UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORN A SAN D EG
3 1822019604172
UNIVERSITY
LIFORN
31822019604172
Social Sciences & Humanities Library
University of California, San Diego
Please Note: This item is subject to recall.
Date Due
.IAN 031996
JAM&J236
JAN 9 1996
Cl 39 (2/95) UCSD Lib.
DAATON02 IIAPMENIAH2.
DUBLIN UNIVERSITY PRESS SERIES.
IIAPMENIAH2.
THE
PARMENIDES OF PLATO,
INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS, AND NOTES,
BY
THOMAS MAGTJIRE,
LL.D., D.Lix.,
FELLOW AND TUTOR, TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.
DUBLIN : HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., GRAFTON-STREET.
LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1882.
DUBLIN :
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
THE following edition is intended chiefly for the
Metaphysician. That reading, accordingly, has
always been preferred which makes the argument
more plain.
I am indebted to PKOFESSOR DAVIES, of the
Queen's College, Galway, for his careful revision
of the proofs.
TB.LNITY COLLEGE,
January, 1882.
INTRODUCTION,
TjmSTENCE is an aspect of thought. All exist-
^ ence is thought thought either actual or
possible. That is to say, every mode of existence,
when grasped by cognition, would be found to be
a mode of thought. Such is the position of the
Idealist.
2. The Idealist thinks his case made out, be-
cause all such notions as Matter and Things in
themselves, when examined, prove to be figments
figments made up of elements so incompatible, that
to affirm the one is to deny the other. So Berkeley
disposes of Matter, by the bare statement that what
is inactive is not causal, and vice versa. The Ideal-
ist rejects a monster whose sole function is to fill a
gap, where there is no gap.
3. The rejection of a zero, made up of incom-
patibilities which cancel one another, has nothing
to do with the position of Plato and Hegel, that
Existence, when analysed, yields opposite mo-
ments. This brings us to the question What is
Philosophy ?
viii INTRODUCTION.
4. Philosophy -makes explicit to thought what is
implicitly contained in thought. Berkeley showed
that Sensible Qualities are modes of consciousness.
Kant showed that consciousness contained a Neces-
sary and Universal element, meaning by necessary
what is construed to thought as not possibly other-
wise than it is ; and by universal what is thought
as exceptionless. These characteristics, Necessity
and Universality, Hegel extended to the object,
and so to the universe. Philosophy is thus the
explicitness of universal thought.
5. The other day, G. H. Lewes, while showing
that Physiology could not supersede Psychology,
pointed out that while Force could be translated
into Feeling, Feeling could not be expressed in
Force. Thus the most advanced Empiricism is
idealistic.
6. It may be said that Science will in time
express Feeling in terms of Force that it will
translate Psychosis into Neurosis. Granted : it is
nothing to the point : Neurosis is the antecedent,
and so can never be the consequent. Psychosis
thought will keep its coin of vantage.
7. According to the Idealist, thought is the
only object of thought thought is the sole instru-
ment of thought ; and the product of thought is
thought.
8. The instrument of thought is thought only ;
INTRODUCTION. ix
that is to say, we analyse a synthesis and recon-
struct a synthesis out of our analysis. We do
nothing more ; yet this process condemns as im-
possible the prevalent opinion that Psychology is
Philosophy.
9. In the Timaeus, the Demiurge mixes various
ingredients in a bowl. Everyone sees that this is
Allegory. But when a Psychologist talks of the
interaction of Subject and Object of the action
of the Object on the Subject, he is unconsciously
allegorical.
10. The older hypothesis was that of Impulse,
e.g. Locke's. Yet impulse implies weight, and
weight, or gravity, is the result of the whole uni-
verse, and, so, cannot account for it. A billiard
player may assume that the weight is in the ball;
but a thinker ought to see that weight, or any
property of a part, must be the result of the whole,
and, so, cannot be prior to it. So of Force : it is
another word for Movement, and cannot, therefore,
originate.
11. So of Chemical Action : chemical action is
only possible, because it is the result of certain
conditions, and, therefore, cannot cause them. It
is easy to say, let Oxygen represent the Subject,
Hydrogen the Object, and Water the result
Consciousness. But the chemist can retranslate :
and the weight of the new product is that of the
x INTRODUCTION.
old elements. Dewar has shown that old elements
will form that new substance which is attended by
the greatest evolution of heat. On the other hand,
in the mental product the old constituents sur-
vive, and so the analogy breaks down on every
point.
12. So, Psychology starts with a Subject and
an Object; and by bringing the two into combina-
tion, and by feigning some reciprocal action either
mechanical or chemical generates the Universe of
Consciousness. As before, Subject and Object are
results of consciousness at a certain stage, and,
therefore, cannot generate it.
13. Des Cartes assumes an Ego, isolated from
the rest of the Universe. It is obvious that the
Ego is in contrast to the non-Ego ; to evolve the
non-Ego from the Ego is to offer a proof of that
which the proof pre-supposes, and without which
the proof would be unmeaning.
14. Locke's Essay is of value as a reply to the
Psychology of Des Cartes. As a piece of philo-
sophy, it assumes that there is a Mind on one
side, and a set of Things on the other. It is
mere Psychology.
15. Natural Realism is not Philosophy. Natural
Realism tells us ' ' that along with the presentation
of the Object there is always a simultaneous pre-
sentation of the Subject, the two being mutually
INTRODUCTION. xi
related to each other." * True ; but this postu-
lates Subject and Object : that is, a Universe,
and that Universe cut in two. It is mere Psy-
chology.
16. Atomic theories cannot be Philosophy: they
assume Space and Quantity ; that is, from an aspect
of the Universe they explain the whole.
17. Molecular theories cannot be Philosophy.
To the assumptions of Atomism they add the as-
sumption of Quality, and of Difference of Quality.
Quality, like quantity and space, must be a result
of the Universe. Clerk Maxwell considers that the
family likeness of the molecules is an argument
that they are not original.
18. Sir John Lubbock has calculated, on the
authority of Loschmidt, Stoney, and Sir W. Thom-
son, that the molecules of gases are not more than
the fifty-millionth part of an inch in diameter. It
is obvious that any one of these molecules involves
the whole problem of Natural Realism, aud of the
relation of Psychology to Philosophy. Sorby is of
opinion that in a length of 1-80,000 of an inch there
would probably be from 500 to 2000 molecules
500, for instance, in albumen, and 2000 in water.
The nameless fraction of an inch presents us with
space and its contents as surely as the field of the
* Honck's Hamilton, p. 83, n.
xii INTRODUCTION.
seventy -five millions of worlds, of one of which our
earth is but a fraction.
19. Movement in the line of Least Resistance
assumes Space, and a System of Pressures.
Granting that Space and Motion are Metaphysical
Ultima, Philosophy asks why Space and Motion
are found in combination. How did the Atom
acquire its tenure of Space, and why did Space
tolerate the intrusion ?
20. Evolution is not Philosophy. If a thing is
evolved from within, the process is more than the
mere accretion with which the doctrine starts. If
the thing gathers material from without, like a
rolling snowball, then the process belongs to Me-
chanics or to Chemistry.
21. " Life," as Virchow expresses it, "is the
sum of the joint action of all parts, of the higher
or vital ones as of the lower or inferior. There is
no one seat of life, but every truly elementary part,
especially every cell, is a seat of life." Granting
that this statement gives us the results of Physio-
logy, the philosopher must ask, " What brings ' the
parts ' into juxtaposition ? Is it merely a case of
juxtaposition, or how otherwise? What is apart*?
What is higher ? What is lower ? What is joint
action ?" Socrates would not have had much trouble
with a man who described Life as the action of
vital parts.
INTRODUCTION. xiii
22. Huxley enunciates the hypothesis of Evolu-
tion thus : " The successive species of animals and
plants have arisen, the later by the gradual modifi-
cation of the earlier." As before, if the modifica-
tion be from within, the fact explodes the theory :
if from without, modification is accretion.
23. Sir John Lubbock tells us that " an aston-
ishing variety of most beautiful contrivances have
been observed and described by many botanists,
especially Hooker, Axel, Delpino, Hildebrand, Ben-
nett, Fritz Miiller, and above all Herman Miiller
and Darwin himself. The general result is, that to
insects, and especially to bees, we owe the beauty of
our gardens, the sweetness of our fields. To their
beneficent, though unconscious action, flowers owe
their scent and colour, their honey nay, in many
cases, their form. Their present shape and varied
arrangements, their brilliant colours, their honey,
and their sweet scent are all due to the selection
exercised by insects. In these cases the relation
between plants and insects is one of mutual advan-
tage." A Platonist might put it thus: " Insects
select flowers by selection." "That is, the idea domi-
nates the process, not vice versa. At all events, the
process implies prior capacity, and therefore reserves
for discussion What is Capacity, What is Relation.
That is, Physical Science, as always, owes its exis-
tence to notions which its professors discard.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
24. Professor Huxley, in referring to the nervous
system as "that which co-ordinates and regulates
Physiological units into an organic whole," uses
more metaphysical terms than Virchow. That is,
both use terms borrowed from thought to explain
that which, according to them, is the explanation of
thought. Neurosis is explained by Psychosis, while
Neurosis is the only scientific explanation of Psy-
chosis.
25. Spontaneous generation throws no light on
Philosophy. Waiving the decisive objection that it
would describe a process which takes place in Time,
what does the doctrine amount to, if established ?
That a mixture of turnip- juice and cheese is, under
certain conditions, an antecedent to life. The doc-
trine is invested with importance by the ignorant,
who persist in obtruding on Science the notion
Cause, which Science affects to discard.
26. The Scientist, to set aside Metaphysics,
reduces Causation to Sequence. If Causation be
Sequence only, Thought is not caused by Neurosis.
But, in order to degrade Thought, he invests
Neurosis with causal power, so that the destruction
of Neurosis involves the destruction of Thought.
Thought is the Whole of which Causation and Se-
quence in time are parts very small parts, indeed.
27. Professor Williamson, in his opening address,
gives a sketch of the theories which guided Chemis-
INTRODUCTION. xv
try fifty years ago, and of the changes wrought in
them by fifty years' work. Chemical explanation
has got rid of predisposing affinities. " Our present
explanation" (of a certain phenomenon) " is a sim-
ple statement of the fact that under the conditions
described, zinc displaces hydrogen from its sul-
phate." The statement is anything but simple, as
it amounts to this : zinc one set of relations dis-
places hydrogen a second set of relations from its
sulphate a third set of relations. A Hegelian would
not ask for a more idealistic position than Professor
Williamson's simple statement of the fact.
28. Physical Science is not Philosophy, for it
requires antecedence and consequence only as an
explicit basis. As an explicit basis, for the analysis
of antecedence and consequence may lead to a great
deal more. In fact, it led to the Idealism of Kant.
29. That Science is apparently content with
antecedence and consequence is seen in Professor
Burdon- Sanderson's address: " Science can hardly
be said to begin until we have by experiment
acquired such a knowledge of the relation between
events and their antecedents, between processes
and their products, that in our own sphere we
are able to forecast the operations of Nature, even
when they lie beyond the reach of desired obser-
vation." That is, we predict consequents, because
they are caused.
xvi INTRODUCTION.
30. Clifford and Lewes hold that the Uni-
formity of Nature ought to be expressed as the
Law of the Collocations of Changes. That is,
they merely postulate Simultaneity, Succession,
and Fixed Order. What more could an Idealist
require ?
31. Herbert Spencer's Heredity may account
for Necessity as a fact. It does not explain what
the Idealist contends for not merely that a notion
is what it is, but that it is explicitly thought as
not possibly otherwise the Necessity of Leibnitz,
Kant, and Hegel.
32. Mr. Whittaker, in the interest of Empiri-
cism, reconciles Empiricism with Idealism : " in the
final statement of Empiricism, 'relations' are just
as fundamental as ' feelings.' All that afterwards
becomes thought is implicit not in mere feeling,
but in the primitive relations between ' feelings.'"*
Feelings are capable of primitive relations, simply
because both presuppose one intelligible whole
the position of the Idealist.
33. Taking a portion of the Universe, in order
to account for the Universe, is as idle as to suppose
that a square on a chess-board is the cause of the
board. There can be no fraction outside the whole,
and the business of Philosophy must be analysis.
* Mind, No. 24, p. 507.
INTBODUCTION. xvii
34. Taking analysis as the instrument of
thought, Plato, in the Parmenides, analyses the
Universe into TO ev and raXXa TOV >os; the posi-
tion of TO ev explaining everything, and its nega-
tion nullifying everything.
35. Positing TO ev, the Universe, as conceived
by Plato, may be best described in the words of
Hegel:* " Free and infinite Form, as a Totality,
involves the principle of Matter in itself" taking
Form in his sense of Complete Whole of Charac-
teristics. Without TO ev, we may have provi-
sionally an Empiricism like that of Hume and Mill,
Farm. 164 b ; but this, when examined, will end in
Nihilism, Parm. 165e.
36. The intelligible element, vindicated by
Kant and elaborated by Hegel, is variously termed
Ideas and Numbers. The Ideas and Numbers are
substantially identical, but Idea denotes the in-
telligible in relation to the sensibility, while the
Numbers are the movements of the pure, intelli-
gible process.
37. To ev brings the Parmenides into close re-
lation with the notices of Platonic doctrine pre-
served in Aristotle and his Scholiasts, as TO ev is
the formative element in the Idea, and the spring
from which the Numbers flow.
Logic, p. 204, Wallace's translation.
b
xviii INTRODUCTION.
38. Xenocrates has given a hypothetic genesis
of the Ideas. It is only to assist apprehension, as
yeVecris implies evolution in time, which of course
does not apply to the Ideas, e/c TOV peyaXov /cat
fjiLKpov VTTO ToG *Ei>6s io'ao'BevTtov eyevovTo av, el
SVVO.TOV avras fy yevea-Oau. Schol. 828 a, 1, 2.
39. To ev is neither Number nor Idea, although
without it we should have neither Number nor
Idea. Number a/H0/x6s is, according to Greek
arithmeticians, o-vcmj/za ju,oi>a8a>z>. Theon Smyrn.
23. To ev is the dpx*l of Numerables.
40. As TO ev has for its contre-coup TO oLTreipov
indefinite plasticity the first Number is the Dyad,
avroSvas. That is, The One and TO a-rrapov, as two
items, constitute the System of Two Monads 17
auToSva? the Prime Dyad. Arist. Met. B. iii.
The Dyad has for its Material TO oiTreipov, and for
its Form TO ev : at irpa)Tov yeyovmai 8vo /zoi/aSe?
a>9 e^ vXrjs fMv TVJS 'AopicrTOv AvaSo?, etSov? Se TOU
'Evo? TOV AVTOC^O? S^Aoi'OTt auTat TreTrot^-
Trjv TTpoiTrjv AvaSa. Syrianus ap. Schol. 818 J,
46-9.
41. As the Indefinite Dyad is Majus and Minus
TO /u,eya and TO piKpov each moiety is a monad.
These two monads, with TO ev as unifier and equa-
tor, constitute the System of Three Monads the
Prime Triad 17 avTOT/oias: at Se TTO.\IV
yeyovmai T/aet? /ao^aSe?, w? e uX^s fj.ev /cat
XIX
INTBODUCTION.
rrjs 'Ao^ourrou AvaSos, etSous Se TOV Avroevds,
/cacrt r>}i> AuTOT/HaSa. $yr. ib. 819 #.
42. Lastly, the Indefinite Dyad as plastic,
taking on itself the Prime Dyad as formal, con-
stitutes the System of Four Monads the Prime
Tetrad 77 avrorerpa,^: IK rfjs AuroSuctSos /cat TT^S
v AuctSos ^v 'Ao/oio~roi> /caXet AvaSa, ctTrereXoui'
TerpaSa' ov crwrt^eVre? avra? (^c. ra? SvaSa?)
ov8e Kara Trp6<r6e(Tiv av^ovre?, dXXa rrjs 'Ao/atcrrov
AvaSog SiTrXacriacr^s TI^V AvroSvaSa, /cat ovrco? 0,770-
Te/couV^s nji/ Ter/aaSa. /S'j/r. ib. 819*, 26-31.
43. The Archie Dyad do/no-ros Suets is no
blank infinite. It is plasticity, aVefcXeiTrro?, Syr. ib.
907 a, 25. Its virtues are best given in the words
of Syrianus : KLvr]TLKr)v ovcrav a-pxfy iravra* ra eiBrj
yovipov 7r\r)povi> Swa/xew9 /cat Trpodyew ets aTroyeW^-
<jiv TCOV Sevrepuv /cat Tpiratv av\a)v etStot'. Syr. ib.
906*, 3032. Sevrepuv /cat rpirtav avkw eiScov are
the squares and cubes of the Prime Numbers.
44. The Archie Dyad CIO/HO-TOS Suets is the
link between Plato's Physics and Metaphysics. It
is Movement both logical and mechanical. All
mechanical movement, whether purely mechanical
or chemical, is in reality a brief description of
relation between two moments. All qualities are
relations in disguise. Analysis, therefore, is the
supreme organon.
45. The two components of all things, TO ev
1 b2
xx INTEODUCTION.
and TO aireipoV) are thus Metaphysical Ultima dis-
covered by analysis, and not agents in the me-
chanical, chemical, or so-called psychological sense.
46. Why did Plato use such barren terms as
TO ev The One, and ra\\a All the rest of it?
To ev is the geometrical unit, and Geometry is the
medium between Sense and Intellect. Aristotle's
usual term for Mathematics, as Plato viewed them,
is TO, fJLTav.
47. Previous to Plato, the notion The One had
been so far developed :
a. Xenophanes deduced Unity from the theolo-
gical notion Moral Perfection, making Unity a pre-
dicate of Essence :
b. Parmenides, by identifying subject and ob-
ject, made Unity both the logical and substantive
essence of all real existence :
c. Melissus made Unity a predicate, but deduced
it from infinity :
d. Zeno defended Unity by proving plurality
impossible.
48. In Aristotle's hands the notion Unity became
Substance, and in that shape was transmitted by the
schoolmen to modern thought. It is obvious that
the modern atom is a Lilliputian substance.
49. The One being positive, TaXXa TOV ho<s is
thrown off as its contre-coup, by the process which
Hegel elaborated.
INTKODUCTION.
XXI
50. Anti-Platonists, from Aristotle to Jowett,
ask Where are the Ideas ? "Would a Kantian
entertain the question Where are the Categories,
and Ideas, and Forms ?
51. According to Hegel, evolution is Specifica-
tion : according to Haeckel, specification is Evolu-
tion. That the road up is the road down must be
seen in time.
THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO,
THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.
philosophical portion of the Dialogue is
-L divided into two parts : the first extends from
127 d to 135; and the second from 135 to the end,
166. The first part deals with the question of the
relation of the Ideas to sensible things ; the second
with the relation of the head- Idea The One to
everything else. The first part discusses generally
the relation between the supersensible and the sen-
sible ; the second elaborates the relations of the
paramount metaphysical entity The One to all
its subordinates, including sensible things. The
second part is thus a particular application of the
first; but, as The One is the paramount entity, its
relations are all-pervading.
With regard to the first portion, we are told by
Mr. Jowett that Plato has anticipated the criticism
of all future ages on his Ideas. Mr. Grote declares
that there are no dialogues in which the Parme-
nidean objections to the doctrine of Ideas are
elucidated or even recited. But surely all the
objections which are urged in the Parmenides are
xxvi THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.
based on an assumption with which the sound
doctrine of Ideas has nothing to do.
(1). The Idea is spaceless and timeless. This
disposes of the objections illustrated by the day
and by the sail: 130 eb le, par. 6.
(2). The Idea rtmst either admit of finiteness or
proceed to infinity. This disposes of the objections
urged in 132 a b, and in 132 d 133 a, pars. 7 and 9.
(3). The Idea cannot depend for its cognition
and existence on man. Its essence cannot be
concipi: B. 2, b d, par. 8. This to Plato would
be a truism.
(4). The Idea cannot exist in total aloofness from
man ; for this would deprive man on the one hand
of all objective knowledge, and God on the other of
all knowledge of human knowledge. The obvious
conclusions are, that we have a knowledge of the
Idea, and that God has so too. These conclusions
are quite in accordance with the other Dialogues.
It is curious that what Mr. Jowett regards as the
true theory of Ideas that they exist only in the
mind is deliberately rejected by Plato in this
Dialogue. If the paramount One does not exist,
the result is Phenomenalism and Nihilism. In the
same way, Mr. Green, in his introduction to Hume,
shows that without Identity and Causation the
sensualism of Hume and the phenomenalism of
J. S. Mill are impossible, and with them untrue.
To moderns, the difficulty is to conceive that
the Idea, while timeless and spaceless, is likewise
objectively existing. That Plato held the Idea to
THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO. xxvii
be timeless is evident from numberless passages,
from the authoritative passage in the Timaeus,
and the express statement of Aristotle that Plato
was the only philosopher who held Time to be the
result of what we may call creation. The Idea is
likewise a fortiori spaceless. Space, according to
Plato, is the creature of an illicit process of reason-
ing, and it is not an object of the senses nor of
natural belief. Its double function is to express
the apparent but unreal identity of phenomena in
a state of flux, and their dependence on the higher
essence of the Idea. Aristotle's testimony is con-
clusive on the point. He asks why Plato does not
locate the Idea in space. Phys. iv. ii. 5.
If the Idea be not in time or in space, how
does it exist ? In the mind, says Mr. Jowett. In
what mind ? If mind means the human mind, qua
human, then we are reduced to individualism. I
may infer, or I may not, that there may be some
other being with a mind like mine, more or less.
If we say in the Divine mind, or in the Universal
mind, then the Idea will only be an accident of
the higher consciousness. But if we mean by Idea,
as Plato did the Form which perfectly and com-
pletely dominates pure thought, and which domi-
nates ours to a smaller extent then it is true
to say that the Idea is not only logically but
substantially prior to thought and volition, Divine
as well as human, and is therefore independent of
both. Surely in a narrower sphere, where a man
has consciously grasped the Law of Identity or the
xxviii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.
Law of Contradiction, he sees at once that these
Laws are something more than the facts of his
own brain something more than actual clearness
or passing confusion. But, first, as human thought
is dominated consciously or unconsciously by the
Laws of thinking, so the Divine Thinking is domi-
nated by the Ideas. To say that Ideas exist in the
mind is much the same as saying that the Law of
Gravity exists in a man's watch.
The relation of the Idea to sensible things, and
of God to both, is somewhat as follows : The Idea
consists of two elements, the One and the Indefinite.
The Indefinite is pure Passivity. Neither of these
elements is created. They are co-eternal with God.
God is good. As Aristotle explains it, Goodness is
the matter, and One, the form, of the highest Ens.
God is also Cause, the notion which brings the One
and Goodness into communion. Goodness works
through Causality, according to the type set by
the Idea of Good. Consequently, the Law which
dominates Goodness in its Causal Energy is logi-
cally prior to that Energy. On what does the
Summum Ens work ? On the Indefinite, or the
passive element in the Idea, the space, or rather
place, of the Timaeus. The first causal act of
Summum Ens imposes the Law of mere sequence
on Passivity. The result is, a chaos of unpredictable
sequences, a notion grasped by Milton. The second
causal act of Summum Ens is to impose on Chaotic
sequence predictable sequence or physical Law, and
the result is, the Sensible World. The God of
THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxix
Plato thus creates nothing, he organises Passivity.
Aristotle's question, Why the Idea is not in space,
if pressed home, comes to this : Why is the whole
Idea, with all its Form and Matter, not in a small
fractional result of its Matter misconceived, namely,
Place ? That Space is not an independent Entity
can be proved by other considerations. The non-
existence of a Vacuum inside the world is stated
positively in the Timaeus, where its existence would
seem necessary, in the case of one moving body
displacing another. This phenomenon Plato explains
by the hypothesis of circular motion, a motion
which may be exemplified by moving a set of balls
round the edge of a "solitaire" board. He has
been charged with inconsistency in allowing the
structural solids, the Tetrahedron, the Octahedron,
and the Icosahedron, to combine in different pro-
portions, all the while he denies the existence of
Vacuum. He may easily be defended by the con-
sideration that the complement of the interstices is
furnished by TO aneLpov the element of Passivity
or Receptivity in the Idea.
What then is the Sensible Thing, the Sensible
Idea of Locke and Berkeley ? Relatively to us, it
is strictly TO ^aivo^vov, TO yiyvopevov, that which is
in course of presentation, and which, therefore, ex
vi termini, is passing away. Objectively, it is the
causal action of God, working through the Idea, on
the senses. Logically, and chronologically, it is
distinct from the Idea. In essence, it is the con-
trary of the Idea, as the one is ever abiding and
xxx THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.
the other is momentary ; and finally, with regard
to theories of perception, the sensible thing bears to
its Idea or rather congeries of Ideas the relation
only of a sign to the thing signified.
" Mind," says Shelley, " cannot create, it can
only perceive." This is the popular view. It is
the usual confounding of Brain and Thought. In
the individual, Sensation precedes Thought; Neu-
rosis precedes Psychosis; but Neurosis Brain
presupposes Space, Time, and all the constituents
of Intelligibility.
Everybody agrees that what is in consciousness
may be safely dealt with. But the question arises :
Is there anything outside consciousness ? In the
language of the Dialogue, if TO ev is the formative
element, what is raXXa rov evos? In other words,
What is TO oLTreipovj which Aristotle represents as
the second element in the Idea ? It is food for
Form TO Trepa<s. To alter Clifford's term, it may
be called Form-stuff. And this Form-stuff, at a
certain stage of development, is the xP a or space
of the Timaeus the only passage in Plato's writings
which Aristotle finds at variance with the official
statements in Plato's lectures. Phys. iv. ii. 5.
To make Space an ultimum in the Platonic
Genesis is as preposterous as to make Hegel a
Hamiltonian because he allows Richtigkeit to the
pabulum of the senses. To aneipov is not outside
consciousness. It is part of consciousness : it is
there as TO aTrtLpov. The chemical metaphor has
taken such hold, that when we talk of an element
THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxxi
of consciousness, we almost eo ipso assert that it is
not to be found in the mature consciousness, except
in a totally different shape. But, in Plato, the
original aspect of the element reappears in the
compound : TO aireipov is TO aTreipov, and will not
be anything else. Plato is thus a thorough-going
Idealist : TO aireipov is part of the domain of
thought.
In applying the terms of modern speculation
to Plato, it is not meant that he had before him
modern problems in their present shape. But the
best teaching of our time is the importance of
history as a basis of criticism, and this teaching
shatters the doctrine that we must read a philo-
sopher by what went before and not by what comes
after him.
Hegel allows Richtigkeit, but not Wahrheit, to
the sensible element. Plato is more idealistic ; for
while in the Phaedo he combats the notion that
the sensible element is delusive, in the Republic he
argues that the same volume of raw material may
and does admit of opposite relations.
The most striking passage in the Dialogue is
where Parmenides rebukes Socrates for withholding
ideas from mean objects. This is not really at
variance with the passage in the Timaeus, 66 d-67 a.
There he states that Smells are the result of air and
water affecting the organs, and that they are dis-
tinguished merely as pleasant or the reverse. In
the Philebus, Smells are not preceded by any
craving, and so far are higher than the plea-
xxxii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.
sures of repletion. In our day a great poet has
written :
Flower in the crannied wall,
I pluck you out of the crannies ;
Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
Little flower but if I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,
I should know what God and man is.
This is genuine Idealism. What we call a single
thing is the concourse of all relations the corn-
plexus of all Ideas all in all.
nAPMENIAHS.
TA TOY AIAAOrOT ITPOSnilA
KE$AAO2, "I
AAEIMANT02,
J> Characters in the Introduction.
ANTI<J>2N
. '
TAAYKON, J
Characters in the Main Dis-
cussion.
1IAPMENIAH2,
API2TOTEAH2.
IIAPMENIAH2.
St. III. 'ETretSir) 'AOrfva^e oiKoOev e'/c KXao/z,eva>i> d(/>t/co- introduc-
p. 126. /) \ > / A ' v tion.
juec/a, /car ayopav everv^ofjLev Aoet/Aavra) re /cat,
' \ O' ~- <> ' < >* ' L Ce P ha -
t' /cat /xov Aapo/xe^o? TT;? ^et/aos o Aoet- lus relates
-L ? -ir ' \ ^ * ^ > ~ his intro-
at P ' e 9 7 ?' w KecpaAe, /cat et rou oeet TOJI/ auction to
e ^ ^ ' j / j* * \ \ ^ vC 1 / 1 ? Antiplio.
7)/x,et? OVVOLTOI, (ppa^e. a\\a p.ev 017, enrov
ya>, 7rdp6Lfj.i, ye eV avro rovro, SeiycrojLtevos v^wv.
Xeyots av, e^/, r^v Se^cri^. /cat ey<u elTrov, ra>
vp,a>v TO) ofjLOfjLrfrpia) rt ^v ovo/xa ; ov yap
Trats Se TTOV lyi' ore TO irporepov
Sev/Do e/c KXa^o/Aevw^' TroXu? Se
eKeivov. TO) pev yap iTdrpi, 8o/cw,
Trcivv ye, e^>iy' avrw Se ye 'Avrt^aiz/. dXXa
rt /xdXtcrra irvvOdvei ; otS', etTrov eyw, TroXtrat jaot
etcrt, jaaXa <f)i\6cro<j)OL, d/c7y/coacrt re on ovros 6
'Az/rt^aiv Ilv^oSwyaa) rtvt ZTJVCDVOS eratpw vroXXa
c ei/reru^/ce, /cat TOVS Xdyov?, ov? TTOTC ^CDKpaTrjg
/cat Zujvtov /cat Ila/a/xevtS^s SteXe^^o-a^, TroXXd/cts
d/covcras TOV IIv^oSwpov aTro/x^/xovevet. aX'TjBr),
f(f)f), Xeyet?. TOVTOJV roivvv, elTrov, Seo//,e^a Sta-
/covo*at. dXX' ou ^aXeTrov, e^ry* jaet/ad/ctov yd/> av
avrovg eu /adXa Ste/AeXeV^crev, euet vvv ye /caret rov
TraTnrov re /cat OJJLCOVVJJLOV Trpbs iTnrLKrj TOL TroXXd
Star/ot^Set. dXX' et Set, tw/xev 7ra/o* avrov' apri,
B2
4 I7AATONO2
yap evOcvfte ot/ca8e ot^erou, ot/cct Se eyyus > Mc-
XtVfl. raura etTroWes ey8aStoftei>, /cat KareXaySo/xev p. 127.
TOZ> 'A.VTL<j>o)VTa ot/cot, yaXivov TWO. ^aX/cct e/cSt8dvTa
(r/cevdVat' IVetSr) Se e/ceu>ov aTnjXXdyr) ot re dSeX-
<ol eXeyop avr<w ai^ eVe/ca irapeipev, aveyvapicre re
fjie K r^s Trporcpas 7TtS^/xtas /cat /xc ^CTTTa
/cat SeofMevoiV rjfAuv SteX^etv TOVS Xoyoug TO
u>KVL' TroXv yayo (^17 epyov flvai' erreiTa
Stryyetro.
2. Antipho 6(^17 Se ST) 6 *A.vTi<f><t)v Xeyetp roi'
relates, v >i/ / >TT/I/ N /\-L
the autho- ort acpiKOLVTO 7TOTC ets iLavauirjvaiCL TO, /iyaXa b
rity of Py- , y /5 VNT
thodorus, a AV)VtoV TC Kttt llayO/xevtO^?. TOl' /XCZ/ OW
conversa- o f/\e>\ />/ ^ j/^
tionbe- oir^v ev ftaXa or) TT/aecrpvTTp etvat, (r<poopa
tween \ \ o\ />\ \ ^ / \ ^
Socrates, KCL\OV O KayOLUOV TrjV O\\IIV, TTtpl TV)
Zeno, and / \>-/ ry/ o\>\
Panue- TTC^TC /cat egrjKovTo, /tf)va)va oe eyyvs erw^ rerra-
nides : the ' ' T >/o\\ / >o
particulars P aK VTa TOT eiVdL, VjJir)K7) O /Cat yapieVTOi tOtV
meetfng- ' CCt ' e " at aTOI/ TTtttt/ca TOV
viva.1. /caraXvetv Se avrous e<^)7y Trapa TW
.,],,,;,] >,,(, > V / T7- ^ TON \>| //I
treatise on KTOS ''"Ct^OV? CV KepCLfJLeLKO)' Ot Ol) /Cttt a(pt/C<TC/at C
Existence. T( $j, Te ^ w /c/oar^ /cat aAXous Ttj'as fter' aurou
ug, liriBvfj,ovvTa,^ aKouerat TOJV rou
Tore yo.p avra TrpaTov vif
Sw/c/aar^ Se el^at rore <r<f>68pa veov.
avayLyva)(TKeLv ovv aurot? roi' Zyvava avrov, TOV
8e HapjjLei/iBrjv rv^elv ea) ovra' /cat et^at Tra^u
ert XotTrov rwv Xoywv dvaytyvwcr/cojaeVw^,
avros re eTretcreX^etJ^ 6^)17 6 IIu$oSa>pos d
/cat TOI> TlaJievi,$rv xer' avrou Kat 'Attr-
TOV Tov rpiaKovra yevopevov, /cat
ctTTa ert e7ra/covo-ai TWV yyoa/x,/u,aTOJV ov
ye, dXXct /cat irporepov d/oy/coeVat TOI)
FIAPMENIAHS. 5
rov ovv 2co/cpari7 d/covcravra TrdXtv re /ceXevcrat Firstpart
x / ( //) ~ / x / > ~ of the
Ti]v irptoTiqv VTrouea'Lv rov Trpcorov Aoyov avayvcovat, dialogue:
\ > Q / / f / prelimi-
/cat avayvcoo-f/eto-rjs, TTCOS, cpavat, co Ziyvcov, TOVTO nary dis-
\ t > \ \ ' \ * y <> ~ > \ cussion,
e Aeyets; et TroAAa ecrrt ra ovra, cos apa oet aura the relation
r ? \/ o\o\>o/ o/ To E?Sjj
re eti/at /cat avo^oia, TOVTO oe or) aovvaTOV to sensible
ovre ya/) ra avojAoia o/xota oure ret o//,ota
olov re etvat ; ovv oura> Xeyet? ; ovrw, <bdvai TOV 3. Socrates
criticizes
OVKOVV et aovvaTov ra re avo/xota o/x-ota Zeno, and
T vvv ,/ >0/ 5^ ^\\^ wislie S t< >
etz>at /cat ra o/xota at'o/xota, aowarov 017 /cat TroAAa know if he
^ >\ \\v* / * \o/ is ng 11 * in
etvat' et ya^ TroAAa 177, 7rao"^ot at' ra aowara; the view he
apa rovro eo-Tiv 6 /8ouAoi>rat <rou ot Xdyot, ov/c Zeno says
aXXo rt ^7 Stajaa^eo~^at Trapa TrdvTa ra Xeyo/xeva, "Then
t > \\ /j > ' * ' y u )
cos ov TroAAa ecrrt ; /cat rovrov avrov otet o~ot z e no "
/ TV \ / </ \ says So-
re/c/xT^ptov etz/at CKCLO-TOV TUTS Xoywv, cocrre /cat cr at es
/ / /) v " affree
r)yet rocravra re/c/x^pta Trape^eo-c/at, oo-ov? Trep wit g Par _
128 Xoyov? ye'y/aa^as, a> ov/c eo-rt TroXXa; ourcu Xeyets,
^7 eya) ov/c 6p0at<s KaTapavBdva) ; ov/c, dXXa, cravat
rov ZT7^(wva, /caXcos o-wrj/cas oXov ro ypa/x/xa 6
ySovXerat. fAavOdvo), eiirelv TOV ^w/cyoar^, d> Ilap- Existence
tS^, ort Zrjvaiv o8e ov JJLOVOV Ty aiXXy crov
<itXta ySovXerat a>/cetwcr^at, dXXa /cat rw crvy- menides
1 ' ' ' puts his in
ypa/x/tart. ravroz/ yap ye'ypa^e Tpoirov TWO. oirep the affir-
o~v, jaera^aXXcov Se i7/xas Tretparat e^aTrarav cos tliat Exis -
\ / ^ / tenc f, S
erepov rt Aeycuv. o~v jtxev yap e^ rots 7rotT7/xao"t^ one." Zeno
d , s T rpv rr- V ' ' '
b ev cpTys etvat io llav, /cat rovrcov re/c/x^pta Trape^et that his
\ v-rwoox-y > \\'j T tnesis is a
/caAws re /cat ev ooe oeav ov TroXAa qrrjo-iv ewat, reductio ad
, CNNJX >\\ N //i x absurdum
re/c/x^pta oe avros Tra/xTroXAa /cat vra/x/xeyecfy vrape- of the an-
\-? \ >*// \o\\ \\/ tagonistic
^erat. ro ovi/ rov /xev ev cpavat, rov oe tt?) TroXXa, thesis, i.e.
\v e/ \/ <x <>\^^ greater ab-
Kat ovrcus e/carepov Xeyetv, coo-re /x^oev rcov avrcov surdities
> / ?^ 5 1 ' \' >/t\ follow
etpry/cevat oo/cetv cr^eoov rt Xeyovras ravra, v?rep f rom sup-
c v *\\ j ' c \j / posing
i)/xas rovs aAAovs c/>atverat v/xtv ra etp^/xeva Existence
6 DAATONO2
plural than elpr)o~0ai. vat, <f>dvai TOV Zrjvuva, a*
from sup- \ 5> * \ > x / /) ~ / >
posing (TV o ovi> Tijv a\r)tfLav TOV ypa/xttaros ov trav-
Existence /i / <>. c 4 /
one. ra^ov Tjcrtfycraf /catrot a)(nrep ye ai Aa/cati>at c
cr/cvXa/ce? ev /xera^ets re /cat t^evets ret
dXXd trparrov ^ev <re TOUTO \av0dveL, ort ov
rdiracTLV ovrat cre^vvverai TO ypafji^a, wcrre
crv Xeyets oiavorjOev ypaffivai, rov? dvOpunovs 8e
a>s rt /xeya StaTrpaTrd/xevoV dXXa
a>v crv/u,y8 6/877 KOTa>z> Tt ^" Tt ^^ T d
yc dXr)0e<; fioijBeid rts ravra ra ypa/u,/Aara TO>
u Xdyw 777)69 rou? eTTi^et/aovvras avrbv
a>s et eV e<rrt, TroXXa /cat yeXota (rv/u,- d
rw Xdyw /cat eVavrta avr&>. dvrt-
Xeyet ST) ovv rovro TO y/od/M/xa Trpos TOWS rot
TToXXd Xeyovrag, /cat dvraTroStScocrt ravra /cat
TrXeteo, rovro @ov\6jjievov SrjXovv, a>5 ert yeXotd-
re/9a Trdfr^ot ai^ avraiv T) vir60eo~L<;, et TroXXd CO~TLV,
fj rj TOV eV etvat, et rt? t/cavais eTre^tot. Std
ToiavTTfjv or) <f>i\oviKLai> VTTo veov OVTOS e/otov
eypd^ir), /cat rts avro e/cXei//e ypa<eV, ware ovSe
/SovXeucracr^at e^eyeVero, etr' e^OLCTTfov avTO ets e
ro ^>OJ5 etre /xr;. TavTrj y ovv ere \avOdvei, a>
S<w/c/3are5, ort ov^ VTTO j/e'ou <^>tXo^et/ctas otet avro
yeypd^Ocu, dXX' VTTO TrpearfivTepov <^>tXort/xta?'
eiret, o7re/3 y' etTrov, ov /ca/cai? aTret/cacras.
4. Socrates dXX' aTToSeVouat, <bdvai TOV Sw/cpdrn, /cat
sets forth ( c /; /^ /
his theory 7ryovaai oj? Xeyet? evetv. rooe oe aot etTre* ov
ofGenerali- ^ ^ , ^ A c x t ,
zation,that vojMLi,L<s etvat avro /cat7 avro etoos rt O/xo torero?,
the things x ^ , ^ , , A v , A , 10 .
denoted by /cat ra> rotovrw av aAAo rt evavTiov, o ecrrti/ Avo- 129
general , ~^ ~ v >>N \x
Mords may fJiOLOV' TOVTOIV Oe OVOtV OVTOtl' Kttt fJL /Cttt CTC
participate v . . *S N \\ v V "
in opposite /cat raAAa a or) TroAAa /caAov/xei'
I1APMENIAH2. 7
it ra pev rrj<s 'O/AOtor^ros /AeraXa/AySdvovra o/AOta ^ST?, but
yiyvecrdai ravrrj re /cat /cara rocrovrov ocrov av fify them-
\/->/ \ P. \ /> > / / selves can-
fj^eraXafjipavr), ra oe ri7? AVO/AO toreros avopoia, not admit
v S v > / ' / > i / , o N > / of incom-
ra oe a^orepcov apyorepa ; et oe /cat rravra patible
/ * >/' \ n ' > * affections :
evavri(t)V OVTOJV ap,(porep(i)i> jiteraXa/Apavet, /cat eo~rt e.^. a man
, / i~<// \>/ \is one, and
b TO) jaere^etv a/A<potv o/AOta re /cat avo/Aota avra so partici-
//! / >\ \ \\<// pates in
avrot?, rt vavpacrrov ; et jaei/ ya/3 avra ra o/AOta Unity: but
/; >/ / *\/ he may be
rts aTrefyaivev avo^oia yiyvo^eva i] ra avo^oia a i so one O f
v / y-j> -yjovv/ / many, in
o/Aota, repas ai>, ot/Aat, i)V et oe ra rovruv /Acre- wiuch case
dfJL<f>orepa)v dfjL<f>6repa d-no^aivei irerrovdora, p ^
e/totye, o> ZTyvwi/, droirov 8o/cet etVat, ovSe
ye et e^ aVavra a7ro(^atvet rt? rw jaere^etv rov cai^never 7
'Ews /cat ravra ravra TroXXd ra> nXTy^ovs av
/Aere^etv dXX' et o ecrrw *Ev avro rovro TroXXa
c d-TToSet^et, /cat av ra IloXXd S?) eV, rovro 17817
^av/Acto"o/Aat. /cat Tre/st raiv ctXXcov artdvrtov acrav-
ra>s' et /ACI' avra ra yeVi7 re /cat etS^ eV av-
rols aTTO^at^ot rdvavria ravra rfdOrf Trdcr^ovra,
d^iov Bavfjid^ew et 8' e/Ae eV rts a-TroSet^et ovra
/cat TroXXd, rt davpavrov, Xeywv, orav /ACV p*ov-
XrjraL TroXXd diro^aiveiv, as erepa tiev ra evrt
Se^td ttov eVrtv, erepa Se rd CTT' dpicrrepd, /cat
erepa ttei/ rd rrpotrOev, erepa 8e rd oina-Oev, /cat
dVtw Kat Karat a>o"avrws' IlXi7^ovs ydyo, ot/Aat,
d p/try&' orav Se eV, epet ws eTrrd rjp,a)v ovrwv et?
ey<u et/At dvOpuiros, ttere^wv /cat rov 'Evas' c5o~re
dXrjBr) aTTO(f>ai,veL dpfyorepa. edv ovv rts rotavra
eTfi^eip^ TroXXd /cat ev ravra dno$aivew, Xt#ovs
/cat |"vXa /cat rd rotavra, (^yjcrofjiev avrov TroXXd
/cat IV aTroSet/cvwat, ov ro *Ev TroXXd ovSe rd
IToXXd ev, ovSe' rt Oavpacrrov \eyeiv, dXX' a7re/o
8 HAATQN02
av iravres 6/xoXoyot/Aep" eap 8e Tt?, 6 PUP Sr)
eya> eXeyop, rrpvrov JJLCV Statp^Tat X^P^ avra
/ca#' avra ra 1817, otbp 'O/uoum/Ta re /cat 'Apo-
p.Oi6rr)ra /cat ITX-j^o? /cat TO *Ep /cat Sracrtv e
/cat KtPTio-iP /cat irdvra ra rotavra, elra eV
eavrot? ravra Svpa/xepa crvy/cepappvcr#at /cat Sta-
KpivecrOai a7ro(f>aivrj, dyat/xTip ap eywy', ^77,
crTctis, a) Zijvuv. ravra Se avSpetw? /ACI/
/l \ N / * *
7)yovfiat Treirpayiiarev&uai' TTO\V JJLEVT av
Se /aaXXot', &s Xeyw, dyacr^et^v, et rts
avrr^v aTropiav ev avrots rot? etSecrt
ToSarr&is 7rXe/co/xeV>;v, axnrep iv rots o/aw/AeVots 130
on^X^ere, OVTOJ /cat cv rots Xoytcr/xo> \afjij3avo-
/xeVot?
5. Socrates XeyovTO? 877, eii'n 6 IIu#oSa>pos, rou
deniesthe ^ ' , , , % , , , , ,
umver- Tttvra avTos /A^ otecTC/at e<p e/cacrTOv
sality of N N , _ v
eifSTj. He TOP T LLapfJieviO'rjv /cat TOP Ztrjvuva, TOVS oe iravv
allows that / ^ N/IV
there are T ttVTO) 7TpOO"^etP TOP POVP Kttt ua^a tS
7; O. O\' ^c / N
Beauty, Xovs pXcTTOPTa? jotetOtap ws aya/xepov? TOP
Goodness, v T v / ,, N
and such OTTCp OVP /Cttt TTavOra/XCPOV aVTOV 6t7TtP TOP 11 ap-
like ;heis /o, <;>_,/ ./ c ^. 9* /i
doubtful /Aeptor^p, o> S&>/cpaT5, <papat, ws agios et ayacrc/at
about the <>c>\ ^\' ' >/\r
existence T7 )? op/ir;? TTjs CTTt Tou? Xoyovs' /cat /u,ot etTre, ai>ros b
of etS-n for vvo/ e\/
suchthings crv o^Tw OLTflprjcraL a>? Xeyct?,
as Man,
Fire and aTTCt > X^P 19 " Ta rovT(av av
Water : o ^ ? \
and he is crot
"
oftotoY^To? exofjitv, /cat *Ep Sr) /cat IloXXa /cat Trapra
o/(7a v ^ v ^^ Zrypwpos T^/cove? ; e/AOtye, ^>apat TOP
suchthings ^w/cpaTT;. r^ /cat TO, TotaSe, etTretp TOP
^. u ^ ,, otop At/catov Tt eTSos auTo /ca#* avTo /cat KaXou
Filth. Par-
menides Ka l *Aya^ot) /cat TTttPTtop av TWP roLOvraiv ; pat,
replies that /,
this is a <f)dvai. Tt ', dv0pa>Trov etSos
IIAPMENIAH2. 9
OtOt 77jltetS eCTjUei> TToivTUV, CLVTO Tl cTSo? 'AvOpWTTOV human
* TT > * * "nnS A ' \
77 Hvpos 77 /cat Toaros ; ev airopia, <pavaL, rro\- thinking,
x / cj / * T-T /o x , / and that
Aa/cts 017, <w ilapfJLevLO'r), irepi avrw yeyova, Trorepa nothing is
i / ^ v , / * ^\ \ ? v reaU 7 vile -
<po.vai ojcnrep Trepi eKtivw i) aAAw?. ^ /cat
a> ^w/cpare?, a /cat yeXota So^etez/ av
otov pt^ /cat 1117X05 /cat 'PUTTOS ^ aXXo o
rt aTLfJLOTaTov re /cat ^avXorarov, aTropets etre ^pr)
<aVat Kat rovrco^ e/cacrrov eTSos etvat ^wptg, ov
d aXXo avra)z/ 5^ 17/^615 jotera^etpt^o/xe^a, etre /cat
^17 ; ouSa/xw?, <f)dvai, rov ^(OKparrj, dXXa ravra
joteV ye, aVe/> &p&fiV, ravra /cat etz/af eTSog Se'
rt avraiv olrjBfjvai etvat /x^ Xtav ^ arorrov. 17877
Trore' /xe /cat e0pae ^ rt 77 Tre/ot TTOLVTUV
eVetra orai' ravrr) crrw, <f>vya)v
Setcras fti; TTOTC ets rtv' d/3v0ov (f>\vapiav e
SI/) /^/r O^ >_i' JA /^ON
ta<pt7a/3w e/cetcre o ovz/ a<pt/co/xei/O5, et? a vw 077
eXeyofjiev 1817 e^etv, Trept e/cet^a
e StarptySw. ve'os yap el ert, ^>a^at TOI>
a) ^w/cpare?, /cat OUTTW crov dvretXTyTrrat
a>$ ert di/rtX77i//erat /car' eja?)^ So^av, ore
drtjadcrets' vvv Se ert TT/OOS dv6pa>7ra)v airo-
Sta ri^v i^Xt/ctav.
roSe ow jitot etTre. So/cet crot, as <^]7?j etvat 6. Par-
*5>v ^ '^ N ^\ \ \o/ v nienides
etO77 arra, wv raoe ra aAAa /xeraAa/xpaz/ovra rag discusses
,, / >^y -p .-. / \ the ratio-
131 eTrtoi'v/uas avrwv tcr^etv, otov OfJLOioTirjTos peis /xera- naleof
Xafiovra o/xota, Meye'^ovs Se /xeydXa, KaXXovs re
/cat At/catoo-w775 St/catd re /cat /caXd yiyvecrdaL.
irdVu ye, ^ctj'at ro^ ^aiKparr). OVKOVV T^rot oXov S
rou etSovs 77 pepovs e/cao-rov ro fteraXa/x/3dVov
/aeraXa/>t/3d^et ; 7^ dXXT? rt? av peraX^LS x^P^
rovrwi/ yeVotro; /cat TTWS aV; etTrei'. Trorepoi/ ov^
10
OAATONO2
whole or
by way of
part, either
simul-
taneously
Or 8UCC68-
sively, *'..
the elSos
is both
amUime-
So/cet O~Ot oXov TO CtSos CV e/cdoTO) etVttl TWV
\ \ "**<-> / N \ / i / v
TTOAAwv ev OV, T) 7T6D?; Tt yap /CtoXvet, (pavat TOV
<.,_-. /<?>' A v * \ i
, w HapfjLevior), evetvat ; ev apa ov /cat b
\\^ N* Vx
TTOAAOt? W3tS OVCTLV O\Ol>
KCU
av 117. ov/c av, ei
otoj' 17 rjfjiepa. /xta /cat 17 avr?) ovtra
<^\\ N
a/Aa ecrrt /cat ovoet' rt fj.a\\ov avrr)
<TTLV, el OVTO) /cat e/cacrrov TCOV etSaii/
ev ev vracrtv a/xa ravrov ' CLTJ. ^Seco? ye, <dVai, ai
Sw/cyoare?, eV TO.VTOV a/xa TroXXa^ov Trotet?,
et tcrrto) /caTaTreTaoras TroXXovs av6 PMTTOVS
iV eTTt TToXXots eTvat oXov ^ ov TO TOIOVTOV i^yet c
Xeyetv; to~a>?, <f>dvai. rj ovv o\ov e^>* e/cao~To> TO
e/ vv * / * M ^\ \ *\ \
tcrTtov etiy av, ^ fJiepos avrov aXXo e?r aXX<u;
fieyoos. /y,ey3to"Ta apa, <f>dvai, a> Seo/cpaTe?, ecmv
CLVTO, TO, 1817, /cat TO, /xeTe^ovTa avTaiv pepovs av
/x,Te)(ot, /cat ov/ceVt ev e/cacrTw oXov, dXXa pepos
e/cao"TOu av etTy. ^>atvTat OVTW ye. 17 ovv e
o~ets, a) Sw/c/3aTC9, ^>avat TO *Ev eTSos
aXrjdeia /jteyDt^ecr^at' /cat eVt ev eb"Tat; ou
etTretv. opa ya/o, ^>avat* et avTo TO Meye^os
/cat e/cao~Tov Taiv vroXXoiv /xeyaXwv ^teye'^ou? /Ltepet d
o-fjLLKpOTepa) avrov TOV Meye'^ov? /xeya eo~Tat, apa
ov/c aXoyov ^avetTat; TTO.VV y, (f)Trj. ri Se'; TOU
*Io~ov /iepos e/cacrTov cr/xt/cpov aTroXaySdv Tt e^et w
eXaTTOvt ovTt avTov TOU v lo~ov TO e^ov to*ov TO>
ecTTat ; dSuvaTOv. dXXa TOV S/xt/cpov jae'po? Tts
T7/xa)v ei^et* TOVTOV Se avTov TO o~^tt/cpov /xet^ov
eo"Tat aTe /xepov? eavTOv OVTO?, /cat ovra> S^ avTo
TO Sfu/cpov /xet^ov ecrTat' w 8' av TrpocrTeOfj TO d^>at-
eV, TOVTO o~/u,t/cpoTepov eo"Tat dXX' ov yu,etov ^ o
DAPMENIAH2. 11
trpLv. OVK av yeVotTO, <dVat, rovro ye. T(V ovv
rpoTTOv, etTretv, a) SwK/3are9, TO>V et8wv crot ra
aXXa /xeraX^i/ferat, jjLijre Kara pepy /x^re Kara
oXa jucTaXa/xySdvetv Suvd/xeva ; ov ttd TOV Ata,
<f>dvaL, ov /xot So/cet ev/coXov etVat TO TOLOVTOV
TI Se 817; 7rpo9 ToSe 7ra>9 e^ets; TO irdlov ; ot/u,at 7. The
> o A v TS * /i f origin of
132 o~e e/c TOU Totovoe ev eKacrrov etoo? oteo~t7at ewcu thetheoiy
TrdXX' aTTa /xeyaXa o~ot 80^17 etvat, /xta TI? unique
? ^>o/ e >\^> >\ / >^/ elSos : if
oo/cet toea T) avTT) etvat CTTI Travra LOOVTI, thee?8osbe
v/i * * IT ' t n f >\ /] \ ' j ' absolutely
ot/ev ev TO Meya i^yet etz/at. aA.fjtfr) Aeyet?, (pavai. distinct
/$NJ \ ^TIT' x v \\ v x \ 5N from the
Tt o avTo TO Meya /cat TaAAa Ta /xeyaAa, eav sumofpar-
ticulars,
Tt, av
auantitv is
*
7TOU jaeya <pavetTat, a> ravra
fyaivea-Oai; eoiKev. aXXo apa eTSo? /xeye^ov? dva-
I ' ss/ v-m/r'/l v N it. is
<pavr)a"TaL, Trap auTO TC TO Meyec/og yeyoz'o? /cat ^
Ta jjiere^ovTa avrov' /cat eut TovTots au Tracrtv um( l ue -
erepov, w TavTa irdvTa /xeyaXa eo~Taf /cat ov/ceVt
8^ e^ e/cacrTW crot TO!>I> etSwv ecrTat, dXX' dweipa
TO 77X^05.
dXXa, <f>dvai, a> nap/xe^tS^, TOZ^ Sw/c/octT^, ^ g. The
>o^v T/ / \o T8os per-
etowv e/cacrTOi/ i) TOVTOIV voTrj^a, /cat ovoafjiov ^ 3 ^ ay
/ / /i v\ \ /) * 5 i be an intel-
7rpoa"rjKy eyytyvecrcrat aAAot/t 77 e^ i//v^;ats' i ect u a lCon-
v >*</ </ v \*y nent whinh
OVTW ya/9 av e^ ye eKacrrov ear) /cat ou/c av eTt existsy
/ A^>^V5\^ 'T // Air> flip miTirl
Trao-^ot a vw 017 eXeyeTo. Tt ovj;; <f>avai, ev O f t h e con-
e/cacrToV ecrTt TWV vo^/aaTwv, vorj^a Se ouSei^os; ^utthV
dXX' dSwaTov, etTreti'. dXXd Ttvo?; vat. WTOS TJ Hypothesis
' eventuates
c ov/c OVTO?; w TO?, ovv evo9 Tti^o?, o eTTt Trcrtv l } 1 a
dilemma,
e/cetvo TO voTQ/xa eTrov voet, /xtav Ttvd ovcrav ioeav ; and either
alternative
vat. etTa ov/c eI8o? eo~Tat TOUTO TO voovuevov ev is an . at -
surdity.
etvat, del ov TO avTO eVt Trdcrtv / dvdy/c^ av
12 HAATONO2
<f>aiveTat. Tt Se 877; etTreti/ rov Ilap/xevtS^v, OVK
dvdyKr), el raXXa <i)s TW>V etS<Sz> /xere^etv, 17 So/cetz/
crot e/c vor)fjidT(t)v e/cao-TOz> eo'at /cat vravra ^oetv,
^ votjpaTa 6Wa dvorjTa eli/at; dXX' ouSe rovro,
<dVcu, <=xet Xoyoi'.
9. r8r? dXX', a) TLapfjievt^rj, /xdXtora e)motye /cara^aiVerat
may per- ^ v x - ,
haps exist woe e^eti'' Ta jLie^ etoT^ raura a)(nrep Trapaoety/x-ara a
objectively t/ / NC-\V\\ / >/
as Types to eOTClt'CU / T7/ <plCTt, Ttt OC ttXXtt TOUTOt? Ot/C^at
which sen- \ ^ / \ //i ^ *
sibiethings /cat ett'at, o/AOtcu/Aara' /cat 17 /xec/egts aurT; rot
conform: Vxx , . ^j^^ >v\\ *>
but this aXAots ytyvecTc^at TCDV tiouv OVK a\\7j rts r\ et/ca-
hypothesis /) > >? vjv vo r/
woiild crVrjvai avroi?. et ow Tt, 917, eot/ce rw etoet, otov
involve an > \ -yo \ v *? > /i '
infinite T e e/CetVO TO CtOO? /Ltl) OfJiOLOV .Wai TO> IKO.<TUVTI,
series of /i> v->j //i * * ^
mediating Ka " O<TOV ttVTW CKpCDfJiOLOJUir) ; Tf O"Ti Tt? fJLTTj^aVT]
ftSn, which \/ \/</ T >v \
is absurd : To OfJLOLOV jLtl) O/XOtO) O/XOtOV tVttt ; OU/C eOTt. TO
for the 5i\v ^/T>> /\ >' N
oe OIJLOLOV rat o/xotw a/3 ov /AeyaXTy a^ay/7 ei'o?
umque- TOV auTov etSovs jaeTe^etv ; aWy/a?. ou S' av TO- e
o/xota fJiere^ovTa o/xota ^, ou/c e/cetj^o eo^Tat avTo
TO eTSos ; TravTCtTracrt /ACV ouz/. ov/c apa otoi' T
*C> </ T > C 1 v v 'S'C' *\ \ *
Tt TO> etoet ofiOLOV etz^at, ovoe TO etoos aAAa> et
Se ^17, Trapa TO eTSo? det dXXo dva(j)a^rjcreTaL
etSo5, /cat av e/cetvd TO> opoiov y, erepov av, /cat 133
ovSeVoTe TraucreTat det KOLWOV etSo?
TO eTSog T&> eauTou /leTe^o^Tt o/x-otov
Xe'yet?. ov/c apa ojototbY^Tt TaXXa
/ATaXa/>ty8dvet, dXXct Tt dXXo Set
et. eot/cei/. opas ow, <avat,
00-17 17 OLTTOpia, edv Tt? etSr; 6Wa
/ca^* avTa Sto/ot^Tat ; /cat /tdXa.
10. If the ev TOLVVV Icr9i, fydvai, on a>s eVos etTretv
5f8j exist r/ >w \> / >* -?o w
absolutely, ttTTTet avT^? oo^ (TTLV r) (LTTOpia, et ev etOo? e/cacr- b
we cannot v >/ >iy/ /i/ ~
know TOV TG)I/ OVTtoV ttCt Tt Oi^Opl^O^VO^ Ur)(Ti<i. 7TWS
FIAPMENIAHS. 13
877; et7reti>. TroXXd jjiev /cat dXXa, <f)dvaL, /xeytcrrov them, since
o\ /<> v / c>\ / \ / an absolute
oe Tooe. et Tts <pat77 JUTJOC irpocnrjKeiv avra yty- object im-
/ /iv ?/; OT \ phes as its
v(DO~Keo~ua.i OVTO. rotavra ota (papev oeiv eivai ra correlative
S r\/ * * s^'." a faculty of
1017, TO) ravTa, Keyovn OVK av \OL Tts evoetga- absolute
/i v i/o \ \\" / * know-
crt/at on yeuoerat, et /XT) TTO\AO>V rv^ot e/X7retpos i e dge;and,
* J/D^ ^ V-- J ' '/a/x SJ^ ' conversely,
&>v o a/xcptcrp^roji' /cat /LIT) a.<j>vr)<s, ue\oi oe vrai/v Deity, as
TToXXa /cat ir6ppa)0v Trpay/xarevo/xeVov TOV evSeLK- absolute 18
c vvfjievov eVecr^at, dXX' airiOavos eiTj 6 ayvtoarra C01 j^ no f e '
avra ea>at. TT^ 817, a) HapiAevtSr) ; ^ ^ s g s o _
-* / V"?^*/ ^ * liitp Trnmv
,o)KpaTr). ort, a> 2w/c/3are?, ot/xat av ^ e ^
\\ ^"\\ v s/ Zl'' x ii! pniilH
/cat o-e /cat aXXov, ocrrtg avrirjv TWO, KO.U avr^v > c ma
e/cdcrrov ovcriav riOerai elvai, ouoXoyncrai av irpot- owkncnr-
' ' ledge, and
rov /xev jjLTjSeiJLLav avrcof etvat ev 77/^1^. 770)9 ya/o av therefore
aur?) /ca^' avrrjv ert 6177 ; <^dvat rof ^(OKparr). without
/caXai? Xeyets, etTretv. OVKOVV /cat oo-at rwv tSewv knowledge,
which is
Trpo? aXXT^Xa? etcrtv at eto~tv, avrat Tryaos avras absurd.
d 7771^ overtax e^ovcnv, dXX' ov Trpo? rd Trap* 77/x,rv
etre Ojaotwyaara etre 07717 877 Tts avTa rWerai, a>v
77jLtet9 /zeTe^ovT9 etvat e/cacrTa e7rovo/x,a^o/x^a' Ta
Se Trap' T^jatv ravTa, 6/xwvv/xa ovTa e/cetVot?, avTa
au 77/369 auT<x ICTTLV dXX' ou 7rpo9 Ta 1877, /cat
tov dXX' ov/c /cetva>v oo~a au ovo/xd^eTat OVTCUS.
Xeyets; <f>dvai TOV ^(OKpdrr). olov, <j>dvai TOV
, et Tts 77/>tcuv TOV Secr7roT77S 77 SouXos
CTTiV, OVK aVTOV ACQ-TTOTOV 877 7TOV, 6 CCTTt AeCTTTO-
e T77S, 6KLVOV SoOXoS CCTTtV, OvSe ttVTOU AovXoV, O eCTTt
6 SeO~7TOT77S, dXX' aV0pa)TTO<S O)V OLV-
IO~TLV' auT77 Se
AovXe^as eo~Ttv o ecrTt, /cat SovXeta ao-avT(us,
AouXeta auTT^s AecrTTOTetas, dXX' ou TO, v
TT/OOS e/ceti>a TT)V OVVO.[JLLV e^et ovSe e/cetva
*
14 nAATONOS
rrpo? 17/40.9, dXX', 6 Xe'y&>, avrd avroiv /cat 77/36?
aura e/cetvd TC e'crrt, /cat TO. Trap' i7/ouv tueravrw? 134
Trpos eavTci' ^ ov /xav^dvets 6 Xe'ycu ; Haw y',
eiTretv TOV 2a>/cpdr7, |u,av#dva>. ov/covv /cat eVto--
TTjfJiT), <f>dvai, avrr) jotev o ecrrtv 'ETrtcrT^/A'*; rJ? o
ecmv 'AXry^eta avr^? cu> e/cetviy? 117 irL(TTtjfJir} ;
Trdvv ye. e/cacrr>; 8e av r&iv eTTttrTiy/xwv, -^ ecrnv,
e/ca(TTOv rail/ OVT<DV, 6 ecrrti/, et>y ou> eTrttrr^Ty* ^
ov ; vat. T) Se Tra/)' 17^ u> 7TL(TT'ijfJL'rj ov rrjs Trap'
\ /) / * \t/ e >e<>
aA^c/eta? etiy, /cat au e/cacrrT; 17 7ra/o i^^tv
TUV Trap* r^fjilv OVTMV e/cacrrov av 7rt(7- b
etvat ; dvay/oy. dXXa /a?)v avra
ye ra etSry, a>s 6/xoXoyets, ovre e^o/xev ovre Trap*
i7/uv oTov re etvat. ov yap ovv. ytyvaJ<r/cerat Se x
ye TTOV VTT' avrov rov etSou? TOV T^S
avra TO, yevi^ a eo~rtv e/cao~Ta; vat. o ye
OVK e^ofjiev. ov yap. OVK dpa vrro ye rjpaiv yty-
va)o~/cerat raiv etSaiv ovSeV, eTretSr) avr^
ov /xere^o/tev. ov/c eot/cev. ayvwo-rov apa
ecrrt /cat avro TO KaXov o eo~Tt /cat TO '
/cat trdvra a STJ a>9 tSe'a? avras ovcra? V7roXa/>t)Sa- c
vo/otev. /ctvSvvevet. opa S^ ert TOVTOV SetvoTepov
ToSe. TO Trotov; <^atT7? av ^ ov, et?rep eo-Ttv avTO
Tt yevos 'ETTtcrT^/A^?, TroXv avTo a/cptySeVrepov etvat
^ T^V rrap' ^/xtv eTTtcrTif/x^v ; /cat KaXXo? /cat TaXXa
Trdvra OVTOJ? ; vaA ov/covv etTrep Tt ctXXo
t, ov/c av Ttva /otaXXov ^
crTaT^v eVtcrT>7/u,^v ; dvay/oy.
ap' ovv otos TC av ecrTat 6 #e6g m Trap* ^/>ttv
ytyvcio^/cetv avT>)v 'ETTtcrTif/x^v e^wv; Tt yap ov;
oTt, e^ 6 ITap/x,evtSi75, oj/AoXoyr^Tat ^/xtv, a> Sw-
IIAPMENIAH2. 15
/c/oares, /^V e/cetW rd 1817 TT/OO? rd irap
rrjv ovvapiv e^eti/ j)v e^ei, wre rd Tra/o*
77/009 e/ceti'a, dXX' aura TT/OOS aura e/cdrepa. o)fio-
XdyTirat ydyo. OVKOVV el irapa rw $e&>
17 d/c/3t/3eorrari7 Aeo-Troreta /cal avr^ 17 a
'EiriO-TijiJLr), OUT' av 17 AecTTroreta 17
e TTOTC a^ 8eo~7rocretev, ovr' av 17
yvolri ovSe rt aXXo rw^ Trap' r){jJZv, dXXa
17/xets r' KLVQ)V OVK ap^Ofjiev ry Trap* rjfji
ovSe yiyvaxTKOfjiev TOV Oeiov ovSev rrj
eVtcrT77ju,T7, eAcetvot re au Kara rot' avrov \6yov
ovre Sea"7roTcu ypttov elcrlv ovre yiyvoMTKovcri ra
av6 paireia TrpdyjjiaTa Oeol ovres. dXXa /AT) Xtav,
6(^77, ^av/xacrro? 6 Xoyos 17, et rt? TOJ/ ^eov diro-
crre/)i7crete rov etSeVcu.
ravra /aeWot, a) Sw/c/oares, e^ 6 Hapjjivi8r)<;, n.
10 r Nyv \\ N ' ' \\ v> *> ou t eWn,
135 /cat ert aAAa TT/OOS rourot? TTCLVV TToAAa avayKaiov there can
v \ vo >\ ?> >?>./ v be no phi-
e^etv ra 1017, et eicrtv avrat ai toeat TO>Z/ OVTCOV losophy.
/cat 6/otetrat tt? auro rt e/cacrrov eTSo?" aJo-re d,7ro-
/oetv re TOZ^ d/covot'Ta /cat a^KT^reiv as oure
ecrrt raura, etre o rt /AaXtcrra 117, TroXX^ az/dy/oy
avTa etvat 777 avOpwirLvr) <vcrei dyvwcrra' /cat
raura Xeyovra So/cetv re rt Xeyetv /cat, o d/)rt
', ^av/xa<rra>5 w? SvcravaTretcrrov etvat' /cat
Trdvv fj,v ev(^>vov5 rov SwrjcrofJievov
a)? eo~rt yevo? rt e/cdo~rov /cat ouo~ta avr
b avrrfv, ert Se Bavpao-TOTepov rov vpij<roi>To<; /cat
dXXov Swrjarofjievov StSd^at raura iravra t/caz/ai?
crvy^copa) crot, e^7, a) IIa/3-
6 Sco/cpdr^g; irdvv yap JJLOL Kara vow
Xe'yetg. dXXa /xeVrot, etTrev 6 HapfAeviSrjs, et ye'
16 nAATONOS
rts 817, o) Sci/c/aares, av p,r) ecttret etS?7 r<av OVTCDV
eu>at, eis TrdWa rd vvv ST) /cat dXXa rotavra aTro-
^8Xe'i/as> ft^Se rt optetrat eTSos evos e/cdcrrov, ovSe
6Vot Toeifet rv StaVotav eet, AT ea>v tSe'ai>
OVTCJV e/cacrrov TTJV avrrjv e eu/at, /cat ovrajg rr)^ c
rot) StaXeyecr#ai Svvap.w TravTaTracrt Sta^^epet.
TOV TOIOVTOV /xei/ ovv />tot 8o/ct9 /cat /xaXXov |)cr-
0f)(r6aL a\7)6fj Xeyet?, <f>dva,i.
12. Par- Tt OW TTOtT^CTetS <f)lXo(TO(j)La^ 7T/3t / TTOt Tptyei
merudes , , , ,, A /> ^
expounds ayvoovfjievcov TOVTOJV ; ov Travv /x,ot oo/cw Kauopav
the Method v / \/>\
of phUoso- e*' ye T&> Trapovn. Trpa* yap, enreiv, irpw yv/u>acr-
ever^hy- Ofyai, O) Scu/Cy3aT5, Opitf.<rdau. TTi)(Lpel<; KaX6v T Tt
pothesis \ A / \ . /i\ v * v >s **
should be /cat ^KdlOV Kttt AJCLUOV /Cat CZ' CKCLCTTOV T(t)V eiOQiV
evevoycra yap /cat Trpcorjv crov aKOvatv StaXeyo/AeVov d
ev^aSe 'A/3t<7TOTeXet TftJSe. /caXr) /otev ouv /cat ^eta,
it to be * * /i c e / ^>\ >\/ v\
true and 6U t "" t ' ^ O/ 3 / 11 ?' ^^ O/3ftCtS CTTt TOVS XoyOU?* eX/CVCTOV
negatively, ^ cravTov /cat yv/xvacrat /LtaXXov Sta 777? So/cover^?
Ft^benot ^XP y l a " rOV ^ VOLL Ka ^ la&OVfvfylfi VTTO TO)V TTO\\O>V
true, and dSoXeCTYta?, US CTt VCOS t' Ct 8e LfW, (T Sta-
tue conse-
quences <everat 17 dX-n^eta. rt? ovt' 6 TOOTTOQ, tbdvai, a>
negative '
andposi- Hapuev&Tn, rrt'S yuuvacrtas; OVTO?, elirelv, ovirep
tive should '
be com- ri/coua'as Zrii/ojj/os. irX-nj/ rovrd ye crou /cat TTOOS
pared.
Socrates, TovTOv r)ydcr0r)v etTrovro?, ort ov/c etag eV rots e
continues e f ,_ N N \\/ >
Panne- OpOipeVOiS OVO6 TTtpl TaVTa Tr)V 7T\aV7)V 1Ti(TKOireiV,
nides, had , v % j * /v / * \ / \ //o
nghtlv aAAa Trept e/cetva a /u,aAto*ra rts av Aoya) Aapot
conceived >**/ T o^/ vi
that the /cat eto^ av rjyrjcraiTO etvat. oo/cet yap yxot, e^;,
difficulties , JS N V \\T \x
voev
arising TavTT) ye ovoev ^aeTTOV etvat /cat o/xota /cat avo/xota
from In- \\-ye* \v / s/
compati- Kat aXAo oTiovv ra ovra Trao-^ovra
bilities lay \ \ > \ o \ \ / * >
in the KCtt KttAwS y, 9^. ^l) O Kttt TOOC ert 7T/)OS
region of / <*\/ v /i/
rli7, and Tovrw Trotetv, /XT) ILOVOV et ecrrtv e/cacrrov VTTOTIUC-
not in tii6 ^ ^/*o' * ^ c /i /
region of ptvov (TKOTreiv ra ^vfipaivovra e/c ri;s vTroc^ecretus, 136
11APMENIAH2. 17
dXXd /cat el p,r) earn TO auro rouro VTrorldecrOai, sensible
el /3ouXet /zdXXov yujuvacr^vat. TTCOS Xe'yets; c/>dvat. Pai-me-
olov, e<f)Trj, el /3ovXet Trepl ravr^s TTJS uTro^e'crecos, emplifies
t //} > \ \ / > / \ j- his method
vireuero, et TroAAa ecrrt, rt \prj gvp.- by suppos-
n ' \ w TT \ \ ^ ^ < v ^ S e
pauvew /cat aurot? rots IIoA.Aot5 77/305 avra /cat thesis
\ \ T-, \ t-r-, \ / e \ \ \ 7roAA. ^(TTt
7T/005 TO Ez^ /Cat, TOJ E^t 7T/305 T ttVTO /Cttt 7T/)O5 applied to
\ TT \\/. v^j /> \\' '\ * rb ev and
ra noAAa /cai av et ^ ecrrt TroAAa, ira\iv a-Kotrew to ri
f f o ' \ ty-, \ \ ^ ..-.- \ \ ^ \ 7ro\\c{, and
Tt gVfJLprjO-eTai /cat TO) E^t /cat TOtS IlOAAOtS /cat the counter
\ \ v v "\\\ N/ ?/5 <?>\ thesis ei u^i
b 7T/30S avra /cat TT/)O? aAA7;Aa /cat awts av
e /i > v e>-v / *> \v />/> nrml
wotty, et ecrrtv O/aotor^? ^ et /XT) ecrrt, rt ec/> ^*
e/care/ja? r^s V7ro$e'crecos ^ : v//-/37^crerat /cat avrots
rots V7rore#etcrt /cat rots aXXots /cat Trpos aura /cat themselves
' ana m com -
TTyoos aXX^Xa. /cat vreyot 'A^o/xotov 6 avros Xoyos, h
/cat Treyot Kt^ifcrecos /cat Sracrews, /cat Trept reveVews
/cat <#opcts, /cat ?rept avrou rou Etz^at /cat rou /x-^
Elvaf /cat eVt Xoyco, Trept orov av det VTrodfj as
/cat ws ov/c ovros /cat 6riow aXXo Tra^os
, Set (TKOTrelv ra ^vfJifiaivovTa Trpos avro
c /cat 7T/3OS e^ e/cacrroif rwz/ aXXcov, o rt av TrpoeXy,
/cat Trpos TrXetw /cat TT/JOS ^u/xTravra wcraurcus' /cat
raXXa au Trpos aura re /cat TTyoo? aXXo o rt dv
Trpoaipf) det, eav re a>9 oV virodfj o vTreriOecro,
edv re a>9 /x^ ov, et jLte'XXet? reXe'cos yv/x-vacrd/Aevo?
/cvyot&js 8toi//ecr^at ro dXrjOes. d^^avov, ec/ny, Xe'yet?,
ai Hap/jLeviSr), 7r/3ay/xaretav, /cat ov o-<f)6Spa
6dv(t>' dXXd jaot rt ou St^X^e? avros vTr
d rt, tW fJidXXov KarajJidBo) ; iroXv epyov, (frdvai, <S
^cu/c/aares, Trpocrrdrrets a>s r^Xt/ccuSe. dXXd crv,
eluelv TQV Sw/cpdr 1 ^, Z-^vwv, rt ou StTjX^e? rjiuv ;
/cat rov Zi^wva e^ yeXdcravra c/>dvat, aurov, a)
, Sew/xe^a Ilap/xevtSov' JLIT^ ydyo ov c/>avXov
C
18 DAATON02
y o Xeyet. ^ ov^ 6pa<s ocrov epyov rrpoo~rdrre^ ;
el p.ev ovv TrXetovs yfiev, ov/c av d&ov r^v Selo~0aC
aTrpewf) yap ra TotavTa TroXXwv evavriov Xe'yetv
aXXw? re /cat T^Xt/covYar dyvoovo~L yap oi TroXXot
OTI avev TavTiy? rrjs Std rravrw Ste^oSov re /cat
TT\dvr)<; a&vvarov evrv^ovra rw dX^^et i/ouv e^eiv.
eya) pev ovv, 8> Ila^o^ei/tS^, ^wKparei crwSeo/xat,
13. Par- Tavra rj t7roz>ros rov ZVGJVO?, e^ny 6
consents to (f>dvai TOV Hv06$(t)pOV, aVTOV T SetO"^at TOV Hap-
arguethe x v % ^ v
question, as /XCVtOOV /fat TOZ/ A/OtCTTOTeX^ /cat TOU? aXXov?,
totne exis- , , , ,. /i * \ > ^ ^ *\ \ " N
tenceof evoeigacruai o Aeyot /cat /xi) aXXw? Troieiv. TOV
finnat'ively ovv Tlapp.evi^v, dvdyKir), <f>dvai, ireWeo-Qai. /cat
and nega- c^ \> T o/v /i/
tively: he TOt OO/CCU //.Ot TO TOV I/3V/CtOV tTTTTOV TTeTTOVUevai, 137
takes Aris- t> > > /i\ \ o * j >
totle, after- ^ e/cctvo? auA.TjTr) ovTi /cat TTpecrpvTepo), v<p apfjian
wards one /\\ ~/5 \5.> ^ /
of the /xeXXovrt aytovieio~uai /cat ot epTreipiav rpe^ovn
Thirty. as\ /\\ e \> /v * i \ \
his assist- ro fteXXov, eavTov a7ret/cao)i> a/ccuv e<p>; /cat avro
OVTO> Trpecr/3vTr)<s &v et? TOV epaira dvay/ca^ecr^at
teVat* /cdycu jLtot 8o/ca> /jte/Avi^/xeVo? /actXa ^>oy8et-
o~Qai, TTCOS ^T) TT^Xt/covSe ovTa Stavevcrat TOIOVTOV
re /cat TOCTOVTOV TrXTj^o? XoywV o/iws 8e Set yd/3
Xa/3teo~0at, eTreiorj /cat, 6 ZTJVOJV Xeyet, avroi eo~^ev.
rroOev ovv 877 dp^ofJieOa /cat Tt TT/OWTOV virodrjo-o- b
a; f) /8ovXecr#e, eTretS^Tre^ So/cet TrpayiMareLatSrj
dv rca.itf.iv, arc e/xavTou dya^w/xat /cat TTJS
efjiavrov V7ro0eo-ea)<;, Trepl Tov 'Evo? avTov virode-
p.evo<s, etT eV eo-riv etTe ja^ eV, Tt ^p^ ^vpfiaiv eiv ;
irdvv fj,ev ovv, <f>dvai rov ZijvcDva. Tts ovv, etTretv,
/otot diroKpLvelrai ; ^ 6 veatraros; 7)KiO~ra yap av
TroXvTr/aayjaovot, /cat a otTat jadXto~T* dv a
voiro' /cat d/txa e/xot dvaTravX' dv en? 17 e/cetvov
IIAPMENIAHS. 19
c /cptcrts. erot/xo9 o~ot, o apfjLevi'r), <>vai, rovro,
rov 'Apto~rore'X77' e/xe ydp Xe'yets rov vewrarov
Xe'ywv' dXX' epoura o>? dTro/cpivov/xe'vov.
Etev 877, <dvat' et ev eVrtv, (l)aXXo rt ov/c 14. Second
* * \\ \ m^ *r< -* * /<r\ * v part of the
av 117 TroAAa lo Jit'; TTW? yap av; (2) ovre apa dialogue:
/ s v </\ > \ c* ^ T /^/ the relation
avTov ovre o\ov CLVTO oet etvat. rt 017; fTb*Ei>
\/ </\ / / //5>\\ w< A
TO JU,/3O9 7TOV OAOU jJLpO<S CO'TLl'. VCLl. TL O TO _
</\ \ v* * / o \ v\ * y A. ine
oKov ; ovyi ov av jae/ao? jjirjoev 0,7777, oXoi/ av 117; affinnatiTe,
/ > i / v rpv j * if the One
Tra^v ye. afjuporepcos apa To Ev e/c pepcov a.v exist: and
v</\ * \/v >/ >iB. The
177, oAoi> re o^ /cat pep?) ^X ov ~ ctvay/c^. a/^cpo- negative, if
d/ * v </ m v a-n \\^ >\\> > the One do
Tepais av apa OVTOJS lo Ev TroXXa 6177, aXX ou^ not exist.
eV. aXyBf). Set 8e x ye /XT) TroXXa aXX' ev avrb (A). The
o^ vsv v\v v / </>- affirmative
oet. ovr a/3a 0X01^ ecrrat ovre /xep^ eget, arg
rgument:
> A v m^ ^T< ' / o \ > ^ > o\ (I.) The
et > eorat To EJ/. ov yap. (3Jov/cout' et ^oev first Hy-
/ v*5\ v ^\v pothesis :
pepos, OVT av ap^T/jv ovre reAevr^v ovre e j T j, " Ej ,
V / \*VCN >\
ep(ot j^e/or; yap av 77077 avrov ra rotavra
v >/i^ /J^^ v \ ' \\ One uncon-
etTy. op0a>s. (4)rat ^i/ reXevr77 ye /cat apxn daitme<i ,
/ e/ ^O>vv *m x "TI ^/ifi Owe
Trepa? e/cacrrov. TTW? 6 ov; aTretpov apa To Ev, admitsofno
et ufa apxfr M reXevr^v e X et. aTretpov. (
V / V V \ * /\ pit
e avev o^Tijuaros apa' ovre yap av o~rpoyyvXov ^ c ,
ovre ev^e'os /xere^ot. TTOJ? ; o~rpoyy vXov ye' TTOV J^y ^
eo~rt rovro, ov av ra ecryara TravrayTi 0,776 rov 3) Whole;
/Vt/ (4) Begm-
ptecrov tcrov aireyn. vat. /cat /XTIV ev^v ye, ov nin ?>
' ^ Middle,
av ro aeVov da(iotv rotv ecrydrotv CTrtTrpocr^ev 77. End; and
, , * v , , ; isthereforo
ovrw?. ov/covv we'pT? av eyot To Ev /cat TroXX av fafipov;
v > , fl/ V \ . (5)tasno
177, etr evaeo? o-^/xaros etre 7rept(pepovs /xere^ot. Figure,
/ XT v v ,/jv v / , either cur-
TTOVV /xev ovv. ovre apa evc/v ovre 7rept<pepes eo~rtv, vihneal or
>/ >e>v/ v >/i /\v> "> rectilineal ;
138 CTretTrep ovoe /xep77 e^et. opc/cus. (6j/cat /XT)V rotov- (6) is not
/ * o* v v '^'''xx localized
rov ye ov ovoa/xov av 177* ovre yap ev aAAw ovre either rela-
< ^v ~5 /5 "\\ \* /\ tively to
ev eavrw etT;. TTOJS 077 ; ev aXXa> /xev ov /cv/cXw itself or to
* / e>j/ >T/ \ anything
TTOV av Trepte^otro VTT e/cetvov ev w evetTy, /cat e i s e ;
C 2
20
nAATONOS
(7) has no
stationary
state, has
no motion-
ary state
either by
way of (a)
modifica-
tion, or (#)
rb <j)fpfff-
6ai, motion,
either cir-
cular, or
progres-
sive, or
qualita-
tive ;
u av avrov O.TTTOLTO TroXXots* TOV 8e eW?
re /cat d/xepous /cat KVK\OV ^ fjLTe^ovTo<; dovvarov
7roXXax>7 KVK\O> aTrrecrBcLL. dovvarov. dXXa fj.r)v
avTO ye eV eavrw ov /cai> eavro etry irepie^ov OVK
aXXo T) avrd, euirep /cat ev eavr&I t7?* ev TW yap b
rt u>at /a^ Trepie^ovTi dSwarov. dSwarov yap.
ov/covt' erepov jj,ev aV rt et>; avro TO Trepte^ov,
crepov 8e TO Trepte^o/xevov ou yap oXov ye a^o)
ravTov a/Aa 7reto~eTat /cat TrotTycret' /cat OVTCU To
*T1 * * * >\\ x ?' V *
Jbv ov/c av etry eTt ev aA.A.a ouo. ou y*/ 3 ou ^'
ov/c apa eo~Tt TTOV To "Ei^, /xifre ei/ eauTw /^^TC eV
aXX<y evov. ou/c CCTTLV. (?) opa 17, OUTCOS f^ov
et otoV re ecrTtv kcrravai fj Kivei&dai. T'L S^ yap
ou; 6Vi KLVOVfJLevov ye "^ <f>epOLTO fj dXXototTO av*
avTat yap /xoVat /ct^i^crets. vat. dXXotov/xevov 8e c
m \ *l-l ' O / / A V T '^ /
To Ev eavTOv aovvarov irov ev eTt et^at. aovvarov.
OVK apa /caT* aXXotwo-tv ye /ctvetTat. ou ^atVeTat.
dXX' apa TO> <e'peo-#at; to-co?. /cat /x^v et <f>epoiTO
TO eV, i^TOt ei/ TO> avTw dv Trept^epotTO KV/cXa> ^
jaeTaXXaTTOt ^wpav erepav e eVe'pa?.
ov/covz/ /cv/cXa> jaev Trept^epo/xevov CTTI jneVov
/cat TO, Trept TO /xeVov
ectvTov' w Se jLt^Te jaeVou /xifre d
Tt5 fJir)^OLl>r) TOVTO KVK\(O TTOTC
^rat; ovSe//,ta. dXXa Sr) ^wpav
dXXoT* dXXo^t yty^eTat /cat OVTW /ctvetTat;
etTrep ye 817. ov/cow etvat /xeV TTOV eV Ttvt avTO
vaL ap' ovv ylyvecrOai ert dSu-
et ev T<W TI ytyveTat,
ov/c dvdy/cT^ jtx^Te 7ra> ei' e/cetvw eTvat ert eyytyvo-
pevov, P.TJT eri e^w e/cetvov TTo.vra.Trao'LV, etTrep S->)
dXXa
evrt To ju,eo~ov
varatTepov ; OVK eWow 07717
HAPMENIAH2. 21
eyyiyverai ; avdyKrj. et apa n dXXo Tretcrerat
e TOVTO, eKelvo av JJLOVOV Trdcr^OL ov l^epr) 117' TO
fj.ev yap oV Tt avTOv 17817 eV e/cetz><y, TO Se e^w 117
a/>ta' TO Se /AI) e^op p^eprj ov^ olov re TTOV eo~rai
ovSevt oXop a/Aa /Ai^Ve CVTO? etj/at
> \ /! 'f v C > ^ ' / > > '/I* "\
aA.rfur). ov oe /oii^Te />tepi7 etcrt ^,17 1/ o
ov, ov troXv ert aSvvaTMTepov e
TTOV, fJLTJre Kara ^6/317 /XT^TC KOTO, 6'Xov e
139 fyawerai. OVT' apa Trot top /cat ep TW yiyvopevov
dXXaTTet, OVT' ep TW
OVTC aotovjae^ov. ovic eoLKtv. Kara Tracrav apa
K.ivr)(TLV To *Ev aLKivr)Toi>. aKivrjTov. dXXa jaip /cat
ea/at ye (f)a^ev eV TtPt avTo warpv. <a/xep ya/>.
JO'V \ J^> / '^' V VO.*
ovo apa 77OTC ev T&> afTw eo~Ttz>. Tt 017 ; oTt 17017 a.v
iv e/cetvoj 117 eV w TW avT<y eo~Tt^. irdvv /xep ovv.
dXX' OVTC eV eauT&> OVTC eV aXXw otoV TC ^p avTa>
>^ 5 \ ^> 5 O / V JV-riN rt-,-,
evetvat. ou yap ovv. ovoeirore apa eo~Tt lo \^v
b ep T<W avTw. ov/c eot/cep. aXXa /AT)I> TO ye
> >^'^ v/i>e / v */)>
ep TO> avTw ov ovc/ r f]O~v^av ayet ovc/
^ * / m v *TTI v e v
ov yap otoi/ TC. lo EP apa, &>s eot/cev,
ecrTi7/cep OUTC /cwetTat. OVKOVV or) (^atveTat ye. (8) has no
/ \>o,\ \ / v/)> c / ^ ^ Identity,
(ojovoe jJirjv ravrov ye ov# eTepw OVTC eavTO) therefore
v ><>>?</ v v/no Diver-
eo~Tat, ovo av erepov ovre avrov owe erepov s itj; no
*y /o./v / *\ Similarity,
av eLf). Tt 017; erepov pev irov eavrov ov evos therefore
e * v \* v</ '\^3^* \no Dis-
erepov av 117 /cat ov/c av eur) ev. a\.r)ur). /cat
jarp ravrov ye erepco ov eKelvo av elf], avro
c S' ov/c av 117' wore ovS' av OUTW? etiy 6Vep
eo~nv, ev, dXX' erepov eWs. ov yap OVP. ravrov
fjiev apa erepa) rj erepov eavrov ov/c eo~rai, ov
yap. erepov Be ye erepov ov/c carat, liw? av ^
P. ov yap evl irpoo~YJKeL erepw nvbs elvai, dXXd
22 OAATONO2
ttdvto erepa>, aXXo> Se ovSevt. opOax;. raJ /xev
dpa ev eTvat ov/c ecrrat erepov fj otet; ov Srjra. d
dXXa /xr)v et /XT) rovrw, ov^ eavrw ecrrat' et 8e
/XT) avroj, ovSe avrd' avro 8e fjifj^afjif) ov erepov
ecrrat ertpov. 6p0a><s. ov8e
ecrrat. TTW? 8' ov; ov^ T^TTC/
c6vcrt9, avri^ ST^TTOU /cat Tou Tavrov. rt 817; ort
OVK eVetSai> ravrov yei^ryrat ra> rt, eV ytyt'erat.
clXXa rt /XT7*> ; Tots IloXXots ravrov yevo//,ei>oj> TroXXa
dvay/c^ ytyvecr^at, dXX' ov^ v. a\r)0rj. clXX* et
To *Ev /cat To Taurot' /x^Sa/x^ Stacieyaet, OTrore rt
ravrov eytyvero, clet av ev eytyvero, /cat OTrore eV,
ravrov. rrdw ye. et apa To *E
ecrrat, ov^ tV eavrw ecrrat' /cat ovr<w? IV ov
eV ecrrat' clXXa /x^v rovro ye dSvvarov aSvVarov
dyaa /cat TaJ 'Evt ^ ere'pov erepov eTvat ^ eavr&>
ravrov. aovvarov. ovra) orj erepov ye ^ ravrov
fTlV *T-, V>* *>*/ V > \
lo liiV ovr av avroj ovr av ereyoa> etry. ov yap
ovv. ovSe /x^v o/xotoV rtvt ecrrat ovS' dvo/xotov
*/5> ^ "/!> e/ / / v \ >/
over eavrw ov# erepa>. rt 017; ort ro ravrov TTOV
TreirovOos o/xotov. vat. Tov 8e' ye 'Evo? ^(opl<s
<j>dvr) rrjv c/>vo~tv To Tavrov. <f>dvr) yap. dXXa HO
/XT)V et rt TreVov^e X 00 / 3 ^ Tov *v etvat To ""Ev, 7rXeta>
av etvat rrtTrovOoi f) eV rovro 8e dSvvarov. vat.
ovSa/xws ecrrtv cipa ravrov TTCTTOV^OS etvat To *Ev
ovre ctXXw ov#* eavra>. ov ^atverat. ovSe o/xotov
dpa Svvarov avro elvat ovre d'XXw ov^' eavrw. ov/c
eot/cev. ovSe tt^v erepov ye rferrovOev etvat To "Ev*
/cat yap ovra) TrXettu av rrerrovBoi etvat ^ ev. TrXetw
yd/3. rd ye tuyv erepov rrerfovBos r) eavrov r} dXXov
dvd/xotov av etry ^7 eavrw ^ dXXo>, et7re/3 ro ravrov b
IIAPMENIAH2. 23
1TTTOv9o<S O/AOtOV. OyO^W?. To Se' ye "Ev, OJS eOt/CV,
ovSa/iois erepov TreirovOos ovSa/xais dvo/xotov eVrtv
*/) V/)> f / \ T> V V
over eavra) ovu erepta. ov yap vv - ovre apa
o/xotov ovre dvo/xotov ovff ere/aw ovre eavrw av et7y
To ^Ev. ov ^at^erat. (9) Kal ja^ TOIOVTOV ye oV (9)nomode
oure tcro^ ovre avicrov ecrrat ovre eavrw ovre aXXa>. tity, either
^v \*/>>/ v >/r Equality,
7717 ; tcrov /u,ei^ oi' ro^ CLVTIDV fjierpcov ecrrat e/cett'w w O r In-
<? / ^j'5''' * \ VT equality, or
r). i^at. ^iL,ov oe TTOV 17 eAarrov o^, ots Excess;
*.<-/ -?/> \j\/ \/ therefore
av gv/JL^eTpov rf, TOIV JJLCV tkarrovtov TrAeta; no Defect;
</> ^O\ v / >\' / T^>
eget, rwv oe peiLpvav eAarrco. vat. ots o
/XT) (yv^^erpov, ra)v jaev (TfJUKpoTepajv, raiv Se
LTpa)V ecrrat. TTO>S ya/3 ov; OVKOVV
dSvvarov ro /AT) /xere^ov Tov Avrov 17 /xeV/awv rail/
avrwv etvat T^ aiXXcov OIVTWOIVOVV rti)v avrwv ; aSvva-
rov. tcrov />tev dpa ovr* av eavra> ovre dXX&> etTy,
/AT) raiv avrwv fterpcw ov. OVKOVV tJMwerai ye.
dXXa /XT)V TrXetovcuv ye /Aerpwv ov T^ eXarrdvwv,
d ocrwvTrep /xeV/acuv, rocrovrwv /cat jue/aaiv av et^' /cat
ovroj? av ov/ceVt ev ecrrat, aXXct rocravra o<rairp
/cat rd per pa. 6p0a)S. el oe ye evo? juer/oov etT;,
to~ov av ytyvotro ra> /xeVpw' rovro Se dSvvarov
e^dvTi, tcrov rw avro etvat. e<f>dvr) yap. ovre dpa
evo? /xeVyoov /xere^ov ovre TroXXaiv ovre oXtycov, ovre
ro TrapaTrav Tov Avrov juere'^ov, ovre eavrw Trore, a>s
eot/cev, ecrrat tcrov ovre aXXar ovS' av /xet^ov ovSe
eXarrov ovre eavrov ov^* erepov. TravrdVacri //,ev
e ovv ovrcus. (lO)rt Se'; Trpeo-fivrepov 17 vewrepov r} (io) no
v > \ t\ / * mv rty-, o o \ mode of
rT)v avrT)v T)Xt/ctav e^etv To Ev oo/cet ra> ovvarov Time;
etvat ; rt ST) yap ov ; ort TTOV i^Xt/ctav /ACV TT)V
avrr)v e^ov 17 avrw T7 dXXa> lo~6rr)ro<s ^povov /cat
/xe^e'^et, a>v e'Xeyo/xev ov /xeretvat Tw
24 IIAATONO2
t, ovB' 6/xotor^T09 oure tcrdr^ros. eXeyopev yap
ovv. /cat fjirjv /cat on d^o/xotor^To? re /cat dvio~6rq-
TO? ou ^tere'^et, /cat rouro eXeyopev. irdvv /xeV ouV.
ouV oloV re ecrrat ru>os 17 TrpecrfivTepov 77 vewTe- HI
elvat, 17 r^i/ avrrjv i^Xt/ctav e^etv rw, rotourov ov ;
ov/c ctp' av et7^ veurepov ovSe 7T/oecry8vre-
ovSe r^v avTrjv i^Xt/ctav e^ov To rt Ev ovre avrw
ovre aXXa>. ov <atVerai. a/a' ow ov8e eV ^p6va> TO
irapdirav Swatr' av etvat To ''Ei/, et rotovroi/ eoy ;
17 ov/c dvdyKT), eaV rt iy ev ^pova>, del avrb avrov
Trpecr/BvTtpov yiyvtaOai ; dvdyKr). OVKOVV TO ye
irpeorfivTepov del veuTepov TrpecrftvTepov ; rt ^r\v ;
TO Trpeo-fivTepov dpa eavTOv yiyvopevov /cat vewre- b
pov eaurov a/xa ytyverat, elrrep /xe'XXet e^eti' orov
TrpecrySurepov ytyverat. TTOJ? Xeyet? ; a)8e' Sta-
<f>opov erepov erepov ovSev Set yiyveor6a.i 77817 wro?
Oia<f>6pov, dXXa rov /otet' -^817 ovro? 17877 etvat, rou
8e yeyovoro? yeyo^eVat, rou 8e jaeXXot'ro? /xe'XXetv,
rou Se yiyvojjievov oure yeyovevat oure /Ae'XXetv oure
et^at TTG> Sid(f>opov, dXXa yiyvecrBai /cat dXXw? ou/c
et^at. dvdyKT) ydp. dXXa /AT)!/ rd ye irpea-ftvTepov c
Sia<o/3or?79 veuTepov eVrt /cat ouSevo? aXXou. eo~rt
ycip. ro a/)a irpecrfivTepov eaurou yiyvopevov dvd-
yKt) /cat veatTepov a/Aa eaurou yiyveo-Bai. eot/cev.
dXXa /XT)^ /cat ^re 7rXeta> eaurou yiyveo~6cLi xpovov
I^T/JT' eXdrraj, dXXa roi' to~ov yjpovov /cat yiyveo~0ai
eaura) /cat etvat /cat yeyovevai /cat jaeXXetz/ eo~eo~0ai.
dvdyKrj yap ovv /cat raura. ai'dy/oy apa eo~Tiv, a>?
eot/cev, ocra ye ei^ xpova> eVrt /cat ^ere'^et rou rotou- d
rou, eKao~Tov auraiv r?)v avTijv re auro aura)
/cat irpecrfivTepov re aurou a/xa /cat
IIAPMENIAH2. 25
ytyveo~#at. /ctvSvvevet. dXXa fjLrjv Ta> ye 'Evt TOJV
TOiovYcyv 7ra$i7ju,aYcov ov8ev fjLtTTJv. ov yap jaerryv.
ovoe dpa ^povov avTw ju,eYeo-Ttv, ovS' eo-Ttv ev Ttvt
Xpdvw. ov/covv 817, a>9 ye 6 Xoyos atpet. (ll)rt(ii)no
ovv ; TO r)v /cat TO ye'yove /cat TO eyty^eTO ov X povov tion, nor
*/}><* / ^\ / \ Existence ;
/xet/egtv oo/cet crrj^aiveLV TOV TTOTC yeyovoTO? ; /cat
jjLaiXa. Tt Se ; TO eoTat /cat TO yevi7o~eTat /cat TO
r yvrj0ijo~eTai ov TOV eVetTct TTOV /^e'XXovTog ; vat.
TO Se 877 ecrTt /cat TO ytyveTat ov TOV vvv
Trdvv jiiev ovv. et dpa To *Ev ^Sajar
/LteTe^et X pdvov, ovTe TTOTC yeydvet OVT'
OVT' T^V TTOTC, OVTC vvv yeyovev OVTC ytyveTat OVT'
'
ecrTtv, OVT eetTa yevicreTat ovTe yev^o-eTat OVT
eo~Tat. aXrOeo-TaTa. eo~Tiv ovv ovo*ta? OTTOUS av
Tt /xeTao"^ot aXXcus ^ /caTa TOVTWV Tt ; ov/c eb"Ttv.
apa To *Ev ovo-ta? /xeTe^et. ov/c eot/cev.
v mv <x-|-, > i / >^> v
apa ecrTt lo Ev. ov <patveTat. ovo apa
OVTOJ? eWtv WO-TC ev elvat' etTy yap av 17817 ov /cat
> / /' '\\> v m v *n " </
ovo~tas /xeTe^ov' aXA a>? eot/ce, lo .hv OVTC ev eo~Ttv
ovTe eo~Ttv, et Set TW TotwSe Xoyw Trto-Tevetv. /ctv-
142 Svvevet. (12)6 8e JU,T) eo~Tt, TOVT&J TGJ jai) OVTI 177 (12) no
* *>* \^ >o>" v logical
av Tt ij GLVTOJ 77 avTov ; /cat TTWS ; ovo apa ovo/>ia accident
t >^>o\\/ >o/ / s\ e itner of
CCTTtV ttVTW OVOe XoyO9 OVOC Tt? eTTtO-T^/Xiy OVOe Name or
f /i >5'>5'/i*- >/ p>>> /y Definition ;
atcrc/Tio'ts ovoe ooga. ov 0atveTat. ovo ovo//,a4- and no
v >o\\/ ?^' - '5' >^^ ' psycho-
Tat apa ovoe XeyeTat ovoe ooga4eTat ovoe yiyvw- f gi ca i
>o/ v i t _4 / j correlative,
O-/CTat, OVOe Tt TCOV OVTWV aVTOV atO~C7aveTat. OV/C either as
v -?? v"? >m v <*T-I ^/3> v Notion,
eot/cev. r) ovvaTov ovv Trept To Ev Tav# OVTW? perception
e X etv ; ov/covv e>otye So/eel.
b ygovXet ovv eVt TT)V VTio^eo-tv TraXtv e^ dp X >75
eTrave'X^w/xev, eav Tt i7/xtv eVavtovo"tv dXXotov (f> av f} >
Travv juev ovv /SovXo/xat. ov/covv ev et eo~Tt,
26 nAATONOS
The mean- <iaueV, TO, o~vviBaivovTa irepl avTov, Trota TTOTC
ing of the ,
Second TvyxaVet oWa, Sto/AoXoyriTe'a raura' ov^ OVTGJS ;
/ v ex ><-. v ? r/
thesis. i/at. opa Or) eg ap^r)?- fv et ecrrti/, a/>a otov re
Se
avro etvat /xe, ovcrta? e /AT /Ltere^etv; ov^ oto
re. OVKOVV Kal 7) ovo~ta Tov 'Evas 177 d^, ov TavTov
ovcra T<5 'Et't; ov yap a> eKew-r) rjv e/cetVov ovcrta,
> ^> * . < rn^ *T^ * ' ^ >\\> v
OVO O.V KLVO To Ev KIV7)<S /UtTet^V, aAA O/X,OtOJ/
ai/ ^v Xeyett' eV re etvat, /cat IV eV. ^ui/ Se ov^ c
avri; ecrrlv 17 VTTO^ecris, el ev ev, TL
vew, dXX' et Iv ecrnv' ov% ovrws;
OVKOVV as aXXo rt o~r^fialvop TO ecrrt rov eV;
ap ovv aXXo ^ on ovcrtas /-lere^ei To
, TOUT* ai/ 177 TO Xeyopevov, CTretSav TI? cruX-
L7rr) OTL ev ecrTu>; Travu ye.
II. TA IIaXu> (1)S>) Xe'yw/xev, e^ et ecrri, Tt
SecondHy- , T > > > / / N
pothesis: O~KO7TL OVV, L OVK CLVdyKr) TaVTTfJV Tr)V
$V fl ZtfTl * ^ r-^ rt-i-i / f
= ft Tb "E.v TOLO VTOV OV io &V Q-^fJiaiVeLV, OLOV
iffTIV OV ~. -pcv >\v rri^ C T1 N V \ / \
= e*TJ>*Ey TTWS; woe. et TO eo~Tt 1 ov Ez/o? ovTOS XeyeTat /cat
ovffias Uf- rn\ rtn v e/ ^ ^\>\ >\ TT
T<=xe, Ti ^ Ev TOV OVTO? evo<s, eo~Tt oe ou TO avro H TC
'Ev admits /~\ > / \ rn^ n ^ ' <^^\>/ r<
Ovcrta /cat To Ei>, TOV auTOu oe e/cetvou, ov V
cow-
traru ore-
* t \
f >>/ \\v\
a P a OVK avay/c77 TO ptv oXov
(1) IfThe ^ ov e ^ at avTO TOVTOV Se ytyvecr^at /xopta To Te
One exist, -n N tri v TT"* ' ' ' e /
thatis.par- ^^ Kat ^ ^^ at ; OLVayKTr). 7TOTpOV OVV
ticipate in'*''' '
existence TWI/ ^plltiV TOVTUV fJLOplOV fJiOVOV TTpOCTepOVfJiev,
tpn t}if /\ / r / / m
One is L- TOV X V ftO/3tOf TO ye fJLOpLOV TTpOCTpTfJTGOV ; TOV
finite in
quantity
finite in"\ N< "\ * jv***-!- \r
tity Xov. /cat oXov a/oa ecrTt^ o ai/ ev T), /cat popiov
irdvv ye. Tt ow; TO>V fjLopiatv
TOV 'Evos ovTO?, TO Te e^ /cat TO ov, apa e
7^ To *Ev Tov Etvat popiov r) To *
Tov 'Evos fjiopiov ; OVK av tir). traXiv apa /cat
KaTpOV TO T V tCT^et /Cttt TO OV,
OAPMENIAH2. 27
yiyveTdi TO ekdyicrTov IK Bvolv av popioiv TO
fiopiov, /cat Kara TOV avTov \6yov OVTOJS det, o Tt
* / / / \ / > \ *
Trep av popiov yevrjTaL, TOVTW rw [topic) act tercet
' To re ya/>*Ev To *O*> aet tcr X et /cat To *O To *Ev
143 WCTTC dvdyKr) Sv del yiyv6p.evov ^SeVore eV
etvat. TrazTaVao-t ftev ov^. OVKOVV aireipov av TO
Tr\rj6os OVTOO To rt Ev 6z/ etTy ; eot/cev. (2) t#t 8^ (2) If the
\ o v s / i \ / ^ VT-, One parti-
/cat r^oe ert. 7717; ovo-ta? (pa/xev jaere^etv To Ev, cipatein
^\v / ^5'^ ^^m v *TI * \ \ x Existence,
oto evTiv ; vai. /cat ota ravra or) lo Ev o^ TroAAa Number
<x 'O/ >vm^ *n * ' J must exist.
ovrws. rt oe; avro lo Ev, o 017
avev TOVTOV ov <^a/xev ^ere^etv,
ye ei' JJLOVOV <f>avrjo~eTaL rj /cat TroXXa TO avTo TOVTO;
b /, ot/>tat eywye. tSwju,e*> ST^' aXXo Tt erepov
dvdyKrj TTJV ovo~iav avTOv elvai, eTtpov
'eiirep pr) Ouo~ta To "Ei/, dXV &>s e^ ovo-tas
dvdyKr). OVKOVV et eTepov p,ev 'H Ovo~ta, eTepov Se
m\ VT-, v * rn v *T* rri ^ /~v ' r * v
To Ev, OUTC TO> ev To Ev Tr)9 Ovo-ta? eTepov ovTe
TO) ovcrta etvat 'H Ovo~ta Tov 'Evos dXXo, dXXa Tw
t t
e/oo) Te /cat "AXXw eTepa aXX^Xcui/. vrdvu /xei/
</ s >/> Vrn^ C T-I * v m ^
Ct>O~T OV TttUTO^ CCTTtV OUTC 1&> Jbvt OVTC Iry
Ova-La To "ETepov. TTW? yctyo ; Tt ovv ; edv Trpoe\a>-
c jj^eBa avTa>v etTe ySovXet Tr)v Overtax /cat To ''ETe/ao^
etTe TT)I> Ovo-iav /cat To d Ei/ etre To *E^ /cat To
ap OVK ev eKao~Tr) Trj 7Tpoa.ipeo~ei Trpoaipov-
a> 6p6w<s ej^et /caXetcr^at dfji(f)OTepa) ; irais;
aiSe' eo~Tiv ovo-iav elnelv ; ecmv. /cat av^ts eltrelv
ev ; /cat TOVTO. ap' ovv ov^ etcaTepov avTolv
eiprjTai; vaL Tt 8' oTav et7ra> ouo~ta T /cat eV,
apa OVK df4<f)OTep(t) ; Trdvv ye. OVKOVV /cat eav
ovcrta TC /cat eTepov Y) eTepov Te /cat ev, /cat OVTW
28 riAATONOS
<f> e/cdcrrou a/z,<&> Xe'yw; vat. a> 8' av d
6p0(o<s Trpoo-ayopev7)o-0ov, apa olov re djjLffxo
\ t \ f ^ ' ^\ ' > T ' *>*
/u,ev auraj ewat, ovo oe JUT) ; ov^ otov re. eo o av
Suo rjTov, eart Tts i^-rj^avr) pr) ov^ tKarepov avrolv
ev etvai; ouSe/xta. TOVTOJV apa eTTtiirep crvvSvo
e/cacrra v}Jifiaivei etvat, /cat ev av eti^ e/cacrroi'.
et Se li/ tKacrrov avruv ecrrt, crwre-
ei'os OTrotouout' IQTWIOVV crvtpyia ov rpLa
yiyverai TO. iravra; vai. rpia Se ou ireptrra, /cat
Suo apna; TTG>S S' ov; rt Se'; Svotv OVTOW OVK
elvai /cat 8ts, /cat Tpivv OVTOIV ryots, etTre/o e
TO) re Suo TO 8t? ej^ /cat r<5 rpta ro r/3ts
eV; avdyKT). Svolv Se ovrow /cat Sts ov/c dvdyicrj
Svo Sts eticat; /cat r/atwz/ /cat rpts ov/c avdyKr) av
rpia ryat? etvat; TTW? S' ou; rt Se x ; rpLwv OVTOJV
/cat Sts 6W&>v, /cat Suoti/ OVTOLV /cat T/HS OVTOIV, OVK
avdyKr} re r/3ta St? eti/at /cat Svo T/HS; TroXXi^ ye.
aprid TC ayoa d/3Tta/cts ai/ eti^ /cat TrepiTTa. TreyDtTTa/cts
/cat dpna Tre/otTTa/cts /cat irepLTTa d/3Tta/cts. CCTTLV 144
OUTCOS. et ouv ravTa OVTWS e^et, otet Ttva
VTroXetTrecr^at, o> ou/c dvdyKiq etvat ;
ye. et a/3a ecrTtv eV, dvayK-rj /cat dpiO^ov etz/at.
(3) If dvdyKir). (3)dXXa /x,^z/ apiOpov ye 6Wos TroXX'
Number
participate etl ? KCLt """X^C/OS aTTeipOV TtoV OVTWV Tj OVK a7Tet/3OS
7rXi7#et /cat jaeTe'^wv ovcrtas yiyverai; /cat
Kvi^ti'ii, .. / >>^>/lv/
distribu 7raj ' u y t ou/covv et 7ras aptt7/xos ouo~tas
foWo tn \\r V ^/l^ /*
Inti t Kat TO PP IOV e/cao~TOv TOU a/oto'/x.ou /xeTe^ot az/
; vat. evrt Trdvra apa TroXXd wTa C H Oucrta b
/cat ouSevos aTrocrTaTet Taiv OVTMV, ovre
TOU cr/xt/c/ooTctTov OUTC TOV /xeyto"Tot; iy TOVTO
/cat a\oyov epeo-Qai ; TTWS yap av 817 ovo-ta ye
DAPMENIAH2. 29
row dTTOcrrarot ; ovSa/xa>?. /caTa/ce/cepjaaTto--
rai apa as otoV re cr/zt/cpoTaTa /cat /xeyiara /cat
TravTa^ws ovra, /cat /Aejaepto~Tat TrdvTdiv juaXtcrra,
c /cat eo~Tt fte'p?; dnepavra Trjs Ovcrta?. e^et ovrws.
TrXetcrTa apa ecrrt ra /Ae'pr; avrrjs. TrXetcrra
(4) rt ovv ; ecrrt rt avTaiv, o eitrrt />tev /tepos T^g (4) If
.-.>/ >o\/ / \* / Existence
Ovcrta?, ovoev pevroi {Jiepos ; /cat TTOJS a^ rotovro ye- be dis-
xx >v T v * t \/ tributable
votro ; aAA eLTrep ye, oi^ai, ecrrtv, avay/a? avro aet, t o Infinity,
<>> *?></ / ^ o\o\o/ the One
eaxnrep av T), > ye rt ewat, fj,r)dev oe aovvarov. must b e
>/ \<r v e/ / ^rri' < /^' / distribu-
avay/cTj. TT/JO? airavTi. apa e/cacrra> rw liy? Ov(rta? table like-
/ / rn x *TI * V ' v wise.
/xe/aet TrpocrecrTi To Ei^, ov/c aTroKenro^evov ovre cr/xt-
Kporepov cure /u,eto*/o5 /xepovs oure aXXov ou
ovrcu?. apa ovt ez' ot* TroXXa^ov ayaa oXov ecrrt;
TOVTO a^pet. dXX' aOpa), /cat opw art dSwaroi/. /u,e-
dpa, etTrep JU,T^ oXov' dXXw? yap TTOV ov-
ajaa anacrL rot? T^5 Ovcrta? /xepecrt TrapeV-
rat, ^ ^te^Lteptcr/jteVov. vat. /cat /AT)*/ ro ye jueptcrrov
vroXX-r) avayKt] etvat rocravra ocrarrep l^epr). avdyKr).
OVK ap aXirjOrj aprt eXe'yo/xev, Xe'yovre? a>? TrXetcrra
/Aep 1 ? *H Oucrta vevefjirj^evr) etTy. ot8e yap
e Tov 'Evo? vevtjJLrjTai, dXX' tcra, a>s eot/ce, Tw '
oure yap To *Ov Tou 'Evos aTroXetTrerat oure To
*Ev Tov v Ovro?, dXX' e^to~ovcr^ov Sv' wre del Trapa
irdvra. iravrdTracrw OVTU ^atverat. To "Ev d'p'
avro /ce/cep^tartcTjLteVov VTTO TrJ? Ovo"ta9 TroXXct re
/cat dVetpa TO Tr\.rj66s Icrnv. fyaiverai, ov ^QVQV
* \* \\ /J >\\ v N ^m v *T-I
apa TO ov ev TroAAa ecmv, aAAa /cat auTo lo Ez/
VTTO Tov v OvTOS Staveve/x/^jaeVov TroXXd dvay/cT; etvat.
TravrdiracrL fj,ev ovv. (5) /cat JU,T)V 6Vt ye oXou TO. (5) The
* v N v v One must
jaopta /Aopta, 7re7repao~jaevoi/ av et^ /caTa TO OAOV exhibit
rnv </n, * / v - <n N / Rest and
lo Ev ^ ov Trepte^eTat VTTO TOU oAov T.a />topta; Motion.
30 OAATONO2
dvdy/oy. dXXd firjv TO ye Trepte'^ov Tre'pas av 117. 145
- c-5 v m\ Art v * V / / v
TTCDS ov; To Ev apa ov tv T ecrTt TTOV /cat
TToXXd, /cat oXov /cat jaopta, /cat TreTrepacr/xeVov /cat
dVetpov ir\ij6ei. <atveTat. ap' o5V ou/c, eVetTrep
TreTrepacr/xeVov, /cat ecr^ara c^ov >' dvdy/oy. Tt 8';
oXov ov ov/c ap^rjv av e^ot /cat /xecro^ /cat reXeurryv ;
^ otov re rt oXov elvat a^ev rpiwv TOVTMV ; KO.V rov
ev briovv avTo>v aTrocrrarTy, e^eXrycret ert oXov
OV/C 0\TJ(TL. Kttt d/3^V 877, O>S OLK, KCU
\ / v * m v v n v '\\ v ^ ' v
/cat pecrov ex ot aj; ^ *'*' e X ot " aAAa JU,T)V TO ye b
/ / >v *"\\
OJ^ (T)(aTO)v avre^et ou ya/3 av aXXaj?
ov ya/3. /cat cr^rnjiairo<s oij TWOS, a>s
eot/ce, TotovTov ov /AeTe^ot av To "Ev, T^TOI evOeos
^ o~T/)oyyuXov 17
yap dV. ap' ov
ecTTat /cat ev dXXw ; TTW? ; TWV /xepoiv TTOV e/cacrTov
c/v >\ \>o\>\ ir\ v
ev TGJ oX<y ecrTt /cat ovoev C/CTO? TOU OAOV. ovT&>9.
TTOLVTO. 8e TO, /ne'p^ VTTO TOW oXov 7repte)(eTat ; vat.
/cat /XT)V Tct ye irdvTa pepy TO. avTou To v Ev ecrTt, c
/cat ovre Tt TrXe'ov OVTC eXaTTOv ^ iroivTa. ov yap.
> \ s vx rri\ Vy, > o> v >
OVKOVV /cat TO oAov 1 o Ev ecrTtv ; TTW? o ou ; et
dpa TrdvTOi TO, fJLprj iv oXw Tvy^dvet ovTa, ecrTt Se
Tot TC TrdvTa To *Ev /cat auTo To "OXov, Trepie^eTai
8e VTTO Tov *OXou Ta TTOLVTO,, virb Tou 'Evo? av
/ mx v-p, \ v * vo f^v Ay-, \
Trepte^otTO To Ev, /cat OVTOJ? av 1707; To Ev auTo
ev eavTw etTy. <^atveTat. dXXd /txeWot TO ye oXov
av ov/c ev Tot? /Ae'pecrtv e'crTtv, ouTe ev Trdcrtv ovre
eV Ttvt. et yap eV Trdcrtv, dvdy/c^ /cat ev eW. ev d
\e\\* >*v & s *
TIVI yap vi fir) ov OVK av eTt TTOV ovvaiTO ev ye
aTracrtv etvat* et 8e TOVTO /aev TO ev TO>V airavTwv
ecrTt, TO Se oXov ev TOVTO) evt, TTW? ert ev ye Tots
IIAPMENIAH2. 31
Tracrtv eveo~rai ; ovSa/z,o>9. ovSe /u/^v ev Ticrl TOJV
(j,epa>v. el yap ev Tier! TO 6'Xov 117; TO TrXe'ov
av ev TO) eXdrrovi elrj, o ecrnv dovvarov. dovva-
/ \ * O > \ / 5 > \ 01 J
TOV yap. fJLrj ov o ev TrXetocrt fjirjo ev evi JJLTJO ev
airacri Tots {j,epeo~L TO 6'Xov ov/c dvay/oy ev erepa)
e Ttvt etvat, f) /A^Sa/iou ert elvai ; avdyKf). OVKOVV
V* >O\* V </\ O\V > O\
ev ov ovoev av enq, okov oe ov, eTreto?)
OVK ev avTw eo-Tiv, dvdyKT) Iv d\\a) elvai ; Trdvv
f \ v mv -,-, /\ >"\\ >' T5>\
ye. T) jue^ ayaa lo k>v okov, ev aAAw eo~TiV i) oe
TO, irdvra pepy ovra rvy^dvei, avro ev eavTw* /cat
OVTCU To *E^ dvdyKrj avro re ev eavT&> elvai Kal ev
e/ >/ <) ' N JL V rn v *n * ' '
erepa). avayKTj. OUTCU OT) 7re<pv/cos lo Ji.j' ap ov/c
dvdyKr) /cat Ku>eto~6ai /cat eo~rdvai; TTVJ ;
TTOV, eifrep avro ev eavTw eo~Tiv. ev yap evl ov /cat
146 e/c TOVTOV fJir) perafialvov ev TW avTw av etTy, ev
V / ^O/ > ^5\*
eo~Tt ya/D. TO oe ye ev T&> avTW act ov
eo~TO<s ST^TTOU dvdyKf) del elvai. Trdvv ye. Tt Se';
TO ev erepa) del ov ov TO evavriov dvdyKrj fjirj^eTror'
ev TO) avTaJ elvai, /xTySeTroTe 8e ov ev TOJ avTw firjoe
eo~Tavai, pr) eo~To<s oe Kive1o~6ai ; OVTW?. dvdyKir)
A> m \ v-n >/ > >\* \>/
apa To Ev, avTO Te ev eavT&j aet ov /cat ev erepco,
del Kivelo-BaL re Kal eo~rdvai. <baiverai. (6) /cat (6) The
* f\
\ ,/ OT >\ \<y Une must
/z/r)v ravrov ye oet etvat auTO eavTw /cat erepov exhibit
, ^ ^m'^ : *'A\\ ' s/ > Identity
b eavTOv, /cat Tot? AAAotg wcravTajg ravrov re /cat a nd Diver-
</ ^> % * - Jl^^f I 1 - ji H ^ sity with
erepov etvat, et?re/3 /cat Ta rrpoauev rrerrovuev. TT&JS ; re g a rdto
itself,
TTttV 7TOV 7T/009 ttTTttV WOC e^t TttVTOV CCTTtV nd (j8)
v *>\ \ \T o></ / ^ TSA.AO,
erepov rj eav ^ ravrov y /x^o erepov, ftepos av everything
v / \*v v * \/ else besides
eti TOVTOV, Tros o OVT<U?
oXov av 117. c^atveTat. dyo* ovv To Ev avro avTov
jLte'po? eo~Ttv; ovSa/xws. ov8' a^oa w? 7T/3O9 /xe^oos
jvt'NVX *v \e\/ V >
avTO avTov oAov av 117, 77y>o<? eavTO /ae/oo ov. ov
32
V */ >\\* T f / > N mV "r-i
ap otov re. aXX apa erepov ecrrtv evos To Ev;
ov S^ra. ov8' apa eavrov ye erepov av 177. ov c
/xe'vrot. et ovv /xTfre erepov /XT/^' oXov /xT^re /xe'pos
avro Trpo? eavro eVrtv, ov/c di/ay/c^ ^17 TCLVTOV
avro eavTO) ; avdyKr). rt 8e ; TO ere/ow^t oV
ur<w ovro? eavra> ov/c
avro eavrov erepov et^at, et7re/3 /cat CTepcoOu eo-rat;
e/xotye So/cet. ovrw /x^v e(f>dvr) e^ov To "Ev, avro
re ev eavrw o> a/xa /cat ev ere/aw. e^dVi? yet/3.
erepov apa, o9 eoiKev, eurj ravrrj av eavrov To ""Ei/.
eot/cev. rt ow; et rov rt erepov ecrrtv, ov^ erepov d
wros erepov ecrrat; d^ay/cry. ov/covv ocra /AT) eV
eVrtv, airavd* erepa Tov 'Ei/os, /cat To *Ev raiv /AT)
eV ; 7TW5 8' ov ; erepov apa av elr) To *Ei/ Twv *AXXwv.
erepov. opa 817' avro re Tavrov /cat To "Ereyoov
ap' ov/c evavTia dXXi^Xotg; TTW? S' ov; ^ ovv e^e-
X>^o-et Tavrov ev Tw 'Ere'poj ^ To ^Erepov ev TavraJ
Trore etvat; ov/c e^eXi^o-et. et apa To ""Erepov ev
Tavrw /x^SeVor' eVrat, ovSev eo~rt rwv OVTCDV eV w
eo*rt To ^Erepov xpoVov ovSeVa. et yap ovrtvovv e
etrj eV ra>, e/cetvov av rov ^povov ev Tavrw eoy To
""Erepov. ov^ ovra>?; ovreos. eiretS^ 8' ovSeVore
>,J^>/ >' * *
ev fa> avra> eo~rtv, ovoeTrore ev rtvt rcov ovra>v av
* m v *T '\ ^^ v > v > <> \ *
etry To Erepov. a\r)urj. ovr apa ev rotg pr) ev
* * m " C T-I ^ ' * mN *-n J \ T*
ovre ev lw Jbvt evetry av lo Erepov. ov yap ovv.
> " m ** *TI x ' * * m v *-n ^ * A
ov/c apa T<w Erepw y av et>7 To Ev rcov /xr) ev
> S ^ N VA m^ 'T? N * ' > C> v
ovoe ra /XT) ev Tov Evo? erepa. ov yap. ovoe
/XT)V eavrot? ye erep' av et^ dXX^Xajv, /AT) /xere-
^ovra Tov 'Erepov. TTCO? yap; et Se /xiyre avrots 147
erepa eVrt /x-^re Tw 'Erepw, ov iravTir) 77877 av
e/c^>evyot ro /XT) erepa etvat dXXT^Xwv; e/c^)evyot.
OAPMENIAH2. 33
>\\v \ C> v m ^ -!-! / / v \ <y >
aAAa fj.r)v ovoe lov Evos ye jaere^et ra /XT) ev ov
v * \ A ? 'XX' * A 1> >X ^J^ > S*
yap av /XT) ev T]V, aXXa 7717 av ev rjv. aXTicfy. ovo
* > /) \ V V \ \ V 9 O V V * V
av aptcfyxos etT7 apa ra /XT) e^ ouoe yap av OVTOJ
fj,r) ev r)V rravTaTraa-Lv, apiOpov ye e^pvra. ov yap
ovv. ri Se; ra /XT) ev Tov 'Ew? apa /xo/na
f) KOLV OVTCD fJLerel^e Tov 'Evog ra /XT) ev ;
b>v / \\<y> \^\\v v>*
et apa TravTrj TO pev ev eo~n, ra oe /XT) ev, OVT av
/xoptov TWV /XT) ev To *Ev 117 ou^' oAov a>5 /xoptwv'
v TV v m ^ C T-I v / */)> v\ e
owe av ra /XT) ev lov Evo? /xopta, ouc/ oAa &j?
/xopta> T<y 'Evt. ov yap. dXXa /XT)V e^a/xev ra
/xT^re /xopta /xif^' oXa /xif^' erepa aXX^Xc^v ravra
eo~eo~0ai dXXi^Xot?. e<^a^ev yap. ^)ai/xev apa /cat
To *Ev Trpo? TO, /XT) ev OVT&JS ^X OI/ T0 avTO eTvat
avrots; <f)a>uev. To *Ev apa, ag eoiKev, erepov re
Taiv *AXXwv eo~rt /cat eavrov /cat ravrov e'/cetvots re
c /cat eavroj. /ctvSwevet <f)aiveo~0ai e/c ye rov Xoyov.
dp ovv /cat o/xotoV re /cat dvo/xotov eavrw re /cat
Tots AXXot?; to~a)9. eTreiorj yovv erepov TOJV "AXXaiv
e<f)dvr), /cat TaXXa TTOV erep* av e/cetvov etri. rt
/xT^v ; ov/covv OVTOOS erepov Twv v AXXwv, wcrTrep /cat
TaXXa e/cetvov, /cat ovre /xdXXov ov^' rjrrov ; rt yap
av; et d'pa /XT^TC /xdXXov /xif^' T^TTOV, o/xotw?. vat.
ov/covv 27 erepov elvat TreVov^e Twv "AXXwv, /cat
TaXXa e/cetvov wcravrws, ravrrj ravrov av
d etev To re *Ev Tots "AXXots /cat TaXXa Tw 'Evt.
Xeyets; wSe' e/cao~rov raiv ovo/xdrwv ov/c e?rt rtvt
KaXets ; eycoye. rt ovv ; ro avro ovo/xa etTrots av
TrXeovd/cts >7 aTra ; eycuye. rrorepov ovv edv /tev
aira 177175, e/cetvo Trpocrayopevets ovirep eo~rt rov-
vo/xa, edv Se vroXXd/cts, ov/c e/cetvo ; T7 edv re aira^
edv re TroXXd/cts ro avro ovo/xa <f>0eyr), TroXXi)
D
34 I1AATONO2
dvdyKrj ere TO avro Kal Xe'yetv act ; Tt fJii/jv ; OVKOVV
Kal TO erepov oVofta ecrnv eiri nvi ; rfdvv ye. orav
dpa avrb <f>0eyyr), edv re aVa edv re TroXXaKts, OVK e
or' aXXw ovSe dXXo n 6Vo/Aaets ^ e/cetvo ovtrep rjv
ovopa. dvdyKr). orav ST) Xeyupev OTI erepov [icv
TaXXa Tov 'Ei^d?, erepov Se To *Ev Taiv v AXXwv, St?
TO erepov eltrovre^ ovSeV Tt /xaXXov CTT* aXX^ dXX'
evr* eKeivr) rff <f>v(reL avro del Xeyofiev, rjo-irep r\v
rovvofjia. Trdvv ^ev ovv. y dpa erepov Ta)v ^AXXaw
To *E^ Kal TaXXa Tot) 'Evos, KO,T avrb TO erepov 148
TreirovOevai OVK dXXo dXXd TO avTO av 7re7rov6b<s etr)
To *Ev Tot? y AXXots' TO 8e irov rc/Lvrbv
opoiov' ov\i; vat. y Srj To A Ev erepov lav
Treirovdev etvat, KOT avrb rovro avrav aTra&LV opoiov
av eirf dirav ydp diravroiv erepov eo~nv. eoiKev.
aXXct fjirjv TO ye OJJLOLOV TO) dvop,oia> evavriov. vat.
OVKOVV Kal TO erepov TW avT<w. Kal TOVTO. dXXd
jJLrjv Kal rovro y e<f)dvri, 0)5 dpa To *Ev Tots AXXots
ravrov. e<f>dvrj ydp. rovvavriov 8e ye rrdOos ecrrl b
TO elvai ravrb Tots ""AXXot? TW erepov etvat Taiv
. Trctvu ye. y ye ^v erepov, o/xotov efiavrj.
vai. $ dpa ravrov, dvopoiov eo~rai Kara rovvav-
riov TTCt^O? T&> OfJLOLOVVrL TTCt^Ct. OifJLOLOV 8e 7TOV TO
erepov; vai. dvo/xotaio'et cxpa TavTov, ^ OVK evav-
riov ecrrai TW erepat. eoiKev. OJJLOIOV apa Kal
dvofwiov eo~rai To *Ev Tots *AXXots, "ft n-ev erepov, c
ofJLOiov, y oe ravrov, dvopoiov. e\ei ydp ovv 817,
cos eoiKe, Kal roiovrov Xoyov. KOI ydp rovSe e^ei.
riva ; fi ravrov TrenovOe, ^ d\\oiov rfeirov6evai, pr)
dXXotov Se Treirov6bs pr) dvopoiov, pr) dvopoiov 8e
elvai' rj 8' dXXo ireirovBev, d\\olov, dXXoto;' 8e
IIAPMENIAHS. 35
ov avopoiov etvat. aXyOfj Xe'yet?. ravrov re apa ov
m^ A-n m " * A \ \ \ V V /> > i /
lo Ev lots AAAots /cat ort erepov ecrrt, /car afjifpo-
repa /cat /ca#' e/caVepov, o/xotov re av efy /cat
d dvo/Aotov Totg aXXots. TTCIVV ye. ov/covv /cat eavrw
a)o~avTCt>9, eVetvrep erepov re eavrov /cat ravrov eavrca
e(f>dvr), /car' djji<f)6repa /cat e/cdVepov ojuotov re /cat
dvo/xotov <f)avrjo-eraL ; dmy/cTy. (7)rt Se 17; Treyot (7) The
~* /) m^*r< e ^ X TI^ V A\\ > Onem ust
rou aTrrecrc/at lo JBi' avrov /cat loot' AAAwi/ /cat be in com-
\c/ n/ ^y / munion
rou /XT) a7rrecrc/at Trept, TTOJ? e)(et ; (TKOireL. (T/COTTW. with itself
\ / > ~ f\ m^ TI J ' " an( l with
auro yap TTOV ev eavra> oAa> lo lii/ ecpavvj ov. T&AA.O,
>/i^ ><-> ^'rri *A\\ \<x / ? everythine;
OpU(i)<S' OVKOVV /Cat ev Tot9 AAAotS TO >; vat. ^ else; and
x * >m'^ v A\\ rn^^AXX v >v -p the One
e pev apa ev Tots AAAots, TW AAAwv aTrrotr av' ^ must he
SJ X ' v ' e ** rri ^ X y A\\ ' ' Out of COD1-
oe avro ev eavrw, Icuv jutev AAAoov aireipyoiro mun i on
X /I >\O\e^v >* ^v writli itplf
anreo-uaL, avro be avrov airroir av ev eavrco ov. T^
c and TaA.Xa,
<f>aiverai. ovra) p.ev or) aTrroir av To *Ev avrov re wer
/cat TOJV "A\\a)v. arrroiro. rt Se ryoe ; ap ov irav
TO fJLeX\ov a\l/eo-0ai Ttvos e<f>erj<s Set /ceto-#at e/ceti/oj
ou /xe'XXet aTTTeo-^at, ravrrjv rrjv e$pav Kareyov r)
av jLteT* eKelvqv y eopa, y av Kerjrat ov anreraL ;
avdyKrj. /cat To *Ev apa et /xeXXet avTO avTov ai/fecr-
^at, e<f>er)<; Set ev0v<; fjLe&* eavrb Kelcrdat,, rrjv
e^oiJLevrjv ^atpav Kare^ov e/cetvi^?, ^ avTO ecrnv. Set
i ^ /-> N T ^O/ x* m^ ATI ' *
149 yap ow. OVKOVV ovo ^ev ov LO Ev Trotiycretev av
TaOra /cat ev ovolv yatpaiv a/xa yevoiro' ecus S* av 77
ev, OVK e0e\rjo~eL; ov yap ovv. rj avry apa dvay/oy
Tw 'Evt fJLyre Svo etvat /u-if^' arrreo~6ai avra) avrov.
rj avrrj. dXX' ovSe fjirjv Taiv "AXXwv afyerai. ri Srj ;
OTt, <f)ajJLev, TO jaeXXov a\jjeo~0aL ^(wpts ov e'^e^s Set
e/cetvw eTvat, ou /xe'XXet atyeo-ffai, rpirov Se avTwv
ev fjieo~(o p,r)oev etvat. a\r)0rj. Svo apa Set TO
oXtyicrrov etvat, et /LteXXet ai//t? etvat. Set. ectv Se
D 2
36 DAATONO2
TOIV Svolv opoiv rpirov TrpocryeVTjTat e^rjs, avrd ptv b
/ * ' ^ v i ' ' \ v o \ > /
Tpta ecrrat, at oe cu//ets ovo. vat. /cat ovrw 017 aet,
eVos Trpocrytyi/ofteVov, /otta /cat d^ts TrpocrytyveTat,
/cat (rv/A/Satvet ra? a\/;ei9 TOV TrXT^ovs r
fjoa eXaTTOvs etvat. w yap ra Trpwra Svo e
rrjcre ro>v ax//e&>v et? TO TrXetcy etvat TOV apid^ov 17
ras ai//et?, rw tcrw TOVTO) /cat 6 erretTa d
Tracrwv raiv ar//ewv TrXeove/cret. ^817 yap TO
a/xa ev TC TW apid^to 7r/)oo~ytyveTat /cat /u,ta ai/t? c
Tat? ai//O-tv. op6)<;. oo~a a/3a eo~Tt TO, 6Wa TOV
v, del /ita at at//et5 eXctTTov? eto~tv avTa>v.
el Se ye ev p,6vov eo~Tt, Sva? Se ^17 ecrnv,
ax//ts ov/c av 177. TTW? yct/3; OVKOVV, (^a/xeV, Ta v AXXa
Tov 'Evog OVTC ev <TTIV ovre /xeTe^et avrov, etTrep
aXXa ecrTtv. ov yd/o. ov/c dpa tvecrnv dpt^/xos ei/
Tots "AXXot?, eVos /x^ evoi^ros ei^ avrots. TTW?
OVT* d/oa eV CCTTI TdXXa ovre Suo ovre dXXov d
e^ovTa ovo/xa ovSeV. ov. To *Ev dyaa povov Icrnv A
ev, /cat Svd? OVK av et>7. ov (^atveTai. dx//ts
ov/c ecTTt, Svou> ju,^ OVTOIV. ov/c ecrnv. ovr*
To *Ev Taiv *AXXa>i> aTTTeTat ovre Td *AXXa Tov '
TTL7rep a\jJL<; ov/c eo~Tii>. ov yap ovv. ovrw 877 /caTa
TTOivra TavTa To *Ev Taiv TC *AXXwv /cat eavTov aTrre-
(8) The Tat T /cat ov^( aTTTCTat. eot/cev. (8) dp' ovV /cat
One admits * \ \ e^ Nm^^ixx **
of the io"oi> eo~Tt /cat avi(Tov avro) re /cat lots AAAots; TTOJS;
modes of > } * rr^ *TI * m *\ \ * v \ * * rri *\ \
quantity, et ptl'&V ir) To Ev 7; TttXXtt 77 tXoiTTOV, 77 ttV TaXAtt
Equal, m " e -n< x / y*'\ / f>>* ' ll> ^<^'!
Greater, ^ ov El/OS fJiei^O) T) eAttTTOJ, ap OV/C av TOJ ptV V CtVttt
To * E " ** T " AXXa a- AAa Tou ' El/0 5 ovre Tt ncicu
Tt eXttTTO) OLV 177 dXXT^Xo)!/ ttVTatS y TttVTatS
\\n ** ' >\ \* ^ * ^ ^
i thin rat? ovcrtats' aAA et fte^ Trpos T&) Totavr etvat
plop e/ >/ * * N
e/caTpa to-OTTjTtt e^otev, to~a ai/ 177 Trpos
IIAPMENIAH2. 37
et Se TO, /xev jae'ye^o?, TO Se o-fJLiKp6rr)ra, r) /cat
/te'ye#os /xev To "Ev, o-//,t/cpoYi7Ta Se TaXXa, OTrorepo)
/-tev TO) etSet p,e'ye$os irpocreL^, /xetov av 117, w Se
crfjLLKporrjs, eXarrov; dvdyKr). OVKOVV ecrrdv ye Ttve
TOVTW 1817, To re Me'ye#os /cat 'H X/xt/cpoTTys ; ou
yap az/ TTOV, ja^ oVre ye, cvauTUO re a\\r)\oiv eirr^v
150 /cat ev rots OVCTLV eyytyi/otcr^^. Trais y-/3 av; et
dpa eV Tw *Ez/t cr/xt/cpor^s eyytyverat, 17x01 ei/ oXw ay
^ e^ jj.epei avrov eVetTj. dmy/CTy. rt 8' et eV oXw
' JN^J/-^ *m' % '1-1 N ? ' r '\
eyytyvotro; ov^t rj eg to~ov av la> \^vi ot OAOV
avrou TeTafJLevr) eltj rj Trepte^ovcra aurd ; S^Xoy 817.
f ' * > >"- " NT <TT v* ' rp ^ 'TTI r
a/3 ovt' ov/c eg tcrov /u,ev ovcra ti z,/xt/c/ooTT7S la> iii^t
tO"i7 av avrw etiy, Trepte^ovcra Se fjiei^ajv ; TTOJ? 8' ov;
Svvarov ovz/ SjLtt/cpdr^ra 10-17 v rw etvat ^ ju,et&> rtvd?,
/cat Trpdrreiv ye ra Meye'^ov? re /cat 'I O-QTT^TOS, dXXa
b /A^ ra eavrrjs; dSwarov. eV /xe^ oXw apa Tw 'Ez/t
ov/c av eti7 S/At/cpdr^?, dXX' elirep, ev /xe'yoet. vat.
ovSe ye ev iravrt au rw fJLepec el Se /x^, ravra
TroiTJcrei dnep TT/OOS TO oXov' 10-17 eo~Tat ^ /xet^wv TOU
/AC/DO vs, eV w av del eVi;. away KIT). ovSevt TTOTC
apa evecrrai TMV OVTMV Sjat/cpoT^?, /AI^T' ev ^epei
T/T' ev oXw eyytyvo/xeV^' ovSe Tt ecrTat cr^iKpov
avrfjs ^fjuKpoTyros. OVK eot/cev. ouS' d'pa
os e've'crTat e'v avTw. /tet^ov yap dv Tt 117
c aXXo, /cat TrX^v avTou Meye'^ovs, e/cetvo ev w To
Me'ye^o? evetiy, /cat TauTa cr/at/cpov avrov OVK oWos,
ou dvdyKr) VTrepe'^etv, eaWep ^ /xeya* TOVTO Se
dSvvaTov, CTTeiS^ S/at/cpoT^g ovSa/xou evt. aXr)6r}.
dXXa, /x^v avro Meye^og ov/c dXXov peltpv rj avrrjs
Sjat/cpoT77TO9> ouSe S/xt/cpdTi75 dXXou eXaTTov ^ avTou
Meye'^ov?. ov yap. ovre dpa To, "AXXa /Ltet^to Tou
38 nAATQNOS
'Evo9 ovSe eXdrrw, /xifre Me'y0o9 /aifre S/xt/cpdrrjra
e\ovTa, ovre avrw TOVTCD TT/OOS To *Ev fytTov rrjv d
Svva/xtv Tr)v TOV VTrepexetv /cat vTrepe'^eo-^at dXXd
TT/OOS dXXrjXcu, ovre av To *Ev rovrotv ovSe Ta>v
*AXXa>v /jtetov av ovS' eXarrov en;, /u/rfre Me'ye^os
/xT^re ^fjLLKpor^Ta e^ov. OVKOVV (jxtiverai ye. ap'
ouV et /xT^re /aet^ov /xryre eXarrov To "Ei/ TG>V
avrb IKLVO)V pyre imepc^eiv nyO*
avdyKf). OVKOVV TO ye /A7yTe vTrepe^ov
TroXXi) avdyKr) e^ to-ov eu'cu, e^ Tcrov
v to"ov evat. TTOJ? yci/ 9 ov; /cat /x^v /cat avrd e
rr^ *-n x * \V *V /*//)
ye lo Ev 77/309 eavro ovrcus ai' e)(of /x^re Meyec/os
8e "
e eavra> xire xt/crra eov ovr' a
* > * e / t >\\> >,- v * +
OVT av vvrepe^ot eavrov, aXX eg tcrou ov tcrov av et^
eavr&>. Travv pev ovv. To *Ev a/aa eavra) re /cat
Tot9 *AXXot5 to-ov av etry. ^atverat. /cat yx^v avrd
ye ev eavra) ov /cat Trept eavro av 117 ea>$ev, /cat
Trepi)(ov /xev /*eiov av eavrov etry, Treyate^d/xevov
Se eXarrov, /cat ovrw /xet^ov av /cat eXarrov 117 151
avro eavrov To "Ev. et>/ yap av. OVKOVV /cat rdSe
dvay/o?, /x^Sev etvat e/cro? Tov 'Evds re /cat Twv
*AXXwv. 7T<S? yap ov; aXXa /XT)V /cat elvat TTOV Set
rd ye ov det. vat. OVKOVV TO ye ev ra> ov ev
/xet^ovt eo~rat eXarrov ov; ov y<i/> av dXXws erepov
>e/ 5 / > ^^ >^^ /
ev ere/>w et^. ov yap. eTretOT) oe ovoev erepov
ecrrt ^(wpls Tcuv ^AXXtuv /cat Tov 'Evdg, Set Se avrct
ev ra> elvat, ov/c dvdy/cry i^Sry ev dXX^Xot? etvat, Td
re *AXXa ev Ta> *Evt /cat To *Ev ev Tots *AXXot9,
r) /ATjSa/xov etvat; (/)aiverat. drt yxev dpa To *Ev b
ev Tot9 *AXXot9 evecrrt, /xet^co av en? Td *AXXa Tov
'Evo9, Trepiexovra avrd, To Se *Ev eXarrov Twv
IIAPMENIAH2. 39
*AX\(ov, Trepie^o^evov' ort Se To, v AXXa eV T<w
To *Ev Toil/ "AXXa>z> Kara rov avrbv \6yov
av eirj, Ta Se v AXXa Tov 'Ez/o? eXarra). eot/ce^. To
^Ev apa to~ov re /cat /Aeto^ /cat eXarroV ecrnv avro
re avrov /cat Tail/ v AXXa)v. <atVerat. /cat
jaet^ov /cat eXarroi' /cat tcro^, to~a>v a^ etiy
c /cat 7rXetoV&)z> /cat e'Xarrovaj^ avrw /cat Tots v AXXot9,
S^ 8e fjierpuv, /cat peptov. TTOJ? 8' ov; tortuv
apa f^erpajv ov /cat TrXeioV&Ji' Kat ekarrovw, /cat
eXarrov av /cat ir\4ov eirj avro re avrov
/cat Tail/ v AXXa>^, /cat tcrov aurw re /cat Tots "AXXots
/caret ravra. TTWS; ivirep jaetov eo~rt,
TTOV /cat fj,eTpa)v av efy avroiV O<T(I>V 8e perptov, /cat
jj.epa)v' /cat ai^ e'Xarrov, ao~avrft>s' /cat ofs to~o^,
/cara ravra. ovrcos. OVKOVV eavrov fJLel^ov /cat
,*\ * XV V **/ ^\'
d eKarrov ov /cat to~ov to~a>v az/ etTy jaer/acov /cat TrXeto-
/cat eXaTTdVojv avrw 1 eTretSi^ Se {Aerpuv, /cat
TToiis 8' ou; to~&)V /xev ayoa i^epatv ov avrw
' ro ir\f)0o<; avrto eir), rf\tiov(i>v 8e rr\4ov,
e\arrova)v Se eXarrov rot' apiB^ov avrov. ^atVerat.
\ ^m v \\ < ' *^T fn N V TI . ''
OVKOVV /cat Trpos laAAa wcrauroj? eget lo liii/ ort
/xev jjiel^ov avr&v fyaiverai, avdyKr) ir\eov elvai /cat
rov apiOfjibv avrwv' on oc orfJUKporepov, eXarrov'
ort Se to~ov /Aeye$et, tcrov /cat ro 77X^09 etvat Tot?
v\\ / </ ^v-yev r^v *-,-, \
AAAots; avayKrj. ovr(t) or) av, ws eot/ce, lo ll<i/ /cat
to"oz> /cat TT\eov /cat eXarrov rov apiQ^ov avro re
avrov ecrrat /cat Totiv ^AXXwv. eo~rat. (9) ap* ow (9) The
v / / v </ y \ / One admi ts
/cat xpovov jutere^et To Ei>, /cat eo~rt re /cat ytyverat of the
, , , < ~ ^ of
veonrepov re /cat 7rpeo~/3vrepoz> avro re aurov /cat duration,
TWP v AXXo>^, /cat ovre veatrepov ovre Trpecrfivrepov Simui-
*c ^V^^V.NX / , taneous,
ovre eavrov ovre TOJV Ahkw, ^povov /xere^oi/ ; TTOO? ; and Sub-
40 DAATQNO2
sequent, etvat fJLV 7TOV aVTO) VTrdp^i, CtTTCp 1 1' COTtV. Vttl.
both with v CN r \ \ ' ' * m f ' *
regard to TO OC ClZ'CU ttAAo Tt COTtV 77 /xevegtS OVO"tas /ACTtt
itself and , , v v N
TSAAa, XpOVOV TOV TTttpOVTOS, OJCTTrep TO T)V /XTtt TOV 7Ta/3C- 152
everything xx/i/ x^v* s /\
else. A^AVt70T09 /Cat ttV TO COTOU /LtTtt TOV /Xe
OVCTLCLS CCTTt KOLVUVLCL ; (7TL yap. fJ.T)(i fJiV apa
yj>6vov, etTrep /cat TOV ea>at. Travu ye. OVKOVV
TTopevo/xeVov TOV \povov; vai. act a/aa 7rpeo-y8vT-
/aov ytyveTat eavTov, etTre/3 Trpoepx^TdL Kara ^povov.
way KIT). ap ovv ^e^v^^Ba, on vecorepov yt-
TO TTpecrfivrepov irpecrfivrepov ytyveTat;
. ov/cow evretS^ irpecrftvTepov eavrov b
ytyveTat To ib*, veaiTepov av ytyvo/aeVov eavrov
7rpeo'/3vTepov yiyvoiTo ; dvdyKr). yiyverai p^ev 877
veatrepov TC /cat irpeo-fivrepov avTov ovrcu?. I'at.
eb~Tt 8e TTpecr/SvTepov ap* ov^ oTa^ /caTa TOV vw
yjpovov y yiyvopevov, TOV /xeTa^v TOV ^v TC /cat
eo~Tai; ov yap TTOV TTopevopevov ye e/c TOV TTOTC
et9 TO eVetTa virep^rfcreraL TO vvv. ov yap. ap
ovv OVK e7rto~^et TOTC TOV yiyvo~Bai TrpecrfivTepov,
eirtioav TO> vvv CVTV^, /cat ov ytyveTat dAA* ecrTt c
TOT* 17817 Trpeo-ftvTepov ; Tfpo'Lov yap OVK av TTOTC
Xr)(j)0ei,r) VTTO TOV vvv. TO yap irpo'iov OVTOJS ej(et
a> djJi<f>oTpa)v (j>dTTTeo~0ai, TOV T vvv /cat TOV
eVetTa, TOV /^ev vvv d<^>te/>tevov, TOV 8' eVetTa eVtXa/x-
ySavofievov, /xeTa^v d/x^oTe'pwv ytyvo/xevov, TOV T
eVetTa /cat TOV vvv. dXrjOf). el 8e' ye dvdy/oj /XT)
TrapeXOelv TO vvv irdv TO ytyvd/xevov, evretSav /caTa
TOVTO 77, eVtcr^et del TOV yt'yveo-#at /cat ecrTt TOTC
TOVTO o Tt av Tv^i7 ytyvo/xevov. </>atveTat. /cat To d
Ev apa, 6Vav Trpeo~/3vTpov ytyvo/xevov evTv^rj TGJ
vvv, TTO~\ TOV yiyvf.o~6ai /cat eo~Tt TOTC 7rpeo~/8v-
IIAPMENIAH2. 41
Tepov. Trdvv fjiev ovv. ov/covv ovirep eyiyveTo
TTpeO-fivTepOV, TOVTOV KCU eCTTlV' eytyVCTO Se ttVTOV ;
vat. ecm Se TO TrpecrySvYepov vecoTepov Trpecrflv-
Tepov ; eoTtv. KCU vedtTepov dpa Tore avTov ecrrl
To 'Ev, oTav TrpecrftvTepov yiyvopevov evTvyri rw
vvv. avdyKr). TO ye p^rjv vvv del Trdpecm To)
ota TTOLVTOS TOV elvac ecrrt yap del wv oTavnep y.
TTO>S yap ou; e apa ecrrt re /ca yyverai
repov eavTov /cal ve<t>Tepov To "E^. eoutev. 7rXeta>
Se ^povov avro eavrou ecrriv r) yiyverai, f) TOV lo~ov ;
TOV LVOV. dXXd /LA^V rdv ye to~ov yjpovov fj yiyvo-
(Jitvov f) ov Trjv avTrjv ^XtKtav \L. ira)<s S' ov ; TO
Se Trjv avTrjv r)\u<i,av )(ov OVTC TrpetrfivTepov ovre
vea>T6p6v eo~TLV. ov ydp. To *Ev dpa TOV icrov
\povov avTO eavTw Kal yiyvopevov KOI ov OVTG
V.(i)T.pQV OVT 7TpeO~(3vTpOV eCLVTOV lo~T\V OvSe yt-
153 yveTat. ov /xot Soicet. TL Se ; Twv "A\\a)v ; OVK e)(a)
\eyeiv. ToSe ye jjirjv e^ets Xeyeiv, OTL Td AXXa
Tov 'Evo?, elnep erepd eo~TLV dXXd /A?) eTepov, vrXetco
>\t/<)> \ \*<\*<? < '/ S> x
eo~Ttv evos' eTepov jjiev yap ov ev av yv, eTepa oe
OVTCL TrXetw evos eo~Tt Kal TT\rj0o<s av er^oi. ^X OL
ydp dv. 77X^^05 Se ov dpt6jjLov 7rXecovo dv /Liere^ot
^ Tot) 'Evos. TTWS S' ov ; Tt ovv ; dpL0(Jiov (f)ijo~ojJLev
TO* TrXetw ylyveo~6al TC /cal yeyove'vat TrpoTepov, 17
TO, eXaTTw; Ta eXaTTco. TO oXtytcrTov dpa TrpatTov'
b TOVTO S' eo~Tt To v Ev ^ ydp ; vac. TravTouv dpa
To *Ev TrpwTov yeyove TWV dpuOfJiov C^OVTCUV. e^et
Se /cal TdXXa TrdvTa dpiO^ov, eivrep dXXa /cal JUT)
dXXo eo~Ttv. e)(et ydp. TrpwTov Se x ye, oT/xat, yeyo-
vo? TrpoTepov yeyove, Td Se v AXXa vo~Tepov' Ta S'
varepov yeyovoTa vewTepa TOV TrpoVepov yeyovoTOs'
42 riAATONOS
/cat OVTO>S av etrj TdXXa vcvrepa Tov 'Ei'os, To Se
^Ei; TrpearfivTepov Ta>i> "AXXwv. eir; yap di/. Tt Se
>S T * v rriN *TI x J > * **
Tooe; ap av etTy To EP irapa <pvcriv Ti)v avrov
yeyoi'o?, ^ dSwaTov; dSwarov. dXXd ^tiyi/ ftep^ c
ye ej(ov etfxivTr) To ^Ei/, et Se ftepiy, /cat a*px*)
TeXevT^f Kal iLeaov. vai. OVKOVV TTOVTW
a>PX?) ytyverat, /cal avrov Tov 'Evos Kal e/cdo-rou
XXa>v, /cat /icrd Tr)i> ap^rjv /cat rdXXa iroLvra.
rov reXovs ; Tt ^17 v ; /cat /Lt^v jMO/Dtd ye <f>TJ<ro-
TO.VT elvai iravra TaXXa Tou "OXov re /cat 'Ej>os,
avTo Se e/cetvo d/xa r^ reXevr^ yeyo^eVat e^ re /cat
oXoi>. ^r^croftev yd/). reXevn) Se ot/Ltat ye
ytyi/erar TOVTOJ 8* d/ta To *Ei> ire'^v/ce yi
OKTT etTre/) di/ay/oy avro To ^E^ /a^ vra/od <$>vcrw d
ytyvecr^at, d/xa TT? TeXevrfj av yeyow? vcrTaTov di/
TWJ/ "AXXwi/ vre^vKos etT? ytyvecr#ai. ^>atVeTat.
vewrepov apa Taiv *AXXcov To "Ev eo~Tt, Td S' *AXXa
Tov 'Evo? TrpecrfivTepa. OVTOJS av /aot ^atVeTat.
Tt Se 817; apxty T) dXXo pepos OTLOVV Tov 'Evo? T;
dXXov OTOVOVV, edvvep /xe'/aos ij dXXd /AT) /AC'/OTT, ov/c
dvay/catot' eV elvat, /xe'pos ye ov; dmy/CTT. OVKOVV
To *Ef d/xa Te TW ir/awTW ytyvo/xeVw yiyvoir av /cat e
d/xa TO> SevTepw, /cat ovSe^o? avroXetTreTat TOJ^ dXX<oi>
yty^o/xeVa>i^, o Tt Trep di> TrpocrytyvT^Tat OTWOVJ/, ews
dv 7T/)6s TO earyarov SteX^ov oXov IV yeV^Tat, ovVe
/aeVov ovre TrpwTov OVT ecr^aTov OVT dXXov ovSe^os
a.Tro\eL<f>0v eV TT} ye^e'cret. 0X17^. TTOLCTIV apa
m^*i\\ x > N f \' v rn N V TI *
Tots AXXot? TT)I/ avrrjv T)Xt/ctav to-^et To Ev. CUCTT
et /XT) xrapd (f>vo~iv 7T<f>vKev avTo To ^Ev, ovVe 77/30-
repov ov0' vcrrepov Taiv "AXXcuz/ yeyows di/ eoy, dXX'
d/xa. /cat /caTa TOVTOV TOV \6yov To *E^ Tai^ *AXXwi/ 154
IIAPMENIAH2. 43
ovre irpecrfivrepov ovre veatrepov av elr), ovSe TaXXa
Tov 'Evog* Kara Se rov rrpocrOev rrpecrfivrepov re
/cat veatrepov, /cat Td'XXa e/cetvov a>cravTa>s. rrdvv
fjiev ovv. ecrrt />iev ST) OVT&JS e)(ov re /cal yeyo^o?.
dXXa rt av Tre^ot rov yty^ecr^at avro Trpecrfivrepov
re /cat vecorepov Ttav *A\Xa)v /cat TaXXa Tou 'Ei'o?,
/cat jLtTyre veatrepov fJLrjre TTpea-fivrepov yiyvearOai ;
cipa axnrep Trepl TOV elvai, ovra> /cat Trepl rov yiyv-
b ecrQai e^et, ^ ere/owg; ov/c e^w Xeyaz>. dXX' eyaj
roo-w8e ye, ort et /cat rrt Trpecrfivrepov erepov
erepov, yiyve<r6al re avro Trpecrfivrepov ert, i} a>s
TO 7r/3wrov evBvs yev6[Jivov Sti^vey/ce r^ i^Xt/cta, ov/c
av ert Svvatro, ovS' au ro vedtrepov ov ert vewrepov
ylyveardaC dvtcrot? ya/3 tcra TrpocrriOe^eva, xpova)
re /cat aXXw orwovv, tcra> Trotet Sta^e/aetv del cxrumep
av TO Trpwrov $ Levey Ky. TTWS ya/o ov ; ou/c apa TO
c ye ov rov ovro<; yiyvoir av rrore Trpecrfivrepov ovoe
veurepov, elrrep to-a> 8ta^>e/3et del rrjv rjXutiav' dXX'
ecrTt /cal yeyove irpecrfivrepov, ro Se veurepov,
' osv >\/3^ ^m v ^n v * m ^
ytyveTat o ov. akrjtrr). /cat To Ev apa ov Twv
v AXXa>v OVTOJV ovre rrpeo~fivrep6v rrore ovre veurepov
yiyverai. ov yap ovv. opa 8e et TT^Se rrpecrfivrepa
/cal vea>repa yiyverai. rrrj 817; y To TC *Ev Taiv
"AXXwv e<f)dvr) Trpecrfivrepov /cat Ta'XXa Tov 'Evos.
Tt ovv; orav To *Ev Ta>i> v AXXwv rfpecrfivrepov y,
A TrXetoo TTOV ^povov yeyovev V) Td v AXXa. vat.
TrdXtv 8^ or/co7ref e'dv rr\eovi /cal eXdrrovi
rov icrov ^povov, apa
Stotcret TO TrXeov rov eXdrrovos r
ov/c apa ecrrai, o Tt 7re/o TO rrprov
rjv irpbs TaXXa i^Xt/cta OLa<j)epov To c/ Ev, TOVTO /cal
44 OAATONOS
ets ro eVetTa, dXXd l&ov Xa^fidvov yjpovov Tot?
"AXXots eXaTTOv det rrj 17X1*10, Stouret avTatv 17 TT/OO-
Ttpov' TI ov ; vai. OVKOVV ro ye eXarroi/ oia<f>epov
17X1*10, 7r/)os Tt ^ -rrporepov veobrepov yiyvoir av fj e
e^ ra> 7rp6(T0ev Trpos tKelva, TTyoos a T^ Trpea-ftvrepov
Trporepov ; vtwrepov. el Se e/ceti^o vewTepov, OVK
tKewa av TaXXa TT/OOS To *Ev npecrfivrepa f) irpo-
repov ; TTO.VO ye. TO /xei^ vetorepov apa yeyovos 7r/?e-
o-ftvTepov yiyverai Trpos TO Trporepov yeyovos re /cat
Trptcrfivrepov ov, ecrrt Se ouSeVore Trpeo-fivrepov, dXXa
yiyverai, det eKeuvov Trpeo-fivTepoV e/cetvo /u,ej/ yd/)
CTTI TO veatrepov CTTtStSwo-t, TO 8* eVl TO Trpeo-fivrepov.
TO 8' au Trpeo-fivrepov TOV veurepov veatrepov yt- 155
yi'eTat a)O-avT&J5. to^Te yd/3 avrolv et9 TO evavriov
TO evavTiov dXX^Xotv yiyvecrdov, TO /ot,eV vetorepov
v TOV irpeo-fivTepov, TO Se TrpecrfivTepov
TOV veatTepoV yevo~0a.i Se ou/c di^ ota> TC
el ydp yevoivTO, OVK av ert ylyvoivTo dXX'
elev d^, vvi' Se yiyvovTai fj,ev TrpecrfivTepa dX\TJ\CDv
/cat veuTepa' To /^ev ^Ei' Tai^ "AXXooi/ veatTepov
ytyveTat, OTI Trpeo~/BvTpov efyavr) ov /cat TrpoTepov
yeyovos, Td Se v AXXa Tov 'Evos Trpeo-/3vTepa, OTL b
vo~Tepa yeyove. KOLTO. Se TO^ CLVTOV Xoyov /cat TaXXa
OVTOD TTyoos To *Ev to~^et, eTretS^Tre/) avrov 7T/)e-
o-ftvTepa e<f>dvir) /cat TrpoTepa yeyovoTa. <atveTat
yd/) ovz^ OVTW5. OVKOVV y fj,ev ovoev eTepov eTepov
TTpeo~/SvTpov yiyvtTai ovSe vewTepov, Kara. TO lo~ut
dpi0fji(o d\\TJX(t>v det Sia<e/)eu', OVTC To *Ev Tai^
"AXXcoz' Trpeo-ftvTepov ylyvoLT av ovSe vea>Tepov, OVT
TaXXa Tov 'Evo?' i) Se d^XXw del /xo/)tw $t,a<f)peLv
dvdyKr) TO. npoTcpa TWV vcrTepwv yevopeva /cat Ta c
IIAPMENIAHS. 45
vcrrtpa T0)v Trporepuv, ravrrj or) avdyta] Trpeo-fivrepd
re Kal vewrepa dXXtjXwv ylyv.o~9ai Ta re *AXXa Tov
'Ez/os /cat To *Ev Taw AXXaw ; irdvv /xeV ovv. Kara
877 TrdVra ravra To d Ef avro re avrov /cat TaV
"AXXcoz' Trpeo-fivrepov Kal vearepov eVrt re /cat yiyve-
rai, KOI ovre TrpecrftvTepov ovre veatrepov ovr' tcrnv
ovre ylyverai ovre aurou ovre rtov dXXwv. vravreXai?
/ae^ ow. erreiSr) Se xpovov jaere^et To tV Ei> /cat rov
Trpeo'/BvTepov re /cat vedtrepov yiyvecrOai, ap OVK
/cat rov Trore aereetv /cat rov eVetra /cat
rov z'vV, eiTrep ^povov /^ere^et ; avdyKir). r)i> dpa
To *Ez/ /cat eo~rt /cat eo~rat /cat eyiyvero /cat ytyverat
/cat yev^o-erat. rt /x^; /cat etT; aV rt e'/ceti'w /cat
e/cetvov, /cat ^i> /cat eo~rt /cat ecrrat. Travv ye. /cat
eTno-TtJiJirj ST? 117 ai/ avrov /cat So^a /cat ato-^o-ts,
et7re/o /cat i^vV i^/xet? Trept avrov irdvra ravra TT/oar-
rofjiev. opOtos Xe'yet?. /cat oVoyaa 8^ /cat Xdyos
ecrriv avrw, /cat 6j/o/x,a^erat /cat Xeyeraf /cat oVavrep
/cat 7re/ot Ta "AXXa rail/ rotovrwv rvy^aVet wra,
/cat Trept To ""Ei; ecrriv. TravTeXus fj,ev ovv e^et
ovrcas.
ert 8^ ro rpirov Xe'yw/iev. (l) To ^Ev et ecmv (in.) ^%e
T> c. \ \ // * > > > / >/</ ^ Third Hy-
oiov oieX'qXvuapev, ap OVK avayKrj avro, ev re oi' po thesis:
/cat TToXXa /cat /xi^re ev /aTyre TroXXa /cat fJLere^ov e _ l ^ *, (rT '
vpovov, ort it^i> ecrriv ev, ovcrtas uereVetv wore, ort " (r ^s
M eT X e '
8' ov/c eo~rt, u/n Ltereyeti' av Trore ovcrta?; avdyKrt. (!} the One
^ admits of
ap ovv ore aereVet, oto^ re eVrat rore UTI aereVetv, contrary
* * N / " / , ^/ , C" predicates
77 ore /u/rj /xere^et, /aere^etz/; ov^( otoz/ re. ez/ aXXw ly means
, , ^ > \\ > '
a/aa XP ^ / A6Te X et /cat ei/ a-XXw ov /xere^et ovrw
^ * '/ ft. / > / Pointofln-
yap av fjiovoj<s rov avrov /aere^ot re /cat ov jaere^ot. difference,
156 op6<t)<s. OVKOVV eo~rt /cat ovro? \povos ore
4G nAATONOS
fidvei TOV cu/at /cat ore aTraXXaTTCTat avrov; 17 TTO>S
ofoV re carat Tore /u,e> e^etv TO avTO, rare Se /u,i)
Xiv, edv ^r\ Trore /cat Xanfiavr) avTO /cat d<f>ir) ;
ovSa/xa)?. ro ST) ovcrtas (jLTa\afjL/3dveiv ap ov
ylyvecrOai /caXet?; eywye. ro Se aTraXXarrecr^at
ovcrtas a/)' OVK a,7rdXXvo-^at ; /cat TraVv ye. To ^Ei*
817, a>s eot/ce, Xapftdvov re /cat cu^teV ova-Lav ylyve-
(2) i rat re /cat dirdXXvrat. az/ay/o;. (2) eV Se /cat
xxxv v / ^\\' ^''l.
TroXXa ov, /cat yiyvopzvQV /cat aTroXXv^ievov, a/> ov^, b
neither con- v v , v N v V '\\
orav /Ltev yiyvqran ev, ro TroXXa etvat aTroAAvrat,
orav Se TroXXa, ro ev eTvat (XTrdXXvrat; Travv ye.
cv Se ytyvd/Aevov /cat TroXXa ayo' ou/c dvay/oy Sta-
Kpive(T0ai re /cat avyKpivecrdai ; 7ro\\rf ye. /cat
/ut^v dvofjiOLOV ye /cat o/xotov orai> ytyv^rat, Ojaotou-
cr^at re /cat dvoftotovcr^at ; vat. /cat orav />tet^ov /cat
eXarrov /cat tcrov, av^dve(r6aL re /cat fyOiveiv /cat
to~ovo~#at; ovra>5. orav Se /ctvov/xevoV re tcrr^rat c
/cat orav ecrro? CTTI ro /ctvetcr^at /leraySaXX^, Set
817 TTOV avrd ye jw-^S* ev evt yjpovcp etvat. TTW? 8>y;
eo~rd? re irporepov vcrrepov /ctveto~^at /cat Trporepov
vcrrepov ecrrdvai, dvev pev TOV /otera-
ov^ oldv re eo~rat ravra Trdcr^eiv. TTWS yct/o ;
Se ye ovSet? eo~rtv, ev w rt ofoV re a/xa
ai ^77$' ecrrdvat. ov yap ovv. dXX' ovSe
/aeraySdXXet dvev rov jaeraySdXXetv. ov/c et/cd?. Trdr'
ovv /xera^SdXXet ; ovre yd/3 eo~ros av ovre /ctvov/xevov d
/xeraySdXXot, ovV ev xpova) ov. ov yap ovv. ap
OVV O~TL TO drOTTOV TOVTO, CV W TOT* Ctl> etT/, OT
; TO irolov 817; ro cai(f)V'r)<s> ro yap
rotdvSe Tt eot/ce o")7/xatvtv, a>? e^ e/cetvov
et? eKarepov. ov yap e/c ye TOV kcndvai
IIAPMENIAHS. 47
eorwros ert /AeraySctXXet, ovS' e/c TT]? Kwrjcrea)*; KLVOV-
fjievr)<s en //,eTa/?aXXet' dXX' 17 e^at^i^? avri? <f>vo~is
aTOTros Tts eyKdOrjrcu, /xera^v TT^S Kwrjo-ea><s re /cat
c crracreoo?, eV ~^p6va> ovSevt ovcra, /cat ets ravrrjv or)
/cat e/c ravrrj^ TO re KLvovpevov jaeTa/3aXXet eVt TO
eo~TaVai /cat TO eo"TO? em TO KLveladaL. K
/cat To *Ev 817, et7re/o ecrT^/ce TC /cat /ctvetrat,
av
repa TTote? /LteTaySaXXov 8' e^
/cat OTe jaTay8aXXet, ez/ ov8e^t yjpova) av eiirj, ovSe
Kivoir av rore, ouS' az/ o-TatTy. ou ya/3. a/3* ouv
ovro> /cat TTyoo? TO,? aXXa? jaeTa^SoXa? cj(t, oTav e/c
157 TOV ett'at ets TO a7roXXvo~^at //-eTaySaXX^ ^ e/c TOV ja^
eti/at et? TO yiyvecrOai, jjLTav TWMV TOTE
/ctvifcrewz/ TC /cat crTacrewi/, /cat OUTC eo~Tt TOTC
ov/c eo"Tt, ovre yiyverai ovre aTroXXvTat ; eot/ce yovv.
/caTa 8^ TOI> avrov \6yov KCU e^ ez^os eVt TroXXa to^
/cat e/c TroXXwi/ e^>' e^ oure eV eo~Ttv ovTe TroXXct, cure
ovre crvy/c^otveTat. /cat e^ 6/xotou e?rt
/cat e^ avofjioiov e?rt O(JLOIOV lov ovre
ovre avofjioiov, ovre o^oiov^evov ovre
b /cat e'/c o-piKpov enl p.eya /cat evrt to~ov /cat et? TO,
evavria lov ovre o~fjuKpov ovre //,e / ya ovre tcrov, ovre
avav6fJLevov ovre fyOLvov ovre lo~ov^evov eir) av.
>* CJ\\ /)/ /f* /
ov/c eot/ce. ravra or) ra vra^/xaTa TravT ai^ Tracr^ot
m v *TI > v ^ OJ v
To Ei/, et earnv. TTWS o ov;
Tt Se Tot? ^AXXots 7rpoo"nKOL av Tracrvetz/, *Ev et (IV.) The
n\\> VourthHy-
eo-nv, apa ov o-KeTrreov ; crKeTrreov. (I) Xeycu/uev potkesis:
S / > * rp n \ m T7 v / v a ' the e ff ect
or), ev et eo~Tt, TaXXa Tov Ei/os Tt yjpr\ TreTrovuevai ; the exist-
x / > / vxx ^ ^ , , once of the
\ey(t)[jLv. OVKOVV eirenrep aA.Aa 1 ov Ez/o? eo~rw, One
v m> v-r\ ' m"\\ > v **\\m^ T-I N
ovre lo KJV eo~ri iaA.A.a' ov ya/D av aXXa Tov Evo? they
48 OAATONOS
admit eon- yv. 6pO<t)<s. (2) ovSe p,r)v <TTepTa.l ye TTa.VTa.ira.cri c
dicates. Tov 'Evo? TctXXtt, ciXXd /x,ere^et Tny. irrj 877; (3)ort
(1) It the ^ v y . . m " C T1 * / * *\ \ '
One exist, Tfov Ta AXXa Tov Evos fjiopia expvTO, aXXa COTU>
will not be ct yap fjiopia. JUT) \OL, Trai/TeXcu? ai> IV en?. op0a><;.
one ; but / j \ / s / / / / >\**
(2) T\AO (4:J/xo/)ta oe ye, <pa/Aev, TOVTOU eorti/ o a*>
cannot bei \ / >\\ x ^ / "\ *>
altogether <pO-/AeV 'yap. ttXXtt /A7)v TO ye OKOV V K
uncon- / T T-V / v/ <y
nectedwith ^Va,ytCf] f.lVO.1, OV COTOU /LtO/attt Ttt /AO/Ottt. KO.CTTOV
the One. N ^ ' > xx^ ' N* >\\ N
but 013 TaJZ/ jt o ot<UI/ v TToAAwv ,oiov 1 ctvat, aAAa
(3\ will *\ v \\'> >r
bear to it OAO ^' 7 '' w ? TOUTO ; Ct Tt TTOAAWV [AOpLOV ir), V OtS
thp rplatinn >\ve C 1 ' ' * v
of Frac- aVTO 6t7 7' eavrou T "^ 7rov f to / )toz/ CCTTat, O CCTTtV
a -^V vaLrov > K U Twi/ "AXXow Si) CZ/O9 e/CttCTTOV,
TOVTOV
and in the f^j, V AXX(U^ eCTTCU, /Cttt OVTW? CVOS e/CttCTTOV OV/C eCTTttt,
same way
(4) each popiov, ^ ov Se jjioptov e/cacrTov ouSevo? TOJV
J ;i I't IS
related to 7roXX(j/ eCTTttt. UTlSeWS Se OV TTOLVTUV TOVTOJV TL
Unity as r
the Parts etz/ttt, O)V OvSeVO5 OvSeV eO~Tt, Kttl fJLOpLOV KOI CtXXo
<^>O/ T I' / ^/ >
whole are oTiovv aovvaTov eivat. <paiVTai ye or), ov/c ayoa
related to ^ , v , ,
Unity; T01V TToXXwV OUOe 7Ta.VTO)V TO jJiOpiOV ^OplOV, ttXXtt
and, there- N ,_ , % , , A ^
fore, /i 10,5 rtvos toeas /cat evo? TWOS, o /caXov/xev oXov, e
e* oiTrdvTCDV ev r^Xciov yeyovds, TOVTOV popiov a.v
TO fjiopiov LTJ. Tfo.vTa,Tra,(Ti fjiev ovv. el apa TaXXa
T /cai/09 fJ.eTe^OL. irvv
ye. IV dpa oXov TeXtiov p.6pia \ov avdyK-q etvat
(5) as TciXXa Tov 'Evos. avdyKT). (5) /cat /XT}*/ /cal Trepl
both in the TOV UOOtOV ye KO.(TTOV 6 ttVTO? XoyOS. Kttl yap
Whole and ^,,' , ^ x , \ ,
in the Parts TovVo dvayKT) ucTevew Tov Evo?. et yap cKacrTov
cannot be } ^ ft * -y**/
Unity, CLVTtoV fJiOpiOV (7TL, TO ye eKCLCTTOV tLVO.1 V OTJ 7TOV 158
when con- (TT) fJLa,LVl, d(j)O)pLCrfJiVOV fJ.V Ta>V "A\\(t)V, KO.6' ttVTO
alone, can Se OV, CtTTep KCLO~TOV CO~Tat. 6p6a)<5. fJ.T^OL O ye
only have ^m^e^v^^v v v x \**v > \ *
the relation a.v lov .bvo? o~qkov OTL aAAo ov 7^ ev ov yap av
definite {J.TL)(V, dXX' ^I/ ttV aVTO CV VVV O VL fJiV
riAPMENIAHS. 49
nv avroj TOJ 'Eta OLOVVOLTQV TTOV. aSvVaroz'. juere'- Quantity
*"/ *> </ \ ^ / toanindex,
e Tov 'Ez'os dvdyKr) TO) re oXa> KOLL rw p-opua). therefore
TO ^kv yap ev oXov eo~rat, ov /aopta ra /xopta' ro
8' av e/cacrroz> ez/ popiov rov oXov, ov av r? popiov
b oXov. ovrws. (6) OVKOVV erepa oz/ra Tou 'Ews (6)
r v , v W1
ra aereYO^ra avrov ; TT&is 8' ov ; ra 8' erepa when taken
T - <T7 V \\ ' * * ' * 'd' '/J
Tov EWS TToXXa TTOV av ar). L yap p,r)u ev ^rfu Unity, m-
cv x / m*\\ rr - TT, y >S^* " definite;
ez/os TrAetco et>y laAAa lov E^o, ovoev av eir). ov and when
9 >^S' V ' ' J ' T
yap ovi/. evret oe ye TrAetw ez/os eo~rt ra re low conjunc-
r. ^ ' ^ rr. ^ Ti " Ti ^ "\ ' > ti0n Witt
Ez/o? /xoptov /cat Ta Tou Evos oAov /u.ere^ot'ra, ov/c Unity,
,, \//l 3 ' T >' * "> definite ;
aray/a? 170^ TrXtjuei airetpa et^at avra ye e/cetva and, therc-
ra fjLeTaXafjLfidvovTa Tov 'Ei/os ; TTWS ; a>Se tStojuez/.
aXXo rt ov^ ev 6Vra ovSe /Aere'^ovra rov evos rare,
c ore /xeraAa/xySaVei avrou, /xeraAaya/JdVet ; S^Xa 817.
OVKOW TrXrfOr) OVTOL, ev ot? To *E*> ov/c et't; TrXrfOr)
/LteVrot. rt ovz/ ; et e'^e'XotjLtez/ rij Stavota raiv rotov-
cueXeu> a>? ofot re' eo~^tev o rt oXtytcrrov,
/cat ro d(f>aipe0i> e/cetz/o, etTrep Tou '
/cat
OVKOVV ovT(je del cr/co7rowrt avrrjv KaO* avrrjv
ir4pav (frvarw rov etSov?, oo-oz^ av avrrjs aet opai/xez/,
eo~rat TrXi^et ; 7raz^ra7rao~t /aev ovv. /cat
TTiodv ye ez-' e/cacrrov /aoptov /aoptoz^ yeV^rat,
Tre'pa? 17817 e)(et Trpos aXX^Xa /cat Trpos ro oXoz/, /cat
ro oXov Trpos ra /xopta. /co/xtSr; /aev ovv. Tot?
"AXXots Sr) ToG 'Evos ^v/>t/8atvet e/c /xez> Toi) 'Ew?
/cat e^- eavTcoz' KOLvajvr)O~dvT(^v, as eot/cez^, erepoi' rt
yiyz/eo~#at ez/ eavrots, 6 ST) Tre'pa? TrapeV^e Trpo?
aXX^Xa' 17 8' eavroiv covert? /ca^' eavra aTretpta^.
(f>aivTai. ovro) or) Ta v AXXa Tov 'Ez^os /cat oXa /cat
/cara /xopta aTreipa re' eVrt /cat Tre'paro?
E
50 OAATONO2
(7) TtfAAo Tfdvv ye. ( 7) OVKOVV Kal o/iotd re /cat dvofMoia e
will admit . . - , T ,
of the aXXrjXots re /cat eavrots ; rty] or) ; 17 fjitv TTOV arreipa
opposite , v N , , , , v
predicates (771 KOTO, TT^V aVT(DV <f>VO~LV TTaVTa, TaVTOV TT7TOV-
ofSimi- /)/ * * / / N \ *
larity and C/OTtt a^ 177 TaVTYJ. TfaVV ye. /Cttt /A^V $ y aiTaVTCL
Dissimi- / , \/ />*v >\
larity, and TTe/XITO? /U,ereXt, Kttt TCLVTrj TTaVT OLV ir) TO.VTOV
of the other /]/ ^>v*5/ /
modes of TTfTTOvtfoTa. 7TODS O OU / T) O y 7r7Tpa(7/X^a T
above enu- e ^C t *' ^Ctl OLTTetpa TTCTrovtV, vaVTia
merated. * ^'/3 '/3 ' \5> 'irr
oi^ra ravra ra Trac/^ TTCTrovutv. vai. ra o evavna \59
ye a>s ofd^ re avo^oiorara. ri prjv ; Kara ^kv apa
\ //) v *v/
TO 7raC/os o/xoia ai/ 117 avra re avrots
, Kara 8' d/A^dre/oa d/x^ore/ows e
re /cat d^o/AOtdrara. Kti'Swevet. ovrw S^ Ta v AXXa
avrct re avrot? /cat dXXi^Xots o/xotd re /cat avofjioia
av eir). ovra)?. /cat raurd ST) /cat ere/oa dXX^Xa)^,
/cat Kivovfitva /cat efrraira, /cat Trdvra ra evavrla
irdOr) ov/cert ^aXeTrai? evpijo~ofjiv rrerrovBora Ta'XXa
Tov 'Evd?, eVetTre/3 /cat raura <f>dvr) rrerrovOora. b
Xeyet?.
O r .) 2% OVKOVV ravra u.ev -nS-n eai/xev a>s dtavepd,
.F(/<A Ify- ^ / T v
pothesis : o~KOTra>jJLv Se Trd\iv, ev et ecrTtv, apa /cat
iffTt.- ^ evet Td *AXXa Tov 'Ei/os 17 ovrw iiovov ; Trdvv
e/ectofthe * ,>,;.. v , ,,
existence of ovv. Xeyw/xei/ or) e apxys, tv et ecrrt, rt ^T) Ta
x&\\a *AXXa Tov Ei>os TreirovOevai. Xe'yw/xei' yct/3. (1)5/3*
farther T , N N x rt m^^AXX N O^
considered, OVV OV X 00 / 315 / txI/ ^ ^ V ****' AXX(U^, ytopis O
T&\\a TaXXa Tou 'Ez/6? etvat; rt 817; ort TTOV OVAC ecrrt
owe their N </ <N*\\ \v m c-n ' *\ \
contrary Tfapa TOVTa TpOV, O aXXo fJLV O~TI, Tov Et'O?, ttXXo
and all S > T'' <V \\ ' v * /i " m '
other pre- O Twt' AXXwj/. Tfavra yap ei/orjrat, orai/ ^6/17 To c
dicates to .-, v -i^ "\ \ / ' * vv
T}> "Er. T * Kat lo-AAa. Trai'ra yap. OVK apa er ecrrtz^
(i) If erepov TOVTUV, iv cS To re *Ev av etr? ra> avrta,
T4AA.be x r v , x ' ,,, v , ,' , , \
distinct /cat iaAAa. ov yap. ouOeTTore a/3a et' ravTO) ecrrt
from the N rt >m\\ >v
One, and if To Ei> /cat TaXXa. ov/c eot/ceiA
IIAPMENIAH2. 51
(2) ovoe jA7)v fjiopid ye e\^eiv <a/xeV To a5 dXr)0(i>s the One
* / * > *\ v * ^N * , ,_ ~
/. mo? yap ; ovr apa o\ov eirj av To EV ev Tot?
VA\\ v / , - , , ~~ haustive
AAAO19 OVre fJLOpia aVTOV, Ct \(pl<S T O"Tt loJV division,
v x , \ * / <> \ * there can
AXXtov /cat fjiopua. /U,T) e^ei. TTCU? ya/o ; ovoevi apa be no mid-
, , * v . . , , v dletermbe-
1 rpOTTO) /aerexot ai/ TaAAa Tou Ei/os, /ot^re /cara tweenthe
>/ vvx / , two, there -
TI avrov /ATjre /cara oAov /aere^oi'Ta. ov/c fore,
j^^v ^ m v \ \ '' >>* 3 (2) TiAAa
'. ovoafjiy apa ev TaAAa ecrrtv, ovo e)(et ev can in no
* & >> > ^ T >S>* \\' way admit
eavrots ev ovoev. ov yap ovv. ovo apa TroAAa the One,
> m v \\ * V^T'/ >>> / either frac-
eo-ri TaAAa. ev yap av yv eKacrrov avrotv ^opiov
TOV o\ov, el TroXXa jjv vvv Se ov(9' b otre TroXXa
ou^' oXov ovre /adpta eVrt TaXXa Tou 'Evo?, eTretS^)
avrou ovoafjiy /xere^et. opOtoS. (3)ouS' apa 8^0
ovSe rota ovre avra ecrrt Ta "AXXa ovre eveo~nv modeoftl10
One, and,
e ev avrol<s, eiirep Tot) 'Evb<s iravra^rf crreperai. ovrws. therefore,
/jXsONV X \/ f >/ m^rp
( 4 ) ovoe ouota apa /cat avouoia ovre avra eo~ri LCD lwo > or
'
\ ,^/
'E^t TaXXa, ovre eveo~nv ev avrot? 6/xotor77? /cat number,
, x , > , / , r * ea ^
avofJLOiOTrjs. et yap o/x,ota /cat avouoia avra ecr; ^ whic
, . - e v , / , repe
e^ot ev eaurots ofjLOLorrjra /cat avo/aotor^ra, ouo TTOV of U
O > / >\\/\ * * ' "mV^VV and >
1017 evavrta aAAi^Aot? e^ot av ev eavrots Ta AXXa fore,
m n ' A ' TO/ >?' 5 1 H0 Of
lov &VOS. (paiverai. rjv oe ye aovvarov OVOLV similarity
/ * o\ / >o/ or Dis-
nvoiv /xere^etv a ^170 evo? /nerexot. aovvarov. similarity,
vv v v>/ /> j / or any
oi^r apa o/x,ota 01^- avopoia eo~nv ovr a/x0orepa other mode
rr\*\\ * x \v *>/ e\* <^of Qualitv
160 TaXAa. o/otota pev yap ovr a 77 ai/o/xota ei/o? av rov ^atsover
* ' * ' j ' o\v S ^ ^ if the One
erepov etoov? /xerexot, apyorepa oe ovra OVOLV roiv {jYcom-
evavrioiv' ravra oe aovvara e^dvrf. aXrjOr}. ovo 3 ^f
dpa Ta avra ov8' erepa, ovSe /ct^ovueva ovSe The conclu-
sion of the
eo~ra)ra, ovoe yiyvoueva ovSe aTroXXvueva, ovSe /' - ^*<
v hypotheses
ueita) ovoe eXarrou ovSe to"a' ovoe aXXo ovoev TTC- **' ^*^ /
the One
rfovue rwv roiovrojv. el yap rt rotovroi' TreTrovuevaL exist, the
rr ^ " A \ \ " ^ S - > - One mmt
virofjievei 1 a AAAa, /cat e^o? /cat ovotv /cat rpiw /cat c*i*< a* w
x,/ /)/>- T >^'S' actual in-
Treptrrov /cat aprtov /xec/eget, wi> avrots aovvarov dividual
E 2
52 OAATONO2
existences, <j>dvir) /xeTe'^etV, Tou 'El/O? ye TTQ.VTT] TTaJTOoS b
a '"* <Ae / > x a , v *\ A * v
One, being Q-TepO/XeVOtS. a\r)U<7TaTa. OVTO) OT) fV 1 COTl,
so far phi- , , , v > , s , , N N
ralizcd, TTaVTO. T OTl To El> /Cat OVOei/ COTl /Cat 7T/3O5
cao* be t v x N rn * * A \ \ ' \~ *
one; and tOLVTO /cat TTpO? Ttt AXAa QJ(TaiTCU9. TTaVT\(t)<S /MCI/
proposi- OW.
(ions hold. ? ^ \ ^ * \* m> *T- '
withregard *W O 617 /Otr; eCTTt To Ev, Tt
to the One T / \ ///
when con- a P ov VKeTTTZOV /XTtt TCLVTa ; <TK1TTeOV JO.p. Tt?
sideredhoth T* et//j > \* T/
17 VTTOt/ecrts, et ev /AT) ecrrti' ; a/aa rt
et /u,^ ez/ ^ ZCTTLV ; Sta^epet
rpJ/ittMi tn ^ I / ' * \^ / >\s
TSA\o(7/v- ta r e / :)et p-ovov, rj /cat Traz/ TOVVCLVTLOV earns tv
>^^v ><N* "
(7 " Tt ' TOV t ev 117 ) CTTU/ / TTtt^ TOVVO.V- c
2 and 3}
' ' * ecrrtv
positions S/XI/C/30T175 /XT) <TTiV TJ Ti CtXXo TO>V TOLOVTWV,
4^,' e/cacrrov ai/ 817X01, ort erepov n Xeyoi TO /XT) oi/ ;
COM- Trafv ye. ov/covi> /cat j'Oi' 817X01, ort erzpov
tiiclered both '
TO UT1 OV, OTCLV t7TT7 eV Ct UTT eOTt, /Cat
e- (,CTU.V O eVCt / L(TU,eV. TTpUtTOV }Jil> ana JVOMTTOV
sis*) ,and v
also when Tl AeyCt, CTTCtTa tTtpOV TO)V a\\(i)V, OTCW LTTfl V,
considered v \T j^ /l^* \\T >o\
apart from tT TO Ct^ttl ttUTOJ 7T/3OO~^et5 tT TO /AT) et^af OUOCV
<//c 0;w x r / ' ^ \ > ^ *
(Hypothe- yap r)TTov yiyvwcTKeron, n TO Xeyo/xevov /XT) eu/ai, d
*** t/ )- v^^'j ^ *\ \ *>/
/cat oTt OLd(popov TCOV a\\o)v. T) ou; ava
(B.) The aiSe a/Da Xe/CTeoi' e dpxjjs, ev et /XT) ecrrt, Tt
negative T , . ^ * /
arsu- et^at. (1J7T/3WTOV /XCV OVV O.VTO) TOVTO V
ment. The c,~ t v T >^> / * o\w
meaning of OCt, GJ? eot/CCV, Ctfttt ttUTOV eTTlCTTT^/XTyi/, T) /A Tide O
Negation : ,., '/)" A>X
Negation Tt XeyeTat ytyvwcr/ceo-pat, OTai> Tts etTTT^ ev et /XT)
implies > \ /) ^ /o\> ~ ^rr< v A\\ > *
knowledge eo~Ttv. a\r)ur). ( 2) ovKovv /cat la AAAa CTe/3 avrov
and differ- -j> * cj\>* v m*\\ \ ' a
ence. cu/cu, T) /xT^oe e/cetvo cTepov Tcov AAAwi/ Aeyeo-c/at;
(VI.) 7%e Tra^v ye. /cat eVepotOTTj? apa eo*Ttv avra) Trpo? T>J
, v v
ou yap TT)I/
far. = ci Xe'yet, orav To *Ev ircpov Tcui/ *AXXav Xe'yTy, dXXa e
tffri n*i rrjv Kwov. <^au'Tat. (3) /cat /XT)^ TOV ye
IIAPMENIAH2. 53
/cat TOV TIVOS /cat TovTov /cat rovra> /cat TOVTMV /cat tfv, / <A
/ ~ , , ^ \ + , > Oneisnon-
TTaVTOtiV TCOV TOLOVT(DV JJLT6)(L TO /AT) OV V. OV yap existent
* rpV A-,-, J\ / > > * mi^\ V >C.jM^ V T&
av lo &v eAeyero ovo ai> iov E^os erepa, ovo */ /^ t>v
v -y > oj > / o v >\ , s admits of
av rt T)V ovo e/cetvov, ovo av rt eAeyero, et ^ cow .
^\^ / v , , , trary pre-
TOV rtvos avra> fj.eTrjv {JLrjTC T(ov a\ka>v TOVTMV. dicates,
t> \ ^vm^ 'T-I \ > T / v Production
OT) lw Ei't ov^ otov re,
nor
\v / o y \ \ ^ >^^ \' >\\^ struction,
161 ye f^rj eorTL, /xere^etv oe TTOAAW^ ovoev /cwAvet, aAAa and is sub-
N > / V rn / A-n > \ \ y\ \ /SC^
/cat avayKTf, enrep To ye Ev e/cetvo /cat /AT) aAAo V^^
^ v ' ' ' rr\^ *-*-* / s > ^ \ Production
pr) ecrTLV. et /xe^rot /a^re To Ez^ ^r e/cetvo /X,T)
co-rat, dXXa vrept aXXou rov 6 Xoyos, ovSe <f>0y-
yecr^at Set ovSeV* et Se To *Ev e/cetvo /cat /XT) aXXo
e ' V 1 ? N * *" / \ *\ \
VTro/cetrat UTI et^at, /cat rov e/cet^ov /cat aAAcuv
' ' ledge, and
7roXXoJi> avdyKin avTcH /Aeret^at. /cat irdvv ye. ( 2 ^ Diffe -
' ' rence, and,
(4) /cat 'Avo/xotorTis a/o' <=CTTLV avrw vrpos ra aXXa. therefore,
Ta yap "AXXa, Tou 'Evo? erepa o^ra, erepota /cat existent
/ \>e ^
etTi aV. iP'at. ra o* erepota ov/c aXXota; 770)9 S' be distin-
> / > /^ guished
b ov; ra o' aXXota ov/c d^o/xota; avopoia fjiev ovv.
) y rp v > / / 5 S ~ x c, ,
OVKOVV et?rep TOJ Evt a^o/xota ecrrt, or]\ov ort everything
avofjLOiat ra ye avofJLOia dvofjioua av elrj. S^Xo^. (3)thenon-
^S^^ t * vrr^'i^^' ' ^ Arr.^ existent
eti7 OT) av /cat Tw Evt a^o/xotorTT?, Trpo? T}I/ Ta One admits
v.\\ s/ s^s / v >S'V5'\m^
AAAa avo^oia avra> eo~rtv. eot/ce^. et oe OT) Iwz/ various
v. xx / y JI->TJ >/ relations
AA.\o)v avofjLOLOTr)<s O~TLV aurw, ap ov/c avayKr) (4) of Dis-
e / >'?' <> evs similarity
eavrou o/xotorT^ra avrw etvat ; TTGJS ; et ez/os az^o- to TaA\a,
/ vm^c-n/sv \ / everything
//-otorTTs eo~rt TOJ Evt, ov/c av TTOV Trept rou rotovrov else/and
\ / v </ m ,-, / > o> * e e //) y therefore
o Aoyo? etT; otov Tou Evos, ovo av 77 VTroc^ecrts etTi O f gi m i.
\t/ >\\^ ^ v \\ * * / / > laritv with
Trept et'os, aAAa Trept aAAou T) e^o?. Travv ye. ov it se if :
Set Se ye. ov S^ra. Set ap' 6/x.otorTrra Tw '
avroO eavrw etvat. Set. (5) /cat /AT)V ovS' av to~o^ (5) O f
jv^vx^ \vv v * y Equalitv,
eo~rt rots aAAots. et yap CITI. to-o^, etT; re av r)brj Excess
and De-
/cat ofJiOiov av etT; aurots /cara n)^ to-orTira' ravra f ect .
S' d/x(^orepa dSwara, etTrep /AT) eo~Tiv tv. dSwara.
54 nAATONOS
>C^ ' V rr\ *> * i \ \ * t * y
T) oe OVK eo~TL Tots AXXots LCTOV, ap OVK
dvdyKT) Kal rdXX* e/cetV&> /XT) Icra elvai ; d^dy/or.
TO. Se /AT) Lcra OVK dvLO~a ; vat. ra Se dvto-a ov
Ta> 'Avtcra) dvtcra/ TTQ>S S' ov; /cat 'Avto-QTTiTOS ST)
To "Ev, TT/OOS ^v TaXX' avrw ecnlv aVicra; d
dXXa /LteVrot 'Ai/tcror^ros y* eo~Tt Meye^os
re KCU 'SfJUKpoTrjS. eo~rt yct/3. eo-rtv cfyxx, /cat
Meye^ds re /cat SfLi/c/jdr^s rw TOIOVTOJ ei/t; /ctvSv-
vevet. Meye^o? ftT7^ /cat S/xt/c/adr^s (let a^e&TaTov
Trdvv ye. /xera^v d/aa rt avrolv det
eo~rti>.
'
17 'icroTT^ra ; ov/c, dXXd rovro. orw
eo~rt Me'ye^os /cat 2/u/c/3(m?s, ecrrt /cat '10-0717? aurw,
fjiera^v TOVTOLV ouo~a. <^atverat. To) ST) 'Ei/t /u,^ e
di^rt, a>? eot/ce, /cat 'lo-dr^ro? av /zeretTj /cat Meye-
(6)ofExis- ^ous /cat S/At/c/30T^Tos. eot/cev. (6) /cat /r)i> /cat
tcnce, and, , , ^ , v x ^ , v
therefore, Ol/Q-ta? ye OCt ttVTO fJLT^LV 7T7). TT(t)<S OTT) ; C
avro Set ourws a>s Xe'yo/xev. et yap JUT) ovrws
ov/c av d\f)0r) Xe'yotjaev T^/xets Xeyovres To *E
>C'>\/1'^ ^ **\ f * > N
et oe aX^tftj, orj\ov ort oi^ra avra
ovrws; OVTO) /xeV ow. CTretS^ Se' <f>a.fj.v
\eyeiv, dvdyKr) ypAv <f)dvai /cat oWa Xe'yetv.
eo~rtv dpa, a>s eot/ce, To *Ev ou/c dv. et 162
yap JUT) eo~Tat /x^ d^, dXXd rt TOU etvat di/^o-et 77/069
TO /x^ etvat, v8v<s ecrrat dV. TravraTracrt jaei/ ovv.
Set d/>a avro Seo~/x6v exeti' TOU ^77 el^at ro eli/at
/M^ ov, et joteXXet /oti) ewat, 6/u,ota>s axnrep TO, ov TO
/AT) ov e)(ti' /utr) elvat, iW reXe'ws au etvat 77. ourcus
yap av TO Te ov /otdXto"T 5 ap etTy /cat TO /XT) ov ov/c
av etr?, fjLT)(OVTa TO IJLCV ov ovcrtas TOV etvat dv,
/XT) ovcrtas Se TOV etvat /XT) ov, et /xe'XXet TeXe'cu? b
IIAPMENIAHS. 55
etvat, TO Se /XT) ov /XT) ovo-tas /xev TOV /XT) etvat /XT)
ov, ovcrtas Se TOV etvat /XT) ov, el /cat TO /XT) ov av
/XT) ecrrat. aX^^ecrrara. ov/covv eVetTrep rw
re ovTt row /XT) etvat /cat TO! /XT) ovTt TOV etvat /xe-
recrrt, /cat Ta> 'Evt, eVetST) ov/c eo"Tt, TOV etvat
dvdy/cT} /xerett'at et? ro /XT) etVat. d^ay/CTi. /cat
ovcrta ST) c^atVerat T&> 'Ei/t, et /XT) ecmv. <j>aiveTat,.
/cat /XT) OVO~LCL aipa, elrrep /XT) eo~TLv. TTOJS S' ou;
(7) otw re ow TO e^o^ TTCU? /XT) ex 6 "' OVTU, /XT) /xeTa- (7) of tran-
/ * t/j. -P / sition froni
/C TaVTTf)<5 TT15 e^CWS ; OU^ <- OI/ Te - ^ ai/ its essence,
v\ /^\^ /**</ Non-exis-
c a/aa TO TOLOVTOV fjLTapo\.r)v crTy/xatvet, o av OVTO> tence,toits
\\<y v OP.JV /D\^5'^ accident,
T /Cat /XT} OVTWS 6X77- 7TO>5 6 OV ; fieTapoXrj be Existence,
' */i/ / >m x *T7i and, there-
/ct^crts, T; Tt <pr)0-0fjiev ; /ctv^crt?. ov/couv lo Ev fore
ov TC /cat ov/c ov efydvT) ; vat. OVTCOS a/aa /cat o{x
ovTO)<s e\ov <^>atveTat. ebt/cev. /cat /ctvou/xevov a/oa
TO ou/c ov ev Tre(f>avTai, eireiuep /cat p.era(3oXr)v e/c
TOV etvat evrt TO /XT) etvat exov. /ctvSvveuet. dXXa
/XT)V et /XT^Sa/xov ye eo~Tt TWV OVTWV, a)? ou/c eo~Ttv,
emep /XT) eo~Ttv, ovS* av /xe#to~TatTO irodev Trot. TTOJ?
yap; ov/c a/)a T<W ye /xeTaySatvetv /ctvotT* av. ov
d yd/). ovSe /XT)V ev TO> avT<y av o~rpe<j>OLTO' TGLVTOV
yap ovSa/xov ctTrreTai. ov yap eo~Tt TO TavTdV TO
Se /XT) ov ev TO> TGJV OVTOJV dSvvaTov etvat. dSvvaTOv
yap. ov/c dpa To *Ev /XT) ov o"Tpe / <^eo"^at av SvvatTo
ev e/cetvw ev w /XT) eo~Ttv. ov yctp ovv. ovSe /XT)V
dXXotovTat TTOV To *Ev eavTov, OVTC TO ov OVTC TO
^V >\*-3>\/ V Nrri'^ e y '
/XT) ov. ov yap av T)V o Aoyos eTt ?rept Tov Evo?,
etTrep T^XXotovTO avTo eavTov, dXXd vrept dXXov Ttvo?.
op6o)<s. el Se /XT^T' dXXotovTat /XT^TC ev TavTw crrpe-
e <j>eraL /XT^TC /xeTa/3atvet, ap' av 7717 ert /ctvotTo; TTW?
yap; TO ye /XT)V aKivrjTov dvdy/cT^ 'fjcrv^iav dyetv,
56
I1AATONO2
(8) of all
the other
predicates
ofmodifi-
cation,
Motion,
and Pro-
duction in
either
direction.
(VII.) The
Seventh
Hypothe-
T\ *EV
admits of
MO relation
or predicate
whatsoever.
(i) If non-
existence
mean the
absence of
Existence,
the non-
existent
Onecannot
m any way
TO Se r)O"vxd^ov eardvat. dvdyKr). To
0>S eOlKeV, OVK OV eCTTrjKe Te KOI KLVeLTOLL.
(8) /cat urjv einep ye /aveirat, uey 01X17 dvdyKr) avrw
%*..** > v /I- v
ttXXotOVCTPat. OTfT) yap av Tl KLVrjUrj, /CttTtt TOCTOVTOV 163
, //3 , e , v T >\\* c / <x
OVKCV WCTaVTWS ^1 (U? eiyCV, aAA T/Oa)S. OITTGJS.
, sv v A v , . , x
KlVOVJJievOV O7) lo Jb^ Kttl aAAOtOVTat. VfLl. KO.I
N s~ / >?*>\\
l^f)V fjifjoafjiy ye KivovfJLevov ovoapr) av aAAototro.
/ T\* \>*<j'>\\
ov yap. y fjiev apa Kiveirai TO OVK ov ev, aAAotov-
rat* y Se fjir) Kivelrai, OVK clXXoiovrat. ov yap.
To ^Ev d/aa /x^ ov dXXotovrat re /cat ov/c dXXotovYat.
(ftaiveTai. TO 8' clXXoiov/ie^o^ ap OVK avdyKir) yiyv-
e<jdai i*ev eTepov rj npoTepov, a-TroXXvcr^at 8e e/c
r^s TrpoTepas chews' TO Se /Lt^ aXXotov/xez/ov /Ai^Te b
yiyveo-0ai /XT^TC aTroXXvcr^at ; dVdy/oy. /cat To ^Ev
d/aa /u/x) 6v ctXXotov/A/ov /xe^ yvyveraJi Te /cat a,7roX-
Xvrat, ft^ aXXoiov/Aei>oi> Se ovre yiyveTai ovre
aTroXXvTat* Kat OVTW To *Ev pr) ov yiyveTai Te
/cat aTToXXvrat, /cat vre yiyveTai ovr aTroXXvTat.
ov yap ovv.
av#ts 8r) CTTt T^V apxf)v iwfjiev Trd\iv, o^opevoi
, *-, J-. .*' x^* v
et TavTa i^jat^ (paveiTai aTrep /cat *>vi>, ^ eTepa.
dXXd XP 7 ?- ov/covt' ei' et /AT) eo~Tt, ^>a/ieV, Tt ^py) c
x , ^ j. , / / /<\ \ o\ \ v
"W 6 / 31 CtVTOV ^V^paiVeiV ; Vai. (IjTO 6e fJLT) eCTTlV
oTav \eyo){Jiev, apa [LT\ Tt dXXo o-^/xatVet ^7 ovo"ta?
> / / t**/^ A * S^N^XX
a>TTOv(Tiav TOVTO) at av (fxofjiev /XT) eivo.1 ; ovoev aXXo.
/ -yw \-y/ >-y/
TTOTCpOV OVV, OTav (pOJ^eV /Ltl) CtVttt Tt, 7TGJS OV/C W/at
(bauev avTO, irais Se elvai; ft TOVTO TO art ecrTt
\eyouevov aTT\(t><s O"niiaivei OTI ovSa/iok
^ * ^ x ' ^^
eo~Tiv ovoe in) jaeTc^et ovo~ta? TO ye /ar) o^
N ^ x
TaTa /u,> ovi'. ovTe apa eivat ovvaiTO av TO art
^ ^ , , ,
o^ ovTe aAAws ovoa/Mtu? ovcrtas aeTe^eiv. ov yap. (1
OAPMENIAH2. 57
(2) TO Se yiyveo~6ai /cat TO air6\\.vo~9ai UT? Tt dXXo partake of
Existence
17, 77 TO jjiev ovo"tas //,eTaXa/x/3aVeti', TO 8' aTToXXvVat and, there-
ovcriav ; ovSeV dXXo. ai Se ye //^SeV TOVTOV jaeYe- (2)thenxm-
v > * \ o ' 1PJ> A \ ' > ' " existent
O"TtZ>, OVT ai/ ka^paVOl OVT aTTOAAvOt aVTO. TTW? One cannot
/ m ^ 'T-I \ > o\ $ * v v/pe t partake ot
yap; loj Ei>t apa, eTreiorj ovoafjLy ecrTW, ovu eKreov any mode
vj xx / v x / >/ >o of Quality
OUTC aTraAAa/cTeov ovTe //.eTaA^TTTeo^ ouo~ta5 ovoa- i n the way
>/ v3vj/\\ \ \* v of Produc-
. et/co?. OUT a/o aTroAAvTcu TO /AT) ov e^ ovre tion, Modi-
s / ^* / / >j/ fication,
irenrep ovoa^rf /xeTe^et ovcrta?. ou <pat- jj est) O r
>5>v>\ x * *<\ vo \ * Motion,
e *>eTCU. ovo ap aAAoiovTat ovoa^r)' rjor) yap av nor
O Te /cat a,7roXXvotTo TOVTO irdor^ov. a
el Se fjir) dXXotovTat, ov/c d^ay/c^ yai^Se KiveicrOai;
avdyKrj. ovSe ja^ eo~Tavat ^rfcro^ev TO
ov. TO ycty9 ecTTos eV TO> avT&J Ttvl Set det
TW avTO)' TTw? ya^o ou ; ovTCt) ST) avTo />t^ ov
Tro6 s ecrrdvaL fji^re /aveto~#at Xe'ywjLtev. /XT)
ow. (3) dXXa jJLrjv ovo' eo~Tt ye avT&> Tt ra)v OVTW. (3) of any
'
v \ v , v , / , mode of
17077 yap av rov /xeTe^ov OZ'TOS ovcrtas /xeTe^ot. Quantity
164 S-^Xoz/. OVTC apa Me'ye^os ouTe Sjat/cpoT^g ot/Te Equality,
> T / v > / /,l^>S'^^ /-^w / Excess, or
lo~orrj<s avro) earnv. ov yap. (4Jovoe {JLTTJV O/AOtoT7^9 Defect,
nor
5. \ ,-, / y \ \v vv\\ (4) of their
ye ouoe iLTepotOTTy? OVTC Trpo? avTo ovTe Trpos aXXa results
* s _i" 'J r ' ? ' rn^xx -v/3' Similarity
a*> avfa). ov (paiveraL. n oe; TaXXa eo-c/ or Di ver .
* v >> ^\ o^'3> sitv and.
av .irf aura), et jj^rjoev avra> oet etz/at; ov/c *
OVT ap o/aota OVTC avo^oia, ovTe TavTa
ov6' erepct eaTtv avTw To, "AXXa. ou yap. (SJTt (5) there -
Sj/ \j/ *\s/ *\/*\ * tore, as a
oe; TO e/cetvov 77 TO e/cetz/<y, 77 TO Tt, 77 TO TOVTO 77 general
\ / *"\\ *v\\ * \*v * conclusion
TO TOVTOV, 77 aXXov 77 aXAw, 77 TTOT 77 eireira 77 vw, the One,
b*> / *?>//**/) *\/ *v *as non-
77 eTno-Trjfjir) 77 do^a 77 atcrtfycrts 77 Xoyo? 77 ovopa 77 existent,
v\\>v N v > * * j cannot
ttAAo OTtOW TOiV OVT(t)V TTCpt TO (JLTTj OV CO~Tat ; OV/C existinany
vo\A>*sv >ei^ possible
eorat. OVTCO OT) e^ ov/c ov ov/c e^et TTOJS ovoajar). ^ ay
OVKOVV or) eot/ce' ye ov
ert ST) Xeyw/xet', ev et /AT) eo-Tt, To. *AXXa Tt ^pr) (VIIL)r/<
58 riAATONOS
Eighth TTiTov0evcu. XcyufAev yap. (l)dXXa (JMJ v TTOV Set
Hypothe- ^ v
>: t* 1 aura ewat et yap fjurjoe aXXa eo-Tti>, ou/c av irept
= ci T& l/ Taiv AXXa>> Xe'yotTO. OUTWS. (2) et Se Trept TWJ/
^<TT ft)/- V . \ \ \ / m > * A \ \ ' *
Sv ; the AXXcuv o Xoyos, Ta ye AXXa eTepa ecrrtv. T) ou/c
effect of the , N ^ , ^ \m/ *\\ > mN n
non-exis- eTTt TO) aUTW /CttXet? To T AXXo Kttt To ETC/3OV ; C
fence of the * v ^'''i \v T
ow ey&)ye. erepov oe ye TTOU <pa/Aei> TO erepov eii/at
TS\A.o / ^ ^ *\ \ S N *\ \ * \ \ x N
everything eTe^oov, /cat, TO aAAo 017 aAAo etvat aAAov ; vat. /cat
i.e.. m * * \ \ v * x \\ Y \\ * v *
AAXots apa, et /xeXXet aXXa etvat, eo~Tt Tt oi>
avay/o;. (3) 8^ ouV av etTy; Tov
y-P CE ^? o^'f eo-Tat aXXa, /ar) OI/TO? ye. ov
P wlfibfpL- y^P- oX^^v apa eo-Tt TOVTO yap avTots ert
XetTreTat, ^ nySevos eti/at aXXot?. 6p6a>s. (4)
i) If the Tr\ij0-r) ap e/cao~Ta dXX^Xwv aXXa ecrrt. /ca^' ev
non-exis- yap ov/c av o?a TC etr?, /n OVTOS evo?' dXX' e/cacrTos,
tent, ' '
TiAAa, aS OLKV, 6 Oy/COS aVTWV aTTetOO? CCTTt TT\T/10L, KaV d
everything
else, must TO (j-jJiLKpOTaTov SoKOvv etj/at Xd/3]7 Tt5, iocriT.p ovap
rent; and eV V7rva> ^atveTat eai<j>vTr)<; avO* evo? So^avTO? etvat
(2)ifdiffe- ' N , v ', ,
rent,TiA.\a TToAAa /cat az/Tt cr/xt/cpoTaTOv Tra/x/Aeyec/e? Trpo? Ta
must be y , >/)/ ' ? v
distinct, /cep//,aTii,o/Aej/a eg- auTou. opuorara. TOLOVTMV or)
and, there- V v X \\'\ * v ^ \ \ >e\ \
fore, oyKCDv aAAa aAA^Xtw az/ etr; TaXXa, et evos /XT)
(3) distinct * V \\ J/ O^\T .>* \\^
from some- VTOS aAAa CCTTtV. KOjJLLOr) fJ.V OVV. OVKOVV TTOXXot
thing, and, * * rv // *o\
therefore, O^^ 01 eCTOI/Tttt, CtS eKaO~TO5 <paLVO{JiVOS, (OV OC OV,
(4^ distinct " <* N* v /C\>/IN^>*
et7r P ev M eaTat ; OUTCU9. (5) /cat apttfyios oe etvat G
a ^ T ^ V ^O^et, CtlTCp /Cttt |j/ KaCTTOV, TToXXwV OI/TCUV.
;,,,.,. tVo ' v\\Ci\y NC>>
One does 7ravv 7 - Kat Ta / At ' & 1 ? ap^ta, Ta oe
ou/c a\r)6<i)<s ^ati/cTat, etTrep
f?5 e ' n . eo-Tat. ou yap ouV. (6) /cat /u,^i/ /cat
is non- ye, <bau,ev, So^et eV avTOt? eVetvat* </>atVeTat Se
existent, ^ \ \ /
TS\Aa TOVTO TToXXa /cat ueyaXa Trpos Kaa"Tov Tail' 77oXXa>^
canonlyhe , , ^ ^ N y %
distin- OJ? CTfJilKpWV OVTtoV. 7TW? O OU ; /Cttt tO~O5 fJLrjV T019 lfi-5
guished , n v
TroAAots /cat o-/xt/cpot? e/cao"TO9 oy/cos
HAPMENIAH2. 59
etvat. ov yap av jAereftaLvev e/c /xetovos ets eXaTTOv masses, and
i / \>\ r* * '/ >\ /i not as
(paLvofjLcvos, irpw ets ro /.teragu oo^etv eX#etV rovro genuine
S> y * , / , , , , , N pluralities;
o et>7 av <pavTao~//,a tcror^ro?. et/cos. OVKOVV /cat and, there-
TTyOO? ttXXov OJKOV TTe'paS )((t)V, aUTO? ye TJ-pOS aVTOV (6) Number
and its
* > \ * / v / v o/
ovre apx^v ovre Trepas ovre /xeo-ov exwi' ; TTT^ 677 ; modes will
v >\></ / x'/D ^^ /</ only have
ort aei avrcov orav ns rt Aap]7 T^ oiavoia a)<s n ana ppa-
' v ' /> > v\ \ > \ i / ri?wi exis-
TOVTCOV OV, TTpO T Tr)S CtpX 1 ? 5 CtAA^ act <paweTCU tence and
b apxn> pera re TT?I> TeXevrrjv erepa vT
re rc3 Ltecrw aXXa aetratrepa rov /w,eo"ov, wil1 be tlie
' appearance
crut/cporepa 8e, Sta TO /aTQ Svva<r6ai evos OLVTWV of a
' ' r Minimum,
eKaorrov XauBdve(70aL, are OVK ovro? TOV ew?. which in
turn will
. OpvirrecrOai 077, otuat, /cep/xartto- appear a
7
TTO.V TO ov, o av Tt? \dfir) rft Stavota. con
, v v o' > * >' ^a^ 11
oy/cos yap TTOU avev evos Aa/xpavotT av. TTO.VV smaller
\ T / \ / //i \ M^us, and
/Ltev ouv. (7) OVKOVV TO ye TOLOVTOV Troppcopev jitev so on to
- \ > o\ ^ * JL ' a ' ' ' '/3 infinity 5
c opcuvTt /cat a/>tpAu ev <patvecrt7at avay/c^, eyyvc/ev hence,
o\ \ ) /-\ \ //i y A </ (8) in the
oe /cat oi> VOOVVTL TrAi^c/et aTretpov ev e/caorov absence of
j y / m^'T-i^ \y real unity,
(pavrjvai, etTrep crTepeTat lov Evo? /AT) OVTOS; Unity wili
/ N-y vo\y / \bea mere
avay/catoTaTov /xev ovv. OVTOJ or) a-Tretpa Te /cat confused
' y N* \ \\ v< ' m^xx^^ view aris-
Trepa? e^ovTa /cat ev /cat TroXAa e/cao~Ta TaXXa oet i ng f rom
i/ /j A > \y "\ \ ^^ >% ' / ^^ imperfect
<patveo~c/at, ev et /otr) eo~Ttv, aAAa oe TOU evos. oet v i s i on
/ /o\*' 1 ^ vv / \a/ o / /* filospr in-
yap. (8 j OVKOVV /cat o//,ota Te /cat avo/aota ooget
etvat; TrrJ Sry; otbv eo'/ctaypa^/Aeva a7roo~TavTt jaev
ev TravTa ^atvd/xeva TOLVTOV dxLivecrdaL TreuovBevai S!*-* W
beiore ;
d /cat ouota etvat. vravv ye. Trpoo-eX^ovTt Se x ye ne , n ^' .
N V X ( 9 ) Slmi -
TToXXa /cat erepa /cat TW TOU eTe'pov ^>avTctcr/xaTt larityand
eTepota /cat dvouota eavTot. oi/rcu. (9) /cat oaotou? larity, and
ov^ v , ; v y . V r " the , the l
or) /cat avo/xotou9 TOUS oy/cov9 avTou? TC eavTot? modes of
, / /j v >\\ '\ / * Modifica-
(paivo~uaL /cat aAAr)Aoi?. Travv jaev ovv. tion and
, xv , N v c / \\ '\ ^
OVKOVV /cat TOVS avTovs /cat eTepous aAAr^Acov, /cat will have
c / \ \ e ; \ x an appa-
/cat x w P ts eavTtov, /cat /ctvovjaevov? rent exis-
GO HAATONO2
tence only, TraVag /cwTjcrets /cat ecrrwra? TrdWTi, /cat yiyvo-
ior there is, NJ / * * t \ '
no unity to /xez/Qvs /cat aTToXXvftej'ovs /cat /ATToeTepa, /cat iravra
give them % * \ d ~ > ^ "S < ~
cohesion. 7TOV Ttt TOtttVTa, a Ol\U.W eVTTCTCS 7T.OT7 7)/XtI>, t 6
eVos fir) oWos TroXXa ecrrtv. aX^^ecrrara jae>
(IX.) 2% ert ST) aVa^ eX^oWes ird\iv eVt TT)V ap^r^v etvrw-
Ninth Hy- A >\v v\\ o\ e/ /
pothesis: p.V, V t /XT') CTTt, TttXXa O Tov EvO?, Tt
J^ v v ^ /1\* N >
?(TTi = 6t etvat. etTTto/x-ev yap ow. (Ijov/cow ez^ /A> ov/c
TbErotfy rri^xx ' '5'^ ^ \\' J
vr,ovffias ecrrat laAAa. TTW? yap; ovoe p,r)v TroXXa ye ei/
/J,fT(X fl > ^ \\ * ? >/* \V >N O\
the effect of ya/> TTOAAOt? OVCTIV 6V6Lr) aV /Cat J>. t yap ^Tf)O.V
the non- s>>\vv o/> v 9O>*
existence of CtVTWI^ (TTiV V, aTTCLVTa OVOV eCTTLV, CtXTTC OVO GLV
Unity on \ \ \ v * \ /) ^ \ / 5>\\ 'm'*
rS\Aa, TroXAa ctT;. aA^c/r;. /XT) >OZ>TOS oe evos e^ lots
Ttfx\a "AXXot?, ovre TroXXa ou^' ev e^rrt TaXXa. ov yctp.
pZnomenal v8e y <^atVTat Iv OvSe TToXXtt. Tt 817; OTl TaXXtt 166
reiult is t 9. ' Q ' \v
absolute KOLVWVIOLV C^t, OUOC Tt TO)V ^,17 OVT(i)V
^\\ / > 'C'V ^ ' >N ^ V
in the AAXaw rw ecrrt^. ovoev yap /Ltepo? etrrt rots /AT)
* ' '\/3^ >O>V ' f NV \
ovcrw. a\r)ur). ovo apa ooga rov ja^ ovros Trapa
Unity, the Tots ^AXXot? ecrTtv ovSe rt (bdvTCLcrua, ov8e So^a-
notion oi
Unity and /erat ouSauTi ovSauws TO /XT? 6f VTTO T<wi> "AXXwi/.
therefore of "
Plurality is o yap ovi'. ev apa et uw ecrnv, ovSe So^a^eTat
impossible,
and, there- rt Toiv "AXXwv Iz/ etf at ovSe TroXXa' avev yap evbs b
TroXXa 8o^acrat dSwaTov. a-SwaTOf yctp.
' \v n-i"\\ *
et /XT) ecrTt, laXAa OUTC
(2)ofSimi- ovSe TroXXa. ou/c OiKv. (2) ovS' apa o/xota ovSe
larity and , , , , , ^ x x \ t , > o> v
Dissimi- avo/xota. ov yap. ovoe fir)v Ta avTa ye ouo eTepa,
larity, and >o^< ' '2^ ' >^>*\\ "
of all other OUOC ttTTTO/xe^ a OVOC ^(Wpt9, OVO aXXtt OO~a J/ TOt?
modes of ' /3 55 '\ /J 'J' >' '
Quality iTpoffuev otT)A(7O/A' tus (paivofieva avra, TOVTODV
and Quan- y v *i' m*\\v
tity which ^" e Tt CCTTtV Ol>Te <f>aw CTttt TaAAtt, *> Cl JUT; CCTTtV.
are based \ /i \ \\'o^ >v , >
on Unity. ctATTPir. ovKovv /cat (rv\\r) por)v et etTrot/xe^, e^ et c
JU-T) ecTTiv, ouSeV eanv, opOw av etTrot/xej/;
Tracrt xei' OVZA
IIAPMENIAH2. 61
elprjcrOa) roLvvv TOVTO re /cat on, &>s eot/cev, E^ The sum of
theaffirma-
etr* cmv etre JUT) ecrnv, avio re /cat TaXXa /cattiveand
e v v v v x , , , / negative
Tr/ao? aura /cat irpos aAATyAa Tra^ra TravTws ecrrt arguments
x , v v , / / % , / is: affir -
re /cat ov/c ecrrt /cat (patverat re /cat ov (pat^erat. mativeiy,
a\T]64<TTa.Ta. One exists,
the One,
both in re-
lation to itself and in relation to T&\\a, exists in every mode of conditioned existence, and
in its opposite, and so, the One is not ttnconditioned or absolute unity, so far as it exists in
these modes : negatively, if the One does not exist, then all existence both in relation to
Unity, and in itself, is phenomenal, and this phenomenal existence, when closely scrutinized,
is entirely destitute of even phenomenal Unity, and therefore of all categories of Quantity
and Quality whatsoever. The conclusion therefore is : the Universe Ti Raj/ is neither
ev alone nor TroAAa alone, but fi>-Ka}-iro\\d.
NOTES.
NOTES,
THE piece is a monologue by Cephalus of Clazomenae.
The conversation between the philosophers is supposed
to have been originally reported by Pythodorus, a friend of
Zeno to Antiphon, half-brother of Plato, and then retailed
by Antiphon to Cephalus. Plato, by selecting Antiphon,
who is a sporting character, fond of horses (126 c), perhaps
wishes to hint that Antiphon has not tampered with the
dialogue, TIKHJTO. yap av TroAi/TTjOtryiuovoT, as he says of Aris-
totle (137 b), and thus offers it as the exposition of his
own views. He may also have wished to compliment his
half-brother Antiphon, just as he introduces Grlauco and
Adimantus in the Republic. The monologue is thus, on
the face of it, a hearsay of a hearsay. Hermann, to
get rid of some chronological difficulties, which are in-
superable, makes Grlauco and Adimantus cousins, and not
brothers, of Antiphon. But it is vain to look for the pre-
cision of modern history in an ancient imaginative com-
position. Such exactness is the result of matter-of-fact
habits, and of abundant means of verification, such as books
of reference, &c. No such habits or means existed till the
other day. A strong proof of this is the inaccuracy of
quotation, common to all ancient writers, even professed
critics.
126 a. KAaojUi'GJv.
Stallbaum points out that some people in Clazomenae,
townspeople, and perhaps followers of Anaxagoras, would
F
66 NOTES.
naturally take an interest in the discussion. The influence
of Anaxagoras on Platonic thought is evidenced by the
Phaedo. To Anaxagoras, Mind owes the recognition of
nearly all its metaphysical prerogatives. He set it in a
sphere apart, and assigned to it unique properties. Mind
alone was strictly infinite, i.e. unlimited or untrammelled
by anything else, and subsisted by its own inherent strength.
Mind was homogeneous, and was the only real existence.
Plato is fond of putting doctrines which he adopts into the
mouth of a person of the original school. Thus Timseus
expounds physics, and the Eleatic Stranger metaphysics, and
the more practical Socrates ethics.
126 C. Zrjvwv teal
Parmenides and Zeno are described by Strabo as ai^ptc
UvOayopuoi, vi. 1. Their connexion with Pythagoreaiiism is
philosophically real, as one column of the Pythagorean av-
is reducible to TO irfpag, and the other to TO airtipov.
127 b. IloAi) yap tQri tpyov tlvai.
Such a feat of memory, though here a dramatic fiction,
cf. Symp. 172 a, is rendered plausible by Niceratus's state-
ment that he could repeat the whole Iliad and Odyssey: Xen.
Conv. in. 5. Many rhapsodists could do the same : ibid. 6.
127 b. TratSiKct.
.\iytaOat ytyovtvai show that Stallbaum's charitable
explanation is untenable. There is no doubt suggested of
their present friendship : ZTJVWV oSe ov /novov rrjf aAAp aov
ov\tTcti tyKfiOjaBai aAAa KOI rtjT ovyypafjifj.aTt, 128 a.
NOTES. 67
127 e. si TroXXa tern TO. ovra.
The argument is as follows : In the order of Time or
subjectivity, the perception of difference between two things
A andB precedes the perception of their similarity ; but. in the
order of existence or objectivity, the differentia of each of the
differents depends on the individual peculiarities of each dif-
ferent. Each of the relatives thus exhibits Identity in rela-
tion to itself, and Difference in relation to the other, and so
to all other things. If we assume, then, with Zeno, for
argument's sake, TO irav -existence ra ovra to be plural,
each of ra ovra is per se opoiov ; but the aggregate is plural,
and therefore ra ovra being plural are distinct, and therefore
inter se avo/uom. Zeno accordingly agrees with Leibnitz
as to the identity of indiscernibles, thus : Indiscernibles are
identical, and therefore non-plural, since primordial things
cannot be differenced inter se without having been previously
differenced per se. The Platonist and Hegelian say Plurality
is subsumed by Unity without being destroyed by it. The
Aufhebung settles everything.
127 e. Ta avo
Stallbaum remarks : Zeno callida conclusione effecit,
non esse multa, quum hoc tantum consequatur, non posse
huic eidemque rei eadem spectatae ratione plura eaque con-
traria attribui. To a Greek, the order of Notions would be
Motion, Change, Plurality; Motion denoting not merely
physical Motion, iroOtv iroi, but the notional movement of
Metaphysics. The identity, in the Hegelian sense, of Cause
and Effect, is the notion which brings the scientific order of
Time into harmony with the order of Logic.
128 d. (v Ian.
So. rb riav. This is the Subject of the Proposition,
for which Philosophy undertakes to find the Predicate r
F 2
68 NOTES.
TO irav is fcV, said the Eleatic ; it is TroAAa, said the Ionic :
it is sv KOI rroAAa, said Plato, and to prove this is the gist of
the Parmenides.
128 d. t TroAAa ianv : so. TO flav.
The gist of Zeno's argument has been perpetually mis-
taken : Zeno does not deny Motion as a fact, but argues that
as implying change, and therefore dissimilarity, it conflicts
with the changeless uniformity of the One. In the One
there is no contrariety, while contrariety is the essence of
Motion. It may be remarked that, if Zeno's two moving
bodies be made conscious, one will have double the conscious-
ness of the other. The order of analysis is Motion implies
change, and change plurality. (See Appendix A.)
129 d. tTTTO rjfJLWV OVTWV.
This is irreconcilable with a^iKtadui TOV TE
Ttvac ^UET' avrov TTO\\OVQ, 127 c. If we leave out
Cephalus the reciter and Grlaucus, who does not speak, we
can count up seven persons, viz., Adimantus and Antiphon
in the introduction ; Pythodorus, Socrates, Zeuo, Parmenides,
and Aristotle in the discussion. 'ETTTO shows that Plato
either forgot the original plan or did not care to adhere to
it another proof of the historical unreality of the piece.
130 b.
Xwpi'c> a notion derived from physical separation : things
are properly x<"pt'c which are not aTTTojuEva, and then the word
is applied to things which, as existing under totally distinct
conditions, differ in kind. It should be recollected that
all notions which differ in any degree are metaphysically
distinct, e.g. 3 and 4 are as distinct as 3 and 4 millions.
NOTES. 69
Moderns look principally to the origin or genesis of things
and notions in determining their resemblance or difference,
and not to their characteristics when matured.
131 d. TOVTOV SE avTov.
With Hermann, I retain the Vulgate TOVTOV St UVTOV.
Heindorf's TOVTOV Se OVTO is plainly wrong. The argument
is : If any of us shall have a fragment of smallness, the real
smallness will be bigger, because it is the whole, of which the
fragment is a part.
131 e.
is a more material expression than jutr-
Both, however, express the truth, that the Sensible
element, in cognition, without the Intelligible, is inconceiv-
able. Professor Huxley invests Sensation with all the Cate-
gories, and then tells us we do not want them. Sensibles
have, in Hegel's words, Richtigkeit, and not Wahrheit.
132 a, b. The unique etSoe.
This passage gives the reason why the aSoc is unique :
In referring an object to a class we have two things in hand,
the particular instance and the genus, e.g. the particular
man, Socrates, and the genus man, i. e. the first and second
intentions. Parmenides argues, that to connect the particu-
lar with the genus there must be a third concept or notion,
and then another to comprehend the three, and so on to in-
finity. If this be so, etSoe is not unique, but aireipov.
Now, airupov denotes privation of all Trtpae, Limitation,
therefore of Form, therefore of all Cogitability. But every
thing must be either $v or airttpov, as follows: In strict
logic, the contrary of TO airtipov is TO TreTrepatr^tvoi' ; but TO
yields on analysis (1) TO irtpag ; and (2)
70 NOTES.
something which is not TO Trl/oac, and so an-etpov. What
is TO Trtpae, when out of any definite relation to TO TrETrsoao--
Htvov ? It must be quantifying power, and we must hold
that power to be not plural, but unique ; for plural equipol-
lent powers, if adverse, cancel; and if corroborative, result in
unity. To rrlpac, therefore, must be ev, and therefore To
"Ev ; for the ultimate Form must be one, and, without TO tv,
as Plato afterwards proves, ouSl Qaivtrai n. The tISog,
therefore, since it is Form, cannot be airttpov, and therefore
must be one. This is Plato's answer to the objections urged
in pars. 7 and 9, and known to Greek Logicians as 6 rpirog
avBpwirog. " We may remark," says Mr. Jowett, " that the
process which is thus described has no real existence. The
mind, after having obtained a general idea, does not really
go on to form another which includes that, and all the indi-
viduals contained under it, and another and another without
end," in. p. 237. Plato, in the Phitebus, gives the rationale
of the Universal. (See Appendix B.)
132 c. Objection to Conceptualism.
Either each thing consists of vor/^ara, i. e. acts of intelli-
gence, and therefore each thing is the being intelligent, i. e.
intelligence, or if it be an act of intelligence, it is unintelli-
gent, q. a. e. This argument is a case of the Platonic prin-
ciple ofioiov bfjLo'uy yiyvwaKtrai. It is substantially the same
as Berkeley's position that mind is mind, that therefore
nothing but mind is mind, and, as a further consequence,
that nothing but mind can have the properties of mind ; it
is therefore illogical to ascribe to that which is not mind
the properties of mind. Plato does not hold vovg to be the
ultimate existence either in the moral or in the physical
sphere. In the ethical sphere we have Tayaflor, Rep. vi.
509 b ; in the physical, ^/u^/j: TOUTW Se [_sc. vovg iiriarrifjni} ri\
iv qi TWi' OVTWV tyyiyvtaOov, ov TTOT Tig avrb aXAo tr
pt7, Tim. 36 c;
NOTES. 71
KOI vovf iivtv i//w^ijc OVK av Trore ytvoiaOriV) Phil.
30 c. M. Eibot overlooks Plato when he says, " Since Will
is the centre of ourselves and of all things, we must give
it the first rank. It is its due, though since Anaxagoras
Intelligence has usurped its place" (La Philosophic de Scho-
penhauer, p. 69, cited in H. Zimmern's Sch. p. 102). The
same doctrine is developed as to the priority of ^X^
Motive and Yital Energy in the Laws, written in the "sun-
set of life." x. 891 e, sqq.
133 c.
= Sv<rava7r(0roe, 135 a.
133 d. ovrtD and
With regard to the orthography of these words, the
insertion of c before a vowel is plausible. But we must
recollect that we can prove that ri was not elided, and that
and
134 c. Objection to the Absolute from the subjective side.
This brings out the true sense of absolute To awn-oOtrov,
Hep. vi. that which does not depend on anything else for
its essence, or outcome, or priority Xoyq in order of thought.
Of course, qua yvwarov to us, it depends on us ; but the Ab-
solute may be and is yvwrtrov to itself. With regard to us,
it is ultimum relatum ; with regard to itself, it is not re-
ferred to anything else.
135 a. Objection to the Absolute from the objective side.
This objection is urged by both Hamilton and Mill,
ovrec t\QiaToi TO TT^IV ; but it assumes that because partial
knowledge is not plenary knowledge, they therefore contra-
72 NOTES.
diet each other. How is the geography of Ireland contra-
dictory to the geography of Europe ? Plenary knowledge,
of course, will correct partial knowledge, and may put it in
quite a new light, but the facts on which the partial know-
ledge is grounded cannot be shaken by the fullest knowledge.
Aristotle objects aSvvarov X W P*C tlvai rijv ovaiav Kal ov 17
ovma. If x<o/ujc means that there is a bridgeless chasm
between the two, the objection holds not otherwise. Sense
and Intellect are essentially x w P''c> yet every act of Percep-
tion is a blending of both. That the objective sphere, or
Things-in-themselves, is unknown and unknowable to us, is
held by Kant, Herbert Spencer, and Comte. This doctrine
is favoured by the antithesis between phenomenon and reality.
As a matter of fact, the Greek word is in the present parti-
ciple, i. e. (ftatvofjitvovy and meant that ichich is in the course of
appearing, and not <}>avtv, that which did appear. In a word,
the modern means by ^atvofievov what the Greeks call fyavraa-
/ua, a kind of delusive appearance. Carneades distinguishes
the act of perception into three parts TO QavraaTov, the ob-
ject; TO QavTCKTiovfjLivov, the subject ; and fyavraaia, the act.
Now Plato's meaning is, that TO Qatvoneva, or TO yiyvofteva,
are possible, because they are produced by permanent reality
which is discernible through them. For his conception of
genesis of phenomena, see note 154 c.
137c-143a. To tv.
To ev, all through the first proposition, means pure unity
prior to all evolution. Like Hegel's Seyn, it has not been
stripped of attributes, but is prior to all attributes. It is, like
the Seyn, a postulate of completed thought.
137 d.
nipac is the limit ab infra : cf. TsXtvrri ye KOI a(
IKCKTTOV : hence, as TO tv has neither ab infra, it is airtipov.
NOTES. 73
This is taken from Melissus To St /urjrc apx^v exov jurjrc
TfAei'rrjv, aTTftpov rvy^avti tov. Fr. 2. Plato does not discuss
the other possibility, argued by Melissus, that airetpov could
have limits ab extra : for there cannot be more than one
137 e. Plato's right line.
This definition is exact : it is obvious there can only be
one such line ; and, if it is unique, it follows it is the shortest
in rerum natura. If Helmholtz's reasoning-beings of two
dimensions living on the surface of a sphere understood the
definition given by Plato, they would see it to be the shortest
possible, and that their own geodetic line was not. If they
liked to call the latter straight, of course they might ; which
is as irrelevant as the entire of Helmholtz's argument.
138 C. avrat yap fjiovat Ktvfj<rttC*
In the Laws 893 b-895 ten modes of motion are speci-
fied. Eight of these belong to body : (1), without change of
place, i.e. on an axis; (2), with change of place (a), either
without change of base, e.g. a stone sliding on ice; (j3), or
with change of base, e.g. a ball rolling. The next two are
where motion gives rise to (3), concretion, or (4), decre-
tion. The next two are where concretion is prolonged into
(5) growth, or discretion turns into (6) waste. The next is
where growth in bulk is prolonged into (7) production of
state, and waste into (8) decay. The two movements of
mind are (9) to move things other than itself, itself being
moved ; and (10) to move itself of itself out of a previous
state of rest.
The power of transmitting motion as a link in the Chain
of Sequence is the only power allowed man by Hume and
his followers. The 10th motion includes free-will.
74 NOTES.
139 b-e.
The One has not Identity with itself or anything eke that
has distinctness : nor is it distinct from itself or any-
thing eke that has distinctness.
That is, the One, being one and nothing else, admits of
no relation "whatsoever ; if it did, there would be unity and
relation, something more than unity, and therefore not unity,
q. a. e.
It cannot even possess Distinctness, for Distinctness means
that A is distinct from B, and so B is in turn distinct from
A. If, then, Unity possessed Distinctness, it could only be
distinct by means of Unity and not by means of Distinctness ;
but Unity, ex vi termini, is not Distinctness. Therefore To
tV Ev cannot be distinct in itself. A similar argument was
urged against St. Anselm, that Unity was not Perfection.
The mode of argument is due to the Megarics. The Auf-
hebung is the answer.
139 d. Source of TO
I.e. supplying the ellipses si /nrj rovrq ry tv el vat
tarat tr'epov, ov^ !atr<j) Karat 'irtpov' ct Se juj) laureJ
carat crEpoi/, oi/Sc avro carat trepov. (See note 127 e.)
141 C.
orjc was read by Proclus, T. vi. 237, and is sup-
ported by TTbtoVrjc, Theaetet. 182 a.
141 e. yeyovti.
For yiyovtv, Hermann reads ytyovet, as ytyovtv has to
be taken in two senses, perfect and past.
NOTES. 75
141 e.
our' i-Vttra yevnatrai ourt yfvr)8riaTai, will neither come
into being, nor be brought into, being; will neither come of
itself, nor be brought by anything else.
141 e. Ambiguity oftv.
To 6i' oure liv ioTiv OVTS fariV) i. e.) To ey is neither the
relation Unity, nor the quality Existence.
142 a. T) aurtj) 77 aurou.
tt'ij av TL r] avrq TJ avrov, would it have any affection result-
ing to it, or proceeding from it : any income or outcome ; i. e.
either accident or property.
142 a. ovojua, Ao-yoe, ETTtcrTrjjur), K. r.A.
Plato gives the following explanation of these terms :
UVO/ULO. = the term.
Aoyoc = definition.
i7rt(jr?jjur} = iv i^v^ait; tvov, $ f/Aoi> trtpov ra ov CIVTOV TOV
KVK\OV TTIQ 0u(To>c TMV rt XtyQivTW rpauv, i.e. ofOjua, Ao-yoc,
pist. vn. 342-3.
is the psychical aspect of auro, and is a process
of intense activity. Plato objects to the sensible figure of the
Circle, that it partakes of the Straight, i. e. is really a zigzag
line. The Circle then would be the process of describing
it without a sensible line (Epist. vn.), and in this way
tTTtCTT/jjU*) resembles the Kantian schema. The Epistles are
considered genuine by Cobet and Grote, and are very charac-
teristic. At all events, the passage in the 7th could only have
been written by a great metaphysician.
76 NOTES.
oa, IK jLtvi7jU}c Kal aiaOfottof;. Phil. 38 b.
aia9r\oiq = ro Iv ivl TTaOei, TTJV i^v\r]v KOI TO mvpa,
yiyvojucvov, icoivy teal KivitaOat. Phil., 34 a. This is scien-
tifically true : the sensation lasts only as long as the im-
pressed condition of the nerve is kept up.
142 b-155 e. To 2v.
In the second proposition, To tv is in combination with
e<m. Each element is distinct before combination and in
combination ; though the combination may and does give rise
to new relations.
142 d e. Relation of To ev and ov.
I.e. ro>v fjiopiu)v eKUTtpov rowrwv Tou 'Evoc "Ovrog (To re
*Ev icm To"Oi/), apa airoXenriaOoV) rj To^Ev Tou "Ovrog flvai
juoptou, rj To^Oi; Tou 'Evbg el vat juoptou ; i.e. where there is
To "Ev, To "Ev is in combination with To "Oi>, and To*Oi/ is
in combination with To "Ev.
ftvat, G. gen. = to be a property of: cf. tN O Si jur) ion, TOVT^
Ttf jurj-ovrt t) av TI, f/ awry rj avrov', 141 a. Can a nonentity
have either accident or property ?
142 e.
Each one juo/otov either ro *Ei/, or ro *Oi/ of the two
fjiopia TO *Ev and TO "Ov, holds in combination tV Ev and
"Ov, and so on, ad infin.
This is strictly true : the universe has unity, and the uni-
verse exists ; and each of the motes that people the sun's
beam has equally existence and unity. One is Form : Ex-
istence is Matter, and to show that the One formulates
existence into plurality is the aim of the second part of the
Parmenidcs.
NOTES. 77
143 C.-144 a. Genesis of Number, i.e. a system of Monads.
There are three av^vyiai or pairs, viz. :
ovaia and trepov ',
ovaia and tv ;
tv and trepov.
Now every pair is a'//$w, and therefore Suo ; therefore each
member of the pair is tKartpov, and therefore one : so that in
each pair we have two members,
2.1 = 2,
and each member being unified by the index 1, we have three
symbols,
3.1 = 3.
Now where there is Two, we have Ste I'v, and where there is
Three, we have rpj? ei>; where, therefore, there are three sym-
bols, we have two members
(2 m . 1 = Sic *
and where there are two members we have three symbols
(3 symbols .1 = 1 rptc ev OVTWV).
Three (symbols) therefore must be two (members), and two
(members) must be three (symbols). Therefore apria (= Svo
= Si sv) = apTtaKic (= Sic) ev ' an d Trcptrra (= rpta = rpt?
v) = irepiTTOKiG (= rptc) ev : and aprm (= Swo, i. e. members)
= TreptrroKtc (= T-pte) v, i.e. symbols; and Trtptrra (= rpt'a, i.e.
symbols) = aprtaicie = (Stc ev) members. From this we have
the genesis of every number: for 2 = te ev is aprta aprtaic<c,
that is even numbers even times ; and 3 = rpic ev is Trjptrra
TreptrraK/Cj that is, odd numbers odd times ; and 2 (members)
= 3 (symbols) is aprta, even numbers odd times, Trfptrrajcte ;
and 3 (symbols) = 2 (members) is Treptrra, odd numbers even
times, a
78 NOTES.
143 d. ouS [Ala.
An instance of Plato's habit of using in the ordinary
sense the philosophic word which is under argument : other
examples are noticed in note on 157 d.
143d.
ov rpia yiyvtrai TO iravra ; i. e. are there not three distinct
symbols ? lit., are not the distinct things three ?
143 d. Interdependence of 2 and 3.
Let there be two roots, x and y\ let them have a common
index, say e. gr. 1 ; and let x = 1 : then we have x l , y l .
We have thus three distinct symbols, x, y, and 1 ; x and y
denoting the two roots, and 1 the index common to both.
Now, as there are three symbols, the three symbols involve
the index twice ; that is, x 1 and y l ; but # as a root = 1, and y
is made one by its index ;
.-. x and y 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 . 1 = 2.
Likewise the two roots x and y, and the identical index 1,
require three symbols for their notation ;
.-. x and y and l = 1 + I 1 + l = 3 . 1 = 3.
To apply this : Whatever admits of the predicate both,
admits of the predicate two, and the predicate two indicates
that each of the binaries is one. Now one as index being
incorporated with each number of each syzygy, each syzygy
involves the index twice ;
.-.2.1=2,
and as each syzygy requires, as we have seen, three symbols
for its notation, each syzygy involves one thrice,
.-.3.1 = 3.
NOTES. 79
Thus, in Aristotelian language, Three is the Form of Two,
and Two is the Matter of Three. Hence, we may see why
the Pythagoreans made Two the symbol of indefinite exist-
ence, for Matter without Form is indefinite ; likewise why
they made Three the symbol of definite existence. In the
order of existence 0wo-c Three is prior to Two, for we re-
quire as prerequisites of Three
(1). The radical 1; = 1 lv ;
(2) . The other thing ; which = 6arepov, being unquantified,
to be construed to thought requires quantification,
and thereto requires
(3). The index 1.
Without these we cannot have Two, for 2 = 1 and 1 =2.1.
143 d-e. Genesis of all the Numbers from To fv and To or.
Supplying ellipses Svotv OVTOIV, OVK avayicr/ tivat icul Sic;
tv] KOI rpiwv OVTWV Etvcu Tpi v, ttvtp virap\tt Tq rt Avo
TO Slf-Iv, KQt T<^ T/0/a TO TjOtC-CV J t. C. .'
II. = 2 . 1, and III. -3.1.
Then, Avotf ct ovrotv KOL St^-s'i/, OVK avajKrj Suo S<
i. e.
1 + 2/ 1 = l 1 + l 1 = l(l 1 + r),
but
x and y = 2, and the indices 1 and 1 = 2;
.'. we have Svo B\Q in the notion II.
So mut. mut. of 3 - 1 (I 1 + I 1 + I 1 ) =
l^ 1 + ly l + 1 . I' 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
but
1 + 1 + 1 = 3;
and
x + y + V = 3 ;
and indices 1 + l + l = 3 ;
80 NOTES.
.'. we have rpia T/oic in the notion III. That is, each couple
is two things ; it is also two single things ; and the unity of
each single thing is a third thing, i. e. x and y and 1.
In Aristotelian language : Formed Matter contains (1)
Form, and (2) Formless Matter = 1 + 1 = II. ; but Formless
Matter is incogitable ; therefore we have Matter unified by
Form. But Form = 1 ; Matter = 1 ; and Unification = 1 ;
..1+1 + 1 = 3. The mote in the sunbeam contains three
metaphysical elements (1) that which unifies ; (2) that which
is unified ; and (3) the unification of 1 and 2, i. e. III. It is
a pity the scholastic distinction between metaphysical and
physical is not kept up. Metaphysical entities were those that
could not exist separately, e. g. concave and convex : physical,
those that could, i. e. Xoyt^ and <j>vai.
143 e. Sic
OVTMV.
TplMV OVTWV KO.I Sic OVTtoV, KOI $VOIV OVTOIV KO.I
OVTOIV. Hermann brackets the second OVTWV and OVTOIV, but
they are right, i.e. TOLMV ovrtav KOI Sic l tv OVTWV = the
symbols are three, and the pairs are two ; and Svolv OVTOIV,
KOI Tpic OVTOIV = SuoTv OVTOIV teat To\Q cv OVTOIV, the pairs are
two and the symbols are three. It must be recollected that
the Greek arithmetic was originally the geometry of rect-
angles. In the present case, as usual, in place of our abstract
multiplication 3x2 and 2x3, two rectangles are generated.
The first has 3 as its base and 2 as its side, and as the base is
the more important factor, the plural is used, OVTWV. In the
second, 2 is the base and 3 the side ; here the base is 2,
and is the more important, hence the dual OVTOIV. The con-
ception is that a rectangle is described on a base, and not
on a side. The rectangle 3 x 2 is quite distinct from the
rectangle 2x3.
NOTES. 81
144 a.
does not mean a single unit, but a collection of
units. Thus one is not aptfyioe, but two is : apt
(optojufvov r} /novaowv avarfjjua fj Trofforrjroc
avvKtifjievov. Nic. Ger. I. vii. 1.
In speaking of Numbers, both the Platonists and the
Pythagoreans meant always whole numbers, and not frac-
tions, the unit being the foot, lineal, square, and cubic. The
numbers, or rather rectangles, were aprtot, an even base by
an even side ; Treptrroi, an odd base by an odd side ; apnot
, an even base by an odd side ; and Treptrroi aprta-
an odd base by an even side.
144 e. To iv VTTO TOV OVTOS
Justifies vno in 166 a.
145 c, d.
A part contains the following notions :
1 . Its separate existence ;
2. Its own relation to its fellow parts ;
3. Its common relation to the whole.
This may be illustrated by a piece of a dissected map. The
map is not all the separate pieces one by one TO. iravra nor
any one : yet if any piece did not fit, it would not be in the
map when it was put together, ret uiravra ; but if the piece
belong to the map, it must be one of the separate pieces.
Metaphysically, all distinct ideas are equally distinct.
145 c, d.
aXAa fjitvToi TO je oXov av OVK iv rot? [Jiipeuiv lanv, ovre
Iv Tracriv owrc iv rivi. (tl 7p iv TTCHTIV, avajKi) /cat iv tvt. tv
TIVI yap ivl jurj ov OVK civ tri irou Suyairo 'iv yt inrarnv
G
82 NOTES.
ei 8t TOVTO /j.tv TO tv rH)v inravTwv tort, TO <St oAov tv
tVl, 7TWC Tt iV 76 TOtC TTCKTIV tl'tOTai ', OV$a/JiM. OV$t /LtTJl/ IV
TWV jutpwv. tl -yap li> rto-j TO oAoi> tit}, TO w\iov av tv njg
to/, o limv aSuyaTOv.
Whole is distinct from the parts ; for if the Whole is in
each quaque of the parts, it must be in some one qua vis; and if
that particular part contains the Whole, that one part cannot be
one of the parts.
The argument is : if the Whole is in the parts, it is in all,
some, or one ; the clause from tv nvi to tlvat is the converse
opposite of the clause it 700 tv iraatv, avayKi) KCU tv tvi. In
the clause TO & oXov tv TOUT^ [JUT}] tvi, Hermann brackets
[JUT?]. I have struck it out, as it spoils the argument, which
is : if the Whole is in each part, it is in some one part. If so,
the part thus specialised is differentiated from its former
peers, but it is so differentiated by containing the Whole,
not by not containing it.
Hegel says : The relation of the Whole and the parts is
untrue to this extent that the notion and the reality of the
relation are not in harmony. The notion of the Whole is to
contain parts ; but if the Whole is taken, and made what its
notion implies, i. e., if it is divided, it at once ceases to be a
Whole. Logic, p. 211. All through the Parmenides it must
be kept in view, that any two notions in any degree distinct
are totally distinct. " Each thing," says Butler, " is what
it is, and not another thing."
Ta iravra is the roll or litany of items ; airavra is the sum
total of the same items summed : To iravra are the parts of
the sum ; airavra is the sum of the parts. It is a pity that
modern English has lost its neuter plural and verb singular :
" hot blood begets hot thoughts, and hot thoughts beget hot
deeds, and hot deeds is love."
145 e. y fj.lv apa TO tv o\ov, tv a\\tf> iariv.
The notion Whole is not the notion Aggregate of items :
Cf. T) KOI TO oAoV tK TWV /U(>U>1/ \4jltf JtJOt'bg IV Tl ItSog tTtpOV
NOTES. 83
; tywyt. Theaet. 204 a, b. The order of
notions is (1) TCI /uepjj ; (2) TO. iravTd ; (3) TO aTravTa ; (4) TO
o\ov ', (5) TO TTUV.
14:5 e. Kivt'iaOai.
Zeno's contribution to thinking is, the showing that mo-
tion is relative to a something which is not moved. This
is well brought out in the Flying Arrow, which at any given
moment coincides with its equivalent in the space through
which it is passing.
146 a. /*>} loravat, juj earoe Se KivtlaOat.
By Excluded Middle ; if not the one, it must be the other.
146 a, b. srtpov.
Hegel's view, that Otherness is negation, is supported by
the history of the particle /IT). If ^77 is etymologically ne,
as Curtius mentions, comparing the Lithuanian nei (i. 317],
na in the Vedas very often means as, and the order then
would be assertion, comparison, negation : cf. ava and
ci\\og, ib. 307.
146 a-148 e.
1. Everything possesses Identity, and, in that respect, it
resembles primarily everything else.
2. Everything is distinct from everything else, and, in
that respect, it differs primarily from everything else.
3. In being distinct, it, eo ipso, resembles secondarily
everything else ; and, therefore,
4. Differs secondarily from everything else by the con-
trary of diversity identity.
Hence TO cV, in possessing either quality, has resemblances,
primarily and secondarily, to
(a) itself, and to
(b) raAAa ; and,
G 2
84 NOTES.
in possessing either quality, has diversities primary and
secondary to
(a) itself, and to
(6) rAXa.
In possessing both, TO tv
is primarily like itself and raXXa, and
is primarily unlike itself and raXXa.
Nothing can be clearer than that Plato held that there
were *}'/ TWV Trpoc n. Idealism is only the development
of relations.
The One is identical and diverse to itself, and is identical
and diverse to raXXa, i. e. all ideas or objects of Reason are
equally ideas, and therefore distinct : they all agree in dis-
tinctness ; but, being distinct, they differ ; therefore they agree
through Difference, they differ through Identity ; and as each
has both Identity and Diversity together, each agrees with and
differs from itself, and each agrees with and differs from
raXXa. The One agrees with raXXa in having both qualities ;
and the very having both qualities is the essence of its indi-
viduality.
148 c.
The order of notions is
(1) TOVTOV ;
(2) jjiri oXXoTov ;
(3) fjiri apo/iofov ;
(4) ofjiotov.
To *Ev is ravrov Tot?
T6*Ev is ETtof Twv "
Taking each case separately :
(1). To*Ev islikeraXXa;
(2). To*Ei> is unlike raXXa.
NOTES. 85
Taking both together
T6 tV E^ is both like and unlike raAAa ;
and so, by parity of reasoning,
To lN Ev is like and unlike itself.
148 d-149 e.
Ancient arithmetic was originally geometrical : hence
the notions,
Whole and Parts :
Contact.
149 a.
Contact ai//te presupposes
1. Something distinct, e. g.
a b ; and
2. Something else in immediate contiguity to it; e.g.
a b c.
Here a b is distinct from b c, and b c is in immediate conti-
guity. If to b c we add c d y
a b c d,
ta, tarat at Se ai//te $vo. Hence, ad Jin., the things,
, are always one in advance of at a^ttc- Hence,
if raAAa be totally devoid of unity, junction between TO S-V
and raAAa is impossible, for raAAa must be one, before it can
combine with TO ev to form two.
149 e.
75 raura/e TOIQ oi/crtat?, i. e. essences, notions, IBtai :
cf. Phaed. 78 c-d.
tt'Sr,, Stall.
8G NOTES.
150 a. Ta /jityiOovt; TE nal ierorriroc, aAAa //}/ TO l
TL TIVOC; = attribute.
150 c-d.
To "Ev, qua "Ev, is tv, and nothing else : ra/XXa qua aAAa,
is aAAa, and nothing else : ro [ntytOog, qua /ulyiOog, is
and nothing else : and 77 o-^ticporjc, qua o-jufjcporijc, is
and nothing else. T6*Ei> therefore cannot be greater than
ToAAa, nor TaAAa greater than To "Ev : in the same way,
neither is less than the other : but if neither greater nor
less, they are not unequal, and therefore equal.
So it is commonly said, all infinites are equal. Meta-
physically, there is only one infinite, that whose essence it is
to have no bounds or limit. It is evident there cannot be
two of this nature, for each would overlap, and so bound the
other. But in mathematical infinites, infinity merely means
infinitely divisible or infinitely addible ; i. e. a process which
may be worked as long as there is anything to work on. The
process is always one and the same, and so infinite : the mate-
rial is always finite, and may be as different as one pleases.
150 d.
takes the genitive ; therefore the vexed passage in
the Phaedo runs thus, if the ellipses are supplied one of the
surest ways of construing Plato : Tou fj.lv
avTOV TOV Swicparove rv\v a/iticporjjra
i.e., TcjJ virfpe^eiv = cause; ptytOti = instrument ;
sub. = gen. on virtplxtiv, and TTJV o/idcpoTrjra
= ace. de quo.
i
151 a. /mri^tv ilvai SKTOQ TOV evog re KCU TMV a\\b)V.
Grrote says : " Both these predicates (One Many) are
relative and phenomenal, grounded on the facts and com-
NOTES. 87
parisons of our own senses and consciousness. We know
nothing of an absolute, continuous, self-existent One."
Plato, i. 105-6. Here "absolute" is used in the sense of
out of all possible range, a sense popularised by the frivolous
discussions of Hamilton, Mansel, and Mill.
151 d.
The order of notions is
1. Magnitude;
2'. Measure ;
3. Parts.
151 d.
" But that a thing, which bears no relation to any one (cuivis)
given item, should bear any relation to each (cuique) of the sum
total of items, to no one of tchich (cuiquam) does it bear any
actual relation either as part or otherwise, is impossible."
151 d-e.
Shadworth Hodgson makes similar remarks on the sub-
jective embracing the objective, and vice versa, Space and
Time, pp. 45, sqq.
154 c-d.
To ei/ does not grow younger or older than raAAa, be-
cause it is so already : it has had so much start, and equals
added to unequals leave the difference absolutely as before ;
but, if we subtract the difference, the residue is always
growing larger, and therefore the difference is growing less
relatively to the residue : e.g. K. is born a year before B ; thus
A is always a year older than B ; but when A is two years
old the relative difference is greater than when A is ninety.
88 NOTES.
154 c.
7ryvra/, the emphatic word, is not (/rowing or becoming,
because it is.
154 c.
yivtait; is explained in the Laws thus : yiyverai Srj iravrwv
iviK av TI TraOog y ; BijXov, wg OTTOTOV a/ox*? Xa/3ou(ra
c TIJV Sfurtpav X0# firaj3a<nv, ica^ OTTO raurrjc tc
7rAt)(m>v, KOI jue^pt Tptwi; lAOouaa aiafti}aiv a\p rote
894 a. The steps are
fjivovaa.
155 c.
jUraXa/^j3ai;etv differs from Msrt^tv : jUraXaju]3ai'a> is to
coincide in part with, to have share in ; JUETC'XHI' is to form
one with, to unite with ; cf. 158 b.
155 e-157 a.
The One in this hypothesis passes from one state into
another, and so do its attributes. The transition takes place
through an unextended point : that is, time is cut in two by
a timeless point, just as Space is cut in two by a breadthless
line. Shadworth Hodgson seems to suppose that Plato held
that the point possessed duration. It is well explained by
Damascius a/uEpf'c iort ry iStorrjTt cm 8m TOWTO a
156 a-157.
The notion is, any one state or condition which passes into
a different condition has to pass through an intermediate
NOTES. 89
state, in which it is neither what it was nor what it is in course
of becoming. Anaxagoras, from whom Plato took much of
his Physics, says : ov Kt\<i)piarai TO. tv TQ tv\ Koa/jiq) owSt
cnroKtKOTTTat irt\tKH ovre TO Bto^bv OTTO row ^u^pou oura TO
\Jjvxpbv airb TOV Oepnov, Fr. 13 Mullach. This joined with
his doctrine, adopted by Plato, that there is no minimum,
OVTC TOW (JIJLIKOOV yi ton TO -y lXaYfTOl| aXX' tXaaaov em/',
necessitates the presence of TO ev in and out of Space and
Time.
156 d-e.
tip' oifv tar] TO UTOTTOV TOVTO, Iv <j> TOT av iir] ore /utra-
(3a\\ii ; TO irolov S/7 ; TO tSat^vTjc (sse 155 e).
157 b-159 b.
Here Ta'AXa owe their predicates to their participation
of TO tv. Cetera and ceterum are very inadequate renderings
of the Greek neuter plural, TaXXa expressing neither unity
nor plurality, but food for both.
157 b.
Here we have the full phrase To'XXa TOV tvog
157 c.
The correlatives are 6Xov and /mopia : now TO oXov = TroX-
Xa juopta, therefore any one //op/ov is not juop/ov of Ta TroXXa
juopia, but of TO 6Xoi/. For unless TO /uoptov any given part
be part of itself, there must be one part of the lot of which
the given Part is not part. Consequently if the given Part
be a part of many parts, it must be a part of the parts minus
the given Part. But if it be a part of the other parts, it must
be a part of every one of the several parts taken by them-
90 NOTES.
selves, since qua parts the parts are similar, and therefore
must be a part of itself : q. a. e. E. g. a shilling is part
of a pound, but a shilling is not a part of the several shillings
which make up the pound. For, if it be a part rwv TTO\\UI>
shillings, it must be either a part of itself, q. a. e., or of the re-
maining nineteen shillings. But as the other nineteen shil-
lings, when out of relation to the pound, are nineteen totally
independent units, the Part must be a part of them qua units,
and therefore of every one of them (since there is no difference
between them qua units), and therefore of itself, which is
exactly similar to the rest. A Part is correlative to a Whole,
but it has no relation whatsoever to any one or all of the other
parts, save that of being a fellow-part of the same integer.
In Plato's day, abstract language was taken from Geo-
metry ; perhaps fraction and integer would be better render-
ings of nopiov and oAov. Mutatis mutandis, the same reasoning
is triumphant against Natural Realism, substituting Quality
for Part, and Body for Whole. The Natural Realist makes
all qualities, minus one, depend on the residual quality ; so
that we have either a quality which is more than a quality,
or which is not a quality. The same reasoning applies to
the Antithesis of Kant's Fourth Antinomy.
157 a. toi>.
Justifies the vulgate in Phaedr., 249 b.
157 b.
The order of notions in the order of analysis is
1. ttvat ;
2. yiyveaOat ;
3. avyicpivtaOai ',
4. b/j.oiova0ai.
Order of genesis e contra.
NOTES. 91
157 c. niTtyi irr\.
The Platonic /utdtZtg is best illustrated by the Concret of
Hegel, i.e. where an object or thought is seen and known to
be the confluence of several elements to be a process in its
own nature, and not a mere stationary point of view ; each
object to be equal to itself, multiplied into all other things.
Wallace's Ifegel, clxxvi. Cicero makes use of the same prin-
ciple : semper enim ita assumit aliquid (so. natura) ut ea
quae prima dederit, ne deserat. De Fin. iv. 14. It is the
ideal side of the doctrine of Development.
157 c.
Here, c TO yt oXov = tv IK iroXXwv in d, = t airavTwv tv
157 d. aEvvarov tivat '. Sc. tan.
Plato often uses words both in the ordinary and philo-
sophic sense in. the same passage : cf. ouSt /urn, 143 d : avrov
flapjUEvtSou, 136 d : aTrejpov, Phil. 17 e : av^iptaOai, Theaet.
152 e.
157 e.
TaAAa participates in T6 lV Ei through TO oXov ; in modern
language, through the notion Law, i.e. in the scientific mean-
ing of the term, when "we think of the parts as held
together by a certain force." This is Hamilton's description
of physical unity. REID, 852.
158 a. 6 av y jjiopiov o\oi>.
So the MSS., and they are right. The conjecture
vXov is a mere truism, for the notion Whole is the correlation
92 NOTES.
of the notion Part. But fiopiov u\ov is emphatic, that which
is a genuine part, and not a part per accidens. A shilling is
$ of the amount of silver defined to be a legal pound : it is
therefore, qud -$, /uoptov 6Aou, because ^ x 20 = 1 : whereas
a shilling qud shilling is only one amongst any number of
shillings, and is only -^ of 1, per accidens, just as it is -j-^ of
5. Each part must be one, because the parts are TroAAa.
Of. owS' apa TroAAa sort TaAAa. tv yap av TIV tKaarov OVTUV
juopiov TOV o\ov, tl TroAAa T^V. 159. Besides, the proposed
change would require TOW /uop/ou TO o\ov.
158 e.
The order of notions is
1. aVt/pa icat
2. i
3.
159 a. Kara fjikv apa {
(1). TaAAa ^m'TreTrepaerjuli/a are similar ;
(2). TaAAa qua aVetpa are similar;
(3). TaAAa qua irnripaantva KOI aVftpa are dissimilar, both
per se and inter se.
a/u^ortpwcj '. c. as uniting two opposite predicates, a
double contrariety, lvaAAa,
(1). TTfTTfpao-juei/a icat aTTttpa.
(2). 7re7Tfpa(T/ui'a KOI
159 b-160 b.
TaAAa are capable of no predicates whatsoever, if the One
be one in aloofness. The key to this section is the notion
NOTES. 93
aloofness the negation of actual relation. The One
is allowed to be, but is relegated to isolation.
160 a.
Illustrates Hypothesis ii., as the order of Number is
f/5>- - -./
tvo, cuoiv, rpiwv, TrsptTTOv, apriov.
The order is objective, ^uoret.
160 b-d. TO JUTJ ov.
Negation is considered as relative to knowledge, and thus
giving rise to the notion IVepov otherness distinctness.
160 b.
The order of notions is
The order is subjective.
160 d-163 b.
The One in this section, though non-existent, admits of
positive predicates, which are contrary opposites. Here the
One is granted what we would call a subjective existence.
160 e.
In scholastic language TO firj-Qv has
1. Illudditas ;
2. Quidditas ;
3. Hocceitas.
94 NOTES.
161 b. et EIOC-
If To lV Ei> have unlikeness to one, then the argument will
not turn on anything like To "Ei', nor will the hypothesis
relate to one, but to something different. That is, To "Ev,
the subject of discussion, must have unity for its essence ; if
not, the hypothesis deals with something else. Mr. Jowett
ignores the difference between To^Ev and ev.
162 b.
To HY) ov has ova I a + /uri-ovaia ', it therefore involves
jusrajSoXr) ; and therefore all incompatible predicates. Here
we have Hegelianism in concrete, as applied to To ov. Mr.
Shadworth Hodgson, in his Philosophy of Reflection, attacks
Hegelianism on the following grounds, which apply equally
to Plato's proposition. It must be premised that Mr. Hodg-
son uses the term contradictory to signify, not the opposition
of general and particular, but that between a proposition and
its negative, *'. e. difference of quality only : e.g. A. is A, A is
not A ; while by a contrary he means that the negative par-
ticle joins on to the predicate : e.g. A. is A, A is not-A. To
resume, the objection is as follows : " The evolution of the
concrete concept is his (Hegel's) fundamental idea ; it evolves
itself by Entgegensetzung, a concrete opposition containing
undistinguished the purely logical opposition of contradis-
tinction, and the opposition of content, which is contrariety.
The former gives the motive power, the latter the order and
arrangement, of the evolution. Thus the pure Nothing,
Nichts, at the beginning is logically opposed to the pure
Being, Sein; hence the movement between them. There is no
opposition of content, no difference of content at all, between
them, until they are conceived together ; then they are per-
ceived to be different in content, but at the same time to be a
process, a Werden, not (either of them) a state or thing.
The Whole makes one undistinguishable process of opposi-
tion, a becoming, Entgegensetzung, a Werden. To analyse
NOTES. 95
this process, to show what is due to perception, what to con-
ception, what part of the opposition is due to content, and
what to logical contradiction, would be to destroy it as a
theory of the universe." VoL i. pp. 384, 5. Again : " Of
two wholly contradictory terms, the one is thought as exis-
tent, the other as non-existent." " The negative member of
a pair of contradictory terms, which is a pure creature of
logical method, analogous to imaginary quantities in mathe-
matics, is treated by Hegel as if it were a concept with a
perceptual content. The " Nichts" at the beginning of the
Logik is the first instance of it." p. 382.
The question is, What is the value of a creature of logic ?
And here comes in the work of Kant. Kant showed that
the intelligible element was indispensable. The universe was
not a lot of separate things, set in an intellectual substratum,
like stars in the heavens. No ; the intelligible was required
both for the stars and for the space in which they float. Be
this theory as it may, it was extended by Hegel to the
object; hence, in rerum natura, the intelligible element has
more reality than its content, so far as that content is
sensible. But as logic is the explicit statement of the in-
telligible, it follows that the logical form has more Wahrheit
than its sensible padding. As to negation, which is the
point of the process, Mr. Hodgson makes it arise from our
fixing our attention on some one in a train of differents
(p. 376). But surely things are different because they are
already differenced, and the logical description of differen-
tiation is Otherness, or Negation. And as before, the
Negation of Logic is more real than the same material of
sensation.
162 a.
/. e. Sit aiiTo To jurj-^Ov ^<i> TO tlvat-fjiri-ov Strrjudv TOW JJ.YI-
tlVUL (tt jUfXAa /ufl-tivai), O/ULOtWg UKTTTtp $t T6 *Ov t%tlV
TO fjirf tlvai To-jitJj-X) i/ Sta/uov TOV flvai, tco TtXiwc; av
tivai //.
96 NOTES.
I.e. T6 nri-"Ov requires as a security for its existence as
jUTj-oi', that the proposition should be affirmative ; i. e.
To jurj-"Ov is fjirj-ov ;
and T6"Oi> requires in the same way that the proposition
should be negative ; i. e.
To"Oi/ is not /uT7-ov.
Here Plato apparently regards affirmation and negation as
an affection of the copula. The reasoning assumes that con-
trariorum eadem scientia. This is true of reflex, but not of
direct consciousness. Of course all Philosophy is reflex.
162 a.
TO jitei> ov ovaiay (jUtv) TOV ttvcu-ov, fir) ovalag
oe TOV tlveu-jurj-ov. fj.iv is understood after the first ovalac; by
a common ellipse: cf. TO St pri-ov, /mrj ovaiaq [ilv TOV ilvat
fjLTf-ov^ ovaiaq St TOV tlvai /j.r]-ov. For sense see preceding
note, ib. b.
162 a.
I. e. tt -yap TO firi-ov /J.r) torat pri-ov (aAXa avi]Oti TI TOV
tlvai TO fjirj-ov TT/OOC TO /z^ eti/at TO-/ZJ)-OI^), tvBuQ TO /ATI ov
(7TOt OV.
aXXa introduces the same proposition in another form,
thus :
et yap TO [J.Y)-OV jurj torci jurj-ov = the non-existent is non-
existent : an affirmative proposition : aAAa introduces it in
another form : if the non-existent gives up its being non-
existent, and becomes not being the non-existent, the nega-
tives are cancelled, and the non-existent exists.
It may be rendered, " if it does allow the affirmative essence
of the Copula the is to merge in the negative essence of the
NOTES. 97
Predicate the is not the Copula becomes is not, and there-
by cancels the is-not of the Predicate."
avTjffEi is metaphorically the correlative of Secrjuoe, infra,
unless it holdfast by and not let its is slip into is-not.
163b-164b.
In this proposition, TO ei> is totally deprived of etm, and
the emphasis is on ovaiaq airovcria.
164 a-b.
This conclusion is apparently the same as that of the
First Hypothesis. In reality nothing can be more diverse.
In the former case, The One possesses actually no predicate in
particular, although, as the second proposition shows, it is
capable of combining with all predicates whatsoever. In the
latter case, The One has actually no predicate at all, because
it is incapable of having any.
164 b-165 e.
In this proposition ovata is taken away from the TO t'v,
and the effect on raAAa is considered. The result is <j>aivt<r-
Oai, i. e. a presented unity in things, somewhat like the Cause
and Substance of Hume, mere fictions. This is the view set
forth by Brown, Lect. V. The emphasis is on ^euverat.
164 b.
This proposition represents the views held by the majority
of British philosophers and scientific men of the present day.
Unity exists only in the mind ; the object, according to cir-
cumstances, is only a ma jus or a minus in Quantity, Quality,
or Degree.
H
98 NOTES.
165 e, to end. Soa.
In this proposition, oixrt'a is totally denied of TO t v : what
amount of ovvia, then, can TaAAa retain ? None whatever ;
not even the impression So!; a can he produced hy TaAAa.
That is to say, in The non-existence of The One, TaAAa
cannot produce in us the idea of quasi-unity allowed in the
last hypothesis. Real unity being no more, artificial unity
is gone too. Hume's quasi-idea is impossible.
166 a.
MSS. WTTO, rightly. The meaning is, the oa TO //) ov
is never produced by TaAAa. viro is applied to the action of
a notion, m TO TriirovOtvat TO vw' tKtivov, 8C., ivog iraOog.
Soph. 245 d, e. Soaw is used passively in this dialogue.
166 c. aXnOiaTaTa.
This is the solemn conclusion, the amen of the exposition.
Nothing can be in worse taste than to censure the dialogue as
aTTovQ. An ethical discourse, which deals with our emotions,
may conclude with an allegory ; but a discussion like the
Parmenides, conducted with mathematical formality and
colourlessness, would show against the gorgeousness of a
Platonic myth, somewhat like the Parthenon in a trans-
formation scene.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
THE fragments of Zeno, which illustrate the notion Ta
TroXXa and its results, are as follows:
1. i TroXXa ECTTIV, avtryio) rooavra tivai ocra tan, icai
OUTE TrXetova airwv OVT& IXarrova. Et SE roaavra tartv oaa
e<m, ir7Tpa(Tfj.va av tt'jj. Which conclusion conflicts with
m\
lO V.
2. ji TroXXa tartv, ccTrapa ra OVTO i(TTtv* ai yap IVcpo
^ETO^V TWI; ovrwv lerrt, Kai TraXti; Kti/wv Tpa JUETO^U. Kai
ourwc aTTtipa TO. OVTO. lo-rf. Which conclusion conflicts with
the former, and both with To /.
3. i TroXXa <TT<V, ava^Kr} aura juticpa TE ftvat cai juEyaXa'
\/ ^v / n '\^>N v ?
!UK(>a jUEV, Ct(TT JUT} X ll> jUE^Et/OC) jUE^aAa O (iOT a7Tpa EtVat.
Zeno here points out the true objection to the atom and
space as metaphysical ultima : the atom is all quality, and
space is all quantity.
Zeno's arguments against motion bring the fact, when
analysed, into collision with To I'v. Thus motion takes place
from point to point, therefore within determinate limits :
therefore, to make motion rational, intelligible things must
be TTETrfpatTjUEva : q.a.e. Again, the space between the points
is aTTiipov : q. a. e.
102 APPENDIX.
The Flying Arrow is made comprehensible by Mr. Proc-
tor's Photographs of a Galloping Horse* At a given moment,
the horse is point-blank to the plate. Professor Monck's
objection, that the body might move during the breaks,f
would have served Zeno, for it would bring out his point
that rest is motion and motion rest.
Plato makes much use of Zeno ; for To 6X0 v, being tv
, is on the way to motion.
* Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1881.
t Monck's Hamilton, p. 98.
APPENDIX B.
PLATO'S method of specification is given most fully in
the Philebus, 14 c-18 d. It has nothing to do with
referring, say, an individual man to the class Man, a process
which is justly caricatured in 6 rptroe avflpomoe. If the man
is in the class, why do you take him out of it ? If he is
not in it, how do you get him into it ? By a medium,
which must he related, and both ; therefore 6 rpiroe ai>0pw-
TTOC is irrepressible.
The Platonic process states that there is a unity which can
be discerned ; that such unity is one pole, while the other is
lost in indefiniteness, TO airtipov ; that the investigator must
discover and count the varieties which lie between the two
limits, and in that way approach real unity ; and when such
unity is discovered, we may then disregard the endless variety
of intermediate details. It is, therefore, a process of positive
research, and not a barren negative. The thing is to be
found, if we search, tupTjaetv -yap Ivovaav. The basis of the
process is To ?v, just as the basis of Aristotle's view is the
existence of yivn in nature. Mill, similarly, has to build his
logic on causation, as he understands it ; but, to the con-
sistant empirical, there can be no basis of logic except TO
lOt APPENDIX.
(Tu/u/SejSrjKoe- " All things," says Hegel, " are a judgment :
that is to say, they are individuals, which are a universality
or inner nature in themselves. They are a universal, which
is individuality. Their universality and individuality are
distinguished, but the one is at the same time identical with
the other."* Plato's process, as well as Hegel's, is safe
against 6 rpiroc avOpwiroe, which no empirical logic is.
* Wallace's Hegel, p. 258.
FINIS.
A 000 684 307 2
University of California
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388
Return this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.
WO
sLt
u
1
HECEIVEO
c
u
\_
CO
L
O
t5
if>
ft: uj
ill
\H\\
^ z io >
<o ^ CD Q. "D
EWABLE
1 / ! "j
J
f j> Jj)
fc.* /
o
i|DD | -
f/nf
u
> s
QC
<
c
So
" Ul
DATE RECEIVED
J
UJ
oi
c
c
C/5 c
<rt ro co
s
:RVf(
K
ft O -
-S o g
L
o 2r i r
2 1
If SI ,
Research Library
^^
r^t
*S D M w
^j
-^ '
^"* ^^}
p 1- M (0
U
<f 8'
o c
3) <
TO UJ 2
Q. OC Q. Q. V*
W XX
9009? 1575
i
J Q) (D
X if>
!c Ul UJ
HB
*^ ^~-
i i r~i
J
'- -
S
5
1
vsn
SZSI.-S6006 VO 'S313ONV SOT
9ZSI-96 XO9
Advaan Houvasab ON no A OC9U
SNVOI
UCSD Libr.
:LUOJJ
