The past and future of the Peking Central Observatory

QB

82

UC-NRLF

B M ESI EMS

THE PAST AND FUTURE

OF THE

PEKING
CENTRAL OBSERVATORY

BY

MR. KAO LOU

DIRECTOR OF THE OBSERVATORY

PUBLISHER

THE CENTRAL OBSERVATORY
PEKING

THE PAST AND FUTURE

OF THE

CENTRAL OBSERVATORY

BY

MR. KAO LOU

DIRECTOR OF THE OBSERVATORY

PUBLISHIER

THE CENTRAL OBSERVATORY
PEKING

THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE PEKING
CENTRAL OBSERVATORY

INTRODUCTION

Among the observatories of the world one of the oldest,
and which has continued to function down to the present day,
is the Peking Observatory of China. According to history the
Alexandria Observatory of the Greeks, the Baghdad and
Mokattam Observatories of the Mohammedans, and the Meragha
Observatory of the Mongols were built comparatively earlier;
but the first only flourished for less than four hundred years since
its construction, while the rest were mostly built for certain
astronomers of the age and disappeared without notice after a
period of some tens or hundreds of years. The Peking
Observatory, however, the history of which can be traced
back to its very beginning, has endured for eight hundred
years.

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION

Peking has been the capital of five successive dynasties.
Liao was the first to occupy it, but owing to constant troubles
from outside, serious attention was not paid to astronomical
establishments. After the battle of Tsin Kang (1126 A.D.)
King captured all the astronomical instruments in Pien Liang,
Sung's Capital, and brought them to Peking, but it was not
until the second year of Cheng Yen (1154 A.D.) that one of
the captured instruments was first placed upon the Howtai

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— 4 —

of the Academy of Astronomy. Yen, in its early years, chose
King's old site for its observatory ; but in the sixteenth year
of Chi Yen (1279 A.D.) the station was reconstructed and
renamed Szetientai which has stood in its original site up to
the present day. As the south wall of the capital of Yen
dynasty ran along the east and west of the present Chang An
Street, the observatory in those days was outside the south
city wall ; during the Ming dynasty the city was extended,
southward in the seventeenth year of Yung Lo (1419 A.D.).
The observatory became automatically situated inside the wall
namely, inside Hatamen, on the north of Paotzeho and south
of Tzihwamen. There was no change during the Ching
dynasty ; and on establishment of the Chinese Republic, it
assumed its present name, the Central Observatory. Such is
in short the historical sketch of the Peking Observatory.

This observatory in the former dynasties was only a
place of observation. It was called Howtai in King dynasty
belonging to the Academy of Astronomy, Szetientai in Yen
dynasty subject to Taiszeyuen, and Kwansingtai or Kwansiantai
in Ming and China dynasties, both under the control of
Chingtien Kien. Since the establishment of the Republic it
is called the Central Observatory ; but, though it constitutes
a part of the Ministry of Education, its functions are two-fold,
executive as well as technical. Under the technical depart-
ment there are four bureaus, the Astronomical, the Almanac,
the Meteorological and the Magnetical. There are three heads
composing the executive department, viz, the Secretary, the
Accountant, and the Commissioner.

— 5 —

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ASTRONOMICAL

INSTRUMENTS

/•

The study of astronomical instruments began long ago
in China. We shall not mention the instruments constructed
prior to the Sung dynasty, as they did not form a part of
this observatory. When King removed Sung's instruments
from its capital and conveyed them to Peking, they were
stored in the "Storehouse for Imperial Attendants". After a
lapse of twenty years the ancient armilla was removed to the
Howtai of the Academy of Astronomy. As the distance from
Pien Liang to Peking is more than 1000 li, the difference of
latitude made it necessary to elevate the observing tube four
degrees in order to get sight of the Polaris. In the eighth
moon of the sixth year of Ming Chang (1196 A.D.) there
was a great storm. Not only was the Observatory building
damaged but the ancient armilla fell. Repairs were made and
the armilla was placed in the Observatory again. In tne reign
of Tcheng Yu of the King dynasty (1214 A.D.) the capital
was removed from Peking to Honan. The ancient armilla
was left at Peking owing to its great weight which, taken as
a whole, would be difficult to convey from place to place.

When Yen selected Peking as its capital, this instru-
ment was minutely examined by Ko Show King, the Astrono-
mer Royal, and, being found very unsatisfactory, was removed
to a different place. He then made, of his own design, and
in the thirteenth year of Chi Yen (1276 A.D.) several instru-
ments in its stead of which the most famous were the

— 6 —

Abridged Armilla, the Polaris Circle, the Concave Hemisphere,
the Vertical Circle, the Stellar Dial, &c., &c. After the capture
of Peking by the Ming troops the newly made instruments
were transported to Nanking and the observations at Peking
were suspended for the time being. But after Cheng Tsu,
the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, had rechosen
Peking as the Northern Capital, four instruments, the Ancient
Armilla, the Abridged Armilla, the Celestial Globe and the
Gnomon, were constructed after the old models in the second
year of Tseng Tung (1437 A.D.) ; and with the exception of the
Celestial Globe which was lost subsequently, the other three
are still preserved in the present Observatory. Though their
component parts are somewhat incomplete, yet they give us
some idea of the mechanical dexterity of our forefathers.

"in the thirteenth year of Kang Hi (1674 A.D.) of the
Ching dynasty, six new instruments were made. They are the
Celestial Globe, Armilla of the Ecliptic System, Armilla of the
Equatoreal System, Theodolite, Quadrant, and Sextant. Later
on, in his fifty-fourth year (1715 A.D.), an Altazimuth was
also made. In the ninth year of Kien Lung (1744 A.D.), the
New Armilla and Gnomon were made, and in his eleventh
year, the Clepsydra. Accordingly, the old instruments inherit-
ed from the Ming dynasty, were taken down and replaced by
the new ones. At present, there are eight instruments up on
the top of the Observatory. From east to west there stands
first the Armilla of the Equatoreal System, then the Sextant,
the Altazimuth, the Theodolite, the Armilla of the Ecliptic
System ; thence northward first the Celestial Globe, then

J

the Quadrant ; and thence eastward is the New Armilla of
Kien Lung. There are four instruments down on the Obser-
vatory ground : the clepsydra and Gnomon on the south side,
and the Ancient and Abridged Armillas on the north side of
the old Gnomon Room. The above mentioned twelve inst-
ruments, which were all made in Peking and which have been
in use for several hundred years, are gathered together in the
present Observatory ; and in order to keep them in good
condition, they are taken care of by special members of the
Observatory.

CONDITIONS SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE REPUBLIC.

Since the establishment of the Republic there has been
a change in the organization of the Observatory, and its
achievements are therefore based upon the tendency and
requirements of the present day. In addition to the publica-
tion of books and periodicals to supply new ideas of astronomy
to the public, men of special ability are being trained for
doing practical work.

For the purpose of making astronomical observations
the Observatory publishes, first of all, books of practical use.
The year book, issued since the third year of the Republic
and entitled Kwansian Sweishoo, contains ephemerides of the
Sun, Moon, Planets, Standard and Occultation stars ; and also
eclipse elements and maps, and the astronomical phenomena.
The book is published not only for the purpose of keeping
time but it forms an important factor and should be depended

— 8 —

upon in comparing the celestial motions and computing their
various phenomena, in Geodesy and Navigation. The book
is modelled after the Nautical Almanac of England or the
Connaisence des temps of France, specially prepared for technical
use, and far better and more detailed than the old publication
of Tsi Cheng Ginwei in the Ching dynasty. As to books
for public use, there is the Calendar of the Republic,
containing the Gregorian date, the Chinese Kangchi, week
days, the mean time of the Sun's meridian passage, phases of
the moon, seasons of the year, eclipses, festivals, and a brief
explanation on the general principle of celestial motions. The
latter is specially introduced in order to give the public some
ideas of Astronomy and to get rid of the time-worn
superstitions.

At present the Observatory is not fully equipped and
its instruments are not quite complete. But what we have or
belong to the Government, are all the productions of famous
European and American manufacturers. They are the Transit
Theodolite by Carl Zeiss, No. 12776 ; the Universal Instrument
by Carl Bamberg, No. 8996 ; both German productions which
are considered to be among the best. There are also the
newtonian Reflector and the Equatoreal Refractor driven by
clock works, by Secretan ; and the Prismatic Astrolabe by
Jobin, both being French firms ; and the Sextant by Hughes
and Sons, Ltd, of England. As to time-keeping instruments
there are chronometers No. 99 by Dencker of Germany, No.
8178 by Kelvin and James White Ltd. of England, and Nos.
1035, 1542, and 1544 bv Nardin of Switzerland.

— 9 —

The Meteorological department is a new organization
since the establishment of the Republic. It was planned in
the Fall of the second year and was formally organized in
the Spring ot the fourth year. The following instruments are
all bought from abroad, namely, Fortin barometers, Donnelot
barometers, aneroid barometers by Negretti and Zambra,
barographs, thermographs and hygrographs all by Richard,
maximum and minimum thermometers, terrestrial radiation
and the earth thermometers, and anemographs, while those
made by the Observatory itself are the nephoscopic Herse,
hygrometers, wind direction vanes, and rain gauges. In the
tenth year of the Republic in front of the Observatory, a
large, flat piece of grass land was enclosed wherein a barometer
room and a thermometer screen were erected, and a nephoscope,
sunshine recorder, actinometer, and some others were located.
The meteorological equipments are therefore comparatively
complete. As to the number of observations, they can be
divided into three periods.

In the first period which comprised both the time of
preparation and commencement, observations were taken only
twice a day, 9 a. m. and 9 p.m.

In the second period which occupied the whole third
year of the Republic, observations were taken four times a
day, 8 a.m., 12 noon, 4 p.m. and 8 p.m.

In the third period commencing from the fourth year
of the Republic down to the present, observations are taken
hourly or 24 times a day, by six persons by turns. Peking
weather forecasts are issued twice a day, morning and evening

— 10 —

and at 9 a.m. signals are also hoisted. Weather maps are
drawn and posted at or before 5 p.m. Following is a weather
map of the third of May in the twelfth year of the Republic
(May 3, 1923), giving a general idea of our meteorological
service every day. As to the monthly isobaric map, isothermal
map, and the traces of centers of the atmospheric pressure,
they are all contained in detail in the Bulletin Meteorologique.
The construction of the v/eather maps is based upon the
telegraphic reports from meteorological stations along the coast
and main rivers and upon foreign exchange telegrams. Since
the third year of the Republic the stations under the control
of Maritime Custom House send messages twice a day.
Recently, as the number of stations increases and exchanged
telegrams from abroad become more and more, such telegrams
received by the Observatory amount to more than one
hundred a day. For the sake of convenience and promptness
in the sending and receiving of such telegrams, the Ministry
of Communications has established a special telegraph office
in the Observatory and dispatched some of their members to
take charge of its affairs.

In the tenth year of the Republic, he Aeronautical
Bureau contemplated constructing air lines between Peking
and Shanghai, Peking and Hankow, and Peking and Tsinan;
and for the safety of such air services the Bureau asked the
Observatory to make weather forecasts for them. So in
addition to ordinary daily weather forecasts there are also the
periodical prediction and temporary prediction. Owing to the
lack of stations in the interior, a proposal for the erection of

meteorological stations in the Western and Northern frontier
provinces was consequently drawn up. This proposal met
with the approval of the Cabinet and funds were appropriated
for the purpose. Of the forty stations proposed, only one
half have been completed. This is due either to the lack
of necessary means or of specially-trained persons. The
following diagram shows the districts where the stations are
to be built in the Western and Northern provinces and also
the tendency of the future developments of the meteorological
service. As to the exchange of telegrams among nations, not
less than ten of them have been consulted and arrangements
have been made, but up to the present only one-third of
this number are carrying out the arrangements. This is due
to the fact that the question of free charge for telegrams
exchanged between China and the other nations for such
purposes has not been definitely settled yet.

The preparation for magnetic observation is of recent
origin ; and though the time is not long enough to show
any substantial result, yet what has been done is already of
some value. We have had a permanent observation in the
observatory and a comparison of the variations of magnetic
force around the suburb. We have selected like places as
stations and will dispatch persons to take Observations all
around. Besides we have decided to take magnetic observa-
tions along the coast and rivers at certain dates, we have also
constructed the magnetic charts of Tientsin and Kwen-Shang.
The instruments used in this connection are all of English
make; the magnetometer by Cooke, No. 28, and the inclin-
ometer by Cassella, No. 2000.

— 12 —

Within the length and breadth of China earthquakes
happen practically every day. In view ot the immense damage
to the Western and Northern frontier provinces caused by
such catastrophes, the Observatory intends to find out the
epicentrums. This is being done by preparing blank-form
sheets containing definite items, sending these sheets to the
various districts, and asking the magistrates there to fill up
the forms when earthquakes occur, no matter what the amount
of damage may be. These filled-in sheets are then to be
returned to the Observatory for study and reference. In the
seventh year of the Republic when the Swatow Earthquake
took place, the Observatory dispatched some members to
investigate the cause of this catastrophe. From the information
submitted by our members and reports received from various
district-magistrates, an isoseismic map has been drawn up
which is attached herewith. After the great Earthquake of
Kansu which happened on the sixteenth of December in the
ninth year of the Republic, another map has also been made
by combining the reports of thirty-three districts. Such reports
and maps are indispensable for the study of epicentrums and
the forces of the various earthquakes.

PLANS UNDER CONSIDERATION

The foregoing statement gives the past conditions of
the Observatory, from which it can be seen that as regards
the different branches of observation we have only laid a
foundation. In order that it may prosper to full extent,
the observatory should be enlarged & improved. On the one
hand we should prepare men of special ability to undertake

— 13 —

the work of observation ; on the other hand, we should try
to cooperate with the observatories of other nations. In hope
that good results may be obtained in the future the present
plans are under consideration.

The Equatoreal room with revolving dome and the
Transit room are the important features of the observatory
and should be built without delay. A place has already been
chosen for the sites of these constructions. It is on the
summit of the Western Hills, 30 li from Peking, whose height is
1100 ft. above the sea level. When the building is completed,
four departments will be organized The first will be the
Astrophysical Observation Department, which is to make
observations on sun-spots, prominences or protuberances,
hydrogen bombs, temperature and constitution of celestial
bodies, clusters and nebulae, proper motion of stars, &c.
The second will be the Meridian Observation Department,
and its function is to determine the celestial longitude and
latitude or the right ascension and declination. The third will
be the Time Department, which is to keep time and to
examine or verify clocks and chronometers. The fourth will
be the Miscellaneous Observation Department which, as the
name implies, is to make observations on various appearances
or phenomena, such as comets, shooting stars, meteors,
occultations, and eclipses of satellites. The Asbite of Carl
Zeiss will be the instrument used in the equatoreal room,
while the meridian circle of Repsold will be used in the
transit room. These two instruments are now under construc-
tion,

— 14 —

Due precaution has been taken that all constructions
should be solid and that all equipments should be complete,
because the Observatory can not co-operate with those of
other nations unless these requirements are fulfilled. In the
third year of the Republic, China was invited by the foreign
Powers to participate in the International Bureau of Unific-
ation of Hours. Hereafter she may be asked to carry out the
scheme for the unification of hours, a step which is very
important and should not be postponed in the Far East. A
constant study of or investigation in Astrophysics, celestial
Mechanics, and Optics paves the way for new inventions and
discoveries in the field of Astronomy. Very recently, more
than ten universities have been established in Peking and the
Provinces, all of which aim to raise the study of sciences and
pay special attention to Physics and Chemistry. The number
of students of these two sciences increases daily, but they
can not hope to do any work unless they have undergone
certain practical Training. In this respect the equipments of
the Observatory can render an excellent service in that it can
be used as the students' laboratories for making necessary
experiments.

China is essentially an agricultural nation. To render
this industry prosperous we have to make observations on
the fall of rain throughout the country and to inform the
farmers of the fitness of their land. For this purpose the
observatory has laid down a plan on the National Rain
Observation which, through the Ministry of Education, has
been notified to the various provinces and which is to

— 15 —

be taken charge of by a school in every district. At
present more than one hundred districts are carrying on
the work and the rest of them, amounting to more than 1600,
are expected to do the same within one year. And as soon
as the nation is belter off financially, such observations will
be extended from the districts to the villages. Thus after a
few years whether a given district will have a scarcity or
abundance of rain can be ascertained at a glance from the
maps thus compiled. For the benefit of farmers the Obser-
vatory will telegraph to the various districts reports of the
general meteorological conditions by which any station in any
district will make, by comparing them with the local climate,
a district agricultural prediction for the information of the
farmers.

Meteorological telegrams are being exchanged free of
charge among the European nations, and recently such
exchanges are being similarly effected between Europe and
America. This is because the causes of meteorological changes
are far and wide, and more and more reports from distant
stations are required in investigating the cause. For the pur-
pose of getting into close touch with the conditions of climate
in the world, the Observatory will first arrange with the
Eastern and Northern neighbours to exchange such telegrams,
then with Europe, and then with America. Since the European
war, wireless telegrams have been resorted to a large extent
and their uses have been developed by leaps and bounds.
The Observatory has trained some students for this purpose
and has bought a wireless receiver for the daily receipt of

— 16 —

such reports. It has also been planning to erect a wireless
transmitter for the sending of such reports as time signals,
meteorological messages, and earthquake reports. Those
reports may be received by ships, aeroplanes, and other weather
bureaus from time to time for their use and reference.

An aviator who does not understand the changes of
meterological phenomena is just like a sailor who has no
knowledge about the ebb and flow of tides. Meteorology
in relation to aviation is only the discussion of atmospheric
currents. In former times attention was solely paid to lower
currents ; but as the changes of lower currents have close
relation to upper currents, the meteorologists have begun to
realize that the two should be studied simultaneously. During
the last one hundred years, such processes as to the absort-
ion of the atmospheric constituents up in the air by empty
boxes for analytical purposes, and the investigation of the
flow of currents by sounding balloons, have been made use of
repeatedly in the European countries ; and dynamic-meteoro-
logic observatories have been established and the International
Commission of Scientific Aerostation organized, both for the
purpose of investigating upper currents. The Observatory, in
addition to obtaining the wind-direction and specific flow of
upper currents by various sounding balloons, will pay special
attention to the observation of clouds. The cloud observation
is of two kinds ; one on its height, and the other on its character.
The observation of height is done in two ways : by Nephoscopic
Herse made by Montsouries of Paris, and by search-light to reflect
the bottom of the cloud. The height of the clouds can also be
ascertained by an altazimuth beyond several miles on a plain.

— 17 —

The value of observation depends partly on the ability
of men and partly on the precision of instruments. Although
the degree of precision rests on the hands of the maker, yet
the man who uses the instruments and desires to have good
results, should make the necessary adjustments from time to
time. For instance, we use more than 10 instruments in
taking a complete meteorological observation ; and should
special attention have not been paid, and adjustment omitted,
the error will increase as time goes on, and ultimately the
precision of observation will be much decreased. From this
point of view the Observatory has established a suitable room
or laboratory where standard instruments are stored. Not only
our own instruments are examined and compared with the
standard ones at fixed dates, but all the scientific instruments
used by other institutions may be sent over for verification. Once
done, a certificate is issued, containing the necessary corrections
for practical use. As has been suggested by the International
Aeronautic Conference, all the instruments, such as barometers,
speed indicators, chronometers, &c, that are used in aviation,
have to be verified by the observatory assigned by the Con-
ference. This ruling has been promulgated and carried out
in Europe. At present, communications in the air are being
developed, international air Lines are being extended, and
the day for thorough traffic in the air around the world is not
distant. For the convenience of international aviation, it is
necessary that special preparations should be made.

Magnetic observation is also important and should not
be overlooked. About eighty to ninety per cent of both coast
and river navigation in China have been capitalised and

— 18 —

operated by foreigners. For the development of their trade and
for the protection of their lives and properties, the foreigners have
requested the observatory to make observations on the magnetic
force from time to time. This has happened once every three or
five years. In order to comply with these requests, the Obser-
vatory has chosen Liu-Ying-Ting, near Wen Tswen village, as
the site for a magnetic station, which is at the back of the
Western Hills, more than 50 li from Peking. The place is
very favourable for such kind of construction, as it is not
affected by any electric force. According to the plans for the
construction of magnetic stations in foreign countries, there
are three kinds of houses : the wooden house, the stone
house and the basement. It is easy to build basements, but
it is hard to choose the sites. The most popular kind is the
wooden house. More than fifty per cent of the magnetic
observatories in foreign countries are built of wood. We
shall have two pavilions in the magnetic station at Liu-Ying-
Ting: one the Absolute Magnetic Pavilion and the other the
Magnetograph Pavilion, all of which are to be built of wood.
But owing to the extreme temperatures of Peking, a difference
of 50 degrees between summer and winter, it is probable
that stone rather than wood will be used. As to the instru-
ments, they must be fine as well as cheap. Chaslon and
Mailhars which are much extolled by various countries, are
the factories that will satisfy these two conditions. The
Observatory has given their instruments a thorough test and
found them specially adapted for observatories and indispen-
sable in making magnetic observations. The Observatory is

— 19 —

also contemplating to construct an Earthquake observation
room within the magnetic station. The instruments to be
used will be the Horizontal Pendulum or Bracket Seismograph
and Vertical Seismograph, both by Richard of France, and
Omoris Tromometer.

CONCLUSION.

The study of the science of Astronomy began very
early in China. Fu Hi, the first Emperor in the Chinese
history, looked up the sky and down the earth, Huang Ti
observed the sun and calculated its position, Tchung and
Lee took charge of the affairs in relation to Heaven and
Earth. Later on, Emperor Yao observed the Sun, Moon, and
Planets, and Emperor Shun tabulated them. Then, in the latter
Han dynasty, Liu Hung began to acknowledge the variations
of the moon's motion. In the Tsin dynasty, Yu Hee discovered
the solar precession and in the North Tsi dynasty, Chang
Tse Sin calculated the stationary and retardation of planetory
motions. In the Swei dynasty, Liu Chow fixed the equation
of the Sun's center. In the Yen dynasty, Ko Show king
dicussed the old data under seven articles and introduced
five new methods into theoretical astronomy. This latter is
considered as the most significant achievement in the science
of astronomy in China. In the same dynasty observational
astronomy also rose to the highest attainment. Fourteen persons
were dispatched east to Korea, west to Kwen Min lake, south
to Southern Canton and north to Teh-Lin, along the northern
boundary of China, and the places upon which observations
were made amounted to twenty-seven. Few discoveries were

— 20 —

made in the Ming dynasty, and so in the Ching, though in
this dynasty a few modern methods were indroduced. After
the establishment of the Republic, the Central Observatory
has been doing its utmost, trying to emulate the achievements
of its predecessors on the one hand and to avail itself of the
modern methods of Western nations on the other. Reforms
are being introduced and improvements are being made, but
at such a time as this when the National Treasury is empty
the Observatory is handicapped in both its equipments and
improvements. As we know, the Dudley Observatory at
Albany (N.Y.) the Dearborn Observatory at Chicago, the
Cincinnati Observatory, and the Listchfield Observatory of
Hamilton College are all erected by public subscriptions.
Every Chinese admires the grandeur and magnificence of those
observatories, but is there no one to follow the steps of the
Americans ?

ILLUSTRATIONS

IN

THE CHINESE TEXT

The Following is a list of illustrations printed in the Chinese text.

Fig. 1 The Old reception hall.

2 The Ancient armilla

3 The Abridged armilla

4 The Old observatory and instruments

5 The Ecliptic armilla

6 The Celestial globe

7 The Quadrant

8 The Equatoreal armilla

9 The Theodolite

10 The Sextant

11 The Altazimuth

12 The New armilla

13 The Present view of the old observatory

14 The Gnomon

15 The Clepsydra

16 The Meteorological yard

17 The Barograph, thermograph and hygrograph

18 The Weather chart

19 The A map of stations

20 The Universal instruments

21 The Transit

22 The Prismatic astrolabe

23 The Mural telescope

24 The Equatoreal telescope

25 The Reflector

26 The Wireless receiving apparatus

27 The Magnetometer

28 The Inclinometer

29 The Popular observing yard

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