of  Congress  in  May,  1800,  the  Northwest  territory  was  di 
vided  and  a  political  division  created  to  be  known  as  "the  Indiana 
territory."  The  seat  of  government  was  located  at  Vincennes  and  the 
boundaries  of  the  new  division  embraced  the  territory  constituting 
the  present  states  of  Indiana  and  Illinois.  Events  were  now  leading 
up  to  the  separation  of  Illinois  from  Indiana,  and  its  own  organiza- 
tion as  a  territory.  From  the  time  of  the  first  petition  to  that  end 
in  1806,  the  legislative  chamber  at  Vincennes  and  the  entire  terri- 
tory, in  fact,  was  the  theater  of  excited  controversy.  Its  culmination, 
however,  was  in  February,  1809,  when,  by  act  of  Congress,  "The  ter- 
ritory of  Illinois"  was  duly  organized.  The  seat  of  government  was 
established  at  Kaskaskia — and  henceforth  Illinois  has  a  history  sepa- 
rate and  apart. 

We  have  now  noted  something  of  the  "political  beginnings"  of 
Illinois.  We  have  briefly  followed  its  thread  of  history  for  near  a 
century  and  a  half,  until,  in  1809,  it  was  granted  a  separate  territorial 
existence.  We  have  seen  it  under  the  rule  of  the  Frenchman,  the 
Britain,  the  Virginian,  and  the  various  Territorial  organizations  es- 
tablished by  Congress.  We  have  seen  its  seat  of  authority  at  Quebec, 
at  New  Orleans,  at  Fort  Chartres,  at  Cincinnati,  at  Vincennes,  and 
finally  at  Kaskaskia.  A  chapter  less  romantic — but  of  deeper  sig- 
nificance—now opens. 

The  first  decisive  steps,  preparatory  to  the  admission  of  Illinois 
into  the  Union,  were  taken  by  the  Territorial  Legislature  at  Kaskas- 
kia in  January,  1818.  A  resolution  passed  that  body  requesting  the 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Pope,  the  delegate  in  Congress,  to  present  the  peti- 
tion of  the  Legislature  for  such  action  upon  the  part  of  Congress  as 
would  enable  the  territory  to  apply,  in  due  form,  for  admission  upon 
an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states.  The  petition  having  been 
appropriately  referred  by  the  House,  the  delegate  was  instructed  by 


21 

the  committee  having  it  in  charge,  to  prepare  a  bill  for  the  admission 
of  the  new  state.  On  the  18th  day  of  April  thereafter,  an  enabling 
act  was  passed  by  Congress  to  the  effect  that  "the  inhabitants  of  the 
territory  of  Illinois  be,  and  are  hereby,  authorized  to  frame  for  them- 
selves a  Constitution  and  State  government,  and  to  assume  such 
name  as  they  should  deem  proper,  and  the  said  state  when  formed 
shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union  upon  the  same  footing  with  the 
original  states  in  all  respects  whatever."  An  election  for  delegates 
to  a  convention  to  formulate  a  State  Constitution  was  ordered  for  the 
first  Monday  of  July  and  the  two  days  immediately  following, 
throughout  the  several  counties  in  the  Territory.  The  qualifications 
of  electors  were  defined  and  the  manner  of  conducting  the  election 
indicated.  The  fourth  section  of  the  bill  authorized  the  members 
thus  elected  to  meet  in  convention  at  Kaskaskia  in  August  there- 
after, and,  if  deemed  expedient,  to  form  a  Constitution  and  State 
government;  that  the  same  should  be  republican  in  form  and  not  re- 
pugnant to  the  ordinance  of  1787,  excepting  so  much  thereof  as 
related  to  the  boundaries  of  the  states  therein  to  be  formed.  The 
clause  last  read  containing  the  exception  as  to  the  boundary  of  the 
new  State,  was  indeed  significant.  By  an  amendment  proposed  by 
Judge  Pope,  the  northern  boundry  of  the  new  State  was  extended  to 
the  parallel  of  42  degrees  80  minutes  north  latitude,  instead  of  41 
degrees  89  minutes  thereof,  as  reported  by  the  committee.  Judge 
Pope  stated  that  the  object  of  his  amendment  was  "to  gain  for  the 
proposed  State  a  coast  on  Lake  Michigan;  that  this  would  afford 
additional  security  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union,  inasmuch  as 
Illinois  would  thereby  be  connected  through  the  lakes,  with  the 
states  lying  to  the  eastward."  As  amended,  the  bill  passed.  The 
valuable  service  rendered  by  Judge  Pope  is  enduring.  But  for  his 
foresight  and  fidelity,  the  territory  out  of  which  14  splendid  counties 
have  since  been  carved  would  have  been  detached  from  Illinois,  to 
become  in  time  a  part  of  the  state  of  Wisconsin.  But  for  this  timely 
amendment  the  world  today,  no  doubt,  would  know  much  of  "Chi- 
cago, Wisconsin" — "Chicago,  Illinois,"  would  have  no  place  upon 
the  map.  Instead  of  being  third,  Illinois,  with  but  40  per  cent  of 
its  present  population,  would  be  low  down  upon  the  list  of  States. 

In  pursuance  of  the  enabling  act  just  mentioned,  a  convention  of 
32  delegates,  elected  from  the  15  counties  of  the  Territory,  assembled 
at  Kaskaskia  on  the  3d  day  of  August,  1818.  Two  of  the  members 
of  this  body— Jesse  B.  Thomas  and  Elias  K.  Kane— at  a  later  day 
became  well  known  to  the  country.  The  former  was  president  of  the 
convention  and  the  latter  the  leading  spirit  in  its  deliberations. 
The  convention  adjourned  after  a  session  of  28  days,  and  the  Con- 
stitution— the  work  of  its  hands — was  formally  presented  to  Con- 
gress on  the  19th  of  November  thereafter,  by  John  McLean,  the  re- 
cently elected  member  from  Illinois,  Objection  was  made  to  the 
oath  of  office  being  administered  to  Mr.  McLean,  "in  consequence 
of  Congress  not  having  concluded  the  act  of  admission  of  the  State 
into  the  Union."  After  much  debate,  the  Constitution  was  referred 
to  a  special  committee,  which,  upon  the  following  day,  through  its 
chairman,  Mr.  Anderson  of  Kentucky,  reported  a  resolution  declar- 


22 

ing  the  admission  of  Illinois  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original 
states.  This  report  was  earnestly  antagonized  by  Mr.  Taltnadge  of 
New  York,  on  the  ground  that  the  Constitution  failed  to  prohibit 
slavery,  as  required  by  the  ordinance  of  '87.  In  substance,  that  the 
sixth  article,  providing  that  "neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servi- 
tude shall  hereafter  be  introduced  into  the  State,"  etc.,  was  a  recog- 
nition rather  than  an  inhibition  of  the  institution.  The  principal 
speech  in  reply  was  that  of  Representative  Harrison  of  Ohio,  at  a 
later  day  President  of  the  United  States.  General  Harrison  insisted 
that  there  had  been  a  virtual  compliance  with  the  ordinance,  and 
said  he  could  assure  the  gentleman  from  New  York  that  the  people 
of  Illinois  would  never  alter  their  Constitution  in  order  that  slavery 
might  be  introduced.  By  a  vote  of  117  for  to  3i  against,  the  resolu- 
tion then  passed  the  House.  This  resolution  was  concurred  in  by 
the  Senate  on  the  8d  day  of  December,  and  on  the  following  day 
Ninian  Edwards  and  Jesse  B.  Thomas  duly  admitted  as  Sena- 
tors from  the  State  of  Illinois.  John  McLean,  the  sole  Representa- 
tive, was  on  the  same  day  admitted  to  a  seat  in  the  House. 

Brief  reference,  at  this  point,  to  the  two  most  prominent  members 
of  the  Convention  of  1818  will  not  be  out  of  place.  Jesse  B.  Thomas, 
the  President  of  the  Convention,  had,  as  the  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  the  Indiana  territory  in  1809,  been  instrumental  in  securing  to 
Illinois  a  separate  territorial  organization. 

He  then  removed  from  Vincennes  to  Kaskaskia,  where  he  held  the 
office  of  territorial  judge.  Upon  the  expiration  of  his  second  term 
as  Senator,  he  removed  from  the  state,  and  his  remaining  years  were 
spent  in  Ohio. 

The  name  of  Senator  Thomas  is  prominently  connected  with  the 
slavery  discussions  in  1820,  upon  the  application  of  Missouri  for  ad- 
mission into  the  Union.  It  was  a  period  of  intense  excitement  in 
Congress  and  throughout  the  country  and  serious  apprehensions 
existed  as  to  the  possible  fate  of  the  Union.  On  the  seventeenth  of 
February  of  that  year  Senator  Thomas  proposed,  by  way  of  amend- 
ment to  the  Missouri  bill,  then  pending,  a  prohibition  of  slavery  in 
the  territory  ceded  by  France  to  the  United  States,  lying  north  of 
86  degrees  and  80  minutes,  north  latitude,  excepting  such  part 
thereof  as  was  included  within  the  Missouri  bouodary.  The  pro- 
posed amendment  was  engrafted  upon  the  bill  for  the  admission  of 
the  new  state  and  will  live  in  our  political  history  as  "The  Missouri 
Compromise  of  1820." 

Grovernor  Ford  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  Elias  K.  Kane 
was  the  most  prominent  member  of  the  convention  of  1818;  that  his 
talents  were  both  solid  and  brilliant,  and  that  to  him  we  are  indebted 
for  the  peculiar  features  of  our  first  Constitution.  He  was  less  than 
24  years  of  age  when  a  member  of  the  convention.  He  was  the  first 
Secretary  of  State,  by  appointment  of  Governor  Bond,  subsequently 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  was  twice  elected  a  Senator  in  Con-  j 
gress.  His  death  occurred  in  Washington  City,  in  1885,  while  a 
member  of  the  Senate.     He  was  an  able  member  of  that  body,  had  { 


23 

rendered  valuable  service  to  the  state  he  represented  and  his  name 
lives  in  honorable  association  with  the  important  events  of  early  Illi- 
nois history. 

By  an  examination  of  our  first  Constitution,  it  will  be  seen  that 
its  framers  were  little  disposed  to  trust  the  people  with  power.  No 
provision  was  made  for  submitting  the  Constitution  to  popular  vote, 
for  adoption  or  rejection.  By  its  terms,  the  Supreme  and  Circuit 
Judges,  as  well  as  the  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer  and  Auditor,  were 
to  be  elected  by  the  Greneral  Assembly.  The  Governor  and  remain- 
ing State  officers  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  people.  Many  provisions 
were  copied  from  the  Constitutions  of  the  older  states.  The  seat  of 
government  was  to  remain  at  Kaskaskia  until  the  General  Assembly 
made  provision  for  its  permanent  location.  Instead  of  vesting  the 
Executive  with  a  qualified  veto  power — as  had  been  done  in  the 
Federal,  as  well  as  many  of  the  state  Constitutions — a  Council  of 
Revision  was  created.  This  council  consisted  of  the  governor  and 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court.  By  this  provision,  all  bills  which  had 
passed  the  Senate  and  House  were  required  to  be  submitted  to  the 
Council  of  Revision  for  approval  or  rejection.  If  approved,  the  bill 
at  once  became  a  law.  If  disapproved  by  the  Council,  the  bill  was 
required  to  be  returned  to  the  House  in  which  it  originated — with 
the  written  objections  of  the  Council — for  re-consideration.  Upon 
re-consideration,  however,  the  bill  might  become  a  law  by  a  majority 
vote  of  each  House,  the  objection  of  the  Council  of  Revision  to  the 
contrary,  notwithstanding.  It  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  Council 
Nof  Revision,  was,  in  reality,  invested  only  with  advisory  powers  to 
the  General  Assembly.  All  white,  male  inhabitants,  above  the  age 
of  21  years,  who  had  resided  six  months  in  the  State,  were  granted 
the  elective  franchise.  It  has  been  said  that  this  was  the  first  Con- 
stitution to  prohibit  imprisonment  for  debt.  For  this,  it  is  entitled 
to  lasting  commendation.  No  less  is  it  to  be  commended  for  the 
provision  against  dueling. 

While  the  members  of  the  first  Constitutional  Convention  appar- 
ently distrusted  the  executive  and  judicial  departments  of  the  gov- 
ernment, their  faith  seems  to  have  been  unbounded  in  the  General 
Assembly.  The  power  of  the  Legislature  was  almost  unlimited. 
One  of  the  defects  of  this  Constitutibn  was  the  lack  of  a  restriction 
upon  the  General  Assembly  in  the  matter  of  divorces.  A  defect  yet 
more  serious  was  the  absence  of  a  limitation  upon  the  power  of  the 
Legislature  in  pledging  the  credit  of  the  State  to  enterprises  of  a 
public  or  private  character.  The  record  of  the  baneful  effect  of  this 
omission  constitutes  the  most  humiliating  chapter  of  our  history  as 
a  State.  The  ill-advised  legislation  relating  to  banks  and  various 
schemes  for  internal  improvements  culminated,  as  is  well  known,  in 
the  financial  disasters  which  brought  the  new  State  to  the  verge  of 
bankruptcy.  The  Constitution  of  1818,  however,  contained  many 
provisions  well  adapted  to  then  existing  conditions.  Under  it,  with 
Bond  as  Governor,  Menard  as  Lieutenant  Governor  and  Kane  as 
Secretary,  Illinois,  with  a  population  of  less  than  40,000  souls,  be- 
gan its  marvelous  career  as  a  State  of  the  American  Union. 


24 

This  Constitution  remained  the  organic  law  of  Illinois  for  30  years, 
and  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1848.  Meanwhile  the 
State  had  gradually  increased  in  wealth  and  in  population.  Many 
new  counties  had  been  organized,  and  the  northern  boundary  of 
actual  settlement  extended  from  the  county  of  Madison  to  the  Wis- 
consin line.  Chicago,  and  other  cities  unknown  to  the  framers  of 
the  first  Constitution,  bad  sprung  into  being.  To  meet  the  exigency 
of  largely  increased  population  to  the  northward,  the  State  Capital 
had  been  twice  removed,  first  to  Vandalia  and  later  to  Springfield. 

An  attempt  to  procure  the  calling  of  a  Convention  to  frame  a 
Constitution  to  supplant  the  first  was  made  in  1823.  By  article  7  of 
the  latter  the  General  Assembly  was  empowered,  by  a  two-thirds  vote 
thereof,  to  submit  to  the  electors  of  the  State  the  question  of  calling 
a  convention  to  alter  or  amend  the  existing  Constitution.  By  the 
Legislature  of  1823  there  was  such  submission  under  this  provision. 
The  purpose  of  the  originators  of  this  movement  unquestionably  was 
to  secure,  by  constitutional  provision,  the  introduction  into  the  State 
of  the  institution  of  slavery.  For  more  than  a  year  this  was  the  all- 
absorbing  topic  of  debate.  Political  leaders  and  newspapers  were 
divided  and  fierce  personal  antagonisms  engendered.  The  discus- 
sions at  the  fireside,  in  the  public  press  and  upon  the  hustings 
touched  all  phases  of  the  question,  from  the  standpoint  of  material 
advantage  as  well  as  from  the  high  plane  of  right.  Today  such  a 
contention  seems  to  have  belonged  to  other  countries  and  to  mediseval 
times.  But  "the  world  moves,"  and  marvelous  indeed  have  been  the 
advances  along  all  lines  of  thought  during  the  four  score  years  which 
since  have  passed. 

The  verdict  of  the  people,  overwhelming  and  final,  was  rendered 
August  2, 1824,  against  the  proposed  convention  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  slavery  into  Illinois.  The  passing  years  have  obscured  the 
names  of  many  of  the  prominent  actors  in  the  great  struggle.  Two 
names,  however,  come  down  to  us  out  of  the  shadowy  past,  that  will 
not  be  permitted  to  perish  from  the  memories  of  the  living.  The 
one  a  Virginian,  Edward  Coles;  the  other  a  Kentuckian,  Daniel  P. 
Cook.  The  former,  the  Governor  of  Illinois;  the  latter,  its  sole  Rep- 
resentative in  Congress.  Courageous  and  untiring  they  stood  in  the 
fore-front,  the  faithful  advocates  of  a  free  State.  A  prosperoa* 
county  near  the  Wabash,  bears  the  historic  name  of  Coles,  while 
the  great  county  to  the  northward,  upon  the  lake,  will  hand  down  to 
coming  times,  the  honored  name  of  Cook. 

With  the  increase  in  population  and  in  wealth,  the  necessity  became 
urgent  for  a  new  Constitution  or  material  amendments  to  the  old, 
The  question  of  calling  a  convention  was  again  submitted,  by  the 
Legislature,  to  be  voted  upon  at  the  general  election  in  1846  The 
returns  showed  a  large  majority  favorable  to  the  convention,  and  at 
a  special  election,  delegates  were  duly  chosen  in  April,  1847.  The 
convention  assembled  in  Springfield,  on  the  7th  of  June  of  that 
year.  It  consisted  of  162  members  and  its  sessions  were  concluded 
on  the  31st  day  of  August.  Hon.  Newton  Cloud,  of  Morgan  county, 
was  elected  president,  and  both  the  Whig  and  Democratic  parties 


25 

were  represented  in  the  body  by  men  of  well  known  ability.  The 
Hon.  Anthony  Thornton,  of  Shelbyville,  is  now  the  sole  survivor  of 
that  convention.  Distinguished  alike  for  high  personal  character 
and  legal  ability,  he  is  still,  at  an  advanced  age,  an  ornament  to  the 
profession  he  baa  so  long  honored.  Some  of  the  members  of  that 
convention  were,  at  a  later  day,  called  to  places  of  responsibility  and 
honor  in  the  State  and  Nation.  One,  John  M.  Palmer,  became  the 
Governor  of  the  commonwealth,  another,  David  Davis,  a  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Unlike  the  Constitution 
of  1818,  this  was  submitted  to  the  people.  It  met  popular  approval 
by  a  decisive  majority,  and,  by  its  terms,  went  into  operation  on  the 
first  Monday  in  April,  1848. 

In  the  address  to  the  people  which  accompanied  the  Constitution, 
the  committee  said:  "Availing  themselves  of  the  lights  furnished 
by  a  highly  advanced  state  of  political  science,  your  delegates  have 
sought  to  adapt  their  efforts  to  the  demands  of  the  growing  interests 
and  population  of  the  State,  consulting  at  all  times  the  popular  will 
whenever  it  could  be  ascertained  "  Some  of  the  material  changes 
from  the  old  will  be  noted.  In  the  Executive  Department,  the  term 
of  office  of  the  Governor  was  fixed  at  four  years,  and  he  was 
rendered  ineligible  to  consecutive  re-election.  The  Council 
of  Revision  was  abolished  and  a  qualified  veto  power  lodged 
in  the  Governor,  In  the  Legislative  Department,  the  number 
of  Senators  was  restricted  to  25,  and  of  Representatives  to  75, 
and  biennial  sessions  of  the  Legislature  provided  for.  A  yea  and 
nay  vote  was  required  upon  the  passage  of  all  bills.  Legislation 
authorizing  lotteries,  or  in  any  manner  extending  bank  charters,  was 
prohibited.  The  Legislature  was  virtually  prohibited  from  borrow- 
ing money — exceeding  $50,000  in  amount — unless  in  case  of  insur- 
rection, invasion  or  war.  The  powers  of  the  judiciary  were  devolved 
upon  a  Supreme,  Circuit  and  County  Court,  and  Justices  of  the 
Peace  and  the  establishment  of  Municipal  Courts  permitted.  The 
right  of  suffrage  was  restricted  to  all  white,  male  citizens  above  the 
age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  had  resided  in  the  State  one  year  next 
preceding  the  election,  and  to  such  as  should  be  residents  of  the 
State  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  proposed  Constitution.  The 
time  of  holding  elections  was  changed  from  three  days  in  August  to 
one  day  in  November  and  the  ballot  substituted  for  the  old  system. 
A  wholesome  restriction  was  placed  upon  the  creation  of  new  coun- 
ties. The  creation  of  a  State  bank  was  prohibited  and  all  laws  cre- 
ating corporations — not  possessing  banking  powers — were  required 
to  be  general.  Acts  authorizing  corporations  with  banking  powers 
could  take  effect  only  upon  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  electors, 
at  a  vote  to  be  taken  at  some  general  election.  Provision  was  made 
for  the  establishment  of  township  organization,  also  for  the  election 
of  judges  and  other  officers,  by  the  people.  The  salary  of  the 
Governor  was  fixed  at  $1,500,  per  annum,  and  that  of  judges  of  the 
Supreme  and  Circuit  Courts,  at  $1,200  and  $1,000,  respectively. 

The  fact,  that  the  State  and  the  people  were,  at  the  time,  burdened 
with  debt,  is  the  explanation  why  some  of  the  provisions  of  this 


26 

Constitution  were  adopted.  They  were  the  cause  of  serious  embar- 
rassment at  a  later  day  and  of  many  devices  to  evade  plain  constitu- 
tional provisions.  Two  articles  of  the  Constitution  were  submitted 
to  be  voted  upon  separately.  One  was  the  provision  for  a  tax  of  two 
mills  upon  each  dollar's  worth  of  taxable  property,  the  proceeds  to 
be  applied  to  the  discharge  of  the  internal  improvement  debt.  It 
was  estimated  that  this  debt  of  near  6,000,000  of  dollars  would 
thereby  be  discharged  in  25  years.  The  other  article  separately  sub- 
mitted was  that  prohibiting  the  introduction  of  free  negroes  into  the 
State.  Each  of  these  articles  was  adopted  and  became  a  part  of  the 
Constitution;  the  latter — strange  as  it  may  seem  to  us  now — by 
almost  a  two-third  vote. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  convention  that  formulated  our  second 
Constitution  was  held  at  a  time  of  serious  financial  depression  in  the 
State.  The  evils  resulting  from  a  failure  by  the  first  convention  to 
restrain  the  General  Assembly,  by  appropriate  constitutional  inhibi- 
tion, were  everywhere  apparent.  The  pendulum  now  swung  far  in 
the  opposite  direction.  The  Convention  of  1847  engrafted  upon  its 
Constitution  much  in  the  matter  of  details  that  should  have  been  left 
to  subsequent  Legislatures.  A  grave  error,  unquestionably,  was 
that  of  virtually  limiting  the  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  to  42 
days,  the  compensation  of  members  during  that  period  being  $2  per 
day.  One  dollar  per  day  to  be  the  sole  compensation  should  the 
sessions  be  continued  longer  than  the  time  indicated.  The  ill  efiPect 
of  this,  as  well  as  of  the  provision  fixing  the  salaries  of  the  Executive 
and  judges,  were  soon  recognized.  Changed  conditions  soon  ren- 
dered these  provisions  burdensome,  and  various  legislative  devices 
were  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  evading  them.  One  was  that  of 
allowing  each  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  a  clerk,  with  a  sal- 
ary exceeding  that  allowed  the  judge  by  the  Constitution.  In  some 
of  the  counties  the  meagre  salary  of  the  circuit  judge  was  supple- 
mented by  unauthorized  appropriations  from  the  county  treasury. 
The  Constitution  of  1848,  however,  contained  many  valuable  provis- 
ions, and  the  well-known  ability  of  many  of  its  framers  is  conclusive 
evidence  that  it  was  the  best  that  could  be  secured  under  then  ex- 
isting conditions. 

The  second  Constitution  remained  in  force  from  April  4,  1848,  un- 
til Aug.  8,  1870.  In  the  intervening  years  the  increase  in  population 
and  the  commercial  development  of  the  State  had  been  without  par- 
allel. In  addition,  its  geographical  position  and  political  power  had 
given  Illinois  a  place  among  the  greatest  of  the  states  of  the  Union. 
Meanwhile,  the  defects  in  the  organic  law  and  the  repeated  evasion 
of  its  provisions  became  the  subject  of  earnest  discussion.  In  large 
measure  the  State  had  outgrown  its  Constitution.  The  words  of 
Lord  Bacon  were  fraught  with  deep  meaning,  "What  men  will  not 
alter  for  the  better,  time — the  great  innovator — will  alter  for  the 
worse." 

In  pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  an  election  was 
held  in  November,  1861  for  delegates  to  a  new  convention.  This 
convention,  consisting  of  75  members,  assembled  in  Springfield,  Jan. 


27 

7,1862;  Its  membership  included  distinguished  representatives  of 
both  political  parties.  A  former  Governor  of  the  State  and  the 
present  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  were  of  its  members. 
The  president  of  the  body  Hon.  William  A.  Hacker,  of  Union  county, 
and  its  secretary,  Hon.  William  M.  Springer,  well  known  at  a  later 
day  as  an  able  representative  in  Congress.  Inasmuch  as  the  Con- 
stitution formulated  by  this  convention,  was,  upon  its  submission, 
rejected  by  popular  vote,  there  would  be  little  profit  now  in  specify- 
ing the  features  which  distinguished  it  from  that  which  it  was  in- 
tended to  supplant.  In  the  address  accompanying  it,  attention  was 
called  to  its  manifold  advantages  over  the  old;  to  the  insufficient 
checks  upon  legislation  which  the  proposed  Constitution  would  ob- 
viate. It  was  claimed  that  under  tbe  latter,  "Efficiency  would  be 
combined  with  economy  in  all  departments  of  State;  legislation 
limited  by  wise  restriction;  judicial  proceedings  regulated  in  a  man- 
ner economical  and  just;  chartered  corporations  deprived  of  their 
unreasonable  and  dangerous  power,  and  the  happiness  of  the  people, 
the  promotion  of  morality  and  the  consequent  prosperity  of  the 
State  regarded  as  the  prime  objects  of  government." 

By  the  rejection  just  mentioned,  the  Constitution  of  1848  was 
granted  a  new  lease  of  life.  Time,  however,  only  emphasized  its 
glaring  defects  and  the  imperative  necessity  for  its  amendment. 
Upon  this  point,  the  words  of  a  responsible  committee  are  indeed 
suggestive:  "'For  years  past,  the  machinery  of  our  State  government 
has  been  kept  in  motion  only  by  continued  violation  of  plain  and 
positive  constitutional  provisions.  And  whenever  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  violate  a  Constitution,  it  should  be  changed  to  meet  and  re- 
move the  necessity  which  impelled  to  such  violation."  The  latest 
Convention,  that  which  formulated  our  present  Constitution,  assem- 
bled in  Springfield  on  the  13th  day  of  December,  1869,  and  concluded 
its  deliberations  on  the  18th  day  of  May,  following.  It  consisted  of 
85  members  and  was,  in  the  highest  sense,  an  able  and  representa- 
tive body,  Hon.  Charles  Hitchcock,  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Chicago  bar,  was  its  presiding  officer.  Its  leading  members  had 
known  much  of  public  service,  both  to  the  State  and  the  Nation. 
One  had  been  a  Senator  and  a  member  of  the  cabinet.  The  tem- 
porary president.  Colonel  Dement,  of  Dixon,  had  been  a  resident  of 
Illinois  during  its  entire  existence  as  a  State,  and  a  member  of  the 
two  conventions  immediately  preceding. 

The  address  of  the  convention,  which  accompanied  the  Constitu- 
tion to  the  people,  contained  these  explanatory  words:  "Our  State 
Legislatures  are  only  restrained  by  the-  Constitutions  of  the  State 
and  of  the  United  States.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  that  State  Con- 
stitutions should  contain  many  regulations  and  restrictions,  while 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  may  be  much  shorter,  for 
that  is  a  government  of  delegated  powers  with  only  the  incidental  pow- 
ers necessary  and  proper  to  execute  the  powers  granted  "  Therefore,  as 
will  be  seen,  manifold  provisions  were  engrafted  upon  the  new  Consti- 
tution as  barriers  against  the  continuance  of  existing  evils.  The 
Constitution  of  no  state  probably  contained  more  restrictive  provisions 


28 

upon  the  Legislative  department.  Every  avenue  was  attempted  to 
be  guarded  against  the  evils  of  special  legislation.  Wherever  appli- 
cable, general  laws  were  required.  In  addition  to  the  subjects  of 
divorce  and  lotteries,  mentioned  in  the  old  Constitution,  more  than 
20  new  subjects  are  enumerated  upon  which  the  General  Assembly 
was  prohibited  from  legislating.  Upon  one,  or  more,  of  these,  much 
of  the  special  legislation  complained  of,  had  originated.  As  a  pre- 
caution against  hasty  legislation,  all  bills  and  amendments,  thereto 
were  required  to  be  printed  before  they  were  passed.  Only  one  sub- 
ject was  permitted  to  be  embaced  in  each  bill.  The  General  Assem- 
bly was  prohibited  from  releasing  any  liability  to  the  State,  or  to 
any  municipal  corporation  therein. 

A  new  departure  in  the  organic  law  of  a  state  was  the  mandatory 
provision  specifying  certain  subjects  upon  which  the  General  As- 
sembly was  required  to  legislate.  In  what  manner  this  provision 
could  be  enforced,  or  what  would  be  the  penalty  for  non-compliance 
with  this  constitutional  requirement,  we  are  not  advised.  If,  how- 
ever, regarded  only  as  advisory,  it  was  of  value.  Suitable  laws  for 
the  protection  of  coal  miners  have  been  enacted  and  liberal  home- 
stead and  exemption  laws  passed.  Added  to  the  "Bill  of  Rights" 
was  the  requirement  that  private  property  should  not  be  taken  for 
public  use  without  just  compensation,  to  be  ascertained  by  a  jury. 
And  that  "all  irrevocable  grants  of  special  privileges  or  immunities 
are  prohibited,  to  protect  the  people  against  privileged  orders  and 
dangerous  monopolies." 

In  the  Executive  Department,  additional  power  was  given  and 
greater  responsibility  cast  upon  the  Governor.  The  power  to  remove 
incompetent  officers,  or  such  as  were  guilty  of  malfeasence  in  office, 
was  given.  The  negative  power  of  the  Governor  over  legislation 
was  measured  by  that  of  the  President  over  Congress,  under  the 
Federal  Constitution.  The  provision  in  regard  to  suffrage  was  made 
to  conform  to  that  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Time 
has  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  other  provisions,  especially  those 
relating  to  "corporations"  aad  "state,  county  and  municipal  indebted- 
ness." To  the  end  that  the  expense  and  incolivenience  of  future 
conventions  to  alter  or  amend  the  organic  law,  might  be  avoided, 
suitable  provision  was  made  for  submission  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  proposed  amendments  for  adoption  or  rejection  by  the  people. 

Lessons  of  value  may  be  drawn  from  a  study  of  the  several  Consti- 
tutions under  which  our  State  has  had  its  political  being.  The  first 
convention — distrusting  the  people — signally  failed  to  limit  the 
power  of  the  Legislature.  This  omission  was,  at  a  later  daj',  the 
prime  cause  of  evils  that  brought  the  State  almost  to  the  verge  of 
bankruptcy  and  dishonor.  In  this  connection,  the  words  of  Webster 
possess  deep  meaning:  "It  is  a  fundamental  rule  in  the  structure  of 
human  society  that  mankind  must  not  only  limit  the  power  of  their 
rulers,  but  must  limit  themselves." 

The  second  convention — distrusting  the  Legislature — engrafted 
upon  the  fundamental  law  much  that  pertained  exclusively  to  statu- 
torv  enactment.     There  seems  to  have  been  little  reckoning  taken  as 


29 

to  the  possibility  of  changed  conditions  in  human  aflPairs,  from  those 
then  existing.  But  all  wisdom  is  not  of  one  generation.  It  must  be 
remembered  that  "new  occasions  teach  new  duties."  Something 
must  be  trusted  to  the  future. 

The  third  convention — whose  work  failed  to  receive  popular  ap- 
proval— exercised,  in  a  yet  greater  degree,  the  power  of  ordinary 
legislation.  The  position  assumed  by  some  of  its  members,  that  a 
convention  was  vested  with  extraordinary  powers;  that  independent 
of  existing  law,  it  embodied  the  supreme  will  of  the  people,  was  un- 
tenable. The  convention  is  a  creature  of  the  people,  their  chosen 
agency  for  a  clearly  defined  purpose.  Within  its  proper  sphere,  its 
powers  are  unmeasured.  Brought  into  existence,  not  by  revolution- 
ary proceedings,  but  under  the  arms  of  law,  its  powers  are,  of  neces- 
sity, limited.  To  formulate  the  fundamental  law  anew,  or  alter  and 
amend,  as  may  seem  most  fitting,  and  submit  the  work  of  its  hands 
to  the  judgment  of  that  higher  tribunal,  the  people,  is  the  "be  all 
and  end  all"  of  the  high  prerogative  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion. 

Fundamental  Laws — In  the  words  of  an  eminent  writer — "in  poli- 
tics, are  expressions  of  sovereign  will  in  relation  to  the  structure  of 
the  government,  the  extent  and  distribution  of  its  powers,  the  modes 
and  purposes  of  its  operation,  and  the  apparatus  of  checks  and  bal- 
ances proper  to  insure  its  integrity  and  continued  existence."  Stat- 
uatory  enactments  upon  the  contrary  may  be  "tentative,  temporary 
and  pass  with  the  occasion."  The  work  of  the  Legislature  may  be 
for  the  hour;  that  of  the  convention — for  time. 

From  all  this  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  assembling  of  a  convention 
to  formulate  a  new  fundamental  law  for  the  State,  should  be  an 
event  of  rare  occurrence  in  our  history.  In  matters  of  government, 
as  well  as  along  humbler  paths,  it  is  sometimes  better  "to  bear  the 
ills  we  have,  than  to  fly  to  others  that  we  know  not  of."  The  neces- 
sity for  the  convention  as  an  instrumentality  in  government  is,  in 
large  measure,  obviated  by  a  wise  provision  of  the  Constitution,  by 
which,  through  simpler  and  less  expensive  methods,  public  opinion 
can  find  expression  upon  proposed  amendments  to  the  organic  law. 

The  present  Constitution  of  our  State  has  been  in  operation  almost 
a  third  of  a  century.  It  has  answered  well  its  purpose  and  is  a  monu- 
ment to  the  fidelity  and  ability  of  its  framers.  The  great  common- 
wealth, of  which  it  is  the  fundamental  law,  is  now  the  third  in  the 
Federal  Union.  In  the  light  of  the  past,  we  stand  appalled  as  we 
contemplate  its  marvelous  future. 

In  the  remote — or  the  near  future,  it  may  be — a  new  convention 
will  assemble  and  a  new  Constitution  be  formulated.  When — will  be 
determined  by  those  upon  whom  the  responsibility  shall  hereafter 
devolve.  It  will  be  strange  indeed  if  changing  conditions,  aug- 
mented population,  the  growth  of  cities — especially  of  our  great 
city — and  commercial  developement  along  all  lines,  shall  not  render 
some  alteration  in  the  organic  law  of  the  State,  a  necessity.  The 
words  of  John  Stuart  Mill  are  significant:     "No  government  can  now 


30 

expect  to  be  permanent,  unless  it  guarantees  progress  as  well  as 
order;  nor  can  it  continue  to  secure  order  unless  it  promotes 
progress." 

Bat  it  must  be  remembered,  that  all  change  is  not  progress.  The 
Federal  Constitution — the  nearest  perfect  of  all  the  schemes  of  gov- 
ernment yet  devised  by  man — has,  with  few  material  amendments, 
endured  the  stress  and  strain  of  more  than  a  century.  In  its  essen- 
tials, it  meets  the  requirements  of  a  people  now  far  in  the  forefront, 
as  it  did  those  of  a  feeble  Republic  when  struggling  for  place  among 
the  nations. 

It  has  been  said  that:  "Today  is  the  pupil  of  yesterday."  Each 
age  is  "the  heir  of  all  which  has  preceded."  We  make  progress  as 
we  profit  by  the  lessons  of  the  past.  In  all  human  affairs,  experience 
is  the  sure  guide.  In  the  light  of  experience,  we  know  that  wise 
and  stable  government  is  one  of  the  essentials  to  human  happiness. 
Equally  well,  we  know  that  whatever  the  safe-guard  of  Constitution 
or  of  statute,  the  public  weal  is,  in  large  measure,  dependent  upon 
the  clear  head  and  clean  hands  of  those  to  whom  the  administration 
of  the  laws  is  committed.  There  is  something  of  truth— though  not 
all  truth — in  the  lines  of  the  old  poet: 

"As  to  forms  of  government,  let  fools  contest, 
That  which  is  best  administered,  is  best." 

Let  us  never  forget  that  in  the  outstretched  years,  the  welfare  of 
the  State — and  of  the  great  Republic  of  which  it  is  a  part — will  de- 
pend, not  upon  material  power  or  wealth  or  splendor,  but  upon  the 
intelligence,  the  virtue,  the  patriotism  of  the  people  In  the  State — 
as  in  the  home — the  nearer  we  keep  to  the  land  marks  established  by 
our  fathers,  the  more  surely  are  we  in  the  pathway  of  duty  and  of 
safety. 

We  honor  the  memory  of  the  men  who  set  up  the  public  defences 
and  made  sure  the  foundation  of  this  great  commonwealth  They 
are  to  be  judged,  not  in  the  spirit  of  criticism— not  "by  the  knowl- 
edge that  comes  after  the  fact" — but  by  the  conditions  that  sur- 
rounded, and  by  the  lights  that  guided  them.  We  are  proud,  and 
justly,  of  this  great  State— our  home  and  the  home  of  our  children; 
proud  of  its  prosperity  and  its  position;  proud  of  its  historic  past— 
of  all  it  has  contributed  to  the  welfare  and  glory  of  the  Republic. 
We,  nor  history,  will  forget  how,  when  the  life  of  the  Nation  was  in 
peril,  Illinois — true  to  her  covenant  under  the  great  Ordinance  that 
had  given  her  being— gave  one  illustrious  son  to  the  chief  magistracy 
of  his  country,  another  to  the  captaincy  of  its  armies,  and  sent  her 
heroes,  by  myriads,  along  every  pathway  of  danger  and  of  glory. 


81 


THE  MINES  OF  JO  DAVIESS  COUNTY. 

By  Hon.  William  Spensley. 

Until  recently  Jo  Daviess  county  in  a  political  sense  was  not  on 
the  map  of  the  State.  Being  in  the  northwest  corner  it  did  not  seem 
to  be  of  much  importance,  either  from  a  political  or  a  more  material 
standpoint.  Now,  however,  I  want  to  kindly  suggest  to  the  aspiring 
ones  that  politically  Jo  Daviess  county  is  coming  to  the  front,  and 
they  had  better  keep  their  eye  on  the  present  pro  tempore  President 
of  the  Senate  or  he  may  quietly  slip  into  the  Gubernatorial  chair. 

It  is  well,  however,  that  politics  do  not,  of  themselves,  make  a 
State,  and  when  we  consider  Jo  Daviess  county  from  a  more  material 
standpoint  and  from  what  it  has  added  to  the  nation's  wealth  in  the 
past  and  what  it  will  probably  add  to  that  wealth  in  the  future,  it 
will  be  found  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  important  counties  in  the 
State,  and  I  confidently  assert  that  no  county  in  the  State  of  its  size 
has  natural  resources  superior  to  those  of  the  county  of  Jo  Daviess. 

It  will  produce  anything  that  any  other  county  will  produce  in  the 
same  latitude,  and  produce  it  abundantly,  and  when  you  add  to  this 
its  mineral  wealth,  it  is  unsurpassed,  if  equaled,  by  any  other  county 
in  the  commonwealth  of  Illinois. 

Just  when  its  mines  were  first  discovered  is  shrouded  in  mystery, 
although  it  is  certain  that  a  Frenchman  by  the  name  of  La  Seur  saw 
mines  in  that  county  as  early  as  the  month  of  August,  1700.  He 
was  on  a  trading  expedition  to  the  Indians  in  what  is  now  the  State 
of  Minnesota,  and  in  his  report  of  that  expedition  says  he  discovered 
a  small  river  entering  the  Mississippi  on  the  right  side,  and  describes 
the  river  as  running  from  the  north,  and  that  on  that  river  seven 
leagues  from  the  Mississippi  is  a  lead  mine  He  named  the  river, 
thus  discovered  by  him,  "The  River  of  Mines."  It  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  at  that  time  Jo  Daviess  county,  as  well  as  other  por- 
tions of  the  northwest,  was  French  territory.  The  river  so  discovered 
by  him  was,  beyond  doubt,  what  is  now  known  as  Galena  river,  and 
there  is  a  map  of  Illinois  in  the  State  House  published  in  1820,  in 
which  that  river  is  named  the  River  of  Mines. 

The  geography  of  the  county  at  that  time  was  but  little  known  and 
afterwards,  in  1712,  Louis  the  XIV,  of  France,  granted  in  perpetuity 
to  one  Anthony  Crozat  and  his  heirs  all  the  property  of  the  mines  of 
Louisiana,  which  was  then  supposed  to  include  the  mines  of  what  is 
now  included  within  the  bounds  of  Jo  Daviess  county. 


32 

It  is  uncertain  just  what  particular  mine  La  Seur  saw,  but  the 
best  evidence  obtainable  points  to  the  fact  that  the  mine  he  visited 
is  the  one  two  miles  north  of  the  City  of  Galena  and  has  always  been 
and  still  is  known  as  the  Buck  mine.  It  is  a  lead  mine  and  has  been 
worked  more  or  less  from  the  time  that  La  Seur  is  supposed  to  have 
seen  it  up  to  the  present  time,  and  it  is  claimed  it  is  yet  far  from 
being  exhausted. 

Tradition  claims  that  there  was  at  first  in  said  mine  a  solid  body 
of  lead  ore  ]00  feet  high,  varying  in  width  from  6  to  10  feet,  and  ex- 
tending from  east  to  west  for  nearly  a  mile,  but  I  am  strongly  of  the 
opinion  that  in  this  respect  tradition  is  at  fault  because  no  such  mine 
has  since  been  discovered,  and  again,  that  description  would  give  the 
lead  ore  a  sheet  formation.  The  old  Buck  mine  is  what  is  known 
as  an  east  and  west  mine,  and  east  and  west  mines  do  not  form  lead 
ore  in  that  way;  the  sheet  formations  of  lead  ore  being  found  in  what 
is  known  as  north  and  south  crevices,  The  lead  ore  found  in  the 
east  and  west  take  on  what  is  known  as  a  cog  formation,  samples  of 
such  formation  I  have  with  me  (exhibiting  same),  the  north  and 
south  crevices  producing  lead  ore  in  a  sheet  formation,  samples  of 
such  formation  I  now  hold  in  my  hand  (exhibiting  same.) 

All  of  the  lead  ore  produced  in  Jo  Daviess  County  contains  traces 
of  silver  but  not  enough  to  make  it  profitable  to  extract  the  same;  the 
ore  found  in  what  is  known  as  the  north  and  south  crevices  and  be- 
ing of  a  sheet  formation  will  produce  a  trifle  more  lead  than  the  ore 
found  in  the  east  and  west,  which  is  of  a  cog  formation.  Just  why 
this  is  so  has  never  been  determined.  It  may  be  well  in  passing  to 
say  that  the  best  lead  ores  found  in  the  county,  when  reduced  in  a 
crucible,  will  produce  about  80  per  cent  of  lead,  although  in  the 
primitive  form  in  which  our  early  smelters  reduced  the  ore  it  would 
hardly  produce  70  per  cent  of  lead,  or  rather  but  70  per  cent  of  lead 
was  saved. 

The  lead  ores  are  found  at  various  depths,  from  the  grass  roots 
down  as  deep  as  explorations  have  been  made,  which  is  not  very  deep 
as  mines  are  now  considered.  No  mine  in  the  county,  with  which  I 
am  familiar,  has  been  to  exceed  200  feet  in  depth.  The  ore  is  found 
in  veins  and  flats,  that  is,  in  veins  that  are  perpendicular  or  that 
open  horizontally,  the  perpendicular  veins  being  known  to  geologists 
as  gash  veins,  they  are  locally  known  as  crevices  and  nearly  all  the 
ore  is  found  in  crevices,  although  a  considerable  amount  is  found 
out  side  of  the  crevices,  the  ore  so  found  is  known  as  float  and  is 
supposed  to  have  drifted  away  from  the  main  body  of  ore,  just  how 
this  drifting  away  has  been  brought  about,  if  it  really  occurred,  is 
not  known. 

The  principal  crevices  run  east  and  west,  that  is  their  general 
course  is  east  and  west  although  generally  they  vary  slightly  to  a 
southeast  and  northwest  direction  and  are  locally  known  in  the  mines 
as  "east  and  wests."  Other  crevices  run  north  and  south,  that  is 
their  general  courses  do,  and  are  locally  known  as  ''north  and  souths." 
Besides  these  there  are  crevices  known  as  quarterings  which  usually 


'S3 

cross  the  east  and  west  crevices  diagonally.  Some  of  these  quarter - 
ings,  so  called,  run  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest  and  some 
from  the  southeast  to  the  northwest  and  are  locally  called  "ten  o'clocks" 
or  "four  o'clocks"  according  to  the  direction  they  assume.  Besides 
these  there  are  smaller  crevices  which  usually  cross  the  east  and 
west  crevices  in  various  directions,  these  are  locally  called  "swithers," 
just  why  they  are  so  called  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

The  crevices  generally  run  in  groups.  A  group  consists  of  three 
or  more  crevices.  The  largest  quantities  of  ores  are  found  in  the 
easts  and  wests.  For  some  distance  below  the  crevices  are  generally 
found  to  be  perpendicular;  then  they  frequently  vary  from  such 
perpendicular,  either  north  or  south.  When  the  variation  is  toward 
the  north  it  is  called  "a  north  pitch";  when  the  variation  is  toward 
the  south  it  is  called  "a  south  pitch."  Bat  those  pitches  generally 
return  to  a  perpendicular.  The  east  and  west  crevices  form  what  is 
locally  known  as  openings;  that  is,  they  widen  out,  and  in  these 
openings  the  largest  body  of  lead  ore  is  found.  When  the  opening 
is  horizontal  it  is  called  a  "flat  opening,"  and  when  perpendicular  a 
perpendicular  opening.  The  crevices  that  run  north  and  south  sel- 
dom, if  ever,  make  openings;  at  least  have  not  been  found  to  make  open- 
ings, so  far  as  they  have  been  explored,  and  they  generally  drop 
toward  the  east  or  pitch  east  as  the  "crow  flies."  The  lead  ore  in 
these  north  and  south  crevices  has  the  appearance  of  being  molded 
in  the  crevice,  and  is  generally  found  attached  to  what  is  locally 
called  the  wall  rock.  In  each  of  these  groups  there  is  generally 
found  what  is  known  as  a  main  crevice,  and  if  lead  ore  be  found  in 
the  group,  the  largest  body  is  usually  found  in  such  main  crevice.  If 
lead  ore  be  found  in  all  the  crevices  of  the  group,  it  is  not  found 
directly  north  or  south  of  the  ore  found  in  the  main  crevice,  but  in  a 
diagonal  course  from  it,  and  is  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  diagonal 
crossings  of  the  group  of  crevices,  which,  as  before  explained,  are 
locally  known  as  "ten  o'clocks"  or  "four  o'clocks." 

As  before  explained,  the  lead  ore  found  in  the  crevices  that  run 
east  and  west  is  generally  known  as  cog  mineral;  that  found  in  the 
veins  running  north  and  south  is  generally  known  as  sheet  mineral. 
Not  all  of  the  crevices  that  run  either  east  or  west  or  north  or  south 
contain  lead  ore,  many  of  them  are  barren.  Jnst  why  some  crevices 
should  contain  lead  ore  and  some  not,  geologists  fail  to  inform  us. 
It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  however,  that  so  far  as  I  have  been  informed 
no  ore  is  found  in  any  crevice  without  such  crevice  having  been 
crossed  by  some  other  crevice  and  the  local  expression  is  "you  will 
not  find  lead  ore  until  you  strike  a  crossing."  Just  why  this  is  so  is 
not  known.  Some  of  the  crevices  are  open  almost  to  the  gross  roots, 
although  they  generally  close  as  they  go  down  and  just  before  they 
make  an  opening,  as  it  is  called.  Some  are  covered  over  with  a 
limestone  formation,  the  local  name  of  which  is  the  cap-rock.  The 
wall  rock  on  each  side  of  the  crevice   is  sometimes  found  to  be 

3  H 


84 

smooth  and  almost  level  and  over  the  opening,  nature  has  formed  a 
covering  of  limestone  almost  as  smooth  as  formed  by  the  hand  of 
man,  and  this,  as  before  stated,  is  called  the  cap- rock. 

In  some  of  the  crevices  the  walls  come  together  much  the  same  as 
the  two  sides  of  a  vase. 

The  first  work  done  in  the  mines  was  beyond  doubt  performed  by  the 
Indians,  generally  by  the  squaws,  their  method  of  extracting  the  ore 
from  the  ground  where  it  was  found  attached  to  the  rock  was  to  build 
a  great  fire  on  the  rocks  and  when  the  rocks  had  become  sufficiently 
heated  threw  water  upon  it  and  caused  the  rock  to  crack,  thus  separ- 
ating the  ore  from  the  rock.  After  the  ore  had  been  taken  from  the 
earth  the  Indians  would  make  a  slight  excavation  in  some  hillside, 
fill  that  with  wood  and  place  the  ore  thereon,  would  set  the  wood  on 
fire  and  in  this  way  reduce  the  ore  to  lead;  these  are  called  Indian 
furnaces,  some  of  them  have  been  seen  until  recently. 

The  early  method  of  melting  the  ore  by  the  white  man  was  almost 
as  inartistic.  They  would  dig  a  pit;  over  this  pit  would  be  placed  a 
quantity  of  logs,  and  upon  these  lay  the  ore;  setting  the  logs  on  fire 
the  ore  would  be  reduced,  filling  the  pit  with  lead.  These  were  called 
log  furnaces.  Afterwards  the  Drummond  furnace  was  introduced; 
also  the  cupola  and  the  blast  furnace,  which  is  the  one  now  used,  and 
which  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  old  Scotch  hearth.  It  is  a 
little  remarkable  that  in  the  lead  mines  of  JoDaviess  county  during 
the  last  50  years  little  or  no  improvement  has  been  made  in  the 
method  of  reducing  lead  ore,  and  the  quantity  of  ore  that  has  been 
"wasted  or  lost  since  the  discovery  of  the  mines  is  almost  incalculable. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  very  accurate  account  has  been  kept 
of  the  product  of  the  lead  mines  ot  JoDaviess  county.  For  years  the 
shipping  point  was  Galena,  and  from  the  year  1821  up  to  and  includ- 
ing the  year  1857,  from  the  best  data  that  I  have  been  able  to  gather, 
there  was  shipped  from  Galena,  during  that  time,  the  enormous  sum 
of  820,000,000  pounds,  the  estimate  value  of  which  was  over  $30,- 
000,000.  From  the  mines  at  Elizabeth,  which  is  15  miles  from  Ga- 
lena, but  yet  in  JoDaviess  county,  the  Hon.  Henry  Green,  who  was 
good  authority  and  formerly  represented  JoDaviess  county  in  the 
State  Senate,  states  that  up  to  1875  there  was  shipped  from  those 
mines  at  Elizabeth  75,000,000  pounds.  And  the  late  H.  H.  Hough- 
ton, who,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  the  oldest  editor  in  the  State, 
in  an  article  pablished  in  his  paper  just  before  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1878,  states  that  the  output  of  the  mines  of  Vinegar  Hill, 
which  is  five  miles  north  of  Galena,  but  in  JoDaviess  county,  has 
reached  the  enormous  sum  of  300,000,000  pounds.  A  writer  from 
Galena,  whose  name  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain,  in  Harper's 
publication  for  the  month  of  May,  1866,  states  that  the  value  of  the 
lead  ore  produced  by  the  mines  of  JoDaviess  county  up  to  that  time 
was  $40,000,000. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  California  and  the  War  of  the  Rebellion 
both  had  a  marked  influence  upon  the  productiveness  of  the  mines 
of  Jo  Daviess  county,  the  first  by  drawing  away  most  of  the  miners 


35 

to  what  was  deemed  more  profitable  fields  of  labor  and  the  latter  by- 
taking  a  large  number  of  the  young  men  to  the  field  of  battle.  As 
near  as  can  be  ascertained  Jo  Daviess  county  furnished  nearly  one- 
tenth  of  its  population  to  the  army. 

Lead  ore  has  been  found  in  every  township  in  the  county,  and 
how  little  the  county  has  been  explored  will  be  understood  when  I 
state  that  if  all  the  crevices  in  which  discovery  of  lead  ore  has  been 
made  in  the  county  were  placed  side  by  side  they  would  not  cover 
more  than  a  section  of  land.  This  may  seem  almost  incredible,  and 
yet  this  is  the  candid  judgment  of  all  those  with  whom  I  have  talked 
and  whose  judgment  is  of  value. 

Thus  far  I  have  spoken  of  the  mines  of  Jo  Daviess  county  with  re- 
ference to  lead  ore  alone,  but  it  is  estimated  by  those  competent  to 
judge  that  prolific  as  Jo  Daviess  county  has  been  and  is  in  lead  ore 
it  does  not  compare  with  what  zinc  ore  it  has  and  will  produce.  Up 
to  1860  the  zinc  ore  was  of  little  or  no  value  and  many  a  time  while 
hauling  lead  ore  to  my  father's  furnace  have  I  heard  the  presence  of 
zinc  ore  with  the  lead  ore  bitterly  denounced,  both  by  the  miners 
and  the  men  employed  in  the  reduction  of  the  lead  ore,  the  two  ores 
did  not  mix  well,  the  miner  claiming  when  he  would  find  zinc  ore, 
that  it  '"burned  the  lead  ore  out"  and  the  smelter  would  declare  that 
the  zinc  ore  prevented  the  reduction  of  the  lead  ore,  the  latter  I 
know  to  be  true  from  experience.  The  zinc  ore  is  found  in  two 
forms,  locally  known  as  black-jack  and  dry  bone,  these  are  shortened 
into  jack  and  bone.  The  black  jack  or  sulphide  of  zinc  is  such  as  I 
now  hold  in  my  hand  (exhibiting  same),  it  is  generally  understood 
to  be  found  at  a  greater  depth  than  the  lead  ore,  it  is  also  found  in 
crevices  somewhat  like  the  lead  ore  and  when  it  is  at  its  best  it  is 
found  in  sheet  formation,  whether  it  be  in  an  east  and  west  or  a 
north  and  south  crevice.  The  best  zinc  ore,  or  as  we  locally  call  it, 
the  best  jack  is  from  60  to  66  per  cent  pure,  sometimes  we  find  the 
lead  ore  and  the  zinc  ore  and  limestone  all  mixed  together  as  though 
each  separate  particle  had  been  stirred  in  nature's  pot  to- 
gether and  suddenly  hardened.  The  dry  bone  so  called,  which  is 
properly  a  carbonate  of  zinc,  a  specimen  of  which  I  now  hold  in  my 
hand  (exhibiting  specimen)  is  an  inferior  quality  of  zinc  ore.  It  is 
found  under  like  conditions  as  the  black-jack  but  not  so  deep  and 
some  have  supposed  that  it  is  simply  the  better  ore  leached  out  by 
nature's  process. 

Just  now  the  trend  of  mining  in  Jo  Daviess  county  is  toward  the 
discovery  of  zinc  ore  and  thousands  of  dollars  are  now  being  spent 
in  the  discovery  of  that  ore.  One  mine  in  the  city  of  Galena  within 
the  last  60  days,  has  been  sold  to  a  foreign  syndicate  for  $80,000 
and  that  syndicate  is  now  preparing  to  further  develope  the  mine  on 
a  large  scale,  putting  up  buildings  and  machinery,  which  at  a  low 
estimate  will  cost  $30,000.  The  manager  of  the  company  informs 
me  that  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  company  to  develope  the  mine  to 
its  lowest  depths,  expecting  that  when  the  mine  will  reach  a  depth 
of  300  feet  that  the  deposits  will  be  much  larger  than  have  now  been 
discovered.     Beside  this  zinc  mine,  just  three  miles  north  of  Galena, 


36 

is  another  zinc  mine  operated  by  a  company  with  improved  ma- 
chinery and  it  is  now  turning  out  vast  quantities  of  finished  ore. 
Many  other  companies  have  within  the  last  six  months  commenced 
operatious  and  it  is  confidently  expected  that  within  the  next  two 
years  the  zinc  mines  of  Jo  Daviess  county  will  eclipse  the  zinc  mines 
of  Missouri. 

I  desire  to  state  further  for  the  benefit  of  such  as  may  be  inter- 
ested, that  the  development  of  the  mines  in  Jo  Daviess  county, 
whether  it  be  for  lead  or  zinc  ores,  can  be  brought  about  by  the  use 
of  comparatively  small  amount  of  capital.  Our  mines  are  so  exten- 
sive that  the  ground  can  be  leased  at  almost  a  nominal  rental  and  no 
charge  is  made  for  such  leases  until  results  are  obtained,  and  then 
the  royalties  paid  therefor  are  generally  less  than  one- half  of  the 
royalties  paid  for  gold,  silver  or  copper  mining  properties.  The 
mining  interests  are  so  extensive  that  little  or  no  trouble  is  experi- 
enced in  securing  leases  upon  good  mining  properties.  1  make  this 
statement  deliberately  and  after  consultation  with  parties  who  are 
thoroughly  informed  upon  the  subject  and  I  ask  a  candid  investiga- 
tion into  the  statements  I  make. 

Some  idea  of  the  interest  that  is  now  being  taken  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  zinc  mines  in  Jo  Daviess  county  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact  that  there  was  not  a  mill  for  the  reduction  of  the  ore  within 
the  bounds  of  the  county  three  years  ago.  I  have  the  statement  of 
Mr,  R.  Barrett,  who  is  president  of  the  Little  Corporal  and  also 
president  of  the  Hazel  Green  Mining  company  and  who  is  also  our 
leading  wholesale  merchant,  that  within  the  next  six  month  includ- 
ing those  now  in  operation,  there  will  be  25  mills  within  the  mining 
district  of  which  Galena  is  the  center,  17  of  which  are  now  either  in 
active  operation  or  contracted  for.  It  will  be  noted  that  this  is  a 
remarkable  fact  when  it  is  considered  that  in  the  mining  district  of 
which  Galena  is  the  center,  zinc  mining  is  only  in  its  infancy. 

Aside  from  the  lead  and  zinc  mines  we  have  another  ore  that  is 
just  now  coming  into  prominence.  It  is  locally  known  as  sulphur,  a 
specimen  of  which  I  now  hold  in  my  hand  (exhibiting  specimen). 
A  few  years  ago  this  had  no  commercial  value  whatever,  now  it  is 
worth  about  $6  per  ton,  although  it  is  but  little  sought  after.  It  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid  and  I  have  been  informed 
that  experiments  are  being  made  with  it  for  fertilizing  purposes  and 
it  is  just  possible  that  by  its  use  Illinois  may  again  become  a  great 
wheat  growing  State,  as  it  is  supposed  by  some  that  the  reason  wheat 
cannot  now  be  grown  as  successfully  in  Illinois  as  in  other  portions 
of  the  Union  is  lack  of  sulphur  in  the  soil,  but  upon  this  point  I  do 
not  hazard  an  opinion. 

Aside  from  all  the  foregoing  ores  produced  by  Jo  Daviess  County 
I  want  to  say  that  it  also  produces  iron  ore.  There  is  one  iron  mine 
in  that  county  that  has  produced  large  quanties  of  iron  ore  but  not 
yet  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  profitable  and  just  at  present  the 
mine  is  not  in  operation. 


37 

I  have  to  say  also  that  it  is  within  the  range  of  possibilities  that 
gold  may  yet  be  discovered  in  that  county.  I  am  aware  of  the  fact 
that  geologists  claim  that  such  a  thing  could  not  be  but  we  are  learn- 
ing every  day  that  Dame  Nature  does  things  that  have  not  yet  been 
written  down  in  the  books.  In  a  spring  situated  near  the  village  of 
Hanover  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  I  have  personally  washed  out  what 
is  known  as  black  sand.  It  is  the  same  kind  of  sand  in  which  gold 
is  found  in  many  of  the  placer  mines  of  the  West.  I  also  gathered 
near  said  spring  quite  a  quantity  of  quartz,  which  to  the  unpracticed 
eye  is  similar  to  quartz  in  which  gold  is  found  in  the  West, although 
I  did  not  discover  any  gold  but  I  intend  at  no  distant  day  to  further 
prospect  the  property. 

I  can  say  in  conclusion  and  a  personal  inspection  of  our  mineral 
resources  will  justify  the  statement,  that  the  mines  of  Jo  Daviess 
County,  prospectively,  offer  as  good  returns,  if  not  better,  for  capital 
invested  than  any  mines  in  the  United  States.  North  of  us  in  the 
village  of  Platteville,  in  Grant  County,  is  a  big  mine  which,  I  am 
told,  is  paying  a  monthly  dividend  of  5  per  cent.  Near  the  village 
of  Benton,  in  LaFayette  County,  which  is  just  north  of  Jo  Daviess 
County,  are  several  zinc  mines  that  are  paying  large  dividends  an- 
nually. No  lead  mines  anywhere  in  the  United  States  have  been  in 
the  past  better  producers  than  the  lead  mines  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
not  one- tenth  of  the  county  has  been  explored  for  lead  ore.  The 
zinc  mines  of  the  county  are  in  thoir  infancy  and  those  best  com- 
petent to  judge  give  it  as  their  candid  judgment  that  untold  wealth 
lies  below  the  surface  of  Jo  Daviess  County,  awaiting  only  the  wise 
use  of  capital  for  its  development. 


•  38 


OLD   FORT  MASSAC. 

Mrs-  Mathew  T.  Scott. 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society : 
Authorized  to  do  so  by  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
a  widespread  and  growing  organization,  extending  into  every  state 
of  our  Union,  and  whose  sole  object  is  the  strengthening  and  glory  of 
our  beloved  country  and  the  restoration  of  a  full  fraternal  spirit  of 
patriotism,  I  am  before  you  to  submit  a  memorial  upon  Old  Fort 
Massac. 

In  its  preparation,  I  have  used  the  material  preserved  by  the  plain 
people,  who  for  generations  have  lived  near  the  old  fort.  The  writ- 
ten history  prepared  by  eminent  men,  also,  the  authenticated  records 
of  the  War  Department.  I  have  been  particularly  fortunate  in  hav- 
ing access  to  the  records  of  the  War  Department  through  the  courtesy 
of  Mr.  S.  A  McCarthy  of  the  Record  Division  of  the  office  of  the 
Chief  of  Engineers,  You  will  notice  that  at  various  points  of  this 
narrative  I  have  given  various  statements  on  such  immaterial  points 
as  the  origin  of  the  name,  etc.,  but  not  otherwise,  for  there  is  no  dis- 
puting testimony  on  national  matters,  and  I  am  the  more  emboldened 
in  my  cause  from  the  fact  that  before  I  appeared  here,  I  sub- 
mitted my  material  and  references  to  your  own  distinguished  Presi- 
dent and  have  heard  from  him  no  word  of  dissent  as  to  my  authorities 
and  conclusions  and  so  as  a  woman  representing  this  great  body  of 
women  may  I  claim  his  support  and  the  support  of  the  Illinois  His- 
torical Society,  in  all  gallant  and  knightly  fashion  for  my  cause — the 
preservation  and  renaissance  of  Old  Fort  Massac. 

*OLD   FORT   MASSAO. 

In  Illinois  near  the  old  city  of  Metropolis  still  exists  one  of  the 
most  ancient  and  interesting  historical  monuments  on  this  continent. 
Around  Old  Fort  Massac,  overlooking  a  noble  sweep  of  the  Ohio 
river,  cluster  memories  as  heroic  as  those  which  enrich  any  page  of 
our  western  annals.  History,  legend  and  tradition  have  associated 
this  old  fort  indissolubly  with  thrilling  occurrence  in  Illinois'  "storied 
past."  Here  transpired  events  of  far  reaching  importance  during 
the  great  historical  epoch  known  as  the  Illinois  campaign — a  scheme 
for  conquest  of  the  British  forts  northwest  of  the  Ohio  river,  devised 
by  the  military  genius  of  George  Rogers  Clark,  approved  by  Patrick 
Henry,  then  Governor  of  Virginia,  and  his  confidential  advisers, 
George  Mason,  George  Wythe  and  Thomas  JefPerson — men  who 
grasped  both  the  vast  possibilities  and  herculean  difficulties  in- 
volved in  this  undertaking. 

We  have  no  time  to  dwell  upon  this  expedition,  nor  upon  the 
splendid  victories  of  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia  and  Vincennes — victories 
which  wresting  the  Illinois  and  Wabash  countries  from  the  British, 
and  against  the  Spanish,  vindicated  the  foresight  of  Jefferson,  who 

*  A  bill  passed  the  Legislature,  session  of  1903,  appropriating  money  for  the  purchase  of 
the  site  of  Fort  Massac. 


39 

said  from  the  beginning  that  *  'Clark's  expedition  into  the  Illinois 
and  Wabash  country  would,  if  successful,  have  an  important  bearing 
ultimately,  in  establishing  our  northwestern  boundary."  This  proph- 
ecy triumphed  in  the  acquisition  of  the  territory  out  of  which  has 
sprung  the  great  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin and  in  part  Minnesota,  forcing  the  British  frontier  back  to 
Mackinaw,  Detroit  and  the  lakes. 

Governor  Reynolds  in  describing  the  start  for  this  "march  from 
Fort  Massac  across  the  wilderness,"  says: 

"The  country  between  Fort  Massacre  and  Kaskaskia  at  that  day, 
1778,  was  a  wilderness  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  (120)  miles  and 
contained  much  of  it,  a  swampy  and  difficult  road. 

"In  very  ancient  times  a  military  road  was  opened  and  marked 
each  mile  on  a  tree  from  Massac  to  Kaskaskia.  The  numbers  of  the 
miles  were  cut  in  ciphers  with  an  iron,  and  painted  red.  Such  I 
saw  them  in  1800.  This  road  was  first  made  by  the  French,  when 
they  had  the  dominion  of  the  country,  and  was  called  'the  Old  Massac 
road,'  by  the  Americans." 

"It  is  not  likely,  however,"  continues  Governor  Reynolds,  "that 
there  was  much  if  any  trace  of  the  road,  at  the  time  Clark's  little 
army  passed  across  this  wilderness." 

NOT   HISTORY, — TRADITION. 

Tradition  still  marks  this  old  site  as  a  temporary  fort  used  by 
Dp>Soto'8  men  to  protect  themselves  from  the  Indians  so  early  as 
1512,  Fort  Massac  has  been  successively  in  the  hands  of  the  Span- 
ish, French,  English,  Indians  and  Americans.  It  has  figured  in  the 
great  historical  events  of  the  southwest  and  is  richer  in  historical 
interest  than  any  point  on  the  Ohio  river.  It  is  itself  an  epitome  of 
the  early  history  of  Illinois. 

This  old  fort,  these  old  earthworks  yet  remain.  Their  ruins  re- 
plete with  interest  to  the  patriotic  student  of  our  country's  progress. 
Here  Jucbereau  traded,  and  Father  Mermet  preached  in  1701  to  1705. 
Here  the  French  established  a  mission  and  fort,  the  "French  genius,"^ 
says  Governor  Reynolds,  "for  the  selection  of  sites  for  forts,  being 
eminently  sustained  in  the  choice  of  Fort  Massac."  Here  the  south- 
ern Indians  coming  in  their  bark  canoes  down  the  Shawnee  (Cum- 
berland) and  the  Cherokee  (Tennessee)  rivers;  first  heard  the  gospel 
preached.  Here  after  the  evacuation  of  Fort  du  Quesne  in  1758, 
and  the  withdrawal  of  the  Lilies  of  France,  from  Ticonderoga, 
Crown  Point,  Fort  Niagara,  Quebec,  indeed  the  whole  of  Canada. 

The  French  falling  back  in  rafts  down  the  Ohio  river  under  Mon- 
sieur Aubry,  (La  Belle  Ohioiere)  stayed  their  retreat. 

Here  trod  that  gallant  French  officer  whose  memory  still  is  cher- 
ished in  Illinois.  St.  Ange  de  Belle  Rive  here  halted  every  expedi- 
tion from  Canada  down  the  Wabash,  and  still  onward  to  the  French 
settlements  in  lower  Louisiana. 

Around  this  old  fort  Tecumseh  hunted  bufPalo,  and  here  the  brave 
Lieutenant  Pike  commanded,  only  to  fall,  nobly  leading  his  men  in 


40 

Canada.  Here  Wilkinson,  Sebastian,  Powers  and  others,  with 
Spanish,  French  and  (>reoie  women  plotted  to  dismember  the  Ameri- 
can Union.  Here  the  gifted  Aaron  Burr  rested,  refreshed  himself, 
and  planned  his  southern  expedition;  his  plot,  to  make  an  empire 
out  of  the  southwest  and  if  events  favored,  to  set  himself  on  the 
throne  of  the  Montezumas,  and  here  the  beautiful  wife  of  Blenner- 
hasset  first  learned  of  the  gigantic  enterprise  her  husband  was  in- 
volved in,  that  swept  away  a  fortune,  and  rendered  her  a  wanderer 
from  her  home  in  the  dead  of  winter. 

Barr  arrived  at  Fort  Massac  in  Jane,  1805;  here  he  found  General 
Wilkinson  and  spent  four  days  with  him. 

The  garrison  at  Fort  Massac  then  consisted  of  about  40  men;  there 
were  no  cannon  there.  Captain  Daniel  Bissel  was  the  officer  in  com- 
mand. The  rumors  of  Burr's  projects  so  rife  throughout  the  western 
country,  do  not  appear  to  have  reached  this  secluded  spot.  It  was 
not  until  Burr's  arrival  at  Bayou  Pierre  above  Natchez  that  she 
learned  of  Wilkinson's  treachery.  With  their  subsequent  affairs  we 
have  nothing  to  do,  except  to  say  that  Burr  was  arrested  at  Fort 
Stoddard  by  Captain  E.P.Gaines,who  afterward  commanded  Fort  Mas- 
sac, and  subsequently  reached  high  rank  in  the  United  States  army. 

History  relates  many  instances  in  which  the  fort  figured  up  to 
1794,  when  Washington  in  a  special  order  dated  March  31,  directed 
that  the  fort  be  rebuilt  and  re-occupied.  The  necessity  of  rebuilding 
was  brought  about  by  the  plan  of  certain  dissatisfied  settlers  to  in- 
vade the  possessions  of  Spain  in  Louisiana.  The  settlers  had  become 
exasperated  by  the  failure  of  the  government  to  enforce  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  To  be  more  definite,  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio  river  was  discovered  by  Marquette  and  Joliet  in  the  pro- 
gress of  their  exploration  of  the  Mississippi  in  1673. 

In  1699  the  French,  having  made  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  opened  communication  between  that  place  and 
Canada  by  means  of  the  Illinois  river.  They  began  to  form  a  design 
to  join  these  two  colonies  together.  They  assigned  the  river  Illinois 
to  be  the  boundary  between  them,  and  denominated  all  the  country 
southward  to  the  Grulf  of  Mexico  by  the  name  of  Louisiana,  in  honor 
of  their  king,  Louis  XIV.  They  began  in  the  infancy  of  this  south- 
ern colony  to  build  forts  along  the  Mississippi,  and  by  degrees  to 
enter  into  the  Ohio,  at  whose  mouth  they  built  a  fort  also;  by  which 
river  and  the  Wabash  they  found  a  much  shorter  and  more  conven- 
ient route  to  and  from  Quebec  thin  by  that  of  the  Illinois.  Mean- 
while the  English  continued  their  intercourse  and  traffic  with  the 
Indians  of  the  Ohio  country,  so  much  to  their  advantage  that  in  1716 
Colonel  Spotswood,  then  Governor  of  Virginia,  got  a  law  passed  there 
for  erecting  a  company  to  trade  with  them.  (State  of  the  British 
and  French  colonies  in  North  America;  London,  1755.) 

Thus,  at  this  early  date  the  historic  rivalry  of  France  and  England 
manifested  itself,  even  in  this  far  off  wilderness.  While  England 
was  colonizing  the  Atlantic  coast,  France  was  establishing  a  new 
empire  in  the  heart  of  the  continent  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  the 
Great  Lakes  and  in  the  Mississippi  valley.     Each  had  its  Indian  al- 


41 

lies;  the  English  had  the  Iroquois,  the  French  had  the  Algonquins. 
The  French  paved  the  way  by  sending  zealous  missionaries  of  the 
Jesuit  and  other  orders  to  win  the  Indians  to  Christianity;  the  trad- 
ers gave  them  a  fair  value  for  their  furs,  and  the  soldiers  shared  their 
hardships  and  repelled  their  enemies.  Wherever  a  village  of  Indians 
was  found,  the  French  established  a  fort  and  a  mission.  The  posts 
were  either  trading  stations  or  built  to  protect  the  traders  and  the 
Indians.  We  have  descriptions  of  many  of  them;  a  palisaded  house 
or  two,  a  little  guardhouse  and  a  cabin  to  serve  as  storehouse.  Of 
such  a  type  was  probably  Assumption,  the  first  post  erected  upon  this 
historic  site.  Details  of  much  of  its  history  are  lacking.  After  hav- 
ing served  a  useful  existence  for  many  yeare,  its  occupancy  appears  to 
have  been  abandoned  by  the  French  for  military  purposes,  about  1750. 
During  its  later  existence  it  was  known  variously  as  the  "Old  Fort" 
and  as  the  "Old  Cherokee  Fort."  (So  says  Van  Cleve,  1794.)  Dur- 
ing  the  crisis  in  the  French  and  Indian  war,  when  the  English  had 
determined  to  drive  every  vestige  of  French  power  from  this  conti- 
nent, the  old  post  was  rebuilt  and  made  quite  a  respectable  fortress. 
This  was  in  175,"^,  and  the  fort  was  called  by  the  French  "Fort  Maa- 
siao,"  no  doubt  in  honor  of  the  French  minister  of  the  marine,  M.  de 
Massiac,  under  King  Louis  XV.  It  was  known  by  the  French  from 
1758  to  17(i5  as  Massiac.  It  was  one  of  a  chain  of  forts,  beginning 
with  Fort  Niagara,  which  were  intended  to  confine  the  English  col- 
onies  to  the  strip  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  During  the  short  period 
when  Spain  owned  the  French  claim  to  the  Northwest  territory,  it  is 
said  that  the  fort  was  occupied  by  Spanish  soldiers. 

After  the  surrender  of  the  French  possessions  to  the  English  the 
fort  is  known  in  the  reports  of  the  latter  as  Fort  Massac,  from  1763 
to  1778.  Since  1778  it  has  always  been  known  by  the  Americans  as 
Fort  Massac  (sometimes  unauthorizedly  as  Fort  Massacre,  but  never 
oflScially  by  that  name).  The  earliest  authentic  recital  of  the  legend 
of  the  "massacre"  is  made  by  Collot,  1796,  and  Baily,  1797,  both  of 
whom  received  it  directly  from  the  Canadian  habitants  residing  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  fort.  The  first  publication  of  it  was  made,  how- 
ever, by  F.  Cuming  in  "Sketches  of  a  Tour  in  the  Western  Country," 
Pittsburg. 

Again  according  to  the  authorities  of  La  Harpe,  and  the  later 
historian,  Charlevoix;  the  French,  in  the  year  1700,  established  a 
trading  post  for  the  purpose  of  securing  buiTalo  hides  near  the  mouth 
of  the  "Ouabache"  which  discharges  into  the  Mississippi. 

Itt  August,  1702,  M.  Juchereau  de  St.  Denis,  accompanied  by  84 
Canadians,  including  Father  Mermet,  departed  from  the  Mission  at 
Kaskaskia,  in  the  Illinois,  on  his  expedition  to  form  a  settlement  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  where  he  proposed  to  engage  in  the  fur  trade 
with  the  Indians,  Count  de  Pontchartrain,  then  chancellor  of 
France,  was  very  desirous  that  this  post  should  be  established. 

Jachereau  appears  to  have  enlisted  sufficiently  powerful  friends  in 
his  behalf,  although  Governor  de  Callieres  and  Intendant  de  Cham- 
pigny  protested  Oct.  5,  1701,  to  the  ministry  at  Paris  that  the  loss  of 
the  castor  trade  would  result  in  the  destruction  of  the  colony  of  Can- 


42  i 

ada.     They  also  presented  a  protest  against   the   concession   which  :; 

had  been  already  granted  to  Juchereau  for  the  fur  trade  along  the  ;i 

Mississippi,  but  through  the  iufluence  with  the  king  of  Madame  j 

la  Oomtesse  de  Saint  Pierre,  his  petition  was  granted.  1 

A  letter  of  Count  de  Pontchartrain  dated  Versailles,  June  4,  1701,  \ 

addressed  to  M.  de  Callieres,    governor  of  New  France  and  M.  de  ] 

Champigny,  intendant  of  police,   notified  them  of  the   concession  ! 
which  had  been  granted  to  Juchereau,  by  authority  of  the  king.  The 

license  describes^  Juchereau  as  being  a  lieutenant  general  in  the  juris-  ' 

diction  of  Montreal,  and  gave  him  the  right  to  pass  to  the  Mississippi  ; 

river  with  24  men  in  eight  canoes  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  J 

tanaery.     This  was   an  unusually   liberal   concession.     La   Hontan  ' 

states  (New  Voyage  to  North  America)  that  the  licenses  were  usu-  i 

ally  limited  to  two  canoes.  ' 

M.  Juchereau  was  accompanied  by  Father  Jean  Mermet,  who  acted      • 
as  chaplain  to  the  French  and  missionary  to  the  Indians;  the  neigh-      j 
boring  Mascoutins,  who  were  later   associated  with  the  Kickapoos — 
as  was  customary  with  the  Indians — having  soon  gathered  about  the 
post  for  the  purpose  of  barter. 

Farther  Mermet    established   a  branch  mission  which  was  called 
Assumption      It  vvas  the  pious  custom  of  the  period  to  dedicate  to     ^ 
the  patronage  of  some  saint  such  works  and  enterprises  as  this.     The     ' 
feast  of  the  Assumption  is  celebrated  in   the   Catholic   church   on 
August  15,  so  that  it  is  probable  that  the  post  and  mission   of  the 
Assumption  was  founded  August  15,  1702. 

It  thus  appears  as  a  matter  of  history,  that  the  first  religous  dis- 
course ever  preached  on  the  Ohio  river  was  preached  on  the  site  of 
the  later  Fort  Massac  over  200  years  ago  by  the  learned  Mermet,  he 
beiag  the  first  preacher  of  any  Christian  church  who  discoursed  the 
gospel  of  Christ  in  this  part  of  the  present  State  of  Illinois. 

An  interesting  example  of  the  efforts  of  this  devoted  missionary  to 
convert  the  savages  at  Assumption  is  preserved  for  us  in  the  letter 
of  Father  Marest  to  Father  Germon   from  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  12,  1712. 

"Father  Mermet  believed  that  he  ought  also  to  labor  for  the  con- 
version of  the  Mascoutens,  who  had  set  up  a  village  on  the  borders 
of  the  same  river;  this  is  a  tribe  of  savagf s  who  understand  the 
Illinois  language,  but  who,  because  of  the  extreme  attachment  which 
they  have  for  the  superstitions  of  their  Charlatans,  were  not  very 
much  inclined  to  listen  to  the  instructions  of  the  missionary. 

"The  course  that  Father  Mermet  took  was  to  perplex  in  the  pres- 
ence  of  this  people,  one  of  these  Charlatans,  who  worshipped  the  ox 
as  his  great  manitou.  After  having  led  him  insensibly  so  far  as  to 
avow  that  it  was  not  the  ox  which  he  adored,  but  an  ox  manitou 
which  was  under  the  earth,  which  animated  all  oxen,  and  which  re- 
stored life  to  his  sick  people,  he  asked  him  if  the  other  animals — 
like  the  bear,  for  instance,  which  his  comrades  worshipped — were 
not  likewise  animated  by  a  manitou  which  is  under  the  earth.  'With- 
out doubt,'  answered  the  Charlatan.  'But  if  this  be  so,'  returned 
the  missionary,  'men  oui^ht  also  to  have  a  manitou  which  animates 
them.'     'Nothing  is  more  certain,'  said  the  Charlatan,'     'That  is  suf- 


48 

ficient  for  me  to  convince  you  that  you  are  not  verj''  reasonable,'  re- 
plied the  missionary,  for,  if  man,  who  is  on  the  earth  be  the  master 
of  all  animals,  if  he  will  kill  them,  if  he  eat  them,  it  must  be  that 
the  manitou  which  animates  man,  is  also  the  master  of  all  the  other 
manitous;  where  then  is  your  intelligence,  that  you  do  not  invoke 
him,  who  is  the  master  of  all  others?' " 

M.  Juchereau  died  at  the  fort  about  two  years  after  its  establish- 
ment; probably  in  170i. 

In  1705,  the  establishment  was  broken  up  on  account  of  a  quarrel 
of  the  Indians  among  themselves,  in  which,  unfortunately,  the  French, 
in  tryiug  to  keep  the  peace,  became  involved  to  the  extent  that,  their 
lives  were  endangered  and  they  fled  for  safety,  leaving  behind  all 
their  store  of  trade  and  barter,  together  with  18,000  buffalo  skins 
which  they  had  collected  for  shipment  to  Canada. 

Tradition  is  insistent  that  there  was  a  mission  and  fortified  trading 
station  on  this  site  from  1710  or  1711,  to  guard  the  French  fur 
traders  from  the  marauding  Cherokees,  and  that  it  remained  only  a 
small  fort  until  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  1756. 

September  12,  1712,  Louis  XIV  granted  to  Anthony  Crozat,  the 
monopoly  of  the  trade  of  Louisiana;  this  concession  included  the  Illi- 
nois country  and  placed  it  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Louisiana.  La- 
mothe  Cadillac  was  appointed  Governor  of  Louisiana;  having  re- 
ceived positive  instructions  to  assist  the  agents  of  Crozat  in  estab- 
lishing trading  posts  or  settlements  on  the  "Ouabache"  or  Ohio  and 
the  Illinois,  he  wrote  back  to  the  ministry: 

"I  have  seen  Crozat's  instructions  to  his  agents.  I  thought  they 
issued  from  a  lunatic  asylum  and  there  appeared  to  be  no  more  sense 
in  them  than  in  the  Apocalypse.  What —  Is  it  expected  that,  for 
any  commercial  or  profitable  purpose,  boats  will  ever  be  able  to  run 
up  the  Mississippi  into  the  Wabash,  the  Missouri  or  the  Red  River. 
One  might  as  well  try  to  bite  a  slice  off  the  moon.  Not  only  are 
those  rivers  as  rapid  as  the  Rhone,  but  in  their  crooked  course,  they 
imitate  to  perfection  snake's  undulations.  Hence,  for  instance,  on 
every  turn  of  the  Mississippi,  it  would  be  necessary  to  wait  for  a 
change  of  the  wind,  if  wind  could  be  had,  because  this  river  is  so 
lined  up  with  thick  woods  that  very  little  wind  has  access  to  its  bed." 

Louisiana  at  this  time,  in  French  geography,  included  the  entire 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributary  streams;  all  west  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains  was  regarded  by  France  as  part  of  her  do- 
main. The  English  colonies  along  the  Atlantic  coast  claimed  that 
the  ambitious  designs  of  France  interferred  with  the  grants  made  by 
ths  British  crown.  Their  division  by  local  jealousies  and  lack  of 
cohesion  prevented  any  concerted  action  between  them  to  coun- 
teract the  aggressions  of  the  French.  France  was,  therefore,  per- 
mitted to  establish  her  influence  throughout  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Ohio  river,  and  to  build  strong  houses  for  the  Indians,  without 
molestation.  The  Shawneess  were  met  by  Canadian  traders,  and 
their  chiefs  invited  to  visit  the  French  Governor  of  ]\Iontreal.  Hav- 
ing done  so,  Joncaire,  a  wily  emissary  from  New  France  descended 


44 

the  Ohio  with  them,  and  the  whole  tribe  put  themselves  under  the 
protection  of  Louis  XV.  Brown,  in  his  history,  of  Illinois  attributes 
the  erection  of  Fort  Massac  to  this  period,  about  1731,  and  gives  the 
following  very  doubtful  legend  for  the  origin  of  the  name  afterward 
given  to  it: 

"The  savages,  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  French,  by  a  curious 
stratagem  effected  its  capture.  A  number  of  Indians  appeared  in 
the  day  time,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  each  of  whom  was 
covered  with  a  Dear  skin,  and  walked  on  all  fours;  the  French  supposing 
them  to  be  bears,  crossed  the  river  with  a  considerable  force,  in  pur- 
suit of  the  supposed  bears  and  the  remainder  of  the  troops  left  their 
quarters,  and  resorted  to  the  bank  of  the  river  in  front  of  the  garrison, 
to  observe  the  sport.  In  the  meantime,  a  large  body  of  warriors  who 
were  concealed  in  the  woods  near  by,  came  silently  up  behind  the 
fort,  and  entered  it  without  opposition;  and  a  few  only  of  the  French 
garrison  escaped  the  carnage." 

"The  French  afterward  built  another  fort  on  the  same  ground,  and, 
in  commemoration  of  the  disastrous  event,  called  it  Fort  Massac  or 
Massacre,  which  name  it  still  retains." 

This  legend  is  only  introduced  at  this  point  in  connection  with 
the  construction  of  1731,   because  it  is  so  mentioned  by  Brown. 

The  encroachments  of  the  English  traders  on  the  territory  of  the 
French,  continued  and  increased,  The  Ohio  river  valley  was  debat- 
able ground  and  incursions  and  reprisals  were  continually  being 
made  by  both  sides.  Alliances  were  made  with  the  Indians  and 
these  were  encouraged  in  their  atrocities  on  the  settlements  of  the 
opposing  colonies. 

Indubitable  testimony  of  the  map-makers  might  be  produced  to  in- 
definite lengths,  to  show  a  historical  connection  between  the  site  oc- 
cupied by  Juchereau,  the  fur  trader,  and  the  site  known  as  Massac 
or  Massiac,  during  the  French  and  Indian  war. 

Conflicts  between  the  French  and  English  soon  brought  evil  days 
to  the  French  colonies  in  America.  France  claimed  all  the  country 
watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  England  claimed  all 
the  country  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the  ground 
that  the  discovery  and  occupation  of  the  seacoast  entitled  her  to  the 
possession  of  the  country.  War  soon  followed  these  rival  claims, 
but  for  a  long  time,  Illinois,  by  its  remoteness,  escaped  the  harass- 
ments  of  the  conflict:  In  1752,  the  French  burnt  down  the  first 
English  trading  house  established  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains, 
reprisals  were  made,  and  thus,  in  1756,  the  war  began.  Braddock 
was  defeated  in  1755,  near  Fort  DuQuesne. 

The  French  flotilla  dropped  down  the  Ohio  for  nearly  a  thousand 
miles,  passing  on  the  way  the  mouths  of  the  Shawnee  (Cumberland) 
and  Cherokee  (Tennessee)  rivers.  Arriving  at  the  site  of  the  old 
fortlet.  Assumption,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  river,  about  36  miles 
above  its  mouth,  M.  Aubry,  the  French  commander,  halted  and 
landed  his  troops. 


45 

They  were  well  acquainted  with  the  country;  many  of  them, 
notably  St.  Ange  de  Belle  Rive  and  his  followers,  having  gone  from 
Illinois  to  Fort  Du  Quesne,  to  help  in  the  defense  of  the  latter 
place  It  was  only  120  miles  by  land  to  Kaskaskia,  and  but  a  little 
further  to  Fort  Chartres.  In  four  days  one  could  go  hence  to  the 
Illinois.  They  determined,  upon  the  elevated  embankment  over- 
looking the  mouth  of  the  Cherokee  river,  ten  miles  above,  and  com- 
manding a  view  of  the  "beautiful  river,"  eighteen  miles  below,  to 
erect  a  fort  and  make  a  stand  against  their  English  foes.  The  stand 
was  final,  and  from  the  day — sad  day  (to  them) — when,  by  order  of 
their  superiors,  the  French  garrison  at  Massiac  retired  to  Fort  Char- 
tres, no  French  garrison  has  trod  this  classic  shore. 

Having  determined  to  erect  this  "new  fort  on  a  beautiful  eminence 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  river,"  the  work  was  speedily  accomplished. 

This  new  stronghold  was  but  an  enlargement  of  the  old  fortlet. 
However,  it  was  made  quite  a  respectable  fortress,  considering  the 
wilderness  it  was  in. 

It  is  described  as  a  stockade,  with  four  bastions  and  eight  pieces 
of  cannon.     It  would  contain  100  men. 

It  has  been  stated  by  many  historians,  (Wallace,  History  of  Loui- 
siana and  Illinois;  President  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West;  Winsor, 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  many  others) ,  that  the  fort  was  constructed 
by  a  young  French  engineer,  M  Massac  or  Marsiao,  and  that  the 
name.  Fort  Massac,  was  bestowed  in  his  honor  for  having  directed 
the  work;  by  some,  that  it  was  he  who  first  commanded  there. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  contemporaneous  reference  to  any 
French  officer  named  Massac  or  Marsiao. 

In  a  letter  from  M.  de  Vaudreuil.  governor  of  Canada,  June  24, 
1760,  from  Montreal  to  M.  Berryer,  minister  of  war  at  Paris,  com- 
municating reports  from  the  commandant  at  Fort  Cbartres,  and  in 
reports  of  the  latter,  the  name  is  given  as  Fort  Massaiac. 

Monsieur  de  Massiac  was  minister  of  the  marine  and  colonies  un- 
der King  Louis  XV,  from  the  1st  of  June,  1758,  to  the  Ist  of  Novem- 
ber, 1758;  during  this  period  the  fort  was  constructed  or  rebuilt.  Un- 
til the  commencement  of  the  French  and  Indian  war  as  it  is  known 
in  this  country,  all  colonial  affairs  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  ministry  of  the  marine  and  colonies;  after  this  war  com- 
menced, the  ministry  of  war  appears  to  have  exercised  jurisdiction 
over  such  affairs.  Unfortunately,  many  of  the  archives  of  both  de- 
partments were  wantonly  destroyed  by  the  revolutionists  in  Paris  in 
1793  throwing  into  hopeless  confusion  many  historical  facts  relating 
to  American  history. 

However,  to  resume  our  story.  One  hundred  men  were  left  at  the 
fort  for  garrison  duty;  with  the|rest  and  most  of  his  cannon,  M.  Aubry 
returned  to  Fort  Chartres. 

Massiac  was  the  last  fort  erected  by  the  French  on  the  Ohio  river 
and  was  occupied  by  the  French  garrison  until  the  country  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  English. 


46 

During  the  month  of  June,  1759,  300  soldiers  and  militia,  and  600 
Indians  marched  from  the  Illinois  country  via  Fort  Maesiac  for  the 
relief  of  Fort  Niagara. 

In  June,  1759,  M.  de  Macarty,  commandant  at  Fort  Chartres,  placed 
a  party  of  Chaouanon  Indians  near  Fort  Massiac,  with  provisions. 
"They  were  more  useful  and  less  dangerous  there,"  he  said. 

Early  in  1760  the  governor  of  Canada  ordered  that  Fort  Massiac  be 
rebuilt  and  strongly  fortified. 

April  12,  1760,  M.  de  Macarty,  in  referring  to  the  operations  of  the 
English  at  Pittsburg,  states  that  he  has  "caused  Fort  Massiac  to  be 
terraced,  fraized  and  fortified,  piece  upon  piece,  with  a  strong  ditch." 

M.  Hertel,  who  had  maintained  his  ground  among  the  Indians  on 
the  Scioto,  reported  that  numerous  English  prisoners  from  Carolina 
were  brought  to  him  by  the  savages.  Though  they  seemed  friendly, 
Hertel  recommended  an  early  removal  of  the  Scioto  Indians  to  a  point 
near  Fort  Massiac. 

The  French  were  vanquished  in  the  war  and  peace  was  concluded 
by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Feb.  10,  1763.  They  ceded  to  the  English  the 
whole  of  Canada  and  all  of  that  part  of  Louisiana  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  together  with  the  French  posts  and  settlements  on  the 
Ohio. 

In  "An  account  of  the  French  forts  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  Louis- 
iana by  this  treaty  of  1763,  written  by  an  officer  well  acquainted  with 
the  places  he  described,"  is  the  following: 

"Thirteen  leagues  from  the  Mississippi,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ohio,  is  Fort  Massac,  or  Assumption,  built  in  1757  or  1758,  a  little 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Cherokee.  It  is  of  consequence  for  the  Eng- 
lish to  preserve  it,  as  it  secured  the  communication  between  the  Illi- 
nois and  Fort  Pitt." 

The  French  garrison  was  directed  to  give  up  the  fort  by  a  special 
order  of  April  21,  1764,  but  they  continued  to  hold  it  for  another 
year. 

I  have  a  list  of  the  French  commandants  of  the  Illinois  country, 
with  headquarters  at  Fort  Chartres.  They  exercised  more  or  less 
direct  command  over  old  Fort  Assumption  and  the  later  Fort  Mas- 
siac. They  must  have  made  many  reports  regarding  these  old  posts, 
which,  though  at  present  inaccessible,  may  yet  turn  to  light. 

They  were:  Pierre  Duque  de  Boisbriant,  1718-1725;  Captain  du 
Tisne,  temporary,  1725-1726;  Sieur  de  Liette.  1726-1730;  Louis  St. 
Ange  de  Belle  Rive,  1730-1734;  Pierre  d'Artaguette,  1734-1736;  Al- 
phonse  de  la  Buissoniere,  1736-1740;  Benoist  de  St.  Clair,  1740-1743; 
Chevalier  de  Birtel,  1743-1749;  St.  Clair  again,  1749-1751;  Chevalier 
de  Macarty,  1751-1760;  Neyon  de  Villiers,  1760-1764;  St.  Ange 
again,  1764-1765. 

Captain  Thomas  Stirling,  after  the  treaty  of  1763,  embarked  in 
boats  at  Fort  Pitt  with  100  veteran  Highlanders  of  the  Forty- second 
English  regiment  and  descended  the  Ohio  to  its  mouth,  accepting 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Massiac  en  route. 


Uniform  of  an  officer  of  the  42d  Royal  Hlsrhlanders  or  "Black  Watch,"  British  troops. 
Seryed  In  America,  1756-1767. 


47 

England  does  not  appear  to  have  made  any  attempt  to  repair  and 
occupy  the  fort  then  given  up  by  the  French,  though  urged  to  do  so 
by  her  military  agents  in  the  west.  Had  they  held  and  garrisoned 
Fort  Maesiac,  no  doubt  Clark's  expedition  to  capture  the  great  north- 
west might  easily  have  been  nipped  in  the  bud. 

In  1766,  Captain  Harry  Gordon,  chief  engineer  in  the  western  de- 
partment in  North  America,  was  sent  from  Fort  Pitt  down  the  Ohio, 
etc.,  to  the  Illinois.  He  states  that  on  the  6th  of  August  he  "Halted 
at  Fort  Massiac,  formerly  a  French  post.  The  French,"  he  says, 
"fixed  a  post  here  to  protect  their  trades  against  the  Cherokees,  and 
it  would  be  proper  for  the  English  to  have  one  on  the  same  spot,  to 
prevent  an  illicit  trade  being  carried  on  up  the  Wabash." 

Captain  Thomas  Hutchins  of  the  60th  regiment  of  Foot,  made  re- 
connaissances of  Ihe  country  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  be- 
tween 1764  and  1775,  while  acting  as  an  engineer  officer.  The  60th 
Foot  was  also  known  in  the  British  army  as  the  "Royal  American 
Regiment."  He  afterwards  joined  the  Americans  in  the  Revolution 
and  was  appointed  geographer  of  the  United  States  and  invented 
the  system  of  laying  out  lands  by  township  lines  run  on  the  true 
meridian,  six  miles  apart,  at  right  angles  east  and  west,  parallel  to 
the  equator;  under  his  plan,  our  government  lands  have  been  sur- 
veyed to  the  present  day.  He  visited  the  "remains"  of  Fort  Massac, 
and  stated  that  the  situation  was  high,  healthy  and  delightful.  His 
map,  1778,  is  the  earliest  published  which  shows  the  road  between 
Massao  and  Kaskaskia. 

It  will  be  noted  that,  in  the  French  official  correspondence  of  1759- 
60  already  cited,  the  name  of  the  fort  is  given  as  Massiac;  by  these 
British  officials,  the  letter  "i"  is  omitted  from  the  name,  and  it  be- 
comes Massac;  this  mutilated  form  has  survived  to  the  present,  prob-^ 
ably  giving  rise  to  the  legend  of  massacre. 

The  names  of  the  English  commandants  of  the  Illinois  Country 
are  herewith;  like  the  French,  some  important  reports  by  them  may 
yet  be  brought  to  light:  Capt.  Thomas  Stirling,  1765;  Maj.  Robert 
Farmar,  1765;  Col.  Edward  Cole,  1766:  Col.  John  Reed,  1768;  Lieut. 
Col.  John  Wilkins;  1768;  Capt.  Hugh  Lord,  1771;  Capt.  Matthew 
Johnson,  1775  to  1781. 

The  occupancy  of  the  country  by  the  British  lasted  13  years. 
Nothing  of  note  appears  accessible  during  this  interval.  As  before 
stated,  the  British  made  no  use  of  the  post,  and  this  disregard  of  the 
advice  of  her  military  agents,  no  doubt,  cost  the  British  government 
dear;  as  it  was,  Clark's  approach  and  occupancy  of  Illinois  territory 
was  comparatively  easy.  It  was  here  upon  this  expedition  that  the 
flag  of  the  new  union  of  the  colonies  was  unfurled  within  the  terri- 
tory now  constituting  the  State  of  Illinois. 

Fort  Massao  was  not  occupied  by  troops  again,  until  the  trouble 
began  with  Spain  and  France  in  1794,  when  it  was  rebuilt  and  occu- 
pied under  the  special  orders  of  President  Washington,  March  31, 
1794. 


48 

When  the  French  agent,  Genet,  was  fomenting  his  scheme  for 
capturing  Louisiana  and  Florida  from  Spain,  by  the  aid  of  western 
filibusters,  old  Fort  Massao  was  thought  of  by  the  conspirators  as  a 
rallying  place  and  base  of  supplies. 

The  condition  of  afPairs  along  the  Mississippi  during  1794,  became 
alarming,  and  had  not  some  military  measures  been  taken  to  check 
the  excitement,  war  with  Spain,  which  then  held  the  posts  from  New 
Madrid  to  New  Orleans,  was  highly  probable,  Genet,  the  French 
minister  to  the  United  States,  had  deliberately  planned  two  expedi- 
tions to  invade  the  Spanish  dominions  in  Florida  and  Louisiana;  the 
latter  was  to  be  carried  down  the  Ohio  from  Kentucky,  and  he 
granted  commissions  to  American  citizens  who  privately  recruited 
troops  for  the  proposed  service. 

The  governor  of  Kentucky,  Shelby,  in  eflfect,  declined  to  interfere 
with  the  proposed  expedition;  President  Washington,  March  24,  1794, 
issued  his  own  proclamation,  apprizing  the  people  of  the  west  of  the 
unlawful  project  and  warning  them  of  the  consequences  of  engaging 
in  it.  March  31,  1794,  he  ordered  General  Wayne,  who  had  military 
jurisdiction  over  the  region,  to  send  a  detachment  to  Fort  Massac 
"to  erect  a  strong  redoubt  and  block-house,  with  some  suitable  can- 
non from  Fort  Washington  (Cincinnati),  for  the  purpose  of  stopping 
by  force,  if  peaceable  means  should  fail,  any  body  of  armed  men  who 
should  proceed  down  the  Ohio,  and  threaten  hostilities  with  Spain." 

General  Wayne,  accordingly  sent  a  detachment  from  his  already 
depleted  legion  under  the  command  of  Major  Thomas  Doyle,  to  serve 
as  a  garrison  at  Fort  Massac.  This  was  its  first  occupancy  by  the 
military  forces  of  the  United  States. 

Fortunately  the  voluminous  journal  of  Benjamin  .Van  Cleve,*  an 
intelligent  pioneer,  guide  and  trapper,  has  been  preserved,  by  which 
many  of  the  details  of  the  rebuilding  can  be  learned. 

These  prompt  measures  by  the  American  officials  had  the  effect  of 
preventing  the  expedition  from  passing  down  the  river,  and  with  the 
ending  of  the  conspiracy  Genet  left  the  country. 

Fort  Massac,  thus  rebuilt  and  garrisonerl,  was  a  post  of  con- 
siderable importance  and  remained  such  until  after  the  collapse  of 
Burr's  conspiracy. 

The  firm  interference  of  President  Washington  in  prevent- 
ing the  violation  of  Spanish  territory  by  American  filibusters 
and  French  Jacobins,  was  ill  requited  by  the  Spanish  authorities. 
Almost  as  soon  as  his  apprehensions  for  Louisiana  were  relieved, 
Baron  de  Carondelet  recommenced  his  favorite  machinations  to 
detach  the  west  from  the  Union  and  ally  it  to  the  Spanish  possessions 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  Among  other  things.  Fort  Massac  was  to 
be  captured  by  the  adventurers,  whom  Spain  was  to  supply  with 
the  sinews  of  war.  Among  the  proposals  of  Baron  Carondelet  was 
the  following: 

"Immediately  after  the  declaration  of  independence.  Fort  Massac 
shall  be  taken  possession  of  by  the  troops  of  the  new  government, 
which  shall  be  furnished  by  His  Catholic  Majesty,  without  loss  of 

♦Van  Cleve's  Journal,  last  article  in  appendix  to  this  paper. 


49 

time,  with  20  field  pieces,  with  their  carriages  and  every  necessary 
appendage,  including  powder,  ball,  etc.,  together  with  a  number  of 
small  arms,  and  ammunition  sufficient  to  equip  the  troops  that  it 
shall  be  necessary  to  raise.  The  whole  to  be  transported  at  his  ex- 
pense to  the  already  mentioned  Fort  Massac.  His  Catholic  Majesty 
will  further  supply  the  sum  of  $100,000  for  the  raising  and  main- 
taining of  said  troops,  which  sum  shall  also  be  conveyed  to,  and  de- 
livered at  Fort  Massac." 

Finally  all  these  intrigues  failed  to  produce  their  expected  effects. 
Time,  Washington's  administration  and  prudence,  and  a  concourse 
of  favorable  circumstances,  had  served  to  consolidate  the  Union. 
This  government  having  secured  from  Spain  by  treaty,  Oct.  20, 1795, 
the  right  to  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  which  was  the 
absorbing  topic  of  the  period,  the  principal  object  of  contention  of 
the  western  people  was  gained  and  this  interesting  episode  in  west- 
ern history  was  practically  ended. 

With  the  close  of  the  Revolutiocary  war,  a  rush  of  immigration 
came  down  the  great  Ohio  river.  It  was  more  or  less  checked  by 
border  warefare  which  lasted  until  about  1794.  During  that  year 
there  was  a  rising  of  the  southwestern  tribes  of  Indians.  Many 
dreadful  depredations  were  committed  by  them  upon  the  settlers 
along  the  Tennessee,  Cumberland  and  Ohio  rivers.  It  became  neces- 
sary to  send  relief  to  Major  Doyle,  then  in  command  at  Fort  Massao. 
This  was  afforded  by  a  detachment  of  Kentucky  militia  under  Lieu- 
tenant Bird,  who  arrived  at  the  post  October  19  and  served  there 
until  Dec.  HI,  1794.  Major  Doyle  stated,  in  October,  1794,  tbat  the 
relief  would  be  necessary  in  order  to  protect  the  valuable  settlement 
and  the  trade  along  the  river  as  his  own  force,  from  the  smallness  of 
the  force  and  the  number  of  sick,  could  only  be  expected  to  defend 
the  fort.  The  final  victory  of  Mad  Anthony  Wayne,  at  the  battle  of 
Fallen  Timbers,  however,  broke  the  back  of  savagery  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, but  it  was  not  until  the  treaty  of  Grreenville,  Aug.  8,  1795, 
the  result  of  Wayne's  brilliant  dash  into  the  wilderness,  that  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  may  properly  be  said  to  have  ended  in  the 
west. 

By  the  treaty  of  August  8,  1795,  at  Greenville,  between  Gen.  An- 
thony Wayne  and  the  chiefs  of  eleven  tribes  of  Indians,  by  its  4th 
article,  "the  said  Indian  tribes  relinquished  all  the  title  and  claim 
which  they  or  any  of  them  have"  to  "The  Post  of  Fort  Massac,  to- 
wards the  mouth  of  the  Ohio." 

The  various  intrigues  of  the  period,  by  the  French,  the  Spanish 
and  the  English,  trying  to  secure  the  control  of  the  western  country, 
induced  a  number  of  agents,  military  and  civil,  to  make  tours  of  in- 
vestigation, the  reports  of  many  of  which  have  survived.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  and  valuable  of  these  is  a  military  memoir  by 
Gen.  Victor  Col  lot.  He  served  during  the  American  Revolution,  on 
the  staff  of  the  French  army  under  the  command  of  Marshal  Roch- 
ambeau.  M.  Adet,  the  minister  of  the  French  republic  at  the  United 
States,  in  Philadelphia,  ''24th  Ventose,  4th  year  of  the  French  re- 
— 4H 


50 

public,  one  of  the  indivisible,"  confided  "to  the  citizen  Victor  Collot, 
general  of  brigade,  the  duty  of  making  a  report  on  the  state  of  the 
western  part  of  this  country."  His  survey  of  the  Ohio  river  was 
made  in  J  796,  but  the  report,  which  is  a  minute  description  of  the 
military  resources  and  the  fortifications  of  the  western  country,  was 
not  printed  until  1826.  In  his  interesting  and  valuable  description 
of  the  Ohio  he  states: 

"Fort  Massac  is  so  called  by  the  Americans,  and  Fort  Massacre  by 
the  Canadians.  It  is  a  post  anciently  established  by  the  French  and 
abandoned  at  the  time  of  the  cession  of  Louisiana;  it  has  lately  been 
repaired,  and  has  been  occupied  two  years  by  the  Americans." 

Francis  Baily,  the  noted  English  astronomer,  made  a  tour  of  the 
West  in  1796  and  1797.  In  his  journal  he  says  of  Fort  Massac:  "It 
takes  its  name  from  a  cruel  massacre  of  the  garrison  by  the  Indians, 
when  the  French  had  possession  of  it." 

"The  Fort  is  still  kept  up  by  the  Americans  as  a  guard  to  the 
frontiers  against  any  attack  from  this  quarter.  There  are  about  30 
families  settled  round  it,  and  the  garrison  consists  at  this  time,  of  83 
men  commanded  by  Captain  Zebulon  Pike,  an  experienced  officer, 
who  behaved  to  us  with  the  greatest  politeness  and  attention." 

The  troubles  with  the  foreign  powers,  particularly  France,  continu- 
ing Sept.  4,  1799,  Gen,  James  Wilkinson  submitted  to  Greneral  Hamil- 
ton a  project  for  the  defense  of  the  western  frontier  contiguous  to  the 
territories  of  Spain  and  Great  Britain;  this  was  to  include  the 
change  of  station  of  some  companies  of  artillery  then  at  Fort  Massac, 
its  strength,  however,  to  remain  the  same  number  of  men,  that  is, 
100,  consisting  of  artillery  and  infantry;  this  was  approved  by  Gen- 
erals Hamilton  and  Washington,  but  the  unexpected  accommodation 
of  our  differences  with  France  and  the  sudden  reduction  of  our  army 
rendered  the  proposed  changes  unnecessary. 

Generals  Anthony  Wayne  and  James  Wilkinson,  when  com- 
manders-in-chief of  the  United  States  army,  occupied  the  fort  and 
for  periods  of  time  made  it  their  headquarters. 

Governor  John  Reynolds  in  his  history  of  "My  own  Times,"  states 
that  when  he  was  a  child,  his  family  emigrated  from  Tennessee  and 
reached  Illinois  in  1800,  crossing  the  Ohio  river  and  landing  at  Fort 
"Massacre."  At  that  time,  there  were  two  companies  of  the  United 
States  army  stationed  there  and  perhaps  a  few  families  resided  near 
the  Fort  and  were  dependent  on  it.  This  was  the  only  white  settle- 
ment between  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi. 

During  the  summer  of  1801,  "Cantonment  Massac"  was  inspected  by 
Major  Jonathan  Williams;  while  he  was  engaged  on  this  tour  of  in- 
spection, he  was  ordered  to  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  to  command  the  em- 
byro  military  school,  now  the  United  States  Academy,  of  which  he 
was  the  founder. 

A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  at  Vincennes,  in  the  then  Indiana 
Territory,  Aug.  13,  3803,  between  Gov.  William  Henry  Harrison, 
superintendent  of   Indian   affairs,  commissioner   plenipotentiary   of 


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51 

the  United  States,  etc.,  and  the  head  chiefs  and  warriors  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia  tribe  of  Indians,  Among  the  provisions  was  one  that  part  of 
the  annuity  to  be  paid  to  the  Indians  might  be  paid  to  them  at  Fort 
Massac. 

So  late  as  1812  this  fort  was  repaired  and  used  for  defensive  pur- 
poses during  the  war  with  Grreat  Britain,  when  it  was  furnished  with 
a  new  stockade,  and  occupied  by  the  Illinois  mounted  rangers,  who 
were  entrusted  with  the  defense  of  the  border  against  the  incursions 
of  hostile  Indians,  or  still  more  hostile  British  soldiers. 

During  the  summer  of  1812,  Col.  E.  P.  Gaines  recruited  a  regi- 
ment in  Tennessee.  During  the  following  winter  it  was  stationed  at 
Fort  Massac,  where  it  was  drilled  and  received  military  instruction; 
the  next  spring  it  made  its  appearance  on  the  Canadian  frontier, 
where  it,  General  Graines  and  the  other  officers  gained  immortal  honor 
in  the  battles  they  fought  with  the  enemy. 

For  fully  40  years  there  was  agitated  in  and  out  of  Congress,  a 
proposition  for  the  establishment  of  a  national  armory  on  some  one 
of  the  western  waters.  Oct.  14,  1841,  a  board  of  army  officers  was 
appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  a 
suitable  site  for  the  establishment  of  this  armory.  The  board  was 
composed  of  Gen.  W.  K.  Armistead,  president,  and  Surg.  Gen. 
Thomas  Lawson  and  Lieut. -^Col.  S.  H.  Long  of  the  topographical 
corps,  as  members.  After  examining  48  sites,  a  majority  of  the  board 
made  a  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  dated  Harper's  Ferry,  Jan.  28, 
1843,  and  recommended  Massac  as  the  most  suitable  site  for  the 
armory.  However,  the  project  finally  fell  through,  and  the  armory 
was  subsequently  located  at  Rock  Island. 

Gov.  John  Reynolds  visited  Fort  Massac  in  1855,  and  he  thus  de- 
scribes it  in  his  "My  Own  Times:"  The  outside  walls  were  135  feet 
square,  and  at  each  angle  bastions  were  erected.  The  walls  were 
palisaded,  with  earth  between  the  wood.  A  large  well  was  sunk  in  the 
fortress;  and  the  whole  appeared  to  have  been  strong  and  substantial 
in  its  day.  Three  or  four  acres  of  gravel  walks  were  made  on  the 
north  front  of  the  fort,  on  which  the  soldiers  paraded.  These  walks 
were  made  in  exact  angles,  and  are  beautifully  graveled  with  pebbles 
from  the  river.  The  site  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  on  La  Belle 
Riviere,  and  commands  a  view  that  is  charming.  There  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  unstoned  well  near  the  center.  The  ditch  surrounding 
the  earth  works  is  still  some  2^  or  8  feet  below  the  surrounding  level, 
and  the  breastworks  about  2  feet  above  the  inner  level.  The  grav- 
eled sentry  walk  may  also  be  traced." 

It  was  a  commanding  view  indeed  of  land  and  river  which  was  en- 
joyed by  the  different  garrisons  of  old  Fort  Massac.  Up  stream, 
there  is  a  stretch  of  11  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee;  both  up 
and  down,  the  shore  lines  are  under  full  survey,  until  they  melt  away 
in  the  distance.  No  enemy  could  well  surprise  the  holders  of  this 
key  to  the  Lower  Ohio. 

It  is  the  Illinois  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  who  have 
assumed  the  responsibility  of  taking  the  initiative  in  seeking  to  kin- 


52 

die  renewed  interest  in  this  "Old  Romance  of  the  Wilderness."  It 
is  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  and  beautifying  old  Fort  Massac,  so 
rich  in  historic  associations,  that  we  have  asked  the  State  authori- 
ties, through  our  representatives  in  the  Legislature,  for  the  appro- 
priation of  an  amount,  needed  for  the  restoration  and  repair  of  this 
spot,  perpetually.* 

This  noble  policy  of  preserving  the  ancient  landmarks  of  our  na- 
tional growth  and  struggles,  besides  fostering  a  spirit  of  gratitude  to 
the  self-sacrificing  heroes  of  earlier  days,  teaches  its  own  lessons  of 
patriotism  and  duty,  to  the  great  youth  of  the  land,  with  whom  rests 
its  future,  and  for  whom,  we  would  fain  preserve  unlowered  and  un- 
tarnished standards  and  ideals. 

I  have  been  asked  time  and  again,  why,  in  this  material  age,  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  should  yield  to  a  mere  senti- 
ment, in  this  matter  of  marking  old  graves  and  restoring  old  historic 
sites,  and  have  been  advised  that  these  two  century  old  by-gones, 
should  be  relegated  to  the  past,  in  behalf  of  more  urgent  interests  of 
the  day  and  hour. 

I  admit  it  is  a  sentiment  and  merely  a  sentiment,  but  a  patriotic 
sentiment,  strong  and  ineradicable  as  a  law  of  nature,  which  has  led 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  to  set  their  hearts 
and  minds  to  do  something  which  shall  redound  to  the  permanence  and 
glory  of  Americanism. 

In  the  east  there  are  many  landmarks  of  the  great  struggle  that 
made  us  a  nation,  and  it  is  the  patriotic  privilege  of  our  society  in 
these  states,  to  inaugurate,  by  state  and  other  available  means,  suc- 
cessful measures  for  the  preservation  of  the  sacred  relics,  of  a  van- 
ished age,  and  point  to  them  as  object  lessons  in  patriotism.  Are 
landmarks  of  Illinois'  heroic  era  less  sacred  than  those  in  other  parts 
of  America?  We  trust  not,  and  it  is  in  this  hope  that  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution  in  Illinois  are  striving  to  accomp- 
lish a  similar  patriotic  service  for  our  great  commonwealth,  in  pre- 
serving at  least  this  one  monument  of  the  romantic  era  of  our  his- 
tory. 

Difficulties  in  this  task  we  have  set  ourselves — of  course  there  are 
difficulties.  Would  we  succeed  in  this  effort,  we  women  must  enlist 
arms  stronger  than  ours,  feet  swifter  to  run  and  shod  with  tempered 
metal — experience  in  fields  we  have  not  entered,  and  a  skill  we  have 
wisely  not  mastered  in  legislative  arenas.  To  the  Illinois  State  Histor- 
ical society  and  to  the  men  who  make,  interpret,  and  administer  our 
laws,  must  our  plea  be  made.  Without  their  chivalrous  help,  no  appro- 
priation for  the  purchase  and  care  of  old  Fort  Massac  can  be  secured. 
For  this  reason  it  is  that  the  memorial  and  bill  affixed  to  this  paper 
have  been  presented  to  members  of  the  43d  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  and  in  this  modest  efPort  we  are  making  to  preserve 
under  State  supervision  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  historical  monu- 
ments in  the  west,  if  not  the  most  ancient  and  historical,  we  are 
simply  fulfilling  our  tacit  pledge  as  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 

•A  copy  of  the  bill  as  passed  will  be  found  in  the  "Addendum"  to  this  volume. 


Uniform  of  United  States  Army,  1783-1796.  Infantry  and  Artillery.  Reproduced  from 
the  records  of  the  War  Department  by  permission  of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the 
United  States. 


53 

lution'  "to  perpetuate  the  spirit  of  the  men  and  women  who  achieved 
American  independence  by  the  acquisition  and  protection  of  histori- 
cal spots  and  the  erection  of  monuments." 

It  is  our  hope,  and  prayer  too,  that  upon  this  old  site,  which, 
though  mutilated  and  in  ruins,  remains  the  noblest  and  most  beauti- 
ful landmark  of  the  early  pioneer  history  of  the  west — tablet  or  shaft 
may  yet  rise  commemorative  of  George  Rogers  Clark  and  his  heroic 
comrades,  and  add  its  inarticulate  tribute  to  the  patriotism  and  de- 
votion of  the  Illinois  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 


APPENDIX. 


The  following  is  the  description  by  the  Board  of  Army  OflBcers  of 
Fort  Massac  at  the  time  of  their  personal  examination  and  published 
in  their  report  dated  Jan.  28,  1843.     House  Doc.  133,  27-3: 

Massac,  or  Massacre,  (so-called  from  the  slaughter  by  the  Indians 
soon  after  the  occupancy  of  this  part  of  the  country  by  the  French), 
is  situated  on  a  beautiful  plain  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Ohio 
river,  38  miles  from  its  mouth;  10  miles  below  Paducah,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee  river,  22  miles  below  Smithland,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Cumberland  river;  67  miles , below  the  coal  fields  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Caseyville;  298  miles  below  Louisville;  870  miles  below 
Wheeling  and  9B0  miles  below  Pittsburg. 

It  includes  the  site  formerly  occupied  by  a  fort  of  the  same  name 
and  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  river,  both  above  and  below. 
The  fort  stood  upon  the  highest  part  of  the  plain,  elevated  about  20 
feet  above  the  reach  of  the  highest  freshets.  From  this  position 
which  is  near  the  margin  of  the  river,  the  surface  of  the  plain  de- 
clines very  gradually,  both  above  and  below,  and  especially  in  the 
rear;  its  dip  in  these  directions  being  so  slight  that  it  is  hardly  per- 
ceptible, With  the  exception  of  a  few  small  valleys  and  several 
ravines,  that  serve  as  drains  and  passways  between  the  plain  and  the 
river,  no  part  of  the  tract  has  an  elevation  less  than  ten  feet  above 
the  range  of  the  highest  freshet,  or  50  feet  above  extreme  low  water- 
mark. 

The  river  in  this  vicinity  has  a  width  varying  from  five-eighths  to 
three  quarters  of  a  mile,  and  presents  favorable  landings  along  the 
Illinois  shore  from  Massac  to  the  head  of  the  Grand  Chain  ten  miles 
below.  Through  this  distance,  and,  indeed,  for  an  equal  extent  be- 
low, the  uplands  approach  so  near  the  river  that  bottoms  or  flats  of 
any  considerable  area  are  excluded,  A  little  above  the  old  fort  is  a 
cove-like  recess,  of  small  dimensions,  at  the  mouth  of  a  run  into 
which  the  water  of  the  river  in  a  high  stage  is  backed.  Three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  below  the  same  point  is  another  similar  recess  of 
larger  extent,  at  the  mouth  of  another  run.  Through  these  depres- 
sions and  the  runs  leading  to  them  every  desirable  facility  is  afforded 
for  draining  the  surface  of  the  extensive  plain  on  which  Massac  is 
situated.  The  entire  width  occupied  by  the  river  at  this  place,  even 
when  swelled  by  a  freshet  to  its  greatest  magnitude,  does  not  exceed 
a  mile;  there  being  no  bottom  land  on  the  northerly  side,  and  a  strip 


54 

three  or  four  hundred  yards  wide  only  on  the  southerly  side,  subject 
to  overflows.  The  valley  becomes  wider  both  above  and  below  Mas- 
sac, and  the  bottom  lands  included  within  it  become  much  more  ex- 
tensive, The  valley  is  bounded  on  both  sides  by  gently  sloped  hills, 
rather  than  bluffs,  the  summits  of  which  are  connected  with  exten- 
sive upland  regions,  of  a  rolling  aspect  and  of  moderate  height, 
reaching  far  to  the  north  and  the  south,  and  uniting  in  the  former 
direction  with  the  Illinois  prairies,  and  in  the  latter  with  the  barrens 
of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

The  Grand  Chain  is  a  rocky  bar,  commencing  at  a  point  ten  miles 
below  Massac,  and  extending  downward  eight  miles  to  a  point  two 
miles  above  Caledonia,  or  seventeen  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  At  the  head  and  foot  of  this  chain,  or  bar,  the  extreme  low 
water  depth  in  the  deepest  channel  is  only  three  feet;  while  at  all 
intermediate  points  on  the  bar  a  much  greater  depth  prevails.  So  a 
low  stage  seldom  occurs,  the  ordinary  low  water  depth  being  usually 
not  less  than  four  feet.  The  rocks  that  occur  at  the  chain  are  a 
coarse,  hard  sand  stone,  fragments  of  which,  in  the  shape  of  bowlders, 
pebbles,  and  gravel,  are  strewed  in  considerable  profusion  along  the 
Illinois  shore,  from  the  head  to  the  foot  of  the  chain. 

At  Massac,  the  river  shore  presents  a  coarse  conglomerate  of  sand, 
gravel,  and  pebbles,  strongly  cemented  with  iron,  which  here  and 
there  occurs  in  large  masses,  but  for  the  most  part  is  reduced  to  frag- 
ments which  cover  the  surface  of  the  beach,  and  form  a  handsome 
and  firm  escarpment,  sloping  from  the  surface  of  the  plain  to  the 
margin  of  the  water  in  the  lowest  stage,  thus  contributing  to  form 
an  easy  and  commodious  landing. 

The  plain  at  Massac  extends  northwardly  and  westwardly  more 
than  a  mile  and  a  half,  and  presents  a  surface  remarkably  uniform, 
here  and  there  interrupted  by  ravines  or  runs  of  moderate  depth, 
which  serve  as  drains  to  carry  off  the  water  that  falls  upon  its 
surface. 

The  land  may  be  regarded  as  second  rate  only,  and  is  mostly  un- 
improved, sustaining  an  open  growth  of  white  and  red  oak.  post  oak, 
poplar,  elm  and  maple,  white  walnut,  etc.  When  cleared  and  culti- 
vated it  yields  tolerable  crops  of  corn,  wheat  and  other  esculent 
plants  and  vegetables. 

The  neighboring  bottom  lands  of  the  Ohio,  both  above  and  below, 
are  exceedingly  prolific  and  yield  abundant  crops  of  all  the  varieties 
of  products  reared  in  this  part  of  the  country. 

A  tract  of  700  acres,  including  the  site  of  Fort  Massac,  was  form- 
erly reserved  by  the  United  States  for  military  purposes;  but  a  few 
years  since  the  Government  was  induced  to  relinquish  the  reserva- 
tion, and  authorize  the  sale  of  the  land  at  public  auction,  It  was 
bid  off  and  purchased  by  the  present  proprietors,  Messrs.  J.  Hynes, 
of  Massac,  J.  M.  Robinson  and  William  Wilson,  of  Carmi,  and  A. 
Kirkpatrick  and  H.  Eddy,  of  Shawneetown,  at  $7  per  acre.  A  portion 
of  the  tract  has  been  surveyed  and  laid  off  in  town  lots,  and  consti- 
tutes a  considerable  part  of  the  town  of  Massac,  which  has  a  square 


55 

form,  extending  half  a  mile  along  the  river  shore,  and  an  equal  dis- 
tance due  north  from  its  margin.  The  southeast  augle  of  the  town 
is  situated  at  a  point  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  about  one  fourth  of  a 
mile  below  the  site  of  the  old  fort,  from  which  its  eastern  boundary 
extends  due  north  about  half  a  mile. 

The  site  deemed  most  suitable  for  the  armory  in  this  neigborhood 
is  on  the  east  side  of  the  town,  and  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  and 
embraces  the  following  parcels,  viz: 

1st.  A  tract,  including  the  site  of  old  Fort  Massac,  bounded  on 
the  west  by  the  town  of  Massac,  on  the  north  by  a  line  running  due 
west  half  a  mile  from  a  line  from  the  northeast  corner  of  said  town ; 
on  the  east  by  a  line  running  due  south  from  the  termination  of  the 
northern  boundary  just  mentioned,  and  on  the  south  by  a  line  pur- 
suing the  margin  of  the  river  downward  to  the  southeast  angle  of 
said  town.     This  tract  or  parcel  contains  14:7  acres. 

2d.  A  tract  situated  on  the  north  side  of  ihe  tract  just  mentioned, 
and  of  the  town  site  of  Massac;  its  width  from  south  to  north  being 
half  a  mile  and  its  length  from  east  to  west  being  such  that  the  tract 
will  contain  453  acres — the  southerly  boundary  of  this  tract  being 
coincident  with  the  northern  boundary  of  the  town  site,  and  also 
with  that  of  the  tract  first  described. 

3d.  A  tract  of  uniform  width,  containing  13  acres,  may  be  added 
to  the  parcel  first  described,  in  contact  with  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  same. 

4th.  A  tract  of  27  acres  may  be  added  to  the  second  tract  described, 
in  such  manner  as  may  be  required  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  most 
convenient  form  to  the  several  parcels  when  combined;  it  being  un- 
derstood that  no  encroachments  are  to  be  made  upon  the  town  site 
for  the  purpose  of  making  up  the  entire  tract. 

The  aggregate  of  the  several  tracts  above  designated  will  amount 
to  640  acres,  or  one  section  of  land,  which,  we  are  authorized  by 
Colonel  Haynes  (who  is  agent  for  the  proprietors  above  named)  to 
state,  may  be  purchased  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  $10  per  acre  for  the 
several  tracts  above  described ;  all  of  which  may  with  propriety  be 
comprehended  in  the  site. 

Other  sites  deemed  less  eligible  than  that  above  pointed  out  are  to 
be  met  with  in  this  vicinity.  For  example:  A  site  having  a  front 
of  half  a  mile  on  the  river,  and  situated  between  the  town  of  Massac 
and  another  incipient  town,  called  Metropolis,  of  about  the  same 
area,  one  mile  below  Massac,  may  be  regarded  as  worthy  of  some  at- 
tention. It  may  be  extended  back  from  the  river  far  enough  to  em- 
brace an  area  sufficiently  large  for  the  accommodation  of  an  armory. 
It  has  very  favorable  landings  along  its  entire  front,  but  presents  a 
surface  less  elevated  and  more  divided  by  ravines  and  gullies  than 
the  plain  of  Massac.  The  grounds  in  this  direction  being  similar  in 
all  respects  to  those  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Massac,  the  cost  of  this  site 
will  probably  not  exceed  $S  per  acre. 

Immediately  below  the  town  of  Metropolis  is  another  site,  having 
a  front  of  a  mile  on  the  river  and  an  equal  extent  inland  from  the 


56 

river,  and  including  about  600  acres  of  ground,  a  little  less  elevated 
than  either  of  the  sites  before  considered.  The  landings  are  here 
quite  as  favorable  as  those  above,  the  surface  quite  as  level  and  the 
soil  somewhat  richer  than  at  either  of  the  above  sites.  The  entire 
tract  under  consideration  is  in  an  unimproved  state  and  covered  with 
a  woodland  growth.  It  may  be  purchased  as  a  site  for  the  armory  at 
a  rate  not  exceeding  $10  per  acre. 

In  comparison  with  the  site  at  Fort  Massac,  the  two  localities  I 
last  described  may  be  regarded  as  less  favorable,  on  account  of  their 
reduced  elevation,  their  liability  to  the  encroachments  of  high 
freshets  upon  their  margins,  their  nearer  proximity  to  tracts  of  bot- 
tom land  and  their  exposure  to  a  more  humid  atmosphere. 

The  position  of  Massac,  and  the  aspect  and  character  of  the  sur- 
rounding country,  seem  to  indicate  as  complete  exemption  from  the 
causes  of  disease  as  those  of  any  other  position  on  the  Ohio  Kiver 
from  Wheeling  to  its  mouth. 

Intermittent  and  bilious  fevers  have  sometimes  prevailed,  which  is 
also  true  of  all  other  points  on  or  near  the  river;  but  here  as  well  as 
at  almost  every  other  locality  in  the  West,  in  proportion  as  the  popu- 
lation increases,  and  improvements  of  all  kinds  are  multiplied,  the 
condition  of  the  country,  with  regard  to  its  healthfulness,  will  be 
ameliorated. 

The  plain  of  Massac  is  generally  dry,  inclining  to  aridity,  except 
when  drenched  with  copious  rains,  the  water  of  which  may  be  readily 
conveyed  from  its  entire  surface,  by  drains  of  easy  formation.  No 
stagnant  pools  or  marshy  grounds  are  to  be  found  upon  it,  or  in  its 
neighborhood.  The  river  passes  it  with  a  steady  and  gentle  current, 
from  shore  to  shore.  Pure  and  wholesome  water  is  supplied  in  suf- 
ficient abundance  from  springs  along  the  shore,  and  may  be  obtained 
on  the  plain  from  wells  sunk  to  the  depth  of  30  or  35  feet. 

Inexhaustible  supplies  both  of  stone  and  cannel  coal  may  be  ob- 
tained from  the  coal  fields  near  Caseyville,  55  miles  above  the  site; 
and  bituminous  coal  of  equal  value  may  be  obtained  from  Muddy 
River,  on  the  Migsisaippi,  by  water  conveyance  through  a  distance  of 
190  miles.  Appearances  justify  the  conclusion  that  the  southern 
margin  of  the  great  Illinois  coal  field  passes  northwardly  on  this 
point,  at  a  distance  not  greater  than  20  or  25  miles. 

Sandstone,  adapted  to  the  purpose  of  building,  may  be  obtained 
from  the  river  hills  on  the  Kentucky  side,  a  few  miles  above  Massac. 
Limestone  abounds  within  a  distance  of  20  or  30  miles,  and  copious 
supplies  of  building  stone,  of  a  superior  quality,  may  be  derived 
from  the  Tennessee  River  at  numerous  points  six  miles  and  upward 
from  its  mouth.  Brick  clay,  of  a  good  quality,  may  be  had  in  abund- 
ance at  and  near  the  site. 

The  iron  fields  of  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers  lie  at  the 
distance  of  20  to  30  miles  to  the  southeast,  from  which  abundant 
supplies  of  castings,  pig  metal,  bar,  boiler,  hoop,  sheet,  nail  iron,  and 
nails  may  readily  be  obtained. 


57 

The  forests  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  site  abound  in  timber  of 
the  following  varieties,  viz:  post,  red,  burr,  and  white  oak,  hickory, 
yellow  poplar,  gum,  white  ash,  maple,  wild  cherry,  yellow  birch, 
black  walnut,  elm,  cypress,  cotton  wood,  sycamore,  etc.,  and  lumber 
of  all  kinds  may  be  procured  in  abundance  by  water  transportation 
from  the  Ohio,  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers. 

Provisions  of  all  kinds  can  be  furnished  at  Massac  in  as  great  pro- 
fusion and  on  as  favorable  terms  as  at  any  other  point  on  the  western 
waters. 

Massac  is  accessible  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  in  all  stages  of 
the  river,  to  steamboat  navigation — the  depths  across  the  bars  at  the 
Grand  Chain,  in  extreme  low  water,  being  at  least  8  feet;  which  is 
the  minim  am  depth  not  only  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  this 
place  but  to  Paduoah,  ten  miles  above;  and  thence  up  the  Tennessee 
to  the  Chain,  fourteen  miles  further,  where  abundant  supplies  of 
building  stone  may  be  obtained  for  purposes  of  construction. 


Extracts  From  the  Margry  Papers. 

The  following  information  has  been  found  in  the  Margry  Papers — ■ 
*'D6couvertes  et  Etablissements  des  Francais  dans  I'Am^rique  Sep- 
tentrionale:" 

Feb.  27,  1700,  at  Paris,  Juchereau  de  Saint  Denis  applied  to 
Jerome  Pontchartrain  for  authority  to  establish  a  colony  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Juchereau  appears  to  have  enlisted  sufficiently  powerful  friends  in 
his  behalf,  among  them  Madame  la  Comtesse  de  Saint  Pierre  is 
named,  and  his  petition  was  granted.  In  a  letter  of  Count  de  Pont- 
ohartrain  dated  Versailles,  June  4, 1701,  addressed  to  M.  deCallieres, 
governor  of  New  France,  and  M.  de  Champigny,  Intendant  of  Police, 
notified  them  of  the  concession  which  had  been  granted  to  Juchereau 
by  authority  of  the  King.  The  license  describes  Juchereau  as  being 
a  Lieutenant  General  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Montreal,  and  gave  him 
the  right  to  pass  to  the  Mississippi  river  with  24  men  in  eight  canoes 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  tannery.  This  was  an  unusually 
liberal  concession.  LaHontan  states  (New  Voyages  to  North 
America)  that  the  licences  were  usually  limited  to  two  canoes. 

Upon  receipt  of  the  notice  of  this  concession,  Governor  de  Cal- 
lieres  and  Intendant  de  Champigny  protested,  Oct.  5,  1701,  to  the 
ministry  that  the  loss  of  the  castor  trade  would  result  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  colony  of  Canada,  and  prayed  that  the  Ohio  be  established 
as  its  boundary  and  for  the  establishment  of  posts  upon  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

The  Company  of  the  Colony  of  Canada  was  organized  to  trade  at 
Detroit,  but  found  the  charges  imposed  upon  them  for  the  privilege 
too  heavy.  The  couriers  de  bois  and  the  savages  having  ascended 
the  Ohio  to  the  Carolinas  and  established  a  trade  in  peltries  with  the 
English,  the  company  prayed  for  the  establishment  of  posts  on  the 
Miami,  the  "Wisconsin,  the  country  of  the  Sioux,  and  "a  la  riviere  de 


58 

Ouabache  dans  le  lieu  ou  elle  se  deBcharge  dans  le  Mississippi,"  in 
order  that  the  trade  might  be  preserved  for  the  French.  (Quebec, 
Nov.  10,  1701.) 

They  also  presented  a  protest  against  the  concession  which  had 
been  granted  to  Juchereau  for  the  fur  trade  along  the  Mississippi. 

Juchereau,  in  a  memoir  addressed  to  Madame  la  Oomtesse  de  Saint 
Pierre,  defended  himself  against  the  charges  brought  against  him  by 
certain  people  in  Canada,  jealous  of  the  privileges  granted  him  by 
M.  de  Pontohartrain  at  the  solicitation  of  the  Countess,  and  related 
the  obstacles  put  in  his  way  by  the  governor  of  Canada  to  prevent 
compliance  with  the  terms  of  the  contract. 

Sept.  6,  1704,  M.  de  Bienville  reported  to  the  minister  that  Juch- 
ereau de  Saint  Denis  died  the  preceding  autumn  (1703) ,  and  that 
his  band  had  been  dispersed. 

Sept.  6,  1710,  M.  de  Remonville  proposed,  if  the  colony  at  Detroit 
were  abandoned,  that  the  habitants  be  sent  to  Mobile  and  Natchez, 
and  one  party  "a  la  embouchere  de  la  riviere  d'Ouabaohe  sur  la  Mis- 
sissippi," there  to  prepare  an  establishment  that,  he  predicted,  would 
not,  after  a  little  time,  be  of  mediocre  consideration,  on  account  of 
the  abundance  of  copper  and  the  number  of  buffaloes. 

In  a  letter  dated  "Au  Fort  Massacre,*  12  Fevrier,  1710,"  Dirion 
d'Artaguette  complained  to  Jerome  Pontohartrain  against  the  treat- 
ment accorded  by  M.  de  Lamothe,  commandant  at  Detroit,  to  those 
coming  to  the  Illinois  country. 

Bienville  stated,  Oct.  27,  1711,  that  the  Mascoutins  established 
along  the  Ohio  continue  in  their  attachment  to  the  French. 


CLARK  AND  THE  AMERICAN  FLAG, 

George  Rogers  Clark  certainly  carried  the  American  flag  on  his 
expedition  for  the  conquest  of  the  Northwest. 

The  flag  of  the  United  States  was  adopted  by  the  Continental 
Congress,  June  14,  1777. 

His  troops  were  never  regarded  as  part  of  the  Continental  estab- 
lishment; the  funds  for  their  military  equipment  were  furnished  by 
the  State  of  Virginia;  the  men  were  recruited  by  Clark  and  his  aids. 

Clark  landed  at  Fort  Massac  June  24,  1778;  Kaskaskia  was  cap- 
tured July  4.  The  first  explicit  mention  of  his  flag  by  Clark  is  in 
his  Memoir.  After  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia,  he  determined  to  send 
Mr.  Gribault  with  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Post  Vincennes. 
Mr.  Gibault  and  his  party  departed  from  Kaskaskia  on  July  14 — 
(only  ten  days  after  its  capture,  and  only  19  days  after  leaving 
Massac,  the  entire  time  having  been  occupied  by  the  labors  of  the 
campaign.)     To  quote  from  the  Memoir: 


*  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  identify 'this  Fort  Massacre.  If  It  be  old  Port  Massac,  1* 
negratives  my  former  statement  that  it  had  never  been  known  as  Fort  Massacre.  Pierre 
d'Artaguette  commanded  the  Illinois  country,  1731-17o6.— J.  G.  S. 


59 

"Mr.  Gibault  and  his  party  arrived  safe,  and  after  spending  a  day 
or  two  explaining  matters  to  the  people,  they  universally  acceded  to 
the  proposal  (except  a  few  emissaries  left  by  Mr.  Abbott,  who  im- 
mediately left  the  country,)  and  went  in  a  body  to  the  church;  where 
the  oath  of  allegiance  was  administered  to  them  in  the  most  solemn 
manner.  An  officer  was  elected,  the  fort  immediately  garrisoned, 
and  the  American  flag  displayed,  to  the  astonishment  of  the  Indians, 
and  everything  settled  far  beyond  our  most  sanguine  hopes." 

Again,  at  the  siege  of  Vincennes,  Feb.  23,  1779,  before  its  retaking 
by  the  Americans,  he  reports  the  adroit  use  of  flags  to  deceive  the 
English  garrison,  as  follows: 

"In  raising  volunteers  in  the  Illinois,  every  person  who  set  about 
the  business  had  a  set  of  colors  given  him,  which  they  brought  with 
them  to  the  amount  of  ten  or  twelve  pairs.  These  were  displayed  to 
the  best  advantage;  and  as  the  low  plain  we  marched  through  was 
not  a  perfect  level,  but  had  frequent  raisings  in  it  seven  or  eight  feet 
higher  than  the  common  level,  which  was  covered  with  water,  and  as 
these  raisings  generally  ran  in  an  oblique  direction  to  the  town,  we 
took  advantage  of  one  of  them,  marching  through  the  water  under 
it,  which  completely  prevented  our  men  being  numbered.  But  our 
colors  showed  considerably  above  the  heights,  as  they  were  fixed  on 
long  poles  procured  for  the  purpose,  and  at  a  distance  made  no  des- 
picable appearance;  and  as  our  young  Frenchmen  had,  while  we  lay 
on  the  Warrior's  Island,  decoyed  and  taken  several  fowlers,  with 
their  horses;  officers  were  mounted  on  these  horses  and  rode  about, 
more  completely  to  deceive  the  enemy.  In  this  manner  we  moved, 
and  directed  our  march  in  such  a  manner  as  to  sufPer  it  to  be  dark 
before  we  advanced  more  than  half  way  to  the  town.  We  then  sud- 
denly altered  our  direction,  and  crossed  ponds  where  they  could  not 
have  suspected  us,  and  about  8:00  o'clock  gained  the  heights  back  of 
the  town,"  and  so  forth. 

These  extracts  are  from  Clark's  Memoir,  reprinted  in  "Conquest  of 
the  Northwest"  by  William  H.  English,  1896,  pages  488  and  530. 

THEODOSIA  BURR  AND  MRS.  BLENNERHASSET. 

In  the  summer  of  1806,  Theodosia  spent  some  weeks  with  her 
father  at  Blennerhasset's  island  and  on  the  Cumberland.  In  the 
fall  they  parted,  he  to  plant  his  colony  on  the  Washita  and,  if  events 
favored,  to  set  himself  on*the  throne  of  the  Montezumas;  she  re- 
turned to  South  Carolina  to  wait.  ("The  True  Aaron  Burr,"  by  C. 
B.  Todd,  page  67.) 

December  10,  1806,  Blennerhasset  left  his  island  home  under  cover 
of  the  night  with  his  batteaux,  leaving  Mrs.  Blennerhasset  with  the 
two  little  boys  to  follow. 

December  22, 1806,  Burr  dropped  down  the  Cumberland  from 
Nashville  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  the  two  parties  met,  Dec.  24, 
1806;  he  made  an  address  to  the  filibusters,  visited  Fort  Massac,  the 


60 

fleet  passed  the  fort  Deo.  29,  and  passed  out  of  the  Ohio  into  the 
waters  of  the  rapid  Mississippi,  and  moored  at  Bayou  Pierre,  Jan. 
5,  1807. 

December  16,  1806,  Mrs.  Blennerhasset  returned  from  Marietta 
and  found  her  home  destroyed  by  the  riotous  militiamen;  Dec.  17,  she 
departed  therefrom,  her  boat  being  lashed  to  that  of  A.  W.  Putnam 
of  Belpr6;  in  the  latter  part  of  December  they  passed  the  mouth  of 
the  Camberland,  where  it  had  been  expected  that  she  would  join  her 
husband.  Early  in  January,  1807,  she  was  restored  with  her  chil- 
dren to  Blennerhasset,  at  Bayou  Pierre,  who  received  them  with  that 
deepfelt  affection  which  a  parent  and  husband  only  can  appreciate. 
(William  H.  Safford's  "Life  of  Blennerhasset,"  Chillicothe,  1850.) 


Extracts  From  Official  Records. 

Compiled  from  old  records  of  the  offices  of  the  Purveyor  of  Public 
Supplies  and  the  Commissary  General  of  Purchases  as  they  were 
called — now  the  Depot  Quartermaster  in  Philadelphia.  These  show 
the  old  Fort  was  continuously  garrisoned  as  late  as  1814.  That  year 
may,  I  suppose,  be  considered  the  year  of  its  abandonment. 

1797.  Supplies  were  despatched  from  the  United  States  Arsenal 
on  the  Schuylkill  near  Philadelphia  by  various  "waggoners"  ad- 
dressed to  Major  Isaac  Craig  at  Pittsburg,  to  be  forwarded  by  him 
to  the  posts  on  the  frontier. 

Such  a  shipment  of  supplies  of  clothing  was  made  Oct.  12,  1797, 
to  the  Commanding  Officer  at  Fort  Massac;  the  goods  were  sent  to 
Major  Craig  at  Pittsburg,  by  him  to  Col.  R.  J.  Meigs  at  Fort  Wash- 
ington, now  Cincinnati,  and  by  the  latter  to  Fort  Massac;  from  Pitts- 
burg they  were  sent  down  the  Ohio  in  "galleys."  The  goods  con- 
sisted of  uniform  clothing  for  infantry  soldiers:  hats,  stocks  and 
clasps,  coats,  vests,  linen  overalls,  woolen  overalls,  and  shirts  for 
privates,  musicians  and  sergeants,  white  linen  epaulettes,  shoes  and 
blankets,  in  quantity  sufficient  for  159  men.  The  uniform  in  use  at 
the  time  was  of  the  general  revolutionary  style,  cocked  hat,  long 
frock  coat  and  knee-breeches. 

September  24,  1799,  more  clothing  supplies  were  sent;  for  infantry 
and  artillery  this  time. 

November  22,  1799,  "hospital"  supplies  were  sent,  consisting  of 
allspice,  barley,  coffee,  chocolate,  mustard,  pepper,  raisins,  rice,  loaf 
sugar,  brown  sugar,  lemon  juice,  bohea  tea,  brandy,  vinegar,  port 
wine,  sherry  wine,  and  molasses. 

December  17,  1799,  medicines  were  sent  for  the  garrison. 

1801,  March  18,  subsistence  supplies  were  issued  for  Fort  Massac, 

1802,  it  is  stated  that  one  company  of  infantry  is  alloted  to  Fort 
Massac. 

1803,  March  7,  and  Feb.  3,  1804,  the  Secretary  of  War  states  in 
letters  that  there  are  stationed  at  Fort  Massac,  one  company  of  artil- 
lerists and  one  company  of  the  first  regiment  of  infantry.  Lieut. 
Wm.  Swan  or  Swain  was  the  Assistant  Military  Agent  at  Fort  Massac. 


61 

In  December,  1804,  a  subaltern,  corporal,  sergeant  and  23  men 
were  ordered  from  Kaskaskia  to  Fort  Massac  preparatory  to  descend- 
ing the  river  to  Fort  Adams  on  the  Mississippi  in  the  spring. 

In  December,  1804,  Capt.  Russell  Bissell  was  the  commanding 
officer  at  Fort  Massac. 

1805,  March  11 — Lyman's  company  of  the  First  regiment  of  infan- 
try was  stationed  there  at  this  time. 

1808,  January,  Capt.  D.  Bissell's  company  of  the  First  regiment 
of  infantry  was  stationed  there. 

The  United  States  army  at  this  time  consisted  of  20  companies  of 
artillerists  and  two  regiments  of  infantry  (20  companies  of  infantry.) 

April  7,  1809,  medical  and  hospital  supplies  were  ordered  to  be 
sent  to  "late  Capt.  D.  Bissell,  C,  O.  Fort  Massac." 

1809  to  1812,  Capt.  Sam  Price,  of  the  light  artillery,  was  the  com- 
manding officer  there. 

1810,  Feb.  6.     One  company  was  stationed  there  at  this  time. 

1810,  March  14.  It  is  stated  that  one  company  is  stationed  there, 
the  late  Captain  Gano's. 

1810,  April  7.     Medicine  sent, 

1810,  April  12.     More  medicine  sent. 

1810,  April  16.  Hospital  stores  and  medicine  sent  to  Captain 
Estes. 

1810  to  1812.  Henry  Skinner  was  the  physician  at  Fort  Massac; 
he  was  rated  as  Surgeon's  Mate. 

1811,  May  4.  Supplies  of  clothing,  subsistence  and  medicines 
sufficient  for  one  company  of  artillery  was  sent. 

1812,  Aug.  14.     Medicines  and  subsistence  supplies  sent. 

1812.  In  August  and  September  Colonel  William  P.  Anderson 
was  assigned  to  the  duty  of  recruiting  the  Twenty-fourth  regiment 
of  United  States  infantry,  and  to  the  command  of  the  regiment. 
Nashville  and  Knoxville  were  indicated  to  him  as  the  most  advan- 
tageous positions  for  his  principal  rendezvous.  He  was  also  directed 
to  recruit  for  Captain  Philips'  company  of  artillery. 

Oct.  9  he  was  directed  "to  take  charge  of  the  defense  of  Fort  Mas- 
sac," and  to  send  there  such  part  of  his  regiment  as  was  organized. 
A  few  days  later  he  was  directed  to  order  Captain  Philips'  company 
of  artillery  to  the  fort. 

No  doubt  his  efforts  at  recruiting  met  with  great  success,  for  on 
Dec.  11,  1812,  a  large  quantity  of  supplies  were  sent  from  the  arsenal 
on  the  Schuylkill  to  Fort  Massac  for  the  use  of  the  Twenty- fourth 
United  States  infantry  (addressed  to  Colonel  Anderson)  and  for  the 
use  of  the  two  companies  of  the  Second  United  States  artillery  (ad- 
dressed to  Captain  Philips) .  They  were  in  quantity  sufficient  for 
612  infantrymen  and  90  artillerymen,  and  this  is  the  largest  garrison 
that  probably  ever  was  quartered  at  the  old  fortress.     The  supplies 


62 

consisted  of  hats,  coats,  vests,  linen  overalls,  wool  overalls,  for  pri- 
vates, sergeants  and  musicians  of  infantry  and  artillery;  cockades 
and  eagles'  feathers,  epaulettes,  shoes,  stockings,  socks,  gaiters,  trou- 
sers, frocks,  buttons,  blankets,  hat  bands,  gunslings,  musket  flints, 
brushes  and  wires,  cord,  packing  casks,  knapsacks,  colored  thread, 
company  books,  printed  books,  papers  of  ink  powder,  foolscap  paper, 
quarto  post  paper,  quills  and  wafers  in  boxes. 

The  Twenty- fourth  infantry  remained  at  the  fort  during  the  winter 
of  1812-1818,  and  on  March  10,  1813,  the  Secretary  of  War  ordered 
Colonel  Anderson  to  move  to  Cleveland,  O.  This  was  done  accord- 
ingly- 

Captain  Joseph  Philips  remained  at  Fort  Massac  with  one  com- 
pany of  the  Second  regiment  of  artillery,  and  in  June,  1813,  clothing, 
medicines  and  subsistence  supplies  for  90  men  were  shipped  to  him. 

Early  in  1814,  Jan.  22,  Colonel  Anderson  of  the  Twenty  fourth  in- 
fantry was  ordered,  at  Nashville,  "to  immediately  collect  all  the  frag- 
ments of  his  regiment,  wherever  found,  and  with  such  recruits  as 
have  been  found,  march  to  Erie  on  Lake  Erie."  At  the  time  the  reg- 
iment was  scattered  in  detachments  from  Erie  to  Detroit.  In  the 
fall  the  regiment  was  ordered  south  to  join  General  Andrew  Jack- 
son at  New  Orleans,  and  it  probably  participated  in  the  famous  bat- 
tle. 


Journal  op  Benjamin  Van  Cleve,  1794. 

"May  16,  1794.  Engaged  in  the  contractor's  employ.  Started  on 
the  24th,  with  two  contractor's  boats  loaded  with  provisions,  in  com- 
pany with  a  detachment  of  soldiers,  consisting  of  Captain  Guion's 
company  of  infantry  and  a  sergeant  and  six  men  of  the  artillery  under 
Major  Thomas  Doyle,  to  descend  the  Ohio  to  within  12  leagues  of 
the  Mississippi,  to  the  site  of  the  old  Cherokee  fort,  built  by  the  French, 
and  sometimes  called  Fort  Massac.  We  also  had  with  us  eight  Chick- 
asaw Indians  on  their  way  home.  On  the  29th,  landed  at  Fort  Steu- 
ben, opposite  Louisville.  Passed  the  falls  on  the  next  day,  and  re- 
mained until  the  4th  of  June,  preparing  the  boats  to  resist  attacks, 
by  lining  them  in  order  to  make  them  bullet  proof.  On  that  day, 
Major  Doyle  arrested  Captain  Guion  and  sent  him  back.  Mrs.  Doyle 
was  left  at  Louisville,  and  the  expedition  proceeded.  The  boats  were 
ordered  to  keep  in  exact  order — the  major's  boat.  No.  1 ;  his  kitchen 
boat.  No.  2;  the  surgeon's  boat.  No,  3;  the  artillery  boat.  No.  4;  boat 
with  hogs  and  forage,  No.  5;  W^ilson's  boat,  No.  6;  our  own,  No.  7; 
the  India), s.  No.  8;  cattle  boat,  No.  9;  Lieutenant  Gregg,  in  the  rear. 
No.  10.  Our  own  boat  was  heavily  loaded  and  weak  in  hands,  so  that 
when  all  were  rowing  we  could  not  keep  up,  and  when  all  were  drift- 
ing we  outwent  the  others.  We  ought,  perhaps,  to  have  made  a 
proper  representation  of  these  circumstances  to  the  major  at  the 
time,  but  he  had  sustained  the  character  of  being  haughty,  arbitrary 
and  imperious,  so  that  he  was  called  King  Doyle  when  he  commanded 
the  post  at  Hamilton.     We,  therefore,  thought^that  it  would  be  n      Sp. 


Dnlform'of  thelUnlted  States  Army.  1802-1810.  Infantry  and  Artillery.  Reproduced 
from  the  records  of  the  War  Department  by  permission  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  of 
the  United.States. 


63 

and  we  kept  the  current  at  night,  which  sometimes  took  us  ten  miles 
ahead  against  morning.  It  would  then  take  the  other  boats,  with 
hard  rowing,  half  the  day  to  overtake  us.  The  men  by  that  time 
would  be  pretty  much  fatigued,  and  we  could  manage  pretty  well  to 
keep  our  place  until  night.  We  generally  received  a  hearty  volley 
of  execrations  for  our  disobedience  of  his  orders;  we  returned  mild 
excuses,  and  determined  to  repeat  the  ofiPense. 

"June  8.  Passed  the  Yellow  Banks.  Three  families  had  settled 
here.  This  is  the  first  settlement  below  Salt  river,  and  there  are  only 
two  others  below,  the  one  at  the  Red  Banks  and  the  other  at  Diamond 
Island  Station.     June  9,  passed  the  Red  Banks  and  Diamond  island. 

"June  10.  Began  to  stop  occasionally  and  cut  pickets  and  put 
them  aboard  to  be  ready  to  set  up  on  our  arrival  at  Massac. 

"June  11.  Cut  more  pickets.  Met  a  Mr.  Sela  and  family  and 
three  young  men  going  up  from  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  to  the  Red 
Banks.  They  concluded  to  turn  back  with  us.  Passed  the  Wabash 
at  dark.  At  Saline  observed  a  fire  on  shore,  when  two  Canadian 
French  hunters  came  to  us  with  their  canoes  loaded  with  skins,  bear's 
oil  and  dogs.  One  of  them  had  passed  26  years  in  the  wilderness 
between  Vincennes  and  the  Illinois  river.  Before  morning  we  found 
three  others,  who  went  along  with  us  to  hunt  for  us. 

"June  12.  Passed  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers  and  landed 
at  Massac  in  the  evening.  The  soldiers  put  up  pickets  in  a  circular 
form  at  the  upper  corner  of  the  old  works  and  brought  up  the  artil- 
lery and  the  ammunition,  and  we  were  in  a  good  posture  of  defense 
before  daylight  next  morning. 

"We  were  detained  at  Massac  unloading  until  the  3d  of  July. 

"On  the  26th  of  June,  a  number  of  men  enlisted  in  Tennessee  un- 
der officers  commissioned  by  citizen  Genet,  the  French  Ambassador 
to  the  United  States,  as  they  said,  having  nothing  else  to  do,  they 
had  volunteered  to  escort  some  salt  boats  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ten- 
nessee to  Nashville,  and  through  curiosity,  had  come  down  to  see  us. 
Their  real  object,  perhaps,  was  to  examine  our  force  and  posture  of 
defense.  My  comrades  were  acquainted  with  one  of  the  men.  They 
solicited  us  to  go  up  with  them,  and,  although  it  was  a  circuitous 
route,  we  concluded  to  take  it,  believing  it  to  be  the  safest,  and  not 
knowing  when  another  opportunity  might  offer  for  us  to  get  home. 
Connor  had  a  public  rifle  and  went  up  to  give  it  to  the  major.  He 
cursed  Connor,  struck  him,  and  ordered  him  under  guard,  and  at  the 
same  time,  ordered  a  corporal  and  file  of  men  to  bring  us  out  of  the 
boat  to  the  guard  house.  The  orders  were  given  in  our  hearing. 
The  corporal  came  with  his  guard  into  the  boat,  and  having  been 
acquainted  with  me  some  time,  delivered  his  orders  to  me.  The 
Major  was  walking  backward  and  forward  on  top  of  the  bank.  With 
my  gun  in  one  hand,  tomahawk  in  the  other,  and  a  knife  18  inches 
long  hanging  at  my  side,  dressed  in  a  hunting  frock,  breech  cloth 
and  leggins,  my  countenance  probably  manifesting  my  excitement,  I 
leaped  out  of  the  boat  and  with  a  very  quick  step  went  up  the  bank 
to  the  Major.     I  looked  like  a  savage,  and  the  major  mistaking  my 


64 


intention  was  alarmed  and  retired  as  I  advanced.  At  length,  as  I  ap- 
proached him,  he  turned,  and  assuming  a  gentle  voice  and  manner, 
bid  me  good  morning.  I  stopped  and  paid  him  the  same  compli- 
ment and  asked  him  if  he  wanted  me.  He  observed  that  he  under- 
stood that  we  were  going  to  leave  him.  He  said  that  his  boat  was 
going  to  start  in  eight  days  to  the  Falls  to  bring  down  Mrs.  Doyle, 
which  would  afford  us  a  better  opportunity  of  getting  home,  that  his 
party  was  weak  and  had  service  to  perform  in  building  the  fort,  and 
that  we  ought  to  stay  until  our  boat  was  unloaded.  I  told  him  that 
our  instructions  from  the  contractor  were  to  return  by  the  first  op- 
portunity, if  it  should  even  offer  as  soon  as  we  had  made  our  boat 
fast;  that  we  considered  that  we  were  obeying  his  instructions,  and 
that  we  had  known  of  no  other  opportunity  likely  to  offer.  As  his 
boat  would  offer  a  safer  and  more  direct  passage  I  was  willing  to 
stay.  By  this  time,  Gahagan,  one  of  my  comrades,  was  ascending 
the  bank  under  the  guard,  the  major  told  the  corporal  to  let  him  go 
and  to  discharge  Connor,  who  was  in  the  guard  house.  We  accord- 
ingly staid  until  the  Major's  boat  started  for  the  Falls  on  the  3d  of 
July,  and  came  that'day  above  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  with  some 
of  the  soldiers,  whose  company  he  found  disagreeable  and  accordingly 
left  the  boat  at  Red  Banks  and  finished  the  journey  to  Cincinnati  by 
land,  where  some  of  the  spies  had  come  in  for  ammunition." 


Cut  of  enfflne  and  car  which  was  taken,  together  with  minute  specifications  as  to  mode 
of  construction,  etc.,  of  early  railroad!*,  from  an  advertisement  for  contractors  to  build 
the  Northern  Cross  Railroad.  1836.  ^    ^ 

A.  W.  P. 


65 


MEN  AND  MANNERS  OF  THE  EARLY  DAYS  IN  ILLINOIS. 

Dr.  A.  W.  French.  Springfield,  for  the  State  Historical  Society.  1903. 

I  have  sought  to  bring  back  to  the  memory  of  the  aged,  and  to 
secure  for  the  instruction  and  amusement  of  those  who  have  come 
later  upon  the  stage  of  life  some  of  the  incidents  of  the  early  hap- 
penings in  the  social,  religious  and  political  experience  of  the  men 
and  women  who  preceded  us  in  the  occupancy  of  this  prairie  land. 
Some  of  the  events  related  have  received  notice  before  and  descrip- 
tions are  to  be  found  in  the  now  musty  records  of  the  early  years  of 
the  nineteenth  century — records  known  to  few,  and  familiar  to  only 
a  minute  part  of  even  reading  people.  Other  matters,  perhaps  of 
little  importance  have  come  under  the  observation  of  the  writer  and 
may  not  be  deemed  wholly  unworthy  of  preservation.  It  has  not 
escaped  the  notice  of  the  reader  of  history,  indeed  it  is  ineradically 
stamped  upon  his  mind  before  he  has  finished  the  first  chapter,  that 
human  life  is  but  the  conscious  experience  of  a  swift  succession  of 
little  occurrences  which  make  up  the  sum  of  what  we  do,  and  what 

jwe  are.  A  recital  of  some  of  the  struggles  and  some  of  the  disasters 
which  are  part  of  the  history  of  the  settlement  of  a  new  country  can 
but  enhance  the  appreciation  of  our  inheritance  derived  from  the 
early  settlers  of  Illinois.     Some  of   them   with   an   almost  prophetic 

jBve  caught  a  glimpse  of  the  grandeur  which  to  us  is  a  daily  spectacle. 
It  was  their  part  to  plant,  it  is  ours   to  reap.      It  will  ever  be  our 

•duty  and  our  pleasure  to  honor  them,  and  not  less  to  profit  by  their 

I  errors. 

Railroads  had  been  experimented  with  as  early  as  1822  and  even 
to  a  very  limited  extent  before  that  year,  but  very  crude  notions  in  re- 
gard to  their  construction  prevailed  at  the  time  when,  in  1838,  and 
some  subsequent  years  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  strongly  backed 
I  by  the  whole  people,  determined  to   construct  a  sufficiency  of  them 
to  cross  almost  every  township  and  to  get  the  full  benefit  of  the  con- 
jtrivance  and  to  have  that  benefit  equally  distributed  over  the  State 
'without  partiality  or  favor.     Canals  were  also  in  much  favor,  and 
either  one  or  the  other  seemed  so  nearly  within  the  grasp,  and  there 
I  was  so  little  to  choose  between  them   that  when  a  member  arose  to 
j offer  a  bill  for  instance  for  the  incorporation  of  the  "Springfield  and 
;Beardstown  Canal  Company,"  a  slip  naming  a  railroad  company  in- 
!  stead  would  probably  not  have  been  deemed  worthy  of  correction. 

—5  H. 


66 

As  local  jealousies,  or  perhaps  it  would  be  fairer  to  say  local  am- 
bitions, necessarily  existed,  and  to  a  great  extent  dominated  the  peo- 
ple, all  bills  organizing  railroads  or  canal  companies  required  that 
construction  should  begin  at  each  end  and  sometimes  at  other  points 
so  that  no  county  could  get  much  ahead  of  any  other  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  these  improvements. 

A  committee  says,  "that  all  of  the  works  having  been  commenced 
in  various  sections  in  the  State,  the  people  of  these  sections  are  com- 
petent to  judge  of  the  value  and  utility  of  the  system  to  them  re- 
spectively, and  that  so  long  as  they  are  unwilling  to  surrender  their 
respective  claims  the  irresistable  conclusion  is  that  the  system  is  not 
too  large." 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  operation  of  this  distribution  of  improve- 
ments, I  will  cite  some  of  the  details:  Grading — From  Galena  south- 
ward, from  Peru  northward,  from  Cairo  northward,  from  Peoria  west- 
ward, from  Warsaw  easterly,  from  Shawneetown  to  Equality,  from 
Shawneetown  to  Silver  Creek,  from  Shawneetown  to  Quincy,  from 
Shawneetown  to  Danville,  from  Shawneetown  to  Meridocia,  from 
Shawneetown  to  Naples,  from  Alton  to  Edwardsville,  from  Mt. 
Carmel  to  Alton,  from  Viaduct  to  Okaw,  from  Alton  eastward,  from 
State  line  westward,  from  Embarrass  river,  from  Pekin  to  Tremont, 
from  Cairo  to  Vandalia,  from  Shelbyville,  from  Decatur  to  Louisiana, 
Mo.,  from  Bloomington  to  Mackinaw,  from  Bloomington  to  Peru, 
and  many  others.  Total  estimated  cost  $11,000,000,  exceeding  esti- 
mates, but  the  committee  remarks,  "that  this  is  mainly  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  roads  upon  actual  measurement  are  found  to  be  longer, 
and  they  will  consequently  accommodate  more  inhabitants  and  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  a  greater  extent  of  country  than  was  at  first  con- 
templated." 

A  committee  of  the  House  in  1839  made  a  quite  exhaustive  report 
on  the  feasibility  of  railroads,  on  the  chance  of  getting  business  and 
particularly  on  their  power  to  compete  with  other  modes  of  trans- 
portation in  respect  to  expedition,  costs,  etc. 

They  say,  "A  journey  of  one  hundred  miles  on  horseback  for  the 
purpose  of  transacting  business  at  Alton,  Chicago  or  St.  Louis  or 
any  other  place,  would  require  three  days'  travel  in  each  direction, 
making  six  days'  expenses  f  jr  man  and  horse  at  $1  per  day  is  $6; 
two  days'  time  and  expenses  of  horse  whilst  attending  to  business  of 
the  journey,  $1  50;  six  days'  time  of  man  and  horse  at  $1  50,  $9 — 
$16  50.  By  railroad — Fare,  200  miles,  $10;  one  day's  time  on  jour- 
ney each  way,  $2;  two  meals  on  the  journey,  $1 — $18." 

"Making  $'^.50  in  favor  of  the  railroad  conveyance,  by  putting  the 
journey  on  horseback,  which  is  the  cheapest  mode  of  private  convey- 
ance, at  the  lowest  rates  and  valuing  the  time  of  the  person  at  the 
small  sum  of  $1  per  day,"  The  committee  concludes  gravely.  "If 
these  views  of  the  subject  can  be  correct,  there  cannot  exist  a  doubt 
of  the  entire  ability  of  the  railroads  to  come  into  the  most  success- 
ful competition  for  a  large  share  of  the  travel  of  the  country."  The 
last  inquiry  the  committee  desires  to  institute  into  the  financial  abil- 


67 

ity  and  business  capacity  of  railroads  is  in  reference  to  the  tonnage, 
which  it  has  been  shown  will  exist  in  the  State  at  the  time  of  their 
completion." 

The  minimum  average  rate  of  transportation  over  common  roads 
is  not  less  than  $1.00  per  hundred  pounds,  per  hundred  miles,  or  per 
ton  $20.00. 

The  ordinary  rates  of  toll  and  transportation  on  railways  being  5 
cents  per  mile,  per  ton  for  one  hundred  miles  $5.00;  balance  in  favor 
of  railroads  $15.00. 

"Thus  at  the  lowest  possible  rates  that  a  common  team  during  the 
season  of  best  roads  can  perform  the  transportation,  there  would  be 
a  clear  saving  of  money  of  $15.00  a  ton  besides  the  advantage  of 
superior  speed,  certainty  and  safety  of  the  railway  conveyance." 

"Take  for  instance  the  article  of  corn,  which  is  the  cheapest  of  all 
our  productions  compared  with  its  tonnage  it  will  be  found  that  even 
this  article  will  bear  transportation  on  the  railways  to  the  rivers." 
"From  an  inspection  of  the  map  it  will  be  seen  that  if  the  present 
system  of  railroads  is  carried  out  the  roads  will  bring  most  portions 
of  the  State  within  70  or  80  miles  of  a  navigable  stream." 

This  was  the  dream  of  the  time. 

"Then  the  transportation  of  one  ton  of  corn  at  34  bushels  a  dis- 
tance of  80  miles  at  the  rate  of  5  cents  per  ton  per  mile  would  be  per 
ton  $4,00,  or  per  bushel  11|  cents,  the  cost  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  for 
80  miles  11  cents,  of  100  pounds  of  tobacco  20  cents,  on  other 
products  the  same  rate." 

"The  Springfield  &  Jacksonville  Railroad  with  the  Naples  branch 
about  60  miles,  is  cited  to  show  what  reasonable  expectations  may  be 
in  the  near  future." 

"Twenty  passengers  in  each  direction  at  5  cents  per  mile  or  $3.60, 
$144.00.  Ten  tons  of  imports  and  exports  in  each  direction  at  5 
cents  per  ton,  $120.00.  U.  S.  Mail,  $25.00.  Deduct  repairs,  power, 
etc,  and  other  expenses,  $131,00.    -Net  daily  profits,  $158.00." 

A  committee  of  an  earlier  Senate  had  been  instructed  to  make  a 
reliable  comparison  between  the  utility  and  practicability  of  canals 
and  railroads.  Though  without  a  dollar  in  the  treasury  they  had 
only  to  choose  what  they  would  have.     They  report: 

"The  first  proposition  that  presents  itself  is,  as  to  the  relative  ex- 
pediency of  making  canals  or  railroads.  The  railroads  would  cost 
less  to  construct,  but  for  heavy  transportation  of  cumbrous  articles 
canals  are  preferable,  but  for  lighter  articles  and  especially  for  travel, 
railroads  would  have  the  preference.  They  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  either  would  facilitate  and  cheapen  commerce  and  travel.  The 
dul)iety  and  uncertainty  in  regard  to  the  kind  of  improvement 
which  should  be  chosen  continued  long  and  is  brought  to  mind  anew 
by  Act  of  Congress." 


68 

I  find  in  the  archives  of  Congress  that  on  March  2, 1827,  a  strip  of 
land  a  mile  wide  on  each  side  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  sur- 
vey was  granted  to  the  State  to  aid  the  construction  of  the  canal. 
Nothing  had  been  done  with  the  grant  when  on  March  2,  1833,  six 
years  after  the  donation  had  been  made,  Congress  passed  the  follow- 
act:  "'Enacted,  that  the  lands  granted  to  the  State  of  Illinois  by 
the  act  to  which  this  is  an  amendment  may  be  used  and  disposed  of 
by  said  State  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  railroad  instead  of  a  canal, 
as  in  said  act  contemplated,  and  that  the  time  for  commencing  and 
completing  said  canal  or  railroad,  whichever  the  State  of  Illinois 
may  choose  to  make,  be,  and  is  extended  five  years:  Provided,  that 
if  a  railroad  is  made  in  place  of  a  canal  the  State  of  Illinois  shall  be 
subject  to  the  same  duties  and  obligations,  and  the  government  of 
the  United  States  be  entitled  to  the  same  privilege  on  said  railroad 
which  they  would  have  had  through  the  canal  if  it  had  opened.' " 

"With  a  railroad  across  the  State  to  St.  Louis  the  committee  is 
prepared  to  state,  from  the  best  information  obtainable,  that  the  dis- 
tance from  St.  Louis  to  New  York  can  be  made  in  16  to  20  days. 
Voyage  from  New  York  to  BufPalo  five  days;  Buffalo  to  Chicago 
by  steamboat  seven  to  eight  days;  Chicago  by  rail  to  foot  of  rapids 
ten  hours;  from  foot  of  rapids  to  St.  Louis  two  days. 

"Making  the  whole  16  days  and  deducting  probable  hindrances,  it 
may  be  placed  with  tolerable  accuracy  at  20  days,  which  is  at  least 
ten  days  sooner  than  by  any  other  route." 
jIn  1835  the  committee  on  internal  improvements  in  a  long  report  said: 
"The  only  question  unsettled  is  the  kind  of  communication  and  the 
means  of  accomplishment.  As  to  the  kind  of  communication  the  ques- 
tion lies  between  railroads  and  canals."  So  hope  and  confidence  ran 
ahead  of  capacity  to  perform  until  dishonor  and  disgrace  seemed  the 
inevitable  fate  of  the  State.  Under  natural  law  mistakes  and 
blunders  incur  the  same  penalties  as  wilful  wrong  doing.  The  pun- 
ishment comes  also  to  states  and  nations  whenever  an  error  is  com- 
mitted. 

The  people  by  1839  had  involved  the  State  in  debt  that  would 
have  been  a  heavy  burden  to  the  oldest  of  the  Union.  Fourteen 
million  dollars  at  that  time  was  a  vast  sum. 

But  what  assets  were  there?  Owing  to  the  scattered  condition  of 
the  investments,  no  part  was  of  use.  A  ridge  of  earth  thrown  up  here 
and  there  all  over  the  State,  and  a  few  scores  of  tons  of  iron  in  New 
Orleans  awaiting  freight  money.  Frantic  efforts  had  been  made  to 
get  money  by  the  sale  of  bonds.  The  rate  of  interest  fixed  by  law 
was  6  per  cent.  The  bonds  were  discounted  20  or  30  per  cent,  or 
lower  still. 

The  fund  commissioner  and  other  agents  had  been  sent  to  New 
York  and  then  to  Europe  to  find  money,  but  were  coldly  received. 
Bonds  deposited  in  London  for  sale  were  sent  back  as  the  credit  of 
the  State  was  greatly  shaken.  Rumors  of  repudiation  were  prevalent 
and  it  was  the  opinion  of  a  large  part  of  the  people  that  nothing 
could  be  done— of  a  large  portion,  that  nothing  ought  to  be  done! 

The  Grovernor  called  a  special  session  of  the  Legislature  in  1839. 


69 

He  says:  "Our  system  of  internal  improvements  presents  a  sub- 
ject of  deep  and  absorbing  interest  in  which  the  destiny  of  our  State 
is  involved  and  when  compared  with  its  prosperity  and  resources  is 
truly  alarming — the  public  credit  has  been  and  continues  to  be 
extended  to  exhaustion  with  a  view  of  increasing  the  enormous  debt 
which  has  been  incurred.  The  revenue  law  passed  at  the  last 
session  has  been  a  subject  of  animadversion  and  dissatisfaction,  and 
some  of  the  counties  I  regret  to  say  have  resisted  it  by  refusal  to  as- 
sess their  taxable  property." 

R.  F.  Barrett  was  for  some  years  fund  commissioner,  and  as  such 
was  sent  to  New  York  and  sometimes  to  Europe  to  endeavor  to  raise 
money  on  State  bonds  on  any  State  indebtedness.  His  wailing  is 
pitiful  to  hear.  He  says:  "New  York,  December,  1840:  I  reached 
here  yesterday,  and  have  inquired  around  what  could  be  done  for 
January  interest,  I  find  prospects  worse  than  I  expected,  every  paper 
here  and  elsewhere  is  abusing  and  misrepresenting  our  policy,  and  1 
find  the  best  friends  of  the  State  heretofore,  now  in  doubt  and 
despondency.  I  am  afraid  I  shall  fail  to  get  the  money.  The  credit 
of  our  State  will  go  down,  and  I  out  of  office  in  disgrace.  I  was  a 
fool  to  come  and  I  knew  it  at  the  time,  but  if  I  had  resigned  another 
fund  commissioner  would  have  failed  to  get  the  money  most  certainly, 
then  I  would  have  been  charged  with  deserting  the  State  in  time  of 
greatest  need.  I  accepted  the  office  with  no  hope  of  reward  for  I  told 
my  friends,  that  I  should  charge  nothing  for  my  services.  But  as  it 
is,  the  faith  and  credit  of  the  State  may  sink  in  my  hands  and  my  rep- 
utation sink  with  it.  If  we  fail  here  we  shall  go  to  Boston  the  next 
day  and  use  every  means  till  Monday  3:00  o'clock,  when  the  thing 
will  be  up  with  us,  and  the  State;  if  we  are  unsuccessful — God  forbid 
that  such  should  be  the  result,  but  such  it  may  be — young  and  pros- 
perous Illinois  will  be  the  first  State  in  this  great  Confederacy  to 
fail  to  pay  her  public  debts.  She  will  be  cursed  from  one  end  of  the 
Union  to  the  other,  and  by  every  civilized  power  on  earth — My  God! 
talk  to  the  members,  and  do  not  suft'er  our  State  to  be  the  first  to  go 
down  in  disgrace." 

On  New  Year's  day  he  wrote:  "I  shall  neither  eat  nor  sleep  nor 
rest  till  the  money  is  procured,  and  if  I  fail  I  will  make  my  escape 
from  the  State  as  quick  as  possible,  as  she  will  be  disgraced  and  I 
shall  forever  be  the  disgraced  instrument  of  her  disgrace.  The 
difficulties  have  been  a  thousandfold  greater  than  I  expected  and 
ultimate  failure  may  be  the  result." 

A  minority  report  on  finances  1840,  reads  like  this: 

"The  undersigned  would  ask  the  House,  that,  burdened  with  a 
debt  of  nearly  $14,000,000,  the  annual  interest  of  which  exceeds 
$700,000,  a  prostrate  bank,  $400,000  of  youu  bonds  already  pledged  at 
one- third  of  their  value,  part  of  which  are  now  forfeited  and  the  bal- 
ance shortly  will  be,  upward  of  $600,000  lost  or  in  immediate  danger 
in  New  York  by  the  bad  management  of  your  agents;  between  one 
and  two  millions  in  Europe  in  like  condition — your  interest  falling 
due  before  the  Legislature   meets   again ;   unprovided   for — an  extra 


70 

session  in  consequence  inevitable — your  bonds  selling  at  60  or  70 
cents  on  the  dollar;  a  bankrupt  treasury  and  an  oppressed  and 
dispirited  people;  the  State  so  poor  that  she  cannot  pay  the  door- 
keepers, much  less  her  members:  your  commissioners  knocking  at 
the  door  of  every  pawnbroker  and  shaver,  begging  them  to  lend 
money  on  our  bonds — Illinois  bonds." 

R.  M.  Young,  State  financial  agent,  writes: 

"I  do  deplore  exceedingly  the  present  condition  of  things,  and  see 
nothing  but  mist  and  gloom  in  the  prospective;  and  regret  exceed- 
ingly that  the  last  Legislature  did  not  do  something  effectual  to  place 
the  credit  and  integrity  of  the  State  on  some  substantial  basis.  July 
interest  should  at  all  events  be  provided  for  with  certainty  and  not 
left  to  depend  on  remote  probabilities." 

The  Committee  on  Finance  in  184:0  also  rendered  a  report  not  free 
from  bitterness.  Among  other  suggestions  and  complaints  they  say, 
"By  the  clamors  of  those  who  frequently  prefer  personal  popularity, 
no  matter  how  acquired,  to  the  ultimate  good  of  the  State,  and  who 
seek  to  ingratiate  themselves  in  the  special  favor  of  the  public  by 
abusing  and  misrepresenting  those  who  may  have  contribted  to 
create  the  State  debt,  which  in  its  inception  met  with  almost  univer- 
sal approval,  the  people  have  been  made  to  suffer,  unnecessarily,  feel- 
ings of  pain  and  distrust.  They  have  heard  so  much  of  millions  of 
indebtedness,  the  horrors  of  which  have  been  portrayed  in  such  dis- 
mal lamentations  of  despair  that  each  man  is  involuntarily  led  to  feel 
in  his  pocket  to  ascertain  if  he  has  any  hundreds  or  thousands  in 
his  possession  with  which  to  pay  off  his  part  of  the  debts." 

The  mode  of  construction  of  railroads  in  the  early  days  will  excite 
a  smile  by  those  who  have  never  seen  any  other  than  that  now  in 
use.  I  have  copied  from  proposals  for  a  contract  on  the  Northern 
Cross  railroad  published  in  1848.  A  road  had  been  built  on  this 
line  many  years  before  on  a  very  imperfect  grading  but  had  been 
abandoned.  "The  crossties  5x10  inches  are  to  be  prepared 
for  the  superstructure  by  boring  two  holes  in  each  tie  at  the  guaged 
distance  assunder  for  the  intermediate  ties  1^  inches  in  size.  The 
string  pieces  5x6  are  to  be  prepared  for  the  work  by  boring  a  hole 
within  3  inches  of  the  end  1^  inches,  and  at  intervals  of  30  inches." 
The  old  iron  rails  which  were  about  the  weight  of  a  wagon  tie,  were 
to  be  taken  up  and  straightened  and  then  spiked  down  on  the  middle 
of  the  stringer,  the  end  joints  to  be  strengthened  by  a  piece  of  wood 
spiked  down  on  the  ties.  To  make  room  for  the  flange  of  the  wheels 
the  string  piece  was  to  be  beveled  down  with  an  adz. 

Here  you  have  woodsills  first,  then  ties  across  them  and  then  wood 
stringers  to  be  pegged  down  to  the  ties  with  wooden  pins,  and  Inst,  a 
little  strip  of  iron  nailed  to  the  top.  This  looks  like  a  light  structure 
but  the  great  New  York  Central  railroad  was  first  made  in  this  man- 
ner. I  passed  over  it  in  1845  when  the  speed  was  15  to  20  miles  per 
hour.  One  of  the  perils  of  this  kind  of  track  was  that  the  thin  bar 
under  constant  rolling  got  loose  and  the  end  would  rise  to  the  top  of 


71 

a  wheel  and  be  thrust  up  through  the  floor  of  the  car  to  the  great 
peril  of  the  passengers.  Many  travellers  lost  iheir  lives  in  this 
manner. 

The  furore  in  the  early  30's  for  State  improvements  in  the  mode 
of  transportation  which  was  one  of  importance,  but  not  the  only  one 
by  any  means,  has  often  been  referred  to  and  commented  upon.  But 
in  this  state  of  excitement,  and  the  recklessness  accompanying  it, 
Illinois  was  not  alone,  nor  did  she  lead,  but  simply  participated  in 
an  unreasoning  craze  which  originated  in  the  eastern  and  central 
states.  Confidence,  so  useful  in  intercourse  between  men,  was  un- 
bounded and  nothing  seemed  necessary  to  the  enhancement  of 
values  and  the  promotion  of  enterprises  but  a  free  and  vivid  imagi- 
nation. I  remember  well  when  in  1835  and  1836  an  emigration  fever 
seized  the  people  of  the  eastern  states,  and  the  rude  and  rough  high- 
ways which  led  westward  were  dotted  thickly  with  hundreds  of  emi- 
grant wagons  headed  towards  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Ohio  and  Illi- 
nois, or  anywhere  towards  the  setting  sun.  All  of  the  inhabitants 
could  not  go,  however  willing  they  might  be,  but  all  who  had  any 
money  could  share  in  the  sure  rewards  of  enterprise  by  sending  it 
along  to  be  invested  in  the  soil  which  soon  would  enrich  them  by  its 
swiftly  increasing  values. 

Inspection  was  hardly  thought  of,  and  the  swamps  and  bays  of 
Michigan  compared  successfully  in  price  with  the  choicest  lands. 

The  spirit  of  speculation  swept  around  the  lakes  and  Illinois  re- 
ceived large  accessions  to  her  population,  and  her  lands  paesed 
swiftly  from  government  ownership  to  private  hands  but  a  small  part 
only  to  actual  settlers.  Money  invested  in  this  sure  way  was  better 
than  settlers,  and  the  enthusiastic  had  only  to  wait. 

Lands  bought  then  at  $1.25  per  acre,  within  my  knowledge,  80 
years  after,  had  scarcely  doubled  in  value.  But  the  immense  bubble 
reached  its  full  expansion  in  1837  and  many  who  had  sent  to  the 
west  all  of  their  available  means,  from  eager  buyer  became  urgent 
sellers,  and  financial  distress  took  the  place  of  the  late  exuberant 
prosperity  and  bankruptcy  prevailed  in  the  whole  country. 

In  many  cities  of  the  eastern  states  bankruptcy  was  universally 
present.  In  some  lines  of  trade  not  a  single  merchant  or  manufac- 
turer stood  up,  and  when  the  storm  had  swept  by  nearly  every  busi- 
ness man  was  prostrated.  All  are  not  idiots!  but  we  are  so  helpful 
to  one  another  when  any  great  folly  is  to  be  perpetrated  that  each 
gives  up  the  better  part  of  his  judgment  under  the  influence  of 
others,  and  the  opinion  of  the  combination  is  the  reverse  of  the 
units  composing  it. 

Illinois  was  traveling  along  as  well  as  so  isolated  a  people  could 
expect  to  do.  Settlers  were  coming  in  pretty  fast,  considering  the 
great  distance,  from  the  ever  teeming  east  and  from  the  bordering 
slave  states,  and  there  was  no  unusual  lack  of  individual  prosperity 
when  she  felt  the  spirit  of  unrest. 

In  1834;  a  committee  of  the  House  reported  the  State  practically 
free  from  debt,  but  schemes  had  already  been  devised  which  would 
greatly  alter  this  state  of  affairs.     As  in  all  new  settlements,  means 


72 

of  communication  were  required.  One  of  the  first  necessities  is  a 
road.  Let  us  have  enough  roads  or  canals  so  that  we  can  go  every- 
where and  carry  our  products  with  us.  The  population  was  widely  scat- 
tered, 200,000  on  45,000  square  miles  of  territory.  The  Legislature,  as- 
sembled from  every  part  of  this  varying  and  vast  field,  were  men 
who  were  born  in  many  different  states  and  in  foreign  lands,  and 
who  held  very  divergent  views  in  regard  to  most  human  interests, 
but  on  one  there  was  nearly  perfect  agreement,  all  thinking  that 
facilities  for  inter  communication  must  he  bettered.  Without  any 
available  resources  on  the  part  of  the  State  or  its  inhabitants,  with- 
out seemingly  to  ask  one  another  the  question  how  are  these  benefits 
to  be  paid  for,  together  with  a  stubborn  resolve  not  to  submit  to  any- 
thing like  adequate  taxation,  the  construction  of  more  miles  of  rail- 
roads than  then  existed  in  the  whole  world  was  decided  to  be  feasible, 
and  these,  too,  to  be  supplemented  by  a  few  hundred  miles  of  canal. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  had  already  been  begun,  but  this 
had  some,  though  very  inadequate  resources  in  the  large  grant  of 
land  by  the  general  government.  Many  other  canals  were  perfected, 
and  bills  for  their  immediate  construction  had  become  laws.  Of 
course  this  could  not  go  on  forever.  One  House  passed  a  bill  re- 
pudiating the  entire  debts,  but  it  failed  in  the  other  by  a  not  large 
majority.  The  State  faced  bankruptcy  and  dishonor.  More  than 
enough  money  could  be  seen,  (in  imagination)  to  carry  out  these 
vast  schemes.  In  1839,  in  regard  to  the  gift  of  money  to  counties  not 
classed  by  any  surveys,  the  committee  on  internal  improvements 
said: 

"First  that  the  $200,000  appropriated  by  the  18th  section  of  the 
internal  improvement  act  to  be  distributed  to  the  several  counties 
through  which  no  canal  or  railroad  was  authorized  by  the  act  to  be 
constructed,  is  vested  in  the  original  counties  and  cannot  be  justly 
withdrawn  from  them  in  whole  or  in  part  for  the  purpose  of  being 
granted  to  other  counties  "  It  seems  that  new  counties  put  in  a 
claim  to  share  in  the  bounties  granted,  and  were  told  they  must 
look  to  the  counties  from  which  they  were  severed,  and  that  as  it  was 
through  their  own  wrong,  that  they  cannot  now  claim  to  redivide  the 
original  grant;  precautions  taken  that  the  gift  should  fall  into  the 
right  hands  of  the  mere  bagatelle  of  $200,000,  which  should  equalize 
the  benefits  of  State  improvements  This  large  bounty  which  was 
already  an  object  of  discord  between  the  counties  that  remained  in-  ^ 
tact  and  those  created  by  subdivision  was  as  likely  to  be  paid  as  the  1 
other  obligations. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  note  that  literature  was  encouraged.  In  1833  the 
Legislature  passed  a  resolution  with  reference  to  a  forthcoming  Illi- 
nois book,  now  much  sought  after. 

'"Whereas,  J.  M.  Peck  has  set  forth  by  his  petition  that  he  is  en- 
gaged in  making  a  gazetteer  of  Illinois,  and  also  collecting  material 
towards  a  history  of  the  State  and  that  it  would  aid  him  greatly  in 
these  labors  to  have  free  accession  to  the  printed  laws,  journals,  etc." 


_^^.  ^^-^v■'^•■^'^^■' 


73 

"Resolved,  that  the  Secretary  of  State  be  authorized  to  furnish  said 
J.  M.  Peck,  oae  copy  of  each  of  the  laws  and  journals,  Territorial 
and  State." 

The  people  who  are  now  called  early  settlers  were  possessed  of 
great  theoretical  piety.  This  was  perhaps  manifested  more  markedly 
in  their  legislation  than  in  their  private  lives,  and  daily  conduct. 
The  laws  in  respect  to  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath  were  rigid 
and  penalties  for  violation  were  severe  and  would  not  have  done  dis- 
credit to  Connecticut  under  the  pilgrims. 

Their  abhorrence  of  gaming  was  intense,  and  the  laws  pertaining 
to  it  were  fully  abreast  of  the  lives  of  the  people  in  respect  to  the 
practice.  I  will  give  a  sample  from  the  third  session:  '"If  any  per- 
son shall  hereafter  bring  into  the  State,  or  cause  to  be  brought  or 
imported  into  this  State  for  sale,  or  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  any 
pack  or  packs  of  playing  cards,  or  any  dice,  billiard  tables,  billiard 
balls  or  any  other  device  or  thing  intended,  or  made  for  the  purpose 
of  being  used  at  any  game;  shall,  on  conviction  be  fined  in  the  sum 
of  not  exceeding  $25." 

I  was  cognizant  of  one  conviction  for  selling  a  pack  of  cards  under 
this  law. 

Another  law  should  be  preserved  for  its  unique  English,  and  for 
other  reasons. 

"To  prevent  unlawful  driving  of  stock,"  enacted:  "That  no  indi- 
vidual or  individuals  who  may  be  driving  stock  through  the  country 
or  to  market,  (should  any  stock  or  fat  hogs  falling  into  their  drove 
be  left  at  the  place  where  they  may  stop  for  the  first  night,  after  said 
stock  have  fallen  into  their  drove)  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties 
of  this  bill,  and  that  no  persons  who  may  be  driving  other  stock, 
(should  any  stock  falling  into  their  drove)  be  left  at  the  first  premises 
on  the  road  having  (suitable  lot  or  inclosure  for  separating  them 
from  the  drove)  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties  of  this  bill." 


THE   senators'    BALL. 

Few  are  now  living  who  have  a  personal  recollection  of  a  custom 
about  as  old  as  the  State,  which  ought  not  to  pass  altogether  from 
human  memory.  It  may  be  said  to  have  had  a  flavor  of  its  own,  and 
belonged  only  to  the  time  and  the  then  condition  of  society.  Though, 
as  intimated,  there  had  been  a  succession  of  these  events,  I  hare 
chosen  for  this  brief  description,  one  at  which  I  was  an  invited  guest, 
and  was  privileged  to  be  present.  I  refer  to  the  operation  of  an  un- 
written law  which  required  a  newly  elected  Senator  to  give  a  public 
ball  in  the  State  House  immediately  after  his  election  to  that  high 
office.  It  was  not  to  be  a  "nobby,"  or  exclusive,  party  wliere  satins 
and  diamonds  were  to  magnify  the  light  and  compete  with  the  tallow 
caudles  which  crowded  one  another  in  the  hugo  chandelier  and  wide 
branching  candelabra,  which  decorated  the  dancing  hall  and  sent 
their  drippings  down  impartially  upon  the  gay  costumes  of  the  ladies 
and  the  plain  jeans  of  the  law-makers  and  the  laborers,  but  cards  of 


74 

invitation  had  been  distributed,  in  the  absence  of  a  directory,  by  the 
poll  list,  as  all  men  found  in  the  city  were  supposed  to  rejoice  over 
the  election  of  a  Senator,  so  all  should  participate  in  this  manifesta- 
tion of  joy,  and  join  hands  in  the  dance  and  partake  of  the  feast. 

Judge  Douglas  had  been  elected  a  Senator. 

With  characteristic  generosity  and  self-abnegation  and  followicg 
old  precedents  he  placed  in  the  hands  of  his  local  friends  the  sum  of 
$1,500  with  which  they  were  to  get  up  the  affair  on  the  most  ap- 
proved lines.  When  the  evening  arrived  the  State  House  at  an 
early  hour  was  crowded  so  that  not  a  midget  could  get  in.  When 
the  music  was  ready  to  begin  the  first  difficulty  encountered  was  to 
get  space  sufficient  to  form  a  cotillion.  As  there  was  no  elephant 
present  to  press  back  the  crowd,  some  of  the  leading  politicians  and 
statesmen  who  for  one  reason  or  another  were  in  attendance  on  the 
occasion,  assisted,  and  after  some  delay  a  space  somewhat  larger 
than  a  family  dining  table  was  cleared  in  the  center  of  representa- 
tive hall,  and  a  dance  was  begun  by  the  few  who  gained  access  to 
the  ring.  If  "joy  was  unconfined ,"  this  could  not  be  said  of  the 
dancers. 

The  Senate  chamber  had  been  reserved  as  the  refreshment  room, 
and  long  tables  were  well  supplied  with  the  elements  of  a  supper. 
This  chamber  was  opened  about  half  past  ten  o'clock  and  the  com- 
pany invited  in.  As  a  considerable  part,  not  to  say  a  large  majority, 
of  the  assemblage  had  been  in  attendance  since  dark  in  one  of  the 
short  days  of  winter,  and  music  and  dancing  could  not  well  begin  in 
good  earnest  before  it  was  bedtime  for  many  of  the  guests,  these  good  ^ 
people,  pressed  on  by  impatient  appetite,  lost  much  of  that  degree  1 
of  self-restraint  which  is  always  necessary  under  such  circumstances, 
and  the  orderly  march  to  the  table,  which  was  attempted,  was  broken 
up,  and  the  strongest  and  hungriest  getting  first  within  reach,  the 
viands  were  very  unequally  distributed  among  the  guests  of  the  ball. 
This  was  soon  followed  by  the  departure  of  many  of  the  guests, 
chiefly  of  those  who  had  inadvertently  left  at  home  their  dress  suits. 
This  celebration  of  a  Senatorial  election  by  some  was  called  a  fiasco, 
by  others  as  only  the  exemplification  in  practice  of  the  beauty  of  the 
theory  that  the  en  joy  meats  of  life  should  be  shared  by  all  alike,  and 
especially  by  those  best  able  to  obtain  them. 

The  next  Senator  to  be  elected  was  Judge  Trumbull.  In  regard 
to  celebrating  the  event  by  a  ball,  be  felt  the  necessity  of  yielding 
something  to  precedent,  but  being  of  a  somewhat  fastidious  nature 
he  could  not  contemplate  with  any  degree  of  composure  the  celebra- 
tion of  two  years  before  as  being  repeated  in  his  name  and  at  his  ex- 
pense. 

Like  the  thoughtful  man  he  was,  he  proposed  to  steer  clear  of  the 
Scylla  of  popular  disapprobation  on  one  hand  and  the  Charyhdis  of 
popular  misconstruction  on  the  other  by  avoiding  the  State  House 
and  hiring  a  hall,  to  which  his  friends  were  invited,  and  where  a 
social  talk  was  had. 

This  ended  the  custom,  and  Senators-elect  have  since  that  time 
escaped  this  popular  initiation  into  office. 


75 


SECTIONAL   FORCES   IN  THE  HISTORY   OF   ILLINOIS. 

Evarts  B.  Greene,  Ph.  D. 

The  strongly  sectional  character  of  Illinois  politics  during  the  first 
half  century  of  its  existence  as  a  State  is  familiar  to  even  the  casual 
student.  There  have  also  been  detailed  studies  of  particular  phases 
of  the  sectional  struggle.  Thus  we  have  the  very  useful  volume  by 
E.  B.  Washburne  on  Governor  Coles  and  the  slavery  controversy  of 
1822-1824.  For  the  decade  between  1850  and  1860  there  is,  of  course, 
the  great  mass  of  Lincoln  literature.  On  the  other  hand,  the  conflict 
of  sectional  forces  during  the  whole  period  from  lbl8  to  1861  has 
never  had  any  thorough  and  comprehensive  treatment.  It  is  the 
purpose  of  this  paper  merely  to  survey  the  field  and  to  suggest  oppor- 
tunities for  special  research  by  students  of  local  history.  On  the 
foundation  of  such  intelligent  local  studies  it  may  be  possible  to 
build  up  finally  an  adequate  account  of  Illinois  sectionalism.  Such 
a  study  will  in  turn  be  indispensable  to  every  one  who  wishes  to  un- 
derstand the  political  history  of  the  nation. 

One  important  factor  in  Illinois  sectionalism  is  the  geographical 
situation  of  the  State.  The  parallels  of  latitude  which  include  Illi- 
nois included  on  the  one  hand  the  abolitionist  centers  of  New  Eng- 
land and  on  the  other  the  capital  of  the  Southern  Confederacy.  The 
importance  of  this  great  north  and  south  extension,  which  would 
have  been  evident  in  any  case,  was  greatly  increased  by  the  success 
of  Mr.  Pope's  amendment  to  the  enabling  act,  which  modified  the 
ordinance  lines  of  1787  and  gave  us  our  present  frontage  on  Lake 
Michigan. 

In  1818,  however,  Illinois  was  far  more  open  to  northern  than 
to  southern  influences.  The  easiest  lines  of  approach  for  many 
years  were  the  river  routes  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Ohio  which 
were  most  accessible  to  the  people  of  the  down  states  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward.  The  portions  of  the  State  which  were  first  settled 
lay  close  to  these  great  waterways  in  contact  with  the  slaveholding 
commonwealths  of  Kentucky  and  Missouri. 

These  geographical  facts  determined  in  large  measure  the  consti- 
tuent elements  of  the  population.  The  French  inhabitants,  pic- 
turesque but  politically  of  minor  importance,  may  be  passed  over 
briefly,  noting  only  that  the  perpetuation  or  slavery  among  them 
tended  to  produce  a  southern  bias.  Of  the  American  born  immi- 
grants, we  have  no  definite  statistical  knowledge,  but  contemporary 
testimony  indicates  a  preponderantly  southern  origin.     This  some- 


76 

what  indefinite  conclusion  is  corroborated  by  more  tangible  facts 
with  regard  to  the  political  leaders  of  the  new  State.  The  territorial 
delegate  who  carried  through  the  enabling  act  was  a  Kentuckian  by 
birth  and  education.  The  first  Governor,  the  first  two  Representa- 
tives and  the  first  two  Senators  were  all  natives  of  southern  or  border 
slaveholding  states.* 

Southern  birth  did  not,  however,  always  mean  sympathy  with  the 
"peculiar  institution."  The  ordinance  of  1787,  though  so  construed 
as  to  permit  the  retention  of  slaves  previously  held  in  the  territory 
and  though  doubtless  evaded  by  loose  indenture  laws  was  undoubt- 
edly efiFective  to  check  the  movement  into  Illinois  of  a  really  slave- 
holding  class.  If  it  had  not  been  so,  there  would  not  have  been 
such  frequent  and  strenuous  efforts  to  secure  its  repeal.  There  were 
among  the  social  and  political  leaders  of  the  State  a  few  representa- 
tives of  this  class,  but  numerically,  they  were  in  a  small  minority. 
Even  within  this  group,  men  of  anti  slavery  convictions  were  occa- 
sionally to  be  found,  as,  for  example.  Governor  Coles  who  brought 
his  slaves  to  Illinois  only  to  set  them  free. 

The  southerners  who  came  to  Illinois  belonged,  therefore,  mainly 
to  two  classes,  the  "poor  whites"  and  the  more  substantial,  but  often 
forgotten,  small  farmer  class.  Between  the  small  farmer  and  the 
large  planter,  there  has  been  in  the  history  of  the  southern  states  an 
antagonism  of  long  standing,  varying  somewhat  in  intensity,  but 
almost  never  wholly  absent, f  Some  of  these  poorer  whites  were, 
doubtless,  willing  to  become  large  slave  owners  themselves  in  a  new 
country ,_  but  we  are  told  of  at  least  some  others  that  they  came  to 
Illinois  in  order  to  escape  slavery  with  its  inevitably  depressing  in- 
fluence upon  the  poorer  whites. ff 

The  net  result  as  to  slavery  may  be  summed  up  in  two  facts.  The 
first  is  the  census  return  of  1820.  which  shows  917  slaves,  about  one 
in  60  of  the  total  population.  The  other  is  the  first  State  Constitu- 
tion which  refused  to  prohibit  slavery  altogether,  but  barred  the  way 
for  its  future  development. J 

The  first  six  years  of  statehood  are  marked  by  the  unsuccessful 
efiForts  to  secure  a  constitution  more  favorable  to  slave  property.  The 
story  of  this  conflict  has  often  been  told  and  need  not  be  repeated 
here.  A  few  facts  should,  however,  be  emphasized.  The  first  is  a 
clear  division  of  the  popular  vote  along  geographical  lines.  The 
older  southern  countries  were,  as  a  rule,  strongly  for  the  convention 
to  amend  the  constitution.  The  heavy  majorities  against  it  came 
from  the  newly  organized  counties  more  remote  from  Kentucky  and 
Missouri  influences.  It  is  equally  clear,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
there  was  no  sharp  line  of  division   between  men  of  northern  and 

TM.^^?^t,^*'^^8.^s  t°  P'ace  of  birth  were  drawn  from  various  sources  but  mainly  from  Moses, 
Imnois  Historical  and  Statistical,  and  Bateman  and  Selby  Encyclopedia  ot  Illinois. 

t  See  6.  ff.  W.  A.  Schaper.  Sectionalism  and  Representation  in  South  Carolina,  in  Annual 
Keport  of  the  American  Historical  Association.    1900,  Vol,  I. 

„o  ,^i  ^d"^' ^*^^°'"^  of  Illinois.  38:  Patterson.  Early  Society  in  Southern  Illinois.  104-105. 
113-114:  Brown,  Early  History  of  Illinois,  82. 

XT  }■  Const,  of  1818.  Art.  VI.  This  constitution  was  attacked  by  the  anti-slavery  men  in  the 
National  Bouse  of  Representatives  and  defeated  by  William  Henry  Harrison,  then  a  con- 
gressman from  Ohio.    Annals  of  Congress.  15th  Cong..  2d  session.  I,  297-298.  305-311 


77 

those  of  southern  origin.  In  a  test  vote  on  the  convention  resolu- 
tion, at  least  half  the  anti- convention  votes  came  from  men  of  south- 
ern birth.  Two  of  the  most  aggressive  anti-slavery  leaders,  Coles 
and  Cook,  were  born  in  slave-holding  states.  Clearly  then,  the  great 
decision  which  finally  closed  the  door  to  slave  importation  was  largely 
due  to  the  leadership  and  the  votes  of  southern  men  * 

Section  II. 

By  1824,  Illinois  had  definitely  rejected  the  "peculiar  institution," 
but  the  dominance  of  southern  men  and  the  strength  of  southern 
sympathies  were  still  conspicuous  factions  in  the  life  of  the  State. 
Every  one  of  the  first  six  Governors  of  the  State  came  to  Illinois 
from  the  south,  and  all  but  one  were  natives  of  slaveholding  states. 
During  the  same  period,  the  State  elected  eight  men  as  Senators  and 
eight  as  Representatives  in  the  Federal  Congress.  Of  the  eight  Sen- 
ators, one  was  born  in  Illinois,  one  in  New  York,  and  the  rest  in  the 
states  of  Maryland,  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  Of  the  eight 
Representatives,  all,  with  possibly  one  exception,  came  to  Illinois 
from  the  states  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  It  has  been  observed 
too,  that  the  prominent  advocates  of  the  convention,  though  defeated 
upon  that  particular  issue,  did  not  generally  love  their  political  lead- 
ership. 

One  result  of  this  southern  predominance  is  to  be  seen  in  the  poli- 
cal  status  of  the  negro  in  Illinois  He  was  not  to  be  held  perma- 
nently as  a  slave,  but  he  was  not,  on  the  other  hand,  regarded  as  a 
citizen.  The  right  to  vote  was  restricted  to  whites,  and  the  negro's 
testimony  could  not  be  admitted  in  the  courts  against  a  white  man. 
In  short,  the  status  of  the  free  negro  in  Illinois  was  not  very  differ- 
ent from  that  of  his  southern  brother.* 

A  similar  conservatism  was  shown  in  the  attitude  of  Illinois  people 
on  all  questions  of  national  policy  affecting  slavery.  Though  they 
did  not  want  slavery  at  home,  they  generally  disliked  the  "Yankee 
abolitionist."  In  1887,  both  Houses  of  the  General  Assembly  passed 
resolutions  condemning  anti- slavery  legislation,  and  but  one  member 
of  the  House  joined  Lincoln  in  his  famous  protest  against  them.f 
The  same  year  saw  the  assassination  of  Lovejoy  at  Alton.  Such  con- 
servative leaders  as  Governor  Duncan  condemned  the  murder,  but 
they  generally  considered  Lovejoy  himself  as  distinctly  censurable  J 

A  similar  attitude  on  sectional  issues  was  taken  by  Illinois  men  in 
Congress.  In  May,  1836,  the  National  House  of  Representatives 
forced  the  first  of  the  so  called  "gag  resolutions"  intended  to  prevent 
the  consideration  of  anti-slavery  petitions.  This  Pinckney  resolu- 
tion of  1886  provided  that  "all   petitions,    memorials,   resolutions, 

*  See  on  this  subject  E.  B.  Washburne.  "Governor  Coles  i\nd  the  Slavery  Struggle  in 
Illinois." 

*Constitutionof  1818.  Art.  II.  §27;  The  Public  and  General  Statutes  of  Illinois  (1829)  201. 
501,505,636. 

tLiincoln.    Works  (Nicolay  and  Hay,  eds.)  1, 15. 

JKirby.    Life  of  Joseph  Duncan.  43,  (Letter  to  Rev.  Gideon  Blackburn.) 


78 

propositions  or  papers  relating  in  any  way,  or  to  any  3xtent  what- 
ever, to  the  subject  of  slavery,  be  laid  upon  the  table  and  that  no 
further  action  whatever  shall  be  had  thereon."  This  resolution  was  sup- 
ported by  Messrs.  Casey,  May  and  Reynolds,  the  three  members 
from  Illinois.* 

In  December,  1844,  John  Qaincy  Adams  finally  secured  the  repeal 
of  a  still  more  stringent  rule,  whic'i  had  been  in  force  during  the 
previous  session.  Public  opiu  on  in  the  north,  generally,  had  by 
this  time  been  thoroughly  aroused  against  this  supposed  violation  of 
the  right  of  petition.  The  Illinois  representatives,  however,  stood 
with  the  south  against  repeal.  Of  the  Illinois  members  only 
two  supported  Adamg.  These  were  John  Wentworth  and  John  J. 
Hardin,  representing  the  Chicago  and  Jacksonville  districts.  Doug- 
las, then  a  member  of  the  House,  is  not  recorded  as  voting,  but  in 
a  later  speech  he  recorded  his  opposition  to  the  consideration  of 
anti-slavery  petitions.  The  remaining  four  members  voted  against 
Adams  and  for  the  "gag  resolutions, f 

The  position  of  the  Illinois  m^Tibors  on  the  question  of  territorial 
expansion  to  the  southwest  is  interesting  in  the  same  connection.  The 
annexation  of  Texas  and  the  Mexican  war  were  regarded  by  a  large 
element  in  New  England  as  simply  parts  of  a  conspiracy  to  shift  the 
balance  of  power  in  favor  of  the  south.  New  territory  was  to  be 
secured  in  order  that  new  slave  states  might  be  represented  in  Con- 
gress As  Lowell  put  it,  the  southerners  were  seeking  "nigger  pens 
to  crown  with  slaves." 

This  policy  was  comparatively  weak  in  Illinois.  The  State  as  a 
whole  strongly  favored  Texan  annexation,  and  gave  enthusiastic  sup- 
port to  the  Mexican  war.  On  the  joint  resolution  of  1845  for  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas,  both  of  the  Illinois  Senators  and  six  out  of  seven 
Representatives  voted  "aye"  The  single  negative  vote  was  cast  by 
Hardin  of  Jacksonville. J  On  May  11  and  12,  1846,  the  Illinois  men 
in  the  Senate  and  House  supported  unanimously  on  test  votes  the 
war  policy  of  the  administration,  including  the  famous  preamble  de- 
claring that  war  existed  "by  the  act  of  Mexico  "  § 

Other  illustrations  might  be  given  to  show  that  while  slavery  re- 
ceived a  crushing  defeat  in  1824,  the  politics  of  the  State  were  largely 
dominated  by  southern  men,  and  southern  feeling  showed  itself  in 
the  inferior  legal  status  of  the  negro  and  in  a  general  dislike  of 
"Yankee"  abolitionism,  whether  in  Illinois  or  at  the  National  Cap- 
ital. 

Section  III. — The  Growth  of  Northern   Influences,   1847-61. 

The  new  Constitution  of  1847-8  marks  in  a  convenient  way  the  be- 
ginning of  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the  State.     One  important  fact 

♦Cong.  Globe,  24th  Cong..  Ist  session  505-506. 
tCong.  Globe,  2nd  session.  2Sth  Cong. 
:  Cong.  Globe.  2Sth  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  191.  362. 
I  Ibid.  29th  Cong.,  2d  Sess..  794,  804. 


79 

of  this  new  period  is  the  gradual  passing  of  frontier  conditions.  At 
the  same  time  it  was  becoming  clear  that  the  controlling  forces  of 
the  mature  commonwealth  were  to  differ  largely  from  those  which 
had  dominated  its  youth.  In  the  conflict  of  sectional  forces,  those 
of  the  north  were  steadily  gaining  and  gradually  making  of  Illinois 
a  distinctly  northern  State. 

One  important  factor  in  this  development  was  improved  means  of 
communication  between  Illinois  and  the  states  of  the  northeast.  The 
building  of  the  Erie  canal,  the  improvement  of  steam  navigation  on 
the  lakes,  and  Bnally,  the  rapid  railroad  building  of  the  fifties — all 
these  things  opened  the  way  for  a  large  "Yankee"  immigration  into 
northern  Illinois  The  commet-cial  development  of  Chicago,  resting 
upon  the  larger  growth  of  the  whole  northwest,  was  bringing  into  the 
life  of  the  State  an  aggressively  northern  spirit  of  business  enterprise, 
quite  in  contrast  with  the  civilization  of  the  rural  south. 

The  census  returns  of  1850  and  1860  show  clearly  the  growing  im- 
portance of  the  northern  immigration,  particularly  in  the  statistics 
of  nativity  The  New  Yorkers  stand  first  with  about  one-sixth  of 
the  total  American  born  immigration.*  The  next  states  in  order 
are  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Virginia, 
North  Carolina  and  Vermont. 

The  next  census  shows  a  still  more  marked  northern  prepondrance. 
According  to  the  nativity  statistics  of  1860  the  three  slave- holding 
states  which  had  contributed  most  largely  to  the  population  of  Illi- 
nois were  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Virginia.  In  1850,  the  aggre- 
gate number  of  natives  of  this  group  was  slightly  larger  than  the 
total  for  New  York  and  New  England.  By  1860  the  ratio  had 
changed  radically.  While  the  gain  in  immigration  from  the  three 
slave  states  was  less  than  25  per  cent,  those  from  New  York  and  New 
England  had  increased  about  75  per  cent  or  three  times  as  fast. 

In  reckoning  the  forces  working  against  the  old  southern  tradition, 
we  must  not  forget  the  foreign  immigrant.  The  foreign  born  popu- 
lation originally  small,  had  increased  by  1850  to  about  one-eighth 
and  by  1860  to  about  one  fifth  of  the  total  population  of  the  state. 
Of  these  the  Germans  were  the  most  numerous  and  probably  the 
most  important  politically.  This  foreign  population  had  gathered 
about  a  few  centers  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  State, 
as  around  Quincy  and  in  the  counties  opposite  St.  Louis,  but  was 
mainly  to  be  found  in  the  northern  counties.f  Since  the  greater 
volume  of  foreign  immigration  had  been  one  of  the  most  striking 
characteristics  of  the  northern  states  as  compared  with  the  southern 
states  of  the  Union,  the  influence  in  Illinois  of  her  large  foreign 
population  was  to  differentiate  her  still  more  from  the  south. 

Like  the  foreign  born  immigrants,  the  new  settlers  from  the  north- 
east generally  settled  in  northern  Illinois.  In  1818  the  three  north- 
ern counties  were  Madison,  Bond  and  Crawford.     By  1840,  57  new 


*  It  should  be  remembered  that  many  of  the  New  York  immlffranis  were  of  New  Ene- 
land  stock. 

t  Compendium  of  Seventh  census  (1850),  116-118,  218-225;  eighth  census  (1860).  I,  (Popula- 
tion). 102-103.  616-623. 


80 

counties  had  been  organized  farther  north  which  had  come  to  include 
a  large  majority  of  the  total  population  of  the  State.  By  the  same 
year  the  Territory  added  by  Mr.  Pope's  forethought  in  1818  had 
been  organized  into  14  new  counties,  only  one  of  which  appears  on 
the  map  of  18'60.  In  1850,  these  counties  had  about  21  per  cent  of 
the  population  of  the  State,  and  by  1860  they  had  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  total.* 

By  this  movement  of  immigration  largely  along  parallels  of  latitude, 
the  northern  and  southern  sections  of  the  State  were  sharply  differ- 
entiated in  spite  of  some  fusion  of  northern  and  southern  elements 
in  the  central  counties.  Until  the  building  of  the  Illinois  Central  in 
the  fifties,  this  differentiation  between  northern  and  southern  Illinois 
was  intensified  by  the  comparative  ditficulty  of  communication  be- 
tween the  sections.  We  are  told,  for  example,  that  when  the  Chica- 
go division  of  the  Illinois  Central  was  first  built,  it  passed  for  over  a 
hundred  and  thirty  miles  through  "an  almost  unbroken  wild."* 

Let  us  now  examine  the  working  of  these  social  forces  in  the  poli- 
tics of  the  State.  One  interesting  result  is  to  be  seen  in  the  person- 
nel of  the  political  leaders.  In  place  of  the  preponderate  southern 
leadership  of  the  first  two  decades,  we  now  find  the  northern  men 
making  their  way  to  the  front.  Between  1840  and  1862,  46  different 
men  were  elected  as  Senators,  Congressmen  and  Governors.  Omit- 
ting ten  men  whose  nativity  could  not  readily  be  found,  we  find  that 
nine  of  the  remaining  36,  or  just  one-fourth,  come  from  slaveholding 
states  (Kentucky,  7;  Tennessee,  2.)  An  exactly  equal  number  came 
from  New  England.  Eight  were  born  in  Ohio  or  Illinois,  and  seven 
in  the  middle  states.  One  each  came  from  Canada,  England,  and  Ire- 
land. In  some  instances,  men  of  New  England  origin  represented 
southern  districts,  but  the  extreme  northern  constituencies  were 
generally  represented  by  New  England  men.  Familiar  examples  of 
this  class  are  "Long  John"  Wentworth,  Elihu  B.  Washburne,  Jesse 
Norton  and  Owen  Lovejoy.f 

As  northern  men  came  to  hold  positions  of  leadership,  northern 
ideas  gradually  made  themselves  felt  in  the  politics  of  the  State. 
Striking  evidence  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  convention  of  1847. 

The  most  important  victory  of  the  "Yankee"  element  was  on  the 
question  of  township  organization.  The  settlers  from  New  York  and 
New  England  had  been  accustomed  to  some  kind  of  township  organ- 
ization and  favored  its  adoption  in  Illinois.  The  older  communities  of 
the  State  had ,  however,  worked  under  the  southern  system  of  local  gov- 
ernment which  took  the  county  as  its  unit  and  vested  its  government  in 
the  county  court.  When  the  decisive  vote  was  taken  in  the  conven- 
tion, township  organization  received  the  almost  unanimous  support  of 
delegates  from  the  northern  third  of  the  State,  while  the  southern 
third  gave  a  decisive  majority  against  it.  A  few  representatives  from 
the  extreme  southern  counties  voted  for  the  township  clause  of  the 

*  See  statistical  table  in  Moses.  Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical,— Appendix. 

*Ackerman.    Early  Illinois  Railroads  (Fergus  Historical  series  No.  23.)  42, 

tList^  in  "Tlie  Illinois  Blue  Book,"  1900;  with  biographical  data,  mainly  from  Moses. 
Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical,  and  Bateman  and  Selby  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois. 


81 

Constitution,  but  their  constituencies  had  never  adopted  the  system. 
On  the  other  hand,  every  one  of  "Mr.  Pope's"  14  northern  counties 
had  been  organized  on  the  new  plan,  and  in  the  next  decade  a  large 
number  of  the  central  counties  followed  their  example.* 

More  striking  in  its  relation  to  national  politics  was  the  sectional- 
ism shown  in  the  discussion  of  the  race  question.  The  final  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  State  was  accepted  as  a  matter  of  course  without 
division.  The  status  of  free  negroes  was,  however,  an  exciting 
topic  and  led  to  divisions  along  roughly  sectional  lines.  The  conven- 
tion finally  agreed  upon  an  article  requiring  the  Legislature  to  prohibit 
the  immigration  of  free  negroes  or  the  bringing  in  of  slaves  for  the 
purpose  of  setting  them  free.  The  14  northern  counties  gave  a  de- 
cisive majority  against  this  article  in  the  convention,  but  the  old 
counties  voted  almost  solidly  for  it  and  the  votes  of  the  central  re- 
gion turned  the  scales  in  its  favor.  This  article  was  submitted  to 
the  popular  vote  separately  and  ratified  in  spite  of  majorities  against 
it  in  the  northern  counties.t 

Another  evidence  of  conservatism  on  the  race  issue  is  to  be  seen 
in  the  Constitutional  provision  which  reserves  the  full  legal  and 
political  privileges  and  responsibilities  of  citizenship  to  men  of  the 
white  race.  Many  of  the  southern  delegates  desired  even  more  ex- 
plicit assertions  of  the  inferiority  of  the  colored  race.  Thus  the 
northern  victory  on  the  township  question  had  a  set  off  in  the  conser- 
vative treatment  of  the  race  problem. J 

Let  us  now  turn  again  to  the  position  of  Illinois  on  questions  of 
national  politics.  The  period  from  1847  to  1861  was  one  of'  intense 
sectional  feeling  centering  about  the  question  of  slavery  in  the  ter- 
ritories. In  Illinois,  the  growth  of  anti-slavery  feeling  had  been 
comparatively  slow.  Though  numerous  anti-slavery  societies  had 
been  organized,  particularly  in  the  northern  counties,  the  radical 
liberty  party  had  only  an  insignificant  following  in  the  State.  In 
1848,  the  union  of  Genuine  Free  Soilers  with  Van  Buren  Democrats 
had  given  the  Free  Soil  ticket  a  somewhat  deceptive  appearance  of 
strength  in  the  presidential  contest.  In  1852,  however,  with  a  clearer 
issue  between  conservative  and  radical  Free  Soil  views  the  weakness 
of  the  latter  seemed  very  clear.  In  accordance  with  its  steadily 
Democratic  traditions  the  State  gave  Pierce  a  heavy  majority.  In 
more  than  one-third  of  the  counties  of  the  State  extending  from 
Cairo  to  Champaign  no  Free  Soil  vote  whatever  was  returned,  and 
in  several  more  it  was  infinitesimal.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were 
seventeen  counties,  all  with  one  exception  north  of  Springfield,  in 
which  the  Free  Soilers  mustered  10  per  cent,  or  more  of  the  total 
vote  of  the  county. § 

*  Journal  of  the  convention,  passim;  M.  H.  Newell,  Township  Government  in  Illinois. 

(Manuscript  thesis  in  Library  of  University  of  Illinois.) 

t  Journal  of  the  convention.  453-456:  Const,  ef  lfe48,  Art.  XIV. 

IConst.  of  1848.  Arts.  VI,  VIII.  IX.    (Elections.  Militia.  Revenue). 

?Statlstical  tables  in  Moses,  Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical.    T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and 
Free  Soil  Parties  in  the  Northwest:  passim. 

— 6H 


82 

Free  soil  feeling  was  not,  however,  confined  to  the  third  party.  It 
was  to  be  found  in  both  the  old  parties  and  particularly  among  the 
Whigs.  There  was,  indeed,  a  strong  Democratic  organization,  led 
by  Douglas,  and,  in  spite  of  his  New  England  origin,  strongly  in 
sympathy  with  the  old  conservative  traditions.  Yet  there  were  al- 
ready indications  of  a  revolt. 

The  condition  of  Illinois  feeling  is  well  illustrated  by  the  contro- 
versies over  slavery  in  the  territories  and  over  the  fugitive  slave  law, 
which  received  their  supposed  final  settlement  in  the  compromise 
measure  of  1850  In  March,  1847,  the  votes  of  the  Illinois  mem- 
bers in  the  House  of  Representatives  were  evenly  divided  on  the 
Wilmot  proviso,  but  four  members  failed  to  vote.*  In  1849  the  State 
Legislature  declared  in  favor  of  the  Wilmot  proviso.f  Douglas  him- 
self, though  opposing  the  proviso  in  other  ways,  felt  obliged  to  obey 
the  letter  of  his  instructions  by  an  affirmative  vote.J  On  the  other 
hand,  when  the  vote  on  the  fugitive  slave  bill  was  taken  in  the  House 
of  Representatives,  five  of  the  seven  Illinois  Congressmen  supported 
it,  including  Bissell,  who  was  so  soon  to  become  the  anti-slavery  can- 
didate for  Governor.  The  two  negative  votes  were  cast  by  Went- 
worth  of  Chicago  and  Baker  of  the  Galena  district.§  Douglas'  sup- 
port of  the  fugitive  slave  law  made  him  for  a  time  extremely  unpop-  "^ 
ular  in  Chicago,  but  the  Legislature  of  1851  accepted  his  leadership 
and  repudiated  the  Wilmot  proviso  resolutions  of  1849.  Finally,  the 
weakness  of  the  Free  Soil  vote  in  1852  seemed  to  indicate  general 
acquiescence  in  the  conservative  policy  of  compromise  on  the  slavery 
question.]! 

The  next  four  years,  however,  brought  radical  changes  in  Illinois 
politics.  In  1855  Douglas  had  to  accept  an  anti-slavery  colleague  in 
the  Senate,  and  in  1856  he  saw  his  party  defeated  for  the  first  time 
in  a  gubernatorial  contest,  by  a  new  organization  bearing  the  name 
of  Republican,  but  maintaining  essentially  Free  Soil  principles. 
Four  years  later  this  same  party  carried  the  State  against  him  in  a 
Presidential  contest,  and  gave  to  an  Illinois  man  the  responsibility  of 
directing  the  northern  forces  in  the  great  struggle  with  the  south. 

In  the  familiar  story  of  this  period  of  our  political  history,  a  few 
aspects  only  will  be  noted  for  special  emphasis.     The  rapid  rise  of 
the  Republican  party  was,  of  course,  due  in  the  first  instance  to  the 
influence  upon  modern  anti-slavery  men,  of  the  repeal  of  the  Mis-i 
Bouri  compromise.     They  had  refused  to  follow  the  abolitionist  agi- 1 
tators  or  even  the  more  moderate  free  soiler,  but  the  increasing  ag-  " 
gressiveness  of  the  pro-slavery  party  gradually  brought  moderates 
and  radicals  together  in  the  new  party.     Counties  in  which  the  free 
soil  vote  had  been  insignificant  were  carried  for  Fremont  in  1856.^ 

*  Cong.  Globe.  29th  Congr..  2d  Sess.,  573. 

t  Laws  of  Illinois.  1st  Sess..  16tli  Gen.  Ass..  234. 

t  Sheahan.  Douglas,  136-137. 163-16S. 

g  Cong.  Globe.  31st  Cong..  1st  Sess..  1807. 

II  Sheahan.  Douglas,  158-163.  225-226;  Laws  of  Illinois.  17th  Gen.  Ass..  205-206. 

H  Moses.  Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical.  Appendix. 


J 


83 

Among  the  moderate  voters  brought  over  to  the  republican  party 
in  this  way  was  a  considerable  body  of  German  democrats,  of  whom 
Koerner*  may  be  taken  as  a  good  representative.  One  of  the  Ger- 
man democratic  strongholds  was  the  Belleville  district.  In  1854  this 
district  elected  Lyman  Trumbull,  an  anti-Nebraska  democrat,  as  its 
congressman.  Ten  years  later  St.  Clair  county,  which  had  not  given 
a  single  free  soil  vote,  in  1852  was  carried  for  Fremont.  Still  more 
striking  changes  appeared  four  years  later,  when  Lincoln  succeeded 
Fremont  and  the  native  American  vote  had  been  largely  eliminated. 

A  second  factor  in  Republican  success  was  the  steady  stream  of 
immigration  from  the  northeast  during  the  50's  which  has  already 
been  noted  and  which  constituted  a  heavy  handicap  for  the  Douglas 
Democracy  in  its  struggle  to  retain  political  control. 

In  the  meantime  the  extreme  southern  counties  remained  almost 
wholly  unmoved.  Eleven  of  them  gave  Fremont  in  1856  a  total  of 
only  146  votes  and  even  in  1860  their  vote  for  Lincoln  was  insignifi- 
cant. With  the  single  exception  of  St.  Clair,  no  county  organized 
before  1824  gave  its  vote  to  Fremont.  The  old  State  was  holding 
pretty  steadily  to  its  conservative  traditions,  but  was  being  over- 
powered by  the  immense  volume  of  northern  immigration.  Partly 
through  the  influence  of  Douglas  and  Logan,  this  section  held  to  the 
Union  in  the  crisis  of  1H61,  but  the  force  of  old  traditions  was  shown 
in  an  opposition  to  Republican  policies  during  the  war  which  has 
been  somewhat  too  sweepingly  condemned  as  simple  disloyalty. 

One  fact  of  curious  interest  may  be  noted  in  conclusion.  Though 
the  northern  farm  population  had  come  to  predominate  in  the  affairs 
of  the  State,  the  new  sectional  party  of  the  north  found  its  most  con- 
spicuous leaders  in  men  of  southern  birth.  To  this  class  belong  Pal- 
mer, Yates,  Oglesby,  and  Lincoln  himself. 

EvARTS  B.  Greene. 


*  Ibid,  cf.  Koerner,  Daa  Deutsche  Element,  Chap.  XII. 


84 


DECISIVE  EVENTS  IN  THE  BUILDING  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Hon.  Wm.  H.  Collins  of  Quincy,  111. 

Professor  Oreasey   of  the  London  University  wrote  a  book   en- 
titled, "The  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World."     He  attempted  i 
to  show  that  each  of  the  battles  named  was  a  pivoted  event  in  history. 
He  very  plausibly  argued,  that  a  contrary  issue  of  battle  in  each  case,  '] 
would  have  essentially  varied  the  drama  of  the  world  in  all  its  subse-  ) 
quent  scenes.  ;j 

Prompted  by  the  suggestion  of  this  book,  I   have   selected  for  my  i 

theme,  certain  events  which  I  regard  as  decisive  in  shaping  the  his-  j 

tory  of  Illinois.     I  do  not   attempt  any  special   originality  of  treat-  ) 

ment,  or  to  contribute  any  new  historical  material.     My  purpose  is  ' 

simply  to  group  these  events  about   a   central   line   of   thought  and  i 

trace  their  logical  relations.  ) 

There  is  a  chain  of  causes  and  efiPects  which  has  contributed  to  | 
the  making  of  us  what  we  are,  and  the  time,  place  and  manner  of  the  i' 
welding  of  the  links,  open  an  inviting  field  of  historic  study.  f 

An  anlycis  of  the  events  of  history  discloses  an  endless  manifesta- 
tion of  creative  and  directive  power.  There  are  endless  manifesta- 
tions of  energy,  often  apparently  unrelated,  yet  in  their  action  and  in-  ■!{ 
teraction  there  is  discernible  the  operation  of  selection  and  plan. 
Every  line  in  Hamlet  is  part  of  the  play.  The  first  scene  has  a  rela- 
tion to  the  last.  A  cosmic  drama  is  on  the  stage  of  history,  and  there 
is  unity  in  its  mighty  sweep  of  events.  Man  is  related  to  plans 
which  have  been  in  process  of  development  through  inconceivable 
millions  of  years.  He  was  anticipated  and  provided  for  untold  eons 
before  he  appeared.  There  were  definite  provisions  for  him  in  the 
various  transformations  which  at  difPerent  epochs,  have  been  built 
into  the  physical  structure  of  the  globe  itself. 

In  the  light  of  this  thought,  I  name  first  the  deposit  of  the  coal 
measures  as  a  fundamental  and  decisive  event  in  the  making  of  Illi- 
nois. 

If  we  cut  down  through  the  portion  of  the  earth's  crust,  which 
forms,  geographically,  the  State  of  Illinois,  we  find  that  each  stratum 
bears  a  definite  relation  to  every  other  one  from  the  primary  rock  to 
the  alluvial  soil  at  the  top.  If  these  strata  are  pictorially  represented 
upon  a  chart,  colored  to  distinguish  their  various  relations,  one  of 
them  is  seen  to  have  an  intimate  and  commanding  relation  to  the  life 
of  the  millions  of  human   beings   who  make   the   population  of  the 


85 

State.  Upon  the  chart  one  or  more  black  bands  appear,  of  varying 
thickness,  covered  by  from  50  to  800  feet  of  conglomerate  shales, 
sands  and  clays,  topped  by  a  soil  of  rare  fertility.  These  seams  of 
coal  are  of  incalculable  value  in  the  development  of  the  State.  Won- 
derful was  the  plan,  which,  untold  ages  ago,  planted  the  vast  forests 
of  sigillaria,  lepidodendra  and  gigantic  ferns  to  draw  poison  from  the 
heavy  air,  crystallize  the  sunbeams  and  so  imprison  and  preserve  for 
future  use,  the  solar  energy.  It  was  certainly  an  epochal  period, 
which  put  into  permanent  form  an  infinite  store  of  solar  energy 
which,  in  the  far  future  would  enter  intimately  into  the  material,  in- 
tellectual and  moral  life  of  a  great  State.  The  link  that  connects 
great  epochs  may  be  long  in  the  order  of  time  but  it  is  short  in  the 
order  of  life.     This  energy  is  part  of  the  daily  life  of  the  people. 

There  are  40,000  square  miles  of  coal  deposits  in  the  State.  About 
40,000  men  and  boys  are  engaged  in  the  mining  industry.  Thirty 
millions  of  tons  we're  mined  in  1902.  Two  tons  of  coal  will  furnish 
power  for  a  40-horse  power  engine  for  ten  hours.  Imagine  1,000,000 
horses  working  all  day,  many  of  them  working  by  night  as  well  as  by 
day!  If  this  power  could  be  concentrated  and  brought  within  vision,  it 
would  present  a  phenomenon  of  energy,  something  like  that  of  the 
Falls  of  the  Niagara. 

This  coal  helps  to  produce  and  distribute  the  products  which  sup- 
ply the  almost  endless  diversity  of  human  wants  among  more  than 
5,000,000  people.  It  touches  life  at  all  its  levels.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  life  of  a  State,  it  helps  make  the  axe,  the  rifle,  the  hoe,  the 
wagon,  the  sickle,  the  primary  tools  of  civilization.  It  helps  cut 
the  tie,  make  the  spade,  pick,  scraper,  steel  rail,  telegraph  wire, 
pump  and  the  locomotive.  It  is  the  power  upon  which  modern  pro- 
duction and  transportation  depend.  It  drives  away  the  rigor  of 
winter  from  the  home.  It  makes  ice  to  cool  the  beverage  of  summer. 
It  moves  the  press  to  print  newspapers  and  books.  It  kindles  the 
electric  light  and  transforms  night  into  day.  It  makes  the  cradle, 
builds  the  house,  prepares  the  coffin,  quarries  the  marble,  and  carves 
the  headstone  which  bears  the  epitaph.  So  it  touches  the  lives  of 
all,  high  and  low,  rich  and  poor,  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men. 

The  Power  which  directs  all  energy,  might  have  made  difiPerent 
dipositions.  The  carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere  could  have  been 
combined  with  lime  and  made  into  limestone.  We  cannot  conceive 
what  the  collective  life  of  the  State  would  have  been,  had  there  been 
no  coal  deposit.  It  is  easy  to  trace  the  connection  between  the  coal 
and  a  state  checkered  with  interlacing  railroads,  large  cities  trem- 
bling with  the  rumble  and  roar  of  machinery,  multiplying  the  indi- 
vidual energy  of  thousands  of  busy  workers,  and  making  Illinois  as 
an  agricultural  and  manufacturing  state,  a  leading  state  of  the  Nation. 

Defeat  of  the  French.     Treaty  of  1763. 

Though  Illinois  had  no  place  on  the  map  as  a  political  sub-division 
in  the  18th  century,  its  future  was  largely  determined  by  the   result 


86 

of  the  struggle  between  France  and  England  for  the  possession  of 
the  continent  which  culminated  in  the  victory  of  Greneral  Wolfe  and 
the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  1763. 

Though  Spain  claimed  a  title  to  the  country  based  upon  the  author- 
ity of  a  Papal  Bull,  she  spent  her  energy  in  the  search  for  gold  and 
the  passing  glory  of  conquest  over  the  comparatively  harmless 
natives. 

The  stuggle  for  the  possession  of  North  America  was  between  the 
Latin  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  with  a  reinforcement  of  Teutonic  blood. 
The  significance  of  the  movements  and  policy  of  nations,  lies  in  the 
ideals  wich  inspire  their  action.  The  early  French  explorers  and 
colonists  had  two  motives  in  seeking  to  explore  and  take  possession  of 
the  country.  They  desired  to  enrich  the  treasury  of  their  king  and 
promote  his  glory  by  exploiting  the  material  resources  of  the  new 
territory.  They  also  held  a  curious  theory  of  physical  religion,  and 
believed  that  by  putting  officially  prepared  water  upon  an  Indian 
baby's  head,  his  soul  would  be  saved  from  endless  torment  in  the 
place  of  departed  spirits,  a  punishment  incurred  by  the  sin  of  being 
born.  There  was  a  visible  and  tangible  value  in  a  beaver  pelt  which 
they  obtained  in  exchange  for  a  few  glass  beads,  a  few  yards  of 
bright  calico  or  a  drink  of  brandy,  and  there  were  indefinite  credits 
on  the  ledger  of  final  account  in  the  world  to  come,  in  return  for 
Indian  baptisms. 

Notwithstanding  the  puerilities  of  their  faith  inherited  from  the 
medieval  ages  when  rational  thought  was  in  eclipse  for  a  thousand 
years,  the  leaders  were  men  of  indomitable  courage  and  energy.  Their 
minds  were  aglow  with  bright  visions  of  imperial  expansion.  As 
their  rude  maps  grew  under  the  touch  of  new  discovery,  they  saw 
that  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  great  lakes,  the  Ohio,  Illinois,  Wabash 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  would  become  highways  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  material  and  men,  and  thus  give  them  the  military  control  of 
the  vast  regions  opening  towards  the  west.  They  founded  a  few 
feeble  colonies.  They  organized  upon  a  sort  of  feudal  system.  They 
had  seigniories  with  their  dependents.  They  laid  off  areas  of  land 
for  cultivation  by  arpents,  as  a  rule,  having  a  frontage  upon  river  or 
lake,  the  survey  extending  back  toward  the  high  lands.  Lands  were 
so  surveyed  about  Kahokia  and  other  French  settlements  in  Illinois. 
In  the  deeds  of  record  of  an  early  date  in  Monroe,  St.  Clair  and 
other  counties,  "arpents"  are  named  instead  of  acres. 

They  easily  fraternized  with  the  Indians.  They  intermarried  with 
them.  They  were  not  equal  to  the  severe  drudgery  of  agricultural 
labor  with  its  slow  and  uncertain  returns, 

They  took  to  the  woods.  They  became  trappers,  hunters  and 
"couriers  du  bois."  They  loved  wild  ard  adventurous  life.  They 
cared  but  little  for  the  glory  of  their  distant  king  and  his  schemes  of 
imperialism.  In  the  depths  of  the  forest,  with  his  traps,  or  in  the 
Indian  village,  with  his  dusky  squaw  wife  and  his  half-breed  children, 
his  fiddle  and  the  dance,  what  cared  he  for  a  distant  king  or  a  suc- 
cessful colony  in  America? 


87 

The  French  leaders  were  tactful  and  enterprising.  They  secured 
the  alliance  of  the  savage  tribes  in  war.  They  were  brave  soldiers. 
They  were  tenacious  of  purpose  and  the  martial  ardor  and  enthusiasm 
which  in  after  years,  made  the  armies  of  the  "little  corporal"  the 
terror  of  Europe  But  the  genius  of  the  Latin  race  was  not  for  suc- 
cessful colonization.  It  did  not  develop  self-dependent  and  self- 
governing  bodies  of  men.  It  failed  to  develop  public  spirit,  indi- 
vidual responsibility  and  love  of  country.  Men  will  not  work  and 
make  sacrifices  for  a  seignior  or  king  as  they  will  for  themselves. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  English  colonist  came  to  the  country  to 
escape  from  what  he  regarded  as  tyranny.  His  conscience  in  conflict 
with  throne  and  church,  needed  a  new  and  larger  world  for  the  de- 
velopment of  his  ideals,  He  desired  a  home  where  he  could  enjoy  a 
high  measure  of  civil  freedom.  He  desired  to  found  free  institutions 
and  a  self-governing  state.  He  traded  with  the  savages  and  got  the 
best  of  the  bargain  probably,  but  he  did  not  intermarry  with  them. 
He  surveyed  land  and  established  individual  ownership.  He  took 
root  in  the  soil.  He  did  not  waste  much  energy  in  baptizing  In- 
dians or  teaching  them  the  "fine  points"  of  Oalvinistic  theology.  He 
became  a  farmer,  a  fisherman,  a  sailor,  a  hunter,  a  trader;  but  he  was 
ever  a  home  builder,  He  built  his  home  and  his  neighbor  built  a 
home,  so  there  came  to  be  many  homes  and  a  commonwealth  in 
which  all  had  a  common  interest.  He  learned  to  take  pride  in  hia 
colony,  He  had  a  share  in  its  government.  He  learned  to  cherish 
the  sentiment  of  patriotism.  His  religion  gave  him  a  profound  sense 
of  responsibility.  It  gave  a  serious  and  earnest  tone  to  his  life.  He  be- 
lieved that  the  moral  law,  which  was  to  him  the  highest  law.  was 
sustained  by  sanctions  that  reached  into  eternity.  He  believed  that 
every  man  is  responsible  for  his  conduct  in  life,  directly  to  God. 
Whatever  may  be  the  result  of  the  progress  of  human  thought  upon 
Calvinism  as  a  system  of  theology  to  explain  life,  the  mystery  of  be- 
ing and  destiny,  it  does  produce  strong  character, 

Settling  along  the  Atlantic  border,  the  English  colonist  did  not 
dream  of  the  conquest  of  the  continent.  As  his  numbers  increased 
and  new  swarms  came  in  from  the  old  hive  in  England,  he  pushed 
the  Indians  a  little  further  westward.  When  he  found  that  the  sav- 
ages had  allies  who  furnished  them  guns  and  ammunition  from  Mon- 
treal and  Quebec,  he  saw  that  conflict  with  the  French  was  inevit- 
able. It  was  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  control  of  the  west- 
ern slope  of  the  Alleghanies  would  have  to  be  fought  for  and  decided 
by  the  wager  of  battle.  The  inevitable  conflict  came,  with  varying 
fortunes  upon  the  battlefield,  Louisbourg  was  captured,  but  Brad- 
dock  was  defeated.  At  last,  after  battle  on  many  fields  and  cruel 
massacres  in  many  settlements  on  the  frontier,  Wolfe  won  his  vic- 
tory on  the  plains  of  Abraham,  This  was  a  decisive  victory.  It  de- 
termined the  fate  of  all  the  vast  territory  from  the  Alleghanies  to  the 
Mississippi  and  north  of  the  Ohio,  The  shot  that  killed  Montcalm 
was  heard  by  the  French  at  Starved  Rock,  Crevecceur,  Cahokia  and 
Kaskaskia,  The  country  of  which  the  Illinois  of  the  future  would 
be  a  part  passed  from  under  French  to  English  dominion,  from  Latin 


88 

to  Anglo-Saxon  ideals.  A  decisive  ev^ent  in  the  laying  of  the  foun- 
dation of  a  great  state  had  taken  its  place  in  history.  By  the  treaty 
of  1763,  France  relinquished  her  claim,  and  the  great  western  terri- 
tory, including  what  is  now  Illinois,  was  opened  to  the  immigration 
of  home-building  pioneers.  The  pioneer  with  axe,  rifle,  plow,  school 
house  and  meeting  house  was  now  invited  to  take  the  place  of  the 
habitans  "courier  du  bois,"  trapper  and  savage. 

The  next  decisive  event  was  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  1787. 

Twenty  years  after  the  victory  of  General  Wolfe  and  the  treaty  of 
1763,  and  after  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  by  the  treaty  of  1783,  the 
English  commissioners  recognized  the  right  to  the  territory  north 
and  west  of  the  Ohio,  as  vested  in  the  United  States.  The  prize  won 
by  the  English  at  Quebec  was  transferred  to  a  new  sovereign  power. 
This  was  the  first  recognition  of  the  new  nation  as  distinguished  from 
a  cluster  of  states,  each  a  sovereign. 

There  was  a  question  as  to  ownership  of  parts  of  this  territory, 
arising  out  of  the  claims  of  Connecticut,  Massachusetts  and  Virginia. 
It  was  under  the  direction  of  Governor  Henry  of  Virginia  that  Gen- 
eral Clark  had  undertaken  his  brilliant  and  successful  campaign  by 
which  he  won  Kaskaskia  and  Vineennes,  and  thus  obtained  military 
control  of  the  country.  But  Virginia  relinquished  her  claims,  and 
the  question  was  settled.  The  title  was  vested  in  the  United  States 
as  a  nation.  Provision  was  made  that  the  land  should  be  platted  by 
rectangular  surveys  made  on  and  from  proper  base  lines  and  merid- 
ians. Individuals  who  bought  land  received  their  patents  direct 
from  the  general  government. 

This  recognition  of  the  national  government  as  owner  of  the  land 
was  of  great  importance.  As  is  well  known,  there  was  in  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  Constitution  radical  difPerences  of  opinion  re- 
specting national  as  opposed  to  state  sovereignty,  as  well  as  respect- 
ing the  ethics  and  economics  of  the  institution  of  slavery. 

The  action  of  Congress  in  regard  to  the  Northwest  territory  was 
destined  to  have  a  decisive  influence  in  the  final  settlement  of  these 
questions,  and  in  which  the  future  State  of  Illinois  would  have  a 
prominent  if  not  a  commanding  part 

To  provide  for  the  organization  of  this  territory.  Congress  passed 
the  ordinance  of  1787. 

In  1784  Jefl'erson  was  chairman  of  a  committee  to  draft  an  ordi- 
nance for  the  Territory.  He  reported  a  bill  proposing  to  divide  it 
into  seven  states. 

The  bill  contained  a  provision  that  after  the  year  1800,  "there 
shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  any  of  said 
states  otherwise  than  in  the  punishment  of  crime  where  of  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted."  This  report  was  not  adopted.  It 
is  worthy  of  note  that  Jefferson  framed  his  bill  assuming  the  power 
of  the  national  government  to  keep  slavery  out  of  the  Territory. 
Though  he  is  regarded  as  a  strong  advocate  of  de-centralized  govern- 


89 

ment  he  evidently  did  not  believe  in  this  disposition  of  slavery  by 
squatter  sovereignty,  as  was  advocated  at  a  later  date,  in  the  contro- 
versy over  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 

f  'An  appeal  was  afterwards  made  from  Kaskaskia,  seconded  by  the 
Ohio  Land  company,  which  resulted  in  the  passage  of  the  ordinance. 

This  ordinance  made  provision  for  the  temporary  government  of 
the  people  but  set  forth  certain  fundamental  principles,  which  have 
been  characterized  by  some  thoughtful  students  of  statesmanship  as 
a  second  Declaration  of  Independence. 

;  11  These  assert:  (1)  The  right  of  freedom  of  worship  and  religious 
opinion;  (2)  The  right  of  trial  by  jury,  proportionate  representa- 
tion, protection  in  liberty  and  property;  (8)  That  religion,  morality 
and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happi- 
ness of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall  be  forever 
encouraged;  (4)  That  "the  states  formed  within  the  Territory  shall 
forever  remain  a  part  of  this  Confederacy  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  subject  to  the  Articles  of  Confederation  and  to  such  altera- 
tions therein  as  shall  be  constitutionally  made;  (5)  Prescribe  the 
boundaries  of  the  states  to  be  formed  and  the  conditions  of  their 
admission  into  the  Union;  (fi)  Provided  that  "there shall  be  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  said  Territory,  otherwise  than 
in  the  punishment  of  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly 
convicted,  provided  always  that  any  person  escaping  into  the  same 
from  whom  labor  or  service  is  lawfully  claimed  in  any  one  of  the 
original  states,  such  fugitive  may  be  lawfully  claimed  and  conveyed 
to  the  person  claiming  his  labor  or  service  as  aforesaid." 

The  provisions  of  the  ordinance  expressly  deny  the  right  of  seces- 
sion and  assume  the  sovereignty  of  the  national  government  and  the 
right  to  prohibit  slavery  in  the  Territory  of  the  nation, 

*'''The  passage  of  the  ordinance  invited  and  stimulated  immigration 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  but  especially  from  that  portion  of  the 
country  north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line.  It  appealed  to  those  who 
believed  in  national  sovereignty  and  in  liberty  as  the  right  of  all 
men.  Many  came  from  the  slave  states  south  of  the  Ohio.  The 
rich  land  and  forests  of  valuable  timber  had  their  attractions,  but 
many  of  them  desired  to  get  away  from  the  institution  of  slavery. 
The  people  who  settled  in  the  northwest  in  numbers  sufficient  to 
give  it  its  distinguishing  characteristics,  had  no  sympathy  with 
"State  rights,"  so-called,  or  with  slavery. 

The  fathers  builded  better  than  they  knew.  Men  who  were  from 
the  slave  states  and  who  believed  in  state  sovereignty  and  in  slavery, 
voted  for  the  ordinance,  not  knowing,  though  possibly  fearing,  that 
they  were  laying  the  foundations  of  seven  great  states,  which  would, 
in  a  supreme  struggle  on  the  battlefield,  be  on  the  side  of  the  nation 
as  a  nation,  and  freedom  as  opposed  to  slavery.  It  was  thus,  that 
the  ordinance  of  1787,  indirectly  possibly  but  effectively  contributed 
to  make  Illinois  a  free,  instead  of  a  slave  State  Had  this  check 
upon  the  introduction  of  slavery  not  been  accomplished  by  the  ordi- 
nance, it  is  reasonably   sure,  that   immigration   from  south  of  the 


90 

Ohio  bringing  slaves  would  have  gained  political  control  of  the  Ter- 
ritory and  the  states,  afterwards  organized.  Pro- slavery  leaders 
afterwards  gained  control  of  the  general  government,  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  the  preservation,  the  propagation  and  perpetuation  of 
slavery  was  its  vital  and  animating  spirit.  The  men  who  repealed 
the  Missouri  compromise  in  later  years  would  never  have  voted  for 
the  ordinance  of  1787.     It  came  at  an  opportune  time. 

Equally  influential  with  the  passage  of  this  ordinance  in  deter- 
mining the  history  of  Illinois  was  the  fixing  of  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  State. 

The  original  plan  proposed  in  the  ordinance  of  1787  was  that  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  State  should  be  a  line  drawn  east  and  west 
on  the  southern  bend  of  Lake  Michigan,  While  the  bill  for  an  en- 
abling act  was  before  the  committee  of  the  whole  in  Congress,  Judge 
Pope,  the  territorial  Delegate,  offered  an  amendment  advancing  the 
northern  boundary  to  latitude  42°30'.  This  amendment  was  accepted 
without  division,  and  became  a  law.  The  magnitude  of  the  results 
of  this  amendment  can  only  be  realized  by  careful  study  of  the  growth 
of  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  those  who  held  the  seats  of  political 
power  to  either  destroy  the  Union  or  nationalize  the  institution  of 
slavery.  Judge  Pope  saw  the  drift  of  things  clearly.  He  argued 
that  the  effect  of  his  amendment  would  gain  to  the  new  State  a  coast 
line  on  Lake  Michigan,  including  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  river. 
This  would  bring  it  into  commercial  relations  with  the  states  east  of 
it,  Ohio,  Penns^'lvania  and  New  York.  "Thus,"  to  use  his  own  lan- 
guage, "affording  additional  security  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union." 
He  argued  that  the  location  of  the  State  between  the  Wabash,  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  all  flowing  to  the  south,  would  bring  it  into 
intimate  communication  with  the  southern  states,  and  that  in  the 
event  of  an  attempt  to  disrupt  the  Union,  it  was  important  that  it 
should  be  identified  with  the  commerce  of  the  lakes,  instead  of  being 
left  entirely  to  southern  outlets.  "Thus,"  he  said,  "a  rival  interest 
would  be  created  to  check  the  wish  for  a  western  or  southern  confed- 
eracy." He  foresaw  the  building  of  a  great  city  about  the  mouth  of 
the  Chicago  river.  He  saw  the  desirableness  of  a  canal  connecting 
it  with  the  Illinois  river,  and  thus  with  the  Mississippi.  If  his 
amendment  had  been  rejected,  the  great  city  by  the  lake  would  have 
been  in  Wisconsin.  Indeed,  effort  was  made  by  the  state  of  Wiscon- 
sin to  secure  the  establishment  of  the  northern  boundary  at  the  line 
at  first  proposed.  The  territory  added  to  the  State,  as  originally 
bounded,  included  14  counties,  all  north  of  the  north  line  of  LaSalle 
county,  and  containing  8,500  square  miles,  one- seventh  of  the  area  of 
the  State. 

But  the  main  significance  of  this  additional  territory  was  the  qual- 
ity of  the  people  who  settled  in  it.  The  population  of  these  14 
counties  was  loyal  to  the  Union  by  overwhelming  majorities.  They 
were  true  to  the  great  ideals  of  national  unity  and  freedom. 

Judge  Pope  seems  to  have  had  a  gift  of  pre- vision;  that,  at  least, 
which  belongs  to  a  keen  insight  into  facts  and  a  capacity  to  discern 
clearly  their  logical  relations.     The  demonstration  of  his  wisdom  and 


91 

prophetic  vision  came  years  after  his  death,  in  the  position  the  State 
was  able  to  assume,  by  reason  of  the  large  majorities  for  the  Union 
in  the  vote  of  these  14  counties  determining  the  political  com- 
plexion of  the  State.  It  was  this  vote  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  dominating  the  vote  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  that 
sent  Lyman  Trumbull  to  the  Senate  in  1854  and  in  1860,  and  made 
Illinois  overwhelmingly  loyal  and  strong  in  the  great  crisis  of  the 
civil  war.  It  made  Illinois  prominent  in  the  national  convention. 
It  enabled  Illinois  to  nominate  and  help  elect  Abraham  Lincoln  to 
the  Presidency,  giving  him  a  majority  of  12,000  votes  over  his  com- 
petitor. One  of  these  counties  (JoDaviess)  also  had  the  honor  of 
sending  one  of  its  citizens  to  the  head  of  the  army  which  overcame 
the  forces  of  the  rebellion.  General  Grant  was  a  citizen  of  Galena 
when  he  tendered  his  services  to  the  Governor  of  Illinois. 

Men  are  largely  influenced  by  their  business  interests.  If  Illinois 
had  been  compelled  to  send  its  products  exclusively  down  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers  and  found  its  best  market  among  those  en- 
gaged in  raising  cotton  with  slave  labor,  it  would  have  been  tempted 
to  compromise,  weaken  and  possibly  make  common  cause  with  them 
in  their  effort  to  disrupt  ttie  Union.  In  the  absence  of  a  controlling 
devotion  to  high  ideals,  material  interests  usually  sway  the  political 
action  of  large  masses  of  men.  Wealth  in  the  large  cities  and  com- 
mercial centers  studied  the  secession  and  pro-slavery  agitation,  in  the 
light  of  their  ledgers  and  bank  accounts.  With  goods  to  sell,  they 
would  conciliate  a  hostile  market  by  concealing  their  principles  or 
by  having  none.  The  commerce  of  Illinois  with  the  east  and  north 
by  the  lakes  was  immeasurably  greater  than  that  which  sought  a 
southern  outlet.  The  fixing  of  the  northern  boundary  was  a  decisive 
event  in  the  history  of  the  State.  Judge  Pope  was  wise  and  had  a 
great  opportunity. 

Another  pivotal  event  was  the  defeat  of  the  effort  to  make  Illinois 
a  slave  state  in  1824. 

The  French  settlers  had  slaves  as  early  as  1722,  and  they  were 
protected  in  their  possession  by  the  treaty  of  1763.  In  the  discus- 
sion of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  some  held  that  while  it  prohibited 
the  introduction  of  slaves,  it  recognized  property  relations  in  slaves 
and  their  descendants  already  in  the  territory.  Others  contended 
that  the  anti-slavery  provision  of  the  ordinance  was  unconstitutional 
and  that  Congress  exceeded  its  power  in  making  it. 

While,  as  has  been  stated,  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  1787, 
stimulated  immigration  largely  from  the  New  England  states.  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  there  were  many  who  came  in  from  the 
country  south  of  the  Ohio  river.  Of  these  there  were  two  classes. 
One  of  these  sought  the  new  territory,  not  only  to  get  new  and  fertile 
land  and  make  their  homes,  but  to  escape  contact  with  the  influences 
of  a  system  which  they  believed  to  be  economically  inexpedient  and 
morally  wrong.  The  other  class  came  because  they  were  too  poor  to 
own  negroes.  They  would  have  owned  them  if  they  could.  They  liked 
a  clever  "nigger"  just  as  they  liked  a  good  coon  dog,  but  they  hated 


92 

a  black  man.  Most  of  those  wlio  had  emigrated  from  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky  were  in  sympathy  with  the  slave  holders. 
Experiencing  the  trials  and  coarse  labor  of  opening  up  a  new 
country,  they  began  to  think  the  provision  of  the  ordinance  prohib- 
iting slavery  was  a  grave  mistake  and  that  it  should  be  repealed.  Hence 
various  efforts  were  made  to  secure  its  repeal.  Petitions  were  sent 
to  Congress,  General  Harrison  himself,  territorial  Governor,  favored 
the  repeal.  So  widespread  was  the  desire,  that  he  called  a  conven- 
tion to  promote  it.  In  March,  1803,  John  Randolph,  chairman  of 
the  committee  to  whom  had  been  referred  the  petition  for  repeal, 
reported  "that  the  labor  of  slaves  is  not  necessary  to  promote  the 
growth  and  settlement  of  colonies  in  that  region;  that  the  committee 
deemed  it  highly  dangerous  and  inexpedient  to  impair  a  provision, 
wisely  calculated  to  promote  the  happiness  and  progress  of  the 
northwest  country  and  add  strength  and  security  to  that  extensive 
frontier." 

At  the  next  session,  however,  a  report  was  made  recommending 
the  granting  of  the  request  and  the  suspension  of  the  provision  for 
ten  years.  On  this  no  action  was  taken.  The  pro-slavery  party  in 
1812,  secured  the  passage  of  an  act,  providing  for  the  introduction 
of  slaves  to  be  kept  in  servitude  under  certain  limitations.  The 
effect  of  this  was  to  increase  rapidly  the  number  of  slaves.  In  1818 
the  anti  slavery  element  which  during  this  pro-slavery  agitation  had 
not  been  idle,  succeeded  iu  forming  a  free  State  constitution  for 
Illinois. 

This  success  stimulated  pro-slavery  zeal.  The  fact  that  Illinois 
had  adopted  a  Constitution  making  it  a  free  State,  made  all  the 
stronger  the  determination  of  the  pro-slavery  politicians  to  make  Mis- 
souri territory  a  slave  state  This  they  did  in  1820,  and  the  result 
was  that  the  wealthier  immigrants  from  south  of  the  Ohio,  passed  by 
Illinois  and  made  their  homes  in  Missouri.  This  added  strength  to 
the  contention  that  the  free  Constitution  of  Illinois  kept  out  rapid 
settlement,  wealth  and  negro  labor  which  was  necessary  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  resources  of  the  State.  So  keenly  was  this  felt,  so 
active  and  persistent  was  the  pro-slavery  agitation,  that  effort  was 
made  to  call  a  convention  to  change  the  Constitution  and  make 
Illinois  a  slave  State. 

This  brought  on  a  desperate  conflict  and  a  fight  to  a  finish.  The 
controversy  was  deep  and  bitter — slavery  was  assailed  and  defended, 
in  behalf  of  the  State's  economical  interests  and  in  behalf  of  religion 
itself.  By  a  gross  fraud  upon  parliamentary  usage  a  number  of 
votes  were  secured  sufl&cient  to  make  legal  a  call  for  a  convention. 
It  remained  to  defeat  it  at  the  polls.  The  features  of  this  conflict 
ought  to  be  familiar  to  all  readers  of  Illinois  history.  No  question 
had  ever  before  so  stirred  the  people.  The  wildest  and  fiercest  pas- 
sion raged.  Every  possible  threat  as  well  as  acts  of  violence  was 
used  to  intimidate  the  friends  of  freedom,  the  pro-slavery  element  was 
carried  to  a  pitch  of  insane  frenzy.  The  blind  rage  of  this  element 
in  the  fight  is  a  study  in  pschycology.  The  passion  has  slowly  spent 
itself.  It  disgraced  our  statutes  with  the  "black  laws."  It  threw 
the  printing  press  of  Lovejoy   into  the   river   and  assassinated  him. 


93 

trampling  upon  the  sacred  right  to  life  and  property  and  free  speech. 
It  repealed  the  Missouri  compromise  to  make  Kansas  and  Nebraska 
slave  states.  It  made  some  men  eager  to  be  hounds  and  fasten  their 
fangs  into  the  flesh  of  the  fugitive  slave,  caught  on  his  way  to  free- 
dom. It  survived  in  the  State  to  discourage  enlistments  and  en- 
courage desertion  in  the  mortal  struggle  of  the  slave  holder's  war. 

Today  about  all  that  is  left  of  it  is  a  remnant  "survival  of  the  un- 
fittest"  and  a  recollection  of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  who 
sit  in  silent  shame  at  the  feet  of  wasted  patriotic  opportunity  bathing 
them  in  tears  penitential  but  vain. 

The  friends  of  freedom  won  the  fight,  and  the  calling  of  the  con- 
vention was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  1 ,834  in  a  vote  of  11,764. 

The  14  counties  added  by  the  boundary  line  amendment,  and  in- 
deed, all  of  Northern  Illinois  were  without  inhabitants  at  this  time. 
Sangamon  was  the  northernmost  county  in  the  State. 

This  was  the  first  defeat  of  the  pro-slavery  propaganda  which  had 
become  dominant  in  National  politics. 

This  failure  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State,  contributed  to  an  ex- 
tent which  can  hardly  be  overestimated,  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
Union  when  the  question  of  maintaining  the  Union  was  submitted 
to  the  arbitrament  of  war. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  State  with  its  railways  and  rivers 
and  its  large  capacity  to  furnish  the  material  of  war,  gave  it  funda- 
mental importance.  Cairo  was  a  most  advantageous  strategic  point. 
From  this  point,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers, 
the  Union  army  and  navy  could  command  the  Cumberland  and  Ten- 
nessee riyers.  From  this  point  the  first  important  attack  was  made 
upon  the  Confederate  lines,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  Forts  Henry 
and  Donelson,  the  city  of  Nashville  and  opening  a  way  into  the 
heart  of  the  state  of  Tennessee.  Commanding  the  Mississippi,  the 
Union  troops  passed  into  Missouri  by  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph 
railroad  and  up  the  Missouri  river,  turned  the  extreme  left  flank  of 
the  Confederate  army,  and  practically  gained  control  of  the  state. 

From  Chicago  down  the  canal,  seen  by  Judge  Pope  and  foretold 
as  a  tie  to  bind  together  the  Union;  came  steam  tugs  which  were 
useful  in  naval  operations  from  Cairo  to  the  gulf.  The  lumber  and 
coal  which  built  gunboats  came  from  the  forests  and  mines  of  Illi- 
nois. Illinois  was  the  point  of  the  wedge,  which  entering  at  Cairo 
split  the  Confederacy  in  twain,  opening  the  Mississippi  to  the  sea. 

But  above  and  beyond  all  material  forces  is  the  moral  energy 
which  organizes  and  directs  them.  The  result  of  the  victory  of  1824 
stimulated  migration.  The  northern  part  of  the  State  was  rapidly 
settled  by  people  who  believed  in  liberty  for  all  men  and  who  were 
loyal  to  the  Union.  The  majority  were  true  to  these  ideals.  It  was  this 
ideal  and  the  patriotic  consecration  which  it  inspired,  and  which  the 
victory  of  1S24  had  made  dominant  in  the  State,  which  enabled  Illinois 
to  send  a  quarter  of  a  million  volunteer  soldiers  into  the  army  of  the 
Union.    It  was  this  victory  which  enabled  the  State  87  years  afterward 


94 

to  give  to  the  Union  Army  its  great  leader  who  achieved  a  standard  of 
military  skill  beyond  the  precedents  of  history.  It  was  this  victory 
which  enabled  the  State  to  educate  and  train  in  the  arena  of  debate 
on  the  question  of  union  or  disunion,  freedom  or  slavery,  the  man 
whose  inspired  spirit  of  wisdom  and  love  destroyed  slavery  and  saved 
the  Union  of  the  states  making  them  a  nation. 

If  the  pro  slavery  party  had  succeeded  in  the  struggle  of  1824,  the 
drama  of  our  State  and  national  history  would  have  been  greatly 
changed,  The  destruction  of  the  institution  of  slavery  would  have 
been  indefinitely  postponed  and  the  task  of  maintaining  the  Union 
incalculably  more  difiicult  if  not  impossible.  Imagination  falters  ia 
trying  to  conceive  what  might  have  been  the  result.  It  was  an 
event  decisive  in  its  eflFects  upon  both  the  State  of  Illinois  and  the 
nation. 

Another  event  decisive  in  its  influence  upon  the  history  of  the 
State  was  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  in  1803. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  the  major  part  of  what  is 
now  the  Territory  of  the  United  Scates,  was  in  the  possession  of 
Spain.  She  claimed  all  of  east  and  west  Florida  up  to  the  Blst  de- 
gree of  latitude  and  all  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  known  as  the 
Louisiana  purchase.  Both  France  and  Spain  who  were  with  us  in 
our  war  with  England,  when  the  treaty  was  made  in  1782,  were  more 
hostile  to  us  than  to  England.  The  representative  of  Spain  forsaw 
and  stated  that  the  future  expansion  of  the  new  nation,  would  be  at 
the  expense  of  Florida  and  the  vast  region  beyond  the  Mississippi, 
and  he  proposed  to  make  the  Alleghanies  the  western  boundary. 
France,  though  our  ally,  as  between  us  and  Spain,  was  disposed  to 
favor  the  latter  and  she  proposed  that  the  United  States  should  em- 
brace such  of  the  territory  west  of  the  Alleghanies  as  lay  around  the 
head  waters  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers  north  of  the 
Ohio. 

Spain,  organizing  a  small  expedition  in  St.  Louis  and  Cahokia  had 
made  an  attempt  at  invading  Illinois  in  1781,  and  in  negotiating  the 
treaty  of  Paris  in  1783  she  made  a  claim  to  the  Illinois  county  by 
the  right  of  conquest.  She  attempted  to  levy  duties  upon  the  pro- 
ducts which  came  down  to  New  Orleans  from  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see, and  regions  about  the  upper  river.  But  it  was  not  long  before 
she  found  that  she  would  be  unable  to  hold  the  country  against  the 
enterprise,  adventure  and  audacity  of  the  frontier  men.  She  resolved 
to  rid  herself  of  the  burden  and  the  Spanish  king  made  a  private 
arrangement  with  the  first  Consul,  by  which  he  exchanged  the  vast 
Louisiana  territory  for  the  petty  kingdom  of  Etruria. 

Meanwhile  Congress  had  begun  to  debate  the  propriety  and  expe- 
diency of  taking  New  Orleans  and  Florida  by  force.  Livingston  and 
Monroe  were  negotiating  with  France  for  their  cession.  Napo- 
leon saw  the  wish  and  purpose  of  the  United  States.  He  foresaw  the 
difficulty  of  holding  the  territory.  He  was  about  to  go  to  war  with 
England.  "They  have,"  he  exclaimed  to  his  minister,  "20  ships  of 
war  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  I  have  not  a  moment  to  lose  in  putting 
it  out  of  their  reach.     They  only  ask  of  me  one  town  in  Louisiana 


95 

but  I  already  consider  the  colony  as  lost."  He  afterwards  said  to 
Marbois,  "Let  them  give  you  100,000,000  francs,  pay  their  own  claims 
and  take  the  country."  When  the  minister  said  something  about 
the  rights  of  the  colonists,  Napoleon  replied,  "Take  your  maxims  to 
the  London  market."  He  also  said,  "I  know  the  full  value  of  Louis- 
iana but  the  English  wish  to  take  possession.  They  have  taken 
Canada,  Cape  Breton,  New  France,  Nova  Scotia  and  the  richest  por- 
tion  of  Asia,  but  they  shall  not  have  the  Mississippi  which  they 
covet." 

The  sale  was  made  and  when  Marbois,  Livingston  and  Monroe 
signed  the  treaty,  April  30,  1803,  they  rose  and  Livingston  said,  "We 
may  have  lived  long  but  this  is  the  noblest  work  of  our  lives."  The 
territory  had  changed  hands  six  times  in  91  years.  It  was  now  the 
property  of  the  United  States.* 

The  effect  of  this  transfer  of  sovereignty  upon  the  United  States 
as  a  whole,  and  especially  on  the  states  that  in  future  would  lie  along 
the  river,  opens  up  a  field  of  speculative  study.  If  the  first  Consul 
had  not  sold  the  territory  it  would  have  been  seized  by  England. 
Those  20  battleships  would  have  passed  up  the  river,  and  English 
fleets  would  have  patroled  it  while  English  troops  would  have  forti- 
fied strategic  points  from  its  mouth  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Illinois  being  on  the  pathway  from  the  Mississippi  to  Lake  Michigan 
via  the  Illinois  river,  would  have  been  the  most  important  field  for 
military  operations  in  case  of  war  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States. 

Nine  years  later  British  soldiers  captured  Detroit,  Mackinac  and 
practically  held  the  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
site  of  Chicago. 

If  at  this  time  England  had  had  command  of  the  Mississippi  she 
had  only  to  force  her  way  up  the  Illinois  and  make  a  short  portage 
to  the  lakes  to  have  had  an  uninterrupted  line  from  New  Orleans  to 
Quebec.  To  open  and  command  this  line  was  of  such  fundamental 
military  importance,  that  it  would  surely  be  attempted  in  case  of 
war. 

Happily  for  Illinois,  though  then  but  a  sparcely  settled  territory, 
the  nation  of  which  it  was  a  part  controlled  the  Mississippi  river. 
Had  it  been  otherwise,  it  would  have  been  a  central  theatre  of  war 
waged  upon  the  settlers  by  the  British  and  their  Indian  allies. 

If  the  Louisiana  territory  had  been  under  the  English  flag,  all  of 
the  border  states  east  of  the  river,  including  Illinois,  would  have 
been  constantly  exposed  to  the  menace  of  war  by  reason  of  the  escape 
of  slaves  who  would  have  sought  British  protection.  Those  who  are 
familiar  with  the  efforts  made  by  the  pro-slavery  states  to  sec  are  a 
fugitive  slave  law,  which  would  be  effective  as  between  the  states, 
can  readily  believe  that  the  easy  escape  of  slaves  who  could  swim 
the  river  in  a  night  or  transport   themselves  across  in  a  "dug  out," 

♦  It  was  turned  over  to  the  commercial  dominion  of  Anthony  Crozat  in  1712  by  Louis 
XIV.  From  Crozat  it  passed  In  1717  to  the  Compaenie  de  I'Occident;  from  this  company 
In  1731  to  Louis  XV;  from  him  in  1762  to  Spain;  from  Spain  In  18U1  back  to  France;  and  in 
1803  from  France  to  the  United  States. 


96 

would  inflame  a  passion  that  would  surely  have  provoked  a  war. 
Between  the  states  south  of  the  Ohio  and  Canada,  the  free  states 
served  as  a  buffer,  and  to  make  war  upon  the  Dominion  would  have 
been  premature  at  that  stage  of  the  game.  But  if  the  Union  Jack 
had  sheltered  the  fugitive  within  plain  view  where  he  could  defy  his 
owner  it  would  have  become  a  symbol  of  what  he  hated  most,  and  war 
would  have  been  inevitable.  In  this  Illinois  would  have  had  a  cen- 
tral share. 

Furthermore,  even  if  the  institution  of  slavery  had  not  been  an 
influential  factor,  the  pressure  of  emigration  westward  would  have 
filled  the  Louisiana  country  with  stalwart  pioneers.  jSome  of  them  as 
early  as  3803  had  found  homes  on  the  Mississippi  river.  The  drift  of 
emigration  followed  the  lines  of  latitude.  There  was  no  disposition 
to  go  to  Canada.  The  line  of  movement  was  westward.  This  move- 
ment would  have  been  so  vigorous,  as  to  be  resistless.  Carrying  with 
them  their  love  of  politics,  of  organizing  and  of  freedom,  they  would 
have  soon  absorbed  the  few  colonists  which  England  might  have 
planted  and  the  few  French  already  in  the  country. 

This  would  have  led  to  agitation,  revolution  and  conflicts  which 
would  have  overthrown  English  dominion,  but  it  would  have  been 
at  heavy  cost.  A  struggle  of  this  character  would  have  involved  all 
contiguous  states.  So  I  think  that  the  peaceful  purchase  of  Louisana 
was  a  decisive  event  in  the  building  of  Illinois.  She  was  not  left  a 
border  state  upon  the  western  limit  of  the  nation.  It  secured  for 
her  the  position  of  a  central  and  keystone  state,  in  a  mighty  family 
of  states  reaching  from  ocean  to  ocean. 


Edward  Coles,  second  Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 


97 


EDWARD  COLES  SECOND  GOVERNOR  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Mrs.  S.  P.  Wheeler. 

"A  painting  upon  one  of  the  walls  of  the  corridors  of  this  building* 
represents  two  flatboats  lashed  together.  Upon  one  of  them  stands 
a  man  of  commanding  presence.  He  is  surrounded  by  his  slaves  as 
they  gently  float  down  the  Ohio  river.  It  is  a  calm,  and  lovely 
morning  in  May,  the  sun  shining  brightly,  the  heavens  without  a 
cloud,  and  the  verdant  foliage  of  spring,  just  budding  out,  on  the 
picturesque  banks.  He,  with  his  slaves  and  his  property,  has  left 
the  old  home  in  Virginia,  and  is  seeking  in  a  new  county,  a  land  of 
freedom.  He  is  telling  the  slaves  that  he  has  thought  much  of  his  duty 
and  their  rights,  and  that  they  were  no  longer  slaves  but  free — free  as 
he  was —and  were  at  liberty  to  go  ashore  or  continue  the  journey  with 
him.  The  effect  on  them  was  electrical.  In  breathless  silence  they 
stood  unable  to  utter  a  word,  but  with  countenances  beaming,  with 
expresbion  which  no  words  can  convey  and  no  language  describe. 
After  a  pause  of  intense  and  unutterable  emotion,  bathed  in  tears 
they  gave  vent  to  their  gratitude  and  implored  the  blessings  of  God 
on  their  benefactor."  f 

Upon  this  picture  hangs  the  story  of  our  hero  Edward  Coles,  and 
the  destiny  of  Illinois. 

"He  was  one 

Of  many  thousand,  such  as  die  betimes 
Whose  story  is  a  fragment  known  to  few." 

He  was  born,  in  the  year  1786,  upon  the  old  family  estate,  Ennis- 
corthy,  Virginia,  amidst  slaves,  and  slaveholders,  rocked  to  sleep 
upon  the  breast  of  the  faithful  southern  mammy,  while  her  soft  negro 
voice  crooned  sweet  lullabies,  and  spent  his  boyhood  in  the  compan- 
ionship of  her  dusky  descendents.  He  was  one  of  ten  children,  and 
in  this  fact  is  foreshadowed  the  strength  developed  in  later  years,  for 
as  a  rule,  it  is  not  the  pampered  only  child  who  achieves  great  things 
in  life,  but  he  who  grows  sturdy  under  the  friction  of  a  large  family. 

His  father  was  John  Coles,  a  colonel  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  allied  to  some  of  the  most  distinguished  statesmen  and  politicians 
of  the  day.     His  parents  were  near  neighbors  and  intimate  friends 


♦State  House.  Springfield.  111. 

t  Sketch  of  Edward  Coles  by  Washburne. 

—7  H. 


98 

of  Thomas  JefPerson.  For  Mrs.  Coles,  who  was  a  woman  of  rare  per- 
sonal and  intellectual  attractions,  Jefferson  showed  great  affection, 
which  was  inherited  by  her  son.  He  was  a  prot6g6  of  Jefferson,  and 
was  assisted  by  him  to  obtain  an  education.  In  1805  he  entered 
William  and  Mary  College,  and  while  there  young  Coles  had  first 
presented  to  his  mind  the  abstract  question  of  slavery.  He  found 
that  his  past  life  and  his  views  on  the  subject  were  greatly  at  vari- 
ance. He  had  imbibed,  through  association  with  Thomas  Jefferson, 
the  views  of  that  great  statesman,  who  said  that  "I  tremble  for  my 
country  when  I  reflect  that  God  is  just  and  that  His  justice  can  not 
sleep  forever;"  and  when  a  bill  abolishing  slavery  was  lost  by  one 
vote,  he  said:  "Thus  we  see  the  fate  of  millions  unborn  hanging  on 
the  tongue  of  one  man,  and  Heaven  was  silent  in  that  awful  moment." 
After  much  study  and  research,  young  Coles  formed  the  opinion  that 
a  man  had  no  property  right  in  his  fellow  men,  and  that  the  princi- 
ples of  slavery  were  fundamentally  wrong,  alike  injurious  to  the  mas- 
ter and  the  slave,  and  that  he  might  more  fully  study  the  subject  and 
determine  in  what  part  of  the  non-slave  holding  portion  of  the  Union 
it  would  be  best  for  him  to  settle,  he  accepted  the  appointment  as 
private  secretary  to  President  Madison,  a  position  at  that  time  of 
much  dignity  and  importance,  and  while  a  member  of  the  Presidential 
household  for  six  years  made  himself  very  useful  to  the  President 
and  popular  with  the  people.  The  pleasure  and  freedom  of  the  home 
life  in  the  White  House  being  greatly  enhanced  by  the  fact  that 
Dolly  Madison,  the  President's  wife,  was  a  cousin  of  his,  and  when 
pressing  duties  prevented  the  President,  young  Coles  was  the  es- 
cort of  the  gracious  little  woman,  who  sallied  forth  in  her 
imported  gowns,  upon  which  she  paid  a  duty  of  $2,- 
000.  His  brother,  Isaac  Coles,  was  private  secretary  to  Jefferson, 
and  his  sister  married  Hon.  Andrew  Stevenson,  who  was  afterwards 
Minister  to  Grreat  Britain  and  was  the  first  American,  I  believe,  who 
was  ever  voted  the  freedom  of  London.  Washburne  describes  Ed- 
ward Coles  at  this  time  as  a  young  man  of  23,  the  proprietor  of  a 
plantation  which  his  father  had  bequeathed  him  the  previous  year, 
and  a  certain  number  of  slaves;  of  a  polished  education,  fine  personal 
appearance,  good  manners  and  irreproachable  character,  well  fitted 
to  adorn  the  position  of  secretary,  and  at  the  same  time  enjoy  the 
companionship  of  the  great  men  of  the  period.  Such  as  Patrick 
Henry,  his  kinsman,  Monroe,  Madison,  Jefferson  to  whom  be  was 
allied  by  so  many  ties  of  friendship,  Wirt  and  the  Randolphs.  The 
bond  between  Jefferson  and  himself  was  their  similarity  of  views  on 
the  question  of  slavery,  and  one  has  only  to  read  the  correspondence 
between  young  Coles  and  Jefferson  in  regard  to  the  holding  of  slaves, 
to  realize  with  what  prophetic  vision  Jefferson  alludes  to  the  eman- 
cipation, brought  about  by  Abraham  Lincoln  half  a  century  later,  It 
is  a  fact  not  generally  known,  that  in  writing  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, the  paragraph  denouncing  slavery  which  Jefferson  had 
prepared  with  so  much  care,  and  which  pleased  Adams,  was  omitted 
because  a  majority  of  Cocgress  thought  it  unjust  to  hold  George 
III  responsible  for  a  slave  trade,  carried  on  by  New  England  ship 
masters,  for  the  benefit   of  the  cotton   and   tobacco  planters  of  the 


99 

south.  While  acting  as  secretary,  young  Coles  was  sent  to  Russia 
on  a  mission  requiring  great  diplomacy  and  sailed  on  the  Prometheus, 
the  first  vessel  of  our  navy  that  went  up  the  Baltic,  and  so  successful 
was  he  that  the  Czar  offered  to  make  proper  amends,  even  to  sending 
the  offending  minister  to  Siberia.  But  the  life  at  the  capitol  only 
strengthened  the  determination  that  he  would  neither  hold  slaves  nor 
live  in  a  state  that  upheld  the  institution  of  slavery.  Accordingly  in 
the  year  1819  he  resigned  his  position  and  left  Virginia  with  all  his 
slaves  and  their  offspring,  for  Illinois,  traveling  through  pathless 
forests,  following  the  water  courses  and  Indian  trails,  and  subsisting 
upon  the  game  so  abundant  throughout  the  country.  This  brings 
our  hero  down  to  the  time  when  his  history  and  the  attempt  to  fasten 
slavery  upon  the  State  of  Illinois  are  so  closely  interwoven  that  they 
cannot  be  separated,  he  being  the  chosen  head  of  the  anti-slavery 
party,  the  Moses  who  was  to  lead  them  on  to  victory. 

His  first  official  position  in  the  State  was  registrar  of  the  land  of- 
fice, where,  by  his  suavity  of  manner  and  thoroughly  intelligent  dis- 
charge of  his  duties,  he  made  many  friends,  fle,  like  Governor  Ed- 
wards, rode  through  the  wilds  of  the  country  in  his  own  carriage, 
driven  by  his  negro,  and  the  people,  impressed  by  his  ruffled  shirt 
front,  knee  breeches  and  silver  buckles,  to  say  nothing  of  his  courtly 
manner,  thought  it  an  honor  to  vote  for  a  gentleman  to  the  manor 
born.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  Governor,  serving  in  that  ca- 
pacity from  1822  to  1826.  The  affairs  of  the  State  were  at  this  time 
wholly  controlled  by  pro-slavery  men,  who  seemed  bent  on  making  it 
a  slave  State.  It  is  said  that  it  was  through  Jefferson's  influence 
tbat  Edward  Coles  was  made  a  Governor  of  Illinois;  others  attribute 
his  election  to  the  accident  of  three  candidates.  There  were  at  this 
time  no  distinctive  parties  in  Illinois,  and  the  road  was  free  to  all. 
But  did  not  the  same  over-ruling  Providence  that  made  Abraham  Lin- 
coln President  of  the  United  States  place  Edward  Coles  in  the  gub- 
ernatorial chair? 

In  his  inaugural  as  Governor  he  earnestly  invoked  the  interposi- 
tion of  the  Legislature  in  the  cause  of  humanity.  He  declared  that 
justice  required  a  general  revisal  of  the  laws  relating  to  the  negro, 
and  that  there  should  be  more  effective  laws  preventing  the  kidnap- 
ing of  free  blacks,  a  crime  committed  with  impunity.  This  address 
as  regarded  slavery,  a  subject  always  dear  to  his  heart,  opened  up  a 
controvf  rsy,  says  Washburne,  involving  consequences  which  can  not 
be  measured  by  human  ken.  There  were  at  this  time  (1822)  about 
1,000  slaves  held  in  the  form  of  indenture  in  Illinois,  and  the  ques- 
tion naturally  arises,  had  not  Edward  Coles  stepped  into  the  breach 
would  not  Illinois  have  harbored  slaves  within  her  borders  until!  860? 

It  may  well  be  asked  how  it  was  possible  that  a  state  of  slavery 
could  exist  upon  a  soil  that  was  supposed  to  have  been  consecrated 
to  freedom  by  the  ordinance  of  1787,  but  the  condition  is  easily  un- 
derstood when  we  recall,  that  Illinois,  being  originally  a  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, there  were  naturally  quite  a  number  of  slaves  in  the  Territory 
when  it  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1784,  and  it  was  then  stip- 
ulated that  persons  who  claimed  to  have  been  citizens  of  Virginia, 


100 

prior  to  the  cession  should  be  protected  in  the  right  to  hold  their 
slaves,  but  in  1787  Congress  passed  an  ordinance  which  declared  that 
neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  should  exist  in  the  north- 
western territory  of  which  Illinois  was  a  part,  and  the  framers  of  the 
Constitution  of  1818,  when  the  Territory  became  a  State,  also 
endeavored  to  carry  out  the  will  of  Congress,  and  it  was  generally 
conceded  that  a  state  formed  out  of  the  northwestern  territory  could 
not  be  admitted  into  the  Union  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  the 
ordinance  of  1787  which  prohibited  slavery  but  the  slave  propa- 
gandist contended  that  it  could  be  done,  and  that  Congress  had  no 
more  right  to  abolish  slavery  in  Illinois  than  in  Virginia,  and  that 
the  future  prosperity  of  the  State  demanded  the  existence  of  the 
traffic  in  human  souls.  The  times  were  hard,  the  farmer  could  find 
no  market  for  his  abundant  crops,  manufactories  languished,  im- 
provements were  at  a  standstill,  and  the  mechanic  was  without  work. 
The  flow  of  emigration  to  the  State,  had  in  a  measure  ceased,  but  a 
great  emigration  passed  through  the  State  to  Missouri;  numbers  of 
well-to-do  emigrants  from  the  slave  states,  taking  with  them  their 
slaves,  were  then  leaving  their  homes  to  find  new  ones  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  who  avowed  their  only  reason  for  not  settling  in  Illinois 
was  that  they  could  not  hold  their  slaves  there,  and  people  denounced 
as  unwise  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  prohibiting  slavery  and 
thus  preventing  a  large  icflux  of  population  to  add  to  the  wealth 
of  the  country. 

_  The  scheme  was  devised  by  the  pro-slavery  men  to  call  a  conven- 
tion to  amend  the  Constitution  that  had  been  in  force  scarcely  four 
years,  and  that  served  all  the  needs  of  a  rapidly  increasing  popula- 
tion for  more  than  'SO  years.  No  objection  was  openly  made  to  the 
Constitution  of  1818,  or  to  any  of  its  provisions,  but  the  covert  ob- 
jection lay  in  the  fact  that  this  instrument  provided  that  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime, 
should  exist  in  the  State  of  Illinois.  Secretly  the  pro  slavery  ele- 
ment carried  on  the  struggle,  and  in  1822  the  General  Assembly 
voted  to  submit  to  the  voters  of  the  State  a  proposition  for  calling  a 
convention  to  amend  the  Constitution.  This  proposition  was  there- 
fore submitted  to  a  popular  vote,  and  Aug.  2,  1824,  was  the  time 
fixed  for  the  election.  The  agitation  for  a  convention  commenced 
and  was  favored  by  every  pro-slavery  elector  of  the  State,  the  con- 
vention party  never  dreaming  of  any  result  than  in  their  own  favor. 
The  day  had  now  arrived  when  the  will  of  the  people  of  Illinois  must 
decide.  Should  a  convention  be  called,  there  was  no  question  that 
the  then  existing  Constitution  prohibiting  slavery  would  be  changed, 
and  a  Constitution  authorizing  slavery  would  be  adopted.  Then  the 
naked  question  was  presented:  Shall  Illinoie  be  a  free  or  a  slave 
State? 

The  contest  was  a  bitter  one,  from  the  first  hour  it  was  mooted 
and  grew  in  bitterness  as  the  canvass  progressed.  The  question  was 
discussed  for  18  months,  at  the  fireside,  on  the  stump  and  at  the 
cross  roads;  the  press  teemed  with  publications  on  the  subject;  the 
pulpit   thundered   anathemas   against  slavery,  and   Reynolds  says: 


101 

"Men,  women  and  children  entered  the  arena  of  party  warfare  and 
strife,  and  families  and  neighborhoods  were  so  divided  and  bitter 
against  one  another  that  it  seemed  as  if  a  civil  war  was  inevitable. 
The  religious  community  coupled  freedom  with  Christianity  which 
was  one  of  the  most  powerful  lovers  used  in  the  contest."  Judge 
Anthony  says:  "Each  anti-convention  member  of  the  General  As- 
semblj'  contribued  |50  for  the  common  fund,  G-overnor  Coles  gave 
his  four  years'  salary,  amounting  to  $4  000,  to  the  work,  and  Samuel 
D.  Lockwood  resigned  his  position  as  Secretary  of  State,  with  its 
meager  fees,  and  accepted  a  larger  salary,  as  receiver  of  public 
moneys,  devoting  all  his  surplus  income  to  the  cause.  The  conven- 
tion men  formed  secret  clubs,  with  grips  and  signals,  and  adopted  as 
a  password,  'Convention  or  die';  but  it  was  of  no  use;  there  was  a 
God  in  Israel."  The  anti-convention  and  anti  slavery  party  became 
thoroughly  united,  and  were  led  by  men  that  knew  no  fear,  whose 
convictions  were  so  strong  that  they  would  have  gone  to  the  scafPold 
or  the  stake  singing  hosannas  to  God.  They  belonged  to  the  class 
of  martyrs  that  have  worshipped  God  and  died  for  the  old  cause. 
Coles  threw  into  the  contest  his  soul,  his  conscience,  his  money  and 
estate,  and  in  return  be  was  harrassed  by  malicious  law  suite,  a  vic- 
tim of  the  prejudices  of  unjust  judges,  mobbed  by  a  rabble,  maligned 
and  misrepresented  iu  every  possible  way,  but  conscious  of  right  and 
justice,  and  battling  in  a  great  and  holy  cans* ,  he  was  not  dismayed 
or  discouraged.  The  battle  was  fought  and  won,  the  anti-slavery 
men  Avinning  the  day. 

For  the  proposed  convention  there  were  4,972  votes,  and  against 
6,640,  or  a  majority  of  1,668  against  a  convention,  and  it  may  not  be 
out  of  place  to  state,  that  of  this  majority  against,  Sangamon  county 
gave  569,  the  largest  majority  given  by  any  one  of  the  30  counties  in 
the  State 

Thus  ended  one  of  the  most  wonderful  political  dramas  ever  en- 
acted, either  State  or  National,  and  the  generations  that  came  after 
Governor  Coles  have  reaped  the  fruit  of  his  toil  and  sacrifice,  but  no 
moaviment  in  Illinois  has  ever  been  reared  to  his  memory,  and  his 
name  is  almost  forgotten.  The  only  recognition  being  the  painting 
on  the  walls  of  one  of  the  corridors  of  this  building*  and  the  naming 
of  a  county  for  him.  Can  Illinois  longer  refuse  justice  to  that 
memory? 

Washburne  in  his  sketch  of  Edward  Coles  says:  "We  regard  Mr. 
Coles  as  John,  the  forerunner  in  his  course  and  career,  and  we  have 
no  doubt  he  had  more  or  less  influence  upon  the  life  and  destiny  of 
the  immortal  Lincoln,  who  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with  his  perse- 
cutions, his  sacrifices  and  his  martyrdom  to  make  Illinois  a  free 
State." 

Governor  Coles  had  freed  his  slaves  before  entering  the  State, 
giving  the  head  of  each  family  160  acres  of  land,  but  after  his  arrival 
at  Edwardsville  for  their  better  protection  he  gave  separate  papers 
of  manumission  to  all  his  former  slaves,  not  knowing  of  the  law  of 
this  State  previously  passed  prohibiting  any  person  from  bringing 
into  the  State  any  negro  for  the  purpose  of  emancipation,  unless  he 

*Capitol  building:.  Springfield. 


102 

should  give  bonds  in  the  penalty  of  $1,000  that  the  negro  should  not 
be  a  county  charge,  and  that  if  the  emancipator  neglected  to  give  his 
bond  he  should  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  $200  for  every  negro 
emancipated. 

The  pro-slavery  men  glad  of  an  opportunity  to  harass,  and  punish 
him,  instituted  a  suit  against  him.  The  verdict  rendered  was  $2,000, 
but  judgment  was  afterwards  reversed.  The  administration  of 
Governor  Coles  was  an  eventful  as  well  as  an  excellent  one  for  the 
State,  He  took  great  interest  in  public  afPairs  and  attended  to  the 
minutest  detail  of  his  office  as  the  correspondence  in  his  own  hand 
will  attest.  During  his  administration  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal  was  incorporated  and  school  and  road  laws  enacted.  But  he 
was  not  a  popular  man  "a  man  of  strong  convictions  must  always 
have  enemies"  but  even  they  in  later  years  expressed  the  highest 
respect  for  his  character,  and  gratitude  for  his  services. 

Edward  Coles  while  acting  as  second  in  several  cases  of  so-called 
honor,  prevented  bloodshed  by  reconciling  the  parties,  notably  the 
case  of  Thomas  Kandolph's  in  his  quarrel  with  Edward  Randolph. 
He  also  reconciled  President  Adams  and  President  Jefferson. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  he  was  brought  up  under  the  Vir- 
ginia code,  in  which  a  man,  says  Curtis,  might  debauch  his  neighbors, 
rob  them  at  the  gaming  table,  impoverish  his  own  family  and  fall 
under  the  table  in  a  drunken  stupor  without  injury  to  his  social  po- 
sition but  if  he  allowed  himself  to  be  called  a  liar,  or  a  coward  his 
reputation  could  only  be  repaired  with  the  sword. 

While  traveling  in  Europe,  Edward  Coles  was  presented  to  Louis 
XVIII  and  also  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  distinguished  French 
General  LaFayette  who,  while  making  the  tour  of  the  United  States 
seven  years  later,  was  induced  to  include  Illinois  in  his  itinerary, 
and  was  delighted  to  find  in  its  Governor  the  young  friend  he  had 
met  in  France.  The  Legislature  had  extended  the  invitation  and 
had  been  liberal  in  making  provision  for  the  expense  of  the  enter- 
tainment which  amounted  to  $6,473,  about  one-third  of  the  tax  re- 
ceipts for  the  State  treasury  that  year.  A  large  delegation  from  Mis- 
souri accompanied  the  General  from  St.  Louis  to  Kaskaskia  where  a 
reception  was  held  at  the  residence  of  Colonel  Edgar.  Governor 
Coles  delivered  the  address  of  welcome,  to  which  a  feeling  response 
was  made  in  very  good  English  by  the  honored  guest;  the  enter- 
tainment concluding  with  a  grand  ball  at  the  stone  mansion  of  Pierre 
Menard.  At  Shawneetown  his  path  was  carpeted  from  the  landing 
to  the  mansion  of  General  Rawlings  and  flowers  were  showered  upon 
him  by  little  girls  arranged  along  the  way.      This  house  still  stands. 

No  history  of  Governor  Coles  would  be  complete  which  failed  to 
mention  the  part  taken  therein  by  the  Lieutenant  Governor.  Gov- 
ernor Coles  being  obliged  to  make  a  trip  east,  and  as  the  only  motive 
power  was  the  horse,  he  notified  Lieutenant  Governor  Hubbard  that 
he  would  be  absent  from  the  State  three  months,  Hubbard  being  act- 
ing Governor  for  ten  weeks  and  being  pleased  with  the  position, 
concluded  it  would  be  a  good  thing  to  hold  on  to  it,  he  therefore  set 


103 

up  the  claim  that  Governor  Coles  by  absenting  himself  had  forfeited 
the  office,  and  that  he  was  Grovernor,  but  after  a  fruitless  effort  to 
make  the  State  view  it  in  the  same  light,  he  retired. 

After  his  retirement  from  office  Governor  Coles  did  not  mingle  in 
politics,  although  in  the  spring  of  1831  he  was  invited  by  a  large 
number  of  his  friends  to  become  a  candidate  for  Congress  at  the 
election  to  take  place  in  August.  He  accepted  the  invitation,  but 
declared  that  he  did  not  offer  himself  as  a  candidate  of  any  party 
but  if  elected  he  should  be  faithful  to  the  trust  imposed  upon  him. 
That  he  would  not  be  a  creature  of  party  nor  the  humble  follower  of 
any  man,  but  guided  by  republican  principles  he  would  endeavor  to 
promote  the  best  interests  of  the  State.  The  late  Judge  Breese  also 
came  out  as  a  National  Republican  candidate,  but  both  were  over- 
whelmingly defeated  by  Joseph  Duncan,  the  candidate  of  the  Jack- 
son party.  Some  one  has  said:  "Historic  truths  ought  to  be  no  less 
sacred  than  religion.  If  the  precepts  of  faith  raise  our  souls  above 
the  interests  of  this  world,  the  lessons  of  history  in  their  turn  inspire 
us  with  the  love  of  the  beautiful  and  just,  and  the  hatred  of  what- 
ever presents  an  obstacle  to  the  progress  of  humanity,"  and  I  should 
fail  to  do  justice  to  the  memory  of  those  men  of  heroism,  who  so 
valiantly  aided  Governor  Coles  by  word,  and  pen,  in  his  endeavor  to 
make  Illinois  a  free  state  should  I  not  mention  first  the  English- 
man, Morris  Birkbeck,  who  wielded  such  an  influence  under  the 
nom-de-plume  of  Jonathan  Freeman.  It  was  he  who  designated 
slaver}'  as  the  leprosy  of  the  United  States,  a  foul  blotch  which  more 
or  less  contaminates  the  entire  system,  in  public,  and  private,  from 
the  president's  chair  to  the  cabin  of  the  hunter.  Samuel  D.  Lock- 
wood  of  whom  Beecher  said:  '"He  was  a  man  of  unwavering  devotion 
to  sound  principles,  and  the  public  good  in  every  position  he  held. 
His  services  to  the  cause  of  liberty  deserve  warm  recognition." 

"The  calm  and  philosophic  George  Flower,  and  no  one  enlisted 
with  a  truer  heroism  than  he  in  the  cause  of  humanity.  The  fear- 
less John  M.  Peck,  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  fired  his  brother 
preachers  with  an  ardent  love  for  liberty,  kindred  to  that  which  ani- 
mated his  own  breast.  George  Forquer,  Thomas  Mather,  William  H. 
Brown,  and  Daniel  Cook  the  attorney  for  Governor  Coles,  The 
descendants  of  some  of  these  men  are  now  living  in  our  midst,  and  it 
is  the  consensus  of  opinion  that  the  English  colony  saved  the  day 
for  Illinois." 

Illinois  was  fortunate  in  the  beginning  in  having  for  her  founders 
a  race  of  great  men  and  the  real  history  of  the  State  must  be 
found  in  their  lives.  All  honor  to  them  and  to  those  sturdy, 
pioneer  historians,  Peck,  Morris  Birkbeck,  Brown,  Reynolds  and 
Ford,  who  amidst  the  vicissitudes  and  privations  incident  to  the  early 
life  stopped  to  chronicle  the  passing  events  and  to  hand  down  to  us 
their  fame,  and  I  reiterate,  a  man  who  could  step  out  from  his  environ- 
ments as  did  Edward  Coles  and  calm  the  heated  passions  of  man,  pre- 
venting bloodshed ;  the  man  who  could  sway  the  opinions  of  the  giants 
of  the  day,  who  could  claim  kinship  to  Patrick  Henry  and  Dolly  Madi- 
son and  who  enjoyed  the  intimate  companionship  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 


104 

Madison,  Monroe  and  LaFayette,  must  have  been,  to  use  the  good 
old  colonial  expression,  a  "man  of  parts,"  the  peer  of  his  fellowmen. 
At  the  close  of  his  term  of  office  as  governor.  Coles  removed  to 
Edwardsville  and  engaged  in  cultivating  his  farm,  he  was  fond  of 
agriculture  and  was  the  founder  of  the  first  agricultural  society  in  the 
State.  Ten  years  later  we  find  him  in  Philadelphia  where  in  the 
full  strength  of  years  "he  fell  asleep."  He  rests  from  his  labors  but 
how  truly  can  it  be  said  of  him  "his  works  do  follow  him." 

Edward  Coles  was  a  giant  in  the  land;  his  character  an  unique 
one,  standing  out  alone;  in  the  light  of  today  with  the  principles  of 
freedom  so  fully  established,  it  is  difficult  for  us  to  realize  the  bravery 
necessary  for  Edward  Coles  to  take  the  stand  he  did.  No  Wendell 
Phillips  had  thrilled  the  the  country  with  his  eloquence  on  the  sub- 
ject of  slavery.  No  Lovejoy  had  laid  down  his  life  for  his  fellowmen. 
It  was  before  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  with  her  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin 
had  aroused  the  conscience  of  the  people  that  Edward  Coles  imbued 
with  the  principles  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  that  all 
men  are  created  equal,  and  true  to  his  convictions,  first  freed  his  own 
slaves  and  in  the  face  of  bitter  opposition,  fought  the  battle  that 
saved  our  State  from  the  blighting  curse  of  slavery. 

The  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  produced  a  Phillips  and  a 
William  Lloyd  Garrison ,  but  it  remained  for  the  glorious  State  of  Illi- 
nois to  give  to  the  world  two  such  kindred  spirits  as  Abraham  Lincoln 
and  Edward  Coles  and  "though  his  ashes  do  not  lie  mingled  with  the 
soil  of  the  State  he  served  so  faithfully,  yet  his  name  and  memory 
ehall  live  so  long  as  the  State  shall  have  a  place  in  history."  Nor 
should  we  forget  that  the  first  great  triumph  of  anti- slavery,  in  a 
political  contest,  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  fought 
upon  the  soil  of  Illinois,  our  mighty  State,  whose  phenomenal  prog- 
ress has  been  a  source  of  pardonable  pride  to  all  her  citizens  and  the 
heart  of  the  Frenchman  should  feel  no  greater  thrill  at  the  sound  of 
his  favorite  Marseillaise  than  we  at  "Illinois,  Illinois." 


O 


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FORT  DE  CHARTRES— ITS   ORIGIN,  GROWTH  AND   DE- 

CLINE. 


Joseph  Wallace,  M.  A. 

Illinois,  as  seen  in  the  light  of  today,  is  modern,  new  and  prosaic, 
and  it  is  difficult  for  the  present  generation  to  realize  that  it  has  any 
history  dating  beyond  the  time  of  the  American  pioneers.  Within 
the  territorial  confines  of  this  State  are  found  but  very  few  buildings 
or  other  works  of  civilized  man  that  bear  the  stamp  of  age  and 
around  which  cluster  historic  memories.  What  little  remains  to  us 
of  the  distant  past  must  be  carefully  sought  for  in  out  of  the  way 
and  neglected  spots  or  corners  of  the  State.  Such  is  the  case  with 
the  old  and  well  nigh  obliterated  fort  whereof  I  am  now  to  treat,  the 
ruins  or  d6bris  of  which  lie  in  the  American  Bottom,  in  the  extreme 
northwestern  corner  of  Randolph  county. 

Fort  Chartres,  or  Fort  de  Chartres,  was  the  seat  of  French  power 
and  authority  in  the  upper  Mississippi  valley  for  five  and  forty  years, 
and  of  the  British  authority  fcr  seven  years;  and  any  full  and  faith- 
ful account  of  it  would  necessarily  include  very  much  of  the  early 
history  of  Illinois  during  that  extended  period.  The  subject  is  a 
large  one,  fraught  with  a  strange  and  romantic  interest;  but  the  lim- 
its of  the  present  occasion  will  preclude  me  from  attempting  more 
than  a  clear  and  connected  summary  of  the  principal  facts  and  occur- 
rencee  in  the  long  and  checkered  story  of  this  famous  fortress. 

Fort  Chartres  was  the  creation  of  the  Company  of  the  West,  or 
Mississippi  company,  which  was  organized  by  the  celebrated  John 
Law,  in  August,  1717,  immediately  after  the  surrender  by  the  Sieur 
Antoine  Crozat  of  his  patent  and  privileges  in  Louisiana  to  the  French 
crown.  This  commercial  company  and  its  early  successor,  the  Royal 
India  company,  held  sway  in  the  province  of  Louisiana,  of  which 
Illinois  formed  a  part,  for  14  years. 

On  the  9th  of  February.  1718,  three  ships  of  the  Western  com- 
pany— the  Dauphin,  Vigilante  and  Neptune — arrived  at  Dauphin 
island  with  officers  and  men  to  take  possession  of  Louisiana.  On 
one  of  these  vessels,  or  on  the  frigate  La  Duchesse  de  Noailles,  which 
arrived  at  Ship  island  on  the  6th  of  March  following,  came  Pierre 
Duqu6  de  Boisbriant,  a  French  Canadian,  who  had  been  commis- 
sioned first  king's  lieutenant  for  the  province  of  Louisiana,  and  who 
was  the  bearer  of  a  commission  appointing  his  cousin,  Le  Moyne  de 


106 

Bienville,  governor  and  commandant  general  of  the  province,  in  place 
of  M.  L'Spignajj^,  removed.  [See  Pennicaut's  Annals  of  La.  from 
1699  to  1722.] 

In  the  early  part  of  October,  1718,  Lieutenant  Boisbriant,  with  sev- 
eral officers  and  a  considerable  detachment  of  troops,  departed  by 
bateaux  (boats)  from  Biloxi,  through  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Mau- 
repas  and  up  the  Mississippi,  to  regulate  affairs  in  the  Illinois  coun- 
try and  to  establish  a  permanent  military  post  for  the  better  protec- 
tion of  the  French  inhabitants  in  that  northern  district  of  the  prov- 
ince. Arriving  at  Kaskaskia  late  in  December  of  that  year,  he  there 
established  his  temporary  headquarters,  which  was  the  first  military 
occupation  of  the  village.  This,  however,  was  continued  for  only 
about  18  months. 

BUILDING   OF   THE   FIRST   FORT, 

Having  selected  what  was  considered  a  convenient  site  for  his  post, 
some  18  miles  above  and  to  the  northwest  of  Kaskaskia,  de  coisbriant 
sent  thither  a  large  force  of  mechanics  and  laborers  to  work  in  the 
forest.  By  the  end  of  the  spring  of  1720  they  had  built  and  practi- 
cally completed  the  fort,  which  was  henceforward  the  headquarters 
of  the  company  and  commandants  and  the  center  of  both  civil  and 
militar}'^  authority  in  the  Illinois.  The  fort  stood  on  the  alluvial 
bottom  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  Mississippi  river  and 
near  to  an  older  fortlet  that  had  been  erected  by  the  adventurers 
under  Crozat.  Midway  between  it  and  the  bluffs  on  the  east  ex- 
tended a  bayou  or  lake  which  was  supposed  to  add  to  the  strategic 
strength  of  the  place.  It  was  named  Fort  de  Chartres,  presumably 
in  compliment  to  the  Regent  of  France  from  the  title  of  his  son,  the 
Due  de  Chartres.  The  fort  was  built  of  wood  and  was  of  very  con- 
siderable dimensions,  but  whether  it  was  furnished  with  bastions  or 
not  is  uncertain.  It  is  described  as  a  stockade  fort,  fortified  with 
earth  between  the  rows  of  palisades.  Within  the  enclosure  were 
erected  the  commandant's  house,  the  barracks,  the  large  storehouse 
for  the  company,  etc.,  the  same  being  constructed  of  hewed  timbers 
and  whip-sawed  plank.  Although  not  a  strong  fortification,  except 
as  against  Indian  attacks,  it  was  made  to  answer  for  a  full  genera- 
tion the  needs  of  its  builders  and  the  military  commandants  who 
successively  ruled  here.  It  formed,  moreover,  an  important  link  in 
the  lengthened  chain  of  French  posts  stretching  from  eastern  Canada 
to  the  Grulf  of  Mexico.  The  idea  of  this  long  line  of  military  and 
trading  posts  appears  to  have  originated  in  the  fertile  brain  of  that 
great  explorer,  Robert  Cavelier,  Sieur  de  la  Salle. 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  fort,  a  village  began  to  grow  up  on  the 
bottom  between  it  and  the  river.  Here  the  company  erected  its 
warehouses  and  the  enterprising  Jesuits  built  the  church  of  St.  Anne 
de  Fort  Chartres.  With  the  advent  of  de  Boisbriant  and  his  asso- 
ciate officers,  there  was  introduced  in  the  district  of  the  Illinois  a 
more  settled  form  of  government  than  the  French  colonists  had  pre- 
viously known,  and  they  were  now  able  to  secure  titles  to  their  lands 
which  had  hitherto  been  held  at  the  sufferance  of  the  Indians. 


107 

THE   FORT   UNDER   BOISBEIANT   AND   HIS   SUCCESSORS. 

The  most  notable  of  the  early  arrivals  at  the  fort  was  Philippe 
Francois  de  Renault,  a  man  of  fortune  and  director-general  of  the 
mining  operations  of  the  western  company.  He  had  left  France  in 
the  spring  of  1719  with  200  miners  and  laborers  and  everything  need- 
ful for  the  prosecution  of  his  enterprise.  On  his  voyage  to  Louisiana 
he  stopped  at  St.  Domingo  and  purchased  some  500  Guinea  negroes 
to  work  in  the  mines.  A  number  of  these  were  brought  by  him  to 
Illinois  and  thus  African  slavery  was  introduced  here,  though  the 
enslaving  of  Indian  captives  was  already  in  vogue.  Arriving  at  Fort 
Chartres  early  in  the  year  1720,  he  made  it  his  principal  head- 
quarters, from  which  he  sent  out  prospecting  parties  into  various 
parts  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  in  search  of  the  precious  metals.  But, 
after  spending  a  large  amount  of  money  and  three  or  four  years  of 
time,  he  had  to  content  himself  with  dull  lead  which  he  found  in 
abundance.  In  June,  1728,  de  Boisbriant,  as  the  representative  of 
the  king,' and  Marc  Antoine  de  la  Loire  des  Ursins  on  behalf  of  the 
India  company,  granted  to  Renault  a  tract  of  land  a  league  in  width 
and  two  leagues  in  depth,  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  what 
is  now  Monroe  county  and  fronting  on  the  Mississippi.  On  this 
land  the  latter  laid  out  a  small  village  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
St.  Philippe,  and  which  was  located  about  five  miles  above  Fort 
Chartres. 

During  these  years  several  other  large  concessions  of  land  were 
made  by  the  company  to  prominent  personages  in  Illinois,  including 
one  to  Boisbriant  himself,  on  which  was  afterward  established  (by 
his  nephew,  Langlois)  the  still  existing  village  of  Prairie  du  Rocher. 

On  the  12th  of  October,  1721,  Father  Xavierde  Charlevoix,  accom- 
panied by  an  armed  escort,  arrived  at  Kaskaskia  in  the  course  of  his 
memorable  journey  through  the  French  possessions  in  North  Amer- 
ica. In  the  published  journal  of  his  travels,  referring  to  Kaskaskia 
and  Fort  Chartres,  he  writes:  "I  arrived  next  day  at  the  Kaskas- 
quias.  The  Jesuits  had  here  a  very  flourishing  mission,  which  has 
lately  been  divided  into  two,  because  it  was  thought  proper  to 
form  two  villages  of  savages  instead  of  one.  The  most  populous  is 
on  the  side  of  the  Mississippi.  *  *  Half  a  league  below  is  Fort 
Chartres,  about  a  musket  shot  from  the  river.  M.  Duqu6t  de  Bois- 
briant, a  Canadian  gentleman,  commands  here  for  the  company  to 
which  the  place  belongs;  and  all  the  space  between  the  two  places 
begins  to  be  peopled  by  the  French," 

From  the  above  extract,  it  appears  that  the  principal  village  of  the 
Kaskaskia  tribe  was  then  located  a  short  distance  above  Fort  Char- 
tres.  One  of  the  escorts  of  Charlevoix  through  the  Illinois  was  a 
young  Canadian  officer  named  Louis  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive.  He  be- 
came stationed  here,  and  was  destined  in  later  years  to  twice  exercise 
command  at  the  Fort. 

In  1725  Governor  Bienville  was  recalled  to  France,  and  Boisbriant, 
as  first  Lieutenant  of  the  province  became  acting  governor  of  Louis- 
iana, with  headquarters  at  New  Orleans.     His   position   as   major- 


110 

maternal  ancester  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  the  president  of  our  State 
Historical  Society.  At  this  period  the  fort  was  the  scene  of  much 
bustle  and  activity,  and  these  were  truly  its  halcyon  days.  In  one  of 
his  Letters  of  Travel  Through  Louisiana,  dated  ''At  the  Illinois,  the 
15th  of  May,  1753,"  Captain  Bossu  of  the  French  marines,  in  refer- 
ring to  the  fort,  says:  "The  Sieur  Saussier,  an  engineer,  has  made 
a  plan  for  constructing  a  new  fort  h<^re  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
court.  It  shall  bear  the  samy  name  as  the  old  one,  which  is  called 
Fort  de  Chartres." 

From  this  letter  it  seems  that  the  actual  building  of  the  new  fort 
was  not  then  commenced,  though  preparations  had  no  doubt  been 
made  for  the  work.  The  site  chosen  for  this  structure  was  perhaps 
a  mile  above  the  old  fort  and  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  river. 
Surprise  has  been  often  expressed  that  the  French  authorities  should 
have  erected  so  large  and  expensive  a  fortification  on  such  a  low  and 
ineligible  site,  but  it  was  in  accordance  with  their  settled  practice. 
Nearly  all  the  old  French  villages  were  located  as  a  matter  of  con- 
venience on  river  bottoms,  as  near  the  water  as  they  could  well  place 
them,  and  New  Orleans,  the  metropolis  of  Louisiana,  was  founded  in 
a  swamp. 

This  second  fort  was  built  of  limestone  quarried  from  the  blufPs 
some  four  miles  to  the  eastward.  According  to  a  modern  authority, 
"the  finer  stone  with  which  the  gateways  and  buildings  were  faced 
was  brought  from  beyond  the  Mississippi."  This  huge  structure  of 
masonry,  comprising  an  area  of  four  acres,  was  estimated  to  have 
cost  over  5,000,000  livres,  or  about  $1,000,000.  "As  a  means  of  de- 
fense" (writes  Breese,  in  his  Early  History  of  Illinois),  "except  as  a 
citadel  to  flee  to  on  any  sudden  attack  of  the  savages,  the  erection 
was  wholly  unnecessary.  Official  emolument  must  have  prompted  it, 
and  some  of  the  many  millions  of  livres  it  is  said  to  have  cost  must 
have  gone  into  the  commandant's  pocket,  or  into  those  of  his  favor- 
ites, and  they  enriched  by  this  mode  of  peculation." 

This  extensive  fortification  was  constructed  while  Louis  de  Ker- 
lerec  was  the  provincial  executive  of  Louisiana,  and  he  probably 
shared  in  the  profits  of  the  erection.  In  June,  1768,  he  was  ordered 
to  return  to  France,  and  was  accused  of  various  violations  of  duty 
and  assumptions  of  power,  and  particularly  with  having  spent  10,- 
000,000  of  liv7'es  in  four  years  under  the  pretext  of  preparing  for 
war.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Paris  he  was  imprisoned  for  some  time  in 
the  Bastile,  and  is  said  to  have  died  of  vexation  and  grief  not  long 
after  his  release  from  that  old  state  prison.* 

By  the  middle  of  the  summer  of  1756  the  fortress  was  so  far  ad- 
vanced toward  completion  that  it  was  occupied  by  the  commandant 
and  garrison,  and  the  archives  of  the  local  government  were  de- 
posited therein.  This  fact  is  indicated  in  a  letter  of  Captain  Bossu, 
dated  "At  the  Illinois  the  2l8t  of  July,  1756,"  wherein  he  writes:  "I 
came  once  more  to  the  old  Fort  Chartres  where  I  lay  in  a  hut  till  I 


*,,See  Gayarre's  Hist,  of  La.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  23-4. 


Ill 

could  get  a  lodging  in  the  new  fort  whioh  is  now  almost  finished.  It 
is  built  of  freestone,  flanked  with  four  bastions  and  capable  of  con- 
taining 300  men." 

With  the  rebuilding  of  Fort  Chartres  on  a  new  site  there  sprang 
up  at  its  main  gate  a  thriving  village  whioh  soon  absorbed  most  of 
the  population  of  the  old  village  adjacent  to  the  old  fort,  and  whioh 
received  the  name  of  New  Chartres,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne.  No 
vestige  of  this  village  exists  at  the  present  day. 

The  Seven  Years'  War  with  Great  Britain  was  now  being  vigor- 
orously  waged  and  the  demands  upon  Fort  Chartres  for  men  and 
material  aid  were  frequent  and  pressing.  Commandant  Macarty 
labored  steadily  to  meet  these  demands  and  several  expeditions  were 
sent  out  from  the  fort  to  take  part  in  the  great  struggle.  About  the 
close  of  the  year  1760,  the  veteran  Macarty.  after  nine  years  of  labor- 
ious service  at  this  post,  retired  from  the  command  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Captain  Neyon  de  Villiers,  a  brother  of  Jumonville  de 
Villiers  who  was  killed  in  May,  1754,  in  the  skirmish  at  Little 
Meadows,  Pa.,  with  a  company  of  Virginia  militia  led  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  George  Washington. 

Before  taking  leave  of  Major  Macarty,  I  may  remark  that  with  all 
due  deference  to  those  modern  writers  who  spell  his  name  with  a  "k" 
(Makarty),  I  prefer  to  follow  the  older  spelling  which  accords  more 
strictly  with  both  the  French  and  Irish  usage.  I  have  learned  by 
some  experience  that  it  is  necessary  to  step  among  these  old  French 
names  and  dates  as  "carefully  as  a  oat  among  crockery,"  and  even 
then  one  is  liable  to  stumble  and  fall. 

But  to  return  from  this  digression.  During  the  incumbency  of 
Neyon  de  Villiers  on  Nov.  3,  1768,  there  arrived  at  Fort  Chartres,  in 
a  store- boat  heavily  laden  with  goods,  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest  of  the 
firm  of  Maxent,  Laclede  &  Co.,  merchants  of  New  Orleans  who,  in 
1762,  had  obtained  from  Governor  de  Kerlerec  a  special  license  to 
trade  with  the  Indians  on  the  Missouri  river.  After  spending  most 
of  the  winter  at  the  fort,  Laclede  proceeded  up  the  river  in  Febru- 
ary, 1764,  and  established  a  trading  post  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  St.  Louis. 

In  the  month  of  June,  1764,  Captain  de  Villiers  having  become 
impatient  at  the  delay  of  the  British  conquerors  in  arriving  (after 
the  treaty  of  1763)  to  take  possession  of  Fort  Chartres,  resigned  his 
office  of  commandant,  and  accompanied  by  several  officers,  a  company 
of  soldiers  and  a  number  of  the  French  inhabitants  of  the  Illinois, 
departed  down  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans.  The  command  of 
this  stronghold  now  devolved  once  more  upon  the  veteran  St.  Ange 
de  Bellerive  who  had  come  from  Post  Vincennes  to  assume  it.  With 
only  a  small  garrison  to  support  him,  his  position  was  both  difficult 
and  dangerous  to  fill.  But  he  showed  rare  skill  and  address  in  pro- 
tecting the  French  settlers  and  in  dealing  with  the  restless  savages 
who,  from  time  to  time,  importuned  him  for  arms  and  supplies  to 
help  them  in  carrying  on  their  futile  struggle  against  the  English. 


110 

maternal  ancester  of  Dr,  J.  F.  Snyder,  the  president  of  our  State 
Historical  Society.  At  this  period  the  fort  was  the  scene  of  much 
bustle  and  activity,  and  these  were  truly  its  halcyon  days.  In  one  of 
his  Letters  of  Travel  Through  Louisiana,  dated  "At  the  Illinois,  the 
loth  of  May,  1753,"  Captain  Bossu  of  the  French  marines,  in  refer- 
ring to  the  fort,  says:  "The  Sieur  Saussier,  an  engineer,  has  made 
a  plan  for  constructing  a  new  fort  ht^re  according  to  the:  intention  of  the 
court.  It  shall  bear  the  same  name  as  the  old  one,  which  is  called 
Fort  de  Chartres." 

From  this  letter  it  seems  that  the  actual  building  of  the  new  fort 
was  not  then  commenced,  though  preparations  had  no  doubt  been 
made  for  the  work.  The  site  chosen  for  this  structure  was  perhaps 
a  mile  above  the  old  fort  and  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  river. 
Surprise  has  been  often  expressed  that  the  French  authorities  should 
have  erected  so  large  and  expensive  a  fortification  on  such  a  low  and 
ineligible  site,  but  it  was  in  accordance  with  their  settled  practice. 
Nearly  all  the  old  French  villages  were  located  as  a  matter  of  con- 
venience on  river  bottoms,  as  near  the  water  as  they  could  well  place 
them,  and  New  Orleans,  the  metropolis  of  Louisiana,  was  founded  in 
a  swamp. 

This  second  fort  was  built  of  limestone  quarried  from  the  blufiPs 
some  four  miles  to  the  eastward.  According  to  a  modern  authority, 
"the  finer  stone  with  which  the  gateways  and  buildings  were  faced 
was  brought  from  beyond  the  Mississippi."  This  huge  structure  of 
masonry,  comprising  an  area  of  four  acres,  was  estimated  to  have 
cost  over  5,000,000  livres,  or  about  $1,000,000.  "As  a  means  of  de- 
fense" (writes  Breese,  in  his  Early  History  of  Illinois) ,  "except  as  a 
citadel  to  flee  to  on  any  sudden  attack  of  the  savages,  the  erection 
was  wholly  unnecessary.  Official  emolument  must  have  prompted  it, 
and  some  of  the  many  millions  of  livres  it  is  said  to  have  cost  must 
have  gone  into  the  commandant's  pocket,  or  into  those  of  his  favor- 
ites, and  they  enriched  by  this  mode  of  peculation." 

This  extensive  fortification  was  constructed  while  Louis  de  Ker- 
lerec  was  the  provincial  executive  of  Louisiana,  and  he  probably 
shared  in  the  profits  of  the  erection.  In  June,  1768,  he  was  ordered 
to  return  to  France,  and  was  accused  of  various  violations  of  duty 
and  assumptions  of  power,  and  particularly  with  having  spent  10,- 
000,000  of  livres  in  four  years  under  the  pretext  of  preparing  for 
war.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Paris  he  was  imprisoned  for  some  time  in 
the  Bastile,  and  is  said  to  have  died  of  vexation  and  grief  not  long 
after  his  release  from  that  old  state  prison.* 

By  the  middle  of  the  summer  of  1756  the  fortress  was  so  far  ad- 
vanced toward  completion  that  it  was  occupied  by  the  commandant 
and  garrison,  and  the  archives  of  the  local  government  were  de- 
posited therein.  This  fact  is  indicated  in  a  letter  of  Captain  Bossu, 
dated  "At  the  Illinois  the  21st  of  July,  1756,"  wherein  he  writes :_  "I 
came  once  more  to  the  old  Fort  Chartres  where  I  lay  in  a  hut  till  I 


*  See  Gayarre's  Hist,  of  La.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  23-4. 


Ill 

could  get  a  lodging  in  the  new  fort  which  is  now  almost  finished .  It 
is  built  of  freestone,  flanked  with  four  bastions  and  capable  of  con- 
taining 300  men." 

With  the  rebuilding  of  Fort  Chartres  on  a  new  site  there  sprang 
up  at  its  main  gate  a  thriving  village  which  soon  absorbed  oiost  of 
the  population  of  the  old  village  adjacent  to  the  old  fort,  and  which 
received  the  name  of  New  Chartres,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne.  No 
vestige  of  this  village  exists  at  the  present  day. 

The  Seven  Years'  War  with  Great  Britain  was  now  being  vigor- 
orously  waged  and  the  demands  upon  Fort  Chartres  for  men  and 
material  aid  were  frequent  and  pressing.  Commandant  Macarty 
labored  steadily  to  meet  these  demands  and  several  expeditions  were 
sent  out  from  the  fort  to  take  part  in  the  great  struggle.  About  the 
close  of  the  year  1760,  the  veteran  Macarty.  after  nine  years  of  labor- 
ious service  at  this  post,  retired  from  the  command  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Captain  Neyon  de  Villiers,  a  brother  of  Jumonville  de 
Villiers  who  was  killei  in  May,  1754,  in  the  skirmish  at  Little 
Meadows,  Pa.,  with  a  company  of  Virginia  militia  led  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Greorge  Washington. 

Before  taking  leave  of  Major  Macarty,  I  may  remark  that  with  all 
due  deference  to  those  modern  writers  who  spell  his  name  with  a  "k" 
(Makarty),  I  prefer  to  follow  the  older  spelling  which  accords  more 
strictly  with  both  the  French  and  Irish  usage.  I  have  learned  by 
some  experience  that  it  is  necessary  to  step  among  these  old  French 
names  an  i  dates  as  "carefully  as  a  cat  among  crockery,"  and  even 
then  one  is  liable  to  stumble  and  fall. 

But  to  return  from  this  digression.  During  the  incumbency  of 
Neyon  de  Villiers  on  Nov.  3,  1763,  there  arrived  at  Fort  Chartres,  in 
a  store- boat  heavily  laden  with  goods,  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest  of  the 
firm  of  Maxent.  Laclede  &  Co.,  merchants  of  New  Orleans  who,  in 
1762,  had  obtained  from  Governor  de  Kerlerec  a  special  license  to 
tr^de  with  the  Indians  on  the  Missouri  river.  After  spending  most 
of  the  winter  at  the  fort,  Laclede  proceeded  up  the  river  in  Febru- 
ary, 1764,  and  established  a  trading  post  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  St.  Louis. 

In  the  month  of  June,  1764,  Captain  de  Villiers  having  become 
impatient  at  the  delay  of  the  British  conquerors  in  arriving  (after 
the  treaty  of  1763)  to  take  possession  of  Fort  Chartres,  resigned  his 
ojBBce  of  commandant,  and  accompanied  by  several  officers,  a  company 
of  soldiers  and  a  number  of  the  French  inhabitants  of  the  Illinois, 
departed  down  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans.  The  command  of 
this  stronghold  now  devolved  once  more  upon  the  veteran  St.  Ange 
de  Bellerive  who  had  come  from  Post  Vincennes  to  assume  it.  With 
only  a  small  garrison  to  support  him,  his  position  was  both  difficult 
and  dangerous  to  fill.  But  he  showed  rare  skill  and  address  in  pro- 
tecting the  French  settlers  and  in  dealing  with  the  restless  savages 
who,  from  time  to  time,  importuned  him  for  arms  and  supplies  to 
help  them  in  carrying  on  their  futile  struggle  against  the  English. 


114 

Cfc-artres  is  a  noble  ruin,  and  is  visited  by  strangers  as  a  great  curi- 
osity. I  was  one  of  a  party  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  ascended 
to  it  in  a  barge  from  St.  Genevieve,  nine  miles  below.  The  outward 
wall,  barracks  and  magazine  are  still  standing.  There  are  a  number 
of  cannon  lying  half  buried  with  their  trunnions  broken  ofP.  In 
visiting  the  various  parts,  we  started  a  flock  of  wild  turkeys  which 
had  concealed  themselves  in  a  hiding  place." 

The  broken  cannon  above  mentioned  were  probably  iron 
cannon.  In  a  recently  published  pamphlet  relating  to  Fort  Chartres, 
by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  we  are  informed  that  "five  cannon  were  taken 
from  the  ruins  of  Fort  Chartres  in  1812,  by  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards, 
and  mounted  on  Fort  Russell,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  present 
city  of  Edwardsville,  111.  One  of  them  was  bursted  when  fired  in 
celebration  of  Gen.  Jackson's  victory  at  New  Orleans,  in  January, 
1815.     Of  the  other  four,  no  trace  can  be  found." 

In  1820  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck  and  Nicholas  Hansen,  of  Illinois,  made 
a  careful  survey  and  drawing  of  the  plan  of  the  old  fortress,  for  in- 
sertion in  Beck's  "Gazetteer  of  Illinois  and  Missouri."  At  that  time 
many  of  the  rooms  and  cellars  in  the  building,  and  portions  of  the 
outside  walls  showing  the  opening  for  the  main  gate  and  loop-holes 
for  the  musketry,  were  still  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation.  According 
to  their  measurements,  the  whole  exterior  line  of  the  walls  and  bas- 
tions was  1447  feet.  The  walls,  built  of  solid  stone,  were  in  some 
places  15  feet  high,  and  the  area  of  the  fort  embraced  about  four 
acres. 

In  the  summer  of  1829  James  Hall,  that  gifted  writer  of  early 
Illinois,  visited  the  ruins  of  Fort  Chartres,  which,  in  the  first  volume 
of  his  "Sketches  of  the  West,"  he  thus  portrays:  "It  was  with  some 
difficulty  that  we  found  the  ruins,  which  are  covered  with  a  vigorous 
growth  of  forest  trees  and  a  dense  undergrowth  of  bushes  and  vines. 
Even  the  crumbling  pile  itself  is  thus  overgrown,  the  tall  trees  rear- 
ing their  stems  from  piles  of  stone,  and  the  vines  creeping  over  the 
tottering  walls.  The  buildings  were  all  razed  to  the  ground,  but 
the  lines  of  the  foundations  could  be  easily  traced.  A  large  vaulted 
powder  magazine  remained  in  good  preservation.  The  exterior  wall 
was  thrown  down  in  some  places,  but  in  others  retained  something 
like  its  original  height  and  form.  One  angle  of  the  fort  and  an 
entire  bastion  had  been  undermined  and  swept  away  by  the  river, 
which  having  spent  its  force  in  this  direction  was  again  retiring,  and 
a  narrow  belt  of  timber  had  grown  up  between  the  water's  edge  and 
the  river  bank.  It  was  curious  to  see  in  the  gloom  of  a  wild  forest 
these  remnants  of  the  architecture  of  a  past  age."* 

Gov.  John  Reynolds  appears  to  have  twice  visited  the  ruins  of 
Fort  Chartres,  the  first  time  when  he  was  but  a  youth.  In  his  "His- 
tory of  My  Own  Times,"  published  in  1855,  he  thus  whites:  "I 
examined  this  fort  about  30  years  after  it  was  abandoned;  and,  it  is 
strange!  the  large  trees  could  grow  in  that  short  time,  which  I  saw 
in  the  houses  and  within  the   walls   of   the  fortification  in  many 

*  Jud^e  Hall  died  in  Cincinnati.  O.,  in  1868,  aged  about  76  years. 


115 

places.  *  *  The  south  and  east  walls  when  I  first  saw  them  were 
remaining  in  their  original  shape,  and  they  seemed  to  be  about  15 
feet  high,  and  were  constructed  to  secure  strength  and  durability. 
The  gateway  was  open  and  the  jams  and  cornices  were  of  nicely  out 
rock.  The  powder  magazine  as  it  is  called  was  constructed  in  the 
most  substantial  manner.  *  *  This  magnificent  fortress,  built  at 
so  much  expense  in  the  wilderness  of  America,  has  been  declining 
for  the  last  80  odd  years."  ^^Hsi*^ 

"I  visited  this  fort  on  the  10th  of  October,  1854,  and  found  it  a  pile 
of  mouldering  ruins.  In  places  the  walls  were  torn  away  almost  even 
with  the  ground.     *     *     *     Thus  perish  the  works  of  man." 

In  1879  the  late  Edward  G.  Mason  of  Chicago  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  the  ruined  fort  and  viewed  it  with  the  eye  of  an  antiquary.  From 
his  exhaustive  paper  on  this  subject,  printed  in  1880,  we  make  a  few 
pertinent  extracts,  as  follows:  "The  Fort  Chartres  reservation  was 
opened  to  entry  in  1849,  no  provision  being  made  concerning  what 
remained  of  the  fort.  The  land  was  taken  up  by  settlers,  the  area  of 
the  works  cleared  of  trees  and  a  cabin  built  within  it,  and  the  process 
of  demolition  hastened  by  the  increasing  number  of  those  who  re- 
sorted there  for  building  material." 

Referring  to  the  changes  in  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi  and  the 
isolation  of  the  fort,  he  writes:  "The  channel  between  the  fort  and 
the  island  in  front  of  it,  once  40  feet  deep,  began  to  fill  up,  and  ulti- 
mately the  main  shore  and  the  island  were  united,  leaving  the  fort  a 
mile  or  more  inland.  A  thick  growth  of  trees  speedily  concealed  it 
from  the  view  of  those  passing  upon  the  river,  and  the  high  road 
from  Cahokia  to  Kaskaskia,  which  at  first  ran  between  the  fort  and  the 
river,  was  soon  after  located  at  the  foot  of  the  bluffs,  three  miles  to 
the  eastward.  These  changes,  which  left  the  fort  completely  isolated 
and  hidden,  gave  rise  to  the  report  of  its  total  destruction  by  the 
river.  *  *  *  But  this  is  entirely  erroneous.  The  ruins  still  re- 
main; and  had  man  treated  it  as  kindly  as  the  elements,  the  old  fort 
would  be  nearly  perfect  today." 

Of  the  powder  magazine  he  gives  us  this  interesting  description: 
"Yet,  though  so  much  is  gone  of  the  ancient  surroundings,  and  of 
the  fort  itself,  it  was  an  exceeding  pleasure  to  find  the  old  magazine 
still  almost  complete,  and  bearing  itself  as  sturdily  as  if  conscious 
that  it  alone  is  left  of  all  the  vast  domain  of  France  in  America.  It 
stands  within  the  area  of  the  southeastern  bastion,  solidly  built  of 
stone,  its  walls  four  feet  in  thickness,  sloping  upwards  to  perhaps  12 
feet  from  the  ground,  and  rounded  at  the  top.  It  is  partially  cov- 
ered with  vines  and  moss,  and  one  might  travel  far  and  wide  in  our 
land  to  find  an  object  so  picturesque  and  so  venerable.  But  for  the 
loss  of  its  iron  doors  and  the  cut  stone  about  the  doorway,  it  is  well 
nigh  as  perfect  as  the  day  it  was  built.  Within,  a  few  steps  lead  to 
the  solid  stone  floor,  some  feet  below  the  surface,  and  the  interior, 
nearly  30  feet  square,  is  entirely  uninjured.  You  may  note  the 
arched  stone  roof,  the  careful  construction  of  the  heavy  walls,  and 
the  small  apertures  for  light  and  air  curiously  protected  against  in- 
jury from  without." 


114 

Chartres  is  a  noble  ruin,  and  is  visited  by  strangers  as  a  great  curi- 
osity. I  was  one  of  a  party  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  ascended 
to  it  in  a  barge  from  St.  Genevieve,  nine  miles  below.  The  outward 
wall,  barracks  and  magazine  are  still  standing.  There  are  a  number 
of  cannon  lying  half  buried  with  their  trunnions  broken  off.  In 
visiting  the  various  parts,  we  started  a  flock  of  wild  turkeys  which 
had  concealed  themselves  in  a  hiding  place." 

The  broken  cannon  above  mentioned  were  probably  iron 
cannon.  In  a  recently  published  pamphlet  relating  to  Fort  Chartres, 
by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  we  are  informed  that  "five  cannon  were  taken 
from  the  ruins  of  Fort  Chartres  in  1812,  by  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards, 
and  mounted  on  Fort  Russell,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  present  j| 
city  of  Edwardsville,  111.  One  of  them  was  bursted  when  fired  in 
celebration  of  Gen.  Jackson's  victory  at  New  Orleans,  in  January, 
1815.     Of  the  other  four,  no  trace  can  be  found."  || 

In  1820  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck  and  Nicholas  Hansen,  of  Illinois,  made 
a  careful  survey  and  drawing  of  the  plan  of  the  old  fortress,  for  in-     I 
sertion  in  Beck's  "Gazetteer  of  Illinois  and  Missouri."     At  that  time     * 
many  of  the  rooms  and  cellars  in  the  building,  and  portions  of  the 
outside  walls  showing  the  opening  for  the  main   gate  and  loop-holes     i 
for  the  musketry,  were  still  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation.  According 
to  their  measurements,  the  whole  exterior  line  of  the  walls  and  bas- 
tions was  1447  feet.     The   walls,  built  of   solid   stone,  were  in  some 
places  15  feet  high,  and  the  area  of  the  fort  embraced  about  four 
acres. 

In  the  summer  of  1829  James  Hall,  that  gifted  writer  of  early 
Illinois,  visited  the  ruins  of  Fort  Chartres,  which,  in  the  first  volume 
of  his  "Sketches  of  the  West,"  he  thus  portrays:  "It  was  with  some 
difficulty  that  we  found  the  ruins,  which  are  covered  with  a  vigorous 
growth  of  forest  trees  and  a  dense  undergrowth  of  bushes  and  vines. 
Even  the  crumbling  pile  itself  is  thus  overgrown,  the  tall  trees  rear- 
ing their  stems  from  piles  of  stone,  and  the  vines  creeping  over  the 
tottering  walls.  The  buildings  were  all  razed  to  the  ground,  but 
the  lines  of  the  foundations  could  be  easily  traced.  A  large  vaulted 
powder  magazine  remained  in  good  preservation.  The  exterior  wall 
was  thrown  down  in  some  places,  but  in  others  retained  something 
like  its  original  height  and  form.  One  angle  of  the  fort  and  an 
entire  bastion  had  been  undermined  and  swept  away  by  the  river, 
which  having  spent  its  force  in  this  direction  was  again  retiring,  and 
a  narrow  belt  of  timber  had  grown  up  between  the  water's  edge  and 
the  river  bank.  It  was  curious  to  see  in  the  gloom  of  a  wild  forest 
these  remnants  of  the  architecture  of  a  past  age."* 

Gov.  John  Reynolds  appears  to  have  twice  visited  the  ruins  of 
Fort  Chartres,  the  first  time  when  he  was  but  a  youth.  In  his  "His- 
tory of  My  Own  Times,"  published  in  1855,  he  thus  whites:  "I 
examined  this  fort  about  30  years  after  it  was  abandoned;  and,  it  is 
strange!  the  large  trees  could  grow  in  that  short  time,  which  I  saw 
in  the  houses  and  within  the   walls   of   the  fortification  in  many 

*  Judse  Hall  died  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  in  186S,  aged  about  75  years. 


115 

places.  *  *  The  south  and  east  walls  when  I  first  saw  them  were 
remaining  in  their  original  shape,  and  they  seemed  to  be  about  15 
feet  high,  and  were  constructed  to  secure  strength  and  durability. 
The  gateway  was  open  and  the  jams  and  cornices  were  of  nicely  cut 
rook.  The  powder  magazine  as  it  is  called  was  constructed  in  the 
most  substantial  manner.  *  *  This  magnificent  fortress,  built  at 
so  much  expense  in  the  wilderness  of  America,  has  been  declining 
for  the  last  80  odd  years."  Jj^;£^ck;  «*i:i^ 

"I  visited  this  fort  on  the  10th  of  October,  1854,  and  found  it  a  pile 
of  mouldering  ruins.  In  places  the  walls  were  torn  away  almost  even 
with  the  ground.     *     *     *     Thus  perish  the  works  of  man." 

In  1879  the  late  Edward  G.  Mason  of  Chicago  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  the  ruined  fort  and  viewed  it  with  the  eye  of  an  antiquary.  From 
his  exhaustive  paper  on  this  subject,  printed  in  1880,  we  make  a  few 
pertinent  extracts,  as  follows:  "The  Fort  Chartres  reservation  was 
opened  to  entry  in  1849,  no  provision  being  made  concerning  what 
remained  of  the  fort.  The  land  was  taken  up  by  settlers,  the  area  of 
the  works  cleared  of  trees  and  a  cabin  built  within  it,  and  the  process 
of  demolition  hastened  by  the  increasing  number  of  those  who  re- 
sorted there  for  building  material." 

Keferring  to  the  changes  in  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi  and  the 
isolation  of  the  fort,  he  writes:  "The  channel  between  the  fort  and 
the  island  in  front  of  it,  once  40  feet  deep,  began  to  fill  up,  and  ulti- 
mately the  main  shore  and  the  island  were  united,  leaving  the  fort  a 
mile  or  more  inland.  A  thick  growth  of  trees  speedily  concealed  it 
from  the  view  of  those  passing  upon  the  river,  and  the  high  road 
from  Cahokia  to  Kaskaskia,  which  at  first  ran  between  the  fort  and  the 
river,  was  soon  after  located  at  the  foot  of  the  blufPs,  three  miles  to 
the  eastward.  These  changes,  which  left  the  fort  completely  isolated 
and  hidden,  gave  rise  to  the  report  of  its  total  destruction  by  the 
river.  *  *  *  But  this  is  entirely  erroneous.  The  ruins  still  re- 
main; and  had  man  treated  it  as  kindly  as  the  elements,  the  old  fort 
would  be  nearly  perfect  today." 

Of  the  powder  magazine  he  gives  us  this  interesting  description: 
"Yet,  though  so  much  is  gone  of  the  ancient  surroundings,  and  of 
the  fort  itself,  it  was  an  exceeding  pleasure  to  find  the  old  magazine 
still  almost  complete,  and  bearing  itself  as  sturdily  as  if  conscious 
that  it  alone  is  left  of  all  the  vast  domain  of  France  in  America.  It 
stands  within  the  area  of  the  southeastern  bastion,  solidly  built  of 
stone,  its  walls  four  feet  in  thickness,  sloping  upwards  to  perhaps  12 
feet  from  the  ground,  and  rounded  at  the  top.  It  is  partially  cov- 
ered with  vines  and  moss,  and  one  might  travel  far  and  wide  in  our 
land  to  find  an  object  so  picturesque  and  so  venerable.  But  for  the 
loss  of  its  iron  doors  and  the  cut  stone  about  the  doorway,  it  is  well 
nigh  as  perfect  as  the  day  it  was  built.  Within,  a  few  steps  lead  to 
the  solid  stone  floor,  some  feet  below  the  surface,  and  the  interior, 
nearly  30  feet  square,  is  entirely  uninjured.  You  may  note  the 
arched  stone  roof,  the  careful  construction  of  the  heavy  walls,  and 
the  small  apertures  for  light  and  air  curiously  protected  against  in- 
jury from  without." 


116 

In  a  later  publication  I  find  a  short  description  of  the  old  maga- 
zine which  is  here  introduced  as  supplementary  to  that  of  Mr.  Mason. 
It  reads  as  follows:  "The  northeastern  bastion  having  the  flag  staff 
was  higher  than  the  others.  In  the  southeastern  bastion  was  situ- 
ated the  magazine  of  stone,  laid  in  cement,  now  as  hard  as  flint.  It 
is  yet  in  sound  preservation,  its  vertical  end  walls  25  feet  in  height 
closing  the  arch  between.  Its  floor,  seven  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  its  interior  wall  plastered  with  cement,  measuring  25  feet  by  ]8, 
and  20  feet  from  the  floor  to  the  apex  of  the  arch."* 

At  the  present  day  we  are  told  that  nothing  of  the  great  old  struc- 
ture remains,  save  one  angle  of^'the  outer  wall  a  few  feet  in  height, 
and  the  magazine.  The  latter  seems  to  be  proof  against  time  and 
decay,  and  barring  accidents,  may  last  for  an  indefinite  period.  If 
by  some  convulsion  of  nature,  or  a  gradual  subsidence  of  the  land, 
the  Mississippi  valley  should  again  be  covered  by  the  sea,  then  this 
vaulted  magazine  might  become  imbedded  in  the  strata,  and  if  dis- 
covered in  after  geologic  times  would  perhaps  be  cited  as  a  proof  of 
the  high  antiquity  of  man. 

"It  is  much  to  be  regretted,"  says  a  writer  familiar  with  the  sub- 
ject, "that  so  few  of  the  records  and  official  documents  of  old  Fort 
Chartres  have  been  preserved  to  reveal  to  us  the  story  of  its  various 
occupants  in  the  daily  life,  and  of  the  stirring  events  and  strange, 
thrilling  scenes  that  transpired  there." 

CONCLUSION. 

I  have  now,  somewhat  concisely  and  imperfectly,  traced  the  event- 
ful history  of  Fort  Chartres  from  its  beginning  in  1719  down  through 
its  varying  stages  of  growth  and  decay  to  recent  times.  As  we  pass 
in  review  the  long  array  of  noted  men — French,  English  and  Ameri- 
can— who  were  either  actively  associated  with  or  were  visitors  to  and 
describers  of  the  old  fortress,  it  is  melancholy  to  reflect  that  they  all 
long  ago  departed  to  the  silent  land,  and  that  some  of  their  names 
have  been  with  difficulty  rescued  from  oblivion,  And  yet  they  one 
and  all  seem  to  have  left,  or  sought  to  leave,  some  footprints  as  they 
passed  that  succeeding  generations  might  discern  they  once  had  been 
on  earth  and  acted  something  here. 

With  students  of  our  western  history,  it  is  to  be  deplored  that  this 
large  and  commodious  fortress — the  only  great  architectural  work  of 
the  French  in  the  entire  basin  of  the  Mississippi — over  which  floated 
in  succession  the  flags  of  two  powerful  nations,  should  not  have  been 
erected  upon  a  firmer  and  more  elevated  site,  where  it  might  have 
been  preserved  intact  as  an  impressive  and  instructive  monument  of 
the  past  even  unto  the  present  time. 

Something,  however,  may  yet  be  done  to  safeguard  the  memory  of 
this  ancient  citadel.  The  State  of  Illinois  can,  and  I  think  it  should, 
purchase  the  site  of  the  fort,  clear  and  enclose  the  ground,  trace  out 
as  far  as  possible  the  lines  of  the  exterior  walls  and  the  foundations 


*  Vide  Dr.  Snyder's  booklet  relating  to  Port  Chartres,  printed  in  1901. 


117 

of  the  principal  buildings,  and  transform  it  into  a  historic  little  park. 
And  thus  this  relic  and  legacy  to  us  from  the  remote  past  might  be, 
in  some  material  form,  handed  down  to  posterity. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  here,  that  the  memory  of  Fort  Chartres 
is  locally  preserved  in  the  name  of  the  river  landing  and  ferry  in 
that  vicinity. 

Perhaps  the  latest  contribution  to  the  literature  of  Fort  Char- 
tres is  found  in  a  recent  series  of  short  yet  interesting  articles 
in  the  Quinoy  (111.)  Whig,  descriptive  of  the  ruined  fort  and  its  en- 
virons as  they  appear  today — written  by  Dr.  Homer  Mead  of  Schuy- 
ler county,  111. 


118 


A  FEW  NOTES  FOR  AN  INDUSTRIAL  HISTORY  OF 

ILLINOIS. 

Ethelbert  Stewart,  United  States  Department  of  Labor,  Chlcaso. 

We  have  but  to  look  at  the  passing  moment  to  see  that  the  politics 
of  today  grows  out  of  and  reflects  the  economic  and  industrial  con- 
ditions of  today.  When  history  records  tomorrow  what  politics  did 
today,  it  may  or  may  not  note  the  fact  that  under  it  all  was  a  social 
condition,  growing  out  of  a  still  deeper  economic  and  industrial  con- 
dition, which  compelled  history  to  be  what  it  was. 

The  tendency  to  ask  "why?"  has  reached  the  historian.  We  want 
"interpretations  of  history."  We  hear  much  now  of  the  "economic 
interpretation  of  history,"  and  will  hear  more  as  intelligence  ad- 
vances. 

Industrial  conditions  shape  the  economic  life  out  of  which  social 
conditions  grow.  The  civic  and  political  life  grows  out  of  and  takes 
shape  from  economic  conditions.  Pay-rolls  and  price-lists  make 
history.  The  fur  of  the  beaver,  and  the  difference  between  the  price 
paid  the  Indians  for  that  fur  and  its  price  in  London  was  the  attrac- 
tion which  drew  the  star  of  empire  westward. 

The  time  is  rapidly  approaching  when  it  will  be  impossible  to  se- 
cure suflBcient  data  for  an  adequate  history  of  the  industrial  and 
economic  development  of  Illinois.  Each  year,  with  the  destruction 
of  each  old  account  book,  old  pay-roll,  old  price-list,  the  difficulty  in- 
creases. All  possible  haste  should  be  made  to  collect  and  transcribe 
as  many  of  these  as  still  exist.  Back  of  the  old  settler  is  the  ques- 
tion why  he  came  to  be  an  old  settler?  That  question  must  be  set- 
tled by  his  old  ledger,  not  by  his  picture.  I  have  no  doubt  that  a 
fair  number  of  old  grocery  accounts  and  farmers'  income  ledgers  can 
yet  be  secured  to  make  a  fairly  complete  and  connected  history  of 
this  economic  growth,  But  we  must  be  quick  about  it.  The  task  is 
not  80  easy  here  as  in  colonial  New  England  where  the  prices  of 
farm  products  and  labor  were  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  the  courts. 
In  New  England  the  courts  fixed  the  exchange  value  of  beaver  skins, 
wampum  beads,  corn  and  wheat.  In  Illinois,  coon  skins,  wampum, 
and  general  barter  likewise  prevailed,  but  we  must  learn  exchange 
values  from  old  letters,  diaries,  and  account  books,  rather  than  court 
records  which  will  not  aid  as  much  save  in  rare  instances. 

The  pay-rolls  of  the  American  Fur  company  for  1818  and  1819  are 
obtainable,  and  show  that  the  company  was  just  beginning  to  operate 
in  Illinois,  which  is  spoken  of  as  a  "dependency"  of  the  Milwaukee 


119 

branch  of  the  company's  business.  A  study  of  these  pay-rolls  shows 
that  much  higher  wages  were  paid  for  like  services  in  Illinois  than 
obtained  either  in  the  Mackinac  district  or  on  the  Mississippi  below 
St.  Louis.  The  rates  of  pay  mentioned  in  these  pay-rolls  is  in  the 
depreciated  currency  of  that  time  and  no  attempt  will  here  be  made 
to  give  present  equivalents.  If  boatmen  received  but  $500  and  $600, 
the  rate  paid  in  other  districts  in  1818,  in  1819  they  received  $1,000 
per  year  in  Illinois  with  no  increase  for  boatmen  elsewhere.  Inter- 
preters, men  who  could  talk  with  the  Indians,  were  paid  $8,000  a 
year  in  Illinois,  whereas  $1,200  and  $2,000  were  the  rates  elsewhere. 
An  interpreter  who  was  getting  $2,000  a  year  at  Wabash,  Indiana, 
was  transferred  to  the  Kankakee,  in  Illinois,  July  13,  1819,  at  $3,000 
a  year.  The  company  paid  $700  a  year  for  a  tailor  in  Illinois,  which 
was  more  than  double  the  wages  paid  at  Mackinac,  A  carpenter 
who  "was  left  at  Chicago"  was  on  the  pay-rolls  at  $1,200  a  year.  A 
"trader,"  presumably  a  man  well  versed  in  the  quality  of  furs,  was 
paid  $3,000  in  Illinois,  while  below  St.  Louis  $1,500  was  the  rate. 
Certainly  this  larger  pay  would  cause  a  rush  to  Illinois  of  all  the 
men  the  company  could  be  induced  to  use. 

In  1821,  the  company  rated  wampum  at  $5.50  per  1,000 
pieces,  or  beads,  and  that  year  sent  20,100  pieces  of  wampum  to 
Chicago  to  be  exchanged  for  fur.  This  treasure  came  on  the  Schooner 
Ann,  along  with  five  dozen  scalping  knives  at  $1.20  per  dozen;  and 
143  blankets  of  various  qualities  and  prices.  Duck  shot  was  sold 
for  20  cents  a  pound.  Salt  was  worth  more  per  barrel  than  flour,  the 
former  being  $6,  the  latter  $5.  Salt  had  to  come  from  New  York, 
and  its  price  was  the  economic  reason  for  the  early  development  of 
salt  wells  on  the  Illinois  river,  and  on  the  Wabash.  The  result  of 
these  wells,  together  with  Micliigan  developments,  was  that  salt 
which,  transported  from  New  York,  sold  in  Chicago  for  $6,  dropped 
to  $1.87-J  a  barrel  at  the  Illinois  wells,  and  the  wages  of  coopers  rose 
to  $1,200  per  year. 

It  is  not,  however,  in  Cook  county,  nor  in  the  enterprises  of  the 
American  Fur  company  that  the  substantial  early  industrial  develop- 
ments are  to  be  sought.  Cook  county  is  not  mentioned  in  the  census 
returns  until  1840,  and  then  it  was  the  eleventh  in  population.  That 
census  showed  Morgan  county  with  almost  double  the  population  of 
Cook;  Sangamon  had  14,716;  Adams,  14,476;  Madison,  14,433;  while 
Cook  had  but  10,201.  The  economic  trend  of  things  which  was  to 
give  to  Cook  county  its  impetus,  and  make  Chicago  the  wonder  of 
the  world,  set  in  between  1830  and  1840.  Prior  to  that  the  solid 
development  in  the  State  had  been  in  the  central  and  southwestern 
counties.     It  is  in  them  must  be  sought  the  economic  data  desired. 

W^e  may  never  know  what  Mathew  Duncan  paid  his  printers  on 
that  first  newspaper  in  Illinois  which  he  started  in  Kaskaskia  in 
1815;  but  we  ought  to  be  able  to  get  the  wages  of  printers  pretty  well 
back  in  the  century.  Detroit  has  the  records  of  printers'  wages  back  to 
1837.  The  best  I  have  been  able  to  do  in  Illinois  is  1852,  when  the 
union  was  formed  in  Chicago,  wages  being  $12  per  week. 


120 

We  know  the  salary  of  the  first  school  teacher  of  the  first  school 
supported  entirely  and  directly  by  public  taxation  in  the  history  of 
the  world.  This  school  was  opened  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  in  1644,  and 
the  teacher  received  $67  per  year.  Inasmuch  as  Illinois  did  not 
seriously  undertake  a  public  school  system  until  1840,  would  it  not 
be  worth  an  efPort  to  ascertain  the  salaries  of  teachers  in  at  least 
some  of  the  counties,  back  to  the  beginning?  We  know  the  fees  of 
the  first  colonial  lawyer  in  1638,  and  whether  each  particular  fee  was 
paid  in  money,  wampum  or  cord  wood;  and  there  may  be  lawyers' 
diaries  and  note  books  lying  around  in  dusty  chests  that  would  be  of 
as  great  interest  to  the  historian  of  Illinois  as  is  Thomas  Lechford's 
note-book  to  the  historian  of  Massachusetts.  When  he  tells  us  he 
paid  $17  a  year  rent  on  his  living  rooms,  and  $1.87|  to  have  a  dress 
made  for  his  wife,  the  relation  of  expenditures  then  and  now  becomes 
not  less  interesting  than  his  frantic  efforts  to  defend  the  followers  of 
Ann  Hutchinson  before  hostile  courts. 

Before  many  years  our  descendants  will  be  as  far  away  from  the 
early  days  of  Illinois  as  we  are  from  the  Mayflower,  and  they  will 
wonder  why  we  did  not  do  something  to  preserve  for  them  some 
record  of  the  human  interest,  the-every-day-life-sideof  our  history. 

In  1885  an  official  but  inadequate  census  of  the  industries  of  the 
State  was  taken.  This  showed,  339  manufactories,  916  mills,  87 
manufacturing  machines,  and  142  distilleries  in  the  State.  If  the 
original  data  or  schedules  used  in  that  census  can  be  secured  they 
will  afford  clews  through  which  a  very  complete  picture  of  economic 
conditions  at  that  date  may  be  restored. 

Doubtless  many  documents  of  great  value  are  still  in  the  hands  of 
the  descendants  of  those  who  began  the  industrial  development  of 
Adams,  Morgan,  and  Sangamon  counties,  and  the  counties  further 
to  the  south. 

The  lead  fields  of  Galena  played  an  important  part  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Politically  they  were  the 
cause  of  the  threat  of  secession  made  by  the  Chicago  Journal  in 
1846.  They  gave  the  first  stimulus  to  Chicago,  and  furnished,  to- 
gtether  with  the  growth  of  Chicago,  the  economic  incentive  to  Wis- 
consin in  seeking  to  annex  to  her  territory  the  northern  counties  of 
Illinois,  thus  dismembering  the  State.  At  least  one  Illinois  Con- 
gressman was  offered  the  United  States  Senatorship  if  he  would 
secure  a  change  in  the  northern  line  of  Illinois  from  its  present  po- 
sition to  one  direct  from  the  lowest  point  of  Lake  Michigan.  This 
would  have  given  Wisconsin  the  lead  fields,  and  Milwaukee's  then 
rival  for  lake  trade,  the  growing  Chicago. 

In  1743,  there  were  but  20  miners  in  the  Galena  field,  and  at  sur- 
face operations  were  barely  making  a  living.  In  1788  some  of  them 
were  taking  out  $30  a  day  for  weeks  together.  Wages  of  common 
labor  was  $1  a  day  and  board  in  these  fields,  or  more  than  twice  the 
wages  of  New  England  at  the  same  time.  Even  then  there  was  no 
great  rush  to  the  lead  fields  until  after  July  1,  1825,  because  the 
American  Fur  company  was  offering  better  inducements.  A  report 
to  Congress  states  that  July  1,   1825,    there   were  100  miners  in  the 


121 

lend  fields  of  Galena;  Dec.  31,  1825,  there  were  151;  March  81, 
1826,  there  were  194;  June  30,  1826,  their  number  had  increased  to 
406,  and  by  Aug.  31,  1826,  to  453.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
rush.  Wildcat  schemes  and  speculations  followed,  of  course.  The 
hard  times  of  1837  which,  by  restricting  consumption,  produced  that 
"optical  illusion"  we  call  over-production,  finally  ruined  the  business. 
Flour  which  was  bought  in  Milwaukee  for  $2.50  a  barrel  in  1841  was 
hauled  to  Galena  by  wagon  and  sold  for  %1.  The  profits  of  transpor- 
tation and  trade  drew  large  numbers  who  were  not  miners  into  the 
mining  region,  and  began  that  movement  which  was  to  make  great 
the  northern  end  of  the  State  and  its  great  metropolis.  The  trade  of 
the  southern  end  of  the  State  was  with  the  south,  the  trade  of  the 
northern  end  of  the  State  through  Chicago  was  with  the  east;  and 
these  ledger  balances  manifested  themselves  in  the  sectional  views, 
and  legislative  opinions  in  1860. 

The  Illinois  Historical  Society  should  be  able  to  find  some  of  the 
pay-rolls  and  account  books  of  the  contractors  of  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  canal;  a  stupendous  work  which  vitally  aflFected  economic 
conditions  for  a  period  of  several  years,  not  only  'in  its  influence 
upon  wages  and  employment,  but  also  in  securing  better  prices  to 
the  farmer  for  his  products,  and  through  these  attracting  larger  and 
larger  influx  of  people  to  the  northern  part  of  the  State:  Did  you 
ever  stop  to  think  what  the  history  of  this  country  would  have  been 
had  the  Erie  Canal  been  finished  to  Philadelphia  as  originally  in- 
tended, instead  of  being  deflected  to  New  York.  To  get  a  good  idea 
of  the  "economic  interpretation  of  history,"  imagine  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  canal  leading  to  St.  Louis  instead  of  Chicago,  with  New 
Orleans  as  our  final  sea-board  market  instead  of  New  York,  then  try 
to  find  some  familiar  faces  in  a  mental  picture  of  1860. 

Railroad  building  in  Illinois  began  in  1852,  and  many  roads  retain 
their  first  pay-rolls,  and  earliest  schedules  of  freight  and  passenger 
rates.  The  men  who  built  the  Illinois  Central  through  DeWitt  and 
Macon  counties  paid  $2.50  per  week  for  their  board  to  the  farmers 
along  the  road;  and  the  graders  or  common  laborers  got  $1.00  a  day; 
bridge-carpenters,  $2.50. 

The  pay-rolls  of  the  first  road  to  run  a  train  into  Chicago  are  in 
the  possession  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  Company. 
They  show  wages  of  locomotive  engineers  to  have  been  $65.00  a 
month  in  1856,  the  year  the  road  was  completed.  A  few  received  but 
$50.00  a  month.  Firemen  were  paid  $35.00  a  month.  In  the  shops 
of  the  company,  blacksmiths  were  paid  various  rates,  $2.00,  $2.25  and 
$2.50  a  day,  according  to  the  work  performed.  Carpenters  the  same. 
Painters  received  $1.60,  and  all  common  labor  $1.00  a  day. 

If  I  have  interested  its  members  in  this  matter,  or  successfully 
pointed  its  importance,  I  would  suggest  that  a  committee  of  your  so- 
ciety can  much  more  readily  find  and  secure  access  to  the  documents, 
diaries,  and  account  books,  revealing  early  economic  conditions  than 
any  individual  can  While  few  would  be  willing  to  part  with  such 
treasures  most  people  would  gladly  let  the  society  copy  such  facts  as 
are  essential,  and  later  these  facts  can  be  brought  together  into  a  sys- 
tematic review. 


122 


NECROLOGIST'S  REPORT. 


In  Memoriam. 

elisha  b.  hamilton. 

In  obedience  to  the  sad  duty  of  reporting  and  recording  the  death 
of  members  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  that  have  oc- 
curred since  its  last  annual  meeting,  we  are  pained  to  announce 
that  General  Elisha  Bentley  Hamilton  of  Quincy,  Illinois,  died  sud- 
denly of  heart  disease,  near  that  city,  on  the  afternoon  of  March  28, 
1902,  at  the  age  of  63  years,  5  months  and  23  days. 

He  was  a  native  of  Illinois,  son  of  Artois  and  Atta  (Bentley) 
Hamilton,  born  in  Carthage,  Hancock  county,  on  the  5th  of  October, 
1838,  at  the  village  tavern  kept  there  for  several  years  by  his  parents. 
He  was  the  youngest  of  six  children.  His  boyhood  experience  was 
similar  to  that  of  many  other  distinguished  men  of  our  State,  pass- 
ing  the  springs  and  summers  at  work  on  the  farm,  and  attending 
school  during  the  winter.  In  the  fall  of  1856,  at  the  age  of  18,  he 
entered  Illinois  college  at  Jacksonville  and  graduated  therefrom  in 
June,  1860,  receiving  the  Bachelor  of  Science  degree,  and  in  June, 
1873,  the  college  conferred  upon  him  the  further  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts. 

Full  of  the  martial  spirit  from  his  infancy.  General  Hamilton, 
when  a  grown  boy  was  a  member  of  the  famous  old  Carthage  Guards. 
In  August,  1862,  the  second  year  of  the  Civil  War,  he  enlisted  in 
company  "B",  118th  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  and  served  with 
that  regiment  until  the  fall  of  1865,  winning  in  many  important  en- 
gagements distinction  for  bravery  and  superior  soldierly  conduct, 
For  gallant  and  meritorious  service  he  was  commissioned  first  lieu- 
tenant in  November.  1863,  and  near  the  close  of  the  war  was  pro- 
moted to  assistant  adjutant  on  the  staff  of  General  Fonda,  at  Baton 
Rouge,  Louisiana.  After  the  termination  of  the  Civil  War,  retain- 
ing his  interest  in  military  matters,  he  aided  in  organizing  the 
Quincy  Guards  of  which  he  was  elected  captain.  In  1877  he  was  in 
command  of  the  8th  Illinois  infantry  during  the  great  strike  at  East 
St.  Louis,  and,  for  the  valuable  services  he  there  rendered  the  State, 
he  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Cullom  a  brigadier  general.  He 
then  served  as  Inspector  General  of  the  Illinois  militia  under  Gov- 
ernors Cullom,  Hamilton  and  Oglesby,  resigning  in  1887, 

General  Hamilton  became  a  resident  of  Quincy  in  1866,  entering 
the  office  of  Warren  &  Wheat  as  a  law  student,  and  was  admitted  to 


General  Eliaha  B.  HftmHton,  Quincy.  111. 


123 

the  bar  in  January,  1869.  He  was  successively  a  member  of  the  law 
firms  of  Warren,  Wheat  &  Hamilton;  Wheat,  Ewing  &  Hamilton; 
and  Ewing  &  Hamilton.  From  the  summer  of  1887  to  the  spring  of 
1891  he  practiced  law  in  Kansas  City,  and  for  a  number  of  years  he 
was  the  senior  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Hamilton  &  Woods  in 
Quinoy. 

He  was  an  active  politician  and  always  an  aggressive  Republican, 
but  not  of  the  oflBce  seeking  variety.  Though  frequently  urged  to 
accept  nominations  he  invariably  declined;  yet  he  accepted  the  ap- 
pointment of  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Quinoy  in  1868,  and  was  reap- 
pointed by  President  Grant  in  1872.  He  also  served  as  deputy 
United  States  marshal  under  both  Marshals  Tanner  and  Wheeler. 
He  was  an  enthusiastic  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
and  served  a  number  of  terms  as  commander  of  the  local  (John 
Woods)  post  and  as  senior  vice  commander  of  the  Illinois  Depart- 
ment in  1893-4,  and  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee  and  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

He  was  a  Mason  of  high  degree,  in  Lodge,  Chapter  and  Com- 
mandery. 

General  Hamilton  and  Miss  Mary  E.  Fisk  of  Quincy  were  united 
in  marriage  on  the  10th  of  September,  1878,  and  she  survives  him 
with  two  children,  Elisha  Bentley  Hamilton  and  Miss  Lucy  A.  Ham- 
ilton, 

In  stature  the  general  was  tall,  well  proportioned  with  military 
bearing  and  handsome  features.  In  disposition  he  was  kind,  genial 
and  affable,  with  courteous,  polished  manners.  He  was  fond  of  ease 
and  quietude,  but  public  spirited,  and  always  ready  to  aid  in  any 
cause  having  for  its  object  the  educational,  moral  and  material  up- 
lifting and  bettering  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 

With  the  natural  gift  of  oratory,  a  fine  voice,  keen  humor,  spark- 
ling wit  and  a  limitless  fund  of  anecdotes,  combined  with  virile  ear- 
nestness and  force,  he  was  a  superior  and  very  popular  speaker. 

To  him  the  city  of  Quincy  is  largely  indebted  for  her  splendid 
public  library,  its  foundation  having  been  laid  by  the  proceeds  of  a 
series  of  lectures  he  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  having  delivered  for 
that  purpose.  He  was  also  active  and  efficient  in  founding  the 
Quincy  Historical  Society,  serving  until  his  death  as  its  vice  presi- 
dent. The  Quincy  schools  had  no  better  friend  than  General  Ham- 
ilton, and  for  Illinois  College  he  always  retained  a  strong  affection 
and  was  one  of  its  most  zealous  supporters. 

Loyalty,  patriotism  and  honor  were  his  distinguishing  traits.  He 
was  loyal  to  his  country,  to  his  friends,  to  his  home  and  to  every 
principle  of  right  and  justice.  In  politics  he  was  a  partisan,  firm  in 
his  convictions,  always  steadfast,  fair  and  manly,  devoted  to  his  party 
and  generous  and  honorable  to  its  adversaries. 

General  Hamilton  was  a  valued  member  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society.  He  is  gone,  and  we  join  the  citizens  of  Quincy  and 
the  people  of  the  State  in  sincere  sorrow  for  the  loss  of  the  gallant 
soldier,  the  able  lawyer  and  highly  worthy  citizen. 


124 


JAMES    AFFLECK. 


James  Affleck,  of  Belleville,  III,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Historical  Society,  departed  this  life,  at  his  home  near 
that  city,  on  the  24th  of  April,  1902,  at  the  age  of  88  years,  8  months 
and  2  days. 

A  sketch  of  his  biography,  written  by  himself,  was  published  in 
the  transactions  of  this  society  for  1901,  from  which  it  is  seen  that 
he  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  born  at  Dumfries  on  the  15th  day  of 
August,  1813.  When  he  was  scarcely  a  year  old  his  parents  came  to 
America,  landing  in  North  Carolina,  and  in  1818  they  brought  him 
to  St.  Clair  county  in  this  State,  For  83  years  he  was  continuously 
a  resident  of  Belleville,  and  witnessed  its  growth  from  a  small  village 
of  200  or  300  inhabitants— in  the  log  cabin  and  "tallow-dip"  era — to 
a  thriving,  busy,  city  of  20,000  people,  with  all  the  material  and 
social  accessions  of  modern  times. 

Mr.  Affleck  was  a  skilled  and  industrious  artisan,  in  earlier  life  a 
cabinetmaker,  then  a  contractor  and  housebuilder,  and  later,  for  36 
years,  superintendent  of  the  wood  department,  and  patternmaker,  of 
the  Harrison  machine  shops. 

He  was  a  very  intelligent  man,  self  educated  and  self  elevated  to  an 
honorable  position  in  society  where  all  gave  him  the  tribute  of  their 
respect  and  esteem.  A  Presbyterian  for  three  score  years,  he  was  a 
Christian  in  fact  and  belief,  a  gentleman  of  pure  character  and  ex- 
emplary habits. 

He  was  always  deeply  interested  in  the  history  of  Illinois,  nearly 
all  of  it  having  been  made  under  his  personal  observation.  He 
had  met,  and  shaken  hands  with  every  Governor  of  the  State  from 
Shadrach  Bond  to  the  present  Chief  Executive,  Richard  Yates  the 
second. 

When  Governor  Edwards  was  stricken  down  with  cholera,  in  July, 
1833,  and  his  life  rapidly  ebbing  away,  a  messenger  was  sought 
among  the  terrified  villagers  to  go  at  once  to  Edwardeville,  25  miles 
distant,  for  the  Governor's  brother,  Dr.  Benjamin  Edwards  Mr. 
Affleck  volunteered  to  go,  and  leaving  Belleville,  on  horseback,  about 
sunset  on  the  19th  inst.,  he  rode  to  Edwardsville,  and,  with  the 
Doctor,  returned  immediately,  arriving  in  Belleville  early  next  morn- 
ing, the  20th,  a  few  minutes  after  the  Governor  had  breathed  his 
last. 

Mr,  Affleck  served  for  some  years,  with  credit,  as  city  alderman, 
and  also  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  education;  but  far  preferred 
the  quietude  of  his  home  to  the  duties  of  public  life. 

His  memory,  to  the  last,  was  remarkably  clear  and  retentive;  and 
he  wrote  for  various  publications  many  interesting  and  historical 
sketches  and  reminiscent  papers  relating  to  early  Illinois,  that  well 
entitled  him  to  honorary  and  deserved  recognition  by  this  society. 


125 

Mr.  Affleck  was  twice  married,  and  is  survived  by  his  wife,  two 
daughters  and  two  sons. 

His  was  a  useful,  valuable  and  well-rounded  life,  though  unmarked 
by  extraordinary  deeds  or  startling  events.  He  acted  well  his  part 
in  every  duty  of  the  humble  sphere  he  occupied,  ever  conscientious 
and  honorable;  and  when  finally  he  passed  away  in  the  fullness  of 
years  and  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  entire  community,  he  left 
an  enviable  record  for  probity,  integrity  and  fidelity  to  principle. 


ADDENDUM 


128 


*PRAIRIE  DU  ROCHER  CHURCH  RECORDS. 

With  translation  by  Rev.  C.  J.  Eschmann. 

1743 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  dix  neuf  d'octobre  j'e  sou- 
signe  J.  Gagnon  prestre  jebaptisse  a  la  Chapelle  de  St.  Philyppe 
uue  enfant  nee  du  meme  jour  de  Legitime  mariage  de  Jean  Chavin 
et  de  Agnieoe  Lacroix.  Ses  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  Le  nom  de 
Agnieoe.  Le  parrain  a  ete  Jean  Jaoque  Domen6  demeurant  en  dit 
Lieu.  La  mareinne  Jeanne  Potier  femme  de  Jacque  Millet  habitant 
de  la  ditte  prairie.  Le  parrain  a  declare  ne  Savoir,  Signer;  La  mar- 
einne a  signee  avec  moy  de  ce  interpelle. 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre.  Jeanne  Potier  Millet. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  vingt  Six  d'octobre  est 
deoedee  dans  cette  paroisse  Theresse  Buchet  agee  dans  virons  cinq 
ans  edemy.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  meme  jour  dans  Le  Cime- 
tier  de  cette  paroisse  avec  les  ceremonies  presorittes  par  nostre  mere 
La  Ste  Eglisse  en  presance  de  son  pere,  qui  a  signe  avec  moy  de  ce 
interpelle.    J.  Gagnon,  prestre.  Buchet. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  vingt  Six  d'octobre  est  decede 
dans  cette  paroisse  un  enfans  a  la  prairie  du  Roches  appartenant  a 
Francois  Bastien  habitant  de  la  ditte  paroisse  agee  dans  virons  dix 
huit  mois.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  meme  jour  dans  Le  Cime- 
tier  de  La  Chappelle  de  la  ditte  prairie  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes 
par  nostre  mere  La  Ste  Eglisse  en  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe  de  oe 
interpelle.     J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  est  decede  dans  cette  paroisse 
un  petis  ponis  (?)  age  dans  virons  cinq  ans,  appartenant  a  Michel 
Lejeune.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  lendemaindans  LeCimetier  de 
cette  paroisse  avec  Les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La 
Sainte  Eglise  en  presance  du  bedeau  qui  a  signe  avec  moy. 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarant  trois  Le  trente  un  octobre  est  decedee 
dans  cette  paroisse  un  enfant  agee  dans  viront  14  mois  appartenant 
Ansiems  Joubert  sergent  des  troupes.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le 
meme  jour  dans  Le  Cimetier  de  cette  paroisse  avec  les  ceremonies 
prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La  Ste  Eglisse  en  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe. 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 

♦Accenting  of  French  vowel?  Is  omitted  because  the  printer  could  not  procure  the 
necessary  type. 


129 


1743 


In  the  year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-three,  on  the 
nineteenth  of  October,  I,  the  undersigned  J.  Gagnon,  priest,  have 
baptized  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Philip,  an  infant  born  on  the  same  day 
of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  John  Chavin  and  Agnes  Lacroix.  Its 
father  and  mother  gave  to  it  the  name  of  Agnes.  The  godfather  has 
been  John  James  Domen6,  living  in  said  place.  The  godmother, 
Jane  Potier,  wife  of  James  Millet,  living  in  the  said  prairie.  The 
godfather  declared  not  to  know  to  sign.  The  godmother  signed  with 
me  upon  this  request.     J,  Gagnon,  Priest.     Jane  Potieb  Millet. 

In  the  year  1748,  on  the  26th  of  October,  there  died  in  this  parish 
Theresa  Buchet,  aged  about  5|  years.  Her  body  was  buried  on  the 
same  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  pre- 
scribed by  our  mother.  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  her  father 
who  signed  with  me  upon  this  request.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

BUGHET. 

In  the  year  1748,  on  the  26th  of  October,  there  died  in  this  parish 
an  infant  of  Prairie  du  Roches,  belonging  to  Francis  Bastien,  living 
in  the  said  parish,  aged  about  18  months.  Its  body  was  buried  on 
the  same  day  in  the  cemetery  of  the  chapel  in  the  said  prairie  with 
the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in 
witness  whereof  I  have  signed  as  required.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1748,  there  died  in  this  parish  a  little (?),  aged 

about  5  years,  belonging  to  Michael  Lejeune.  Its  body  was  buried 
on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  cere- 
monies prescribed  by  our  mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of 
Bedeau  who  signed  with  me.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

(Signature  not  made.) 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  30th  of  October,  there  died  in  this  parish 
an  infant,  aged  about  14  months,  belonging  to  Anselm  Joubert,  ser- 
geant of  troops.  Its  body  was  buried  on  the  same  day  in  the  ceme- 
tery of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  Mother, 
The  Holy  Church,  in  witness  whereof  I  have  signed. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest, 


-9  H. 


130 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes,  trois  le  dix  novembre  est  decade  dans 
cette  paroisse,  Antoine  Maguim  dit  L'esperance,  age  dans  virons 
trente  cinq  ans;  il  est  mort  apres  avoir recu  tousles  sacrements.  Son 
Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  onze  du  meme  mois  dans  Le  Cimetier  da 
celte  paroisse  apres  avoir  dit  La  messe  Sur  Le  Corps  avec  Les  cere- 
monies prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La  Ste  Eglisse  Le  meme  jour 
et  ans  que  dessin  en  foy  de  quoy  jay  Signe.     J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  trois  Ledonze  de  novembre  est  decede 
dans  cette  paroisse  a  onzes  heurs  du  soir  francois  devillier  age  dans 
virons  quatorzes  mois.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  landemain  dans 
L'Eglisse  de  cette  paroisse  avec  Les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par  notre 
mere  La  Ste  Eglisse  en  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe.     J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  trois  Le  Seize  novembre  est  decedee 
dans  cette  paroisse  une  Esclave  f emme  elle  agee  dans  virons  trente  ans 
appartenant  a  M  Le  Chevallier  Deberlet  Major  Commandant  des 
Illinois.  Son  Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  landemain  dans  Le  Cimetier  de 
cette  paroisse  avec  Les  Ceremonies  prescrittes  par  notre  mere  La 
Ste  Eglise  as  presensance  de  Silom  qui  a  signe  avec  moy  de  ce  in- 
terpelle.    J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  vingt  quartre  de  novembre 
j'e  sousi  J.  Gagnon  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroisede  Ste  Anne  j'ay 
baptise  une  enfans  ne  de  la  veille  du  legitime  mariage  du  M  francois 
devillier  Enise  officierdes  troupes  detachee;  de  la  marienne  et  dame 
Elizabett  St  Ange.  Ses  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  Le  nom  de  Marie. 
Le  parrian  a  ete  M.  Joseph  Buchet  Garde  Magazine  du  roy.  La  ma- 
reinne  Marie  hebert,  Le parrain  a  signer  avec  moy;  La  mareinne  a 
declaree  ne  Savoir  signer  a  fait  La  marque. 

Buchet  marque  de 

X 
Marie  hebert. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 


131 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  10th  of  November,  there  died  in  this 
parish  Anthony  Magnien,  called  Lesperance,  aged  about  35  years. 
He  died  after  having  received  all  the  sacraments.  His  body  was 
buried  on  the  eleventh  of  this  same  month,  in  the  cemetery  of  this 
parish ,  after  mass  had  been  said  over  the  body  with  the  ceremonies 
prescribed  by  our  mother,  The  Holy  Church,  on  the  same  day  and 
year  as  above,     In  witness  whereof  I  signed.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  12th  day  of  November,  there  died  in  this 
parish,  at  eleven  o'clock  at  night,  Francis  Devillier,  aged  about  14 
months.  His  body  was  buried  on  the  following  day  in  the  church 
of  the  parish,  vvith  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother.  The 
Holy  Church.   In  witness  whereof  I  have  signed.   J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  16th  of  November,  there  died  in  this  par- 
ish a  female  slave,  aged  about  30  years,  belonging  to  M.  Le  Cheval- 
lier  Deberlet,  Major  Commanding  of  Illinois.  Her  body  was  buried 
on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish,with  the  ceremonies 
prescribed  by  our  mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  Silam, 
who  has  signed  with  me  upon  this  request.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

(Signature  not  made.) 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  24th  of  November,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Anne's  parish,  baptized  an  infant 
born  in  the  village  (?)  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  M.  Francis  De- 
villier, ^rmVe  (?)  officer  of  the  troops  detached  from  the  marine, 
and  the  dame  Elizabeth  St.  Ange.  Her  father  and  mother  named 
her  Marie.  The  godfather  was  M.  Joseph  Buchet,  Guard  of  the 
King's  Magazine;  the  godmother,  Marie  Hebert.  The  godfather 
signed  with  me,  the  godmother  declaring  herself  unable  to  sign, 
made  her  mark. 

Buchet.  mark  of 

X 
Marie  Hebert. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 


132 


1748 


L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  trente  novembre  je  sousigne 
J.  Gagnon  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroise  de  Ste  anne  je  baptisse 
deux  entans  ne  de  la  vielle  d'un  Exclave  negre  infidel  et  dame 
sauvagesse  ponis,  aussi  infidele  tous  deux  appartenant  a  madame  St. 
Ange  veuves  defer  (?)  M  de  St  Ange  Capitaine  informe  on  a  donne 
a  un  Le  nom  de  pierre  Igniace,  a  L'autre  ce  lui  de  Magdelainne.  Le 
parrain  du  Garcon  a  ete  M  de  Lafernne  Sargien  Major  du  poste. 
La  mareinne  Mademoisselle  Cathrine  Delessant,  Le  parrain  de  La  fiUe 
a  ete  Le  Sieur  Andre  Chaverneau.  La  mareinne  Magdelaine  Chassin 
femme  de  jean  baptiste  malet,  Les  parrains  et  mareinnes  avout  signi 
avec  moy  ou  fait  Leur  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une  croix. 

Signatures  Toferng 
marque  de  marque  de  marque  de 

X  X  X 

Andre  Chaverneaux  Madelaine  Chassen  Mallet  Cathrine  de  Lessart 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  2  Desbre  1743  je  sousigne  J. 
Gagnon  prestre  missionnair  de  la  paroisse  du  fort  de  Chartres  Jy 
baptisse  un  enfan  ne  du  meme  jour  du  legitime  mariage  de  Maturin 
pineaux  et  de  Marie  Illinoisse.  Ses  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  Le 
nom  de  marie.  Le  parrain  a  ete  Lessieur  huber  finet.  La  mareinne 
Marie  francoisse  Millet  femme  de  dodie,  Le  parrain  a  singne  avec  moy; 
La  mareinnne  a  declaree  ne  savoir  signes  a  fait  La  marque  ordinaire 
qui  est  une  croix. 

Finet. 

marque  de 
X 
Marie  francoisse 
Millet  Dodie 
J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 
Temoin. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  trois  Le  second  de  dessembre  est 
decede  dans  cette  paroisse  Marie  pineaux  agee  de  deux  jours  Son 
Corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  lendemain  dans  Le  Cimetier  de  cette  paroisse 
avec  Les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La  Sainte  Egliwse 
en  presance  dussieur  huber  finet  qui  a  signe  avec  moy. 

Finet. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 
Termoin. 


133 

1743 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  30th  of  November,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Anne's  parish,  baptized  two  infants 

born  in  the  village  (?)  of  an  infidel  negro  slave  and   a  savage ? 

also  an  infidel,  both  belonging  to  Madam  St.  Ange,  widow  of  the  late  M. 

St.  Ange,  Captain ?.     The  one  they  named  Peter  Ignatius,  the 

other   Magdalen.     The  godfather  to  the  boy   was  M.  de   Lafernne 

?  major  of  the  post;  the  godmother,  Miss  Catherine  Delessant^ 

The  godfather  of  the  girl  was  Sir  Andrew  Chaverneau,  the  god- 
mother, Magdalen  Chassin,  wife  of  John  Baptist  Malet.  The  god- 
fathers and  godmothers  have  signed  with  me  or  made  their  ordinary 
mark,  which  is  a  cross. 

Lafernne. 

Mark  of  Mark  of  Mark  of 

XXX 

Andrew  Chaverneaux  Magdalen  Chassin  Mallet  Catherine  de  Lessart 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  2d  of  December,  (1743)  I,  the  under- 
signed, J.  Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  the  parish  of  Fort  Chartres, 
baptized  an  infant  born  on  the  same  day  of  the  legitimate  marriage 
of  Maturin  Pinneaux  and  Marie  Illinois.  Its  father  and  mother 
named  her  Marie.  The  godfather  was  Sir  Hubert  Finet;  the  god- 
mother, Marie  Francis  Millet,  wife  of  Dodie.  The  godfather  signed 
with  me,  the  godmother  declaring  herself  unable  to  sign  made  her 
ordinary  mark  which  is  a  cross. 

Finet.    J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

Mark  of 
X 
Marie  Francis, 
Millet  Dodie. 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  2d  of  December  there  died  in  this  parish 
Marie  Pineaux  aged  2  days.  Her  body  was  buried  on  the  following 
day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by 
our  Mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  Sir  Hubert  Finet,  who 
signed  with  me. 

Finet,  witness.  J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 


134 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  Sept  de  descembre  est  decedee 
Marie  Illinoise  femme  de  Maturinpineaux  habitant  dans  cette  paroise 
elle  etait  agee  dans  virons  quarant  ans,  elle  est  mort  apres  avoir  ete 
con f esse  et  apres  avoir  recu  le  St.  Viatique  et  Le  Sacrament  de 
I'extreme  onction.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  meme  jour  dans  Le 
Cimetire  de  Cette  paroisse  avec  Les  ceremonies  presrittes  par  nostre 
mere  La  Ste  Eglise  en  foy  de  quoy  jay  Signe  de  Sconehis(  ?)  sauiivant 
I'ordannance  Le  meme  jour  et  ans  que  dessu8(?) 

J.  GrAGNON,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  dix  Sept  du  mois  de 
descembre  Je  sousigne  J.  Gagnon  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse 
de  Ste  Anne  Jay  baptise  un  enfant  ne  du  Seize  du  meme  mois  du 
Legitime  marriage  de  Louis  de  populus,  officier  des  troupes  de  La 
marine  et  de  dame  Marie  Jachim  Longlois.  Les  pere  et  mere 
on  lui  a  donne  Le  ncm  de  Joseph.  Le  parrian  ete  M.  Joseph  bucket, 
Guarde  de  Magazin  du  Roy;  La  mareinne  Marie  hebert  fille  de  M. 
Igniace  hebert,  Captain  de  milice,  Le  parrain  a  signe  avec  Moy,  La 
marionne  a  declaree  ne  savoir  Signer  de  ce  aucuns  ?  a  f aite  La  marque 
ordinaire  qui  est  une  croix. 

Bucket.        [Buchet.]  Marque  de  Marie. 

X 
hebert. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  trois  Le  vingt  trois  Desbre  a  dix 
heur  du  Soir  est  decedee  Ceccilee  Bourbonnoi  femme  de  Antoine 
heneaux  habitant  dans  cette  paroisse;  elle  etoit  agee  dans  virons  trente 
deux  ans.  Elle  est  morte  apres  avoir  ete  confessee  plussieurs  fois 
pendant  Sa  maladie  et  apres  avoir  recu  Le  St  Viatique  et  Sacra- 
ment de  L'extreme  onction  en  pleine  Connoissance.  Son  Corps  a  ete 
inhume  Le  lendermain  dans  Le  Cimetier  de  cette  paroisse  avec  Les 
Ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La  Ste  Eglise  en  presance  des 
Sieurs  Silam  rotand  qui  ont  Signe  avec  moy  de  ce  interpelle. 

Silam.  J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

Rotand.  Bubois. 


135 

In  the  year  1743  on  the  7th  of  December  there  died  Marie  Illinois, 
wife  of  Maturin  Pineaux,  living  in  this  parish.  She  was  about  40 
years  old  and  died  after  having  confessed,  received  the  holy  viaticum 
and  the  sacrament  of  extreme  unction.  Her  body  was  buried  on  the 
same  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  of  our 
mother,   The   Holy   church.       In   witness   whereof   1   have   signed 

(?)   following  the  ordinance  on  the  same  day  and  year  as 

above.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743  on  the  17  of  the  month  of  December  I,  the  under- 
signed, J.  Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Anne's  parrish  baptized  an 
infant  born  on  the  16th  of  this  same  month  of  the  legitimate  marriage 
of  M.  Louis  de  Populus,  officer  of  the  marine  troop,  and  the  dame 
Marie  Joachim  Longlois.  The  father  and  mother  named  him  Joseph. 
The  godfather  was  M.  Joseph  Bucket,  Guard  of  the  King's  Magazin, 
the  godmother  Marie  Hebert,  the  daughter  of  M.  Ignatius  Hebert, 
Captain  of  the  militia.  The  godfather  signed  with  me,  the  god- 
mother declaring  herself  unable  to  sign (?)  made  her 

ordinary  mark,  a  cross. 

Bucket.  mark  of  Marie 

X 
Hebert. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743  on  the  23  December  at  10  o'clock  at  night  there 
died  Cecilia  Bourbonnoi,  wife  of  Anthony  Heneaux,  dwelling  in  this 
parish.  She  was  about  32  years  old  and  died  after  having  confessed 
frequently  during  her  sickness,  and  after  having  received  the  holy 
viaticum  and  the  sacrament  of  extreme  unction  in  full  consciousness. 
Her  body  was  buried  on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this 
parish  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  Mother,  The  Holy 
Church,  in  presence  of  Sirs  Silam,  Rotand,  who  signed  with  me  upon 
request. 

Silam.  Bubois. 

Rotand.  J.  Gagnon.  Priest. 


136 

B  1743. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  trois  le  vingt  sept  de  Decbre,  J'ay, 
Bousigne,  J.  Gagnon,  prestre,  certifis  avoir  enterre  un  enfans  exclave, 
age  dans  virons  six  semennes,  le  meme  jour  et  an  que  dessu  avec  les 
ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglis,  en  presance  de 
Silam  Bedeau  de  la  ditte  paroisse.     En  foy  de  quoy  jay  signe, 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  trois  le  vingt  huitieme  de  Decembre 
de  la  meme  annee,  Je  Sousigne  N.  Laurent,  prestre,  missionnaire 
apostolique.  Jay  baptise  en  I'absence  de  M.  J.  Gagnon,  missionnaire 
de  la  paroisse  de  Ste.  Anne  du  Fort  de  Chartres,  une  fille  nee  du, 
meme  mois  et  jour  que  est  dessus,  du  legitime  mariage  de  Andre 
Thomas  des  Jardins  et  de  Marie  Joseph  Lorette.  Les  pere  et  mere 
ou  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Marie  Joseph.  Le  parrain  a  ete  Antoine 
Lorette,  habitant  de  la  sus  paroisse,  et  la  maraine  Helene 
Danys,  femme  de  Ignau  Hebert,  capitaine  de  milice.  Le  parain 
a  signe  avec  moy,  et  la  marainne  ajouter  declare  ne  savoir  signer,  a 
fait  sa  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une  croix. 

Marque  de 

X  Antoine  Lorette.  Laurent, 

Heleinne  Danys.  P.  M.  Ap. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  (?),  le  treizes  Janvier,  Je  sousigne, 
J.  Gagnon,  prestre  mis.  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste.  Anne,  ay  baptise  un 
enfant,  ne  du  douzesdu  mesme  mois,  d'une  negresse  exclave,  Negresse 
appartenant  a  M.  Du  Claud  (Emille),  officier  des  troupes  detachee 
de  la  marine.  Le  pere  est  inconu.  On  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Fran- 
cois. Le  parrain  a  ete  Joseph  Baron  le  fils;  la  mareinne  a  ete 
Mademoiezelle  Elisabeth  Du  Claude.  Le  parrain  et  la  marienne  ont 
declares  se  savoir  signer,  ou  fait  leur  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une 
croix. 

Marque  de  Marque  de 

X  X  J.  Gagnon, 

Elisabeth  Du  Claud.     Joseph  Baron,  le  fils.  Ptre. 


137 

B  1743 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  27th  of  December,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  priest,  testify  to  have  interred  a  slave  infant,  aged  about  six 
weeks,  on  the  same  day  and  year  as  above  mentioned,  with  the  cere- 
monies prescribed  by  our  mother,  the  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of 
Silam  Bedeau  of  the  said  parish.     In  witness  whereof  I  have  signed, 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1743,  on  the  28th  of  December  of  the  same  year,  I,  the 
undersigned,  N.  Laurent,  priest,  missionary  apostolic,  I  baptized,  in 
the  absence  of  M.  J.  Gagnon,  missionary  of  St.  Anne's  parish  of 
Fort  Chartres,  a  daughter,  born  in  the  same  month  and  day  men- 
tioned above,  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  Andrew  Thomas  des  Jar- 
dins  and  of  Marie  Joseph  Lorette.  The  father  and  mother  named 
her  Marie  Joseph.  The  godfather  was  Anthony  Lorette,  living  in  the 
above  said  parish,  the  godmother  Helen  Danis,  wife  of  Ignatius 
Hebert,  captain  of  the  militia.  The  godfather  signed  with  me,  and 
the  godmother,  having  declared  herself  unable  to  sign,  made  her  or- 
dinary mark,  a  cross. 


Mark  of 

X 

Antoine  Lorette. 

Laurent, 

Helen  Danys. 

P.  M.  Ap 

In  the  year  1740  (4?),  on  the  13  th  of  January,  I,  the  undersigned, 
J.  Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Anne's  parish,  baptized  an  in- 
fant, born  on  the  12th  of  this  same  month,  of  a  negress,  a  slave  be- 
longing to  M.  Du  Claud (?),  officer  of  the  troops,  a  detachment 

of  the  marines.  The  father  is  unknown.  It  was  named  Francis. 
The  godfather  was  Joseph  Baron,  le  fils,  the  godmother  was  Miss 
Elizabeth  Du  Claud.  The  godfather  and  godmother  declared  them- 
selves unable  to  sign,  and  made  their  ordinary  mark,  a  cross. 

Mark  of  Mark  of 

X  X  J.  Gagnon, 

Elizabeth  Du  Claud.     Joseph  Baron,  le  fils.  Priest. 


138 

1744 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  quartes  Le  deux  fevrier  est  decedee 
Le  Sieur  obroch  de  pinquel  natit's  du  bourque  de  onarville  en  bosse 
Evechee  de  Chartres;  il  etoit  ageedans  virons  70  ans.  II  est  mort  de 
mort  de  mort  Subite,  il  avoit  ete  confesse  deux  jours  avant.  Son 
corps  a  ete  inhume  le  landemain  dans  Le  Cemetrier  de  cette  paroisse 
avec  Les  Ceremonies  presorittes  par  notre  mere  La  Sainte  Eglise 
en  presance  des  Sieurs  Robilliard,  Dubois,  Hennet  qui  ont  signes 
avec  moy  de  ce  intepelle. 

Dubois.  Hennet.  Robbflliard. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  quartres  Le  huit  feuvrier  j'e  sousigne 
J.  Gagnon,  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  St  Anne  ay  baptisse 
une  enfant  ne  de  La  veille  d'un  Exclave  negresse  appartenant  a  Son- 
schagrin  on  lui  a  donne  Le  nom  de  Charlotte.  Le  parrain  a  ete 
Francois  Hennet  Les  fils.  La  marienne  Charlotte  Chassin.  Le  par- 
rain  a  signe  avec  moy,  La  marienne  a  declaree  ne  sea  voir  signer  a 
faite  sa  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une  oroix.     J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 

Hennet.' 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  quatres  Le  vingt  de  fevrier  j'e  sou- 
signe, J.  Gagnon,  prestre,  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste  Anne 
j'ay  baptise  un  enfant  exclave  ne  de  la  ville  du  legitime  marriage  de 
Joseph  negre  et  de  Marie  Anne  negresse.  Ses  pere  et  mere  apparte- 
nant a  M  Roy  Siergien,  Major;  on  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Louis.  Le 
parrain  a  ete  Francois,  negre  exclave  appartenant  a  M  de  Lafenne, 
La  marienne  Louise,  negresse,  appartanant  a  M  DeGrin,  officier  des 
troupes.  Le  parrain  et  La  marreinne  ou  declaree  ne  savoir  signer 
on  fait  leur  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une  croix. 

Marque  de  Francois  Marque  de  Louise 

X  X 

Negre.  Negresse. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  quartres,  Le  vingt  Cinq  de  fevrier, 
j'e  sousigne,  J.  Gagnon,  prestre,  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste 
Anne  au  Fort  de  Chartres  ay  baptise  un  enfant  ne  de  la  ville  du 
legitime  mariage  de  Jean  Baptiste  Holande  et  de  Charlotte  Marchand. 
Ses  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Louis,  Le  parrain  a  ete 
M  Louis  St  Ange,  officier;  La  marrienne  Madame  Elisabeth  St 
Romin,  veuve  de  feu  M  de  St  Ange  Capitaine  reforme.  Le  parrain 
et  La  marreinne. 

(Pages  7,  8,  9,  10  are  lost.) 


139 

1744 

In  the  year  If 44,  on  the  2nd  of  February,  there  died   Sir  Obroch 

de  Pinqnel,  a  native  of (?),  bishopric  of  Chartres.  He  was 

about  70  years  old,  he  died  the  death  of  sudden  death,  he  had  con- 
fessed two  days  before.  His  body  was  buried  on  the  following  day 
in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our 
mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  Sirs  Robilliard,  Dubois, 
Hennet,  who  have  signed  with  me  upon  request. 

Dubois.  Hennet.  Robilliard. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  8th  of  February,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish  baptized  an  infant, 
born  in  the  village  (?)  of  a  negress  slave  belonging  to  Sonschagrin. 
They  named  it  Charlotte.  The  godfather  was  Francis  Hennet  Le  fils; 
the  godmother  Charlotte  Chassin.  The  godfather  signed  with  me,  the 
godmother  declared  herself  unable  to  sign  and  made  her  ordinary 
mark,  a  cross. 

(The  sign  was  omitted.)  Hennet. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  20th  of  February,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish,  baptized  a  slave  infant, 
born  in  the  town  (?),  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  the  negro  Joseph 
and  the  negress  Marie  Anne.     The  father  and  mother  belonged  to 

M.  Roy (?)  Major,  and  named  him  Louis.     The  godfather 

was  Francis,  a  negro  slave  belonging  to  Lefernne,  the  godmother, 
Louisa,  a  negress  belonging  to  M.  De  Grin,  an  officer  of  the  troops. 
The  godfather  and  godmother  have  declared  themselves  unable  to 
sign  and  made  their  ordinary  mark,  a  cross. 

Mark  of  Francis  Mark  of  Louise 

X  X 

Negro.  Negress. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  25th  of  February,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish  at  Fort  Chartres,  bap- 
tized an  infant  of  the  village  (?),  born  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of 
John  Baptist  Holandi  and  Charlette  Marohand.  The  father  and 
mother  named  him  Louis,     The  godfather  was  M.  Louis  de  St.  Ange, 

an  officer,  the  godmother.  Madam  Elizebeth  St.  Romin,  widow ? 

of  M.  de  St.  Ange,  Captain (?).     The  godfather  and  godmother 

(Leaves  4  and  5,  i.  e.,  pages  7,  8,  9  and  10  are  lost.) 


140 


1744 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  le  vingt  sept  de  juliiet  je 
sousigne,  J.  Gagnon,  priest,  missionaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste  Anne, 
j'ay  baptise  un  enfant  ne  du  meme  jour  du  legitime  mariage  de 
Miohel  Lejeunee  et  de  Madeleine  Hennet.  Ses  pere  et  mere  demeur- 
mant  en  cette  paroisse;  en  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Michel.  Le  parrain  a 
ete  Francois  Hennet  Sansohagrin  le  fils,  la  Mareinne  Marie  Hebert 
fiUe  du  Sieur  Igniace  Hebert,  capitane  de  milice.  le  parrain  a  signe 
avec  moy;  le  pere  et  la  mareine  ont  declare  ne  scavoir  signer  de  ce 
auchis  (?)  Suivant  L'ordannance  ont  fait  leur  marque  ordinaire  qui 
est  une  croix. 


marque 

X 
du  pere 


hennet 


marque  de 

X 

Marie  hebert 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre, 


L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarante  quatres  le  second  aout  apres  avoir 
publie  trois  de  mariage  auprone  de  messes  paroissialles  de  L  Eglisse 
de  Ste  Anne  du  Fort  de  Chartres  le  premier  le  jour  de  St.  Pierre 
vingt  neufs  juin  le  seconde  le  premier  Dimanche  de  Juliiet  le 
troisieme  le  second  Dimanche  Juliiet  entre  Francois  Hardy  fils  de 
feu  Francois  Hardy  et  de  Marie  Francoise  Clontier  natif  de  la  par- 
oisse de  St.  Brieux  Eveschee;  deson  pere  Corrantin  d'une  part  et  de 
Helaine  Zibert  fille  de  Antoine  Zibert  dit  la  Montague,  sergent  de  la 
compagnie  de  Mimbret  (?)  et  de  Jeanne  Gessie  demeurant  en  cette 
paroisse  ne  setant  trouve  ancun  empechement  legitime  je  sousigne, 
J.  Gagnon,  prestre,  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste  Anne  du  Fort 
de  Chartres  ay  recu  leur  mutuel  consequement  de  mariage  et  leur 
ay  donne  la  benediction  nupsialle  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes 
par  nostre  mere  la  Ste  Eglise  en  presance  de  Janne  Gessie  la  mere 
de  la  fiUes,  de  Jean  Hanrions  de  Silam  et  de  Francois  Dianyois  De- 
mar  Hanrion  qui  eut  tout  signer  avec  moy  de  ce  interpelle. 


marque  du 
X 
Marie  francois  hardy 
Dubois  thimorss 
Guillamme  Ragry 


marque  de 

X 
Gregnire 


marque 

X 

de  gare  tersie 


marque  de 
X 
helaine  Zibert 
Jean  Genrion 


marque  de 
X 
Demar 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 


141 


1744 


In  the  year  1744,  on  the  27th  of  July,  I,  the  undersigned,  J.  Gag- 
non,  a  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish,  baptised  an  infant  born 
on  the  same  day  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  Michael  Lejeune  and 
Magdalen  Hennet.  His  father  and  mother  living  in  this  parish 
named  him  Michael.  The  godfather  was  Francis  Hennet  Sansacha- 
grin,  Le  jfils;  the  godmother,  Marie  Hebert,  daughter  of  Sir  Igna- 
tius Hebert,  captain  of  the  militia.  The  godfather  signed  with  me, 
the  father  and  the  godmother  declared  themselves  unable  to  sign, 

?  following  the  ordinance  they  made  their  ordinary  mark, 

a  cross. 

Mark  Hennet  Mark  of 

X  X 

of  the  father.  Marie  Hebert. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  2d  of  August,  after  the  marriage  bans  be- 
ing published  thrice  during  the  parochial  masses  at  the  church  of 
St.  Ann  of  Fort  Chartre.  The  first  time  on  the  Feast  of  St.  Peter, 
Jane  29;  the  second  time  on  the  first  Sunday  of  July;  the  third  time 
on  the  second  Sunday  of  J  uly,  between  Francis  Hardy,  son  of  the 
late  Francis  Hardy  and  of  Marie  Francis  (Jlontier,  native  of  the 

parish  of  St.  Brieux  (?),  bishopric   of ■ (?)  of  the  one  part; 

and  Helen  Zibert,  daughter  of  Anthony  Zibert,  called  La  Montague, 
sergeant  of  the  company  of  Mimbret  (?)  and  of  Jane  Gessie,  living 
in  this  parish.  No  legitimate  impediment  having  been  discovered, 
I,  the  undersigned,  J.  Gagnon,  a  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's 
parish  at  Fort  Chartre,  have  received  their  mutual  consent  of  mar- 
riage and  gave  them  the  nuptial  blessing  with  the  ceremonies  pre- 
scribed by  oar  mother,  The  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  Jane  Gessie, 
the  mother  of  the  bride,  John  Hanrions,  Silam  and  Francis  Diony- 
sius,  Demar  Hanrin,  who  all  signed  with  me  on  request, 

Mark  of  Marie  Mark  of 

X  X 

Francis  Hardy.  Helen  Zibert. 

Jean  Genrion. 
Dubois  Tjornoir.  Mark  of 

X 
William  Kagry.  Jane  Gessie. 

Mark  of  Mark  of 

X  X 

Gregnire.  Demar. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 


142 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarante  quatres  le  cinq:  spbre  de  Septembre, 
est  decedee  d'uns  cette  paroisse  a  dix  heurs  du  soir,  Reneo  Hebert, 
agee  dans  virons  huit  ans  fiis  du  Sieur  Igniace  Hebert,  capitaine  de 
milice,  et  de  Helaine  Dany.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  le  lendemain 
dans  le  cimetiere  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes 
par  notre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise.     En  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  le  huit  de  Spbre  est  decede 
dans  cette  paroisse  une  exclave  femmelle,  agee  dans  virons  cinq  ans 
appartenant  a  Baron,  habitant  Des  Kohos,  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume 
dans  le  cimetier  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par 
notre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise.     En  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe. 

J.  Gagnon. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  le  vingt  Sepbre  est  decedee 
dans  cette  paroisse  une  exclave  adulte  appartenant  aux  enfans  de 
Loissel,  habitant  dans  cette  paroisse.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  dans 
le  cimetier  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  ceremonies  prescritte  par  notre, 
la  Ste.  Eglise.     Watrin,  Jesuiste  Pr. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  est  decede  dans  cette  paroisse 
une  enfant,  age  dans  virons,  unan;  appartenant  a  Aug'tin  Longlis, 
habitant  de  la  Prairie  du  Roches.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  le  meme 
jour  dans  le  cimetier  de  cette  chapelle,  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes 
par  notre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise.     En  foy  de  quoy  j'ay  signe. 

Watkin,  Jesuiste. 


143 


1744. 


In  the  year  1744,  on  the  5th  of  Septembre,  Reneo  Hebert  died  in 
this  parish  at  ten  o'clock  at  night,  aged  about  eight  years,  son  of  Sir 
Ignatius  Hebert,  captain  of  the  militia,  and  of  Helen  Dany.  His 
body  was  buried  on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish, 
with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother,  Holy  Church.  In 
witness  whereof  I  have  signed.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  8th  of  September,  a  female  slave  died  in 
this   parish,  aged   about   five   years,  belonging   to   Baron,  living  in 

(?)     Her  body  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish,  with 

the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother,  the  Holy  Church.     In  wit- 
ness whereof  I  signed.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  20th  of  September,  an  adult  slave  died  in 
this  parish,  belonging  to  the  child  of  Loissel,  living  in  this  parish. 
Her  body  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish,  with  the  cere- 
monies prescribed  by  our  Holy  Church. 

Watrin,  Jesuit  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744  an  infant  died  in  this  parish,  aged  about  one  yeari 
belonging  to  August  Longlois,  living  in  Prairie  du  Roches.  Its 
body  was  buried  on  the  same  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  chapel, 
with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother,  the  Holy  Church. 
In  witness  whereof  I  have  signed.  Watrin,  Jesuit. 


144 

1744 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  quatres  Septieme  Le  quatre  ootobre 
est  decede  dans  cette  paroisse  une  Exclave  enfant  appartenant  a  M. 
Deberlet  Major  Commandant  de  La  province  des  Illinois.  Son  corps 
a  ete  inhume  Le  meme  jour  dans  Le  Cimetier  de  cette  paroisse  avec 
Les  Ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre  mere  La  Ste  Eglisse  enfoy 
de  quoy  jay  Signe,     Watkin,  p.  M.  J. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarante  quatres  Le  trente  aout  est  decede 
dans  cette  paroisse  Jean  pare  avoir  ete  confesse  nayant  pas  en  Le 
temps  de  lui  administrer  d'autres,  Sacrament;  il  etoit  age  dans  virons 
cinquante  ans.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  Le  meme  jour  dans  Le 
Cimetier  de  cette  paroisse  avec  Les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre 
mere  La  Ste  Eglise  en  presance  de  Silam  et  de  hennet  Senschagrin 
qui  ont  signes  avec  moy  de  se  onchis  (?)  Suivant  I'ordinance. 

Selam  hennet.  Wartin,  p.  J.  mis. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quatres  Le  dix  Sept  octobre  je  sounigne  J. 
Gagnon  prestre  missionaire  de  la  paroisse.  Ste  anne  ay  baptise  un 
enfans  ne  de  La  ville  du  legitime  marriage  de  Jacque  Silam  et  de 
Marie  Madeleine  Collerat.  Ses  pere  et  mere  en  lui  a  donne  Le  nom 
de  Joseph.  Le  parrain  a  ete  Joseph  Laroche,  La  mareine  helaine 
Danis  femme  du  Sieur  Igniace  Hebert  Captaine  de  milice  Le 
parrain  et  La  mareine  on  declare  ne  savoir  Signer  en  fait  Leur 
marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une  Croix. 

Silam,  marque  de  marque  de 

X  X 

helaine  Danis.  Laroche. 

J.  Gagnon,   prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  Le  dix  heurs  du  Soir  est 
decede  en  cette  paroisse  Ethienne  gevremon  age  dans  virons  quarante 

cinq:  un  natifs  de  la  paroisse  de  la  vil a  Chanplain,  et 

est  mort  sans Lai  administrer  anqun  sacraments  d'allieur 

il  vivoit  asse(?)   Chretiennement. 


145 

1744. 

In  the  year  1744  on  the  fourth  of  October  an  infant  slave  died  in 
this  parrish  belonging  to  M.  Deberlet,  Major  Commandant,  of  the 
Illinois  Province.  Her  body  was  buried  on  the  same  day  in  the 
cemetery  of  this  parish  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  Mother, 
Holy  Church.     In  witness  whereof  I  have  signed. 

Wabtin,  p.  M.  J. 

In  the  year  1744  on  the  30  of  August  John  Pare  died  in  this 
parish  having  confessed,  there  remained  no  time  to  administer  the 
other  sacraments  to  bim,  he  was  about  50  years  old,  His  body  was 
buried  the  same  day  in  the  cemeterj'  of  this  parish  with  the  cere- 
monies prescribed  by  our  Mother,  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  8ilam 

and  of  Hennet  Sonschagrin  who  signed  with  me (?)^ 

in  accordance  with  the  ordinance. 

Silam,  Hennet. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744  on  the  17th  day  of  October,  I,  the  undersigned, 
J  Gagnon,  a  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish,  baptized  an 
infant  of  the  village  (?)  born  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  Jame& 
Silam  and  of  Marie  Magdalen  Collerat.  The  father  and  mother 
named  him  Joseph,  The  godfather  was  Joseph  Laroche,  the  god- 
mother Helen  Danis,  wife  of  Sir  Ignatius  Hebert,  Captain  of  the 
of  the  militia.  The  godfather  and  the  godmother  declared  them- 
selves unable  to  sign  and  made  their  ordinary  mark,  a  cross. 

mark  of  mark  of 

X  X 

Silam.  Helen  Danis.  Laroche. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744  on  the  18th  of  October  about  six  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  Ethienne  Gevremon  died  in  this  parish,  aged  about  45 years. 
a  native  of  the  parish  of  the  ....  (blurred)  . . . .  ?  ?  in  Chan- 
plain.  He  died  without  any  sacrament  being  administered,  other- 
wise he  had  lived  in  a  Christian  manner. 


—10  H. 


146 

Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  le  lenderaain  dans  le  Cimetier  de  La 
Chapelle  de  La  Concession  avec  Les  Ceremonies  prescrittes  par  notre 
mere  La  Sainte  Eglisse  en  presance  de  Gabriel  Dodie  de  Jacque 
Millet  qui  out  signes  avec  moy  de  Ce  onchis(?)Suivant  L'ordonance. 

J,  Gagnon,  prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  Le  vingt  deux  d'octobre  Je 
sousigne  J.  Gagnon  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste  Anne 
du  fort  de  Chartres  ay  baptisse  un  enfant  ne  de  la  veil  du  Legitime 
mariage  de  M.  Joseph  Buchet  Garde,  des  magazine  du  roy  et  dame 
Marie  francoisse  potier.  Ses  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  Le  nom  de 
Alexandre.  Le  parrain  a  ete  M.  Alexandre  du  Claud  offioier  des 
troupes;  La  mareinne  damoysselle  Marie  bebert  fille  de  M.  Igniace 
hebert  Capitaine  de  milice.  Le  parrain  a  Signe  avec  moy,  La  mareine 
a  declaree  ne  Savoir  Signer  a  fait  Sa  marque  ordinaire  qui  est  une 
Croix. 

Suclos. 
Buchet. 
Marque 
X 
de  Marie  Hebert.  J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 

L'an  mil  Sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  Le  vingt  quatres  d'octobre  Je 
sousigne  J.  Gagnon  prestre  ay  baptisse  un  enfant  ne  de  La  veil  du 
Legitime  mariage  de  Antoine  Zibert  dit  La  montague  Sergent  de  la 
Compagnie  de  M.  de  Mimbret  et  de  Jeanne  Le  gueder.  Ses  pere  et 
mere  on  lui  a  donne  Le  nom  de  Thomas.  Le  parrain  a  ete  Thomas  de 
mare;  La  mareinne  marie  barbe  fem  de  Jean  hanrion  habitant  dans 
cette  paroisse.  Le  parrain  et  La  mareine  on  delares  ne  Savoir  sigaer 
ny  Ecrive  de  ce  onkis  (?)  suivant  L'ordonance  on  fait  Leur  marques 
ordinaires  qui  est  une  croix. 

Marque  Marque 

X  X 

de  Marie  de  Demar 

J.  Gagnon,  prestre. 


I 


147 

Hi8  body  was  buried  on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  the 
Chapel  of  the  Concession  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  Our 
Mother,  the  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of  Gabriel  Dodie  and  James 
Millet  who  signed  with  me ?  following  the  ordinance. 

(Signatures  neglected.)     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  22d  of  October,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish  of  Fort  Chartres  bap- 
tized an  infant  born  in  the  village  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of 
Joseph  Buchet,  guard  of  the  King's  magazin  and  Dame  Marie  Fran- 
cis Potier.  The  father  and  mother  named  him  Alexander.  The  god- 
father was  M.  Alexander  DuClaud,  an  officer  of  the  troops,  the  god- 
mother, Miss  Marie  Hebert  daughter  of  M.  Ignatius  Hebt-rt,  captain 
of  the  militia.  The  godfather  signed  with  me,  the  godmother  de- 
clared herself  unable  to  sign  and  made  her  ordinary  mark,  which  is  a 
cross.  J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

Buchet. 

Suclos. 

Mark  of 
X 
Marie  Hebert. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  24th  of  October,  I,  the  undersigned,  J* 
Gagnon,  a  priest,  baptized  an  infant  born  in  the  village,  of  the  legiti- 
mate marriage  of  Anthony  Zibert,  called  LaMontague,  sergeant  of 
the  company  of  M.  de  Mimbret,  and  Jane  Le  Gueder.  His  father 
and  mother  named  him  Thomas.  The  godfather  was  Thomas  De- 
mar,  the  godmother,  Marie  Barbe,  wife  of  John  Hanrion,  living  in 
this  parish.  The  godfather  and  godmother  declared  themselves  un- 
able to  sign  or  write ?  obeying  the  ordinance  they  made  their 

ordinary  mark  which  is  a  cross. 

Mark  of  Mark  of 

X  X 

Marie.  Demar. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 


148 

1744. 

L  an  mil  sept  cent  quarantes  quatres  le  huit  d'Octobre,  Je,  sou- 
signe,  J.  Gagnon,  prestre  missionnaire  de  la  paroisse  de  Ste.  Anne, 
ay  baptise  un  enfant,  ne  de  la  ville,  du  legitime  manage  de  M.  Alex- 
andre du  Claud,  officier  des  troupes,  et  de  Dame  Elisabeth  Philyppe. 
Les  pere  et  mere  on  lui  a  donne  le  nom  de  Marie  Joseph.  Le  par- 
rain  a  ete  le  Sieur  Jean  Baptiste  Martigny  de  la  paroisse  Vowenne  in 
Canadas,  la  mareine  Dame  Janne  Boulogne,  femme  de  M.  Louvier, 
demeurant  en  cette  paroisse.  Le  parrain  et  mareine  ont  signer  avec 
moy  de  ce  aupres  (?),  suivant  I'ordonance. 

Jean  Batiste  Martigny.         Duclos.  J.  Boulogne  de  Louvier. 

J.  GrAGNON,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarante  quatre,  le  7  Dbre,  est  decedee  dans 
cette  parois  une  exclave  rouge,  appartenant  a  Augustin  Longlois,  age 
dans  virons  16  ans.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  le  lendemain  dans  le 
cimetier  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  ceremonies  prescrittes  par  nostre 
mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise.     En  foy  de  quoy  Jay  signe. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarante  quatre  est  decede  dans  cette  paroisse, 
Antoine  Pli,  dit  La  Plume,  age  dans  viront,  soyesant  ans  natifs  du 
village  Ville  Evesoh^s  de  M.  Homer.  Son  corps  a  ete  inhume  le 
lendermain  dans  le  cimetier  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  ceremonies 
prescrittes  par  nostre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise,  en  presance  de  Sieurs 
Hennet,  Dubois,  Deneau,  qui  out  signes  avec  moy  de  ce  interpeile. 

Dubois.  Hennet.  J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 

1745. 

L'an  mil  sept  cent  quarante  cinq:  le  cinq  de  Janvier,  est  decede  a 
dix  heurs,  du  Sir  Denis  Baron,  agee  dans  viron  vingt  aas.  II  estmort 
apres  avoir  ete  confesse  plussieur  fois  et  apres  avoir  recu  le  Ste. 
viatique  et  le  sacrament  de  I'extreme  onction.  Son  corps  a  ete  in- 
hume le  lendemain  dans  le  cimetier  de  cette  paroisse,  avec  les  cere- 
monies prescrittes  par  nostre  mere,  la  Ste.  Eglise,  en  presance  de 
Hanrion,  de  Hennet  Sonschagrin,  qui  ont  signe  avec  moy  de  ce 
aupres  (?)  suivant  Tordonance. 

J.  Gagnon,  Prestre. 


149 

1744. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  8th  of  October,  I,  the  undersigned,  J. 
Gagnon,  a  missionary  priest  of  St.  Ann's  parish,  baptized  an  infant, 
born  in  the  village  (?)  of  the  legitimate  marriage  of  M.  Alexander 
Da  Claud,  ofBcer  of  the  troops,  and  the  Dame  Elizabeth  Philyppe. 
Its  father  and  mother  named  it  Marie  Joseph.     The  godfather  was 

Sir  John  Baptist  Martigny  of  the  parish (?)   in  Canada,  the 

godmother  Dame  Jane  Boulogne,  wife  of  M.  Louvier,  living  in  this 

parish.     The   godfather  and  godmother  signed  with  me (?) 

obeying  the  ordinance. 

John  Baptist  Martigny.         Duclos.         J.  Boulogne  de  Louvier. 

J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  on  the  7th  of  December,  a  red  slave  died  in  this 
parish,  belonging  to  August  Longlois,  aged  about  16  years.  The 
body  was  buried  on  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish, 
with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother.  Holy  Church.  In 
witness  whereof  I  have  signed.     J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

In  the  year  1744,  Anthony  Pli,  called  La  Plume,  died  in  this  par- 
ish, aged  about  sixty  years,  a  native  of  the  village  Ville,  diocese  of 

(?)     His  body  was  buried  the  following  day  in  the  cemetery 

of  this  parish,  with  the  ceremonies  prescribed  by  our  mother,  Holy 
Church,  in  presence  of  Sirs  Hennet,  Dubois,  Deneau,  who  signed 
with  me  upon  this  request. 

Dubois.  Hennet.  J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 

1745. 

In  the  year  1745,  on  the  5th  of  January,  Denis  Baron  died  at  fi  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  aged  about  twenty  years.  He  died  after  having  con- 
fessed many  times,  and  after  having  received  the  holy  viaticum  and 
the  sacrament  of  extreme  unction.  His  body  was  buried  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  in  the  cemetery  of  this  parish,  with  the  ceremonies  pre- 
scribed  by  our  mother.  Holy  Church,  in  presence  of   Haurion,  of 

Hennet  Sonschagrin,  who  signed  with  me (?),  following  the 

ordinance. 

(Signatures  neglected.)  J.  Gagnon,  Priest. 


150 


TRAVELS  IN  ILLINOIS  IN  1819. 

Ferdinand  Ernst. 


|The  followinffpagrGS  are  taken  from  a  small  book,  printed  in  the  German  language  f 
now  Id  the  public  lll)rary  of  Belleville,  111.,  entiiled,  "Observations  Made  Upon  a  Journey 
Through  the  Interior  of  the  United  States  of  North  America  in  the  Year  1819.  by  Ferdinand 
Ernst  "  It  was  published  at  Hildesheim.  in  Hanover,  in  1823.  and  is  now  translated  Into 
English  in  1903,  for  thf  first  time  in  this  country,  for  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  by 
Prof  ti.  P.  Baker  of  McKendree  College.  I'he  extracts  here  presented  embody  the  obser- 
vations of  the  traveler  in  the  State  of  Illinois  and  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  in  Missouri.  The 
trustees  of  thf>  State  Historical  Library  contemplate  publishing  the  entire  work  in  the  near 
future.    J.  F.  S.l 

Toward  noon  of  the  29th  of  July,  (1819) ,  I  came  upon  the  so-called 
English  meadow  where  the  Englishmen,  Birkbeck  and  Flower,  have 
been  established  for  three  years  These  men  who  have  selected  a  region 
not  remarkable  for  its  fruitfulness  and  appear  to  show,  on  the  other 
hand,  but  little  industry  in  the  cultivation  of  the  land,  have,  never- 
theleps.  already  attracted  to  themselves  such  a  colony  of  people  that 
a  little  town,  New  Albion,  is  being  built,  and  in  spite  of  the  very  un- 
favorable local  circumstances  this  region  will  soon  be  well  populated. 

Birkbeck's  "Notes  on  a  Journey  in  America,  Etc,"  I  have  at  all 
times  found  to  be  in  conformity  with  the  truth,  but  his  "Letters 
from  Illinois,"  the  accounts  asserted  will  appf^ar  to  every  unpreju- 
diced farmer  not  suflBciently  well  founded,  to  say  nothing  of  a  man 
who  investigated  and  tested  the  matter  on  the  spot  for  an  economic 
purpose  and  found  in  the  broad  meadow  lands  not  a  single  acre 
either  of  Indian  corn  (maize)  especially  necessary  in  the  first  year 
of  culture,  nor  of  wheat;  but  many  hundreds  of  these  are  introduced 
into  the  accounts.  Likewise  there  has  come  to  my  notice  not  a 
single  fruit  farm  so  essential  from  an  economic  standpoint,  and  in 
this  climate  so  wholesome;  yet  the  peach  begins  to  bear  fruit  in  the 
third  year  and  can  therefore  be  cultivated  quickly  and  easily. 

It  was  not  possible  to  go  from  here  directly  across  the  Little  Wa- 
bash to  Kaskaskia.  Therefore  I  saw  myself  obliged  to  continue  my 
wanderings  southward  to  the  confluence  of  the  great  and  Little 
W  abash  whither  a  very  fine  road  leads  toward  Carmi.  This  city  lies 
upon  the  Little  Wabash  about  30  English  miles  above  its  union  with 
the  great  Wabash.  It  conducts  rather  lively  trade  in  wares  which, 
on  account  of  the  shorter  and  very  fine  road,  arrive  here  for  the  most 
part  by  land  from  Shawneetown. 

Before  one  reaches  Carmi  the  road  leads  through  several  very  well 
cultivated  farms  where  the  eye  is  delighted  by  luxuriant  fields  of 
maize.  Here  is  the  strip  where,  in  the  year  1813,  a  fearful  hurricane 
produced  terrible  devastation.  The  road  leads  through  a  forest  in 
which  all  trees  have,  from  seven  to  ten  feet  above  the  ground,  been 


151 

twisted  like  willows,  and  their  tops  often  cast  to  the  ground  in  the 
opposite  direction.  Upon  the  Ohio  this  hurricane  picked  up  a  boat 
and  threw  it  on  land  far  from  the  bank.  It  traversed  almost  the 
entire  continent  of  America,  in  width  about  one  English  mile  and  in 
direction  from  west  to  east. 

Not  far  from  Carmi  the  road  leads  into  a  meadowy  expanse  (Big 
Prairie)  in  which,  on  account  of  its  great  fertility,  a  considerable 
number  of  settlers  have  already  located. 

Many  of  these  so-called  prairies  are  found  in  the  State  of  Illinois, 
and  one  could  probably  assume  that  they  amount  to  a  half  of  the 
entire  area.  According  to  the  nature  of  their  fertility  they  are  cov- 
ered with  tall  or  short  grasses  and  shrubs  and,  indeed,  no  more  in- 
viting thing  can  be  imagined  for  a  stranger  than  to  settle  here  and 
to  live  and  move  in  this  abundauce  of  nature.  He  needs  to  do  noth- 
ing more  than  to  put  the  plow  once  into  these  grassy  plains,  which 
are  for  the  most  part  quite  level,  and  his  fields  are  splendid  with  the 
richest  fruits  and  the  most  abundant  harvests.  How  much  easier  is 
here  the  beginniug  of  a  planter  than  in  the  dense  forest  on  the 
Ohio!  In  proof  of  this  I  venture  to  bring  forward  the  fact  that  of 
all  lands  which  till  now  have  been  offered  for  sale  in  the  State  of 
Illinois  not  a  spot  remains  unsold  where  good  water  and  timber  are 
found  together  in  fertile  plains.  But,  alas,  the  good  water  is  all  too 
scarce  in  the  southern  part.  The  rivers  have  here  no  strong  current, 
which  circumstance,  along  with  many  others,  produces  each  year 
many  fevers;  but  one  tinds  that  this  evil  decreases  in  the  same  degree 
in  which  the  land  is  brought  under  more  extensive  cultivation.  A 
number  of  these  evils  as  flies,  mosquitoes,  etc.,  likewise  dissappear 
with  increased  cultivation. 

The  flies  become  exceedingly  troublesome  to  the  traveler  on  horse 
in  the  great  plains  during  the  summer  months  of  July,  August  and 
September;  yes,  it  is  even  asserted  that  these  insects  in  very  hot 
weather  are  able  to  kill  a  horse  in  a  short  time.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  these  flies;  the  little  green  ones  and  the  large  horse  fly.  The 
first  are  the  size  of  a  commoa  fly,  the  second  often  as  large  as  a 
hornet.  Since  they  almost  always  attack  the  head,  neck  and  breast 
of  the  horse,  a  covering  of  canvas  suffices  to  protect  these  parts.  If 
one,  in  addition  to  this,  uses  the  precaution  of  traveling,  for  the 
most  part,  before  sunrise  and  after  sunset  then  this  nuisance  is  of 
but  slight  significance. 

"What  the  flies  are  to  the  horses,  the  mosquitoes  are  to  man.  The 
mosquito  is  probably  nothing  more  than  the  European  gnat;  at  least 
I  have  found  no  differene  between  the  mosquitoes  in  the  States  north 
of  the  Ohio  and  our  gnat.  Their  bite  is  by  no  means  more  painful; 
their  size,  form  and  the  fact  that  they  make  their  appearance  only 
in  wet  places  and  in  the  night  time;  all  these  things  they  have  in 
common  with  the  gnat.  They  are  found  in  large  numbers  upon  the 
low  lands  of  the  rivers  and  in  uncultivated  swampy  regions  Every- 
thing that  I  have  ever  heard  or  read,  be  it  good  or  bad,  concerning 
these  insects  as  well  as  everything  concerning  America  is,  for  the 
most  part,  somewhat  exaggerated. 


152 

Upon  the  other  side  of  the  Little  Wabash  one  finds  much  forest 
and  fewer  settlements.  The  nearer  one  comes,  however,  to  Kas- 
kaskia  the  more  the  grass  lands  with  alternating  forests  increase, 
which  often  form  the  most  lovely  views.  If  there  were  not  too  great 
lack  of  water  here  then  these  regions  could  be  considered  among  the 
most  beautiful  and  pleasing. 

On  the  other  bank  of  the  Kaskaskia  (Okaw),  a  very  important 
river  here,  lies  the  town  Kaskaskia  where  at  present  the  seat  of  the 
State  government  is  located.  It  was  founded  more  than  50  years 
ago  by  the  French  Canadians  and  is  nevertheless  not  very  important; 
it  appears,  likewise,  not  to  have  a  very  healthy  location,  since  it  lies 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  (American  bottoms)  which  is  recog- 
nized as  very  unhealthful  in  every  part.  Yet,  this  evil  which  pro- 
ceeds from  the  overflowing  of  the  Mississippi  and  from  the  damp 
ground  improves  gradually  with  time.  It  has  been  observed  that 
from  year  to  year  this  valley  dries  out  more,  and  at  present,  is  very 
seldom  overflowed  by  the  river,  and  that  only  in  the  lower  parts. 
IKaskaskia  has  not  been  inundated  for  30  years.  In  the  Catholic 
«hurch  at  that  place  I  found  a  rather  large  congregation  assembled. 
The  young,  well  dressed  minister  edified  us  in  the  French  language 
with  such  rare  eloquence  and  such  an  excellent  pronunciation  that  I 
w&s  greatly  surprised  because  it  was  quite  unexpected  to  me. 

After  dinner  I  had  the  honor  of  being  invited  to  tea  at  the  home 
of  Governor  Bond  where  I,  for  the  first  time  in  the  new  world,  found 
myself  in  a  company  of  distinguished  ladies.  On  the  whole  I  was 
shown  great  attention  and  agreeable  kiudness.  That  which  stands 
the  stranger  in  good  stead — who  is  usually  too  little  acquainted  with 
the  language  of  the  land  and  its  customs — is  the  banishment  from 
higher  and  lower  society  of  all  so-called  etiquette  and  unnecessary 
compliments.  The  American  never  greets  one  by  taking  off  the  hat, 
but  by  a  cordial  grasp  of  the  hand.  One  steps  up  to  the  most  dis- 
tinguished persons  with  covered  head.  He  is  urged  little,  or  not  at 
all,  to  eat  and  drink  according  to  the  measure  of  his  appetite.  Never- 
theless in  all  companies  the  greatest  order  and  decorum  prevails, 
and  great  respect  and  attention  is  shown  the  ladies  present. 

As,  in  a  free  state,  the  distinction  of  classes  does  not  come  into 
consideration,  so  is  this  also  the  case  here  between  the  Governor  and 
his  guests. 

From  here  I  took  a  walk  to  the  Mississippi,  1^  English  miles  dis- 
tant. This  powerful  stream,  which  collects  all  the  waters  of  the  great 
interior  of  North  America  in  its  monstrous  bed,  was  at  that  time 
very  low;  nevertheless  its  swiftly  flowing  waters  inspired  astonish- 
ment in  me.  Its  water  is  turbid  and  the  beauty  of  the  stream  is 
greatly  dimished  by  the  many  tree  trunks  projecting  here  and  there 
in  its  bed.  By  high  water  the  stream  tears  these  trees  out  of  its 
banks  and  leaves  them  resting  upon  shallow  places  until  a  higher 
flood  carries  them  farther.  Nevertheless  it  often  happens  that  the 
trunk  with  its  roots  weighed  down  with  earth,  sinking  down  to  the 
bottom  of  the  river,  remains  lodged  there  sticking  in  the  mud;  then 


153 

the  trunks  having  become  lighter  through  the  loss  of  their  branches 
rise  and  project  out  of  the  water  like  posts  driven  in.  A  short  time 
ago  they  had  an  example  of  the  dangerous  effects  of  such  a  tree, 
pointed  through  the  breaking  off  of  its  top,  when  a  steamboat  re- 
ceived one  in  its  side  and  sank  in  a  short  time. 

In  order  to  avoid  this  danger  they  are  now  beginning  to  provide 
steamboats  with  a  double  bottom,  so  that  when  the  first  is  penetrated 
the  second  will  furnish  the  desired  security.  Those  tree  trunks,  dan- 
gerous to  navigation,  the  Americans  call  logs,  or  snags. 

All  towns  founded  by  the  French  have  usually  a  common  pasturing 
place,  as  well  as  several  other  pieces  of  ground  held  in  common  Up- 
on this  common  pasture  before  Kaskaskia  I  saw  for  the  first  time  in 
America  that  beautiful  green  grass  plot  which  Europe  produces  so 
perfectly  in  so  many  varieties,  delighting  the  eye,  and  the  existence 
of  which,  as  is  well  known,  is  due  simply  to  the  teeth  of  the  cattle 
pasturing  upon  it. 

Edwardsville,  July  30,  1820. 

At  Kaskaskia  begin  the  so-called  American  bottoms  which  form 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Immediately  above  Kasknskia  the 
valley  stretches  out  seven  miles,  as  far  as  the  village  of  Prairie  du 
Rocher,  and  is  shut  in  upon  the  east  by  steep  rocky  walls  from  which 
frequently  the  finest  springs  gush  forth.  The  river  is  fringed  com- 
pletely with  forests,  then  up  to  the  foot  of  the  rocks  extends  level 
grassy  plains  the  fruitfulness  of  which  exceeds  anything  which  one 
can  imagine. 

Here  I  saw  fields  of  maize  in  which  grain  had  been  grown  for  30 
years  and  that,  too.  without  any  fertilizer.  They  left  nothing  to  be 
desired  for  the  stalks  grow  luxuriantly  to  the  height  of  15  feet.  This 
soil  consists  of  very  rich  black  slime  mingled  with  sand  which  is  at 
times  dun  colored  and,  on  account  of  the  superfluity  of  humus,  very 
light.  The  hills  above  the  steep  rocks  are  adorned,  in  part,  by  forest, 
in  part  by  beautiful  green  sward.  The  valley  hereby  receives  a  very 
pleasing  setting  as  that,  on  the  whole,  it  produces  one  of  the  most 
charming  regions  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

Above  Prairie  du  Rocher  the  steep  overhanging  rocky  walls  lose 
themselves  in  the  high  hills  Here  I  saw  the  beginning  of  the  de- 
struction which  the  above  mentioned  tornado  produced,  and  how  it 
had  taken  its  way,  by  Harrisonville,  over  the  Mississippi.  But  its 
strength  appeared  not  to  have  been  so  destructive  as  on  the  Wabash. 

On  the  27th  of  July  I  crossed  the  Mississippi  to  St.  Louis,  a  city 
situated  upon  the  right  bank  of  the  river  on  elevated  ground  the 
substratum  of  which  consists  of  rock.  In  these  rocks  (limestone) 
are  found  most  remarkable  impressions — for  example,  perfect  im- 
pressions of  feet,  hands,  bows  and  arrows  of  the  Indians — so  that 
one  is  inclined  to  believe  this  stone  was  in  earlier  times  such  a  soft 
mass  that  it  could  receive  such  impressions,  whereupon  then  these 
bard  masses  of  stone  have  been  formed  by  nature  and  time.     There 


154 

is  such  a  stone  at  (New)  Harmony  which  the  colonists  of  that  place, 
at  great  cost,  caused  to  be  transported  thither,  180  English  miles,  on 
account  of  its  strangeness.* 

A  fine  spring  which  gushed  from  the  rocky  bank,  together  with 
the  elevated  region  free  from  forest,  was  presumably  the  inducement 
for  the  first  settling  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  Its  founding  falls 
within  the  period  in  which  Philadelphia  was  established.  Only 
since  the  mouth  of  the  Missiesippi  and  the  surrounding  region  came 
into  possession  of  the  United  States  has  St.  Louis  entered  upon  a 
period  of  prosperity.  Therefore  one  cannot  reproach  this  important 
place  with  its  relatively  advanced  age.  At  present  the  city  is  ex- 
panding upon  the  heights  of  the  river  bank  outside  the  district  at 
present  occupied,  and  this  part  will  soon  excel  in  beauty  the  older 
part  which  was  a  failure  in  the  very  outset.  One  finds  here  various 
quite  handsome  buildings,  and  the  inhabitants  are  employed  on  every 
hand  in  the  construction  of  new  houses;  hence,  the  many  saw- mills 
in  the  vicinity  among  which  is  one  driven  by  steam. 

St,  Louis  is  situated  in  38°  39'  north  latitude,  and  may  easily  have 
4,000  inhabitants.  The  surrounding  region  inland  is  meadow  land 
which  is,  however,  not  so  fertile  as  are  usually  the  lands  in  the  State 
of  Illinois.  This  city  is  the  seat  of  the  territorial  government  of 
the  Missouri  territory.  The  motion  to  be  advanced  to  a  state  and  to 
have  its  own  constitution  met  with  difficulties  in  Congress,  since 
Congress  wished  to  impose  the  condition  that  slavery  should  be 
abolished  in  the  state  of  Missouri.  Now  one  finds  most  every  day  in 
the  newspapers  paragraphs  concerning  this  subject,  the  majority  of 
which  are  almost  always  zealously  opposed  to  the  introduction  of 
slavery  in  the  state  of  Missouri.  Everywhere  much  is  being  written 
now  concerning  the  possibility  of  getting  rid  of  slavery  as  an 
acknowledged  evil  in  the  entire  compass  of  the  free  states,  so  that 
people  in  general  actually  entertain  the  hope  of  seeing  even  the 
southern  states  soon  freed  from  this  plague. f 

The  left  bank  of  the  river  is  quite  liable  to  cave  and  wash,  while 
upon  the  right  bank  are  stones  and  rock  which  ward  ofP  these  effects 
of  the  swift  current.  This  washing  away  of  the  bank  often  amounts 
to  10  or  12  feet  in  a  year,  so  that  not  seldom  whole  plantations  are 
lost  thereby.  Two  small  towns,  Illiuoistown  and  Jacksonville,  which 
are  located  opposite  St.  Louis,  run  the  risk  of  finding  their  grave  in 
the  Mississippi  in  the  course  of  time. 

In  general,  one  may  assume  that  all  river  banks  in  America  are 
unhealthy  places  of  abode,  and  especially  the  banks  of  the  larger 
rivers.  This  year  the  ague  is  found  in  St.  Louis  more  frequently 
than  is  usual.  They  attribute  this  to  the  great  heat  of  this  summer, 
because  all  kinds  of  fevers  appear  more  frequently  this  year. 

*  Those  "impressions"  on  the  limestone  lerlge  overlooking  the  river,  described  by  the 
author,  it  has  \oug  been  known,  were  reoresentations  of  objects  carved  there  by  the  Indians. 
They  have  been  observed  in  similar  outcrops  of  rocks  alou;i  streams  in  several  localities  in 
Illinois,  as  elsHwhere  In  the  Mississippi  valley.  In  a  few  instances  they  bfar  evidences  of 
totemlc  significance;  and  some  may  have  been  records  of  important  events;  but  tlie  greater 
number  were  only  evidences  of  idle  fancy.— J.  F.  S. 

+The  Missouri  bill  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the  Ist  of  March,  1820.  After 
much  debate  concerning:  slavery  in  that  territory. 


^ 


155 

When  I  had  returned  across  the  Mississippi  and  found  myself 
again  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  I  turned  up  stream  to  travel  through 
this  valley  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 

A  few  miles  from  Illinois  City  I  found  the  mill  of  Mr.  Jarrott,  a 
Frenchman,  which  has  in  its  construction  the  peculiar  feature  that 
the  water  wheels  run  while  lying  in  the  water,  and  turn  the  shaft 
which  projects  upward  from  them.  It  is  said  that  through  this  dis- 
covery the  movement  of  these  wheels  is  not  hindered  even  in  the  case 
of  from  7  to  10  feet  of  backwater. 

Several  small  towns  are  found  located  in  this  valley,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  especially  prosperous,  and,  too,  on  account  of  the  un- 
healthy location.  For  example,  St.  Marie,  just  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  Missouri,  has,  indeed,  four  or  five  houses,  but  without  a  single 
occupant.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  this  region,  so  fruitful 
and  so  admirably  located  for  trade,  is  so  unhealthy.  But  every  year 
the  ground,  here  and  there  swampy,  is  becoming  firmer  and  drier, 
and  one  may  yield  to  the  hope  that  even  here  time  will  remedy  this 
evil. 

In  another  town,  by  the  name  of  Gibraltar,  three  miles  farther  up) 
I  found  a  good  many  inhabitants,  and  they  were  employed  in  build- 
ing. 

From  Gibraltar  I  took  the  road  to  Edwardsville.  One  finds  be- 
tween here  and  the  bluffs  some  large  farms,  and,  what  was  still  more 
agreeable  to  me,  everybody  was  in  good  health. 

Towards  evening  of  the  27th  of  July  I  reached  Edwardsville,  a 
pretty  town  about  six  or  seven  miles  from  the  bluffs  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  25  miles  from  St.  Louis.  This  fertile  region  is  covered 
with  fine  farms,  where  one  has  opportunity  of  admiring  the  astonish- 
ing productiveness  of  the  soil.  I  found  the  maize  from  12  to  15  feet 
high  on  an  average.  The  gardens  which  have  sufficient  age  for  fruit 
settings  are  luxuriant  with  peach  trees  and  other  fruit  trees.  The 
peach  is  a  kind  of  fruit  which  flourishes  admirably  here;  the  seed- 
ling producing  fruit  in  four  years,  and,  almost  without  exception, 
bears  every  year  afterward  so  full  that  its  branches  have  to  be  prop- 
ped.    Peach  brandy  and  dried  peaches  are  very  common  here. 

On  the  other  hand  I  have  seldom  in  all  America  found  the  plum 
tree  except  in  (New)  Harmony;  but  there  are  apples  in  great  quan- 
tities, excellent  in  all  old  orchards,  and  I  have  met  with  many  fine 
varieties  among  them.  Moreover  the  gardens  produce  melons,  espe- 
cially watermelons,  in  great  quantity  and  of  unusual  size — the  latter 
are  regarded  as  a  more  healthful  food  than  the  others.  That  all  other 
kinds  of  garden  fruits  will  thrive  here  may  be  supposed  from  what 
has  been  said.  The  pumpkin  at  times  reaches  the  gigantic  size  of  3 
feet  in  diameter.  Brown  and  red  cabbage  I  have  found  nowhere  in 
America,  and  the  ground  seems  to  be  too  rich  for  potatoes  and  many 
other  growths.  Potatoes,  for  example,  cannot  be  planted  until  very 
late,  often  not  until  July;  early  planted  ones  almost  never  thrive. 
Maize  wheat  and  oats  grow  excellently,  barley  and  rye  I  have  not 
found. 


156 

Here,  in  Edwardsville,  I  met  again  my  traveling  companion,  Mr. 
Hollmann,  and  it  may  not  be  disagreeable  to  the  reader  to  receive 
some  report  of  his  journey.  I  shall  therefore  give  here  a  brief  extract 
from  his  diary. 

"On  the  11th  of  July,  (1819)  I,  in  company  with  ten  travelers  on 
horse,  crossed  the  Wabash  and  entered  the  State  of  Illinois.  If 
the  traveler  from  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  this  point  has 
grown  weary  of  the  endless  journey  in  the  forests  then  he  believes 
himself  transferred  to  another  region  of  the  world  as  soon  as  he 
crosses  the  Wabash  and  beholds  those  great  prairies  alternating  with 
little  wooded  districts.  Yet,  this  is  one  of  the  largest  prairies  and, 
on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  wood,  not  very  well  adapted  to  cultiva- 
tion. 

"After  a  journey  of  22  miles  through  these  prairies  were  ached  the 
tavern;  it  was  full  of  travelers.  Nevertheless  each  one  was  served 
well  enough,  the  horses  were  well  cared  for,  and  only  with  respect  to 
the  lodgings  was  the  comfort  not  great.  Each  one  had  to  prepare 
his  own  bed  upon  the  floor  as  well  as  he  could,  and  even  here  the 
American  shows  a  peculiar  ease  which  is  the  result  of  his  noble 
freedom.  Everything  is  done  without  ado  and  without  ceremony. 
This  manner  of  living,  which  was  to  me  at  first  very  strange  and  dis- 
agreeable, soon  received  my  entire  approval — little  by  little  one  feels 
himself  free  among  free,  honest  people.  The  character  of  the  Amer- 
icans, which  at  first  was  so  little  agreeable  to  me,  is,  nevertheless,  on 
the  whole,  good.  This  opinion  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  my  liv- 
ing with  them  has,  little  by  little,  changed  my  judgment,  or  that  the 
people  themselves  here  are  better  than  in  the  eastern  states. 

"The  road  leads  through  prairies  where  one  all  day  long  sees  no 
house,  no,  not  even  a  tree,  so  that  protected  from  the  burning  heat 
of  the  sun,  one  could  rest  in  its  shade.  In  the  middle  of  this  prairie, 
24  miles  wide,  an  axle  of  my  wagon  broke,  whereby  I  got  into  no 
small  difficulty.  My  mounted  traveling  companions  could  not  help 
me  and  had  to  leave  me;  but  two  pedestrians,  who  had  made  the 
journey  afoot  from  Baltimore  in  this  manner,  proved  friends  in  need. 
They  went  back  three  miles  to  get  a  tree  trunk  which  we  had  seen 
lying  there  by  the  road.  With  great  difficulty  we  then  took  the 
wagon  to  the  next  house.  .These  honest  Americans  repaid  me  evil 
with  good.  They  had  been  in  our  company  for  some  time,  and  at 
the  crossing  of  the  river  I  did  not  wish  to  permit  them  to  take  a 
place  in  my  wagon. 

"When  we  arrived  at  the  next  tavern  the  remaining  traveling  com- 
panions had  already  sent  for  a  wheelwright,  and  thus  through  the 
kind  aid  of  my  comrades  it  was  possible  for  me  to  continue  the 
journey  with  them  on  the  next  morning.  Toward  noon  the  heat 
became  oppressive  and  the  flies  so  intolerable  that  we  resolved  to  make 
a  halt.  Not  until  towards  6:00  o'clock  did  we  continue  our  journey. 
Traveling  at  night  time  in  these  prairies  is  very  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred. One  can,  without  the  aid  of  the  moon,  find  the  beaatiful 
level  road,  and  the  horses  are  not  tormented  by  either  heat  or  flies. 


( 


157 

"The  landlord  at  the  next  tavern  received  us  with  the  remark  that 
tavern  keeping  was  only  a  secondary  matter  with  him,  and  he  re- 
quested of  his  guests  that  they  accommodate  themselves  to  his 
wishes,  and  whoever  would  not  consent  to  this  might  tiavel  on.  The 
company  of  travelers  regarded  the  words  of  the  landlord  as  very 
strange,  but  resolved  to  put  up  here  as  the  next  tavern  was  quite  a 
distance  off,  and  men  and  horses  were  very  tired.  After  supper  the 
landlord  with  his  family  began  to  pray  and  eiogso  that  the  ears  of  us 
tired  travelers  tingled.  Many  of  the  travelers  would  have  gladly  re- 
quested them  to  desist  from  this  entertainment  if  the  landlord  had 
not  taken  the  above  precautions  upon  our  entrance.  After  prayers 
the  landlord  related  to  me  that  he  had  often  been  disturbed  in  his 
religious  exercises,  and  even  been  shamefully  ridiculed  by  travelers; 
he  therefore  had  been  obliged  to  make  that  condition  upon  the 
reception  of  guests.     He  was  a  Quaker. 

^"On  the  23d  of  July  I  entered  Edwardsville.  The  most  remarkable 
curiosity  which  met  me  here  was  the  camp  of  the  Kickapoo  Indians 
who  were  now  sojourning  here  in  order  to  conclude  a  treaty  with  the 
plenipotentiaries  of  the  United  States,  whereby  they  renounced  all 
their  rights  and  claims  to  the  lands  on  the  Sangamon,  Onaquispa- 
sippi,  and  in  the  entire  State  of  Illinois;  ceding  the  same  to  Congress, 
and  to  immediately  vacate  the  State  of  Illinois.  Their  color  is 
reddish-brown;  their  face  irregular,  often  horribly  colored  with 
bright  red  paint;  their  hair  is  cut  to  a  tuft  upon  the  crown  of  the 
head  and  painted  various  colors.  Very  few  are  clothed,  in  summer  a 
woolen  covering,  in  winter  a  buffalo  skin,  is  their  only  covering. 
They  seem  to  be  very  fond  of  adornments,  as  of  silver  rings  about 
the  neck  and  arms.     They  likewise  carry  a  shield  before  the  breast.'^ 

Vandalia,  Sept.  10,  1819. 

Immediately  after  I  had  joined  my  traveling  companion,  Mr.  Holl- 
manu,  in  Edwardsville,  we  visited  our  countryman,  named  Barensbach, 
whose  farm  was  about  four  miles  from  the  village,  to  ask  him  to  show 
us  the  lands  which  are  to  be  sold  at  public  auction,  at  the  laod  oflBce 
in  Edwardsville,  on  the  first  of  August  this  year.  He  granted  our 
request  not  only  with  the  greatest  readiness,  but  to  this  excellent  man 
we  owe  for  many  other  courtesies  and  much  information.  His  experi- 
ence and  his  advice  we  have  found  at  all  times  very  helpful.  So 
greatly  is  he  respected  in  this  entire  region  that  we  have  almost  never 
heard  his  name  mentioned  by  the  inhabitants  without  its  being  ac- 
companied by  great  praise.  In  spite  of  his  disinclination  for  every 
public  service  they  have  called  him  to  the  important  office  of  judge. 

The  24  townships  which  are  to  be  sold  lie  bettveen  this  place  and 
Edwardsville  on  Shoal  creek  and  Sugar  creek  and  Silver  creek. 
There  are  many  good  lands  among  them,  and  we  would  certainly 
have  purchased  land  at  this  auction  if  it  had  been  possible  to 
get  anything  really  as  good  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Vandalia^ 
that  is  now  about  to  be  laid  out. 


158 

•  Aocording  to  the  Oonstitution  of  the  State  of  Illinois  this  town  is 
to  be  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  State,  and  the  lots  will  be  pub- 
licly sold  on  the  6th  of  September  of  this  year.  In  the  vicinity  of 
this  town  is  a  large  amount  of  fine  lands;  but  everyone  is  full  of 
praise  for  those  which  lie  about  60  to  fcO  miles  northward  upon  the 
river  Sangamon.  The  Indians  have  concluded  their  treaty  with 
Congress,  and  the  latter  is  now  in  full  possesiou  of  these  so  highly 
prized  regions.  In  consideration  of  all  this  we  regarded  it  more  ad- 
visable to  wait,  and  resolved  for  the  present  to  settle  in  the  town, 
Vandalia,  and  then  from  here  purchase  land  in  time.  In  order  to 
use  the  interval  to  as  good  advantage  as  possible,  we  began  to 
build  a  little  house  here  from  logs,  after  the  manner  of  the  Ameri- 
cans— the  logs  are  laid  one  upon  another,  the  ends  let  down  into 
grooves.  As  soon  as  the  building  was  far  enough  advanced  so  that 
my  companion  was  able  to  finish  it  alone,  I  started  upon  a  journey 
to  view  the  wonderful  land  upon  the  Sangamon  before  I  returned  to 
Europe.  On  the  27th  of  August  I,  accompanied  by  a  guide,  set  out 
upon  this  little  journey.  We  were  both  mounted,  and  had  filled  our 
portmanteaus  as  bountifully  as  possible  with  food  for  man 
and  horse,  because  upon  such  a  journey  in  those  regions, 
one  can  not  count  upon  much.  A  fine,  well-traveled  road  leads 
thither  from  Edwardeville.  In  order  to  reach  this  we  rode  out  from 
Vandalia  across  Shoal  creek,  and  then  northward  into  the  prairie. 
"We  left  the  forests  about  the  sources  of  Sugar  and  Silver  creeks  to 
the  south,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  groves  about  the  sources  of  the 
Macoupin  we  came  upon  this  road.  We  now  touched  upon 
points  of  timber  on  some  branches  of  this  river,  and  then  came  into 
that  great  prairie  which  extends  from  the  Illinois  river  through  the 
greater  part  of  the  State  from  west  to  east  and  disappears  about  the 
source  of  the  Okaw  (Kaskaskia)  and  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Wabash.  This  great  prairie  is  the  dividing  line  of  the  waters  flow- 
ing southward  to  the  Mississippi  and  northward  to  the  Sangamon; 
but  is,  however,  of  no  considerable  height  (elevation).  East  of  the 
road  are  some  lakes  or  swamps  from  which  the  two  branches  of 
Shoal  creek  receive  their  first  water.  The  entire  region  south  of  this 
prairie  elevation  is  especially  distinguished  by  the  elevation  of  the 
prairie  and  by  the  smoothness  and  fertility  of  the  land;  however,  no 
spring  or  river  water  is  to  be  found  anywhere  in  it.  In  general  the 
few  springs  which  may  possibly  be  there  occur  only  in  the  bordering 
timber.  The  banks  of  the  rivers  are  very  high  and  hilly,  upon 
these  alone  are  found  the  patches  of  forest.  All  rivers  here  have  but 
little  fall  and  form  many  stagnant  bodies  of  water,  while  in  dry  sea- 
sons the  rivers  dry  up  almost  completely,  and  thereby  are  produced 
those  vapors  which  make  the  air  unhealthy. 

As  soon  as  one  arrives  upon  the  elevation  and  northern  side  of  this 
prairie  the  grass  of  the  prairie  changes  and  the  ground  becomes  visibly 
better.  The  river  banks  decline  in  a  gentle  slope  from  the  prairie  to  the 
water,  and  are  likwise  covered  with  woods,  which  also  shows  the  greater 
fertility  of  the  soil.  We  find  here  in  the  State  of  Illinois  almost  the 
same  variety  of  woods  that  are  found  in  Ohio;  and  I  found,  in  addi- 


159 

tion  to  the  soft  maple,  the  sugar  tree  which,  in  its  leaves  differs  but 
little  from  it.  The  inhabitants  regard  the  latter  as  far  better  for  the 
production  of  sugar. 

On  Sugar  creek,  where  we  passed  the  second  night,  we  found, 
right  at  the  point  of  the  timber,  a  family  who  had  not  yet  finished 
their  log  cabin.  Half  a  mile  farther  three  families  had  settled  near 
an  excellent  spring,  and  here  we  passed  the  night.  Upon  this  little 
stream,  which  about  15  miles  to  the  north  of  its  source  empties  into 
the  Sangamon,  about  60  farms  have  already  been  laid  out  and  indeed  all 
since  this  spring  of  1819  They  have  only  broken  up  the  sod  of  the 
prairie  with  the  plow  and  planted  their  corn,  and  now  one  sees  these 
splendid  fields  covered  almost  without  exception  with  corn  from  ten  to 
15  feet  high.  It  is  no  wonder  that  such  a  high  degree  of  fruitfulness 
attracts  men  to  bid  defiance  to  the  various  dangers  and  inconveniences 
that  might,  up  to  this  time,  present  themselves  to  such  a  settlement. 
And  one  can  therefore  predict  that  possibly  no  region  in  all  this 
broad  America  will  be  so  quickly  populated  as  this.  Nevertheless, 
one  must  regard  as  venturesome  daredevils  all  settlers  who  this 
early  have  located  here  for  they  trespassed  upon  the  possessions  of 
the  Indians,  and  ran  the  risk  of  being  driven  out,  or  killed  during 
the  great  annual  hunt  of  the  Indians,*  if  that  treaty  at  Edwardsville 
had  not  fortunately  been  made.  But  now  bow  many  will  migrate  hither 
since  everything  is  quiet  and  safe  here!  Let  us  consider  these  pres- 
sent  farmers  in  respect  to  their  property  right  upon  these  their 
plantations.  How  extremely  dangerous  is  their  position  in  this  re- 
gard! The  land  is  not  even  surveyed,  and  therefore  cannot  be  offered 
for  sale  for  three  or  four  years.  And  then,  when  offered  for  sale, 
anyone  is  at  liberty  to  outbid  the  present  settler  for  his  farm  which 
is  already  in  cultivation.  If  now  all  these  considerations  and  actual 
dangers  could  not  restrain  men  from  migrating  to  this  territory,  this 
then  is  the  most  convincing  proof  of  its  value  and  that  it  is  justly 
styled  "the  beautiful  land  on  the  Sangamon." 

From  Sugar  creek  we  turned  immediately  westward  with  the  inten- 
tion of  reaching  the  point  where  the  Sangamon  empties  into  the 
Illinois,  and  there  crossing  the  former  to  the  north  bank.  We 
crossed  Lake  creek,  then  the  two  branches  of  Spring  creek,  both  of 
which  flow  in  the  open  prairie— a  thing  which  I  had  never  before 
seen  here  in  America.  On  the  other  side  of  Spring  creek  is  a  camping 
ground  of  the  Indians,  whence  the  prairie  rises  io  gentle  hills  where 
we  found  two  fine  springs  shaded  simply  by  a  few  trees.  The  water 
of  these  brooks  flows  swift  and  clear  through  the  luxuriant  prairie, 


*  Every  autumn  the  Indians  within  the  entire  circuit  of  their  possessions  hold  a  grand 
hunt.  They  then  set  fire  to  the  dry  grass  of  the  prairie,  and  the  flame  with  inoredlble 
rapidity  spreads  over  all  the  country.  Before  It  all  wild  game  flees,  having  been  frightened 
from  their  safe  retreHts,  and  fall  victim  to  the  fatal  shot  of  the  red  hunters  This  de- 
structive custom  of  burning  off  the  prairies  is  the  reason  that  timber  is  cnflned  to  the 
banks  of  streams  and  a  few  other  places  The  heat  of  the  Are  not  only  prevents  entirely 
further  extension  of  the  forests  but  even  diminishe-*  their  area.  Upon  these  annual  hunts 
the  Indians  forcibly  eject  all  white  settlers  from  their  territory. 


160 

the  high  grass  of  which  often  reaches  above  the  head  of  the  horse- 
man. From  these  two  little  brooks  rises  a  plain  which  extends  to 
Richland  creek. 

Here  we  passed  the  night  at  the  home  of  farmer  Schaffer,  who  was 
just  then  einploj'ed  in  breaking  up  more  prairie.  It  was  a  pleasure  to 
me  to  see  that  this  first  plowing  produced  arable  ground  like  the 
best  clover  field.  I  advised  him  to  plant  at  least  a  small  part  to  wheat, 
which  from  appearances  must  undoubtedly  be  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able grain  for  this  soil.  He,  however,  asserted  that  maize  planted 
upon  it  the  next  spring  would  be  more  profitable.  Nevertheless,  he 
promised  to  make  a  trial  with  wheat;  but  he  had  already  intended 
this  year's  corn  field  for  the  wheat.  Maize,  turnips  and  melons  were 
the  products  which  he  expected  this  year  upon  the  first  breaking  up 
of  the  prairie. 

That  this  region  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  with  respect  to  health 
was  sufSciently  demonstrated  to  me  by  the  healthy  appearance  of  its 
inhabitants 

Further  on  in  the  prairie  we  again  found  some  springs,  and  con- 
tinuing westward,  about  noon  reached  another  small  river  *  upon 
which  we  found  three  or  four  farms.  The  timber  on  this  river  bank 
consisted  almost  exclusively  of  sugar  trees,  and  gave  those  people  the 
most  promising  prospect  of  a  harvest  of  sugar  the  coming  spring. 
From  all  reports  which  we  gathered  it  appeared  tons  that  no  one  upon 
the  bank  of  the  Illinois  river  had  ever  been  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sanga- 
mon; prevented  from  doing  so  by  the  difficulty  of  penetrating  the 
intervening  woods  and  underbrush;  but  they  estimated  the  distance  at 
about  25  or  30  miles. 

Since  the  heat  was  oppressive  and  the  flies  unendurable  we  were 
obliged  to  give  up  further  progress  to  the  Illinois  river,  we  therefore 
turned  again  to  the  Sangamon,  and  toward  noon  reached  its  forests. 
Here,  also,  we  found  three  farms,  but  we  could  not  pass  the  river  as 
it  was  very  high.  This  river  (the  Sangamon)  is  rather  large,  and 
must  be  navigable  the  greater  part  of  the  year  for  medium  sized 
vessels.  It  differs  very  advantageously  from  all  the  other  rivers  of 
western  America  in  that  its  clear  water  even  in  this  dry  time  main- 
ains  a  moderate  height,  and  it  is  uncommonly  well  stocked  with 
fish. 

We  were  now  obliged  to  proceed  farther  up  the  river,  and  between 
the  mouths  of  Sugar  and  Spring  creeks  we  found  a  crossing  where 
there  was  a  canoe  in  which  we  crossed  and  let  the  horses  swim  along- 
side. The  bank  of  the  river  is  here  about  50  feet  high,  measured 
from  the  surface  of  the  Sangamon,  where  a  broad  plain  is  formed — a 
grand  spot  for  the  founding  of  a  city.  Below,  upon  the  river  bank, 
I  found  a  very  good  clay  for  pottery  and  tile  work.  As  soon  as  we 
had  left  the  timber  of  the  Sangamon,  upon  the  other  bank  we  came 
into  another  large  prairie  where  a  not  insignificant  hill  covered  with 
timber  attracted   our  attention.     It  was  the  Elkhart   (Grove.)     This 


•  Richland   creek,   in   Cartwright  township,    in  the   northwestern  part  of  Sangamon 
county.— J.  F.  8. 


161 

place  is  renowned  on  account  of  its  agreeable  and  advantageous 
situation.  A  not  too  steep  hill  about  two  miles  in  circuit  pro- 
vided with  two  excellent  springs,  is  the  only  piece  of  timbered 
land  in  a  prairie  from  six  to  eight  miles  broad.  Its  forest  trees  show 
the  great  fertility  of  the  soil. 

1  found  on  it  sugar  trees  from  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  far- 
mer settled  here,  Mr  Latham,  had  80  acres  enclosed  by  the  wood  of  the 
blue  ash.  This  hill  is  lost  toward  the  Sangamon,  as  well  as  northward 
toward  the  Onaquispasippi  in  alternating  hills  without  forest,  which, 
to  me,  judging  from  the  kinds  of  which  grass  they  bore,  seemed  very 
well  adapted  to  sheep  grazing  or  vineyards.  Eastward,  at  the  foot  of  the 
hill,  is  a  level,  rich  prairie.  Here  Mr.  Latham  had  planted  30  acres 
of  corn  this  spring  which  thrived  beyond  all  expectation.  From  this 
soil  I  took  a  small  sample  which  seems  to  consist  of  loam  and  an  in- 
significant admixture  of  sand.  In  the  surrounding  prairie  the  two 
springs  reappear  which  were  lost  in  the  ground  at  the  edge  of  the 
forest. 

Towards  the  south  there  are  several  springs  in  the  prairie,  some 
of  which  form  little  waterfalls  often  three  or  four  feet  high.  All  these 
circumstances  make  the  Elkhart  not  only  a  beautiful,  but— from  an 
agricultural  point  of  view  -a  very  valuable  possession.  For  whoever 
owns  the  woodlands  of  the  Elkhart  controls  at  the  same  time  the 
greater  part  of  the  large  and  rich  prairie  surrounding  it,  where, 
on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  wood,  it  would  be  diflScult  to  establish 
a  farm.  This  farm  is,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  one  situated  far- 
therest  north  in  the  whole  State  of  Illinois — except,  perhaps,  in  the 
military  lands  on  the  other  side  of  the  Illinois  river.  However,  it 
will  not  remain  so  much  longer,  since  15  miles  farther,  where  for- 
merly stood  the  Kickapoo  Indian  capital,  some  corn  fields  have  been 
laid  out,  and  a  farm  will  be  established  there  towards  spring. 

We  countinued  our  journey  northward  and  soon  reached  the  charm- 
ing banks  of  the  Onaquispasippi.*  (Satz)  Alas!  this  river  was  like- 
wise too  high  to  be  crossed  on  horseback.  Here  a  rather  passable  road 
runs  northward  to  Fort  Clair,  (Clark)  on  Lake  Peoria.  The  soil  north- 
ward on  (of)  the  Sangamon  has  far  more  sand  in  it  than  in  the  remaining 
part  of  the  State;  and  the  only  thing  that  might  be  feared  would  be 
that,  on  that  account,  its  exceptional  fertility  in  time  might  decrease. 
But  this  point  of  time  is  certainly  very  far  off.  The  Onaquispasippi 
is  still  a  more  beautiful  river  than  the  Sangamon,  for  it  has  all 
the  characteristics  of  the  latter  but  in  a  higher  degree.  It  is  like- 
wise navigable  for  medium  sized  vessels. 

In  this  prairie  I  found  manyrattle8nake8;but  all  small,  of  gray  color, 
and  of  one  species.  During  my  entire  journey  I  have  heard  of  no 
fatality  produced  by  their  bite.  Unable  to  get  across  the  river  we 
were  obliged  to  forego  examination  of  the  locality  of  Kickapoo  town, 
and  we  started  on  our  return  journey.  We  had,  however,  seen 
enough  to  be  able  to  assert  that  this  region  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  the   State  of  Illinois;  or  rather,  will    become   such   in  a 

*  Salt  creek  in  Logan  county.— J.  P.  S. 

-11  H 


162 

short  time.  One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  that  may  retard  the  rapid 
population  of  this  district  is  the  scarcity  of  wood;  yet,  there  is  suffi- 
cient timber  for  a  moderate  population,  and  the  stock  of  forest  will 
soon  greatly  increase  now  that  the  destructive  prairie  fires  will  be 
stopped.  Likewise  the  rivers  Sangamon  and  Onaquispasippi  can 
greatly  facilitate  the  importation  of  this  article.  These  two  rivers 
will  not  only  open  up  a  market  for  all  produce  in  the  direction  of  St. 
Louis  and  New  Orleans,  but  their  proximity  to  the  Illinois  river  will 
in  time  furnish  this  region  with  another  very  promising  prospect  by 
the  lakes  to  New  York  City  by  means  of  the  canal  now  in  progress 
connecting  that  city  and  Lake  Erie. 

It  is,  also ,  a  very  easy  thing  to  unite  the  Illinois  with  Lake  Michigan 
by  a  12  mile  canal— even  now,  in  the  case  of  high  water,  the  transit  there 
is  now  made.  By  means  of  this  canal  thgn,  inland  navigation  would  be 
opened  up  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans,  a  distance  of  3,000  English 
miles  Such  an  internal  waterway  not  only  does  not  exist  at  the  present 
time  in  the  whole  world,  but,  it  will  never  exist  anywhere  else.  Be- 
sides, this  State  enjoys  the  navigation  of  its  boundary  and  internal 
rivers  amounting  to  3,094  miles,  and  all  are  placed  in  communication 
with  each  other  through  the  Mississippi.  In  short,  I  do  not  believe 
that  any  one  State  in  all  America  is  so  highly  favored  by  nature,  in 
every  respect,  as  the  State  of  Illinois. 

The  entire  length  of  the  Sangamon  is  still  unknown;  yet  we  know 
that  it  is  navigable  for  at  least  BOO  miles  from  its  union  with  the  Illi- 
nois. About  60  miles  from  its  mouth  it  separates  into  two  arms,  of 
which  the  southern  one  bears  the  name  Mooqua,  which,  in  the 
language  of  the  Kickapoo  Indians  signifies  "wolf's  face."  This  arm 
is  up  to  the  present  time  the  best  known,  and  its  borders  are  already 
rather  well  occupied  with  farms.  Above  the  source  of  the  Sanga- 
mon is  tound  a  rock  50  feet  high  which  has  a  fissure  in  its  middle. 
In  this  fissure  the  Indians  placed  tobacco,  maize,  honey  and  other 
products  of  the  land  as  a  thanks  ofPering  to  the  Great  Spirit. 

The  Indians,  for  the  most  part,  cultivate  some  maize,  and  are  great 
reverers  of  this  useful  grain.  As  soon  as  the  first  ripe  ears  of  maize 
are  brought  to  the  chief  he  institutes  a  grand  feast  where  music  and 
dance  delight  the  company,  and  where  the  pipe  of  peace  is  indus- 
triously smoked.  The  benefits  of  the  maize  to  the  white  settlers  are 
manifold.  As  soon  as  the  ears  have  attained  some  maturity  it  furnishes 
a  good  healthy  food.  The  ears  are  either  boiled  in  water,  or  roasted 
by  the  fire.  JProm  its  meal,  bread  is  prepared,  and  they  make  a 
porridge  from  it  which  with  milk  is  an  excellent  dish.  Besides  this 
it  is  fed  to  all  cattle,  especially  horses  and  pigs.  Even  its  dry  stalks 
are  carefully  preserved  in  stacks  to  serve  as  fodder  for  horses  and 
cattle  during  the  winter.     *     *     * 

After  an  extremely  tiresome  day's  journey  we  reached,  about  11:00 
o'clock  at  night  the  first  farms  on  Shoal  creek  where  we  spent  the 
night.  Here  the  ague  was  raging,  especially  among  those  who  had 
come  here  this  year  from  the  eastern  states.  This  sickness  is  owing 
very  much  to  the  manner  of  life  of  these  people;  for  they  live  in  part 


163 

upon  dried  venison,  water  melons,  etc.,  and  often  expose  themselves 
to  wet  weather.  Such  a  manner  of  life  must  of  necessity  produce 
sickness.  The  wholesome  effect  of  quinine  is  striking  in  the  treat- 
ment of  these  fevers.  I  had  brought  a  quantity  of  it  with  me  from 
Baltimore,  and  this  remedy  very  soon  helped  everyone  to  whom  I 
administered  it. 

On  the  5th  of  September  I  arrived  at  Vaadalia,  This  place,  in 
accordance  with  the  Constitution,  is  to  become  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  new  State.  It  is  50  miles  from  Edwardsville,  and  about 
60  from  the  Wabash;  so  that  it  is  located  about  in  the  middle  of  the 
State.  Its  situation  is  well  chosen,  upon  a  bank  of  the  Kaskaskia, 
50  feet  high,  and  richly  provided  with  wood  for  building,  and  with 
good  spring  water,  as  well  as  with  a  vicinage  of  excellent  land.  The 
river,  which  is  navigable  to  this  point,  here  describes  a  sharp  curve 
which  amounts  very  nearly  to  a  right-angle,  coming  from  the  east 
and  going  to  the  south. 

The  plan  of  the  town  is  a  square  subdivided  into  64  squares,  and 
the  space  of  two  of  these  squares  in  the  middle  is  intended  for  public 
use.  Every  square,  having  eight  building  lots,  contains  320  square 
rods;  each  building  lot  is  80  feet  wide  152  feet  deep.  Each  square  is 
cut  from  south  to  north  by  a  16-foot  alley;  and  the  large,  regular  and 
straight  streets,  80  feet  wide,  intersect  each  other  at  right-angles. 

Only  four  weeks  ago  the  Commissioners  advertised  the  sale  of 
these  lots  (it  will  take  place  tomorrow) ,  and  there  is  already  consid- 
erable activity  manifested.  Charles  Reavise  and  I  were  the  first 
who  began  to  build.  How  difficult  it  was  at  that  time  to  penetrate 
the  dense  forest  which  embraces  the  entire  circuit  of  the  future  city. 
At  present  there  are  several  passable  roads  leading  hither.  Now  the 
most  active  preparations  are  being  made  for  the  construction  of 
houses,  and  we  are  daily  visited  by  travelers.  But  how  it  will  have 
changed  in  10  or  20  years!  All  these  huge  forests  will  have  then 
disappeared  and  a  flourishing  city  with  fine  buildings  will  stand  in 
their  place.  A  free  people  will  then  from  this  place  rule  itself 
through  its  representatives  and  watch  over  their  freedom  and  well- 
being. 

St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi,  Sept.  26,  1819. 

When  the  lots  in  Vandalia  were  sold  I  purchased  four  of  them, 
and  after  I  had  made  the  necessary  arrangements  for  completion  of 
my  house,  I  set  about  preparing  for  my  return  to  Europe.  When  I 
arrived  in  St.  Louis  the  steamboat  "Harris"  had  been  gone  several 
days,  and  another  was  not  expected  for  eight  days  yet.  To  avoid 
passing  the  time  uselessly  here,  I  took  a  seat  upon  the  post-chaise  to 
St.  Charles  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Missouri  river.  *  *  *  I 
here  (Portage  des  Sioux)  entered  a  canoe  in  which  a  Frenchman 
took  me  up  the  Mississippi.  The  further  banks  of  that  river,  in  the 
State  of  Illinois,  consist  of  rocky  walls  in  which  are  found  some 
large  caves,  two  of  which  I  visited.     We  reached  the  Illinois  river 


164 

towards  evening  and  ascended  it  about  three  miles,  where  we  passed 
the  night  with  a  Frenchman  who  lived  upon  the  military  land  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river. 

There  is  certainly  no  river  in  North  America  better  adapted  for 
navigation  up  stream  than  the  Illinois.  Its  quiet  water  has  every- 
where sufficient  depth  and  is  clear  of  snags  which  make  the  Missouri 
and  Mississippi  so  dangerous.  From  its  mouth  up  stream  the  Illi- 
nois receives  the  following  rivers:  From  the  east  (1)  the  Fouche, 
(2)  the  Marais,  (3)  the  Macoupin  (navigable  nine  miles),  (4)  Negro, 
(5)  the  Sangamon  (navigable  250  miles),  (6)  the  Mackinaw  (navi- 
gable 90  miles).  Nineteen  miles  above  this  last  river  the  Illinois 
forms  Lake  Peoria,  20  miles  long  and  one  and  one-half  miles  wide 
except  in  the  middle  where  the  banks  approach  each  other  within  a 
quarter  of  a  mile.  This  lake  is  deep,  its  water  clear,  and  it  has  an 
abundance  of  fine  fish.  Above  this  lake  the  Illinois  receives  (7)  the 
Vermilion,  (8)  the  Manon,(9)  the  Fox  (or  Du  Page) ,  (10)  the  Riviere 
des  Plaines,  and  (1 1)   the  Kankakee. 

In  the  level  prairie  where  the  Kankakee  rises  is  a  little  lake  about 
five  miles  long  and  40  paces  broad  whereby  the  Kankakee  is  united 
with  the  Chicago  river,  which  is  really  a  bay  of  Lake  Michigan. 
From  this  lake  it  separates  into  two  arms,  of  which  the  southermost 
empties  into  Lake  Michigan  six  miles  from  its  separation,  the 
northernmost  joins  the  lake  80  miles  farther  west,  and  on  the  way 
takes  up  some  small  streams.  This  union  of  the  lakes  with  the  Illi- 
nois through  the  little  lake  or  canal  at  the  source  of  the  Des  Plaines 
appears  to  have  been  made  by  tbe  French  and  Indians  in  order  to 
get  into  the  Illinois  river  with  their  boats  during  high  water.  With 
very  slight  trouble  this  passage  could  be  established  for  larger  ves- 
sels. The  Indians  and  French  have  to  carry  their  boats  only  12 
miles  during  the  dryest  time,  and  just  on  that  account  this  distance 
is  called  a  portage. 

On  the  west  the  Illinois  receives  (1)  the  McKees  creek, (2)  Crooked 
creek,  (3)  Spoon  river,  and  the  Kickapoo.  These  rivers  are  of  no 
particular  significance,  and  all  rise  in  the  military  lands.  This  land 
embraces  the  entire  region  between  the  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi 
from  88°  47'  to  41°  47'  north  latitude.  It  is  said  to  contain  close  to 
15,500,000  acres. 

On  the  following  day  I  returned  to  the  Mississippi  and  Portage 
des  Sioux. 

The  Missouri  river  may  possibly  at  some  time  become  the  channel 
through  which  the  Americans  will  carry  on  their  commerce  in  the 
Pacific  ocean  towards  China.  There  is  already  much  talk  about  the 
government  putting  in  shape  the  not  very  long  road  between  the  sources 
of  the  Missouri  over  the  White  mountains  to  the  headwaters  of  the 
Columbia  which  empties  into  the  Pacific  ocean.  Even  this  year  the 
government  has  sent  a  military  detachment  in  two  steamboats  up 
the  Missouri  to  establish  military  posts  there  for  the  security  of  nav- 


165 

igation.  In  any  event  this  road  to  the  Pacific  will  be  the  shortest 
and,  in  the  future,  the  safest  and  most  passable.  What  flourishing 
-aties  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  will  become! 

The  hazel  nuts  were  ripe  here,  and  bear  with  astonishing  abund- 
ance. They  mature  here  about  a  month  later  than  in  Grermany. 
The  pawpaw  is  also  now  ripe  and  is  found  here  especially  frequent. 
This  fruit  resembles  a  large  kidney  potato,  very  delicious  and  health- 
ful, often  grows  like  a  bunch  of  grapes  upon  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Before  maturity  it  is  green  in  color,  and  as  it  ripens  changes  to  a 
greenish  yellow.  As  we  were  crossing  the  Missouri  we  often  saw 
mud  turtles  sunning  themselves  on  logs,  but  dropped  into  the  water 
as  soon  as  they  perceived  anyone. 

Opposite  the  ferry  lies  Jamestown,  a  place  in  which,  however,  only 
two  or  three  houses  have  yet  been  erected.  What  is  commonly  re- 
lated about  the  extremely  healthy  climate  of  the  Missouri  I  found  to 
be  by  no  means  confirmed,  for  upon  the  banks  of  that  river  I  found 
the  ague  as  prevalent  as  on  other  rivers.     ******** 

On  the  next  morning  I,  with  my  hospitable  host,  went  to  St.  Louis 
in  a  pirogue.  To  my  great  disappointment  I  there  learned  that  the 
steamboat  had  arrived  but  would  not  at  present  proceed  to  New 
Orleans,  To  hasten  my  return  as  much  as  possible  I  purchased  a 
skiff,  and  in  company  with  a  Pennsylvanian,  started  down  the 
Mississippi  from  St  Louis  on  the  27th  of  September.  [They  reached 
New  Orleans  in  safety  on  the  24th  of  October.] 


166 


THE  ARMY  LED  BY  COL    GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK  IN 
HIS  CONQUEST  OF  THE  ILLINOIS,  1778-9. 


A  list  of  the  officers,  non-commissioned  officers  and  private  sol- 
diers constituting  the  "Illinois  Regiment  of  Volunteers"  who  served, 
in  varying  numbers  and  at  different  dates,  under  the  command  of 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  during  the  revolutionary  war,  with  memor- 
anda of  the  land  bounty  granted  to  each  by  act  of  the  Virginia  As- 
sembly and  confirmed  by  the  general  government. 


Name. 


Bank. 


Remarks. 


Qeorere  Rogrera  Clark... 

John  Montgomery 

Joseph  Crockett 

George  Slaughter 


Thomas  Quirk ... 
George  Walls  — 
John  Crittenden., 


Charles  Greer 

Dr.  Andre  Ray 

John  Bailey 

Richard  Brashear  . 
Abraham  Chaplin.. 
Benjamin  Fields... 

Robert  George 

John  Gerault 

Abraham  Keller  ... 
Richard  McCarty.. 

Michael  Perault 

John  Rogers  

Benjamin  Roberts , 

Thomas  Mark 

Isaac  Taylor 

Robert  Todd 

John  Williams 

tJohn  Capman 

William  Cherry.... 
John  Kerney 


♦Benjamin  Kinley 

Abraham  Tipton 

Peter  Moore 

Thomas  Young 

Jesse  Evans 

Edward  Worthington 
Leonard  Helm 


Richard  Harrison. 


Brigadier  general . . 
Lieutenant  colonel. 

do 

do 


Major . 
do  .. 
do  .. 


Surgeon , 

do 

Captain . . 

do 

do 

do  ..... 

do 

do.... 

do  .... 

do.... 

do  .... 

do.... 

do.... 

do  .... 

do  .... 

do  .... 

do  .... 

do  .... 

do.... 

do.... 


..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Indian  agent . 


Captain . 


He  received  10.000  acres,  January.  1784 

He  received  6,000  acres,  February.  1784 

He  received  9,110  acres,  March,  1783 

He  received  5,333^  acres  as  major.  He  is  en- 
titled as  lieutenant  colonel 

He  received  6.33313  acres.  July,  1783 

He  received  7,110  acres,  July,  1784 

He  received  land  as  lieutenant  for  three 
years  and  four  months,  and  is  not  entitled 
as  brigade  major 

He  received  6.000  acres,  December,  1830 

Entitled  to  land  for  a  service  of  three  years. 

He  received  4,000  acres,  March,  1784 

..do 

.do. 


He  received  4,000  acres,  August,  1832 

He  received  4,000  acres,  April.  1784 

He  received  4,000  acres,  M arch,  1784 

He  received  4.000  acres,  July,  1785 

He  received  4.000  acres,  April.  1784 

He  received  4,000  acres,  March.  1784 

He  received  4,000  acres,  February,  1783 

He  received  4,000  acres,  July,  1830 

He  received  4,000  acres,  November,  1830 

He  received  4.000  acres,  March,  1784 

He  received  4,000  acres,  February,  1784 

He  received  4  000  acres,  December,  1791 

He  received  4,000  acres,  June.  1783 

He  received  5,000  acres,  November,  1783 

He  received  4,000  acres,  June,  1783.     Entitled 

to  land  for  seventh  year 

He  received  4,000  acres,  March,  1784 

He  received  4,000  acres.  May,  1789 

He  received  4,000  acres,  January,  1832 

He  received  4,0C0  acres.  February,1788 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  a  service  of  three  years. 
(This  claim  was  among  those  referred  by 
the  executive  to  the  agent  and  reported  on.) 

Entitled  to  the  difference  between  a  lieuten- 
ant's and  a  captain's  bounty.  He  has  re- 
ceived a  lieutenant's  bounty  for  a  service 
of  three  years 


*  Died.       t  Killed. 


General  George  Rogers  Clark. 


167 


Name, 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Richard  Clarke 

Lieutenant 

He  received  2.66623  acres.  March.  1784 

William  Clarke 

..  do 

..do 

Richftril  Harrison 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres.  April.  1784 

James  Montgomery 

James  Robertson 

do   

He  received  2,66623  acres.  March.  178i 

.do 

He  received  2,66623  acres,  August.  l<83 

JoseDh  Saunders 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres,  July.  1830 

Jarrett  Williams 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres,  March.  1784 

Isaac  BrownlnfiT... 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres,  January.  1805 

Rice  Bullock 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres.  June,  1784 

Bernard  Qlenn ........... 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres,  August.  1784 

Thomas  Wails 

..  do 

He  received  2,66623  acres,  January,  1831 

Anthonv  ( Jrockett 

.  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Thos  Valentine  Dalton  . 

.  do 

..do 

Thomas  Ravenscroft.... 

..  do 

..do 

Joseph  Ramsev..-.  ..... 

.  do 

..do 

John  Robprts                  .   .. 

do     

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Joseph  v^Iaugrhter 

..  do 

..do 

>Tames  Slauerhter 

.do 

..do 

William  Roberts 

..  do 

Entitled  to  the  difference  between  1,882  acres. 

..  do 

which  he  has  received,  and  a  lieutenant's 
bounty  for  three  years:  about  784  acres  now 
due  him 

James  Merriweather 

He  received  2.66623  acres  of  land.  January ,1784 

William  Asher 

Ensign 

He  received  2,66623  acres,  March,  1831 

Lawrence  Slangrhter 

..  do 

He  received  2,66623  acres.  April,  1783 

Henrv  Darins' 

..  do 

He  received  2,66623  a#res,  November,  1784.... 

*Hugfh  McGavock 

:    do 

He  received  2,66t)23  acres,  September,  1831 

Samuel  Ball  Green 

..  do 

He  received  2.66623  acres.  September,  1831 

..  do 

He  is  entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Robert  Green 

..  do 

He  was  commissioned   Dec.  1779;  resierned 

John  Thurston 

Cornet 

1780.    In  October,  1780,  he  was  ensign  in  the 
6th   Virginia  regiment.    In   July.  1781,  he 
was  lieutenant  and  was  in  the  service  in 
May,  1782.  and  probably  to  the  end  of  the 

war.    He  is  entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

He  received  2,66623  acres,  August,  1831 

Died. 


SOLDIERS  AND  NON-COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS. 


Name. 


Allery,  Joseph 

Allen,  John  br 

Allen,  John  Jr 

Aah, John  

Abbott,  William,  Sr. 
Abbott,  William,  Jr. 
Anderson,  John 


Allen,  Samuel 

Apperson,  Richard. 

Allen,  David 

Asher,  Bartlett 

Allen.  Isaac 

Alontou,  J  acob 

Adams,  Francis 

Andree,  Jean 

Antier.  Francis 

Bell,  William 

Ballinger.  Larkin... 

Blair.  John 

Bailey.  David 

Breeden.  Richard... 

Brown,  James 

Berry,  William 

Bentley,  James 

Bentley.  John 

Brazer,  Peter 

Bush,  John 

Bush,  Drury 

Brown,  James 

Boston,  William 

Boston,  Travis 


Rank. 


Remark.*. 


Private 
do  .... 
do  .... 
do  .... 
do  .... 
do  ... 
do  ... 


Sergeant. 
Private  ... 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant. 
Private  .. 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant. 
Private  .. 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years.    Deserted 

in  1781 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


168 


Name. 


Rank. 


Remarks. 


Baxter,  Jair.es.. 
Brown,  Low — 
Brown,  John,.. 
Butler,  John.... 

Biron,  J.  B 

Brown,  Colin... 
Barry,  William. 
Bevard, 


Blancher,  Pierre 

Bouche,  John 

Bressie,  Richard  Thos... 

Brossard.  Pierre 

Bleln,  Pierre 

Benton,  or  Bemton.Thos. 

Breedon,  John 

Bird.  Samuel 

Butcher,  Gasper 

Back.  John 

Ballard,  Bland 

Ballard,  Proctor 

Bowen.  William 

Ballard,  James 

Bush,  Thomas 

Ballard,  Wm.  Bland 

Barber.  John 

•Burnett,  Robert 

Bryant.  James 

Blankenship,  Henry 

Bowman,  Christian 

Bar&,  George 

Blnkley.  William 

Ballinger,  James 

Burris,  John 

Bender,  Robert 

♦Burbridge,  John 

♦Burbridge.  Wm 

JButts,  William 

♦Bender,  Lewis 

Beekley,  William 

Buskey,  Francis 

Boyles,  John  

Bowing,  Ebenezer 

Brown,  Asher 

Bin&roman.  Adam 

Bass,  Adam 

Blackford.  Samuel 

Bumey,  Simon 

Brown,  Lewis 

Begraw.  Alexander 

Bond,  Shadrach 


Blearn.  David. 


Brown,  ColHn., 
Burne,  Pierre  . 
Bolton,  Daniel 


or 


Bush.  William  ... 

Clarke,  Andrew  . 

Crump,  William.. 

Creze  (or  Crnze, 
Craze),  Noah 

Corneilla,  Patrick 

Chapman,  Kdward 

Chapman,  William 

Crossley,  William 

Cowan  (or  Cowin)  John. 

Camp,  Reuben 

Camper.  Tillman 

Cogar,  Peter 

Cogar.  Jacob 

Clifton.  Thomas 

Clarke,  John 

Cannon  (orCanore).  An- 
drew   


Corporal.. 
Private  ... 
Private  ... 

do 

Sergeant., 
Private  ... 

do , 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Sergeant. 
Corporal., 
Private  ... 
Sergeant. 
Private  ... 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant., 

do 

Corporal., 

..  do 

Private  ... 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant 


Private 


do 
do 
do 


..  do 

Sergeant 
..  do 


Private 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

do 

(He  received  200  acres  of  land) 

Entitled  to  land  for  service  during  the  war.. 
Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

do  

.do 

.do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war. 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


do 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Illinois  Volunteers;  entitled  to  400  acres  of 
land 

Illinois  Volunteers;  entitled  to  800  acres  of 
land 

Entitled  to  land  for  a  service  of  three  years.. 

..do... 

Illinois  Volunteers;  entitled  to  200  acres  of 
land.  He.  after  serving  as  a  volunteer,  en- 
listed in  the  Illinois  regiment  and  deserted. 
Nevertheless,  he  is  entitled  to  the  bounty 
promised  to  the  Illinois  volunteers 

Reported  as  a  deserter 

Kntitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 


..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war. 


*  Died.    X  Prisoner. 


169 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Cabbaere.  JoseDh 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Currv.  Jamps 

..  do 

..do 

Conroy,  Patrick 

..  do 

..do 

Cure.  Jean  Baotiste 

..  do 

..do 

Corns,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Crawley.  J  ohn 

..  do 

..do 

Cooner.  Joseoh 

..  do 

..do 

Cooper.  Ramsey 

..  do 

..do 

Costa,  J.  B.  lie  

..  do 

..do 

Clairmont,  Michael 

..  do 

..do 

Cabbassle,  B 

.do 

..do 

Coffee,  Samuel 

..  do 

..do 

Conolly,  Thomas 

Flfer 

..do 

Coun, John 

Private 

..do 

Campo,  Lewis 

..  do 

..do 

Camno.  Michael 

..  do 

..do 

Campbell.  George 

Sergeant  

..do 

Cowdry,  John 

Private 

..do 

Cowan.  Andrew 

..  do 

..do 

Cowan,  Mason 

..  do 

..do 

Calvin.  Daniel 

.  do 

.do 

Corder(or  Cordeu)  James 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Campbell,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Curtis.  Kice 

..  do 

..do 

Chambers,  Ellick 

..  do 

..do 

Cockrau,  Edward 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years ... 

Cockran,  George 

..  do 

..do 

Coheron,  Dennis 

..  do 

..do 

Carbine,  Henry 

Sergeant  

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Cameron,  James 

Cornoral 

..do 

Cowgill.  Daniel 

Private 

..do 

Crutcher,  Henry 

Volunteer  and  Q.  M.. 
Private 

..do 

Crane.  St.  J  ohn 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Certain,  Page 

..  do 

..do 

Compera,  Lewis 

..  do 

..do 

Compera,  Francis 

..  do 

..do 

Con  Vance,  Paul 

..  do 

..do 

Contraw,  Francis 

.  do 

..do 

Coontz,  Christopher 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Cox,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Coeles,  Andrew 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Damewood.  Boston 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Dewett,  Henry 

Serereant  ...... 

.do 

Donne,  Tohn 

C.  M.  S 

Private 

Not  entitled  to  land 

Donovan,  John  

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Davis,  Robert 

..  do 

..do 

Darnell.  Cornelius 

..  do 

..do 

Dawson.  James 

..  do 

..do 

Detering,  Jacob 

.do       

Entitled  to  land  for  three  vears 

Doherty,  John 

..  do 

He  received  200  acres  of  land 

Drust,  Daniel 

SergeantMajor 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  vears 

Decker.  Jacob 

..do 

Davis,  James 

..do 

..do 

DeCosta,  J.  B.  (noticed 
above  under  letter  C) . . 

Corporal 

..do 

Dulhonean,  Pierre 

Private 

..do 

Decrand,  P 

..  do 

..do.. 

Dusahlong.  B 

..do 

..do 

Duselle,  Mons 

..  do 

..do 

DRrl)y,  John 

.do 

..do 

Darby.  Baptiste 

..  do 

..do 

Dolphin.  Peter  

..  do 

..do 

Day.  William 

.do 

..do 

Durrette,  James 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

*Dohbrtv,  Frederick 

.do 

..do 

Doherty,  Edward 

..  do 

..do 

Dawson.  James 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  a  James  Daw- 

.. do 

son  has  received  200  acres  of  land;    t<up- 
Dosed  to  be  another  person     • 

Denton,  Thomas 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war:  400  acres  re- 

..  do 

ceived  by  a  Sergeant  of  this  name 

DeNeifhelle,  Lewis 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Dnncan    (or    Duncom), 
Nimrod   

..  do 

do                              

Duncan    (or    Duncom), 
Benjamin 

..  do 

do                           

Doyle,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Duncan    (or    Duncom), 
Samuel 

..  do 

..do 

*  Died. 


170 


Name. 


Rank. 


Remarks. 


Duncan  (or  Duncom), 
Archibald 

Duncan  (or  Duncom). 
Charles 

Duncan  (or  Duncom), 
Joseph 

Dudley.  Armistead 

Doud.  Roger 

Duff,  John 

Donow,  Joseph 


Drumerold.  James.. 

Duncan.  David 

♦Dean.  James 

Darnell.  Cornelius. 

Davis,  Joseph 

Elms,  William 


Evans,  Charles 


Elms,  James . 


♦Elms.  John 

English.  Robert... 
Evans.  Stanhope 

Estis.  James , 

Frazer,  Abraham 


.  Private  , 


do 

do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant 


Private , 


do 


..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant 


Favers,  John 

Flandegan.  Dominick ... 

Floyd.  Isham 

Freeman,  William 

Fair,  Edmund 

Fever,  William  

Funk,  Henry 

Facbe,  Louis 

tPleld,  Lewis 

♦Field,  Daniel 

Freeman,  Peter 

Foster.  Henry 

Frost,  Stenhen 

Godfrey.  Francis 

Gagnia,  Lewis 

Grimes.  John 

Grolet,  Francis,  Sr 

Grolet.  Francis,  Jr 

Gaskins.  Thomas 

Guion,  Frederick  S 

Germain,  J.  B 

Grimshire,  John 

Gagnia,  Jacque 

(Jallagan.  Owen 

Gavuldon(or  Ganchdon), 

Baptiste 

Gagnia,  Pierre 

Goodwin    (orGoodam), 

Wm 

Goodloe.  Henry 

Glass.  Michael 

♦Gwinn.  William 

Goodwin.  Edward 

Goodwin,  Amos 

Greenwood.  Daniel 

Gaines  (or  (3arner),  Wm. 

Gordon.  John 

George,  John 

Gomier     (  or   Gannin  ), 

Abraham 

Green.  John 

Garrett,  John 

Gibbons.  Samuel 

Glenn,  David 


do  .... 
do  .... 
do  .... 
do  .... 
do  .... 
Private , 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 
do  ... 


do 
do 


..  do 

Sergeant . 
Private  .. 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 


..  do 

Sergeant. 

..  do 

Private .. 
..  do 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 


.do. 


do 

do 

do 

do 

A  volunteer  in  Captain  Worthington's  cav- 
alry, and  entitled  to  200  acres  of  land 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

do 

do 

do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  rpceived 
200  acres  of  land,  and  is  now  entitled  to 
200  acres 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  received 
100  acres  of  land,  and  is  now  entitled  to 
200 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  also  re- 
ceived 100  acres  of  land,  and  is  entitled  to 
200  more 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years.  He  served 
three  years,  afterwards  he  probably  re- 
enlisted  and  deserted.  He  should  have 
land  for  his  faithful  service  of  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do ; 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Died. 


X  Prisoner. 


171 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks, 

Graham.  James 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Guess,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Gratiott,  Jean..... 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

*Green,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Gaines.  John 

.  do 

Illinois  volunteers.    Entitled  to  200  acres  of 

Hardin.  Francis 

..  do 

land 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Horn.  Christonher 

..  do 

..do 

*Hooper,  Thomas 

..  do 

..do 

Houndsler.  (Charles 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Hollls.  Joshua 

..  do 

Huffman,  Jacob 

..  do 

..do 

HarrisoDi   Kichard. ...... 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years.  He  deserted 
after  having  served  three  years 

Hazard.  John 

Sergreant 

Private 

Humnhriea.  Samuel  .... 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

Holmes,  James 

..  do 

Hupp,  Philip 

Matross 

..do 

Honkins.  Richard 

..  do 

..do 

tHaut,  Henry 

Sergfeant 

..do 

Hlte,  George 

Private 

..do 

Horn.  Jeremiah 

..  do 

..do 

Harrison,  Jamec 

Gunner 

..do 

Havs.  Thomas 

Private 

..do 

Huin.  Wm 

CorDoral .... 

..do 

*Hammett,  James  ....... 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Hiertfins.  Barney 

..  do 

..do 

Hart.  Miles 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  vears 

Hays,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Hallpr,  Francis 

..  do 

..do 

*Hicks,  Mordecai 

..  do 

..do 

Hawkins,  Samuel 

Corporal 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Horton,  Adln 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Hawlev.  Richard .. 

..  do 

..do    

Hicks,  David 

Serereant 

..do 

Hall,  William 

Private 

..do 

Howell.  Peter 

..  do 

..do 

Heywood,  Berry 

..  do 

..do 

Hendris,  Andrew 

..  do 

..do 

House,  Andrew 

..  do 

..do 

Head,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Hieldebrand,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Hobbs,  James 

..  do 

..do 

Hico.  Peter,  Sr 

..  do 

..do 

Hico,  Peter,Jr 

..  do 

..do 

Hatten.  Christopher 

.do 

Entitled  to  laud  for  the  war 

HatcherCor  Hacker),Jno. 

..  do 

..do 

Johnston,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Jewell,  .John 

..  do 

..do 

Jarrell.  James 

..  do 

..do 

Johnston.  Kdward 

..  do 

..do 

Jones.  Edward 

..  do    

.do  .              

Jones  (or  Johnns),  Mat.. 

..  do 

..do 

Jewell,  Charles 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Jamieson,  i  homat' 

Serffeant .. 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Jones,  John 

Private 

..do 

Jones,  David 

..  do 

..do 

Johnston,  Samuel 

..  do 

..do 

Isaacs,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Jolnes,  John 

Sergeant 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.    Received  100 

Private 

acres  

Irby ,  David 

Illinois  volunteer.    Entitled  to  200  acres  of 

Serjeant 

land 

Keller,  Isaac 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war. 

King:.  Georere 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Kennedy,  David 

..  do 

do                 .    .                            

Kins,  Nicholas 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.    A.  Nicholas 

..  do 

Kine'  has  rf*f»f»ived  200  aprps  of  land 

Kincaid,  James 

Entitloti  to  land  for  three  vears 

Kendall.  William 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Kirklev,  James 

..  do 

Entitlpd  to  land  for  three  vears.   

Kirk,  Thomas 

..  do 

.do    .          

Kerr,  William 

..  do 

..do 

Kldd,  Robert 

..  do 

..do 

Key,  Georff e 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

•Died.       tKilled.       IPrisoner. 


172 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Key.  Thomas 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Kemp,  Reuben 

..  do 

..do 

Kina,  Christopher 

..  do 

..do ... 

Lunsf ord,  Anthony 

..  do 

..do 

Liunsford,  Mason 

..  do 

..do 

Lunsf  ord,  Qeorze 

..  do 

..do 

Lasley,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Liaug^hlin,  Peter 

..  do 

..do 

Lowell.  Richard 

Drummer 

..do 

Levinston,  George 

Private 

..do 

Luzader,  A.braham 

..  do 

..do 

tLenay.  Thomas 

..  do 

..do 

tLewis,  Benjamin 

..  do 

..do 

Larose,  Francis 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Laventure,  J 

Sergeant 

. .  do 

Lafiour,  fierre 

Private 

..do 

Lamarch,  Lewis 

..  do 

..do 

Lamarch,  J.  B 

..  do 

..do 

Laviolette,  Baptiste 

..  do 

..do 

Lamarch,  Beauvard 

..  do 

..do 

Leney,  Thomas 

Gunner. 

..do 

L'Enfant.  Francis 

Private 

..do  

Lafonr,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Lavigne.  Joseph 

..  do 

..do 

Laviolette,  Louis > 

.  do     

..do 

LaBell,  Charles 

..  do 

..do 

Leney,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Lyon.  Jacob 

..  do 

..do 

Long,  William 

..  do   

..do 

Lyon,  John 

..  do 

..do 

Lockert      (or      Locket) 
Pleasant 

..  do 

..do 

Loakhart,  Archibald  .... 

..  do 

..do 

do                .      ..    . 

..do 

LaPaint,  Louis 

.  do     

..do 

LaCasse,  Jacque 

..  do 

..do 

Lasoint,  Joseph 

..  do 

..do 

LaFaro.  Francis 

..  do 

..do 

Laf arton,  Francis 

..  do 

Illinois  volunteer.    Entitled  to  200  acres  of 

Logan,  Hugh 

..  do 

land 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Lewis, James 

..  do 

..do 

Missie,  Bernard 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Murray,  Edward 

..  do 

..do 

Montgomery,  John 

..  do 

..do 

McDermott.  Francis 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Mayfield,  Micajah 

. .  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.     He  received 

Mayfleld.  James 

..  do 

100  acres  of  land  and  is  entitled  to  200  more. 
Entitled  to  land  for  the  war  . 

Mayfleld.  Isaac 

..  do 

..do 

Morris,  Jacob 

..  do 

..do 

tlVlaid.  Ebenezer 

.do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Mayfleld,  Elijah 

..  do 

..do 

Moore,  John 

Serjeant  

He  received  200  aeres  of  land  and  is  entitled 

Private 

to  200  acres 

McMickle,  John 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

♦Morris,  James 

..  do 

..do 

tMillar,  Abraham 

Corporal 

..do 

Montgomery,  John 

Private 

..do 

McLockland,  Charles 

..  do 

..do 

Marsh,  John 

..do 

..do 

Mathews,  Edward 

Sergeant  

..do 

Morgan.  Charles 

McGuire,  John 

Sergeant  and  gunner 
Private 

..do 

..do 

Mcintosh, 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Maisoneille,  Mons.  de... 

..  do 

..do 

Monet.  J.  B 

..  do 

..do 

Mailone,  J.  B 

..  do 

..do 

Maurisette,  M 

..  do 

..do 

Mason,  Charles 

Sergeant  

..do 

Mulby,  William 

Gunner 

..do 

Marr,  Patrick 

Corporal  and  Sergt.. 

Private 

..  do 

..do 

McMichaels.  John 

McMullen.  James 

..do 

..do 

Mustach, 

..do 

..do 

*  Died.       t  Killed. 


173 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Malroof.  Joseuh 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years.  .. 

Moran  (or  Mauron)  Peter 

..  do 

..do 

McClure,  Patrick 

..  do 

..do :;.;■■. 

Merrlwether,  William... 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Miller,  John 

..do 

..do 

Martin.  Charles 

..  do 

..do 

M'Donald,  David 

..  do 

..do 

*Murshen.  Nathaniel 

..  do 

..do 

Murohv.  John 

..  do 

..do 

Meadows.  Josiah 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Milti)n(or  Wilton)  Daniel 

..  do 

..do 

Murrav.  Thomas 

Sergeant 

..do 

M'Clain,  Thomas 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war '. 

Munrony,  William 

Sergeant  

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Muuronv.  Sylvester 

..do 

M'Quiddy.  Thomas 

..  do 

..do 

M'Danlel,  Thomas 

..  do 

..do ". 

M'Donald.  -James 

..  do 

..do 

Martin,  Elijah 

..  do 

..do 

Mummillv.  Joseph 

..  do 

..do 

Mureau.  Joseoh 

..  do 

..do 

M'Kin,  James 

..  do 

..do ;■■'" 

Martin.  Scloman 

..  do 

..do 

Malbeff,  Joseph 

..  do 

..do 

M'Kinney,  John 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war , 

Moore,  John 

..  do 1 

These  were  Illinois  volunteers  who  are 
law  entitled  to  200  acres  of  land  each.... 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

Martin,  Pierre 

..  do 

Morris,  William 

..  do \^ 

by 

Moore,  Thomas 

..  do 

Marshall.  William 

M'Donald,  Thomas 

..  do J 

..  do 

M'Gann,  John 

Gunner  

Newton.  Peter 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Nelson,  Enock 

..  do 

..do 

Nelson.  Moses 

..  do 

..do 

Nash.  Francis 

.  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Nelson,  John 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war '-.. 

Neal  John 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

Nare,  Conrad...... 

..  do 

Nobbs,  Mark 

..  do 

..do. 

Oaslow,  Charles 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Onkley,  John 

Gunner 

..do 

Oliver,  Jnhn 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Oharro,  Michael 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  thn  war 

Oater,  Samuel 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Oliver,  Lewis 

..  do 

do 

Owditt  (or  Odett),  Lewis 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Ofln,  James 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Oliver,  Turner 

..  do 

..do 

Ozburn  (orOsborn),  Eb- 
enezer    .....'... 

..  do 

..do 

Parker.  Edward 

Serfireant 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Port  wood.  Page 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years - 

Perie   William 

.  do 

..do  .           ..  .. 

Patterson.  John 

Private 

Illinois  volunteer,  and  entitled  to  200  acres 
land,  by  law 

of 

..  do 

Potter.  James 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  vears. .-  - 

Patterson.  William 

..  do 

..do 

Pulford,  John 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Payne,  Adam 

..  do 

..do 

Prie?t,  Peter 

..  do 

..do 

Pritchett    (or    Pritcher) 
Wm 

Corporal 

..do 

Penett  (or  Penit),  Joshua 

Private 

..do 

Pittman.  Buckner 

Ser&reant 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years.    He  has 
ceived  200  acres  of  land 

re- 

Private 

Pnrppll  (or  PurslevlWm 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  veara     ..     .......  - 

PuDin.    M 

.    do 

..do 

Panther,  Joseph 

..  do 

..do 

Pellot    Charles 

..  do 

..do 

Parlsienne.  Baotiste 

..  do    

..do 

tPenin.  John 

..  do 

..do 

+  P(»Tiir    ilfisse       ....... 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Pun  crass.  Francis 

..  do 

Pfiltif  r  Joaeoh. .......... 

..  do 

Paguin,  Francis 

..  do 

..do 

*  Died.       t  Killed. 


174 


Name, 


Rank. 


Remarks. 


Powell.  Micajah... 
Payne.  William  ... 

Pagan.  David 

Porter,  Ebenezer 
Potter,  William  ... 

Peaters.  John 

Philips,  Henry .... 

Paroult,  Peter 

Pickens.  Samuel. 


Petter.  Joseph  . 
Poores.  Archer. 
Ross.  John 


Ryan,  Andrew. 


*Rubldo,  Francis 

Ruddell     (or     Riddell). 

Cornelius 

Ryan.  Lazarus.... 

Ramsey.James 


Rector.  John 

Roy.  Julien 

Ranker.  J.  B 

Robertson.  John 

Ross.  James 

Rice.  John 

Rogers.  David 

Rutherford.  Larkln 

Roarers,  Joseph 

Richards.  Lewis 

Richards.  Dick 

Robinson.  Richard 

Ross.  Joseph 

Roberts,  Benjamin 

Roberts,  Eliab 

Russell,  Benjamin 

Randall,  Robert 

Roberts,  Joseph 

Russhare.  Francis 

Rabey.  Cader 

Riley,  Patrick 

*Rollison,  William 

Rubido,  James 

Shepherd,  Peter 

Shepherd,  George 

Smith,  William 

Slaughter,  John 

Shoemaker.  Leonard 

Smith.  Joseph 

Setzer.  John 

Slack.  William 

Snellock.  Thomas 

Smithers  (or  Smothers). 

John 

Smith,  George 

Smith,  Josiah 

Shank,  John 

Shank, Jacob 

Sills.  Samuel 

Smith.  David 

Smith.  Randal 

Spencer,  John 

Searay,  John 

Smock.  Henry 

Ship,  William 

Snow.  George 

Seare.  William 

Slburn.  Christopher 

Sennitt.  Richard 

Scales.  David 

Savage.  Bryan 

Stoball.  Thomas 


Private , 
..  do  ..., 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ..., 
..  do  ... 
..  do  ... 
..do.... 
..  do  .... 
..  do  ... 


..  do 

Fifer 

Sergeant 


Private 


do 

do 
do 
do 


..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Sergeant 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Private . . 

..  do 

Sergeant 
Private . . 

..  do 

Corporal. 
Sergeant 
Private  ... 

..do 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

Corporal. 
Private .. 

..  do 

Sergeant 
Private .. 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 


..  do 

..  do 

Gunner .. 
Private  .. 

..  do 

Corporal. 
Private  . . 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

Deserted 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 
..do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Illinois  volunteer,  and  entitled  to  200  acres  of 
land,  by  law 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war;  he  has  received 
200  acres  of  land;  he  is  entitled  to  200  acres 
more 

He  deserted,  rejoined  the  regiment  and 
served  his  time,  and  is  entitled  to  land  for 
three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 


..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  received 
100  acres  of  land  and  is  entitled  to  200  acres 
more 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

..do...: 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 


..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 
..do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do  

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 


Died. 


175 


Name. 


Rank. 


Remarks. 


Sowers,  Frederick... 
Slaughter.  George ... 
Shannon,  William... 
Stephenson,  Samuel. 
Stephenson,  John  ... 
Savage,  Dominick... 
Soverins.  Ebenezer.. 

St.  Michaels, .. 

St.  Mary,  Baptiste... 

Sigonier.  Francis 

Sworden,  Jonathan.. 

Severldge,  John 

Sharlock,  James 

Spillmau,  James 

Trent,  Beverley 

Tuttle,  Nicholas 

Tygard,  Daniel 

Trantham,  Martin  ... 
Taylor,  James 


tTurpln,  Richard 

Tompson,  James 

Trlplett,  Pettis 

Tillis.  Griffin 

Taliaferro.  Richard  C. 

Thomas,  E'lward 

Taylor,  Edward 

Taylor,  Benjamin 

ToUey.John    

Tyler,  William 

Tolly.  Daniel 

Taylor,  Abraham 

Thoorinsrton.  Joseph ... 
Thompson,  William 


Taylor,  Thomas 

Voushlner.  Thomas  . 

tVilliers,  Francis 

Underbill,  James 

Vlllard.  Isaac 

Veale,  Peter 

Whitehead.  Robert.. 
Whitehead.  William. 

Whltten.  Daniel 

White,  Randal 

White.  Robert 

Welton,  Daniel 

Ward,  Thomas 


Walters,  Lewis  ... 
Watklns,  Samuel. 


Williams.  John. 


Waters,  Barney 

Walker,  John 

Wheat,  Jacob 

Wallace.  David 

Whiteacre,  David 

White.  William 

♦Waggoner.  Peter 

Wood,  Charles 

Wheel,  Jacob 

Wilkerson,  William ... 

Wray.  Thomas 

Ward,  Lewis 

Williams,  George 

Windsor,  Christopher. 

Wheeler,  John 

Waddlngton.  John 


Private  . . 

do 

do 

do 

Sergeant . 
Private  .. 
Sergeant 
Private  .. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Sergeant 
Private  .. 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 


do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Corporal. 


Soldier  .. 
Private .. 
Sergeant. 
Private  .. 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do    .... 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 


do 
do 


do 


..  do 

Sergeant 
Private  .. 

..do 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war. 
do. 


Illinois  volunteers,  and  are  entitled  by  law 
to  200  acres  of  land  each 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  has  received 
100  acres  of  land,  and  is  entitled  to  200  acres 
in  addition 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  received  200 
acres  and  is  entitled  to  200  acres  iu  addition 
to  his  former  allowance 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war  (.390) 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

..do 

..do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

-do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  He  received  100 
acres  of  land,  and  is  entitled  to  200  addi- 
tional  

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  A  Samuel 
Watkins  has  received  20O  acres  of  land; 

possibly  this  Individual 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war.  A  John 
Williams  has  received  200  acres  of  land; 

perhaps  this  individual 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

..do 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Entitled  to  land  for  three  years. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


•Died. 


tKilled. 


176 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Wriffht.  William 

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Wpthprs   BpDiamin . 

..  do 

..do 

Wpst  John 

..  do 

..do 

White,  Randolph 

White   John     

Sergeant  

..do 

Private 

..do 

Workman   Conrad 

Sergeant  

..do 

WptriRtp   J    B 

Private 

..do 

Whitp    Laden  

..  do 

..do 

Williams.   Zachariah.... 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Williams    Daniel 

..  do 

..do 

Wilson   John 

Sergeant  

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Wrav  Thomas 

Private 

..do 

V»tps    Tfiftac 

..  do 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

Sergeant  

Entitled  to  land  for  three  years 

Znckledz   William    

Private 

Entitled  to  land  for  the  war 

ZimmprmaTi.  Frederick. 

..  do 

..do 

CAPTAIN    CHARJLOVILLE'S    VOLUNTEERS.* 

The  act  of  the  Assembly  allowing  bounty  land  to  the  Illinois 
volunteers,  made  no  special  provisions  for  the  officers.  They  are 
therefore  only  entitled,  as  privates,  to  200  acres.  Captain,  Francis 
Charloville;  lieutenant,  Antyear  Joneast;   ensign,  Baptiste  Joneast. 


Name. 

Rank. 

Remarks. 

Allere.Bazelle 

Private 

Entitled  to  200  acres  of  land 

..  do 

..do 

RlmiPTi     Oanipl 

..  do 

..do 

Rpftnv**mift       ■  -■ ..      ...... 

..  do 

..do 

Pharnpv   Gaiot     

.  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Dflnpv   .ToQpnVi            ...... 

..  do 

..do 

Dnnpv     ^Tif*haGl ..... 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Sergeant  major 

..do 

Frpv    DflPtt            

Private 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Liackhouse,  Nicholas  — 

Tift  van     AntHonV- ........ 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Mnntrfiiivfl   '            .    ....... 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Papia  

Sergeant  

..do 

RaoTviTTifl     Paul  .......... 

Private 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

RiphftTfl     Aurv              ..... 

..  do 

..do 

Sanlade,  Alexander 

Tow    Prpa        

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..do , 

•Captain  Francois  Charloville's  company  numbered  60  men,  who  volunteered  at  Cahokia, 
January,  1779,  for  eight  months'  service,  a  little  prior  to  the  departure  of  Co).  Clark's  expe- 
dition to  capture  Vincennes,  and  served  with  him  through  that  memorable  campaign.  Only 
28  of  that  number  are  comprised  in  the  foregoing  list;  and,  with  few  exceptions,  their 
names  are  so  wretchedly  spelled— or  misspelled— as  to  be  scarcely  recognizable. 

J,  F.  S. 


177 

A  pay-roll  of  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company,  from  the  24th  day 
of  January,  1778,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  G.  Rogers  Clark. 


Name. 


When 
listed. 


When 
dis- 
charged. 


Miles 
to  go 
home. 


Rations 

due  the 

men. 


Captain  Joseph  Bowman 

First  Lieutenant  Isaac  iJowman 

Second  Lieutenant  Abraham  KelJar. 

Daniel  Dust,  sergeant 

Isaac  Kellar,  sergeant 

Promoted,  Jacob  Speers,  sergeant... 

Michael  Sester 

Abraham  Miller 

William  Slack 

tLigey  Huste 

tThomas  Perrey 

tRobert  McUlanihan 

TBarney  Master 

John  Sester 

John  Bentley 

Henry  Honaker 

Frederick  Honaker 

Henry  Funk 

George  Liviston 

Henry  Chrisman 

Samuel  Strode 

Edward  Bulger 

Abrm  James 

Alexander  Mclntlre 

Philip  Orben 

Thomas  Clifton   

William  Berry 

Barnabay  Walters 

William  McGumrey 

Jaco b  Cogar 

Peter  Gogar 

♦Jacob  Speers 

Thos.  H.  Vance 

James  Bentley 

tGeorge  Miller 

Patrick  Doran 

Henry  Traylar 

Isaac  Mc Bride , 

Edward  Murrey 

Tos  Slmson 

Phill p  Lon g , 

George  King 

Joseph  Pan grass 

Francis  Pangrass 

Michael  Pau grass , 

Charles  McClock 

JNathan  Cartmill 

j James  Gouday 

i Samuel  Dust 
William  Berrey 

JZebeniah  Lee 


Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

July 

Feb 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 


23 

23 
24 
2i 
26 
5 
20 
26 
28 
28 


Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 


18 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 


Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 


8 
22 
1 
1 
"> 

4 
4 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

16 

15 

16 

21 

21 

21 

22 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

21 

27 

27 

27 


Aug. 

Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
July 
Aug. 
Aug. 


Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
\ug. 
Aug. 


1.200 
1.200 
1,100 
700 
1.100 
1.150 
1.200 
1,200 
1,200 


1.200 

1.200 

700 

700 

1.200 


1,100 
1,100 
1.100 
1,100 
1.100 
1.100 
1.100 
1.100 
1.100 
1.160 
1.160 
1.160 
1,160 
1.200 


1.200 
1.200 
1,200 
1,100 
1.100 
1.100 
600 

too 


$486 

268 

316 

76 

107 


75 

105 
72 


62 
48 
89 
89 
38 


70 
64 
64 
64 
69 
68 
68 
63 
62 
65 
66 
27 
27 
10 


36 
81 
86 
36 
36 
6 


+  Deserted,    t  Jan.  28.  deserted. 

•  Jacob  Speers  appears  twice  on  the  pay-roll;  but  evidently  only  one  man  of  that  name 
'  was  in  the  company,  and  he  was  promoted  July  4.  1778,  from  the  ranks  to  the  position  of 
Sergeant.  Twelve  of  Captain  Bowman's  men  discharged  at  Kaskaskia  August  8,  re-en- 
listed in  the  other  companies  that  remained  with  Colonel  Clark,  namely,  William  Slack. 
Abraham  Miller,  John  Bentley,  Heary  Funk.  Thomas  Clifton,  William  Berry,  James  Bent- 
ley. Edward  .Murrey.  George  King.  Francis  and  Joseph  Pangrass  (or  Puncrass).  and  Peter 
Coger.  J.  F.  S. 

Note.— The  foregoing  list  of  officers  and  private  soldiers  of  Colonel  Clark's  Illinois 
Army,  with  exception  of  the  payroll  of  Captain  Bowman's  company,  is  a  copy  of  "Docu- 
ment No.  32"  addressed  to  the  Executive  of  the  State  of  Virginia,  dared  at  Richmond,  Va., 
on  the  inth  of  August.  1833,  and  signed  by  "John  H.  Smith,"  presumably  a  state  official. 

As  is  generally  known.  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  entered  Kaskaskia  in  the  nit'ht  of  July 
4,  1778.  with  four  companies  of  volunteers,  all  afoot,  aggregating  less  than  200  in  number; 
and  that  he  immediately  captured  the  town,  Including  the  old  Jesuit  building  transformed 
by  a  surrounding  stockade  into  "Fort  Gage."  and  Lieut  Gov.  Philip  de  Rastel.  Chevalier  de 
Rocheblave,  the  renegade  Frenchman,  in  command  of  its  British  garrison. 

— 12H. 


178 

The  identity  of  the  men  constituting  that  band  of  rupgred  patriots— with  exception  of 
Captain  Bowman's  company— is  lost  in  this  "List  of  the  Illinois  Regiment"  numbering  62 
names  and  including  all  those  who  enlisted  in  his  service  after  he  had  captured  both  Kaa- 
kaskia  and  Vincennes  and  the  recruits  sent  to  him  later  from  Virginia. 

On  the  8th  of  August,  thirty-five  days  after  he  took  Kaskaskia,  two  of  Colonel  Clark's 
four  companies — one  of  which  was  Captain  Bowman's— were  discharged  and  returned  to 
Virginia  with  the  exception  of  about  twenty-five  of  the  privates  who  re-enlisted  in  the  two 
companies  that  remained  at  Kaskaskia. 

In  the  following  winter,  when  Colonel  Clark  had  determined  to  attack  Governor  Hamil- 
ton at  Post  Vincennes.  his  force  of  about  100  true  and  tried  veterans  who  had  followed  him 
from  Virginia,  was  re-enforced  by  volunteers  gathered  in  the  Illinois,  enlisted  for  eight 
months,  in  most  part,  organized  in  two  companies  commanded  respectively  by  Captains 
Francois  Charleville  and  Richard  McCarty. 

On  the  1th  day  of  February,  1779.  Colonel  Clark  having  completed  his  preparations  for 
moving  on  Post  Vincennes  with  his  four  companies,  despatched  one  of  them— that  of  1!apt. 
John  Rogers,  numbering  47  men— by  keel  boat  (armed  with  a  small  gun  and  several  swivels 
taken  from  the  old  Jesuit  building  and  originally  bronght  there  from  Port  Chartres  in  1772 
by  the  English),  to  proceed  down  the  Mississippi  and  up  the  Ohio  and  to  a  point  up  the 
Wabash  there  to  await  his  arrival.  On  the  next  day.  February  5,  with  the  residue  of  his 
"army."  170  men,  he  commenced  his  march  eastward,  across  trackless  prairies  and  over- 
flowed streams,  upon  his  desperate  venture. 

With  exception  of  the  28  memberslof  Captain  Charleville's  company,  separately  recorded, 
the  identity  of  the  217  heroic  men  in  that  expedition — a  hundred  of  whom  came  into  the 
Illinois  with  Colonel  Clark— is  also  lost  in  the  "Liist  of  the  Illinois  Regiment." 

All  the  volunteers  who  served  with  Colonel  Clark  in  his  conquest  of  the  Northwest- 
gaining  by  his  genius  and  their  valor  an  empire  of  territory  for  the  .■struggling  republic— are 
deserving  of  the  highest  meed  of  honor  and  praise  that  can  be  bestowed  by  a  grateful 
people.  But  as  Illinois— as  now  defined— was  the  principal  theatre  of  Colonel  Clark's  most 
brilliant  and  valued  military  achievements,  the  sturdy  sons  of  Virginia.  Maryland.  Georgia 
and  Kentucky  who  landed  with  him  at  the  mouth  of  Massac  creek,  a  mile  above  the  old 
Massac  fort,  on  the  30th  of  June,  1778,  and  trudged  with  him,  in  heat  of  midsummer,  a  hun- 
dred miles  through  an  unknown  wilderness  to  attack  a  fortified  eTiemy  surrounded  by 
swarms  of  treacherous  Indian  allies;  with  those  valiant  citizens  of  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia 
who  joined  the  veterans,  and  with  them  marched,  in  the  rigors  of  midwinter,  against  the 
Engllsn  at  Vincennes,  must  always  claim  priority  in  the  special  admiration  and  homage  of 
all  lUiaoisans.  But  no  history  of  Illinois  yet  written  records  their  names;  nor  has  any  ef- 
fort yet  been  made  by  this  State  to  ascertain  who  they  were,  or  to  commemorate  in  fitting 
manner  the  glory  of  their  deeds. 

The  original  muster  rolls,  pay-rolls  and  other  documents  of  Colonel  Clark's  little  army 
from  iis  organization  are  still  extant.  Illinois  should  long  ago  have  secured  and  published 
copies  of  taem.  To  longer  neglect  doing  so  the  State  will  be  shamefully  recreant  to  a 
sacred  duty.  That  duty  the  State  Historical  Society  will  accurately,  expeditiously  and 
gratuitously  discharge  if  the  State  will  defray  unavoidable  expenses  incurred  in  the  work. 

J.  F.  S. 


179 


AN  EARLY  ILLINOIS  NEWSPAPER. 

Extracts  from  its  flies.    By  J.  H.  Burnham. 

The  Illinois  Herald  was  the  earliest  newspaper  in  Illinois  Terri- 
tory. It  was  published  at  Kaskaskia,  either  in  1814  or  1815  A 
very  few  copies  of  this  early  newspaper  are  in  existence,  but  the 
oldest  bound  newspaper  files  extant,  are  those  of  the  Western  Intel- 
ligencer, which,  in  1816  became  the  successor  of  the  Illinois  Herald. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  officers  of  the  Mercantile  Library  at 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  I  have  been  permitted  to  peruse  the  columns  of  this 
precious,  early  newspaper,  whose  contents  are  now  very  interesting 
to  students  of  Illinois  history,  and  these  extracts  appear  to  be  worth 
publishing. 

This  bound  volume  is  not  complete.  It  commences  May  15,  1816, 
and  six  of  its  later  issues  are  absent,  so  that  in  all,  about  one-half  of 
the  year  is  missing. 

It  is  a  very  small  four-page  journal,  with  only  four  columns  to  a 
page.  Its  typographical  appearance  is  very  respectable,  considering 
the  times  and  the  scanty  fonts  of  type  available. 

It  was  published  weekly  by  Daniel  P.  Cook,  and  appears  to  have 
been  edited  by  him.  Its  price  was  $2.50  a  year,  if  paid  in  advance, 
and  $3  if  paid  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Its  subscription  list  must  have 
been  small  indeed.  It  was  published  in  the  English  language,  in  a 
town  where  French  was  the  language  spoken  by  the  majority  of  the 
inhabitants.  Very  few  of  its  residents,  aside  from  the  Territorial 
officers  and  their  associates,  were  English  speaking  people,  while  the 
scattered  inhabitants  of  the  newly  organized  counties  in  the  territory, 
may  well  be  supposed  to  have  furnished  few  subscribers  outside  of 
the  lawyers,  merchants  and  county  officials,  and  this  will  perhaps  ex- 
plain why  the  columns  of  the  Intelligencer  were  so  meagerly  furnished 
with  local  and  territorial  news,  as  will  appear  plainly  in  the  course 
of  these  extracts. 

Advertisements  and  the  publication  of  official  orders  and  laws,  all 
of  which  we  may  well  believe  was  paid  matter,  took  up  most  of  the 
space,  but  we  glean  occasionally  something  of  value. 

The  latest  United  States  laws  are  printed  on  its  first  page,  signed 
bv  James  Madison,  president,  approved  April  16,  1816.  On  the 
second  page  Wm  H.  Crawford,  secretary  of  war,  makes  his  annual 
report  to  Congress  on  affairs  in  the  Indian  department,  which  we 
can  well  believe  was  important  information  to  a  people  who  were 
most  emphatically  a  frontier  population. 


180 

The  war  with  England  had  been  over  but  little  more  than  a  year, 
and  in  July,  1815,  less  than  a  year  previous,  peace  with  Indian  tribes 
had  been  finall}'-  established  by  a  conference  which  took  place  below 
Alton,  between  Indian  chiefs  on  one  side  and  Governor  Clark  of 
Missouri  Territory,  and  Governor  Edwards  of  Illinois  Territory  on 
the  other  side.  None  knew  whether  this  was  to  be  a  lasting  peace, 
or  a  mere  truce.  The  war  with  Great  Britain  had  closed  with  the 
British  in  possession  of  the  region  around  Rock  Island,  even  as  far 
south  as  near  Quincy,  on  the  Mississippi;  and  in  all  of  the  northern 
and  western  part  of  the  territory,  there  was  no  security  for  settlers, 
and  no  settlements  were  as  yet  attempted  excepting  perhaps  a  few 
families  in  Pike  county. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  whatever  pertained  to  the  Indians  must 
have  been  of  deep  interest  to  the  readers  of  the  Intelligencer. 

In  this  first  issue  the  editor  very  naively  tells  us  that  "The  East- 
ern mail  brought  us  news,  much  later  than  the  news  of  the  week 
before." 

The  Hon.  Benjamin  Stephenson  was  then  territorial  delegate  in 
Congress.  Here  is  an  extract  from  one  of  his  letters  to  a  friend  in 
Kaskaskia: 

"I  have  the  pleasure  of  informing  you  that  I  have  succeeded,  with 
the  aid  of  my  friends,  in  getting  all  of  the  bills  relating  to  Illinois 
passed  without  an  exception.  No  man  could  have  been  more  for- 
tunate than  I  was.  The  following  is  the  list  of  them  as  reported 
viz.:  A  bill  making  the  Wabash  the  line  of  division  between  Illinois 
and  Indiana  until  a  line  due  north  from  Vincennes  will  cross  the 
Wabash  for  the  last  time. 

"A  bill  extending  the  time  of  leasing  the  United  States  Salines  from 
three  to  seven  years.     A  bill  respecting  the  Judiciary  of  Illinois. 

"A  bill  respecting  settlers  and  extending  the  right  of  pre  emption 
to  those  who  settled  on  lands  reserved  for  the  use  of  schools.  A  bill 
to  appoint  a  surveyor  of  the  public  lands  of  Illinois  and  Missouri. 
A  bill  to  open  a  road  from  Shawneetown  to  Kaskaskia,  for  which  ob- 
ject $8,000  are  appropriated.  A  bill  to  establish  a  land  office  at 
Madison  county  court  house,  (which  is  now  Edwardsville.) 

"All  of  which  bills  have  passed  both  houses  and  become  laws. 
Other  laws  of  a  general  nature  have  passed,  whose  beneficial  in- 
fluence will  be  experienced  by  the  people  of  Illinois.  I  have  also 
procured  a  post  route  from  Shawneytown,  by  White  and  Edwards 
counties,  to  Vincennes. 

"The  foregoing  bills  passed  in  the  same  shape  in  which  they  were 
reported  by  the  committees.  I  flatter  myself  that  the  result  of  my 
labors  will  convince  my  constituents  that  I  have  been  zealously  en- 
gaged in  the  promotion  of  their  interests. 

"B.  Stephenson." 

Michael  Jones,  register,  and  Shadrack  Bond,  receiver,  of  the 
United  States  land  office   advertise  that  on,  "The  first  Monday  in 


181 

August  they  will  receive  proposals  for  leasing  the  lead  mines  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States  in  the  lead  mines  (the  Pimantoui*  Grant 
to  Renault  on  the  Illinois  river  excepted.)  Parties  leasing  are  no- 
tified that  they  must  survey  and  mark  their  lands,  so  as  to  enable 
other  lessees  to  locate  safely." 

As  the  first  comers  were  required  to  do  the  surveying  for  later 
prospectors,  as  the  lands  were  not  properly  described,  and  as  the 
Indians  were  not  yet  known  to  be  peaceable,  we  need  not  be  sur- 
prised to  find  that  later  issues  of  the  Intelligencer  do  not  report  that 
leases  were  made  or  that  any  development  of  the  lead  mines  took 
place. 

Congressional  news  takes  up  a  little  over  one  column  of  space,  and 
there  are  two  columns  and  a  half  of  advertisments  in  this  issue. 

The  executors  of  the  late  Thomas  Todd  advertise  to  sell  the  home- 
stead and  all  of  the  other  property  on  May  23rd. 

Ninian  Edwards,  then  Governor  of  Illinois  Territory,  offers  "to 
sell  or  rent  for  a  term  of  years,  tracts  of  land,  amounting  in  all  to 
1,468  acres  and  including  the  farm  on  which  I  lately  resided,  388 
acres  of  the  farm  on  which  I  now  reside;  400  acres  six  miles  above 
Kaskaskia;  and  1,500  acres  one  mile  above  Prairie  Du  Rocher.  I 
also  wish  to  purchase  rails  and  I  will  give  $3  per  acre  for  plowing." 

This  shows  the  Governor  to  have  been  a  man  of  large  means  for 
those  days,  and  we  do  not  wonder  that  he  appears  in  our  early  his- 
tory as  able  to  dress  expensively  and  ride  in  a  fine  carriage.  Inci- 
dentally this  also  proves  that  plowing  must  have  been  a  difl&oult  part 
of  farming,  if  it  was  wortii  $3  per  acre  in  those  times  of  low  values. 
Bat  as  we  are  aware  that  steel  plows  had  not  yet  been  invented,  we 
must  conclude  that  the  Governor  simply  offered  ordinary  prices. 

Daniel  P.  Cook,  the  publisher,  afterwards  congressman  and  states- 
man, for  whom  Cook  county  was  named,  was  at  this  time  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts  of  Illinois  Territory,  and  as  such  officer,  gave  his 
paper  a  little  over  a  column  of  advertising  matter,  relating  to  the 
listing  and  taxing  of  lands  of  non-residents.  We  find  in  this  first 
issue  no  local  or  Kaskaskia  news. 

In  the  next  issue  we  have  more  laws  liberally  published,  more  con- 
gressional news,  no  local  news,  but  a  very  important  announcement 
from  the  editors,  endorsing  Nathaniel  Pope  for  candidate  for  dele- 
gate to  Congress.  He  was  elected.  Russell  E.  Heaoock  is  also 
announced  as  a  candidate,  with  a  statement  that  his  circulars  will 
appear  in  a  few  days. 

The  lead  mine  advertisement  appears,  also  the  Auditor's  advertise- 
ment, also  a  lengthy  notice,  paid  for  of  course,  of  a  public  letting  to 
take  place  at  Belleville,  St.  Clair  county,  for  a  new  county  court 
house.  This  same  notice  appears  in  full  on  another  page,  but  we 
can  scarcely  believe  it  to  have  been  paid  for  twice,  and  one  is  left  to 
wonder  whether  the  shrewd  political  editor  repeated  the  notice  to 

♦This  supposed  lead  mine  was  thought  to  be  In  the  neighborhood  of  Peoria,  which  was  at 
one  time  called  Pimantoui,  by  the  French.  The  Renault  Grant  at  or  near  Peoria,  is  one  of 
our  historic  puzzles. 


182 

curry  favors  with  the  St.  Clair  county  officers,  or  whether  the  printer 
preferred  to  run  the  type  in  twice  rather  than  take  the  trouble  to  fill 
the  space  with  the  live  reading  matter  so  woefully  needed. 

Two  intentions  to  start  new  ferries  are  advertised,  one  on  the  Miss- 
issippi, and  one  on  the  Kaskaskia  river,  giving  evidence  of  increas- 
ing emigration. 

Peculiarly  illustrative  of  the  times,  is  an  offer  of  $100  reward  for 
the  apprehension  of  a  negro  slave  named  David  "who  ran  away  from 
Glasgow,  Ky.,  who  can  read  and  write,  and  has  probably  provided 
himself  with  a  pass  calling  himself  a  free  man,"  and  it  is  stated  that 
he  will  probably  try  to  enter  some  of  the  northwestern  territories." 

The  third  issue  of  the  paper  continues  the  publication  of  laws  and 
official  advertisements  and  offers  $50  for  another  runaway  slave. 
This  one  appears  to  have  been  claimed  by  Josiah  McClenahan,  of 
Wine  Shibboleth,  Washington  county,  state  not  named  but  most 
likely  the  territory  of  Missouri  is  meant. 

The  citizens  of  Shawneetown  are  said  to  have  given  notice  through 
the  newspapers  of  Kaskaskia,  Frankfort,  Ky,,  and  Nashville,  Tenn., 
that  they  will  apply  to  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  for  the  establishment 
of  a  bank.  The  committee  in  charge  of  the  bank  project  is  stated  to 
consist  of  John  Caldwell,  John  McLean  and  James  Weir.  This  is 
one  of  the  earliest  intimations  we  have  of  the  commercial  progress 
of  Shawneetown,  where  an  elegant  stone  bank  building  was  afterwards 
constructed  by  the  State  Bank,  which  structure  is  still  in  existence. 
It  also  gives  us  a  hint  that  the  newspapers  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  and 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  must  have  had  quite  a  circulation  in  Illinois  at 
this  period. 

Incidentally  it  might  be  worth  mentioning,  that  John  McLean  of 
this  bank  committee,  who  came  to  Shawneetown  in  1815.  afterwards 
became  Congressman  and  United  States  Senator.  On  his  death  in 
1830,  the  new  county  of  McLean  was  named  in  his  honor. 

One  of  the  paper's  advertisements  should  be  quoted  as  follows: 

"Z).  P.  Cook  Counsellor  and  Attorney-at-Law  respectfully  tenders 
his  services  to  the  people  of  this  territory,  and  assures  them  that 
business  confided  to  him  will  be  punctually  attended  to.  His  ar- 
rangements for  editing  the  W.  Intelligencer  will  not  interfere  with 
his  professional  business.  He  keeps  his  office  in  the  east  end  of  the 
frame  occupied  by  Wm.  Morrison,  Esq.,  as  a  store,  where  he  also 
keeps  the  auditor's  office.  Kaskaskia,  April  20,  1816." 

On  Wednesday,  June  5,  the  paper  comes  out  as  being  published 
by  Cook  &  Blackwell;  Robert  Blackwell,  a  practical  printer,  having 
been  taken  into  partnership  by  Mr.  Cook. 

Real  news  is  now  given  in  the  editorial  column  as  follows: 

"By  information  received  from  St.  Louis,  we  learn  that  treaties  of 
peace  were  concluded  on  Saturday  the  Ist.,  between  the  United 
States  and  8  bands  of  the  Sioux  who  reside  above  Prairie  Du  Chien, 


183 

(which  was  then  within  the  northern  limits  of  Illinois  Territory.) 
The  most  of  these  are  those  who  have  heretofore  been  denominated 
Dickinson's  Indians," 

This  news  was  of  almost  national  importance  and  we  can  easily 
imagine  that  anything  which  promised  to  open  the  fertile  region  of 
northern  Illinois  and  what  is  now  southern  Wisconsin  to  settlement, 
was  of  the  greatest  possible  local  interest. 

The  Intelligencer  also  tells  us  that  it  was  "supposed  that  another 
treaty  would  be  concluded  with  the  Winnebagoes  who  were  nearest  to 
Prairie  Da  Chien  who  have  separated  themselves  from  the  balance 
of  the  tribe  which  live  on  Rock  river,  and  do  not  yet  seem  disposed 
to  bury  the  tomahauk  " 

Monroe  county  is  believed  to  be  the  only  county  in  this  State 
whose  boundaries  exist  today,  as  originally  marked  out  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  Illinois  Territory,  and  it  is  with  special  pleasure  we  find 
the  Intelligencer  giving  us  this  bit  of  local  news,  which  we  may  very 
well  call  historic. 

"A  number  of  citizens  met  at  Harrison ville  on  the  first  day  of 
June,  1816,  being  the  day  fixed  by  territorial  law  for  the  county  to 
assume  its  name.  The  meeting  took  place  at  McCJure's  tavern  where 
an  elegant  repast  was  partaken  of,  after  which  toasts  were  drank, 
each  accompanied  with  a  discharge  of  cannon.  One  toast  was  "  'The 
Illinois  Territory,'  may  its  fertile  soil  never  want  cultivation  so  long 
as  liberty  pervades  the  Western  Hemisphere."     Three  cheers. 

"  'The  Mississippi,'  may  its  majestic  stream  continue  to  watt  the 
produce  of  the  west,  and  its  steam  navigation  increase  so  as  to 
furnish  a  sufficient  supply  for  the  western  country  "  Seven  cheers, 
(and  the  cannon  of  course.) 

lu  the  issue  of  June  19,  Michael  Jones,  register  of  the  land  office  at 
Kaskaskia,  publishes  an  official  advertisement  of  great  interest  to 
the  settlers  and  pre-emptors,  which  now  appears  like  ancient  history, 
but  which  was  then  of  the  highest  importance,  and  must  have  been 
read  and  studied  with  the  greatest  care.  We  are  told  in  history  that 
the  subsequent  prosperity  of  the  whole  west  depended  in  a  great 
measure  on  the  impetus  given  by  the  government's  policy  towards 
settlers  as  inaugurated  at  this  period. 

The  same  number  contains  a  detailed  statement  from  the  Hon.  B. 
Stephenson,  delegate  in  Congress,  carefully  written,  explaining  to 
his  constituents  what  had  been  accomplished  by  the  last  session  of 
Congress  in  the  direction  of  territorial  legislation.  Much  of  this  has 
been  given  in  a  previous  extract  published  in  this  article  He  men- 
tions his  success  in  procuring  speedy  payment  to  the  700  to  800  ter- 
ritorial rangers,  mainly  from  Illinois  and  Indiana,  who  had  rallied  to 
the  defense  of  the  frontier  in  the  Indian  troubles  of  1812.  Four 
companiesof  these  were  known  as  "Governor  Edwards'  Rangers,"  and 
as  these  were  lUinoisans,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  payment  of  their 
claims  must  have  been  an  event  of  the  deepest  interest.  He  also 
procured  the  land  for  Mrs.  Ann  Gilham,  in  compensation  for   her 


184 

sufferings  from  the  Indians,  and  states  he  could  no  doubt  have  pro- 
cured more,  (probably  relief  in  more  cases)  had  the  proofs  been 
properly  prepared. 

As  Mrs.  Gilham's  case  is  now  historic,  we  can  only  lament  that 
proper  proofs  were  not  prepared  for  other  sufferers.  Mr.  Stephen- 
son's report  covers  nearly  a  whole  page,  and  I  regret  that  this  im- 
portant document  cannot  be  reproduced  here  in  full. 

The  editors  apologize  for  not  giving  news  on  account  of  the  length 
of  Mr.  Stephenson's  article  and  the  great  number  of  advertise- 
ments which  had  been  sent  for  insertion. 

The  editor  meant  by  "news,"  mostly  reprints  from  the  eastern  and 
foreign  journals  of  events  which  had  occurred  from  a  month  to  three 
months  previous.  Some  of  the  most  important  transactions  in 
European  modern  history  were  thus  given  to  the  western  world. 

The  Journal  takes  a  few  lines  to  tell  us  that  Col.  Pierre  Menard  is 
a  candidate  for  the  Legislative  Court  (Council)  from  Randolph 
county,  and  Dr.  George  Fisher  for  the  House  of  Representatives  from 
the  same  county,  and  gives  them  both  a  few  words  of  commendation. 

Before  this  date  we  have  been  favored  with  notices  of  the  proposed 
sale  of  town  lots  at  the  town  of  Carmi,  White  county,  and  we  are 
now  told  that  there  will  be  a  sale  at  the  town  of  Brownville.  The 
town  site  is  not  located,  but  as  the  "plan  of  the  town  may  be  seen  at 
the  Saline  on  Big  Muddy  river,"  it  is  likely  the  site  was  in  that  vicin- 
ity. Deeds  were  to  be  executed  by  Conrad  Will,  and  Susanna,  his 
wife. 

Another  negro  tried  the  hospitalities  of  Illinois  by  crossing  at 
Smelser's  Ferry,  from  St.  Charles  county,  Missouri.  His  name  is 
given  as  Rendal ,  and  S25  reward  is  offered  for  his  recovery  or  for 
placing  him  in  jail.  This  poor  fellow  would  appear  to  have  a  slim 
chance  for  escape,  provided  the  public  were  readers  of  this  Kaskas- 
kia  Journal,  but  as  probably  the  public  saw  very  few  copies,  he  ran 
much  less  risk  than  we  might  suppose.  He  is  described  as  being 
"knock  kneed,  turns  his  toes  out;  crippled  in  his  right  hand"  and 
"stutters  in  talking,"  and  has  "two  or  three  fingers  growing  to  the 
inside  of  his  hand."  His  "shirt  and  overalls  of  deer  skin"  were  very 
likely  not  much  of  a  distinction  for  those  days,  but  a  glance  at  the 
inside  of  his  hands  and  the  nerve  to  capture  him,  would  easily  have 
been  worth  $25. 

Important  Indian  news  is  given  June  25th,  where  we  are  told  that 
Brigadier  General  Smith,  "with  about  1,000  regular  troops  ascended 
to  Rock  river  a  few  weeks  ago  to  erect  a  Fort;  he  chose  a  position  on 
Rock  Island,  the  most  commanding  spot  in  that  quarter,  and  im- 
mediately commenced  building.  The  Indian  chiefs  pressed  him  ro 
desist  declaring  that  they  could  not  be  held  responsible  for  the  con- 
duct of  their  warriors,  who  disapprobated  building  a  fort  in  their 
neighborhood.  The  general  treated  them  very  civilly  but  went  on 
with  his  work,  and   no   doubt   by  this   time   has   a   fortress  of  great 


185 

strength  completed.     Three   hundred   of   the   Rifle   Regiment  have 
sailed  from  Belle  Fountaine  to  join  him."* 

On  July  9th,  we  are  told  more  European  news  than  hitherto,  we 
have  account  of  a  steamboat  explosion  at  Wheeling,  Va. ;  appeals  to 
voters,  as  the  August  election  is  near;  but  we  look  in  vain  for  any 
further  news  of  the  300  neighbors  who  have  gone  to  fight  Indians. 

Bellefontaine  was  at  that  period  the  government  Western  head- 
quarters for  military  rifles,  about  ten  miles  above  the  St.  Louis  of 
1816. 

July  24th,  we  are  told  that  "the  voters  of  the  District  of  Maine 
voted  on  the  question  of  separation  from  the  State  of  Massachusetts, 
and  setting  up  as  a  state  and  that  the  vote  was  17,075  in  favor,  and 
10,54:8  against."  Also,  "that  the  Federal  candidate  for  governor  of 
the  state  of  New  Hampshire  was  defeated  by  2,344  votes."  Also, 
"that  the  people  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana  in  convention,  assem- 
bled, adjourned,  after  determining  to  go  into  the  Union  as  an  inde- 
pendent state,  and  that  on  motion  they  decided  to  name  the  new 
state  Indiana,  by  a  vote  of  84  to  6  " 

We  obtain  a  glimpse  of  the  troubles  of  the  free  negro  by  an  adver- 
tisement signed  Josiah  Millard  of  St.  Genevieve,  Mo.,  just  across  the 
river  from  Prairie  Du  Rocher,  who  has  taken  up  a  negro  supposed 
to  have  ran  away  from  his  master.  "He  came  there  in  a  boat,  and 
passes  himself  as  a  free  man."  His  clothes  were  good  enough  to  be- 
long to  a  free  man,  as  "he  has  with  him  a  pair  of  velvet  or  corded 
pantaloons,  a  pair  of  buckskin  do,  a  pair  of  linsey  do,  faced  with 
deer  skin,  a  black  casimere  roundabout,  a  striped  cotton  vest,  buck- 
skin hunting  shirt,  and  white  hat,"  Let  us  fervently  hope  that  Tom, 
as  he  called  himself,  was  allowed  the  benefit  of  all  doubts  and  suffered 
to  go  free,  but  we  fear  the  poor  fellow  fellow,  without  funds  was  sold 
to  pay  charges  and  forced  into  slavery. 

But  this  same  issue  contains  an  offer  of  the  large  reward  of  $300 
for  the  apprehension  of  a  Tennessee  negro,  who  has  a  forged  pass 
with  permission  to  hire  himself,  and  it  is  thought  likely  he  is  in  Illi- 
nois or  some  adjacent  territory. 

The  same  advertisement  offers  $50  for  the  return  of  a  Kentucky 

negro,  and  we  are  inclined  to   believe  that  these  territories  offered 

rather  more  attractions  to  negroes  than  did  the  territories  to  the 
southward. 

July  31st  furnishes  the  same  tedious  advertisements,  tells  the  same 
negro  stories,  but  flashes  a  new  light  by  stating  that  Benjamin  Munn 
has  150  barrels  of  Kanhawa  salt  for  sale,  while  Thomas  Cox  adver- 
tises at  Kaskaskia,  a  tavern  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  where  he  in- 

*The  Rifle  Regiment  referred  to  above,  must  have  been  one  of  the  Territorial  militia 
regiments  of  the  times. 

Quite  possibly  a  record  of  this  volunteer  expedition  to  Rock  Island  may  be  found  in  our 
St<ite  archives,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  anything  more  than  the  above  statement. 
Not  another  reference  to  this  ezpidltion  can  be  found  in  the  files  of  the  Intelligencer,  which 
I  consider  remarkable. 

I  recently  wrote  to  the  Secretary  of  War  at  Washington,  and  received  a  reply  that  it  wag 
contrary  to  the  policy  of  the  War  Department  to  furnish  Information  from  its  flies.  Who 
c«!i  give  a  further  account  of  this  expedition?—!.  H  B. 


186 

tends  keeping  the  best  viands  the  country  affords,  not  forgetting  to 
state  that  he  is  "well  supplied  with  the  best  liquors." 

There  is  still  no  news  of  the  volunteers,  but  we  are  given  nearly  a 
whole  page  of  reprinted  reading  matter.  This  looks  as  if  the  editor 
was  off  on  business  or  political  trip,  and  had  left  the  printer  in 
charge.  He,  or  whoever  it  may  have  been,  gives  an  article  on  "Brit- 
ish ArBogance,"  an  "Anecdote  of  the  United  States  Navy,"  and  a 
long  article  on  a  'Matrimonial  Lottery,"  with  other  reprinted  arti- 
cles. There  is  an  article  of  down  river  news,  however,  as  we  are  told 
of  the  7th  of  July,  "the  water  has  entirely  receded  from  New  Orleans 
and  that  the  damage  will  be  trifling  to  what  was  expected  and  that 
never  in  the  recollection  of  the  most  aged  person,  has  the  Mississippi 
been  known  to  fall  so  soon  " 

Peter  Bean,  in  an  advertisement,  shows  a  glimpse  of  old  laws,  by 
giving  notice  from  the  jail  in  Johnson  county  that  "he  has  petitioned 
to  take  the  benefit  of  the  insolvent  act,  and  hopes  to  be  liberated 
from  imprisonment." 

The  year  1816  is  known  in  history  as  the  year  of  the  cold  summer, 
when  the  corn  crop  failed  throughout  the  country.  It  would  be 
of  great  interest  to  be  told  something  of  the  weather  in  the  Missis- 
sippi valley,  but  the  nearest  approach  is  news  from  the  east,  in  the 
issue  of  August  27th  as  follows: 

"Extraordinary  Weather — At  Watertown,  Jefferson  county.  New 
York,  on  June  7th,  the  cold  was  so  severe  as  to  produce  ice  f  of  an 
inch  thick,  and  the  thermometer  was  down  to  30  degrees.  At  Hallo- 
well,  Me,,  June  12th  an  account  states  that  snow  fell  three  days  in 
succession  and  the  earth  was  frozen  half  an  inch  deep.  Many  birds 
were  so  benumbed  as  to  be  taken  by  hand  and  numbers  had  actually 
perished  with  the  cold."  Oh,  for  an  item  telling  us  how  the  corn 
crop  was  in  the  American  bottom! 

For  the  first  time  we  have  a  notice  of  preaching,  "to  take  place 
Tuesday,  the  13th,  at  the  court  house  by  Rev.  M.  E.  Walker,  who 
will  attend  to  baptizing  children."  (This  was  Rev.  Jesse  Walker, 
the  pioneer  Methodist.) 

By  accident,  it  almost  seems,  a  matter  of  local  interest  appears  in 
the  United  States  laws  published  on  August  21st,  when  an  act  for 
the  relief  of  the  late  P  Maxwell  and  Hugh  H.  Maxwell,  of  Kaskas- 
kia,  was  published  along  with  other  laws.  Hugh  Maxwell  was  the 
original  of  the  famous  Maxwell  land  grant  of  the  west,  which  has 
caused  so  much  litigation  in  the  last  half  century. 

A  writing  on  the  margin  of  this  number  says  "Robert  Blackwell, 
his  file,"  and  leads  us  to  believe  that  we  are  indebted  to  the  printer 
Blackwell,  for  the  preservation  of  this,  the  oldest  Illinois  newspaper 
file  knowQ  to  be  extant. 

An  address  to  the  voters  of  Illinois  signed  "Aristides,"  begins  to 
give  a  slight  view  of  political  writing  such  as  would  naturally  be 
looked  for  in  this  file  of  early  newspapers.  Among  other  statements 
he  says — 


I 


187 

"The  colonial  and  degraded  states  of  this  country  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Ordinance,  that  accursed  badge  of  despotism,  which 
withholds  from  the  people,  the  only  true  source  of  all  power,  a  par- 
ticipation in  those  rights,  guaranteed  by  the  constitution  of  every 
state  in  the  Union,  seems  to  have  the  effect  of  chilling  every  spark 
of  political  disquisition,  and  to  have  sunk  man  beneath  the  dignity 
of  his  nature,  a  poor  fallen  creature  from  that  proud  station,  the 
destiny  of  freemen." 

"The  present  rapid  influx  of  population;  the  growing  and  prosper- 
ous state  of  the  country,  justifies  the  belief  that  it  will  not  be  more 
than  three  or  four  years  before  we  will  burst  the  chains  of  despotism, 
by  which  we  are  now  bound,  and  stand  a  sovereign  and  independent 
State. 

"It  therefore  becomes  necessary  that  the  public  mind  should  be  pre- 
pared for  the  event.  It  is  high  time  to  begin  to  think  and  talk  about 
the  form  of  State  government  that  so  soon  must  take  place." 

Matthew  Saucier  publishes  an  affidavit  showing  that  "while  hunt- 
ing with  his  nephew.  Baptist  Beaurbien,  his  nephew  observed  a  box 
lying  in  the  water  on  the  Marais  Sassafrax,  through  which  passes 
Prairie  Du  Puert  creek,  which  when  examined,  proved  to  be  iron 
moulds  for  casting  money,  and  further,  that  he  found  the  cover  to  the 
box  about  80  yards  from  the  main  road,  and  from  thence  to  the  yard 
gate  of  Mr.  Foster's  dwelling  place  it  was  about  40  yards  and  further 
the  deponent  sayeth  not." 

Nothing  more  is  stated,  the  publishers  being  content  to  publish 
the  advertisement,  and  to  leave  the  reader  to  guess  what  became  of 
the  box  of  moulds  and  whether  any  counterfeiting  was  heard  of  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Prairie  Du  Pont.  A  young  man  advertises  for 
a  situation  in  a  dry  goods  store,  but  there  is  no  notice  or  advertise- 
ment or  other  intimation  that  Kaskaskia  or  any  other  town  in  Illi- 
nois possessed  a  dry  goods  store  in  1816, 

No  marriages  or  deaths  have  yet  been  noticed,  but  on  August  28th 
we  find  Margaret  Lord  gives  notice  that  she  wishes  a  divorce  from 
her  husband,  James  Lord,  who  has  left  her  bed  and  board. 

Education  begins  to  be  noticed,  as  Benjamin  Sturgess  gives  notice 
"that  he  has  opened  a  school  at  Prairie  Du  Rocher,  where  he  will 
teach  the  usual  branches  of  English  Education,  viz:  Writing,  Read- 
ing and  Common  Arithmetic,  also  English  Grammer,  Geography, 
Surveying,  Astronomy.  Latin  and  Greek  languages.  He  thinks 
Prairie  Du  Rocher  is  as  healthy  as  any  place  in  the  American  Bot- 
tom," which  may  have  been  understood  at  the  time  as  not  a  very  im- 
probable statement.  He  declares  that  "good  board  can  be  obtained 
at  moderate  terms  and  so  forth." 

October  2d,  "A  Foe  to  Religious  Tyrany"  publishes  No.  3,  of  his 
arguments  against  tyranny.  His  trouble  appears  to  be  mainly,  that 
the  Rev.  Jesse  Walker,  of  historic  fame,  brings  politics  into  his  pul- 
pit. The  article  is  quite  spicy,  and  seems  to  portend  further  contro- 
versy. 


188 

A  list  of  lettersTemaining  in  the  postoffice  at  St.  Grenevieve,  Mo., 
is  published  on  Oct.  2Bd,  and  seems  to  show  that  over  fifty  letters 
were  detained,  Does  this  indicate  that  the  addressees  were  not  will- 
ing to  pay  postage,  wich  was  enormously  high? 

"Justitia"  replies  at  length  to  the  "Foe  to  Religious  Tyrany,"  and 
in  a  temperate  manner,  denies  that  there  is  among  the  Methodist 
preachers,  any  such  combination  as  has  been  intimated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  influencing  the  last  election. 

The  Intelligencer  of  Nov.  20,  1816,  tells  us  that  "Col.  John  Edgar 
has  received  from  the  President  of  the  United  States  his  commission 
as  Brigadier  General  of  the  Militia  of  this  territory,  which  appoint- 
ment he  has  accepted." 

Here  is  almost  the  only  one  item  of  Kaskaskia  local  news  which 
has  been  discovered  in  this  file  and  no  doubt  this  was  not  published 
on  that  account,  but  because  it  was  of  Territorial  interest. 

The  Intelligencer  also  mentions  that  a  "boat  crossing  the  river 
opposite  St.  Louis  carrying  eight  persons  was  upset  by  a  high  wind, 
and  five  persons  in  the  boat  perished,  among  the  number,  Major 
Starks,  formerly  of  the  United  States  Army." 

Cook  &  Blackwell  give  notice  they  will  publish  a  copy  of  the  Mili- 
tia laws  of  the  Territory,  provided  120  subscribers  can  be  procured. 

On  November  27th,  a  long  editorial,  the  longest  yet  seen  on  Edu- 
cation, winds  up  as  follows: 

'And  we  do  fondly  trust  that  the  sons  of  Kaskaskia,  a  place,  which 
must  at  some  day  be  a  towering  city,  (instead  of  towering,  it  is  now 
a  deep  hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  Mississippi)  will  no  longer  be  com- 
pelled to  spend  their  days  from  morn  till  eve  in  'leness  and  de- 
bauchery." 

A  new  store  in  Edwardsville,  and  a  new  store  in  St.  Louis  appeal 
for  business,  and  a  sale  of  100  Merino  sheep  are  advertised  in  this 
issue. 

December  4th,  a  whole  page  of  post  routes  just  authorized  meets 
our  eye,  and  Illinois  Territory  has  but  one  of  these  routes  from 
"Shawneetown  by  White  Court  house  and  Edwards  Court  house  to 
Vincennes,  Indiana." 

On  Monday,  December  2d.,  the  Territorial  Legislature  met  at  Kas- 
kaskia, and  this  issue  briefly  tells  us  that  a  quorum  of  each  house 
was  present,  and  on  December  8d,  Col.  Pierre  Menard  was  chosen  as 
President  of  the  Council,  and  Dr.  George  Fisher,  Speaker  of  the 
House. 

The  Council  then  elected  Joseph  Conray,  secretary  thereof,  and  the 
House  of  Representatives  elected  Daniel  P.  Cook,  clerk  thereof. 
Robert  K.  McLaughlin  was  elected  engrossing  and  enrolling  clerk, 
and  Major  Ezra  Owen,  doorkeeper. 


189 

"December  18th,  the  flock  of  100  Merino  sheep  is  put  up  at  a  lot- 
tery, at  Goshen,  111.,  tickets  on  sale  at  this  office,  and  at  several  stores 
in  St.  Louis." 

Want  of  time  has  prevented  further  extracts,  but  perhaps  this 
article  is  already  too  long.  Should  it  be  deemed  of  public  interest, 
further  quotations  may  be  published  in  future  volumes. 


190 


FORGOTTEN    STATESMEN    OF     ILLINOIS— HON.    JOHN 
McLEAN;— HON.  THOMAS  SLOO;-HON.  CHARLES 

SLADE. 


Hon.  John  McLean 

The  dedicatory  exercises  of  the  McLean  memorial  tablet  took 
place  Deo,  6,  1898,  at  which  time  the  McLean  County  Board  of  Su- 
pervisors, with  the  McLean  County  Historical  Society,  held  public 
exercises  in  the  court  house.  Mi.  George  P.  Davis,  president  of  the 
McLean  County  Historical  Society,  presided,  and  gave  a  short  in- 
troductory address. 

Hon.  LaFayette  Funk  of  the  board  of  supervisors  delivered  an 
appropriate  address,  in  behalf  of  the  board  and  the  Hon.  James  S. 
Ewing,  who  read  General  McClernand'e  letter,  added  some  very  in- 
teresting remarks.  Mr.  J  H.  Burnham  read  the  McLean  County 
Historical  Society's  memorial  to  John  McLean,  which  is  published 
in  this  volume. 

The  memorial  tablet  was  placed  on  the  south  wall  of  the  east 
entrance  to  the  first  story  of  the  court  house.  It  is  of  bronze,  three 
feet  in  height  and  four  feet  in  width.  It  cost  $160  and  of  this  the 
county  paid  $125,  and  the  McLean  County  Historical  Society  $35. 
It  is  considered  highly  artistic,  and  the  placing  of  this  tablet  has 
given  great  satisfaction  to  the  public.  The  tablet  was  not  injured 
in  the  great  fire  of  June  19,  1900. 

It  has  recently  been  placed  in  the  new  court  house. 

The  article  which  follows,  though  re-written  to  some  extent  since 
its  publication  a  few  months  ago  by  the  McLean  County  Historical 
Society,  contains  much  that  was  given  on  Dec.  6,  1898. 

U.    S.   SENATOR   JOHN   m'lEAN, 
J.  H.  Burnham.  Bloomington,  Illinois.* 

It  is  almost  impossible  for  those  who  have  grown  up  to  manhood 
or  womanhood  under  recent  conditions,  to  understand  the  environ- 
ments existing  in  this  State  over  50  years  ago,  while  to  estimate  the 
conditions  prevalent  80  years  ago,  is  still  more  difficult.     There  was 

•Authorities  consulted— Governor  Reynold's  "My  Own  Times,"  Moses'  History  of  Illi- 
nois, Davidson  and  Stuve's  History  of  Illinois,  Ford's  History  of  Illinois.  Congressional 
Record,  Illinois  Territorial  Records,  Chicaffo  Historical  Society  Vol.  Ill,  Illinois  Gazette 
of  Shawneetown,  and  persons  whose  names  are  eivAn  in  various  notes  herewith  published. 


IN  MEMORY  OF  "^ 

179J      JOHN    McLEAN      1830 

OF 

■  SHAWNEETOWIV    ILLINOIS 

FOR    WHOM  THIS  COUNTY    WAS    NAMED 

FIRST  REPRESENTATIVE  IN  CONGRESS   I8l8 

U-S-SENATOR   1824-1825   AND   1829-1830 

ERECTED   BY 

THE    BOARD  OF    SUPERVISORS  AND 

McLEAN   CO  •  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

DECEMBER   6TH'  1898 


RutRmannoanH 


fS^ 


The  John  McLean  memorial  tablet,    in  the  Court  House  of  McLean  County. 


191 

then  an  utter  absence  of  all  historical  publications,  none  of  our  great 
standard  historians  having  become  famous,  while  the  daily  newspa- 
per was  scarcely  in  existence  west  of  the  AUeghanies,  and  the  weekly 
newspaper  of  new  states  like  Indiana,  Missouri  and  Illinois,  were  of 
diminutive  size,  containing  the  most  meagre  information  concerning 
public  measures  and  public  men.  It  was  most  emphatically  the  day 
of  stump  speeches  and  of  personal  intercourse  between  statesmen 
and  the  general  public. 

The  meagre  details  relating  to  the  early  great  men  of  Illinois  now 
to  be  found  in  the  fe.v  files  of  old  newspapers  extant,  fall  far  short 
of  furnishing  enough  information  to  gratify  our  curiosity,  aad  we 
are  forced  to  investigate  closely  in  order  to  obtain  anything  like  an 
accurate  understanding  of  the  capacities  and  characters  of  our  early 
statesmen. 

The  great  county  of  McLean  was  named  for  one  of  the  ablest  men 
the  State  of  Illinois  had  produced  up  to  the  date  of  its  organization, 
and  its  present  citizens  have  hitherto  been  unable  to  learn  as  much 
as  they  would  like  to  know  in  relation  to  the  individual  whose  name 
is  inseparably  connected  with  the  name  of  our  home,  and  the  pres- 
ent article  is  an  eflt'ort  to  throw  some  light  upon  the  history  of  the 
Hon.  John  McLean. 

The  Hoi).  E.  B.  Washburne,  in  a  sketch  prepared  for  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  says: 

'Perhaps  less  is  known  at  the  present  day  of  John  McLean  than 
any  other  public  man  of  ])i8  day,  who  occupied  such  a  distinguished 
position.  His  name  and  memory  seems  to  have  almost  died  out  in 
the  State,  and  it  is  now  practically  impossible  to  gather  much  of  his 
personal  history.'' 

This  is  an  eflPort  to  bring  together  in  a  reliable  shape  all  of  the  most 
important  facts  of  his  public  and  personal  history  with  a  view  to 
their  preservation  for  the  use  of  those  of  our  future  generations  who 
may  be  most  likely  to  be  interested  in  their  possession. 

John  McLean  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  Feb.  4,  1791.  His 
father  emigrated  to  Logan  county,  Ky.,  when  his  son  was  4  years 
old,  and  was  able  to  give  him  but  a  limited  education.  He  was  a 
blood  relation  to  the  well  known  Ewing  family  which  originated  in 
Penns5'lvania.  The  famous  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  descended  from 
this  stock.  A  branch  of  the  family  emigrated  to  North  Carolina 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  from  these  descended  the  Ewings  of  Ken- 
tucky and  of  this  section,  John  McLean  was  related  to  the  Hon. 
Wm.  Lee  D.  Ewing,  one  of  the  early  distinguished  men  of  this 
State,  and  this  gentleman  was  a  second  cousin  to  the  father  of  the 
Hon.  James  8.  Ewing  of  this  city,  (Bloomington  111.)  and  thus  we 
trace  a  local  relationship  to  the  man  whose  memory  we  are  honoring 
today. 

It  would  be  interesting  could  we  possess  a  full  genealogy  of  the 
McLean  family  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  future  researches  will 
reveal  all  of  the  desired  information. 


192 

McLean  county  does  not  carry  off  all  the  honors  of  the  family  name 
of  McLean,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  extract  from  the  history  of 
Hamilton  county,  111.,  whose  county  seat  is  named  McLeansboro. 
"The  first  house  in  McLeansboro  was  a  log  one  built  by  Dr.  William 
B,  McLean,  a  brother  of  John  McLean  of  Shawneetown." 

The  McLean  family  has  been  more  honored  in  Illinois  than  has 
been  generally  known  in  this  region,  as  its  local  historians  have 
never  been  informed  of  the  fraternal  relationship  existing  between 
McLean  county  and  McLeansboro. 

When  John  McLean  was  24  years  old,  having  studied  law,  he 
emigrated  from  Logan  county,  Ky.,  to  Shawneetown,  111.,  settling 
there  in  1815  and  there  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816. 

Shawneetown  was  then  the  commercial  and  political  rival  of  Kas- 
kaskia,  and  the  two  towns  were  the  most  important  in  the  Territory 
of  Illinois.  He  at  once  took  a  high  position  at  the  bar,  so  high  that 
in  1818*,  soon  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  of  the  territory,  he  was 
appointed  to  one  of 'the  judgeships  of  its  highest  court,  and  he  de- 
clined the  appointment.  This  declination  is  quite  good  evidence 
that  the  ambitious  young  man  at  that  time  had  very  high  aims,  as  we 
find  that  on  the  admission  of  Illinois  into  the  Union  a  few  months 
later,  he  was  candidate  for  the  honorable  position  of  Representative 
to  Congress. 

History  informs  us  that  the  canvass  was  one  of  the  most  exciting 
ever  known  in  this  State.  The  great  Missouri  question  was  then 
looming  up  and  a  far  more  important  local  question  was  beginning 
to  absorb  public  attention,  which  was  the  question  of  slavery  or 
freedom  for  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  which  came  to  a  head  six  years 
later  in  the  famous  convention  campaign  of  1824. 

McLean's  opponent  was  the  famous  Daniel  P.  Cook.  The  latter 
was  not  in  favor  of  slavery  in  Illinois,  but  Mr.  McLean,  being  a 
native  of  the  slave  states,  was  conscientiously  and  honestly  a  pro- 
slavery  man.  Both  of  these  gentlemen  were  remarkably  eloquent, 
and  both  ^'ere  among  the  intellectual  giants  of  these  days 

Hon.  E.  B.  Washburne  says: 

"Of  all  the  early  settlers  of  Illinois  the  names  of  three  men  will 
always  stand  out  pre-eminent,  John  McLean,  Benjamin  Mills  and 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  all  dying  young,  but  leaving  memories  worthy  to 
be  cherished  by  every  loyal  son  of  our  state." 

*Mr. McLean  most  have  given  brilliant  promise  as  a  lawyer,  for  we  are  told  in  the'Illinois 
Territorial  records  that  on  January  13,18i8.  less  than  a  year  before  Illinois  Territory  becHme  a 
State,  that  John  McLean  was  appointed  judge  of  the  "eastern  circuit,"  which  appointment 
he  declined.  When  it  Is  considered  that  he  was  admitted  to  the  Territorial  bar  in  1816,  and 
the  had  barely  two  years'  practice,  it  will  be  seen  that  he  must  have  been  thought  to  be  a 
remarkably  promising  young  lawyer.  The  fact  that  he  declined  the  appointment,  may  be 
taken  as  a  proof  that  his  prospects  of  being  elected  Congressman  in  the  coming  State 
election,  were  deemed  by  himself  of  more  importance  than  the  legal  promotion  offered. 

His  military  record  in  the  "Indian  wars"  with  General  .Jackson,  mentioned  by  his  kins- 
man, the  Hon.  J.  D.  Walker,  published  herewith,  is  perhaps  accessible,  but  the  writer  is  not 
at  pre>!ent  able  to  present  the  record.  There  is  some  proof  that  this  record  was  credible,  as 
I  find  from  the  Territorial  Records  that  Aug.  22,  1817,  he  was  appointed  captain  of  the  com- 
pany of  artillery  attached  to  the  Second  bridade. 


193 

Illinois  had  been  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  free  State,  but  a 
very  large  proportion  of  its  inhabitants  were  of  the  opinion  that, 
taking  everything  into  account,  it  would  be  to  the  interest  of  this 
State  to  cast  its  fortunes  with  Kentucky  and  the  southern  states. 
The  question,  in  one  form  and  another,  agitated  our  pioneers  till  after 
the  famous  campaign  of  1824,  and  it  was  the  principal  question  be- 
fore the  public  in  the  canvass  between  Cook  and  McLean  in  1818. 
Moses'  history  of  Illinois  has  this  to  say  of  the  contest: 

"McLean  was  on  the  side  of  slavery  and  Cook  on  that  of  freedom, 
both  being  singularly  well  equipped  by  study,  experience  and  incli- 
nation for  public  debate  and  each  of  them  feeling  confident  in  the 
justice  of  his  respective  side,  joint  discussions  were  held  by  them  in 
all  of  the  principal  counties.  Hon.  Orlando  B.  Ficklin,  who  heard 
these,  as  also,  many  years  afterwards,  the  debates  between  Lincoln 
and  Douglas,  involving  the  same  question,  'awarded  the  palm'  for 
oratory  and  interest  to  the  former.  McLean,  though  of  lighter  com- 
plexion, was  said  to  resemble  the  great  Charles  Fox  in  person,  and 
in  his  style  of  oratory." 

The  short  hand  reporter  and  the  big  blanket  sheet  newspaper  were 
not  on  hand  during  their  great  debate,  and  we  shall  never  be  able  to 
do  more  than  vainly  attempt  to  imagine  how  these  able  men  handled 
the  great  question,  but  it  is  entirely  safe  to  assume  that  its  treatment 
was  not  hollow  and  superficial. 

Mr.  McLean  triumphed  at  the  election  by  14  votes.  His  term  in 
Congress  lasted  only  from  December,  1818,  to  March  8,  1819,  but 
during  this  time  he  cast  several  votes  on  the  side  of  slavery  in 
the  preliminary  questions  which  were  being  acted  upon  in  Congress, 
and  we  might  also  state  that  he  was  defeated  for  Congress  at  the 
next  two  elections  by  D.  P.  Cook,  who  voted  in  Congress  against  the 
Missouri  compromise  of  1820,  and  who  in  1824  cast  the  vote  of  Illi- 
nois for  John  Quincy  Adams  for  President,  by  which  act  Cook's 
popularity  suffered  so  severely  that  he  was  unable  to  secure  another 
re-election. 

On  Mr.  McLean's  return  from  Congress,  in  1819,  he  returned  to 
the  bar  of  Shawneetown,  but  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1820, 
where  he  served  as  speaker  in  the  Second  General  Assembly  and 
from  all  accounts,  must  have  been  about  the  ablest  politician  in  the 
young  State. 

That  he  was  more  than  a  mere  politician,  and  was  also  a  statesman, 
we  have  the  best  proof  possible  in  the  following  extract  from  Moses' 
History  of  Illinois: 

"The  most  exciting  subject  of  discussion  was  the  law  to  incorpo- 
rate a  State  bank.  The  times  were  hard.  Over  trading  and  specu- 
lating induced  by  the  too  abundant  issue  of  paper  currency  by  the 
banks  of  adjoining  states  had  brought  every  one  into  debt.  To  pro- 
vide a  way  to  escape  the  existing  evils,  the  Legislature  chartered  the 
State  bank.  There  was  strenuous  opposition  to  the  bill,  led  by 
Speaker  McLean.  By  a  singular  provision  of  the  rules  the  Speaker 
13  H 


194 

was  not  permitted  to  participate  in  the  debates  except  when  the  House 
resolved  itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole;  nor,  indeed  to  vote 
on  any  question  except  when  a  tie  occurred.  In  order  to  deprive  the 
eloquent  Speaker  from  exposing  the  objectionable  features  of  the 
proposed  measure,  the  House,  which  contained  an  assured  majority 
in  its  favor,  refused  to  go  into  a  committee  of  the  whole.  McLean, 
indignant  at  such  treatment,  resigned  his  position,  and  upon  the 
floor  of  the  House,  made  a  powerful  argument  against  the  bill,  in 
which  he  prophetically  predicted  all  of  the  evils  which  ultimately 
resulted  from  the  operations  of  the  bank.  But  the  bill  passed,  nev- 
ertheless, and  when  the  council  of  revision  returned  it,  pointing  out 
the  objections  to  its  provisions,  and  showing  how  it  was  inexpedient 
and  unconstitutional,  it  was  again  enacted  by  the  requisite  majority." 

The  references  made  to  his  debate  with  Daniel  P.  Cook  and  this 
evidence  of  his  standing  in  the  second  General  Assembly,  sufficiently 
prove  that  Mr.  McLean  was  one  of  the  great  men  of  the  early  days 
of  Illinois,  and  we  must  always  lament  the  fact  that  the  newspapers 
of  that  day  were  so  small  as  to  be  unable  to  hand  down  to  posterity 
the  glowing  words  of  him  whose  memory  we  wish  to  preserve  and 
perpetuate. 

The  subsequent  history  of  the  failure  of  this  State  bank  and  of 
the  distress  it  brought  upon  the  people  of  Illinois  is  positive  proof 
of  the  statesmanship  of  Mr.  McLean  in  his  vigorous  but  fruitless 
opposition  to  the  bank. 

Mr.  McLean  remained  out  of  the  Legislature  for  a  few  years,  but 
we  may  be  sure  he  was  no  idler.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  great 
slavery  contest  in  1824,  being  on  the  pro-slavery  side,  which  was  de- 
feated. From  all  that  we  can  now  learn  of  this  historical  contest  it 
was  the  most  excited  and  bitter  ever  known  in  Illinois. 

G-overnor  Reynolds,  in  "My  Own  Times",  says: 

"Men,  women  and  children  entered  the  arena  of  party  warfare  and 
strife;  and  the  families  and  neighborhoods  were  so  divided  and 
furious  and  bitter  against  one  another,  that  it  seemed  a  regular  civil 
war  might  be  the  result.  Many  personal  conflicts  were  indulged  in 
on  the  question,  and  the  whole  country  seemed  at  times  to  be  ready 
and  willing  to  resort  to  physical  force  to  decide  the  contest." 

Notwithstanding  the  bitterness  engendered  in  the  great  campaign 
of  1824,  we  find  Mr.  McLean  emerged  from  the  strife  with  almost  the 
universal  good  will  of  both  parties,  which  may  be  taken  as  an  evi- 
dence that  the  public  gave  him  credit  for  favoring  slavery  purely 
from  what  might  be  called  honestly  mistaken  views  of  its  ex- 
pediency. 

This  is  fully  proven  by  the  fact  that  in  the  fall  of  1824,  on  the  eve 
of  all  this  excitement,  when  the  Legislature  balloted  for  United 
States  senator  to  fill  the  short  term  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
Senator,  formerly  Governor  Edwards,  McLean  was  chosen  on  the 
third  ballot.  This  Legislature  was  fresh  from  the  great  slavery  and 
presidential  contest  of  1824,  during  which  Mr.  McLean  had  been  one 


195 

of  the  most  active  and  eloquent  of  the  pro-slavery  orators,  but  there 
appears  to  have  been  but  little  opposition  to  his  election.  He  went 
to  Washin2:ton  at  once,  and  served  from  Dec.  20,  1824,  to  March  3, 
1825.  There  was  a  senator  to  be  elected  at  the  same  time  for  the 
long  term  of  six  years,  and  we  are  told  that  Senator  McLean  was 
also  a  candidate  for  that  position,  but  being  absent  on  duty  in  the 
United  States  Senate,  his  friends  were  not  able  to  rally  enough 
strength  for  his  election  and  the  position  was  secured  by  Elias  Kent 
Kane.  Of  Mr.  McLean's  senatorial  career  we  have  little  report,  but 
it  was  entirely  satisfactory  to  his  constituents. 

While  he  was  in  Washington  on  this  service,  the  presidential  elec- 
tion of  1824,  when  there  was  no  choice  of  the  people,  came  to  a  head 
by  the  election  in  February,  1825,  by  the  National  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, of  John  Quincy  Adams.  Illinois  had  given  one  electoral 
vote  to  Adams  and  two  to  Jackson.  Daniel  P.  Cook,  in  the  House, 
now  cast  the  vote  of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  Adams,  thereby  making 
it  the  thirteenth  state  to  vote  for  Adams,  exactly  a  majority  of  the 
states,  and  thus  electing  Adams.  The  excitement  must  have  been 
tremendous  and  we  obtain  a  glimpse  of  the  indignation  of  such  an 
intense  Jackson  man  as  was  Mr.  McLean,  by  the  following  brief 
item  which  he  sent  to  the  Shawneetown  paper,  the  Illinois  Gazette : 

"Senate  Chamber,  Feb.  9,  1825. 
"Sir— The  votes  for  president  are  as  follows:     'Mr.  Adams,  the 
six  New  England  States,  New  York,  Maryland,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Alabama  and  Kentucky.'     He  is  elected.     The  mail  starts.     I 
have  time  to  write  no  more.     Great  God  deliver  us. 

"John  McLean." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  when  the  electoral  vote  of  1824  was 
returned,  there  were  four  candidates,  Adams,  Clay,  Jackson  and 
Crawford,  neither  one  of  whom  had  a  majority. 

It  then  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Representatives  at  its  meet- 
ing in  February,  1825,  to  vote  for  president  by  states,  as  required  by 
the  constitution.  Illinois  was  one  of  the  small  states  in  the  House, 
having  but  one  vote,  that  of  its  representative,  the  Hon.  Daniel  P, 
Cook. 

It  happened  that  the  vote  of  Illinois  made  John  Quincy  Adams 
president,  and  this  vote  having  been  cast  by  one  man,  it  must  cer- 
tainly have  happened  that  the  excitement  was  most  tremendous,  and 
there  is  no  wonder  that  in  the  days  when  there  was  no  telegraph,  Mr. 
McLean  was  exceedingly  anxious  to  mail  the  earliest  possible  news 
to  his  home  newspaper,  the  Shawneetown  Gazette. 

It  may  be  proper  to  add  that  the  people  of  Illinois  were  too 
friendly  to  Jackson  to  entirely  forgive  Mr.  Cook  for  his  vote,  and  he 
was  defeated  at  the  next  election.  His  death  occurred  Oct.  16,  1827, 
while  he  was  still  a  young  man. 

His  name  was  given  to  Cook  county,  Jan.  15,  1831,  almost  a  year 
after  McLean  county  was  organized,  and  we  thus  find  the  names  of 


196 

these  two  great  political  rivals  attached,  the  one  to  the  most  wealthy 
and  populous  county  in  the  State,  and  the  other  to  the  most  fertile 
and  the  largest  in  territory. 

On  Mr.  McLean's  return  to  Illinois  in  1825,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature  from  Gallatin  county  for  two  terms  in  succession  and 
during  both  of  these  terms  he  was  speaker  of  the  house.  Here  he 
was  one  of  the  most  influential  and  valuable  members,  as  we  have 
the  most  abundant  testimony.  Ex-(iovernor  Reynolds,  who  served  at 
the  same  time,  gives  him  high  credit,  most  especially  for  his  share  in 
the  revision  and  adoption  of  the  laws  of  1827,  which  all  old  lawyers 
know  was  a  remarkable  work  to  be  performed  by  a  legislative  body 
in  the  time  of  an  ordinary  session,  and  this  volume  of  the  laws  is  in 
part  one  of  the  existing  evidences  of  the  ability  of  John  McLean. 

Grovernor  Reynolds,  in  "My  Own  Times",  gives  an  amusing  inci- 
dent showing  evidence  of  McLean's  influence  as  follows: 

"In  the  legislature  of  1826  and  1827,  a  county  was  organized,  em- 
bracing the  mining  district,  which  was  called  Jo  Daviess  county,  I 
proposed  the  name  of  Daviess  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  John 
McLean,  with  much  Kentucky  enthusiasm,  added  the  name  of  Jo  to 
it,  and  it  succeeded.  It  could  not  be  severed  in  that  legislature,  as 
we  tried  it  often." 

The  county  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  Hamilton 
Daviess,  of  Kentucky,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  in  1811. 

But  two  men  have  ever  been  speaker  of  the  Illinois  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives for  three  terms;  they  are  William  Lee  D.  Ewing  and 
John  McLean. 

Correspondence  published  in  the  transactions  of  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society  and  other  sources  of  information  too  lengthy  for 
quotation,  prove  that  Speaker  McLean  was  actively  engaged  in 
pushing  his  canvass  for  election  to  the  position  of  United  States 
senator  when  the  next  vacancy  should  occur.  He  had  set  his  heart 
on  winning  this  prize,  and  this  canvass  was  watched  with  deep 
interest  by  his  political  friends  and  enemies.  Public  sentiment  had 
by  this  time  become  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  General  Jackson, 
and  Mr.  McLean's  services  in  behalf  of  his  party  were  unquestioned. 

We  can  form  a  good  estimate  of  the  strength  of  Mr.  McLean  at 
this  period,  the  crowning  point  of  his  influence  on  Illinois  politics, 
by  the  simple  announcement  that  when  the  legislature  met  in  the 
fall  of  1829,  it  unanimously  elected  him  United  States  senator  for 
the  term  of  six  years  from  the  6th  day  of  December,  1829.  This 
unanimous  election  is  an  honor  never  before  nor  since  conferred  on 
any  other  lUinoisan  and  of  itself  proves  his  high  standing  in  the 
public  estimation.     But   it  seems   disease  was  wasting  his  strength, 


197 

and  after  the  close  of  the  long  session  May  31,  1830,  he  came  home 
to  Shawneetown,  where  he  died  Oct.  14,  1830,  in  the  fortieth  year  of 
his  life. 

On  the  9th  day  of  December,  1830,  his  colleague  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  Hon.  Elias  Kent  Kane,  pronounced  his  eulogy,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  said: 

"lu  private  life  he  was  remarkable  for  his  benevolence,  frankness 
and  independence  of  character.  No  one  in  the  circle  in  which  he 
moved  had  a  larger  share  of  the  confidence  and  affection  of  his  fel- 
low men.  He  was  by  profession  a  lawyer,  possessed  of  a  vigorous 
mind,  and  a  rapid  but  easy  elocution.  These  qualifications,  added  to 
honesty  of  purpose  universally  accorded  to  him,  raised  him  to  the 
front  rank  of  his  profession  and  there  sustained  him.  As  a  states- 
man, the  people  of  Illinois  would  long  remember  him  as  the  author 
of  the  most  valued  portions  of  their  statute  books,  and  as  the  able 
and  acute  presiding  officer  over  the  most  numerous  branch  of  their 
legislature." 

Ex-Governor  Reynolds,  in  his  book,  contended  that  no  man  in 
Illinois  before  or  since  his  day  surpassed  him  in  pure,  natural  elo- 
quence. 

He  describes  him  as  "a  man  of  gigantic  mind,  of  noble  and  manly 
form,  and  a  lofty,  dignified  bearing.  His  person  was  large,  and 
formed  on  that  natural  excellence  which  at  once  attracted  the  atten- 
tion and  admiration  of  all  beholders.  The  vigor  and  compass  of  his 
mind  was  exceedingly  great  and  his  eloquence  flowed  in  torrents, 
deep,  strong,  and  almost  irresistible." 

No  wonder  that  when  the  legislature  assembled  a  few  weeks 
after  his  death,  presided  over  by  Hon.  Wm.  L.  D.  Ewing,  his  imme- 
diate friend  and  relative,  it  was  easily  influenced  by  the  speaker  to 
bestow  this  loved  name  upon  the  large  new  county  to  be  organized 
in  this  region. 

Tradition  informs  us  that  our  pioneers  had  decided  to  name  this 
county  for  Judge  Hendricks,  of  Indiana,  but  through  Mr.  Ewing's 
influence  and  advice,  they  accepted  the  name  so  greatly  desired  by 
the  many  friends  of  the  late  Senator  McLean. 

Much  that  pertains  to  this  portion  of  our  subject  relates  more 
strictly  to  the  history  of  McLean  county,  and  little  more  need  be 
added  in  this  connection  It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  the 
city  of  Shawneetown,  where  Senator  McLean  lived,  holds  his 
memory  in  grateful  recollection.  His  body  is  buried  on  the  high 
ground,  about  two  miles  from  the  ill-fated  city,  where  may  be 
found  the  following  inscription  on  the  slab  over  his  vault: 


198 


IN  MEMORY 

OF 

JOHN    MoLEAN. 


Born  in  North  Carolina  February  4,  1791.  He  was 
raised  and  educated  in  Kentucky,  whence  he  emigrated 
to  Illinois  in  1815,  where  he  held  a  conspicuous  stand 
at  the  bar,  and  in  society,  for  talents  and  a  generous 
and  amiable  nature.  A  representative  and  senator  in 
the  congress  of  the  United  States  from  Illinois;  he  died 
while  in  the  latter  office,  October  14,  1830,  lamented 
by  all. 


Death  loves  a  shining  mark,  a  siernal  blow; 
A  blow,  which,  while  it  executes,  alarms, 
And  startles  thousaads  with  a  single  fall. 

— Young. 


He  was  buried  among  a  number  of  noted  men  of  southern  Illinois, 
such  as  Greneral  Posey,  who  was  aide  to  General  Washington,  and 
was  United  States  Senator  of  Louisiana,  and  Governor  of  the  north- 
western territory — Illinois,  Indiana,  etc  ,  etc.,  also  Judge  Hardin, 
John  Marshall,  Henry  Eddy,  and  many  others. 

Owing  to  ill  health  and  worse  weather.  Gen.  John  A.  McClernand 
could  not  be  present.  The  following  extract  is  from  his  letter,  read 
by  Hon.  J.  S.  Ewing: 

"Mr.  McLean  emigrated  from  Kentucky  to  the  Territory  of  Illi- 
nois and  settled  in  Shawneetown  in  1815,  where  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  as  a  lawyer,  residing  there  for  15  years,  and 
until  his  untimely  death  in  1830,  He  and  I  were  contemporary 
residents  of  Shawneetown  for  15  years.  I  often  saw  him  in  my  boy- 
hood and  afterward  formed  an  acquaintance  with  him. 

"His  personality  interested  and  impressed  me.  The  image  of  it 
still  lingers  in  my  memory.  Physically  he  was  well  developed,  tall, 
strong  and  stately.  When  walking  the  streets  his  admiring  observers 
would  whisper  '  there  goes  the  great  lawyer,  the  great  orator.'  His 
confident  step  and  appearance  denoted  him  a  man  of  energy  and 
decision. 

"Socially  he  was  afFable  and  genial;  his  conversation  sparkled  with 
wit  and  humor.  He  married  an  educated  and  accomplished  young 
lady  in  Kentucky  a  short  time  before  his  death. 


199 

"Mr.  McLean  was  not  an  academic  scholar.  During  his  early  life 
there  were  no  common  schools  in  Kentucky  or  Illinois,  and  there  was 
not  a  college  in  all  Illinois.  His  only  resource  for  instruction  was 
the  wandering  pedagogue  and  his  own  assiduity.  Like  many  others 
he  was  for  the  most  part  self-educated,  not  a  few  of  whom  rank 
among  the  most  learned  of  the  ages. 

"As  a  lawyer,  Mr.  McLean  was  both  analytic  and  logical,  combin- 
ing argument  with  extraordinary  eloquence.  He  was  persuapive 
with  the  judge  and  well  nigh  resistless  with  the  jury.  In  his  pro- 
fession he  was  eminently  successful.  The  compensation  it  brought 
would  have  enriched  him  but  for  his  exceeding  liberality  toward  hia 
friends  and  the  needy.  His  mind  was  practical  as  well  as  creative 
and  versatile.  The  union  of  these  qualities  marks  the  distinction  of 
the  great  leaders  of  human  progress  and  amelioration. 

"Mr.  McLean  was  an  actor  on  the  public  stage  in  Illinois  for  15 
years.  He  led  a  political  movement  in  Illinois  which  on  the  wider 
stage  of  the  nation  resulted  in  the  reorganization  of  political  parties 
and  the  election  of  General  Jackson  to  the  presidency.  What  must 
have  been  the  energy  and  influence  he  contributed  in  the  effectua- 
tion of  so  stupendous  a  result?  Alas  !  He  died  with  the  harness  of 
public  duty  upon  him.  He  died  while  comparatively  young,  realiz- 
ing the  fate  which  so  often  overtakes  the  brave,  the  active  and  in- 
spiring,    Peace  to  his  ashes;  honor  to  his  memory. 

John  A.  MoCleenand." 


LETTER   FROM    J.    B.    BARGER. 

Shawneetown,  March  8,  1896. 

J.  H.  Btirnham,  Bloomington,  111. 

Dear  Sir — Your  letter  of  March  B  is  at  hand  and  read.  My  rec- 
ollection of  John  McLean  was  on  his  little  farm  when  he  kept  his 
horses  and  hounds  and  had  a  man  hired  to  take  care  of  his  horses 
and  hounds.  He  did  not,  as  I  ever  knew,  hunt  with  a  gun;  it  was 
for  chasing  with  hounds.  My  recollection  is,  he  was  a  lawyer;  but  I 
have  no  recollection  of  his  practicing  law.  We  did  not  have  any 
court  house  in  Shawneetown,  the  courts  were  held  in  a  warehouse. 
Since  writing  you  before,  it  came  to  my  mind  that  Greneral  John  A. 
McClernand  of  Springfield,  Illinois,  was  raised  here  and  knew  John 
McLean.  He  is  older  than  I  am  and  can  possibly  give  you  more 
information  than  I  can.  He  was  spoken  of  in  best  terms  by  every- 
body who  knew  him.  He  never  went  out  of  the  county  hunting 
as  I  ever  knew.  President  John  Cook,  of  the  University  of  Normal, 
always  reminded  me  when  I  met  him,  of  John  McLean — quick 
action  and  speech ;  but  McLean  was  not  so  fleshy. 

I  don't  know  of  any  other  person  now  living  that  knew  him  but 
General  McClernand. 

Yours  respectfully, 

J.  B.  Bargee. 


200 

Letter  from  Hon.  J.  M.  Eddy,  a  son  of  Henry  Eddy,  who  published 
a  paper  at  Shawneetown,  111.,  as  early  as  1817,  called  the  Illinois 
Emigrant,  and  who  also  published  other  newspapers  at  an  early  day. 
Some  of  these  papers  are  preserved  to  the  present  time.  Mr. 
Eddy  furnished  information  from  these  old  files: 

Shawneetown,  III.,  Nov.  19,  1896. 

J.  H.  Burnham,  Esq.,  Bloomingion^  III. 

Deab  Sir — I  will  give  you  my  impressions  of  the  personality  of 
Judge  McLean,  which  were  formed  by  conversing  with  many 
people  who  knew  him  well,  while  I  was  a  youth  from  10  to  15 
years  of  age.  My  father  bought  our  old  homestead  from  Judge 
McLean,  and  moved  his  family  on  to  it  in  1832,  when  I  was  but 
2  years  old,  and  I  spent  the  early  part  of  my  life  there  among 
the  country  people,  several  of  whom  were  tenants  on  the  place 
and  so  remained  for  several  years. 

From  these  and  others  living  in  the  neighborhood,  I  got  the 
impression  that  he  had  the  happy  faculty  of  adapting  himself  to  the 
ways  and  customs  of  all  sorts  of  people.  For  instance:  When 
overworked  or  depressed  in  spirits  he  would  go  out  onto  his  farm 
where  a  Mr,  Holly  kept  for  him  a  pack  of  hounds  and  spend  a 
week  or  more  hunting  foxes,  in  which  sport  the  whole  neighbor- 
hood joined. 

He  would  go  to  all  the  log  rollings,  corn  huskings,  house  raisings 
and  country  frolics,  and  would  make  a  full  hand  at  any  or  all  of 
them.  I  have  heard  these  people  tell  how  he  would  beat  all 
comers  at  running,  jumping,  wrestling,  and  lifting;  and  he  would, 
to  use  a  modern  phrase,  "just  turn  himself  loose."  In  fact  the 
people  almost  worshiped  him.  All  this,  I  think,  accounts  for  his 
great  popularity  among  the  plain  people.  When  at  home,  though, 
he  was  an  entirely  different  man.  There  he  was  the  personifica- 
tion of  dignity  and  courtesy,  rarely  unbending,  never  harsh  or  cruel 
or  insulting,  a  perfect  Chesterfield  in  courtly  manner  to  all. 

Yours  truly, 

John  M.  Eddy. 


LETTER    FROM    HON.    J.    D.    WALKER. 

Fayetteville,  Ark.,  Dec.  10,  1898. 

Capt   J.  H   Burnham,  Bloomington,  III.: 

Dear  Sir — I  read  with  great  pleasure  a  special  to  the  St.  Louis 
Republic  of  the  7th  inst.,  a  notice  of  the  proceedings  of  the  McLean 
County  Historical  Society  in  reference  to  the  memory  of  John 
McLean,  and  extracts  from  your  address  on  that  occasion, 

Allow  me  to  express  to  you  my  sincere  thanks  and  gratitude,  as  he 
was  my  uncle,  the  oldest  brother  of  my  mother,  who  was  the  wife  of 
Col.  J.  V.  Walker,  late  of  Logan  county,  Kentucky. 


201 

He  came  from  Logan  county,  Kentucky,  to  Shawneetown,  accord- 
ing to  the  family  record.  The  father  and  mother  of  John  McLean, 
Ephriam  McLean  and  Elizabeth  Byert,  the  former  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  the  latter  of  York  district,  South  Carolina,  were  married  in 
1788,  and  emigrated  to  Kentucky  in  1796,  when  John  McLean  must 
have  been  a  email  boy,  and  settled  about  12  miles  west  of  Russellville, 
Logan  county,  Kentucky,  where  in  1808,  my  mother,  Susan  Howard 
McLean,  was  born.  The  father  of  John  McLean,  Rev.  Ephriam 
McLean,  according  to  the  history  of  the  C.  P.  church  was  its  first 
ordained  minister.  The  McLean  record  further  states,  that  "the 
oldest  sou  John,  after  returning  from  Indian  wars  under  General 
Jackson,  studied  law  under  the  instruction  of  Judge  McLean  in 
Greeneville,  Kentucky,  and  settled  in  Shawneetown  to  practice  law 
when  Illinois  was  a  territory." 

My  grandmother  fondly  cherished  the  memory  of  her  son  and 
often  exhibited  presents  made  by  him  when  in  Congress. 

Should  you  meet  Hon.  Adiai  E.  Stevenson,  who  I  believe  still 
resides  in  your  city,  present  my  regards.  I  knew  him  when  in  Con- 
gress. 

Again  thanking  you, 

I  am  truly  and  respectfully, 

J.  D.  Walker. 

P.  S. — It  may  be  of  interest  to  state  that  the  grandfather  of  John 
McLean,  Charles  McLean,  came  from  Scotland  to  North  Carolina  in 
1750,  and  was  a  major  in  the  American  army  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  J.  D.  W. 

[J.  H.  B.] 


THOMAS   SLOO. 
Dr.  J,  F.  Snyder. 


Among  the  public  men  of  prominence  in  Illinois  in  the  first  decade 
following  its  admission  into  the  Union,  was  Thomas  Sloo  Such, 
however,  is  the  evanescence  of  human  fame  that  all  of  his  history 
that  survived  the  lapse  of  time  since  his  departure  from  the  State, 
three-quarters  of  a  century  ago,  until  very  recently,  was  his  name 
and  the  recorded  facts  that  he  was  at  one  time  a  State  Senator,  and 
was  defeated  in  1826  for  the  office  of  Governor  of  Illinois  by  Ninian 
Edwards. 

In  searching  out  his  genealogy  the  first  one  of  his  name  discovered 
was  a  native  of  Wales  who  accompanied  Sir  Phillip  Sidney  when 
appointed  governor  of  Flushing  bj^  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1585  and 
fought  the  Spaniards  with  him  in  the  Low  countries  in  defense  of 
the  Hollanders,  then  the  allies  of  England  At  some  time  in  the 
first  third  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  descendants  of  that  ances- 
tor left  Holland  with  other  emigrants  and  settled  on  Manhattan 
island,  now  New  York  city.  Thomas  Sloo's  father,  also  named 
Thomas,  and  his  grandfather,  William  Sloo,  who  married  Charity 
Benson  and  lived  in  New  York  city  in  ]  771- J 774,  were  soldiers  in  the 


202 

Revolutionary  War,  and  are  said  to  have  done  valiant  service  under 
Anthony  Wayne  in  the  recapture  of  Stony  Point  from  the  British 
on  July  16,  1779. 

After  the  Revolutionary  struggle  was  ended.  Thomas  Sloo,  having 
married  Elizabeth  Roe,  migrated  from  New  York  to  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
There  he  and  wife  joined  a  party  of  emigrants  in  charge  of  General 
Guinot  and  proceeded,  in  keel  boats,  to  Cincinnati:  but  the  Indians 
there  were  so  troublesome  he  did  not  lemain  long,  and  crossing  the 
Ohio  over  to  Kentucky,  settled  in  Mason  county  and  built  the  first 
house  in  Limestone,  where  Maysville  now  stands — probably  on  a 
land  grant  obtained  from  the  government  for  his  services  in  the 
Colonial  army.  Daniel  Boone  was  an  early  resident  of  Maysville, 
first  settled  by  Mr.  Sloo.  and  they  were  intimate  acquaintances. 
In  Collins'  "History  of  Kentucky,"  describing  Washington,  "the 
oldest  town  in  then  Bourbon,  now  Mason  county  it  is  stated,  "in 
1790,  by  amended  act,  the  boundaries  of  the  town  were  described, 
and  Alex.  D.  Orr,  Thomas  Sloo  and  Richard  Corwine  made  trustees 
in  place  of  Daniel  Boone  and  Edward  Waller,  who  had  removed  from 
the  country."  Mr.  Sloo,  removing  from  Maysville  became  one  of  the 
earliest  residents  of  the  town  of  Washington,  and  there  his  son, 
Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  was  born  on  the  5th  of  April,  1790,  Among  bis 
other  children  born  there  also,  were  Albert  Gallatin  Sloo  and  James 
C.  Sloo. 

The  boyhood  of  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  the  subject  of  thjs  sketch,  was 
passed  principally  at  school,  resulting  in  the  acquirement  of  as  lib- 
eral an  education  as  could  be  obtained  in  the  rural  districts  of  Ken 
tucky  in  that  era.  But  before  his  school  days  were  ended  he  was 
left  an  orphan  with  the  care  of  the  younger  children  of  the  family. 
He  thereupon  went  to  Cincinnati  and  engaged  in  merchandising,  in 
which  he  prospered.  There,  on  the  14th  of  July,  1814,  be  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Mies  Harriet  Irwin,  who  was  born  at  Mercersburg, 
Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1792.  Though  young  in 
yeare,  Mr  Sloo  occupied  a  very  prominent  social  position  in  his  new 
home  and  was  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship  with  Gen.  Wm,  Henry 
Harrison,  who  was  often  a  guest  at  bis  residence.  But,  too  soon,  he 
was  overwhelmed  by  heavy  misfortunes. 

In  about  a  year  after  their  marriage  his  young  wife  died  and  was 
consigned  to  the  grave  in  one  of  the  Cincinnati  cemeteries,  leaving 
an  infant  that  survived  her  but  a  short  time.  Time  having  measur- 
ably assuaged  his  grief,  he  again  tried  the  matrimonial  lottery  on  the 
25th  of  August,  1819,  leading  to  the  altar  his  second  bride.  Miss  Re- 
becca Smith  Findlay,  also  a  native  of  Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania, 
born  there  in  1795.  About  that  time  the  financial  stringency  of  1818 
and  1819  set  in,  causing  Mr.  Sloo  such  serious  reverses  in  busi- 
ness that  he  was  compelled  to  close  his  store  and  retire. 

Having  liquidated  in  full  all  of  his  liabilities,  Mr.  Sloo,  in  1819, 
changed  his  location  from  Cincinnati  toShawneetown,  Illinois,  where 
he  remained  but  a  short  time,  and  moved  to  the  western  part  of 
White  county,  in  which  the  formation  of  a  new  county  was  being 
agitated.      The  act  of  the  legislature  organizing  that  new  county, 


Thomas  8I00.  candidate  for  Governor  of  Illinois,  1826. 


I 


203 

named  Hamilton,  was  passed  on  the  15th  of  February,  1821,  and  in 
the  selection  of  officers  to  start  its  legal  machinery,  Mr.  Sloo  was 
elected  county  surveyor.  In  that  capacity  he  surveyed  and  plaited 
McLeansboro,  its  county  seat,  the  place  he  had  chosen  for  his  future 
home.  He  there  again  established  himself  in  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness and  also  in  farming,  with  great  success,  and  soon,  by  his  genial 
disposition  and  uprightness  of  character,  became  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  in  that  part  of  the  State. 

In  1822  he  was  elected  to  represent  Hamilton  and  JeflFerson 
counties  in  the  State  Senate,  and  in  the  memorable  session  of  the 
Legislature  following  was  one  of  thetwelvesenators  who  voted  for  the 
convention  resolution,  the  other  six  senators  opposing  it.  He  also 
supported  the  convention  scheme  at  the  State  election  in  1824.  In 
that  course  he  was  consistent,  having  been  born,  reared  and  educated 
in  a  slave  state.  But  the  fact  that  the  overwhelming  defeat  of  the 
slavery  convention  at  the  polls  served  to  increase  the  popularity  of 
the  public  men  who  favored  it  and  labored  for  it,  is  one  of  the 
strangest  anomalies  in  Illinois  history.  The  two  United  States  sena- 
tors next  elected,  John  McLean  and  Elias  K.  Kane,  were  perhaps 
the  ablest  and  most  uncompromising  leaders  of  the  slavery  party, 
and  in  the  legislative  reorganization  of  the  judiciary  at  the  same  ses- 
sion a  majority  of  the  judges  selected  were  among  its  most  prominent 
supporters. 

As  evidence  of  Mr.  Sloo's  prominence  amoDg  the  public  men  of 
Illinois  at  that  time  it  may  be  stated  that  four  votes  were  oast  for 
him  for  United  States  Senator  on  Nov.  80,  1824,  when  Elias  K. 
Kane  was  elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the  Legislature. 

Congress  having  granted  to  Illinois  in  1823  permission  to  con- 
struct a  canal  connecting  the  Illinois  river  and  Lake  Michigan,  the 
Legislature  provided  for  a  board  of  canal  commissioners  to  consider 
ways  and  means  to  accomplish  the  work.  That  first  canal  board  con- 
sisted of  Emanual  J.  West,  Erastus  Brown,  Thomas  Sloo,  Theophilus 
W.  Smith  and  Samuel  Alexander. 

When  the  term  of  Grovernor  Coles  was  nearing  its  close  and  the 
choosing  of  his  successor  was  discussed  among  the  people,  Gov. 
Ninian  Edwards,  as  early  as  June,  1825,  announced  himself  a  candi- 
date and  began  making  an  active  canvass  of  the  State.  The  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  the  Cole's  administration,  a  freak  named  Augustus 
Frederick  Hubbard  of  Shawneetown,  also  announced  himself  a 
solicitor  for  the  position.  Urged  by  his  friends  who  favored  neither 
Edwards  nor  Hubbard,  Mr,  Sloo  consented  to  enter  the  contest  for 
the  high  honor.  What  effort  he  made  to  succeed  is  now  not  known. 
Though  locally  very  popular,  and  a  fair  speaker,  of  fine  appearance, 
his  acquaintance  throughout  the  northern  and  western  portions  of 
the  State  was  very  limited.  A  writer  in  the  (Vandalia)  Illinois  In- 
telligencer of  July  6,  1826,  a  month  before  the  election,  said,  among 
other  things: 

"It  is  true  that,  like  most  of  us  in  Illinois,  Mr.  Sloo  was,  at  an  early 
age,  thrown  upon  the  world  without  the  advantages  of  education,  or 
of  pecuniary  means,  since  which  time  he  has  depended  upon   his 


204 

own  exertions  and  his  own  industry.  If  lie  has  any  reputation,  or 
property,  it  is  alone  the  reward  that  awaits  the  exertions  of  an  indus- 
trious and  honest  man.  It  is  equally  true,  that  in  the  general  wreck 
of  1818  and  1819,  Mr.  Sloo  was  unfortunate  in  business,  in  Cincin- 
nati; but  I  have  yet  to  hear  the  first  reproach  cast  upon  his  character 
in  consequence  of  his  misfortune.  That  Mr.  Sloo  came  among  us 
poor,  is  well  known  to  all  his  acquaintances  in  this  country;  but  by 
his  industry  on  his  farm,  together  with  some  public  services  per- 
formed, he  has  not  only  been  able  to  support  his  family  genteelly, 
but  to  better  his  condition  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view." 

From  this  communication  it  must  be  inferred  that  Mr.  Sloo  was  a 
farmer  and  not  a  merchant;  but  Grovernor  Reynolds,  who  knew  him 
well,  sa5^s  in  his  "Life  and  Times,"  in  writing  of  that  contest  for  the 
governorship:  "In  this  canvass,  three  candidates  appeared  in  the 
field — Ninian  Edwards,  Thomas  Sloo  and  A.  F.  Hubbard.  The  last 
named  candidate  had  been  elected  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  he 
supposed  it  was  a  matter  of  course  to  elect  him  Governor." 

"The  contest  was  between  the  two  first  named  candidates.  Mr. 
Sloo  had  been  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  for  four  years, 
and  was  a  gentleman  of  agreeable  manners  and  irreproachable  char- 
acter. He  had  by  his  urbanity  of  manners  and  gentlemanly 
deportment  obtained  many  friends  throughout  the  State.  He  had 
bee  a  employed  in  business  as  a  merchant,  and  in  it  he  had  not  been 
in  the  habit  of  public  speaking,  which  operated  against  him,  partic- 
ularly when  Governor  Edwards  was  his  opponent,  as  Edwards  was 
an  accomplished  orator." 

"The  Jackson  party,  which  was  then  not  properly  organized,  sup- 
ported Sloo.  If  the  party  had  been  trained  then,  as  it  was  some 
years  afterwards,  Sloo  no  doubt  would  have  been  elected." 

At  the  election  in  August,  1826,  Governor  Edwards  was  elected  by 
a  small  majority,  defeating  Mr.  Sloo  by  a  less  number  of  votes  than 
Hubbard  received,  leaving  room  for  speculation  as  to  what  the  result 
might  have  been  had  Hubbard,  from  a  county  adjoining  Mr.  Sloo's, 
not  been  in  the  way. 

The  votes  cast  were  6,280  for  Edwards,  5,834  for  Sloo,  and  580  for 
Hubbard. 

Disgusted  with  public  life  by  his  defeat,  and  desiring  a  more  ex- 
tended business  field,  Mr.  Sloo  disposed  of  his  property  in  Illinois 
in  1828  and  moving  to  New  Orleans  there  engaged  in  the  commis- 
siou  business,  in  which  he  continued  with  success  for  the  succeed- 
ing twenty  years.  A  few  yee^rs  before  the  expiration  of  that  period 
his  happiness  was  again  clouded  by  the  death  of  his  wife.  Of  the 
children  born  to  them  none  lived  to  be  grown.  Depressed  by  his 
domestic  misfortunes,  and  weary  of  his  long  years  of  slavish  appli- 
cation to  the  same  occupation,  to  effect  a  change  he  closed  out  his 
interests  in  New  Orleans  in  184:S  and  sought  a  new  home  and  new 
associations  in  Havana,  Cuba. 


205 

There  he  found  employment,  both  pleasant  and  profitable,  in  es- 
tablishing a  gas  plant  for  lighting  the  city.  And  there  also  he  em- 
barked on  a  third  matrimonial  venture  by  wedding,  on  the  24t;h  of 
May,  1849,  Miss  Maria  Frances  Campbell,  who  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  in  1826.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Robert  Blair  Campbell, 
who  was  for  several  terms  in  Congress  a  Representative  of  South 
Carolina  and  then  of  Alabama,  and  of  Mary  Ann  Lee,  his  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Ludwell  Lee  and  grand- daughter  of  Richard  Henry  Lee, 
of  Virginia.  After  a  few  years  residence  in  Havana,  Mr.  Sloo  re- 
turned to  New  Orleans  and  remained  there  the  balance  of  his  life. 
Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  the  Crescent  city  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  Sun  Mutual  Insurance  company,  and  remflined  with  it 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  New  Orleans  on  the  17th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1879,  at  the  ripe  age  of  88  years,  9  months  and  12  days.  Twenty- 
two  years  later  Mrs.  Sloo  departed  this  life,  on  Jan.  17,  1901,  aged 
75  years.  Six  children  survived  her,  of  whom  three  are  still  living, 
namely,  Maria  Frances,  widow  of  Dr.  John  Bridges  Johnson,  Laura 
Campbell,  wife  of  Charles  M.  Whitney,  an  i  Thomas  Sloo. 

While  at  the  head  of  the  Sun  Mutual  Insurance  company,  Mr. 
Sloo  served  several  years  as  city  treasurer  of  New  Orleans  and  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  education  from  the  organization  of  the  city 
public  schools  to  about  the  year  1860.  In  stature  he  was  a  striking 
figure,  tall,  thin  and  erect,  with  dark  silky  hair  (when  young) ,  and 
dark  eyes  and  kind,  benevolent  expression  of  face.  He  was  always 
clean  shaven,  neatly  dressed,  with  courtly,  dignified  manner  and 
affable  disposition.  To  the  last  he  retained  the  attire  of  the  old 
school  gentleman  of  the  preceding  century,  habitually  wearing  a  high 
silk  hat,  dress  coat  and  stock.  He  was  very  prominent  in  religious 
and  charitable  organizations  and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of 
St.  Paul's  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Though  he  voted  for  the 
convention  resolution  when  a  State  Senator  in  the  Third  General 
Assembly  of  Illinois,  and  was  classed  with  the  pro-slavery  party,  he 
would  never  own  slaves;  his  last  wife,  however,  was  a  slave  owner 
when  he  married  her  and  retained  her  house  servants  until  the  Civil 
war  emancipated  them. 

When  he  was  a  candidate  for  Grovernor  political  parties  were  not 
well  defined  in  Illinois,  and  all  three  of  the  candidates  were  pro- 
fessedly Jackson  men.  The  followers  of  Adams  in  the  State  were  in 
such  a  hopeless  minority  that  none  of  them  qualified  for  the  higher 
offices  would  consent  to  offer  themselves  as  candidates  for  them.  Con- 
sequently Jackson  men,  of  different  degrees  of  Jacksonism,  antagon- 
ized each  other  in  the  scramble  for  office.  Governor  Edwards  was  a 
"milk  and  cider,"  or  very  moderate  adherent  of  'Old  Hickory,"  while 
Mr.  Sloo  was  a  "whole  hog"  Jacksonian,  as  was  also  Mr.  Hubbard. 
While  a  resident  of  New  Orleans  Mr,  Sloo,  probably  still  a  Demo- 
crat, took  no  active  part  in  politics  and,  before  the  civil  war,  paid 
but  little  attention  to  parties  and  elections.  After  the  civil  war, 
howev^er.  though  still  not  a  politician,  he  was  a  decided  and  out- 
spoken Democrat. 


206 

The  New  Orleans  Picayune  of  Jan.  18,  1879,  the  day  following  Mr. 
Sloo's  death,  contained  the  following  obituary  notice: 

THOMAS   SLOO. 

This  old  and  respected  citizen  passed  away  yesterday  at  the  ripe 
age  of  89,  leaving  an  interesting  family  and  a  large  circle  of  friends 
to  mourn  his  loss. 

Mr.  Sloo  was  born  in  Washington,  Mason  county,  Ky.,  April  5, 
1790.  At  an  early  age  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained 
until  1820,  when  he  removed  to  Illinois  to  engage  in  agricultural 
pursuits.  Taking  a  lively  interest  in  public  afifairs,  he  was  several 
times  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  that  State.  On  one  occasion  he 
was  nominated  as  candidate  for  Governor  in  opposition  to  the  cele- 
brated Ninian  Edwards.  In  1828  he  came  to  New  Orleans  and  es- 
tablished himself  as  a  commission  merchant,  maintaining  a  high 
reputation  for  honor  and  integrity.  For  several  years  he  filled  the 
responsible  office  of  city  treasurer,  and  served  as  a  school  director 
from  the  organization  of  the  city  schools  until  the  war.  When  the 
Sun  Mutual  Insurance  Company  was  incorporated  Mr.  Sloo  was 
selected  as  its  first  president,  a  position  he  filled  with  fidelity  and 
ability  until  advancing  years  compelled  him  to  retire  from  its 
arduous  duties,  retaining,  through  the  liberality  of  the  directory, 
a  handsome  pension. 

No  man  was  more  remarkable  for  courtly  manner,  uniform  polite- 
ness and  eminent  purity.  In  his  long  life  no  one  was  ever  heard  to 
utter  a  word  against  his  character.  In  religion  he  was  a  strict 
Episcopalian,  being  a  regular  attendant  at  St.  Paul's  church,  also 
filling,  we  believe,  a  place  in  its  vestry  for  a  number  of  years. 

Mr.  Sloo  belonged  to  a  class  of  men  rapidly  passing  away.  He 
was  trained  in  the  old  school,  and  was  as  courteous  to  a  beggar  as  to 
a  millionaire 

His  funeral  will  take  place  from  St.  Paul's  church  this  afternoon 
at  3  o'clock." 

Two  brothers  of  Mr.  Sloo  are  known  to  have  settled  in  the  west 
about  the  time  he  came  to  Illinois,  but  of  his  other  brothers  and 
sisters,  all  trace  is  now  lost. 

Albert  Grallatin  Sloo  was  an  extensive  farmer  near  Vincennes, 
Ind. ,  and  became  quite  wealthy  with  large  interest  in  shipping  and 
other  branches  of  business  in  New  York  City. 

James  C.  Sloo  was  for  some  time  one  of  the  principal  merchants 
of  Alton,  at  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Sloo  &  Co.,  a  firm  mentioned  in 
some  of  the  Illinois  histories  as  having,  with  other  Alton  firms,  God- 
frey, Gilman  &  Co.,  and  Stone,  Manning  &  Co.,  borrowed  large  sums 
of  money  from  the  State  Bank  to  "corner"  the  output  of  all  the 
Galena  lead  mines  and  incidentally  "boom"  Alton  in  its  rivalry  with 
St.  Louis  for  commercial  supremacy  in  the  west.  James  C.  Sloo 
subsequently  located  in  Cairo,  Ills.,  and,  it  is  said,  the  indebtedness 
of  his  Alton  firm  to  the  State  Bank  was  settled  by  his  brother, 
Albert  Gallatin  Sloo.  J.  F.  S. 


207 

CHARLES    SLADE. 
Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder. 

Of  the  stature  and  personal  appearance  of  Hon.  Charles  Slade  ab- 
solutely nothing  is  now  known.  The  most  diligent  inquiries  among 
the  oldest  settlers  of  Clinton  county  have  failed  to  reveal  anything 
of  his  features,  temperament,  disposition,  or  other  individual  charac- 
teristics. 

It  is  known  that  he  was  a  native  of  England,  and  was  brought  to 
the  United  States  when  quite  young  by  his  parents  who  settled  in 
Alexandria,  Va.  There  he  grew  up  to  manhood,  and  acquired  a  fair 
common  school  education,  together  with  habits  of  thrift  and  indus- 
try. In  1816,  with  two  brothers,  Richard  and  Thomas,  he  came  west 
in  search  of  a  country  more  fertile  than  the  gravelly  Potomac  hills, 
that  might  offer  better  opportunities  for  aspiring  enterprise  than  did 
the  Old  Dominion.  They  were  all  three  young  unmarried  men; 
Richard  and  Thomas  remaining  single  all  their  lives.  Captivated 
by  the  picturesque  beauty  of  the  romantic  Okaw,  and  the  richness  of 
the  soil  through  which  it  meanders,  they  pitched  their  camp  in  the 
eastern  part  of  (then)  St.  Clair  county,  where  the  town  of  Carlyle 
was,  in  1824,  founded  by  Charles  Slade.  Having  brought  with  them 
some  means,  the  three  brothers  purchased  land,  or  land  claims,  and 
were  among  the  earliest  pioneer  settlers  of  that  locality.  Charles 
Slade  bought  the  claim  of  John  Hill,  who  entered  land  near  by  un- 
der the  $2  an  acre  act  of  Congress,  and  set  in  vigorously  to  improv- 
ing it. 

John  Hill,  probably  the  first  white  resident  of  Carlyle  township 
in  Clinton  county,  came  there  in  1812.  He  built  a  block  house  of 
large  logs,  known  to  the  later  settlers  as  "Hill's  fort,"  and  established 
a  flat-boat  ferry  across  the  Kaskaskia  river  not  far  from  where  the 
suspension  bridge  at  Carlyle  now  spans  it. 

In  their  migration  to  Illinois  the  Slade  brothers  fell  in  on  the  way 
with  John  Kain,  a  native  of  Virginia,  who  had,  a  few  years  before, 
moved  to  Ohio,  and  was  then  seeking  a  new  home  farther  west  for 
himself,  wife  and  five  children.  He  bought  land  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Slades,  and  in  time  became  a  wealthy  and  substantial 
citizen,  and  died  there,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1833.  Charles  Slade 
married  one  of  his  daughters,  probably,  in  1819. 

The  meagre  profits  of  agriculture  gained  by  the  primitive  methods 
of  farming  at  that  day,  failed  to  satisfy  Mr,  Slade,  and  he  sought 
other  channels  for  the  exercise  of  his  business  energies.  He  formed 
a  partnership  with  a  friend,  named  Hubbard,  and  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising. They  built  a  store  room  not  far  from  Hill's  fort,  on 
what  is  now  Fairfax  street  in  Carlyle,  and  were  the  first  merchants 
in  that  section  of  the  country.  Commencing  on  a  small  scale  they 
gradually  enlarged  their  stock  as  demanded  by  the  growing  wants  of 
the  people,  and  for  several  years  did  a  very  flourishing  business. 

The  first  mill  of  any  pretentions  in  that  region  was  built  by  Charles 
Slade  in  1829.  It  had  but  one  run  of  burrs  for  grinding  corn  and 
wheat,  and  was  moved  by  water  power.     Though  a  very  modest  affair 


208 

it  was  for  that  time,  and  for  a  long  time,  the  best  mill  within  many 
miles  around  it.  In  1831  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  immediately 
rebuilt  by  Mr.  Slade,  with  increased  capacity. 

On  Jan.  2, 1818,  the  Legislature  struck  off  a  large  scope  of  territory 
from  the  eastern  portion  of  St.  Clair  county  and  organized  it  into  a 
new  county  which  was  named  Washington — after  the  Father  of  his 
Country.  Then  on  Dec.  27, 1824,  it  detached  from  the  northern  part 
of  Washington  a  considerable  district,  to  which  it  added  a  smaller 
amount  taken  from  the  southern  end  of  Bond  county,  and  formed 
another  new  county  named  Clinton — in  honor  of  Gov.  DeWitt  Clin- 
ton, of  New  York.  The  act  of  the  Legislature  creating  Clinton 
county  designated  Carlyle  for  its  county  seat,  provided  the  citizens 
of  that  village  would  donate  to  the  county,  for  public  use,  a  tract  of 
land  of  not  less  than  20  acres.  The  land  required  was  at  once  donated 
by  Charles  Slade  and  wife,  Mary  D.  Slade,  and  the  deed  for  the  same 
was  placed  on  record  July  4,  1825. 

In  a  few  years  after  Mr.  Slade's  arrival  in  Illinois  he  became  an 
extensive  land  owner,  and  was  one  of  the  most  prosperous  and  pop- 
ular citizens  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  In  1820  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature,  in  the  Second 
General  Assembly,  to  represent  Washington  county,  and  was  then 
chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the  organization  of  Clinton  county. 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  lower  house  in  1826 — in  the  Fifth  Gen- 
eral Assembly — to  represent  Washington  and  Clinton  counties.  On 
President  Jackson's  election,  in  1828,  he  appointed  Charles  Slade 
United  States  marshal  for  Illinois,  in  which  position  he  served  for 
four  years. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1880  the  population  of  Illinois  was 
ascertained  to  number  157,445.  To  that  time  the  State  had  but  one 
representative  in  the  lower  house  of  Congress;  but  the  largely  in- 
creased population  entitled  it  then  to  three.  On  the  13th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1831 ,  the  legislature,  in  reapportioning  the  State  for  representa- 
tion, divided  it  into  three  congressional  districts.  The  First  com- 
prised Gallatin  and  Macoupin  counties,  and  all  others  west  of  them 
and  west  of  Jefferson  and  Montgomery  counties.  The  Second  dis- 
trict included  all  the  territory  in  the  State  east  of  the  counties 
named  and  south  of  Sangamon  and  Iroquois.  All  north  of  the  two 
last  named  counties,  to  the  Wisconsin  line,  constituted  the  Third 
district.  Immediately  after  that  action  of  the  legislature  aspirants 
began  to  announce  themselves  as  candidates  for  Congress  in  the 
three  districts.  In  the  First  district  Sidney  Breese,  one  of  the  most 
chronic  office  seekers  of  early  times,  as  usual  was  the  first  in  the 
field.  Charles  Dann,  who  had  twice  been  elected  clerk  of  the  Illinois 
House  of  Representatives  and  once  a  member  of  the  legislature,  soon 
announced  his  candidacy.  Then  Governor  Ninian  Edwards,  Charles 
Slade,  and  Henry  L.  Webb  also  entered  the  contest.  At  the  elec- 
tion, on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  1832,  Mr.  Slade  was  the 
successful  candidate,  receiving  2,470  votes,  to  2,078  for  Governor 
Edwards,  1,670  for  Breese,  1,020  for  Dunn,  and  551  for  Webb.     Mr. 


209 

Slade's  defeat  of  Governor  Edwards,  admittedly  the  ablest  and  most 
brilliant  public  man  in  the  State,  was  regarded  by  the  people  a  high 
distinction,  and  gave  him  among  politicians  a  position  of  leading 
prominence. 

On  the  first  Monday  in  December,  1833,  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
23d  Congress,  and  throughout  the  proceedings  of  that  first  session 
sustained  himself  well,  guarding  the  interests  of  his  constituents  and 
State  with  fidelity  and  ability.  After  adjournment  of  Congress,  on 
March  3,  1834,  Mr.  Slade  spent  some  time  attending  to  business  in 
the  departments  at  Washington,  and  visiting  relatives  and  friends 
at  Alexandria,  then  started  on  his  return  to  Illinois  about  the  Ist  of 
July.  At  Cincinnati  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with  sickness,  from 
which  he  soon  rallied,  and  hastened  on  homeward.  He  had  pro- 
ceeded almost  the  entire  distance  across  the  State  of  Indiana  when 
he  suffered  a  relapse  that  prostrated  him  with  all  the  symptoms  of 
Asiatic  cholera.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Knox  county,  at,  or  near, 
Wheatland,  about  12  miles  from  Vincennes,  the  disease  had  made 
such  rapid  progress  that  he  could  travel  no  farther.  In  a  roadside 
tavern,  where  all  possible  care  was  given  him,  and  a  physician  hastily 
summoned  to  attend  him,  he  breathed  his  last,  on  the  11th  day  of 
July,  1834,  He  was  quickly  buried  there,  and  the  exact  locality  of 
his  grave  is  now  unknown. 

A  year  before,  on  the  20th  day  of  July,  1833,  his  competitor  in  the 
congressional  election,  Governor  Edwards,  died  of  the  same  disease, 
at  his  home  in  Belleville,  111. 

Mr  Slade  was  survived  by  his  wife  and  five  children,  three  sons 
and  two  daughters,  His  eldest  son  and  daughter,  long  since  dead, 
are  buried  at  Carlyle;  his  youngest  daughter,  Virginia,  is  still  (in 
1903)  living.  His  second  son,  Charles  A.  Slade,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Sidney  Breese,  enlisted  for  the  Mexican  war  in 
the  regiment  of  Illinois  Infantry  Volunteers  commanded  by  Col.  E. 
W.  B,  Newby,  and  was  made  Quartermaster's  Sergeant.  Shortly 
after  the  arrival  of  the  troops  at  Santa  F6,  he  was  taken  sick,  and 
died  there,  on  the  bth  of  June,  1847. 

James  Alfred  Slade,  youngest  son  of  Congressman  Charles  Slade — 
made  famous  by  Mark  Twain  in  chapters  IX,  X  and  XI  of  his  vol- 
ume entitled,  "Roughing  It" — when  about  22  years  of  age,  killed  a 
man  in  Carlyle  and  escaped  arrest  by  flight.  He  made  his  way  out 
of  the  State  and  to  the  western  plains  where  he  was  employed  as 
division  superintendent  by  the  Overland  Stage  company  and  was  for 
some  time  one  of  their  most  efficient  agents.  Later  he  drifted 
farther  west  to  the  mountains  of  Montana  and  became  the  most  des- 
perate and  notorious  outlaw  of  that  lawless  period  and  region.  He 
was  credited  with  having  committed  in  his  time  26  murders.  Defy- 
ing with  contempt  all  processes  of  the  civil  law  he  was  finally  arrested 
in  one  of  his  wild,  reckless  sprees,  and  on  the  fourth  day  of  January, 
1862,  hung,  by  the  vigilance  committee  of  Virginia  City,  Madison 
county,  Montana. 

—14  H. 


210 

CharleB  Slade  left  a  large  estate  much  entangled  by  debts  and 
complications  in  which  his  brothers  and  others  were  connected,  fol- 
lowed by  protracted  litigation  that  absorbed  the  greater  part 
of  it. 

His  widow,  a  few  years  after  his  death,  married  Elias  S.  Dennis, 
who  was  several  years  younger  than  herself.  From  Mr.  Slade's  estate 
she  secured  the  mill,  the  ferry  and  homestead,  but  died  about  the 
close  of  the  Civil  war  in  reduced  circumstances.  Dennis,  a  man  of 
fair  education  and  ability,  served  in  both  branches  of  the  Illinois 
Legislature,  1842  1846,  and  as  United  States  Marshal  in  Kansas  during 
President  Buchanan's  administration.  He  went  into  the  Civil  war 
as  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  30th  Illinois  Infantry  Volunteers,  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  then  brigadier  general  and  brevet 
major  general.     He  died  a  few  years  ago  and  is  buried  at  Carlyle. 

J.  F.  S. 


211 


THE  ATTORNEYS-GENERAL  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Mason  H.  Newell. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  organizing  the  Terri- 
tory of  Illinois,  (2  Stat,  at  large,  514)  the  power  given  to  the  gover- 
nor of  the  North  West  Territory  to  appoint  civil  officers  not  speci- 
fically provided  for  in  the  ordinance  of  1787,  was  vested  in  the 
Grovernor  of  Illinois  Territory. 

On  July  24,  1809,  Governor  Edwards  appointed  Benjamin  H. 
Doyle  the  first  attorney-general  to  serve  "during  the  pleasure  of  the 
Governor  for  the  time  being  "  Doyle  had  emigrated  from  Knox 
county,  Tennessee,  and  settled  at  Kaskaskia  in  1805.  (Moses,  Illi- 
nois Historical  and  Statistical.  287.)  He  practiced  law  in  Randolph 
and  St.  Clair  counties  and  possessed  a  good  address,  but  probably 
busied  himself  too  much  with  politics  to  become  proficient  in  his 
profession.     (Reynolds'  Pioneer  History,  2  Ed,,  360.) 

His  successor,  John  Jourdon  Crittenden,  was  appointed  Dec.  30, 
1809.  He  soon  grew  tired  of  frontier  life,  if,  in  fact,  he  ever  entered 
tbe  territory  at  all,  and  sent  his  resignation  from  Russellville,  Ken- 
tucky, Feb."  24,  1810.  (History  of  Illinois  and  Life  of  Ninian  Ed- 
wards, 36.) 

He  was  born  in  Woodford  county,  Kentucky,  about  1785.  While  he 
was  still  young  his  father  who  was  a  farmer,  was  killed  by  the  fall  of  a 
tree,  leaving  the  mother  to  bring  up  with  slender  meaus  a  large  family 
of  children,  among  whom  several  were  afterward  noted  for  intellectual 
ability.  John  commenced  life  as  a  lawyer  in  Hopkinsville,  but  soon 
moved  to  Frankfort,  where  he  enjoyed  a  large  practice.  In  1816  he  was 
elected  from  Franklin  county  to  the  Kentucky  house  of  representa- 
tives, of  which  he  was  for  several  years  tbe  speaker.  He  took  his  seat 
in  the  United  States  Senate,  Dec.  1,  1817,  and  served  for  two  years. 
From  1819  until  1835  he  practiced  law  at  Frankfort.  President  John 
Quincy  Adams  nominated  him  for  judge  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  in  1828  but  the  Senate  refused  to  confirm  him.  In  1835 
he  was  chosen  United  State  senator,  served  a  full  term  and  was  re- 
elected but  in  1841  resigned,  having  accepted  the  post  of  attorney- 
general  under  President  Harrison.  Upon  the  President's  death  he 
tendered  his  resignation  to  President  Tyler  and  was  elected  to  the 
senate  for  the  residue  of  Mr.  Clay's  term,  the  latter  having  resigned. 
Mr.  Crittenden  was  again  re-elected  for  a  full  term  from  March  4, 
1843.     In  1848  he  retired  having  received  the  Whig  nomination  for 


212 

Governor  of  Kentucky,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  by  a  large  ma- 
jority. From  July  20,  1^50,  until  the  succession  of  President  Pierce 
he  was  attorney-general  in  President  Fillmore's  cabinet,  and  in  1855 
was  re-elected  to  the  Senate. 

As  a  Senator  he  was  opposed  to  the  expunging  of  the  vote  of  cen- 
sure passed  upon  Jackson  and  was  one  of  the  few  southerners  who 
opposed  making  Kansas  a  slave  state.  He  was  father  of  the  scheme 
to  restore  the  Missouri  compromise  and  extend  it  to  the  Pacific  in 
1861.  Although  a  southerner,  he  was  not  a  secessionist,  but  was  the 
spokesman  in  the  Senate  of  a  large  body  of  loyal  citizens  who  felt 
deeply  that  the  war  ought  not  to  impinge  in  the  least  upon  the  great 
institution  of  the  south. 

He  had  been  a  great  friend  of  Henry  Clay's,  but  lost  his  favor  in 
1848  by  failing  to  support  him  for  the  presidency.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent extemporaneous  debater  and  never  lost  the  fire  and  spirit  of  his 
youth. 

On  March  4,  1810,  Mr.  Crittenden  sent  his  brother  Thomas  from 
Russellville  with  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Governor  Edwards. 
Thomas  intended  to  settle  at  Kaskaskia  for  the  practice  of  law.  (His- 
tory of  Illinois  and  Life  of  Ninian  Edwards,  520 )  On  April  7,  he 
was  appointed  attorney  general.  He  resigned  soon  after  and  like  his 
brother  returned  to  Kentucky. 

Oct.  29,  1810,  the  Governor  appointed  Benjamin  M.  Piatt,  who  in 
turn  was  succeeded  by  William  Mears,  June  23,  1818. 

Mears  served  until  Feb.  17,  1818,  when  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
Territorial  circuit  court,  which  was  established  by  an  act  of  that 
year.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1768  and  emigrated  to  Cahokia  in 
1808.  Reynolds  says  (Pioneer  History,  306)  he  came  "as  if  he  had 
dropped  down  from  the  clouds — without  horse,  clothes,  books  letters 
or  anything  except  himself —a  rather  singular  and  uncouth  looking 
Irishman."  He  had  read  law  while  he  taught  school  in  Pennsylvania. 
When  the  county  seat  was  taken  to  Belleville  from  Cahokia  in  1814, 
Mears  moved  with  it  and  remained  in  that  place  during  his  life.  He 
was  the  last  Territorial  Attorney  General,  but  served  a  short  time 
under  the  State  government  by  appointment  of  the  Governor  in  the 
recess  of  the  Legislature. 

Section  10  of  the  schedule  of  the  Constitution  of  1818  provided 
that  "  *  *  *  "an  Attorney  General  and  such  other  officers  for  the 
State,  as  may  be  necessary,  may  be  appointed  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly, whose  duties  may  be  regulated  by  law." 

Daniel  Pope  Cook,  the  first  Attorney  General  under  the  Constitu- 
tion was  elected  by  the  Legislature  March  5,  1819,  and  resigned  on 
being  elected  to  Congress  Oct.  15,  1819.  (Breese  xvi)  He  was 
born  in  Scott  county,  Kentucky,  in  1793.  His  parents  were  farmers 
and  he,  being  a  sickly  and  weakly  child,  his  education  was  not  much 
attended  to.  When  a  young  man  he  visited  Ste.  Genevieve,  Mo., 
and  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  a  shop  for  several  years.  In  1813  he 
commenced  studying  law  with  Judge  Pope  in  Kaskaskia  and  ob- 
tained his  license  in  1815.     He  moved  to  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1817 


2113 

and  was  appointed  bearer  of  dispatches  to  John  Qaincy  Adams, 
Minister  to  England.  He  returned  with  Mr  Adams  and  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  western  circuit  of  the  State  in  1818.  The  same 
year  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  against  John 
McLean,  but  succeeded  him  in  1819  and  served  for  nearly  nine  years 
until  March,  1827. 

Cook  was  small  in  stature  and  frail  in  health,  but  mentally  he  was 
one  of  the  strongest  men  of  his  day.  He  was  a  modest  diffident  man 
with  a  soft  melodious  voice  and  a  ready  fluent  speech.  His  style  of 
dress  was  faultleas  and  charmingly  neat.  As  a  criminal  lawyer  he 
had  no  superior  at  the  early  Illinois  bar.  Reynolds  says  that  he  was 
at  one  time  the  idol  and  darling  of  the  people,  so  that  many  an  old 
time  pioneer,  when  his  name  was  mentioned,  would  almost  involun- 
tarily cry  out,  "When  is  the  election?"  (Reynolds,  Pioneer  History, 
2d  Ed.,  895.) 

His  extreme  generosity  was  proverbial.  It  is  said  that  in  one  of 
his  journeys  to  Washington  upon  the  Ohio  river,  as  the  steamer  ap- 
proached Wheeling,  the  point  of  debarkati  -^n,  a  well  dressed  person 
accosted  him,  a  perfect  stranger,  and  apologizing  for  his  intrusion 
said,  "Sir,  I  am  yet  some  distance  from  my  home  and  am  out  of 
money,  I  know  no  one  on  the  boat;  I  have  closely  scanned  the  coun- 
tenances of  my  fellow  passengers  and  have  discovered  no  gentleman 
more  likely  to  assist  me  than  yourself.  Will  you  please  sir,  make 
me  a  loan  of  $50.00?"  "Certainly,"  Mr.  Cook  said,  and  suiting  his 
action  to  the  word,  opened  his  pookttbook  and  handed  him  the  de- 
sired sum.  (Edwards,  History  of  Illinois  and  Life  of  Ninian 
Edwards,  253.) 

During  the  slavery  agitation  of  1822-1824  he  was  an  extreme  pro- 
slavery  man,  but  was  always  loyal  to  the  government  and  that  in  the 
midst  of  a  people  intent  on  its  destruction. 

He  bore  a  prominent  part  while  in  Congress  in  securing  the  dona- 
tion of  lands  for  the  construciion  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal. 
During  his  first  Congressional  campaign  stump  speaking  was  in- 
troduced into  the  State.  He  died  of  consumption  in  Kentucky  Oct. 
16,  1827. 

William  Mears,  his  successor  as  well  as  his  predecessor,  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  in  the  recess  of  the  Legislature,  Deo. 
14,  1819,  (Breese,  xvi.)  and  was  succeeded  by  Samuel  Drake  Lock- 
wood  elected  by  the  Legislature  Feb.  6,  1821.  (Breese,  xvi.)  Born 
in  Poundridge,  Westchester  county,  New  York,  Aug.  2,  1789,  Lock- 
wood  was  left  fatherless  at  the  age  of  10.  After  spending  a  few 
months  in  school  in  New  Jersey,  he  went  to  live  with  an  uncle  at 
Waterford.  N.  Y.,  with  whom  he  studied  law.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Batavia,  N,  Y.,  in  1811  and  removed  to  Auburn  in  1813. 
In  1818  he  descended  the  Ohio  river  on  a  flat  boat  with  William  H. 
Brown,  afterward  of  Chicago,  and  walked  across  country  from  Sliaw- 
neetown  arriving  at  Kaska.skia  in  December,  but  finally  settled  at 
Carmi  in  1821. 

As  attorney-general  he  prosecuted  William  Bennett  who  killed  Al- 
phonso  Stewart  at  Belleville  in  1820,  in  what  is  said  to  be  the  first 


214 

and  last  duel  ever  fought  in  this  State  by  its  citizens.  In  spite  of 
enormous  pressure  brought  to  bear  in  favor  of  Bennett,  he  was  con- 
victed and  hanged,  and  to  Lockwood's  talents  and  success  as  a  pro- 
secutor the  people  are  indebted  for  this  early  precedent.  (Ford's 
History  of  Illinois,  48.) 

Lockwood  turned  his  attention  principally  to  office  seeking,  which 
seems  to  have  been  a  mania  with  lawyers*  at  that  day.  He  was  a 
warm  political  and  personal  friend  of  Governor  Coles  and  supported 
his  policy  with  great  zeal  and  ability.  In  return  Governor  Colea  ap- 
pointed him  Secretary  of  State,  Dec.  28,  1822,  and  he  resigned  as 
Attorney-General  on  that  day.  He  resigned  the  office  of  secretary 
to  accept  the  appointment  by  President  Monroe  of  receiver  of  public 
money  at  Edwardsville,  April  2,  1823.  Upon  the  reorganization  of  the 
Judjciary  in  1825,  he  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  Jan.  19, 
1825,  one  of  the  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  ten- 
ure was  for  life  or  during  good  behavior  from  the  reorganization  un- 
til the  new  constitution  was  adopted,  and  he  held  the  office  until 
Dec.  4,  1848.  During  his  term  as  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  he 
lived  in  Jacksonville. 

He  was  the  chief  compiler  of  our  first  criminal  code,  which  he 
adopted  from  the  Kentucky  statutes. 

He  was  tall  and  spare  in  form,  graceful  in  bearing,  with  hair 
turned  white  before  he  was  50,  though  he  lived  to  be  85. 

With  a  high  forehead  and  clear-cut  features,  his  aspect  was  at 
once  benevolent,  venerable  and  intellectual.  His  appearance  on  the 
bench  was  the  very  personification  of  dignity,  learning  and  judicial 
acumen.  (Scott,  Illinois  History,  290  )  He  was  not  an  exceedingly 
ambitious  man,  and  made  no  enemies  and  many  friends. 

Though  anti-slavery  in  principle  he  was  an  anti-"convention"man«. 

In  1847  he  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  and  in 
1851  was  made  State  trustee  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  which 
office  he  held  until  his,  death,  April  23,  1874. 

James  Turney,  the  fourth  Attorney  General,  was  elected  by  the 
legislature  and  commissioned  Jan.  14,  1823.  (Breese,  xvi.)  He  was 
a  native  of  Tennessee  and  after  moving  to  Illinois  he  lived  in 
Carrollton. 

He  was  a  man  of  commanding  eloquence  and  majestic  appear- 
ance, and  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  great  natural  but  of  little 
acquired  ability.  While  Attorney  General,  such  was  the  reputation 
which  had  preceded  him  when  traveling  the  circuits,  that  many  men 
who  had  been  indicted  came  into  court  and  confessed  their  guilt 
rather  than  stand  a  trial  with  him  as  prosecutor.  He  was  a  candi- 
date for  Congress  against  Cook  and  Duncan,  but  received  only  824 
votes  out  of  a  total  of  over  12,700. 

During  the  Black  Hawk  war  he  served  as  paymaster  general. 

George  Forquer  of  Monroe  county,  who  succeeded  James  Turney, 
was  elected  by  the  Legislature  Jan.  23,  1829.     (Breese,  xvi.)     He 


215 

was  born  in  Uniontown,  Pennsylvania,  in  1794,  the  son  of  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier;  moved  with  his  mother  and  half-brother,  afterward 
Governor  Ford,  to  New  Design,  Illinois,  in  1804,  and  went  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  learned  the  carpenter's  trade, after  which  he  returned 
to  Illinois  and  purchased  the  tract  where  Waterloo  now  stands.  He 
seems  to  have  been  unsuccessful  in  business  and  embraced  the  legal 
profession,  where  he  attained  great  success 

He  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by  Governor  Coles,  Jan.  15, 
1825,  which  office  he  resigned  Deo.  31,  1828.  He  held  the  position 
of  Attorney  General  until  Dec.  3,  1832,  when  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
State  Senate  as  a  representative  of  Sangamon  county.  During  the 
first  session  of  the  Ninth  General  Assembly  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  Internal  Improvements  and  made  a  report  on  the  Illi- 
nois and  Michigan  Canal.  It  was  an  elaborate  report  in  favor  of  a 
loan  of  half  a  million  dollars  on  the  credit  of  the  State.  Ford  says 
that  it  was  perhaps  the  most  able  of  any  similar  document  submitted 
to  any  of  the  western  legislatures,  containing  evidence  of  vast  re- 
search. (Ford's  History  of  Illinois,  180.)  It  was  the  first  efficient 
movement  in  favor  of  the  canal. 

He  was  appointed  register  of  the  land  office  in  Springfield  in  18S5. 

It  is  said  that  he  originated  the  expression  "to  die  in  the  last 
ditch."     (Edwards  Papers,  518.) 

While  a  young  man  he  had  traveled  through  the  south  on  foot  and 
became  so  favorably  impressed  with  their  style  of  architecture  that 
when  he  built  his  residence  in  Springfield  he  followed  it.  The  house 
still  stands  on  the  corner  of  Capitol  avenue  and  Second  streets,  the 
property  of  G.  R.  Prickett.  When  built  it  was  the  finest  house  in 
town  and  boasted  the  only  lightning  rod  in  the  community — the  first 
one  Abraham  Lincoln  ever  saw.  Forquer  died  in  Cincinnati,  Sept. 
12,  1838. 

James  Semple,  of  Madison  county,  was  his  successor,  being  com- 
missioned Jan.  30,  1833  (1  Scam.  ix).  He  was  a  native  of  Green 
county,  Ky.,  born  Jan.  5,  1798.  His  parents  came  from  Virginia  and 
were  descendants  of  a  Scotch  family  of  Renfrewshire.  In  his  youth 
Semple  learned  the  tanner  and  currier's  trade;  later  he  was  a  law 
student  at  Louisville.  He  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1818,  but  re- 
moved to  Chariton,  Mo.,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Return- 
ing to  Illinois  in  1828  he  settled  in  Edwardsville  for  the  practice  of 
law  and  later  became  a  resident  of  Alton. 

He  was  one  of  the  prosecutors  in  the  impeachment  of  Theophilus 
W.  Smith,  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

In  1834  the  House  of  Representatives  elected  him  Speaker  without 
opposition.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the  United  States  Senate  against 
Wm.  L.  D.  Ewing  to  succeed  E.  K.  Kane  in  1835  and  again  Speaker 
of  the  House  in  1836;  was  appointed  Minister  to  New  Grenada,  now 
Columbia,  South  America,  in  1837,  and  on  Jan.  14,  1843,  he  was 
elected  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Sidney  Breese,  who 


216 

had  been  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  but  he  resigned  Au- 
gust 16  of  the  same  year  upon  his  appointment  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  vice  Samuel  McRoberts. 

Entering  the  Black  Hawk  war  as  a  private,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general. 

He  WHS  six  feet  three  inches  tall  and  greatly  distinguished  for  per- 
sonal presence  and  bearing  He  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  role  of 
historian,  having  compiled  an  elaborate  history  of  Mexico  which  has 
never  been  published  (Davidson  &  Stuv6,  685),  and  was  withal 
something  of  an  inventor,  being  the  projector  of  a  "steam  wagon" 
which  lay  for  years  a  wreck  on  the  prairie  south  of  Springfield.  He 
died  Dec.  20,  1866. 

The  Legislature  in  1881  passed  an  act  providing  that  the  Attorney 
General  should  be  elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the  two  houses  for  a 
term  of  four  years  commencing  with  1834.  (Laws  1831,  18,  Sec.  5.) 
Bat  in  1833  the  term  was  changed  to  two  years  to  take  effect  in  De- 
cember, 1834.     (Law8  1833,  103.) 

Ninian  W.  Edwards,  the  next  incumbent,  was  a  son  of  Ninian 
Edwards,  the  Territorial  Governor.  He  was  born  April  15,  1809, 
near  Frankfort,  Ky.  His  father  at  that  time  was  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals,  but  receiving  the  appointment  of 
Governor  of  Illinois  Territory  he  removed  to  Kaskaskia,  Ninian 
W.  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  Transylvania  University 
in  1833,  after  which  he  commenced  the  practice  of  law.  Governor 
Reynolds  appointed  him  Attorney  General  Sept.  1,  1834,  and  he  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  and  recommissioned  Jan.  19,  1835. 
(1  Scam,  ix.)  The  law  requiring  the  residence  of  the  Attorney 
General  at  the  capital  and  not  liking  Vandalia,  he  resigned  Feb.  7, 
1835,  and  moved  to  Springfield. 

He  was  elected  representative  to  the  Legislature  in  1836  and  was 
the  last  survivor  of  the  "long  nine." 

In  1847  he  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  and 
was  appointed  in  1854  the  first  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
by  Governor  Matteson,  which  office  he  retained  till  1857. 

As  a  parliamentarian  he  enjoyed  an  enviable  reputation. 

Linder,  who  confessed  that  he  was  not  an  unbiased  critic,  declared 
in  his  reminiscences  that  Edwards'  manner  and  deportment  were  not 
calculated  to  win  friends;  that  he  inherited  from  his  father  so  much 
vaaity  and  egotism  that  it  made  him  offensive  to  most  of  his 
acquaintances,  and  that  he  was  constitutionally  an  aristocrat. 

Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr.,  of  Madison  county,  succeeded  Ninian  W. 
Edwards.  Hs  was  a  nephew  of  the  statesman  of  that  name  and  was 
born  in  Lebanon,  Ohio,  July  31,  1806.  He  qualified  Feb.  12,  1S35, 
resigning  the  office  Dec.  8,  1835,  (1  Scam.  ix).  His  home  was  in 
Edwardsville.  July  20,  1837,  he  was  commissioned  circuit  judge  for 
the  first  circuit  and  served  until  1839,  when  he  resigned.  Aug.  6, 
1843,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the   Supreme   Court   to   succeed 


217 

Stephen  A.  Douglas,  resigned.  He  was  elected  to  the  same  office 
by  the  General  Assembly  Feb.  17,  1845,  and  resigned  Aug.  8,  of  the 
same  year  (2  Gil.  iii).     He  died  in  Chicago,  Feb.  21,  1850. 

Walter  Bennet  Scates,  of  Jefferson  county,  succeeded  Thomas, 
Jan.  18,  1836,  (1  Scam.  ix).  Born  in  South  Boston,  Halifax  county, 
Virginia,  Jan.  18,  1808,  he  was  taken  in  infancy  to  Hopkinsville, 
Kentucky,  where  he  resided  until  1831.  He  learned  the  printer's 
trade  at  Nashville  and  studied  law  at  Louisville.  In  1831  he  moved 
to  Frankfort,  Franklin  county,  Illinois,  and  upon  his  appointment  as 
Attorney  General  moved  to  Vandalia,  but  resigned  Dec.  26,  1836,  to 
become  judge  of  the  circuit  court  for  the  third  circuit  and  moved  to 
Shawneetown.  In  1841  he  was  one  of  the  five  new  judges  added 
to  the  Supreme  Court  and  held  this  office  until  1847,  when  he 
resigned  to  take  up  the  practice  of  law. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1817.  In 
1854  he  again  became  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  being  elected  to 
Bucceed  Lyman  Trumbull.  He  resigned  in  1857  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Chicago 

During  the  Civil  War  he  served  as  a  member  of  General  MoCler- 
naod's  staff  after  which  he  was  collector  of  customs  at  Chicago.  He 
died  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  Oct.  26,  1886. 

Usher  F.  Linder,  Mr.  Scate's  successor,  was  born  March  20,  1809, 
on  a  farm  in  Elizabethtowo,  Hardin  county,  Kentucky,  within  ten 
miles  of  the  place  where  Abraham  Lincoln  was  born.  He  removed 
to  Illinois  in  the  summer  of  1835,  settling  at  Greenup,  Coles  county. 
The  next  year  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
on  February  4,  1837,  he  was  elected  Attorney  General  on  joint  bal- 
lot.    (1  Scam,  ix) . 

Although  the  law  required  a  residence  at  the  capital,  he  moved  to 
Alton  where  he  lived  for  a  couple  years,  moving  back  to  Coles  coun- 
ty in  1838.  He  resigned  as  Attorney  General  on  June  11  th  of  that 
year. 

As  an  orator  he  had  few  equals.  Quick  in  repartee,  few  cared  to 
encounter  him  in  debate.  He  was  a  man  of  very  extensive  general 
reading  and  a  profound  lawyer,  although  his  forte  was  in  addressing 
8  jury. 

In  politics  he  was  at  first  a  Jackson  man,  afterward  a  Whig  and 
being  of  strong  southern  proclivities,  he  was  a  pro-slavery  man  and 
War  Democrat.  While  he  did  not  believe  in  slavery,  he  considered 
the  abolition  of  it  to  mean  the  ruin  of  the  white  race.  (Linder's 
Reminiscences.)     He  died  in  Chicago  June,  5,  1876. 

George  W.  Olney  of  Madison  county,  succeeded  Linder  June  26, 
1838,  and  served  until  February  1,  1839,     (1  Scam,  ix.) 

WicklifiF  Kitchell  of  Crawford  county,  assumed  the  duties  of  the 
office  March  5,  1839.  (1  Scam,  ix  )  He  was  born  in  New  Jersey 
May  21,  1789.  In  1812  he  emigrated  west,  coming  down  the  Ohio 
on  a  flat  boat  from  Pittsburgh  and  settled  near  Cincinnati.'  From 
there  he  moved  to  southern  Indiana  in  1814,  and  from   1817  until 


218 

1838  he  made  Palestine,  Crawford  county,  his  home,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  he  moved  to  Hillsboro,  and  the  next  year  was  elected 
Attorney  General,  but  resigned  Nov  19,  1840,  to  take  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  Twelfth  General  Assembly.  Be- 
tween 1846  and  1854  he  was  a  resident  of  Fort  Madison,  Iowa,  after 
which  he  returned  to  Hillsboro.  A  Democrat  until  the  passage  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill;  he  afterward  became  an  earnest  Republi- 
can.    He  died  Jan.  2,  1869. 

Josiah  Lamborn,  his  successor,  was  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
characters  at  the  early  bar.  He  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  possessed 
high  social  qualities,  and  his  conversational  powers  were  of  the 
highest  order,  but  he  was  inclined  to  be  vindictive  and  very  resent- 
ful of  any  slight  offered  him  by  an  opposing  attorney.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  able,  untiring,  yet  merciless  prosecutors  of  the  times, 
and  in  his  anxiety  to  add  another  scalp  to  his  belt,  says  Moses 
(Illinois,  Historical  and  Statistical  967),  he  sometimes  allowed  him- 
self to  be  carried  so  far  as  to  jeopardise  his  own. 

In  the  famous  trial  of  Archibald  and  William  Trailer  for  the 
murder  of  an  old  man  named  Fisher,  the  details  of  which  are 
familiar  to  all  the  old  residents  of  Sangamon  county,  he  had  ex- 
torted a  confession  from  a  brother  of  the  defendants,  and  though 
it  was  false,  he  succeeded  so  well  that  in  the  minds  of  jury  and 
spectators  the  guilt  of  the  accused  was  proved  beyond  a  doubt. 
When  at  the  close  of  the  State's  case,  Judge  Logan  brought  Fisher 
into  court  alive  and  well,  the  indignation  of  the  crowd  was  so  intense 
that  Lamborn  narrowly  escaped  being  lynched  on  the  spot. 

He  served  as  Attorney  General  for  two  years  from  Dec.  23,  1840 
(2  Scam.  v(,  and  died  at  Whitehall,  Green  county. 

James  Allen  McDougall  of  Morgan  county,  the  next  incumbent, 
was  born  at  Bethlehem,  Albany  county.  New  York,  Nov.  19,  1817. 
He  settled  in  Pike  county  in  1837  and  assumed  the  duties  of  the 
office  Jan.  12,  1843.  *(S  Scam,  iii.)  After  the  expiration  of  his 
term  he  engaged  in  engineering  and  lead  an  exploring  expedition 
to  Rio  del  Norte,  Gila  and  Colorado  rivers,  afterward  settling  in 
San  Francisco,  where  he  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was 
Attorney  General  of  California  in  1850;  represented  the  state  in 
Congress  in  1852,  and  April  2,  1861,  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  States  Senate  where  he  served  as  a  war  Democrat  until  1867, 
gaining  the  reputation  of  being  a  brilliant  and  effective  speaker.  He 
died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  3,  1867, 

David  B,  Campbell  of  Sangamon  county  succeeded  McDougall  and 
was  the  last  Attorney  General  under  the  Constitution  of  1818.  His 
term  began  Dec,  21,  1846.  (3  Gil.  iii.)  Born  in  New  Jersey,  he 
came  west  with  his  brother  about  1838.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Sangamon 
county,  dying  in  office  in  1856.  It  is  said  that  he  would  never  prose- 
cute one  charged  with  crime  unless  thoroughly  convinced  of  his 
guilt. 


219 

The  Constitution  of  1848  made  no  provision  for  the  .oflSce,  and 
from  181:8  until  1867  the  State  had  no  Attorney  General.  In  the 
latter  year  the  legislature  by  enactment  revived  the  oflBce  and  fixed 
the  term  at  four  years.     (Laws  1867,  46.) 

Robert  Green  IngersoU  of  Peoria  county  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Oglesby,  Feb.  28,  1867,  to  serve  during  the  unexpired  term  of 
the  Governor,  after  which  by  the  terms  of  the  act  the  office  was  to  be 
filed  by  popular  election. 

IngersoU  was  born  at  Dresden,  Oneida  county.  New  York,  Aug. 
11,  1838.  His  father  was  a  Congregational  minister.  They  moved 
west  in  1843  and  Robert,  with  his  brother  Eben,  opened  a  law  office  in 
Shawneetown,  In  1857  he  removed  to  Peoria.  He  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful Democratic  candidate  for  Congress  in  1860,  and  in  1864  after 
returning  from  the  war  he  became  a  Republican. 

As  an  orator  he  won  great  distinction.  He  nominated  James  G. 
Blaine  for  President  in  1876,  and  for  twenty  years  was  the  most 
popular  stump  speaker  in  the  west  To  the  country  at  large  he  was 
chiefly  known  through  his  atheistic  writings  and  speeches. 

His  death  took  place  at  Dobb's  Ferry,  Long  Island,  July  21,  1899. 
(Bateman  and  Seiby's  Encyclopedia.) 

Washington  Bushnell  of  LaSalle  county,  the  only  incumbent 
elected  under  the  new  law,  was  born  in  Madison  county,  New  York, 
Sept.  30,  1825,  and  came  with  his  parents  in  1837  to  Lisbon,  Kendall 
county,  Illinois.  He  graduated  at  the  State  and  National  Law 
School  in  Poughkeepsie,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  practice  at  Ottawa.     He  died  June  30,  1885. 

James  K.  Edsall,  his  successor,  was  born  in  Windham,  Greene 
county,  New  York,  May  10,  1831.  While  attending  school  he  sup- 
ported himself  by  working  upon  a  farm.  He  read  law  at  Prattsville 
and  Catskill  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Albany  in  1852.  During 
the  next  two  years  he  lived  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  and  in  1854 
moved  to  Leavenworth,  Kan.  He  was  elected  to  the  Kansas  Legis- 
lature in  1856  and  was  a  member  of  the  Topeka  (free  soil)  body 
when  it  was  broken  up  Dy  the  United  States  troops  in  1856.  In  1856 
he  returned  to  Illinois,  settling  at  Dixon,  and  began  to  practice  law. 
He  was  elected  Attorney  General  in  1872,  the  Corvstitution  of  1870 
having  made  the  office  a  constitutional  one  on  the  same  footing  as 
the  other  State  offices.  He  served  two  terms  and  then  moved  to 
Chicago,  where  he  practiced  until  his  death,  June  20,  1892. 

James  McCartney,  successor  of  Edsall  was  born  in  Ireland  of 
Scotch  parentage,  Feb.  14,  1835.  He  was  brought  to  the  United 
States  in  infancy  and  lived  in  Pennsylvania  until  1845,  when  his 
parents  moved  to  Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  where  he  spent  his  time 
at  farm  work.  He  began  the  study  of  law  in  1856  at  Warren,  Ohio; 
moved  to  Monmouth,  111.,  in  1857,  and  upon  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  moved  in  1859  to  Galva.  Entering  the  army  he  became  a  cap- 
tain. He  was  elected  Attorney  General  in  1880.  While  in  office  he 
instituted  the  "Lake  Front  suits."  In  1890  h©  moved  to  Chicago 
where  he  is  still  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law. 


220 

George  Hunt  was  born  in  Knox  county,  Ohio,  in  1841  and  came 
with  his  uncle  to  Edgar  county  111.  in  1855.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1861,  and  retired  with  the  rank  of  captain.  Locating  at  Paris,  he 
was  elected  Attorney  General  in  1884.  During  his  incumbency  he 
conducted  the  famous  "Anarchist  cases" — in  the  State  Supreme 
Court  against  Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler  of  Massachusetts,  John  R. 
Tucker  of  Virginia  and  Roger  A.  Pryor  of  New  York,  as  opposing 
counsel,  and  upon  an  appeal  in  one  of  the  cases  being  taken  to  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  he  appeared  there  for  the  State. 

Maurice  T.  Moloney  of  LaSalle  county,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Hunt, 
was  born  in  Ireland  July  26,  1849,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1867. 
While  Attorney  General  he  began  proceedings  against  the  Pallman 
Palace  Car  company  which  terminated  in  its  abandonment  of  the 
ownership  of  the  town  of  Pullman  which  it  had  operated  by  usurping 
the  powers  of  a  municipal  corporation. 

Edward  Clay  Akin,  elected  in  1896  to  succeed  Mr.  Moloney  was 
born  in  Will  county  in  1852  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878. 
He  was  the  first  native  born  lUinoisan  to  hold  the  office.  He  was 
succeeded  in  1901  by  the  present  Attorney  General,  Howland  J. 
Hamlin  of  Shelby  county. 


#^^>>^^^>,iii^>^iMm^/ft^'Mi^&j^viMMi2^i 


Illllilt'rM 


Abraham  Lincoln  in  1858. 


221 


LINCOLN  IN  RUSHVILLE. 


Local  Incidents   in  the   Career   of  Abraham  Lincoln,  which 
Happened  During  the  Years  from  1832  to  1858. 

Howard  F.  Dyson. 

Abraham  Lincoln  as  a  character  in  state  and  national  history  is 
familiar  to  all  students  of  political  history.  Today  there  is  no  per- 
sonage in  the  whole  of  American  history  more  exalted  than  that  of 
Lincoln.  North  and  South  unite  to  honor  his  memory  and  review 
the  rugged  grandeur  of  his  personality,  all  forgetting  the  bitterness 
and  hate  engendered  during  the  stirring  days  of  the  early  sixties,  in 
the  admiration  of  Lincoln — the  man. 

It  was  in  the  years  from  1882  to  1858  that  Lincoln  was  laying  the 
foundation  for  the  marvelous  career  that  brought  him  so  conspicu- 
ously before  the  people  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1860.  Dur- 
ing these  years  Lincoln  was  brought  into  close  relation  with  the 
people  of  central  Illinois  as  soldier,  lawyer  and  politician.  He  came 
in  contact  with  men  in  all  stations  of  life  and  it  is  noted  that  his 
great  heart  was  ever  in  play  in  his  intercourse  with  men. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  the  writer  to  detail  the  history  of  the  times 
in  which  Lincoln  played  a  prominent  part,  but  simply  to  chronicle 
a  few  local  happenings  dealing  with  his  visits  to  Rushville  and  his 
associations  with  Rushville  people.  The  little  local  incidents  of  the 
career  of  any  man  who  has  figured  prominently  in  the  administration 
of  his  country's  affairs  can  not  be  devoid  of  interest,  and  in  the  case 
of  Abraham  Lincoln  they  are  particularly  so,  as  local  personages  ac- 
tively participated  in  the  scenes  which  we  will  here  relate. 

It  is  our  purpose  to  show  how  the  life  of  Lincoln  was  connected 
in  its  varying  stages  with  that  of  Rushville  people.  How  in  the  cor- 
responding periods  of  his  intellectual  development  he  was  associated 
with  local  personages,  This  relation  continued  through  the  span  of 
Lincoln's  life.  As  early  as  1815  in  his  old  Kentucky  home  Lincoln 
was  the  playmate  of  a  lad  who  was  afterwards  a  citizen  of  Rushville, 
and  continuing  on  down  until  he  had  reached  the  zenith  of  his  career 
he  was  associated  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  people  from  Rushville. 


222 

Lincoln  First  Visited  Rushville  in  1832. 

Lincoln  visited  Rushville  on  several  occasions,  and  especially  is  it 
noted  tbut  these  visits,  separated  by  a  lapse  of  years,  marked  distinct 
epochs  in  the  development  of  his  powers  and  his  illustrious  career. 
In  viewing  separately  the  six  or  seven  visits  of  Lincoln  to  Rushville 
it  is  not  possible  to  always  give  exact  dates,  for  the  personal  details 
of  his  early  visits  are  forever  lost  and  the  men  who  took  an  active 
part  in  affairs  are  gone,  and  some  of  the  incidents  recorded  may  have 
passed  from  ihe  realm  of  fact  into  fiction  for  aught  we  know. 

It  does  not  appear  that  any  of  these  hardy  old  pioneers,  who  lived 
the  stirring  life  of  hardship,  ever  anticipated  Lincoln's  place  in  his- 
tory. They  regarded  him  as  a  jovial,  sociable  companion,  whose  suc- 
cess in  politics  up  to  the  time  of  the  Lincoln- Douglas  debate  was  no 
more  illustrious  than  that  of  the  favorite  sons  of  Schuyler  county, 

Lincoln's  introduction  to  Rushville  was  ia  the  line  of  military 
duties.  It  was  the  first  period  of  a  public  career  which  was  destined 
to  end  most  gloriously.  At  this  time  Lincoln  was  a  young  man  23 
years  of  age.  He  had  responded^to  Governor  Reynold's  call  for  troops 
to  march  against  the  Indians,  who  were  on  the  war  path  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State  under  the  leadership  of  Chief  Black  Hawk 

The  volunteer  troops  were  ordered  to  be  at  Beardstown  on  April 
22,  1832,  and  Lincoln,  who  had  been  elected  captain  of  a  Sangamon 
county  company,  was  attached  to  the  Fourth  Regiment,  Whiteside 
Brigade,  along  with  Capt.  Wm.  Ralls  and  Capt.  Mose  Wilson  of 
Rushville,  who  was  afterwards  promoted  to  major. 

The  troops  left  Beardstown  April  27,  1832,  and  marched  to  Rush- 
ville, where  they  went  into  camp  north  of  town.  The  weather  was 
cold  and  the  roads  heavy  in  mud,  and  the  second  day  only  three  miles 
were  covered. 

In  Captain  Ralls'  and  Major  Wilson's  companies  were  many  Rush- 
ville young  men,  who  were  soon  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Lincoln. 
The  volunteer  organizations  were  conducted  on  purely  democratic 
principles,  and  oiEcers  and  men  met  on  an  equality  in  every  sport 
and  pastime. 

One  of  Lincoln's  biographers  says:  "Lincoln  entered  with  great 
zest  into  the  athletic  sports  with  which  soldiers  love  to  beguile  the 
tedium  of  camp.  *  *  *  His  popularity  increased  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  end  of  the  campaign,  and  those  of  his  comrades  who  still 
survive  him,  always  speak  with  hearty  and  affectionate  praise  of  his 
character  and  conduct  in  those  rough  yet  pleasantly  remembered 
days." 

"Billy"  Wilson  Wrestled  With   Lincoln. 

In  the  adjutant  general's  report  of  Illinois,  published  in  1882,  we 
find  the  following  communication  from  the  late  Wm.  L.  Wilson  of 
this  city: 


223 

"Wm.  L.  Wilson,  who  was  a  private  in  Capt.  Mose  G.Wilsons 
oompanvi  writes  to  this  office  from  Rushville,  under  date  of  Feb.  3, 
1882,  and  after  detailing  some  interesting  reminidcencesof  Stillman's 
defeat  says:  'I  have  during  that  time  had  much  fun  with  the  after- 
wards to  be  President  of  the  United  States,  A.  Lincoln.  I  remember 
one  time  wrestling  with  him,  two  best  in  three,  and  ditched  him.  He 
was  not  satisfied  and  we  tried  a  foot  race  for  a  $5  bill  and  I  won  the 
money,  and  'tis  spent  long  ago.  And  many  more  interesting  remi- 
niscences could  I  give,  but  I  am  of  Quaker  persuasion  and  not  much 
given  to  writing.' " 

John  Brown  was  another  Rushville  resident  who  was  on  terms  of 
intimacy  with  Mr.  Lincoln  during  the  years  he  conducted  a  store  at 
Salem,  Menard  county,  and  engaged  in  rafting  on  the  Sangamon  and 
Illinois  rivers  In  fact  the  relation  was  so  close  in  those  pioneer 
days  that  Mr.  Brown  could  never  believe  that  Lincoln  had  made  the 
marvelous  progress  in  mental  growth  necessary  to  fit  him  for  the 
presidency  and  he  voted  for  Douglas. 

Some  twenty  years  ago  when  the  writer  was  a  lad  he  would  sit  for 
hours  of  an  evening  at  Mr.  Brown's  home  on  West  Lafayette  street  list- 
ening to  stories  of  his  adventures  as  a  pilot  on  the  Illinois  river  and 
his  experiences  of  warfare  in  the  campaign  against  Black  Hawk,  and 
the  name  of  Lincoln  was  closely  associated  with  thrilling  stories  of 
adventure  told.  The  details  as  outlined  by  Mr.  Brown  have  long  ago 
passed  from  memory,  but  the  fact  remains  that  he  knew  Mr.  Lincoln 
in  the  days  from  1830  to  1835  as  few  men  were  privileged  to  do. 

We  next  find  Lincoln  aspiring  to  political  honors  as  a  candidate 
on  the  Whig  ticket  for  a  seat  in  the  Illinois  Legislature.  He  was 
defeated  in  1834,  but  two  years  later  was  successful  and  took  his  seat 
in  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  at  Vandalia. 

Tarbell's  Life  of  Lincoln  says:  "There  was  a  preponderance  of 
jean  suits  like  Lincoln's  in  the  Assembly,  and  there  were  occasional 
coon  skin  caps  and  buck  skin  trousers.  Nevertheless,  more  than  one 
member  showed  a  studied  garb  and  courtly  manner,  Some  of  the 
best  blood  of  the  south  went  into  the  making  of  Illinois  and  it 
showed  itself  from  the  earliest  time  in  the  Assembly." 

In  the  Legislature  with  Sohuylerites. 

Among  the  men  that  Lincoln  met  in  Vandalia  during  the  years  he 
was  in  the  Legislature,  1884-1842,  many  were  destined  to  become 
famous  in  State  and  nation.  One  among  the  number  was  Wm.  A. 
Richardson,  then  a  young  man  like  Lincoln,  who  went  to  the  Legis- 
lature from  Schuyler  in  1836.  "Dick"  Richardson,  as  his  Rushville 
friends  were  wont  to  call  him,  was  ever  after  on  terms  of  intimacy 
with  Lincoln,  though  opposed  to  him  politically.  As  member  of  the 
Illinois  Legislature,  congressman  and  United  States  Senator,  Wm. 
A.  Richardson  was  second  only  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas  as  a  leader 
of  the  Illinois  Democracy,  and  played  a  prominent  part  in  State  and 
national  politics. 


224 

One  other  Schuyler  citizen  served  with  Lincoln  in  the  Legislature 
at  Vandalia.  We  refer  to  John  Brown,  father  of  Hon,  Robert 
Brown.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Richardson  and  served  in  the  Illinois 
Assembly  from  1888  to  1840,  and  was  afterward  re-elected,  and  in 
1848  served  a  term  in  the  State  Senate. 

Even  at  this  early  day  Lincoln  was  taking  his  place  among  the 
Whig  leaders  of  the  State,  as  the  following  from  the  Quincy  Whig 
of  May  28,  1840,  indicates:  "Mr.  Lincoln,  one  of  the  presidential 
electors  for  this  State,  is  '  going  it  with  a  perfect  rush '  in  some  of 
the  interior  counties.  Thus  far  the  Locofocos  have  not  been  able  to 
start  a  man  that  can  hold  a  candle  to  him  in  political  debate.  All  of 
their  crack  nags  that  have  entered  the  lists  against  him  have  come 
off  the  field  crippled  or  broken  down.  He  is  now  wending  his  way 
north." 

But  it  was  not  until  1846  that  Lincoln  first  impressed  his  old  sol- 
diers comrades  of  Schuyler,  who  had  served  with  him  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war,  with  his  importance  as  a  politician.  In  that  year  he  de- 
feated Peter  Cartwright,  the  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  for  Con- 
gress, and  Cartwright  was  the  idol  of  the  Schuyler  Democrats. 

As  A  Lawyer  in  Schuyler  Courts. 

Lincoln  served  but  one  term  in  Congress  and  on  his  return  to  Illi- 
nois resumed  the  practice  of  law  Following  the  customs  of  the 
times  he  traveled  about  from  town  to  town,  and  several  times  ap- 
peared as  attorney  in  the  Schuyler  Circuit  Court.  At  the  old  tavern 
kept  by  Alex.  Campbell,  where  the  Jackson  block  now  stands,  Lin- 
coln became  a  warm  friend  of  the  proprietor,  who  was  a  Kentuckian, 
and  on  one  occasion  after  he  had  quitted  the  hotel  Lincoln  and 
Douglas  were  entertained  at  an  evening  company  given  at  the  Camp- 
bell home  north  of  town. 

In  those  days  such  lawyers  as  O.  H.  Browning  and  Calvin  A.  War- 
ren  of  Quincy;  T.  Lyle  Dickey,  Wm.  A.  Minshall,  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las, Wm.  A.  Richardson  and  P.  H.  Walker  of  this  city,  all  intellectual 
giants  and  men  who  afterwards  won  renown  on  the  bench  or  in  the 
political  field,  were  to  be  heard  in  cases  at  the  old  brick  court  house. 

T.  Lyle  Dickey,  who  in  the  early  thirties  was  a  Rushville  editor, 
and  later  a  practicing  attorney  here,  was  elected  to  the  Illinois 
Supreme  Bench  from  Ottawa,  and  from  the  earliest  times  he  and 
Lincoln  were  great  friends. 

When  P.  H.  Walker  of  this  city  was  elected  to  the  circuit  bench, 
and  afterwards  (1858)  to  the  Supreme  Bench,  Lincoln  appeared  as 
counsel  before  him  on  numerous  occasions. 

In  looking  over  the  papers  of  his  father,  a  few  years  ago,  George 
E.  Walker  brought  to  light  three  letters  written  by  Lincoln  recom- 
mending young  attorneys  for  admission  to  the  bar.  They  read  as 
follows: 

"Springfield,  III.,  Jan.  31,  1859. 

"The  undersigned,  having  in  pursuance  of  the  within  appointment, 
examined  the  said  applicant,  Henry  I.  Atkins,  touching  his  qualifi- 


Court  HoQse  of  Schuyler  County,  Illinoia.  at  Rushyille. 


225 

cations  to  practice  law,  respectfully  report  that  having  performed  the 
said  duty,  they  find  the  applicant  qualified  to  practice  law,  and 
recommend  that  he  be  licensed. 

M.  Hay, 

A.  Lincoln, 

B.  S.  Edwards." 

"Springfield,  III.,  Jan.  28,  1860. 
'"We,  the  undersigned,  report  that  we  have  examined  Mr.  Henry 
S.  Greene  and  find  him  well  qualified  to  practice  as  an  attorney  and 
counselor  at  law.     We  therefore  recommend  that  he   be  licensed  as 
such. 

A.  Lincoln, 
L.  W.  Ross, 
O.  H.  Browning." 

"We  take  pleasure  in  certifying  that  Hon.  Elias  T.  Turney  is  a 
gentleman  of  good  moral  character. 

A.  Lincoln, 
Ward  H.  Lam  an." 

When  Judge  Bagby  Met  Lincoln. 

Judge  Bagby 's  first  meeting  with  Lincoln,  with  whom  he  was  later 
to  be  closely  associated  in  politics,  was  in  1847.  He  was  on  his  way 
to  Beardstown  to  appear  before  the  presiding  judge  with  a  view  of 
being  admitted  to  the  bar.  The  horse  he  was  riding  was  a  spirited 
one,  and  when  near  that  city  it  became  frightened  and  was  careering 
backward,  when  from  the  side  of  the  road  a  man  stepped  forth  and 
called  out,  'Wouldn't  you  make  faster  progress,  my  young  friend,  if 
you  turned  that  horse's  head  the  other  way?"  The  tall,  lank  stranger 
was  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  he  followed  up  his  suggestion  by  taking 
hold  of  the  horse's  bridle  and  walking  along  side.  In  the  conversa- 
tion that  followed  Mr.  Bagby  told  Lincoln  he  was  going  to  Beards- 
town  to  appear  before  Judge  Purple  and  stand  an  examination  for 
admission  to  the  bar.  Lincoln  again  volunteered  his  assistance,  and 
when  Beardstown  was  reached  Mr.  Bagby  was  introduced  to  Judge 
Purple  and  members  of  the  bar  by  Lincoln  and  received  his  license 
to  practice  law  in  Illinois.  In  later  years  Judge  Bagby  was  an  ar- 
dent supporter  of  Lincoln,  and  was  a  candidate  for  the  Illinois  Sen- 
ate in  that  memorable  campaign  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas  in 
1858. 

Befriended  by  Lincoln  in  1840. 

r.  r.  randall  had  his  clothes  stolen  in  springfield  by 

chicago  whigs. 

R.  R.  Randall,  one  of  the  founders  of  The  Rushville  Times,  now  a 
resident  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  has  personal  knowledge  of  the  goodness  of 
heart  of  the  great  Lincoln  through  a  favor  extended  to  him  in  a  time 
of  gloom  and  despair. 
— 15H 


226 

Away  back  in  the  year  1840  Mr.  Randall  was  taken  from  Rush- 
ville  to  Springfield  by  his  father  and  apprenticed  to  Simeon  Francis, 
then  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Springfield  pJonrnal.  The  boys  in 
the  office  good-naturedly  named  him  "Devil  Dick,"  the  former  ap- 
pellation being  always  applied  to  apprentices  in  printing  offices. 

When  "Dick"  saw  the  legal  documents  made  out,  which  bound 
him  for  a  term  of  years  to  the  Journal  editor,  he  felt  that  his  per- 
sonal liberty  was  being  taken  away  from  him  forever.  He  was  a 
strong,  rugged,  good-natured  lad,  and  longed  as  only  a  boy  can  for 
the  comforts  of  home.  But  homesickness  was  not  the  only  sorrow 
that  came  to  him  during  his  first  week's  stay  in  Springfield.  The 
Whig  convention  had  met  in  the  city  that  week  and  the  Chicago 
delegation  had  driven  down  and  stored  their  baggage  in  the  Journal 
office.  "Dick"  had  all  his  worldly  possessions  stored  away  in  an  old 
hair  trunk,  and  with  the  departure  of  the  Chicago  delegates  it  had 
mysteriously  disappeared  from  the  office. 

With  no  one  to  comfort  him  "Dick"  wandered  out  to  the  front  of 
the  office  and  there  gave  way  to  tears.  Editor  Francis,  with  preoc- 
cupied mind,  had  walked  out  the  door  past  the  boy  without  asking 
the  secret  of  his  tears,  but  it  was  left  for  a  greater  soul  to  administer 
balm  to  his  desolate  heart. 

A  tall,  awkward  man  came  ambling  down  the  street.  A  homely 
hand  touched  "Dick"  on  the  shoulder.  The  very  touch  was  full  of 
sympathy,  and  fuller  of  sympathy  was  the  voice  that  inquired:  "My 
son,  what  is  breaking  your  heart?"  And  then  between  sobs  "Dick" 
told  his  story. 

The  great  man  who  volunteered  his  sympathy,  however,  had  seen 
the  shadows  as  well  as  the  lights  of  human  experience.  He  guessed 
the  trouble  at  once  and  said:  'Those  rascally  Whigs  have  stolen 
your  clothes.  Never  mind;  dry  your  tears  and  I  will  have  you  more 
and  better  clothes."  The  man  who  had  noted  and  consoled  the  lad 
was  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  the  following  letter  brought  new  clothes 
and  great  joy  to  "Devil  Dick." 

"Springfield,  III.,  June  16,  1840. 

Jonathan  G.  Randall ,  Bushrnlle,  III. 

My  Dear  Sir — Your  son  Richard  has  just  told  me  of  his  great  loss. 
The  rascally  Whigs,  through  a  mistake,  took  his  trunk  containing  all 
his  clothes  off  to  Chicago,  and  his  heart  is  almost  broken.  Make 
him  up  some  new  ones  just  as  you  know  he  needs  and  make  his  heart 
glad,     lours  respectfully,    A.  Lincoln." 

Mr.  Randall  ever  afterwards  was  a  great  admirer  of  Lincoln,  and 
for  four  years  delivered  the  Journal  to  his  home  in  Springfield.  To- 
day he  wears  the  little  bronze  button  in  the  lapel  of  his  coat  which 
marks  him  as  one  of  the  veterans  who  served  in  the  war  at  the  call 
of  President  Lincoln  to  remove  the  yoke  of  bondage  from  the  negroes, 
that  they  might  be  free. 


227 

"Joe"  Angel  and  Lincoln. 

When  in  Ruahville  on  his  last  visit  Lincoln  showed  mosfc  strongly 
a  trait  of  character,  which  had  always  endeared  him  to  the  common 
people.  The  fact  is  Lincoln  was  piebian  in  his  social  habits  and 
tastes  as  he  was  in  his  origin,  and  was  never  more  happy  than  when 
in  the  society  of  plain  and  unpretentious  people. 

While  here  some  one  said:  "Mr.  Lincoln,  there  is  a  man  here  who 
once  knew  you  when  you  were  boys  together." 

"What  is  his  name?"  said  Lincoln. 

"Joe  Angel." 

"Tell  him  to  come;  I  want  to  see  him." 

A  messenger  was  dispatched  for  Mr.  Angel,  but  he  refused  to  go, 
as  he  had  not  the  courage  to  thrust  himself  on  a  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator,  whom  he  knew  and  remembered  as  a  boy 
wearing  jeans  pants  and  driving  an  ox  team. 

"Well,  said  Lincoln,  "if  Joe  will  not  come  to  see  me  I  must  go  to 
see  him,"  and  suiting  the  action  to  the  word  walked  to  the  place 
where  he  was  at  work  and  extending  his  hand  in  the  most  friendly 
way,  said:     "How  are  you,  Joe?" 

He  responded,  "How  are  you,  Abe?"  and  instantly  the  wide  chasm 
of  intervening  years  since  they  were  boys  was  bridged,  and  they 
stood  on  the  same  level  as  mutual  friends  and  talked  of  their  old 
Kentucky  homes  and  of  the  days  when  they  drove  an  ox  team  into 
Springfield  in  the  early  thirties. 

EARLY    POLITICAL    HISTORY. 

The  Republican  party  in  Schuyler  county  dates  from  the  year  1856, 
and  of  the  five  men  who  took  active  part  in  its  inception  two  are 
still  living — James  E.  Scripps,  editor  of  the  Detroit  News,  and 
Maxon  Frisby  of  this  vicinity.  In  a  letter  to  the  writer,  giving  some 
facts  in  connection  with  Lincoln's  visit  to  Rushville,  Mr.  Scripps 
says: 

"The  first  Republican  gathering  ever  held  in  Schuyler  county  as- 
sembled one  evening  in  the  fall  of  1856  in  G.  W.  Scripps'  school 
house,  formerly  the  old  tannery,  which  stood  where  Hal  Scripps' 
house  now  does.  There  were  present  G.  W.  Scripps,  Rev.  John  Clarke, 
Wilhelm  Peters,  Maxon  Frisby  and  myself.  I  remember  Mr.  Clarke 
saying  that  for  many  years  he  had  been  without  a  political  party, 
and  he  rejoiced  that  one  was  now  organized  with  which  he  could 
conscientiously  affiliate.  The  subject  of  the  approaching  State  con- 
vention at  Bloomington  was  talked  over,  and  Mr.  Clarke  finally 
elected  delegate  to  represent  the  embryo  Republicanism  of  Schuyler 
county.  We  chipped  in  a  trifle  for  his  expenses — perhaps  enough 
altogether  to  pay  his  hotel  bill  at  Bloomington.  I  presume  he  drove 
over  to  the  convention  in  his  buggy  or  rode  on  horseback." 


228 

The  generation  born  since  President  Lincoln  died  know  little  of 
the  political  events  which  are  associated  with  the  greatest  of  Illinois 
statesmen.  In  the  memorable  campaign  of  1858,  in  which  Lincoln 
and  Douglas  took  the  leading  part,  the  prairies  of  Illinois  were 
literally  afire  with  partisan  enthusiasm.  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  sena- 
tor from  Illinois,  talented,  famed  and  eloquent,  was  a  candidate  for 
re-election.  Abraham  Lincoln,  who,  by  a  speech  at  the  Blooming- 
ton  convention  two  years  before,  had  made  himself  the  leader  of  the 
newly  formed  Republican  party,  was  his  opponent.  The  nature  and 
importance  of  the  issue  made  Illinois  the  battle  ground  of  the  nation, 
and  though  Douglas  won  the  senatorship,  Lincoln,  who  up  to  this 
time  had  scarcely  been  known  outside  the  State,  through  his  mas- 
terly debate  with  Douglas,  won  the  presidency  and  imperishable 
fame. 

In  the  senatorial  district  composed  of  Hancock,  Henderson  and 
Schuyler  counties  this  county  furnished  three  candidates.  Rev.  J. 
P.  Richmond  was  a  candidate  for  the  senate,  and  Hon.  L.  D.  Erwin 
was  a  candidate  for  representative  on  the  Democratic  ticket  and  John 
C.  Bagby  was  a  candidate  for  State  senator  on  the  Republican  ticket. 

LINCOLN   AT   BEARDSTOWN. 

Lincoln  opened  his  campaign  of  that  year  at  Beardstown  on  Au- 
gust 12th.  Douglas  had  spoken  there  the  day  before  and  from  there 
gone  northward,  the  two  meeting  at  Ottawa  on  August  2l8t  in  the 
series  of  joint  debates  in  which  Lincoln's  great  fame  as  an  orator 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  country. 

At  the  Beardstown  meeting  Schuyler  was  represented  by  a  delega- 
tion numbering  several  hundred.  They  crossed  the  ferry  with  ban- 
ners flowing  and  lively  music,  and  were  given  an  address  of  welcome 
by  Mr.  Sturtevant,  to  which  response  was  made  by  G,  W.  Scripps. 
In  the  afternoon  Lincoln  was  escorted  to  the  stand  by  the  Rushville 
band  and  our  military  company  headed  the  procession 

Now  that  the  Lincoln- Douglas  senatorial  campaign  has  become  an 
historic  one,  and  rightly,  too,  for  it  was  that  that  gave  Lincoln  the 
presidency,  the  Rushville  people  who  participated  so  prominently  in 
the  ceremonies  of  the  opening  should  be  proud  of  the  fact  that  they 
gave  Lincoln  enthusiastic  encouragement  in  the  contest,  which, 
though  lost,  made  him  the  logical  candidate  for  president  on  the  Re- 
publican ticket  two  years  later. 

Schuyler  county  having  three  senatorial  candidates  in  the  field  in 
that  memorable  campaign  was  deemed  important  territory  by  both 
Lincoln  and  Douglas.  No  other  county  in  the  State  had  such  a  rep- 
resentation, and  both  candidates  refrained  from  speaking  here  until 
late  in  the  campaign.  Lincoln  came  on  October  20th  and  a  few  days 
later  he  was  followed  by  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  The  joint  debate, 
which  had  astounded  the  nation  by  its  scope  and  the  eloquence  of 
the  principals,  had  been  brought  to  a  close,  and  all  other  political 
speakers  had  been  made  mere  pygmies  compared  with  Lincoln  and 
Douglas. 


229 

Sohuyler  people  had  followed  the  conteBt  closely  through  the  pa- 
pers, and  as  the  campaign  progressed  partisan  feeling  became  more 
bitter.  The  slavery  issue  was  coming  to  the  front  with  irresistable 
power,  and  the  newly  reformed  Republican  party,  with  Lincoln  as 
the  leader  in  Illinois,  was  striving  to  wrest  the  governing  power  of 
the  State  from  the  Democrats.  Schuyler  was  a  Democratic  county 
and  Douglas  was  the  idol  of  the  party,  and  in  the  rehearsal  of  the 
local  incidents  here  recorded  one  may  get  an  idea  of  the  temper  of 
the  people  of  that  period. 

Lincoln  Visited  Rushville  in  1858. 

his   greeting   was   a   most  enthusiastic  one,  even  if  schuyler 

was  democratic. 

It  has  been  more  than  44  years  since  Lincoln  visited  Rushville  for 
the  last  time,  and  yet  there  are  scores  of  people  living  in  and  about 
the  city  who  well  remember  the  incidents  of  the  day.  For  a  time  it 
seemed  a  hopeless  task  to  the  writer  to  locate  for  certain  the  date  of 
Lincoln's  last  visit.  No  one  in  Rushville  could  give  the  information 
and  the  files  of  old  papers  in  Springfield,  Canton,  Lewistown  and 
Oquawka  were  carefully  scanned,  and  though  in  some  cases  comment 
was  made  on  the  speech  here,  no  date  was  given  .  For  the  last  four 
years,  during  which  time  the  material  for  this  sketch  was  collected, 
numerous  inquiries  were  made  as  regards  the  date  of  Lincoln's  visit, 
and  finally  by  rare  chance  the  writer  came  into  possession  of  a 
Schuyler  Citizen,  edited  by  G.  W.  Scripps,  now  in  possession  of  Mrs. 
M.  A.  Bagby,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  this  and  other  valuable 
information. 

Abraham  Lincoln  came  to  Rushville  for  the  last  time  on  Wednes- 
day, Oct.  20,  1858.  He  was  driven  across  the  country  from  Mt.  Ster- 
ling by  Charles  H.  Sweeney,  now  of  Des  Moines,  la.,  who  was  then  a 
law  student  in  Judge  Bagby 's  office.  Mr.  Sweeney  says  he  remem- 
bers it  was  a  cold  raw  day,  but  that  the  ride  did  not  seem  a  long  one, 
for  Lincoln  was  an  entertaining  companion.  What  impressed  him 
most,  however,  was  Lincoln's  abnormally  long  legs  which  were  hang- 
ing over  the  dash  board  most  of  the  way. 

Great  preparations  had  been  made  to  welcome  Lincoln,  and  at  an 
early  hour  wagons,  horsemen  and  people  on  foot  began  pouring  into 
town.  As  they  entered  they  were  taken  in  charge  by  marshals  on 
horseback  and  escorted  to  the  rendezvous  north  of  town.  At  12:30 
the  delegations  from  Beardstown  and  East  Schuyler,  headed  by  a 
martial  band,  arrived. 

The  united  procession,  under  direction  of  Chief  Marshal  Levi 
Lusk,  then  moved  forward  to  the  square,  then  down  Washington 
street  to  Jackson  and  east  on  Lafayette  to  St.  Louis  street,  and  on 
returning  to  the  square  the  wagons,  carriages  and  footmen  dispersed, 
and  the  horsemen,  headed  by  the  Rushville  band,  marched  to  the 
home  of  Wm.  H.  Ray,  where  Mr.  Lincoln  was  entertained. 


230 

As  the  horsemen  approached  Lincoln  appeared  and  at  the  cries  of 
"speech!"  "speech!"  he  stepped  down  from  the  veranda  and  mounted 
a  high  flower  pedestal,  which  stood  in  the  yard,  and  from  this  lofty 
position  addressed  the  crowd.  "Boys,  this  is  a  shaky  platform,'" 
said  Lincoln,  "But  the  Republican  party  has  a  strong  foundation." 
The  pedestal  on  which  Lincoln  stood  was  a  frame  of  wood  surround- 
ing  a  stump,  and  the  stump  was  allowed  to  stand  in  front  of  the  Ray 
homestead  until  it  rotted  off  at  the  base,  and  it  is  still  preserved  as 
one  of  the  local  Lincoln  relics  by  Mrs.  L.  A.  Jarman.  Another  relic 
associated  with  Lincoln's  visit  to  Rushville  is  owned  by  Mrs.  Jennie 
L.  Ray.  Her  husband,  Dwight  E.  Ray,  then  a  small  lad.  was  greatly 
interested  in  the  proceedings  of  the  day,  and  when  Lincoln  offered  to 
give  him  10  cents  if  he  would  hurrah  for  the  Republican  party  he 
did  it  right  lustily.  Mrs.  Ray  kept  the  10  cent  piece  and  had  it 
mounted  on  a  pin  as  a  keepsake  of  Lincoln's  visit  here. 

A  reception  was  given  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ray  to  Lincoln  on  the 
evening  of  the  day  he  spoke  here,  and  he  met  a  large  number  of  our 
people  there.  Mrs.  A.  R.  Anderson  was  one  of  the  number  and  she 
was  asked  to  assist  in  entertaining  the  guests.  Mrs.  Anderson  took 
her  place  at  the  piano  and  Lincoln  soon  strolled  over  that  way  and 
stood  beside  her.  He  appeared  to  be  passionately  fond  of  music  and 
during  a  lull  in  the  festivities  said  to  Mrs.  Anderson,  "I'd  give  a 
farm  if  I  could  sing  and  play  like  you  can." 

Lincoln's  views  on  slavery. 

The  crowd  that  greeted  Lincoln  at  that  afternoon  meeting  was 
estimated  by  Mr.  Scripps  in  the  Citizen  at  8,000,  which  was  a  large 
gathering  for  that  early  day.  The  speaker's  stand  was  erected  on 
the  north  side  of  the  old  court  house,  east  of  the  door,  and  at  2:00 
o'clock  Mr.  Lincoln  was  introduced  by  Joseph  W.  Sweeney,  then 
one  of  Rushville's  leading  attorneys. 

In  the  series  of  joint  debates  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas,  which 
had  been  concluded  at  Alton  on  October  loth,  the  issues  of  the  cam- 
paign had  been  thoroughly  discussed,  and  in  his  Rushville  speech 
Mr.  Lincoln  added  no  new  argument  to  those  already  made.  He 
devoted  the  opening  of  his  speech  to  the  opinions  and  policy  of 
Henry  Clay  on  the  slavery  question,  showing  that  his  views  and 
Clay's  coincided  exactly. 

On  the  question  of  slavery  we  quote  the  following  extract  from 
his  speech  as  given  in  the  Citizen,  which  strongly  indicates  that 
Lincoln's  wish  at  that  time  was  to  regulate  and  not  abolish 
slavery,  but  rather  to  confine  it  within  the  territory  where  it  had  ex- 
isted up  to  the  time  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  agitation: 

^  "I  have  intimated  that  I  thought  the  agitation  would  not  cease  un- 
til a  crisis  should  have  been  reached  and  passed.  I  have  stated  in 
what  way  I  thought  it  would  be  reached  and  passed.  I  have  said 
that  it  might  go  one  way  or  the  other.  We  might,  by  arresting  the 
further  spread  of  it,  and  placing  it  where  the   fathers   originally 


231 

placed  it,  put  it  where  the  publio  mind  should  rest  in  the  belief  that 
it  was  in  the  course  of  ultimate  extinction.  Thus  the  agitation 
might  cease.  It  may  be  pushed  forward  until  it  shall  become  alike 
lawful  in  all  the  states,  old  as  well  as  new,  north  as  well  as  south.  I 
have  said  and  I  repeat,  my  wish  is  that  the  further  spread  of  it  may 
be  arrested,  and  that  it  may  be  placed  where  the  public  mind  shall 
rest  in  the  belief  that  it  is  in  the  course  of  ultimate  extinction.  I 
have  expressed  that  as  my  wish.  I  entertain  the  opinion  upon  evi- 
dence sufficient  to  my  mind  that  the  fathers  of  this  government 
placed  that  institution  where  the  public  mind  did  rest  in  the  belief 
that  it  was  in  the  course  of  ultimate  extinction.  Let  me  ask  why 
they  made  provision  that  the  source  of  slavery — the  African  slave 
trade — should  be  cut  off  at  the  end  of  20  years?  Why  did  they 
make  provision  that  in  all  the  new  territory  we  owned  at  that  time  it 
should  be  forever  prohibited?  Why  stop  its  spread  in  one  direction 
and  cut  off  its  source  in  another,  if  they  did  not  look  to  its  being 
placed  in  the  course  of  ultimate  extinction?  *         *         *         * 

"It  is  not  true  that  our  fathers,  as  Judge  Douglas  assumes,  made 
this  government  part  slave  and  part  free.  Understand  the  sense  in 
which  he  puts  it.  He  assumes  that  slavery  is  a  rightful  thing  within 
itself — was  introduced  by  the  framers  of  the  conatitution.  The  ex- 
act truth  is,  that  they  found  the  institution  existing  among  ur  and 
they  left  it  as  they  found  it.  But  in  making  the  government  they 
left  this  institution  with  many  clear  marks  of  disapprobation  upon 
it.  They  found  slavery  among  them  and  they  left  it  among  them 
because  of  the  difficulty — the  absolute  impossibility,  of  its  immediate 
removal. 

"And  when  Judge  Douglas  asks  me  why  we  can  not  let  it  remain 
part  slave  and  part  free  as  the  fathers  of  the  government  made  it.  he 
asks  a  question  based  upon  an  assumption  which  is  itself  a  falsehood, 
and  I  turn  upon  him  and  ask  him  the  question,  when  the  policy  that 
the  fathers  of  the  government  had  adopted  in  relation  to  this  element 
among  us,  was  the  best  policy  in  the  world — the  only  wise  policy — 
the  only  policy  that  we  can  ever  safely  continue  upon — that  will  ever 
give  us  peace  unless  this  dangerous  element  masters  us  all  and  be- 
comes a  national  institution — I  turn  upon  him  and  ask  him  why  he 
could  not  let  it  alone?  I  turn  and  ask  him  why  he  was  driven  to  the 
necessity  of  introducing  a  new  policy  in  regard  to  it?  He  has  him- 
self said  he  introduced  a  new  policy.  He  said  so  in  his  speech  on 
the  22d  of  March  of  the  present  year,  1858,  I  asked  him  why  he 
could  not  let  it  remain  where  our  fathers  placed  it?  I  ask,  too,  of 
Judge  Douglas  and  his  friends  why  we  shall  not  again  place  this  in- 
stitution upon  the  basis  on  which  the  fathers  left  it?  I  ask  you 
when  he  infers  that  I  am  in  favor  of  setting  the  free  and  slave  states 
at  war,  when  the  institution  was  placed  in  that  attitude  by  those  who 
made  the  constitution,  did  they  make  any  war?  If  we  had  no  war 
out  of  it  when  thus  placed,  wherein  is  the  ground  of  belief  that  we 
shall  have  war  out  of  it  if  we  return  to  that  policy?  Have  we  had 
any  peace  upon  this  springing  from  any  other  basis?  I  maintain 
that  we  have  not.  I  have  proposed  nothing  more  than  a  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  fathers." 


232 


DISTURBANCES   OF   THE   DAY. 


While  Linooln's  reception  in  Rushville  was  a  most  enthusiastic 
one  it  was  marred  by  partisan  demonstrations  of  the  most  flagrant 
kind.  As  has  been  previously  stated,  party  feeling  ran  high  and  it 
showed  itself  in  a  most  unfavorable  light  at  the  Lincoln  meeting. 

On  the  night  before  Lincoln  came,  some  one  climbed  to  the  top  of 
the  old  court  house  and  hung  a  blaok  flag  from  the  steeple,  and  dur- 
ing the  speaking  the  sherifp  was  required  to  clear  the  court  house 
roof  of  boys  who  made  such  a  din  as  to  drown  the  speaker's  voice. 

In  one  of  the  court  house  windows,  directly  over  the  stand  from 
which  Lincoln  spoke,  was  a  crowd  of  young  ladies  who  waved  aloft 
a  nigger  doll,  to  which  was  attached  a  banner  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Hurrah  for  Lincoln!"  Growing  more  bold  when  they  saw  they 
were  detracting  attention  from  the  speaker,  they  cheered  for  Douglas 
and  publicly  announced  that  he  would  speak  in  Rushville  in  the  near 
future.  Mr.  Lincoln  stopped  in  the  midst  of  his  great  speech  and 
turning  to  the  window  politely  asked  the  young  ladies  to  be  still 
until  he  had  finished  his  speech,  when  he  would  yield  the  stand  to 
them.  The  kindly  rebuke  administered  by  Lincoln  restored  order 
and  he  was  allowed  to  finish  his  speech  without  further  disturbance. 

First  Life  of  Lincoln. 

john  l.  soripps,  a  former  rushville  citizen,  wrote  first    life 

of  lincoln. 

In  the  audience  that  greeted  Lincoln  on  that  day  was  a  Rushville 
gentleman  who  at  the  time  was  one  of  the  Republican  leaders  of  the 
State,  and  was  afterwards  instrumental  in  securing  for  Chicago  the 
national  convention  in  1860,  the  one  thing  needed  to  secure  Lincoln's 
nomination  for  president.  We  refer  to  John  Locke  Scripps,  brother 
of  Mrs.  M.  A.  Bagby  and  Mrs.  Lydia  Little  of  this  city. 

In  1858  Mr.  Scripps  was  editor  of  the  Chicago  Press  and  Tribune, 
the  recognized  organ  of  the  Republican  party  in  Illinois.  As  editor- 
in-chief  Mr,  Scripps  wielded  all  the  influence  at  his  command 
towards  bringing  Lincoln  before  the  country  as  a  presidential  candi- 
date W.  H.  Milburn,  the  blind  chaplain  of  Congress,  in  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Scripps'  daughter.  Mrs.  B.  F.  Dyche  of  Evanston,  says:  "I  sup- 
pose your  father's  influence  did  more  to  secure  Mr.  Lincoln's  nomi- 
nation for  the  presidency  than  that  of  any  man."  Lincoln  knew  and 
appreciated  these  services,  and  after  his  election  Mr.  Scripps  was 
named  as  postmaster  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Soon  after  Lincoln  was  nominated  it  was  decided  to  publish  a 
story  of  his  life  and  Mr.  Scripps  was  selected  for  the  task.  This 
was  the  first  authorized  life  of  Lincoln  and  was  circulated  in 
pamphlet  form  as  a  campaign  document.  That  Mr.  Scripps  had  the 
confidence  of  Lincoln  to  a  remarkable  degree  is  shown  by  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  Jesse  W.  Weik's  Life  of  Lincoln: 


233 

"When  John  L.  Soripps,  then  editor  of  the  Chicago  Press  and 
Tribune,  came  down  to  Springfield  to  secure  data  for  the  authorized 
campaign  life  of  the  presidential  candidate,  Mr.  Lincoln  was  more 
than  ever  brought  face  to  face  with  the  demands  for  the  facts. 
Just  how  he  met  and  disposed  of  the  question  the  world  will 
probably  never  know,  for  he  locked  himself  up  in  a  room  with  his 
biographer  one  afternoon  and  there  communicated  certain  facts  re- 
garding his  ancestry  and  early  history  which  Scripps  so  long  as  he 
lived  would  never  under  any  circumstance  disclose." 

This  early  life  of  Lincoln  printed  and  circulated  during  the  cam- 
paign of  1860,  was  soon  forgotten  by  the  public  in  general,  but  it 
forms  the  basis  of  all  standard  works  on  the  life  of  Lincoln  published 
since  then. 

Several  years  ago  Mrs.  B,  F.  Dyche  of  Evanston,  secured  a  copy 
of  the  biography  her  father  had  written  from  John  Hay,  now  Secre- 
tary of  State  in  President  Roosevelt's  cabinet,  and  the  work  was 
reissued  in  permanent  form  and  as  a  model  of  typographical  art  by 
the  Cranbrook  Press  of  Detroit,  Mich. 

ME.    soripps'   estimate   OF   LINCOLN. 

A  letter  written  by  Mr.  Scripps  to  Lincoln's  law  partner,  Mr. 
Herndon,  in  which  he  welcomes  the  news  that  Mr.  Herndon  was 
about  to  write  a  book  on  Lincoln,  shows  how  accurately  he  had  guaged 
the  future  reputation  of  Lincoln.  After  modestly  remarking  that  he 
might  improve  his  own  sketch  if  he  had  it  to  do  again,  he  continued: 

"It  is  gratifying,  however,  to  see  that  the  same  qualities  in  Lincoln 
to  which  I  then  gave  greatest  prominence  are  those  on  which  his 
fame  ever  chiefly  rests  Is  it  not  true  that  this  is  the  leading  lesson 
of  Lincoln's  life — that  true  and  enduring  greatness — the  greatness 
that  will  survive  the  corrosion  and  abrasion  of  time,  change  and 
progress — must  rest  upon  character?  In  certain  showy  and  what  are 
understood  to  be  most  desirable  endowments,  how  many  Americans 
have  surpassed  him!  Yet  how  he  looms  above  them  now!  Not  elo- 
quence, nor  logic,  nor  power  of  command,  nor  courage — not  any  or 
all  of  these  have  made  him  what  he  is;  but  these,  in  the  degree  in  which 
he  possessed  them,  conjoined  to  those  certain  qualities  comprised 
in  the  term  character,  have  given  him  his  fame,  have  made  him  for 
all  time  to  come  the  great  American  man — the  grand  central  figure 
in  American  (perhaps  the  world's)  history." 

This  eloquent  summing  up  of  Lincoln's  character  is  not  only  as 
true  today  as  it  was  35  years  ago,  but  it  will  be  far  more  universally 
accepted  now  than  it  was  then. 


234 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  DRUG  TRADE   OF   CHICAGO 

Compiled  from  the  records  of  the  Chicago  Veteran  Druggist's  Association,  by  Albert  E 

Ebert,  Historian. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

It  is  proposed  in  these  pages  to  outline  the  early  history  of  the 
drug  trade  in  Chicago  from  1832  to  1871,  inclusive.  It  was  between 
these  dates  that  the  city  laid  the  foundation  of  its  greatness,  and  up- 
on what  was  done  then  the  superstructure  has  been  reared.  In  the 
introductory  pages  it  is  our  purpose  to  outline  the  geographical  lim- 
its of  the  city,  its  relation  to  the  surrounding  country  and  to  give 
such  facts  and  data  as  will  lead  to  a  measurably  clear  understanding 
of  the  commercial  conditions  of  the  times,  especially  with  relation  to 
the  subject  directly  under  consideration.  The  early  druggist  is  our 
subject.  It  is  with  him  we  shall  have  to  deal,  but  we  find  him  so 
alert  and  progressive  a  fellow,  so  interested  in  the  afiPairs  of  the  com- 
monwealth of  which  he  was  a  part,  that  to  write  his  history  it  is 
necessary  to  write  some  of  the  history  of  other  affairs  as  well.  It 
was  in  the  drug  store  of  a  pioneer  that  the  first  meeting  was  held, 
which  resulted  in  the  incorporation  and  organization  of  the  village 
of  Chicago.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  Chicago  was  born  in  a 
drug  store,  but  such  is  the  fact.  It  may  also  be  of  interest  to  state 
that  when  the  seal  of  the  city  of  Chicago  was  adopted  it  was  upon 
the  suggestion  of  Dr.  David  Brainerd,  a  pioneer  physician,  that  the 
little,  fleecy  cloud  floating  above  the  other  figures  was  made  the 
cradle  of  a  naked,  new- born  babe.  Thus  it  was  that  the  future 
giant  was  ushered  into  the  world,  surrounded  by  all  that  loving  care 
and  skilled  professional  attention  could  bestow. 

Until  1330  Chicago  had  but  a  mythical  existence.  The  name  was 
applied  rather  indiscriminately  to  the  river  and  to  the  little  settle- 
ment on  its  banks.  Some  say  that  the  name  signifies  in  the  Indian 
dialect  "great,  mighty,  powerful."  and  others  find  authority  for  the 
statement  that  the  name  comes  from  the  Indian  term  "Chicagou," 
meaning  wild  onion  or  leek,  from  the  fact  that  so  many  of  these 
plants  grew  along  the  banks  of  the  river.  These  two  meanings  may 
not  be  altogether  irreconcilable. 

In  1830  the  little  settlement  began  to  take  on  the  appearance  of 
a  town.  The  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  had  obtained  its  land  grant 
a  few  years  previously,  and  under  the  terms  of  their  authority  the 
canal  commissioners  began  laying  out  towns  on  the  canal  lands.  One 
of  the  first  towns  to  be  thus  platted  was  Chicago.     According  to  the 


THE    SAUGANASH    HOTEL. 

Phllo  Carpenter's  Drug  Store  was  in  small  log  building  to  the  left  of  the  Hotftl. 


235 

instructions  of  the  commissioners,  James  Thompson,  the  canal  sur- 
veyor, laid  out  the  townsite,  and  a  plat  of  it  was  published  on  the 
4th  of  August,  1880.  The  first  canal  commissioners  were  Dr.  Gershom 
Jayne,  a  druggist  and  physician  of  Springfield,  Edmund  Roberts  of 
Kaskaskia  and  Charles  Dunn.  At  this  time  there  was  but  little  order 
in  the  arrangement  of  the  town. 

The  business  district  was  largely  confined  to  the  south  side  of 
South  Water  street,  the  business  houses  facing  the  river,  which  pur- 
sued its  clean,  though  somewhat  sluggish,  way  toward  the  lake,  met 
a  sand  bar  near  the  present  location  of  Rush  street  bridge  and  was 
deflected  southward,  entering  the  lake  opposite  the  present  terminus 
of  Madison  street.  Those  dwellings  which  were  not  on  South  Water 
street  were  sparsely  scattered  along  Lake  street  and  the  intersecting 
north  and  south  streets,  such  as  Franklin,  Wells,  LaSalle,  Clark  and 
Dearborn  streets.  The  north  side  of  the  river  was  virgin  prairie 
save  for  the  Kinzie  homestead  and  a  few  isolated  log  cabins  of  other 
pioneers.  The  west  side  was  in  the  same  condition  except  for  a  little 
settlement  opposite  what  was  then  known  as  Wolf's  Point,  between 
the  forks  of  the  river  and  across  from  the  postoffice  at  the  junction 
of  Lake  and  South  Water  streets.  The  south  side  extended  only  to 
Madison  street,  In  the  Thompson  plat  of  1830  the  north  side  is 
laid  out  as  far  north  as  Kinzie  street,  the  west  side  as  far  west  as  the 
present  location  of  Des  Plaines  street,  the  south  side  was  bounded  on 
the  north  and  west  by  the  river,  on  the  east  by  what  is  now  State 
street,  east  of  and  including  which  was  Fort  Dearborn  reservation, 
and  on  the  south  by  Madison  street,  but  at  the  time  neither  State, 
Madison  nor  Des  Plaines  streets  were  named.  The  main  portions  of 
the  town,  therefore,  so  far  as  the  business  and  residence  parts  were 
concerned  did  not  go  much  farther  east  than  Dearborn  street,  nor 
farther  south  than  the  south  side  of  Washington  street.  Indeed, 
until  later  on  in  the  thirties  the  size  of  the  city  was  even  less  than 
the  limits  laid  down  in  the  original  plat. 

Business  drifted  from  the  west  end  of  South  Water  street  east- 
ward to  Dearborn  street,  from  thence  around  upon  Lake  street, 
working  up  both  sides  to  the  junction  of  Lake,  South  Water 
and  Market  streets  where  it  first  began.  During  this  time 
the  intersecting  streets  got  their  share  of  the  new  stores  which 
were  started  as  the  population  of  the  city  grew,  the  residence  por- 
tions being  forced  gradually  southward.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
forties  both  Lake  and  South  Water  streets  and  those  intersecting 
them  were  liberally  sprinkled  with  stores,  with  here  and  there  a 
dwelling  house.  During  the  period  from  1830  to  1840  there  were  a 
good  many  inns  and  boarding  houses  to  accommodate  the  transient 
population,  and  in  the  early  days  of  that  decade  there  were  scattered 
dwellings  on  the  cross  streets  with  plenty  of  ground  around  them 
for  the  customary  "garden  patch  " 

Houses  on  South  Water  and  Lake  streets,  if  more  than  one  story 
high,  were  often  used  as  combination  stores  and  dwellings  after  the 
fashion  of  the  modern  store  and  flat,  but,  without  the  modern  con- 
veniences. Those  who  lived  outside  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Lake 
and  South   Water  streets  usually  had  enough  ground  to  do  some 


286 

farming.  In  the  early  'forties  the  present  site  of  the  Auditorium 
hotel  was  a  potato  patch  and  was  considered  to  be  some  distance 
from  town. 

These  small,  kitchen  gardens  scattered  around  the  village  helped 
out  during  the  financial  crisis  of  1887  and  the  succeeding  years,  when 
no  one  had  any  money  and  everyone  was  in  debt,  and  the  community 
had  to  depend  to  a  considerable  extent  upon  what  the  soil  could  im- 
mediately produce. 

Mr.  Philo  Carpenter,  the  first  druggist  of  the  town,  states  that  in 
1882,  when  he  came  to  Chicago,  the  streets  had  been  partially  staked 
out,  but  no  grading  had  been  done,  and  not  even  a  dirt  road  had  been 
thrown  up.  The  main  road  was  along  what  is  now  South  Water 
street,  and  proceeded  from  the  fort  near  the  present  mouth  of  the 
river,  westward  to  Russell  Heacock's  log  house  on  the  bank  of  a  deep 
gully  about  where  State  street  now  crosses  the  river.  Mr.  Heacock 
had  a  foot  log  on  which  to  cross  the  gully,  but  the  public  road  swung 
aroand  the  end  of  the  swale  and  proceeded  northwest  to  the  log 
house  of  Greorge  W.  Dole  at  South  Water  and  Clark  streets,  thence 
west  again  to  P.  F.  W.  Peck's  frame  building,  the  first  of  its  kind  in 
Chicago,  at  the  corner  of  LaSalle  and  South  Water  streets.  From 
here  the  road  continued  in  the  same  direction  to  a  point  opposite  the 
forks  of  the  river,  where  the  postoffice  was  located  at  that  time  in 
charge  of  Postmaster  John  S.  C.  Hogan.  The  postoffice  was  at  the 
junction  of  South  Water,  Lake  and  Market  streets;  and  directly  south 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Lake  street  at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Lake 
stood  a  little  log  house  owned  by  Mark  Beaubien  and  used  for  a  time 
as  an  inn.  It  was  only  16  feet  wide  by  20  long  and  had  been  erected 
by  James  Kinzie.  When  the  town  was  laid  out  it  was  found  that  this 
log  house  was  in  the  middle  of  the  street,  so  Mr.  Beaubien  moved  it 
back  upon  the  corner.  Here  is  our  first  definite  landmark,  for  in 
this  little  log  hut  begins  the  real  pharmaceutical  history  of  Chicago. 

The  business  center  of  the  town  at  this  time  and  for  some  time 
after  was  located  near  the  fork  of  the  river.  The  streets  were  nothing 
more  than  country  roads  and  poor  ones  at  that,  The  traffic  on  them 
cousisted  mostly  of  farm  wagons  loaded  with  produce.  A  familiar 
sign  was  the  warning  on  a  board  stuck  up  in  the  mud,  "No  Bottom 
Here."  G.  Sproat,  the  schoolmaster  of  Chicago  at  this  period,  in  a 
letter  to  the  Chicago  Tribune  some  years  ago,  described  the  streets 
of  early  times  in  the  following  language: 

"The  streets  of  the  village  in  the  fall  soon  became  deluged  with 
mud.  It  lay  in  many  places  half  a  leg  deep,  up  to  the  hubs  of  the 
carts  and  wagons  in  the  middle  of  the  streets,  and  the  only  sidewalk 
we  had  was  a  single  plank  stretched  from  one  building  to  another. 
The  smaller  scholars  I  used  to  bring  to  school  and  take  home  on  my 
back,  not  daring  to  trust  them  on  the  slippery  plank.  One  day  I 
made  a  misstep  and  went  down  into  the  thick  mire  with  a  little  one 
in  my  arms,  With  difficulty  I  regained  my  footbold,  with  both  over- 
shoes  sucked  off  by  the  thick,  slimy  mud." 


237 

At  the  time  to  which  Mr.  Sproat  refers  there  was  but  one  road 
from  the  town  to  the  lake  This  was  laid  off  by  a  surveyor  and  ex- 
tended from  the  junction  of  South  Water  and  State  streets  east 
through  the  Fort  Dearborn  reservation  to  the  lake. 

Concerning  the  appearance  of  Chicago  in  1833  the  "Rambler,"  an 
English  writer  and  traveler,  had  this  to  say: 

"This  little  mushroom  town  is  situated  upon  a  perfectly  level  tract 
of  country,  for  the  most  part  consisting  of  prairie  lands,  at  a  point 
where  a  small  river,  whose  sources  interlock  in  the  wet  season  with 
those  of  the  Illinois,  enters  Lake  Michigan.  The  upstart  village 
lies  principally  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  above  the  fort.  Next 
in  rank  to  the  officers  and  commissioners  may  be  noted  certain  shop- 
keepers and  merchants,  residents  here,  looking  either  to  the  influx 
of  new  settlers  establishing  themselves  in  the  neighborhood  or  those 
still  passing  further  to  the  westward  for  custom  and  profit.  Add  to 
these  a  doctor  or  two,  two  or  three  lawyers,  a  land  agent  and  five  or 
six  hotel  keepers.  These  may  be  considered  stationary  and  proprietors 
of  the  half  hundred  clapboard  houses  around  town." 

It  was  in  1833  that  the  mouth  of  the  river  was  cut  through  by  a 
force  of  men  in  charge  of  Major  Handy.  This  work  made  the  har- 
bor possible,  the  depth  of  the  water  on  either  side  of  the  bar  being 
sufficient  for  harbor  purposes.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  at  first, 
only  to  cut  through  the  sand  bar  at  the  present  outlet  of  the  river 
and  provide  against  a  subsequent  accumulation  of  sand  in  the  chan- 
nel. This  work  was  one  of  the  utmost  importance,  and  the  citizens 
appreciated  fully  what  a  good  harbor  meant  for  the  future  of  the 
town. 

The  population  of  Chicago  in  1831  consisted  of  60  persons,  exclu- 
sive of  Indians  and  half-breeds;  in  1832  there  were  five  stores  and 
250  inhabitants,  and  in  1833  the  population  had  risen  to  the  grand 
total  of  350.  Two  of  the  five  stores  were  drug  stores,  but  they,  like 
the  others,  carried  a  general  assortment  of  goods  of  all  kinds.  All 
of  these  general  stores,  including  the  two  drug  stores,  carried  grocers' 
drugs  and  dyestuffs. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  files  of  the  early  newspapers  for  much  of 
the  information  we  have  been  able  to  obtain  concerning  pioneer 
druggists  and  drug  stores.  These  merchants  were  among  the  prin- 
cipal patrons  of  the  newspapers  as  advertisers,  contributors  and  sub 
scribers.  The  founding  of  the  first  newspaper  in  Chicago  is  and 
was,  therefore,  an  event  of  much  importance.  The  first  newspaper 
in  Chicago  was  the  Chicago  Democrat,  which  was  founded  Nov,  26, 
1833,  by  John  Calhoun,  editor  and  publisher.  The  paper  was  first 
known  as  the  Chicago  Weekly  Democrat  and  its  first  office  was  at 
the  corner  of  Clark  and  South  Water  streets.  In  1836  the  paper  was 
sold  to  "Long"  John  Wentworth,  who  continued  its  publication. 
The  second  newspaper  in  Chicago  was  known  as  the  Chicago  Weekly 
American,  and  was  established  in  the  summer  of  1835  by  T  C. 
Davis  as  a  Whig  paper.      Both  papers  later  on  began  the  issue  of 


288 

daily  editions.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  during  the  period  from 
January  1  to  May  20,  18^5,  the  publication  of  the  Democrat  was  sus- 
pended on  account  of  the  lack  of  paper,  the  needed  supply  of  which 
did  not  come  to  hand  prior  to  the  close  of  navigation. 

The  first  public  ferry  was  operated  at  the  foot  of  Dearborn  street 
and  was  opened  in  September,  1833.  Prior  to  this  time  Mark 
Beaubien  owned  and  conducted  a  ferry  at  the  junction  of  Lake  street 
and  the  river.  Other  ferries  ca-ne  into  existence  later  on,  one  being 
at  Clark  street  and  another  at  Lake  street  after  Mark  Beaubien's  in- 
cumbency. The  first  draw-bridge  in  Chicago  was  built  in  1834  at 
Dearborn  street.  Another  device  in  use  as  a  bridge  was  made  of 
planks  in  the  form  of  a  float  extending  between  low  piers  on  either 
side  of  the  river.  On  the  float  was  a  windlass  with  ropes  attached 
so  that  the  bridge  could  be  turned  down  stream  or  up  stream  as 
might  be  desirable. 

It  was  in  1834  that  the  great  land  boom  began  which  ended  with 
the  panic  of  1837.  The  cession  of  the  Indian  lands,  the  removal  of 
the  Indians,  the  projected  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  and  the 
marketing  of  the  canal  lands  together  with  the  floods  of  paper  money 
issued  by  the  Bank  of  Illinois  and  its  Chicago  branch,  and  the  paper 
of  other  banks  in  the  east  and  south,  induced  a  spirit  of  recklessness 
and  speculation  which  raised  the  land  in  and  around  the  newly  or- 
ganized town  of  Chicago  to  preposterous  prices  considering  the 
times.  Lots  sold  at  from  $1,000  to  $15,000  each  and  the  whole 
country  near  Chicago  was  platted  off  on  paper  into  town  lots.  The 
knowledge  concerning  the  rich  and  fertile  territory  to  the  west  and 
the  constant  passage  of  emigrants  to  the  new  lands  for  which  Chicago 
was  the  forwarding  station  and  supply  depot  were  other  factors  which 
brought  on  the  boom.  When  the  bubble  burst  lots  sold  for  what  the 
seller  could  get,  and  often  he  could  get  nothing.  One  hundred  dol- 
lars for  a  lot  that  cost  ten  times  that  sum  was  looked  upon  as  a 
fortunate  deal  for  the  seller. 

Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.,  Dr.  Valentine  Boyer  and  others  were  in- 
terested as  contractors  and  purveyors  of  supplies  in  the  building  of 
the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal.  The  venture  caused  the  failure  of 
those  gentlemen  and  of  nearly  everyone  else  connected  with  it. 

The  first  hotel  in  Chicago  was  the  log  cabin  of  Mark  Beaubien  al- 
ready mentioned.  The  Sauganaah  hotel  was  erected  in  the  early  thirties 
beside  the  little  log  cabin  and  adjoining  it.  The  ians  of  the  period 
were  quite  numerous,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  details  con- 
cerning them.  The  Tremont  House,  however,  may  be  mentioned 
with  propriety,  since  it  has  now  an  intimate  connection  with  the 
educational  side  of  pharmacy  by  reason  of  its  purchase  by  the  North- 
western University  as  a  home  for  its  professional  schools.  This  hotel 
was  built  in  1833  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Lake  and  Dearborn 
streets,  diagonally  across  from  its  present  location.  It  was  bought 
by  the  Couch  family  soon  after.  It  burned  in  1839,  was  rebuilt  in 
1840  on  its  present  corner,  burned  again  in  1849,  was  rebuilt  in  the 
same  location  in  1850,  burned  again  in  1871,  and  again  was  rebuilt. 


239 

The  first  census  of  the  inhabitants  of  Chicago  was  taken  on  July 
1,  1837,  and  showed  a  population  of  4,170  people.  There  were  398 
dwellings,  four  warehouses,  29  dry  goods  stores,  five  drug  stores,  10 
taverns,  26  grocery  stores,  five  churches  and  two  book  stores.  There 
were  20  doctors,  17  lawyers  and  25  mechanics'  shops,  one  brewery, 
one  saw  mill  and  one  flour  mill.  It  took  from  twenty  to  thirty  days 
to  get  from  Chicago  to  New  York  and  the  regular  freight  rate  be- 
tween the  two  points  was  $1.50  per  100  pounds  via  the  Hudson  river, 
Erie  canal  and  lakes  to  Chicago. 

It  is  not  definitely  known  when  the  first  stock  of  medical  supplies 
was  shipped  to  Chicago.  So  far  as  the  records  show,  however,  they 
were  probably  brought  by  Dr.  John  Cooper,  who  was  surgeon's  mate 
at  Fort  Dearborn  in  1810.  Doctor  Cooper  left  the  fort  the  following 
year  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Isaac  Van  Voorhis,  who  was  one  of 
those  slain  at  the  Fort  Dearborn  massacre,  Aug.  15,  1812.  The  next 
member  of  the  medical  profession  to  appear  upon  the  scene  was  Dr. 
Alexander  Wolcott,  who  was  appointed  Indian  agent  at  Fort  Dear- 
born in  1820.  Doctor  Wolcott  performed  the  duties  of  physician  and 
Indian  agent  as  well,  having  a  small  store  of  medicines  among  his 
other  ejBFects.  These  he  dispensed  himself  as  occasion  required. 
Doctor  Wolcott  remained  at  his  post  until  the  time  of  his  death  in 
1830.  During  the  period  of  his  incumbency  three  other  surgeons 
were  connected  with  the  post  at  different  times.  In  1823,  Dr.  Thomas 
P.  Hall  was  assistant  surgeon,  but  remained  only  a  year.  From  Oct. 
3,  1828,  to  Dec.  14,  1830,  Dr.  C.  A.  Finley  was  assistant  surgeon, 
coming  with  two  companies  of  troops  and  bringing,  in  the  language 
of  the  order,  "suitable  hospital  supplies  for  the  posts  to  be  estab- 
lished and  re-occupied  "  In  May,  1830,  Dr  Elijah  Dewey  Harmon 
arrived  in  Chicago,  and  in  the  absence  of  Doctor  Finley,  took  that 
gentleman's  place  as  post  surgeon.  Doctor  Harmon,  after  whom 
Harmon  Court  was  named,  came  west  to  better  his  financial  condi- 
tion, and  appears  to  be  the  first  medical  man  who  ever  came  to  Chi- 
cago of  his  own  free  will  and  accord.  On  the  15th  of  July,  1831,  P. 
F.  W.  Peck  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  a  general  store.  Among 
the  articles  he  offered  for  sale  were  aloes,  alum,  borax,  copperas, 
Grlauber  salt,  Epsom  salt,  sulphur  and  dye  stuffs. 

Assistant  Surgeon  G.  I.  DeCamp  arrived  on  June  17,  1832,  with 
two  companies  of  troops,  and  on  July  10th  of  the  same  year  came 
General  Scott  with  his  command  on  board  the  schooner  "Sheldon 
Thompson."  Then  began  the  real  pharmaceutical  history  of  Chi- 
cago, and  we  are  brought  back  to  the  little  log  cabin  of  Mark  Beau- 
bien  at  Lake  and  Market  streets,  whose  four  rough  walls  sheltered 
the  first  real  drug  store  in  Chicago. 

When  the  troops  of  General  Scott  arrived  they  brought  with  them 
the  cholera.  Those  already  in  the  fort  were  immediately  isolated 
and  placed  in  charge  of  Dr.  Harmon,  who  ascribed  his  success  in 
treating  the  few  cases  which  appeared  among  the  troops  under  him 
to  the  fact  that  he  did  not  use  calomel  in  their  treatment.  Dr. 
DeCamp,  who  remained  with  the  main  body  of  troops,  said  that  of 
the  1,000  men  in  the  fort  20  per  cent  had  the  cholera. 


240 

Eight  days  after  the  arrival  of  General  Scott  and  his  troops  came 
a  young  man  from  New  England,  who  was  destined  to  make  his  mark 
as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  coming  city.  He  came  to  Chicago 
from  a  drug  store  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  having  previously  closed  out  his 
business  there  and  shipped  a  stock  of  drugs  to  Fort  Dearborn.  He 
came  by  rail  to  Schenectady,  by  canal  to  Buffalo,  by  steamboat  to 
Detroit  and  by  mud  wagon  to  Niles,  Michigan,  from  whence  he  pro- 
ceeded by  lighter  to  St.  Joseph  where  he  and  a  companion,  George 
W.  Snow,  began  an  adventurous  journey  around  the  head  of  the  lake 
in  a  canoe.  The  circumstances  of  this  journey  will  be  described 
more  fully  in  another  place.  The  hero  of  it  was  Philo  Carpenter, 
pioneer  and  pharmacist,  and  he  reached  the  present  limits  of  Chicago 
in  a  canoe  towed  by  two  Indians  on  July  17,  18B2,  arriving  at  Fort 
Dearborn  the  next  morning  in  an  ox  wagon.  He  at  once  began  his 
ministrations  for  the  relief  of  the  cholera  sufferers.  He  detected  life 
in  one  young  man  supposed  to  be  dead  and  by  prompt  and  efficient 
work  rescued  him  from  a  premature  burial.  During  this  trying  time 
the  assistance  of  Mr.  Carpenter  as  nurse  and  pharmacist  was  invalu- 
able. Being  a  man  of  powerful  and  wiry  physique,  great  sympathies 
and  indomitable  perseverance  and  courage,  no  duty  was  too  hard  for 
him  to  undertake  for  the  sake  of  the  sick  and  the  suffering. 

When  his  goods  arrived  in  August,  1832,  Mr.  Carpenter  opened 
the  first  drug  store  in  Chicago  in  the  log  cabin  above  described. 
This  cabin,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  owned  by  Mark  Beaubienand 
was  situated  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Lake  and  Market  streets.  At 
the  time  Mr.  Carpenter  rented  it  for  his  drug  store  it  was  the  only 
vacant  structure  in  Chicago,  and  although  it  was  small  and  rough 
and  next  door  to  the  public  bar  of  the  Sauganash  hotel,  it  was  taken 
as  a  last  resort.  Mr.  Carpenter  was  strict  in  his  temperance  prin- 
ciples and  hated  the  use  or  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors.  Being  also  a 
man  of  profound  religious  convictions  and  some  austerity,  it  may 
well  be  imagined  that  he  found  the  merry  crowd  at  the  Sauganash 
with  the  best  fiddler  in  town  as  the  host  rather  too  lively  for  his 
tastes.  The  cabin  of  which  we  speak  had  originally  been  used  by 
Mr.  Beaubien  as  an  inn  on  a  small  scale,  but  was  abandoned  when 
he  built  the  Sauganash  hotel  early  in  1832.  The  Sauganash  was  a 
two  story  frame  structure  painted  white,  with  bright  blue  blinds  and 
was  a  very  pretentious  building  for  the  times.  It  stood  on  Market 
street  adjoining  the  little  log  house,  which  presented  the  singular  ap- 
pearance of  a  ''lean-to"  occupying  one  of  the  most  prominent  corners 
in  town.  Early  settlers  will  remember  that  the  corner  was  the  site 
of  the  old  Wigwam  where  Lincoln  was  first  nominated  for  president, 
while  more  recent  arrivals  in  the  city  will  recognize  the  location  as 
the  present  site  of  Reid,  Murdoch  &  Company's  wholesale  grocery 
house.  Mr.  Beaubien  relates  that  sometimes  when  the  Sauganash 
was  fall  of  guests  he  used  to  put  the  overflow  in  the  log  house.  Fur- 
niture and  bedding  were  scarce,  so  the  late  comers  had  to  take 
blankets  and  sleep  on  the  floor.  If  still  later  guests  came  he  would 
quietly  remove  the  blankets  from  those  who  were  asleep  and  give 
them  to  the  last  arrivals. 


241 

In  the  latter  part  of  1882  or  the  first  of  the  following  yearJVJr.  Car- 
penter removed  his  store  to  the  log  cabin  of  George  W.  Dole  at  South 
Water  and  Clark  streets  previously  used  by  Newberry  &  Dole  as  a 
commission  house,  where  he  remained  until  the  autumn  of  1833. 
Prior  to  this  time  he  had  bought  two  20-foot  lots  on  South  Water 
street  80  feet  east  of  Wells  street.  For  these  he  paid  $75.  Here  he 
erected  some  time  in  1833  a  two-story  frame  building  covering  both 
lots,  the  lumber  for  which  double  store  was  hauled  from  Indiana  on 
ox  wagons,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  he  moved  his  drug  stock  into 
the  west  apartment  and  rented  the  east  store  to  Russell  &  Clift  as  a 
book  store.  It  may  be  well  to  say  here  that  the  book  stores  of  the 
period  were  the  authorized  agents  for  a  number  of  patent  medicines. 
Thus,  Stephen  F,  Gale,  one  of  the  early  booksellers,  advertised  that 
he  was  the  sole  agent  for  Brandreth's  Pills  and  that  their  sale  was 
not  entrusted  to  druggists.  Russell  &  Clift  bad  the  agency  for  Mor- 
rison's Vegetable  Pills.  Book  stores  also  sold  tooth  brushes,  combs 
and  a  general  line  of  druggists'  sundries. 

The  original  intention  of  Mr,  Carpenter  was  to  run  a  drug  store 
exclusively,  but  owing  to  the  peculiar  conditions  with  which  all  mer- 
chants at  that  time  were  surrounded,  he  found  himself  compelled  to 
broaden  the  scope  of  his  business.  For  this  there  were  several  rea- 
sons. Another  drug  and  general  store  had  been  started  in  1833 — 
that  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co. — and  the  town  was  not  yet  large  enough 
to  support  two  stores  dealing  exclusively  in  drugs,  nor  was  it  large 
enough  properly  to  support  one  store  of  that  class.  The  population 
in  1§33  was  estimated  at  about  350  people,  so  that  in  order  to  make 
any  money  druggists  had  to  branch  out  into  general  lines.  The 
other  stoires  carried  grocers'  drugs  and  dyestufPs,  and,  owing  to  the 
scarcity  of  currency,  a  large  part  of  the  business  done  was  by  a  sys- 
tem of  barter  called  "store  pay."  Farmers  and  others  who  needed 
goods  took  what  they  had  to  sell  and  traded  it  at  the  stores  for  what 
they  needed.  The  storekeeper  then  had  to  dispose  of  the  goods  so 
left  in  whatever  way  might  be  most  advantageous.  In  this  manner 
every  merchant  in  a  short  time  was  compelled  to  become  a  general 
storekeeper  unless  he  was  inclined  to  do  a  credit  business  entirely. 

To  illustrate  the  stock  kept  by  the  early  druggists  it  is  interesting 
to  note  that  in  the  Chicago  Democrat  of  Nov.  26,  1833,  Vol.  I,  No  1, 
Mr.  Carpenter  advertised  a  general  assortment  of  drugs,  medicines, 
oils,  paints  and  dyestufPs;  also  dry  groceries,  window  glass,  nails, 
hardware,  boots  and  shoes,  ready  made  clothing,  leather  and  every- 
thing found  in  a  general  store.  The  store  was  designated  by  the 
sign  of  the  golden  mortar  and  bore  the  legend  conspicuously  placed, 
"Established  in  1832."  The  other  competitor  in  the  drug  line  car- 
ried a  similar  stock. 

The  scarcity  of  currency  has  been  spoken  of  in  connection  with 
the  system  of  store  pay,  and  it  was  this  scarcity  that  was  responsible 
for  the  system.  During  the  period  of  which  we  speak  very  little 
American  gold  was  in  circulation.     What  gold  coins  there  were  con- 

-16   H. 


242 

sisted  of  English  sovereigns  and  half-sovereigns  and  the  French 
Louis  d'Or.  The  silver  money  was  principally  made  up  of  Mexican 
coins,  and  were  called  the  New  York  sixpence,  the  shilling  and  two 
shilling  piece.  If  coins  were  much  worn,  a  scratch  in  the  form  of 
an  X  was  made  across  them  and  then  the  sixpence,  shilliag  and 
double  shilling  pieces  passed  for  5,  10  and  20  cents  each  respectively, 
instead  of  for  6,  12|  and  25  cents  each. 

Thompson's  Bank  Note  Reporter  was  the  authority  as  to  the  value 
and  genuineness  of  all  money,  whether  of  metal  or  paper.  Prior  to 
1885  practically  the  only  currency  available  was  the  silver  coin  just 
referred  to  and  traders'  scrip  which  was  good  for  merchandise. 
About  1884,  however,  when  the  land  boom  began,  the  necessity  for 
more  currency  became  acute  and  the  banks  began  issuing  paper. 
The  State  Bank  of  Illinois  issued  paper  money  and  opened  a  branch 
in  Chicago,  of  which  branch  bank  Peter  Pruyne  was  a  director. 
Eastern  and  southern  banks  also  issued  paper,  which  found  its  way 
to  the  west.  The  town  issued  scrip  good  for  taxes;  merchants  issued 
scrip  good  for  merchandise,  or  good  for  about  anything  from  a  night's 
lodging  to  a  drink  at  the  bar.  Canal  scrip  was  much  used  and  State 
Auditor's  scrip  was  popular.  Of  all  this  paper,  some  was  good  and 
the  rest  ranged  downward  in  all  degrees  of  badness  to  utter  worth- 
lessness. 

The  Chicago  branch  of  the  State  Bank  was  opened  in  December, 
1835,  and  the  bank  and  all  it  branches  suspended  payment  and  failed 
utterly  in  1837.  Such  were  a  few  of  the  conditions  with  which  early 
merchants,  druggists  as  well  as  others  had  to  contend. 

The  question  of  freight  and  transportation  was  one  of  great  mo- 
ment. There  were  no  railroads  and  nearly  all  the  lake  traflBc  was  in 
sailing  vessels.  Steam  craft  were  few  and  far  between.  It  took  14 
days  undf r  good  conditions  for  a  letter  to  go  from  Chicago  to  New 
York.  For  freight  to  come  from  New  York  required  a  much  longer 
period,  the  date  of  its  arrival  being  an  uncertain  quantity  depend- 
ent upon  the  caprice  of  wind  and  wave.  The  first  shipment  of 
western  produce  left  the  port  of  Chicago  for  the  east  on  the  schooner 
"Napoleon"  April  17,  1888  It  consisted  of  beef  tallow  and  hides, 
and  210|  pounds  of  beeswax.  This  shipment  was  made  by  George 
W.  Dole,  In  the  latter  part  of  the  same  year  he  shipped  a  quantity 
of  ginseng  and  flax  seed.  We  find  that  in  1847  drugs  and  medicine 
were  imported  to  Chicago  to  the  amount  of  $92,081.41.  In  tre  same 
year  was  exported  5,390  pounds  of  beeswax,  2,262  bushels  of  flax 
seed,  520  bushels  of  mustard  seed  and  3,625  pounds  of  ginseng  root. 
One  of  the  standing  want  ads  of  a  Chicago  wholesale  drug  house  at 
this  time  (1847)  was  as  follows:  "Wanted— 1,000  lbs.  beeswax;  1,000 
lbs.  ginseng  root;  500  lbs.  safi^ron;  1,000  lbs.  Senega  snake  root." 

In  July,  1838,  a  public  meeting  was  held  to  decide  whether  or 
not  the  town  should  be  incorporated,  and  here  a  druggist  becomes  a 
factor  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  town.  In  the  drug  store  of  Peter 
Pruyne  &  Company  this  important  meeting  was  held,  and  Dr.  Edward 
S.  Kimberly,  the  druggist  of  the  firm,  was  secretary  of  the  meeting. 


243 

There  were  12  votes  for  incorporation  and  one  against.  At  the  election, 
which  was  held  the  following  month,  it  was  found  that  there  were  28 
qualified  voters,  of  whom  18  were  candidates.  The  trustees  elected 
were  T.  J.  V.  Owen,  George  W.  Dole,  Madore  B.  Beaubien,  John 
Miller  and  E,  S  Kimberly.  Philo  Carpents  r  was  a  candidate  and 
received  one  vote,  but  several  other  worthy  citizens  fared  no  better. 
It  may  have  been  the  general  impression  that  Mr.  Carpenter's  scru- 
ples against  the  sale  and  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  might  cause  a 
certain  awkwardness  if  he  were  a  member  of  the  governing  body  of 
a  young  and  flourishing  city.  The  suggestion  is  our  own.  We  find 
no  reason  stated  in  the  records  for  his  defeat. 

The  drug  store  in  which  the  meeting  noted  above  was  held  was  the 
second  drug  store  in  Chicago.  The  house  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co., 
as  already  noted,  was  not  an  exclusive  drug  store.  It  was  a  general 
store  with  a  drug  department  under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Kimberly. 
Peter  Pruyne  appeared  as  managing  partner  of  the  general  business 
and  to  save  the  ethical  standing  of  Dr.  Kimberly,  who  furnished  the 
capital,  but  could  not  properly  appear  at  the  head  of  a  mercantile  es- 
tablishment while  engaged  actively  in  the  practice  of  medicine. 

As  Philo  Carpenter  was  the  first  druggist  in  Chicago  and  Peter 
Pruyne  &  Co.  the  second  druggists;  W.  H.  &  A.  F.  Clarke  were  the 
third,  Frederick  Thomas  the  fourth;  L.  M.  Boyce  the  fifth;  Erastus 
Dewey  the  sixth;  and  Sidney  Sawyer  the  seventh.  Each  of  these 
will  be  spoken  of  more  fully  in  another  part  of  this  chronicle. 

From  1834  to  1860,  several  druggists  were  members  of  the  board  of 
health  during  various  years.  Among  them  were  Dr.  E.  S.  Kimberly, 
F.  C.  Hargaman,  F.  A.  Bryan,  F.  Mahla  and  Ambrose  Burnham. 

Botanic  remedies  "the  herbs  and  roots"  were  in  vogue  during  the 
30's,  for  in  1835  a  druggist  named  W.  G.  Austin  advertised  botanic 
and  Thompsonian  medicines.  Another,  John  J.  Keenan,  advertised 
vapor  baths,  botanical  and  Thompsonian  medicines. 

The  second  decade  in  the  history  of  pharmacy  in  Chicago,  that 
from  1840  to  1850,  was  one  of  progress  and  development.  The  finan- 
cial crisis  of  1837  had  left  business  enterprises  of  all  kinds  stranded 
and  helpless,  and  it  was  not  until  the  early  40's  that  commercial 
activity  began  again  to  re-assert  itself.  At  the  opening  of  the  decade 
there  were  four  drug  stores  in  Chicago  that  had,  with  more  or  less 
success,  weathered  the  financial  storm.  These  were  the  houses  of 
Philo  Carpenter,  Clarke  &  Co.,  L,  M.  Boyce  and  Sidney  Sawyer. 
Each  one  kept  also  a  general  line  of  goods.  By  the  operation  of  a 
general  bankruptcy  act  passed  by  Congress  in  1842,  general  pros- 
perity began  to  revive  and  with  it  the  prosperity  of  the  four  drug 
stores. 

In  1845  a  drugstore  appeared  without  the  lines  of  a  general  store. 
Drugs,  chemicals  and  medicines  and  the  usual  other  lines  of  an  ex- 
clusive drug  establishment  were  carried.  This  store  was  owned  by 
the  firm  of  Stebbins  &  Reed,  who  had  been  encouraged  to  locate 
here  by  the  advice  of  L.  M.  Boyce,  who,  when  approached  by  Mr. 
Reed,  told  him  that  Chicago  was  the  right  place  to  which  to  come  to 


244 

begin  the  drug  business,  and  gave  Mr.  Reed  every  assurance  of  his 
sympathy  and  practical  assistance  should  he  and  his  partner  decide 
to  locate  here.  Before  the  end  of  this  decade  we  find  other  firms, 
such  as  BrinckerhofP  &  Penton;  F.  Scammon;  Sears  &  Bay;  Louis 
Warlich;  Henry  Bowman  &Co. ;  Frederick  Rosemerckle;  and  George 
Bormann. 

The  exterior  of  the  drug  stores  of  early  days  was  not  imposing. 
There  was  no  plate  glass  for  the  windows  and  the  panes  were  small. 
The  windows  usually  set  out  a  little  on  the  sidewalk  and  at  night 
were  covered  with  board  shutters  with  an  iron  strap  passing  around 
the  boards  and  fastening  to  the  wall  to  hold  the  whole  togetlier. 
Fanciful  names  and  signs  were  in  eommon  use,  such  as  the  sign  of 
"The  Golden  Mortar,"  "The  Good  Samaritan,"  "The  Checkered 
Drug  Store,"  "Apothecary  Hall,"  "The  New  York  Cheap  Cash  Drug 
Store,"  etc. 

The  furniture  of  the  early  drug  stores  was  simple  and  plain,  the 
prescription  case  being  then  as  now  a  prominent  feature  of  the  store. 
The  drawers  then  in  use  were  much  larger,  the  shelf  bottles  were 
not  so  generally  glass  stoppered  and  their  arrangement  was  the  re- 
verse of  that  now  in  vogue,  the  larger  ones  being  on  the  top  shelves. 
Wide  mouthed,  glass-stoppered  bottles  were  not  common,  but  a  spe- 
cie jar  with  a  tin  cover  was  used.  The  labels  of  the  drawers  and  the 
glass  shelf  ware  were  of  bronze  paper.  Glass  show  cases  were  an 
almost  unknown  quantity,  and  shelving  enclosed  by  glass  doors  was 
not  even  dreamed  of.  The  show  bottles  for  the  windows  were  then 
about  as  they  are  now,  except  that  they  were  larger  and  consisted  of 
more  pieces,  the  lower  one  holding  from  three  to  five  gallons  of 
water.  The  ponderous  iron  mortar,  a  tincture  press  and  a  Swift's 
drug  mill  were  the  ever  present  dread  of  the  apprentice. 

There  were  some  differences  between  the  stocks  kept  by  early 
druggists  and  those  now  found  in  modern  drug  stores.  There  were 
more  drugs,  chemicals,  paints,  oils,  varnishes  and  dye  stuffs  then 
than  now,  for  people  came  to  the  drug  store  for  about  everything 
they  could  not  get  at  the  dry  goods  or  grocery  stores. 

Druggists  did  a  large  business  aside  from  furnishing  medicines 
for  the  saddle  bags  of  the  country  physicians.  They  not  only  sup- 
plied the  country  merchants,  but  also  the  newly  opened  lumber 
camps  with  such  things  as  castor  oil,  sweet  oil,  essence  of  lemon, 
peppermint,  cinnamon  and  wintergreen;  with  British  oil,  Bateman's 
drops,  Turlington's  balsam.  Godfrey's  cordial,  condition  powders, 
seidlitz  powders,  soda  powders,  quinine,  calomel,  blue  mass,  aloes, 
opium  and  the  common  roots  and  herbs  such  as  boneset  and  hore- 
hound,  not  forgetting  the  then  known  patent  or  proprietary  medi- 
cines, and  the  grocers'  drugs  so-called,  such  as  borax,  epsom  and 
glauber  salt,  copperas,  sal  soda,  saleratus,  alum,  etc.  Much  stuff 
such  as  above  described  was  also  sold  in  packages  to  peddlers  who 
made  the  rounds  of  the  country  districts  in  covered  wagons.  The 
farmers  brought  in  beeswax,  ginseng  root,  flax  seed,  hemp  seed,  etc., 
which  they  used  in  trade  along  with  other  produce  in  lieu  of  cur- 
rency. 


245 

In  the  early  days  there  was  a  great  demand  for  English  and  French 
drugs  and  chemicals,  such  as  English  calomel  and  French  quinine. 
This  calomel  was  not  always  free  from  corrosive  sublimate  and  dur- 
ing the  60'  several  deaths  resulted  from  this  cause. 

Patent  medicines  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  business  of  the 
drug  stores  during  these  times,  but  as  we  have  already  noted,  the 
book  stores  enjoyed  exclusive  privileges  on  many  of  these  brands. 
The  patents  sold  by  drug  stores  were  of  great  variety,  however,  even 
then,  and  included  such  goods  as  Bristol's  Sarsaparilla,  Sawyer's  Ex- 
tract of  Bark,  Morrison's  Hygeian  Pills,  Lee's  English  Vegetable 
Pills,  Dewey's  Cholera  Elixir,  Doctor  Egan's  Sarsaparilla,  etc. 

Among  the  many  things  sold  was  rattlesnake  oil,  which  came  by 
the  barrel  and  was  supposed  by  laymen  to  bo  a  prime  specific  for 
rheumatism.  Elephant  oil  was  reputed  to  give  a  strong  light,  as 
good  as  that  of  sperm  oil,  and  it  sold  at  about  a  third  less  than  the 
latter  commodity.  In  February,  1841,  Sidney  Sawyer  advertised 
that  he  had  just  received  six  barrels  of  corn  oil.  We  know  what  corn 
oil  is  now,  but  at  that  period  what  was  it?  In  1852  John  Sears  ad- 
vertised Sea  Serpent  Oil  as  a  preparation  highly  recommended  by 
the  London,  Edinburgh  and  United  States  pharmacopoeias  for  the 
cure  of  coughs,  colds,  etc.     Was  this  Cod  Liver  Oil? 

The  proprietors  of  the  early  drug  stores  of  the  West  were  men  of 
education  and  strong  personality.  They  conducted  themselves  with 
becoming  dignity,  were  looked  up  to  by  their  fellow  citizens  and  have 
left  a  record  of  which  their  descendants  may  well  be  proud.  The 
fiirst  druggist  in  Chicago  was  foremost  in  all  charitable  and  philan- 
thropic movements,  the  second  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Rush 
Medical  College  and  was  a  leader  among  the  men  who  had  the  politi- 
cal and  economic  welfare  of  the  community  at  heart.  Another  was 
prominent  in  organizing  the  first  fire  department,  still  another  was 
foremost  in  the  advocacy  of  sanitary  measures  for  minimizing 
Zymotic  diseases  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  and  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  and  there  was  still 
another  who  originated  the  present  system  of  tunnels  and  cribs  for 
supplying  Chicago  with  potable  water  from  the  lake.  Another  be- 
came prominently  identified  with  Chicago's  manufacturing  interests, 
and  so  citations  might  be  multiplied. 

Coming  to  the  clerks,  we  find  that  they  also  were  men  of  sterling 
worth.  Those  who  are  still  alive  are  to  be  found  as  leaders  of  the 
profession  in  this  city  or  wherever  they  may  be  located  between  here 
and  the  Pacific  coast.  The  salary  of  a  drug  clerk  in  those  days  did 
not  depend  on  how  many  nostrums  he  sold,  but  upon  what  his  knowl- 
edge and  skill  were  in  preparing  and  dispensing  drugs  and  medicines, 
These  qualifications  fixed  his  compensation  and  his  employer's  esti- 
mate of  him. 

With  regard  to  apprentices,  while  it  was  not  customary  to  make  writ- 
ten indentures  of  apprenticeship,  yet  there  was  invariably  a  contract, 
verbal  or  written,  to  the  effect  that  the  apprenticeship  should  cover  a 
period  of  four  years,    The  compensation  was  usually  fixed  at  the  rate  of 


246 

$100  for  the  first  year  with  an  additional  raise  of  $100  for  each  suc- 
ceeding year.  To  be  an  apprentice  in  the  drug  business  in  those 
days  was  any  thing  but  an  enviable  position;  in  fact,  the  work  re- 
quired from  the  apprentice  deterred  many  from  continuing  in  the 
business  until  they  had  served  their  full  time  and  become  competent 
to  assume  the  position  and  duties  of  a  clerk.  Very  few  retail  stores 
had  a  porter  to  do  the  hard  work,  hence  it  was  a  continual  grind  for 
the  apprentice  from  morning  until  night.  He  had  to  sweep  out  the 
store  and  dust  the  shelf-ware  daily,  mop  the  floor  and  wash  the 
windows  weekly,  wash  the  bottles,  grind  in  the  mill  or  powder  in  the 
mortar  all  the  drugs,  roots,  barks,  etc.,  not  omitting  to  mention  the 
tedious  process  of  making  mercurial  ointment.  He  powdered  the 
gum  resins  in  the  cold  winter  days,  ran  all  the  errands  and  made  him- 
self generally  useful  to  everybody  and  did  everything  that  he  was 
able  to  do.  When  the  evening  came  it  was  expected  that  he  would 
study  the  dispensatory,  beginning  with  A  and  going  through  to  Z, 
and  later,  when  the  soda  fountain  was  added  to  the  equipment  of 
the  store,  he  was  entrusted  with  this  additional  work.  Many  fell 
by  the  wayside  and  took  up  other  occupations,  but  those  who  had 
the  courage  to  remain  received  a  training  which  made  them  leaders 
in  their  profession. 

The  literature  of  the  pioneer  druggist  was  very  meagre,  his  pro- 
fessional library  being  a  copy  of  the  United  States  Dispensatory  or 
Coxe's  American  Dispensatory,  sometimes  a  stray  copy  of  the  Lon- 
don, Edinburgh  or  Dublin  Dispensatories,  and  possibly  a  copy  of 
Kane's  or  Fownes'  Chemistry.  The  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy, 
the  first  publication  in  the  English  language  devoted  to  pharmacy, 
reached  us  in  the  40s  and  in  1856  the  Druggists'  Circular  and  Chem- 
ical Gazette  became  a  monthly  visitor  in  the  more  progressive  stores. 
The  real  lore  of  the  drug  business,  however,  was  confined  to  the 
private  formulary  of  the  store.  In  this  important  time  was  found  a 
collection  not  only  of  private  formulas,  but  also  of  official  formulas 
and  processes  of  the  pharmacopoeias  and  other  standard  works. 

The  earliest  educational  efforts  of  a  scientific  character  made  in 
Chicago  date  back  to  the  winter  of  1840,  when  Dr.  John  T.  Temple 
gave  a  public  course  of  lectures  on  chemistry,  supplemented  in  1843 
by  the  regular  course  in  Rush  Medical  College.  The  following 
extract  from  the  Chicago  Daily  American  of  May  16,  1842,  may  not  be 
devoid  of  interest  in  this  connection:  "We  understand  that  Doctor 
Brainard  has  accepted  the  appointment  of  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the 
St.  Louis  University,  but  will  not  be  absent  from  Chicago  except 
during  the  continuance  of  the  winter  courses." 

In  1853  the  American  Pharmaceutical  association  issued  a  circular 
letter  making  inquiry  into  the  condition  of  pharmacy  as  it  existed  in 
the  various  sections  of  the  country.  A  correspondent  member  was 
appointed  for  Illinois,  the  result  of  which  action  was  that  three  Chi- 
cago druggists  became  member  of  the  association.  From  this  time 
on  there  was  a  rapid  advance  in  the  professional  sice  of  the  drug 


247 

business,  and  the  names  of  Charles  Ellis,  William  Procter  Edward 
Parrish  and  other  members  of  the  national  organization  became 
familiar  shop  words. 

A  movement  was  started  for  the  establishment  of  a  school  of  phar- 
macy  and  was  so  well  received  by  members  of  the  trade  that  the  Chi- 
cago College  of  Pharmacy  was  organized  and  incorporated,  and  in  the 
winter  of  1859  a  complete  course  was  given  and  continued  until  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1861. 

As  we  have  already  seen,  the  first  attempts  to  maintain  a  drug 
store  pure  and  simple  ended  in  failure,  the  pioneers  who  started  with 
drug  stocks  only  having  later  to  add  the  goods  dold  in  general  stores. 
It  was  not  until  the  '408  that  an  exclusive  drug  store  was  successful, 
and  not  until  1850  did  the  drug  stores  part  company  with  the  lines 
of  the  general  stores.  But  it  must  not  be  assumed  from  this  that 
business  was  generally  poor,  for  quite  the  reverse  seems  to  have  been 
the  case.  Chicago  has  always  been  a  great  grain  market,  and  in  the 
early  days  the  farmers  from  a  radius  of  from  50  to  100  miles  around 
the  city  brought  in  their  grain  and  other  produce  by  wagon  and  re- 
ceived in  exchange  their  necessary  supplies.  Business  was  therefore 
unquestionably  good  in  those  dajs,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  following 
extract  from  the  diary  of  one  of  Chicago's  earliest  druggists,  who 
commenced  business  in  October,  1839,  with  a  $2,000  drug  stock. 

"I  had  no  trouble  in  selling  nearly  everything  for  money  at  a  great 
profit  during  the  course  of  the  winter.  In  December,  1838,  or  Jan- 
uary, 1839,  I  purchased  a  lot  of  drugs  and  medicines  bought  late  in 
the  fall  from  the  east,  amounting  to  about  $300.  These  also  I  sold 
in  the  course  of  the  winter  at  a  fair  profit,  although  they  were  bought 
high.  About  January,  I  sent  an  order  to  Boston  for  about  S500 
worth  of  goods  to  be  shipped  to  this  place  via.  New  Orleans.  They 
arrived  about  the  20th  of  April  and  by  the  middle  of  the  next  month 
they  were  mostly  sold." 

In  1852  the  first  railroad  entered  Chicago  from  the  east.  It  was 
pushed  through  from  Niles,  Mich,,  and  was  known  as  the  Michigan 
Southern  &  Northern  Indiana  railroad.  The  next  one  to  come  in 
was  the  Michigan  Central.  After  these  roads  were  built  goods  were, 
of  course,  much  more  readily  obtained  from  the  eastern  markets. 
The  freight  charges  were  high,  however,  hence  most  of  the  heavy 
goods  were  shipped  via  the  Hudson  river,  Erie  canal  and  lakes  by 
steamer  to  Chicago,  the  lighter  goods  coming  through  by  rail.  It 
was  the  custom  for  the  wholesale  merchants  and  the  larger  retailers 
to  visit  the  eastern  markets  in  the  fall  and  early  spring  for  goods. 
The  railroads  early  learned  a  way  to  increase  their  earnings,  for  as 
soon  as  navigation  closed  in  the  fail,  up  went  the  freight  rates  to  be 
hauled  down  again  to  more  moderate  figures  as  soon  as  navigation 
opened  up  again  in  the  spring. 

Goodo  came  principally  from  New  York  and  Boston — drugs  from 
New  York  and  sundries  from  Boston.  New  York  bills  were  figured 
at  eight  shillings  to  the  dollar  and  Boston  bills  six  shillings.  In  the 
early  days  there  was  much  trade  with  St.  Louis,  which  was  then  the 


248 

metropolis  of  the  west.  We  find  among  the  files  of  a  paper  of  this 
period  the  advertisement  of  Joseph  Charles  &  Co.,  St.  Louis,  im- 
porters aud  wholesale  dealers  in  drugs,  medicines,  paints,  oils  and 
dye  stufiFs. 

The  financial  stringency  which  brought  on  the  several  financial 
crises  caused  Chicago  merchants  to  adopt  various  expedients  for  less- 
ening or  avoiding  the  high  rate  of  exchange  charged  by  eastern 
banks.  Not  the  least  interesting  of  these  expedients  was  the  pur- 
chase of  alcohol  to  be  used  in  the  payment  of  debts,  Other  local  pro- 
ducts such  as  beeswax,  ginseng,  saffron  and  senega  snake  root  were 
used  for  the  same  purpose.  In  order  to  save  the  amount  of  the  high 
exchange  charged,  as  well  as  the  discount  on  western  bank  bills,  these 
products,  especially  alcohol,  were  purchased  by  western  merchants 
and  shipped  east  in  payment  of  accounts.  The  alcohol  thus  used 
was  purchased  from  the  local  distilleries.  It  was  crude  alcohol,  all 
of  the  refined  article  we  got  being  bought  in  New  York.  High  wines 
cost  from  7  to  8  cents  a  gallon,  and  alcohol  from  17  to  20  cents.  We 
exported  both  high  wines  and  alcohol. 

During  the  early  '50s  the  first  chemical  works  of  which  we  have  a 
record  was  established  by  Dr.  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney,  professor  of  chemistry 
in  Rush  Medical  College,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gerhard  Christian 
Paoli,  who  later  became  a  well  known  physician  of  Chicago  and  died 
only  recently.  The  company  made  pure  spirits  from  crude  alcohol, 
which  was  manufactured  here,  but  had  not  before  been  rectified  in 
this  city.  Dr  Paoli's  process  was  a  superior  one  and  he  was  awarded 
several  medals  for  it.  Dr.  Paoli  in  1856  severed  his  connection  with 
the  company  and  took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  His  position  as 
chemist  of  the  company  was  taken  by  A.  Beno  HoflFmann,  a  German 
apothecary  from  Dresden,  who  increased  the  number  of  products 
made  by  the  company.  The  works  were  located  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  river,  at  Chicago  avenue.  Mr.  Hoffman  afterwards  went  into  the 
drug  business  and  remained  in  it  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
after  the  fire.  There  were  several  chemical  manufacturers  in  the 
'60s,  among  whom  were  Mahla  &  Chappell;  J.  Rosenheld  &  Co.; 
Dietz,  Blocki  &  Co.,  Henry  Biroth,  etc.  The  manufacturers  of  lin- 
seed oil  and  lard  oil  included  a  number  of  early  apothecaries,  such  as 
the  Clarkes,  Boyce,  Scammon,  Sears  and  others. 

Side  lines  in  the  '40s  and  '50s  included  surgical  instruments  and 
optical  goods,  opera  glasses,  daguerreotypic  and  photographic  goods. 

During  the  '40s  most  of  the  drug  stores  moved  from  South  Water 
street  on  to  Lake  street.  There  were,  however,  three  German  stores 
in  different  localities,  one  being  on  North  Clark  street,  one  on  East 
Randolph  street  and  a  third  on  Wells  street  (now  Fifth  avenue) . 

Few  physicians  in  the  first  decade  of  the  city's  history  wrote  pre- 
scriptions, but  bought  the  remedies  at  the  drug  stores  and  dispensed 
them  themselves.  The  public  got  at  the  drug  stores  simply  the  com- 
mon drugs,  household  remedies,  dye  stuffs,  patents,  paints,  etc.,  but 
in  1845  Stebbins  &  Reed  entered  the  field  and  went  more  exclusively 
into  the  prescription   business.     A   set  of   prescription   books  was 


249 

started  by  this  firm  in  May,  1845,  and  was  continued  through  the 
successive  firm  changes  until  the  time  of  the  fire  in  1871.  They 
were  saved  from  the  fire  by  W.  K.  Forsyth,  E.  B.  Stuart  and  W.  H. 
Mayuard.  The  books  are  yellow  with  age,  but  are  in  good  condition 
and  all  the  old  formulas  and  prescriptions  can  be  read  easily.  It  is 
evident  that  in  the  early  days  business  was  not  brisk,  for  when  the 
books  were  first  started  there  was  an  average  of  only  two  or  three 
prescriptions  a  day.  The  prices  were  not  materially  diflPerent  from 
those  which  prevail  today,  but  were  expressed  in  shillings  and  pence. 
As  a  rule  prescriptions  were  simple,  consisting  usually  of  not  more 
than  three  ingredients.  Quinine  leads  in  popularity,  with  calomel 
and  blue  mass  close  behind,  and  decoctions  and  infusions  are  fre- 
quent. Not  a  single  proprietary  remedy  is  found  to  have  been  pre- 
scribed. Such  old  terms  as  James'  Powders,  Hepar  Sulphuris,  Sac- 
charum  Saturni  and  Tris  Nitrate  Bismuth,  Tr.  Lyttas,  Emplastrum 
Epistastricum,  are  found.  Lupulin  was  frequently  prescribed  as  an 
anodyne  instead  of  opium,  and  phosphate  of  ammonia  was  often 
used.  Iodide  of  potassium  was  often  designated  as  "hyd.  potassa." 
The  more  prominent  prescribers  are  men  whose  names  are  familiar 
to  those  who  know  the  history  of  this  section  of  the  country.  Among 
them  are  Dr.  Boone,  grandson  of  Daniel  Boone  and  once  mayor  of 
Chicago;  Charles  V.  Dyer,  one  of  the  great  abolitionists;  Dr.  J.  V. 
Z.  Blaney,  the  chemist;  Dr.  Brainerd,  Dr.  Herrick,  Dr.  Knapp  and 
Dr.  Kimberley.  Dr.  Blaney  and  those  whose  names  follow  his  were 
the  founders  of  Rush  Medical  College.  Among  others  Drs.  J.  J. 
Stewart,  Egan,  Duk,  Banks,  Bird,  Maxmeyer,  Maxwell,  Marshall, 
Eldredge,  Beardsley,  were  frequent  prescribers.  Among  the  patients 
were  the  Rev.  Mr  Patterson,  Rev.  Mr.  Bascom,  Mr.  Walter  C.  New- 
berry, who  gave  the  Newberry  library:  P.  F.  W.  Peck,  father  of  the 
commissioner  general  to  the  Paris  exposition;  Andrew  Nelson  and 
Iver  Lawson,  prominent  among  the  pioneer  Norwegians;  Mayors 
Garrett  and  Wentworth  and  others. 

Soda  water  first  became  a  feature  of  drug  store  trade  and  was  by 
the  drug  stores  first  introduced  in  the  thirties.  It  was  first  adver- 
tised by  Sidney  Sawyer  and  Clark  &  Co.,  in  1889.  The  fountains  of 
that  day  were  not  as  those  of  the  present.  Then  the  coolers  and 
tanks  were  under  the  counter  with  the  draught  arm  projecting  up 
through  it.  The  syrup  was  in  bottles  and  the  variety  of  flavors  was 
hardly  so  great  as  at  present.  An  advertisement  in  a  Chicago  paper 
dated  July  15,  1851,  says  that  A.  J.  Miller's  soda  fountain  in  his 
store  on  West  Lake  street  is  doing  a  great  business  and  that  the 
water  is  charged  with  carbonic  gas  up  to  578  pounds  to  the  square 
inch,  or  nearly  40  atmospheres.  (?)  It  is  related  that  during  the 
fifties,  when  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co's.  fine  store  on  Lake  street  was  the 
rendezvous  of  all  the  fashionables,  a  negro  came  in  one  day  and 
called  lor  a  glass  of  soda  water.  The  clerk  refused  to  serve  him. 
The  colored  man  left  in  high  dudgeon  and  from  that  time  on  the 
store  was  tabooed  by  the  colored  population  and  their  sympathizers. 
The  firm  tried  to  make  matters  right  by  putting  in  another  draught 


250 

arm  on  the  other  side  of  the  counter  for  colored  people  only,  but  the 
scheme  failed  to  work  and  the  additional  space  was  finally  fitted  up 
for  ladies  and  children, 

The  stores  of  this  period  were  as  a  rule  far  superior  in  their  fur- 
nishing and  equipment  to  the  earlier  drug  stores.  In  this  connec- 
tion we  note  the  following  announcement  of  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co.  in 
the  Chicago  Daily  Democrat  of  Oct.  29,  1851: 

"Splendid  Store. — Messrs.  J.  H.  Reed  &  Company,  Druggists. 
have  removed  their  business  from  their  old  stand  at  159  Lake  street, 
to  the  spacious  and  handsome  block  at  144  Lake  street,  erected  this 
season  by  Mr.  J.  Price.  The  store  is  fitted  up  in  the  most  magnifi- 
cent style,  with  marble  mosaic  floors,  Italian  marble  counters,  etc  , 
while  tastefully  arranged  around  are  statuary,  vases,  urns,  etc.  In 
fact,  the  fitting  up  is  not  excelled  by  that  of  any  similar  establish- 
ment in  the  country." 

"Messrs.  Reed  &  Company  intend  doing  an  exclusively  prescrip- 
tion business  at  their  new  store,  the  back  and  upper  alone  being 
used  for  the  wholesale  trade." 

It  was  during  the  decade  of  which  we  speak  that  the  shelve- 
glassware  of  the  stores  began  to  take  on  a  finer  finish  and  quality.  It 
was  uniformly  glass  stoppered,  the  saltmouthed  bottles  being  used. 
Glass  labels  such  as  are  now  used  came  in  about  this  time  also.  At 
first  nothing  but  the  green  glassware  of  Pittsburg  consisting  of  the 
short  and  long  round  prescription  vials  was  used  but  later  Boston 
and  Philadelphia  entered  the  field  and  the  flint  glassware  of  today 
came  into  general  use. 

The  labels  of  the  early  days  were  very  plain  in  character,  any  job 
printer  being  able  to  set  them  up.  Later  on  the  Gibsons,  a  firm  of 
lithographers,  opened  an  establishment  in  Cincinnatti  and  for  a 
long  time  supplied  the  country  at  large  with  lithographic  labels. 

It  was  during  the  '50s  that  gas  first  came  into  general  use  as  an 
illuminant.  It  was  first  turned  on  as  a  test  on  Wednesday,  Sept,  4, 
1850,  in  the  stores  of  J.  fl.  Reed  &  Co.,  druggists  at  144  Lake  street, 
and  William  B.  Keene  &  Co ,  booksellers,  146  Lake  street.  The  test 
was  made  during  the  day  and  that  night  the  gas  throughout  the  city 
was  turned  on,  producing  an  illumination,  if  one  may  believe  the 
press  reports  of  the  period,  equal  to  that  of  the  sun,  or,  as  they  said, 
turning  night  into  c  ay.  The  new  illuminant  was  the  exciting  topic  of 
the  times.  Persons,  however,  who  did  not  have  gas  had  to  continue 
using  the  old  methods,  which  ranged  from  tallow  dip  and  smoking 
sperm  or  lard  oil  lamps  of  the  '30s  up  to  the  most  improved  quality 
of  camphine  or  burning  fluid.  The  camphine  was  a  rectified  oil  of 
turpentine  The  burning  fluid  was  one  part  camphine  and  four 
parts  alcohol.  Both  were  highly  explosive  and  imflammable  and  many 
accidents  occurred  in  the  careless  use  of  them.  Tallow  dips,  lard  oil, 
sperm  oil,  elephant  oil,  camphine  and  burning  fluid  were  used  for 
lighting  until  ]858,  when  they  were  to  a  great  extent  replaced  by 
kerosene,  which  was  distilled  from  oannel  coal,  hence  the  name  "coal 


251 

oil."  This  first  was  made  in  Maysville,  Ky.  The  word  kerosene 
was  originally  a  trade  mark.  In  1858  the  substance  known  by  that 
name  retailed  at  $1.50  per  gallon.  When  petroleum  began  to  be 
found  in  quantities  in  Pennsylvania,  it  was  found  that  it  could  be 
refined  and  sold  for  a  less  price  than  the  patented  article,  hence 
come  into  more  general  use.  Kerosene  can  now  be  bought  at  retail 
for  one-tenth  the  same  it  brought  43  years  ago. 

Speaking  of  petroleum  recalls  the  fact  that  crude  petroleum  in 
the  early  days  of  pharmacy  was  known  as  Seneca  oil,  stone  oil,  rock 
oil,  etc.,  from  the  fact  that  it  was  originally  gathered  by  the  Seneca 
Indians  from  the  surface  of  rivers  and  streams  in  the  oil  bearing  dis- 
tricts. Finding  a  stream  whose  surface  was  covered  with  oil  the 
Indians  would  spread  their  blankets  upon  it.  These  were  wrung  out 
as  soon  as  they  had  absorbed  all  the  oil  they  would  hold  and  the  oil 
was  sold  to  the  white  men  to  be  used  as  medicine.  This  traffic  was 
carried  on  a  long  time  before  petroleum  wells  were  discovered. 

During  the  '50s  business  spread  south  on  State,  Clark,  Weils  and 
Canal  streets  to  Twelfth  street,  westward  on  West  Lake,  Madison,  Van 
Buren  and  Harrison  streets  to  Halsted  street,  and  north  on  Clark 
and  Wells  streets  to  Division  street. 

During  this  decade  there  were  11  wholesale  druggists  doing  busi- 
ness in  Chicago.  Their  names  were  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co.  ;0.  F.  Fuller 
&  Co  ;  F.  Scammon  &  Co.;  Bay  &  Baldwin;  Sears  &  Smith;  Bockee, 
Innes  &  Co.,  Lurton  &  Harris;  Barclay  Bros.;  Penton  &  Robinson; 
Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co  ;  Shipman  &  Goodrich;  and  their  successors 
during  the  decade. 

At  the  close  of  the  50'8  there  were  ten  wholesale  and  78  retail  drug 
stores  in  Chicago.  Business  and  prosperity  were  beginning  to  revive 
after  the  panic  of  1857  and  the  outlook  seemed  bright  for  prosperous 
times,  when  the  darkening  shadow  of  the  coming  civil  conflict  began 
to  make  itseJf  apparent,  and  turned  the  attention  of  business  men 
and  others  to  the  great  conflict  which  was  impending.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1861,  all  other  thoughts  were  swept  away 
and  in  place  of  hope  and  confidence  came  turmoil  and  confusion,  as 
a  result  of  the  appeal  to  arms  many  druggists  and  clerks  enlisted  for 
the  defense  of  their  country.  Among  them  we  find  the  names  of 
William  H,  Gale  of  Gale  Brothers;  John  W.  Ehrman;  Lucius  S.  Lar- 
rabee;  Henry  Biroth,  Thomas  Whitfield;  W.  C.  Scupham,  William 
F.  Blocki,  Luther  F.  Humiston,  T.  J.  Bluthardt,  C.  F.  Pfannstiel,  H. 
D.  Garrison,  J.  M.  Woodworth.  J.  J.  Siddall,  C.  Lewis  Diehl,  Capt. 
J.  C.  Borcherdt  and  Capt.  W.  G.  Morris.  Most  of  the  foregoing  gen- 
tlemen  were  clerks  at  the  time  of  their  enlistment,  and  since  the  war 
took  so  many  young  men  away  from  the  profession  it  became  very 
difficult  to  run  or  dispose  of  a  drug  store  on  account  of  the  scarcity 
of  clerks.  Many  a  man  would  have  gone  to  the  front  if  he  could 
have  gotten  rid  of  his  business,  but  could  neither  get  anyone  to  buy 
it  nor  to  run  it. 

During  the  war  the  unsettled  condition  of  the  country,  the  depre- 
ciation of  the  currency,  the  tendency  to  speculation,  the  large  de- 


252 

mand  for  medical  supplies  and  the  cutting  off  altogether  of  such  sup- 
plies as  came  from  the  territory  where  the  war  was  raging,  such  as 
those  known  as  naval  stores,  forced  prices  up  to  almost  prohibitive 
figures.  The  prices  of  some  of  such  supplies  during  the  war  were 
as  follows:  Oil  of  turpentine  rose  from  50  cents  to  $3.00  and  $4.00 
per  gallon,  and  resin  from  $1.00  per  barrel  to  $50  and  $60  per  barrel. 
Ipecac  was  $6  per  pound,  jalap,  $3.50  per  pound;  opium,  $15  per 
pound;  rhubarb,  $3.50  per  pound;  senega,  $1  50;  serpentaria,  $2.50; 
spigilia,  $3.50;  quinine,  $3.50  per  ounce,  and  morphine,  $11  per 
ounce 

J.  H.  Reed  &  Co.  became  the  purveyors  of  medical  supplies  for  the 
armies  of  the  west  and  southwest,  and  this  gave  the  firm  an  im- 
mensely increased  business.  Chicago  became  the  general  supply  de- 
pot for  all  the  troops  in  this  section  or  adjacent  to  it.  These  condi- 
tions continued  throughout  the  war  and  made  war  times  prosperous 
ones  for  the  merchants  of  Chicago.  Of  course,  there  were  also  some 
hardships,  which  remained  long  after  the  war  closed.  These  especi- 
ally affected  the  drug  business  and  included  the  tax  on  alcohol,  the 
stamp  tax  on  proprietary  remedies,  perfumery,  etc.,  and  the  special 
internal  revenue  tax  on  druggists  as  vendors  of  spirits. 

During  the  war  there  seems  to  have  been  but  little  to  record  of 
direct  interest  to  the  drug  trade.  The  great  conflict  overshadowed 
all  else  in  the  public  prints  and  affairs  of  minor  moment  received 
scant  attention.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  however,  matters  which 
had  claimed  attention  before  began  to  re-assert  themselves.  The 
Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  was  re-organized  and  the  publication  of 
"The  Pharmacist,"  a  monthly  periodical  was  begun.  The  close  of 
the  war  and  the  disbanding  of  the  army  brought  about  a  great  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  those  engaged  in  the  drug  business.  There 
was  no  pharmacy  law  and  anyone  might  conduct  a  drug  store  who 
wished  to.  There  were  30  more  drug  stores  in  Chicago  in  1865  than 
in  1861.  Numbers  of  young  men,  who  in  the  army  had  to  do  with 
the  dispensing  of  medical  supplies  or  had  acted  as  nurses,  and  thus 
acquired  some  slight  familiarity  with  the  leading  drugs  and  medicines 
in  use  for  the  treatment  of  disease,  entered  the  drug  business  from 
lack  of  any  other  remunerative  vocation.  Some  of  these  young  men 
had  entered  the  army  without  any  trade,  and  on  being  discharged, 
had  to  earn  a  living  in  some  way;  so,  having  dispensed  drugs  in  the 
service,  they  continued  the  practice  in  private  life.  The  conditions 
became  such  soon  after  the  war  that  the  newspapers  of  Chicago  and 
of  the  country  at  large  began  calling  editorial  attention  to  the  many 
mistakes  made  by  incompetent  persons  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness, and  stringent  laws  regulating  the  practice  of  pharmacy  were 
urged.  An  editorial  in  the  Chicago  Times  of  May  9,  1869,  by  the 
editor,  Wilbur  F.  Storey,  himself  a  former  druggist  of  education  and 
experience,  states  the  situation  and  the  remedy  in  the  following 
language: 

"The  country  is  overrun  with  druggists  one-third  of  whom  gradu- 
ated in  the  business  after  having  served  no  more  than  six  months  as 
students.     One  effect  of  increasing  the  standard  of  qualifications  in 


253 

prescription  clerks  would  be  to  drive  out  three-fifth  of  those  in  the 
business  into  some  other  calling.  With  a  scarcity  of  experienced 
druggists  would  come  a  thinning  out  of  drug  stores.  With  the  lat- 
ter would  come  better  drugs  Now,  the  cheapness  of  men  who  have 
only  a  smattering  of  the  business  enables  and  encourages  everybody 
to  start  a  drug  establishment.  The  great  number  thus  in  operation 
leads  to  a  competition  in  business,  which  leads  to  adulteration  of 
drugs.  Thus  the  vicious  system  of  employing  incapable  men  reacts 
disastrously  through  the  whole  department.  To  make  the  business 
one  attainable  only  by  experienced  men  is  equivalent  to  lessening 
materially  the  chances  of  being  poisoned  directly  by  the  wrong 
drugs,  or  indirectly  by  inferior  ones." 

The  agitation  by  the  press  of  the  country  became  so  great  that  in 
several  states,  notably  in  New  York,  pharmacy  legislation  was 
enacted.  These  laws  were  drawn  by  unauthorized  persons,  not 
skilled  in  pharmacy  and  it  is  not  strange  that  the  situation  was  not 
understood  by  them  and  the  laws  were  failures.  In  order,  therefore 
that  the  public  should  be  adequately  protected  and  the  interests  of 
pharmacy  be  conserved,  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association, 
at  its  meeting  in  Chicago  in  1869,  listened  to  the  report  of  a  com- 
mittee appointed  the  preceding  year  to  draft  a  model  pharmacy  law 
to  be  presented  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states.  The  report 
of  the  committee  embodied  a  draft  of  a  bill  which  was  in  many 
respects  original.  It  is  not  here  necessary  to  go  into  its  provisions, 
but  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  since  the  promulgation  of  this  model 
bill,  all  pharmacy  legislation  in  the  United  States  has  been  modeled 
on  the  same  general  plan  and  embodied  some  of  the  more  important 
features  of  the  proposed  law.  The  report  of  the  above  mentioned 
committee  was,  however,  not  adopted,  for  upon  discussion,  it  was 
deemed  inadvisable  to  commit  the  association  directly  to  the  propo- 
sition that  pharmacy  legislation  was  necessary;  but  the  report  was 
accepted  as  stating  the  general  principles  upon  which  pharmacy 
legislation  should  be  based  in  case  the  several  states  should  at- 
tempt it. 

The  druggists  of  Chicago,  having  noted  the  injudicious  law  passed 
in  New  York,  and  fearing  an  attempt  at  like  legislation  here,  met  in 
the  early  part  of  1871  and  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  a  suitable 
law  to  be  presented  to  the  Legislature,  which  was  to  meet  that  year 
in  Chicago.  This  committee  consisted  of  Messrs.  George  Buck, 
Thomas  Whitfield  and  E.  H.  Sargent,  who  made  a  draft  of  a  bill, 
which  was  discussed,  amended  and  finally  adopted  by  the  druggists 
of  the  city  as  a  model  to  be  submitted  to  the  Legislature.  The  prin- 
ciples emphasized  in  the  proposed  bill  have  in  the  main  been  adopted 
in  subsequent  laws  of  the  State.  The  measure  was  to  have  been 
presented  to  the  Legislature,  which  had  intended  to  meet  in  Chicago 
during  the  winter  of  1871-'72,  but  the  fire  of  the  former  year  drove 
every  other  consideration  out  of  mind  and  no  pharmacy  law  was 
passed  until  the  winter  of  1880. 


254 

We  now  come  to  the  great  fire  of  October,  1871,  which  in  two  days 
Bwept  out  of.  existence  the  entire  business  part  and  much  of  the  resi- 
dence portion  of  Chicago.  We  have  thought  it  advisable  here  to 
quote  verbatim  from  ''The  Pharmacist"  of  November  and  December, 
1871,  giving  in  some  detail  the  results  of  the  calamity  in  so  far  as 
they  afiPected  the  drug  trade  of  Chicago.     "The  Pharmacist"  said: 

"The  great  calamity  of  the  8th  aud  9th  ultimo,  svhich  henceforth 
will  constitute  the  hegira  of  Ch'^ago,  overtook  us  with  so  many  other 
thousands.  The  whole  machinery  which  kept  330,000  people  mov- 
ing, suddenly  stopped,  overwhelmed  by  a  catastrophe  unprecedented 
in  history.  Chicago,  peerless  in  the  rapidity  with  which  she  has 
mounted  up  the  heights  of  prosperity,  in  the  magnitude  of  her  woe 
still  leads  the  world.  Never  did  two  sides  of  a  picture  stand  so 
sharply  contrasted  as  the  past  of  yesterday  and  the  present  of  today 
for  this  proud  city.  As  contrasted  with  the  other  great  fires  of  his- 
tory, that  of  Chicago,  in  the  gross  value  of  property  consumed  and 
the  area  devastated  is  beyond  question  the  most  overwhelming  that 
ever  overtook  a  city.  All  our  readers  are  familiar  with  the  outlines 
of  Chicago's  calamity.  There  are  2,500  acres  burnt  over,  and  on 
what  other  2,500  acres  was  there  ever  garnered  a  richer  harvest?  In 
what  other  locality  has  there  ever  grown  such  persistent  energy,  such 
daring  enterprise,  such  bold  activity,  such  far  reaching  plans? 

"Twenty  thousand  buildings  have  been  destroyed,  and  100,000  peo- 
ple have  been  turned  into  the  streets  and  thrown  out  of  employment. 
A  list  of  the  leading  business  houses  destroyed  in  the  conflagration 
filled  four  columns  of  the  Tribune,  small  print.  This  list  did  not 
embrace  5,000  houses  doing  a  partial  wholesale  business  and  the  long 
array  of  retail  establishments. 

"All  that  the  traveler  recognizes  of  Chicago  is  destroyed  Its  fam- 
iliar hotels  and  trade  palaces,  magnificent  churches,  and  library  rooms, 
and  public  halls,  and  art  galleries,  and  colossal  manufactories,  and 
imperial  depots  are  all  swept  away.  The  ruins  of  Herculaneum  and 
Pompeii  could  but  inadequately  represent  this  sudden  and  over- 
whelming calamity. 

"We  can  not  dismiss  this  subject  without  a  word  concerning  the 
great  wave  of  sympathy  which  has  set  toward  Chicago  from  every 
part  of  the  world.  Such  a  going  forth  of  help,  instant  and  mighty, 
was  never  before  known  in  human  history.  While  the  hungry  flames 
were  still  devouring  our  beautiful  city  help  came  from  every  city 
from  Maine  to  the  Gulf.  St.  Louis  and  Cincinnati,  our  rival  sisters, 
opened  their  hands  widely  for  our  relief.  Swifter  than  bird  ever  sped 
to  its  nest  came  the  relief  which  was  never  more  greatly  needed. 
Europe,  even,  was  awake  to  our  calamity;  and  from  London,  Liver- 
pool and  Frankfort  on-the-Main  came  immediate  and  tangible  help. 

"No  department  of  our  mercantile  interests  suffered  more  generally, 
or  in  proportion  to  the  capital  invested,  more  severely,  in  the  great 
fire  than  did  the  drug  trade.  Of  the  160  retailers  of  drugs  in  the 
city,  50,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  whole  number,  lost  their  all 
by  the  widespread  devastation.     It  would  be  difficult  or  impossible 


255 

to  give  an  accurate  estimate  of  their  losses,  but  it  ma,v  be  confidently 
asserted  that  the  sum  total  would  not  fall  short  of  $100,000.  These 
figures  allude  to  losses  of  the  retail  druggists  only.  Among  the  suf- 
ferers were  all  the  larger  establishments  whose  location  in  the  heart 
of  the  city,  requiring  large  and  varied  stocks  and  expensive  fixtures, 
secured  to  them  a  most  extensive  and  valuable  trade.  Not  only  have 
our  druggists  lost  their  material  possessions,  but  in  many  instances 
the  advantages  of  a  good  reputation  secured  by  long  years  of  toil  in 
certain  localities  were  also  wrested  from  them  by  the  sudden  depopu- 
lation of  whole  districts  and  the  scattering  of  population.  The  suc- 
cessful druggist,  however,  has  not  secured  that  distinction  without 
labor  and  hardship,  and  hard  as  it  is  to  be  thus  cast  adrift,  he  will 
be  able  to  reach  a  safe  anchorage,  where  many  another  mortal  would 
sink  to  rise  no  more.  A  majority  of  apothecaries  will  be  able  to  so 
arrange  afiPairs  as  to  recommence  business. 

"druggists  who  have  suffered. 

"Below  we  give  a  list,  nearly  complete,  of  the  druggists  whose  estab- 
lishments  were  burned  during  the  great  fire.  A  few  whose  names 
we  have  been  unable  to  ascertain,  probably  eight  or  ten,  have  been 
omitted: 

"Retail — Henry  Biroth,  Blinn  &  Johnson,  Bliss  &  Sharp,  A,  R. 
Bodney.  Thomas  Braun,  Henry  Bronold,  W.  S.  Brown,  Hanson  C. 
Brock,' F.  A.  Bryan,  Buck  &  Rayner  (two  stores),  J.  F.  Christian,  C. 
F.  Class,  Dale  &  Heiland,  D.  R.  Dyche  &  Co.,  Victor  Erich,  Ludwig 
Fernow,  Calvin  J.  Fiske,  L.  Foss,  Gale  &  Blocki,  C.  H.  Gardner, 
Garrison  &  Murray  (store  and  drug  mill),  Greenewald  &  Hoffman, 
James  J.  Harrington,  H.  W.  Heuermann,  A,  Beno  HofiPman,  J.  H. 
Hooper  (two  stores),  Anton  Hottinger,  Huyck  Bros.,  S  G,  Israel, 
A.  C.  Knoelcke,  B.  H.  Leavenworth  &  Company,  T.  J.  Letourneaux, 
Moench  &  Reinhold,  W.  H,  Mueller,  C.  D.  B.  O'Ryan,  John  Parsons, 
Henry  Renter,  A.  Rohde  &  Company,  E.  H.  Sargent  (store  and 
laboratory),  E.  T.  Schloetzer,  Noble  Schroeder,  Henry  Sherman, 
Joseph  Sobey,  E.  L.  Stahl,  A.  C.  Vanderburg,  Walker  &  Mann, 
White  &  Schoen,  Thos.  Whitfield  &  Company,  C.  M.  Weinberger  & 
Company. 

"Wholesale— E.  Burnham  &  Son,  Hurlbut  &  Edsall;  Lord,  Smith 
&  Company,  Rockwood  &  Blocki;  Tollman,  King  &  Company,  Van 
Schaack,  Stevenson  &  Reed. 

"Druggists'  Sundries — Jones  &  Torrey. 

"It  will  be  seen  that  upwards  of  50  retail  druggists  were  burned 
out;  such  was  the  rapidity  of  the  destruction  that  scarcely  anything 
was  saved,  but  few  being  fortunate  enough  to  rescue  even  their  books 
and  prescription  files.  Those  who  were  located  on  the  North  Side 
lost  their  dwellings  and  personal  effects  also.  When  we  add  that 
insurance  will  give  an  average  return  of  perhaps  15  per  cent,  our 
readers  can  imagine  the  extent  of  the  losses  sustained.  With  the 
energy  characteristic  of  Chicago  several  of  the  druggists  whose  stores 


256 

had  been  destroyed  were  located  in  new  quarters  before  the  expira- 
tion of  the  week,  while  others  had  equally  early  made  arrangements 
for  resuming  business  as  soon  as  buildings  could  be  procured. 

The  only  business  block  in  the  region  desolated  by  the  fire  which 
stands  today  unscathed  is  that  known  as  Lind's  Block,  on  the  west 
side  of  Market  street  between  Randolph  and  Lake;  the  buildings  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  street  suffered  the  common  fate,  but  Lind's 
Block,  favored  by  the  unusual  width  of  the  street,  and  the  direction 
of  the  wind,  escaped.  Occupying  Nos.  20,  22  and  24  of  this  block, 
our  fortunate  friends,  Messrs.  Fuller  &  Fuller,  wholesale  druggists, 
were  left  intact,  excepting  a  severe  scorching  and  the  loss  of  the 
numerous  signs  which  formerly  decorated  their  establishment. 
Their  stock  was  uninjured;  their  immense  business,  amounting  to 
$1,250,000  annually,  suffered  no  serious  interruption,  though  their 
stock  for  a  brief  time  was  well  nigh  exhausted  by  the  unprecedented 
demand  which  followed  the  fire. 

The  following  resume  of  the  wholesale  firms  which  were  burned 
out  will  be  of  interest  as  given  in  the  Pharmacist: 

"Hurlbut  &  Edsall.  This  firm  is  well  known  throughout  the 
country.  Mr.  Hurlbut  having  represented  the  drug  business  in  the 
present  firm  and  its  immediate  predecessor,  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co.,  for  a 
period  of  28  years.  Their  annual  business  before  the  fire  amounted 
to  $800,000;  stock  carried  about  $180,000;  was  insured  for  $123,000, 
of  which  probably  $70,000  will  prove  good.  They  are  located  at 
present  at  619  State  street,  but  will  remove  to  a  large  brick  store  at 
the  head  of  River  street  early  next  spring.  The  firm  is  prepared  to 
do  as  heavy  a  business  as  formerly. 

"E.  Burnham  &  Son  are  temporarily  located  at  Nos.  157-159  Canal 
street;  they  expect  before  long  to  regain  their  former  business 
amounting  to  $500,000  a  year.  On  their  stock  of  $100,000  they  hope 
to  realize  $40,000  from  insurance. 

"Van  Schaack,  Stevenson  &  Reed  have  located  in  the  old  Baptist 
church,  corner  of  Wabash  avenue  and  Eighteenth  street.  Their 
business  has  been  very  large  and  constantly  increasing,  requiring  a 
stock  on  hand  valued  at  $170,000.  They  have  a  complete  stock  and 
facilities  for  transacting  their  immense  trade  with  their  usual 
dispatch. 

"Lord,  Smith  &  Co.  are  in  temporary  wooden  quarters  on  Wash- 
ington street;  will  rebuild  on  their  old  site,  86  Wabash  avenue,  with- 
out delay.  Their  business  has  averaged  for  several  years  $700,000. 
They  will  be  able  to  collect  about  40  per  cent  of  their  insurance. 
The  firm  is  fully  prepared  to  honor  the  calls  of  all  their  old  and 
many  new  customers. 

"Tollman,  King  &  Co.,  have  resumed  business  at  53  West  Lake 
street  with  ample  facilities  for  trade.  Their  loss  on  stock  was 
$120,000,  one-half  of  which  may  be  recovered  from  their  policies. 


2n 

Among  the  matters  relating  to  the  fire  of  1871  we  find  the  follow- 
ing in  Rufus  Blanchard's  History  of  Chicago: 

"In  its  early  stages,  after  the  flames  had  crossed  the  river  and 
were  rapidly  devastating  the  business  portion  of  the  city^  in  the  south 
division,  Lind  Block,  on  the  west  side  of  Market  street,  between  Kan- 
dolph  and  Lake,  by  dint  of  great  exertion  on  the  part  of  some  ten- 
ants, successfully  resisted  them.  The  well  known  house  of  Fuller 
&  Fuller  occupied  the  central  portion  of  this  block;  and  in  reply  to 
the  writer's  inquiry  as  tohowit  was  saved,  Mr.  O.  F.  Fuller  stated  that 
while  the  fire  was  burning  on  the  West  Side  and  approaching  toward 
them,  they  took  the  precaution  to  provide  an  abundant  supply  of 
water  on  each  floor  of  their  premises,  and  constantly  applied  it  to 
the  most  exposed  portions  of  the  building  when  the  fire  reached 
their  immediate  vicinity,  having  previously  cut  away  wooden  signs 
or  any  other  combustible  material  outside.  During  the  greatest  heat 
the  outside  walls  of  the  block  were  too  hot  to  bear  the  hand  on,  but 
still  every  man  remained  at  his  post  inside  on  each  floor,  subject  to 
the  order  of  a  sentinel,  whose  business  it  was  to  call  them  away  if 
the  building  ignited.  Three  times  a  retreat  was  ordered  under  an 
impression  that  combustion  had  taken  place,  but  happily  this  im- 
pression was  a  false  alarm,  growing  out  of  the  lurid  glare  from  adja- 
cent flames  reflected  from  the  windows  of  the  building,  and  each  time 
the  men  returned  to  their  posts,  where  they  continued  to  ply  water 
on  the  heated  windows  while  the  fire  was  raging," 

Said  Mr.  Fuller:  "The  fire,  viewed  from  the  roof  of  the  Lind 
Block  at  this  time,  presented  phases  of  thrilling  interest.  At  2:00 
o'clock  a.  m.  Market  street  and  the  approaches  to  the  Lake  and  Ran- 
dolph street  bridges  were  crowded  with  loaded  vehicles  hurrying  to 
to  the  West  Side,  and  this  retreat  grew  into  a  stampede  when  the 
Garden  City  hotel  and  the  buildings  on  the  east  side  of  Market 
street,  from  Madison  to  South  Water,  ignited.  After  burning 
fiercely  for  but  a  brief  space  of  time,  they  fell  in  quick  succession  in 
the  general  ruin." 

•'At  night  the  soldiers  detailed  to  guard  the  bank  vaults  in  the 
burned  district  were  quartered  on  the  premises  of  Messrs,  Fuller  & 
Fuller." 

Reverting  to  the  account  in  The  Pharmacist,  that  journal  said 
further: 

"One  of  the  saddest  things  connected  with  the  late  fire,  and  pecu- 
liarly unfortunate  as  bearing  on  the  interests  of  the  science  of  phar- 
macy in  the  west,  is  the  total  loss  of  property  belonging  to  the  Chi- 
cago College  of  Pharmacy.  This  loss  includes,  of  course,  all  its  valu- 
able  furniture  and  appliances,  apparatus  and  library — the  most 
complete  on  chemistry  and  pharmacy  to  be  found  in  the  west — and 
a  large  and  valuable  cabinet,  the  labor  of  many  years  in  selecting 
and  accumulating, 

—17  H. 


258 

"The  course  of  lectures  in  this  school  (session  of  1871  and  1872) 
commenced  on  Monday  evening,  October  2d,  The  course  was 
inaugurated  by  an  able  introductory  address  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Sargent, 
president  of  the  college.  The  lectures  continued  on  the  succeeding 
Wednesday,  and  on  Friday  evening  Professors  Ebert  and  Hambright 
delivered  the  last  lectures  ever  given  in  the  old  rooms,  endeared  to 
the  members  of  the  college  from  the  memories  and  associations  of 
many  years.  With  the  destruction  of  the  college  all  the  appliances 
and  means  of  illustrating  lectures  were  lost  and  these  cannot  be 
instantly  replaced.  The  Chicago  Medical  College,  with  characteris- 
tic generosity,  tendered  the  use  of  their  lecture  room  and  chemical 
apparatus  for  the  continuance  of  the  contemplated  course.  In  view 
of  the  fact  that  but  a  small  portion  of  the  class  (numbering  some  50) 
could  be  brought  together,  the  absence  of  the  proper  means  of  illus- 
trating a  good  course  in  pharmacy  and  materia  medica,  and  lastly, 
the  serious  illness  of  Professor  Hambright,  forced  the  members  of 
the  faculty  to  abandon  the  course  of  the  present  season." 

The  College  of  Pharmacy  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  Phila- 
delphia College  of  Pharmacy  adopted  resolutions  of  sympathy  for 
the  members  and  faculty  of  the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  and 
tendered  their  courses  of  instruction  without  charge  to  the  students 
of  the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy.  Quite  a  number  of  the  stu- 
dents availed  themselves  of  this  invitation  and  finished  their  courses 
in  New  York  or  Philadelphia. 

New  York  and  San  Francisco  contributed  a  large  sum  of  money 
for  the  relief  of  the  suffering  druggists  and  this  was  duly  distributed 
by  the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  and  by  Mr.  J.  H,  Reed. 

Immediately  upon  the  receipt  of  the  news  in  England  concerning 
the  disaster  which  had  befallen  the  people  of  Chicago  and  the  Chi- 
cago College  of  Pharmacy,  a  committee  of  English  chemists  and 
pharmaceutists  was  appointed,  consisting  of  many  of  the  most  promi- 
nent men  in  the  profession  in  England,  to  collect  money,  books  and 
apparatus  to  be  fowarded  to  the  Chicago  college.  The  executive 
arm  of  this  committee  consisted  of  Prof.  John  Attfield,  Joseph  Ines 
and  Henry  B.  Brady.  Mr.  Brady  had  visited  Chicago  just  previous 
to  the  fire  and  was  therefore  better  able  to  judge  the  extent  of  the 
loss  and  the  requirements  of  the  college.  The  value  of  the  books, 
apparatus,  instruments  and  specimensfor  cabinets  of  materia  medica, 
botany  and  chemistry  thus  contributed  amounted  to  about  $25,000. 
Contributions  also  came  to  the  college  from  Paris  and  other  cities  of 
France,  from  Germanj^  Switzerland,  Austria,  Russia,  Italy,  as  well 
as  material  contributions  from  colleges  of  pharmacy,  pharmaceutical 
associations,  firms  and  individuals  in  our  own  country. 

Philo  Carpenter. 

Mr.  Carpenter  opened  the  first  drug  store  in  Chicago,  He  was 
born  in  Massachusetts  in  1805,  learned  the  drug  business  in  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  and  came  to  Chicago  on  July  18,  1832,  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic of  that  year,  doing  splendid  service  among  the  cholera  stricken 


*^f* 


/ 


Philo  Carpenter,  first  Oraeeist  in  Chicago. 


259 

soldiers  of  Fort  Dearborn.  On  Aug.  6,  1832,  he  rented  a  log  cabin 
situated  adjacent  to  and  north  of  the  Sauganash  hotel  and  east  of 
the  Lake  street  bridge.  We  cnake  this  statement  for  the  reason 
that  we  can  find  no  record  of  any  other  log  cabin  in  that  vicinity 
similar  to  the  one  in  which  Mr.  Carpenter  opened  his  first  store. 
Mr.  Edward  Hildreth,  a  son-in-law  of  Mr.  Carpentf  r,  makes,  how- 
ever, the  following  statement:  'He  opened  his  store  on  Monday, 
Aug.  6,  1832.  This  was  in  the  little  log  house,  which,  as  he  used  to 
tell  us,  stood  not  far  from  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  street  bridge. 
He  never,  so  far  as  I  can  remember,  located  it  on  any  street,  but  it 
must  be  remembered  that  it  had  been  built  and  occupied  for  some 
time  previous  and  that  there  was  no  survey — at  least,  no  platting — 
before  1830.  While  there  is  the  barest  possibility  that  this  log 
building  was  at  one  time  occupied  and  even  owned  by  Mark  Beau- 
bien — though  if  so,  I  think  he  (Mr.  Carpenter)  would  at  some  time 
have  mentioned  it — I  am  confident  that  it  was  not,  certainly,  the  log 
building  occupied  by  that  historic  boniface  of  early  Chicago,  to 
which  was  afterward  added  a  frame  structure.  This  latter,  as  told 
me  by  Father  Carpenter  and  noted  down  at  the  time,  was  a  two- 
story  log  house,  and  to  use  his  own  words  in  locating  it  (and  be  it 
remembered  that  his  own  little  log  building,  16  x  20,  leased,  of 
course,  where  he  opened  out  his  first  stock  of  drugs,  was  within  a 
stone's  throw  of  this  location) :  "Mark  Beaubien's  log  house  hotel 
stood  about  midway  between  Randolph  and  Lake  streets,  fronting 
the  river  near  the  present  middle  of  Market  street." 

There  is  no  historic  record  of  any  log  cabin  near  this  location  ex- 
cept that  built  by  James  Kinzie  and  afterward  owned  by  Mark 
Beaubien.  The  Beaubien  cabin  was  one-story  high  and  was  16x20 
feet— the  same  size  as  that  of  the  cabin  occupied  by  Mr.  Carpenter. 
The  Beaubien  log  cabin  was  found  by  the  surveyor  to  be  about  the 
middle  of  Market  street,  and  was  therefore  moved  back  upon  the 
southeast  corner  of  Market  and  Lake  streets  by  Mr.  Beaubien.  When 
Mr.  Carpenter  arrived  in  Chicago  Mr.  Beaubien  had  just  completed 
the  new  Sauganash  Hotel,  so  that  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  little 
log  building  was  vacant  when  Mr.  Carpenter  got  ready  to  open  his 
store.  No  historian  has  spoken  of  another  cabin  of  the  kind  in  this 
vicinity.  We  have,  therefore,  taken  the  liberty  to  infer  that  it  was 
the  Beaubien  cabin  which  Mr.  Carpenter  first  occupied.  Some  addi- 
tional weight  may,  perhaps,  be  lent  to  this  theory  by  the  fact  that 
the  moment  that  the  Dole  log  building  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
South  Water  and  Clark  streets  was  vacant,  although  it  was  in  the 
midst  of  the  winter  of  1832,  Mr.  Carpenter  moved  his  store  into  it, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  by  so  doing  he  moved  away  from  the 
business  center  of  the  town.  The  Beaubien  cabin  was  adjacent  to 
the  Sauganash  Hotel,  which  contained  a  public  bar  and  enjoyed  a 
presumably  hilarious  patronage.  Mr.  Carpenter  was  a  leader  in 
church  circles  and  was  unalterably  opposed  to  the  use  of  alcoholic 
liquors  as  a  beverage,  and  could  not,  therefore,  have  found  the 
Sauganash  crowd  the  most  acceptable  next  door  neighbors. 


260 

Mr.  Carpenter  remained  in  the  Dole  building  during  a  part  of 
1833,  in  which  year  he  bought  two  20-foot  lots  on  South  Water 
street,  just  east  of  Wells  street,  at  what  is  now  designated  as  Nos.  197 
and  199  South  Water  street.  For  these  two  lots  he  paid  a  total  of 
$75,  here  he  erected  a  double  store,  the  east  part  of  which  he  rented 
to  Russell  &  Clift  as  a  book  store,  and  himself  occupied  the  west 
part  as  a  drug  and  general  store.  This  was  in  1833,  so  that  he  re- 
mained in  the  Dole  building  only  a  few  months.  The  new  store 
which  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  was  known  by  the  sign  of 
the  "Gold  Mortar"  and  bore  over  the  door  the  legend,  "Established  in 
1832."  Mr.  Carpenter  advertised  in  the  Chicago  Democrat  of  Nov. 
26,  1833,  "a  general  assortment  of  drugs,  medicines,  oils,  paints,  dye 
stuffs,  also  dry  groceries,  glass,  nails,  hardware,  boots,  shoes,  ready  , 
made  clothing,  leather,  etc."  In  1839  he  advertised  himself  as  a  % 
wholesale  and  retail  druggist  and  general  dealer  in  staple  groceries. 

About  July  17,  1840,  Mr.  Carpenter  moved  to  143  Lake  street, 
where  he  opened  what  was  known  as  the  "Checkered  Drug  Store." 
Here  he  remained  for  about  two  years,  selling  out  in  1842  to  Dr. 
John  Brinckerhoff. 

The  record  of  Mr.  Carpenter's  clerks  is  scant.  Abel  E.  Carpenter, 
a  brother,  came  in  1833  and  remained  until  1836.  Ezra  Batcheller 
was  with  Mr.  Carpenter  in  1836  and  later  on  it  is  recorded  that  he 
moved  further  west  and  became  mayor  of  Lyons,  Iowa.  A  Mr.  Ladd 
probably  followed  Mr.  Batcheller,  in  the  clerkship.  There  was  also 
a  boy,  referred  to  as  Cornelius,  whom  Mr.  Carpenter  brought  from 
the  east  in  1834.  Cornelius  seems  to  be  the  only  name  by  which  this  , 
boy  is  known  to  history.  \ 

Peter  Pruyne  &  Company. 

The  firm  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Company,  Dr.  Edmund  S.  Kimberly 
being  the  partner,  commenced  business  in  1832  at  No.  133  South 
Water  street,  between  Clark  and  Dearborn  streets. 

The  members  of  the  firm  came  from  Troy,  N.  Y.  Doctor  Kim- 
berly came  first  and  looked  over  the  field,  afterward  bringing  his 
family  and  Peter  Pruyne,  a  young  man  of  ability  in  commercial  pur- 
suits. They  arrived  in  May,  1832,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  the 
store  was  opened,  it  being  the  second  drug  store  in  Chicago, 

Doctor  Kimberly  furnished  the  capital  that  went  into  the  business  , 
and  he  took  charge  of  the  drug  department,  which  was  probably  I 
little  more  than  an  annex  to  the  doctor's  oflBice.  While  Doctor  Kim- 
berly practiced  medicine,  Mr.  Pruyne  busied  himself  in  a  general 
oversight  of  the  business.  This  drug  department  was  in  the  front 
part  of  the  store.  The  main  store  was  on  the  south  side  of  South 
Water  street,  about  80  feet  east  of  Clark  street.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  street  was  their  dock,  the  first  one  built  on  the  Chicago 
river,  excepting  only  the  United  States  government  dock  and  ware- 
house at  Fort  Dearborn.  (This  dock  property  was  disposed  of  by 
the  trustees  of  the  village  for  999  years,  for  a  nominal  sum,  the 
annual  rental  being  one  barleycorn !) 


261 

The  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Company  was  not  only  commercially 
prominent  in  the  early  history  of  the  city,  but  as  we  have  already 
seen,  it  was  well-known  as  a  political  rendezvous  for  the  early  and 
ambitious  settlers  of  Chicago,  the  first  meeting  to  discuss  the  advis- 
ability of  incorporating  the  new  town  having  been  held  in  this  store 
in  August,  1833.  Both  Doctor  Kimberly  and  Mr.  Pruyne  were  at 
different  times  prominent  politically.  In  183B  Doctor  Kimberly  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  of  the  newly  incor- 
porated city.  Later  he  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  health,  in  1847 
he  was  elected  recorder  of  deeds  and  from  1850  to  1854  he  served  as 
county  clerk  of  Cook  county.  Mr.  Pruyne,  aside  from  being  promi- 
nent in  all  movements  looking  to  the  advancement  of  the  city,  held 
such  offices  as  director  of  railroads,  director  of  the  State  Bank  of 
Illinois,  clerk  of  the  school  board  and  was  a  State  Senator  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

In  the  second  number  of  the  Chicago  Weekly  Democrat,  published 
by  John  Calhoun,  under  date  of  Dec.  3,  1833,  the  following  adver- 
tisement appears:  "Peter  Pruyne  &  Company's  store,  on  South 
Water  street  between  Clark  and  Dearborn  streets,  has  received  a 
large  addition  to  its  former  stock  of  drugs  and  medicines,  groceries, 
hardware,  crockery,  glassware,  boots  and  shoes,  iron  and  steel,  win- 
dow glass,  stoneware,  pails,  brooms,  etc.  Cash  paid  for  all  kinds  of 
country  produce." 

From  this  time  on  we  find  in  the  issues  of  the  Democrat  frequent 
advertisements  of  the  firm,  relating  to  drugs,  chemicals  and  medi- 
cines. Many  of  the  then  well-known  patent  medicines  advertised 
designate  the  firm  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  as  their  Chicago  agents. 
These  advertisements  continued  until  the  cessation  of  the  newspaper, 
in  June,  1836, 

The  following  letter  shows  that  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  did  a  whole- 
sale drug  business  in  connection  with  their  regular  retail  trade.  The 
writer  of  the  letter  was  a  Joliet  druggist.     It  is  as  follows: 

"Juliet,  June  25,  1835. 

"Dear  Doctor — I  have  directed  my  brother  to  call  on  you  for 
such  articles  as  he  wants,  and  if  you  can  do  as  well  by  us  as  others, 
which  I  do  not  doubt,  I  shall  be  glad  to  send  you  orders  occasionally 
as  mj'  assortment  becomes  broken. 

Truly  yours, 

A.  W.  Bo  WEN. 
To  E.  S.  Kimberly,  M.  D." 

The  following  invoice  of  proprietaries  and  sundries  purchased 
April  28,  1837,  by  Peter  Pruyne  &  Company,  may  not  be  without 
interest.     The  original  is  in  Doctor  Kimberly's  handwriting: 

"Ao  invoice  of  medicines  purchased  April  28,  1837. 

21^2  doz.  Soda  Powders,  10 $  3  73 

2doz.  Ballards'  Oil  Soap,  16 4  00 

h,  doz.  Imperial  Dye,  $5.00 2  50 

2  doz.  Catarrh  Snuff,  10 2  50 


262 

^  doz.  Hygean  mixture,  12 $  6  00 

^    "          "             "          32 2  00 

^    "    West's  Cosmetic,  large,  $12.00 6  00 

^    "          "             "         small,  $6.00 3  00 

IX  doz.  Rawson's  Itch  Ointment,  12 , 1  50 

9-12  "  Artificial  Nipples,  $4  50 6  75 

2  doz.  Lavender  Soap,  6 1  50 

1  *    Digestive  Elixir,  $4.50 4  50 

^   doz.  Green  Plaster,  12 75 

la      "     Mastic  Varnish,  18 113 

9-12  "    Bleaching  Fluid,  10 94 

X  "    Indelible  Ink,  18 113 

1-2    "     Sick  Headache,  20 125 

20  Porcelain  Teeth,  6I4 1  25 

^  doz.  Metallic  Corn  Digester,  10 63 

2  h,  doz.  Morrison's  Hygean  Pills,  $9 22  50 

j4   doz.  Burnham's  Drops,  18 1  13 


V 


''a. 


China  Cement,  10 63 

>|      "    Horse  Medicine,  $3.00 150 

%      "    Scudder's  Eyewater,  12 75 

3  "    Lee's  Pills,  10 6  00 

1       '•    Bear's  Oif,  10 125 

h,      "    Ward's  Hair  Oil,  $8.00 4  00 

2-12  "    New  England  Cough  Drops,  18 2  25 

1       "    Weaver's  Eye  Salve,  10 125 

21^  "    Roach  Bane,  10 25 

I3      •'    Razor  Strops,  4 25 

4  12  "    Milk  Roses,  12 38 

5-12"     Elixir  of  Life,  $4.50 2  00 

II2  "    .Jewett's  Water  Proof ,  24 4  50 

1       •'    Peleg  White's  Salve,  15 188 

1       "    Conklin's  Salve,  8 100 

1^      "    Little's  Lotion,  10 63 

1       ' '    He wes  Liniment 3  00 

1  "    Oldridge's  Balm  Columbia 4  50 

12  "    Elixirof  Life,  24 150 

13  "    Arabian  Balsam,  12 75 

1^2  "    Butler's  Magnesian  Aperient,  $5 7  50 

2  "    Medieamentum,  8 16  00 

3  Trusses,  6 2  50 

^2    doz.  Anderson's  Cough  Drops,  small,  18 1  13 

I3      "               "             "           •*        large,36 2  25 

The  firm  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  did  a  large  and  lucrative  business 
in  1833,  1834,  1835  and  1836.  It  was  in  the  last  year  that  Doctor 
Kimberly  suggested  winding  up  the  business,  although  it  was  not 
outranked  at  that  time  by  any  firm  in  the  city.  But  the  financial 
sky  throughout  the  United  States  began  to  look  dark;  Illinois  was  in 
bad  shape  financially;  the  bank  notes  in  circulation  were  from  "wild- 
oat  banks,"  were  hard  to  get  and  unsafe  to  hold,  even  for  a  few  hours 
and  the  State  itself  was  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy.  But  it  was  not 
until  1839  that  the  business  was  wound  up.  The  firm  had  taken  a 
number  of  contracts  on  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  and  had 
opened  supply  stores  at  Romeo  and  other  towns  along  the  canal. 
The  business  was  successfully  conducted  until  the  time  of  Mr. 
Pruyne's  death  in  1838.  This,  of  course,  ended  the  firm  of  Peter 
Pruyne  &  Co.  and  its  affairs  were  wound  up,  the  general  store  being 


263 

sold.  Doctor  Kimberly  took  the  drug  department  and  moved  it  into 
the  Tremont  house  building,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Lake  and 
Dearborn  streets,  where  no  doubt  it  was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1889. 

The  clerks  of  the  firm  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  from  1832  to  1839 
were  as  far  as  we  have  a  record:  Marcus  C.  Stearns,  who  had  charge 
at  various  times  of  their  branch  stores  along  the  canal,  at  Romeo, 
Lockport  and  other  points.  Oscar  C.  Lange,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  Swedish  settler  in  Chicago,  who  likewise  was  detailed 
to  look  after  the  supply  stores  along  the  canal,  and  remained  with 
the  firm  until  its  dissolution,  when  he  went  with  Doctor  Kimberly, 
taking  charge  of  the  store  in  the  Tremont  house,  after  which  he 
went  to  Milwaukee  and  was  in  the  employ  of  A  F.  Clarke  &  Co.,  of 
that  city  in  the  early  '40s.  George  L.  Gray,  O.  L.  Beach,  A.  H. 
Hamilton  and  Henry  Knight  were  other  employes  of  this  firm. 

W.  H.  &  A.  F.  Clarke. 

This  firm  consisted  of  William  Hull  Clarke  and  Abram  F.  Clarke, 
who  came  from  Watertown,  N.  Y.  They  opened  a  drug  store  at  213 
South  Water  street,  near  Franklin.  May  23,  1835.  They  were  the 
third  drug  firm  to  establish  themselves  in  Chicago.  In  the  Weekly 
American  of  that  time  we  find  an  advertisement  dated  Nov.  7,  1835, 
stating  that  the  firm  had  moved  to  the  southeast  corner  of  South 
Water  and  Clark  streets,  previously  occupied  by  Kimball  &  Porter, 
dry  goods  merchants.  About  Dec.  1,  1835,  the  firm  moved  to  128 
Lake  street,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Clark,  where  they  remained 
until  November,  1840,  when  they  moved  to  102  Lake  Street,  known 
as  the  Tremont  House  building,  northwest  corner  of  Lake  and  Dear- 
born streets,  remaining  in  this  location  until  1851,  when  the  retail 
department  was  moved  to  the  Tremont  House  at  33  Dearborn  street, 
southeast  corner  of  Lake  and  Dearborn,  and  was  run  under  the  name 
of  F.  A.  Bryan;  Samuel  C.  Clarke,  another  one  of  the  Clarke  brothers, 
being  a  silent  partner  During  1842  the  original  firm  changed  to 
Clarke  &  Co.,  W.  H.  and  Samuel  C.  Clarke  making  up  the  firm,  and 
A.  F.  Clarke  going  to  Milwaukee,  where  he  opened  a  store  under  the 
firm  name  of  A.  F.  Clarke  &  Co.  On  Oct.  24,  1842,  John  C.  Shaw, 
of  Boston,  was  admitted  as  a  special  partner  of  the  firm  of  Clarke  & 
Co.  and  the  firm  continued  in  business  until  1851,  when  the  whole- 
sale department  was  taken  to  213  South  Water  street,  where  it  was 
sold  by  E.  C.  Lamed,  the  assignee,  in  the  early  part  of  the  following 
year.  This  sale  was  advertised  in  the  Weekly  Democrat  of  March  3, 
1852,  sale  to  be  had  at  New  York  cost  with  transportation  added. 

William  Hull  Clarke  became  city  engineer  for  Chicago  in  1855, 
after  the  Clarkes  had  gone  out  of  business,  and  remained  in  the 
employ  of  the  city  until  his  death,  which  occurred  here  on  August 
5,  1878.     He  was  65  years,  ten  months  and  10  days  old. 

A.  F.  Clarke  was  a  resident  of  Milwaukee  from  1841  to  1879,  when 
he  went  to  Marietta,  Ga.,  where  he  died  on  March  2,  1886,  aged  71 
years,  4  months  and  7  days. 


264 

Samuel  C.  Clarke,  the  active  pharmacist  of  the  firm,  known  as 
"the  lame  Clarke,"  also  removed  to  Marietta,  Ga.,  in  1871  after  the 
business  was  discontinued  and  died  there  about (?) 

W.  H.  &  A.  F.  Clarke  did  the  principal  wholesale  and  retail  busi- 
ness during  the  latter  80's  and  early  40's.  We  find  their  advertise- 
ments  during  this  period  in  the  daily  papers  of  the  city.  Aside  from 
their  drug  business,  they  were  manufacturers  of  lard  oil  and  candles 
on  the  North  Side  between  Wolcott  and  Cass  streets.  They  were 
the  early  dispensers  of  soda  water,  and  in  June,  1839,  we  find  an  ad- 
vertisement to  the  effect  that  soda  water  was  on  draught  at  their 
store,  corner  Lake  and  Clark  streets.  They  advertised  the  fact  also 
that  they  made  their  own  soda  water. 

Among  the  employes  of  the  Clarkes  were  F.  A.  Bryan,  Thos.  B. 
Penton,  who  afterward  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Brinckerhoff 
&  Penton,  Geo.  P.  Clarke,  another  brother,  John  M.  Howard,  George 
Graff,  Leonard  Wilson  and  John  Miller. 

Fredeeiok  Thomas. 

The  fourth  druggist  to  open  a  store  in  Chicago  was  Frederick 
Thomas,  who  came  from  New  York  city  and  started  a  drug  store 
on  South  Water  street  in  June,  1835.  The  present  number  of  the 
location  is  about  121. 

On  the  8th  of  June,  1885,  the  following  advertisement  appeared 
in  the  Chicago  Weekly  American: 

"Chicago's  New  Drug,  Medicine  and  Paint  Store — Frederick 
Thomas,  late  of  the  city  of  New  York,  has  taken  a  store  a  little  west 
of  the  drawbridge,  Water  street  (two  doors  from  the  American 
office)  where  he  intends  keeping  a  full  and  general  assortment  of 
articles  in  the  above  line,  together  with  chemicals,  perfumery  and 
dyestuffs  and  hopes  with  his  experience  of  more  than  12  years  in  the 
business  and  a  determination  of  strict  personal  attention,  to  merit 
the  patronage  of  the  citizens  of  Chicago  and  its  vicinity. 

"  A.mong  the  articles  he  offers  for  sale  are  the  following,  viz. :  Seidlitz 
and  soda  powders,  ginger  beer  powders,  wafers  and  sealing  wax,  Epsom 
salt.  Rochelle  salt,  smelling  salt,  French  quinine,  Lee's  pills,  quinine 
piHe,  tooth  drops,  cough  drops,  Bateman's  drops,  Dole's  eye  water, 
Thompson's  eye  water,  diamond  cement,  Godfrey's  cordial,  bear's 
oil,  otto  rose,  bronzes  all  kinds,  essential  oils,  paint  brushes,  copal 
varuish,  window  glass,  lamp  wicks,  black  lead,  camel's  hair  pencils, 
sand  paper,  letter  paper,  black  and  red  ink,  ink  powders,  hair 
brushes,  tooth  brushes,  fancy  soaps,  Poland  starch,  pink  saucers, 
Spanish  indigo,  Prussian  blue,  pepper  sauce,  spices  all  kinds,  court 
plaster,  lucifer  matches,  patent  groats,  cologne  water,  lavender  water, 
dyes  of  all  kinds,  Chinese  vermilion,  sash  tools,  boiled  oil,  lamp  oil, 
white  lead,  fine  glue,  lemon  syrup,  etc. 


265 

Physicians'  prescriptions  and  family  recipes  accurately  dispensed. 

Bleeding,  leeching  and  tooth  drawing. 

Boy  wanted.     Apply  at  above.  ' 

Chicago,  June  8,  1835  " 

On  the  24th  of  June  Mr.  Thomas  advertised  a  cholera  elixir,  and 
on  the  26th  of  the  same  month,  in  addition  to  the  stock  enumerated 
above,  he  announces  the  schooner  "President"  had  brought  him  a 
supply  of  paints,  drugs,  perfumery,  oils  and  dye  stuffs. 

Frederick  Thomas  was  evidently  an  Englishnian,  for  in  the  Weekly 
American  of  June  27,  1885,  he  advertises  for  information  about  his 
brother,  an  Englishman,  six  feet  tall,  22  years  old,  dark  complexioned, 
large  features;  last  heard  of  as  a  clerk  in  Louisville,  Ky. 

Mr.  Thomas,  no  doubt  in  opening  his  store,  expected  to  do  a  drug 
business  entirely,  as  the  advertisement  of  his  stock  and  statement 
concerning  himself  attests.  We  find,  however,  that  he  carried  out 
the  idea  just  six  months,  but  must  have  found  it  unprofitable,  as  on 
Jan.  11,  1886,  he  formed  a  copartnership  with  Thomas  Jenkins,  his 
next  door  neighbor,  who  was  operating  a  general  store  with  crockery 
and  groceries  as  its  main  features,  the  firm  being  known  as  Jenkins 
&  Thomas.  This  firm  lasted  until  March  24,  1886,  for  in  the  Weekly 
American  of  that  date  we  find  a  notice  of  dissolution  of  the  firm,  Mr. 
Jenkins  succeeding  to  the  entire  business  and  settling  all  accounts. 

On  the  11th  of  July,  1836,  the  store  was  advertised  as  the  Chicago 
New  Drug  and  Medicine  store,  no  mention  being  made  of  Mr. 
Thomas  or  his  former  connection  with  the  store. 

Mr.  Jenkins  announced  on  July  30,  1836,  that  he  had  just  received 
a  new  addition  to  his  stock  of  crockery,  dry  goods,  groceries,  drugs, 
etc.  On  August  27  of  the  same  year  Mr.  Jenkins  announced  that  he 
had  movel  his  store  to  Lake  street  one  door  west  of  Clark,  and  states 
that  he  carries  crockery,  groceries,  dry  sroods,  drugs  and  medicines. 
A  month  later  another  advertisement  appeared  announcing  a  co- 
partnership between  Messrs.  Jenkins  &  Lovell,  who  would  carry  a 
stock  of  crockery,  groceries  and  dry  goods.  No  reference  is  made  in 
this  or  later  advertisements  of  this  firm  to  drugs.  No  doubt  this  was 
the  last  of  the  Thomas  drug  stock,  and  even  after  the  time  of  the 
dissolution  of  Jenkins  &  Thomas  we  can  find  no  further  record  of 
Mr.  Thomas. 

We  have  no  record  of  anyone  ever  having  clerked  for  Mr.  Thomas. 
He  probably  carried  on  the  business  himself  with  the  help  of  a  boy. 

Leroy  M.  Boyoe. 

The  entrance  of  L.  M.  Boyce  into  the  drug  business  in  Chicago  in 
October.  1838,  marked  a  step  toward  the  beginning  of  a  legitimate 
exclusive  drug  store.     The  stock  which  he  bought  in  New  York  and 


266 

Boston  consisted  of  drugs,  chemicals,  medicines  and  druggists'  sun- 
dries, and  amounted  to  about  $2,000  worth  This  line  of  goods  con- 
tinued in  kind  almost  intact  through  the  successive  changes  of  loca- 
tion up  to  the  time  of  Mr.  Boyce's  death  in  1849. 

Mr.  Boyce  learned  the  drug  business  with  Doctor  Merchant,  known 
as  the  manufacturer  of  Merchant's  Gargling  Oil,  at  Lockport,  N.  Y. 
Here  he  remained  until  he  was  of  age.  He  then  went  to  Hamilton, 
Canada,  where  he  was  employed  for  a  year  by  a  Mr.  Winer,  a  drug- 
gist there,  coming  to  Chicago  in  July,  1838,  and  securing  a  location 
for  a  store  on  the  south  side  of  South  Water  street,  one  door  west  of 
Dearborn  street.     The  present  number  of  that  location  is  117. 

Mr.  Boyce  says  in  his  diary: 

"I  hired  a  store  from  William  Jones  for  eight  months  at  the  rate 
of  $300  per  year.  This  was  a  small  wooden  building  two  stories 
high,  about  26  feet  front  and  30  feet  in  depth. 

In  the  Daily  American  of  April  9,  1839,  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  we  find  the 
following  advertisement  dated  Dec.  15,  1838: 

"New  Establishment.— L.  M.  Boyce,  Druggist  and  Apothecary, 
takes  this  method  of  informing  the  inhabitants  of  Chicago  that  he 
has  recently  commenced  business  in  South  Water  street  a  few  doors 
west  of  Dearborn,  where  he  offers  for  sale  a  full  line  of  drugs,  medi- 
cines, paints,  perfumery,  patent  medicines.  Shakers'  roots,  herbs, 
horse  and  cattle  medicines,  dye  stuffs,  etc.,  and  respectfully  solicits  a 
share  of  public  patronage.  Physicians  and  country  dealers  are  par- 
ticularly invited  to  examine  his  stock.  Particular  attention  will  be 
paid  to  his  retail  business,  and  no  article  will  be  permitted  to  leave 
his  shop  unless  perfectly  pure  and  of  the  best  quality.  Prescriptions 
put  up  with  neatness,  accuracy  and  dispatch,  and  any  article  not 
usually  kept  furnished  on  short  notice." 

Independent  of  his  regular  display  advertising,  giving  the  location 
of  his  store  and  the  advertisements  of  proprietary  medicines  giving 
Mr.  Boyce  as  their  Chicago  agent,  he  was  a  frequent  advertiser  in 
other  ways,  as  the  following  announcement  in  the  Chicago  Daily 
American  of  May  8,  1839,  shows: 

"I  have  just  removed  to  Lake  street,  No.  3  Saloon  Buildings,  from 
my  old  stand  on  South  Water  street.  I  have  just  received  a  fresh 
supply  of  drugs  and  medicines  and  invite  the  attention  of  physicians 
and  country  dealers  to  my  stock  of  quinine,  Peruvian  bark,  sarsapa- 
rilla,  morphine,  piperine,  kreasote,  castor  oil,  Rowland's  Tonic,  etc. 

113  Lake  street.  No.  3  Saloon  Building." 

Another  announcement  advertises  Shakers'  herbs  for  sale  and  says 
that  Mr.  Boyce  wants  to  purchase  100  pounds  of  Ladies'  Slipper  and 
100  pounds  of  Golden  Seal  for  cash. 

Mr.  Boyce  remained  at  the  above  location  until  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1849. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  his  store  by  Henry  Bowman,  who 
was  a  clerk  for  Boyce  from  1845  to  1848  and  is  now  a  resident  of 
Oakland,  Cal.     Mr.  Bowman  says: 


267 

"There  were  two  bay  windows  containing  a  very  meagre  display, 
which  consisted  of  two  ordinary  two  gallon  show  bottles  in  each, 
filled  with  red  and  blue  water.  Behind  these  bottles  were  small  oil 
lamps.  The  store  was  lighted  with  oil  lamps,  which  it  was  my  duty 
to  trim.  There  were  four  of  us  and  we  took  turns  at  the  sweeping 
out  and  washing  windows.  At  that  time  Augustus  D.  Boyce,  brother 
of  L.  M.,  was  with  him,  but  he  went  away  the  following  year.  Boyce's 
drug  store  in  the  Saloon  building  was  160  feet  deep.  The  main 
building  was  either  80  or  100  feet  deep  and  three  stories  high,  with  a 
good  garret  above  in  which  empty  boxes  were  stored.  From  the 
main  building  a  one- story  rough  brick  addition  extended  to  within 
20  feet  of  the  alley.  It  had  a  flat  tin  roof  in  which  was  a  skylight. 
The  rent  of  the  store  was  $600  a  year. 

"As  you  entered  the  store  immediately  to  the  right  against  the  wall 
was  a  place  for  putting  up  prescriptions.  A  perfumery  wall  case 
came  next.  Then  there  were  three  rows  of  drawers  for  drugs,  with 
closets  under  them  for  packages  of  essences,  proprietary  medicines, 
Haarlem  oil,  opodeldoc,  Bateman's  Drops,  Turlington's  Balscm,  etc., 
in  dozens  for  wholesaleing  and  others  for  retailing.  The  bottom  of 
the  oases  of  drawers  was  about  the  height  of  the  counters.  There 
were  two  rows,  I  think  of  quart  tincture  bottles  and  perhaps  two 
rows  of  quart  specie  jars  above  the  tinctures.  Above  them  as  I 
recollect  were  half  gallon  packing  bottles,  such  as  aq.  ammonia 
FFF,  sp.  ether  nitros  FFF,  etc.,  acid  acetic  No.  8,  etc,  and  I  think 
some  wide  mouth  packing  bottles  with  original  contents.  On  the 
shelf  was  an  assortment  of  packing  bottles,  quarts,  pints  and  half 
pints.  There  was  "ens.  veneris."  crocus  martis,  seed  lac  oowhage, 
castoreum  and  a  lot  of  other  stuff  that  was  seldom  called  for.  I  do 
not  think  there  were  counter  and  show  cases  except  a  square  one 
about  three  or  four  feet  high  for  trusses.  There  were  counters  on 
both  sides  of  the  store.  On  the  left  hand  side  I  think  the  shelves 
had  gallon  and  half  gallon  tincture  bottles  and  salt  mouth  or  specie 
jars.  There  were  half  gallon  tincture  bottles  on  the  lower  shelves. 
On  the  upper  shelves  were  the  essential  oils  in  quart  bottles  and  I 
think  also  in  original  packages.  Where  the  counters  ended  on  the 
right  hand  side  there  was  first  the  stove  and  then  the  main  desk 
placed  at  right  angles  with  the  wall,  and  beyond  that  was  the 
work  table  upon  which  we  filled  the  country  orders,  and  in  quiet 
times  we  sat  there  putting  up  Bateman's  and  Godfrey's  drops,  Brit- 
ish and  Haarlem  oils  and  essences  in  dozens  for  peddlers,  and  black 
and  blue  inks,  etc.  Against  the  wall,  opposite  the  table  were  barrels 
of  stuff.  There  was  port  wine  with  logwood  chips,  I  think,  in  the 
bottom  of  it,  a  barrel  of  Stoughton's  bitters,  a  barrel  of  ink,  made 
from  the  formula  in  Ure's  Dictionary,  a  barrel  of  whiskey  costing  50 
cents  a  gallon,  a  barrel  of  80  per  cent  alcohol,  etc.  Very  little  90 
per  cent  alcohol  was  used.  I  think  the  whiskey  was  made  from  corn. 
There  were  shelves  above  these  barrels  with  packages  on  them. 

"On  the  left  side  of  the  store  as  you  entered,  I  do  not  so  well  re- 
member the  arrangement,  as  we  waited  on  customers  mainly  on  the 
other  side.  I  think  there  was  a  row  of  gallon  specie  jars  on  the 
lower  shelf,  containing  Scotch  oat  meal,  very  acrid,  for  gruel.  They 
were  then  just  beginning  to  make  it  in  America,  for  in  1849  I  got  a 


268 

barrel  of  it  from  Brookville,  Canada.  Pearl  barley,  sago,  starch, 
nutmegs,  cloves,  mace,  cassia,  arrow  root,  etc.,  formed  also  a  part  of 
the  contents  of  these  shelves.  On  the  floor  was  a  keg  of  tamarinds 
and  one  of  Zanti  currants,  and  on  the  second  counter  was  an  original 
package  of  citron. 

"On  the  end  of  the  first  counter  stood  the  square  glass  case  I  spoke 
of,  with  trusses  hanging  in  it,  and  on  top  of  it  was  a  two  gallon 
specie  jar  of  camphor  from  which  we  retailed.  There  were  drawers 
in  each  of  the  back  counters  for  vials,  All  the  vials  used  were  long, 
round,  green  ones,  a  little  wider  and  thinner  at  the  shoulder,  made  by 
McCulIey  &  Company,  Pittsburg.  I  think  that  one  ounce  was  the 
smallest  size.  There  were  divisions  in  the  drawers  for  vials  up  to 
eight  ounces  and  a  division  at  the  left  end  for  mixed  corks.  These 
bottles  were  quiiled  out  and  not  washed,  and  they  served  for  prescrip- 
tions also.  There  must  have  been  some  wide  mouthed  vials,  as  I 
had  the  job  of  putting  up  eight  ounces  of  Cowhage  in  one  ounce 
wide  mouthed  vials.  This  feat  I  have  a  distinct  memory  of,  as  well 
as  the  powdering  of  some  aloes  and  bloodroot  for  prescription  use 
and  horse  balls.  This  was  just  before  Haskell  &  Merrick  of  10  Gold 
street.  New  York,  commenced  putting  up  their  "Select  Powders," 
whi.3h  were  a  great  blessing  ever  to  be  gratefully  remembered. 

"I  think  the  herbs  in  packages,  got  of  Fowler  &  Gates,  New  Leba- 
non, N.  y.,  and  the  Shaker  solid  extracts  were  kept  on  the  left  side 
of  the  store.     Very  few  English  extracts  were  used. 

"There  was  an  upright  perfume  case  against  the  wall  near  the  front 
door,  but  I  do  not  remember  upon  which  side  of  the  door  it  was. 
We  put  up  "Rose  Hair  Oil"  in  four  ounce  flint  fluted  vials.  It  was 
made  of  castor  oil  and  linseed  oil  mixed  and  perfumed  with  berga- 
mot,  lemon  and  cinnamon  oil. 

"My  memory  is  not  at  all  clear  as  to  the  internal  arrangement  of  the 
shelving  or  the  disposition  of  the  goods  upon  the  shelves.  At  the 
end  of  the  shelves  on  the  left  were  the  stairs  leading  up  forward  from 
the  rear  of  the  main  store.  At  the  foot  of  the  stairs  and  beyond 
were  the  fall  and  trap  doors  up  to  the  garret,  ropes,  tackle  blocks, 
etc.,  and  the  second  and  third  stories  had  windows  in  the  rear  that 
let  light  down  on  the  work  table,  desk  and  rear  of  the  store.  The 
trap  doors  remained  open  except  in  very  cold  weather.  The  windows 
faced  the  south.  I  think  there  were  three  windows  at  each  end  of 
the  rooms  up  stairs. 

"On  the  floor  of  the  second  story  were  rows  of  barrels  of  goods  that 
came  in  flour  barrels.  There  were  several  barrels  of  camphor  that 
Boyce  laid  in  on  speculation,  but  the  price  continued  to  fall  and 
never  rose  again.  There  were  boxes  of  licorice  extract  in  bay  leaves, 
and  other  boxes  of  goods  such  as  Farr's  quinine  in  100  ounce  boxes, 
and  proprietary  goods,  Indian  cholagogue,  etc.  At  the  front  or 
north  end  of  the  room  was  the  clerks'  bedroom,  containing  two  beds, 
a  wardrobe  and  a  table.     Two  clerks  slept  in  each  bed. 

"The  third  floor  must  have  contained  barrels  and  boxes  the  same  as 
the  second,  but  I  do  not  recall  it.     There  was  no  cellar  or  basement. 


269 

On  the  ground  floor  at  the  end  of  the  main  store  there  was  an  open- 
ing with  two  sash  doors  into  the  back  room,  This  room  had  no  win- 
dows, but  was  lighted  by  a  skylight.  It  was  from  60  to  80  feet  deep 
and  in  it  were  many  barrels  of  oil  of  different  kinds,  boxes  of 
McCully  &  Company's  window  glass  in  small  and  medium  sizes,  and 
of  their  vials  in  boxes,  a  barrel  of  putty  in  bladders,  white  lead  and 
other  paints.  There  were  no  small  cans  of  paint  that  I  remember. 
There  was  a  row  near  the  entrance  of  40  gallon  cans  of  different  oils, 
including  one  of  tallow  oil,  sold  for  neatsfoot  and  it  would  not  run 
out  of  the  molasses  gate  without  poking  in  a  stick— and  then  the 
smell. 

"A  man  named  Bay,  brother  of  the  Bay  of  Sears  &  Bay,  my  fellow 
clerk  and  bedfellow  as  well,  manufactured  the  boiled  linseed  oil. 
We  boiled  it  in  a  potash  kettle  in  the  adjoining  vacant  lot,  with 
sugar  of  lead  or  lithrage,  or  both  until  it  would  scorch  a  feather. 

"I  think  some  of  the  patent  medicines  in  original  packages  were 
also  stored  in  the  back  room. 

"Boyce's  business  was  mostly  wholesale  and  very  few  prescriptions 
were  filled  there.  There  was  no  pill  machine,  but  we  used  a  pill 
tile  and  rolled  the  pills  with  our  fingers.  For  some  time  I  used  to 
put  one  of  the  pills  in  the  palm  of  m}'  hand  and  roll  it  around  with  my 
right  forefinger.  A  year  or  so  afterwards  Boyce  hired  a  man  named 
Leonard  as  a  kind  of  overseer,  and  he  taught  me  how  to  roll  a  pill 
between  each  thumb  and  forefinger,  so  as  to  make  them  more  quickly. 

"We  put  up  a  good  many  of  Sappington's  pill  and  it  was  slow  work. 
Of  graduates  and  mortars  we  had  but  two  or  three  of  each  in  use. 
We  had  a  good  assortment  of  printed  labels  for  all  the  ordinary 
articles.  Boyce  had  learned  the  business  with  G.  W.  Merchant  of 
Lookport,  N.  Y.,  and  I  think  that  Merchant  did  about  the  same 
kind  of  a  business. 

"I  think  that  Clarke  &  Co.  did  the  largest  prescription  business, 
perhaps,  until  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co.  came  and  Bryan  started,  then  it  was 
divided  up.  We  had  a  pair  of  fairly  good  prescription  scales,  which 
were  mounted  on  top  of  a  drawer  and  there  was  no  case  to  them. 
Our  counter  scales  were  the  old  fashioned  kind  with  black  marble 
column  and  beam,  and  the  weights  were,  I  think,  the  ordinary 
brass  pile.     The  apothecary  weights  were  all  square  brass. 

"The  labels  on  the  furniture  bottles  were  put  on  with  gold  leaf  and 
lettered.  There  were  few,  if  any,  salt  mouths.  They  were  mostly 
specie  jars  with  lacquered  covers. 

"Boyce  furnished  physicians  and  small  drug  stores  throughout  the 
country  and  did  a  profitable  business,  getting  good  prices  all  around. 
He  did  a  good  business  in  the  city  with  livery  stables  and  stage  lines 
and  also  had  a  good  family  trade.  He  put  up  but  few  proprietary 
articles  and  they  were  mostly  horse  medicines.  He  put  up  Mer- 
chant's Gargling  Oil  under  the  name  of  Arabian  Oil,  and  a  green 
ointment  for  horses'  hoofs.  I  have  still  the  book  into  which  I  copied 
all  his  formulas,  but  I  think  I  never  used  any  of  them  but  "hirra 
picra,"  composition  powder  and  inks. 


270 

"When  I  was  there  glycerin  was  first  introduced  and  Boj'ce  sent  to 
New  York  for  an  ounce  of  it  to  cure  deafness!  Chloroform  was  also 
then  first  manufactured,  and  Boyce  got  out  a  dozen  or  so  ounces  of 
it  in  one  ounce  vials.  Each  vial  was  half  full  of  water— to  keep  the 
stuff  down,  I  suppose.  Boyce  had  a  sense  of  humor  and  he  laughed 
most  heartily  when  he  got  the  first  dozen  of  Allcock's  porous  plas- 
ters. In  my  rummaging  through  the  drawers  I  found  a  round  thing 
about  four  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter  with  a  hole  in  it  like  a 
doughnut  I  asked  him  what  it  was  for.  He  laughed  until  I  got 
quite  red  in  the  .face  and  said  he  didn't  wonder  I  did  not  know  what 
it  was  for.  He  thought  he  would  put  it  on  a  post  and  use  it  as  the 
sign  of  the  Mammoth  Pessary.  When  I  was  a  small  boy  I  used  to 
buy  squirts  at  the  apothecary's  to  play  with.  I  saw  a  lot  in  a  drawer 
marked  P.  P.  syringes,  and  I  asked  him  what  "P.  P."  stood  for,  He 
told  me  in  two  words  and  I  was  careful  afterwards  about  asking 
questions,  There  were  no  syringes  of  rubber,  either  hard  or  soft 
when  I  went  there,  but  they  were  introduced  a  year  or  so  afterwards. 
We  sold  the  French  "Clysopompe"  and  pewter  syringes  of  different 
sizes. 

"About  1847  Tilden  began  to  put  up  reliable  solid  extracts  in  green 
cartons  and  glass  vials,  and  afterwards  he  put  up  fluid  extracts,  but 
it  was  sometime  before  the  latter  came  in  use.  Ayer's  Cherry  Pec- 
toral was  first  introduced  in  1847  or  1848.  Before  that  Jayne's  med- 
icines were  the  principal  proprietary  remedies.  Bristol's  Sarsaparilla 
was  the  one  that  made  a  reputation  for  sarsaparilla  about  that  time. 
It  was  not  known  that  iodide  gave  it  its  main  value,  The  case  was 
similar  to  that  of  Sappington's  pills  that  had  such  a  sale  about  1840 
and  after,  before  it  was  known  that  quinine  was  their  principal  med- 
icinal ingredient. 

"Next  the  store  on  the  west  was  a  stairway.  Doctor  Pitney,  a  ven- 
erable looking  homeopathist,  had  an  oflBoe  up  stairs.  I  think  I  have 
written  of  him  before — of  his  snow  white  and  coal  black  horses  and 
his  gig.  I  was  greatly  indebted  to  the  old  doctor.  I  had  been  tak- 
ing tjpham's  Pile  Electuary  every  morning  for  a  month  or  two  as  a 
cathartic.  As  he  stood  drawing  on  his  gloves  in  the  doorway  one 
day  I  asked  him  if  there  was  anything  else  I  could  do.  My  medical 
knowledge  was  scant.  He  said  that  1  should  live  on  Boston  brown 
bread  and  eat  nothing  else.  The  prescription  cured  me  in  a  few 
days,  and  how  many  times  have  I  given  the  advice  to  others  in  the 
last  55  years  I  cannot  tell — but  this  has  no  relevancy  to  the  inside 
arrangement  of  Boyce's  drug  store. 

"In  1843  we  find  that  Mr.  Boyce  went  into  the  manufacture  of  lin- 
seed oil.  The  firm  name  was  Peck  &  Boyce  In  1846  a  branch  drug 
store  was  opened  in  St.  Charles,  111.,  under  the  firm  name  of  Free- 
man &  Boyce. 

"Among  the  clerks  of  Boyce  were  August  D.  Boyce,  a  brother,  who 
was  with  him  from  1839  to  1819,  leaving  for  California  prior  to  Mr. 
Boyce's  death.  Edwin  R  Allen  came  to  Chicago  with  Mr.  Boyce 
from  New  York,  where  he  had  been  a  fellow  clerk  in  Dr.  Merchant's 
store  in  Lookport;  he  was  Mr.  Boyce's  first  clerk,  remaining  with 


271 

him  several  years,  but  later  moving  to  Aurora,  where  he  died  in  the 
summer  of  1897;  he  was  a  prominent  citizen  of  Aurora  and  left  a 
large  estate.  Edward  Waloott  came  in  1839  and  remained  until  1843; 
he  died  in  Nice,  France,  Feb.  2,  1884,  at  the  age  of  62  years.  _  Will- 
iam E.  Bowman,  elder  brother  of  Henry  Bowman,  clerked  in  the 
Boyce  store  from  1840  to  1848;  he  went  to  Montreal,  Canada,  and 
engaged  in  the  drug  business,  his  firm  being  known  as  Workman  & 
Bowman;  later  on  his  partner  dropped  out;  after  running  the  store 
alone  for  a  while  he  became  a  physician  and  was  for  some  time  editor 
of  the  Canada  Lancet;  he  died  in  1868.  Edwin  R  Bay  was  with  Boyce 
from  1844  to  1849;  he,  in  partnership  with  John  Sears,  Jr.,  bought 
Boyce's  business  at  the  latter's  death;  the  new  firm  was  called  Sears 
&  Bay;  after  two  years  Mr.  Bay  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Sears  and 
established  himself  in  the  wholesale  drug  business  at  139  Lake 
street;  he  was  associated  with  a  Mr.  Baldwin  and  the  firm  name  be- 
came Bay  &  Baldwin,  continuing  until  1855,  when  the  business  was 
sold  to  Thomas  Lord.  D.  H.  Cunningham  clerked  for  L,  M.  Boyce 
in  1844;  Philip  Freya  from  1844  to  1845;  Charles  J.Ames  during 
1845  and  1846.  Henry  Bowman  learned  the  business  with  Boyce, 
entering  his  drug  store  in  1845  and  remaining  until  1848,  when  be 
left  and  formed  a  copartnership  with  Dr.  Henry  Ritchie,  at  138  Lake 
street;  the  firm  became  Henry  Bowman  &  Co.,  and  was  burned  out 
in  1851;  Mr.  Bowman  then  went  to  Oakland,  Cal.,  where  he  is  now 
in  business.  George  T.  White  clerked  for  Boyce  in  1845;  he,  too, 
went  west  and  was  in  business  for  some  years  in  Colton,  Cal.  Mr. 
Leonard,  who  clerked  in  the  Boyce  store  during  1847  and  1848,  was 
general  overseer  in  the  retail  department,  and  was  the  expert  who 
taught  the  boys  how  to  roll  pills.  A.  H.  WoodrufP  came  in  in  1848. 
Isaac  Wells  was  also  a  clerk  for  Boyce  about  this  time;  he  was  a 
middle  aged,  easy  going  man,  and  afterward  clerked  for  Sears  & 
Bay;  it  was  said  that  he  spent  most  of  his  time  telling  stories;  he 
went  to  California  in  1851  and  the  next  year  he  visited  Henry  Bow- 
man's store  in  Sacramento;  he  had  been  mining  and  was  almost  ex- 
hausted with  the  weight  of  the  gold  he  was  carrying  in  a  belt  around 
his  body." 

Sidney  Sawyer. 

Mr.  Sawyer  came  to  Chicago  in  1839  from  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  ac- 
cording to  an  advertisement  in  the  Daily  American  of  May  20,  1889, 
he  opened  a  drug  store  on  Dearborn  street  on  March  20th  of  that 
year.  In  this  advertisement  he  announced  that  he  had  just  opened 
up  an  addition  to  his  stock,  consisting  of  a  choice  assortment  of 
drugs,  medicines,  paints,  oils,  perfumery,  groceries,  etc.,  having  made 
arrangements  with  large  manufacturing  houses  in  New  York  city  for 
a  constant  supply  of  their  goods. 

The  store  was  on  Dearborn  street  at  the  north  end  of  the  alley 
between  South  Water  and  Lake  streets  at  No.  14.  It  was  near  the 
Tremont  house  and  was  called  the  New  York  Cheap  Cash  Drug  and 
Medicine  store.  It  was  afterward  moved  to  124  Lake  street.  Before 
Mr.  Sawyer  took  in  a  partner  and  the  house  became  that  of  a  firm 


272 

the  tendency  of  the  stock  was  toward  fancy  groceries,  fruits  and 
liquors.  In  1855  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  Sawyer,  Paige  & 
Company.  In  1856  the  business  was  moved  to  70  Lake  street  in 
April,  1861,  the  stock  was  sold  at  public  auction. 

Mr.  Sawyer  was  a  constant  advertiser  in  both  the  Daily  American 
and  the  Democrat.  Under  date  of  May  24,  1839,  we  find  an  adver- 
tisement  saying  that  soda  water  is  constantly  on  draught  at  Sawyer's 
New  York  Cheap  Cash  Drug  Store,  Sawyer's  extract  of  bark  was 
also  advertised,  this  medicine  obtaining  more  than  a  local  reputation 
as  a  remedy  for  fever  and  ague  and  is  still  on  the  market  today. 
Another  advertisement  of  a  later  date  announces  the  receipt  of  large 
quantities  of  quinine,  Peruvian  bark  and  Rowland's  Tonic  Mixture. 
Still  later  he  announces  that  he  has  just  received  six  barrels  of  corn 
oil. 

The  first  big  fire  of  Chicago,  to  which  we  have  referred  in  the 
introductory  part,  took  place  Oct,  29, 1839.  It  was  stopped  on  Dear- 
born street  at  the  south  side  of  the  alley  next  to  Sawyer's  store, 
Sawyer  losing  only  by  the  removal  of  goods  and  by  smoke  and  water. 
In  a  card  soon  after  published  in  the  press  of  that  time,  he  thanked 
the  citizens  for  their  prompt  assistance  in  saving  his  stock  from  pos- 
sible loss  in  the  fire.  He  thanked  the  insurance  company  also,  for 
its  prompt  payment  of  his  loss  which  amounted  to  about  $800. 

After  he  removed  to  124  Lake  street  he  advertised  in  the  Daily 
Democrat  (successor  to  the  American)  of  1842  that  he  is  the  agent  for 
Hewes'  Nerve  and  Bone  Liniment  and  that  he  has  just  received  a 
stock  of  fresh  lemons,  prunes,  raisins,  currants  and  pears.  In  a 
later  advertisement  he  announces  that  he  is  agent  for  Bradley's 
Ointment  and  Taylor's  Balsam  of  Liverwort.  The  advertisement  of 
Sawyer's  Extract  of  Bark  runs  through  the  '40s. 

In  1849  we  find  a  public  notice  in  the  Journal  that  Mr,  Sawyer 
has  been  elected  health  officer. 

The  members  of  the  firm  of  Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co.  were  Nathaniel 
Sawyer,  Nathaniel  Paige  and  Dr.  Sidney  Sawyer,  who  was  announced 
as  special  partner. 

The  store  of  Doctor  Sawyer  and  of  Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co.  while  on 
Lake  street  in  the  '50s,  had  developed  into  a  wholesale  and  retail 
drug  store  similar  to  those  of  the  time.  The  retail  department  was  in 
front  and  the  wholesale  in  the  rear,  occupying  the  whole  of  the 
building  exclusive  of  the  retail  department.  The  building  was  a 
three  story  and  basement  structure  and  occupied  a  lot  20  feet  wide. 
The  old  fixtures  of  Sawyer's  Dearborn  street  store  were  used  in  the 
retail  department,  but  had  been  somewhat  modified  and  improved, 
giving  the  store  a  neater  appearance.  The  store  was  on  the  north 
side  of  Lake  street,  one  door  east  of  Clark,  and  was  then  in  the 
heart  of  the  business  district  of  Chicago. 


273 

The  firm  was  not  known  as  doing  a  large  prescription  business,  be- 
cause they  gave  more  attention  to  pushing  proprietary  goods,  of 
which  the  Extract  of  Bark  was  a  leader^  yet  the  retail  store  had  a 
considerable  patronage,  especially  with  the  north  side  residents 
among  whom  Doctor  Sawyer  lived  and  was  an  old  settler. 

The  retail  department  was  presided  over  by  Nathaniel  Sawyer,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  doctor.  Nathaniel  Paige  looked  after  the 
wholesale  and  financial  part  of  the  business.  Their  trade  was  prin- 
cipally confined  to  country  stores  in  the  northern  part  of  Illinois  and 
parts  of  Wisconsin  and  the  lumber  districts  of  Michigan. 

The  arrangement  of  the  wholesale  department  was  similar  to  that 
of  Boyce's  drug  store  already  described  by  Mr.  Bowman.  The  paints, 
oils  and  other  crude  goods,  such  as  putty,  window  glass,  etc,  were 
stored  in  the  basement;  drugs,  chemicals  and  proprietary  medicines 
on  the  first  floor;  dye  woods,  roots,  barks  and  herbs  on  the  second 
floor,  and  the  tbird  floor  was  used  as  a  receptacle  for  druggists'  glass- 
ware, packing  boxes,  etc. 

After  the  removal  of  the  business  to  70  Lake  street  in  1856  the  re- 
tail part  of  the  business  was  discontinued  and  with  the  hard  times 
that  set  in  in  1857  during  the  financial  crisis  of  that  year,  the  firm 
found  it  unprofitable  to  continue  business,  hence  the  stock,  on  April 
11,  1861,  was  sold  at  auction.  It  was  sold  at  a  great  sacrifice  conse- 
quent on  the  depression  in  all  branches  of  business  just  before  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  The  firm  had  occasion  to  regret  its 
precipitancy,  however,  as  three  or  four  months  later  everything  ad- 
vanced in  price  greatly. 

On  retiring  from  business.  Doctor  Sawyer  gave  his  attention  to  his 
private  affairs.     He  died  in  Chicago  July  12,  1894. 

Nathaniel  Sawyer  moved  to  Lake  Forest,  where  he  died  on  Nov. 
13,  1890,  at  the  age  of  67  years, 

Mr.  Paige  moved  to  Washington,  D,  C,  where  he  still  lives.  He 
studied  law  and  has  acquired  a  national  reputation  as  a  constitu- 
tional lawyer. 

We  will  now  mention  the  clerks  of  the  store  from  its  beginning. 
Nathaniel  Sawyer  was  associated  with  the  store  from  the  first.  In 
1848  W.  J.  Hamilton  became  a  clerk  in  the  store;  J.  Doming  Hanks 
came  in  1844;  Henry  Burgess  in  1846;  George  M.  Tourtelot  in  1851; 
Nathaniel  Paige  in  1S51  (he  was  a  relative  of  the  Sawyers);  in  1855 
we  have  H,  P.  Dusinberry,  who  clerked  for  Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co., 
also  George  McPherson,  who  came  in  about  this  time  and  is  still 
living  in  Chicago,  and  James  D,  Smith,  who  became  a  minister  and 
moved  to  Loda,  Wis. 

Erastus  Dewey. 

Erastus  Dewey  opened  a  drug  store  at  19  Dearborn  street  on  the 
east  side  between  South  Water  and  Lake  streets  in  the  latter  part  of 

—18  H. 


274 

October  or  the  first  of  November,  1838.  In  the  Chicago  Democrat 
of  Nov.  15,  1888,  is  an  advertisemeat  dated  November  Ist,  in  which 
Mr.  Dewey  anaounces  the  opening  of  Apothecary  Hall,  the  sign  of 
"The  Good  Samaritan,"  one  door  south  of  the  Eagle  store  on  Dear- 
born street.     Engine  company  No.  13  now  occupies  this  location. 

At  that  time  he  advertised  a  full  stock  of  drugs  and  medicines, 
Dewey's  Tonic  Tincture,  Bristol's  Extract  of  Sarsaparilla,  Balsam  of 
Horehound,  Rev.  Dr.  Bartholomew's  Expectorant,  Pink  Syrup, 
Gregory's  Bilious  Pills,  Dr.  Shubael  Hewes'  Rheumatic  Nerve  and 
Bone  Liniment,  Dr.  S.  Phinney's  Anti-Dyspeptic  or  Bilious  Pills, 
Kleins's  Toothache  Drops,  the  advertisement  continuing: 

"Blow  Ye  The  Trumpet,  Blow.  Fever  and  Ague.  Look  out  for 
your  Shakes-ism.  Just  received — A  fresh  supply  of  Dr.  Sapping- 
ton's  Fever  and  Ague  Pills  " 

In  an  advertisement  in  the  Daily  Democrat  and  Daily  American, 
June  15,  1839,  Mr.  Dewey  announces  that  he  is  the  agent  for 
Moffatt's  medicines. 

On  the  6th  of  April,  1839,  he  announced  through  the  press  that  he 
had  just  received  50  ounces  of  quinine.  We  find  nothing  further 
about  him  in  any  way,  except  an  announcement  dated  March  5, 1841, 
of  an  executors'  sale  signed  by  F.  A.  Howe  and  L.  M.  Boyce  as 
executors  of  his  estate  There  is  no  record  obtainable  of  the  time  of 
Mr.  Dewey's  death,  who  he  was,  where  he  came  from  or  what  became 
of  his  stock. 

This  completes  the  history  of  the  drug  firms  established  in  Chi- 
cago from  1832  to  1840. 


Jean  Qabriel  Cerr4,  of  Easkaskla  and  St.  Lonla. 


275 


JEAN  GABRIEL  CERRE-A  SKETCH. 

Walter  B.  Douglas. 

[Only  for  vaUd  and  sufficient  reasons  is  tberp  permitted  any  departure  from  our  rule,  to 
admit  no  paper  iu  the  Addendum  to  our  annual  Transactions  that  has  appeared  in  other  re- 

ceut  publications. 

Our  (ieviatlou  from  that  rule,  in  this  reprint  from  the  April.  1903  number  of  the  Missouri 
Historii'al  Soi-iety  Coilfctioiis  of  the  valuai'le  biographical  slsetch  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr^ 
here  i)resenred,  is  made  for  the  following  reasons: 

1st.  Because  the  career  of  Mr.  Cerr6  was  in  great  part  identified  with  an  interesting 
perloil  of  Illin<'is  history.  For  many  years  lie  was  i  be  wealthiest,  most  enterprising  aud  in- 
fluential cinzen  of  Kaskaskia;  he  was  married  there,  au'l  for  a  long  time  conducted  an  ex- 
tensive tiusiiiess  there,  and  there  rendered  Col.  George  Kogers  Clark  material  service  in  his 
campaigns  for  conquest  of  the  Illinois. 

2(1.  Because  he  is  entirely  unnoticed  in  all  of  the  published  histories  of  Illinois— save  a 
bare  mention  of  his  name  iu  Reynolds'  "fioueer  History  of  Illinois."  * 

3d.  Because  ibe  aclmirable  paper  here  copied  contains  facts  relating  to  the  early  history 
of  this  State  iliffii'ult  of  a''cess  elsewhere;  and,  in  diction  that  cannot  be  excelled,  rescues 
from  oblivion  the  memory  of  a  most  worthy  and  sterling  pioneer  o*  illinois. 

For  permission  to  reprint  this  sketch  we  acknowledge  our  obligations  to  the  courtesy  of 
Its  author.  Judge  Walter  B.  Douglas,  of  St.  Louis.  President  of  the  Missouri  Historical 
Society. 

Committee  on  Publication.] 


JOHN   GABRIEL  OEEEE. 

That  portion  of  the  life  of  Gabriel  Cerr6  which  was  spent  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  covered  the  whole  period  of  its  shifting 
nationality.  He  came  as  a  Frenchman  to  a  French  country.  He 
here  became  by  turns  a  British  subject,  a  citizen  of  Virginia,  a 
Spanish  subject,  a  subject  of  the  French  Empire,  and  an  American 
citizen. 

He  administered  the  laws  as  a  Virginian  judge,  and  made  laws  as 
a  Spanish  syndic. 

Could  the  full  story  of  his  life  be  written  it  would  be  a  document 
of  surpassing  interest.  It  would  show  a  gallery  of  portraits  such  as 
is  seldom  brought  together:  Canadian  noblesse,  voyageurs.  coureurs 
dii  hois^  British  Generals  and  Governors,  Spanish  dons,  Virginian 
soldiers,  American  backwoodsmen,  intermixed  everywhere  with  In- 
dians.    The  central  figures  of  this  portrait  gallery  would  be,  perhaps, 


•  The  only  mention  of  Mr.  Cerr6  by  Gov.  Reynolds  occurs  In  his  sketch  of  James  Moore 
(p.  114.  "Pioneer  History,"  2d  edition),  where  he  states  that  not  long  after  Mr.  Moore's  ar- 
rival in  Illinois  Territory  "he  was  employed  by  Gabriel  Cerr6,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  St. 
Louis,  to  take  goods  and  trade  with  the  Indians  of  Western  I  ennessee."  It  is  plain  that 
Reynolds  had  not  read  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark's  journal,  and  did  not  know  that  Mr.  Cerr^ 
had  ever  resided  in  Illinois. 

Edward  G.  .Mason,  in  his  monograph  on  "Col.  John  Todd's  Record  Book,"  copies  an  order 
by  Col.  Todd  "To  Gabriel  Cerr6,  &c.,  Esqrs.,  Judges  of  the  Court  for  the  District  of  Kas- 
kaskia." dated  July  :nst.  1779. 

With  above  exceptions  Mr.  Cerr6  has  been  entirely  ignored  by  all  writers  of  Illinois  his- 
tory.—J.  F.  S. 


276 

George  Rogers  Clark  Daniel  Boone,  Saint  Ange,  and  the  great 
Ottawa  chieftain  Pontiac;  heroic  figures  that  would  glorify  any 
collection. 

In  addition  to  the  portraits,  the  story  would  show  scenes  of  mingled 
civilization  and  barbarism,  such  as  will  never  again  exist.  French 
Canada  would  be  shown  in  its  bloom ;  Illinois  with  its  line  of  French 
villages  and  the  interminable  wilderness  of  Indian  haunted  woods  on 
every  side;  Missouri  in  its  happy  days,  when  its  people  in  the  vil- 
lages of  St.  Louis,  St.  Genevieve  and  the  few  outlying  settlements 
were  the  neglected  children  of  the  Spanish  King,  and  thanked  the 
saints  for  the  neglect.  We  would  see  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky 
the  daring  explorers  who  spied  out  the  land,  and  the  eager  swarm  of 
commonwealth-builders  who  followed  them;  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  the 
wary  bands  of  rival  traders  whose  quarrels  were  the  prelude  to  the 
contest  that  drove  France  from  North  America. 

Unhappily,  however,  the  story  of  the  things  that  he  saw  and  the 
things  of  which  he  was  a  part  can  never  be  written.  A  few  personal 
anecdotes  preserved  in  family  tradition,  and  a  few  references  to  him 
in  contemporary  documents  is  all  that  remains.  Cerr6  was  born  at 
Montreal,  12th  of  August,  1734.  At  that  time  Louis  XV  was  King, 
and  the  Marquis  de  Beauharnois  was  the  Governor- General  of 
Canada. 

The  country  was  then,  nominally,  at  least,  at  peace.  The  govern- 
ment, observing  with  apprehension  the  growth  of  the  English 
colonies  to  the  southward,  was  endeavoring  to  meet  it  by  encouraging 
agriculture,  mining  and  manufactures  among  the  people  of  Canada. 
But  the  spirit  of  the  two  peoples  was  unlike.  To  the  Canadian 
youth  the  call  of  the  woods,  the  waterways,  and  the  distant  plains 
was  irresistible.  Cerr6  was  about  9  years  old  when  the  brothers 
La  V6rendrye  returned  from  the  journey  in  which  they  had  discov- 
ered the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  English  colonists  considered  themselves  as  having  a  foothold 
in  a  country  which  was  under  the  dominion  of  the  devil,  and  they 
pushed  forward  only  as  they  were  able  to  subdue  and  hold  the  land. 

Of  Cerr^'s  childhood  and  early  youth  we  have  no  information.  He 
was  well  educated  for  his  time,  but  whether  his  education  was  ob- 
tained in  Canada  or  in  France  is  not  known.  Just  when  he  began 
the  life  of  adventure  which  lasted  into  his  old  age  we  cannot  tell.  It 
is  known,  however,  that  as  early  as  1755,  when  he  was  in  his  2l8t 
year,  he  was  established  at  Kaskaskia,  that  "little  Paris  in  the  wilder- 
ness." Though  but  a  few  weeks  older  than  Daniel  Boone,  Cerr6 
was  in  the  Mississippi  valley  12  years  before  Boone  made  his  first 
expedition  in  this  direction.  It  is  a  tradition  in  the  family  that  he 
was  back  in  Canada  and  took  part  in  the  fighting  about  Quebec  just 
prior  to  its  surrender;  whether  or  not  this  is  well  founded  it  is  im- 
possible to  determine. 

A  story  of  one  of  Cerr^'s  adventures  related  by  the  late  Gurdon 
Hubbard  is  without  date,  but  the  incident  probably  occurred  prior 


277 

to  1765.  It  is  as  follows:  "Ise  la  cache'  (in  the  river  Desplaines) 
took  its  name  from  a  circumstance  in  the  life  of  Mr.  Cerr6,*  a  trader, 
who,  when  on  his  way  with  loaded  canoes  from  Montreal  to  St.  Louis 
(Kaskaskia)  with  goods  for  the  Indian  trade  on  the  Ohio  river, 
camped  at  this  point. 

"A  band  of  Indians  demanded  of  him  some  of  his  goods  as  a  tribute 
for  the  privilege  of  passing  down  the  river;  this  was  refused.  The 
Indians  then  returned  to  their  village,  a  short  distance  below,  held 
a  council,  and  determined  to  stop  his  canoes  as  he  passed  their  vil- 
lage, and  take  by  force  what  he  had  refused  to  give. 

"Some  of  them,  however,  opposed  this  robbery,  and  one  of  the  band 
reported  the  action  of  the  council  to  Mr.  Cerr6. 

"The  night  was  dark  and  misty,  and  Mr.  Cerr6  determined  to  pass 
if  possible  by  strategy,  but  to  fight  rather  than  accede  to  their  de- 
mands. Fearing  that  he  might  be  overcome  by  numbers  and  thus 
lose  his  goods,  and  in  order  to  lighten  his  canoes,  so  that  he  could 
pass  rapidly  over  the  shoal  places  in  the  river,  he  ordered  the  most 
valuable  portion  of  his  goods  removed  to  a  grove,  about  a  mile  dis- 
tant on  the  prairie,  and  there  hid  them  in  holes  dug  in  the  ground 
(caches),  removing  the  surplus  earth  to  a  distance,  and  carefully 
smoothing  over  the  spot,  so  that  no  trace  of  the  hiding  place  could 
be  seen.  He  then  armed  his  men  with  guns,  tomahawks  and  knives, 
and  at  daybreak  started  on  his  way  down  the  river 

"Stopping  at  the  village,  he  stationed  his  men  so  as  to  guard  the 
canoes,  and  then  called  on  the  Indians  for  a  talk,  which  was  granted; 
he  told  them  that  he  should  defend  his  goods;  that  the  great  father, 
the  French  king,  had  given  him  permission  to  go  to  the  Ohio  river, 
and  showed  them  a  parchment  ornamented  with  ribbons  and  large 
red  seals;  he  said  to  them  'here  is  my  evidence,  the  king  has  made 
this  writing,  and  it  tells  you  that  I  must  not  be  stopped  or  disturbed 
in  passing  through  the  nations  of  his  red  children;  if  any  harm  shall 
come  to  me  he  will  revenge  it  by  sending  an  army  to  destroy  them 
and  take  possession  of  their  country.'  This  speech  and  demonstration 
had  the  desired  effect,  and  the  Indians  were  glad  to  excuse  themselves; 
they,  however,  said  that  they  were  poor,  and  needed  clothing  and 
tobacco;  that  they  had  no  powder  and  but  few  guns,  and  were  pre- 
paring to  send  a  delegation  to  St.  Louis  to  see  their  great  father's 
captain  to  state  their  condition  and  make  known  their  wants. 

"Mr.Cerr^  replied  that  he  was  authorized  to  give  them  a  present  from 
their  great  father,  and  that  he  should  have  done  so  but  for  their  demand 
and  threat,  but  as  they  had  repented  he  would  now  give  it  to  them, 
whereupon  he  handed  them  a  small  bale  which  he  had  previously  pre- 
pared for  that  purpose  and  ornamented  with  ribbons  and  sealing  wax. 
The  bale  contained  a  few  pieces  of  calico,  powder  and  shot ,  tobacco  and 
flints  and  steel  for  striking  fire,  which  delighted  them  exceedingly. 
He  then  said  to  them,  'You  see  my  canoes  are  light;  I  have  but  little 
in  them,  but  when  I  camped  last  night  you  saw  them  heavily  loaded. 


*  Mr.  Hubbard  spells  the  name  Sara. 


278 

I  had  a  dream;  the  Spirit  told  me  you  held  a  council  and  determined 
to  rob  me  when  I  passed  your  village  this  morning;  that  is  why  you 
see  my  men  with  guns,  tomahawks  and  knives,  with  which  to  defend 
themselves;  we  did  not  fear  you,  though  there  are  many  of  you  and 
we  are  few;  we  are  now  friends,  and  I  want  you  to  help  us;  go  with 
my  men,  take  your  pack  horses  and  bring  the  goods  I  have  left  be- 
hind and  help  us  down  the  river  with  our  boats  until  we  reach  the 
deep  water  below  the  shoals,  when  I  will  give  you  another  bale  of 
goods  in  token  of  my  friendship  and  bid  you  farewell.'  To  this  they 
consented;  the  goods  were  removed  from  their  hiding  place  and 
transported  on  horses  to  the  confluence  of  the  DesPlaines  and 
Kaskaskia  rivers,  and  again  loaded  in  the  canoes." 

Mr.  Hubbard  is  in  error  as  to  "the  Great  Father's  captain"  being 
at  St.  Louis;  he  was  at  Fort  Chartres  when  the  captain  (St.  Ange) 
went  to  St.  Louis  in  October,  1765,  the  French  King  had  become 
powerless  and  landless  in  America. 

In  1764,  Mr.  Cerr6  married  at  Kaskaskia,  Catherine  Giard,  a  na- 
tive of  that  town. 

The  claim  of  the  Giards  to  be  of  the  "first  families"  of  Illinois 
could  not  be  disputed,  as  there  is  record  evidence  that  they  were 
established  there  in  1729;  the  date  of  their  arrival  is  not  known. 

Mr.  Cerr^'s  marriage,  and  the  coming  of  his  little  family,  though 
he  was  devoted  to  his  wife  and  children,  did  not  cause  him  to  abandon 
the  life  upon  which  he  had  entered,  and  become  a  villager. 

A  story  is  told  which  illustrated  the  wifely  faith  of  Madame  Cerr6, 
and  the  sure  foundation  she  had  for  such  faith.  Mr.  Cerr6,  leaving 
his  home  to  make  the  long  and  perilous  journey  to  Montreal,  prom- 
ised his  wife  that  he  would  return  in  time  to  join  with  her  in  the 
festivities  of  the  new  year.  The  joitr  de  Van  drew  nearer  and  nearer 
and  nothing  was  heard  from  him.  Friends  offered  condolences,  and 
hinted  at  things  not  to  be  spoken  of  to  her,  but  Madame  Cerr6  was 
unmoved,  Mr.  Cerr6  had  given  her  his  promise;  and  as  to  the  dangers 
to  be  encountered,  what  were  wild  beasts  or  wilder  men  as  against 
Gabriel  Cerr6?  Her  trust  was  justified.  Almost  at  the  last  hour 
Mr  Cerr6  returned,  alone.  Parsuiag  their  homeward  journey  by 
way  of  the  Maumee  portage  and  the  Wabash  river,  his  party  had 
been  delayed  by  accidents  of  travel.  Leaving  his  men  to  follow  with 
their  burdens,  Mr.  Cerr6  made  his  way  unaccompanied  across  the 
wintry  wastes  that  lay  between  the  Wabash  and  Kaskaskia.  He 
traveled  upon  snow  shoes  and  dragged  behind  him  a  sled  loaded  with 
presents  for  his  family  and  friends. 

The  winter  of  1776  and  1777  he  spent  among  the  Indians.  In  the 
Canadian  Archives  there  is  a  paper  containing  a  "declaration  Sieur 
Gabriel  Cerr6,"  which  has  been  translated  and  printed  thus:     "Hav- 


279 

ing  been  amons:  the  Peorias  on  the  River  of  the  Illinois,  the  above 
name  stated  that  last  winter,  having  been  wintering  with  the  Kicka- 
poos  and  Mascoutens  at  a  place  called  the  bad  land*,  there  arrived 
there  two  savages,  Kickapoos,  and  that  these  went  to  a  person  called 
'fair  weather,'  likewise  chief  of  the  said  savages,  of  the  village  of  the 
Raven  on  the  River  of  the  Illinois,  to  engage  him  to  send  hither 
these  young  men  in  response  to  my  invitation.  To  which  message 
the  before  mentioned  'fair  weather'  replied  that  he  would  not  stir; 
that  he  had  been  the  winter  before  at  St.  Louis  to  the  Spaniard  to 
drink  there  and  to  see  his  father  the  Spaniard,  who  had  before  prom- 
ised him  a  medal,  a  chief's  coat,  etc.;  that  the  commandant  showed 
him  all  these  articles,  but  told  him  he  would  not  give  them  to  him 
until  the  commander  sent  word;  that  he  thought  the  time  of  the  ar- 
rival of  the  message  from  the  Sea  would  be  about  the  time  of  grass; 
adding  that  he  would  not  tell  him  the  contents  because  it  was  yet  a 
secret  known  only  to  him;  that  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis  were 
ignorant  of  it,  bat  that  as  soon  as  their  father  had  awakened  from 
his  sleepiness  he  would  make  it  known  to  them,  and  would  be  prompt 
with  his  word,  and  would  give  them  what  he  promised;  advising 
them  not  to  mix  themselves  with  the  troubles  of  the  Bostonians  and 
the  English."    • 

fThis  "declaration"  was  made  by  Mr.  Cerr6  to  Rocheblave,  the 
British  commandant  at  Fort  Gage,  29th  of  April,  1777. 

In  view  of  the  traditional  manana  policy  of  the  Spaniards,  it  may 
well  be  that  the  secret  of  the  commandant  was  the  project  of  the 
expedition  from  St.  Louis  across  Illinois  to  St.  Joseph,  which  was 
successfully  made  under  the  leadership  of  Don  Eugenio  Pourre 
(Beausoliel)  nearly  four  years  later. 

It  was  Mr.  Cerr^'s  fortune,  only  a  little  more  than  a  year  after  his 
declaration,  to  find  himself  seriously  mixed  in  the  troubles  of  the 
'  Bostonais"  with  the  British.  Greorge  Rogers  Clark,  telling  in  his 
journal  the  story  of  the  taking  of  Kaskaskia,  July,  1778,  says: 
"Several  particular  persons  were  sent  for  in  the  course  of  the  night 
for  information,  etc.,  but  we  got  very  little  beyond  what  we  already 
knew  except  from  the  conduct  of  several  persons  then  in  town,  there 
was  reason  to  suppose  they  were  inclined  to  the  American  interest; 
that  a  number  of  Indians  had  been,  and  was  then,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Kahokia,  60  miles  from  this;  that  a  Mr.  Cerr6  a  principal 
merchant,  one  of  the  most  inveterate  enemies  we  had,  left  the  place 
a  few  days  past  with  a  large  quantity  of  furs  for  Michili  Mackinac, 
from  thence  to  Quebec,  from  whence  he  had  lately  arrived;  that  he 
was  then  in  St.  Louis,  the  Spanish  capital;  that  his  lady  and  family 
were  then  in  town  with  a  very  considerable  quantity  of  goods,  etc. 
I  immediately  suspected  what  these  informers  aimed  at — that  of 
making  their  peace  with  me  at  the  expense  of  their  neighbors  My 
situation  required  too  much  caution  to  give  them  satisfaction.  I 
found  that  Mr,  Cerr6  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  men  in  the  coun- 


*  The  Mauvals  Terre  runnlnff  through  Scott  and  Morgan  counties,  Illinois, 
t  IV  Chicago  Historical  Society's  Collections,  p.  889. 


280 

try,  of  great  influence  among  the  people.  I  had  some  suspicion  that 
his  accusers  were  probably  in  debt  to  him  and  wished  to  ruin  him; 
but,  from  observations  I  had  made  from  what  I  had  heard  of  him, 
he  became  an  object  of  consequence  to  me;  that  perhaps  he  might 
be  wavering  in  his  opinion  respecting  the  contest,  that  if  he  should 
take  a  decisive  part  in  our  favor,  he  might  be  a  valuable  acquisition. 
In  short,  his  enemies  caused  me  much  to  wish  to  see  him,  and  as 
then  he  was  out  of  my  power,  I  made  no  doubt  of  bringing  it  about 
through  the  means  of  his  family,  having  them  in  my  power.  I  had 
a  guard  immediately  placed  at  his  house,  his  stores  sealed,  etc.,  as 
well  as  all  others,  making  no  doubt  but  that  when  he  heard  of  this 
he  would  be  extremely  anxious  to  get  an  interview.     *     *     *     * 

"Mr.  Cerr6  *****  (who)  was  yet  in  St.  Louis,  and  pre- 
paring to  prosecute  his  journey  to  Canada,  was  stopped  in  conse- 
qence  of  the  information.  After  learning  the  situation  of  things, 
agreeable  to  my  expectations,  he  resolved  to  return;  but  learning  that 
there  was  a  guard  kept  at  his  house  and  at  no  other,  and  that  several 
had  attempted  to  ruin  him  by  their  information  to  me,  as  you  were 
advised  (he  thought  it  best)  not  to  venture  over  without  a  safe  con- 
duct, so  he  applied  to  the  Spanish  governor  for  a  letter  to  that  pur- 
pose, and  came  to  St.  Genevieve,  opposite  to  Kaskaskia,  and  got 
another  from  the  commandant  at  that  post,  and  sent  them  to  me; 
but  all  the  interest  he  could  make  through  the  Spanish  officers,  and 
the  solicitation  of  his  particular  friends,  which  I  found  to  be  a  great 
majority  of  the  people,  could  not  procure  him  a  safe  conduct.  I  ab- 
solutely denied  it,  and  hinted  that  I  wished  to  hear  no  more  on  the 
subject;  neither  would  I  hear  any  person  that  had  anything  to  say 
in  vindication  of  him,  informing  them  that  I  understood  Mr.  Cerr6 
was  a  sensible  man;  that  if  he  was  innocent  of  the  allegations  against 
him  he  would  not  be  afraid  of  delivering  himself  up;  that  his  back- 
wardness seemed  to  prove  his  guilt;  that  I  cared  very  little  about 
him.  I  suppose  a  rumor  immediately  gave  him  this  information. 
In  a  few  hours  he  came  over  and  before  visiting  his  family  presented 
himself  before  me.  I  told  him  that  I  supposed  he  was  fully  sensible 
of  the  charges  that  were  exhibited  against  him,  particularly  that  of 
inciting  the  Indians  to  murder,  etc.,  a  crime  that  ought  to  be  pun- 
ished by  all  people  that  should  be  so  fortunate  as  to  get  that  person 
in  their  power;  that  his  late  backwardness  almost  confirmed  me  in 
his  guilt.  He  replied  that  he  was  a  mere  merchant;  that  he  never 
concerned  himself  about  state  affairs  further  than  the  interest 
of  his  trade  required;  that  he  had,  as  yet,  no  opportunity  so  fully  to 
acquaint  himself  with  the  principles  of  the  present  contest  as  to 
enable  him  finally  to  settle  his  own  opinion  to  his  satisfaction;  that 
his  being  generally  so  far  detached  from  the  seat  of  affairs  that  he 
was  always  doubtful  of  his  only  hearing  one  side  of  the  question;  that 
he  had  learned  more  in  a  few  days  past  than  he  ever  before  knew; 
that  it  only  confirmed  his  former  suspicion.  I  read  him  part  of  a 
letter  from  Governor  Hamilton  of  Detroit  to  Mr.  Rocheblave,  wherein 
he  was  alluded  to  with  much  affection.  He  said  that  when  he  was 
there  he  behaved  himself  as  became  a  subject;  that  he  defied  any 


281 

man  to  prove  that  he  ever  encouraged  an  Indian  to  war;  that  many 
had  often  heard  him  disapprove  the  cruelty  of  such  proceedings;  that 
there  was  a  number  in  the  town  that  was  much  in  debt  to  him — per- 
haps the  object  of  some  of  them  was  to  get  clear  of  it  by  ruining 
him;  that  it  would  be  inconsistent  in  him,  in  his  present  situation,  to 
declare  his  present  sentiments  respecting  the  war,  but  wished  to 
stand  every  test,  as  that  of  encouraging  the  Indians  is  what  he  ever 
detested.  He  excused  his  fearing  coming  over  the  Mississippi  as 
soon  as  he  could  have  wished.  I  told  him  to  retire  into  another 
room,  without  making  him  any  further  reply. 

"The  whole  town  was  anxious  to  know  the  fate  of  Mr.  Cerr6.  I 
sent  for  his  accusers,  a  great  number  followed  them — and  had  Mr. 
Cerr^  called.  I  plainly  saw  the  confusion  his  appearance  made 
among  them.  I  opened  the  case  to  the  whole -told  them  that  I 
never  chose  to  condemn  a  man  unheard:  that  Cerr6  was  now  present; 
that  I  was  ready  to  do  justice  to  the  world  in  general,  by  the  punish- 
ment of  Mr.  Cerr6,  if  he  was  found  guilty  of  encouraging  murder,  or 
acquit  him  if  innocent  of  the  charge  that  they  would  give  in  their 
information,  His  accusers  began  to  whisper  to  each  other,  and  re- 
tire for  private  consultation;  at  length  but  one  of  six  or  seven  was 
left  in  the  room.  I  asked  him  what  he  had  to  say  to  the  point  in 
question.  In  fact  I  found  that  none  of  them  had  anything  to  say  to 
the  purpose.  I  gave  them  a  suitable  reprimand,  and  after  some  gen- 
eral conversation  I  informed  Mr.  Cerr6  that  I  was  happy  to  find  that 
he  had  so  honorably  acquitted  himself  of  so  blaok  a  charge;  that  he 
was  now  at  liberty  to  dispose  of  himself  and  property  as  he  pleased. 
If  he  chose  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  Union,  that  it  would  give  us 
pleasure;  if  not,  he  was  at  full  liberty  to  dispose  of  himself  (other- 
wise) .  He  made  many  acknowledgments,  and  concluded  by  saying 
that  many  doubts  that  he  had  had  were  now  cleared  up  to  his  satis- 
faction, and  that  now  he  wished  to  take  the  oath  immediately.  In 
short,  he  became  a  most  valuable  man  to  us.  As  simple  as  this  may 
appear,  it  had  great  weight  with  the  people,  and  was  of  infinite  ser- 
vice to  us,  everything  in  this  quarter  having  a  most  promising  ap- 
pearance." 

The  fact  that  Colonel  Clark  devoted  nearly  a  twenty-fifth  part  of 
his  memoir  (which  gives  not  only  an  account  of  his  expedition  to 
and  capture  of  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia  and  Vincenues,  but  also  of  the 
Indian  troubles  in  Kentucky)  to  his  experience  with  Mr.  Cerr6 
shows  that  he  must  have  considered  the  acquisition  of  Cerr^'s  good 
will  to  have  been  of  the  greatest  importance.  Cerr6  was  also  ap- 
pealed to  by  the  other  side.  In  October  of  that  year.  Governor 
Hamilton,  afterwards  captured  by  Clark  at  Vincennes,  wrote  to  Gen- 
eral Haldimand  "that  Mr.  Montforton,  late  of  Michilimackinac,  had 
done  what  was  in  his  power  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  French  people 
at  the  Illinois,  who  have  lately  taken  the  Rebels  by  the  hand,  by  a 
letter  written  to  Mr.  Cerr6  of  Kaskasquias."  Hamilton  adds  that 
for  this  good  act  Montforton  should  be  compensated  by  the  British 
government  of  Canada. 


282 

The  Virginia  commandant,  Col.  John  Todd,  caused  polls  to  be 
opened  for  the  election  of  magistrates  by  the  people,  and  of  the 
judges  elected,  Mr.  Cerr6  headed  the  list.  A  letter  from  Colonel 
Todd  to  these  judges,  perhaps  justify  the  belief  that  they  did  not 
observe  the  ancient  maxim,  "6om  judicio  est  ampliare  jurisdic- 
tionem.'^     The  letter  reads: 

"To  Gabriel  Cerr6,  etc.,  Esqrs.,  Judges  of  the  Court  for  the  Dis- 
trict of  Kaskaskia.  You  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  hold 
and  constitute  a  court  on  Satterday,  the  21st  of  July,  at  the  Usiall 
place  of  Holding  Court,  within  yr  district,  any  adjournment  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding.  Provided  that  no  suitor  or  partey  be 
compeled  to  answere  any  prosess  upon  said  unless  properly  sumoned 
by  the  Clark  &  Sherriff. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  at  Kaskaskia, 

John  Todd." 

But  it  was  not  for  Mr.  Cerr6  to  play  the  part  of  a  justice.  *  Long 
before  this  time  he  had  turned  his  face  to  the  westward.  The  earliest 
hunters  in  the  Missouri  river  country,  aside  from  an  occasional 
party  of  adventurers,  were  men  sent  by  Cerr6  from  Kaskaskia. 

"Note  this,"  says  Scharff,  "of  the  founding  of  New  Madrid  by 
Cerr6,  from  the  narrative  of  Godfrey  Lesueur,  whose  father  Fran- 
cois, with  Joseph,  a  brother,  started  away  in  youth  from  Trois  Riv- 
ieres, and  found  themselves  two  penniless  adventurers  in  St.  Louis." 

They  sought  and  found  employment  with  Gabriel  Cerr6,  a  fur 
trader  and  the  father-in-law  of  Auguste  Chouteau.  He  was  a  Kas- 
kaskian,  but  his  business  took  him  to  St.  Louis  as  did  that  of  all  the 
enterprising  people  of  that  section. 

Cerr6  set  the  two  youths  to  classifying  and  baling  furs  and  pelts 
for  market,  and  this  one  fact  gives  an  idea  of  the  extensive  scale 
on  which  the  business  was  then  carried.  After  remaining  about  a 
year  with  Mr.  Cerr6,  they  were  both  sent  in  a  canoe  down  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  instructed  to  find  the  most  suitable  place  for 
the  establishment  of  a  trading  house  among,  the  several  tribes  of 
Indians  then  inhabiting  the  country.  The  first  place  they  found 
which  afforded  the  greatest  advantage  and  inducements  was  a  Jarge 
Delaware  Indian  town,  where  New  Madrid  now  stands.  There  were 
also  on  the  margin  of  the  Louis  prairie  and  Big  prairie,  several  other 
large  Indian  villages.  They  quickly  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  re- 
ported to  Mr,  Cerr6  all  they  had  seen,  portraying  to  him  the  results 
that  would,  in  their  opinion,  be  derived  from  starting  a  house  at  the 
place  mentioned.  The  year  following  they  were  sent  by  Mr.  Cerr6 
to  build  a  house,  and  taking  with  them  a  lot  of  goods  suitable  to  the 
Indian  trade,  were  successful  beyond  expectations,  making  large  col- 
lections of  furs  and  peltries.  In  a  few  years  competition  reduced 
the  profits,  whereupon  Cerr6  sent  them  to  build  a  house  at  some 
other  point."t 


*  See  note  on  last  page  of  this  paper, 
t  Scharff's  History  of  St.  Louis.  287. 


288 

The  establishment  of  Cerr6's  trading  house  by  the  Lesueurs  was, 
according  to  the  best  authorities,  in  1780.  The  place  was  first 
called  V Anse-a-la-graisse.  It  was  not  until  the  coming  of  Col. 
George  Morgan's  colony,  in  1787,  that  it  received  the  name  of  New 
Madrid. 

In  1781,  Mr.  Cerr6  employed  James  Moore  to  take  goods  and 
trade  with  the  Indians  in  Tennessee.  The  headquarters  of  this  trade 
was  at  the  French  Lick,  on  the  Cumberland,  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Nashville.  This  was  probably  a  country  familiar  to  Mr. 
Cerr6,  the  Kaskaskia  trade  with  the  Tennessee  Indians  having  be- 
gun early  in  the  century.  Mr.  Charleville  had  a  store  near  the 
junction  of  the  French  Lick  creek  with  the  Cumberland  as  early 
as  1714. 

On  the  17th  of  June,  1779,  Mr,  Cerr6  bought  from  Louis  Perrault, 
block  IH  of  the  village  of  St.  Louis,  being  the  block  bounded  by  the 
Mississippi  river  and  what  are  now  Main  and  Vine  streets  and  Wash- 
ington avenue.  On  this  ground  there  was  a  dwelling  and  a  ware- 
house, which  had  been  erected  either  by  Perrault  or  by  Labuxiere, 
the  property  having  been  originally  granted  to  the  latter  by  St. 
Ange — the  first  formal  grant  of  land  in  St.  Louis. 

Just  when  Mr.  Cerr6  removed  his  home  to  St.  Louis  is  not  known. 
Scharff  says  that  he  was  a  resident  of  the  village  at  the  time  of  the 
coup,  26th  of  May,  1780.  In  1781  he  acted  as  an  arbitrator,  at  the 
instance  of  Charles  Gratiot,  in  a  controversy  between  Gratiot  and 
the  crew  of  a  barge  belonging  to  him  which  had  been  captured  by 
the  Indians.  In  a  paper  in  the  possession  of  the  writer,  signed  by 
Mr.  Cerr6  and  dated  10th  of  October,  1782,  he  describes  himself  as 
"Gabriel  Cerr6  vecino  de  esta  Pueblo  de  Sn.  Luis^' — inhabitant  of 
this  village  of  St.  Louis. 

In  the  same  year  he  was  one  of  the  eight  Syndics  appointed  by  the 
assembly  of  the  inhabitants  which  was  held  in  the  government  hall 
on  22d  of  September,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  fixed  and  unal- 
terable rules  for  the  construction  and  repair  of  streets,  bridges  and 
drains  of  the  village. 

At  St.  Louis  he  continued  and  increased  the  business  which  he 
had  prosecuted  for  so  many  years.  Some  of  his  kinsmen  from  Can- 
ada followed  him  to  his  new  home.  Some  of  his  wife's  people  crossed 
the  river  and  took  up  their  abode  in  the  Spanish  village  His  two 
younger  daughters  married  St.  Louis  men  of  high  character  and 
commanding  positions  and  ability.  His  family  connections  and  his 
numerous  band  of  employes  constituted  him  the  patriarch  of  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  settlement,  and  gave  him 
a  great  influence  in  the  management  of  its  affairs,  In  addition  to 
his  house  in  the  village,  in  block  13,  he  had  a  grant  of  a  large  tract 
south  of  the  village,  which  he  improved  with  a  house,  garden,  or- 
chard and  fields  and  used  as  a  country  place.  The  house  stood  on 
the  east  side  of  what  is  now  Broadway  near  Soulard  street. 


284 

Of  the  many  grants  obtained  by  Mr.  Cerr6  the  following  specimen 
may  not  be  without  interest.  I  quote  from  a  translation  by  Mr. 
Julius  De  Mun: 

"To  Don  Charles  Dehault  Delassus,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  attached 
to  the  stationary  regiment  of  Louisiana,  and  Lieutenant-Grovernor  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  same  province — Gabriel  Cerr6,  father  of  a 
family,  owner  of  slaves,  and  one  of  the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of 
this  country,  has  the  honor  to  supplicate  you  to  have  the  goodness  to 
grant  to  him,  to  the  north  of  this  town  on  the  Ruisseau  de  Pierre 
(Stony  Creek) ,  an  augmentation  of  800  arpens  of  land  in  superficie 
to  a  tract  of  land  he  purchased  several  years  ago,  so  as  to  give  him 
the  enjoyment  of  a  spring,  the  owning  of  which  he  thinks  very  im- 
portant, according  to  his  views  of  improvement.  The  said  augmen- 
tation to  be  bounded  as  follows:  On  the  north  by  the  line  of  the 
land  I  purchased,  the  title  of  which,  with  the  ratification  in  form, 
has  been  delivered  to  me;  on  the  south  and  east  by  the  lines  of  Mr. 
Labaume's  land,  and  on  the  west  by  the  vacant  lauds  of  the  domain. 
The  petitioner  hopes  so  much  the  more  to  obtain  the  favor  which  he 
claims  of  your  justice,  because  the  public  road  passes  now  on  his 
first  piece  of  land  through  a  hilly  and  difficult  place  for  carting,  and 
that  he  intends,  as  soon  as  he  obtains  the  augmentation  solicited,  to 
make  the  said  road  pass  in  a  more  suitable  place;  but  this  will  re- 
quire the  construction  of  a  bridge  which  he  shall  cause  to  be  built 
immediately  over  the  said  creek.  The  petitioner,  full  of  confidence 
in  your  justice,  hopes  that  you  will  be  pleased  to  do  justice  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  fulfill  his  views.  Cerre. 

St.  Louis,  Jan.  3,  1800." 

"St.  Louis  of  Illinois,  Jan.  3,  1800. 

Considering  the  petitioner  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  inhabitants 
of  this  country,  whose  known  conduct  and  personal  merit  are  recom- 
mendable,  and  being  satisfied  as  to  the  truth  of  what  he  states  in  his 
petition,  the  surveyor  of  this  upper  Louieiana,  Don  Antonio  Soulard 
shall  put  the  interested  (party)  in  possession  of  800  arpeus  in  super- 
ficie, which  he  solicits,  for  him  to  enjoy  the  same  under  the  bound- 
aries that  he  asks;  and  the  survey  being  executed,  he  (the  surveyor) 
shall  make  out  the  corresponding  certificate  of  the  same,  with  which 
the  interested  party  shall  apply  to  the  Intendency  General  of  these 
provinces,  to  which  alone  corresponds,  by  order  of  his  majesty,  the 
granting  of  lands  and  town  lots  belonging  to  the  domain. 

Carlos  Dehault  Delassus." 

In  addition  to  his  trade  and  his  planting,  Mr.  Cerr6  had  a  stock 
farm  on  the  Meramec,  and  besides  acted  frequently  as  guardian  for 
young  persons,  and  as  negociant  or  attorney-in-fact  for  non-residents 
of  the  village.  In  1788,  he  represented  Colonel  Maxent  in  the  set- 
tlement of  the  affairs  of  Maxent,  Laclede  &  Co. 


285 

His  visits  to  Canada  were  frequent.  A  letter  from  Manuel  Gayoso 
de  Leemos,  the  then  Grovernor  of  Louisiana,  which  is  still  preserved 
in  the  family,  refers  to  one  of  them.  A  translation  of  this  letter 
from  the  French  original  is  as  follows: 

"New  Orleans,  April  25,  1798. 

"Sir — Your  letter  of  the  7th  of  last  March  has  been  delivered  to 
me.  Yes,  sir,  it  is  with  pleasure  that  I  have  learnt  by  the  letter 
which  you  have  written  to  Mr.  Zenon  Trudeau,  on  the  subject  of 
your  journey  to  Canada,  which  letter  has  been  forwarded  to  me,  that 
you  had  returned  to  St.  Louis.  No  one  better  than  myself  can  feel 
bow  many  inconveniences  you  must  have  experienced  in  this  journey, 
and  how  many  difficulties  you  had  to  surmount,  and  that  it  required 
nothing  less  than  your  intelligence  and  knowledge,  your  activity, 
firmness  and  courage,  to  extricate  you  from  the  embarrassments  into 
which  your  zeal  for  the  service  of  the  King,  and  your  attachment  to 
our  Government,  precipitated  you.  Penetrated  with  this  conviction, 
and  kuowing  how  to  appreciate  your  merit,  your  uncommon  disin- 
terestedness, and  the  services  which  you  have  rendered,  and  which,  I 
am  persuaded,  you  will  always  be  disposed  to  render  to  the  King,  you 
will  find  me  at  all  times  ready  to  seize  the  occasion  of  testifying  to 
you  how  much  I  do  desire  to  be  of  some  utility  to  you,  and  making 
it  available  in  case  of  need. 

With  respect  to  the  affair  between  you  and  Mr  Lorimier,  of  which 
a  statement  has  been  submitted  to  me  by  Mr.  Zenon  Trudeau,  it  is 
with  very  sensible  pain  that  I  see  myself  compelled  to  announce  to 
you  that  my  judgment  upon  it  will'not  be,  perhaps,  exactly  comform- 
able  to  your  wishes.  The  immutable  principles  of  justice,  whatever 
may  be  the  interest  I  take  in  you  in  my  inward  thoughts,  do  not  per- 
mit me  to  pronounce  a  decision  different  from  that  which  will  be 
officially  communicated  to  you  by  the  Lieutenant  Governor  Don 
Zeno  Trudeau.  You  have  too  sound  an  understanding  and  too  much 
discernment  not  to  comprehend  that  a  public  man  ought  never  to 
suffer  his  affections  or  his  feelings  of  private  friendship  to  make  him 
deviate  from  the  path  which  his  reason  points  to  him  as  that  of 
equity  and  impartiality.  On  all  other  occasions  put  my  friendship 
to  the  test  and  reckon  on  the  attachment  of  him  who  has  the  honor 
to  be,  with  all  the  consideration  which  is  due  to  you  on  so  many 
accounts. 

Sir,  your  very  humble  and  obedient  servant, 

Manuel  Gayoso  de  Lemos. 
Monsieur  Gabriel  Cerr6." 

A  subsequent  visit  to  Canada  is  spoken  of  in  the  testimony  in  sup- 
port of  the  petition  for  conformation  of  the  grant  of  land  on  Stony 
Brook, spoken  of  above: 

"Pascal  L,  Cerr6  duly  sworn,  says  that  Gabriel  Cerr6  was  his 
father,  that  he  knows  the  conditions  of  said  grant  to  have  been,  on 
the  part  of  his  father,  to  build  a  bridge  on  the  Ruisseau  de  Pierre; 
that  his  said  father  having  gone  to  Canada  previous  to  Delassus' 
signing  the  grant,  he  the  deponent,  remained  charged  with  his  buai- 


286 

nes8  in  this  country,  when  Delassus,  who  had  not  yet  signed  the 
grant,  hurried  him  to  go  on  with  the  bridge,  but  the  deponent  would 
not  do  it  until  the  grant  was  signed;  which  Delassus  having  done, 
he  sent  his  hands  immediately  to  work,  having  already  all  the  ma- 
terials on  the  spot,  and  soon  completed  the  bridge." 

This  was  in  1800  or  later. 

On  the  2l8t  of  July  of  that  same  year,  Madame  Cerr6  died.  She 
was  buried  according  to  the  directions  of  her  will  'Vw  la  yglesin  de 
esta  vilUC — in  the  church  of  this  village — but,  perhaps,  not  ^'con  la 
mayor  humilidad,"  as  she  also  enjoined. 

Her  husband  survived  her  five  years.  It  was  permitted  to  him  to 
live  again,  though  but  for  one  day,  under  the  flag  of  his  own  country. 
He  saw  that  flag  go  down  for  the  last  time  in  North  America,  and 
the  flag  of  that  power,  from  which  he  had  retreated  but  which  had 
followed  him,  rise  to  forever  occupy  its  place.  The  New  France 
which,  in  hi3  early  manhood,  it  was  believed  would  grow  to  be  the 
right  arm  of  the  old,  had  long  been  but  of  memory.  Yet  old  recol- 
lections must  have  been  wakened  and  old  regrets  become  more 
poignant,  to  see  a  new  and  alien  nation,  of  less  than  half  his  years, 
advance  and  take  from  his  own  land  and  empire  that  which  she  had  so 
recently  regained.  With  what  grace  he  acquiesced  in  that  last 
change  we  cannot  tell.  He  lived  less  than  a  year  and  a  month  after 
the  transfer  of  the  country,  dying  on  the  4th  of  April,  1805. 

His  active  business  life  of  fifty  years  as  a  merchant  in  the  fur 
trade  had  produced  what  was  at  that  time  a  handsome  fortune.  His 
adherence  to  correct  principles  and  his  accurate  judgment  of  men 
and  things,  based  upon  great  native  ability,  a  well  instructed  mind 
and  an  experience  such  as  falls  to  the  lot  of  few  men,  had  won  for 
him  the  respect  and  admiration  of  all  who  knew  him.  His  courtesy, 
his  humor  and  unfailing  kindness  of  heart,  his  active  benevolence  to 
those  who  made  up  his  family  circle — for  these  things  he  was  loved 
during  his  life  and  sincerely  mourned  at  his  death. 

[Note — The  following  questions  propounded  by  a  committee  of 
Congress,  in  July,  1786.  to  Mr.  Cerr6,  and  his  answers  thereto,  con- 
stitute perhaps  the  best  source  of  information  as  to  the  conditions 
prevailing  in  "the  Illinois"  subsequent  to  Clark's  conquest: 

"Mr.  Cerr6  will  to  answer  the  following  inquiries: 

••1,  Were  the  people  of  the  Illinois  heretofore  governed  by  the 
laws  of  Canada,  or  by  usages  and  customs  of  their  own,  or  partly  by 
one  and  partly  by  the  other?  ' 

"2.  By  what  tribunals  or  judges  was  criminal  and  civil  justice 
heretofore  administered  in  that  district? 

"3.  By  what  laws  or  usages  and  by  what  judges  is  criminal  and 
civil  justice  dispensed  at  this  time? 

"4.  In  what  mode  and  in  what  quantities  were  grants  of  land 
heretofore  made  to  individual  settlers? 


287 

"5.     To  what  extent  is  the  whole  district  appropriated  by  grants? 

"6.  To  what  extent  is  the  tract  or  tracts  granted  to  the  settlers  in 
common  for  religious  or  other  uses? 

"7.  What  is  the  computed  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  whole 
Illinois  district,  and  what  proportion  of  them  were  slaves? 

"Answers  to  the  queries: 

"1.  The  people  of  Illinois  were  governed  before  the  conquest  of 
Canada  by  the  same  laws  as  the  people  of  Canada,  which  were  of  the 
same  nature  as  those  of  old  France,  adapted  to  the  particular  circum- 
stances of  the  country.  They  had  local  customs  which  were  equally 
binding  as  the  laws,  and  after  the  conquest  the  British  commandants 
were  civil  judges  who  governed  by  the  same  laws  and  customs  as  the 
people  lived  under  before  the  conquest  of  Canada;  all  public  trans- 
actions and  records  being  recorded  in  French  by  notaries  public,  and 
orders  issued  in  English  were  translated  into  French  for  the  in- 
formation of  the  country.     Criminal  cases  were  referred  to  England. 

"2.  In  civil  causes,  before  the  conquest  of  Canada,  there  was  an 
Attorney  General — Procurenr  du  Roy  who  gave  sentence  in  all 
cases  that  were  brought  before  him  by  his  own  personal  decision, 
in  trifling  matters,  but  in  cases  of  importance  it  was  customary  for 
each  party  to  name  two  arbitrators,  the  Attorney  General  a  fifth, 
and  he  ratified  their  sentence.  An  appeal  might  be  made  to  New 
Orleans  where  there  was  a  superior  judicature,  called  counsel  su- 
perior. The  criminal  causes  were  referred  to  and  decided  by  this 
counsel  superior  at  New  Orleans.  During  the  British  government 
the  commandants  decided  justice  as  in  the  first  article. 

"3.  In  1779,  when  Colonel  Todd  went  into  that  country,  the  people 
chose  six  magistrates  to  govern  them  according  to  the  old  French 
laws  and  custooas,  which  magistrates  were  empowered  by  Colonel 
Todd  to  judge  in  criminal  cases.  After  the  troops  were  withdrawn 
the  power  of  the  magistrates  was  annihilated  and  everything  fell  into 
anarchy  and  confusion — the  state  of  affairs  at  this  time. 

"4.  Before  the  conquest  of  Canada  the  French  commandants  had 
power  to  make  grants,  and  did  grant  to  every  person  who  petitioned, 
as  much  land  as  the  petitioner  chose  to  ask  for,  on  condition  of 
cultivating  part  of  the  same  within  a  year.  The  English  followed 
the  same  mode.  If  the  land  was  not  cultivated  as  above  it  returned 
to  the  king's  demesnes. 

•'5,  The  question  is  very  diflScult  and  not  in  Mr.  Cerr6's  power  to 
answer,  out  great  quantities  have  been  granted, 

"6.  A  large  quantity  of  land  was  reserved  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  town  for  commons,  and  a  very  small  portion  for  religious  uses, 
and  none  for  other  purposes. 

"7.  There  may  be  in  the  towns  on  the  Mississippi  about  800  white 
inhabitants,  including  American  settlers  who  may  number  about  50. 
There  are  moreover  about  250  slaves.  !So  that  according  to  Mr. 
Cerr6  the  population  of  the  Illinois  amounts  to  550  or  600  souls,  but 
he  does  not  appear  to  be  well  acquainted  with  their  numbers." 


288 

Mr.  Cerr6's  answers  were  given  in  French,  and  were  referred  to 
John  Pintard  for  translation. 

The  document  is  to  be  found  in  the  State  Department  (Washington 
City)  MSS.,  vol.  48,  p.  49. 

It  may  be  here  mentioned  that  the  Kaskaskia  church  records  show 
the  burial  of  "Marie  Louise,  esclave  Sauvage,  appartenant  au  Sr. 
Cerr^,^^  and  "un  negre  au  Sieur  Cerr4  age  d'  environ  19  ans'^] 


o 
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« 

o 


KEPORT   OF  THE   COMMITTEE   ON   HISTORIC   PLACES 

IN  ILLINOIS. 


Your  committe  appointed  to  consider  the  places  of  historic  interest 
in  the  State  of  Illinois,  with  the  thought  of  encouraging  efforts  to 
preserve  or  properly  mark  them,  begs  to  make  the  following  report: 

We  are  so  accustomed  to  think  of  historic  events  in  the  United 
States  as  occurring  in  the  older  states  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  and 
to  think  of  historic  places  being,  therefore,  located  in  that  quarter, 
that  public  sentiment  will  be  difficult  to  arouse  to  the  importance  of 
undertaking  any  enterprise  in  connection  with  historic  places  so  far 
west  as  Illinois  The  inhabitants  of  this  State  are  descended  almost 
entirely  from  the  older  states  and  claim  a  share  in  their  traditions. 
They  view  Bunker  Hill,  Valley  Forge,  and  Yorktown  as  national 
possessions  and  are  satisfied  with  what  has  been  done  to  commem- 
orate the  events  at  these  places.  National  pride  is  thus  gratified  and 
national  duty  is  thought  to  be  fulfilled  in  the  common  heritage. 
Again,  the  events  which  are  connected  with  historic  places  in  the 
older  states  are  sufficiently  removed  in  time  to  make  them  undoubt- 
edly historic,  and  to  surround  them  with  the  reverential  halo  of  age. 
Events  in  Illinois  under  the  English  speaking  people  are  of  such  re- 
cent occurrence  that  they  become,  by  contrast,  events  only. 

If  we  take  into  consideration  the  old  French  period,  Illinois  his- 
toric places  outrank  in  age  many  of  the  venerated  spots  in  the  older 
states;  even  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia  during  the  Revolutionary  War 
occurred  before  the  surrender  at  Yorktown.  But  the  fact  that  the 
larger  number  of  the  early  events  took  place  under  the  French  regime 
deprives  them  of  a  certain  veneration.  We  are  fond  of  delving  in 
the  old  records  of  Kaskaskia,  but  we  allow  the  last  remnant  of  Fort 
Chartres  to  be  destroyed  without  a  sigh  of  regret.  A  private  citizen 
erects  a  tablet  to  commamorate  Fort  Dearborn,  planted  under  the 
American  rule,  but  we  turn  the  rock  of  Tonty's  fort,  St.  Louis,  into 
a  kind  of  summer  resort  and  do  not  manifest  sufficient  interest  in 
Fort  Crevecoeur  to  determine  beyond  question  its  exact  site. 

It  is  true  that  reverence  for  departed  persons  is  a  stronger  senti- 
ment than  reverence  for  deserted  places.  This  is  illustrated  by  the 
action  ot  the  State  in  appropriating  a  sum  for  removing  the  bodies 
of  the  French  from  the  encroaching  river  at  Kaskaskia  Not  only 
was  this  done,  but  a  suitable  monument  was  erected  at  State  expense 

— 19H. 


290 

over  the  remains  of  these  pioneers  in  their  new  resting  place  on  the 
higher  ground.  In  this  connection  one  may  mention  the  praise- 
worthy contribution  of  the  State,  which  enabled  the  people  of  Alton 
to  erect  a  fitting  monument  to  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  the  advocate  of  a 
free  press  in  the  sectional  conflict  which  marred  the  early  history  of 
the  State. 

Closely  akin  to  the  monuments  which  mark  the  Revolutionary 
battle  fields  of  the  east  is  the  shaft  erected  by  the  State  over  the 
remains  of  the  pioneers  who  fell  at  Stillman's  Valley  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War.  They  were  men  of  the  frontier,  men  of  our  tongue  and 
blood,  slain  by  their  savage  foemen.  Sentiment  does  not  incline 
toward  the  Indian.  He  was  the  weaker  element  and  he  succumbed 
to  the  stronger  white  man.  Yet  there  are  not  wanting  among  white 
men  those  who  sympathize  with  the  conquered.  This  is  exemplified 
in  the  labor  of  love  performed  by  John  F.  Steward,  president  of  the 
Maramech  society  of  Kendall  county,  who  has  cut  upon  a  boulder  a 
suitable  inscription  for  the  tribe  of  Fox  Indians  who  were  besieged 
and  destroyed  by  the  French  and  their  Indian  allies  in  1780. 

Monuments  to  celebrated  citizens  are  not  uncommon  in  any  state. 
Illinois  has  honored  in  this  way  the  foremost  of  her  illustrious  sons, 
Abraham  Lincoln,  by  a  shaft  not  unworthy  of  the  illustrious  dead  or 
the  State  of  which  he  was  a  citizen.  The  State  has  similarly  hon- 
ored Stephen  A.  Douglas,  his  great  rival.  The  statue  of  Pierre 
Menard  standing  in  the  State  House  yard  at  Springfield  may  be 
added  as  another  phase  of  this  honor  to  the  departed. 

Perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  example  of  marking  an  historic 
place  is  the  site  of  the  Lincoln-Douglas  debate  at  Cialesburg  in  the 
senatorial  campaign  of  1858.  Upon  the  side  of  one  of  the  buildings 
of  Knox  college  against  which  the  speaker's  stand  had  been  erected 
on  that  celebrated  occasion,  an  artistic  tablet  has  been  placed.  The 
inscription  on  this  tablet  is  so  well  chosen  that  attention  may  here 
be  called  to  this  very  essential  feature  in  such  undertakings  here- 
after. The  inscription  should  first  of  all  be  short  and  exact;  the  let- 
tering should  be  large  and  the  sentiment  should  explain  the  motive 
of  the  tablet.  No  one  has  stood  near  the  Menard  statue  at 
Springfield,  on  an  occasion  which  brought  many  strangers  to  view 
it,  without  a  feeling  of  regret  that  it  contains  no  information  con- 
cerning the  subject.  It  may  be  said  that  Menard  ought  to  be  suffi- 
ciently well  known  for  his  services  in  connection  with  the  State  to 
make  any  inscription  superfluous;  but  the  fact  remains  that  few  who 
see  the  statue  understand  what  he  did  to  merit  such  honor. 

The  Lincoln-Douglas  debate  at  Freeport  was  the  most  important 
of  the  series  from  a  political  standpoint.  The  Woman's  club  of  that 
city  has  placed  on  the  corner  of  a  square  a  huge  granite  boulder  on 
which  a  tablet  is  placed,  setting  forth  that  in  the  grove,  of  which  the 
city  square  is  now  a  part,  was  erected  the  platform  upon  which  the 
debates  took  place.  No  sieps  have  been  taken,  so  far  as  your  com- 
mittee could  learn,  to  mark  the  places  of  the  other  five  debates  in 
the  series,  viz.:  Charleston,  Ottawa,  Jonesboro,  Quincy  and  Alton. 
Several  instances  mav  be  mentioned  in  which  the  remains  of  Revolu- 


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291 

tionary  soldiers  in  the  State  have  had  deserved  monumeuts  placed  over 
their  last  resting  places.  By  popular  subscriptions,  secured  mainly 
by  Mr.  Lewis  M.  Gross,  county  superintendent  of  schools  of  DeKalb 
county,  a  monument  was  unveiled  on  July  4th  last,  over  the  grave 
of  Abner  Powers  at  Lily  lake.  The  Daughters  of  the  American 
revolution  have  performed  a  similar  service  at  the  grave  of  a  Revo- 
lutionary  soldier  at  Ottawa.  Others  no  doubt  have  occurred  but  are 
not  known  to  your  ct)mmittee. 

A  movement  has  been  set  on  foot  from  time  to  time  in  Chicago 
for  several  years  past  to  place  a  monument  over  the  unmarked  grave 
of  "Father"  Kennison,  who  claimed  to  be  the  last  survivor  of  the 
Boston  tea  party.  He  died  in  Chicago  in  1852  at  an  advanced  age 
and  was  given  the  honor  of  a  public  funeral.  The  cemetery  in  which 
the  city  purchased  a  lot  for  him  was  afterwards  abandoned  and  be- 
came a  part  of  Lincoln  park,  His  remains  were  never  removed,  and 
it  is  claimed  that  the  place  of  his  burial  can  be  pointed  out  in  the 
park.  It  is  proposed  to  bring  a  granite  boulder  from  his  native  state, 
Vermont,  to  be  placed  upon  it.  From  Vermont  he  enlisted  in  the 
Kevolutionary  war.  It  is  also  proposed  in  (Chicago  to  plase  a  tablet 
on  the  wholesale  house  occupying  the  site  of  the  "wigwam"  in  which 
Lincoln  was  nominated.  The  site  is  doubly  memorable  because  on 
it  stood  in  early  days  the  famous  "Sauganash"  tavern.  Not  far  dis- 
tant stands  the  only  worthy  tablet  in  the  great  city  of  Chicago.  It 
marks  one  of  the  corners  of  the  blockhouse  of  Fort  Dearborn,  the 
building  of  which  in  1808  was  the  beginning  of  the  city.  The 
Chicago  Historical  society  a  few  years  ago  placed  a  small  tablet  upon 
the  place  of  the  origin  of  the  great  fire  of  1871.  Mr.  George  M. 
Pullman  made  the  location  of  the  "massacre  tree"  of  1812  memorable 
by  replacing  its  dead  trunk  with  a  spirited  group  in  bronze.  It 
would  be  a  matter  of  surprise  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  to 
learn  that  the  statue  to  the  Chicago  policemen  who  fell  at  the 
charge  upon  the  Anarchist  meeting  in  Haymarket  square  a  few  years 
since  has  been  removed  from  the  square  to  a  distant  place  in  a  park 
where  it  has  absolutely  no  meaning  and  becomes  simply  grotesque. 
Its  entire  disappearance  ia  only  a  matter  of  time.  The  sentiment 
against  the  policemen  for  attempting  to  break  up  the  meeting  or, 
rather,  sympathy  for  the  men  executed  in  connection  with  the  riot, 
is  undoubtedly  the  real  reason  for  removing  the  reminding  statue, 
although  the  ostensible  reason  is  that  its  space  is  wanted  for  the 
market  in  the  square.  Public  sentiment  should  be  strong  enough  to 
condemn  adjacent  land  for  the  market  place  in  order  that  a  reminder 
of  men  who  heroically  did  their  duty  might  not  be  removed.  Here 
is  a  fresh  evidence  of  the  need  of  some  kind  of  agency  or  organiza- 
tion to  keep  up  public  sentiment. 

Turning  from  the  past  to  the  future,  from  what  has  been  to  what 
should  be  preserved  or  marked,  your  committee  finds  abundant  field 
for  such  work.  The  prime  difficulty  arises  not  bo  much  from  a 
paucity  of  places  of  historic  interest  within  the  State  as  the  sugges- 
tion of  a  proper  agency  to  undertake  or  to  foster  the  task  of  properly 
marking   them.     The  preservation  of  any   memorial  of  the  past  ia 


292 

always  the  most  diflficult  task,  since  the  march  of  progress  and  the 
demands  of  business  have  slight  regard  for  sentiment.  The  Green 
Tree  tavern,  probably  the  oldest  building  in  Chicago,  has  recently 
given  v.ay  to  the  "march  of  progress."  But  the  most  important 
relic  of  the  past  from  an  historic  and  an  educational  point  of  view  is 
the  powder  house  or  magazine  at  Fort  Chartres.  As  an  illustration 
of  one  part  of  fortification  building  nearly  two  centuries  ago,  it  can 
be  compared  only  with  the  block-house  at  Pittsburg,  one  of  the  few 
evidences  of  the  kind  to  escape  destruction.  The  comparison  of  a 
photograph  taken  during  the  past  six  months  with  any  previously 
taken  will  show  how  rapidly  the  work  of  disintegration  goes  on.  The 
total  disappearance  of  the  ruin  is  a  matter  of  a  few  years  only.  It 
is  remote  from  any  business  demand  for  space,  and  lacks  only  the 
proper  public  sentiment  to  stop  the  work  of  destruction  and  to  re- 
store it  to  its  former  proportions  and  appearance.* 

The  remains  of  Fort  Massac,  on  the  Ohio  river,  are  not  so  much 
in  evidence  as  those  at  Fort  Chartres.  The  latter  was  a  French  fort, 
and  the  former  was  occupied  by  American  forces  at  various  times. 
That  there  is  more  sympathy  with  our  own  people  than  with  the  de- 
parted French  is  evidenced  by  a  measure  passed  by  the  recent  ses- 
sion of  the  State  Legislature  for  the  purchase  and  restoration  of 
Fort  Massac.  This  is  to  be  done  under  the  care  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  American  Revolution. 

In  addition  to  these  places,  Hon.  Wm,  Jayne,  as  a  member  of  the 
committee,  suggests  the  law  office  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  home 
of  Peter  Cartwright  as  sites  worthy  of  some  mark.  Here  legends 
might  recall  to  the  passer-by  remembrances  of  the  struggles  of  a 
great  heart  between  popularity  and  sense  of  duty,  and  the  likely  to 
be  forgotten  story  of  the  eccentric  but  courageous  missionary  of 
pioneer  days. 

Another  member  of  the  committee,  Mrs.  Thomas  Worthington,  has 
suggested  the  possibility  of  enlisting  the  interest  of  the  local  literary 
clubs  throughout  the  State  in  such  enterprises.  The  work  already 
accomplished  by  some  such  organizations  in  various  parts  of  the 
State  is  some  indication  of  the  reasonableness  of  such  hope.  The 
unusual  number  of  clubs  devoting  the  year's  program  to  a  study  of 
Illinois  history  is  further  proof  of  interest  if  it  can  be  turned  in  this 
practical  direction.  The  site  of  the  cabin  of  "Father"  Dixon  in  the 
city  bearing  his  name  has  been  indicated  by  a  tablet  at  the  hands  of 
the  local  chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 

Only  a  dead  nation  loses  sight  of  its  legends  and  early  history. 
Both  national  and  local  pride  is  engendered  and  preserved  by  these 
reminders  of  the  men  and  women  who  have  made  the  American  peo- 
ple the  heirs  of  all  that  is  best  in  past  ages.  Not  the  slightest  inci- 
dent which  went  to  make  up  the  story  of  State  progress  and  which 
tended  to  the  betterment  of  mankind  should  go  without  some  mark 
to  recall  it  to  memory  if  at  all  possible.  In  a  kind  of  vision  one  may 
see  told  in  imperishable  letters  on  the  beautiful  public  square  of 
Gralesburg,  for  instance,  the  hardships  endured  by  the  pioneers  who 

*See  article  by  Mr.  Joseph  Wallace  on  Fort  Chartres.  pasre  106  of  this  volume. 


Enelish  Colony  House  at  Albion,  111. 


293 

came  to  plant  civilization  of  a  high  type  on  the  western  prairies.  By 
the  same  vision  one  may  see  the  passing  of  Nauvoo,  the  story  of  the 
Mormons  and  the  Icarians,  so  imperishably  told  that  future  genera- 
tions may  be  impressed  by  the  folly  of  "separatism"  in  a  republic. 
Upon  the  site  of  the  vanished  town  of  New  Salem,  the  traveller 
should  read  the  story  of  the  hardships  and  self-training  of  the  store- 
keeper and  postmaster,  who  was  to  rise  to  the  highest  office  in  the 
gift  of  the  people.  Back  even  of  recorded  history,  the  delightful 
legends  of  early  days  should  be  told  on  the  summit  of  Black  Hawk's 
Watch  Tower  at  Rock  Island,  and  the  best  judgment  of  archeologists 
concerning  the  life  of  the  mysterious  artisans  of  pre-historio  times 
should  be  told  for  the  benefit  of  visitors  to  the  mounds  of  Cahokia. 

A  complete  historic  survey  of  the  State  is  not  attempted  in  this 
report.  The  task  should  be  undertaken  in  a  comprehensive  manner. 
It  was  to  be  hoped  that  the  State  exhibit  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  would  have  afforded  the  opportunity;  but  it  is  difficult  to 
overcome  traditional  ideas  of  a  State  exhibit.  Individual  residents 
in  various  parts  of  the  State  will  at  once  add  to  the  historic  places 
named  in  this  report.  Residents  of  Galena,  proud  of  what  has  been 
done  to  associate  the  name  of  Grant  with  their  city,  will  not  consider 
the  work  complete.  Citizens  of  Rook  Island  know  that  the  site  of 
the  Confederate  camp  of  the  Civil  war  is  known  only  by  memory,  as 
is  the  site  in  Chicago  of  a  similar  prison  and  recruiting  station, 
Camp  Douglas. 

In  thus  for  the  first  time,  it  is  believed,  calling  the  attention  of  the 
the  people  of  the  State  to  a  task  so  fully  accomplished  in  the  older 
states,  your  committee  can  hope  only  to  arouse  public  sentiment  or 
at  least  to  attempt  to  arouse  it.  Whether  it  is  wise  for  the  Illinois 
State  Historical  Society  to  add  this  activity  to  the  many  purposes  it  al- 
ready has  in  view,  or  whether  it  is  best  to  form  a  new  society  for 
the  specific  purpose,  or  whether  it  is  best  to  use  existing  agencies, 
simply  trying  from  time  to  time  to  encourage  such  work,  the  com- 
mittee leaves  to  the  Society  to  determine. 

Respectfully  submitted , 

Edwin  E.  Sparks, 
Miriam  M.  Worthington, 
William  Jayne. 


294 


ACTION  OF  THE  ILLINOIS'  MEMBERS  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

OF  DAUGHTERS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLU- 

TION  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  PURCHASE 

BY  THE  STATE  OF  THE  SITE  OF 

OLD  FORT  MASSAC  * 


The  papers  enclosed  contain  the  action  of  the  State  Committee  of 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  on  Fort  Massac,  en- 
dorsed unanimously  by  the  State  Conference  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  in  session  at  Springfield,  Oct.  14,  1902: 

To  ihe  Honorable  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois — 
Greeting  : 

CrENTLEMEN — We,  the  undersigned,  respectfully  represent  that  we 
are  members  of  a  society  organized  in  recent  years  for  the  purpose, 
among  other  objects,  of  restoring  the  memorials  of  the  American 
Revolution  and  the  early  days  of  American  history.  Believing  that 
as  President  Lincoln  said  in  his  first  inaugural  address:  "The  time 
has  come  when  the  mystic  chords  of  memory  stretching  from  every 
battlefield  and  patriot  grave  to  every  living  heart  and  hearthstone 
all  over  this  broad  land,  will  yet  swell  the  chorus  of  the  Union  when 
again  touched,  as  surely  they  will  be,  by  the  angels  of  our  better 
nature." 

In  the  spirit  of  that  historic  address  we  have  attempted  the  work 
which  has  been  set  before  us.  Our  sisters  working  in  all  the  states 
of  the  Union,  south  and  north,  have  restored  many  of  the  memorials 
of  the  great  Revolutionary  War,  and  many  memorials  of  the  strug- 
gles of  the  American  people  of  later  days. 

In  all  ways  we  have  devoted  ourselves  to  the  purpose  of  our  declar- 
ation. 

Among  all  the  states  of  the  Union,  none  have  a  much  older  and 
certainly  none  a  more  heroic  history  than  the  State  of  Illinois.  The 
busy  spirit  of  commercialism  has  obliterated  many  of  the  marks  of 
the  pioneers.  Fort  Dearborn  is  covered  by  business  houses;  the  re- 
morseless march  of  time  and  the  elements  has  left  historic  Kaskas- 
kia  and  Cahokia  unmarked. 

But  there  is  one  place,  the  oldest  and  most  famous  of  them  all, 
which  has  been  spared  to  us  for  now  two  centuries. 


*  See  page  6*  of  this  volume.    Address  of  Mrs.  Matthew  T.  Scott. 


295 

At  the  edge  of  the  city  of  Metropolis,  the  county  seat  of  Massac 
county,  are  the  ruins  of  a  fort,  the  first  foundations  of  which  were  estab- 
lished in  1702,  and  which  was  then  occupied  by  the  French  voyagers. 
It  is  upon  the  banks  of  the  River  Ohio  on  a  high  and  sightly  bluff, 
overlooking  a  wide  range  of  Kentucky  and  Illinois  shore.  The 
French  were  succeeded  in  its  possession  by  the  Spaniards,  and  they 
yielded  its  control  to  the  Indians. 

It  was  again  occupied  by  the  French  and  then  by  the  English 
troops,  and  finally  it  was  surrendered  to  the  American  forces  during 
or  about  the  time  of  George  Rogers  Clark's  famous  Kaskaskia  expe- 
dition. 

It  occupied  a  very  considerable  place  in  the  attention  of  Congress 
and  of  the  President.  An  expedition  was  dispatched  at  one  time 
from  Carlisle,  Pa.,  under  General  Forbes  to  recover  its  possession 
when  it  was  held  by  the  British.  Washington,  when  President  of 
the  United  States,  himself  directed  its  restoration  and  occupancy. 

While  the  Ohio  river  was  used  as  the  great  channel  of  communi- 
cation between  the  further  west  and  the  east,  it  was  a  conspicuous 
landmark,  but  in  later  years,  owing  to  the  building  of  railroads  far 
distant  from  it,  changing  the  lines  of  travel,  it  has  ceased  to  have  the 
prominence  it  once  possessed. 

But  it  is  still  marked  as  the  frontiersmen  and  voyagers  and  the 
older  soldiers  marked  it — a  simple  bastion  fort,  with  its  magazines 
and  water  supply  all  provided  for.  The  lines  of  the  ramparts,  while 
much  reduced,  have  been,  owing  to  the  protection  of  the  grass,  fairly 
well  preserved.  All  in  and  around  this  fort  are  growing  forest  trees 
of  stately  magnitude. 

Old  Fort  Massac  is  so  intimately  associated  with  that  which  is 
heroic  and  great  in  the  early  settlement  and  conquest  of  the  north- 
west from  the  savage  and  from  foreign  foes,  that  we  believe  it  is  only 
necessary  to  present  the  facts  in  this  case  to  your  honorable  body  in 
order  that  you  will  take  steps  to  rescue  it  from  decay  or  the  spoilia- 
tion  of  private  ownership. 

We  have  been  in  communication  with  the  owner  of  the  land,  the 
Hon.  Reed  Green,  and  we  believe  that  that  gentleman  will  ask  no  ex- 
tortionate price  for  his  property.  Estimates  that  have  been  made 
assure  us  that  for  the  first  two  years  of  the  ownership  by  the  State 
and  the  restoration  of  Fort  Massac  to  its  former  condition  and  ap- 
pearance, no  greater  outlay  will  be  needed  than  $10,000  and  we 
earnestly  and  respectfully  request  that  your  honorable  body  will 
cause  the  said  fort  to  become  the  property  of  the  State  of  Illinois; 
will  cause  it  to  be  set  aside  and  preserved  forever  as  a  memorial  of 
the  older  days  of  the  State  and  the  Republic,  and  a  monument  to  the 
greatness  and  sacrifices  of  the  men  who  obtained  it  for  our  people 
against  all  holders,  under  the  supervision  of  the  proper  trustees. 

We  append  hereto  a  copy  of  preamble  and  bill  to  which  we  re- 
spectfully invite  the  attention  of  your  honorable  body,  and  ask  that 
it  may  receive  your  favorable  consideration  with  such  modifications 
in  the  text  and  amount,  as  may  seem  best  to  your  wisdom. 


296 

Whereas,  the  ancient  landmarks  of  American  settlement  and  de- 
velopments, and  in  particular  of  the  struggle  of  the  American  Col- 
onies for  independence  are  being  sought  for,  restored  and  preserved 
by  the  patriotic  men  and  women  of  our  country  as  sacred  object  les- 
sons in  patriotism  for  the  education  of  the  youth  of  America;  and 

Whereas,  beginning  two  hundred  j^ears  since,  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Massac,  situated  in  Massac  county,  Illinois,  was  occupied  alternately 
by  the  French,  the  Spanish,  the  English,  the  Indian  people  and  the 
pioneers  of  our  own  people;  and 

Whereas,  the  remaining  earthworks  thereof  are  associated  with 
the  American  struggle  for  independence  and  especially  with  the  ex- 
pedition of  George  Rogers  Clark  and  151  companions  in  which  Illi- 
nois and  the  great  Northwest  was  conquered  to  the  Union  and  saved 
to  the  United  States;  and 

Whereas,  on  this  spot,  old  Fort  Massac,  the  flag  of  our  country 
was  first  raised  over  Illinois  soil;  and 

Whereas,  afterward  during  our  threatened  trouble  with  France 
and  Spain,  said  fort  was  repaired  and  garrisoned  by  order  of  Presi- 
dent (xeorge  Washington,  the  father  of  our  country;  and 

Whereas,  the  said  fort  was  made  headquarters  of  the  army  under 
Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  and  during  the  war  of  1812  was  garrisoned 
and  occupied  by  the  territorial  militia  of  Illinois  for  the  protection 
of  the  American  borders  against  the  incursions  of  hostile  Indians  in 
league  with  Great  Britian;  and 

Whereas,  the  vestiges  of  this  historic  fort  must  disappear  unless 
rescued  and  preserved  by  patriotic  hands;  and 

Whereas,  it  is  the  sole  remaining  original  monument  in  Illinois 
of  all  our  border  struggles  and  growth ;  and 

Whereas,  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  in  Illinois 
and  elsewhere  have  manifested  a  strong  desire  to  restore  and  pre- 
serve old  Fort  Massac  as  an  object  lesson  in  patriotism;  and 

Whereas,  the  City  of  Metropolis  in  said  Massac  county,  through 
its  city  council,  has  expressed  a  willingness  to  contribute  liberally  to 
the  expense  of  caring  for  and  preserving  the  fort  and  surrounding 
grounds  as  a  memorial  park  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  citizens  of  our 
State  and  country;  and 


297 

Whereas,  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  in  Illinois 
and  elsewhere  have  petitioned  this  General  Assembly  in  this  behalf. 

With  sentiments  of  highest  regard, 

Mrs.  Charles  W.  Fairbanks, 
President  General  DaugMers  of  the  American  Revolution. 

Mrs.  Charles  H.  Deere, 

Illinois  State  Regent. 

Mrs.  Adlai  E  Stevenson, 
Honorary  President  General. 

Mrs.  Richard  Yates, 
Honorary  Member  of  Springfield  Chapter. 

Mrs.  Julius  A,  Coleman, 

Regent  of  Chicago  Chapter. 

Mrs.  Charles  Ridgely, 
Ex-Regent  of  Springfield  Chapter, 

Mrs.  Matthew  T.  Soott, 

Vice-President  General. 
Committee. 

A  bill  for  an  act  appropriating  money  to  purchase  and  perpetuate 
the  historic  Fort  Massac  as  a  State  park. 

Be  it  Enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  Represented  in 
General  Assembly: 

Section  1.  That  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and  Auditor 
of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  the  State  Regent  of  Illinois  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  two  Illinois  daughters 
appointed  by  State  Regent,  all  to  serve  without  remuneration,  and 
their  successors  in  office,  shall  constitute  a  board  of  trustees,  and  by 
the  name  and  style  of  the  Fort  Massac  Trustees  shall  have  power  to 
receive  a  conveyance  from  the  Hon.  Reed  Green  or  other  owner  or 
owners  thereof,  of  the  property,  not  less  than  ten  ( 10)  nor  more  than 
forty  (40)  acres  in  extent,  extending  from  the  northwestern  edge  of 
the  Ohio  river  at  low  water  mark  in  the  county  of  Massac  and  State 
of  Illinois,  lying  as  near  square  in  form  as  possible,  containing  the 
site  of  old  Fort  Massac;  and  to  hold  the  same  in  perpetuity,  but  in 
trust  for  the  State  of  Illinois;  to  execute  in  said  name  and  style  and 
deliver  to  the  said  Reed  Green  or  other  owner  or  owners  as  may  be 
determined  by  investigation,  a  contract  covenanting  with  the  said 
Reed  Green,  and  his  heirs  and  others  aforesaid,  if  any,  and  their 
heirs,  that  said  old  Fort  Massac  shall  be  forever  kept  in  good  repair 
and  free  of  access  to  the  public  under  such  regulations  as  they  may 
deem  wise  for  the  proper  preservation  of  the  property  aforesaid. 

§  2.  Said  board  shall  have  full  authority  over  and  control  of  said 
property;  shall  have  power  to  contract  with  reference  to  the  proper 
care  and  custody  thereof,  and  all  such  articles  of  antiquity  and  curi- 
osity as  may  there  be  collected,  and  with  reference  to  restoration  and 
repair  of  said  old  Fort  Massac  and  proper  care  of  said  property;  to 


298 

the  employment  of  a  suitable  person  to  care  for  the  same  and  to 
exhibit  it  to  the  public;  and  in  said  name  and  style  may  sue  or  be 
sued  in  reference  to  any  matter  pertaining  to  the  powers  and  trusts 
hereby  created. 

§  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  trustees  to  use  the  moneys  that 
may  from  time  to  time  be  appropriated  by  the  General  Assembly,  so 
far  as  can  be  done  with  such  moneys,  to  keep  said  premises  in  good 
repair;  to  keep  the  same  open  and  free  of  access  to  the  public  at  all 
seasonable  hours;  to  authorize  the  erection  on  said  premises  by  the 
Illinois  organizations  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution 
and  their  associates  in  the  nation  at  large,  a  monument  commemo- 
rative of  the  history  of  Old  Fort  Massac  and  of  their  connection  with 
the  restoration  and  care  of  the  same;  and  to  authorize  the  inscription 
upon  said  monument  of  such  reasonable  and  proper  inscription  as 
will  fully  set  forth  the  facts  referred  to  in  the  preamble  to  this  act. 

§  4.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  the  sum  of  ten  thousand 
(10,000)  dollars  to  defray  the  expenses  of  purchasing  said  premises, 
and  employing  a  custodian  and  carrying  out  the  purposes  of  this  act, 
for  the  period  of  two  years  after  the  approval  of  this  act  and  to  be 
paid  out  of  any  moneys  of  the  treasury  of  the  State  not  otherwise 
appropriated;  on  warrants  of  the  Auditor  upon^  the  Treasurer  ap- 
proved by  the  Governor  on  the  direction  of  a  majority  of  said  board 
from  time  to  time  as  the  same  may  be  required  for  the  purposes  of 
this  act. 

§  5.  Said  board  shall  report  to  each  General  Assembly  before  the 
twentieth  (20th)  day  of  each  regular  session  a  detailed  account  of 
all  their  transactions  and  of  all  expenditures  made  by  them,  and  also 
such  recommendations  as  they  may  deem  proper  for  the  considera- 
tion of  the  General  Assembly. 

Approved  May  15,  1908. 


299 


SEVENTH  BIENNIAL   REPORT  TO  THE   GOVERNOR   OF 
THE    STATE   OF   ILLINOIS   OF    THE   BOARD   OF 
TRUSTEES  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HIS- 
TORICAL   LIBRARY,    1901-1902. 


State  Historical  Library  Rooms, 

Springfield,  III.,  Dec.  24,  1902. 

To  the  Hon.  Richard  Yates,  Oovernor  of  Illinois: 

Sir — The  undersigned  board  of  trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Library  hereby  submits  this,  its  seventh  biennial  report,  as 
follows : 

First.  Since  its  last  report  of  Dec.  24,  1900,  there  has  been  quite 
an  accretion  of  volumes  and  manuscripts,  by  purchase,  gifts  and 
exchanges  to  the  library.  These  additions  are  more  fully  shown  in 
a  detailed  report  of  our  efficient  librarian,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber, 
and  made  a  part  of  this  document.  Newspaper  files,  maps,  manu- 
scripts, pictures,  portraits,  engravings,  cuts  and  other  illustrated 
matter  do  not  appear. 

Second.  The  storage,  book  cases,  wall  space,  tables,  etc,  required 
to  keep  this  rapidly  accumulating  mass,  leaves  hardly  room  for 
consultation  or  the  transaction  of  the  ordinary  business  of  the  board 
in  relation  thereto.  In  view  of  this  crowded  condition  of  the  small 
room  used  until  now,  may  not  this  board  again  ask  your  excellency  to 
call  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  to  the  fact,  in  order  that  some 
means  may  be  speedily  devised  to  give  more  ample  quarters  in  the 
State  house  for  the  Historical  Library  audits  rapidly  growing  needs? 

Third.  It  has  long  been  apparent  to  the  board  of  trustees  that 
under  the  law  provided  for  its  organization  and  the  management  of 
its  affairs,  it  can  not  cover  a  most  interesting  field  that  affects 
the  local  history  of  every  school  district,  township,  county  and  neigh- 
borhood of  the  State.  This  can  only  be  done  through  a  State  His- 
torical Society,  with  its  auxiliary  societies  in  the  area  named.  The 
means  to  command  this  essential  matter  lessen  with  the  death  of 
each  old  settler.  There  are  no  archives  of  deposit  from  whence  we 
can  draw  the  desired  information.     Who  was  the  first  minister  of  the 


300 

gospel  of  a  given  neighborhood?  Where  was  the  first  church  formed? 
Who  were  its  members,  and  from  whence  came  they?  Where  was 
the  first  school  taught,  and  by  whom?  What  were  the  social  cus- 
toms, the  manner  of  living,  the  peculiarities  of  the  first  settlers? 
Who  were  the  prominent  men  and  women  who  had  to  do  with  the 
progressive  growth  in  these  neighborhoods? 

To  gather  up  the  scattered  grains  of  this  necessary  phase  of  our 
history,  the  State  Historical  Society  was  organized  June  30,  1899, 
the  outgrowth  of  a  preliminary  meeting  of  May  19th,  of  the  same 
year,  at  the  University  of  Illinois.  The  first  annual  meeting  of  the 
State  society  was  held  ih  Peoria,  Jan.  5,  1900.  Its  second  annual 
meeting  of  Jan,  30,  1901,  was  at  Springfield,  before  then  fixed  as  its 
permanent  headquarters. 

The  historical  society,  so  far,  has  been  conducted  wholly  at  the 
expense  and  time  of  prominent  citizens  of  the  State  who  have  felt 
the  need  of  such  an  organization.  Without  funds  or  recognition  by 
the  State,  its  proceedings  have  been  published  by  the  State  Histori- 
cal Library  from  its  publishing  fund. 

At  a  late  meeting  of  the  historical  society  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  and  present  to  the  Legislature,  the  draft  of  a  bill, 
to  establish  the  State  Historical  Society  and  provide  a  fund  to  de- 
fray the  expense  necessary  to  collect  and  preserve  the  local  history 
of  various  sections  of  the  State,  as  far  as  that  can  be  done  at  this  late 
day. 

There  is  a  rapidly  growing  interest  relative  to  the  history  of  Illi- 
nois that  may  well  be  encouraged  by  our  Legislature.  The  president 
of  the  society  is  lately  in  receipt  of  a  communication  from  Adolph 
Moses,  the  eminent  Illinois  author  and  publisher,  who  says  in  this 
connection  that  "too  little  has  been  done  to  elucidate  the  history  of 
Illinois."  Also  later,  a  letter  from  J,  M.  Clary,  A.  B.,  president  of 
Greer  college,  Hoopeston,  Illinois,  equally  known  as  a  man  of 
scholarly  research,  who  refers  to  the  wide  interest  in  the  work  of  the 
State  Historical  Society.  Letters  of  like  import  to  the  president,  or 
other  members  of  this  body,  could  be  multiplied  here  at  great  length 
were  it  deemed  necessary. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  a  bill  approved  May  10, 
1901,  was  passed,  which  appropriated  the  sum  of  $2,500  for  the  pur- 
pose of  procuring  documents,  papers,  materials  and  publications  re- 
lating to  the  northwest  and  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  publishing  the 
same,  which  fund  was  to  be  expended  by  the  trustees  of  the  State 
Historical  Library  with  the  sanction  of  the  Grovernor.  This  act  has 
acquired  the  name  of  the  "Stubblefield  Bill,"  in  honor  of  Hon. 
Greorge  W.  Stubblefield,  the  name  of  the  Senator  from  McLean 
county,  who  introduced  the  measure.  Under  this  act,  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  State  Historical  Library  has  ordered  material  to  be 
gathered  and  collated  with  a  view  to  publication  of  the  same.  This 
work  and  the  editing  of  it  was  assigned  to  H.  W.  Beckwith,  by  his 
associate  trustees,  Accordingly  he  has  collected,  arranged  and 
edited  matter  for  the  forthcoming  volume  which  is  now  ready  to  be 


301 

printed.  The  board  is  also  ia  communication  with  a  number  of 
book  publishers,  from  among  whom  a  selection  will  soon  be 
made  to  do  the  publishing.  The  board  will  keep  the  expense 
within  the  limits  of  the  appropriation,  but  in  doing  so  has  been 
forced  to  scan  and  carefully  curtail  the  selection  of  matter  and 
the  number  of  copies  to  be  published,  and  at  the  same  time  give  the 
various  sections  of  the  State  their  fair  proportion  of  representation 
in  the  volume.  The  matter  prepared  is  original  and  authentic,  and 
places  within  the  reach  of  the  average  reader  what  he  could  not 
otherwise  acquire  without  an  expense  and  research  in  which  most 
private  students  could  ill  afiPord  to  indulge. 

in  conclusion,  Governor,  the  board  of  trustees  thanks  you  most 
sincerely  for  the  interest  you  have  taken  in  this  important  depart- 
ment of  the  State  which  you  have  placed  in  charge  of  the  board. 

H.  W.  Beokwith, 
Edmund  J.  James, 
George  N.  Black, 

Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library. 

Springfield,  III,  Dec.  24,  1902. 

Since  the  date  of  above  last  biennial  report  of  the  Board  of  State 
Historical  Library  Trustees,  the  historical  volume  therein  mentioned 
as  having  been  authorized  by  the  "Stubblefield  Bill,"  has  been  pub- 
lished and  the  edition  of  copies  distributed  to  libraries  and  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature  and  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  and  others 
throughout  the  State  who  are  specially  interested  in  Illinois  and 
western  history. 

At  the  late  session  of  the  Legislature  the  law  organizing  the  Illi- 
nois State  Historical  Library  (approved  May  25,  1889)  was  amended 
by  addition  of  a  section  constituting  the  State  Historical  Society  "a 
department  of  the  State  Historical  Library,"  a  copy  of  the  bill 
amending  the  above  mentioned  law  is  appended  as  follows: 

A  bill  for  an  act  to  add  a  new  section  to  an  act  entitled,  "An  act 
to  establish  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library  and  to  provide  for 
its  care  and  maintenance  and  to  make  appropriations  therefor,"  ap- 
proved May  25,  1889,  and  in  force  July  1,  1889. 

Whereas,  said  act,  among  other  things,  contemplated  that  "there 
be  collected  and  preserved  In  some  permanent  form  before  it  is  too 
late  to  rescue  from  oblivion  the  memory  of  its  earlier  history  and 
those  who  founded  it,  as  well  as  those  who  have  been  connected  with 
its  rise  and  progress  in  later  days,"  and 

Whereas,  this  latter  feature  of  the  preservation  of  the  history  of 
the  State  of  Illinois  can  best  be  secured  through  an  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society  with  auxiliary  branches  organized  in  the  various 
counties  of  the  State,  and 

Whereas,  there  is  already  such  an  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety duly  organized  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
represented  in  the  General  Assembly:    That  there  be  added  to  the 


302 

act  of  May  25,  18b9,  entitled,  "An  act  to  establish  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Library  and  to  provide  for  its  care  and  maintenance  and 
to  make  appropriations  therefor,"  approved  May  25,  1889,  and  in 
force  July  1,  1889;  an  additional  section  to  be  numbered  section  6, 
and  which  shall  read  as  follows: 

Section  6.  That  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  be  and  the 
same  is  hereby  declared  a  department  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Library,  and  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  said  Illinois  State  Historical 
Librar}^  is  hereby  authorized  to  pay  for  the  necessary  stationery, 
postage  and  other  like  incidental  expenses  of  the  said  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society,  out  of  any  fund  the  Legislature  may  appropriate 
to  the  said  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  for  such  purposes;  and, 
also  to  pay  the  expenses  of  interviewing  old  settlers  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,  examining  county,  church,  school  and  the  like  records,  at 
the  discretion  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  said  Illinois  State 
Historical  Library  and  the  auditing  of  the  accounts  of  which  shall  be 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Cxovernor  of  Illinois.  Aiid,  provided 
further,  that  all  such  material  shall  be  the  property  of  said  Illinois 
State  Historical  Library  and  shall  be  deposited  among  its  archives 
for  reference  and  safe  keeping. 

Approved  May  16,  1903. 


303 


ERRATA. 


On  page  29,  for  "Arms  of  the  Law,"  read  "Forms  of  the  Law." 
On  page  106,  for  "Ooisbriant,"  read  "Boisbriant.' 


o 


04 


INDEX  TO  PUBLICATION  NO.  8  OF  THE  ILLINOIS 
STATE  HISTORICAL  LIBRARY— "TRANSACTIONS  OF 
THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  1903." 


Page 

Abbott.  Lieut.  Gov.  Edward— English  commandant,  mention 59 

Abbott,  Wm..  Jr.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 167 

Abbott,  Wm..  Sr.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 167 

Abolitionists  in  Illinois— public  sentiment  against,  mention 77 

Academy  of  Sciences,  Chicago— mention 245 

Ackerman,  Wm.  K.— author  of  "Early  Illinois  Railroads,"  mention,  footnote 80 

Adams  County.  111.— population  in  1810,  mention 119 

Adams.  Francis— private  in  the  Illinois  Regiment  of  Volunteers  under  Clark;  receives 

land  for  services 167 

Adams.  President  John— mention ■- •• 102 

Adams,  President  John  Quincy— excitement  attending  election  of  by  U.  S.  House  of 

Kepresentatives 195 

Daniel  P.  Cook  of  Illinois  casts  deciding  vote  in  U.  S. 

House  of  Representatives 193,195 

Illinois  casts  decisive  vote  for 195 

mention 78 

•  Minister  to  England,  mention 213 

vote  for  by  states  in  U.  S  House  of  Representatives, 
described  in  letter  of  John  McLean  of  Illinois,  pub- 
lished in  the  Illinois  Gazette.  Shawneetown 195 

Addendum  to  this  volume— papers  contributed  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  127-302 

mention -. 7 

Address  of  Welcome  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society— delivered  by  Hon.  Wm.  A. 

Northcott.  Lieut.  Gov.  of  HI 11 

Adet,  M.  Pierre  Auguste— French  Minister  to  the  United  States,  1795-1796,  directs  Gen. 

Victor  Collot  to  visit  western  part  of  the  United  States  and 

make  report  on  it 49 

Affleck,  James  of  Belleville,  111.— honorary  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety; memorial  sketch  of  life  of 124,125 

mention 2 

personally  acquainted  with  all  Governors  of  Illinois 

from  Bond  to  Richard  Yates  the  younger,  mention 124 

African  Slavery— Introduced  into  the  Illinois  country  by  Renault 108 

Ague— prevalent  in  western  country;  causes  of  and  treatment  for  relief  of 162,163 

Aix-laChapelle— peace  of  1748,  mention 109 

Akin,  Edward  Clay— Attorney  General  of  Illinois  1897-1901;  first  native  Illinoisan  to  hold 

this  office 220 

Allere.  Bazelle— private  soldier  in  Capf  Charloville's  Company  Illinois  Volunteers:  en- 
titled to  land  for  services 176 

Alabama— state  of.  mention 205 

vote  of.  cast  for  J.  Q.  Adams  in  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives 195 

Albany.  N.  Y.— mention 218,219 

Aldrich,  Hon  Charles— Secretary  of  the  Iowa  State  Department  of  History,  mention —      7 
Alexander,  Samuel— member  of  the  first  Illinois  Board  of  Canal  Commissioners  for  the 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal 203 

Alexandria'  Va.— mention 207.209 

Algonquin  Indians— early  allies  of  the  French  in  North  America 41 

Allen,  David— private  in  Illinois  Volunteer  Regiment  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 167 

Edwin  R.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce,  Chicago;  later  citizen  of  Aurora. 

111.;  mention 270-271 

Isaac— private  in  Illinois  Regiment  Volunteers  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 167 

John,  Jr.- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 167 

John.  Sr.— private  soldier  underlClark.  entitled  to  land  for  services 167 

Samuel— sergeant  in  Illinois  Volunteer  Regiment  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land 

for  services 167 

Allery,  Joseph— private  in  Illinois  Volunteer  Regiment  under  Clark,  receives  land  for 

services 167 

Alonton.  Jacob— private  in  Illinois  Volunteer  Regiment  under  Clark,  receives  land  for 

services 167 


305 

Index — Continued. 

Page 
Alton,  III.— business  firms  of.  borrow  large  sums  of  money  from  the  State  Bank  of 
Illinois  to  corner  output  of  iead  from  the  Galena  mines,  and   to  promote 

growth  of  Alton  as  a  rival  of  St.  Louis 2C6 

conference  with  Indians  held  at,  mention 180 

Lincoln-Douglas  debate  at,  mention 230 

place  of  unmarked 290 

Lovejoy  monument  erected  at,  mention 290 

Lovejoy  muidered  at  by  mob,  mention 206 

mention 66,215,217,290 

proposed  early  railroads  to.  mention 66 

rival  of  St.  Louis  as  chief  city  of  the  west 206 

America— all  tales  told  of  the  country  much  exaggerated  by  travelers  and  writers 161 

mention 115 

American  Backwoodsmen— mention 275 

American  Bottom— Fort  Chartres  ruins  He  in 105 

mention 186,187 

population  in  increases 17 

American  Bottoms— mention 162 

American  Citizen— first  one  to  be  given  the  freedom  of  London  (Hon.  Andrew  Steven- 
son)     98 

American  Citizens— plan  to  invade  Spanish  possessions 48 

American  Fur  Company— Illinois  a  dependency  of 118-119 

offered  better  inducements  to  labor  than  the  lead  mines  of 

Galena 120 

pay  rolls  of  the  company,  quotations  from,  for  years  181S-1819. 

mention 118-119 

American  Journal  of  Pharmacy  (The)— first  publication  in  the  English  language  devoted 

entirely  to  the  Interests  of  pharmacy 246 

American  Pharmaceutical  Association— meeting  of  in  Chicago.  1869.  considers  the  neces- 

ity  for  pharmacy  legislation 253 

Issues  circular  letter 216 

American  Republic— fathers  of.  leave  important  questions  to  be  solved  by  their  des- 
cendants      H 

two  great  epochs  in  the  history  of,  mention 11 

American  Revolution— French  soldiers  in.  mention 49 

American  settlers  in  the  Illinois  country— mention 287 

Americans— characteristics  of,  mention 156 

mention 164 

American  Union— plotters  against,  meet  at  Fort  Massac 40 

States  to  be  admitted  from  new  territory;  enactments  for  and  require- 
ments of 18 

"Anarchist  Cases"- conducted  for  the  State  of  Illinois  by  George  Hunt,  attorney  general 

of  the  State 220 

Anderson,  Mrs.  A.  R.— plays  piano  for  entertainment  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  Rushville,  111 237 

Anderson,  John— private  in  Illinois  Keg't  Vol.  in  Clark's  army 167 

Anderson,  Richard  Clough  Jr.— member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky,  reports  the  resolu- 
tion admitting  Illinois  Into  the  Union  as  a  State 21,22 

Anderson,  Col.  Wm.  P..  U.  S.  A.— appointed  recruiting  officer  and  ordered  to  Nashville 

and  KnoxviUe,  Tenn 61 

Andree,  Jean— sergeant  in  Illinois  Vol.  Keg't  in  Clark's  army 167 

Anecdotes  and  stories  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6 276-278 

Anecdotes  of  the  U.  S.  Navy— in  Western  Intelligencer 186 

Angel,  "Joe"— boyhood  friend  of  A.  Lincoln.    Their  later  meeting  In  Rushville,  Illinois, 

anecdote  of 227 

Annual  address  delivered  before  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  by  Hon.  A.  £. 

Stevenson.  Jan.  1903 16-30 

Antere.  Michael— private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charloville's  Co..  entitled  to  land  for  services.  176 

Anthony.  Judge  Elliott— quotations  from  his  "Constitutional  History  of  Illinois" 100 

Anti-convention  and  Anti-slavery  parties  in  Illinois— united 101 

Anti-Slavery  Party  in  Illinois— Gov.  Edward  Coles  recognized  leader  of 199 

mention 101 

Antler,  Francis— private  in  IllinoiB  Vol.  Reg't  in  Clark's  army 167 

"Apocalypse"  (The)— mention 43 

"Apothecary  Hall"— sign  used  by  early  drug  stores  of  Chicago 244 

mention 274 

Apperson,  Richard— private  in  Clark's  army 167 

"Arabian  Oil"— manufactured  by  L.  M.  Boyce.  druggist 269 

Archeologlcal  remains  near  St.  Louis— mention 163,164 

foot  note 164 

Archives  at  Paris.  France— reference  to 46 

"Aristides"— pen  name  of  political  writer  signed  to  article  published  In  the  "Western 

Intelligencer" 186 

Armistead.  Gen.  W.  K.— president  of  the  board  of  army  officers  which  recommended 

Fort  Massac  as  site  of  proposed  J.  S.  armory 61 

Army  of  the  Tennessee— mention 123 

Arpents— used  as  the  measure  of  land  instead  of  acres  in  early  French  settlements  in 

Illinois  86 

Artaguette,  Dlrion  d'— mention 58 

—20  H. 


806 

Index — Continued. 

Paere 

Artaguette.  Pierre  d'— French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1734-1736.  mention....    46 

mention,  foot  note 58 

Articles  of  confederation  of  the  U.  S.  A.,  mention 89 

Ash.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 167 

Asher,  Bartlett— private  in  the  Ills.  Vol,  Reg't,  under  Clark 167 

Asher,  Wm.— Ensign  in  Ills.  Vol.  Reg't  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Asia— English  possessions  in  considered  by  the  French  in  selling  Louisiana  to  the  U.S.A.    95 
Assumption.  Fort— mission  established  on  the  Ohio  river  by  Father  Mermet.  mention.. 44. 46 

Attorneys  General— laws  relating  to  changed,  mention, 216 

Attorneys  General  of  Illinois— a  paper  contributed  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety by  Mr.  Mason  H.  Newell;  published  in  annual 

transactions 211-220 

constitution  of  1848  made  no  provision  for  the  office 219 

State  without  such  an  officer  1848-1867 219 

office  made  a  constitutional  one  by  constitution  of  1870..  219 
Atkins,  Henry  I.— candidate  for  admission  to  the  State  Bar  of  Illinois;  certificate  signed 

by  A.  Lincoln 224-225 

Atlantic  Coast— English  colonies  on,  mention 40-41 

Attfleld,  Prof.  .John— mention 268 

Atwood,  .John  A.— editor  of  the  Stillmaa  Valley  Times,  mention 7 

Aubry,  Charles  Philippe— French  commandant  at  Fort  Massac 44-45 

leaves  for  Fort  Chartres  with  his  soldiers 45 

mention 89 

with  his  French  troops  selected  site  and  built  Fort  Massac.    45 

Auburn,  N.  Y.— mention -. -. 213 

Austin,  W.  G.— druggist  in  Chicago'.1835,  advertisement  of,  mention 243 

Austria— druggists  of  send  money  to  aid  Chicago  druggists  after  the  great  fire  of  1871...  258 

Back.  John— private  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bacon.  Lord— quotation  from 26 

Bad  Lands  (The)— Mauvais  Terre— mention  and  footnotes 279 

Bagby,  John  C— Ardent  supporter  of  Lincoln 225 

Judge  John  C— candidate  for  Illinois  State  Senate  from  Schuyler  Co.,  1858.  on 

Republican  ticket -- 228 

Judge  John  C— first  meeting  with  Abraham  Lincoln.    Anecdote  of 225 

Mrs.  M.  A.— gives  interesting  historical  information  in  relation  to  Lincoln's  visit 

to  Rushville 229 

Bailey,  David— private  Illinois  Reg't  Vol.,  Clark's  army 167 

Capt.  John— Illinois  Reg't  Vol.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 166 

Baily,  Francis— historical  writer,  gives  account  of  massacre  at  Fort  Massac,  mention —    41 

Francis— noted  English  astronomer,  visits  Fort  Mas=iac 60 

Baker,  E.  D.— member  of  Congress  from  Illinois,  Galena  district,  votes  against  fugitive 
slavG  l&w  .«••   ,,..,,■.■.-■«•,.--•■•.-••..■•..••••■•••••••••••••••••■"••••-•••••"••"••••••••••••••     o2 

Baker.  Prof.  E.' P. —of  McKendree  College,  translates  Ernst's  Travels  in  Illinois 150 

Ballard,  James— corporal  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 168 

Proctor— sergeant  under  Clark  receives  land  for  services 168 

Wm.  Bland— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 168 

Ballinger,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 168 

Larkin— private,  Illinois  Reg't  Vol.,  Clark's  army 167 

Baltic  Sea— mention 99 

Baltimore— mention J63 

Bankruptcy  Act— passed  by  U.  S.  Congress 243 

Banks,  Dr— mention 249 

Barbe,  Marie— wife  John  Hanrion.  godmother  of  child  of  Anthony  Zibert 146,147 

Barber,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Barclay  Bros— wholesale  druggists.  Chicago,  1850 251 

Barensbach— a  German  settler  in  Illinois,  his  characteristics,  mention,  etc 167 

Barger,  J.  B— letter  from  to  J.  H.  Burnham  on  John  McLean 199 

Barker,  H.  E— makes  motion  in  meeting  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  that  a  com- 
mittee be  appointed  to  solicit  donations  and  loans  to  be  exhibited  at  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition ;••••-• * 

moves  that  the  secretary  of  the  society  cast  the  ballot  for  officers  for  1903.      4 

mention 9 

Baron.  Sir  Denis— death  of ..•.- , ;•• 148.149 

Joseph— godfather  atbaotism  of  child  of  slave  of  St.  Anne's  parish 136,137 

Barrett,  Mr.  R.— his  opinion  as  to  prospects  of  mining  in  Jo  Daviess  Co.,  Ill 36 

R.  P.— Illinois  State  Fund  Commissioner,  his  attempts  to  borrow  money  for  the 

State 69,70 

Barry,  Wm— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bascom,  Rev.— noted  early  minister  of  Chicago 249 

Bass.  Adam— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 168 

Bastlen,  Francis— child  of,  burled  at  Prairie  du  Rocher 128,129 

Bastile,  (The)  Paris— Louis  de  Kerelec  imprisoned  in,  mention 110 

Batavia.  N.  Y— mention .213 

Batcheller,  Ezra— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Phllo  Carpenter  in  Chicago,  later  mayor  of 

Lyons,  Iowa 260 

Bateaux  (boat's)- mention • 106 

Bateman  &  Selby's  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois— quotations  from 76-80.219 

Baton  Rouge.  La —mention 122 

Bay  &  Baldwin— drug  firm,  Chicago 271 

wholesale  druggists,  Chicago.  1S50 261 

Bay, .  brother  of  Edwin  R.  Bay -clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce.  mention 868 


307 
Index — Continued. 

Paee 
Bay,  Edwin  R.— clerk  In  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce;  later  bays  Boyce's  business;  firm 

became  Sears  &  Bay 271 

Bayou,  Pierre— Aaron  Burr  visits 40 

mention 60 

Baxter,  James— corporal  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Beach,  O.  L.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.,  Chicago,  mention 263 

Bean,  Peter— advertisement  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer,"  mention 186 

Beardsley,  Dr.— mention 249 

Beardstown,  111.— Lincoln's  visit  there  Aug.  12, 1858,  mention 228 

mention 222,229 

Beaubien,Madore— mention 243 

Beaubien,  Mark— anecdote  of  his  provision  for  the  guests  at  his  hotel 240 

conducts  public  bar  in  Sauganash  Hotel  next  door  to  Phllo  Carpenters' 

drug  store 210 

early  settler  and  hotel  keeper  of  Chicago,  proprietor  of  the  inn  Sauga- 
nash, later  the  hotel,  1832 236-240 

kept  first  hotel  in  Chicago 238 

location  of  his  log  house  hotel  and  the  building  of  the  Sauganash  hotel  259 

owned  and  operated  a  ferry  in  Chicago 238 

Beaurbien,  Baptist— nephew  of  Matthew  Saucier,  finds  box  containing  molds  for  casting 

money , 187 

Beauharnols,  Marquis  de— Governor  General  of  Canada,  mention 276 

Beausoliel  (Don  Eugene  Pourre)— mention 279 

Beauvenue, private  soldier  Capt.  CharlovUle's  company  volunteers,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Beck's  Gazetteer  of  Illinois  and  Missouri— reference  to 114 

Beck.  Dr.  Lewis  C— makes  careful  surrey  and  drawings  of  Ft.  Chartres 114 

Beckley,  Wra.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Beckwlth,  H.W.— Absence  of  from  State  Historical  Society  meeting,  mention 1,9 

appointed  on  committee  to  confer  with  Illinois  Commissioners  to  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 6 

declines  reelection  as  president  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 2 

editor  of  book  published  under  "Stubblefield"  bill 300 

elected  first  vice  president  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  1903..      4 
greetings  and  resolutions  of  respect  and  esteem  for    passed  by  Ills. 

State  Historical  Society 3 

president  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  absence  of  at  fourth  an- 
nual meeting 1,9 

president  Board  of  Trustees  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  signs 

biennial  report 301 

Beckwlth,  Hiram  W.— mention 12 

Bedeau, mention  as  signing  record  with  J.  Gagnon,  priest 128-129 

Silam— mention 136-137 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward— pays  tribute  to  Samuel  D.  Lockwood 103 

Begraw,  Alexander— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 168 

Bell,  William-private.  Ills.  Vol.  Reg't,  Clark's  army 167 

Belle  Rlvere  (La)— Ohio,  mention 51 

Belleville.  Ills.— Bennett-Stewart  duel  fouerht  at 213-214 

Germ.>tn  book  in  public  library,  translation  of 150-165 

German  democratic  stronghold,  mention 83 

mention 2,124,212 

public  letting  to  take  place  at  for  a  new  county  court  house 181 

Bellefontalne— U.  S.  Government  western  headquarters  for  military  rifles,  situated 

about  ten  mi  es  above  St.  Louis,  of  1816 185 

Bellerlve,  Louis  St.  Ange  de— accompanies  Charlevoix  through  the  Illinois  country 107 

commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 107-111 

dies  at  St.  Louis  December,  1774,  see  foot  note 112 

mention 276 

Capt.  St.  Agne  de— succeeds  Sleur  de  Liette  In  command  at  Ft.  Chartres 108 

Bender,  Lewis— died;  private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Robert— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Bennett,  Wm.— killed  Alphouso   Stewart   In   a  duel,   was   convicted   of  murder  and 

hanged  213-214 

Benson,  Charity— wife  of  William  Sloo,  mention 201 

Benton,  La  Payette  Co.,  Wis.— mines  of , 37 

Benton  or  Bemton,  Thomas— private  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bentley,  James— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to 

go  home,  rations  due 177 

Soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  In 

another;  foot  note 177 

John— Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

private  Illinois  Reg't  Vol,,  Clark's  army 167 

soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  in 

another 177 

Berrey,  William— Deserted  Jan.  28,  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company 177 

Berry,  William— In  Capt.  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 17T 

private,  Illinois  Reg't  Vol.,  Clark's  army 167 

soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  In 
another;  footnote 177 


308 

Index — Continued. 

Paee 

Berryer.  M.— French  minister  of  war,  mention 45 

Bertel.  Chevalier  de— commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 109 

suggests,  means  of  defense  for  Ft.  Chartres 109 

Bethlehem.  Albany  county.  N.  Y.,  mention S18 

Bevard, private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Bienville,  Gov.  Le  Moyne  de— Governor  and  commandant  general  of  the  province  of 

Louisiana 105,106 

mention 68.108 

recalled  from  Louisiana  province 109 

recalled  to  France 107 

resumes  governorship  of  Louisiana,  1731 108 

Big  Muddy  River— Salines  on,  mention 184 

Big  Prairie,  near  Carmi,  111 161 

mention 282 

Billiards— early  Illinois  laws  against  the  game 73 

Biloxi.  La.  (now  Miss.)— mention 106 

Bingoman.  Adam— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

BInkley.  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services  ' 168 

Blrkbeck,  Morris— his  Illinois  home,  his  historical  writings,  etc 150 

historian  of  Illinois,  mention 103 

opinion  on  slavery 103 

writes  under  non-de-plume  of  Jonathan  Freeman,  mention 103 

Bird,  Dr.— mention 249 

Bird,  Lieut.— commanded  detachment  Kentucky  militia 49 

Bird.  Samuel— private  under  (Mark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Biron,  J.  B.—sereeant  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Biroth,  Henry— Chicago  retail  druggist,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 265 

Chemical  manufacturer  of  Chicago,  1860 248 

mention 251 

Birtel  or  Bertel,  Chevalier  de— French  commandant  In  the  Illinois,  1743-1749 46 

Blasel,  Gapt.  Daniel— in  command  at  Fort  Massac 40 

BIssell,  Capt.  D.— stationed  at  Fort  Massac 61 

Capt.  Russell- commanding  officers  at  Fort  Massac 61 

William  H.— anti-slavery  candidate  for  Governor  of  Illinois  1856— his  previous 

course  in  Congress 82 

Black,  George  N.— appointed  on  committee  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to  confer 

with  Illinois  Commissioners  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition.      5 

chairman  of  the  committee  on  legislation,  asks  for  further  time 1 

chairman  of  finance  committee,  report  of 1 

makes  motion  in  meeting  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  that  memo- 
rial addresses  be  accepted 2 

member  board  trustees  Illinois  State  Historical  Library  signs  report.  301 

mention 1,5 

named  as  one  of  the  nominating  committee  to  nominate  officers  of 

State  Historical  Society  for  1903 4 

Black,  Mrs.  George  N.— mention 10 

Blackford,  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Black  Hawk  War— James  Semple's  services  in 216 

James  Turney,  paymaster  in 214 

mention 222,223,290 

Black  Hawk's  Watch  Tower  at  Rock  Island.  Ul.-mention 293 

"Black  Jack"— or  sulphide  of  zinc 36 

"Black  Laws"  of  Illinois— mention 92 

Blackburn,  Rev.  Gideon— member  of  standing  committee  early  Illinois  State  Historical 

Society  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois  history 14 

mention,  foot  note 78 

Blackwell,  Robert— printer,  preserves  the  flies  of  Western  Intelligencer 186 

publisher  with  Cook  of  the  Western  Intelligencer 182 

Blaine.  James  G.— mention 219 

Blair,  John— private  Ills.  Reg't,  Clark's  army 167 

Ballard,  Bland— Sergeant  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Blanchard.  Rufus— author  of  History  of  Chicago;  his  account  of  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871 .  257 

Blancher,  Pierre— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Blaney,  Dr.  J.  V.  Z-Chemist 249 

one  of  the  founders  of  Rush  Medical  College 249 

professor  of  chemistry  in  Rush  Medical  College 248 

Blankenship.  Henry— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Blearn.  David— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Bleln,  Pierre— Corporal  under  Clark;  received  land  for  his  services 168 

Blennerhassett,  Harmon— his  connection  with  Aaron  Burr 59-60 

Life  of,  by  Wm.  H.  Safford,  mention 60 

Island— mention 69,60 

Margaret  Agnew— wife  of  Harmon    Blennerhassett;    account  of  her 

travels  and  sufferings 69-60 

at    Ft.  Massac,  learns    of  her    husband's  connec- 
tion with  the  Spanish  conspiracy 40 

Blinn  and  Johnson— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Bliss  and  Sharp— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Blockl,  William— mention 261 


309 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Bloomlnfirton.  111. -Fire  of  June  19. 1900.  mention 190 

invitation   extended  to    Illinois    State    Historical   Society   to  hold 

annual  meeting:  at 4 

mention 9 

proposed  early  railroads  to 66 

Republican  convention  of  1856.  mention 227 

Blouen,  Daniel— private  soldier.  Capt.  CharloviUe's  company  volunteers,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Bluthardt,  T.  J.-mention 261 

Board  of  Health  of  Chicaero— from  1S3I  to  1860.  members  of 243 

Bodney.  A.  R.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 255 

Bockee,  Innes  &  Co.— wholesale  druggists.  Chicago,  1850 261 

Boisbriant,  Pierre-Duqu6  de— acting    governor  of    Louisiana,    headquarters    at    New 

Orleans,  arrives  at  Ship  Island 105 

French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1718-1725 46 

commissioned  first  king's  lieutenant  of  the  province  of 

Louisiana 106 

establishes  military  post  In  the  Illinois  country 106 

Ft.  Chartres  built  under  lUrectlon  of 106 

Ft.  Chartres.  under  Boisbriant.  and  his  successors 107,108 

grant  of  land  to,  in  the  Illinois  country 107 

Bolton,  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Bond  County,  111.— mention 79 

Bond,  Gov.  Shadrach— appoints  Ellas  K.  Kane  Secretary  of  State 22 

entertainment  at  his  house  attended  by  F.  Ernst,  description 152 

Bond.  Shadrach— first  Governor  of  State  of  Illinois,  mention 124 

Governor  of  Illinois,  mention 23 

receiver  of  the  United  States  land  ofiBce 180 

representative  from  St.  Clair  Co 20 

sergeant  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Book  Stores— authorised  agents  for  patent  medicines  in  1833 241 

Boone,  Daniel— early  resident  of  Maysville,  Ky 202 

in  the  Mississippi  valley,  reference 276 

mention 249.276 

Boone,  Dr.  Levi  D.— once  mayor  of  Chicago,  grandson  of  Daniel  Boone. ..~ 267,249 

Borcherdt,  Capt.  J.  C— mention 251 

Bossu,  Capt.— letter  from  the  Illinois  Country,  dated  July  21. 1756,  quoted 110 

letters  of  travel  through  Louisiana,  dated  at  the  Illinois  the  16th  of  May, 

1753,  quoted 110 

visits  Ft.  Chartres 110 

Boston— groods  shipped  to  Chicago  In  early  days,  principally  from 247 

mention 69,247 

Boston,  Travis— soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 167 

Boston.  William— soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 167 

"Bostonlans"    Indian— French  name  for  Americans , 279 

Bostonians  (Americans)— mention 279 

Botanic  Remedies— used  by  the  early  druggists  243 

Bouchet,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Boulogne.  Jane— wife  of  M.  Louvier,  godmother  of  the  child  of  Alex.  DuCIaud 148,149 

Bourbon  Co.,  Kentucky— Washington,  the  oldest  town  in- mention 202 

Bourbonnol.  Cecilia— wife  of  Anthony  Heneaux,  mention 134,135 

Bowen,  A.  W.— early  druggist  of  Joliet,  111 261 

Wm— corporal  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bowing,  Ebenezer— private  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bowman,  Capt.  Joseph— date  of  enlistment,  discharge,  mileage  and  pay  for  services 

under  G.  R.Clark 177 

military  company  of  discharged 178 

pay-roll  of  his  company  under  Q.  R.  Clark 177 

12  men  of  his  company  discharged  at  Kaskaskla,  re-enllsted  in 

other  companies,  foot  note 177 

Bowman.  Christian— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

First  Lieut.  Isaac— date  of  enlistment,  discharge,  payment  and  mileage  for 

services  under  Q.  R.  Clark 177 

George— drug  store  in  ('hlcago.  mention 244 

Henry— druggist  in  Chicago,  later  in  Sacramento  and  Oakland.  Cal 271 

clerk  In  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce,  describes  the  store  and  the  busi- 
ness methods, 266-271 

clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce,  later  himself  druggist  In  Sacra- 
mento, Cal .'. 271 

Henry  &  Co.— Drug  store  In  Chicago 244 

(Henry  Bowman  &  Dr.  Henry  Ritchie),  drug  firm,  Chicago 271 

mention 273 

Wm.  E— brother  of  Henry  Bowman,  clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce.  Chi- 
cago; removed  to  Montreal;  his  career,  death  of 271 

Boyce,  August  D.— brother  of  L.  M.  Boyce  and  clerk  In  his  drug  store,  Chicago 267,270 

Leroy  M— branch  drug  store  of,  at  St.  Charles,  111.,  under  name  of  Freeman  & 

Boyce  276 

encourages  the  firm  of  Stebbins  &  Reed  to  locate  In  Chicago 243-244 

executor  of  the  estate  of  Erastus  Dewey,  mention 274 

extract  from  diary  of 266 

fifth  drug  store  in  Chicago 248 

financial  crisis  of  1837  does  not  afiPcct 243 

mention 248 


310 
Index — Continued. 

Page 
Boyce,  Leroy  M.— death  of , 266 

drug  store  of;  description  of  his  drug  store  and  his  business  methods, 

by  Henry  Bowman,  a  clerk  in  his  store 266-271 

druggist  of  Chicago,  1838;  his  entrance  into  the  field  an  epoch  in  the 

business 265 

druggist  and  apothecary,  advertisement  of 266 

manufactures  linseed  oil  undername  oi  Ptck  &  Boyce 270 

Boyer,  Dr.  Valentine— mention 238 

Boyles,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Brackenridge.  Judge  H.  M.— visits  the  ruins  of  Ft.  Chartrea 113-114 

Braddock,  Qen.  Edward— defeat  of,  mention U 

defeat  of 87 

Brady,  Henry  B.— English  druggist,  member  of  committee  to  collect  momey  to  aid  Chi- 
cago College  of  Pharmacy  after  fire  of  1871;   had  visited  Chicago 

shortly  before  fire 258 

Brainerd.  Dr.  David— mention 234,249 

professor  of  anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  University t246 

Brashear.  Kichard-Captainunder  Clark;  received  land  for  services 166 

Braun,  Thomas— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Brazer,  Peter— private;  received  land  for  services  under  Clark 167 

Breeden.  Richard— private,  111.  Regt.  Vol.,  Clark's  army 167 

Breedon,  John— Sergeant  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Breese.  Sidney— candidate  for  Congress 103,208 

daughter  of;  the  wife  of  Charles  A.  Slade 209 

early  history  of  Illinois.  Quoted  In  reference  to  Ft.  Chartres 110 

historical  writings  of,  mention 14 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

member  of  standing  committee  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 

for  early  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 14 

mention 216 

reference  to  Illinois  reports  of 212,213 

Bressie,  Richard  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Brinckerhofif  &  Penton— druggists  in  Chicago,  mention 244,264 

Brlnckerhoff,  Dr.  John  C— bought  drug  store  of  Philo  Carpenter 260 

British— arrogance,  article  on,  in  "Western  Intelligencer" 186 

colonies  in  North  America,  mention 40 

flag,  mention 18 

generals,  mention 276 

occupancy  of  Illinois,  duration  of 47 

rule  in  the  Illinois  country 18 

rule  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  of  short  duration 18 

Broadway— street  in  St.  Louis,  mention 283 

Brock.  Hanson  C— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Bronald.  Henry— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 256 

Brown,  Asher— private  soldier  under  Clark ;  received  land  for  services 168 

Mrs.  C.  C— mention 10 

Collin— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Erastus— member  of  first  board  of  commissioners  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 

canal 203 

Henry— "Early  history  of  Illinois."  mention,  footnote 76 

quotation  from  his  early  history  of  Illinois 44 

James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 167 

pergeant  Illinois  volunteers.  Clark's  army 167 

John— of  Rushvllle.  early  friend  of  A   Lincoln 223 

served  in  Illinois  Legislature  from  Schuyler  county;  friend  of  A.  Lincoln 

mention 224 

soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Low— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Robert— mention 224 

William— historical  writings  of.  mention 14 

member  of  standing  committee  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois..    14 
William  H.— of  Chicago,  comes  to  Illinois  in  company  with  Samuel  D.  Lockwood  213 

historian  of  Illinois,  mention 103 

W.  S.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Browning.  Lieut.  Isaac— Illinois  regiment  volunteers.  Clark's  army 167' 

O.  H.— signs  license  of  applicant  for  admission  to  Illinois  bar 225 

mention 224 

Brownville— town  site  not  located  but  probably  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Saline  on  Big 

Muddy  river 184 

Brossard,  Pierre— sergeant  under  Clark  received  land  for  services 168 

Bryan,  F.  A.— clerk  in  Chicago  drug  store  of  the  Clarke  Bros 264 

druggist  in  Chicago 263,269 

member  of  Board  of  Health.  Chicago 243 

retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Bryant.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

L.  R.— letter  from  suggests  co-operation  with  Ills.  State  Historical  Society 2 


811 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Bubols. mention 134.135 

Buchanan,  President  James— administration  of,  mention 210 

Buchet. mention 128.129 

Alexander— son  of  Josepli  Buchet,  baptism  of 146.147 

Joseph— child  of,  baptised  146.147 

M.  Joseph— firuard  of  the  King's  magazines,  mention 134,135 

godfather  at  baptism  of  child  in  St.  Anne's  parish 130,131,134,135 

Theresa— mention 128,129 

Buck,  George— druggist  of  Chicago,  member  of  a  committee  to  draft  pharmacy  laws  for 

presentation  to  Legislature  of  Illinois 253 

Buck  Mine— near  Galena,  111.,  described 32 

Buck  &  Rayner— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  two  stores  burned  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.-mention 68 

Bulssoniere,  Alphonse  de  la— commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 109 

French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1736-1740 46 

leads  second  expedition  against  the  Chickasaw  Indians 109 

Bulger,  Edward— Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

Bullock.  Lieut.  Rice,  Illinois  Regt.  Vol..  Clark's  army 167 

Bumey.  Simon— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bunker  Hill  Monument— mention 289 

Burbridge,  John  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Wm.  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Bureau  Co.— Historical  Society  soon  to  be  formed  at  Princeton.  Ill 8 

Illinois  Old  Settlers' Association,  cooperation  with  Illinois  State  Historical 

Society  suggested 2 

wholesale  drug  store  of  Chicago,  amount  of  annual  business,  loss 

by  fire.  Insurance,  etc 256 

Burgess,  Henry— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Dr.  Sawyer,  Chicago,  1846 273 

Burk,  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Burnett,  Robert  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 168 

Burnham,  Ambrose— member  of  board  of  health,  Chicago 243 

Burnham,  (E)  &  Son— wholesale  drutrgists  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 255 

J.  H.— article  on  John  McLean  published  by  the  McLean  County  Historical 
Society   re-written   and   contributed   to— Illinois  State  Historical  Society 

transactions  in  "Forgotten  Statesmen  of  Illinois" 190-201 

Burnham,  J.  H.— addresses  the  society  as  to  the  situation  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 

Com 4 

appointed  on  committee  to  confer  with  Illinois  Commission  to  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 5 

Barger.  J.  B— letter  from,  on  John  McLean .199 

chairman  of  the  committee  on  local  historical  societies,  reads  report  of  8,9 
consults  flies  of  early  newspapers.  Western  Intelligencer,  in  the  mer- 
cantile library,  St  Louis 179 

contributes  paper  on  "An  early  Illinois  newspaper;  extracts  from  its 

flies"  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  transactions 179-189 

declines  to  act  on  nominating  committee  to  nominate  officers  for  1903...      4 

Eddy,  John  M.— letter  of,  on  John  McLean,  addressed  to 200 

extends  invitation  to  the  society  to  hold  its  next  annual  meeting  at 

Bloomington 4 

letters  on  John  McLean,  addressed  to 199-201 

McLean  County  Historical  memorial  to  John  McLean,  read  by 190 

makes  motion  that  30  days  notice  to  the  members  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society  be  given  in  cases  where  amendments  to  the  con- 
stitution are  contemplated 2 

makes  motion  that  thanks  be  sent  to  the  Bureau  County  Historical 

Society 2 

member  board  of  directors  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  1903  ....      4 

member  of  the  committee  on  iiublication J 

member  of  committee  on  local  historical  societies 9 

member  of  the  program  committee • 8 

moves  that  discussion  on  papers  and  addresses  k;*  left  to  the  discre- 
tion of  the  presiding  ofiicer .» 3 

motion  of,  regarding  discussion  on  papers,  addresses,  etc.,  carried 3 

moves  that  the  presidents  of  local  historical  societies  be  made  honor- 
ary vice  presidents •-•    14 

named  as  one  of  the  nominating  committee  to  nominate  officers  for  1903     4 

reads  reports  of  his  visits  to  historical  societies 1 

visits  various  State  societies,  makes  report •      6 

Walker.  J.  D.-letter  of  on  John  McLean,  to 200.201 

Burr,  Aaron— arrested  at  Fort  Stoddard iain 

his  ambitions  and  plans iocoen 

meets  members  of  the  Spanish  conspiracy  at  Fort  Massac 48,58-60 

visited  Blennerhassett's  Island  with  his  daughter 59 

Theodosia— visited  Blennerhassett's  Island J* 

Burr's  (Aaron)  Conspiracy— mention 48 

Burris,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 


312 
Index — Continued. 

Page 
Bush,  John— private  Illinois  Regiment;  received  land  for  service  as  soldier  under  Clark  167 

Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Bushnell,  Washington- Attorney  Qpueral  of  Illinois,  1869,  sketch  of,  mention 219 

Business  Meeting— Illinois  State  Historical  Society  Tuesday,  Jan.  27, 1903 1 

Buskey,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 1@ 

Butcher,  Qasper— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Butler,  Gen.  Benj.  F.  of  Massachusetts— mention 220 

John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Butts,  Wm.— prisoner;  private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Byert,  Elizabeth— wife  of  Epbriam  McLean  of  York  district,  South  Carolina 201 

By-laws— committee  on;  and  matters  connected  with'the  constitutlonlof  the  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 2 

Cabbage,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 169 

Cabbassie,  B,— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cadillac,  LaMothe— governor  of  Louisiana,  mentions  Crozat's  instructions  to  his  agents.    43 

Cahokia,  111.— conquest  of,  mention 38 

French  at,  mention 87 

mention 115.212,281,294 

mention,  see  foot 176 

Spanish  expedition,  organieed  at 94 

Cairo,  III.— bank;  plans  for  organization  of  advertised,  1816 182 

its  importance  as  a  strategic  position  in  civil  war 93 

mention 81 

proposed  early  railroads  to,  direction,  etc 66 

Sloo,  James  C  .  locates  at 206 

Caldwell,  John— member  of  committee  in  charge  of  Cairo  bank  project 182 

Caledonia— mention 64 

Calhoun,  John  C— disciple  of  Thos.  Jefferson 11 

John— founder  of  the  Chicago  Weekly  Democrat,  the   first  newspaper  pub- 
lished in  Chicago 237 

California— discovery  of  gold  in 34-35 

mention 270 

Callieres,  M.  de.  Governor  General  of  Canada— opposes  plans  of  Juchereau 41-42,57-58 

Calvin,  Daniel— private  soldier  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 169 

Camp  Douglas— (see  Douglas)  mention 293 

Camp.  Reuben— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Campbell,  Alexander  of  Rushville— friend  of  A    Lincoln;     entertained    Lincoln  and 

Dr>uglas 224 

Campbell,  David  B.— Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  1846;  last  Attorney  General  under 

Constitution  of  1818;  sketch  of 218,219 

Campbell,  George— Sergeant  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 169 

Campbell,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Campbell,  Maria  Francis- wife  of  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr 205 

Campbell.  Robert  Blair— US. Representative  to  Congress  from  North  Carolina,  mention  206 

Cameron.  James— Corporal  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Camper.  Tillman— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 168 

Campo,  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Campo,  Michael— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 169 

Canada— Beauharnois,  Governor  General  of,  mention 276 

ceded  to  England  by  Treaty  of  Paris 46 

government  of,  encourages  agriculture,  mining  and  manufactures  among  the 

people 276 

Illinois  country  a  dependency  of  17 

Lancet,  (The) -Medical  journal  edited  by  Dr.  Wm.  E.  Bowman 271 

Louisiana;  province  of,  separated  from 108 

mention    40.45.95,96.106,109,280,286,287 

Canadian  archives— paper  in  containing  a  declaration  of  Sieur  Gabriel  Cerr6,  quotation 

from 278.279 

Canadian  habitants  of  the  neighborhood  of  Ft,  Massac  tell  story  of  the  massacre  at  the 

fort 41 

Canadian  noblesse— mention 275 

Canadians— accompany  Juchereau 41 

Canal— between  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers  and  Great  Lakes;  its  desirability 90 

Commissioners  appointed  for  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 203 

Illinois  and  Michigan 68 

Canals  in  Illinois— early  movements  in  favor  of ■ 65 

Canals  much  talked  of  in  Illinois  in  early  days 65 

Cannon  (or  Canore)  Andrew— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services...  168 

Cannons— taken  from  the  ruins  of  Ft  Chartres  in  1812 114 

Canton,  Illinois — early  newspapers  of,  mention 229 

Chapman,  Capt.  John— Illinois  Regiment  Volunteers,  Clark's?  army;  received  land  for 

services 166 

Cape  Breton— mention 95 

Capitol  Building.  Springfield.  111.— (See  foot  note  page  lOt.) 101 

Carbine.  Henry— Sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Carhoiiate  of  Zinc- mention 35 

Carlisle,  Pa.— mention 296 

Carlyle.  Illinois— founded  by  Chas.  Slade,  1824 207 

home  of  Chas.  Slade  and  family 209 

mention 210 

Slade  (Chas.)  builds  first  mill  in 207 


313 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Carlyle  Township.  CUnten  Co  .  Ill.-"Hiirs  Fort"  at 207 

Carml.  White  Co..  IlL-mentlon ......-.......^... i-vv,-. ,V"  H? 

sale  of  town  lots  In,  advertised  In  the  Western  Intelligencer"...  184 
visited  by  P,  Ernst  In  1819  and  described 150-151 

Carollnas  (The)— mention - •..- • •.•••;;-t,""j":'*.;"".o  ^I 

Carondelet,  Baron  de— Spanish  officer,  plan  to  detach  the  west  from  the  U.  S..  details.. 48-49 
Carpenter.  Abel  E. -brother  of  Phllo  Carpenter  and  clerk  In  his  drug  store  In  Chicago...  260 

Philo-first  druggist  in  Chicago;  sketch  of  life  of 258,259.260 

arrival  at  Chicago,  how  he  traveled;  his  aid  to  Cholera  sufferers; 

opens  a  drugstore • 240 

arrival  at  Chicago,  method  of  traveling,  etc.,  his  stock  of  goods,  his 

store,  etc 236 

financial  crisis  of  1837  does  not  affect  business  of 243 

his  service  to  the  people  of  Chicago  In  cholera  epidemic  of  1832 258,259 

lumber  used  in  buildings  erected  by,  in  Chicago.  In  1833,  hauled  by  ox 

teams  from  Indiana -•  241 

opens  drug  store  in  log  building  of  Mark  BeaubIen,nextto  Sauganash 

hotel.  1832 259 

opposed  to  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage 240.259 

purchases  lots  on  South  Water  st ,  Chicago;  price  paid  for, mention...  241 
removes  drug  store  to  the  log  cabin  of  Geo.  W.  Dole,  South  Water  and 

Clark  sts..  Chicago 241 

rents  log  store  room  from  Mark  Beaublen 240 

scruples  against  the  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages 243 

shipped  stock  of  goods  from  Troy.  N.  Y..  to  Fort  Dearborn.  1832 240 

Carthage  Guards-Elisha  B.  Hamilton  member  of 122 

Carthage.  Hancock  County  111.— mention.. 1^2 

Casey.  Zadok— member  of  standing  committee,  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois —    14 

Caseyvllle.  111.— mention 53 

Cartwill.  Nathan— deserted  .Jan.  28,  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company 177 

Cartwright,  Kev.  Peter— defeated  for  Congress  by  A.  Lincoln 224 

home  of,  should  be  marked  with  suitable  tablet 292 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

Cartwright  Township.  Sangamon  Co  .  111.— mention  footnote 160 

Cavagnal.  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil— appointed  governor  of  the  province  of  Louisiana 109 

Catholic  Church  in  Kaskaskia— its  eloquent  young  French  priest   152 

Catskill.N.  Y.~mention ..........................  219 

Cerr6  (Madame)  Catherine— wife  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6:  anecdote  of  her  trust  in  her 

husband 278 

Cerr6  (Madame)  Catherine.  Glard— wife  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6;  death  and  burial  of 286 

CerrI,  Jean  Gabriel— accused  of  inciting  Indians  to  murder 280 

charge  proved  false 281 

Jean  Gabriel- administers  law  in  the  Mississippi  valley •••  275 

anecdotes  and  stories  of ^'    „ls 

appointed  one  of  the  syndics  of  St.  Louis 283 

born  at  Montreal,  August  12. 1734 276 

buys  property  in  St.  Louis,  removes  his  family  to  that  city 283 

death  of 286 

declaration  of,  made  to  Kochblave 279 

early  childhood  and  youth,  no  history  of 276 

education  of 276 

elected  magistrate  In  the  Illinois  country 282 

encounter  with  the  Indians  on  the  Desplaines  river 277,278 

established  at  Kaskaskia  in  1755 276 

father  in-law  of  August  Chouteau,  mention 282 

his  answers  in  French  language,  to  questions  asked  by  Congress- 
ional committee •  288 

Hubbard  relates  adventures  of ^^°'oiJ3 

Hubbard  spells  name  Sara;  see  foot  note 277 

ignored  by  writers  of  Illinois  history;  see  footnote 276 

in  Mississippi  valley  twelve  years  before  Daniel  Boone 276 

influential  man.  his  friendship  much  desired  by  George  Rogers 

Clark •••• 279.2i-0.281 

Judge  of  the  court  for  the  district  of  Kaskaskia.  mention;  see  foot 

note •  —  ....275 

Kaskaskia  church,  records  show  records  of  two  slaves,  belonging 

to,  burials  of 288 

life  in  the  Mississippi  valley 275 

makes  frequent  visits  to  Canada 286 

part  in  the  fight  at  Quebec  prior  to  its  surrender,  mention  — .. ....  276 

petition  for  grant  of  land,  official  action  upon,  etc 284,285,286 

questions  asked  of.  by  a  committee  of  the  U.  s.  Congress ooS'ooo 

replies  of  Mr  (^erre 'o« 

renders  valuable  service  to  Geo.  Rogers  Clark 276 

Reynolds'  history  of  lUinol",  mentions  name  of;  see  foot  note......  276 

sketch  of  by  Judge  Walter  B.  Douglas ^"""?I? 

takes  oath  of  allegiance  to  U.  S 281 

Todd  (Col.  John),  order  to.  mention:  see  foot  note 275 

wealthy  merchant  of  St.  Louis;  see  foot  note ••-  276 

Cerr^.  Pascal  L— son  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr^,  mention 'Tfo 

Certain,  Page— private  under  Clark,  entiled  to  land  for  services lo9 


314 

J?idea;— Continued. 

Fae« 

Chamberlain,  M.  H— makes  motion  that  the  matter  of  amendment  to  the  constitution  of 

the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  be  continued 2 

motion  made  that  thanks  be  extended  to  the  Chicago  Historical  So- 

ciets  for  invitation  to  attend  a  meeting 2 

member  Board  of  Directors  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for 

1903 * 

mention 174 

reads  resolution  of  appreciation  of  the  seivices  of  Judge  Beckwith     3 

Chambers.  E Hick— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Champaign  County  Historical  Society  reported  from 8 

Champaign.  Ills.— mention 81 

Champigny,  Intendant  of  Canada— opposes  plana  of  Juchereau 41-42 

Champigny.  M.  de.  Intendant  of  New  t'rance— opposed  plans  of  Juchereau 57-59 

Champlain— mention 145 

Chaouanon  Indians— party  of  placed  near  Fort  Massac  by  Macarty 46 

Chassin,  Charlotte— Godmother  to   child  of  negress  slave  baptized  at  parish   of  St. 

Anne's 138-139 

Chassin,  Magdalen— Godmother  at  the  baptism   of   slaves  belonging  to  Madame   St. 

Ange 132-133 

wife  John  Baptist  Malet 132-133 

Chaplin,  Captain  Abraham— Illinois  Regiment  Volunteers,  Clark's  army 166 

Chapman,  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Chapman,  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Chariton,  Mo— mention 215 

Charlatans— Indians,  priests  or  charlatans,  anecdote  of 42-43 

Charles.  (Jo«eph)  &  Co.,  St.  Louis— importers  and  wholesale  druggists,  mention 248 

Charleston,  Ills.— mention 290 

Charleville.  Mr.— had  a  store  on  the  French  Lick  Creek,  1714,  mention 288 

Charlevoix.  Father  Xavier  de— arrival  at  Kaskaskia 107 

Charlevoix,  Francois  Xavier  de— mentions  existence  of  a  French  fort  near  site  of  Fort 

Massac 41 

Charlevoix,  Father  Xavier  de— visit  to  Kaskaskia  and  Fort  Chartres,  mention 107 

Charlotte— Slave,  baptism  of.  mention 138-139 

Charloville— Capt.  Francois  company  of  volunteers,  Clark's  army,  list  of 176 

Charloville— Capt.  Francois  military  company  of,  mention 178 

Charloville's— Capt.  Francois,  number  in  company  of  volunteers  of;  see  foot  note 176 

Charloville— Capt.  Francois  serves  with  Geo.  Rogers  Clark;  see  footnote 176 

Charney  Qaioi— private  soldier  Capt.  Charloville's  company  of  volunteers,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Chartres  Fort,  See  Fort  Chartres 2SS 

Chaverneau,  Sir  Andrew— Godfather  at  the  baptism  of  slaves,  belonging  to  Madame  St. 

Ange 132-133 

Chaverneau.  Andrew— mention 132-133 

Chavln.  Agnes— child  of  John  Chavin  and  Agnes  La  Croix 128.129 

Chavin.  John -  ..128.129 

"Checkered  Drug  Store"— sign  of  Philo  Carpenter's  drug  store;  later  than  '  The  Gold 

Mortar" 260 

Checkered  Drug  Store  (The)— sign  used  by  early  drug  stores,  mention 244 

Chemical  Works— establishment  of  in  Chicago  in  1850,  mention 248 

Cherokee  Fort  (The  Old)— name  by  which  the  fort  on  site  of  Fort.  Massac  was  early 

known 41 

Fort  Massac,  mention 62 

Cherokee  Indians— near  Fort  Massac,  mention 43 

mention 47 

Cherokee  River— early  name  for  Tennessee  river 39,44,45 

Cherry,  Capt.  William— Illinois  Regiment  Volunteers,  Clark's  army 166 

receives  land  for  services 166 

Chesterfield- McLean.  John,  compared  to  by  John  M.  Eddy 200 

Chicago  and  Northwestern  R.  R.  Co.— pay-rolls  of  the  first  road  to  run  a  train  into  Chicago 

still  in  possession  of  the  R.  R.  Co 121 

Chicago— Board  of  Health  of.  1834  to  1860,  members  of 243 

Boone,  Dr.  Levi  D.  (grandson  of  Daniel  Boone),  once  mayor  of 249 

Chicago  Branch  of  the  Bank  of  Illinois— opened  in  December,  1835 242 

mention 238 

Chicago — chemical  works  at.  first  established  1850 248 

cholera  brought  to  Chicago  by  troops  at  Fort  Dearborn.  1832,  treatment  of 239 

Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy— forced  to  close  for  the  term  on  account  of  the  Chicago 

flreof  1871 258 

reorganized  after  the  civil  war 252 

its  losses  in  the  Chicago  flre;  aid  given  it  by  friends. .257, 258 

Chicago— civil  war;  list  of  names  of  druggists  and  clerks  who  enlisted  in 251 

commercial  development  of.  mention 79 

Chicago  Daily  American— advertisements  in 271, 272 

Chicagy  Daily  American  May  16. 1812— extract  from,  in  reference  to  Dr.  Bralnard 246 

Chicago  Democrat— first  called  the  Chicago  Weekly  Democrat;   founded  Nov.  26, 1833,  by 

John  Calhoun;  the  first  newspaper  published  in  Chicago 237 

Chicago  Daily  Democrat— advertisements  in 272 

Chicago  Delegates  to  Whig  Convention  1840.  Springfield 226 

Chicago  Democrat— contains  advertisements  of  Philo  Carpenter's  drug  business  ........  260 

Chicago  Democrat  1833— contained  advertisement  of  the  business  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co..  261 
Chicago  Daily  Democrat  of  Oct.  29, 1851.  mention 250 


315 
Index — Continued. 

Chlcaffo  Democrat  of  Nov.  19, 1838— mention 276 

Chlcaeo  Democrat  of  Nov.  26, 1833— Vol.  1,  No.  1,  mention 241 

Chicago— Diet z,  Blocki  &  Co.,  chemical  manufacturers  in.  1860 248 

Chicago  Druggists— appointed  committee  to  draft  bill  for  pharmacy  legislation;  names 

of  members  of  the  committee 263 

Chicago  Druggist— becomes  a  factor  in  the  political  affairs  of  1833 242 

Chicago  Druggists— partial  list  of  those  who  were  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

"  their  losses  in  the  fire  of  October,  1871 254.255,256 

Chicago  Drug  Trade— during  the  civil  war.  effect  on.  etc 252 

Chicago— Drugs  and  medicines  imported  to  In  1847.  amount  of,  etc 242 

Chicago— early  drug  stores  of.  apprentices  of.  salary,  etc.;  clerks  of.  salary,  etc 245.246 

early  drug  stores  of,  list  of .....243 

early  drug  stores  of;  proprietors  of.  men  of  education  and  strong  personality.  246 

early  druggists  of,  active  in  charitable  and  philanthropic  movements 246 

early  druggists  of,  educational  efforts  of  a  scientific  nature,  literature  of 246 

early  druggists  of,  extracts  from  the  diary  of  one 247 

early  druggists,  German  stores,  location  of,  etc 248 

Early  history  of  the  drug  trade  of  Chicago  by  Albert  E.  Ebert 284-274 

early  mayor  of,  mention 249 

epidemic  of  cholera  in.  In  1832 258.259 

exclusive  drug  trade  in  begun  by  LeRoy  M.  Boyce  in  1838 256-266 

exports  of  and  imports  of  in  1833."mention 242 

Father  Kennison.last  survivor  of  "Boston  tea  party''buried  in;  grave  unmarked  291 

freight  rates  to  and  from  New  York.  1837 239 

fire  of  1839.  mention 272 

fire  of  1871.  account  of  from  Rufus  Blanchard's  history  of  Chicago 257 

fire  1871.  Its  extent,  number  of  acres  burned  over,  number  of  buildings  des- 
troyed, etc 254 

fire  of  October,  1871,  its  magnitude  and  results 253.264.255.256 

fire,  mention ••••    14 

fire  of  1871.  ruins  of  the  city  compared  to  ruins  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii..  254 

fire  1871.  Stebbins  &  Reed's  prescription  books  saved,  now  in  good  order 249 

first  census  of  taken.  July  1, 1837.  population  4, 170  people 239 

first  drawbridge  in,  at  Dearborn  street,  1834.  description  of 238 

first  drug  store  in.  its  location,  description  of  the  building 259 

first  hotel  in.  kept  by  Mark  Beaubien,  later  the  Sauganash  Hotel 238 

first  newspaper  in.  the  Weekly  Democrat,  founded  Nov.  26,  1833.  by  John  Cal- 
houn    236 

first  physician.  Dr.  Elijah  Dewey  Harmon 239 

first  private  dock  in.  built  by  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co..  location  of.  rental  of  land..  260 

first  public  ferry  in  1833.  at  foot  of  Dearborn  st 238 

first  railroad  in.  1852 247 

first  shipment  of  western  produce  from,  for  the  east  in  the  schooner    Napo- 
leon" April  17. 1833.  mention 242 

first  Swedish  settler  In.  said  to  have  been  Oscar  C.  Lange 263 

gas  used  as  an  illuminant  in.  1850.  other  illuminants,  etc 250 

general  supply  depot  during  civil  war 252 

harbor  of  improved.  1833 237 

Chicago  Historical  Society— formation  of.  local  institution,  loss  of  in  fire  of  1871,  re-es- 
tablishment of 14 

invitation  from  to  the  members  of  the  Illinois  State  Histori- 
cal society 2 

marks  historic  spots  in  Chicago 291 

mention 2.4.8.14,190,191.196.246 

sketch  of  John  McLean,  prepared  for.  by  E.  B.  Washburne. 

extract  from 191 

Chicago  Historical  Society's  collection,  vol.  3.  mention,  see  foot  note 190 

Chicago— history  of  the  early  drug  trade  in.  compiled  by  Albert  E.  Ebert 234 

in  1833.  described  by  an  English  writer.  "The  Rambler."  quotation 237 

incorporation  of.  mention 261 

increase  of  drug  stores  after  1865,  incompetency  of  clerks,  etc 252 

Chicago  Journal— mention r 272 

Chicago  Journal  of  1816— mention 120 

Chicago— Lawson  (Iver),  pioneer  Norwegian  of,  mention 249 

location  of  early  drug  business  by  streets,  etc.,  list  of 261 

Mahla  &  Chappell,  chemical  manufacturers  of  1860 248 

mail  facilities  between  Chicago  and  New  York  in  an  early  day 242 

meaning  of  the  word,  original  Indian  spelling  of  it 234 

meeting  held  to  decide  whether  the  town  should  be  Incorporated 248 

medical  college  at  (Rush),  list  of  founders •••.. ■  249 

Chicago  Medical  College  offers  use  of  its  rooms  and  apparatus  to  Chicago  College  of 

Pharmacy  after  Chicago  fire 258 

Chicago-mention 6,7,27.66,119.217.219,247.273 

Chicago  National  Republican  Convention  of  1860— mention 2^ 

Chicago— Nelson  (Alexander),  pioneer  Norwegian  of.  mention 249 

Chicago  Newberry  Library— gift  of  Walter  C.  Newberry,  mention 249 

Chicago  New  Drug.  Medicine  and  Paint  Store— advertisement  of  Frederick  Thomas  of 

1835 ...264.265 

Chicago  Newspapers— early  files  of  furnish  much  historical  information 237,238 


316 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Chicago— nnmber  of  drug  stores,  retail  and  wholesale,  at  the  end  of  1850 251 

Pharmacy  in.  record  decade  of  1840  to  1850  one  of  progress 213 

Policemen  who  fell  in  Haymarket  riot;  statue  to,  its  present  location 291 

present  names  of  the  streets  of 235 

present  site  of  Auditorium  hotel  a  potato  patch  in  1810 236 

Press  andTrlbune.  edited  by  John  L.  Scripps 232,233 

printer's  union  formed  in  1852 119 

population  of.  in  1831— mention 237 

Pullman  (Geo.  M.),  marks  site  of  "massacre  tree" 291 

river— mention  161,235 

Rush  Medical  College  at,  list  of  founders  of 219 

School  of  Pharmacy,  organized  and  incorporated  in  the  winter  of  1859 217 

seal  of  the  city  adopted 234 

signs  used  by  early  drug  stores  in 211 

State  Bank  of  Illinois  open  branch  at.  mention 212 

Illinois  State  Legislature,  session  of  1871-72.  had  been  expected  to  hold  session 

in  Chicago,  plans  changed  by  Chicago  Are  of  Oct..  1871 263 

statue  to  the  Chicago  policemen  who  fell  at  the  time  of  Haymarket  Riot 291 

Stebbins  &  Reed,  early  druggists  of;  prescription  books  in  good  state  of  pre- 
servation, saved  from  the  Chicago  fire 219 

stringency  in  money  market,  expedients  adopted  by  Chicago  druggists  to  meet 

payments  and  reduce  interest 218 

time  necessary  for  making  trip  to  New  York  from  Chicago,  computed 68 

Times.  May  9. 1869  I  (newspaper).  Wilbur  F.  Storey,  editorial  on  incompetent 

persons  employed  in  drug  stores,  evil  effects  in.  etc 252,253 

town  site  of.  platted  by  James  Thompson,  canal  surveyor,  plat  published  Aug. 

1,  1830 231.235 

Tribune,  its  account  of  the  Chicago  Are,  mention 264 

Tribune,  mention 236 

value  of  town  lots  in  1831-1837 238 

Veteran  Druggists'  Association.    "History  of  early  druggists  of  Chicago,"  com- 
piled fromrecordof.  by  Albert  E   Ebert 234-271 

Weekly  American;  advertisements  in 265 

Weekly  American.  1835,  contains  advertisement  of  drug  business  of  Frederick 

Thomas 264 

Weekly  American  (1835),  contains  advertisement  of  removal  of  W.  H.  &  A.  P. 

Clarke 263 

Weekly  American,  second  newspaper  published  in  Chicago.    A  Whig  paper 

published  by  F.  C.  Davis 237,238 

Weekly  Democrat 263 

wholesale  druggists.  1850;  list  of 251 

wigwam  in  which  Lincoln  was  nominated;  historic  spot  in  Illinois,  marking  of  291 

Chicagou— original  Indian  spelling  of  the  word  Chicago,  Its  signification 234 

Chicasaw  Bluff  (Third),  D'Artaguette  joined  by  Sieur  de  Vlncennes  at,  on  his  expedition 

against  the  Chickasaw  Indians 108 

hold  prisoners  with  the  hope  of  reward 108 

mention 62 

second  expedition  against,  led  by  Buissonlere 109 

villages— mention 108 

Chillicothe,  Ohio— mention 60 

China— mention 164 

Chrioman,  Henry— in  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged 177 

Christian.  J.  F.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Cholera  at  Chicago-  1832;  number  of  deaths,  treatment  of  patients,  etc 239 

Cholera— epidemic  in  Chicago,  1832 258,259 

Chouteau,  Auguste— son-in-law  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6.  mention 282 

Cincinnati— formerly  Fort  Washington,  mention 48 

General  Assembly  of  N.  W.  territory  convened  at 20 

mention 20.60.61.114.202,209,215,217 

sends  aid  to  Chicago  after  the  fire  of  1871 254 

Sloo,  (Thomas.  Jr..)  removes  from,  to  Shawneetown,  111 202 

Civil  War— effect  on  the  drug  trade;  demands  for  supplies,  etc.,  prices 262 

list  of  names  of  druggists  and  clerks  of  Chicago  who  enlisted  in 261 

mention 205.217.273,293 

northern  counties  of  Illinois  helped  to  hold  the  State  for  the  union;  soldiers 

furnished  by  Illinois 91,93,91 

service  in,  of  Walter  B.  Scates 217 

Clair  (Clark)— fort,  on  Lake  Peoria,  mention 161 

Clairmont,  Michaoi— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 169 

Clark.  Col.  George  Rogers— account  of  his  capture  of  Kaskaskiaand  Vlncennes 18.177.178 

and  the  American  flag 58,59 

army  of,  in  conquest  of  the  Illinois  list  of  names  and  allot- 
ment of  lands 168-178 

Brigadier  General,  received  land  for  services 166 

capture?  Ka«kaskia 18 

Cerr^  (Jean  Gabriel) .  of  .St.  Louis,  renders  valuable  service  to  275 

conquest  of  the  Illinois  country  by.  mention 17.166-178 

devotes  large  portion  of  his  journal  to  account  of  his  rela- 
tions with  Cerr^ 281 


317 
Index — Continued. 

PftfiTA 

Clark,  George  Rogers- expedition  of 18 

expedition  to  tiie  Illinois  and  Wabasii  country,  Importance  of... 38. 39 

expedition  to  Vincennes,  mention;  see  foot  note 176 

extract  from  hia  journal,  telling  of  his  dealings  with  Gabriel 

Cerre,  at  Kaskaskia 279,280,281 

his  plans  for  further  conauest 38 

journal  of.  mention,  see  foot  note 275 

list  of  ofiQcers  and  private  soldiers  in  Illinois  army  of.  except 
pay  roll  of  Captain  Bowman's  Co.,  copy  of  document  No.  32  of 
Virginia,  signed  by  John  H.  Smith  probably  a  state  official  and 

addressed  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  footnote 177,166,178 

memoir  of.  quotation  from 68,69 

mention 117,276,296 

muster  rolls  of  army  still  extant,  duty  of  Illinois  to  publish 178 

propriety  of  erecting  a  monument  in  his  honor  at  Fort  Massac...  298 

soldiers  under,  mention 166-178 

Clark,  Gov.  William— of  Missouri  territory  (brother  of  Geo.  R.)  mention 180 

Clarke,Abram  F.— of  W.  H.  &  A.  F.  Clarke,  druggists  of  Chicago,  their  business,  and  his 

later  career,  death  of 263 

later,  of  Milwaukee,  and  Marietta,  Ga,.  death  of 263 

Clarke  &  Co.— Druggists  of  Chicago,  largest  prescription  business,  mention 263,269 

financial  crisis  of  1837.  does  not  affect  the  Clarkes 215 

soda  fountain,  introduced,  in  early  drugstore  by,  1839 249 

Clarke,  A,  F.  &  Co.— druggists  in  Milwaukee,  mention 263 

Clarke,  Andrew— sergeant  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Clarke,  George  P.— brother  of  W.  H.  &  A.  F.i;Clarke,  and  clerk  in  their  drug  store  in 

Chicago 264 

Clarke  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Clarke,  Rev.  John— attended  first  Republican  meeting  ever  held  at  Rushville,  delegate   ' 

to  Republican  convention  at  Bloomington.  1856 227 

Clarke,  Lieut.  Richard-Illinois  Regt.  Vols..  Clark's  army 167 

Clarke,  Samuel  C— druggist  of  Chicago,  known  as  the  "Lame  Clarke"  afterwards  of 

Marietta,  Ga  ,  death  of 263-264 

Clarke,  W.  H.  &  F.  A.— third    druggists    in    Chicago,    principal     wholesale    druggists 

mention 243,263,264 

mention 248 

Clarke,  Lieut.  William— in  Illinois  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army 167 

Clarke,  Wm,  Hull— druggist  of  Chicago  1835,  later  city  engineer  of  Chicago,  death  of 263 

of  W.  H.  &  A.  F.  Clarke  druggists  of  Chicago  1836,  his  business, 

future  career,  death  of 263 

Clary,  J.  M.,  A.  B.— president  Greer  college,  Hoopeston,  111.,  mention 300 

Class,  C.  F.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Clay,  Henry— mention 211,212 

Clerks— (drug)  of  Chicago,  civil  war,  list  of  names  of  clerks  who  enlisted  in 261 

Cleveland,  Ohio- mention 62 

Clifton,  Thomas— Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to 

go  home,  rations  due 177 

soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted 

in  another  company 177 

private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Clinton  Co.,  111.— Carlyle  county  seat  of.  citizens  donate  tract  of  land  for  public  use 208 

Clinton  County,  111.— Formed  from  Washington  and  Bond  counties,  Dec.  27, 1824 208 

mention 207 

Clinton,  Governor  DeWitt— Clinton  Co., 111.,  named  for 208 

Clontier.  Marie  Francis— wife  of  Francis  Hardy,  mention 140-141 

Cloud.  Rev;  Newton— president  of  Illinois  Constitutional  convention  of  1847 24 

Coal  Fields  of  Illinois— description     of;  development    of  etc.,    their    extent  their    In- 
fluence on  the  growth  of  the  State,  uses  of,  etc 84-86 

mention 53-66 

Coal  Oil— first  made  in  Maysville,  Ky 251 

Cockran  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cockran,  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Coeles  Andrew— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Coffee,  Samuel — private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 169 

Cogar  Jacob— Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co  ,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations,  due 177 

Cogar.  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 169 

Coger,  Peter— soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services,  discharged  from  Bow- 
man's company,  enlisted  in  another,  foot-note 177 

Cooheron.  Dennis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cole,  Col.  Edward— commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 112 

commands  regiment  at  the  seige  of  Quebec,  mention 112 

English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country  1766 47 

Coles  County.  Ill.-mention 101,217 

Coles,  Edward— second  Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois 

acts  as  second  in  dueling  affair 102 

Address  on,  before  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  by  Mrs.  S.  P. 

Wheeler 97-104 

and  the  slavery  controversy,  1822-1824,  mention 75 

anti-slavery  leader  in  Illinois 77 

arrival  at  Edwardsville,  111 101-102 


318 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Coles,  Edward— association  with  Thomas  Jeflferson.iinfluence  of 98 

attends  William  and  Mary  college 98 

birth  place  of 97 

brings  his  slaves  to  Illinois  to  set  them  free,  mention 76 

candidate  for  congress IO3 

chosen  head  of  the  anti-slavery  party 99 

Coles  Co..  111.,  named  for 21,101 

companionship  with  noted  men.  mention 98 

compared  by  Washburne  to  John  the  Baptist 101 

contributes  four  years  salary  for  effective  work  in  the  Anti-slavery  party  101 

correspondence  with  Jefferson  on  the  slave  question,  mention 98 

death  of,  at  Philadelphia 104 

elected  Governor  of  Illinois 99 

engages  in  farming  after  term  of  office  as  Governor  of  Illinois 104 

frees  his  slaves  before  entering  the  State  of  Illinois,  etc 76,101 

friend  to  Samuel  D.  Lock  wood 214 

Henry  (Patrick),  kinsman  of 98 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  incorporated  during  administration  of 102 

Inaugural  address  of.  comments  on 99 

in  the  capacity  of  a  peacemaker 102 

leaves  Virgiuia  with  his  slaves,  1819,  for  Illinois 99 

mention 11,203 

no  monument  to  memory  of,  in  the  State  of  Illinois 101 

opinions  formed  on  slavery 98 

persecution  of,  by  ♦he  pro-slavery  men 102 

presented  to  Louis  XVIII,  King  of  France 102 

private  secretary  to  President  Madison 98 

proteg^  of  Thomas  Jefferson 98 

registrar  of  the  land  office  in  Illinois 99 

removes  to  Edwardsville  after  term  of  office  as  governor 104 

road  laws  in  Illinois  enacted  during  administration  of 102 

school  laws  of  Illinois  enacted,  daring  administration  of 102 

sent  on  diplomatic  mission  to  Russia 99 

Virginian,  advocate  of  a  free  state  on  the  slavery  question 24 

Washburne's,  (E.  B.).  description  of 98 

Coles.  Isaac— private  secretary  to  President  Thomas  Jefferson 98 

John— father  of  Edward  Coles 97 

Mrs.  John— mother  of  Edward  Coles:  mention 98 

Colerat.  Marie  Magdalen— wife  of  James  Silam.  child  of,  baptised 145 

Collot,  Gen'l  Victor— French  traveler  and  writer,  gives  an  account  of  massacre  at  Ft. 

Massac;  mention 41 

Collot,  Gen.  Victor— served  in  Kevolution  under  Rochambeau;  sent  by  French  minister 

to  visit  western  country;  visits  and  describes  Fort  Massac 49,60 

Collins'- "History  of  Kentucky,"  describes  Washington!  the  oldest  town  in  Bourbon 

county 202 

Hon.  Wm.  H.,  address  before  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  entitled  "De- 
cisive Events  in  the  Building  of  Illinois" 84-96 

Coleman,  Mrs.  Julius  A.-Regent  Chicago  Chapter  D.  A.  R 297 

Colombia,  South  America— formerly  New  Grenada 215 

Columbia  River— mention 164 

Colonial  Lawyers— Fees  of  in  1638 120 

Colorado  River— mention 218 

Commandants  of  the  Illinois  Country— English 47 

French 46 

Committee  Reports— Illinois  State  Historical  Society 5-9 

Company  (The)— of  the  Colony  of  Canada,  organized  to  trade  at  Detroit 57,58 

Compagnie  de  L'Occident— mention  foot  note 95 

Compera,  Francis— private  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Lewis— private  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Confederacy  of  America— mention 89 

Congress  of  the  United  States— passes  ordinance  on  slavery 100 

Congressional  News— printed  in  the  Western  Intelligencer  published  in  1816 181 

Congressional  Records— consulted,  see  foot  note 190 

Conkling,  Mrs.  Clinton  L— mention 10 

Connolly,  Thomas— flfer  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Connecticut— claimed  ownership  of  part  of  western  territory 88 

mention 73 

Connor— a  man  employed  with  Benj.  Van  Cleve.  quarrels  with  Maj.  Thos.  Doyle 63,64 

Conquest  of  the  Northwest— by  George  R.  Clark,  history  of  by  Wm.  H.  English,  quota- 
tion from 58, 59 

Conray,  Joseph— secretary  territorial  legislature,  council  elects,  mention. .c 188 

Conroy,  Patrick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  received  land  for  services 169 

Constitution  of  1818— framers  of  endeavor  to  carry  out  the  will  of  Congress,  etc 100 

reference  to 100 

Constitution  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society— an  amendment  to,  discussed 2 

Constitution  of  the  United  States— great  work  of  the  convention  of  1787 19 

Gladstone's  opinion  of 19 


319 

Index  —Continued. 

Pare 

"Constitutional  Conventions  and  Constitutions  of  Illinois"— annual  address  delivered 

before  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society  by  Hon.  Adlal 

E.  Stevenson 16-3 

Consul  (First)  of  France— Napoleon,  mention 94,9 

Continental  Congrress— Jefferson's  plan  for  government  of  new  territory  proposed  to....    19 

Contraw.  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Convance,  Paul— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Convention  of  1787— "Constitution  of  the  United  Stales."  great  work  of 19 

1818— two  most  prominent  members  of.  Jesse  B.  Thomas  and  Jno.  McLean    22 

Cook  &  Blackwell— publishers  of  the  Western  Intelligencer 182 

Cook  County— first  mentioned  in  the  census  returns  of  1810— population  of 119 

Cook,  Daniel  P.— advertisement  as  attorney  at  law.  etc.,  in  the  Western  Intelligencer....  182 

anti-slavery  leader  in  Illinois,  mention 77 

anti-slavery  man,  McLean  opponent,  mention 192 

attorney  for  Governor  Coles 103 

Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  of  Illinois  territory.  Cook  county  named  for  181 
cast  vote  of  Illinois  for  J.  Q.  Adams  for  President  of  the  United  States  193 

clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  territorial  Legislature 188 

Cook  county.  111.,  named  after,  Jan.  15, 1831,  mention 24,195 

death  of,  Oct.  16,1827 195 

mention 213 

debates  between  Cook  and  McLean  on  the  slavery  question,  1818 193 

defeated  for  re-election  to  Congress 195 

editor  and  publisher  of  the  Western  Intelligencer,  1816 179 

elected  to  Congress 193 

first  Attorney  General  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  sketch  of 212-213 

his  generosity,  anecdote  of 213 

Kentuckian  by  birth,  but  an  advocate  of  a  free  State  for  Illinois 24 

mention 192, 214 

votes  against  the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820 193 

President  John— of  the  University  of  Normal 199 

Coontz,  Christopher— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cooper,  Dr.  John— surgeon's  mate  at  Fort  Dearborn,  1810.  probably  brought  first  medical 

supplies  to  Chicago 239 

Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Corder  (or  Cordon)  James— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Corn  (Indian  corn  or  maize)— mentioned  by  Ernst  150,151,153,159 

crops  in  the  American  bottom  1816,  the  year  of  the  cold 

summer  , 186 

Corn  Oil— Sidney.  Sawyer,  advertises 245 

Cornelius— a  boy  who  clerked  in  drug  store  of  Philo  Carpenter  In  Chicago  not  known  by 

other  name 260 

Cornelia,  Patrick— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Corus,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Corwine,  Richard— mention 202 

Costa,  J.  B.  de— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Couch   Family  (The)— mention 238 

Coun,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services: 169 

Counterfeiting  in  the  Illinois  Territory— mention 187 

County  Judges  of  the  State  of  lillnois— attend  reception  to  Illinois  State  Historical 

Society 10 

"Couriers  du  bois"— mention 275 

their  habits  of  life,  etc 86, 88 

Cowan,  Andrew— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cowan  (or  Cowin)  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 168 

Cowan.  Mason— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cowdry,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cowgill,  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cox,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Cox,  Thomas— tavern  keeper  at  Kaskaskia 185,186 

Coxe's  American  Dispensatory— mention 246 

Crabb  Mrs.  E.  G.— mention 10 

Craig,  Maj.  Isaac— goods  sent  to  him  to  be  forwarded  to  the  frontier 60 

Cranbrook  Press,  Detroit,  Mich.— mention 233 

Crane.  St.  John— private  under  Clark ;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Crawford  County.  111.— mention 79,217 

Crawford,  Wm  H.— U.  S.  Secretary  of  War,  mention 179 

Crawley,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Creasey's,  (Professor)— "Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World,"  quotations  from 84 

Creole  women  at  Fort  Massac, 40 

Crevecceur,  Fort— exact  site  of,  questioned,  mention 289 

mention 87 

Creze  (or  Cruze  or  Craze).  Noah— private  soldier  under  Clark  receives  land  for  services,  168 

Crittenden,  Major  John-received  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 168 

John  Jourdan— appointed  Attorney  General  of  111.  territory,  1809.  sketch  of. 211-212 
appointed  judge  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  elected  to  U.  S.  Senate, 

Attorney  General  United  States 211-212 

Thomas— appointed  Attorney  General  of  Illinois  Territory.  1810,  mention 212 

Crockett,  Lieut.  Anthony— 111.  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Joseph— lieutenant  colonel,  received  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 166 


320 

Index — Continued. 

Paere. 

Crooked  Creek— mention 164 

CrosBley,  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark  received  land  for  services 168 

Crown  Point— mention 39 

Crozat,  Anthony— commercial  monopoly  in  Louisiana  granted  to  by  Louis  XIV,  foot  note    95 

granted  by  Louis  XlV  monopoly  of  trade  In  Louisiana 43 

receives  grant  from  king  of  France  of  lands  and  mines 31 

Sieur  Antoine— mention 105 

old  fortlet  built  under,  mention 106 

Crump,  Wm.— sergeant  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 168 

Crutcher.  Henry— volunteer  and  Q.  M.  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

CuUom.  Shelby  M.— mention 122 

Cumberland  River- formerly  calltd  Shawnee  river,  mention 39,45 

ment  ion 28, 56, 67, 63, 283 

settlers  on,  mention 49 

Presbyterian  Church— Rev.  Ephriam  McLean,  a  minister  of 201 

Cuming.  F.— In  his  "Sketches  of  a  Tour  of  the  Western  Country,"  first  publishes  the  ac- 
count of  the  "massacre"  at  Fort  Massac 41 

Cunningham,  D.  H.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  b.  M.  Boyce,  Chicago 271 

J.  O.— member  of  Com.  on  Local  Historical  Societies  of  111.  State.  His.  Soc.     8 

Cure,  Jean  Baptiste— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Currency— Auditor's  scrip ;  scrip  good  for  taxes,  etc.,  used  in  Illinois 242 

scarcity  of ,  1833,  mention 241 

used  prior  to  1835,  mention 242 

Curry.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 169 

Curtis,  Rice— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Curtis— quotes  from  the  Virginia  Code  of  Honor  (dueling) 102 

Ciar  of  Russia— mention 99 

Dally  American,  Chicago  American.  June  16. 1839.  mention 274 

Dale  &  Heiland— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  great  fire  of  1871 256 

Dalton,  Lieut,  Thomas  Valentine— soldier  in  Ills.  Reg'i  Vol.  under  Clark,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 167 

Damewood,  Boston— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Daney.  Qerom- private  soldier  in  Captains  Charloville's  Co.  of  Ills.  Vols.,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Daney  Joseph— private  soldier  of  Captain  Charloville's  Co.  of  Ills.  Vols.,  entitled  to  land 

for  services 176 

Daney  Michael— private  soldier  in  Captain  Charloville's  Ills.  Co.  of  Vols.,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Danis.  Helen  (Helaine)— godmother  of  child  baptised  in  the  parish  church  at  Prairie  du 

Rocher.  mention 136-137 

godmother  of  child  of  James  Silam 145 

wife  of  Ignatius  Hebert,  mention 130-137 

Dany,  Helen— wife  of  Sir  Ignatius  Hebert.  death  of  son  of,  mention 142-143 

Danville,  111— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Darby,  Baptiste— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Darby  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Daring,  Henry— ensign  in  Ills.  Vols,  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services,  mention.  267 

Darnell.  Cornelius— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169-179 

D'Artaguette,  Dlrion  (or  Diron)— held  position  under  the  French  colonial  government, 

mention 108 

D'Artaguette.  Captain  Pierre— French  commandant  of  the  Illinois  country  1734-1736.  men- 
tion      46 

D'Artaguette.  Pierre— appointed  major  commandant  of  the  Illinois  country 108 

burned  at  stake  by  Chickasaw  Indians 108-109 

expedition  of  against  Chickasaw  Indians 108 

serves  in  the  Natchez  war 108 

See  Artaguette. 

Dauphin  Island— French  ship  and  men  arrive  at,  to  take  possession  of  Louisiana 105 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution— mark    grave  of  revolutionary  soldier  at  Ot- 
tawa, 111 291 

National  and  Illinois  Societies  of,  their  Interest 
and  Influence  in  the  purchase  and  preserva- 
tion by  the  State  of  Illinois,  of  the  site  of  Old 

Fort  Massac.    38.51.52 294-298 

David,  Negro  Slave— advertised  as  escaped  from  Glasgow,  Ky.,  reward  offered  for  his 

capture 182 

Davidson  &  Stnv6— authors  of  "History  of  Illinois,"  quotation  from  "the  History,"  foot 

note  190 216 

Davis,  David- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  mention 25 

Davis.  George  P— president  of  McLean  County  Historical  Society 4.190 

Davis,  James— sergeant-major  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Davis,  J.  McCan— member  of  committee  on  historical  places  in  Illinois,  of  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 9 

member  of  committee  on  local  historical  aocletles  of  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Soc  iety  9 

member  nominating  committee 4 

member  of  program  committee 8 

member  of  the  publication  committee 7 

J.  McCan— secretary  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  declines  re-election,  so- 
ciety by  resolution  expresses  appreciation  of  his  services 5 


821 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Davis,  Mrs.  J.  McCan— member  of  Springfield  local  reception  committee  for  meeting  of 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society 10 

Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Robert— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

T.  C— founder  of  the  Chicago  Weekly  American 237,238 

Dawson,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  lo  land  for  services 169 

Day,  Wm— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dean,  James— (died)  private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Debates  of  Daniel  P.  Cook  and  John  McLean  on  the  slavery  question,  mention 193 

Debates  of  Lincoln  and  Douglas.    See  Liucoln-Dongl»a  debates. 

Deberlet,  M.  le  Chevalier— major  commandant  of  the  Illinois 130,131 

death  of  a  slave  the  property  of ,  mention 145 

Decamp,  G.  I.— assistant  surgeon  at  Fort  Dearborn,  June  17, 1832,  mention 239 

Decatur,  111.— proposed  early  railroads  to.  mention 66 

Decisive  Events  in  the  Building  of  Illinois— address  before  the  Illinois  Historical  So- 
ciety by  Hon  .Wm  Collins 84-96 

Decker.  Joseph— sergeant  major  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  U.  S.  A.— mention 19.104 

omission  of  slavery,  paragraph  in 98 

DeCosta,  J.  B.— (noticed  above  under  the  letter  "C")  corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 169 

D^couvertes  et  Etablissements  des  Francis  dans  L'Am^rique  Septentrionale;  by  Pierre 

Margry— extracts  from 67,58 

Decrand,  P.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dedham,  Mass.— first  school  in  the  world  supported  by  public  taxation,  located  at 120 

Deere.  Mrs.  Charles  H.— Illinois  State  Regent  D.  A.  R.,  signs  memorial 297 

DeKalb  County.  111.— historical  society  formed  at,  sends  greeting  to  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society 8 

mention 2,291 

Delassus,  Don  Charles  Dehault  Delassus— lieutenant  governor  of  Upper  Louisiana,  pe- 
tition to.  official  actions  of.  etc 284-286 

Delaware— Indian  town  once  located  where  New  Madrid  now  stands 282 

Delessant,  Miss  Catherine— godmother  of  child  baptised  in  parish  church  at  Prairie  du 

Rocher 1 32. 133 

Demar,  Thomas— godfather  of  child  of  Anthony  Zibert 146, 147 

Dement.  Col.  John— temporary  president  of  Illinois  constitutional  convention  of  1869-70.    27 
Demun,  Mr.  Julius— copy  of  his  translation  of  Gabriel  Cerr^'s  petition  for  a  grant  of 

land 284 

Deneau.  Sir— signs  church  record  at  Prairie  du  Rocher  as  a  witness 148,149 

DeNeichelle.  Lewis- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dennis.  Ellas  S.— In  Civil  War.  in  Legislature  of  Illinois,  marries  widow  of  Chas.  Slade. 

dies  at  Carlyle,  HI 210 

Denton,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

DesMolnes,  Iowa— mention 229 

DesPlaines  river— mention 164,277,278 

DeSoto.  Ferdinand- tradition  that  DeSoto's  men  once  occupied  Fort  Massac 39 

Deterlng,  Jacob— private  soldierunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Detroit.  Mich.— captured  by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812 95 

colony  of,  mention 58 

mention 39,57,62.119,240.280 

printers'  wages,  in  1837,  record  of 119 

trading  post  for  the  Indian  trade 57 

"Devil  Dick"— nickname  given  to  R.  R,  Randall  of  Rushville  when  printer's  apprentice, 

mention 226 

DevUliers,  Francis— record  of  burial  of  in  parish  of  St.  Ann.  Prairie  du  Rocher,  111 130,131 

De War— sergeant-major  in   Captain  ChalorvlUe's  Co.  111.  Vols.;    entitled  to  land  for 

services 176 

DeWItt.  Henry— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services ' 169 

Dewey.  Erastus— sixth  druggist  of  Chicago,  began  business  1838 243,273,274 

announcement  of  executor's  sale  of  his  estate.  In  Chicago  Democrat. 

N ov.  15. 1838,  the  only  record  of  his  death  to  be  found 274 

DeWitt  County,  111.— mention 121 

Diamond  Island  Station— mention — 63 

Dickey.  Judge  T.  Lyle— mention 224 

Dickinson's  Indians— mention 183 

Dlehl.  C.  Lewis— mention 251 

Dietz.  Blocki  &  Co.— manufacturing  chemists,  Chicago.  1860 248 

Dionyslus.  Francis— witness  at  marriage  In  St.  Ann's  church.  Fort  Chartres 140,141 

Dlonysius,  Silam— witness  in  church  of  St.  Ann  of  Port  Chartres 140,141 

Dixon,  Father  John— D.  A.  R.  mark  site  of  cabin  of 292 

Dixon.  111.— mention 219 

Dobb's  Ferry- Long  Island.  N.  Y.,  home  of  Robert  Q.  Ingersoll,  mention 219 

Dodle.  Gabriel— signs  church  record  as  witness 146,147 

Dodle,  Millet— mention 132, 133 

Doherty,  Edward— private  soldierunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Doherty,  Frederick  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Doherty,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  servicea 169 

Dole.  George  W.— early  resident  of  Chicago,  built  log  cabin  occupied  by  Philo  Carpenter 
as  a  drug  store  when  he  removed  his  stock  from  cabin  belonging  to 
Mark  Beaubien 236,241,259,260 

—21  H. 


322 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Dole.  George  W.--mention .••.. 243 

ships  first  Invoice  of  western  produce  from  Chicago  to  the  east  by 

lake  schooner  "Napoleon" 242 

Dolphin.  Peter— entitled  to  land  as  private  soldier  under  Clark 169 

Domen^,  John  James— godfather  of  an  infant  baptized  In  the  chapel  of  St.  Philip 128,129 

Donne,  John— C.  M.  S.  under  Clark;  found  notentitled  to  land 169 

Donovan.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Donow,  Joseph— entitled  to  land  as  private  soldier  under  Clark 170 

Doran.Patriek- In  Capt. Joseph  Bowman's  Co.,dates  of  enlistment.discharge.mileage.pay  177 

Doud.  Koger- entitled  to  land  as  private  soldier  under  Clark 170 

Douglas,  (Uamp)— mention :•■••••.• :•,•:•  ^93 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold— ball  given  by  him  in  Springfield.  111.,  in  celebration  of  his 

election  to  the  tJ.  Senate 73. 74 

candidate  for  re-election  to  U.  S.  Senate  in  1858;  his  debates 

with  A.  Lincoln  in  campaign 228 

debates  of  1858  with  A.  Lincoln  (see  Lincoln-Douglas  debates)    11 

his  Influence  in  holding  Illinois  for  the  Union  in  1860 83 

in  Congress  U.  S..  attitude  on  slavery  question 78.83 

mention 223.224 

monument  erected  to.  by  the  State  of  Illinois— mention 290 

resigns  from  seat  on  Illinois  Supreme  Bench 216.217 

visits   to    Rushvllle.    111.,   much  admired  by  Democrats  of 

Schuyler  Co 228.229.232 

Douglas,  Judge  Walter  B.— president  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Society,  St.  Louis,  his 

"Sketch  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6" 275-288 

Doyle,  Benj.  H— first  Attorney  General  of  Illinois  territory,  sketch  of 211 

Doyle.  John— entitled  to  land  as  private  soldier  under  Clark 169 

Maj.  Thomas- commands  first  U.  S.  troops  stationed  at  Fort  Massac,  sent  there 

by  Gen.  A.  Wayne 44 

commandant  at  Fort  Massac,  mention 49.62-64 

overbearing  disposition  of.  known  as  "King  Doyle" 62-64 

Mrs.  Thomas,  wife  of  Major  Thos.  Doyle, mention 62.64 

Dresden.Germany— (Saxony),  mention 248 

Oneida  county, N.  Y.. mention 219 

Drow.Garr— private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.  of  111.  Vols.,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 176 

Drugs  and  Medicines— imported  to  Chicago  in  1847,  value  of 242 

Druggists— country  overrun  with,  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war.  dangers  from,  neces- 
sity of  pharmacy  legislation,  editorial  comment  in  Chicago  Times  by  Wil- 
bur P.  Storey - 262-253 

"Druggists'  Circular  and  Chemical  Gazette."  monthly  publication  of ,  1856.  mention 246 

Druggists  of  Chicago— accounts  and  sketches  of.    See  Chicago  Druggists 234-274 

Drug  Stores  of  Chieago— descriptions  of.    See  Chicago 234-274 

Trade  of  Chicago— early  history  of. compiled  by  Albert  E.  Ebert.    -See  Chicago.. 234-274 

Drumgold.  J  ames— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Drummond  Furnace  or  Smelter— described 34 

Drust.  Daniel— sergeant  major  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dry  Goods  Stores  of  Illinois— young  man  advertises  for  a  position  in  a  dry  goods  store. 

published  in  Western  Intelligencer,  1816 187 

Dublin  Dispensatory— mention •••  246 

Dubois.  Sir-mention §•  ;„ 

signs  church  record  at  Prairie  du  Rocher  as  a  witness 148-149 

Due  de  Chartres— son  of  the  regent  of  France,  Fort  Chartres,  named  in  honor  of 106 

DuClaud,M.  Alexander— military  officer,  child  of  baptised 148-149 

godfather  ot  the  child  of  Joseph  Buchet 146-147 

slave,  the  property  of, mention .•- ........136-137 

Miss  Elizabeth— godmother  of  a  child  of  a  slave  baptized  at  Church  of  St.  Ann. 

Prairie  du  Rocher,  111 136-137 

Marie  Joseph— son  of  M.  Alexander  DuClaud, baptized 148-149 

Dudley,  Armistead— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services .  170 

Dueling  In  Illinois— the  Bennett-Stewart  duel,  its  lesson  to  the  people 213-214 

Duff,  John -private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Duk.  Dr.— druggist  of  Chicago,  mention 249 

Dulhonean.  Pierre— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dumfries.  Scotland-mention 124 

Duncan  (or  Duncom).  Archibald— private  soldierjunder  Clark.entitledsto  land  for  services  170 
Benjamin— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services  169 
Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services..  170 
David— private  soldier  under  Clark. entitled  to  land  for  services...  170 
Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark, entitled  to  land  for  services..  170 

Duncan,  Gov.  Joseph,  of  Illinois— mention "•^''^•??l 

Matthew— printer  to  Illinois  territory. mention — .- 119 

(or  Duncom),  Nimrod— private  soldier  under  Clark, entitled  to  land  for  services  169 
Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark. entitled  to  land  for  services.  169 

Dunn,  Charles— Canal  Commissioner  of  Illinois 236 

,:i>  candidate  for  Congress ^"o 

DuPage  River— mention -,•••  vv ;^n 

Durrette,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services iw 

Dusablong,  B —private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Duseile,  Mods.— private  soldier  under  Clark. entitled  to  land  for  services 169 

Dnsinberry,  H.  P.— clerk  In  drug  store  of  Sawyer.  Paige  &  Co..  Chicago.  1855. mention 273 


323 

Index — Continued. 

Pace 

Dust.  Daniel— sergeant  in  Bowman's  company,  dates  of  enlistment,  disciiarge,  mileage, 

pay 177 

Samuel— deserted  from  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company  under  Clark 177 

Dyche,  Mrs.  B.  F.— of  Evanston,  HI.,  (Grace  Locke  bcripps   Dyche)  daughter  of  John 
Locke  Scripps,  secures  a  copy  of  "Scrippti'  Life  of  Lincoln,"  has 

ii  reprinted,  with  introduction  and  notes 232,233 

Dyche,  (D.  R.)  &  Co.— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  Are  of  1871 255 

Dyer,  Charles  V.— noted  abolitionist  of  Chicago,  mention , 249 

Dyson,  Howard  F.— author  of  "Lincoln  in  Rushvllle."  a  paper  contributed  to  the  Illinois 
State  Historical  Society,  and  published  in  its  annual  "transac- 

r-rs^  tions" 221-233 

Eagle  Store— Dearborn  street,  Chicago,  mention 274 

Early  history  of  the  drug  trade  of  Chicago  compiled  by  Albert  E.  Ebert,  contributed  to 

r- Illinois  State  Historical  Society  and  published  in  the  society's  annual  volume 234-274 

Early  Illinois  Railroads;  by  Ackerman,  mention,  foot  note 80 

East  Schuyler,  Illinois— mention 229 

Ebert,  Albert  E.— historian  of  the  Chicago  Veteran  Druggists'  Association,  compiler  of 

f-    /i        i  Early  History  of  the  Drug  Trade  of  Chicago 234-274 

Ebert,  Professor— delivers  lecture  to  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  just  previous  to  the 

fire  of  1871 258 

Eddy,  H.— of  Shawneetown,  mention 64 

Eddy,  Henry— buried  at  Shawneetown,  mention 198 

publisher  of  Illinois  Kmlgrant.  1817,  newspaper  at  Shawneetown,  111 200 

secretary  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

John  M.— Information  from  old  newspaper  flies  on  John  McLean,  letter  of 20O 

Edgar  County.  Illinois— mention 220 

Edgar,  Col.  John— LaFayette  entertained  at  the  home  of 102 

receives  his  commission  as  Brig.-Gen.  of  the  militia  from  the  Presi- 

dentof  the  U.  S.,  mention 188 

John— representative  from  Randolph  county 20 

Edinburgh  Dispensatory— mention 246 

Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeias 246 

Edsall,  James  K.— Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  sketch  of 219 

Education  fostered  by  the  ordinance  of  1787 89 

Education  in  Kaskaskla— editorial  on,  in  the  Western  Intelligencer,  1816 188 

Educational  Committee  of  the  Illinois  State  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex- 

~  position,  mention 5 

Edwards,  B.  S.  (Benjamin  Stevenson)— signs  certificate  of  applicant  for  admission  to 

the  Illinois  bar 225 

Dr.  Benjamin— mention 124 

Edwards  County.  HI.— mention 180 

Edwards  Court  House— post  route,  mention 188 

Edwards,  Cyrus— member  of  Standing  Committee  of  early  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety, to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Gov.  Niniau— (iovernor  of  Illinois  Territory,  third  Governor  of  Illinois,  makes 

appointments 211, 212 

admitted  to  be  the  most  brilliant  man  in  the  State 209 

candidate  for  Congress 208 

death  of.  from  cholera,  mention 209 

defeats  Thos.  Sloo  for  Governor  of  Illinois,  mention 201 

has  cannons  removed  from  the  ruins  of  Ft,  Chartres 114 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

Governor  of  Illinois,  mention 124 

mention 180.204,212 

property  of,  sale  of  lands,  etc 181 

territorial  rangers  known  as  "Governor  Edward's  Rangers," 

mention 183 

United  States  Senator  from  the  State  of  Illinois 22 

Edwards  Ninian,  U.  S.  Senator— resigns,  mention 194 

Vote  received  for  Governor  of  Illinois 204 

Edwards,  Ninian  Wirt— son  of  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards,  Attorney  General  of  Illinois  1834, 

sketch  of 216 

first  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  Illinois,  ap- 
pointed by  Gov.  Joel  A.  Matteson.  1854 216 

quotations  from  his  "History  of  Illinois  and  Life  of  Ninian  Ed- 
wards."  211,212,213 

Edwards  Papers  (The)— edited  by  E.  B.  Washburne,  quotation  from 216 

Edwardsville,  HI.,  Madison  Co.— description  of  surrounding  country,  1819 166 

Edwardsvllle,  ill —Edward  Coles'  arrival  at 101-102 

Edwardsville,  Madison  Co.— Historical  Society  to  be  formed  at 8 

Edwardsville,  111.— Indian  treaty  at.  mention 167,169 

mention 114,124,153,156,158,163,188,214,215,217 

proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

treaty  made  at  between  United  States  and  Klckapoo  Indians 157,169 

Egan  Dr.— mention 249 

Ehrman,  John  W.— mention 261 

Eldredge,  Dr.- mention 249 

Elgin,  111,— proposed  Historical  Society  in 8 

Elizabeth,  Jo  Daviess  Co.,  111.  — shipping  point  for  ore.  statistics,  etc 84 

Elizabeth— queen  of  England 201 

Eliaabethtown,  Hardin  Co..  Ky.— mention 217 


324 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Elkhart  Farm— situated  farthest  north  of  any  farm  in  the  State  of  Illinois  in  1819 161 

Elkhart  Grove  (The)— In  Illinois,  mention 160 

Ellis,  Charles— mention 247 

Elms,  J  as. —private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services.    (Died) 170 

Elms.  Wm.— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  military  services 170 

Emancipation  Proclamation 11 

Embarrass  Kiver,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to  start  from 66 

England— colonial  policy  and  possessions  of 40-41 

druggists  of.  send  money  to  aid  in  refitting  the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy.  258 

her  victories  in  America.    Napoleon's  views  and  plans  in  regard  to 94,95 

Victory  in  America  over  France 86 

War  declared  between  France  and  England,  mention 109 

and  France,  historic  rivalry  of 40 

English  Colonies— French  plans  to  confine  them  to  the  Atlantic  coast 41 

Growth  of.  in  New  France,  mention 276 

English  Colonists— their  characteristics 87 

English  commandants  in  the  Illinois  country,  list  of 47 

English  colony,  (The)  saves  the  day  for  Illinois 103 

English  drugs— Great  demand  for,  in  early  days 246 

Indian  allies,  the  Iroquois 40,41 

meadow.  Edwards  Co.,  111.,  visited  by  Ernst 150 

mention 279 

once  occupied  Ft.  Massac 39 

Robert— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

sovereigns  and  half  sovereigns,  gold  coins  used  in  1833.  mention 242 

trade  with  the  Indians  of  the  Ohio  county 40 

Wm  H.— author  of  "Conquest  of  the  Northwest" 59 

Enniscorthy.  Virginia— birthplace  of  Edward  Coles 97 

Equality,  111.— Proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Erich,  Victor— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Brie  Canal— building  of  it,  its  influence 79 

mention 247 

original  intentions  of  in  regard  to 121 

Erie,  Lake— mention 162 

Erie,  Pa.— mention 62 

Ernst,  Ferdinand— first  to  build  in  town  of  Vandalia 163 

"Travels  in  Illinois,"  1819 150-166 

visits  caves  on  the  Mississippi  river 163 

"Eririre,"  de  M.— Francis  Divilller;  mention 130,131 

Erwia,  Hon.  L.  D.— candidate  for  Illinois  House  of  Representatives,  1858,  from  Schuyler 

county  on  Democratic  ticket 228 

Eschmann,  Rev.  C.  J.— translator  of  the  Prairie  du  Roeher  church  records 128-149 

Estis,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Etruria,  kingdom  of.  exchanged  by  Napoleon  with  Spain  for  Spanish  North  American 

possessions 94 

Eureka,  Woodford  Co,  111.— County  Historical  Society  organised  at S 

Europe— cities  of,  send  aid  to  Chicago  after  fire  of  1871 264 

druggists,  send  aid  to  druggists  of  Chicago  after  the  fire  of  1871, 268 

grass  plots  of,  beauty  of 158 

Illinois  State  agents  attempt  to  borrow  money  in  Europe 68,69 

Europe— mention 102.113 

European  History— important  events  given  in  the  Western  IntelllgeHcer 185 

News— mention 186 

posts  and  settlements  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Pittman  (Capt. Philip)  report  on  112 

Evans,  Charles— private  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Capt.  Jesse— 111.  Regt.  Vols.. Clark's  army,  received  land  for  services 166 

Stanhope— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Evanston.IUinois— Historical  Society,  mention 4,8 

111.— mention 217 

Ewlng  Family  of  Pennsylvania— John  McLean  related  to 191 

Hon.  James  S.— reads  letter  of    Gen.  McClernand  at  McLean  county  memorial 

exercises 190 

related  to  John  McLean,  mention 191 

Thomas  of  Ohio— mention 191 

Hon,  Wm,  L,  D.— friend  and  relative  of  John  McLean,  through  whose  influence  In 

the  Legislature  McLean  county  was  named 197 

mention Z16 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  III.  for  three  terms.  196 

Executive  Mansion  of  111  .—mention 8 

reception  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  held  at 9 

Fache,  Louis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Fair,  Edmund— sergeant  under  Clark,  enritled  to  land  for  services 170 

Fairbanks.  Mrs.  Charles  W.— President  General  D.  A.  R 297 

"Fair  Weather"— name  of  an  Indian  chief,  mention 279 

Fallen  Timbers— battle  of.  mention 49 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony— mention 16,95 

the  Ohio— Louisville,  Ky.,  mention 64 

Farmar.Maj.  Robert— English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,1765 47 

Fathers  of  the  Republic- their  wisdom 89 

Favers,  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 


325 

Index — Continued. 

Pasre. 

Fayetteville,  Ark— letter  written  at.by  J.  D.  Walker  to  J.  H.  Barobata  on  John  McLean.200-201 

Feast  of  St.  Peter— mention 140-141 

Federal  Constitution— mention 19 

itvC/ia  nearest  perfect  of  all  schemes  of  government 30 

Federal  Union— lands  ceded  to  by  Virginia,  to  be  used  in  forming  Republican  states  for 

the  Federal  union 18 

Illinois  third  state  in 29 

mention 18 

Pernow.  Ludwig— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Fever.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  servlnes 170 

Few  (A)— notes  for  an  industrial  history  of  Illinois.    Address  before  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society,  by  Ethelbert  Stewiart 118-121 

Ficklin,  Hon.  Orlando  B.— Compares  Cook  and  McLean  debates  on  slavery  with  those  of 

Lincoln  and  Douglas 193 

Field,  Daniel  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

t"'-"r>A    Lewis  (prisoner)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Fields.  Capt.  Benjamin— Illinois  Keg't  Vol..  Clark's  army,  received  land  for  services  ....  166 

"Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World,"  by  Creasey— quotation  from 84 

Fillmore,  President  Millard— mention 212 

Fiudlay.  Rebecca  Smith— wife  of  Thomas  Sloo.  Jr 202 

Pinet,  Sir  Hubert— godfather  to  child  of  Maturin  Pinneaux  and  Marie  Illinois 132.133 

Finley.  Dr.  C.  A.— assistant  surgeon  at  Fort  Dearborn,  1830 239 

First  Consul  of  France— Napoleon 94,96 

Fisher, an  old  man  of  Sangamon  county,  said  to  have  been  murdered  by  Trailer 

(»*- ^*i  brothers;  anecdote  of 218 

Fisher.  Dr,  George,  of  Randolph  Co.,  Ill.—Candldate  for  the  House  of  Representativea. 

mention 184 

Fisher,  Dr.  George— Speaker  of  the  House,  territorial  legislature 188 

Fisher.  (Miss)  Laura- thanks  of  the  society  extended  to.  for  music 9 

Fisk.  Mary  E.— wife  of  Gen.  E.  B.  Hamilton 123 

Fiske.  Calvin  J.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Flag  of  the  United  States,  adopted  June  14. 1777— carried  by  Clark 58,59 

Flandegan.  Dominick— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Flies— annoying  to  travelers  on  the  prairies  of  Illinois,  method  of  protecting  horses 

from,  etc 161 

Florida— mention 48 

Flour— High  price  paid  In  Galena 121 

Flower.  George— his  Illinois  home  on  the  English  Meadow  (English  Prairie), mention...  150 

mention 103 

Floyd,  Isham— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

"Foe  (A)  to  Religious  Tyrany"— article  published  in  the  "Western    Intelligencer"  of 

1816 187 

Fonda.  General- mention 122 

Ford.  Governor  Thomas— chairman  on  resolutions  and  amendments  at  second  attempt 

to  organize  Illinois  State  Historieal  Society 14 

historian  of  Illinois,  mention 101 

history  of  Illinois,  written  by  quotations  from,  mention,  foot 

notes 76,190 

member  of  standing  committee  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of 

Illinois 14 

mention 22.215 

quotations  from  his  "History  of  Illinois" 214.216 

"Forgotten  Statesmen  of  Illinois"— Hon.  John  McLean.  Hon.  Thomas  Sloo.  Hon.  Charles 

Slade.  sketches  of 190-210 

Forquer.  George— half  brother  of  Gov.  Thomas  Ford,  Secretary  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

mention 215 

death  of 215 

elected  Attorney  General  of  Illinois  1829,  sketch  of 214,216 

his  house  in  Springfield,  etc 216 

mention 108 

his  report  on  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 216 

Fort  Adams— on  the  Mississippi  river,  mention 61 

Fort  Assumption— site  of.  mention 44 

Fort  Chartres— abandoned  by  the  British,  seat  of  government  transferred 113 

articles  on.  by  Dr.  Homer  Mead  in  Qulncy  (111.)  Whig,  mention 117 

Bellerive.  (Louis  St.  Ange  de.)  commands  at  Fort  Chartres,  mention.. .107, 108 

Bertel.  Chevalier  de.  commands  at  Fort  Chartres 109 

Bertel.  Chevalier  de.  suggests  to  authorities  means  of  defense  for  Fort 

Chartres 109 

Bossu.  (Captain)  again  vi.^its.  .Tuly  21,  1756.  mention 110 

Brackenridge.  Judge  H  M..  visits  ruins  of 113-114 

Breese's.  (Sidney.)  "Early  History  of  Illinois"  quoted 110 

building  on  the  fort,  sitnarion  of.  etc 106 

Buissoniere.  Alphonse  de  la.  commands  at 109 

Charlevoix.  Father  Xavier  (le.  visits  to.  mention 107 

church  of  St.  Ann  at.  marriage  in 140.141 

Cole  (Col.  Edward)  commands  at 112 

Congress  reserves  right  on  land  on  the  Mississippi  ioclading  Fort  Char- 
tres and  its  buildings 113 


326 
Index — Continued. 


Page 

Fort  Chartres— creation  of  the  company  of  the  West  or  Mississippi  company,  mention..  105 
demands  upon  for  men  and  aid  in  the  "Seven  Years'  war  with  Great 

Britain" Ill 

description  of 106 

distance  from  Fort  Massac 46 

erection  of  the  second  Fort  Chartres 109 

Farmar  (Major  Robert),  commands  at , 112 

few  of  the  records  and  official  documents  of,  preserved 116 

first  court  of  common  law  in  Illinois,  established  at 113 

five  cannons  taken  from  ruins  of,  in  1812,  mention Ill 

Galissoniere  (Marquis  de),  governor  of  Canada  (1747-1749).  quoted  in  re- 
gard to  defense  needed  tor 108 

guns  taken  to  Easkaskia  from 178 

Hall  (James),  description  of 114 

important  link  in  the  French  posts  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico..  106 

Jesuits  build  church  of  St.  Anne  de  Fort  Chartres  in  village 106 

Liette  (Sieur  de),  commandant  of 108 

list  of  French  commandants  at 46 

Lord  (Capt  Hugh),  succeeds  Colonel  Wilkins  at 113 

McCarty  (Chevalier  de),  commands  at 109 

Mason  (Edward  G.),  essay  on.  quoted 109 

Mason  (Edward  G.),  visits  to  in  1879,  extracts  from  paper  on 115 

mention 20.45.132,133.136,137,278,289,292 

Mississippi  river  undermines  walls  of 113 

neglect  of 289 

never  again  occupied  after  its  abandonment  by  the  British 113 

new  fort  of.  average  cost,  location,  plans,  etc 110 

official  enriched  by  building  of  the  second  Fort  Chartres 110 

Fittman  (Capt.  Philip),  report  on 112 

powder  magazines  at,  description  of  by  Mason 115 

suggested  for  an  historic  park,  purchase  of  the  site  by  the  State  of  111.116, 117 

Randolph  cc^nty.  Fort  Chartres  in ,..105 

Reed  (Col.  John)  commands  at 112 

Renault  (Philipe   Francois  de)  arrives  at.  1720 107 

Reynolds  (Gov.  John)  description  of,  visits  twice 114.116 

river  landing  and  ferry  in  vicinity  named  for ' 117 

ruins  of,  lie  in  the  American  bottom,  mention 106 

St.  Ange  commands  again  at Ill 

St.  Clair  (Capt.  Benoist  <'.e)  commands  at i09 

seat  of  MUthority  transferred  to 17 

seat  of  British  power  in  Mi8i»ls?ippi  valley 105 

seat  of  French  rower  in  the  Mississippi  valley - 105 

second  on"  huilr  after  plans  ot  Lieut.  Jean  B   Saussier 109 

Stirling  (Capt.  Thomas),  commands  at 112 

Stoddard(Amos)description  "f  in  his  "Historical  Sketches  of  Louisiana"  113 

surrender  of  the  fort  to  the  English 112 

survey  and  drawings  made  of  the  old  fortress  for  Beck's  Gazetteer  of 

Illinois  and  Missouri 114 

Villiers  (Capt.  Neyon  de)  commands  at Ill 

water  rises  to  aheight  of  seven  feet  in,  see  foot  note 113 

Wilkins  (Lieut.  Col.  John)  of  the  18th.  or  Royal  Regiment  of  Ireland. 

commands  at 112 

Fort  Clair  (Clark)— on  Lake  Peoria,  mention 161 

Fort  Crevecoeur— neglect  of,  history  of 289 

Fort  Dearborn— government  dock  and  warehouse  at 260 

memorial  tablet  commemorates  site  of 289 

mention 294 

reservation,  Chicago 285,237 

soldiers  in.  stricken  with  cholera 258,259 

tablet  erected,  to  commemorate,  massacre  at,  mention 289 

Fort  De  Chartres— its  origin,  growth  and  decline;  address  delivered  before  the  Illinois 

Historical  Society,  by  Joseph  Wallace,  M.  A 105-117 

named  for  the  son  of  the  Regent  of  France  the  Due  de  Chartres  (See 

Fort  Chartres 106 

Fort  Donelson— capture  of,  mention 98 

Fort  Du  Quesne— evacuation  of  mention 39 

mention 44 

Fort— erection  of  one,  at  Rock  river  by  Brigadier  General  Smith,  mention 184 

Fort  Gage— mention 279 

the  old  Jesuite  building  at  Kaskaskia 177 

Fort  Henry— capture  of.  mention 93 

Fortlet- old  fortlet,  built  under  Crozat.  mention 106 

Fort  Madison,  la.— mention 218 

Fort  Massac  (Massiac)- built  and  named  in  honor  of  M.  Massiac,  French  Minister  of  the 

marine 41 

Fort  Massac— name  first  officially  spelled  Massiac,  but  gradually  changed  to  Massac 47 

named  in  honor  of  M.  de  Massiac,  French  Minister  of  the  Marine  and  Col- 
onies      41 

action  of  D.  A.  R.  on  purchase  by  State  of  Illinois  of  site  of;  memorial  and 
law 294-298 


327 

Index — Continued. 

Page 
Port  Massac— an  address  before  the  Illinois  State  His.  Soo'y.  by  Mrs.  Mathew  T.  Scott.. 38-64 

board  of  trustees,  law  directing  who  shall  constitute;  duties  of.  etc 297,298 

Clark's  arrival  at 68 

description  of  site  and  surroundings,  by  board  of  army  officers  appointed 

to  select  site  for  U.  S.  armory 63,64,65 

designated  as  base  of  supplies  for  Spanish  troops  in  plans  of  Spanish  con- 
spiracy      49 

different  nations  occupying 39 

distance  from  Fort  Chartres  and  Kaskaskia 46 

first  religious  discourse  in  limits  of  State  of  Illinois  preached  by  Father 

Mermet,  on  site  of 42 

flag  of  new  republic  unfurled  there,  first  time  on  Illinois  soil 47 

Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  sends  garrison  to 48 

Interest  in.  by  the  people;  site  purchased  by  the  State ,....  292 

last  French  garrison  leaves 45 

mention 178 

necessity  for  its  rebuilding  caused  by  dissatisfaction  of  western  settlers, 

who  planned  to  invade  the  Spanish  possessions 40 

number  of  troops  stationed  at 60,61,62 

oflicial  records  of  supplies  sent  to.  by  U.  S.  commissary  general 60,61,62 

once  (1800),  only  white  settlement  between  the  Ohio  and  Miss,  rivers 50 

or  Assumption,  described 46 

plans  that  it  to  be  rallying  place  and  base  of  supplies  for  Spanish  con- 
spirators      48 

reasons  why  it  should  be  purchased  and  cared  for  by  Illinois 61,62,63 

rebuilt  and  occupied  by  order  President  Geo.  Washington 47,48 

recommended  by  board  of  army  ofQcers  as  best  site  for  armory 51 

repaired  during  war  of  1812  and  occupied  by  Illinois  militia  and  rangers...    61 

700  acres  reserved  at,  by  U.  S.  government  for  military  purposes 64 

site  of.  purchased  by  Illinois  for  State  park 297,298 

site  selected  and  fort  built  by  French  under  Aubry :  description  of  the  fort    45 

Spanish  plans  to  take  possession  of  it 48,49 

visited  and  described  by  Gen.  Victor  Collot 50 

visited  by  Aaron  Burr 59,60 

visited  by  Gov.  John  Reynolds  when  he  was  a  child,  again  later 50,51 

visited  by  Francis  Baily 60 

Fort  Massacre— Fort  Massac  sometimes  so  called,  never  oflicially  so  named 41 

mention  and  foot  note 68 

the  story  of 41,44 

Fort  Massiac— built  and  named  in  honor  of  M.  de  Massiac,  French  minister  of  the  marine    41 
name  of  fort  so  spelled  in  French  correspondence,  but  gradually  changed 

to  Massac 48 

Fort  Niagara— first  of  historical  "chain  of  French  forts,"  mention 41 

mention 89 

Fort  Pitt-mention 46.112 

Fort  Russell— cannons  from  Fort  Chartres  mounted  on 114 

Fort  St.  Louis  of  the  IlllDois  (Tonty's  fort)— unmarked 289 

Fort  Steuben— opposite  Louisville.  Ky.,  mention 62 

Port  Stoddard— Aaron  Burr  arrested  at 40 

Fort  Washington  (CiDcinnati)— cannon  sent  from  to  Fort  Massac 48,60 

Forty-Second  or  Highland  Regiment  of  British  Troops— mention 46 

Foss,L.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 265 

Foster,  Mr.— mention 187 

Poster.  Henry— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Fouche  River— mention 164 

Fowler  &  Gates— druggists,  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  mention 268 

Fowne's  Chemistry— mention 246 

Fox,  Charles— John  McLean  compared  to 193 

Fox  Indians  (or  Renard)— mention 108 

Steward,  John  F.,  president  of  the  Maramech  Society  of  Kendall  county, 

marks  historic  spot  of  the  massacre  of 290 

Fox  (orDuPage)  River— mention 164 

France— aided  United  States  in  Revolution,  but  was  unfriendly  later 94 

France  and  England— historic  rivalry  of.mention *0 

France— banner  of,  reference  to 112 

causes  leading  to  the  contest  that  drove  Prance  from  North  America. mention..  276 

claims  in  the  Illinois  country 17 

claim i  of  territory  of  Mississippi  valley •* 

colonial  policy  and  possessions 40.41 

colonization  plans  of 48 

druggists  of,  send  aid  to  Chicago  druggists  after  fire  of  1871 258 

flag  of,  raised  at  St.  Louis  (1804)  for  one  day,  then  taken  down  to  rise  no  more 

in  North  America 286 

ladies  of,  mention  of 89 

Louis  XIV,  king  of,  grants  lands  and  mines  to  Crozat 81 

mention 16,47,102.115 

struggle  for  mastery  of  the  new  continent 17 

surrender.^  claims  to  North  American  possessions 17 

war  declared  between  France  and  England,  mention 109 


328 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Frands.  Marie-mentgn^.^^.  „^.^^„  ^.^.  ™ 

*"  ^,^.  negro  slave  of  Lefernne.  mention Job 

Francis,  Simeon— editor  Springfield  Journal,  mention ^^o 

Frankfort.  Franklin  County,  Illinois— mention ^|' 

Frankfort.  Kentucky— -. fii 

,~    ■  newspapers  of.  mention - ••••• ^J- 

Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Germany— sends  aid  to  Chicago  after  fire  of  1871 ^64 

Franklin  County.  Illinois— mention ^i^ 

Frazer.  Abraham— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services "0 

Freeman  &  Boyce— druggists  at  St.  Charles,  111........ f'" 

Freeman.  Jonathan— nomde-plume  of  Morns  Birkbeck.. jw 

Freeman.  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Freeman.  William— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services...... -  nu 

Freeport,  Illinois-Lincoln   and   Douglas   debates,  spot   where  the   debates   occurred 

f»  u;;.  marked  by  woman's  club ii"B9  s? 

Free  Soilers  in  Illinois— mention...  ^^'^^'J^ 

Free  Soilers  in  Topeka,  Kas.— menti-jn -^^ 

Fremont,  John  C— mention -. o^-oa 

presidential  vote  for.  in  Illinois ;••:••  •,;,■.•  "V  iV V  ■  a--  V  ••••:■  i    °^ 

French.  A.  W.-called  to  the  chair  by  acting  president  of  the  Illinois  fetate  Historical     ^ 

I    '*  ^ .  i£t30       ."  motion  in  regard  "to  papers  read  at  annual  meeting  of  historical  society. .      4 
..:;;;.  ..:j       't  objects  to  any  discussion  or  criticism  of  papers  read  before  historical 

r.^^^ ' "T'-Tr^^    '  ■       society  ...,,.......•.........■..-...•-• "•      •• 

French.^Dr.  A.  W.-deliveVs  address  before  Illinois  State  Historical  Society.  "Men  and 

manners  of  the  early  days  of  Illinois" irirlfi 

French  and  Indian  War— mention 41.m,«o 

French  at  Port  Massac— quarrel  with  Indians •» 

French  Colonies  in  North  America— mention........; *" 

French  Colonists— secure  titles  to  land  in  the  Illinois  country iwo 

French— commandants  of  the  Illinois  country,  list  of •» 

French  Colony  in  the  Illinois— mention........^... ir*  j""V"'";"^i"Tii"jV:«i;""J!r:  b« 

French  Defeat  in  America-treaty  of  1763.  effect  of  upon  the  development  of  Illinois....  85. 86 

French  Drugs— great  demand  for  in  early  days <=" 

French.  Miss  Effie— mention • ri 

French  Empire— in  the  new  world,  reference  to ■.•■•:c---iir"i"\'^:.V'.^lh'A:,'. 

French  expedition  planned  to  invade  Spanish  possessions  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

Genet.  French,  minister  to  the  United  States,  the  agent...... _ • •    « 

French  explorers  and  their  plans  and  religious  views  and  their  achievments 80,87 

French  genius  for  selection  of  sites  for  forts-mention 2» 

French  forts  along  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers •    •" 

French-Indian  allies,  the  Algonquins...._ •"•" 

French  Sing  (The)— loses  all  his  possessions  m  North  America ••  ^'8 

French  King— mention %n 

French— laws  and  customs  prevailed  in  Illinois I** 

Lick  creek. mention • •••  :•••••:•■:■;•■:•  ••iVm  ■'"■ IS 

Lick  (The)  on  the  Cumberland,  site  of  present  city  of  Nashville,  Tenn |W 

Louis  d'or,  gold  coins  used  in  1833 v-v--. S 

method  of  colonization  and  dealing  with  Indiana " 

monarch,  mention ii 

not  successful  as  colonists 2i 

once  occupied  Fort  Massac „2? 

people  at  the  Illinois,  mention ^oj 

possessions  in  America,  surrender  of,  to  England,  mention " 

settlement  at  mouth  of  Mississippi  river,  mention.... •;i:-i";i:;:--'iy    « 

settlers  in  Illinois,  their  method  of  dividing  lands,  dealings  with  Indians,  etc..    86 
French  Territory— Illinois  once  a  part  of jj 

Frly,*'fce'trp\'iv\^noldYenCapV.C"harioViVle^ 

Freya,  Philip-clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce.  ^hicago............ ..-...-..-.. ^" 

Frisby.  Maxon— attended  first  Republican  meeting  held  in  Schuyler  county.  Ill ^27 

Frost  Stephen-private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  |eryices......... ........  17« 

Fuller  &  Puller-wholesale   drug  house   in   Chicago,  escaped    destruction  in  Chicago 

fire  of  1871 1'-.-iL -'56.276 

Fuller.  O.  F.-of  Fuller  &  Puller,  Chicago  druggists,  gives  an  account  of  the  preserva- 

tion  of  their  building  in  Chicago  fire  of  1871 257 

Puller.  O.  H.  &  Co.— wholesale  druggists.  Chicago.  1850 ^ 

RSkf  HeSS^n  clpt.'jSh°  B^^^^^^^ 

go  home,  rations  due .- \*' 

private  soldier  under  Clark;  entirled  to  land  for  services 170 

soldier  under  Clark;  discharged  from  Bowman's  Co.;  enlisted  in  another.  ^^^ 

Funk.  Hon.  LaFayette-deliver's*  address"  at  McLean  Co^^^^  Society's  memo- 

rial  to  John  McLean ^*" 

Furnaces  or  Smelters— early  ones  described •    *• 

"Gag  Resolutions"  in  Congress  U.  S.-mention ' '•  {° 

Gage,  Gen.  Thomas— commander  of  British  forces  in  America ^'-jo 

mention •-•, — ,-•••:•; •, iJn 

Gagnia,  Jacque- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services i'« 


329 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Gagnla.  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gagnia,  Pierre— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gagnon,  J.— missionary  priest  at  Prairie  du  Rocher,  111..  1743-1744.  signs  records  of  the 

clinrch 128-149 

missionary  priest  of  St.  Anne's  parish  of  Ft.  Chartres,  mention 128-149 

Gahagan— man  employed  with  Benj.  VanCleve  at  tort  Massac 64 

Gaines.  Capt.  E.  P.,  U.  S.  A.— arrested  Aaron  Burr  at  Fort  Stoddard,  afterwards  com- 
manded at  Port  Massac 57 

regiment  of  stationed  at  Fort  Massac 57 

Gaines  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Gaines  (or  Garner)  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gale  &  Blocki— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Gale  Stephen  F.— early  bookseller  of  Chicago,  mention 241 

Gale  Wm  of  Gale  Bros.— mention 261 

Galena,  111.— early  proposed  railroad  to,  direction  of  same,  etc 66 

homeof  Gen.  U.  8.  Grant 91 

lead  fields  of,  number  of  miners  in  1743,  mention 120 

lead  mines  near  described  (The  Buck  Mine) 32 

lead  mines,  mention 206 

mines  in  and  near 36,36 

shipping  point  for  ore,  statistics  etc 34 

Galena  River— once  called  river  of  mines 31 

Galesburg,  111.— marks  in  fitting  manner  place  of  holding  Lincoln-Douglas  debates 

290.292.293 

Galissoniere.  Marquis  de— governor  general  of  Canada.  1747-1749.  quoted  in  regard  to  de- 
fense needed  for  Port  Chartres 109 

Gallagan  Owen— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gallatin  Co,,  111.— John  McLean  elected  to  Legislature  from 196 

mention 208 

Galva.  111.— mention 219 

Gano,  Capt.  (the  late)— company  of  at  Ft.  Massac 61 

Gardner.  C.  H.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 255 

Garden  City  Hotel— burned  in  Chicago  fire  of  1871 267 

Garrett,  Augustus- mayor  of  Chicago,  mention 249 

Garrison  &  Murray— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  (store  and  drug  mill)  in  fire 

of  1871 256 

Garrison.  H.  D.— mention 251 

Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd— mention 104 

Gas -as  an  lUuminant,  first  came  into  general  use  in  1850 250 

Gaskins.  Thos.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gavuldon  (or  Ganchdon),  Baptiste— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 170 

Gayarre's  History  of  Louisiana,  vol.  3— quoted.    See  foot  note 110 

Gayoso  de  Leemos,  Manuel- Governor  of  Louisiana,  letter  of  to  Gabriel  Cerr6 286 

General  Assembly  State  of  111.— assistance  asked  of  by  111.  State  Hist.  Soc 16 

John  McLean.  Speaker  of,  mention 193 

Genet  (properly  Genest) ,  Edmond  Charles— French  ambassador  to  the  United  States,  1793, 

enlists  men  in  French  service 63 

mention 48 

Genrion.  Jean— mention 140-141 

George.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

George,  Capt.  Robert  (Robin)— captain  111.  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army;  receives  land  for 

services 166 

George  III  of  England 98 

Gerault.Capt.  John— captain  111.  Regt.  Vols.. Clark's  army,  received  land  for  services —  166 

Germain,  J.  B.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

German  Stores— early  drug  stores  in  Chicago,  location  of 248 

Germans  in  Illinois— their  influence  and  location 79 

Germany— druggists  of  send  money  to  aid  Chicago  druggists  after  the  fire  of  1871 268 

mention 166 

Germon,  Father  Barthel^lmi- writes  a  letter  relating  anecdote  of  Father  Mermet  and 

Indian  charlatans 42 

Gessle  Jane— wife  of  Anthony  Zibert,  mention 140-141 

Gevremon,  Ethienne— death  of 1*6 

Giard,  Catherine— wife  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerre.  her  wifely  faith.  Instance  of 278 

Giard  Family  of  Kaskaskia— araoig  earliest  settlers  of  the  Illinois 278 

Gibault,  Rev.  Pierre— French  priest  at  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia 58,59 

assists  6.  K  Clark 68.69 

Gibbons,  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gibralter,  111.— town  of,  mention 166 

Gila  River— mention 218 

Qilham.  Mrs.  Ann— land  granted  her  in  compensation  for  her  sufferings  from  the  In- 
dians  •••• 183-184 

Gilman— Illinois  Reports— reference  from 217 

Gladstone.  Wm.  E.— his  opinion  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  as  a  state  paper    19 
Glasgow.  Ky.— negro  slave  named  David,  ran  away  from,  offer  of  reward  for,  in  Western 

Intelligencer 182 

Glass,  Michael— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Glenn,  Lieut,  Bernard— 111.  Regt.  Vol..  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 


330 

Index — Continued. 

Paee 

Glenn  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Godfrey  Francis— private  soldier  nnder  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  service '  170 

Godfrey.  Giiman  &  Co.- firm  at  Alton.  111.,  borrows  large  sums  of  money  from  the  State 
r^  T,  X       .    r^     ^   ■,      Bank  to  attempt  to  corner  output  of  the  lead  mines  at  Galena.  206 

Gogar  Jfeter— in  Lapt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  eo 

home,  rations  due 177 

Gold— discovery  of  in  California,  mention 34-35 

..^  ,    ,  probability  of  its  discovery  in  Jo  Daviess  Co.  Ill '.'..'.'.'.'.'."'.". 37 

Gold  Mortar"  (the)— sign  over  Philo  Carpenter's  drug  store  in  Chicago '.'."  260 

^      .       ,     ry      slSD  used  by  early  Chicago  druggists 2ii,244 

^°™i®/^J°F  Gannin)  Abraham— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services  170 

Good  (The)  Samaritan-sign  used  by  drug  store,  mention 244 

Goodloe.  Henry— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services '...'.'.".""  170 

Goodwin  Amos— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Goodwin,  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  service 170 

Goodwin,  (or  Goodan)  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services..  170 
Gordon.  Capt.  Harry— chief  engineer  in  western  department  of  America,  visited  Fort 

Massac  and  described  it 47 

Gordon,  John-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services .'.'!  170 

Goshen,  111.— Merino  sheep  put  up  at  lottery  at 189 

Qouday.  James— deserted  Jan. 28  from  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company.. ..II"!! 177 

Governors  of  Illinois-first  six,  of  southern  birth '"    77 

Graff.  Geo.- clerk  in  drug  store  of  Clarke  Bros.,  Chicago !!!'! 264 

Graham,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services *"*  171 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic "  loq 

"Grand  Chain"  (The)-described !!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 64 

mention 63  57 

Grant  Co.,  Wis.— mention 37 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.— Illinois'  greatest  soldier !.!'.!!!*.!'.!!!!!!!".!!!!!!!'.!!!!! 11 

mention !!!!!!!!!!!!!'!!      128 

reference  to !!!!!!!!!! 30 

/-I     i.j  X  /-iv         ,      resided  at  Galena  at  opening  of  war,  enlisted  fromthere!!!!!!!!!!!!!!    91 

Gratiot.  Chas.— has  controversary  with  the  crew  of  his  barge,  mention 283 

Gratiot,   Jean— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Gray,  Geo- L.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co,,  Chicago 263 

Great  Britian— claims  of  in  the  new  world !    17 

seven  years'  war  with  Prance,  mention !!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ill 

struggle  for  mastery  in  the  new  continent !..!!!!!!!!!!    17 

war  with,  mention I80 

'Great  Father's  Captain"— Indian  name  for  French  commandants !!!!!!!!! 278 

Great  Lakes— French  colonies  on 40 

mention 17 

Green  County,  Ky.— mention !..!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"! 215 

Green,  Hon.  Henry— gives  statistics  of  shipment  ot  lead  ore .''...".'....'.'....'...'.'.'.*!!!!    34 

James,  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  service's".*.'.!".         171 

John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Hon.  Reed— owner  of  site  of  Ft.  Massac .".'.  294  297 

Robert— ensign.  Illinois  Vol.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services!!!!!!!!!!. ..'l67 

bamnel  Ball— ensign,  Illinois  Vol.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Greene,  E.  B.— absence  of,  from  meeting  of  Illinois  State  Hist.  Society 9 

Evarts  B..  Ph.  D.— address  before  Illinois  State  Historical  Societv,  "Sectional 

Forces  in  the  History  of  Illinois" 75-83 

Greene.  Evarts  B.— elected  2d  Vice-President  Illinois  State  Hist.  Soc.  for  190'3!, .!!!!!!'"       4 
Henry  S.— applicant  for  admission  to  Illinois  Bar.  license  signed  by  A.  Lincoln.  225 

Greenup.  Coles  Co.,  Illinois— mention 217 

Greenville,  Ky.— McLean    records    state  that  John  McLean  studied'  law  "witn" Judge 

McLean  in 201 

n  Ohio-Treaty  of.  Aug.  3.  1795.  real  ending  of  Revolutionary  war .'!!.'.'!.*.'.*    49 

Greenewald  &  Hoffman— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Greenwood,  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Greer.  Chas.— surpeon,  received  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 166 

Greetings  and  resolutions  of  respect  and  esteem  for  H.  W.  Beckwith,  passed  by  the  il'li- 

nois  State  Historical  Society 3 

Gregg,  Lieut.— mention !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'!'! 62 

Gregnire— mark  of.  as  witness  to  church  record !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 140-141 

Grimes,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for'.services!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"       170 

Grimshire,  John-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Grolet,  brancis.  Jr.— private  so'dier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Francis.  Sr.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 170 

Gross,  LewisM.— county  superintendent  of  schools.  DeKalb  county.  III.,  mention 291 

Mrs.  Wm  L.— mention 10 

Gubernatorial  Chair  of  Illinois— mention '.'.'.'.'.". 31 

Guess.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  servi'c'es!!!!!!!!!!!!! 171 

Guinot.  Gen.  Thomas  Sloo  and  wife  join  party  of 202 

Guion.  Captain— mention \] 62 

„   ,^     Frederick  S.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to' iand'for'servlces! !!!!!!!!!!!  170 

Gulf  or  Mexico— mention 16  17  40  94  95  106 

Gwinn.  Wm.  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services... !..!..!..'l70 

Habeas  Corpus— writ  of,  mention 20 

Hacker,  William  A.— president  of  Ills.  Const,  convention  of  1862!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*    27 
Ualdimand,  Gen.  Fred— Gov.  Hamilton  writes  letter  to,  mention 281 


331 

JncZea?— Continued. 

Paire 

Hall.  James— describes  Port  Chartres 114 

Hall,  Judge  James— died  in  Cincinnati  in  1868,  footnote 114 

president  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

"Sketches  of  the  West,"  mention 114 

visits  Fort  Chartres  in  1829 114 

Hall,  Dr  Thomas  P.— assistant  surgeon  at  Fort  Dearborn,  1823 239 

Hall,  William- privatesoldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Haller,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hallowell,  Maine— weather  reports  from  1816.  the  year  of  the  cold  summer 186 

Hambrlght,  Professor— delivers  lecture  before  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  just  pre- 
vious to  the  Chicago  fire,  serious  illness  of 258 

Hamilton,  A.  H,— clerk  for  Peter  Pruy ne  &  Co.  Chicago  druggists 263 

Hamilton,  Alexander— mention 19.50 

Hamilton  &  Woods— law  firm,  Quincy.  Ills 123 

Hamilton,  Artois— father  of  Elisha  Bently  Hamilton 122 

Hamilton,  Atta  Bently— mother  of  Elisha  Bently  Hamilton 122 

Hamilton,  Canada 266 

Hamilton  County,  111.— county  seat  of  named  McLeansboro,  mention 192 

Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  elected  county  surveyor  of 203 

Hamilton,  Elisha  Bently— memorial  address  on  life  and  character  ot  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder 

read  at  meeting  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 122,123 

assistant  adjutant  on  staif  of  Gen.  Fonda  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.  122 

commands  8th  111.  Infantry  in  East  St.  Louis  strike 122 

enlist.-,  in  Civil  War  in  company  B  118th  111.  Vol.  infantry 122 

in  memoriam 122 

law  partnerships 122.123 

marriage  of 123 

member  of  the  famcus  old  Carthage  Guards 122 

member  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 123 

mention 2 

military  service  in  Civil  War 122 

official  positions  of 123 

Hamilton,  Elisha  Bently,  Jr.-son  ot  Gen.  E.  B.  Hamilton 123 

Hamilton,  Gov.  Henry— Clark  attacks  and  captures  at  Vincennes 178 

of  Detroit,  writes  letter  to  Rocheblave  in  reference  to  Gabriel 

Cerr6 280.281 

writes  letter  to  General  Haldimand,  mention 281 

Hamilton,  John  M.— Governor  of  Illinois,  mention 122 

Hamilton,  Lucy  A.— daughter  of  Gen.  E.  B,  Hamilton 123 

Hamilton— post  at,  mention 62 

Hamilton,  W.  J.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Doctor  Sawyer,  Chicago,  1843 273 

Hamlin,  Howland  J.— Attorney  General  of  Illinois.  1901 220 

Hammett.  James— (died)  private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hancock  County.  111.— mention 122,228 

Handy,  Major— in  1833.  in  charge  of  improvements  of  Chicago  harbor 237 

Hanks,  J.  Uering— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Doctor  Sawyer,  Chicago,  1844 273 

Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad— mention 93 

Hanover.  JoDaviess  County,  HI.— mention 36 

Hanrin.  Demar— witness  at  marriage  in  church  of  St.  Anne  of  Ft.  Chartres 140,141 

Hanrion— mention  in  church  record  as  witnets,  fails  to  sign 148.149 

Hanrion,  Demar— witness  at  marriage 140, 141 

Hanrion,    John— his   wife   Marie   Barbe,   acted   as   godmother  of  child    of   Anthony lAi?' 

Zibert 116.147 

witness  at  marriage  in  church  of  St.  Anne  of  Ft.  Chartres 140,141 

Hansen,  Nicholas— makes  careful  survey  and  drawings  of  Ft.  Chartres 114 

Hatcher  (or  Hacker)  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hatten,  Christopher— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hardin,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hardin.  Judge— buried  at  Shawneetown,  mention 198 

Hardin,  John  J.— member  of  Congress  from  Illinois, Jacksonville  district,  supports  John 

Quincy  Adams,  attitude  on  question  of  war  with  Mexico 78 

Hardy,  Francis— marriage  of,  in  the  church  of  St.  Ann  of  Ft.  Chartres 140,141 

Hargaman,  F.  C— member  of  board  of  health  of  Chicago. 243 

Hariuon  Court- Chicago,  named  for  Dr.  Elijah  Dewey  Harmon 239 

Harmon,  Dr.  Elijah  Dewey— assistant  surgeon  at  Port  Dearborn.  1830;  Harmon  court, 

Chicago  named  for  him 239 

first  physician  in  Chicago  except  army  surgeons 239 

Harmony,  Ind.  (New  Harmony)— mention 154,165 

Harper'.s— publication  of  May,  1866,  statistics  of  lead  mining  published  in,  mention 34 

"Harri8"(The)— a  steamboat,  mention 168 

Harrison,  Benjamin— mention 2J 

Harrison,  James— gunner  with  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Harrison,  Capt.  Richard— captain  111. Regt. Vols., Clark's  army,receive3  land  for  services  166 

lieutenant  in  111.  Regt.  Vol.. Clark's  army 167 

Harrison,  Richard— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Harrison,  Gen.  William  Henry- intimate  friend  of  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr 202 

U.  S.  Supt,  of  Indian  Affairs,  represents  United  States 

at  treaty  of  Vincennes 60.61 

mention 76,92.211 


332 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

HarrisonvlUe— mention 153 

Harrisonville,  111.— meeting  of  citizens  of  Monroe  county  at,  place  of  meeting,  toasts 

drank  to  Illinois  territory,  etc 183 

Harrington.  James  J.— retail  druggist  of  Uhicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 265 

Hart,  Miles— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Haskell,  Merrick— druggist.  New  York  city,  mention 268 

Haut,  Henry  (killed)— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Havana!  Cuba— Thos.  Sloo  removes  to 20i 

Hawkins.  Samuel— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hawley,  Richard— private  under  Clark,  entitled  lo  land  for  services 171 

Hay.  John— member  of  standing  committee  of  early  111.  State  Hist.  Soe.  to  assist  in  col- 
lecting data  of  Illinois 14 

Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States 233 

Hay,  Mrs.  Logan— mention 10 

Hay.  M.  (Milton)— signs  license  of  applicant  for  admission  to  Illinois  bar 225 

Haymarket  Square. Chicago— mention 291 

Haynes,  Col.— agent  for  owners  of  site  offered  for  U.  S.  Armory 65 

Hay.s,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hays,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hazard,  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hazel  Green  Mining  Company— mention 86 

Hazelnuts  of  Illinois— described 166 

Heacock,  Russel  E.— candidate  for  Congress  from  territory  of  Illinois 181 

log  house  and  foot  bridge  of.  in  Chicago 236 

Hewd,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hebert,  Marie— daughter  of  Sir  Ignatius  Hebert 134,135.140-141 

godmother  at  baptism  of  child  in  St.  Anne's  parish 130-131. 134-135, 146. 147 

godmother  of  child  of  Joseph  Buchet 146,147 

Hebert.  Reneo— son  of  Sir  Ignatius  Hebert  and  of  Helen  Dany,  burial  of 142-143 

Hebert,  M.  Ignatius— captain  of  the  militia,  St.  Anne's  parish... 134-135 

Hebert,  Sir  Ignatius— captain  of  the  militia,  mention,  death  of  son 142,143 

daughter  of.  acts  as  godmother  of  child  of  Joseph  Buchet 146,147 

mention 145 

Heights  of  Abraham  at  Quebec— pivotal  battle  of  the  ages  fought  at 17 

Heildebrand,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Helm,  Capt.  Leonard— Indian  agent,  receives  land  for  services 166 

Henderson  County,  111 228 

Hendricks.  Judge  Wm.  of  Indiana— McLean  county,  Ills.,   at  one  time  proposed  to  be 

named  for 197 

Headrix,  Andrew— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Heneaux,  Anthony— mention 134-136 

Hennepin.  Father  Louis— priest  and  historian  of  LaSalle's  expedition,  mention 16 

Hennet,  Madeleine  (Magdalen)— wife  of  Michael  Lejeune,  baptism  of  child  of,  in  the 

parish  of  St.  Anne's 140-141 

Hennet,  Sir— signs  church  records  as  witness 148-149 

Sonschagrin— mention  as  witness  to,  church  records,  fails  to  sign 148-149 

signs  church  record  as  witness 145 

Sir— mention 138,139 

Henry,  Patrick— governor  of  Virginia  approves  plans  of  (3Jeorge  Rogers  Clark 38 

called  by  one  of  our  historians  ex  officio  the  first  (Governor  of  Illinois 18 

Governor  of  Virginia,  mention 18,88 

kinsman  of  Edward  Coles 98 

Herrick.  Dr.— mention 249 

Hertel.  M.— his  friendly  relations  with  Indians,  mention 46 

Heuermann  H.  W.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  Are  of  1871 255 

Hewett,  Thomas  J.— one  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  and  amendments  at  several  at- 
tempts to  organize  Illinois  State  Historical  Societies 14 

Heywood,  Berry— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hicks.  David— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hicks.  Mordecai  (died)— private  soldier  under  Ciark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hico,  Peter,  Jr.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

'^sa  Sr.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Higgins,  Barney— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Highlanders— 42d  English  regiment  of  British  troops  at  Port  Massac 46 

Hildesheiiu,  Hanover— mention 160 

Hilrtreth,  Edward— son-in-law  of  Philo  Carpenter,  gives  account  of  opening  by  Mr.  Car- 

t    v'S  penter,  of  the  first  drug  store  in  Chicago 259 

Hill.  John— probably  first  white  resident  of  Carlyle  township,  Clinton  county.  111 207 

Hillsboro.  111.— mention 218 

••Hill's  Fort."  in  Carlyle  township,  Clinton  Co.,Ill 207 

Historian  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society— suggestion  offered  that  such  of&ce  be 

created 7 

Historians  of  Illinois— mention 103 

Historic  Collections— of  various  natures  suggested  for  Illinois  Building  at  Louisiana 

Purchase  Exposition 5 

places  in  Illinois,  report  of  committee  on,  to  Illinois  State  Historical  Soc'y... 28^293 
spots  in  Illinois— Committee  of  Illinois  State  Hist.  Soc.  named  for  marking 

same 9 

suggestions  as  to  inscriptions  on  monuments,  tablets,  etc..  to 

be  erected  on 290 

suggestions  offered  by  E.  B.  Sparks  to  the  Illinois  State  Hist. 
Society 9 


383 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

"Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois"— edited  by  Bateman  and  Selby.  quotation  from....  219 

•"Historical  Sketches  of  Louisiana"— by  Capt.  Amos  Stoddard,  quoted 113 

Historical  societies— reported  from 8 

Hitchcock,  Charles— presiding  officer  of  Illinois  const,  convention  of  1870 27 

Hite.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hobbs.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hoffman.  A.  Beno— German  apothecary  from  Dresden,  located  in  Chicago,  mention 248 

retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Hogan.  John  S.  C— postmaster  of  Chicago 236 

Holland— mention ^01 

Hollanders— mention ; 201 

Hollandi.  John  Baptist— baptism  of  child  of.  named  Louis,  in  the  parish  of  St.Anne'8l38-139 

Louis— son  of  John  Baptist  Holandi  and  Charlotte  Marchand 138-139 

Hollman,  Mr.— traveling  companion  of  F.  Ernst;  extracts  from  his  diary 156-157 

HoUis.  Joshua— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Holly,  Mr.— reference  to  in  letter  of  John  M.  Eddy  on  John  McLean 200 

Holmes,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Honaker,  Frederick— in  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged, 

miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

Henry— in  Capt  Joseph  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles 

to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

Hooper,  J,  H.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago  (two  stores)  burned  out  in  flre  of  1871 266 

Hooper,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hopkins.  Kichard— Matross  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hopkinsville.  Ky.— mention 217 

Horn,  Christophei^private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Horn,  Jeremiah— private  solaier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Horton.  Adin— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hottinger,  Anton— retail  druggist  of  Chicago  burned  out  in  flre  of  1871 266 

Houghton,  H.  H.— publisher  of  statistics  of  shipment  of  lead  ore  from  JoDaviess  county, 

Illinois 34 

Houndsler,  Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

House,  Andrew-private  soldier  under  Chtrk.  entitled  to  land  for  service* 171 

House  of  Representatives  of  United  States— votes  for  president  by  states.  John  Qulncy 

Adams  elected,  mention 196 

Howard,  John  M— clerk  In  drug  store  of  Clarke  Bros..  Chicago 264 

Howe.  F.  A.— executor  of  the  estate  of  Erastus  Dewey 274 

Howell,  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hubbard, in  partnership  with  Charles  Blade,  first  merchants  in  Carlyle 207 

Hubbard,  A.  F.— Lieutenant  Governor  of  Illinois,  mention 204 

candidate  for  Governor  of  Illinois,  vote  received 204 

Hubbard,  Augustus  Frederick— Lieut.Gov.  of  Illinois;  announces  himself  as  candidate 

for  Governor  of  Illinois 102.103,203 

Hubbard,  Gurdon  S.— error  in  statement  of  in  regard  to  location  of  French  commandant 

in  Illinois --•  278 

gives  anecdote  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6 277,278 

relates  adventure  of  Cerr6 ^76,277 

Hudson  River— mention 247 

Huffman.  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Huin.  William- corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Humphries,  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Humiston,  Luther  F.— mention 261 

Hunt,  George— Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  1885,  sketch  of 220 

Hupp,  ehilip— matross  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Hurd,  Harvev  B.— president  Evanston  Historical  Society •,•;•••, * 

Hurlbut  &  Edaall— wholesale  drug  store  of.  in  Chicago,  amount  of   annual  business, 

loss  by  fire  of  1871,  insurance 256 

wholesale  druggist.^  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Hurricane  of  1813— observations  on  its  effects,  by  F.  Ernst ^^^'^Si 

Huste.  Ligey— (deserted)  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co.:  when  enlisted 177 

Hutchinson,  Ann— followers  of,  mention -■•  • i20 

Hutchins,  Capt.  Thos— English,  afterwards  American  officer,  visited  Fort  Massac 47 

Hutchins.  Thomas— invented  township  system  used  by  V.  S.  for  surveying  government 

lands  *4 

map  made  by,  mention ■ •••    *• 

of  ttie  60th  regiment  of  Foot  or  Royal  American  army,  afterwards 

geographer  of  the  D.  S    *J 

Huyck  Brothers— retail  druggists  in  Chicago,  burned  out  in  flre  of  1871 266 

Hynes,  J  —mention -^ 

Icarian  Community— mention •--  f** 

Ignatius.  Peter— name  given  slave  belonging  to  Madame  St.  Ange idJ.iJd 

"Illini"  (The)-significance  of J» 

"Illinois"— a  poem,  quoted -••••  — ; i™ 

"Illinois  and  Louisiana  under  French  Rule"- by  Joseph  Wallace,  statement  taken  from.    46 

Hlinols  and  Michigan  Canal— Chicago,  town  on, platted ...■  —  •. •• 234,235 

exhaustive  and  able  report  on,  made  by  George  Forquer, 

its  influence oni  5lc 

first  canal  board  of  commissioners 2"*' 2^ 

incorporated  during  Governor  Cole's  administration 102 

mention •  • ;  vii •  •  •  v i    '^ 

original  account  books,  pay  rolls  of  .etc., would  be  of  great 
value  to  Historical  Society  if  obtainable 121 


334 

Index — Continued. 

Patre 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal— speculation  in  lands  of.  mention 238 

towns  along,  mention ..." 262 

Illinois— Attorneys-General  of,  article  by  Mason  H.  Newell 2ii-220 

Illinois.  State  of,  Attorneys-Generals  of— Constitution  of  1848  made  no  provision  for'such 

office;    State  without  an   Attorney   General 

1818  to  1867 219 

Illinois,  State  of.  Attorneys-General— law  rplatingr  to  chanffed 216 

office  made  by  Constitution  of  1876,"a  constitu- 
tional one,  on  same  footing  as  other   State 

offices .  219 

Illinois  Blue  Book.  1900— mention,  foot  note gn 

Illinois  Bulldinjf  at  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex.— plans  for. mention.. !!!."!!.'!!! !!'!!!!"!"*".'     e 

plans  of  Illinois  State  Historic'aV  Society,* 

for  decoration  of 6-S 

T.,.     •    /^     X    1 T3  I,       J    •.    .   z,  .         .  decoration  of,  suggestions  offered 5 

Illinois  Central  Railroad— its  influence  m  uniting  the  localities  of  Illinois 80 

Judge  S.  D.  Lockwood,  State  trustee  of ..'.  214 

wages  paid  to  graders,  bridge  carpenters,  etc.ln  the  beginning 

of  the  road 121 

Illinois  City— mention 165 

Illinois  Coal  Fields  -mention !..!!!!.!!! I!!"'.! 53  56 

Illinois  College,  Jacksonville — mention 122  123 

Illinois  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  at  St'Louis.'.'.i'.i'.X"".'"'      '    i 
Illinois  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex.- committee  appointed  by'  Ill.State 

„,,     ,  ,^^        «  T,,  Ox  ^    T,.  X  c       X  Hist.  Soc.  to  confer  with 5 

Illinois— committee  of  111.  State  Hist.  Soo.  to  report  on  marking  of  historic  places  in 

Illinois 289-293 

Illinois  Congressman  offered  the  United  States  Senatorship  to  secure' a  change'in'the 

northern  boundary  line  of  Illinois  120 

Illinois  Country— African  slavery  introduced  into  through  Renault  .'.*,'." 107 

lUinois.Country  of— Boisbriant  (Pierre  Duqu6  de)  establishes  military  post  in 106 

Capt.  Bossu.  letter  from  dated  July  21, 1756,  quoted '  '  ilO 

Illinois  Country  (The)— commandant  appointed  in 18 

Illinois  Country- commandants  in, list  of;  English  47,  French  46 46  47 

Illinois,  Country  of— D' Artaguette,  (Capt.  Pierre, )  appointed  major  commandant  of!  ios 

Illinois  Country  (The)— dependency  of  Canada 17 

early  Indian  villages  of, mention '.'....'..'... l« 

Illinois  Country— enslaving  of  Indian  captives  in 107 

Port  Chartres  seat  of  civil  and  military  authority  in.!!.*,"!.".".'!".' 106 

Illinois  Country  (The)— French  claims  in ""    17 

Illinois  Country— French  colonists  secure  titles  to  land  in !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!*"  1O8 

French  period  in  antedates  many  historic  events  in  oide'r  states!!!!!"""  289 

„,.     ,    „       ,        French  settlements  in,  the  method  of  dividing  lands,  etc 86 

Illinois  Country  (The)— first  court  of  common  law  established  at  Fort  Chartres 113 

government  of  more  stable  after  arrival  of  de  Boisbriant,  men- 
tion   108 

Illinois  Country— India  company,  land  grants  of  in  Illinois  country 107 

Illinois  Country  (The)— instrument  (deed  of  cession  of  northwest  territory  by  Va.  toij 

S.)  by  which  Illinois  became  a  part  of  the  United  States,  men- 
tion   Ig 

law  enacted  creating  county  of  Illinois..!!!.!!!!!!!!'!! 18 

Illinois,  Country  of— lead  found  in  abundance  in 107 

Illinois  Country— meaning  of  name  Illinois !.!!!!! 16 

Illinois  Country  (The)— part  of  the  French  possessions !!!! 17 

Illinois  Country— Renault  (Philippe  Francois  de),  granted  atractoflan'd  in 107 

Illinois,  Countryof— retained  as  a  part  of  Louisiana 108 

Illinois  Country— soldiers  leave  to  assist  at  Niagara !!!!!!!!!! 46 

mention !!!!!!!!!!!!! 68  59 

number  of  slaves  in !!!.' 287 

part  of  the  grant  of  Crozat !!.!!!!!!! 43 

people,  how  governed 286-288 

population  of 287 

Illinois  Country  (The)- questions  relative  to  the  government  oK asked  of  "Qab'rie"l"(3er"r'4 

by  committee  of  U.  S.  Congress;  answers  of  Cerr6 286-288 

under  British  rule 18 

,  ,    ,     under  the  government  established  for  Louisiana!!!!!!!! 17 

Illinois— creeks  and  rivers  of "ihk  159 

Illinois  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution— their  interest  and" 'influe'nce"i*n"tiie  pur-' 

chase  of  the  site  of  old  Fort  Massac... 

'•Illinois  Emigranf-newspaper  published  at  Shaw"n'ee"town!*Ili!."i8i7!  by  j"no!M.  Eddy     200 
Illinois  Gazette— John  McLean  writes  letter  to,on  the  election  to  the  presidency  of  John 

Quincy  Adams 195 

Illitiois  Gazettee  of  Shawneetown— newspaper.  reference"to,"8e"e  "foot"note!!!!!! 190 

Illinois  Herald"— earliest  newspaper  published  in  Illinois   Territory,  founded' "i"n  the 

year  1814  or  1815 179 

•'Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical"— by  John  Moses,  quotations  from 211  218 

Illinois  Historical  Literature— scarcity  of,  mention '  75 

Illinois  History— A.  Lincoln,  the  man  of  its  ideas;  Ulysses'Grant.'the  man'of'l't*s""a'r'm"i'e's": 


mention. 


11 


ancient  and  interesting 294 

Cerr6  ignored  by  all  writers  of.  mention....  .!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  275 


385 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Illinois  History— epoch  in,  mention 38 

History— Pittman's  work  of  great  value  to  students  of 12 

Pharmacy  law  passed  Legislature  and  became  a  law  1880,  mention 253 

Illinois  House  of  Representatives— John  McLean  and  VVm.  L.  D.  Ewing  speakers  of 196 

"Illinois  intelligencer"— Vandalia,  July  6.  1«26,  extracts  from,  article  on  Thomas  Sloo.203.204 

lUinois  Indians— join  D'Artaguette's  expedition  against  the  Chickasaws 108 

Indian  language  spoken  by  Mascoutens 42 

Marie— infant  of,  baptized  by  J.  Gagnon,  priest 132-133 

wife  of  Matnrin  Plneaux,  buried  at  the  parish  of  Port  Chartres 134-135 

Regiment  of  Volunteers— under  Clark,  list  of  members,  necessity  for  tracing; 

list  of  soldiers  and  allotment  of  land 166-178 

River— canal  suggested  to  from  Lake  Michigan 162 

fine  stream  for  navigation 164 

French  plans  that  It  be  means  of  communication  between  French  settle- 
ment at  mouth  of  Mississippi  river  and  Canada 40 

mention 40,63.86,85,158,160.162.279 

salt  wells  In,  mention 119 

tributaries  of 164 

Society— D.  A.  R.  conference  of,  memorial  to  Legislature  of  Illinois 294-298 

Illinois.  State  of— affairs  of ,  controlled  by  pro-<»lavery  men,  mention 99 

American  Fur  Co..  operations  in.  pay  of  employes  in.  mention 119 

anti  slavery  victories  in,  cause  slaveholdiiig  emigrants  to  prefer  Mis- 
souri      92 

appropriates  money  for  the  removing  of  bodies  of  the  early  settlers  of 

Kaskaskia.  monuments  erected,  etc 289-290 

attempts  to  frame  a  new  Constitution  to  supplant  the  first  one 24 

attempts  to  make  it  a  slave  State  in'  1824 91.92,93 

benefits  to  the  people  of,  by  ihe  investigations  of  the  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 12 

candidates  for  Congress.  Edwards.  Breese.  Dunn,  Slade,  Webb,  votes 

cast  for 208 

candidates  for  Governor,  1826,  Edwards,  Hubbard,  Sloo,  votes  cast  for 

each.  204 

coal  fields  of,  their  infiuence  in  the  developement  of  the  State 84,85 

Coles  (Edward),  comes  with  his  slaves  to,  in  1819 99 

Coles,  elected  Governor  of 99 

Coles  (Edward),  frees  his  slaves  before  entering;  gifts  to,  protection 

of.  etc 101 

Coles  (Edward),  registrar  of  the  land  office  in,  mention 99 

Congressional  land  grants  in , 68 

constitutional  conventions,  lesson  to  be  drawn  from 28,29 

constitutional  convention  of  1818,  held  at  Kaskaskia,  Aug.  3-26.  pre- 
vious to  admission  of  State 76 

convention  of  1818— ambiguous  attitttde  of.  on  slavery  question 76 

constitution  of.  presented  to  Congress 21 

election  for  delegates  to 21 

Elias  K.  Kane,  leading  spirit  of 21 

Jesse  B.  Thomas.  presi(ient  of 21 

Jno  McLean  presents  constitution  of,  to  Congress    21 

session  of 23 

Illinois,  State  of— Constitution  of  1818— fir. -^t  constitution  of  the  State  of  Illinois 

attempts  made  to  supplant  it. 24 

Attorneys  General,  section  relating  to 212 

creates  council  of  revision  to  scrutinize  all  legis- 
lation     23 

credit  of  the  State,  pledging  of.  a  defect 23 

distructs  the  executive  and  judicial  department 

of  the  government 23 

divorces,  lack  of  restriction  upon 23 

dueling  prohibited  by 23 

faith  in  the  General  Assembly 23 

f  ramers  of,  distrustful  of  power  in  hands  of  the 

people 23 

prohibits  imprisonment  for  debt 23 

remains  the  organic  law  of  Illinois  for  SO  years...    24 

status  of  the  negro  under 23 

Convention  of  1847— held  at  Springfield.  June  7,  1847,  to  Aug.  31, 1847, 

Augustus  C. French.  Governor 

mention 24,26 

Newton  Cloud,  president  of 24 

S  D  Lockwood.  amemher  of 214 

Walter  B.  ^cates,  a  member  of 217 

Constitution  of  1848— adoption  of 24 

articles  voted  on  separately 26 

changes  noted  from  the  old  constitution 26 

council  of  revision  abolished. 25 

creation  of  new  counties  restricted 25 

creation  of  State  bank  prohibited 26 


836 

Index — Continued, 

Pasre 

Illinois,  State  of— Constitution  of  1848— elections,  time  of  holding  same,  changed 26 

executive  office,  term  of  office  fixed,  salary  of 

Governor,  etc 26 

granted  a  new  lease  of  life  by  rejection  of  consti- 
tution ofifered  in  1862 27 

General  Assembly,  sessions  of.  compensations, 

etc 26 

judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Circuit  courts,  salary 

fixed 25 

judiciary,  powers  vested  in 26 

legislative  department 25 

lotteries  prohibited 26 

makes  no  provision  for  the  office  of  Att'y  Gen'l..  219 
money  borrowing  by  Legislature  virtually  pro- 
hibited     25 

remains  iu  force  until  1870 26 

State  bank,  creation  of,  prohibited 25 

submitted  to  the  people;  when  operative 26 

township  organization,  provision  for 25 

Constitutional  convention  of  1862,  held  at.Springfield, 
Jan.  7. 1S62,  to  March  24.  1862;  Richard  Tates  the 

elder,  Governor 

Constitution  of  rejected  by  popular  vote 27 

William  A.  Hacker,  president  of 27 

William  ftl.  Springer,  secretary  of 27 

Constitution  of  1862— rejected  by  vote  of  the  people 27 

Address  of  the  convention  accompanying  the 

Constitution 27,28 

Charles  Hitchcock  presiding  officer 27 

Col.  John  Dement  of  Dixon,  temporary  presi- 
dent of 27 

leading  members   of 27 

Constitution  of  1870— Attorney  General,  office  of  made  one  of  the  con- 
stitutional offices  of  the  State 219 

Constitutional  convention  of  1869-1870.  held  at 
Springfield,  Dec  13,  1869— May  13.  1870;  John 
M.  Palmer,  Governor;  present  Constitution  of 

Illinois  

bill  of  rights 28 

coal  miners,  suitable  laws  for 28 

constitutional  amendments  provided  for 28 

Executive  Department  given  additional  power..    28 
General  Assembly,  prohibited  from  legislation 

on  certain  subjects 28 

special  legislation  guarded  against 28 

suffrage,  provisions  for 28 

veto  power  of  the  Governor 28 

Illinois— Cook  (D.  P.)  in  Congress,    U.   S.,  casts    ihe    vote    of     Illinois    for    John 

Quincy  Adams  for  President  of  the  U.  S 193 

criminal,   code   of,   first    compilation    of.   adapted    from  Kentucky 

statutes  by  Judge  S.  D.  Lockwood 214 

currency  1834,  Auditor's  scrip;  canal  scrip;  scrip  for  taxes,  etc.,  men- 
tion   242 

debt  of.  attempts  to  meet  it,  etc 68.69,72 

dependency    of  Milwaukee  branch   of   the    American   Fur   Co.,    as 

related  to  fur  trade 118,119 

development  of.  prior  to  1840  in  the  central  and  southern  countries —  119 
difference  that  might  have  been  made  in  sentiments  and  interests  of 
the  people  if  14  northern  counties  had  been  given  to  Wisconsin. 81. 90. 91 

early  Congressional  representation  mostly  of  southern  birth 77 

early  modes  of  traveling,  expenses,  etc 66 

early  political  leaders,  birth  places  of,  mostly  southern 80 

early  settlers  of,  mention 66 

emigration  to 71 

English  colony,  mention 103 

fertility  of  soil,  products  of 155 

financial  depression  in  1837.  mention 262 

first  Constitution  of.  provisions  of.  etc 23 

Governors  (early)  of.  southern  birth 76 

fixing  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Illinois,  its  significance  and  im- 
portance      90 

foreign  bom  population  of,  mention 79 

formed  from  N.  W.  territory ,...    39 

fourteen  northern  counties,  their  influence 81 

geographical  position  of,  its  importance 75,93 

granted  permission  to  construct  a  canal  connecting  the  Illinois  river 

and  Lake  Michigan 203 

highly  favored  by  nature 162 

historians  of.  mention 103 

historic  places  of  Illinois, report  of  the  committee  on 289-293 

history  of.  Fort  Massac's  connection  with 39 

indentured  slaves  held  in 99 


337 
Index — Continued. 

Pacre. 

Illinois,  State  of—inrtustries  of,  by  census  returns  of  1836 120 

influence  on,  of  Louisiana  purchase 95 

J.  Q.  Adams  made  President  of  the  United  States  by  vote  of  Hon. 

Daniel  P.  Cook  of  Illinois,  mention 195 

land  in,  prices,  etc 71 

lands  of  Kickapoo  Indians  in  Illinois  ceded  to  United  States 166 

Legislature,  action  in  regard  to  railroad  legislation 66-72 

Legislature  extends  invitation  to  Gen.  LaFayette,  provides  for  enter- 
tainment of,  etc 102 

lUinoia  State  Legislature— in  1849  declared  in  favor  of  the  Wllmot  proviso 82 

second  General  Assembly.  John  McLean  Speaker  of 193 

session  of  1871-1872  had  been  expected  to  meet  In  Chicago, 

plans  changed  by  Chicago  fire 253 

Illinois, State  of--John  McLean's  ability  as  a  lawyer  shown  in  Legislative  revision  of 

the  laws  of  1827 196 

Men  and  manners  of  the  early  days  in.  address  before  Illinois  State 

Historical  Soclety.by  Dr.  A.  W.  French 66-74 

mention 11,20,104,114,168.161 

monuments  erected  in,  over  celebrated  citizens 290 

necessity  of  its  preserving  and  collecting  old  pay-rolls,  account  books, 

price  lists,  etc.,  for  historical  purposes 118 

need  of  co-operation  for  preserving  the  State's  history 13 

negro  in,  his  status 77,81 

new  counties  organized  in 24 

no  distinctive  parties  at  time  of  Edward  Cole's  election 99 

no  railroads  in.  in  early  days,  question  of  freight  and  transportation,  etc  242 

northern  boundary  extended,  judge  Pope's  amendment 21 

opinion  held  that  more  appropriation  will  be  asked  for  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition 6 

owes  debt  of  gratitude  to  Clark  and  his  soldiers,  should  publish  mus- 
ter rolls 178 

part  of  the  province  of  Louisiana,  mention 106 

political  drama  in lOO-lOl 

population  ot.  percentage  of  settlers  from  different  states,  etc,  in  early 

history  of  State 75.76 

population  in  1830 208 

prairies  of  described 161,166 

prairies  of,  lack  of  sulphur  in  soil  cause  failure  of  wheat  crops 36 

present  Constitution  In  operation  a  third  of  a  century 29 

present  greatness  of 13 

probable  effect  upon,  had  England  owned  Louisiana 95,96 

public  school  system  established  in  1840 120 

railroad  building  In,  began  in  1852 121 

reapportioning  of  Congressional  districts  of,  in  1831 208 

reckless  speculation  in  lands  in 71 

slavery  all  absorbing  question  in  State 192 

slaves  in,  census  of  1820 76 

slavery  in.  the  sentiment  of  the  people 76,77 

slavery  struggle  in,  bitterness  of  the  fight 92,98 

soil  of  described 163 

southern  immigration  to 91,92 

lilinois  State  Bonds— depreciation  of 68,69,70 

Illinois  State  House—Senator's  ball  held  in 73-74 

Illinois  State  Senate— President  pro  tempore  of,1903,Hon.  John  McKenzie,  mention 31 

Illinois,  State  of— Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Nlnlan  W.  Edwards  first  ap- 
pointed 1854 216 

township  organization  in.  how  effected 80-81 

verdict  of.  in  opposition  to  slavery 11 

voteH  for  John  Quincy  Adams  for  President 195 

Illinois  Volunteers  (Clark's)~act  of  the  Va.  assembly  makes  no  special  provisions  for 

officers  of 176 

Illinois,  State  of— volunteer  soldiers  in  war  rebellion,  number  of 93 

Illinois  Volnnteers-under  Clark 69.166-178 

Illinois  State— woods  In  (timber)  varieties 158-159 

Illinois  State  Bank— Alton  firms  borrow  large  sums  from 206 

Illinois.  State  Bank  of— (establishment  of  the  Chicago  branch)  caused  reckless  specula- 
tion   238 

Illinois  St^ate  Bank— mention 261 

Illinois  State  Historical  Library— board  of  trustees  seventh  biennial  report  to  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Illinois 299-301 

publications  issued  by 16 

its  crowded  condition 299 

mention 7 

publications  of.  mention 6,16 

trustees  of.  intention  of  to  publish  a  translation  of 
"Ernst's  Travels  in  America" 160 

-22  H. 


3B8 
Index — Continued, 

Page 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society— annual  address  before,  (1903),  delivered  by  Hon.  A.  E. 

Stevenson 16-30 

asks  assistance  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State 

of  Illinois 15 

chief  function  of 13 

constitution  of VIII 

copy  of  bill  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Illinois  mak- 
ing it  a  department  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 

Library 301,302 

first   society  organization  lost  for  want  of  financial 

support,  materials  collected  lost 13 

general  revival  of  interest  in 9 

indebted  to  the  trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 

Library 6,16 

list  of  members VI.  VII 

made  by  law  a  department  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Library 301-302 

mention 11.14,15,110,121,293,300 

necrological  department  o(  suggested 7 

object  and  intention  of  its  organization  and  continued 

mainten  ance 12 

president  of,  mention 38 

report  to, of  committee  on  historic  places  in  Illinois. 289-293 

second  attempt  at  organization;  met  at  Vandalia 13,14 

second  society  formed  had  no  financial  support  from 

the  State 14 

third  effort  to  establish  a  State  Historical  Society 14 

transactions  of,  number  of  volumes,  form  of 6,16 

willing  to  perform  necessary  labor  if  State  of  Illinois 
will  furnish  means  to  publish  muster  rolls,  pay  rolls, 
and  other  documents,  relative  to  Clark's  conquest  of 

Illinois 178 

Illinois  State  University,  Urbana,  111.— meeting  at.  to  establish  a  State  Historical  Society    14 
Illinois  Territory— address  to  voters  of,  signed  by  "Aristides"  in  the  "Western  Intelli- 
gence"   187 

cold  summer  of  1816,  mention 186 

convention  called  to  amend  the  Constitution  of  1818 100 

Cook  (Daniel  P.)  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  of 181 

counterfeiting  in 187 

earliest  newspaper  in,  *'The  Illinois  Herald"  founded  in  Kaskaskia, 

either  In  1814  or  1815 179 

first  decisive  steps  to  its  admission  into  the  Union 20 

first  newspaper  in,  mention 119,179 

Governor  of,  had  power  to  make  certain  appointments 211,212 

Kaskaskia  and  Shawneetown,  important  towns  in 192 

Legislature  meets  at  Kaskaskia 188 

McLean,  (John)  appointed  Judge  of  the  eastern  circuit  of,  see  foot 

note 192 

mention 198 

organization  of 20 

slaves  in  when  it  was  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  in  1784 99 

Stephenson.  (Benj.)  territorial  delegate  to  U.  S.  Congress,  extracts 

from  letter  of,  on  bills  passed  for  the  territory 180 

toasts  drank  to,  on  the  naming  of  Monroe  Co.,  Ill 183 

under  the  rule  of  the  Frenchman,  the  Britian,  the  Virginian,  mention.    20 

Illinolstown— mention 164 

India  Company— land  grants  of.  in  the  Illinois  Country 107 

successor  to  the  "Company  of  the  West,"  patent  and  privileges  of, 

pass  to  Louis  XV 107 

Indianapolis— State  Historical  Society  at,  mention 5 

Indian— allies  of  England  in  war  1812,  mention 96 

allies  of  the  French  won  over  to  the  British 109 

annual  hunt  described 159 

furnaces  or  smelters  described 34 

trails,  mention 99 

trade  on  the  Ohio  River,  mention 277 

Indian  Wars— McLean  (John)  military  record  in 192. 201 

Indiana— Lumber  hauled  from  for  buildings  erected  by  Philo  Carpenter,  in  Chicago.  1833  241 

Posey  (Gen.  Thomas)  territorial  Governorof.  mention 198 

post  route  in 188 

Prairie  du  Chien  within  the  northern  limits  of 183 

records,  consulted;  see  foot  note 190 

records,  quoted;  see  foot  note 192 

represented  in  legislative  chamber  for  the  first  time 20 

mention 180 

State  Historical  Society  of ,  mention 1.5 

Indiana  Territory- -creation  of 20 

mention 50 

people  of.  determined  to  go  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  State. 

naming  of 183 

Posey  (Gen.  Thomas)  Governorof,  mention 198 


339 

Index — Continued . 

Pacre 

Indians— Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel)  trader  with,  mention 277 

chiefs  of  11  tribes  take  part  in  treaty  of  Greenville,  relinquish  lands  near  Ft. 

iVIassac 49 

conference  at  Alton,  111.,  mention 180 

cultivation  of  maize  by,  uses  of,  etc 162 

deep  interest  felt  in  by  readers  of  the  Western  Intelligencer,  mention 180 

Dickinson's  Indians,  mention 183 

enslaving  of,  in  the  Illinois  country 107 

Seneca,  method  of  grathering  up  crude  oil,  mention 251 

mention 106,119,275,281,283 

of  the  Ohio  country,  the  Engrlish  trade  with 10 

on  the  Missouri  river,  mention Ill 

place  thank  offering  in  high  rock  above  the  source  of  the  Sangamon  river 116 

Smith  (Brigadier  General)  treatment  of 184.185 

(southern)  at  Ft.  Massac,  first  heard  the  gospel  preached 39 

southwestern  tribes,  rising  of,  mention 49 

treaty  of  peace  between  U    S.  and  Sioux  Indians,  mention 182 

Winnebagoes,  treaty  of  peace  with  the  U.  S 183 

Illumlnants— of  an  early  day  in  Chicago,  mention 250 

Ines,  Joseph— English  druggist,  member  of  committee  to  collect  money  to  aid  In  equip- 
ping Chicugo  College  of  Pharmacy  after  flre  of  1871 268 

Ingersoll,  Eben— Illinois  lawyer,  and  Congressman,  brother  of  Robert  Q.  Ingersoll, 

mention 219 

Ingersoll,  Robert  Green— Attorney  General  of  Illinois.  1867,  sketch  of  later  career 219 

in  convention  nominated  Jas.  G.  Blaine  for  the  Presidency 219 

Inscription  on  vault  of  John  McLean  at  Shawneetown,  111 198 

Iowa  Department  of  History— mention 7 

Irby,  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Ireland— mention 212,219 

Iron  ore— mention 36 

Iroquois  Indians— allies  of  English 41 

Iroquois  County,  111,— mention 208 

Irwin,  Harriet— wife  of  Thos.  Sloo,Jr 202 

Isaac.  John— under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

"Ise  la  Cache"  (in  the  River  Desplalnes)— mention 277 

Israel,  S.  (5.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  flre  1871 266 

Italy— druggists  of  send  money  to  aid  of  Chicago  druggists  after  Chicago  fire  of  1871 258 

Jackson,  Gen,  Andrew— his  victory  at  New  Orleans,  mention 62 

Illinois  gives  two  electoral  votes  for,  mention 195 

mention 11.196,199,201 

victory  at  New  Orleans, celebration  of,mention 114 

Jackson  Men— Edwards.  Hubbard.  Sloo,  all  professed  Jackson  men, mention 206 

Jackson  Party— support.s  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  for  Governor  of  Illinois 204 

Jacksonville  and  Springfield— railroad,  mention 67 

Jacksonville,  111.— annual  meeting  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  held  in 7 

Jacksonville— opposite  St.  Louis,  mention 164 

Jacobins  (French)— mention 48 

James.  Abraham— in  Capt.  Jos    Bowman's  company  when  enlisted,  when  discharged 

miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

James,  E.  J.— appointed  on  committee  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to  confer  with 

Illinois  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition.  6 

James,  Edmund  J.— member  board  trustees  111.  State  Hist.  Library,  signs  biennial  report  301 

member  of  board  of  directors  111.  State  Hist.  Soc.  for  1903 4 

report  of  the  committee  appointed  to  attend  the  installation  of 1-2 

James,  Edmund  J.— submits  plans  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to   Illinois 

Commissioners  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 5 

Jamestown— ferry  at,  mention 166 

Jamieson.  Thomas— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jardins,  Andrew  Thomas  de— mention 136-137 

Jarman,  Mrs.  L.  A.— owns  Lincoln  relic 230 

Jarrell.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jarrott.  Mr.— A.  Frenchman,  description  of  his  mill 166 

Jayne,  Dr.  Gershom.  of  Springfield,  HI.— canal  commissioner  of  Illinois 286 

Jayne,  Hon.  William— member  committee  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to  mark 

historic  spots  in  Illinois,  mention 292 

Wm— makes  suggestion  in  committee  for  marking  historic  spots  in  Illinois 292 

seconds  motion  that  memorial  addresses  be  accepted  and  made  a  part  of 

records  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 2 

mention 1,4.6 

Mrs.  Wm  S.— mention 10 

Jefferson  Co..  III.— mention 203.208 

Jefferson,  Thomas— chairman  of  committee  to  draft  ordinance  forN.  W.  Territory 88 

confidential  aaviser  of  Gov.  Patrick  Henry 38 

correspondence  with  Edward  Coles  on  the  slavery  question,  mention    98 

Edward  Coles,  a  proteg6  of 98 

foresight  of  relating  to  importance  of  Clark's  expedition 38,39 

influence  of.  claimed  to  elect  Edward  Coles.  Governor  of  Illinois....    99 

Isaac  Coles,  private  secretary  to 98 

Kentucky  and  Virginia  resolution  inspired  and  probably  actually 
written  by 11 


840 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Jefferson,  Thomas— mention 18,102.103 

proposes  a  plan  to  the  continental  congress  for  erovernment  of  the 

territories 19 

Jenkins  &  Lovell— successors  to  Jenkins  &  Thomas,  general  store,  Chicago 265 

&  Thomas— general  store  in  Chicago 265 

Jenkins,  Thomas  —  forms  partnership  in  general  store  with  Frederick  Thomas 266 

Jersey  Co.,  111.— Historical  Society  reported  from 8 

Jess.  Mrs.  Robert— Thanks  of  the  society  extended  to.  for  music  at  meeting 9 

Jesuit  Building— at  Kaskaskia  occupied  as  Fort  Gage 177,178 

Jesuit  Missionaries— their  labors,  mention 41 

Jesuits— build  church  of  St.  Anne  de  Fort  Chartres.  mention 106 

mission  of,  at  Kaskaskia,  mention 107 

Jewell,  Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jewell,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jewett,  John  M.— president  Chicago  Historical  Society I 

J.  F.  S.— Initials  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  introduction  and  foot  notes  to  Ernst's  Travels  in 

Illinois 150,154,159,160 

(Dr.  J.  F.  fenyder)  signs  explanatory,  foot  notes 176,177,178,210.276 

J.  G.  S.— (Julia  Green  Scott)  signs,  foot  note 58 

J.  H.  B.— (Capt.  J.  H.  Burnham)  signs  explanatory,  foot  notes 186 

Jo  Daviess  County,  111 —gave  Gen.  Grant  to  the  nation 91 

its  importance  in  the  State 31 

John  McLean  connected  with  the  naming  of 196 

mines  In,  comparative  cheapness  of  developing 36,37 

money  va'ue  of  lead  ore  produced  in,  statistics 34 

named  for  Col. Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess  of  Kentucky, mention.  196 

resources  of 31-87 

the  mines  of,  address  by  Hon.  Wm.  Spensley 131-137 

John  the  Baptist— mention 101 

Johnson,  Marie  Francis— wife  of  Dr.  John  Bridges  Johnson  and  daughter  of  Thos.  Sloo..  205 

Johnson.  Capt.  Matthew— English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1775-1781 47 

Johnson,  Ed  ward— private  soldier  under  Clark ;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Johnston,  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Johnston,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Johnston.  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jolnes.  John— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jollet— druggist  of  (A,  W.  Bowen)  sends  order  to  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co 261 

Joliet,  Louis— explorer 16 

Joncaire,  de— emissary  of  the  French,  visits  the  Ohio  country 43,44 

Joneast,  Lieut.  Antyear--in  Capt.  Francois  Charloville's  Co.  111.  Vols..  Clark's  army 176 

Joneast,  Baptiste— ensign  in  Capt.  Francois  Charloville's  Co.  of  Vols..  Clark's  army 176 

Jones  &  Torrey— dealers  In  druggists'  sundries.  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Jones,  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jones,  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jones  (Miss),  Emma  F.— mention 10 

Jones,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jones  (or  Johnus).  Mat— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Jones,  Michael— oflScial  advertisement  in  the  Western  Intelligencer,  of  interest  to  set- 
tlers and  pre-emptors 18S 

register  of  the  land  office  at  Kaskaskia,  mention 183 

register  of  the  United  States  land  office 180 

Jones,  William— rents  wooden  building  to  LeRoy  M.  Boyce  for  drug  store 266 

Jonesboro,  111.— mention 290 

Joseph,  a  Negro— baptism  of  child  of.  in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's 138-139 

Joubert.Anselm— burial  of  infant  of.  at  Prairie  duRocher 128-129 

Jour  de  L'an  (New  Year's  Day)— mention 278 

Journal  of  Benjamin  Van  Cleve— 1794 63-€4 

Journal  of  Geo.  Rogers  Clark— extracts  from 279.280.281 

Jucherean.de  St.  Denis— a  trader  at  Fort  Massac 39 

applies  for  authority  to  establish  colony  on  Mississippi  river.. 57. 68 

death  of 43.68 

description  of.  in  license 42 

expedition  of,  his  influential  friends  and  privileges 41-42 

mention 44 

Juliet,  111.— Jollet  formerly  sometimes  so  called 261 

••Justiiia"— reply  to  the  "Foe  to  Religious  Tyrany"  in  the  Western  Intelligencer 188 

Kahokia,  111— mention 86,279 

Eain.  John— native  of  Virginia,  accompanies  the  Slade  brothers  to  Illinois 207 

Kane.  Hon.  C.  P.— mention 9 

Kane  Mrs.  Charles  P.— mention 10 

Kane,  Ellas  Kent— ablest  and  most  uncompromising  leader  of  the  slavery  party 203 

death  of 22 

delivers  eulogy  on  John  McLean  in  the  U.S.  Senate.  Dec.  9. 1830 27 

elected  U.  S.  Senator  on  joint  ballot  of  the  Illinois  Legislature  Nov. 

3,1824 203 

first  Secretary  of  State  of  the  State  of  Illinois 22,23 

mention 216 

representative  in  territorial  convention 21 

Kane's  chemistry 246 

Kanhawa  Salt— large  quantities  brought  to  Illinois  for  sale,  mention 186 


341 

Index — Continued. 

Pasre 

Kankakee  River— Interpreter  of  the  American  Fur  Co.  at,  rate  of  pay 119 

mention 164 

Kansas— agitation  in  over  slavery 89.212 

free  soilers,  mention 219 

mention 210 

Kansas  City— mention 128 

Kansas— Nebraska  Bill  (The)  passage  of 218 

—  Nebraska  slavery  agitation 280,281 

Easkaakia,  111.— acconnt  of  capture  by  G.  R.  Clark 177,178 

British  commandant  at,  surprised  by  Q.  R.  Clark 18 

capture  of  by  (i.  K.  Clark 18.38,58.88,177.178,289 

Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel)  established  there  in  1755 276 

Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel)  Influential  citizen  of 275 

Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel)  judge  of  the  Court  of  the  district  of  Kaskaskia, 

foot  note 276 

Charlevoix  (Father  Xavlerde)  visits 107 

church  records,  mention 288 

Clark  reaches  (July  4.1778)  mention 18 

commons  at.  how  divided  and  used,  description 153 

conquest  of.  mention 38 

convention  called  at  to  form  constitution  for  the  proposed  State  of  Illi- 
nois       21 

Cox,  (Thomas.)  tavern  keeper  at.  mention 185.186 

Kaskaskia,  111  —distance  from  Fort  Massac 46 

education  in;  editorial  on.  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer"  of  1816 188 

flrstnewspaper  founded  in.  in  1815 119.179 

French  at 87 

French  established  first  mlllta  post  in 106 

Garrison  established  at 18 

Illinois  appropriates  money  for  removing  the  remains  of  the  early  set. 

tiers  to  high  ground;  erects  a  monument 289,290 

Indians 107 

Jones  (Michael)  register  of  the  land  office  at 183 

Judges  for  the  Court  of  the  district  of,  elected 282 

LaFayette  visits 102 

Local  news  item  printed  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer" 188 

mission  of.  mention 41 

no  advertisement  or  intimation  that  Kaskaskia  had  a  dry  goods  store, 
yet  "Western  Intelligencer"  in  1816  contains  advertisement  of  a  young 

man  seeking  a  position  as  a  clerk  in  a  dry  goods  srore 187 

no  local  news  of.  in  issue  of  the  "Western  Intellingencer."  mention 180 

road  to.  from  Massac 39,47 

seat  of  British  authority 113 

seat  of  government  to  remain  at 23 

settlement  described,  society  in,  etc 162 

mention 20. 22, 41, 42, 

61.  89,  115,  150,153,  177,  182,  211,212,  213,  216,  278,  279.  280,  28t.  282,  283,  288,  294 
Shawneetown.  commercial  and  political  rival  of  Kaskaskia.  mention..  192 
Stephenson.  (Hon.  Benjamin)  writes  friend  at,  concerning  bills  passed 

in  Congress  relative  to  Illinois 180 

surrender  of.  occurred  before  the  surrender  of  Yorktown.  mention 289 

Territorial  Legislature  met  at.  Dec.  2.1816 188 

Kaskaskia  River- advertisement  to  start  new  ferry  on.  mention 182 

Hill  (John)  establishes  ferry  across 207 

mention 162.163 

Kaskasquias- mention 281 

Keen,  Wm  B.  &  Co.— test  of  the  first  gas  used  as  an  illumlnant  in  the  store  of 2S0 

Keenan,John  J.— druggist  of  Chicago,  1835,  advertisement  of 243 

Kellar.Abraham— 2d  lieutenant  in  Bowman's  company,  date  of  enlistment,  discharge. 

mileage  and  pay  for  services 177 

Keller.  Capt. Abraham— captain  in  111. Regt.  Vols. .Clark's  army, receives  land  for  services  166 

Keller,  Isaac— sergeant  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 171 

Kemp,  Reuben— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 172 

Kendall  County,  111.— Historical  Society  reported  from 8 

historic  spot  in  Kendall  county  marked  by  John  F.  Steward 290 

Kendall,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 171 

Kennedy,  David- private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 171 

Kennlaon,  "Father"— last  survivor  of  the  Boston  tea  party,  grave  of  in  Chicago  unmarked  291 

Kentucky- first  settlement  of  Illinois  largely  from 76 

Governor  of  declines  to  interfere  with  plans  to  invade  Spanish  possessions..    46 

Indian  troubles  in.  mention 281 

mention 76.196.198.212.218.276 

vote  of  cast  for  John  Qulncy  Adams  for  President,  mention 196 

Kentucky  Negro- reward  offered  for  capture  of 186 

Kentucky  Resolutions— inspired  and  nrobably  written  by  Thomas  Jefferson 11 

Kentucky  Statutes— first  Criminal  Code  of  Illinois  adapted  from 214 

Kerlerec.  Gov.  Louis  de— grants  license  to  the  firm  of  Maxent,  Laclede  &  Co.  to  trade 

with  the  Indians  on  the  Missouri  river Ill 

imprisoned  in  the  Bastlle,  Paris 110 

provincial  executive  of  Louisiana 110 

Kerner.  Capt.  John— captain  In  111.  Regt.  Vols..  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services  166 


342 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Kerr.  William-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Key,  George-private  sold) er  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Key!  Thomas-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Kickapoo  Indian  Capital— mention i^i 

Kickapoo  indians-d^escr Wion  oL  .^„ .  ^.  ^ .  .^^^^^^ 

mention iri 

Kickapoo  River— mention i5? 

Kickapoo  Town— mention ;•,••;"•  V  W : i?i 

Kidd.  Robert-private  soldier  under  Clark.entltled  to  land  for  services ; m 

Kimball  &  Porter— dry  goods  merchants  of  Chicago,  mention ^m 

Kimberl^Dr.  Edward  S.(E.S.)-after  death  of  Peter  Pruyne  removes  drug  store  to 

Tremont  building.  Chicago ZM 

countv  clerk  of  Cook  county • •.•:••■,••  ^" 

of  firm  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.,  his  connection  with  the 

firm  and  sketch  of  his  career,  success  of  the  business, 

g^g       2o(r-2D3 

furnishes  capital  "for  drug  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  243 
invoice  of  goods,  1837,  in  handwriting  of.  list  of  goods. 

proprietary  medicines,  etc -  - .- 261, 263 

member  of  the  first  board  of  health  of  Chicago,  men- 

tion 243. 261 

mention • • 2»3, 248 

one  of  the  founders  of  Rush  Medical  College...........  245 

secretary  of  the  meeting  held  in  drug  store  of  Peter 

Pruyne  &  Co.  on  the  incorporation  of  Chicago  as  a 

town*  ■■>••  ••••  ••-•  ••••  •-••  ••■•••  ••••  ••••  ••»•  ••••  ••••••••••  ^*« 

Kina.  Christopher-private  soldier  under'ciark!  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Klncaid.  James-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services...... ........ ....  m 

Kincaid.  Joseph-ensign  in  111.  Regt.  Vols.  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services....  167 

King  George-soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  in  an. 

other.    See  footnote ;.-v  •%••••.- J^'V^IV 

of  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged. 
TTii [q&sg  dsv    ,,.,■■,.•-•.-■•••••••-•••••••"•••"••••••"••••••"•••••••"*•••••"■*  *•' 

private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

King,  Nicholas-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services.  •-•,-•••••:••,••••  Jli 
Klnley  Capt-  Benjamin-captain  In  in.Regt.Vols.under  Clark. receives  land  for  services  166 
Kinney,  Wm-member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Historical  Society,  to  as- 

slst  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois " 

Kinzie— homestead  at  Chicago, location  of... rVK,;  pWn'/p^Vno';,' 

Kiniie.  James-built  small  log  house  In  Chicago,  afterwards  occupied  by  Philo  Carpen- 

ter  as  first  drug  store  in  Chicago ......._....._  .................. ....2db,.so» 

Kinzie.  John-member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Historical  Society,  to  as- 

sist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois...^ ■■■•••; v ^V'V^;; 

Klrby.  Julia  Duncan— author  of  "Life  of  Joseph  Duncan,"  reference  to.  mention,  foot 

note ,•■••;■; i4i 

Kirk,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services I'J 

Kirkley.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services "J 

Kirkpatrick.  A.— of  Shawneetown,  mention.................. •••    °* 

Kitchen,  Wickliff— Attorney  General  of  Illinois  1839.  sketch 249 

Knapp,  Doctor— mention .- ■••■ 5m 

Knight.  Henry— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &Co ■^m 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle— mention »» 

Knoelcke,  A.  C-retail  druggist  of  Chicago  burned  out  in  fire  of  18^:  •  —  •  "rA",- •  v- •"•  ^°° 
Knox  College,  Galesburg.  ill.— place  of  holding  Lincoln-Douglas  debates  at  Galesburg. 

suitably  marked  by |^ 

Knox  County.  Ind.— mention 2M 

Knox  County.  Ohio— mention 211 

Knox  County.  Tenn.  —mention .j. i- •  •  v. ; :,V "i ' "„■*  :,";:;i sa 

Koerner.  Gustavus— reference  to  his  book  "Das  Deutsche  Element",  foot  note w 

representative  Illinois  German  citizen v  A"i:T*r/^"U.k' 

L'Anse-a-la-graisse— a  trading  house  founded  at.  by  the  Lesueurs  for  Gabriel  Cerr6. 

place  now  New  Madrid ......................; ^°^ 

Labaume,  Mr.— owned  land  adjoining  land  petitioned  for  by  Gabriel  Cerre ^a4 

LaBell.  Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 1^^ 

Labuxiere-prop'erty  in  St^Louis'granted  to."  by  St!  Ange;  "the  first  formal  grant  in  St. 

LaCasse.Jacque— pi-Vvate'soidYer  under  Clark  i'enVitifd't^^  172 

Lackhouse,  Nicholas-private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.  Vols.;  entitled  to  land 

for  services -xx  iLl 

LaCroix,  Agnes— mention 266 

Ladd,  Mr.— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Pbllo  Carpenter  in  Chicago..... ^°« 

"LaDuchesse  de  Noailles'-French  frigate  arrives  at  Ship  Island................. .••  ^"o 

L'Epignay,  M.— Governor  and  commandant  general  of  the  province  of  Louisiana i^°'}^ 

LaFaro,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services I'z 

Lafarton.  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services i]^ 

Lafayette  County.  Wis.— mention 


843 

Index — Continued, 

Page 

LaPayette,  Gen.  G.  M.  etc.— notice,  etc.,  ball  eiven  for,  at  the  house  of  Pierre  Menard,  102 

entertained  at  Shawneetown  in  the  home  of  General  Rawlings.  102 

entertained  at  the  home  of  Colonel  Edgar 102 

mention 104 

tour  of  the  United  States,  mention 102 

visits  Kaskaskla 102 

Lafernne.  M.  de— Godfather  at  bapti.sm  of  slaves  belonsriug  to  Madame  St.  Ange 132,133 

Laflour,  Pierre— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lafonn.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

LaHarpe,  B.— gives  date  of  establishment  of  fort  on  site  of  Port  Massac,  mention 41 

LaHontan,  Baron  de— quotation  from  writings  of 42,57 

Lake  Creek  in  Illinois— mention 169 

Lake  Erie— mention 62,162 

"Lake  Front  Suits"— instituted  by  the  State  of  Illinois,  James  McCartney  Attorney 

General 219 

Lake  Maurepas— mention 106 

Lake  Michigan— Illinois  frontage  on,  secured  by  action  in  Congress  of  Nathaniel  Pope..    75 

mention 90,120,162,164.237 

Lake  Peoria— formed  from  Illinois  river,  mention 164 

mention 161 

Lake  Pontchartrain— mention 106 

Laman  (Lamon)  Ward  H.— signs  certificate  as  to  character  of  Elias  T.  Turney 22S 

Lamarch.  Beauvard— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lamarch.J.  B— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lamarch,  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lamborn,  Josiah- Attorney  Genera)  of  Illinois  1840.  sketch  and  anecdote  of 218 

LaMontague— name  given  Anthony  Zibert 140,141 

LaMothe,  M.  Cadillac  de— commandant  at  Detroit 68 

LaMothe  Cadillac— Governor  of  Louisiana,  mention 43 

Lanbran— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Land  Grants— by  Congress,  terms  of,  etc..  mention 68 

Maxwell  land  grant  of  the  west,  mention 186 

Renault  grant,  mention,  see  footnote 181 

to  soldiers  of  the  Illinois  Vol.  Reg.  under  G.  R.  Clark,  list  of  names  and 

allotment  of  lands 166-178 

Laney.  Perde— private  soldier  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.  Vols. ;  entitled  to  land  for  services .  176 
Lange.  Oscar  C— said  to  have  been  first  Swedish  settler  in  Chicago,  clerk  for  Peter 

Pruyne  &  Co 263 

Langlois— nephew  of  Boisbriant,  mention 107 

Larned.E.  C— assignee  of  the  drug  business  of  Clarke  &  Co 263 

Laroche.  Joseph— godfather  of  child  of  James  Silam  148 

Larose.  Prancis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Larrabee.  Lucius  S.— mention 261 

LaSalle  County.  Ill.-mentlon 219,220 

northern  boundary  of  proposed  State  of  Illinois  until  altered  by 

influence  of  Judge  Pope 90 

LaSalle,  Robert  Sieur  de— expedition  of 16 

mention 106 

takes  formal  possession  of  the  Louisiana  country 17 

La  Seur  (a  Frenchman)— discovers  lead  mines  in  territory  now  JoDavless  county, 111... 31, 32 

Lasley.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lasoint.  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

La  Paint.  Louis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Latham.  Mr.  Richard (?)— farmer,  mention 161 

Latin  Races— not  successful  as  colonists 87 

Laughlin.  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services,  mention 172 

Laurent.  N.— missionary  priest,  mention 136,137 

Lavan,  Anthony— private  soldier.  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.VoL.entitled  to  land  for  services  176 

Levea— private  soldier.  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.  Vols.,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Laventure.  J.— serc-eant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

La  Verendrye  Brothers— return  from  journey  of  discovery  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

mention 276 

Lavigne.  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Laviolette.  Baptiste- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lavlolette.  Louis- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Law.  John— organizer  of  the  Company  of  the  West  or  Mississippi  Company, mention —  105 

Lawson,  I ver— pioneer  Norwegian  of  Chicago .- 249 

Lawson.  Surgeon  General  Thomas— member  of  board  of  army  ofiBcers  which  reoom- 

mended  Fort  Massac  for  U.  S.  Armory 61 

Lawyers  of  Illinois— old  note  books  of  diaries,  etc }20 

Lead  Fields  of  Galena-No  great  rush  to.  until  after  July  1,  1825 120 

number  of  miners  in  1743;  wages  paid,  etc 120 

number  of  miners  from  July  1, 1825,  to  Aug.  31. 1826 l-°'12i 

play  important  part  in  the  development  of  Illinois 120 

Lead  Mine— advertisements  in  the  Western  Intelligencer.  1816 ;,  11 

Lead  Mines  of  Jo  Daviess  Co.— method  of  working  described TSJ 

Lead  Mines  of  the  United  States— leasing  of,  mention A,  Si 

Lead  Ore — description  of  mining  for 31-37 

Leavenworth  (B.  H  )  &  Co.— retail  druggists  in  Chicago,  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 256 

Leavenworth.  Kas.— mention 219 

Lebanon,  Ohio— mention 216 


344 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Lechford,  Thomas— note  book  of 120 

Lee,  Arthur— mention 18 

Lee,  Lud well— mention 205 

Lee,  Richard  Henry— of  Virginia,  mention 206 

Lee,  Mary  Ann— wife  of  Robert  Blair  Campbell 205 

Lee,  Zebenlah— deserted  Jan.  28,  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co 177 

Lefernne— Francis,  negro  slave  of.  mention 138, 139 

Legislature  of  Illinois— session  of  1871-72,  had  been  expected  to  hold  session  in  Chicago, 

plans  changed  by  Chicago  fire 253 

extends  invitation  to  General  LaFayette,  provides  for  entertain- 
ment of 102 

Legaeder,  Jane— wife  of  Anthony  Zibert,  child  of,  baptised 146,147 

Lejeune,  Michael— baptism  of  child  of,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's 140,141 

burial  of  infant  of,  at  Prairie  du  Rocher 128,129 

child  of,  Michael  Lejeune  and  Magdalen  Hennet,  baptised  in  the 

parish  of  St.  Anne's 140, 141 

Leland  Hotel,  Springfield,  111.— Illinois  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion hold  meeting  at 6 

Lemen.  James— member  of  standing  committee  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Lemos  (Manuel  Qayoso  de  Lemos)  his  high  regard  for  Cerr6.  mention,  see  Gayoso 285 

Leney,  John— gunner  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

gunner  in  Clark's  army;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

1' Enfant,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  received  land  for  services 172 

Leonard,  Mr.- clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce. Chicago,  mention 269,271 

L'Esperance— name  given  Anthony  Maguim,  mention 130-131 

Lessart,  Catherine  de— mention 132-138 

Lesueur,  Francois— with  his  brother  Joseph  goes  to  St.  Louis,  employed  by  Gabriel 

Cerr^,  founds  New  Madrid 282 

Lesueur,  Godfrey  (son  of  y'rancois)— narrative  of  his  father's  travels,  etc 282 

Lesueur,  Joseph— brother  of  Francois  Lesueur,  one  of  the  founders  of  New  Madrid 282 

Lesueurs  (The)— establish  trading  house  for  Cerr6,  at  place  called  L'Anse-la  Graisse...  283 

Letourneaux.  T.  J— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Letter— John  M.  Eddy  to  J.  H.  Burnham 200 

Letter— Stephenson,  Hon.  Benjamin— territorial  delegate  to  Congress,  writes  friend  at 

Kaskaskia  on  bills  passed  for  Illinois  Territory.  180 

Letters— Barger,  (J.  B.,)  to  Capt.  J.  H.  Burnham  on  John  McLean 199 

Letter— McClernand,  Gen.  John  A.,  on  John  McLean 198-199 

Letter— Walker,  J.  D.— letter  of  to  J.  H.  Burnham  on  John  McLean,  dated  Fayetteville. 

Ark.,  Dec.  10, 1898 200-201 

Letter  of  travel  through  Louisiana,  dated  "at  the  Illinois,  15th  May,  1753,  by  Captain 

Bossu,"  quoted 110 

"Letters  from  Illinois"— by  Morris  Birkbeck  in  opinion  of  F.  Ernst,  not  reliable 150 

Leviston.  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lewis,  Benjamin  (killed)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lewis,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lewistown,  111.  (Lewiston)— newspapers,  mention 229 

"Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties  in  the  Northwest"— by  T.C.Smith;  reference  to,  foot  note    81 

Liette,  Sieur  de— French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1726-1730 46 

succeeds  Boisbriant  as  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country 108 

Liguest,  Pierre  Laclede— establishes  trading  post  on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  St. 

Louis Ill 

Lilies  (The)  of  France— mention 39 

Limestone,  Ky.— Thomas  Sloo  builds  the  first  house  in,  mention 202 

Lincoln,  A.  (Abraham)— signs  license  of  applicants  for  admission  to  Illinois  bar 225 

account  of  his  various  visits  to  Rusbville,  111.,  1832-1858 221-223 

building  formerly    law    office    of,  in   Springfield,   should   be 

marked 292 

debates  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas,  mention 193 

extracts  from  his  speech  at  Rushville.  111.,  Oct.  20, 1858 230,231 

familiar  with  life  and  labors  of  Edward  Coles 101 

Lincoln  Abraham — first  saw  a  lightning  rod  on  residence  of  Geo.  Forquer 215 

his  protest  against  resolutions  condeming  anti-slavery  legislation...    77 

Illinois,  Lincoln  the  man  of  its  ideals 11 

in  Black  Hawk  War 222 

In  General  Assembly  of  Illinois  makes  friends  among  representa- 
tives from  Schuyler  Co 223-224 

letter  to  Jonathan  G.  Randall  of  Rushville 226 

mention 11,98,99,104,217,294 

monument  to,  erected  by  the  State  of  Illinois,  mention 290 

Northern  Illinois  counties  help  to  bring  him  into  prominence 91 

reference  to 30 

signs  certificate  as  to  character  of  Ellas  T.  Turney 225 

striking  example  of  man  of  southern  birth  and  anti-slavery  prin- 
ciples      83 

visit  to  Rushville,  account  of  the  visit 228, 229, 230. 231. 232 

vote  received  by  him,  in  St.  Clair  Co.  Ills,  for  president 83 

wigwam  in  Chicago  where  he  was  nominated,  historic  spot  In  Illi- 
nois, marking  of.  etc 291 

works  of.  edited  by  Nicolay  and  Hay,  foot-note 77 

campaign  of  1858,  its  features  and  results 228,229,230,231.232,233 


345 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Lincoln  &  Douglas— campaign  of  1858.  mention 226 

Lincoln  &  Douglas  Debate— Galesburg,  III.,  historic  spot,  marked 290 

Lincoln  &  Douglas  Debates— Freeport,  111.,  historic  spot,  marked  by  Women's  Club 290 

marking:  of  places  of  holdins:  same 290 

mention 222 

Lincoln  in  Rushville  1832-1858;  paper— contributed  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 

by  Howard  F.  Dyson 221-233 

Lincoln.  Neb.— mention 225 

Lincoln.  Park— Chicago,  mention 291 

Linder.  Usher  F.— admits  having  prejudice  against  Nlnlan  W.Edwards 216 

Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  1837.  sketch  of 217 

"Linder's  Reminiscences"— quotations  from 217 

Lind's  Block— on  west  side  of  Market  st.  between  Randolph  and  Lake  sts..  only  business 

block  in  region  of  fire  which  escaped  in  Cnicago  Are  of  1871,  mention  266,267 

Lisbon.  Kendall  County,  111.— mention 219 

Literary  Sessions— Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Springfield,  ijlan.  28.1903 9 

Little  Corporal  Mine— JoDaviess  Co.,  111.,  mention 36 

Little.  Mrs.  Helen  M.  J.— named  on  committee  for  marking  historic  spots  In  Illinois 9 

Little  Meadows.  Pa.— Villiers  (Jumonville  de),  killed  at,  mention Ill 

Little  Wabash  River— mention 150,152 

Liverpool— sends  aid  to  Chicago  after  fire  of  1871 254 

Livingston,  Edward— American  diplomat,  largely  instrumental  in  making  La.  purcha8e.91,95 
remark  make  by,  on  completion  of  negotiation  for  the  purchase  of 

Louisiana. 95 

Llviston,  George— In  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co,,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged 177 

Lockhart.  Archibald— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Local  Historical  Societies— report  of  committee  on 8-9 

report  of  committee  on,  read  by  J.  H.  Bumham  at  executive 

meeting 1 

Lockert  (or  Locket),  private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lockport,  111.— branch  drug  store  of  Peter  Prnyne  &  Co.  at 263 

Lockwood.  Samuel  Drake— Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  1821,  sketch  of 213,211 

first  compiler  of  the  Criminal  Code  of  Illinois 214 

Henry  Ward  Beecher's  tribute  to 103 

member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Historical 

Society  to  .Mssist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

presiding  officer  at  second  meeting  of  early  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 14 

resigns  as  Secretary  of  State  to  do  effective  work  for  anti- 
slavery  party 101 

Loda,  Wis.— mention 273 

Logan,  Hugh— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Logan  County,  111.— Historical  Society  reported  from 8 

Logan  County,  Ky.— McLean  (John)  emigrates  from  to  Shawneetown 192 

mention 191,200.201 

Logan.  John  A.— his  influence  in  holding  Illinois  for  the  Union 83 

Logan.  Judge  Stephen  T.— mention 218 

Log  Furnaces  or  Smelters— described 34 

Loissel— death  of  slave  belonging  to  child  of,  mention 142,143 

London,  England— attempts  to  sell  Illinois  State  bonds  in 68,69 

London  Dispensatory- mention 246 

London— mention 95, 112 

pharmacopoeias 246 

sends  aid  to  Chicago  after  fire  of  1871 254 

"Long  Nine"  (The)- in  Illinois  Legislature  of  which  Lincoln  was  one,  mention,.  216 

Long,  Philip— in  Captain  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

Long,  Lieut,  S.  H.— of  the  U.  S.  Topographical  Corps,  one  of  the  board  of  army  oflBcers 

which  recommended  Fort  Massac  for  site  of  U.  S,  Armory 61 

Long.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Longlois.  August— death  of  child  of,  mention 142,143 

slave  belonging  to;  death  and  burial  of 148,149 

Longlois,  Marie  Jochim— wife  of  Louis  de  populus 134,135 

Lord,  Capt.  Hugh— English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1771 47 

successor  of  Col.  Wilkins  at  Fort  Chartres 118 

Lord.  James— mention.-. 187 

Lord,  Margaret— mention.  Western  Intelligencer  in  1816,  of  her  attempt  to  secure  a  divorce 

from  James  Lord 187 

Lord,  Smith  &  Co.— wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago,  amount  of  annual  business,  loss  by 

fire,  insurance 266 

wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Lord.  Thomas— Chicago  druggist 271 

Lorette,  Anthony— Godfather  at  baptism  of  child  of  St.  Anue's  parish 136,137 

Lorette,  Marie  Joseph— wife  of  Andrew  Thomas  des  Jardius 136.187 

Lorimier.  Mr.— mention 286 

Louisa.  (Negress)— Godmother  at  baptism  of  child  of  slave  In  parish  of  St.  Anne's...  138. 139 

Lonlsbourg— capture  of.  mention 87 

Louis  XVIII.  King  of  France— mention 103 


346 
Index— Continued. 

Page 
Louis  XV,  King  of  France— patents  and  privileges  of  the  India  company,  reverted  to....  108 

mention 41,44,45,276 

mention,  footnote 95 

Louis  XIV,  King  of  France— grants  concessions  to  Anthony  Crozat 43 

grants  land  and  mines  to  Crozat 31 

Louisiana  given  that  name  in  his  honor 10 

mention 17 

Louis,  Prairie— mention 282 

Louisiana— Boisbriant  (Pierre  Duqu4  de)  acting  governor  of 107 

ceded  to  England  by  treaty  of  Paris 46 

Crozat  granted  by  Louis  XIV  a  monopoly  of  trade  in 48 

French  ships  and  men  arrive  at  Dauphin  Island 106 

Gayarre's  history  of  Louisiana,  quoted,  see  foot  note 110 

Illinois  country  under  the  establishment  of  the  governor  of 17 

Illinois  formed  a  part  of  province  of,  mention 106 

its  dimensions 43 

Kerlerec,  (Louis  de)  provincial  executive  of 110 

Louisiana  Country— LaSalle  takes  formal   possession 17 

Louisiana— mention 48,113 

mines  of  granted  to  Crozat  by  King  of  France 81 

Louisiana,  Mo.— proposed  early  railroad  to,  from  Decatur,  111 66 

Louisiana,  Province  of— Le  Moyne  de  Bienville  governor  and  commandant  general  of.105-106 

Bienville  recalled  from 109 

Bienville  resumes  governorship  of  1734 108 

Boisbriant  (Pierre  Duqu6  do)  commissioned  first  King's  lieu- 
tenant of 106 

Marquis  de  Vaudreuil  de  Cavagnal  appointed  governor  of 169 

Diron  D' Artaguette  holds  position  in 108 

India    company's,  patents,  privileges  in,  reverts  to  Louis  XV, 

King  of  France 108 

L'Epignay  governor  and  commandant  general  of 106 

new  government  formed  for 108 

separated  from  Canada 10 

Louisiana  Purchase— decisive  event  in  the  development  of  Illinois 94,95,96 

its  influence  on  the  development  of  Illinois 94,95,96 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition— mention 4 

education  committee  of  the  111.  State  commission  to.      5 
extra  appropriation  by  the  State  of  111.  to;  uses  of....      5 

exposition  at  St.  Louis,  mention 1 

exposition  committee,  report  of 5-7 

decoration  committee  of  Illinois  building  at,  mention     6 

Illinois  building,  suggestions  as  to  decoration  of 6 

mention 4,293 

Lonisiana— regiment  of,  mention 284 

Spanish  possessions  in.  mention 40 

state  of,  Posey  (Gen.  Thos.)  United  States  Senator  from,  mention 198 

territory  of  exchanged  by    Spain    to    France,  for    kingdom    of  Etruria: 

Prance  in  turn  sells  it  to  the  United  States 94,95,96 

upper,  mention 284 

Louisville,  Ky.— distance  from  Fort  Massac 53 

mention 215,217,265 

Louvler,  J.  Boulogne  de— wife  of  M.  Louvler,  signs  church  record  as  godmother 148,149 

Lovejoy.  Elijah  P,— assassination  of,  mention 92 

martyr  to  the  great  cause  of  human  liberty 11 

mention 104 

monument  to,  erected  at  Alton,  Ills.,  mention 290 

murder  of,  at  Alton,  mention 77 

Lovejoy.  Owen— Ills.  Congressman,  mention 80 

Lowell,  James  Russell— quotations  from  anti-slavery  writings  of 78 

Lowell  Richard— drummer  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lunsford,  Anthony— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lunsford  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lunsford  Mason— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lurton  &  Harris— wholesale  druggists  Chicago,  1850 261 

Lusk.  Levi— chief  marshal  of  the  day  on  occasion  of  Lincoln's  visit  to  Rushville 229 

Luzader.  Abraham— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lycurgus— law  giver  of  antiquity,  mention 18 

Lyon,  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lyon,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Lyons,  Iowa— city  of,  mention 260 

Lyman's  (Capt.)— company  of  1st  Regt.  of  Infantry,  stationed  at  Port  Massac 61 

Mc Bride,  Isaac— Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co..  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

Macarty,  Chevalier  de— commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 109,111 

French  commandant  in  the  Ills,  country.  1751-1760 46 

places  Chaouanon  Indians  near  Ft.  Massac:  his  reasons  for  so 
doing 46 

McCarty,  Capt.  Richard— ills.  Regt.  Vols.  Clark's  "army,  received  land'for'serVl^^^^  166 

McCartney  Jas.— Attorney  General  of  Ills.  1881.  sketch  of 219 


847 

Index — Continued. 

Paere. 

McCarty,  Capt.  Richard— company  (military)  of 178 

M'Clain.Thoa.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McClanihan.  Robert— deserted  from  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company 177 

McClenahan,  Josiah— of  Wine  Shibboleth,  Washington  county,  state  not  named,  prob- 
ably Missouri 182 

McClernand,  Gen.  John  A.— extracts  from  letter  of ,  on  J  ohn  McLean 198-199 

mention 217 

McClernand,  Mrs.  John  A.— mention 10 

McClock,  Charles— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company,  on  pay-roll  of 177 

McClure,  Patrick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McClure's  Tavern— place  of  meeting  in  Harrisonville,when  Monroe  Co.  was  named,  etc..  188 

McCulloch,  David- absence  of.  from  meeting  Historical  Society 2 

member  of  board  of  directors  111  State  Historical  Society  for  1903 —      4 

resolutions  of  sympathy  for 2,3 

McCulloch.  Mary  Hemphill— wife  of  David  McCulloch,  expression  of  sympathy  on  death  of     3 

McCullev  &Co.— glass  and  bottle  manufacturers.  Pittsburg,  Pa 268,269 

McDanlel.Thos. —private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McDonald,  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 178 

McDonald,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McDonald,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 178 

McDermott,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

McDougall,  James  Allen— Attorney  General  of  111.,  1843,  sketch  of,  his  later  career,  etc 218 

McGann.John— gunner  with  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McGarock,  Hugh-ensign  in  111.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

McGuire,  J  ohn— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

McGumrey,  Wm.— Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged. rations  due  177 
Mclntire,  Alexander— Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged, 

miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

Mcintosh— private  soldier  under  Clnrk.  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

EcKees  Creek— mention 164 

McKendree  College— mention 160 

McKenzie,  Hon.  John— member  Illinois  State  Senate  from  Jo  Daviess  Co.,  president  pro 

tempore  of  Senate.  1903,  mention 31 

McKIn.  James— private  soldlerunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 17S 

Mackinac— American  Pur  Co.,  in 119 

captured  by  British  in  war  of  1812 95 

Mackinaw,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Mackinaw,  Mich  —mention 39 

Mackinaw  River— mention 164 

McKlnney,  John— private  soldlerunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McLean,  Chas.— grandfather  of  John  McLe«n,  was  major  in  the  American  Army,  in  the 

revolutionary  war 201 

McLean  County.  111.— contributes  to  fund  for  tablet  to  John  McLean 190 

mention  182,195 

named  for  John  McLean,  through  Hon.  Wm.  L.  D.  Ewlng's  influence 

in  the  legislature 197 

McLean  County  Court  House— tablet  to  John  McLean  recently  placed  In 190 

McLean  County— Judge  Wm.  Hendricks  of  Indiana,  to  have  been  honored  by  having 

County  of  McLean  named  for  him 199 

McLean  County  and  McLeansboro— relation  between 192 

McLean  County  County  Board  of  Supervisors— mention 190 

McLean  County  Historical  Society— contributes  fund  for  tablet  to  John  McLean 190 

Geo.  P.  Davis  president  of 190 

Ea  .1  .?  i"    memorial  to  John  McLean  read  by  J.  H.  Burnham...  190 

mention 200.201 

'"-      report  from 8 

McLean,  Ephriam— father  of  John  McLean 201 

minister  in  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  church 201 

McLean,  (Ephriam)  and  Elizabeth  Byert— parents  of  John  McLean,  married  In  1788 201 

McLean.  John— ability  as  a  lawyer  and  state«man  shown  in  revision  of  laws  of  1827 196 

ablest  and  most  uncompromising  leader  of  the  slavery  party 203 

admitted  to  the  territorial  bar  in  1816.  see  footnote 192 

appointed  judge  of  the  eastern  circuit  of  the  Illinois  territory,  declines, 

see  foot  note 192 

article   on,  by  J.  H.  Burnham,  re-written  for  transactions  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Historical  Society  and  coritrlbuted  to,  papers  on  "Forgotten 

statesman  of  Illinois." 190-201 

born  in  North  Carolina  Feb.  4.  1791 191 

Congressman  and  U.  S.  Senator,  mention 182 

connection  of  with  the  naming  of  JoDaviess  county.  111.,  mention 196 

county  seat  of  Hamilton  county  named  McLeanboro,  mention 192 

death  of  at  Shawneetown.  Oct.  14. 1830,  mention 197 

debates  between  McLean  and  Cook  on  the  slavery  question  in  1818,  men- 
tion   193 

defeated  for  Congress  by  D.  P.  Cook 193 

defeats  D,  P.  Cook  for  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois 213 

Eddy    (John  M.),    Information    from    newspaper    flies    of,    on    John 

McLean 200 

education  of 199 


348 

Index — Continued. 

Paere 

McLean,  John— elected  to  Congress  term  of  December.  1818.  to  March,  1819 193 

elected  to  the  Legislature  from  Gallatin  county,  serves  two  terms 196 

elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  for  the  term  of  six  years,  on  Dec.  6, 1829 196 

elected  U.  S.  Senator,  serves  from  Dec.  20. 1824.  to  March  3, 1826 195 

emigrates  from  Logran  county.  Ky..  to  Shawneetown,  111 192 

McClernand  (Gen.  J.  A.),  extracts  from  letter  on 198-199 

inscription  on  monument  marking  grave  of.  at  Shawneetown 198 

Kane  (Elias  Kent). eulogy  onJohn  McLean  in  the  U.  S.  Senate.  Dec.  9. 1830  197 

lawyer,  statesman 193-194 

letter  of  J.  D.  Walker  on  John  McLean !.."." J. 200-201 

letters  on,  etc.,  to  J.  H.  Burnham 199-201 

letter  to  Shawneetown  paper  "The  Illinois  Gazette"  on  the  election  of 

John  Quincy  Adams  to  the  presidency 195 

McLean  county.  111.,  named  for  through  the  Influence  of  Hon.  Wm.  L.  D. 

Ewing  in  the  Legislature 182,191,197 

member  of  committee  in  charge  of  bank  project 182 

memorial  tablet,  cost  of.  description  of.  placing  of  in  McLean  County 

Court  House,  Bloomington,  111 190 

military  record  in  the  "Indian  Wars,"  see  footnote 192 

practices  law  in  Shawneetown  after  return  from  Congress  in  1819 193 

pro-slavery  man.  mention 192 

resigns  position  of  Speaker  of  the  House,  makes  strong  protest  against 

bill  to  incorporate  State  bank 194 

resemblance  of  to  Chas.  Fox,  mention "    193 

Representative  in  Congress  from  the  State  of  Illinois 21,22 

Reynold's  description  of 197 

settles  in  Shawneetown,  1815 '..'..'.'.'.  192 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representative  of  Illinois  for  three  terms 196 

Speaker  of  the  Second  General  Assembly  of  the  Illinois  State  Legisla- 
ture   193 

slavery  contest  of  1824,  McLean  on  the  pro-slavery  side 194 

studies  law  with  Judge  McLean  of  Greenville,  Ky.,  mention 201 

McLean,  Judge  of  Greenville.  Ky.— J  ohn  McLean  studies  law  with 201 

McLean  Memorial  tablet— dedicatory  exercises  attending  placing  of  in  McLean  county 

court  house 190 

MeLean  Records— (family  records)  mention 201 

McLean,  Susan  Howard— sister  of  John  McLean,  born  at  Russellville,  Logan  "Co.Vken- 

tucky,  1803 201 

McLean.  Dr.  William-brother  of  John  McLean  builds  first  log  house  in  McLeansboro...  192 
McLeansboro,  Illinois— county  seat  of  Hamilton  Co.,  111.,  platted  and  surveyed  by  Thos. 

Sloo,jr 203 

McLockland,  Chas.— private  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

McMiehaels.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

McMickle.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services  178 

McMuUen,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

McPherson,  George— clerk  for  Sawyer  Paige  &  Co..  Chicago.  1855 273 

McQuiddy,  Thos.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

McRoberts,  Samuel— member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinoia  Historical  Society 

to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

,.  ^  U.  S.  Senator  from  Illinois 216 

Macon  Co.  111.— mention 121 

Macoupin  Co.,  111.— mention '.....'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."..".'  208 

Macoupin  River  (creek)— mention '...'..'.  164 

Madison  Co.,  111.— court  house  (now  Edwardsville),  mention 180 

M.adison  Co.— Historical  Society  to  be  formed  at  Edwardsville 8 

Madison  Co,,  111.— mention 24  79  217 

Madison  Co.— population  of  in  1840 '119 

Madison  Co..  N.  Y.— mention 218 

Madison, Dolly— cousin  of  Edward  Coles !.!!!!!".'.!!!    98 

mention 103 

Madison,  James— President  of  the  United  States,  Edward  Coles  private  secretary  to....'.'.    98 

Madison.  President  James— mention 104,179 

Madison,  Wis.-State  Museum.  Library  and  Society  of ,  mention '.'.!*"."..,'    5 

Magdalen— name  given  slave  belonging  to  Madame  St.  Ange 132-133 

Magna  Charta"— ordinance  of  1787  compared  to 18 

Magnien,  Anthony,  called  L'Esperance- buried  at  Prairie  du  Rocher i30-131 

Mahla.  member  of  board  of  health,  Chicago 243 

Mahla  &  Chappell— chemical  manufacturers  of  Chicago,1860 248 

Maid,  Ebenezer  (killed)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mailone.J.  B.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Maine— voters  of  the  district  of,  on  the  question  of  separation  from  Massachusetts 186 

Maisonville.  Mons  de— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Maize— benefits  of  to  the  white  settlers 116 

cultivation  of  by  the  Indians,  uses  of.  etc 162 

Malbeff,  Jos.- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Malet,John  Baptist— mention 132-133 

Mallet,  Magdalen  Cbassin— mention 132-133 

Malroof,  Jos.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 


349 

Index — Continued. 

Pasre 

Manana— policy  of  the  Spaniards  (tomorrow, procrastination), mention 279 

Manhattan  Island— mention 201 

Maniton— Indian  name  for  spirits  or  Divinity,  anecdotes  of 42.43 

Mann,  Benj— mention 186 

Manon  River— mention 164 

Map  of  Illinois— published  1820,  mention 31 

Maps  Introduced  in  the  transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 7 

Maps  to  be  used  as  part  of  the  decoration  planned  for  111.  building  at  La.  Purchase  Ei...      6 

Maple  Trees  (sugar  maples)— mention ,..159,160 

Marquette.  Father  James— explorer  and  messenger  of  the  cross,  mention 16 

Marals  River— mention 164 

Marals  Sassafrax  (The)— box  found  in  stream  of,  containing  molds  for  casting  money....  187 

Maramech  Society  of  Kendall  County.  111.— mention  4,290 

Marbois.  Barb6— French  diplomat,  commissioner  of  France  in  sale  of  Loaisiana 94,99 

Margry  Papers  (The)— extracts  from 57,58 

Marchand,  Charlotte— wife  of  John  Baptist  IHolandl,  baptism  of  child  of,  in  the  parish  of 

St.  Anne 138,139 

Marie  Anne,  (Negress)— baptism  of  child  of,  in  the  parish  of  ->t.  Anne's 138,139 

Marie  Louise— an  Indian  slave  of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr^,  record  of  burial  of 288 

Marietta,  Ga.— later  home  of  the  Clarke  brothers,  druggists  of  Chicago 263,264 

Mark,Capt.  Thos'— Illinois  Regt.  Vols  ,  Clark's  army;  receives  land  for  services 166 

Marr.  Patrick— corporal  and  sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Marsh,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Marshall,  Doctor— mention 249 

Marshall.  J«hn— buried  at  Shawneetown.  mention 198 

Marshall,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Marseillaise,  national  air  of  France,  mention 104 

Martigny,  Sir  John— Godfather  of  the  child  of  Alexander  Du  Claud 148,149 

Martin,  Chas —private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Martin,  Elijah— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Martin,  Pierre— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Martin,  Solomon— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Maryland— votes  of,  cast  for  John  Quincy  Adams  tor  president,  mention 195 

Mascouten  Indians— mention 279 

Mascoutin  Indians— Father  Mermet's  labors  among,  anecdote  of 42,43 

mention 68 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line- mention 89 

Mason,  Chas.— sergeant  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mason  County,  Ky.— Thos.  Sloo,  locates  In 202 

Mason,  Edward  G.— essay  of  on  Ft.  Chartres,  quoted 109 

monograph  of,  on  Col.  John  Todd's  Record  Book,  quoted,  see  foot 

note 275 

visits  Ft.  Chartres  In  1879.  extracts  from  paper  on 116,116 

Mason,  Geo.— confidential  adviser  of  Gov.  Patrick  Henry 38 

Massac  County,  III.— mention 295.296 

Massac  Creek— mention 178 

Massac,  M.  (or  Marsac)- a  young  French  engineer,  mention 45 

Massac— old  fort,  historical  and  romantic  associations  connected  with 38 

plain  of 64,56 

road  to.  from  Kaskaskia 39 

see  Fort  Massac 

Massac,  Town  of— mention 64,55 

Massacre,  Fort— Fort  Massac  sometimes  so  called 41 

legend  of  the  massacre  at  Fort  Massac  and  the  adoption  of  the  name 

"Fort  Massacre" 41,44 

so  called  by  Governor  Reynolds 39 

Massacre  of  the  garrison  at  Ft.  Massac,  story  of.  first  nubllshed  by  F.  Cuming,  mention41,44 

Massachusetts,  State  of— claimed  part  of  western  territory 88 

district  of  Maine  voters  of ,  vote  on  question  of  separation  from  185 

mention 104,120 

Masslac,  M.  de— Port  Massac  named  in  honor  of 45 

French  minister  of  the  Marine  and  colonies.  Fort  Masslac  named  in  his 

honor 41 

Master.  Barney  (deserted)— Captain  Bowman's  company 177 

Matean,  Gero— private  soldier  Captain  Charlovllle's  company  volunteers,  entitled  to 

land  for  services 176 

Mather.  Thomas— mention 103 

Mathews,  Edward— sergent  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Matrimonial  Lottery— article  on,  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer,"  mention 186 

Matteson,  Gov.  Joel  A.— mention 216 

Maturln,  Marie— child  of  Maturin  Plnneaux  and  Marie  Illinois 132-133 

Maumee  portage— mention 278 

Maurepas,  Lake  of— mention 106 

Maurisette.  M.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mauvais,  Terre— mention  and  foot  note 279 

Maxent,  Colonel— represented  in  business  transaction  by  (Sabrlel  Cerr6 284 

Maxent,  Laclede  &  Co.— mention 284 

merchants  of  New  Orleans,  mention Ill 


350 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Maxmeyer,  Dr.— mention 249 

Maxwell.  Dr.— mention 249 

Maxwell,  Hugh,  of  Kaskaskia— act  for  the  relief  of.  mention 186 

Maxwell— land  grant  of  the  west,  mention 186 

Maxwell,  P.,  of  Kaskaskia— act  for  relief  of.  mention 186 

Mayfleld,  Elijah— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mayfleld,  Isaac— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mayfleld,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services, 172 

Mayfleld,  Micajah-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mayflower  (The)— mention 120 

Maysville,  Ky.— coal  oil  first  made  at,  mention 261 

Daniel  Boone,  early  resident  of 202 

mention 202 

Mead  Dr.  Homer— recent  contributions  of,  regarding  the  ruins  of  Port  Chartres,  mention  117 

Meadows  .Tosiah-private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Mears    William— appointed  Attorney  General  of  Illinois  1813,  last  territorial  attorney 

goneral.  sketch  of 212,213 

Attorney  General  of  State  of  Illinois,  1819.  mention 213 

Meigs  Col.  R.  J.— received  at  Cincinnati  goods  for  Fort  Massac 60 

Memorial  addresses— accepted  by  the  society  and  secretary  directed  to  place  them  in  the 

records 2 

Memorial  papers— suggestions  offered  as  to  publication  of 7 

"Men  and  Manners  of  the  Early  Days  in  Illinois"— address  before  Illinois  State  Histori- 
cal Society  by  Dr.  A.  W.  French... 65-74 

Menard  Pierre- First  Lieut.  Governor  State  of  Illinois 23 

of  Randolph  Co.,  111.,  candidate  for  the  legislative  court  (council) 184 

entertains  Gen.  LaPayette 102 

member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 141 

monument  erected  to,  mention 290 

president  of  the  Council,  Territorial  Legislature 188 

Meramec— stock  farm  on,  owned  by  Gabriel  Cerr6 284 

Mercantile  Library  of  St.  Louis— files  of  early  newspapers  consulted  at,  by  J.  H.  Burn- 
ham 179 

Mercersburg,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.— mention 202 

Merchant.  Dr.  G.  W.— manufacturer  of  Merchant's  Gargling  Oil  at  Lockport.  N.  Y 266 

Merchant's  Gargling  Oil— mention  266.  put  up  by  L.  M.  Bcyce  under  name  of  Arabian  Oil  269 

Meredocia— (Meredosia)  proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Merino  Sheep— put  up  at  lottery  at  Goshen,  111.,  mention 189 

sale  of.  advertised  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer"  1816 188-189 

Mermet,  Father  Jean— French  Jesuit  missionary,  born  Grenoble  1664,  died  in  the  Illinois 

Mission,  1716 

anecdote  of  his  argument  with  Indian  Charlatans 42-43 

accompanies  Juchereau  St.  Denis 41-42 

chaplain  to  French  and  missionary  to  Indians 42 

preached,  on  site  of  Fort  Massac,  the  first  religious  discourse 
ever  preached  in  limits  of  the  State  of  Illinois 39. 42 

Merritt.  Miss  Susie— mention •■,-••,-. .••■••;•••;•; ,- ^^ 

Merriweather,  Lieut.  James— 111.  Vols,,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services .  167 

Merriweather,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Metropolis, 111.— county  seat  of  Massac  county.IU.,  Fort  Massac  situated  near 295.296 

town  of,  mention 38,55 

Mexican  Coins-silver  money  used  in  1833,  mention 242 

Mexican  War— attitude  of  Illinois  members  of  Congress  toward 78 

Illinois  troops  in,  mention 209 

Mexico,  Gulf  of —mention 16, 17, 40, 94, 95, 106 

Mexico,  History  c.f-written  by  Gen.  James  Semple,  but  never  published 216 

Mexico,  War  with— mention 78 

Miami  River— mention 57 

Michigan,  Lake-mention -..; 21,162,164 

Michigan  Central  Railroad— second  railroad  to  enter  Chicago 247 

Michigan  Southern  &  Northern  Indiana  Railroad— first  railroad  to  enter  Chicago 247 

Michigan,  State  of— mention 39,71,273 

Michillmackinac— mention 281 

Miehili  Mackinac- mention 279 

Milburn,  Wm,— blind  chaplain  of  Congress,  his  opinion  of  infiuence  of  John  L.  Scripps 

in  nomination  of  Lincoln,  1860 232 

Militia  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Illinois— mention 188 

Military  Land  on  the  Mississippi  River— mention 164 

Military  Lands— boundary  of,  acreage  of 164 

Military  Posts— establishment  of 164 

Military  Road  from  Massac  to  Kaskaskia 39 

Mill.  John  Stuart-quotation  from ...^ ;••••,•,-. ....29,30 

Millard,  Josiah,  of  St.  Genevieve,  Mo.— advertisement  in  the  Western  Intelligencer  of  the 

taking  up  of  a  negro 185 

Millet,  Jacques— signs  church  record  a?  witness 146.147 

Millet,  Jane  Potler— godmother  of  infant  baptised  in  the  chapel  of  &t.  Philip 128,129 

Millet,  Marie  Frances— godmother  to  child  of  Maturin  Pinneaux  and  Marie  Illinois. ...132-133 


351 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Miller.  Abraham  (killed)— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

In  Capt.  Jo8.  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged, 

miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  in 

another,  foot  note 177 

Miller,  A.  J.— Soda  fountain  Introduced  by.  In  early  drug  store 249 

Miller.  George  (deserted)— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted 177 

Miller,  John— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Clarke  Bros.,  Chicago 261 

mention 243 

private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Mills,  Benjamin— mention 192 

Milton  (or  Wilton)  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Milwaukee— American  Fur  Co.,  in 118,119 

mention 120,121.263 

Mimbret  M.  de— mention 146.147 

Mineral  Wealth  of  JoDavless  County.  Ill 31-37 

Mines  of  JoDaviess  County  (The)— address  by  Hon.  Wm.  Spensiey  before  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society,  1903 31-37 

Mines,  River  of— name  given  by  La  Seur  to  river,  probably  Galena  river 31 

Minnesota.  State  of- mention 31-39 

Minshall.  Wm.  A.— lawyer,  mention 224 

Mlssie,  Bernard— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mississippi  Company  (or  Company  of  the  West)— mention ^.  106 

Mississippi— Northern  Chickasaw  Indians  expedition  against  in  northern  Mississippi..  108 

Mississippi  Klver— advertisements  of  new  ferry  to  be  started  on,  1816 182 

caves  on.  vi-sited  by  Ferdinand  Ernst 163 

changes  in  the  channel  noted 115 

Congress  resumed  rights  on,  including  Ft.  Chartres  and  its  build- 
ings   113 

country  coveted  by  the  English,  Napoleon  determined  to  prevent  its 

ownership  of  it.  sells  it  to  the  U.  S 94,95,96 

course  of,  described  by  Cadillac 43 

D'Artaguette  joined  by  Sieur  de  Vinconne  (or  Vincennes)  at 108 

described,  steamboats  on.  etc 152, 153 

description  of  river,  tributary  to 31 

drowning  of  eight  persons  in,  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat;  mentioned 

In  the  Western  Intelligencer 188 

emigrants  living  near 96 

exploration  of,  by  Joliet  and  Marquette,  mention 40 

free   navigation  of  desired  by  western  settlers,  dissatisfaction  at 

failure  of  U.  S.  government  to  secure  it 40 

free  navigation  of  secured  to  U.  S.  by  treaty  with  Spain,  1795 49 

French  build  forts  along 40 

French  settlement  at  mouth  of,  mention 40 

fur  trade  on,  mention 42 

landing  of  the  early  explorers  on. 16 

LaSalle'  perilous  descent  of.  mention 16 

mention 56.57,86.87,100.106,110,111,113,119,163,162.164,180,186,282 

necessity  for  its  control  in  Civil  War 93 

strategic  points  on 96 

toast  drank  to,  at  the  naming  of  Monroe  Co.,  Ills 183 

towns  on,  population  of 287 

Mississippi  Valley— British  rule  of  short  duration  in 18 

"Mi-^slsaippi  Valley"  (The)— by  Justin  Wlnsor,  statement  taken  from 46 

Mississippi  Valley— Cerr^.  administers  law  In 276 

Cerr6  locates  in.  twelve  years  before  Daniel  Boone 276 

Cerr6's  life  in,  mention 275 

Daniel  Boone  in,  mention 276 

fear  that  the  English  may  gain  foothold  in 109 

Ft  Chartres  seat  of  British  power  in 105 

French  colonies  in 40 

Great  Britain's  claim  in 17 

mention 17.116,276 

Plttmen's  report  on  European  settlements  in 112 

settlements  In 152 

weather  in,  in  1816  the  year  of  the  cold  summer 186 

"Missouri  Bill"  (the)— in  U.  S.  Congress,  mention,  foot-note 164 

"Missouri  Compromise  of  1820"  (The)— mention 22 

Cook  (D.  P.)  votes  against  In  Congress 193 

John  J.  Crittenden  in  favor  of  restoring 212 

mention 90 

Missouri  Historical  Society  Collections— mention 276 

Missouri  River  country— mention 282 

Missouri  River— mention ;••••;••/ 43, 93. 156, 163, 282 

Missouri   River— probable  future  means  of  connection  between  Mississippi  river  and 

Pacific  Ocean 164. 166 

reports  of  healthfulness  of  banks  of,  disputed 165 

Missouri  State— delegates  from  accompany  Gen.  LaFayette  and  party  to  Easkaskia 102 


352 

Index  —Continued. 

Paee 

Missouri,  State  of— emieration  to,  of  slave  holders 100 

lead  found  in  abundance  in 107 

mention 76,160,276 

votes  of  cast  for  John  Qulncy  Adams  for  president,  mention 196 

Missouri  Territory— application  for  admission  into  the  Union 22 

mention 164 

Mobile, mention , 58,112 

Moench  &  Reinhold— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 266 

Moloney,  Maurice  T.— Attorney  General  of  111.,  sketch  of. 220 

Monet,  J .  B.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Monforten,  Mr.— mention 281 

Monmouth.  111.— mention 219 

Monroe  County,  111.— grant  of  land  to  Philip  Francois  de  Renault  in  what  is  now  Monroe 

county 107 

mention 86,214 

only  county  in  the  State  whose  boundaries  exist  today  as  marked 

out  by  the  Legislature  of  Illinois  Territory 183 

Monroe,  President  James— mention 18.98,104,214 

one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  United  States  who  purchased 

Louisiana  from  France 94,96 

Montague.  (La.)— Nickname  of  Anthony  Zlbert 146.147 

Montana— mention 209 

Montcalm,  Gen.  Louis  Joseph,  Marquis  de— death  of,  mention 87 

mention 17 

Montezumas— throne  of,  Aaron  Burr  plans  to  conquer 40 

throne  of,  mention e 40, 6» 

Montgomery  County,  111.— mention 208 

Montgomery,  James— lieutenant  in  111.  Regt.  Vol.  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  ser- 
vices   167 

Montgomery.  John— Lieut.  Col.  in  111.  Regt.  Vol.  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  ser- 
vices   166 

Montgomery,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 173 

Montrauye. private  soldier  Capt,  Charloville's  company  Vols.,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 176 

Montreal— Cerr^  (Jean  Gabriel)  born  at,  mention 276 

mention 42,43.46.67.87,277,278 

Monuments— erected  by  the  State  of  Illinois  over  celebrated  citiaens 290 

Edward  Coles,  no  monument  in  the  State  of  Illinois  to  memory  of 101 

Elijah,  P.  Lovejoy.  monument  erected  to,  by  citizens  of  Alton,  111 290 

Pierre  Menard,  monument  erected  to,  in  the  State  House  grounds,  Spring- 
field, HI 290 

State  and  county,  photographs  of,  suggested  for  Illinois  building  at  Lou- 
isiana Purchase  Exposition 6 

revolutionary  soldiers,  monuments  erected  to,  mention 291 

Stillman  Valley  monument,  erected  by  the  State  of  Illinois  to  the  pioneers 

who  fell  in  the  Black  Hawk  war 290 

Mooqua— branch  of  the  Sangamon  river 162 

name,  signification  of 162 

Moore,  James— hired  by  Gabriel  Cerr6  to  trade  with  Indians 283 

sketch  of,  by  Reynolds,  mention,  foot  note 275 

Moore.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

sergeant  under  Clark ;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Moore.  Peter— captain  Ills.  Reg't  Vols.  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services 166 

Moore.  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Moran  (or  Mauron)  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Morgan.  Charles— sergeant  gunner  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Morgan  County,  111.— census  returns  of  for  1810 119 

mention 24,119,120,218,279 

mention,  footnote 279 

Morgan,  Col.  George— founds  colony,  calls  it.  New  Madrid 283 

Mormons— mention 293 

Morris,  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Morris,  James  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  eptitled  to  land  for  services... 172 

Morris  (Capt.)  W.  Q.— mention 251 

Morris,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Morrison.  William— of  Kaskaskia,  mention 182 

Moses,  Adolph— mention 300 

Moses,  John— "Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical" quotations  from,  foot  notes. 76, 80, 81, 82. 190 

Moses,  John— quotations  from  his  "Illinois  Historical  and  Statistical" 211,218 

quotations  from  his  "History  of  Illinois"  In  regard  to  the  law  to  incorpo- 
rate State  bank,  etc 193 

Mt.  Carmel,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Mt.  Sterling,  111,-mention 229 

Muddy  River— mention 66 

Mueller,  W.  H.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  the  fire  of  1871 256 

Mulby,  William— gunner  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Mummilly.  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Mureau,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Munrony,  Sylvester— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Munrony,  William— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 


853 

Index — Continued. 

Psfre 

Murphy  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Murray.  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

Murray.  Thomas— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 178 

discharged  from  Bowman's  company,  enlisted  in  another,  see  foot- 
note   177 

Murrey,  Edward— in  Capt  Joseph  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged, 

mileage,  rations  due 177 

Murshen,  Nathaniel  (diedl— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services....  173 

Mustach, private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 172 

"My  Own  Times"— by  Gov,  John  Reynolds,  mention 190,194.196 

quotations  from 60,51 

Naples,  111.— Branch  of  the  iSprlngfleld  &  Jacksonville  railroad,  mention 67 

proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Napoleon  Bonaparte— first  consul  of  France,  his  reasons  for  sale  of  Louisiana 94,96,96 

"Napoleon"  (The)— schooner,  carried  the  first  shipment  of  western  produce  from  the  port 

of  Chicago  to  the  east 242 

N are.  Conrad— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Nash.  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  laud  for  services 173 

Nashville,  Tenn— city  of.  capture  by  Federal  forces 93 

mention 63,217 

newspapers  of .  mention 182 

site  of  present  city  early  known  as  the  'French  Lick,"  mention 283 

Natchei.  Miss.-mention • -. •- 40.68 

Natches.  War— D'Artaguette.  (Capt.  Pierre)  serves  m.  mention 108 

Nauvoo.  111.— mention 293 

Navigation  of  Mississippi  River— western  settlers  angered  at  failure  of  United  States 

government  to  secure 40 

Neal,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Nebraska— agitation  over  the  question  of  slavery  in 89 

Necrological  Department— suggestions  offered  as  to  inauguration  of  one  in  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 7 

Necrologist's  Report  df  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 122-125 

mention 2 

Negrolin  Illinois— his  status 77.81 

Negro  River-mention - - •  —  •. • 164 

Negro  Slave— named  David,  advertisement  for  apprehension  of 182 

Negro— troubles  of  the  free  negro,  incident  given 185 

Negroes— drug  store  of  Chicago  refused  to  sell  soda  water  to 249 

Negroes— slave  of  Gabriel  Cerr6,  record  of  burial  of 288 

Nelson.  Andrew— pioneer  Norwegian  of  Chicago 249 

Nelson,  Enoch— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Nelson,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Nelson,  Moses— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

"Neptune"  (The)— ship  of  the  western  company,  arrives  at  Dauphin  Island,  mention....  105 

New  Albion.  Edwards  County.  111.— settlement  at 150 

Newberry  &  Dole— commission  house  of  Chicago,  mention 241 

Newberry  Library.  Chicago— gift  of  Walter  C.  Newberry,  mention 249 

Newberry,  Walter  C— mention 249 

Newby.  Col.  E.  W.  B.— commanded  111.  Regt  in  Mexican  war,  mention 209 

New  Chartres- in  the  pari>^h  of  St.  Anne.  111.,  mention Ill 

New  Design.  Monroe  County.  Ill,— mention 215 

Newell,  Mason  H.— reference  to  his  article  "Township  Government  in  111."  foot  note 81 

"The  Attorneys  General  of  Illinois",  paper  contributed  to  Illinois 

State  Historical  Society  Transactions 211-220 

New  England— emmigrants  from  in  Illinois,  their  Influence 79.80 

mention 118 

ship  "Westener."  mention 98 

New  England  States— six  New  England  states  vote  for  John  Quincy  Adams  for  presi- 
dent, mention 195 

wages  compared  to  those  paid  in  Illinois  in  1788 120 

New  France— mention 95, 286 

name  given  by  Marquette  and  Joliet  to  newly  discovered  country,  mention    16 

New  Grenada.  South  America— now  Colombia:  Gen.  James  Semple  minister  to 216 

New  Hampshire— federal  candidate  for  governor  of,  defeated 186 

New  Harmony,  Indiana— mention 154.155 

New  Jersey.  State  of— mention 217 

New  Madrid— colony  founded  at,  by  Col.  Geo.  Morgan,  1787 288 

founding  of.  by  the  Leseurs  for  Gabriel  Cerr6,  mention 282 

mention 48 

New  Orleans— battle  at.  victory  of  General  Jackson 62 

Bienville's  (Gov  ).  headquarters  at 107 

goods  shipped  from  Boston  to  Chicago  by  way  of 247 

New  Orleans  Picayune,  Jan,  18, 1879— account  of  Thomas  Sloo's  death,  quoted  from 206 

New  Orleans-mention  20.48.68.54.94.95,108.111.114.121,162,166.186.285.287 

metropolis  of  Louisiana,  mention 110 

New  York  to  New  Orleans  by  means  of  canal,  suggestion 162 

pr  diction  as  to  its  future  greatness 165 

T  omas  bloo,  Jr..  removes  to  and  engages  in  business 204 

New  Salem— me ution.. 2*3 

23  H 


354 

Index — Continued. 

Pagre 

Newspapers— Chicago  Dally  American,  June  15, 1839,  mention 274 

Chicaffo  Daily  American,  May  16, 1842,  extract  from 216 

Chicago  Daily  Democrat.  Nov.  26. 1833,  Vol.  I.  No.  1 241 

Chicago  Dally  Democrat,  June  15, 1839,  mention 274 

Chieagro  Democrat  of  Oct.  29.  1851 2S0 

Chicago  Times  of  May  9, 1869,  mention 252 

diplded  and  fierce  on  the  slavery  question 24 

earliest  newspaper  in  the  Illinois  Territory  the  "Illinois  Herald"   first 

published  in  Kaskaskia  either  in  1814  or  1815 179 

Illinois  Emigrant  published  by  John  M.  Eddy  at  Shawneetown,  111.,  1817...  200 

Illinois  Gazette  of  Shawneetown.  reference  to,  see  foot  note 190 

Illinois  Gazette  (The),  1825,  mention 195 

Illinois  Intelligencer  of  Vaudalia,  July  6. 1826 203 

New  Orleans  Picayune  of  Jan.  18, 1879.  mention 206 

of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Kaskaskia.  and  Nashville,  Tenn.,  mention 182 

of  1818.  failure  of  to  record  debates  between  Cook  and  McLean  on  slavery 

question,  mention 194 

paper  on  an  early  Illinois  newspaper,  extracts  from  its  files,  contributed 
to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  transactions  by  J.  H.  Burn- 
ham 179-189 

St.  Louis  Republic,  mention 200 

Shawneetown  Illinois  Gazette,  1825,  mention 195 

Newton,  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

New  York  Central  Railroad,  mention 70 

New  York  Cheap  Cash  Drug  Store— name  of  Sidney  Sawyer's  drug  store  in  Chicago.. 271, 272 

sigQ  used  by  early  drugstores 241 

New  York  College  of  Pharmacy,  mention 250 

New  York  Druggists— contribute  money  for  relief  of  Chicago  druggists  after  fire  of  1871  258 

New  York— goods  shipped  to  Chicago  principally  from  New  York,  mention 247 

Illinois  State  Fund  Commissioner's  attempt  to  borrow  money  in 68,69,70 

immigration  to  Illinois  from 79 

mail  facilities  between  New  York  and  Chicago  in  early  days 242 

mention 22,121,162,201,202,206,271 

six  pence,  Mexican  coins  used  in  1833,  mention 242 

to  New  Orleans  by  means  of  canal,  suggestion 162 

vote  of,  cast  for  John  Quincy  Adams  for  president,  mention 195 

"New  Voyage  to  America"— by.LaHontan,  quotation  from 42 

Niagara.  Fort- mention 39,41 

Nice,  France— mention 271 

Niles,  Mich.— mention 247 

Nobbs,  Mark— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Nominating  Committee— of  Illinois  State  Historical  SoCiety,  report  of 4 

Normornstea— private  soldier,  Capt.  Charloville's  Co.  111.  Vols.;    entitled  to  land  for 

services 176 

North  America— British  and  French  colonies  in;  state  of ,  mention 40 

French  conquest  and  dominion  in,  ended 112 

French  possessions  in,  mention 107 

mention 112,164,286 

rival  traders  in,  mention 276 

North  American  Continent— ancient  struggle  for  supremacy  in 17 

North  Carolina-mention 92.124,191,201 

Northcott,  W.  A.— Lieutenant  Governor.  Illinois:  address  of  welcome  to  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society.  January,  1903 11 

presiding  oflSlcer  of  the  Senate,  reference  to 16 

mention 9,12 

Northcott.  Mrs.  Wm.  A.— mention 10 

Northern  Cross  Railroad— construction  of.  described 70 

Northwest— conquest  of .  by  Geo.  Rogers  Clark,  mention 59 

conquest  of.  honor  due  to  Clark  and  his  soldiers 178 

Northwest  Territory— divided  by  act  of  Congress.  May,  1800 20 

Governor,  Secretary,  and  Judges  appointed  for 19 

Indiana  territory  formed  from 20 

Legislature  authorized  for 19 

mention 211 

ordinance  for  the  government  of,  when  formed 19 

organized  under  ordinance  of  1787,  provisions  of  the  ordinance.88,89,90 

owned  successively  by  France  and  Spain 41 

religious  freedom  granted  in 20 

slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall  exist  in  states  formed 

from 20 

states  carved  from  it,  mention 39 

Thomas  Posey,  governor  of,  mention 198 

trial  by  jury  granted  in 20 

writ  of  habeas  corpus  granted  in 20 

Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111.— purchases  Tremont  house  for  its  professional 

schools 238 

reports  of  the  committee  of  Historical  Society 
appointed  to  attend  the  installation  of  Dr.  E. 
J.  James,  as  president  of 2 


355 

Index — Continued . 

Pasre 

Norton,  Jesse— mention 80 

"Notes  on  a  Journey  in  America,  etc"— by  Morris  Birl^beck,  its  reliability,  mention 160 

Novia  Scotia— mention 95 

Oakland.  Cal.— mention 266 

Oaslow.  Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Oater  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

"Observations  made  upon  a  journey  through  the  interior  of  the  United  States  of  North 

America  In  the  year  ISIS"- by  Ferdinand  Ernst,  translation  of  part  of ,..150-165 

Ofin,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Oglesby,  Gov.  Richard  J.— anti  slavery  leader  in  Illinois,  but  of  southern  birth 83 

mention 122,219 

Oharra.  Michael— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Ohioiere,  (La  Belle)— mention 39 

Ohio  Country— Indians  of,  the  English  traffic  with 40 

Ohio.  Country— French  posts,  and  settlements  on.  ceded  to  England 46 

Ohio  Land  Company— its  influence  in  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  1787 89 

Ohio  Kiver— British  forts  on 38 

Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel),  trader  with  Indians  on 277 

Clark  crosses  the  Ohio  Kiver 18 

French  build  forts  along 40 

Gen.  Victor  Collot  makes  survey  of 50 

Indian  trade  on,  mention 277 

Juchereau  St.  Denis  proposes  to  found  settlement  on 41 

mention 43,63,54,55.56.57.86.87.93.97,202,212,213.217,296 

mouth  of,  discovered  by  Marquette  and  Jollet.  mention 40 

posts  on.  mention 52 

settlers  on 49 

Ohio.  State  of— mention 39,71,89.96,276 

Ohio  Valley— Great  Britain's  claims  in 17 

Okaw.  Ill —proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Okaw  River  {Kaska=!kia)-mention 14.162,168,207 

"Old  Fort"- early  name  by  which  fort  on  site  of  Fort  Massac  was  known 41 

Old  Massac  road— mention 39 

Old  Settlers'  Association  of  Bureau  Co.  111.— mention 2 

Oliver,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Turner— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Olney,  George  W.  Attorney  General  of  Illinois.  1838.  mention 217 

Onaquispasippl  River  (Salt  Creek  Logan  Co.,  Ill,)— mention 167 

Onaquispasippi  River— mention 161,162 

mention,  see  foot  note 161 

Onkley,  John— gunner  with  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 178 

Ontario  Lake— mention 16 

Orben,  Phillip— in  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged, 

mileage,  rations 177 

Ordinance  of  1787— a  decisive  event  in  the  development  of  Illinois 88,89.90 

called  the  second  "Magna  Charta" 18 

Daniel  Webster's  opinion  of 18,19 

formation  of 19 

fundamental  principles  of 89 

mention 80,99,100,187 

provisions  of 19,20 

Orendorff,  Mrs.  Alfred— mention 10 

Orr.  Alex  D.— mention 202 

O'Ryan.  C.  D.  B.— Retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Osborne,  Miss  Georgia  L.— assistant  librarian  Illinois  State  Historical  Library 7 

mention 10 

Ottawa.  Ill,— Lincoln-Douglas  debate  at,  Aug.  21.  1858 228 

mention 219,224,290 

Revolutionary  soldier's  grave  at,  marked 291 

"Oiiabache"— early  name  for  Ohio  river,  mention 41 

"Ouabache."  la  riviere  de  la— mention 57,58 

"Ouabache"  or  Ohio— trading  posts  on,  mention 43 

Overland  Stage  Company— James  Alfred  Slade,  division  superintendent  of 209 

Owdltt  (or  Odett),  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 171 

Owen.  Major  Ezra— doorkeeper  of  Territorial  Legislature,  held  at  Kaskaskia, mention...  188 

Owen,  T.J.  V.— mention 243 

Ozburn  (or  Osborn),  Ebenezer— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services  173 

Pacific  Ocean— mention 164 

Paducah,  Ky.— distance  from  Fort  Massac 68 

mention 67 

Pagan.  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Page.  E.  C— reference  to  letter  of  in  report  of  the  committee  of  Historical  Society  ap- 
pointed to  attend  the  installation  of  Dr.  E  J.  James 2 

Paguin.  Francis- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Paige.  Nathaniel— clerk  In  drug  store  of  Dr.  Sawyer.  Chicago.  1851 272 

in  charge  of  wholesale  and  financial  department.  Sawyer's  drug  store.  278 

of  the  firm  of  Sawyer.  Paige  &  Co.,  druggists,  Chicago 272 

Washington.  D.  C.  present  home  of 273 

Paintings  of  Historic  Landscapes— suggested  as  decorations  for  Illinois  bntlding  at 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 5, 6 


356 

Index — Continued. 

Pasre 

Palestine,  Crawford  County,  111.— mention 218 

Palmer,  John  M.— anti-slavery  leader  in  Illinois,  but  of  southern  birth 83 

Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois 26 

member  of  the  Illinois  Constitutional  convention  of  1847 25 

Palmer,  Mrs.  John  M.— mention 10 

Pangrass,  Francis— in  Capt.   Joseph   Bowman's   company,  when   enlisted,  when   dis- 
charged miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

(or  Puncrass)  soldier  under  Clark,  discharged  from  Bowman's  com- 
pany, enlisted  in  another,  foot  note 177 

Pangrass,  Joseph— in   Capt.   Joseph   Bowman's   company,   when   enlisted,  when   dis- 
charged, miles,  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

(or  Puncrass)  soldier  under  Cl»rk,  discharged  from  Bowman's  com- 
pany, enli sted  in  another,  entitled  to  land,  foot  note 177 

Pangrass,  Michael— in  Capt.   Joseph   Bowman's   company,  when   enlisted,  when  dis- 
charged, miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

Panther,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Paoli.  Dr.  Gerhard  Christian— mention 248 

Papin— sergeant  in  Capt,  Charloville's  Co.  Vol.,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Pare,  John— death  of 145 

Paris  Exposition— mention 249 

Paris,  Edgar  County.  111.— mention 220 

Paris,  France— Archives  at,  mention 45 

druggists  send  aid  to  druggists  of  Chicago  after  Are  of  1871 258 

Louis  de  Kerlerec  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  at  Paris 110 

treaty  of,  mention 17,18 

Paris— treaty  of  1763,  terms  of,  lands  ceded,  etc 48 

Parisienne,  Baptiste- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Parker,  Edward— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Paroult.  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Parrish,  Edward— mention 247 

Parsons.  John— retail  druggist  of  Chicago  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 2S6 

Patent  and  Proprietary  Medicines— purchased  by  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.,  1837,  list  of 261-262 

sold  by  early  druggists  of  Chicago 244,245.274 

Patterson,  John— private  soldier  under  Clam,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Patterson.  K.  W.— quotation  from  his  "Early  Society  of  Southern  Illinois,"  mention, 

foot  note 76 

Patterson,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Pattison,  Rev.— mention 249 

Pawpaw— fruit  of  the  Illinois  country,  described 165 

Payne,  Adam— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Payne,  William— (deserted)  private  soldier  under  Clark 174 

Peaters.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Peck,  Rev.  John  Mason— chosen  historian  to  prepare  acomplete  history  of  Illinois 14 

Peck.  John  M.— historian  of  Illinois,  mention 103 

historical  writings  of,  mention 14 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society.. 13 

minister  of  the  gospel,  mention 103 

proposes  to  write  a  history  of  Illinois 72,73 

resolution  passed  Illinois  General  Assembly  furnishing  him  books  for 

historical  purposes 72,73 

Peck,  P.  P.  W.— builds  first  frame  house  in  Chicago 236 

opens  general  store  in  Chicago,  July  15. 1831,  mention 239 

mention 249 

Peck  &  Boyce— linseed  oil  manufacturers,  mention 270 

Pekin,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Pellot,  Charles— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Peltier,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Penett  (or  Penit)  Joshua— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Penir.  Jesse  (killed)— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Pennicaut's  Annals  of  Louisiana,  from  1699  to  1722- quoted 106 

Pennsylvania— mention 165,191,212,219,251 

"Pennsylvanian"  (a)— mention 165 

Penton,  Thomas— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Clarke  Bros.,  Chicago 264 

Penton  &  Robinson— wholesale  druggists.  Chicago.  1850 251 

Peoria,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to.  directions,  etc 66 

mention 219 

the  Renault  grant  at  or  near,  see  foot  note 181 

Feorla  Indians 278,279 

Peoria  Lake— formed  from  the  Illinois  river 164 

mention 161 

Peorias— on  the  river  of  the  Illinois,  mention 278,279 

Pepin,  John  (killed)— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 166 

Perault,  Capt.  Michael— Illinois  Regiment  Volunteers,  Clark's  army;  received  land  for 

services 166 

Perie,  William— sergeant  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Perrault,  Louis— sells  St.  Louis  property  to  Gabriel  Cerr6,  mention 283 

Perrey.  Thomas  (deserted)- Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  Co 177 

Peru,  111.,  proposed  early  railroad  to,  direction  of,  etc 66 

Peters,  Wilhelm— attended  first  Republican  meeting  ever  held  In  Sehnyler  Co.,  Ill 227 

Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.— see  Pruyne 

Petroleum— mention 250.261 


857 

Index — Continued. 

Paee 

Petter.  Joseph— private  soldier  tinder  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Pfannatlel.  U.  F.— mention 251 

"Pharmacist"  (The)— jonrnal  of  the  Chicago  drug  trade,  gives  account  of  Chicaero  fire, 
especially  with  reference  to  the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy 

and  Chicago  drug  houses 257, 268 

"Pharmacist"  (The)— its  account  of  the  Chicago  fire  and  its  effect  on  the  drug  firms  of 

Chicago 254-256 

monthly  periodical  began  after  the  civil  war 262 

Pharmacy— American  (the)  journal  of  pharmacy— first  publication  in  the  English  lang- 
uage devoted  to  Pharmacy 246 

Chicago  College  of:  its  losses  in  the   Chicago   fire,  and   aid   given  It  by 

friends 257,268 

Chicago  school  of— organieed  and  incorporated  in  the  winter  of  1859 247 

Chicago  College  of— reorganized  after  the  civil  war 262 

Dmggists  Circular  and  Cbenilcal  Gazette— monthly  publication,  1856  mention  246 

in  Chicago— second  decade  from  1810  to  1850  one  of  progress,  etc 243 

law— mention 262 

law  of  Illinois— passed  Legislature  1880 263 

Legislation  In  Illinois 268 

in  New  York 253 

in  the  u.  S 263 

Philadelphia— Coles.  (Edward)  death  of.  at 104 

College  of  Pharmacy;  mention 268 

depot  quartermaster  at— extracts  from  records  of 60.61,62 

druggists  of,  send  money  to  aid  Chicago  druggists  after  Chicago  fire  of 

1871 268 

founded  about  the  same  time  as  St.  Louis 154 

mention 112,121 

Philips,  Henry— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Philips.  Capt.  Joseph— stationed  at  Fort  Massac 61,62 

Phillips,  Wendell— mention 104 

Philyppe.  Dame  Elizabeth— wife  of  M.  Alexander  Du  Claud,  child  of,  baptised 148,149 

Piatt,  Benjamin  M.— appointed  attorney  general  of  Illinois  Territory,  1810;  mention 212 

Pickens.  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Pierce.  President  Franklin— Illinois  gives  heavy  majority  to  him  in  election;  mention...    81 

President  Franklin— mention 212 

Pike  County.  Ill —County  Historical  Society  organized  at  Pittsfield 8 

Pike  County— Historical  Society  report  from 8 

mention 180 

Pike.  Capt.  Zebulon— commandant  at  Port  Massac 50 

commandant  at  Fort  Massac,  death  of 39,40 

Pimatoui,  Renault  Grant— mention 181 

Plnckney— resolution  of  1836,  supported  by  Illinois  Congressmen 77,78 

Pineaux,  Marie— burial  of.  in  the  parish  of  Fort  Chartres 132,133 

Plneaux,  Maturin— mention 134.136 

infant  of .  baptised  by  J.  Gaenon.  priest 132.133 

Pinqnel.  Sir  Obroch.  ot  the  bishopric  of  Chartres 138.139 

Pintard.  John— translates  French  writings  of  Gabriel  Cerr6 288 

"Pioneer  History  of  Illinoig."  by  Gov.  John  Reynolds— quotations  from 211,212,213 

Pioneers  of  Illinois— preservation  of  history  of. 213 

Pitney,  Dr.— Homeopathic  physician,  Chicago,  mention 270 

Pittsburg— block  house  at,  mention 292 

distance  from  Fort  Massac 53 

Pittsburg,  Pa —mention --•  288 

mention 202,217 

Plttman,  Bnckner-sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 178 

Plttman,  Capt.  Philip— official  report  of .  printed  at  London  in  1770,  mention 112 

of  the  Royal  British  Engineers,  mention 112 

returnei]  to  England,  1768.  mention 112 

Pittsfield.  Pike  County— County  Historical  Society  organized  at 8 

Plains  of  Abraham  (Quebec)— battlo  of,  mention 87 

Platteville.  Grant  County.  Wis.- mine  at.  mention 37 

Playing  Cards— early  Illinois  laws  against  their  importation  into  the  State 73 

Pli.  Anthony  (called  La  Plume)— death  of v;;.V"; li^'li. 

Political  Dramas— one  of  the  most  wonderful  in  the  history  of  the  State  of  Illinois....  100. 101 

Pontchartrain,  Count  de.  Chancellor  of  France— patron  of  Juchereau...  — .......41.43 

writes  letter  to  French  Canadian  officials    57 

mention •    58 

Pontchartrain,  Jerome— mention "'•5? 

Pontchartrain.  Lake— mention ,vv."j"VV  * 

Pontchartrain.  Louis  Phelypeaux— Count  de.  Chancellor  of  France,  born  1643,  died  1717, 

mention 58 

Pontlac— Ottawa  chief— mention 276 

Poores.  Archer— flfer  with  Ciark.  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Pope,  Judge  Nathaniel— Illinois  territorial  delegate  In  congress,  succeeds   in  altering 

northern  boundry  line  of  Illinois  in  enabling  act.  etc.,  his  fore- 
sight and  statesmanship,  its  effect  on  development  of  Ills.... 90, 91 
amendment  proposed  by,  extending  northern  boundry  of  the 

State  of  Illlnoi'^ 21 

candidate  for  delegate  to  congress,  mention 181 


358 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Pope,  Judge  Nathaniel— delegate  in  congress ■... 20 

in  congress,  secures  amendment  to  enabling  act  of  Congress  on 
admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State,  which  changed  the  boundry 

line  and  secured  14  northern  counties  for  Illinois 75,80,81 

member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Historical  So- 
ciety to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Populus,  M.  Louis— officer  of  the  marine  troops,  mention 134,135 

Portage  des  Sioux— mention 163,164 

Porter,  Ebenezer— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Portraits— introduced  in  transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  an  improve- 
ment       7 

of  illustrious  men  and  women  of  Illinois  suggested  for  Illinois  building  at 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 6 

Portwood,  Page— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Posey,  General  Thomas— aide  to  George  Washington,  U.  S.  Senator  of  Louisiana,  hur- 
ried at  Shawneetown.  Governor  of  the  northwest  territory...  198 

Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  mention 198 

Governor  Northwestern  Territory 198 

Posts  or  forts— early  ones  described 41 

Post  Routes— in  Illinois  territory,  mention 188 

Posts  Vincennes— mention IjA 

Potior,  Jane— wife  of  James  Millet,  mention 128-129 

Potior.  Marie  Francoisse  (Francis)— wife  of  Joseph  Buchet,  child  of  baptised 146.147 

Potomac  Hills— mention 207 

Potter,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Potter.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Poughkeepsie.  N.  Y.— law  school  at,  mention 219 

Poundridge,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.— mention 213 

Pourre,  Don  Eugenio  (Beausoliel)— leads  Spanish  expedition  across  the  Illinois,  men. 

tion 279 

Powder  Magazine  at  Ft.  Chartres— description  of  byEdw.  G.  Mason 116-116,292 

Powell,  Micajah— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  service 174 

Power,  Thomas— visited  Fort  Massac 40 

Powers  Abner— monument  erected  to  at  Lily  Lake  DeKalb  Co.,  Ills 291 

Prairie  du  Chien— mention 183 

Sioux  Indians  reside  near 182 

within  the  northern  limits  of  Illinois  Territory 183 

Prairie  du  Pont— mention 187 

Prairie  du  Puert  Creek- mention — .187 

Prairie  du  Rocher— Illinois;church  records,  with  translations,  by  Rev,  C.J.  Eschmann.  128-1 49 

Illinois,  mention 128-149,185,187 

Ullinols  school  of  Benj.  Sturgess  located  in,  advertisement  of 187 

Illinois  situated  on  the  land  granted  to  Boisbriant 107 

Prairie  Fires— mention,  foot  note 169 

Prairies  of  Illinois— described 151 

Prattsville,  N.  Y.— mention • •••.•  219 

Pre-historlc  relica- suggested  to  be  used  in  Illinois  building  at  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex..      6 

President  J9W  te?npore—ot  the  Senate  of  Illinois  Hon.  John  McKenzie,  mention 31 

"President"  (The)— schooner  on  the  lakes  In  Chicago  trade 265 

Presiding  Officer  of  the  Senate— reference  to  Hon.  W.  A,  Northcott 16 

Price,  J.— mention 250 

Price  Capt.  Sam— light  artillery,  stationed  at  Fort  Massac 61 

Priest,  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Prickett  G.  R.— residence  of  at  Springfield.  111.,  mention 215 

Princeton,  Bureau  Co..  111.— Historical  Society  soon  to  be  formed  at 8 

Princeton,  111.— mention 2 

Printers— Matthew  Duncan's  in  the  Illinois  Territory,  mention 119 

union  formed  in  Chicago  1852 119 

Pritchett  (or  Pritcher)  Wm.— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Proctor,  William— mention 247 

Program  Committee  of  Ills.  State  Hist.  Soc— chairman  of,  reads  report 2 

divided  as  to  discussion  following  the  read- 
ing of  papers...., 8 

report  of 7-8 

suggestions  of,  as  to  time  of  holding  meet- 
ings   7-8 

Program  of  exercises  of  Historical  Society 10 

"Prometheus"  (The)— first  naval  vessel  of  the  U.  S.  to  go  up  the  Baltic  Sea 99 

Pro-Slavery  Party  of  Illinois- schemes  for  a  convention,  etc 100-101 

Pruyne,  Peter— business  ability  of,  his  management  of  the  business,  offices  held  by, 

death  of 260-263 

clerk  of  Chicago  school  board,  director  of  State  Bank  of  Illinois,  State 

Senator,  etc 261 

death  of 262 

director  of  branch  of  "The  State  Bank  of  Illinois,"  opened  in  Chicago....  242 

Pruyne,  Peter,  &  Co.— drug  and  general  store  in  Chicago.  1833,  mention 241 

diug  store  of.  meeting  held  in  to  decide  whether  Chicago  shall 

corporate  as  a  town,  etc 242 

built  first  dock  in  Chicago,   except  government  dock  at   Fort 
Dearborn,  its  location,  rental,  etc 260 


359 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Pruyne,  Peter,  &  Co.— contractors  and  purveyors  of  supplies  in  building  Illinois  and 

Michigan  Can»l 238 

drug  business  of  In  Chicago,  the  members  ol  the  firm,  location  of 

thestorp,  etc 260.261.262.263 

early  public  meetings  of  Chicago  held  in  store  of 261 

second  drugstore 243 

Pryor,  Roger  A.  of  New  York-meution.. 220 

Publication  Committee  of  111.  State  His.  Soc.  signs— Introduction  to  sketch  of  Jean  Gabriel 

Cerr6.  by  Walter  B.  Douglas 275 

report  of 6.7 

Pnlfdrd,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Pullman.  George  M.— marks  historic  spot  in  Chicago 291 

Pullman  Palace  Car  Company— mention 220 

Pullman— town  of.  mention -a;"; ;  v; ••",•"  vv ; t52 

Puncrass,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Puncrass.  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Pupin.  M.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Purcell  (or  Pursley).Wm. -private  sok'.ier  under  Clark,  eutitled  to  land  for  services 173 

Purple,  Norman  H.— judge  of  Illinois  court,  mention 225 

Putnam,  A.  W..  of  Belpr6— befriends  Mrs.  Blennerhassett 60 

Quaker  Landlord  of  Illinois  Tavern— anecdote  of 167 

Quebec— ancient  French  capital,  mention 16 

ancient  seat  of 'government  of  the  French  empire  in  the  new  worldl 16 

Cerr6  takes  part  In  the  fight  at.  mention 276 

expedition  of  Marquette  and  Jollet  by  authority  of  the  commandant  at 16 

Heights  of  Abraham  at.  mention 17 

mention 20,40.68.87.95,279 

siege  of,  mention 112 

Wolfe's  brilliant  victory  at,  reference  to 18 

Quincy.  Ill.-mention 2,180,290 

large  numbers  of  Germans  locate  near 79 

proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Quincy  Guards— Gen.  E.  B.  Hamilton  captain  of 122 

Quincy  Historical  Society— mention 8.123 

Quincy  Whig— reference  to  articles  in  on  the  ruins  of  Fort  Chartres 117 

Quincy  Whig  (The)— quotations  from........... 224 

Quinine— use  of  in  the  treatment  of  malarial  diseases  of  new  countries 163.164 

Quirk.  Major  Thomas— allotted  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 166 

Rabey.  Cader— soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ragry.  Wm.— mention **"'lJl 

Railroad  Building  in  Illinois 121 

Railroads;  Chicago— first  railroad  entered  in  1852 ^47 

Railroads  in  Illinois— early  movements  in  favor  of -    65 

early  rates  for  freight  and  passengers °°'5i 

distribution  of  proposed  lines,  list 66 

Railroads— Michigan  Central,  mention — 247 

Michigan  Southern  &  Northern  Indiana  railroad,  first  railroad  to   enter 
Oliic&sro  ...••■■.>■■••■• .... ...«..-•..••-••..•••••••••.••■••••--"• •••• •••• •••• ••••-.  «47 

Railroads  in  Illinois— no  railroads' in  Iliino'ls"  in  early  day.  freight  and  transportation. 

question  of.  westward  movement 242 

Ralls.  Capt.  Wm.-ln  Black  Hawk  war v/.""  ^ 

"Rambler"  (The)— English  traveler  describes  Chicago  in  1833.  quotation  from  writings 

of '37 

Ramsey.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ramsey.  Lieut.  Joseph-Ill.  Vols,  in  Clark's  army;  receives  land  for  services.............  167 

Randall.  Jonathan  G.— Rushville.  Ill  ,  father  of  K.  R.  Randall.  Lincoln  writes  letter  to...  226 

Randall.  Robert-private  Holdifr  under  Claik;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Randall.  R.  R.— apprenticed  to  Simeon  Francis,  editor  Illinois  Journal 226 

befriended  by  Lincoln,  anecdote  of "°'„oc 

one  of  the  founders  of  the  Rushville  Times,  mention 2^6 

Randolph  County.  111.— mention jll 

remain.sof  Ft.  Chartres  In J"* 

Randolph,  Edward— quarrel  with  Thos.  Randolph,  reference  to :;;,•,•••; m 

Randolph,  John— service  of,  in  preventing  introduction  of  slavery  Intoallinola »z 

Randolph,  Thos.— quarrel  with  Edward  Randolph,  reference  to iw* 

Ranger.  J.  B.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Rangers— "Governor  Edward's  Rangers",  mention •.-.•••ii-'o **^ 

territorial  from  Illinois  and  Indiana,  payment  secured  from  the  U.  ts.  gov- 

ernment  for,  mention .••.-•.■•:--;'"j'i" 

Raomma,  Paul-private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charlovllle's  Co.  Vols.;  entitled  to  land  for 

services ;;;  }42 

Raatel,  Philip  de— Chevalier  de  Rocheblave;  see  Rochblave 070 

'"Kaven"  (The)— village  of,  on  the  Illinois  river,  mention ,••••,••.• ,Jl 

Ravenscroft,  Lieut.  Thos.— Illinois  Regt  Vols.  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services.  167 

Rawlings.  Gen.  Moses  M.— entertains  General  LaPayette...... .-v™-"!: 

home  of,  still  standing,  where  General  LaFayette  was  en- 

tertained 1" 

Ray.  Andre— surgeon;  entitled  to  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 166 

Ray.  Dwight  E.— son  of  Wra.  H.  Ray,  given  dime  by  A.  Lincoln ^^" 

Ray,  Mrs.  Jennie  L.— mention -"*" 


360 

Index — Continued. 

Pago 
Ray.  Wm.  H.— Lincoln  entertained  at  hla  home  on  visit  to  Rushville,  1858.  entertain- 
ment of  tiie  gruest,  etc 229.230 

Reavise.  Chas.— first  to  begin  to  build  in  the  town  of  Vandalia 183 

Rebels  (The  Americans)— mention 281 

Rebellion— war  of,  mention 31-36 

Reception  Committee— Illinois  State  Historical  Society  assists  at  reception  at  executive 

mansion,  list  of,  mention 10 

thanks  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  tendered  to 9 

Reception  to  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  held  at  the  executive  mansion 9 

Rector.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Red  Banks— mention 63.64 

Red  River— 43 

Reed,  J.  H.  &  Co.— announcement  of.  in  the  Chicago  Daily  Democrat  of  Oct.  29, 1851 250 

druggists.  Chicago,  mention .256.259 

refuse  to  sell  soda  water  to  negro,  store  tabooed  by  colored  popula- 
tion   249 

supplies  the  army  of  the  west  and  southwest  during  Civil  War 262 

test  of  the  first  gas  used  as  an  illuminant  in  store  of 260 

wholesale  druggists.  Chicago.  1850 251 

distributes  the  money  sent  by  druggists  of  different  cities  to  aid  Chi- 
cago druggists  after  the  Chicago  fire 258 

Reed,  Col.  John— commands  at  Fort  Chartres 112 

English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1768 47 

Renfrewshire.  Scotland— mention 216 

Regent  of  France— Fort  Chartres  named  for  the  son  of  (the  Due  de  Chartres) 106 

Reid.  Murdoch  &  Co.— wholesale  grocery  house  of,  on  site  once  occupied  by  Sauganash 

hotel,  later  Republican  wigwam  of  1860 240 

Remonville.  M.  de— mention 68 

Renard  (or  Fox  Indians)— mention 108 

Renault.  Grant— at  or  near  Peoria,  see  foot  note 181 

Renault.  Philippe  Francois  de— African  slavery  introduced  into  the  Illinois  country  by.,  107 

arrives  at  Fort  Chartres  1720 107 

granted  a  tract  of  land  in  the  Illinois  country 107 

purchases  Guinea  negroes  at  St.  Domingo 107 

Rendal.  negro  slave,  reward  offered  for  capture  of;  mention 184 

Republican  convention  at  Bloomingtoa.  1856 227 

party- first  republican  meeting  in  Schuyler  county 227 

party— mention 218 

wigwam  of  1860.  on  site  of  old  Sauganash  hotel,  now  the  site  of  wholesale 

grocery  house  of  Reid,  Murdoch  &  Co 240 

Response  to  address  of  welcome  of  Lieut.  Gov.  Northcott.  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder 12-16 

Renter,  Henry— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  Are  of  1871 266 

Revolutionary  Soldiers— monuments  erected  over  graves  of,  mention 291 

war— Illinois  regimentof  volunteers  in 166-178 

war— McLean  (Chas  )  Major  in,  mention 2(il 

war— mention 18.97.202.291,294,289 

war— really  ended  by  treaty  of  Greenville 49 

Revolutionists.  French— destroy  archives  at  Paris;  mention 46 

Reynolds.  John— Cerr6  (Jean  Gabriel),  mentioned  by  Reynolds  in  his  history  of  Illinois; 

see  foot  note , 273 

Reynolds.  Gov.  John— describes  visit  when  a  child  to  Ft.  Massac,  also  a  later  visit 50.51 

description  of  John  McLean 197 

Reynolds.  John— historical  writings  of.  mention 14 

historian  of  Illinois,  mention 103 

Reynolds.  Gov.  John— "History  of  My  Own  Times;"  quoted 114-115.190.196 

Reynolds.  John— in  Legislature  of  Illinois  at  same  time  as  John  McLean;  mention 196 

Reynolds.  Gov.  John— "Life  and  Times"  of,  quoted  in  reference  to  candidates  for  Gov- 
ernor of  Illinois— Ell  ward  p.  Sloo,  Hubbard 204 

Reynolds.  John— member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Hist.  Soc.  to  assist  in 

collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Reynolds,  Gov.  John— mention 222 

"My  Own  Times."  quoted;  see  footnote 190 

"My  Own  Times."  extracts  from,  on  the  naming  of  JoDavIess  Co.. 

Illinois 196 

Reynolds.  John— pioneer  history  of  Illinois,  mention 276 

Reynolds,  Gov.  John— quotations  from  his  histories  of  Illinois 39.211,212,213 

Reynolds.  John— quoted  on  the  slavery  strife  in  Illinois 100.101 

Reynolds,  Gov.  John— visits  Ft.  Chartres  twice,  mention 114 

Rhode  Island— mention 112 

Rhone  River 43 

Rice.  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Richard.  Jos,— private  soldier  In  Capt.  Charlovllle's  Co.Vols.,  entitled  to  land  for  services  176 

Richards.  Dick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Richards,  Lewis— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services ,...  174 

Richardson,  Wm,  A.  (Dick)— Representative!  in  Illinois  General  Assembly  from  Schuy- 
ler county,  friend  of  A.  Lincoln 223.224 

Richland  Creek— In  Cartwright  township,  Sangamon  county.  111 180 

Richmond.  Rev.  J.  P.— candidate  (1858)  for  Illinois  State  Senate  from  Schuyler  county 

on  the  Democratic  ticket 228 


361 

Jndea? — Continued , 

Pasre 

Ridgrely.  Mrs.  Chas.— es-regent  Springfleld  Chapter,  D.  A.  R 297 

Rifle  Regiment— mention.    See  foot  note 186 

three  hundred  soldiers  of.  to  join  Bris.  Gen,  Smith,  mention 185 

Riley,  Patrick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 17i 

Rio  del  Norte  River— mention 218 

Ritchie,  Dr.  Henry— Chicaeo  druggist 271 

River  of  Mines— name  given  by  La  Seur,  probably  Galena  river Jl 

Rivers  of  the  West— highways  for  explorers  and  later  for  commerce 86 

Riviere  des  Plalnes— mention 164 

Robilliard,  Sir-mention 138,139 

Robinson,  James  M— member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  State  Historical 

Society  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Robinson,  J.  M.,  of  Carmi— mention 64 

Robinson,  Richard- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Rock  Island,  111.— British  possession  of  region  around  Rock  Island,  mention 180 

Brig.  Gen.  Smith  erects  a  fort  on  Rock  river  at , 184 

Historical  Society  in.  mention 8 

location  of  United  States  Armory,  mention 61 

mention 293 

Road  Laws  in  Illinois— enacted  during  Governor  Coles'  administration 102 

Road— Old  Massac  road,  mention S9 

Roberts.  Capt.  Benjamin— captain  in  111.  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for 

services 166 

Roberts,  Benjamin— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Roberts,  Edmund,  of  Kaskaskia,  III.— Canal  Commissioner  of  Illinois 236 

Roberts,  Eliab— private  soldit^r  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Roberts,  John— Lieut,  in  111.  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services 167 

Roberts.  .Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Roberts,  William— Lieut,  of  111  Vols., Clark's  army,entitled  to  land  for  services 167 

Robertson,  James— Lieut,  in  111.  Reat.  Vols..  Clark's  army. entitled  to  land  for  services..  167 

Robertson ,  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Rocheblave,  Lieut.  Gov.  Philip  de  Rastel— Chevalier  deRocheblave  in  command  of  Brit- 
ish garrison  at  Kaskaskia  when  captured  by 

Clark 177,178 

British  commandant  at  Fort  Gage 279 

mention 280 

Rochambean.  Marshal— mention 49 

Rock  Island,  111.— volunteer  expedition  to.  record  of,  mention;  see  foot  note 185 

Rock  River— Brig.  General  Smith  erects  a  fort  on 183 

mention 184 

Rock  Springs  Seminary— mention..  14 

Rockwood  &  Blocki— wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago  burned  out  In  fire  of  1871 255 

Rocky  Mountains— LaVerendrye  brothers  return  from  discovery  of,  mention 276 

Roe,  Elizabeth— wife  of  Thomas  Sloo,  mention 202 

Rogers,  David— sergeant  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 174 

Rogers.  Capt.  John— sent  by  Clark  from  Kaskaskia  to  Vincennes  in  command  of  a  galley 

(boat)  by  Mississippi,  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers 178 

Rogers,  Capt.  John— capt.  in  111.  Regt.  Vols  ,  Clark's  army;  receives  land  for  services...  166 

Rogers,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark ;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Rohde  (A)  &  Co.— Retail  druggists  of  Chicago  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 265 

Rollison,  William  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark;  receives  land  for  services 174 

Romeo,  ill.— branch  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.  at,  mention 268 

town  near  Joliet  on  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  mention 263 

Roosevelt,  President  Theodore— mention 23S 

quotation  from  his  historical  writings 46 

Rosemerckle.  Frederick-drug  store  in  Chicaaro.  mention 244 

Rosenheld  &  Co.— Chemical  Manufacturers  of  Chicago,  1860,  mention 248 

Ross,  James— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ross,  John— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ross,  Josenh- corporal  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ross,  L.  W.— signs  certificate  of  application  of  candidate  for  admission  to  Illinois  bar. . .  226 

Rotand,  Sir-mention 134,136 

"Roughing  It"  (book)  by  Mark  Twain— mention 209 

Ray,  Jullen— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Roy,  M  (1)— major,  mention 188,139 

Royal  Council  In  1717 17 

Royal  Council-decree  of  1721 17 

Roynl  India  Company— commercial  company,  mention 106 

Rubido,  Francis  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Rubido.  James— soldier  under  Clark 174 

Ruddell  (or   Reddell)    Cornelius— private   soldier  under  Clark;    entitled  to  land  for 

services 174 

Ruisseau  de  Pierre  (Stony  Creek)— mention 284.285 

Rush  Medical  College— Blaney  (Dr.  J.  V.  Z.)  prof essor  of  chemistry  in 248 

founders  of.  list  of 249 

Kimberly  (Dr.  Edward  S.)  one  of  the  founders  of 246 

Semplo  (Dr.  John  S  )  lectures  in 246 

RushvUle,  Schuyler  County,  HI.— accounts  of  visits  to,  by  A.  Lincoln,  1832-1858 221-288 


362 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Rushville,  111.— band,  mention , 229 

mention 226 

visited  by  Lincoln  on  Oct.  20, 1858,  visited  by  Douglas  a  few  daya  later.228,229 
young  ladies  in  court  house  disturb  Mr.  Lincoln's  meeting;  his  rebuke 

of  them 232 

Russell  &  Cllft— book  store  of,  in  Chicago,  1833,  mention 241,260 

Russell,  Benjamin— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Russell,  Prof.  John— member  of   standing  committee   of  the  early   Illinois  Historical 

Society  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois  14 

member  of  the  first  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 13 

Russellville,  Logan  Co.,  Ky.— parents  of  John  McLean  located  at 201 

mention 211,212 

Russhare,  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Russia— Edward  Coles,  sent  on  diplomatic  mission  to 99 

druggists  of.  send  money  to  aid  Chicago  druggists  after  the  fire  of  1871 258 

Rutherford,  Larkin— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ryan,  Andrew— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Ryan,  Lazarus— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Sabbath— in  early  Illinois,  laws  respecting  observance  of.   mention 73 

Sailing  vessels— lake  traffic  conducted  In 242 

St,  Ange,  M.  Louis  de— Godfather  at  baptism  of  child  in  the  parish  of  St.  Ann's 138,139 

St.  Ange,  Elizabeth— baptism  of  infant  of.  by  J.  Gagnon,  priest 130,131 

St.  Ange,  Madame— baptism  of  slaves  belonging  to,  by  J.  Gagnon,  missionary  priest  of 

the  parish  of  St.  Anne's 132-133 

St.  Ange,  ^l.  de  Captaln(?)— mention 138-139 

St.  Ange  de  Belle  Rive,  Louis— French  commandant  in  the  Ills,  country,  1730-1734,  1764- 

1765 46 

French  officer,  memory  of  still  cherished  in  Illinois 39 

went  from  Illinois  to  Ft.  Du  Quesne,  mention 45 

St.  Ann— church  in  Ft.  Chartres.  marriage  in 140,141 

St.  Annede  Fort  Chartres— parish  church  of  Prairie  ciu  Rocher,  records  of 128-149 

Jesuits  build  church  of,  mention 106 

St.  Anne's  Parish— J.  Gagnon— missionary  priest  at 128-349 

St.  Anne's  Parish  of  Ft.  Chartres— mention 111.128-149 

St.  Brieux— parish  of,  mention 140-141 

St.  Charles— on  the  north  bank  of  the  Missouri  river,  mention 163 

St.  Charles  Co.,  Mo.— negro  slave's  escape  of  from,  description  of,  etc.,  reward  offered 

for  his  capture 184 

St.  Charles,  111.— branch  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce  under  name  of  Freeman  &  Boyce 270 

St.  Clair,  Capt.  Benolst  de— commands  at  Ft.  Chartres 109 

French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country.  1740-1743;  1749- 

1751 46 

returns  to  Ft.  Chartres,  marries  the  daughter  of  a  Kaskaskia 

citizen 109 

St.  Clair  Co.,  Ill— carried  for  Fremont  In  1856 83 

mention 20,86,124,181,207,211 

Washington  Co.  cut  off  from,  Jan.  2,  1818 208 

St.  Domingo— Renault  purchases  Guinea  negroes  in 107 

St.  Genevieve,  Mo.— inhabitants  of,  mention 276 

mention... 114,185,212 

opposite  Kaskaskia,  a  Spanish  officer  at,  mention 2S0 

postofficeat  1816 188 

St.  Lawrence  River— French  colonies  on,  mention 40 

mention 16.17,86.95 

St.  Louis— Spanish  capital  of  Upper  Louisiana,  mention 279 

Cerr^  a  wealthy  merchant  of;  see  foot-note 275 

St.  Louis  Ex.— ccmmittee  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  report  called  for  by 

presiding  officer 1 

St.  Louis— French  trading  post,  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive,  dies  at,  see  foot-note 112 

German  immigrants  settle  around,  mention 79 

history  of  by  Scharfl,  mention 282 

(Kaskasfeia)  mention 277 

Laclede  establishes  trading  post  at Ill 

St.  Louis— 1.6.102,119,121,150,162,163.165.179-189,206,276,277.279,282.284 

St.  Louis— metropolis  of  the  west,  mention 247-248 

St.  Louis  of  Illinois— letter  dated  at 284 

St.  Louis— prediction  as  to  its  future  greatness 166 

property  in,  bought  by  Gabriel  Cerr6,  mention 283 

St.  Louis  Republic  (newspaper)— mention 20O 

St.  Louis  sends  aid  to  Chicago  after  the  fire  of  1871 253 

St.  Louis— situation  of.  description  of 153,164 

Spanish  expedition  organized  at 94 

a  Spanish  village  in  early  days 283 

time  computed  necessary  for  journey  from  St.  Louis  to  New  York 68 

St.  Louis.  Mo.— visited  by  Ferdinand  Ernst 165 

St.  Louis  University— Dr.  D.  Brainard  of  Chicago,  accepts  appointment  as  professor  of 

anatomy  in 246 

St.  Marie— town  near  mouth  of  .Missouri  river,  mention 155 

St.  Mary,  Baptiste— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

St.  Michaels— private  soldier  under  Clirk,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

St.  Paul's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  New  Orleans- Thos.  Sloo  member  of 205 


363 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

St.  Phllip-chapel  of,  mention ^^^-^2 

St.  Phlllippe— village  of.  distance  from  Ft.  Chartres 107 

St.  Philippe— village  of.  location  of,  name  given  by  Philippe  Francois  de  Renault 107 

St.  Pierre.  Madame  la  Comtesse  de— friend  of  Juchereau.  influences  the  King  of  France 

in  his  favor 42, 67, 68 

St.  Romin,  iSladame  Elizabeth— godmother  at  the  baptism  of  a  child  in  the  parish  of  St. 

Ann's 138-139 

Safford,  Wm.  H.— author  of  "Life  of  Blennerhassett."  mention 60 

Saline— mention ,25 

Saline  on  Big  Muddy  River— mention Jo* 

Salines,  U.  S.  Salines— bill  extending  lease  of,  mention ISO 

Salt  River— mention • „22 

Saloon  Building.  Chicago— 113  Lake  street,  mention 266 

Sanders,  Mrs.  Geo.  A.— mention 10 

San  Francisco  druggists  send  money  to  aid  of  Chicago  druggists  after  Are  of  1871 258 

San  Francisco— mention .•-•:•-■•, , ::---\ 'J\V 

Sangamon  Co.,  111.— gives  largest  majority  in  vote  against  a  convention  to  amend  the 

^  Constitution  of  1818  of  the  State  of  Illinois 101 

mention ^^'^ 'Tif 

Sangamon  County— population  of,  in  1840 119 

Illinois,  mention;  footnote iw 

Sangamon  River— beauty  and  fertility  of  lands  on;  mention "^',c2 

Sangamon  branches  (river)  of .-•■•a-a itz 

Sangamon  River— entire  length  of  unknown,  etc.,  m  1819 loj 

Inilian  lands  on,  ceded  to  U.  S l"! 

Indians  place  thankofferlngs  in  high  rock  near 116 

its  clear  water,  navigable  part  of  the  year 160 

lands  on.  mention .' ;;;•;«  iS 

mention 161,162,lbl 

settlements  and  farms  on loa 

Sanlade.  Alexander— private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charloville's  Co,  Vol.,  entitled  to  land  for 

SGrvicGS.  ■  •.••  •••••••  •■•• ••••••■••■•••-•--• .••..••••••••••••••••••• ••••-•  17d 

San  Luis— Spanish  form  of  St.  Louis. mention 283 

Sanschagrin.  Francis  Hennet,  Le  til?,  godfather  at  baptism  of  child  m  parish  of  St. 

j^un'g      140-141 

Sargent,  E.'H.--Chicago  druggist,  member  of  committee  to  draft  bill  for  Illinois  Phar- 

macy  Law 25d 

delivers  address  before  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy ^vj  —  -.  ^"° 

retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  (store  and  labratory)  in  fire  of 

1871 255 

Saucier,  Matthew— finds  box  containing  moulds  for  casting  money 187 

Saussier.  Lieut.  Jean  B.-ancester  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder... HO 

French  engineer,  Ft.Chartres{second  one),built  after  plans  of.  109 

mention ;•••/•••;  —  ikrt 

settles  in  Cahokia.  dies  at  end  of  i8th  century:  see  foot  note...  109 

Saaganash  Hotel,  Chicago—contained  public  bar,  entertains  jovial  company "0,269 

kept  by  Mark  Beaubien,  the  first  hotel  in  Chicago 238 

on  site  where  Republican  wigwam  of  1860,  afterwards  stood 
now  site  of  wholesale  grocery  house  of  Reid,  Murdoch 

&  Co /•••••.••.• V  ^^ 

"Sauganash"  Tavern— wigwam  in  Chicago  in  which  Lincoln  was  nominated  for  presl- 

dency,  once  on  site  of ^^* 

Saunders.  Lieut.  Jos.— in  111.  Regt.  Vol.  Clark's  army •--•  l" 

Savage,  (a)— belonging  to  Madame  Si?  Ange,  baptized  by  J.  Gagnon.  missionary  priest 

in  parish  of  St.  Aim's • ^^^'Yn, 

Savage.  Bryan— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services "» 

Savage,  Dominick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services "5 

Sawyer,  Nathaniel-death  of  in  Lake  Forest,  Nov.  13, 1890...... ^7a 

in  charge  of  retail  department.  Sawyer's  drug  store «» 

of  drug  firm  of  Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co.,  mention ^«2 

Sawyer,  Paige  &  Co.,  Chicago— mention •.-•;;/•, Vi ii9 

druggists  and  grocers  in  Chicago,  mention ^'^ 

wholesale  druggists.  Chicago.  1850.... *" 

Sawyer,  Dr.  Sidney— advertises  corn  oil.  what  was  it  in  an  early  day? ^Jg 

death  of  in  Chicago.  July  12.  1894 • ••••••  ^'3 

druggist  in  Chicago.  1839,  opening  of  his  store;  advertisements,  lo- 

cation  of  store ini 

drug  stock  of,  sold  at  auction ;'5 

financial  crisis  of  1837,  does  not  effect 5" 

health  officer  of  Chicago,  mention ^'5 

removal  of  business  house  to  70  Lake  street 5'| 

seventh  drug  store  in  Chicago -•• —  5™ 

soda  fountains  introduced  by,  in  early  drug  store,  18J9. vvv 

special   partner   in   firm   of   Sawyer,    Paige   &   Co.,  druggists  in 

Chicago 

Sawyer's  Extract  of  Bark— manufactured'by  Sidney  Sawyer,  still  on  the  market 272 

Scammon,  F.— drug  store  in  Chicago,  mention 5" 

mention <• S*Y 

Scammon.  F.  &  Co.— wholesale  druggists  Chicago.  1850 ^"i 


364 

Jndeoj— Contifiued. 

Page 

Scapmon,  Jonathan  Young-qnotationa  from  his  'Revision  of  Illinois  Laws" 216.217  218 

Scates.  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services...,  m 

Scales.  Walter  Bennet— Attorney  General  of  Illinois.  1836.  sketch  of 217 

o,    _      -,  ,  secretary  second  Illinois  State  Historical  Society .'.'."!II!!!!i;    14 

Schaffer,  Mr.— a  farmer  in  the  Illinois  prairies,  mention 160 

bchaper.  W.  A.—' Sectionalism  and  Representation  in  South  Carolina.'"  mention*  foot 

note tje 

Scharff's-"History  of  St.  Louis."  quotations  from '.'.'.'.'. 2S9  ->m 

Schenectady.  N.  Y.— mention 240 

Schloetzer.  E.  T.— retail  druggist  of  Chicaero.  burned  ouViHflreof'isn!!!".!'.'.*.!!'"; 255 

School— first  one  supported  entirely  by  public  taxation  in  the  history  of  the  world  "lo- 

cated  at  Dedham,  Mass..  1644 i20 

School  Laws— of  Illinois  enacted  during  Gov.  Coles  admlniatration!!."."!.'.".".'.'.'.'."*.' loa 

School  Teacher— salary  of  the  first  school  teacher  of  the  first  school  supported  entirely 

.._,  ,  .      ..,  by  public  taxation  was  $67  per  year 120 

Schooner  Ann"  (The)— mention 1^ 

Schroeder.  Noble-retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of'l87i!.'.'.".'.'.'.',*.!!.";.".'"'  255 

Schuyler  Citizen  (The)— newspaper  edited  by  Q.  W.  Scripps.  mention 229 

Schuyler  County,  111.— circuit  court.  Lincoln  practiced  law  in ."!!  224 

Democratic  county !'""! 229 

Democrats  of.  their  admiration  for  Peter  Cart'wright.' .'!.". ".'.'." I.','  224 
early  political  history  of.  first  Republican  meeting,  account  of....  227 

Lincoln's  visits  to 221 

mention ..'.'.'......','.'.'."  117 

men  who  represented  it  in  Illinois  Legi'sYatnre'aVVaiidaii"a!'.!*.!223.224 

c  .  ,     ,    ..  ^.  represented  at  Beardstown  Republican  meeting  Aug.  12. 1858 228 

Scioto  Indians— mention is 

Scott.  Mrs.  Edgar  8.— mention '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. in 

Scott  County.  111.— mention,  foot  note ....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 279 

Scott.  John  M.— quotation  from  his  Illinois  history 214 

Scott,  Julia  Green  (Mrs.  Mathew  T.)— address  by !.'.' 38-64 

Scott.  Mrs.  Mathew  T.— delivers  an  address  on  Old  Fort  Massac  before  IliinoiV State  His- 
torical Society,  January.  1903 38-64 

address  of.  mention,  foot  note  294 

c«„**  n       nr.  a  1^        vice-presldent  general  for  Illinois  of  the  D.  A.  R  .....'...'.'.'.'.'.'.',■.'.'  297 

Scott.  Gen.  Wlnfleld— arrives  at  Port  Dearborn  with  troops,  who  bring  cholera 239  240 

Scotland — mention 20l 

Scrip— currency,  canal  scrip.  State  Auditor's'scripVineii'tion!'.!!'.'.'.!*.*.'.*.! 242 

Scripps.  G.  W.— attended  first  Republican  meeting  ever  held  in  Rushvllle .'  227 

Scnpps,  G.  W.— school  house  of,  at  Rushville,  111.,  mention "    227 

editor  of  the  Schuyler  Ctlzen,  mention 229 

mention 228 

Scripps,  Hal— house  of.  at  Rushrille.  mention 227 

Scripps,  James  E.— editor  of  the  Detroit  News,  mention !I.'."!.'.*!.'.'."!.".*[.'*.".'.'.'.'.".*  227 

gives  account  of  first  Republican  meeting  ever  held  in  Schuyler  Co.", 

.  Ills 227 

Scripps.  John  Locke— appointed  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  postmaster  of  Chicago.'.'.'.'.".'.'.".*.*.'.'"!.'  232 
author  of  first  biography  of  Lincoln.  Mr.  Scripps'  estimate  of  Lin- 
coln   233 

author  of  first  life  of  Lincoln,  his  friendship  for  Lincoln,  his  esti- 
mate of  him,  book  reprinted  by  daughter  of  Mr.  Scripps' 282,233 

o       V         ™.    ^  editor  Chicago  Press  and  Tribune 232,283 

Scupham,  W.  C 251 

Seare.  William- private  soldier  under  Ci9r'k'.'entitVe'd't'o''rand'for**8er'vi'c"e'8!!!!.*!!I.'I.'i."''''  174 

Searay.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Sears,  John,  Jr. — mention 248 

o          or.        ^    ^'i*!  Edwin  R.  Bay  buys  drug  busin'e'ss'of'L.'M.'Boy'c'e'.Chic'a'go'.'.'.! 
Sears  &  Bay— drug  firm  of  Chicago 244 

o  «^  o    .    successor?  to  drug  business  of  L.  M.  Boyce .'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.*.'.*.'.'".*.'.'!.'.'."ii.'i  271 

Sears  &  Smlth-wholesaledrngglsts  Chicago 251 

Sebastian,  Judge  B.— visited  Ft.  Massac 40 

Secretary  of  War  of  the  D.  S..  Washington.  D.  C.-mentlon.  see  ifoot'note!'.*.!'.*.'.'*.!!*.*.!'.'.'.  185 

Sectional  Forces  In  the  History  of  Illinois"— address  before  the  Illinois  State  Histori- 
cal  Society,   Jan.    1903,    by   Evarts    B. 

e,  ,     „         ,^      .,  Greene,  Ph.  D 65-88 

Sela,  Mr.  and  family- met  by  Benj.  VanCleve,  mention 63 

Semple,  James— Attorney  General  of  State  of  Illinois  1833.  sketch  of .'.'.. '.'.**"'2'l'5-216 

Senate  of  the  State  of  Ills.— president  pro  tempore  of  1903  (Hon.  John  McKenzIe)  mention    31 

Senate  of  the  State  of  111— reference  to  presiding  officer  of 15 

Senator's  Ball  (The)— account  of 73-74 

Seneca  Indians— method  of  gathering  up  crude  oil;  mention....  * 251 

Sennitt.  Richard— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.*.  174 
Sester.  John— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

Sester,  Michael— in  Cant.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.  when  enlisted,  miles  to  go 'home'.'.*.'.'.'.'.*.'. '.'.*.*.  177 

Seven  Years  War"— mention Ill 

Severidee,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark.  entiVle'd  to"ra*nd"f"o'r"serv'i'c'e'a .'!.*..".'.*.".'.'.' .'.'.'.'  17S 
Setter,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 


865 

Index — Continued. 

Pasre 

Shank.  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  servlcea 174 

Shank,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Shannon,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Sharlock.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Shaw,  JohnC,  of  Boston,  goes  to  Chicago,  becomes  one  of  the  drug  firm  of  Clarke  &  Co.  263 

Shawnee  Indians— Chiefs  invited  by  l^rench  to  visltMontreal 43 

Shawnee  River— early  name  for  Cumberland  river 39,44 

Shawneetown.  111.— citiaens  of,  give  notice  through  newspapers  of  Frankfort,  Ky..  Kas- 
kaskia  and  Nashville,  renn.,  that  they  will  apply  to  the  Legislature 

of  Illinois  for  the  establishment  of  a  bank 182 

commercial  and  political  rival  of  Kaskaskia.  mention 192 

Gazette,  mention 195 

Gen.  Lafayette  visits,  entertainment  for.  etc 102 

"Illinois  Emigrant,"  newspaper  published  in  1817.  by  John  M.  Eddy; 

mention 200 

Illinois  Gazette,  new«paper  of,  mention 190 

inscription  on  the  vault  of  John  McLean  at.  mention 198 

John  McLean  emigrates  to 192 

John  McLean,  death  of.  at,  Oct  14,1830 197 

John  McLean  practices  law  in 193,201 

mention 64,150.198.199,217.219 

proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

stone  bank  building  erected  in,  by  the  State  bank  still  standing 182 

Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  removes  to 202 

Shawneytown  (Shawneetown)— post  route  from,  mention 180 

Sheenan's.  (J.  W.)— Life  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  reference  to;  see  foot  note 82 

Shelby  County,  Ill.-mention 220 

Shelby.  Isaac— Governor  of  Kentucky,  mention 48 

Shelbyville.  111.— mention 25 

proposed  early  railroad  to 68 

"Sheldon  Thompson"  (The)— early  lake  schooner,  mention 239 

Shepherd,  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Shepherd,  Peter— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Sherman.  Henry— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  Are  of  1871 265 

Shields,  (ien.  James— one  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  and  amendments  at  second 

attempt  to  organize  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 14 

Shipman  &  Goodrich— wholesale  druggists.  Chicago.  1850 251 

Ship  Island- Boisbriant  (Pl^^rre  Duqu6  de).  arrive*  at 105 

"La  Duchesse  de  Noailles."  French  frigate,  arrives  at 105 

Ship.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Shoal  Creek  in  Illinois— mention 157.158,162 

Shoemaker.  Leonard— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Siberia— mention 99 

Siburn,  Christopher— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Siddall.  J.  J.— mention 261 

Sidney.  Sir  Philip— appointed  Governor  of  Flushing  by  Queen  Elisabeth  in  1585.  mention  201 

Signs— used  by  early  drug  stores  in  Chicago,  mention 244 

Slgonier.  Francis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Silam.  James— child  of,  baptized 146 

Silam,  Joseph— son  of  James  Silam,  baptism  of 146 

Silam.  Sleur— signs  church  record  as  witness 145 

signer  of  church  record  with  J.  Gagnon,  priest,  mention 130.131 

Silam.  Sir— mention - • ^^*"}25 

Sills,  Samuel— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Silver  Creek.  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to :;;-:;o  «S 

mention 167, 158. 159 

Silver— found  In  JoDaviess  county.  111.,  but  not  in  paying  quantities,  hopes  for  its  fu- 
ture development , •:•■•: ••;,••:•  v    ^^ 

Simson,  Tos— in  Capt.  Joseph   Bowman's  company,  when  discharged,  when  enlisted. 

mileage,  pay  of I'J 

Sioux  Indians— country  of.mention .- - - 67 

treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and.  mention vr-\  ^^ 

"Sketches  of  a  Tour  in  the  Western  Country."  by  F.  Cuming— contains    first   published 

account  of  massacre  at 

Fort  Massac 41 

"Sketches  of  the  West."  by  James  Hall-mention 11* 

Skinner.  Henry— physician,  with  rank  of  surgeon's  mate,  at  Fort  Massac...  — ..........    61 

Slack.  Wm.— in  Capt.  Bowman's  company,  discharged  and  re-enlisted  in  other  of  Clark  s 

companle.«.  foot  note :  •  -  •  • • ,v  •  •  '" ' 

in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles 

to  go  home,  rations  due 1'] 

private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Slade.  Hon.  Charles-and  wife,  Mary  D.  Slade,  donate  tract  of  land  at  Carlyle  for  county 

seat  of  Clinton  county • 20£ 

appointed  United  States  marshal  by  President  Jackson 208 

builds  first  mill  in  Carlyle.  1829 207 

candidate  for  Congress 208 

Carlyle,  111.,  founded  by 207 


866 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Slade.  Hon.  Charles— death  of,  from  cholera,  mention 209 

elected  to  Congress  from  the  State  of  Illinois 208 

elected  to  Legislature  of  Illinois,  1820  and  1826 208 

family  of,  mention 209 

forms  partnership  with  Hubbard,  first  merehant  in  Carlyle 201 

his  course  as  member  of  United  States  Congress 209 

his  defeat  of  Gov.  Edwards  for  Congress  brings  him  into  promi- 
nence, mention 209 

leaves  large  estate  much  encumbered,  litigation  over 210 

marries  daughter  of -John  Kain,  probably  in  1819 207 

native  of  England 207 

paper  on.  in  "Forgotten  Statesmen  of  Illinois,"  contributed  to 
transactions  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Soc.  by  Dr.  J.P.Snyder..207-210 

personal  appearance  of,  little  known 207 

purchases  land  of  Jotin  Hill 207 

Slade,  Mrs.  Charles— widow  of  Chas.  Slade,  her  share  of  his  estate,  marries  E.  S.  Dennis.  210 

Slade,  Charles  A.— son  of  Charles  Slade,  died  at  Santa  F6  in  Mexican  war 209 

Slade,  Mrs.  Charles  A.— daughter  ol:  Judge  Sidney  Breese,  mention 209 

Slade,  James  Alfred— division  superintendent  of  overland  stage  company 209 

noted  desperado  in  Montana,  hung  by  vigilance  committee 209 

youngest  son  of  Charles  Slade,  made  famous  by  Mark  Twain  in 

"Roughing  It" 209 

Slade,  Mary  D.— wife  of  Charles  Slade,  donates  tract  of  land  for  Carlyle  as  county  seat 

of  Clinton  county  208 

Slade,  Richard— brother  of  Charles  Slade 207 

Slade,  Thomas— brother  of  Charles  Slade 207 

parents  of,  settle  in  Alexandria.  Va 207 

Slade,  Virginia— daughter  of  Charles  Slade,  mention 209 

Slaughter,  George— lieutenant,  received  land  as  soldier  under  Clark. 166 

private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Slaugnter,  uiciut.  James— in  111.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Slaughter,  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

slaughter,  Lieut.  Joseph— in  111.  Vols.,  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Slaughter.  Lawrence— ensign  in  111.  Vols..  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Slave- baptism  of  child  of 136-137 

female,  belonging  to  Baron,  burial  of 142-143 

of  M.  le  Chevalier  Debarlet  burial  at  Prairie  du  Roeher .....130-131 

infant.  Interred,  mention 136-137 

Slave  Holders— mention... 97 

Slave,  Negress— named  Charlotte,  baptized 138-139 

Slave,  Negro— infidel,  belonging  to  Madame  St.  Ange,  baptized  by  J.  Qagnon,  mission- 
ary priest  of  the  parish  of  St.  Anne 132-133 

named  David,  offer  of  reward  for  in  the  Western  Intelligencer 182 

named  Rendal,  reward  ofllered  for  capture  of 184 

Slave— offer  of  reward  for  runaway  slave,  name  not  given:— in  the  Western  Intelligencer  182 

runaway  negro  slave,  claimed  by  Josiah  McClanahan 182 

Slaves— freed  by  Edward  Coles,  before  entering  the  State  of  Illinois,  gifts  to,  protection 

of,  etc 101 

indentured  slaves  in  Illinois 99 

in  Illinois,  number  of  by  census  of  1820 76 

in  Illinois  territory  when  it  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  In  1784 99 

Kentucky  negro,  reward  offered  for  capture  of 185 

large  reward  offered  for  capture  of  Tennessee  negro 185 

mention 97 

of  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr^.  record  of  burial  of,  at  Kaskaskia 288 

Slavery— all  absorbing  topic  of  debate  in  Illinois 24,192 

Birkbeck,  Morris,  opinion  on lOS 

Coles.  Edward,  opinion  on 98 

Congress  of  tha  United  States  passes  ordinance  on 100 

contest  a  bitter  one  in  Illinois 100,101 

contest  of  1824.  Reynolds,  (John;)  extracts  from  "My  Own  Times" 194 

convention  of  1824,  defeat  of  slavery  project,  mention 203 

contest  in  1824.  McLean  on  the  pro-slavery  side 194 

debates,  between  Cook  and  McLean;  lack  of  newspaper  accounts,  etc 193 

In  Illinois,  attempts  to  introduce  it,  efforts  made  to  defeat  it,  etc 

•  •  •  ■  ■  »  »  •••••••  ••■•  •■••   •■■•  >■■•■•  ■■>•  ■•••  •■••   •«••  *■••  ••■■■•••••••  ••••  cKff  Ot7«  i9\}f  t9L\  t/W(  «70(  vV«  «7V 

in  N.  W.  territory,  plan  of  Thomas  Jefferson  to  exclude  it 88,89,90 

mention 11,154 

paragraph  omitted  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  cause  given 98 

prohibition  of  in  the  territory  ceded  bv  Prance  to  the  United  States 22 

provision  against,  not  in  the  Constitution  of  Illinois,  1818 22 

provision  against  in  Jefferson's  plan 19 

verdict  of  the  people  of  Illinois  upon 24 

Sloo,  Albert  Gallatin— brother  of  Thomas  Sloo,  mention 206 

mention 202 

Sloo  &  Co.— firm  in  Alton,  111., mentioned  in  early  Illinois  histories 206 

Sloo,  James  C— mention 202 

merchant  in  Alton,  111.,  mention 206 


367 

Index — Continued. 

Paee 

Sloo,  Thomas— builds  the  first  house  In  Limestore,  Ky  ,  where  Maysville  now  stands 202 

grandfather  of  Thomas  Sloo.  Jr..  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war 201 

marriage  ot.  to  Klizabeth  Roe.  mention 202 

one  of  the  earliest  residents  of  Washington.  Ky 202 

son  of  Thomas  Sloo.  Jr 205 

Sloo.  Mrs.  Thomas— death  of  Jan.  17. 1901 206 

Sloo.'Thomas  Jr.— born  at  Washington.  Ky..  April  5, 1790 202 

boyhood  of.  education  of 202 

children  of 205 

city  treasurer  of  New  Orleans,  member  of  board  of  education  of 

New  Orleans 205 

death  of.  in  New  Orleans.  Jan.  17. 1879 205 

defeated  for  governor  of  Illinois  by  Ninian  Edwards 201 

elected  county  surveyor  of  Hamilton  county.  111 203 

elected  to  the  State  Senate  of  Illinois  to  represent  Hamilton  and 

Jefferson  counties 205 

genealogy  of 201-202 

marriage  of.  to  Miss  Harriet  Irwin  July  14. 18U 202 

member  of  first  canal  board.  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal 203 

member  of  St.  Paul's  Protestant  Episfopal  church.  New  Orleans 205 

paper  on  contributed  in  "Forgotten  Statesmen  of  Illinois."  to  the 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society  transactions  by  J.  F.  Snyder 201-206 

personal  appearance  of 205 

prominence  among  public  men  of  111. 203 

removes  from  Cincinnati  to  Shawneetown.  Ill 202 

removes  to  New  Orleans,  engages  in  business 204 

resides  for  a  time  in  Havana.  Cuba 201 

returns  to  New  Orleans,  chosen  president  of  the  Sun  Mutual  Insur- 
ance Co 205 

second  marriage  of.  to  Miss  Rebecca  Smith  Findlay,  Aug.  25, 1819 202 

State  Senator  of  Illinois,  mention 201 

supported  by  the  Jackson  party  for  Governor  of  Illinois 204 

supports  the  convention  scheme  at  the  State  election  in  1824 203 

third  marriage  of.  to  Miss  Maria  Francis  Campbell.  May  24. 1849 205 

urged  by  his  friends  to  enter  the  contest  for  Governor  of  Illinois.. 203. 204 

vote  cast  for.  for  Governor  of  Illinois 204 

Sloo,  William— grandfather  of  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  mention 201 

soldier  in  revolutionary  war 201,202 

Smelser's  Ferry— mention 184 

Smith,  Brigadier  General— erects  a  fort  at  Rock  river 184 

Smith,  David— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith,  James  D.— clerk  for  Sawyer.  Paige  &  Co..  Chicago.  1855 273 

Smith,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith,  John  A.  (probably  a  Virginia  state  official)— sign«  Virginia  document  No.  32;  list 

of  soldiers  under  Geo.  R.  Clark, 

foot  note 177 

Smith,  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith,  Joslah— gunner  with  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith,  Randall— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith,  T.  C.— author  of  "Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties  in  the  Northwest"  reference  to. 

foot  note 81 

Smith,  Theophilus  W.— member  of  first  board  of  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Commis'rs  203 

Smith,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Smith ers  (or  Smothers)  John— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services.  174 

Smithland— near  Fort  Massac,  mention 53 

Smock.  Henry— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Snellock.  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Snively.  Mrs.  E.  A.— mention 10 

Snow,  George— private  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Snow,  George  W.— Came  to  Chicago  In  company  with  Philo  Carpenter 240 

Snyder,  Dr.  J.  F.— addresses  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  on  the  subject  of  an 

amendment  to  the  Constitation  of  the  Society t 

appointed  on  Committee  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to  confer 

with  Illinois  Commission  to  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 5 

article  on  Fort  Chartres,  reference  to  114 

assists  at  reception  given  to  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 9 

chairman  of  program  committee 2 

reads  report  of  committee 8 

chairman  of  the  committee  on  publication 7 

elected  president  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  1903 4 

first  vice  president  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 1 

Ft.  Chartres.  booklet  on.  mention,  see  foot  note 116 

mention 9 

paper  on  Charles  Slade  In  "Forgotten  Statesmen  of  Illinois"  contributed 

to  the  Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  by 207-210 

paper  on  Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  contributed  in  "Forgotten  Statesman  of  Illi- 
nois," to  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  Transactions 201-206 


368 

Index — Continued. 

Paee 

Snyder,  Dr.  J.  F.— presides  at  the  fourth  annual  meeting  Illinois  State  Historical  Society     1 
reads  memorial  address  on  deceased  members  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society 2, 8 

reads  resolutions  of  sympathy  for  Judge  David  McCuUoch 2 

response  of,  to  address  of  welcome  of  Lieut.  Gov.  W.  A.  Northcott 12-16 

Saussier  (or  Saucier.)  Lieut.  Jean  B.,  ancestor  of 110 

Snyder,  Dr.  J.  P..  as  "J.  F.  S."— signs  explanatory  notes 177.178 

signs  foot-notes 160,161,176,276 

Sobey.  Joseph— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Soda  Fountains  and  Soda  Water— first  introduced  into  the  drug  stores  of  Chicago 249 

Sonschagrin— baptism  of  negress  slave  belonging  to,  mention 138,139 

mentioned  as  witness  in  church  record 148,149 

Solon— law  giver  of  antiquity,  mention 18 

Soulard,  Don  Antonio— surveyor  of  Upper  Louisiana 284 

Soulard  street,  St.  Louis,  Mo.— mention 283 

South  Boston,  Halifax  Co.,  Va.— mention 217 

South  Carolina— Home  of  Theodosia  Burr,  mention 59 

mention 201,206 

Southern  Indians— first  heard  the  gospel  preached  at  Port  Massac 39 

South  Water  street,  Chicago— Philo  Carpenter  purchases  lots  on,  price  paid  for,  etc 241 

Soverins,  Ebenezer-sergeant  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 175 

Sowers,  Frederick— private  soldier  under  Clark,  receives  land  for  services 175 

Spaniards— Manana  policy  of  (procrastination)  mention 279 

mention   201 

Spain— by  treaty  with  United  States  1795,  grants  United  States  free  navigation  of  Mis- 
sissippi river 49 

claims  Illinois  country  by  right  of  conquest 94 

owned  for  a  short  time  territory  afterward  called  Northwest  territory 40,41 

her  possessions  in  America  at  close  of  revolution 94 

king  of,  exchanges  with  France  his  American  territory  for  kingdom  of  Etruria..    94 
king  of,  to  furnish  money  and  ammunition  for  expedition  to  invade  the  Illinois 

country 49 

mention 47 

posse.islons  of  ..in  Louisiana 40 

sympathized  with  United  States  in  revolution,  later  unfriendly 94 

to  supply  funds  to  conspirators 48,49 

Spanish  Dons— mention 276 

Spanish  King— mention 276 

Spanish  Soldiers— said  to  have  occupied  Fort  Massac  for  a  short  time II 

Spanish  Territory— mention 1 112 

Spanish  Women— at  Port  Massac 40 

Sparks,  Edwin  E.,  Ph.  D.— addresses  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  on  subject  of 

the  marking  of  historic  spots  in  Illinois 9 

chairman  of  committee  appointed  by  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society  for  marking  historic  spots  in  Illinois 9, 293 

Spencer.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Speers,  Jacob— In  Capt.  Bowman's  company  promoted  to  sergeant,  appears  twice  on  pay 

roll,  but  Is  prooably  same  person;  see  footnote 177 

in  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's  company,  when  enlisted,   when  discharged, 

mileage,  rations  due,  (see  foot  note,  also) 177 

Spensley,  Hon- William— delivers  address  before  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  Jan. 

1903,  entitled,  '"The  Mines  of  Jo  Daviess  County" 31-37 

Spoon  River— mention , 164 

bpotswood,  Col.  of  Virginia— got  law  passed  forming  a  company  to  trade  with  Ohio  In- 
dians     40 

Spillman.  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services ...  176 

Spring  Creek— in  Illinois,  mention 159,160 

Springfield  &  Beardstown— canal  company,  mention 65 

Springfield  &  Jacksonville  Railroad— mention 67 

Springfield,  111.— constitutional  convention  of  1847,  held  at 24 

Springfield,  Ladies  of— thanks  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  extended  to,  men- 
tion        9 

Springfield,  111.— mention 12,81,215,224,225,229 

newspapers  of,  mention 229 

place  of  meeting  when  organization  was  perfected  for  Illinois  State 

Historical  Society 14 

Pierre  Menard,  monument  erected  to.  in  gronnds  of  State  House.- 290 

Springfield  Journal,  mention 226 

Springer,  William  M.— secrttary  of  Illinois  constitutional  convention  of  1862,  mention...    27 

Sproat.  G.— early  schoolmaster  of  Chicago,  letter  of  in  Chicago  Tribune,  quoted 236.237 

Stahl,  E  L.— retail  druggist  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Starks,  Major  of  the  U.  S.  A.— drowned  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat  in  the  Mississippi 

river,  mention 188 

Starved  Rock— mention 87 

State  Bank  of  Illinois-branch  of,  in  Chicago,  mention 242 

Chicago  branch  of  opened  in  December,  1836,  failed  in  1837 242 

McLean's  protest  against  bill  to  incorporate 194 

stone  bank  at  Shawneetown,  erected  by  the  State  bank  still 
standing 182 


8()9 
Index — Continued. 

Pa^e 

State  Capital  of  Illinois— mention 12 

State  Historical  Library— 3 

State  Historical  Society  at  Indianapolis 6 

State  House,  Sprinefleld,  111.— mention  of  map  In 31 

painting  on  the  walls  of  one  of  the  corridors,  mention 97 

State  Library  Room,  Illinois  Capitol  Building— fourth   annual   meeting   of  the  Illinois 

State  Historical  Society  held  In 1 

State  Library  Room.  Illinois  Capitol  Building.  Springfield,  Illinois- 
session  of  the  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  held  in...      1 

State  Line.  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

State  OflScIals  of  Illinois— mention 12 

"State  of  the  British  and  French  Colonies  in  North  America"— published    London,    1755, 

quotation  from 40 

State  Sovereignty— mention 11 

Steamboat  Explosion— account  of  one  at  Wheeling,  Va..  In  the  "Western  Intelligencer".  185 

Steamboats— on  the  Mississippi  river.  1819.  described 153 

Stearns.  Marcus  C— clerk  in  drug  store  of  Peter  Pruyne  &  Co.,  Chicago 263 

Stebblns  &  Reed— drug  firm  located  in  Chicago  in  1845 243-214 

mention 248 

prescription  books  of,  in  good  state  of  preservation,  saved  from  the 

Chicago  fire 249 

Stephenson,  Hon.  Benj.— extracts  from  letter  of.  giving  an  account  of  bills  passed  in 

Congress,  list  of 180 

Stephenson,  Benj.- report  of  in  "Western  Intelligencer",  mention 184 

statement  to  his  constituents  published  in  the  "Western  Intelli- 
gencer"   183 

Stephenson,  Hon.  Benj.— territorial  delegate  to  Congress,  extracts  from  letter  of  to 

a  friend  in  Kaskaskia 180 

Stephenson,  John— sergeant  under  Clark;  enitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Stephenson,  Samuel— private  soldierunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 369 

"Stubblefleld  Bill"  (The)— mention 300,301 

Stuhblefield,  Hon.  Geo.  W.— Illinois  State  Senator  from  McLean  county,  mention 300 

Sturgess,  Benjamin— school  of  at  Prairie  Du  Rocher,  111 187 

Sturtevant,  Mr 228 

Stevenson,  Hon.  Adlai  E.— delivers  the  annual  address  before  the  Illinois  State  Histori- 
cal Society.  "Constitutional  conventions  and  constitutions 

of  Illinois" 16-30 

mention 201 

Stevenson,  Hon.  Andrew— minister  to  Great  Britain,  mention,  first  American  ever  given 

the  freedom  of  London 98 

Steward,  John  P.— president  of  the  Maramech  Society  of  Kendall  county,  marks  his- 
toric spot 290 

president  Maramech  Historical  Society,  mention 4,7 

Stewart,  Alphonso— killed  in  duel  by  Wm.  Bennett 213,214 

Stewart,  Ethelbert— "Notes  for  nn  Industrial  History  of  Illinois",  address  before  Illi- 
nois State  Historical  Society.  January,  1903 118-121 

mention 9 

Stewart.  Dr.  J.  J.— mention 249 

Stillman  Valley  Times— mention 7 

Stirling,  Capt.  Thos.— English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country.  1766 47 

descended  Ohio  river  from  Ft.   Pitt,  and  accepted  surrender  of 

Ft.  Massac 46 

St.  Ange  de  Bellerive.  surrenders  Ft.  Chartres  to 112 

Stoball  Thomas— private  soldierunder  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 174 

Stock   (cattle)— early  Illinois  laws  relating  to 73 

Stock  (drug  stock)— kept  by  the  early  druggists  of  Chicago,  list  of,  etc 241 

Stoddard,  Maj.  Amos— describes  Ft.  Chartres 113 

died  at  Ft.  Meig.'t,  Ohio,  in  1813;  see  foot  note 113 

Stoddard  Fort— Aaron  Burr  arrested  at 40 

Stone,  Manning  &  Co.— firm  at  Alton,  111.,  borrows  large  sum  of  money  from  State  bank 

to  attempt  to  corner  output  of  lead  mines  at  Galena 206 

Stony  Brook 285 

Stony  Point— recapture  of  from  the  British.  July  16,  1779;  mention 202 

Storey,  Wilbur  F.— editor  of  Chicago  Times,  formerly  a  druggist;  editorial  on  Incompe- 
tent persons  employed  in  drug  stores,  etc 262-253 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beeeher— mention 104 

Strode,  Samuel— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to 

go  home,  rations  due 177 

Stuv6,  Dr.  B,— makes  amendment  to  motion  on  discussion  of  papers  and  addresses  in 

meeting  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 3 

Stuv6,  Miss  Mollie  C— mention 10 

Sugar  Creek,  in  Illinois— mention 157,158,159,160 

Sulphide  of  Zinc- mention 3S 

Sulphur— its  commercial  value 36 

Sun  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of  New  Orleans— Thos.  Sloo.  Jr.,  chosen  president  of 205 

Supreme  Court  Room,  III.  Capitol  Bldg— session  of  111.  State  Hist.  Soc.  held  In 9 

Swan  (or  Swain),  Lieut.— assistant  military  agent  at  Fort  Massac 60 

Swedish  Settlers  in  Chicago— first  one  said  to  have  been  Oscar  C.  Lange,  a  clerk  for 

Peter  Pruyne  &  Co 263 

Sweeney,  Chas.  H.— drove  with  A.  Lincoln,  from  Mt.  Sterling  to  Ru.shville,  111.,  1858 229 

—24  H. 


870 

Index — Continued. 

Page 

Sweeney.  Jo?.  W.— introduced  Mr.  Lincoln  at  RushvUIe,  Ill..ineetiug 230 

Switzerland— druergists  of,  send  mor.ey  to  aid  Chicago  druggists  after  the  fire  of  1871 258 

Sworden.  Jonathan— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Syndic.  Spanish  Civil  Officer— Gabriel  Cerr^  appointed  syndic  in  St.  Louis 283 

Syndics  of  St.  Louis— their  official  duties. 283 

Tablet— McLean  Memorial  Tablet,  cost  of,  description  of,  placing  of.  etc.,  in  McLean 

county  court  house,  Bloomington.  Ill 190 

Tailor— employed  by  the  American  Fur  Company  in  Illinois,  pay  of  119 

Taliaft-rro.  Richard  C— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Tdlmadge,  Mr.— member  of  Congress  from  New  Fork,  antagonizes  resolutions  on  the  ad- 
mission of  Illinois  as  a  State 22 

Tanner.  John  R.— Governor  of  Illinoib,  United  Stales  marshal 123 

Tanner,  Mrs.  John  R— mention 10 

Tarbell,  Ida  M  — "Life  of  Lincoln,"  quotation  from 223 

Taylor,  Abraham— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Taylor.  Benjamin— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Taylor.  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Taylor.  Capt.  Isaac— Illinois  Regt.  Vols..  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 166 

Taylor,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark:  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Taylor,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tecumseh— probably  hunted  buffalo  near  Fort  Massac 39 

"Te  Deum"— chanting  of 17 

Temple,  Dr.  John  S.— lectures  on  chemistry,  etc..  1840.  mention 246 

Tennessee — Indians  of,  mention 283 

Tennessee— mention ." 56, 276 

Tennessee  Negro— large  reward  offered  for  capture  of 186 

Tennessee  River— formerly  called  Cherokee 39,44 

settlers  on,  mention 49 

Tennessee  Rivers— mention 56.67 

Territorial  Legislature  at  Kaskaskia— Illinois  applies  through,  for  admission  into  the 

Union 20.21 

Col.   Pierre  Menard  chosen  aa   president  of  the 

council 188 

Dr.  George  Fisher,  speaker  of  the  House 188 

Territorial  Militia— see  footnote 185 

rangers  from  Illinois  and  Indiana,  payment  secured  from  the  U.  S. 

government  for 183 

Texas— annexation  of,  mention  of 7S 

Thayer,  Mi«s  Maude— mention 10 

Thomas,  Edward— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Thomas.  Frederick— advertises  for  information  of  his  brother,  describes  him 265 

fourth  druggist  in  Chicago,  opening  of  his  store,  account  of  busi- 
ness  243,264,265 

list  of  goods  offered  for  sale  by  him 264-26.S 

Thomas.  Jesse  B.— attitude  on  slavery  .    22 

Thomas,  Jesse  B.,  Jr.— Attorney  General  of  Illinois,  1835,  sketch  of 216-217 

one  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  and  amendments  at  second 

attempt  to  organize  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 14 

president  of  territorial  convention 21 

prominently  connected  with  slavery  discussions 22 

Senator  from  the  State  of  Illinois 22 

Territorial  judge  of  Illinois 22 

Thomas,  Wm.— member  of  standing  committee  of  early  Illinois  Historical  Society  to 

assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois 14 

Thompson,  James— canal  surveyor,  laid  out  town  site  of  Chicago,  1830 235 

Thompson's  Bank  note  reporter,  mention 242 

Thompson.  William— corporal  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Thoorington.  Joseph— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Ti'rnton.  Anthony— sole  survivor  of  the  Illinois  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847 25 

Thurston.  John— cornet  in  111.  Vols.  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services 167 

Ticonderoga— mention 39 

Tiffany.  Miss  Mary— tuanks  of  the  society  extended  to  for  music 9 

Tilden— druggist,  mention 270 

Tillis.  Griffin— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tippecanoe— battle  of.  mention 196 

Tipton.  Capt.  Abraham— 111.  Regt.  Vols.  Clark's  army,  entitled  to  land  for  services 166 

Tlsne.  Cant.  Du— French  temporary  commandant  In  the  Illinois  country,  1725-1726 46 

"Tjornoir."  Dubois— mention 140-141 

Todd.  C.  B— author  of  "The  True  Aaron  Burr,"  mention 59 

Todd!  Col.  John— mention 287 

order  of.  to  Gabriel  Cerr^.  mention  in  foot  note 275 

Virginiau  commaudant  in  the  Illinois  country,  official  letter  of 282 

Todd  Capt.  Robert— 111.  Regt.  Vols  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 166 

Todd"  Thomas— executors  of.  advertise  to  sell  homestead  of 181 

Tolley  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tollman,  King  &  Co.— wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago,  amount  of  annual  business,  loss 

by  flre.  insurance,  etc 256 

wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  flre  of  1871 255 

Tolly  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tomp'son.  .James- private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tooeka  (Kansas)  Free  Soilers— mention 219 

Toulouse— private  soldier  in  Capt.  Charlovilla's  Co.  Vols.,  entitled  to  land  for  services..  176 


y7i 

Index — Continued. 

Pate. 

Tourtelot,  George  W.— clerk  in  drug:  store  of  Dr.  Sawyer,  Chicago,  1S51 273 

Tow,  Pres.— private  soldier  in  Caot.  Charloville's  Co.  Vols.,  eniitled  to  land  for  services.  176 

"Township  Government  in  llliuois"— article  by  M.  H.  Newtll,  reference  to,  foot-note 81 

Trader— in  employ  of  American  Fur  Co.  in  the  Ills,  pay  of 119 

Trailer,  Archibald  and  William- accused  of  murder  of  an  old  man  (Flaher)  anecdote  of, 

trial  of 218 

Transylvania  University,  Ky.— mention 216 

Trantham,  Martin— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

"Travels  in  Illinois  in  1819"— by  Ferdinand  Ernst 150-16S 

Traylar  Henry- Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  miles  to  go 

home,  rations  due 177 

Treaty  of  Greenville— Aug.  3,  i:95,  real  ending  of  Revolutionary  War «9 

Treaty  of  Paris,  1763— its  effects  on  the  development  of  Illinois 88 

Treaty  of  Paris— terms  of,  lands  ceded  by  t"rer>ch.  etc 46 

Treaty  of  Paris,  1783— its  Influence  on  the  development  of  Illinois 88.94 

Treaty  of  1795  between  Spain  and  United  States  secures  free  navigation  of  Mississippi 

river,  ends  contentions  in  the  west 49 

Treaty  of  Vincennes— Aug.  13.1803  between  United  States  and  Kaska^kia  Indians 50-51 

Tremont  House.  Chicago— mention 238.263,271 

Tremont,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Trent,  Beverley— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Triplett.  Pettis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Trois  Rivieres— Canada,  home  of  the  Lesueurs,  mention 282 

Troy.  N.  Y.— mention 240,260 

"True  Aaron  Burr  (The)"— by  C.  B.  Todd,  quotations  from 59 

Tucker,  John  K.— of  Virginia,  mention 220 

Trudeau.  Mr.  Zenon.  Lieut  Gov.  of  Louisiana— mention 285 

Trumbull  Counry.  Ohio— mention 219 

Trumbull,  Lyman— anti  Nebraska  Democrat,  mention 83 

anti-slavery  colleaeue  of  Douglas  in  Senate  United  States 82 

gives  reception  instead  of  the  usual  senatorial  ball,  when  elected 

U.  S,  Senator  from  Illinois 74 

Judge  of  the  Illinois  State  Supreme  Court,  mention 217 

sent  to  U.  S.  Senate  by  vote  of  Northern  Illinois  counties 91 

Tnrney,  Elias  T.— Lincoln  signs  recommendation  for  admission  of  to  Illinois  bar 225 

Turney,  James— elected  Attorney  General  of  the  State  of  Illinois  1823.  sketch  of 214 

Turpin.  Richard  (killed)— private  soldier  under  Clrtrtc.  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tuttle.  Nicholas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Tygard.  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Tyler.  President  John— mention 211 

Tyler,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  by  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe— its  influence,  mention 104 

Underbill,  James— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Union  County.  111.— mention 27 

Union  Jack— English  flag,  mention 96 

Unlontown.  Pa— mention 215 

United  States  Armory— to  be  built  on  some  western  waters,  board  of  army  officers  rec- 
ommended Fort  Massac 51 

United  States— becomes  owner  of  western  territory,  including  Illinois 88 

buys  Louisiana  Territory  of  France 94,95.96 

United  States  Congress— bankruptcy  act  passed  by  1842 243 

bills  passed  for  the  territory  of  Illinois,  Benjamin  Stephenson 

letter  on.  extracts  from 180 

committee  of.  propound  questions  to  Jean  Gabriel  Cerr6 286,287 

answers  of  Mr.  Cerr6 287.288 

Daniel  P.  Cook  elected  to  twice.  1820.1824 193 

Daniel  P.  Cook  defeated  for  re-election  to 195 

John  McLean  elected  to.  term  of  December,  1818.  to  March,  1819.  193 
reserves  rights  to  lands  on  the  Mississippi  river.  Including  Ft. 

Chartres  and  its  buildings 113 

United  States  Department  of  Labor,  mention 118 

United  States  Dispensatory— mention 246 

United  States  Government— failure  of.  to  secure  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 

river,  cause  of  dissatisfaction  of  settlers 40 

United  States  Flag— adopted  June  14, 1777,  mention 68 

United  States  House  of  Representatives— votes  for  President  by  states,  John  Quincy 

Adams  elected,  mention 196 

United  States— Illinois  becomes  a  part  of.  mention 18 

United  States  Laws— act  for  the  relief  of  the  late  P.  Maxwell  and  Hugh  Maxwell  of  Kas- 

kaskia.  mention 186 

printed  in  columns  of  the  Western  Intelligencer,  1816, mention...  179 

United  States— mention 289 

Military  Academy  founded  by  Major  Jonathan  Williams 50 

Pharmacopceias.  mention 245 

Secretary  of  War,  mention 61 

Senators,  customs  in  celebration  of  elections  of  in  Illinois 73.74 

United  States  State  Department— Je»n  Gabriel  Cerr^'s  replies  to  questions  of  Congres- 
sional committee,  in  archives  of 288 

treaties  of  neace  with  the  .Sioux  lndi.«in»,  mention 182 

Urbana,  111.— meeting  of  the  sub  committee  of  the  111.  commission  to  the  La.  Ex.,  at I 

State  University  of  Illinois  at,  mention 6 


372 
Index — Continued. 

Pase 

Ore's  Dictionary— mention 267 

Ursins,  Marc  Antoine  de  la  Loire  dea— mention 107 

Valley  Forge,  mention 289 

Van  Buren— Democrats  In  Illinois 81 

Van  Buren,  Martin— President  of  the  United  States,  mention 81 

Vance,  Thos.  H,— in  Capt.  Jos.  Bowman's  Co.,  when  enlisted,  when  discharged,  mileage, 

rations  due 177 

Van  Cleve.  Benj.— journal  of  (1794)  g:ives  details  of  rebuilding  of  Port  Massac,  mention..    48 

journal  of,  visits  Fort  Massac  and  vicinity 62-St 

journal,  mention  and  foot  note 48 

quarrels  with  Major  Thos.  Doyle 63,64 

quotation  from  journal  of 41 

Vandalia— Capital  of  Illinois,  mention 11,14,223,224 

Ferdinand  Ernst  and  Chas.  Reavise  the  first  to  build  in 163 

mention 216,217,223 

plan  of  the  town,  sale  of  lots  in,  situation  of '. 163 

platting  and  layinsr  out  of  the  town  site  of 157,168 

proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Vandalia,  111.— second  meeting  to  organise  State  Historical  Society  held  at 13 

State  Capital,  mention 14 

to  become  seat  of  government  in  the  new  State,  mention 163 

Vanderburg,  A.  C— retail  druggrist,  burned  out  in  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871 255 

Van  Schaack,  Stevenson  &  Reed— wholesale  druggists  of  Chicago, burned  out  in  fire  of  1871  255 

wholesale  druggists   of   Chicago,  amount   of   annual 

business,  loss  by  fire,  insurance,  etc 266 

Van  Voorhis,  Dr.  Isaac— surgeon  at  Fort  Dearborn,  killed  in  massacre  of  1812 238 

Vaudreuil.  M.  de— governor  general  of  Canada,  calls  Fort  Massac.  Port  "Masslac" 45 

Veale.  Peter— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Vermilion  River— mention 164 

Vermont— mention 291 

Versailles,  Prance— ofQcial  letter  dated  at  palace  of 67 

palace  of,  mention 42 

Viaduct,  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

"Vigilante"  (The)— ship  of  the  Western  Company  arrives  at  Dauphin  Island 105 

Villard,  Isaac— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Villlers,  Francis,  (killed)— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Villiers.  Jumonville  de— killed  in  the  skirmish  at  Little  Meadows.  Pa  .  mention HI 

Villlers,  Neyon  de— French  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1760-1764 46 

commands  at  Ft.  Chartres Ill 

Vincennes,  Indiana— Albert  Gallatin  Sloo,  wealthy  farmer  of.  mention 206 

American  flag,  carried  by  George  Rogers  Clark  at  conquest  of 58,69 

conquest  of,  mention 38 

mention 20.22,50,51,63,176,180,209,281 

post  route  to,  mention 188 

s?at  of  government  of  Indiana  territory 20 

Vincennes  Post— capture  of  by  George  Rogers  Clark,  mention 178 

Vincenne  (or  Vincennes)  Sleur  de— joins  D'Artaguette  at  the  third  Chickasaw  bluff, 

mention 108 

Vincennes— treaty  of,  mention 50, 61 

Vinegar  Hill  Mines— JoDaviess  county.  111.— statistics  of  shipment  of  lead  ore  from 34 

Virginia  Assembly— act    of,   allowing    bounty    land    to    Clark's  volunteers,  made  no 

special  provisions  for  the  oflBcers 176 

grants  land  to  revolutionary  soldiers  under  Clark;  act  confirmed  by 
United  States  government,  list  of  names  of  soldiers  and  lands 

allotted 166-178 

Virginia— cession  to  the  general  government  of  lands  of  N.  W.  territory,  etc 18 

claimed  western  territory  won  by  George  Rogers  Clark;  cedes  it  to  United 

States 88 

Clark's  soldiers,  Virginia  state  troops,  mention 68. 166-178 

document  No.  32,  signed  by  -John  H.  Smith,  report  of  soldiers  under  Clark. 

see  foot  note 177 

code  of  honor,  mention 102 

Edward  Coles'  departure  from,  mention 97 

house  of  delegates;  lands  ceded  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  United  States.    18 

house  of  delegates  of,  mention 18 

Illinois  originally  a  part  of,  mention 99 

mention 215 

militia,  mention 111,113 

Patrick  Henry,  governor  of,  mention 18 

Virginia  City,  Madison  County,  Montana— mention 209 

Virginia  Resolutions— Inspired  and  probably  written  by  "Thomas  Jefferson 11 

Virginian  Soldier.s— mention 166-178,276 

Voushiner,  Thomas— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Vocke,  Win.— elected  third  vice  president  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  1903 4 

Voyageurs- mention 276 

Wabash  Country— mention 108 

Interpreter  of  American  Fur  Co.,  at,  pay  of 119 


373 
Index — Continued. 

Patre 

Wabash  Rlver-mentlon 43,63.86.90.163.163.180.278 

salt  wells  on 119 

trade  on.  mention 47 

traversed  by  French  between  Quebec  and  French  posts  in  Mississippi 

Valley,  as  a  shorter  route  than  by  the  Illinois  river 40 

Waddington.  John— private  soldier  under  Ulark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Waggoner.  Peter  (died)— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Walcott,  Edward— clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce.  Chicago,  death  of 271 

Walker  &  Mann- retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 256 

Walker.  Geo  E— son  of  P.  H.  Walker,  has  letters  of  his  father's,  of  historic  interest.. 224. 226 

Walker.  J.  D.— letter  of  to  J.  H.  Burnbam  on  John  McLean 200-201 

Walker.  Rev.  Jesse— accused  of  bringing  politics  into  pulpit 187 

pioneer  Methodist  minister,  mention 186 

Walker.  John— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Walker,  Col.  J.  V.— of  Logan  county.  Ky..  mention 200 

Walker.  Rev.  M.  E .—mention 186 

Walker.  P.  H.— judge  of  Illinois  courts 224 

Wallace.  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Wallace.  Joseph,  M.  A.— address  before  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  January. 

1903:  "Fort  De  Chartres.  its  origin,  growth  and  decline" 105-117 

Wallace,  Mr.  Joseph— historical  paper  on  Fort  Chartres.  mention,  foot  note 292 

Wallace,  Joseph— quotation  from  his  historical  writings 46 

Wallace.  Mrs.  Joseph— mention 10 

Waller.  Edward— mention 202 

Walls.  Major  Geo.— received  land  as  soldier  under  Clark 166 

Walls.  Lieut.  Thos.— in  111.  Regt.  Vols.  Clark's  army,  receives  land  for  services 167 

Walters.  Barnabay— in  Capt.  Joseph  Bowman's   company,  when   enlisted,  when   dis- 
charged, miles  to  go  home,  rations  due 177 

Walters.  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Wampum.  American  Fur  Co.— trade  of  In,  rates  of,  etc 119 

War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C— mention,  foot  note 185 

War  Department— official  records  of.  mention 38 

record  divisions  of.  office  of  chief  of  engineers,  mention 38 

Ward.  Lewis— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Ward.  Thos.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Warlich.  Louis— drug  store  of.  in  Chicago,  mention..  .244 

War  of  the  Rebellion— mention 34-35 

War  of  the  Revolution— mention 19.88 

Warren  &  Wheat— law  firm  of  Quincy.  Ill 122 

Warren,  Calvin  A —of  Quincy.  mention 224 

Warren,  Ohio— mention 218 

Warren.  Wheat  &  Hamilton— law  firm  Quincy,  111 123 

Warrior's  Island— near  Vlncennes.  mention 69 

Warsaw.  111.— proposed  early  railroad  to 66 

Washburne.  E.  B.— compares  Edward  Coles  to  John  the  Baptist ; 101 

describes  Edward  Coles 98 

Washburne,  Elihu  B.— mention 80 

sketch  of  Edward  Coles,  mention,  see  foot  note 97 

Washburne,  Hon;  E.  B.— sketch  of  John  McLean,  prepared  for  Chicago  Historical  So- 
ciety, extracts  from 191 

quoted  as  to  prominent  early  settlers  of  Illinois:  Cook.  McLean 

and  Mills •  192 

quotations  from  his  "Life  of  Gov.  Edward  Coles" 75.77 

quoted ^ 

Washington.  Bourbon  County.  Ky.— mention ZOZ 

Washington  County,  111.— organized  from  St.  Clair  county.  Jan.  2. 1818 208 

Washington.  D.  C— mention 195.209.273 

war  department  of.  mention,  see  foot  note 185 

Washington.  Geo.- issues  proclamation  warning  the  people  of  the  U.  S.  against  unlaw- 
ful project  to  invade  Spanish  possessions 48 

issues  special  order  (1794)  that  Fort  Massac  be  rebuilt *°'*'''*2 

Washington.  Geo.— mention 11.19,111.198 

Washita  River- mention 69 

Waterford.  N.  Y.— mention ^l» 

Waterloo.  111.— mention • ^'^ 

Waters.  Barney— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Watertown.  Jefferson  Co..  N.  Y.— weather  reports  1816.  the  year  of  the  cold  summer 186 

Watkins  Samuel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services........ 175 

Watrin.  Rev.— Jesuit  missionary  priest  at  Prairie  du  Rocher.  111..  In  absence  of  the  pas- 

tor.  Father  Gagnon.  signs  records  of  the  church '  Jn'ijo 

Jesuit  priest  at  Prairie  du  Rocher.  mention "^"^.„ 

Wayne.  Gen.  Anthony— (Mad  Anthony)  his  victory  at  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers 49 

mention en 

once  occupied  Fort  Massac .•  —  •• ^1 

ordered  by  Washington  to  repair  and  strengthen  Fort  Massac...    IS 

Webb.  Henry  L— candidate  for  congress - wv  1"  •  'i" '  Td " 

Weber.  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer— elected  secretary  and  treasurer  Illinois  State  Historical  so- 

Society  for  1903 ..........      4 

Librarian  Illinois  State  Historical  Library:  board  of  trus- 
tees ask  attention  of  the  Governor  to  her  biennial  report. .  299 


374 
Index — Continued. 

Page 

Weber,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer— Librarian  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  mention 7 

mention 10 

Webster,  Daniel— masterly  eloquence  of 11 

opinion  of  the  ordinance  of  1787 18,19 

quotation  from 28 

Weik.  Jesse  W.— quotation  from  his  "Life  of  Lincoln" 232.233 

Weinberger  (C.  M.)  &  Co.— retail  druggists  in  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Weir,  James— member  of  committee  in  charge  of  bank  project  at  Shawneetown.  Ills 182 

Wells,  Isaac— clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce,  Chicago,  afterward  gold  seeker  in  Cali- 
fornia, anecdote  of 271 

Welton.  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wemate,  J.  B.— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wentworth,  John— mayor  of  Chicago,  mention 249 

member  of  congress  from  Illinois,  Chicago  district  supported  John 

Quincy  Aaams 78 

votes  in  congress  against  "Fugitive  Slave  Law" 82 

Wentworth,  "Long"  John— buys  Chicago  Democrat  1836,  and  publishes  same 237 

mention 80 

West,  Emanuel  J.— member  of  first  canal  board  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 203 

West,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Western  Hemisphere— mention 183 

"Western  Intelligencer"— Blackwell.  (Robert)  printer,  preserves  files  of 188 

Cook  &  Blackwell  publishers 182 

editorial  columns  of,  news  in 182,183 

editorial  on  education  published  1816 188 

Michael  Jones  register  of  land  office  at  Kaskaskia  advertise- 
ments of,  great  interest  to  settlers  and  pre-emptors 188 

newspaper,  successor  of  the  Illinois  Herald,  files  of  extant.  J. 
H.  Buruham  consults  at  Mercantile  Library  in  St.  Louis, 

extracts  from 179-189 

third  issue  of  continues  publication  of  laws  and  official  adver- 
tisements, rewards  for  runaway  slaves,  etc 182 

Wethers,  Benjamin— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wheat,  Ewing  &  Hamilton— law  firm  Quincy.  Ill 123 

Wheat,  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Wheatland.  Indiana— mention 209 

Wheel,  Jacob— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Wheeler.  Jacob^U.  S  marshal  southern  district  of  Illinois 123 

Wheeler,  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wheeler,  Mrs.  S.  P.— address  before  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  on  "Edward  Coles, 

second  Governor  of  Illinois" 97-104 

mention 10 

Wheeling,  Va.  —  account  of  a  steamboat  explosion  at,  in  the  "Western  Intelligencer".  185 

distance  from  Fort  Massac 63 

mention 66 

Whig  Convention  of  111.— Sprirgfield,  1840.  mention 226 

Whiteacre.  David— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

White  &  Schoen— retail  druggists  of  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

White  County.  111.— mention 180 

new  county  formed  from,  named  Hamilton,  mention 202-203 

White  Court  House— post  route,  mention 188 

White,  George  T.-clerk  In  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce  &  Co.,  later  druggist  in  Colton,  Cal.  271 

White.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

White.  John— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

White.  Laden— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

White  Mountains— mention 164 

White,  Randall— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

White,  Randolph— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

White.  Robert— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Whitehall.  Greene  County.  111.— mention 218 

Whitefield,  Thomas— Chicago  druggist,  member  of  committee  to  draft  pharmacy  laws 

for  Illinois 253 

mention 261 

Whitefield.  (Thomas)  &  Co.— retail  druggists,  Chicago,  burned  out  in  fire  of  1871 255 

Whitehead,  Robert— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Whitehead.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

"Whiteside  Brigade"  in  Black  Hawk  war.  mention 222 

Whitney,  Laura  Campbell— wife  of  Charles  M.  Whitney  and  daughter  of  Thomas  Sloo...  205 

Whitten.  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wigwam  of  18b0.  Chicago— mention 240,291 

Wilkerson,  William— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wilkins,  Lieut.  Col.  John— English  commandant  in  the  Illinois  country,  1768 47 

charges  against  at  Fort  Chartres 112,113 

of  the  18th  or  Roval  Regt.of  Ireland.commands  at  Ft. Chartres  112 

removal  from  I  ffice,  sails  for  Europe '. 112,113 

Wilkinson,  Qen.  James— his  plans  for  protection  of  western  frontier  included  occupation -^^i 

of  Fort  Massac 60 

once  occupied  Fort  Massac 60 

visited  Kort  Massac,  plans  and  treachery  of 40 

Will,  Conrad  and  Susanna,  his  wife— deeds  executed  by.  for  land  sales 184 


375 

Index — Contiaued. 

Paee 

Will  County,  111.— mention 220 

Will.  Susanna— wife  of  Conrad  Will... 184 

William  and  Mary  College— Edward  Coles  student  of 98 

Williams.  Daniel— private  soldier  under  Clurk,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Williams,  George— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Williams,  bleut.  Jarett— 111.  Regt.  Vols..  Clark's  army 167 

Williams,  John— captain  in  111. Kegt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army. receives  land  for  services lt)6 

private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Williams,  Maj.  Jonathan— founder  of  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point.  N. 

Y..  visited  Fort  Massac 50 

Williams,  Zachariah— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wilmot  Proviso  (The)— mention 82,83 

Wil-ion.  Joisn— sergeant  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wilson,  Leonard— clerk  in  drug  storeof  Clarke  Bros.,  Chicago, 264 

Wilson.  Capt.  "Mose"— in  Black  Hawk  war 222,223 

Wilson,  Wm.  of  Carmi— mention 64 

Wilson,  Wm.  L.  (Billy)— account  of  his  acquaintance  with  A.  Lincoln  in  Black  Hawk  war  22a 

Windham.  Greene  County,  N.  Y.-mentioc... 219 

Windsor.  Christopher— private  soldier  under  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Wine.  Shibboleth.  Washington  County— state  not  given,  probably  Missouri 182 

Winer,  Mr.— druggist  of  Hamilton,  Canada,  mention 266 

Winnebago  Indians— mention ., - 183 

"Winning  of  the  West."  by  President  Theodore  Roosevelt,  statement  taken  from 45 

Winsor.  Justin— quotation  from  historical  writings  of 45 

Wisconsin  Historical  Society— mention 1,5 

department,  mention 5,7 

Wisconsin— mention 183,208 

northern  counties  of  Illinois  belonged  to  by  first  dividing  line,  mention 120 

Wisconsin.  State  of— mention 21.39.70.71.183,208,273 

Wisconsin  River— posts  on,  mention 57 

Wolcoit,  Dr.  Alexander— Indian  agent  at  Fort  Dearborn,  1820 239 

Wolfe,  (jen.  James— brilliant  victory  at  Quebec,  reference  to 18 

his  victory  at  (Quebec,  its  effect  on  the  development  of  Illinois. .86,87,88 

mention  17,112 

WoH'a  Point— name  of  an  early  settlement  at  Chicago 235 

Woman's  Club  of,  Freeport,  111— marks  historic  sput  in  that  city 290 

Women.  Creole— French  and  Spanish,  at  Fort  Massac  with  Spanish  conspirators 40 

Wood,  Charles— private  soldier  tinder  Clark,  entitled  to  land  for  services 175 

Woodford  County.  Ill— County  Historical  Society,  organized  at  Eureka 8 

Woodford  County,  Ky.— mention 211 

Woodruff,  A.  H— clerk  in  drug  store  of  L.  M.  Boyce  &  Co 271 

Wood,  (fuel)  Scarcity  of ,  in  Illinois- mention 162 

Wood  worth,  J.  M.— mention 251 

Workman  &  Bowman— druggists,  Montreal.  Canada,  mention 271 

Workman.  Conrad— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Worthington,  Capt.  Edward— in  111.  Regt.  Vols.,  Clark's  army;  receives  land  for  services  166 
Worthington.  Mrs.  Thomas— member  of  Committee  of  Illinois  State  Historical  Society 

for  marking  historic  spots  in  Illinois 9,292,293 

mention 10 

Wray,  Thomas— private  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176,176 

Wright,  Wm.— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Wythe,  George— confidential  adviser  of  Gov.  Patrick  Henry 38 

Yates,  Isaac— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Yates,  Gov.  Richard— county  judges  of  the  State  of  Illinois  pay  respects  to  by  calling  on    10 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society  extends  thanks  to  Governor  Yates 
for  hospitality    9 

Invitation   given  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society    by  Gov- 
ernor Yates  to  attend  a  reception 4 

reception  to  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  given  at  Executive 
Mansion  by  Governor  Yates 9 

mention 8.11.124.299,301 

Yates.  Mrs.  Richard-county  judges  of  the  State  of  Illinois  call  on  and  pay  respects  to...    10 

honorary  member  Springfield  Chapter.  D.  A.  R 297 

invitation  given  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  to  a  recep- 
tion       * 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society  extends  thanks  to  Mrs.  Richard 
Yates  for  hospitality 9 

reception  to  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  given  at  Executive 

Mansion,  by 9 

Yates.  Richard,  Sr.— anti-slavery  leader  in  Illinois,  but  of  southern  birth 83 

Yellow  Banks— settlement  at 63 

Yorktown,  Va.— surrender  of,  mention 289 

Young.  John— sergeant  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Young,  Richard  M.— member  standing  committee,  to  assist  in  collecting  data  of  Illinois.    14 

mention  70 

Young,  Thomas— captain  111.  Regt.  Vols.  Clark's  army;  entitled  to  land  for  services 166 

Zibert.  Anthony— called  La  Montague,  mention 140.141 

called  La  Montague,  child  of  baptiied 146.147 

Zibert,  Helen— marriage  of.  in  the  church  of  St.  Ann  of  Fort  Chartres 140.141 

Zibert.  Thomas— son  of  Anthony  Zibert,  baptism  of 146,147 

Zinc  Mines  of  Illinois— profits  of 37 

Zinc  ore— in  JoDavless  Co.,  its  varieties,  increase  In  value,  etc 35.36 

Zimmerman.  Frederick— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  land  for  services 176 

Zuckledi.  William— private  soldier  under  Clark;  entitled  to  laud  for  services 176 


376 


PUBLICATIONS   OF  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  HISTORICAL 

LIBRARY. 


No.  1.  A  Bibliography  ol:  Newspapers  Published  in  Illinois  prior  to  1860. 
Prepared  by  Edmund  J.  James,  Ph.  D.,  professor  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago, assisted  by  Milo  J.  Loveless,  graduate  student  in  the  University  of 
Chicago.    94  pages,  8°.    Springfield,  1899. 

No.  2.  Information  relating  to  Territorial  Laws  of  Illinois  passed  from 
1809  1812.  Prepared  by  Edmund  J.  James,  Ph.  D.,  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago.    15  pages,  8°.    Springfield,  1899. 

No.  3.  The  Territorial  Records  of  Illinois.  Edited  by  Edmund  J.  James, 
Ph.  D.,  professor  in  the  University  ot  Chicago.  143  pagts,  8°.  Springfield, 
1901. 

No.  4.    Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  the  year 

1900.  Edited  by  E.  B.  Greene,  Ph.  D.,  secretary  of  ttie  society.    55 pages,  8°^ 
Springfield,  1900. 

No.  5.  Alphabetic  catalog  of  the  books,  manuscripts,  pictures  and  curios 
of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library.  Authors'  titles  and  subjects.  Com- 
piled under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  library  by  the  libra- 
rian, Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber.    363  pages,  8°.    Springfield,  1900. 

No.  6,    Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  the  year 

1901.  122  pages,  8°.     Springfield,  1901* 

No.  7.    Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  the  year 

1902.  246  pages,  8=.    Springfield,  1902. 

No.  8.    Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  the  year 

1903.  376  pages,  b°.    Springfield,  1904. 

Illinois  Historical  Collections — Vol.  1.  Edited  and  annotated  by  H.  W. 
Beckwith,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Library.    642  pages,  8°.    Springfiald,  1903. 


4 


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