Skip to main content

Full text of "Patents for inventions. Abridgements of specifications relating to sugar. A.D. 1663-1866"

See other formats 


PATENTS  FOR  INVENTIONS. 


ABRIDGMENTS 


OF 


RELATING   TO 


SUGAR. 


A.D.  1663-1866. 


PRINTED  BT  ORDER  OF  THE  COMMISSIONERS  OP  PATENTS. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED  BY  GEOKGE  E.  EYRE  AND  WILLIAM  SPOTTISWOODB 

PRINTERS  TO   THE    QUEEN'S   MOST  EXCELLENT  MAJESTY. 
PUBLISHED  AT  THE 

OFFICE  OF  THE  COMMISSIONERS  OF  PATENTS  FOB,  INTENTIONS, 

25,  SOUTHAMPTON  BUILDINGS,  HOLBOBN. 

1871. 


.•  •  •«. 


PKEFACE. 

THE  Indexes  to  Patents  are  now  so  numerous  and  costly 
as  to  render  their  purchase  inconvenient  to  a  large  number 
of  inventors  and  others,  to  whom  they  have  become  indis- 
pensable. 

To  obviate  this  difficulty,  short  abstracts  or  abridgments 
of  the  Specifications  of  Patents  under  each  head  of  inven- 
tion have  been  prepared  for  publication  separately,  and  so 
arranged  as  to  form  at  once  a  Chronological,  Alphabetical, 
Subject-matter,  and  Reference  Index  to  the  class  to  which 
they  relate.  As  these  publications  do  not  supersede  the 
necessity  for  consulting  the  Specifications,  the  prices  at 
which  the  printed  copies  of  the  latter  are  sold  have  been 
added. 

The  number  of  Specifications  from  the  earliest  period 
to  the  end  of  the  year  1866  amounts  to  59,222.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  Specifications  enrolled  under  the  old 
law,  previous  to  1852,  embrace  several  distinct  inventions, 
and  many  of  those  filed  under  the  new  law  of  1852  indicate 
various  applications  of  the  single  invention  to  which  the 
Patent  is  limited.  Considering,  therefore,  the  large  number 
of  inventions  and  applications  of  inventions  to  be  sepa- 
rately dealt  with,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  several  properly 
belonging  to  the  group  which  forms  the  subject  of  this 
volume  have  been  overlooked.  In  the  progress  of  the 
whole  work  such  omissions  will,  from  time  to  time,  become 
apparent,  and  be  supplied  in  second  or  supplemental 
editions. 

s.  a  2 

6Q1G79 


jy  PREFACE. 

This  volume  contains  Abridgments  of  Specifications  to 
the  end  of  the  year  1866.  From  that  date  the  Abridgments 
have  not  been  published  in  classes,  but  will  be  found  in 
chronological  order  in  the  "  Chronological  and  Descriptive 
Index  "  (see  List  of  Works  at  the  end  of  this  book).  It  is 
intended,  however,  to  publish  these  Abridgments  in  classes 
as  soon  as  the  Abridgments  of  all  the  Specifications  from 
the  earliest  period  to  the  end  of  1866  have  appeared  in  a 
classified  form.  Until  that  takes  place,  the  reader  (by  the 
aid  of  the  Subject-matter  Index  for  each  year)  can  continue 
his  examination  of  the  Abridgments  relating  to  the  subject 
of  his  search  in  the  Chronological  and  Descriptive  Index. 

This  series  of  Abridgments  embraces  not  only  the  in- 
ventions which  relate  to  the  making,  purifying,  and  refining 
of  all  kinds  of  sugar  commercially  in  use,  but  also  those 
which  relate  to  the  preparation  and  revivication  of  animal 
charcoal  and  its  substitutes.  The  apparatus  required  for 
nipping  or  otherwise  breaking  up  sugars  are  likewise 
included  in  this  series,  but  not  inventions  which  relate  to 
the  use  of  sugar  in  manufacturing  lozenges  and  other 
art iles  of  confectionary  or  for  medicinal  purposes. 

The  Abridgments  marked  thus  (*  *)  in  the  following 
pages  were  prepared  for  another  series  or  class,  and  have 
been  transferred  therefrom  to  this  volume. 

B.  WOODCROFT. 
August,  1871. 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


[The  names  printed  in  Italic  are  those  of  the  persons  by  whom  the  inventions 
Lave  been  communicated  to  the  Applicants  for  Letters  Patent.] 


Page 

Adams,  J 323 

Aitchison,  J 40 

Alexander,  W.  R 251 

Alliott,  A 126 

Allman,  F 215 

Anderson,  A.  W 217 

,  M.  F 374 

Andre',  C.  E 290 

Ansens,  A .224 

Archbald,  W.  A 48,  52,  55, 

186 

Archibald,  C.  D 153 

Aspinall,  G 149,  183,   387, 

198,  207,  252,  255,  262 
Auxv,   G.   C.   A.,  Marquis 

...386 


uxy, 
of... 


Baird,  J 27 

Bancroft,  P 65 

Banfield,  T.  C 156 

Barclay,  A 2 

Barlow,J 32 

Barry,  P.  G 210 

Barton,  J 212 

Bates,  J 40,50 

Batley,  B ;...9 

Baucq,  A... 257 

Bea,M. 352 

Beanes,  E...180,  310,  340,  347, 
348,  358,  392 

Bell,  J 13,14 

Bellford,  A.  E.  L 167 

Bellhouse,  D 74 

Belton,  P,  M 280 

Bensen,  G.  J. 194,  232,  233, 

245,  357 


Page 

Bentall,  E.  H 268 

Bernard,  L.  C 295 

Berry,  M 63,412 

Bertholomey,E 350 

Bessemer,  H 105,  121,  127, 

140,  144,  153,  155,  156,  170, 
172,  173,  179 

Bethune,  D 215,217 

Birkmyre,W 115 

Blackwell,  F.  E 209 

Blair,  T 311 

BlancTiard,  T. 237 

Boddrell,G.J.. 336 

Bonneval,  E,  "  Marquis  de 

Ruffo 325 

Bordone,  P.  J.  T 180 

Borrie,P 76 

Botturi,  S 231 

Bour,  J 184 

Bousie,  W * 5 

Boutigny,  C.  C. 160 

Bowman,  F 412 

_____  j  "\\r  93 

Brandeis,  J. . . . .'.'.'.  14^  149,'  164 

Brearley,T 278 

Brinjes,  J.  F 346,  355,  362 

,  J.  F.,  the  younger  235 

Britten,J... 84 

Brocksopp,  T 28 

Brooman,  R.  A...109,  137,  145, 

157,  191,  196,  210,  228,  232, 

275,  285,  290,  293,  306,  319, 

329,  338,  345,  353,  361 

Brown,  D.  S 150 

,  I .182 

,  J 182 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page 

Browne,  H.  N S3 

finite,  A.  M 244 

Brunton,  T 51 

Bryant,  J 233 

,  J .,  the  younger 211 

Buchanan,  G '.  .242,  323 

Burq,  V 360 

Cameron,  J 247 

Campbell,  T 370 

Canu,  A.  J 287 

Carey,  S 297,351 

Carr,  T 268,318 

Casartelli,  J.  L 229 

Castelot,E.  P 194 

Cavaillon,F.  J.  de 108 

,  J.  de 24 

Challeton,  J.  F.  F 177 

Champion,  C 81 

Chantrell,  G.F...176,  199,  248, 
252 

Chauvin,  F.  J 379 

Child,  W.  D 83 

Chrysel,  C 3 

Church,  W 407 

*      Clark,  M 35 

,  W...374,  296,  319,  370, 

373 

Claypole,  H.  K 97 

Cleland,  W 31,  34,  401,  404 

Clement,  W.  H 102 

Coignet  Pere  et  Fils  et  Com- 

pagnie,  Societe*. 313 

Collette,  C.  H .181 

Collinge,  J 8,29 

Collins,  H.  J 235 

Condroy,  L.  G.  A 301 

Constable,  J 73 

Constant,  L.  H.  H.  G 15 

Cooper,  J 72 

Corby,  J 337,350 

Cormack,  W 3/4,  382,  389 

Coste,  J.  M.  G 185 

Coster,  P.  A.  de 228 

Courson  de  la  Villeneuve,  L. 

M.  A.  A.  de 305 

Courtot,  H.,.  279 


Cowan,  J 270,2 

,  P 270,  304,  331 

Cowing,H 115 

Cowper,  C 113,  114 

Cramer,  G.  A 414 

Crosley,  H 60,  64,  70,  85, 

104,411 

Cuisinier,  J.  F.  J. 306,  318 

Curtis,  J 11 

,W.J 117 

Danek,  V 352 

Danguy,  — 275 

Daniel,  J.  F 29 

Davies,  G 254,293,352 

Davis,J 36,  39 

Dawson,  J 272,367 

De  Cavaillon,  F.  J 108 

,  J 24 

De  Coster,  P.  A 228 

De  Courson  de  la  Villeneuve, 

L.  M.  A.  A 305 

DeDouhet,  G.  F 159 

De  Fontainemoreau,  P.  A. 

Le  Comte 138,  332 

De  Gemini,E.  0 296 

,  E.  T 296 

De  la  Villeneuve,  L.  M.  A. 

A.deC 305 

De  Lisle,  A.  T 263 

De  Massy,  L.  P.  R....343,  344, 
363,  382 

,  L.  R 343,  344 

De  Mercato,  D 1 

De  Mornay,  E 134 

De  Ruffo  Bonneval,  E.  Mar- 
quis  325 

De  Villeneuve,  T.  C 321 

De  Wyldd,  F 36,334 

Decoster,  P.  A 189 

Delabarre,  C.  F 197 

Denison,  G 213 

Derosne,  C.. 42,47,77 

Dihl,  C 398 

Dimsdale,T.  1 177 

Dixon,  G 159 

,T 352 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


vn 


Page 

Dolyoruki,  P.  S 249 

Douhet,  G.  F.  de 159 

Druke,  J.  G 22 

Drummond,  G.  A 308,  309 

Dubrunfaut,  A.P 329 

Duff,C 243 

Duncan,  J 272,299 

Duquesne,  A 317 

Duquesne,  E.  F 188 

Dureau,J.B 285 

DuRieu,F.J.P 393 

Ebingre,  J.  D....  ....148 

Edwards,  J.  S 223 

Egan,J.F 143 

Elers,W • 249 

Elliott,  E.  D 378 

Ellis,  J 201 

Ensley,J.  1 387 

Esquiron,  X.  T 240 

Fairrie,  J...  63,  193 

Favell,  T.  V 205 

Fawcett,W 35,405 

Field,  J.  J ........239,291 

Fink,  L 249 

Finken,  G 305 

Finlayson,  C 141 

Finzel,  C.  W.    112,  212,  348, 
358 

Finzel,  W.  C 167,233 

Firmin,  G.  J 392 

Fleming,  J 3 

Fletcher,  J 276,316,368 

Fontainemoreau,   P.    A.  le 

Comte  de 138,332 

Fordyce,  G 4 

Fourmeaux,  E '. .  .282 

Fradet,J. 289 

Francis,  E 258 

Fraser,  J.  M 125 

Freund,  C 32 

Fryatt,  H.  N. 267,  278,  299 

Fryer,  A. 280,  314,  348,  361 

Furness,  R.  H 24 

Gaade,  C.  J. 370,373 

Gadesden,  A.  W 78 


Pajre 

Galloway,  R 147,  170 

Galy-Cazalet,  A 231 

Gamble,  J.  C .". 403 

Gardissal,  C.  D 215 

Gardner,  E.  V 208 

Garnett,  A 45 

Garton,  C 321,  324,  335 

Geauchez,  L 338 

Gedge,  W.  E 295,  324,  376 

Gemini,  E.  O,  de 296 

,  E.  T 296 

Gilbee,  W.  A 236,273 

Gits,  J.  F 325 

Goessling,  F.  W. 358,  359 

Goodlet,  G 416 

Golding,  G.  G 207 

Gordon,  G 380,390 

Gossart,  F.  L 168 

Goulson,  B 41 

Green,  W 261,284 

Greenwood,  T 166 

Guillou,  A 361 

Gutteridge,  W 53 

Gwynne,  G 59,  116 

,J.........130,  173,  1/4 

,  J.  E.A.... 174 

Gye,F .:....:; 84 

Hague,  J 23,26,39 

Hamoir,P 317 

Hanrez,P 325 

Hansell,  C. 332 

Harczyk,B 150 

Harding,  W 1 

Hardman,  L 72 

Hare,  Sir  J 296 

Haseltine,  G 358,  359 

Havemeyer,  T.  A 319 

Hawes,W 163 

Heather,J 189 

Hebert,  L 99 

Henry,  M 246,313 

Herapath,  W.  B 320 

>    Herring,  M 129 

!    Heusner,  K.  L 327 

1    Herz,  A.  C.,  Von ...142 

|    Higgineon,  G.  1 168 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page 

Higham,W 74 

Hill,  L.,  junior 97 

,T .' 335 

Hills,  F.  C 120,  163 

,  G 120,  163 

Hoard,F 60 

Howard,  E.  C 17,  19 

Howard    de    Walden    and 

Seaford,  C.  A.,  Lord 164 

Howe,G 244 

Huggins,  H.  J 271 

Hughes,  E.  T 256,393 

HuiUard,  A 231 

Hyde,  L.,  Lord 1 

Ingham,  J 10 

Jacquier,  J. 352 

Jasper,  G.  A 372,  383 

Jay,C 96 

Jennings,  H.  C 33,  89 

Johnson,  J.  H.  152,  325,  379, 
381 

,  W 397,  402 

Johnston,  J 79,  93 

Jones,  D 345 

Jordan,  J 167 

Jouan,  A 254 

Jouannet,M.  V. 315 

Kanig,  W.A.  von 264 

Keddy,T ; 226 

Kempen,  P.  von 414 

Kerr,  R 196 

Kessler,J.  L 330 

King,T 218 

Kirk,  R 30 

Kissack,  J 366 

Kite,  J.(secundus) 214 

Knab,D.C 162 

Knaggs,  W 384 

Kneller,  W.G 38 

Knight,  R 30 

Kohn,F 393 

Kuntsmann,  R 389 

Labayen,S 345 

Lagard,  J.  A 246 


Lambert,  R.  S 

Langenard,  F.P 341 

Lavignac,H 293 

Lawrence,  M.  W 34,  62 

Lebaudy,  J 357 

Ltgal,F.M 379 

Leitch,  J 204,  205,  208 

Leplay,  A  H 306,  318,  371 

,  H. 255 

Leon,  J.  A ....366,  371 

Lequime,  A 353 

Leuchs,J.  G 273 

Lewsey,  C.  J ..217,220 

Lichtenstadt,  D 243 

Lisle,  A.  T.  de 263 

Lodge,  E 200 

Lombard,  J.  B.  A 240 

Longbottom,  J 220 

Loos,  E..; 63 

Lowndes,  C.  S 158,167 

Loysel,E 192 

Lyons,  J.  J ..265 

McEwan,  J 365 

Macfie,  R.A... 121 

Maclnnes,  J 65 

Macintosh,  J 145,  148 

Mackizday,  L 245,307,  335 

McOnie,  A 222 

Manbre,  A... 239,  260,  266,342 

Manifold,  J.T.,0 158,  167 

Manwaring,  W 69 

Margesson,  P.  D 244 

Mams,  J 326 

,W 326 

Marshall,  G 200 

,J.junr 257 

Martineau,  J.,  the  younger... 21 

,  P.,  the  younger... 21 

Massy,  L.  P.  R.  rfe....343,  344, 

363,  382 

,  L.  R.  de 343,  344 

Maumene,  E.  J 175 

Mayelston,  J 169 

Melvill,  J 3 

Mennons,  M.  A.  F.....289,  305, 

315,  317 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


ix. 


Page 

Mercato,  D.  de 1 

Michel,  L.  A 178 

Miller,  W....230,  311,  328,  340 

Minchin,  R  G.  V 376,  393 

Mirrlees,  J.  B 133 

Moliueux,  F 81 

Moinier,  J.  B 160 

Montclar,  J.  M.  A 375 

Montaigue,  L. 357 

Moreau-Darluc,  C 200 

Morley,P.A 68 

Mornay,  E.  de 134 

Moult,  W 398 

Mountford,G 224 

Mouren,  J 325 

Mucklow,  E.: 223 

Muir,W 327 

Midler,  R 364 

Murdoch,J 108 

Murray,  R 5 

Myers,'  M 378 

Napier,  J.  M 282 

Nash,  J 151,  185 

Needham,  W 212,214 

Neilson,W 365 

Nesmond,  P.  C 160 

Newman,  H.  C.  C 11 

Newnam,  J 328 

Newton,  A.  V...88,  110,  267, 
278,321,356 

,  W 54,98 

,  W.  E...213,  253,  299, 

305,  343,  344,  350,  363,  382 

Nind,  P 124 

Norman,  J , 377 

Norton,  J 244 

Ogston,  G.  H 364 

Oliver,  J 60,63 

Orr,  W 307 

Oxland,  J 106,  132 

,BL..106,  132,  195,266 

Paine,  J.  M 183 

Parker,F 413 

— ,W 54,408 


Page 
Parsons,  C.  F  ..................  234 

Partz,  A.  F.  W  ................  222 

Paterson.  J  .........  308,309,  349 

Patrick,  W.  B  ...........  307,  385 

Pearse,H  .........................  83 

Peek,  A  .........................  322 

Perkins,  A.  M  .................  408 

--  ,  J  ......................  409 

Perrier,  Sir  A  ..................  400 

Pertins,  M.  E.  A  ...............  49 

Pesier,E  ........................  273 

Picciotto,  J  .....................  1  74 

Pidding,  W  ....................  162 

Pierce,  W.  M  ..................  297 

Pillans,  J  ........................  194 

Playfair,  P  .......................  97 

Pontifex,E  .......................  56 

Poole,  M  ..........................  44 

Possoz,  L.  A  ...................  263 

Pouchaut,  D.  P  .................  70 

Powell,,!  .........................  37 

--  ,J.F  ....................  364 

_       rp  07 

j    *  ........................  Of 


Prentice,  M./;  ..................  283 

Price,  A.  P  .....................  106 

Prince,A  ........................  249 

Purbrick,  R.  B  ..................  80 


Qufruel,  J.  B.  J. 


C293 


Radcliffe,  J  .....................  205 

Reece,  R  ........................  106 

Reed,  C  .........................  315 

Reeder,  J  ...........................  7 

Reid,  F  ..........................  333 


ReyburnR  ...............  179,187 

Reynolds,  H  ............  250,259 

Richard,  L.  J  .......  .  ..........  211 

Richardson,  C  ..................  89 

283 

.237 
Rieu,  F.  G.P.  du  .............  393 

Riley,  H  ..................  .  .....  198 

Ritter.W  ....................  ?....71 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page 

Robbins,  J 11 

Robertson,  P 300,312 

Robey,  J 379 

Robinson,  J.  H.  0 75,  166, 

265,  270 

)  v  ••••••***  •  »••  t  •-»«••••*  DO 

,  M 46,52 

,  R.  A.... 271 

Roettger,E 393 

Rohde,  M 28 

Ronald,  J 78 

Ross,W,H 310 

Rostand,  C 356 

Rotch,  T.  D 119 

Rousseau,  E 253 

Rowland,  R 383 

Ruffo  Bonneval,  E.  Marquis 

de 325 

Rumsey,  J 396 

Salembier,  H.  L.  F 83 

Saunders,  J.  F , 55 

Savage,  A 203,  288 

Schiele,C 201 

Schramm,H.R.L 264 

Schroder,  F.  H 66,  132,  304 

Schwarz,H 334 

Scoffern,  J 98,  115 

Scott,  A 272 

,  J.  junior 165 

Serret,  G 317 

Seymour,  G 255 

Shand,  W 43,404 

Shannon,  R 396 

Sharp,  J.B 405 

Shears,  D.  T 122,188 

Shepherd,  G 334 

,W.  T 334 

Shorland,  W 7 

Siemens,  C.  W 204 

Sievier,  R.  W 94,  219,  225 

Sillem,  H.  J 238 

Slatter,J 394 

Smith,  A 262,355 

,  A.  F 1 

,  J 30 

,  W....139,  262,  333,  355 


Page 
Societe  Coignet  Pere  et  Fils 

et  Compagnie 313 

Sovereign,  L.  L 387 

Spencer,  T 242 

St.  Glair,  B 82 

Steele,  J 198 

Steiner,F 95 

Steinkamp,  J.  A 101 

Sterihouse,  J 203,  216 

Stevens,  C 282 

,  G 53,  70 

Stokes,  J 35 

Stolle,  E 61 

Sutherland,  J 21 

Symes,W 83 

Symington,  W 141 

Target,  F.  N...  ...69 

Taylor,  J 22,  182 

,  P 329,400 

Terry,  A.  R 221,260 

,  C 54 

Tessimond,  G 366 

Therese,  S.  J. 256 

Thomas,  R.  G. 42 

Thomson,  J 188 

Tickell,  H 397 

Tizack,  J 1 

Tow,  G 139,312 

Townsend,  J 286,287 

Travis,  E 229 

Trevithick,  R 415 

Trolliet,  J.  -B.  F 345 

Turner,  E 43 

Ure,  A 49,406,  409,410 

Vanderfeesten,  J.  M 337 

Van  Kempen,  P 414 

Varillat,  J.  J 121 

,  W.  J.  J 135,  212 

Varley,  W 24 

Vaughan,  G 12 

Vauville,  E 281 

Vickess,S 388 

Villeneuve,  L.  M.  A.  A.  de 

C.  dela 305 

Villeneuve,  T.  C.  de 321 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


XI 


Page 

Vion,  H.  C 161 

Vivian,  A 415 

VonKerz,  A.  C 142 

VonKanig,W.  A 264 

Wagener,J 392 

Wagner,  J.  H.  G.  D 254 

Wakefield,T 9 

Walker,  J 275,287 

,  J.  junior 142 

Waller,  R 300 

Ward,H 237 

Warner,  H.  S 241 

Watson,  W 57 

Way,J.  T...: 175,183 

Weld,  A.  T 364 

Wells,J. 381 

Welsh,  J 190 

White,  G 273 

,  T 363 


Pape 

White,  W.  C 323 

Williams,  C.  W 286 

,  G 289 

Willis,  A 13 

Willoughby,  F 1 

Wilson,  D 25,  26 

,  J.  C 291,302 

Wittman,  F 324 

Wood,  S.  T 6 

Worssam,  G.  J 346 

Wray,L 192 

Wright,  R...84, 87, 281, 313,  354 

Wyatt,  C 9,26 

Wylde,  F.  de 36,344 

Yonge,  J.  G 2 

Young,  J 59 

,J.  H 153 

Ziegler,  E 227 


INTRODUCTION. 


SUGAR  is  a  substance  which  extensively  abounds,  but  it  is  found 
more  especially  secreted  in  different  parts  of  a  variety  of  plants, — 
in  some  plants  in  their  stems,  in  some  in  their  fruit,  >nd  in  others 
in  their  roots ;  indeed,  there  are  but  few  vegetable  substances, 
which  do  not  contain  it  in  more  or  less  quantity.  Still  there'  are 
only  a  very  few  substances,  and  these  are  vegetable,  which' have 
hitherto  been  found  to  yield  it  in  so  large  a  quantity  as  to  make 
its  manufacture  from  them  remunerative. 

Although  the  qualities  of  sugar  are  very  numerous  and  varied, 
according  to  their  mode  of  production  and  to  the  nature  of  the 
substance  from  which  they  are  derived,  still, -it  may  be^said  that, 
practically,  there  are  only  two  kinds  of  sugar  which  have  com- 
mercially any  great  importance,  and  these  are  commonly  known 
under  the  names  of  cane  sugar  and  grape  sugar,  more  recently 
called  glucose,  but  the  latter  sugar,  although  science  has  now 
taught  us  of  its  contemporaneous  existence  with  the^ former,  is 
a  substance  of  a  comparatively  modern  manufacture. 

In  the  first  century,  sugar  (no  doubt  the  sugar  from  the  cane) 
was  described  by  Dioscorides  and  Pliny  as  "  resembling~salt,  and 
"  only  used  in  medicine,"  whilst  Strabo,  Theophrastus,  Arrian, 
and  others  speak  of  it  as  a  sort  of  honey  produced  from  a  reed 
growing  in  Arabia  and  India,  but  although  sugar  must  have  been 
known  in  the  East  from  a  very  early  date,  it  is  said  that  it  was 
not  known  in  Europe  as  an  article  of  food  until  the  time  of  the 
Crusades,  sugar  canes  having  been  found  in  abundance  by^  the 
Crusaders  when  in  Syria. 

The  sugar  cane  appears  to  have  been  transplanted  from  Cyprus 
to  Madeira  and  from  thence  to  the  West  Indies  in  1506,  where, 
the  climate  and  soil  both  proving  favourable  to  its  cultivation, 
in  the  same  century  a  great  number  of  works  were  put  in  opera- 
tion for  making  sugar ;  and  from  that  time,  and  for  some  con- 


xiv  INTRODUCTION. 

siderable  time  afterwards,  the  West  India  Islands  were  the  chief 
sources  of  supply  of  sugar  to  Europe  and  afterwards  to  America, 
for  it  was  not  until  towards  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
about  1751,  that  the  sugar  cane  was  brought  into  and  cultivated 
in  America  upon  the  banks  of  the  Mississipi  near  New  Orleans. 

The  sugar  cane  alone  was  known  as  the  source  for  obtaining 
this  description  of  sugar  until  the  year  1747»  when  M.  Margraff, 
of  Berlin,  demonstrated  that  cane  sugar  was  present  in  the  juice 
of  the  birch,  also  in  the  parsnip,  carrot,  and  white  and  red  beet ; 
and  in  1796  M.  Achard,  of  Berlin,  obtained  from  beet  root  5  per 
cent,  of  white  sugar  and  3  per  cent,  of  molasses.  The  price  of 
cane  sugar  being  high,  towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  or 
early  in  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  a  factory  was 
established  at  Cunern,  in  Lower  Silesia,  for  extracting  sugar  from 
beet  root,  but  no  other  attempt  was  made  to  prosecute  this  manu- 
facture on  a  large  scale  until  the  time  of  the  first  Napoleon,  who, 
bent  upon  ruining  the  colonial  trade  of  this  country,  excluded 
our  colonial  products  from  France,  and  offered  at  the  same  time 
a  premium  of  one  million  of  francs  for  the  best  method  of  pro- 
ducing sugar  from  native  products.  The  effect  of  this  policy 
was  that  very  soon  factories  were  established  in  France  for  making 
sugar  from  beets,  and  these  gradually  extended  to  Belgium, 
Germany,  Austria,  and  Russia,  in  all  of  which  countries  the 
manufacturing  of  beet-root  sugar  is  now  prosecuted  on  a  most 
gigantic  scale,  the  manufacture  having  been  encouraged  and  fos- 
tered from  its  commencement  in  each  of  these  countries  by 
a  protective  duty. 

Many  endeavours  have  from  time  to  time  been  made  in  this 
country  to  manufacture  sugar  from  the  beet,  but  it  would  appear 
that,  up  to  a  few  years  ago,  not  much  success  attended  any  of 
them.  However,  from  a  letter  from  Mr.  James  Caird  to  the  Times, 
which  was  afterwards  copied  into  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of 
Arts  of  25th  November  1870,  it  would  appear  that  the  manufac- 
ture of  sugar  from  beet  is  now  being  worked  successfully  by 
Mr.  Duncan  at  Lavenham  in  Suffolk,  where,  it  is  said,  about 
400  tons  of  roots  are  weekly  converted  into  sugar,  and  it  is 
further  added,  that  "  this  is  now  the  third  year  of  the  Lavenham 
"  factory  and  of  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  English  beet 
"  root  sugar  on  a  considerable  scale — a  scale  equal  in  extent  to 
"  that  of  continental  factories."  It  may  likewise  be  here  stated 
that  the  cultivation  of  the  beet  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar 


INTRODUCTION.  xv 

appears  now  to  be  seriously  engaging  the  attention  of  a  number 
of  the  farmers  of  this  country,  and  a  most  useful  and  instructive 
paper  upon  "  The  cultivation  and  use  of  sugar  beet  in  England  " 
has  lately  been  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts  by  Dr.  Voelcker, 
and  will  be  found  in  the  Society's  Journal,  10th  of  March  1871. 

Dr.  Voelcker  has  evidently  bestowed  much  thought  and  labour 
upon  this  subject  which  appears  to  have  puzzled  the  British 
nation  more  than  it  seems  to  have  done  our  continental  neigh- 
bours, for  that  gentleman  says,  "  that  there  are  at  present  over 
"  500  beetroot  sugar  factories  and  distilleries  in  France,  nearly 
"  200  in  Belgium,  about  300  in  Prussia,  and  a  goodly  number 
"  in  Austria,  Russia,  and  other  continental  states,"  and  finally  he 
concludes  by  saying  that  "  probably  the  number  of  continental 
"  beet  root  factories  and  distilleries  does  not  fall  much  short  of 
"  2,000,  and  according  to  reliable  reports  most  of  them  do  a 
"  lucrative  business." 

It  may  be  said  that  the  processes  for  the  production  of  sugar 
from  the  juice  of  beets  are  materially  the  same  as  those  for  pro- 
ducing sugar  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane. 

Grape  sugar,  or  as  it  is  now  frequently  called  glucose,  although 
it  is  also  known  under  a  variety  of  other  names,  such  as  starch 
or  fruit  sugar,  &c.,  &c.,  was  first  recognized  in  1792  by  Lowitz  as 
a  distinct  species  of  sugar,  differing  in  many  of  its  properties 
from  cane  sugar,  as  for  instance,  it  does  not  so  readily  crystallize 
as  cane  sugar,  and  when  it  does  crystallize,  it  does  so  in  confused 
masses ;  it  is  much  less  soluble  in  water,  cane  sugar  requiring  for 
its  solution  only  about  one-third  of  its  weight  of  cold  water, 
whereas  grape  sugar  requires  about  one  and  a  half  times  its 
weight,  and  it  is  also  much  less  sweet  to  the  taste.  Cane  sugar 
likewise  differs  in  other  respects  from  grape  sugar,  as  for  instance, 
in  forming  salts  with  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  and  also  as 
tvill  be  shewn  further  on. 

Grape  sugar  although  found  in  a  great  number  of  substances, 
especially  fruits,  is  not  known  to  exist  in  any  one  of  them  in  such 
quantity  as  to  render  its  manufacture  from  fruits  of  any  value ; 
but  chemistry  has  stepped  in,  and  supplied  this  deficiency,  and 
the  production  of  grape  sugar  or  glucose,  by  acting  upon  starch 
or  such  like  substances  with  a  dilute  acid  and  heat,  has  now 
become  a  manufacture  of  some  considerable  importance,  especially 
on  the  continent,  and  this  has  arisen  partly  from  the  fact  that  this 
article  can  be  brought  into  this  market  (as  nearly  as  may  be) 


xvi  INTRODUCTION. 

colorless  a,nd  without  any  flavour  but  its  sweet  taste,  and  these 
properties  make  it  highly  valuable  for  confectionary  purposes, 
and  likewise  from  the  important  fact,  that,  malt  liquors  to  which 
a  portion  of  cane  sugar  has  been  added  do  not  keep  so  well  as 
those  to  which  a  like  portion  of  grape  or  glucose  sugar  has  been 
added;  consequently  it  has  now  come  into  considerable  favor 
with  brewers  who  are  in  the  habit  of  using  sugar  along  with  malt 
in  the  brewing  of  their  beers. 

One  of  the  best  modes  of  distinguishing  grape  sugar  from  cane 
sugar  is  by  adding  to  the  solution  of  sugar  to  be  tested  in  a  flask 
a  few  drops  of  an  alkaline  solution  of  tartrate  of  copper  and 
gently  boiling  ;  if  any  grape  sugar  is  present  a  bright  red  metallic 
looking  precipitate  of  suboxide  of  copper  is  shortly  thrown  down 
from  the  liquid,  if  no  grape  sugar  is  present  no  red  precipitate 
takes  place,  and  the  solution  remains  clear  with  a  slight  blue  tinge 
from  the  addition  of  the  copper  solution. 

In  a  solution  of  a  mixture  of  the  two  sugars  a  quantitative 
examination  may  thus  be  made ;  the  grape  sugar  is  first  esti- 
mated in  one  portion  of  the  solution  of  the  sugar  by  a  standard 
solution  of  the  alkaline  tartate  of  copper,  and  the  quantity  noted ; 
then  another  portion  of  the  original  solution  of  the  two  sugars 
is  boiled  for  a  short  time  after  having  added  to  it  a  few  drops  of 
an  acid,  say  sulphuric  acid ;  this  boiling  with  the  acid  converts 
the  cane  sugar  that  may  have  been  present  into  grape  sugar, 
when  the  whole  of  the  sugar  is  again  estimated,  by  adding  the 
copper  solution  from  time  to  time  to  the  boiling  solution  so  long 
as  a  precipitate  takes  place,  the  increased  quantity  of  the  copper 
solution  required  over  the  first  experiment  will  give  the  amount 
of  cane  sugar  in  the  mixture. 

The  value  of  this  test  will  be  better  understood  when  it  is 
stated  that,  owing  to  the  mode  in  which  sugars,  but  especially 
those  known  as  low  sugars,  are  manufactured,  they  contain  in 
many  instances  grape  sugar;  and  likewise  from  the  fact,  that 
large  quantities  of  grape  sugar  or  glucose  are  used  for  the  purpoae 
of  adulterating  brown  cane  sugars,  thus  improving  their  color,  but 
at  the  same  time  deteriorating  their  sweetening  or  saccharine 
properties  to  a  material  degree. 

In  the  process  given  above  for  testing  the  value  of  samples 
containing  both  cane  and  grape  sugar  it  will  be  noticed  that 
cane  sugar  is  converted  into  grape  sugar  by  boiling  its  solution 
with  a  few  drops  of  an  acid,  sulphuric  acid  recommended,  and 


INTRODUCTION.  xvii 

this  action  of  acids  upon  cane  sugar  has  formed  the  subject  of  a 
patent  which  will  be  found  abridged  in  this  volume  (Garton's 
patent).  The  product  so  obtained  is  manufactured  on  a  large 
scale  by  Messrs.  Hill  &  Co.,  of  Southampton,  and  sold  under  the 
name  of  "saccharum;"  it  has  found  considerable  favour  with  a 
large  number  of  brewers  in  England,  who  employ  a  portion  of  it 
along  with  the  malt,  and  by  so  doing  are  said  to  obtain  from 
this  mixture  a  malt  liquor  of  a  more  permanent  character  than 
when  brewed  with  malt  alone  or  a  mixture  of  malt  and  any  cane 
sugar,  however  pure  the  cane  sugar  may  have  been. 

If  the  process  has  been  properly  conducted  the  product  should 
be  grape  sugar  or  glucose,  with  a  certain  per-centage  of  water, 
but  in  many  samples  which  have  been  examined  from  time  to 
time  very  few  have  been  found  in  which  the  cane  sugar  has  been 
perfectly  converted,  and  most  of  the  samples  have  exhibited  a 
considerable  per-centage  of  unconverted  sugar. 


SUGAR. 


SUGAR. 


A.D.  1663,  February  4.— N°  141. 

WILLOUGHBY,  FRANCIS,  Lord,  HYDE,  LAWRENCE,  and 
"  DE  MARCATO,  DAVID.— Makeinge  and  frameinge  of  sugar 
"  mill?." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.    Letters  Patent  printed,  price  4d.] 

A.D.  1691,  August  22.— N°  271. 

TIZACK,  JOHN. — "A  way  by  an  engine  to  be  worked  by  one 
"  or  more  men  for  the  well  and  more  easy  oyling  and  dressing  of 
"  leather  and  cloath."  This  apparatus,  it  is  said,  "may  be  of 
"  great  use  to  all  such  as  doe  worke  at  those  and  some  other 
"  trades,  and  may  be  also  applicable  to  the  raiseing  of  water, 
"  washing  of  cloathes,  milling  of  sugar  canes,  pounding  of 
"  mineralf,  and  pounding  and  bruising  of  all  sortf  of  seedf, 
*'  pounding  charcoale  to  make  powder  of,  and  pounding  and 
"  making  raggf  fitt  to  make  paper  and  the  like." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.    Letters  Patent  printed,  price  4cZ.] 

A.D.  1692,  March  24.— N°  310. 

SMITH,  ANTHONY  FORESTER. — "  Boyling  and  heating  waters 
ft  and  all  other  liquors,  as  alsoe  for  melting  and  refineing  sugars 
"  and  all  other  things  that  are  done  by  fire,  with  lesse  charge 
"  and  greater  expedition  than  is  now  used  in  our  dominions," 
and  also  "  communicating  the  heat  of  a  small  quantity  of  any 
"  hot  or  boyleing  liquors  in  a  short  time  to  any  greater 
"  quantities." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.    Letters  Patent  printed,  price  4eJ.] 

A.D.  1721,  July  12.— N°  433. 

HARDING,  WILLIAM.—"  Sugar  mills,  engines,  and  wormes." 
These,  it  is  said,  have  hitherto  suffered  by  imperfections  "from 
ff  being  chiefly  made  with  large  timber  and  wooden  coggs,  only 

S.  A 


2  SUGAR. 

"  having  a  case  of  iron  on  the  timber  and  an  iron  gudgeon 
"  through  -them,  which  often  breaks  by  the  imperfeccon  of  the 
"  rollers."  •  .Now  models  have  been  made  of  "  sugar  mills,  engines, 
"  and.wo'rraie^/' .the  "rollers  and  coggs,  and  gudgeons,  whereof 
".  are  all  iron,  cast'an.d  wrought  in  a  different  manner  and  from 
'**;  a\l.'th(!/^e  no\v  in,  vjsd,  and  such  equal  proporcons  and  dimensions 
"  that  if  by  any  accident  a  gudgeon  or  any  other  part  of  the 
"  rollers  should  be  disordered  it  maybe  repaired  without  the  help 
"  of  any  other  workmen  than  those  about  the  mill,  for  one-eighth 
ie  part  of  the  charge  it  vsed  to  cost,  and  be  set  to  work  againe 
"  in  four  or  five  houres  time ;  the  engine  for  supplying  the  said 
"  mills  with  water  having  an  iron  pinion  or  small  wheel  of  a 
f(  peculiar  form  and  manner,  with  works  circular  within  an  iron 
"  double  or  endless  rack,  toothed  all  round,  so  contrived  within 
"  as  to  command  one  sucker  or  forcer,  performing  both  offices  at 
"  the  same  in  a  single  barrel  or  cilinder,  making  a  purchase  of 
"  any  length  required,  which  being  wrought  by  the  power  of  the 
"  mill,  or  otherwise,  will  supply  all  the  works  with  a  continual 
"  stream  of  water  without  intermission,  and  the  wormes  being 
"  cast  and  made  on  a  core  of  mettle,  so  particularly  contrived  as 
"  to  be  taken  out  after  the  worms  or  pipes  are  cast  thereon,  with 
"  much  more  ease  and  conveniency  than  any  ever  before  made 
Cf  vse  of  by  any  artificer  whatsoever,  by  which  meanes  the  wormes 
"  and  water  pipes  will  be  compleatly  finished  without  sorder  or 
"  being  bent  after  casting,  as  those  now  in  vse  generally  are,  and 
"  being  kept  cool  by  a  constant  supply  of  water  will  prevent 
"  yearly  the  loss  or  spoiling  many  thousand  gallons  of  rum,  and 
"  by  removeing  the  waters  from  those  places  where  it  super- 
"  abound^1  to  places  where  it  is  extremely  wanted  will  greatly 
"  encrease  the  value  of  many  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  in 
"  all  those  our  dominions  in  America." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.    Letters  Patent  printed,  price  4d.] 

A.D.  1766,  November  21.— N°  862. 

BARCLAY,  ALEXANDER,  and  YONGE,  JOHN  GREENHILL. — 
"  A  new  method  of  constructing  sugar  mills  by  the  application  of 
"  friction  wheels  to  diminish  the  resistance  arising  from  friction." 
This  consists  in  "  applying  the  said  friction  wheels  in  such  manner 
"'as  that  the  axis  of  one  wheel  revolves  on  the  periphery  of 
"  another." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  3 

A.D.  1773,  August  5.— N°  1051. 

MELVILL,  JOHN. — "A  new  machine  or  stove  engine,  which 
"  can  be  made  of  any  form  whatever,  for  the  more  easy,  cheap, 
"  and  expeditious  mode  of  either  boiling  sugar,  soap,  or  other 
"  articles  which  require  to  be  boiled  in  large  vessels,  or  distilling 
"  all  kinds  of  liquors."  No  description  is  given  of  the  above 
apparatus,  but  there  is  a  drawing,  in  which  are  set  forth  a  num- 
ber of  different  shaped  vessels,  and  in  which  three  of  these  are 
united  together  and  appear  to  be  bowl-shaped,  having  each  a 
jacket ;  these  jackets  communicate  the  one  with  the  other,  and 
contain  in  their  lower  part  hot  water ;  the  water  in  the  first  jacket 
is  heated  by  a  fire  underneath,  any  steam  escapes  by  a  pipe  fixed 
close  to  the  top  of  the  jacket  of  the  last  vessel. 
[Printed,  10A  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1773,  November  7.— N°  1056.    (*  *) 

CHRYSEL,  CHRISTOPHER. — "Method  of  constructing  and  set- 
"  ting  boilers  of  any  dimension  for  the  use  of  fire  engines,  salt 
"  works,  brewhouses,  distillers,  soap-houses,  sugar-houses,  and 
"  sugar  works."  This  consists,  first,  in  changing  "  the  boilers, 
"  coppers,  and  pans,  containing  four  or  more  feet  deep  of  water 
"  or  liquors,"  "  into  shallow  boilers  of  about  one  foot  in  depth 
"  and  of  a  convenient  length  and  breadth,"  to  hold  the  same 
quantity,  "  or  double  or  treble  the  quantity,  which  will  make  no 
"  difference  in  the  quantity  of  fuel  required."  In  fire  engines 
"  the  shallow  boilers  must  be  about  two  feet  and  an  half,  whereof 
"  half  a  foot  is  assigned  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  and  two  feet 
"  for  the  confinement  of  the  steam."  Second,  "  setting  the  said 
"  shallow  boilers  upon  a  small  furnace,  and  serpentine  flue, 
"  contrived  in  such  manner  that  the  fire  goes  out  of  the  furnace 
"  in  full  flames  under  the  whole  bottom  of  the  shallow  boiler  for 
"  about  a  hundred  feet,  ascending  to  the  top  of  the  chimney." 
There  are  two  regulators,  "  one  for  regulating  the  access  of  the 
(t  free  air,  and  the  other  for  regulating  the  exit  of  the  fire  flames 
"  and  smoak." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  162.] 

A.D.  1773,  December  18.— N°  1057. 

FLEMING,  JOHN. — "  An  entirely  new  and  particular  kind  of 
"  machine  or  engine  for  pressing  sugar  canes  and  squeezing  the 

A  2 


4  SUGAR, 

"  juices  therefrom,  which  actuated  by  wheels  upon  a  peculiar  and 
"  much  more  simple  construction  than  any  invention  of  the  like 
"  nature  hitherto  found  out,  and,  as  I  humbly  conceive,  would 
"  be  much  more  useful  and  advantageous  to  the  publick  than 
"  any  invention  or  discovery  of  the  like  nature."  This  consists 
of  two  rollers  fixed  perpendicular,  between  them  is  "  the  spindle, 
"  a  center  roller,"  these  are  all  cased  with  iron,  "  and  are  turned 
"  -g-  of  an  inch  hollow  to  prevent  their  touching  and  wearing 
"  smooth  when  the  cane  is  taken  in  ;"  there  are  "  two  wheels  of 
"  the  same  iron  fixed  on  the  head  of  the  rollers.  The  inside  that 
"  goes  over  the  wood  is  in  an  octagon  form ;  they  have  four 
"  tenons  that  project  two  inches  from  the  center  of  every  other 
"  square  of  the  octagon.  These  tenons  keep  the  wheels  firm 
"  when  let  in  the  wood.  There  is  a  set  of  coggs  on  each  of  thess 
"  wheels  which  connects  with  a  set  of  wallerers  that  are  placed  on 
"  a  wallerer  wheel  that  goes  over  the  spindle,  and  is  brought 
(f  down  to  answer  with  the  roller  wheels."  There  is  a  small 
roller  fixed  close  to  the  "wallerer  wheel,"  for  "  passing  the  cane 
(f  after  it  is  once  squeezed  to  the  roller  that  squeezes  it  a  second 
"  time.  This  small  roller  is  turned  by  a  set  of  coggs  on  the  lower 
"  part  of  the  wallerer  wheel  that  is  fixed  on  the  spindle.  There 
"  are  eight  iron  plates,  two  inches  shorter  than  the  iron  cases, 
"  fixed  in  the  small  roller,  which  project  about  three  inches. 
"  The  rollers  must  be  placed  so  as  the  plates  may  come  within 
"  four  inches  of  the  center  roller  and  within  two  of  the  roller  that 
"  passes  the  cane  a  second  time,  there  is  an  iron  pivot  at  each 
"  end  of  this  roller  which  revolves  in  two  brasses  fixed  for  that 
"  purpose."  A  piece  of  wood  is  placed  oblique  from  the  roller. 
"  The  cane  first  passes  to  the  plates  in  the  small  roller.  This 
"  piece  of  wood  directs  the  canes  to  the  plates  which  takes  and 
"  forces  it  between  the  rollers  which  squeeze  it  a  second  time." 
[Printed,  8cZ.  Drawing.  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  139.] 

A.D.  1774,  January  24.— N°  1061. 

FORDYCE,  GEORGE. — "  Preparation  of  blood,  which  is  prepared 
"  so  as  to  preserve  those  qualities  which  will  render  it  useful  for 
"  the  making  of  sugar  for  a  great  length  of  time,  and  in  any 
"  climate."  This  consists  as  follows  : — "  Take  the  blood  of  oxen, 
"  or  any  other  animals,  separate  from  it  the  gluten,  and  to  the 
"  remainder  add  residuum  of  ether  in  greater  or  smaller  quantity, 


SUGAR.  5 

"  according  to  the  state  of  the  blood,  so  as  to  check  putrefaction 
"  during  the  operation.  If  the  blood  is  in  such  putrefiscent  state 
"  as  to  require  it,  then  evaporate  the  aqueous  particles  in  a  regu- 
"  lated  heat,  and  for  use  dissolve  the  preparation  in  water,  and 
"  apply  it  in  the  same  manner  as  fresh  blood  would  be  applied." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  162.] 

A.D.  1784,  April  17.— N°  1428. 

BOUSIE,  WILLIAM.— "The  refining  of  sugar,  and  the  making 
"  of  sugar  from  the  cane  juice,  and  by  means  of  which  muscavado 
"  or  brown  sugar  may  be  made  to  yield  a  considerably  greater 
"  proportion  of  refined  sugar,  and  better  in  quality  than  can  be 
"  obtained  by  the  methods  usually  practised." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1784,  August  20.— N°  1448. 

MURRAY,  ROBERT. — "For  the  refining  of  sugar  and  the 
"  making  of  sugar  from  the  cane  juice,  and  by  means  of  which 
"  muscavado  or  brown  sugar  may  be  made  to  yield  a  consider- 
"  ably  greater  proportion  of  refined  sugar,  and  better  in  quality 
"  than  can  be  obtained  by  the  method  usually  practised."  For 
making  sugar  from  cane  juice  the  juice  from  the  mills  is  imme- 
diately run  through  linen  into  two  or  three  copper  cauldrons  with 
flat  bottoms,  from  60  to  66  inches  diameter  of  a  certain  weight, 
thickness,  and  height  and  made  of  three  sheets  of  copper  jointed 
and  soldered  in  a  certain  manner,  to  a  depth  of  12  or  13  inches 
only,  when  it  is  quickly,  boiled,  skimmed,  and  concentrated  until 
drops  allowed  to  fall  form  small  sheets,  when  the  fires  under  the 
cauldrons  are  put  out  or  suppressed,  the  liquor  from  two  or  three 
cauldrons  are  passed  through  a  woollen  strainer  fixed  on  wicker 
work  into  one  or  more  cauldrons,  called  boilers,  about  nine  inches 
deep  ;  when  it  is  again  boiled  until  it  is  "  ready  to  crystallize  in 
"  large  distinct  grains."  The  fire  is  then  covered  or  extinguished 
and  the  mass  put  into  a  wood  cooler  five  feet  square  with  an 
elevation  of  eight  inches  lined  with  pure  white  metal  "  similar  to 
"  Smith's  patent  metal,"  in  which  it  is  frequently  stirred  with  a 
wooden  spatula  until  crystallization  is  completed  when  the  mass 
is  placed  in  a  draining  trough  of  wood  four  feet  long,  three  wide, 
one  high,  with  three  rails  in  the  bottom,  on  which  is  placed  an 
osier  hurdle ;  under  this  is  a  trough  for  the  drainings.  which  are 


6  SUGAR. 

treated  again  as  above.  The  sugar  in  the  trough  is  removed  into 
hogsheads,  as  raw  sugar,  or  clayed  as  afterwards  described  when 
refining  raw  sugar.  "  If  any  animal  syrup  can  be  procured  (and 
"  whites  of  eggs  are  preferable  to  any  other),  an  admixture  thereof 
"  in  the  cauldron  will  assist  in  getting  rid  of  the  extractive  part 
"  and  render  the  raw  sugar  most  beautiful." 

For  refining  raw  sugar  it  is  put  into  cases  or  boxes  to  the 
height  of  about  eighteen  inches,  levelled  without  any  compression, 
covered  with  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  of  white  clay  the 
consistence  of  thick  pap.  When  the  water  from  the  clay  has 
filtered'  into  the  mass  of  sugar  the  dry  clay  is  removed  from  the 
surface  and  a  second  coating  of  the  same  clay  about  an  inch 
thick  is  applied.  When  "  the  white  clay  begins  to  retreat  and 
"  rack  upon  the  surface,  from  100  to  106°  F.  of  heat  is  intro- 
"  duced  into  the  warehouse/'  "this  dissolution  infilters  itself 
"  through  the  mass  into  a  recipient  below  such  as  was  used  in  the 
"  former  process  for  boiling  the  cane  juice  only  deeper.  The 
"  clay  when  dry  is  removed  and  the  heat  continued  until  the 
"  draining  ceases.  The  purified  or  bleached  sugar  is  taken  from 
(t  the  case."  The  black  and  bitter  molasses  no  longer  suscep- 
tible of  chrystallization  may  be  fermented  for  "  spirits  fit  for 
"  varnishing  but  which  is  disagreeable  to  the  palate  if  drank." 
"  The  raw  sugar  clayed,  purged,  or  purified  by  this  process  is 
"  then  in  a  proper  state  to  be  refined,  an  operation  which  "  nearly 
"  resembles  that  which  is  commonly  practised  by  refiners;  it 
"  differs  only  in  not  making  use  of  lime  to  dissolve  the  sugar, 
"  according  to  the  usual  process,  but  of  common  pond  or  river 
"  water,  and  in  the  clarifying  with  white  of  eggs  in  place  of 
"  using  bullock's  blood  which  is  the  practise  of  the  present 
"  refiners." 

[Printed,  4fZ.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  4,  p.  289.] 


A.D.  1785,  July  27.— N°  1492.    (*  *) 

WOOD,  SUTTON  THOMAS. — "  Distilling,  rectifying,  refining,  and 
"  preparing  spirits,  oils,  sugars  and  salts,  and  other  substances 
"  and  solutions,  by  the  power  and  application  of  steam,  and 
*'  certain  discoveries  in  the  application  of  steam  to  the  carrying 
"  on  and  to  the  varioiis  purposes  of  trades  and  manufactures." 
This  consists  "  in  making  use  of  steam  instead  of  fire."  Some 
modes  of  doing  this  are  shown :  in  one  instance  a  steam  jacket 


SUGAR.  7 

surrounds  the  still ;  in  another  the  vessel  or  still  containing  the 
liquor  to  be  distilled  surrounds  a  boiler.  Hot  plates  and  ovens 
on  the  above  principles  are  described,  but  it  is  stated  it  is  of  no 
consequence  in  what  shape  or  form  the  vessels,  &c.  may  be  made, 
"  or  in  what  manner  the  heat  of  the  steam  is  communicated," 
"  provided  the  effect  is  produced  upon  the  principle  aforesaid." 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.   Carpmael's  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  1,  p.  182 ; 
Rolls  Chapel  Report,  6th  Report,  p.  172.] 

A.D.  1786,  October  6.— N°  1559. 

REEDER,  JOHN. — "  New  invented  coppers  or  vessels."  This 
consists  of  a  copper  vessel  for  clarifying  cane  juice  with  a  slightly 
convex  bottom,  a  pipe  with  a  tap  is  fixed  just  at  the  bottom  "  for 
"  conveying -the  liquor  from  the  vessel  instead  of  leading  it  out 
<e  from  the  surface  as  heretofore  used."  Across  the  part  of  the 
pan  from  which  the  pipe  is  led  is  "  a  strainer  or  door  to  prevent 
"  any  of  the  scum  or  filth  from  passing  through  the  pipe  with 
"  the  pure  liquor."  In  "the  granulating  copper  or  vessel  in 
"  which  the  last  operation  of  boiling  the  sugar  is  performed  the 
'"  contents  are  discharged  through  a  pipe  fixed  in  some  convenient 
"  part  of  the  bottom  of  the  copper  or  vessel  in  which  the  same  is 
"  boiled." 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  Gth  Report,  p.  175.] 

A.D.  1791,  March  3.— N°  1794. 

SHORLAND,  WILLIAM. — "New  invented  mill,  machine,  or 
"  machinery  calculated  to  prevent  mills  and  all  kinds  of  works 
"  drove  by  water  from  being  flooded  or  impeded  by  back  or  tail 
"  water,  through  the  operation  and  effect  of  double  power  over- 
"  shot  wheels  and  floodgates,  and  for  grinding,  &c.  of  every 
"  species  of  grain,  foreign  or  domestic  produce,  and  the  powder- 
"  ing  and  whitening  of  every  sort  of  sugar,  such  mill,  machine, 
"  or  machinery  to  be  worked  either  by  water,  wind,  manual 
"  labour,  steam,  horses,  or  any  other  cattle."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  overshot  wheels  to  be  made  of  any  height  or  width  the 
"  power  of  the  work  may  require,"  and  made  "  of  wood,  iron, 
"  brass,  copper,  or  any  composition  of  metals,"  and  fixed  upon 
suitable  bearings.  Two  or  more  of  these  wheels  are  fixed  as 
required  with  "  spur  or  cog  wheels  to  be  fixed  one  on  each,  side  " 
of  each  water  wheel,  working  "  in  each  other  in  the  usual  way 


8  SUGAR. 

"  of  wheel  turning  another."  These  wheels  have  a  flood  hatch 
or  hatches,  gate  or  gates,  "  at  the  head  of  the  thorough  or  mill 
"  pond,  to  let  off  or  discharge  the  overflow  or  waste  water." 
"  This  water  or  waste  water  is  let  to  run  under  the  overshot 
"  wheels  by  means  of  drawing  up  the  flood  "  hatch,  hatches,  gate, 
or  gates. 

Second,  in  grinding  using  "  English,  Welsh,  or  foreign  "  stones ; 
if  metal  be  used,  "  iron,  steel,  brass,  copper,  or  lead,  or  any  com- 
"  position  of  metal  or  metals,  wood  and  stone  put  together  in 
"  the  form  of  stones,"  shaped  and  fixed  as  "  for  grinding  all 
"  sorts  of  edge  tools."  The  bed  stones  are  of  the  above  mate- 
rials, and  "made  or  shaped  in  a  concave  form."  The  face  of  the 
runner  for  grinding  is  solid  or  hollow ;  if  hollow,  of  "  the  form 
"  or  shape  of  unshrouded  water  wheel,  with  a  ball  or  globe  of 
"  iron,  or  any  sort  of  metal  to  be  put  in  the  inside,  between  the 
"  arms,  to  help  and  accelerate  the  motion  of  the  machine." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  184.] 

A.D.  1794,  October  30.— N°  2019. 

COLLINGE,  JOHN. — "  Invention  and  improvement  on  sugar 
"  mills,  which  will  occasion  less  power  to  work  them  and  are  not 
"  liable  to  be  out  of  order."  This  consists  "  in  constructing  the 
"  step  blocks  to  receive  the  bottom  gudgeons  of  the  mill  in  any 
"  manner,"  so  that  they  shall  be  immersed  in  oil  or  grease,  and 
"  by  providing  a  recess  below  the  bearing  points  or  cappooses,  in 
"  any  manner  so  that  the  foul  oil  or  grease  shall  escape  beneath 
"  them."  To  avoid  taking  down  the  mill  cases,  &c.  to  cleanse 
the  stop  block  an  aperture  capable  of  being  closed  by  a  plug  or 
screw  is  made  in  the  lower  part  of  its  recess  to  let  out  the  foul 
oil  or  grease.  "  The  head  blocks  which  receive  the  upper 
"  gudgeons  are  to  be  constructed  in  any  manner  so  that  they 
"  will  receive  cotton,  wool,  or  any  other  suitable  elastic  material " 
that  will  emit  oil  or  grease  when  supplied  either  from  recesses 
around  above  that  part  of  the  gudgeon  which  works  therein. 
"  The  step  and  head  blocks  should  be  fixed  in  the  framing  as 
"  near  the  ends  of  the  mill  cases  as  possible  to  render  the 
"  gudgeons  shorter,  which  will  prevent  in  a  great  degree  their 
"  being  broke.  These  blocks  may  be  made  in  any  external  form 
"  that  is  most  suitable  to  the  framing  of  any  mill  to  which  they 
'  may  be  applied." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings,    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  188.] 


SUGAR.  9 

A.D.  1801,  June  2.— N°  2506. 

WAKEFIELD,  THOMAS.— "A  new  art  or  method  of  refining 
"  sugar."  The  sugar  to  be  refined  "  contained  or  inclosed  in  a 
"  cloth  felt  vessel  or  covering  either  having  pores  or  holes 
(l  therein,"  is  placed  in  a  convenient  place  and  pressure  is  applied 
"  by  weight  or  by  rollers  or  by  the  screw  or  wedge,  with  the  help 
"  of  a  steam  engine,  mill,  or  power  capable  of  acting  by  way  of 
"  pressure."  Such  sugar  previously  containing  moisture,  the 
moisture  or  a  part  thereof  passes  from  the  sugar  and  out  of  or 
"  through  the  said  covering,  and  thus  a  part  of  the  colouring 
"  matter  and  of  the  impurities  of  the  sugar  will  be  expelled,  and 
"  the  degree  of  refinement  procured  will  be  proportioned  to  the 
"  quantity  of.  pressure  applied  and  the  quantity  of  moisture 
"  expelled  or  squeezed  out  of  the  sugar."  "  From  the  moisture 
"  or  substance  thus  forced  out  there  may  be  extracted  some  sugar, 
"  molasses,  and  rum  or  other  spirits  by  the  usual  process." 
"  The  sugar  refined  as  aforesaid  may  be  further  or  otherwise 
"  refined  and  manufactured  by  the  methods  now  in  use  or  by 
"  other  means." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  16,  p.  1.] 

A.D.  1802,  August  2.— N°  2639. 

WYATT,  CHARLES. — "Certain  improvements  in  the  apparatus 
"  for  and  mode  of  distilling,  drying  coffee  and  sugar."  These 
are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in  drying  sugar  two  cylinders 
having  handles  by  which  they  may  be  revolved  contain  the  sugar, 
&c.  These  are  suspended  in  an  oblong  square-shaped  box, 
"  steam  from  a  closed  boiler  being  introduced  "  through  a  pipe 
into  the  cavities  between  the  cylinders  and  the  square  box,  passes 
off  through  a  tube  at  the  other  side  of  the  box,  and  in  its  passage 
it  warms  the  air  which  is  supplied  into  the  cavities  by  openings 
in  the  box,  which  openings  are  also  for  the  discharge  of  the  cylin- 
ders. "  By  the  revolution  of  the  cylinder  placed  in  the  current  of 
"  air  thus  warmed,  the  substances  within  it  are  dried." 

[Printed,  lOcZ.    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  2  (second  series),  p.  9.] 

A.D.  1805,  July  8.— N°  2866. 

BATLEY,  BENJAMIN. — "A  new  and  improved  method  of  refin- 
"  ing  sugar."  First,  "charge  the  sugar  pans  with  the  usual 


10  SUGAR. 

"  quantity  of  lime  water,  and  for  each  ton  weight  of  sugar  to  be 
"  refined,  allow  at  the  rate  of  ten  gallons  of  skimmed  milk, 
"  more  or  less,  as  may  be  necessary,  according  to  the  quality  of 
ft  the  sugar ;  mix  five  gallons  of  such  milk  with  the  lime  water, 
"  then  skip  the  sugar,  and  after  the  sugar  is  skipped  let  it  remain 
"  in  the  pans  till  next  morning,  when  the  whole,  so  mixed,  is  to 
"  be  stirred  together,  and  after  taking  off  the  first  scum  of  the 
"  sugar,  add  more  skimmed  milk,  and  continue  to  repeat  the 
"  same  after  each  scum  of  the  sugar,  until  the  liquor  is  perfectly 
"  cleared." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.   Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  8  (second  series'),  p.  17 ; 
Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  190.] 

A.D.  1805,  November  26.— N°  2899. 

INGRAM,  JAMES. — "A  new  method  of  manufacturing  powder 
"  sugar  from  raw  sugar  alone,  and  from  syrup  of  sugar  alone,  and 
"  the  mixture  of  raw  sugar  and  syrup  of  sugar  together."  First, 
"  making  powder  sugar  from  raw  sugar  alone."  Mixing  at  the 
rate  of  about  seven  pounds  of  raw  sugar  with  one  pint  of  water, 
or  of  lime  water,  <c  of  the  same  strength  usual  in  refining  lump 
"  sugar,"  boiling  this  in  a  metal  kettle  until  the  stem  of  a  tobacco 
pipe,  or  any  other  thing  that  will  answer  the  purpose,  dipped 
into  the  boiling  sugar,  and  then  put  in  cold  water,  the  sugar 
can  be  taken  off  from  the  pipe,  &c.,  breaking  brittle,  it  is  suffi- 
ciently boiled;  it  is  thrown  on  a  slab  previously  greased  or  oiled, 
and  in  a  few  minutes,  until  it  begins  to  harden,  it  is  rolled  into 
two  or  more  rolls.  These  "  rolls  are  drawn  with  your  hands 
"  repeatedly  over  an  erect  iron  spike  or  other  proper  thing  "  until 
the  sugar  whitens  and  becomes  stiff,  when  it  is  taken  off  the 
spikes,  and  after  six  hours  or  more,  when  quite  hard  and  firm,  the 
lumps  are  stoved  like  lump  sugar  for  two  or  three  days,  and  when 
they  are  quite  dry  they  are  ground  in  a  sugar  mill,  the  powder 
passed  through  a  "  fine  wire  or  other  proper  sieve,"  returned  to  the 
mill  and  mixed  "with  bastard  or  raw  sugar,  in  the  proportion 
"  of  fourteen  pounds  or  thereabout  to  each  hundredweight  of 
"  powder  sugar  or  thereabout ;  to  condition  it  in  the  usual  way 
"  bastard  sugar  is  conditioned ;  the  powder  sugar  will  then  be  fit 
"  for  sale." 

Second.  "  Making  powder  sugar  from  syrup  of  sugar  alone." 
Proceed  with  it  as  above,  "  except  as  to  the  mixture  of  water 
"  which  is  unnecessary. " 


SUGAR.  11 

Third.  "  Making  powder  sugar  from  the  mixture  of  raw  sugar 
"  and  syrup  of  sugar  together."  Mixing  these  substances  toge- 
ther in  equal  weights,  or  thereabouts,  and  proceeding  as  above. 

[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (second  series)' 
p.  170;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  188.] 


A.D.  1806,  August  20.— N°  2958. 

CURTIS,  JAMES,  and  ROBBINS,  JOSIAS.— "  Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  boilers  for  manufacturing  sugar,  and  in  the  mode  of 
"  fixing  the  same,  whereby  much  labour  and  fuel  will  be  saved." 
These  are  as  follows  : — The  vessels  are  of  an  oblong  shape  placed 
in  a  row;  the  bottom  of  the  clarifiers  is  just  higher  than  the  skim- 
ming copper ;  "  the  bottom  of  the  skimming  boiler  is  placed  a 
"  little  above  the  top  of  the  evaporating  boiler,  so  that  by  opening 
"  a  cock  or  other  proper  convenience  it  will  feed  the  evaporating 
"  boiler.  The  evaporating  boiler  is  fixed  a  little  above  the  top  of 
"  the  taiches,  and  has  two  cocks  to  feed  the  two  taiches."  "  The 
"  two  taiches  have  a  cock  or  othier  proper  conveyance  in  each 
"  which  discharge  the  sugar  into  ye  coolers,  and  under  the  taiches 
"  are  damper  plates  "  to  prevent  burning  of  the  sugar  at  time  of 
discharging.  All  these  boilers  are  fixed  in  cast-iron  or  other  metal 
curbs.  The  fires  are  "under  each  taich,  and  from  them  conveyed 
"  under  the  evaporating  boiler,  from  that  to  the  grand  or  great 
"  skimming  boiler,  and  from  that  to  the  clarifiers  (if  wanted),  but 
"  when  they  are  not  required  the  flame  is  conveyed  into  or  up  the 
"  first  chimney  by  means  of  a  damper."  There  is  a  "fire-place 
"  for  the  clarifier  only.  The  fire  acts  entirely  upon  the  bottom  of 
"  these  vessels,  by  which  means  they  are  less  liable  to  be  burnt  or 
"  are  worn  out  and  prevented  from  corroding." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  192.] 

A.D.  1807,  March  ?.— N°  3021. 

NEWMAN,  HENRY  CHARLES  CHRISTIAN.— "A  cattle  mill  for 
"  expressing  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane."  There  is  "  a  ring  or 
"  circle  of  hard  wood,  stone,  or  cast-iron,  either  raised  on  arches 
<(  or  otherwise,  or  sunk  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  com- 
"  monly  called  in  the  West  Indies  a  Pitt  Mill,  which  is  to  be  in 
"  the  centre  of  the  aforesaid  ring  or  circle;'5  there  is  a  cog  wheel 
on  the  spindle  of  the  mill  with  a  socket  on  the  top  of  the  spindle 
and  precisely  in  the  centre  of  it.  A  gudgeon  lets  down  into  the 
socket  and  turns  on  a  steel  plate  at  the  bottom  of  it;  a  horizontal 


12  SUGAR. 

shaft  or  lever  passes  through  an  eye  or  ring  in  the  gudgeon  to  the 
further  extremity  of  the  cog  wheel ;  at  the  bottom  of  this  hori- 
zontal shaft  or  lever  is  a  heavy  wheel.  Over  the  eye  or  ring  in  the 
gudgeon  is  a  lantern  wheel  or  pinion  also  firmly  fixed  on  this  end 
of  the  lever.  To  this  wheel  or  pinion  is  attached  "  a  pole,  on  each 
"  side  of  which  one  or  more  horses  are  harnessed,  which  pole  has 
"  a  collar  in  which  the  lever  turns." 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  12  (second  series),  p.  34S ; 
Rolls  Chapel  Eeports,  7th  Report,  p.  196.] 

A.D.  1809,  September  23.— N°  3261. 

VAUGHAN,  GEORGE. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process 
"  of  refining  sugars."  There  is  a  floor  on  which  a  series  of  tubes 
are  placed  for  a  day's  work  of  sugar ;  in  these  tubes  are  placed  a 
number  of  thimbles.  The  moulds  of  the  ordinary  sugar  loaf 
shape,  filled  with  boiled  sugar,  are  placed  in  these  thimbles  "  with 
"  a  collar  of  leather  on  the  nose,"  "which  is  to  keep  it  air-tight." 
The  cover  of  the  mould  is  made  to  fit  in  a  groove,  round  which 
there  is  some  putty  placed  to  keep  it  air-tight."  The  series  of 
tubes  above  named  are  all  connected  with  a  horizontal  tube  which 
is  connected  with  receivers,  which  receivers  are  again  connected 
with  an  air  pump,  by  the  working  of  which  and  by  certain  cocks  in 
the  tubes  of  the  apparatus  being  open  and  others  shut,  the  syrup  is 
drawn  from  the  moulds  into  the  receivers.  When  the  sugar  has  to 
be  clayed  the  communication  with  the  air  pump  is  cut  off ;  "  take 
"  off  the  covers  and  put  on  the  clays  immediately  in  the  usual 
"  way ;  let  this  clay  stand  on  for  four  days  if  for  double-refined 
"  sugars,  and  longer  if  for  singles  or  others ;  at  the  end  of  which 
"  time  take  the  clays  off  and  put  the  covers  on  and  work  the  air 
"  pump ;"  cut  off  the  connection  with  the  air  pump,  and  imme- 
diately clay  it  a  second  time  and  proceed  as  before.  Before 
claying  for  the  third  time,  the  sugars  are  knocked  "  out  of  the 
"  moulds  to  know  what  kind  of  clay  is  necessary  to  put  on,"  and 
the  sugar  is  finally  stoved.  The  moulds,  in  preference,  are  of 
block  tin,  but  may  be  of  "  tin  and  zinc,  or  tin,  zinc,  and  lead 
mixed;"  they  "are  cast  in  iron  or  brass  moulds,  and  may  be 
"  made  in  the  usual  form,  with  a  groove  or  without,  and  may  be 
"  put  to  stand  in  funnels  instead  of  thimbles,"  but  thimbles  are 
preferred  made  of  "  tin,  zinc,  and  lead,  or  any  two  of  those  metals 
"  in  equal  proportions,  and  cast  in  a  mould,"  or  three  of  tin  to 
one  of  zinc,  or  three  of  tin,  one  of  zinc,  and  one  of  lead.  "  The 
"  tubes  on  and  under  the  floors  may  be  made  of  ^tinned  plates 


SUGAR.  13 

"  or  any  other  metal,  as  also  the  receivers,  all  of  which  are  to  be 
"  painted  outside." 

[Printed,  lOd.     Drawing.] 

A.D.  1810,  May  17.— N°  3338. 

BELL,  JAMES. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manner  of  refining 
"  sugar,  and  of  forming  sugar  loaves  of  a  certain  description." 
These  are,  first,  instead  of  placing  the  moulds  upon  pots,  "  into 
"  which  the  syrup  drops  from  the  moulds  containing  the  sugar," 
"  placing  trunks  or  gutters  under  the  moulds  in  such  manner  as 
"  to  receive  the  syrup  dropping  from  them,  and  to  convey  it  into 
"  cisterns,  from  whence  it  may  he  again  conveyed  into  pans." 
These  trunks,  gutters,  and  pipes,  to  convey  the  syrup  into  cisterns, 
may  be  formed  of  any  substance  which  will  not  injure  the  sugar, 
as  wood,  pottery,  artificial  stone,  metal,  or  "  partly  of  one  and 
"  partly  of  another."  "  They  should  be  placed  in  an  inclining  or 
"  slanting  direction  with  an  inclination  sufficient  to  make  the 
"  syrup  run  into  another  gutter  placed  under  their  lower  extremity 
"  so  as  to  conduct  the  syrup  into  pipes  communicating  with  cis- 
f<  terns  appropriated  to  different  syrups,  which  may  be  conveyed 
"  with  pleasure  from  these  cisterns  into  the  pans  by  means  of 
"  pipes  and  stopcocks." 

Second,  "  the  manner  of  forming  sugar  loaves."  "  The  chief 
"  difference  "  in  this  case  between  this  "  method  and  that  now 
"  followed  consists  in  the  difference  of  the  mould."  The  mould 
instead  of  being  plain  "  is  fluted  or  striped,  or  has  figures,  orna- 
"  ments,  or  devices  in  the  inside  of  it."  "  No  particular  direc- 
"  tions  are  necessary  for  making  the  moulds,"  but  in  order  to 
have  "the  fluting  or  stripes  of  the  figures,  ornaments,  or  devices 
"  cut,  engraved,  or  otherwise  made  and  polished  in  the  inside, 
"  the  mould  should  be  made  in  two  pieces,"  which  can  be  sol- 
dered together  or  may  be  joined  together  by  "  douls  or  by  hinges 
"  and  clasps."  The  bottom  of  the  loaf  has  any  "mark,  letter, 
"  name,  ornament,  figure,  or  device  "  upon  it  the  sugar  refiner 
may  choose. 

[Printed,  Qd.    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (second  series) ,  p.  70.] 

A.D.  1811,  March  6.— N°  3407. 

WILLIS,  ABRAHAM. — "  New  method  of  producing  steel  toys  of 
"  different  descriptions,  such  as  barbers'  curling  irons,  sugar 
"  nippers,  snuffers,  and  other  articles."  * 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 


1.4  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1811,  March  26.— N°  3425. 

BELL,  JAMES. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manner  of  cut- 
te  ting,  shaping,  or  scraping  sugar  loaves,  and  lumps,  and  of 
"  pulverizing  and  reducing  to  small  grains  or  powder  sugar 
"  loaves,  lumps,  and  bastard  sugar/'  These  are,  first,  "  applying 
"  to  the  sugar  knives  or  blades  set  in  a  moveable  frame,  which  may 
"  be  put  in  motion  and  made  to  act  against  the  sugar  by  any  of 
"  the  common  powers  now  in  use."  The  frame  "  containing  the 
"  knives  or  blades,  may,  by  means  of  screws,  be  placed  less  or 
"  more  obliquely  at  pleasure,  so  as  to  cut  the  sugar  of  a  smaller 
ft  or  larger  grain  if  wanted."  This  wheel,  if  moving  horizontally 
above  the  sugar  "  is  fixed  upon  a  perpendicular  rod,  which  passes 
(C  upwards  and  downwards  at  pleasure  through  an  iron  cylinder 
"  that  moves  horizontally  in  the  frame  that  supports  the  machine. 
"  This  cylinder  is  turned  by  an  iron  tooth  bevil  wheel,  which  is 
"  placed  on  it,  and  is  acted  upon  by  another  iron  tooth  bevil 
"  wheel  turning  vertically,  assisted  by  a  fly  wheel.  The  machine 
"  is  constructed  on  and  supported  by  a  frame,  in  which  is  a  slid- 
"  ing  bar  acting  upwards  and  downwards  in  grooves  in  the  frame, 
"  assisted  by  friction  wheels  at  each  end."  The  wheel  containing 
the  blades  or  knives,  suspended  by  a  pulley,  is  let  down  on  the 
sugar,  secured  on  a  board  by  prongs,  a  central  prong  in  the  wheel, 
lays  hold  of  the  sugar,  the  fly  wheel  turned,  the  sugar  is  "  shaved 
"  down  into  grains." 

Second,  fixing  "the  knives  or  blades,  either  transversely  or 
(<  straight,  on  a  moveable  cylindrical  frame,  placed  parallel  to  the 
"  floor,  and  moving  vertically  on  pivots,  to  one  of  which  is  fixed 
"  a  cog  wheel,  acted  upon  by  a  lesser  cog  wheel  to  which  motion 
"  may  be  given  by  a  handle  or  any  of  the  powers  now  in  use." 
Fronting  the  knives  or  blades,  and  close  to  them,  is  fixed  "a 
"  board  or  tray,  with  a  steel  plate  on  one  edge  thereof.  At  the 
"  opposite  edge  of  the  tray  is  placed  a  sliding  bar,  which  by 
"  means  of  chains  or  cords  fixed  to  it  and  wound  round  friction 
"  pullies  attached  to  the  spindle  or  shaft  of  the  small  cog  wheel, 
"  pushes  the  slide  forward  to  the  blades,  and  it  stops  when  it 
"  reaches  them  by  means  of  a  catch  box  which  disengages  the 
"  friction  pullies."  The  loaves  or  lumps  of  sugar  "intended  to 
"  be  shaved,  being  placed  in  the  tray  are  pressed  on  to  the  knives 
"  or  blades  by  the  sliding  bar,  and  the  sugar  is  cut  in  grains," 
smaller  or  larger  by  the  friction  pullies  being  of  a  "lesser  or 


SUGAR.  15 

"  greater  diameter."  The  same  moving  cylindrical  frame  may 
be  placed  perpendicularly  or  obliquely. 

Third,  placing  "  knives  or  blades  on  a  wheel  in  a  similar  manner 
"  to  that  described  in  the  first-mentioned  method,"  but  moving 
tf  vertically  with  a  shaft  on  which  is  fixed  a  cogwheel  acted  upon 
"  by  a  lesser  cog  wheel  moved  by  a  fly  wheel  and  handle.  At 
"  the  side  of  the  wheel  on  which  are  fixed  the  knives  or  blades 
"  is  a  long  trough,  placed  obliquely  close  to  the  wheel,  and  pro- 
"  ceeding  from  thence  by  an  angle  upwards."  The  loaves  or 
lumps  of  sugar  being  put  into  the  trough  "  press  forward  by  their 
"  own  weight  on  the  knives  and  blades." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1812,  February  27.-N0  3541. 

CONSTANT,  Louis  HONORS  HENRY  GERMAIN.— "A  new 
"  method  of  refining  sugars."  First,  preparing  charcoal  of  wood 
by  washing  it  with  water,  grinding  it  up  coarsely  in  a  mill  or 
otherwise  with  a  little  water,  then  very  finely  in  a  mustard  mill, 
&c.,  washing  it  by  decantation,  filtration,  or  otherwise,  forming  it 
into  blocks  "  about  the  size  of  a  large  cheese,"  and  drying  "  the 
"  same  in  the  sun  or  by  a  moderate  temperature,  after  which  the 
"  same  may  be  kept  for  use  in  casks  or  other  fit  packages." 

Second,  "  clarifying  or  refining  muscovado  or  other  clayed  or 
"  soft  sugars."  The  sugar  is  dissolved  by  boiling  and  stirring  in 
a  vessel  until  the  solution  marks  a  certain  specific  gravity,  in  pre- 
ference, by  a  hydrometer,  the  graduation  of  which  is  described, 
then  adding  to  the  boiling  liquid  according  to  the  quality  of  the 
sugar  in  solution  from  5  to  10  Ibs.  of  the  above  prepared  charcoal 
for  every  hundredweight  of  sugar,  stirring  and  mixing  it  well  in, 
allowing  the  whole  to  repose  for  a  short  time.,  then  boiling  up  as 
speedily  as  possible,  and  when  near  boiling  over,  adding  with 
agitation  the  "  usual  finings  of  white  of  eggs,  or  blood  or  other 
"  albuminous  material,"  boiling  up  to  rise  the  coagulated  albu- 
men in  the  form  of  scum,  then  allow  the  whole  to  remain  at  rest 
at  a  very  gentle  heat,  skim  off  the  charcoal,  and  carefully  filter 
the  syrup.  The  charcoal  obtained  from  the  skimmings  is  agitated 
in  boiling  water,  thrown  on  a  filter,  and  washed  with  hot  water, 
making  "  use  of  this  water  in  the  subsequent  processes  of  solution 
"  and  clarifying  of  sugars."  In  constructing  furnaces  for  the 
above  purposes,  not  only  using  doors  and  registers  to  the, grate, 


16  SUGAR. 

&c.,  but  also  constructing  and  using  a  plate  of  metal  or  other  fit 
material  that  can  be  slided  or  moved  in  and  out  of  the  fire-place, 
and  be  suddenly  interposed  when  required  between  the  bottom 
of  the  boiler  and  the  fire  ;  this  is  used  when  skimming  off  the 
charcoal,  &c. 

Third,  in  "  refining  of  sugars  in  lumps,  pieces,  or  loaves,  instead 
"  of  the  old  method  of  clarifying,"  effecting  and  performing  the 
same  "  by  gradual  percolation  of  my  purified  syrup  cold  through 
"  the  said  sugars  in  order  to  clear  out  the  coloured  syrup  or 
"  molasses  which  occupies  the  interstices  between  the  crystals  of 
"  the  sugar  at  the  first  formation  thereof."  The  quality  of  the 
sugar  to  be  treated  determines  the  strength  of  the  syrup  to  be 
used,  and  likewise  its  quality.  In  bleaching  or  refining  loaves  of 
sugar,  the  upper  part  of  the  loaf  commonly  called  the  fountain  is 
cut  off  until  the  sugar  appears  solid  and  firm,  the  loaf  is  turned 
upside  down  with  its  mould,  after  an  hour  or  so  is  struck  from 
the  mould,  and  a  piece  of  rag  plugged  in  the  point  of  the  mould. 
the  loaf  is  returned  to  the  mould  point  downwards,  as  fairly  up- 
right as  possible,  and  afterwards  pour  on  a  due  quantity  of  the 
white  purified  syrup,  and  in  about  24  to  48  hours  the  plug  is 
taken  out,  and  the  yellow  or  dark  coloured  syrup  flows  out  and 
becomes  replaced  by  the  white  syrup.  It  is  practicable  by  this 
method  to  bleach  and  refine  all  sugars  without  turning  or  agitating 
them,  or  putting  "  in  a  plug  as  before  described,  but  that  in  this 
"  case  there  would  be  danger  of  spots  and  irregularity  of  colour  " 
near  the  point,  and  the  loaf  would  be  porous.  Using  &  applying 
this  percolated  syrup  to  purify  the  lump  or  masses  of  sugar  purified 
by  the  prepared  charcoal  in  the  boiler  as  above.  Also  syrups 
used  in  purifying  by  percolation  sugars  royal  or  of  the  finest 
quality,  to  purify  in  like  manner  very  good  sugars,  and  using 
again  this  last  syrup  in  purifying  the  said  lumps.  In  filtering 
the  syrup  before  mentioned,  it  is  "  very  convenient  to  support 
"  the  filter  or  filtering  cloth  upon  or  within  a  basket  "  made  for 
the  purpose.  The  first  runnings  (which  are  less  clear)  are  returned 
to  the  filter  again,  as  is  usual  "  in  operations  of  this  or  the  like 
"  nature." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  21  (second  series), 
p.  207,  also  vol.  27,  p.  252  ;  Webster's  Patent  Law,  p.  24  (also  p.  128, 
' 


case  54)  ;  Carpmael's  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  1.  p.  294  ;  Parliamentary 
Report,  1829  (Patent  Law),  p.  198  ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report, 
p.  89.] 


SUGAR.  17 

A.D.  1812,  October  31.— N°  3607. 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  CHARLES. — "A  process  for  preparing  and 
"  refining  sugar."  It  is  stated  that  "from  the  known  fact  that 
"  water  dissolves  the  most  uncrystallizable  in  preference  to  that 
"  which  is  the  most  crystallizable  sugar,"  and  also  from  having 
discovered  "  that  no  solution  (unless  highly  concentrate)  of  sugar  in 
"  water  can  without  material  injury  to  its  colour  and  crystallizing 
"  power,  or  both,  be  exposed  to  its  boiling  temperature  during 
"  the  period  required  to  evaporate  such  solution  to  the  crystal- 
"  lizing  point,"  the  following  operations  have  been  ef  established 
"  and  adopted."  First,  raw  or  muscovado  sugar  is  made  into 
"  a  magma  of  the  consistency  of  well  worked  mortar,"  with 
water  at  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  left  for  an  hour  or 
more,  then  heated  by  preference  from  190°  to  200°  F.  in  a  vessel 
with  a  steam  or  hot  water  jacket,  more  sugar  is  added,  if  required, 
"  in  order  to  put  the  mass  into  such  a  state  of  imperfect  fluidity 
"  that  the  same  shall  readily  close  behind  the  stirrer."  The 
moulds  are  then  filled,  and  when  the  sugar  has  become  cold  in 
the  moulds  the  stoppers  are  taken  out,  and  when  the  liquid  has 
nearly  drained  out,  the^upper  surface  of  the  lump  is  pared  down, 
"  until  the  sugar  presents  a  uniform  and  firm  appearance."  The 
sugar  so  pared  off  is  mixed  "  with  cold  water  to  a  magma  of  such 
"  consistency  that  the  same  shall  not  readily  close  behind  the 
"  stirrer,"  although  a  magma  of  a  thinner  consistency  is  pre- 
ferred, and  placed  upon  a  uniform  and  firm  surface,  and  when 
"  the  magma  becomes  moderately  dry,  there  is  carefully  poured 
"  on  it  a  "saturated  solution  of  fine  sugar  in  cold  water  about 
"  half  an  inch  deep."  When  the  sugar  is  close  grained,  and  the 
surface  hard,  "  an  unsaturated  solution  of  sugar,  or  even  water 
"  itself,  may  be  poured  thereon  without  running  it,"  but  it  is  not 
recommended,  as  it  "  requires  too  much  nicety  for  general  prac- 
"  tice."  It  is  not  "  necessary  that  the  identical  sugar  taken  from 
"  the  surface  of  the  loaf  should  be  used  as  magma  or  syrup 
"  thereon,  but  on  the  contrary,"  and  sugar  of  a  finer  colour  may 
be  employed. 

Second,  the  lumps,  loaves,  or  masses  are  drawn  from  the 
moulds,  and  in  the  usual  manner.  "  The  net  or  good  sugar  "  is 
separated  from  that  which  retains  molasses,  this  latter  going  to 
be  mixed  up  with  raw  sugar  for  operating  with  as  above.  The 
former  is  refined  as  follows : — "  Pouring  upon  it  *n  any  convenient 
s.  B 


18  SUGAR. 

"  vessel  6  Ibs.  of  water  (by  preference  boiling)  to  every  5  Ibs.  of 
"  sugar,  deducting  about  6  per  cent,  for  the  moisture "  in  the 
sugar.  When  dissolved,  and  the  impurities  subsided,  the  solution 
is  drawn  off  into  a  vessel,  and  further  purified  by  what  the 
patentee  terms  "  my  ordinary  or  common  finings,"  prepared  as 
follows : — 2^  Ibs.  of  allum  for  every  cwt.  of  solid  sugar  are  dis- 
solved in  about  sixteen  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water,  adding 
to  such  solution  about  70  or  80  grains  of  whiting  for  each  pound 
of  alum  ;  the  solution  is  drawn  from  the  precipitated  matter,  and 
cream  of  lime  (passed  through  a  sieve)  is  added  to  it  until  it  shows 
by  turmeric  paper  very  slightly  caustic,  the  precipitate  called  the 
finings,  is  collected  on  a  blanket  filter,  and  drained  until  the  mass 
begins  to  crack,  when  it  is  fit  for  use.  The  solution  of  sugar  is 
gradually  added  to  the  finings  with  stirring,  until  they  are  brought 
to  a  uniform  creamy  state,  and  this  mixture  is  poured  into  the 
whole  quantity  of  the  said  solution  of  sugar  with  agitation.  The 
whole  is  then  allowed  to  rest  for  the  night  or  so,  when  the  clear 
liquor  is  drawn  off  and  evaporated  by  steam  heat,  or  water  at  a 
temperature  of  about  200°  F.,  more  or  less,  until  the  liquor  is 
about  1*37  sp.  gr,,  when  it  is  transferred  to  another  vessel,  stirred 
until  it  becomes  granular ;  it  is  then  filled  into  the  moulds,  and 
as  soon  as  cold  the  stoppers  of  the  moulds  are  removed,  and  when 
the  syrup  is  run  the  loaves  are  examined,  and  if  necessary  they 
are  pared  down  as  before  described.  If  the  sugar  appears  suffi- 
ciently fine,  it  is  removed  from  the  moulds,  the  smaller  ends 
not  clear  of  syrup  are  cut  off,  and  the  remainder  dried.  If  the 
loaf  is  not  sufficiently  dense  or  close  in  its  frame,  it  is  re-moulded 
as  is  well  known  previous  to  drying  by  "  stamping  the  grains  into 
"  a  metallic  or  other  mould  which  will  immediately  re-deliver 
"  the  same."  To  "keep  and  retain  the  point"  of  the  loaf, 
"  without  returning  the  syrup  contained  in  that  point  upon  the 
"  body  thereof,"  a  pipe  is  appended  to  the  point  of  the  mould, 
and  the  lower  portion  of  the  sugar  which  will  be  in  the  said  pipe 
along  with  the  redundant  syrup,  is  removed  when  the  pipe  is 
removed.  The  liquors  left  in  the  two  cisterns  are  next  dealt 
with.  To  the  one  containing  the  gross  dirt  and  impurities  about 
its  bulk  of  boiling  water  is  added,  the  liquor  filtered  through  a 
cloth,  then  add  to  it  the  other  liquor  containing  the  finings,  and 
then  "abstract  therefrom  by  washing  and  subsidence,  all  the 
"  sweet  they  contain,"  which  sweet  liquor  is  used  for  magmas. 
"  Inferior  syrups  may  be  advantageously  mixed  with  muscovado 


SUGAR.  19 

f<  sugar  instead  of  water,"  as  directed  in  the  primary  operation. 
The  loaves  refined  by  the  use  and  application  of  the  before- 
described  finings  "  may  be  still  farther  refined  by  the  use  and 
"  application  of  other  finings  "  made  as  follows  : — 3^  Ibs.  of 
alum  are  used  for  every  cwt.  of  solid  sugar,  and  the  process  is 
proceeded  with  as  before,  except  in  place  of  the  milk  of  lime 
being  added,  a  strong  solution  of  caustic  soda  is  employed,  the 
precipitate  washed  is  named  the  "  finings." 

[Printed,  6d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  23  (second  series), 
p.  129,  also  vol.  5  (third  series),  pp.  220  and  271 ;  Webster's  Patent  Law, 
p.  26  (also  p.  137,  case  125) ;  Carpmael's  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  2, 
p.  235 ;  Mylne  and  Craig's  Reports,  vol.  1,  p.  487.] 


A.D.  1813,  November  20.— N°  3754. 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  CHARLES. — "A  process  for  preparing  and 
"  refining  sugars."  The  first  part  of  this  process  is  said  to  be 
an  improvement  upon  the  former  invention  in  No.  3607  and  to 
consist  "in  the  application  of  steam  to  the  sugar  at  the  same 
'f  time  that  it  is  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  finings,  and  in  there- 
"  after  causing  the  impurities  to  separate  by  filtration  or  by 
"  repose." 

Second,  this  is  said  to  be  an  improvement  upon  No.  3607,  and 
to  consist  "  in  the  application  of  the  finings  completely  neutra- 
"  lized,  when  the  process  of  filtration  is  to  be  employed  and  that 
"  when  filtration  is  not  employed  it  does  consist  in  exposing  the 
"  unrefined  sugar  successively  to  the  two  parcels  of  finings,  the 
"  first  whereof,  in  conjunction  with  steam,"  removes  "part  of 
"  the  impurities  chiefly  by  chemical  agency,  and  the  second 
"  whereof,  by  mere  diffusion  without  steam,  removes  the  residue 
"  of  the  impurities  chiefly  by  mechanical  agency,  and  is  capable  of 
"  being  afterwards  used  as  a  first  parcel  in  repeating  this  double 
"  process  upon  another  quantity  of  sugar."  The  excess  of 
caustic  lime  should  be  removed  when  neutralizing  the  alum  by 
milk  of  lime  "  by  the  subsequent  addition  of  alum,  not  more  than 
"  sufficient  to  leave  the  colour"  of  the  "turmerick  paper" 
unchanged  when  immersed  therein,  it  is  also  adviseable  to  add 
about  3  oz.  of  whiting  to  every  2^  Ibs.  of  alum.  The  finings  thus 
prepared  will  answer  the  purpose  of  the  finings  described  in 
No.  3607,  "for  the  superior  degree  of  refinement  in  sugars.'^ 

Third,  "the  evaporation  or  concentration  of  the  saccharine 

B  2 


20  SUGAR. 

"  solution  by  the  application  of  heat  to  a  solution  in  a  vacuum 
"  and  the  maintenance  of  the  continued  action  of  a  pump  or 
"  other  exhausting  instrument,  although  the  common  gage 
"  should  indicate  no  change."  There  is  "  a  syphon  gage  with 
"  the  intervals  of  pressure  or  stations  of  the  mercury  set  off  and 
"  the  corresponding  boiling  temperatures  expressed  in  numbers," 
without  drawing  off  any  of  the  said  solution.  Although  an 
arrangement  with  a  tube  is  shown  by  which  a  portion  of  the 
solution  may  if  required  be  conveniently  drawn  out  without 
forming  an  immediate  communication  between  the  boiler  and  the 
external  air.  Having  brought  the  syrup  to  the  proper  density 
it  is  run  "  from  the  boiler  into  a  granulating  vessel,  in  the  nature 
"  of  that  now  commonly  used  as  a  cooler  capable  of  being  heated 
(e  by  steam.  The  temperature  of  the  liquid  is  regulated  while  it 
"  undergoes  the  requisite  or  usual  stirring  to  effect  granulation. 
"  It  is  said  that  the  crystalline  grains  have  the  most  tendency  to 
"  arrange  themselves  between  the  degrees  of  150  and  160  F.,  but 
"  in  practise  it  has  been  found  advantageous  to  heat  up  the  same 
"  as  soon  as  it  has  acquired  some  grain  to  about  180°,  and 
'*  subsequently  cool  it  to  about  150°,"  "  either  by  withdrawing 
"  the  application  of  heat  and  stirring  out  or  allowing  the  escape 
"  thereof,  or  by  the  addition  of  a  due  quantity  of  colder  eva- 
"  porated  liquor  as  it  has  been  usual  to  give  heat  by  what  is 
"  called  skippings,  or  by  both,  or  by  any  other  fit  means."  The 
alternations  of  temperature  are  repeated  until  the  best  grain  is 
formed  to  the  eye ;  finally  before  moulding,  in  preference,  the 
temperature  is  brought  to  nearly  200°,  not  higher.  The  moulds 
are  of  a  greater  length  and  have  not  the  pipe  appended  as 
described  in  No.  3607,  in  order  that  the  loaf  may  have  as  much 
"  of  its  pointed  end  cut  off  as  will  not  part  with  its  syrup." 
This  is  done  "  by  a  revolving  instrument  resembling  a  chuck  in 
"  the  art  of  turnery,  and  made  concave  and  provided  with  a  side 
"  cutter  within."  The  improvement  upon  the  former  process 
which  "  relates  to  the  granulation  or  crystallizing  of  sugar  does 
"  consist  in  substituting  for  the  method  of  skippings  "  the  "  ap- 
"  plication  of  different  degrees  of  temperature  alternately  to  the 
"  same  mass  of  evaporated  or  concentrated  saccharine  liquor." 

[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  25  (second  series),  p.  257, 
also  vol.  5  (third  series),  p.  340 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  4  (new 
series),  p.  41 ;  Webster's  Patent  Law,  p.  26  (also  p.  137,  case  125) ;  Carp- 
mael's  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  2,  p.  235 ;  Mylne  and  Craig's  Reports, 
vol.  1,  p.  487.] 


SUGAR.  21 

A.D.  1813,  December  20.— N°  3771. 

SUTHERLAND,  JOHN. — "An  improvement  in  the  construction 
"  of  copper  and  iron  sugar  pans  and  sugar  boilers,,  and  a  new 
"  method  of  hanging  the  same,  and  also  an  improvement  in  the 
"  construction  of  the  furnace  or  fire-places  in  which  pans  and 
"  boilers  ought  to  be  placed."  "The  boilers  are  shallow  and 
"  hung  from  a  cast  iron  ring  built  into  the  brickwork,"  so 
as  to  expose  the  whole  surface  of  the  boiler  to  the  action  of  the 
fire.  Two  boilers  are  shown  contiguous  to  each  other,  and  the 
fire  at  one  end  of  the  first  passes  through  flues  underneath  each. 
The  division  between  the  boilers  through  which  the  fire  passes, 
is  formed  "  of  a  hollow  brick  arch  made  in  one  or  more  pieces. 
"  The  current  of  air  passing  through  that  hollow  arch  in  some 
"  degree  counteracts  the  action  of  the  fire  on  the  inner  surface." 
[Printed,  (Jd.  Drawing.  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  115.] 

A.D.  1815,  May  8.— N°  3912. 

MARTINEAU,  PETER,  the  younger,  and  MARTINEAU,  JOHN, 
the  younger. — "  A  new  method  or  methods  of  refining  and 
"  clarifying  certain  vegetable  substances."  The  articles  employed 
"  for  purifying  and  clarifying  sugar,"  are,  firstly,  "  animal  char- 
"  coal,  that  is  to  say,  animal  substances  properly  burnt  or  charred 
"  or  calcined,"  as  "  ivory  black,  bone  ash,  &c.,  and  afterwards 
"  reduced  into  smaller  pieces  or  powder." 

Second,  "  bitumous  earths,  commonly  called  coals,  either  in  the 
"  state  in  which  are  mined,  or  articles  of  their  products  after 
"  fusion,  and  reduced  as  afore-mentioned." 

Third,  "  certain  argillaceous  earths  known  by  the  name  of 
"  ochres." 

Fourth,  "  vegetable  charcoal,  usually  called  lamp  black."  The 
first  articles  named,  however,  are  performed. 

The  manner  of  applying  them  "  may  be  greatly  varied,"  but 
the  following  method  is  preferred : — The  pans  or  boilers  are  filled 
"  with  sugar  and  water,  adding  a  little  more  water  or  lime  water 
"  than  in  the  common  mode  of  refining."  A  quantity  of  the 
substances  before-mentioned  "according  to  the  quality  of  the 
"  sugar  to  be  refined  and  clarified"  is  added;  but  preferring 
"  two  to  five  pounds  of  charcoals  or  earths  before-mentioned  to 
and  for  every  hundredweight  of  sugar  to  be  clarified  and  refined," 
adding  "  the  usual  finings  of  eggs,  blood,  or  other  albuifiinous 


2J  SUGAR. 

"  matter  in  rather  larger  quantities  than  in  the  usual  mode  of 
"  refining,"  stirring,  applying  heat  until  the  scum  has  completely 
risen,  and  pouring  "  the  whole  of  the  liquid  sugar  and  scum 
"  into  and  upon  the  usual  or  any  other  known  filter."  If  the 
first  runnings  are  not  quite  clear,  they  are  returned  back  into  the 
filter.  This  clarified  solution  is  evaporated  and  granulated  in  the 
usual  manner. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  27  (second  scries), 
pp.  193,  252  ;  Webster's  Patent  Law.  p.  24  (also  p.  128,  case  54)  ;  Carpmael's 
Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  1,  p.  299 ;  Parliamentary  Report  1829  (Patent 
Law),  p.  198 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  105.] 

A.D.  1815,  June  22.— N°  3933. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN. — "  A  certain  method  or  methods  of  purifiying 
"  and  refining  sugar."  This  consists  as  follows  : — For  purifying 
raw  sugar,  "  it  must  first  be  brought  to  a  moist  state,  and  if  the 
"  process  be  employed  in  the  original  manufacture  in  the  West 
"  Indies,  the  degree  of  moisture  at  which  the  sugar  will  be  upon 
"  draining  a  short  time  after  it  is  taken  from  the  coolers  in  which 
"  it  is  crystallized  will  be  sufficient."  But  if  the  process  is 
"  practised  in  this  country  on  sugars  as  dry  as  they  usually  are 
"  imported,  they  will  require  to  be  mixed  with  a  certain  propor- 
"  tion  of  cold  water  or  lime  water,"  varying  "  according  to  the 
"  opinion  of  the  operator  and  the  quality  of  the  sugar,  and  will 
"  readily  be  determined  by  trial,  as  no  exact  rule  can  be  laid 
"  down  for  each  case."  In  general,  "the  proportion  of  water  may 
"  be  from  one-eighth  to  one-tenth  the  weight  of  the  sugar." 
They  are  well  mixed,  and  subjected  to  such  a  degree  of  pressure 
as  "  to  express  all  the  fluid  part  therefrom,  which  will  be  found 
"  to  contain  all  the  molasses  and  the  soluble  impurities,  and  a 
"  certain  quantity  of  sugar  in  solution."  Any  apparatus  for 
carrying  out  the  above  may  be  used.  "  The  sugar  contained  in 
"  the  expressed  syrups  may  be  obtained  therefrom  by  the  usual 
"  processes  of  evaporation,  and  from  its  not  being  injured  by  the 
"  usual  application  of  heat,  is  capable  of  being  made  into  an 
"  inferior  sort  of  refined  sugar.'* 

[Printed,  4>d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  28  (second  series),  p.  70 ; 
Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  107.] 

A.D.  1816,  February  3.— N°  3978. 

DRUKE,  JOHN  GEORGE. — "  A  certain  method  of  expelling  the 
"  molasses  or  syrup  out  of  refined  sugars  in  a  shorter  period  than 


SUGAR.  23 

"  is  at  present  practised  with  pipe  clay."  This  consists  as  fol- 
lows : — "  Sulphates  of  lime,  natural  and  artificial  combinations 
"  of  calcareous  earths,  with  suitable  acids  or  other  fit  substances," 
plaster  of  Paris  preferred,  is  mixed  with  "  any  fit  liquid,  by  pre- 
"  ference  cold  water,"  adding  one  pound  of  the  plaster  of  Paris 
to  three  pints  of  water,  stirring  it  well,  and  when  it  is  brought  to 
the  consistency  of  a  thickish  paste,  so  that  a  finger  dipped  into 
it  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  inches  below  the  surface,  and  drawn 
along,  the  impression  or  channel  caused  by  the  "  finger  will  re- 
"  main,  or  not  be  closed  up  readily."  This  substance  is  to  be 
used  in  the  same  manner  as  when  using  clay.  In  preference,  a 
piece  of  calico  or  pieces  of  damp  calico  are  placed  between  the 
upper  part  of  the  loaf  of  sugar  and  the  above  clay  substitute. 
"  The  operating  mass  and  intermediate  substance  before-described 
"  may  be  applied  with  equal  utility  and  success  to  sugars  in 
"  whatever  vessels  or  receptacles  they  may  be  placed  for  the 
"  purpose  of  being  separated  from  the  molasses." 

[Printed,  4>d.    No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  29  (second  series), 
p.  321 ;  Bolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  112.] 

A.D.  1816,  July  27.— N°  4048. 

HAGUE,  JOHN. — "  Certain  improvements  -in  the  method  of 
"  expelling  molasses  or  syrup  from  sugars."  These  are  "  either 
"  by  withdrawing  the  air  from  the  under  surface,  or  by  com- 
"  pressing  the  air  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  sugar."  "A  trough 
"  or  box  (open  at  the  top)  either  square,  round,  or  any  other 
"  shape,"  in  preference,  larger  at  top  than  at  bottom,  is  used. 
In  this  trough  is  placed  a  false  bottom,  (in  preference  of  sheet 
copper),  perforated  with  many  small  holes,  on  this  is  a  cloth  or 
web  of  hair  or  other  material,  on  which  the  sugar,  previously 
regularly  moistened  "  with  water,  lime  water,  or  some  other 
"  liquid,"  is  placed.  To  the  real  bottom  or  sides  is  fixed  a  pipe 
which  leads  to  a  receiving  vessel  placed  below  for  the  reception  of 
the  molasses.  The  real  bottom  is  in  communication  with  an  air 
pump,  worked  by  water,  wind,  steam,  animal,  or  other  power,  the 
passage  of  the  air  through  the  sugar  separates  and  expels  the 
molasses,  which  falls  on  the  real  bottom,  and  runs  into  the  vessel 
below.  The  other  method,  namely,  by  compressing  the  air  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  vessel  is  effected  in  a  trough  or  box,  covered 
on  the  top  and  furnished  with  a  false  bottom  and  cloth  or  web,  as 
by  the  first  method,  and  having  spread  the  moistened  sugar  on 


24  SUGAR. 

the  cloth  or  web,  as  by  the  former  method,  the  air  is  compressed 
"  by  means  of  a  force  pump,  bellows,  or  some  other  contrivance, 
"  worked  by  some  power,  either  natural  or  artificial,"  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  sugar,  which  produces  the  same  effect  on  it 
as  the  operation  first  described." 

[Printed,  4cZ.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  31  (second  series), 
p.  328 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  116.] 


A.D.  1816,  November  1.— N°  4072, 

VARLEY,  WILLIAM,  and  FURNESS,  ROBERT  HOPWOOD.— 
"  An  improved  method  of  obtaining  or  producing  saccharine 
"  matter  or  substance  from  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley,  bear  or 
"  bigg."  This  consists  as  follows  : — The  flour  obtained  from  any 
of  these  serials,  but,  by  preference,  barley  flour,  and,  by  preference, 
separated  from  the  bran  by  "  the  well  known  methods,"  is 
gradually  added,  with  stirring,  to  water  acidulated  with  sulphuric 
acid,  3  Ibs.  of  "  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  or  good  oil  of  vitriol 
"  of  commerce  "  to  every  45  gallons  of  water,  brought  to  a  tem- 
perature of  130°,  to  one  hundredweight  of  the  flour.  The  vessel, 
by  preference,  of  fir  timber,  has  a  lid,  which  is  then  put  on,  and 
the  joints  having  been  made  steam  tight,  a  stop  cock  connecting 
it  with  a  steam  apparatus  is  opened  and  the  whole  brought  to  the 
temperature  of  212°  F.,  and  continued  (at  or  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible at)  for  the  space  of  thirty  hours  or  so,  the  insoluble  matter  is 
then  removed  by  filtration,  and  the  saccharine  solution,  either 
before  or  after  concentration,  has  the  acid  nearly  neutralized  by 
lime,  and  the  neutralization  finished  by  the  addition  of  carbonate 
of  lime  or  pulverized  chalk,  limestone,  marble,  oyster  shells,  &c., 
and  on  standing  the  sulphate  of  lime  precipitates  and  is  removed. 
The  concentration  of  the  saccharine  fluid  is  conducted  in  a  leaden 
vessel  surrounded  with  an  iron  jacket,  into  which  steam  is 
admitted.  "  The  syrup  "  is  drawn  off  for  use. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Rolls  Chapel  Report,  8th  Report,  p.  120.] 

A.D.  1817,  January  23.— N°  4093. 

DE  CAVAILLON,  JOSEPH. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the 
"  preparing,  clarifying,  and  refining  of  sugar,  and  other  vege- 
"  table,  animal,  and  mineral  substances,  and  in  the  machinery 
"  and  utensils  used  therein."  These  are,  first,  the  several 
charcoals,  animal  or  vegetable,  such  as  "bone  charcoal,  ivory 


SUGAR.  25 

"  black,  blood  charcoal,  vegetable  or  wood  charcoal,  or  that  sub- 
"  stance  known  under  the  name  of  residue  of  Prussian  blue, 
"  which  are  all  used  in  a  state  of  powder  for  clarifying  and  bleach- 
"  ing  syrups  and  other  liquors  or  substances,  are  generally 
"  considered  of  no  use  or  value  when  they  have  been  once  used, 
"  but  are  thrown  away  as  completely  refuse."  It  is  here  proposed 
to  collect  them,  and  burn  them  in  close  vessels,  except  one  small 
orifice  for  the  escape  of  any  elastic  or  other  vapour.  They  "must 
"  be  exposed  in  proper  furnaces  to  a  white  heat,  until  no  further 
"  steam  or  vapour  "  arises  from  them.  When  cold,  they  are  taken 
out  of  their  vessels  and  they  are  carefully  sifted,  washed,  and 
filtered  in  preference  making  the  funnel  or  support  of  the  "  fil- 
"  tering  bag  square  like  the  hopper  of  a  mill,  and  with  a  flat 
"  bottom."  "  The  hopper  or  f  unnell  of  the  filter  may  be  of  wood, 
"  iron,  copper,  tin,  or  other  metal,  and  of  any  convenient  size," 
in  which  is  applied  "  the  wicker  basket,  and  linen,  woollen,  or 
cotton  bags  usually  made  use  of." 

Second,  "  in  the  boiling  and  boiler,  which  instead  of  making  a 
"  fixture  over  the  fire,"  the  boiler  is  "  to  be  so  hung  or  suspended 
"  in  three  or  more  chains  or  slings,"  so  as  to  be  raised  or  lowered  " 
from  the  fire  that  is  "  contained  in  a  fixed  furnace  with  a  flue 
"  beneath  it,"  the  pan  can  be  thus  adjusted  with  the  greatest 
nicety ;  the  pan  has  a  lip. 

[Printed,  4>d.    No  Drawings.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  117.] 

A.D.  1817,  January  23.— N°  4095. 

WILSON,  DANIEL. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process  of 
"  boiling  and  refining  sugar."  These  are,  in  place  of  a  vessel 
heated  by  an  open  fire,  applying  the  heat  necessary  for  the  boiling 
or  evaporating  of  syrup  "  by  means  of  a  current  of  heated  fluid, 
"  which  passes  under  and  round  the  sides  of  the  pan  containing 
"  the  sugar  to  be  so  boiled  or  evaporated,  and  the  fluids  which 
"  are  thus  used  "  are  "  above  the  heat  of  boiling  sugar,  but  below 
"  the  degree  of  heat  necessary  for  burning  or  decomposing  it,  so 
"  that  it  can  never  be  injured  from  an  excess  of  heat."  The  pans 
are  double,  with  a  space  between  them ;  in  the  inner  is  the  syrup, 
and  the  outer  pan  communicates  with  a  vessel  in  which  "the 
"  fluid  (forced  by  a  pump  from  the  boiler)  for  conveying  the  heat 
"  is  heated."  The  substances  employed  as  the  medium  for  con- 
veying the  heat  are  "whale,  spermacetti,  cod,  seal,  herring, 
f<  pilchard,  or  other  fish  oil,  linseed,  rape,  hemp,  olive,  nut;  palm, 


26  SUGAR. 

."  sunflower  seed,  poppy  seed,  and  castor  oils,  tallow,  lard,  butter, 
"  grease,  animal  fat,  and  wax." 

[Printed,  GcL    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  32  (second  series),  p.  69  ; 
Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  117.] 

A.D.  1817,  June  3.— N°  4130. 

WYATT,  CHARLES. — "  Method  or  methods  for  preventing  any 
"  disadvantageous  accumulation  of  heat  in  manufacturing  and 
"  refining  sugar."  This  consists  te  in  bringing  the  heated  particles 
"  of  cane  juice  or  of  a  solution  of  sugar  into  contact  with  the  air 
"  in  a  very  extended  surface,"  so  as  to  promote  "a  copious 
"  evaporation"  at  a  "temperature  below  the  boiling  point  of 
"  the  liquor."  In  deep  vessels  the  operation  is  performed  "by  a 
"  number  of  thin  sheets  of  metal  or  other  convenient  substance 
"  attached  to  a  handle,  and  moved  up  and  down  by  the  hand,  or 
"  by  any  other  power."  "  But  when  shallow,  and  particularly 
"  when  hemispherical  vessels  are  used,"  "  a  number  of  discs  or 
"  circular  plates  placed  on  a  horizontal  axis  "  are  'preferred ;  and 
the  exposure  of  the  liquor  to  the  air  "  is  performed  by  the  revolu- 
"  tion  of  the  said  discs."  Or  a  number  of  tubes  are  "  bent  to  the 
"  shape  of  the  internal  part  in  the  vessel,  and  fastened  by  their 
"  extremities  to  an  axis  or  handle  ;  "  and  an  extensive  surface  is 
produced  "  by  means  of  spheres  or  segments  of  spheres,  cones, 
"  frustums  of  cones,  prisms,  ellipsoids,  cylinders,  or  an  endless 
"  series  of  plates  or  sheets  loosely  connected  together,  suspended 
"  and  acting  round  two  axes  like  the  common  jack  chain,  the 
"  lower  part  always  passing  through  the  liquor."  Copper  is 
preferred  "to  any  other  substance  for  the  execution  of  these 
"  contrivances,  although  cloth,  silk,  linen,  cotton,  canvas,  earthen- 
"  ware,  wood,  and  other  bodies  may  be  used  with  inferior  effect." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Rolls  Chapel  Report,  8th  Report,  p.  118.] 

A.D.  1817,  November  28.— N°  4181. 

HAGUE,  JOHN. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  method  of  ex- 
"  pelling  molasses  and  syrup  from  sugars,  and  also  in  the  refining 
"  of  sugars." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1818,  February  3.— N°  4220. 

WILSON,  DANIEL. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process  of 
"  boiling  and  refining  sugar."  These  are,  first,  separating  from 


SUGAR.  27 

juice  or  raw  sugar  solutions  their  chemical  impurities,  the  most 
abundant  of  which  "  is  called  by  chemists  extractive  matter,  the 
"  others  are  tannin  and  gallic  acid."  "These  substances  possess 
"  the  property  of  forming  insoluble  compounds  with  the  salts  and 
"  oxides  of  tin  and  zinc."  The  sulphate  of  zinc  is  preferred.  In 
refining  of  sugar  the  pan  is  charged  with  strong  lime  water  and 
the  sugar  added  in  the  usual  manner,  and  the  fire  set;  to  every 
hundredweight  of  sugar  a  solution  of  four  ounces  of  sulphate  of 
zinc  in  a  minimum  of  water  is  added,  and  the  whole  well  stirred  ; 
a  precipitate  of  sulphate  of  lime  and  tannate  and  gallate  of  zinc 
takes  place.  "  There  is  in  the  lime  water  employed  for  dissolving 
"  the  sugar  a  quantity  of  lime  more  than  sufficient  to  neutralize 
"  the  sulphuric  acid  of  the  sulphate  of  zinc :  but  when  the  raw 
"  sugar  employed  contains  much  acid,  and  a  strong  grain  is 
"  required,"  one  ounce  of  lime  in  powder  is  made  into  milk  of 
lime  and  well  mixed  "with  the  sugar  in  the  pan  about  five 
"  minutes  after  the  addition  of  the  solution  of  zinc."  The  solu- 
tion, after  being  treated,  is  brought  to  the  boiling  point,  run 
through  a  filter,  and  boiled  to  a  proof.  "  Where  the  use  of  lime 
"  water  is  exceptionable,"  precipitated  oxide  of  zinc,  prepared  by 
adding  lime  water  or  lime  in  substance  to  a  solution  of  sulphate 
of  zinc,  is  preferred ;  the  precipitated  oxide''  is  used  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  sulphate.  For  every  hundred  gallons  of  cane  juice 
eight  ounces  of  sulphate  of  zinc  and  two  ounces  of  lime  are 
employed. 

Second,  the  improvements  in  apparatus,  described  in  No.  4095, 
consist  in  the  employment  of  the  medium  (one  of  the  oils,  fats,  or 
waxes)  there  named.  The  sugar  is  contained  in  a  single  pan,  on 
the  bottom  of  the  inside  of  which  is  a  coil  of  pipe  ;  this  pipe  com- 
municates at  both  ends  with  the  boiler  in  which  the  medium  is 
heated,  having  a  force  pump  attached  to  one  of  them,  so  as  to 
drive  the  heated  oil  through  the  coil  of  pipe. 

[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  M  (second  series'), 
p.  134;  Bolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  125.] 

A.D.  1818,  July  11.— N°  4276. 

BAIRD,  JOHN. — "New  invented  boiler  for  evaporating  the  juice 
"  of  the  sugar  cane  or  syrup  derived  from  thence."  This  consists 
in  making  or  casting  cast-iron  "  sugar  boilers  thin ;  and  by  the 
"  process  of  annealing,  which  was  formerly  applied  only  to  small 
."  vessels,  they  are  rendered  less  brittle  and  more  durable^"  This 


28  SUGAR, 

annealing  is  accomplished  in  a  kiln  or  furnace  as  follows  : — 
The  outer  walls  of  a  large  round  furnace  are  made  of  fire-brick, 
surrounded  and  bound  together  by  a  case  or  ring  of  cast-iron;  in 
the  inside  of  this  furnace  is  a  chest,  also  made  of  fire-brick,  in 
which  the  boilers  or  pans  meant  to  be  annealed  are  placed.  There 
is  a  moveable  dome  arched  upon  a  cast-iron  ring,  to  which  eight 
chains  are  attached.  The  dome  is  raised  when  required  by  a 
crane ;  around  the  kiln  are  eight  fire-places,  having  flues  under- 
neath and  surrounding  the  chest.  There  is  a  passage  "  from  the 
"  furnace  to  the  chimney,  part  of  which,  by  being  built  on  a  plate 
"  protected  by  bricks  against  the  fire,  is  so  constructed  as  to  be 
sl  moveable,  and  is  taken  away  before  the  dome  is  removed." 
The  crane  is  used  also  for  putting  in  and  taking  out  the  boilers 
or  pans.  These  boilers  are  cast  of  the  usual  shape,  "but  only 
"  about  one  half  the  usual  thickness." 

[Printed,  lOdt.    Drawing.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  125.] 

A.D.  1819,  February  23.— N°  4344. 

BROCKSOPP,  THOMAS.— "The  application  of  certain  ma- 
"  chinery  to  the  purpose  of  breaking  or  crushing  of  sugar." 
This  consists  of  a  frame  with  standards  supporting  a  pair  of 
rollers,  the  sugar  in  its  rough  state  is  fed  into  a  hopper  at  the  top 
and  falls  down  between  the  rollers  which  "  devolve  against  each 
"  other  by  means  of  the  pinion  and  cog  wheel"  attached  to  their 
axles  being  put  in  action ;  "  but  as  the  pinion  and  cog  wheel  are 
"  of  [different  diameter,  the  rollers  will  necessarily  turn  with 
"  different  velocities,  and  consequently  rub  against  each  other. 
"  There  are  also  grooves  in  one  roller,  and  pins  in  the  other." 
A  box  covers  the  rollers  and  supports  the  hopper.  A  knife  or 
scraper  is  placed  under  the  roller  that  receives  the  cogs.  There 
"  is  a  fly  wheel  attached  to  the  axle  of  the  pinion,  and  turned  by 
"  by  the  handle  designed  to  regulate  the  motion."  There  is  a 
"  box  under  the  rollers  which  receives  the  sugar  after  it  has 
"  passed  through  the  rollers  and  becomes  broken  or  powdered." 

[Printed,  6d     Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  1,  p.  13;  Rolls 
Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  131.] 

A.D.  1820,  April  15.— N°  4447. 

ROHDE,  MAJOR. — "  A  method  of  separating  or  extracting  the 
"  molasses  or  syrup  from  muscovado  or  other  sugar."  This  is 


SUGAR.  29 

effected  by  absorbing  these  substances  into  "  linen  or  some  other 
"  substance  of  absorbing  quality,  assisted  by  mechanical  or  manual 
"  motion  and  friction,"  as  follows  : — Any  lumps  are  broken,  so  as 
to  admit  of  the  sugar  being  passed  "  through  a  sieve  of  sufficient 
"  texture  or  size  without  breaking  the  grains  or  chrystals  ;"  the 
sugar  is  spread  in  thin  layers  on  the  absorbing  substance,  and 
"  having  folded  it,  place  it  in  bags  or  other  packages,  and  apply 
"  manual  or  other  mechanical  power  to  put  it  in  motion,  so  as  to 
"  afford  the  friction  necessary  to  separate  the  molasses  or  syrup 
"  from  the  sugar."  The  molasses  or  syrup  is  absorbed  into  the 
material  used,  and  e<  the  purer  chrystals  remain  on  the  surface,  arid 
"  are  separated  by  brushing,  shaking,  or  scraping  them  off."  The 
molasses  or  syrup  is  afterwards  extracted  from  the  absorbing  sub- 
stance by  means  of  water  or  steam.  Or  any  means  are  employed 
"  by  which  an  absorbing  substance  "  comes  in  contact  with  the 
sugar,  "  so  as  to  allow  of  its  absorbing  the  molasses  or  syrup, 
"  whilst  it  leaves  the  chrystals  on  its  surface." 

[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  40  (second  series), 
p.  78  ;  London  Journal  (Netvton's),  vol.  1,  p.  413.] 

A.D.  1821,  January  15.— N°  4528. 

DANIELL,  JOHN   FREDERICK.  —  "Certain  improvements  in 
"  clarifying  and  refining  sugar." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1821,  August  14.— N°  4583. 

COLLINGE,  JOHN. — "  An  improvement  in  cast-iron  rollers  for 
"  sugar  mills,  by  more  permanently  fixing  them  to  their  gud- 
"  geons."  This  consists,  "  in  casting  the  rollers  or  cases  of  sugar 
"  mills  upon  wrought-iron  axes  or  gudgeons,  by  which  means 
"  they  will  be  more  permanently  fixed  than  can  be  effected  by 
"  any  method  hitherto  known  or  made  use  of  for  this  purpose." 
It  is  stated  that  permanent  tightness  and  fitting  can  never  be 
obtained  by  driving  wedges  into  the  bearings.  In  carrying  out 
the  above  it  is  stated  "  that  the  gudgeons  at  each  end  of  the  axis, 
"  being  properly  and  truly  turned  in  a  lathe,  care  must  be  taken 
"  to  place  it  exactly  perpendicular  in  the  mould,  that  the  case 
"  or  roller,  when  cast,  may  be  as  true  to  its  centres  as  possible." 
When  quite  cold  it  is  taken  from  the  mould  and  "  the  gudgeons 
"  are  again  placed  in  the  lathe,  and  the  cylindrical  surface  of  the 


30  SUGAR. 

"  roller  or  case  is  turned  in  the  usual  way  until  it  is  perfectly 
"  true  with  its  bearings." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  4,  p.  303.] 

A.D.  1822,  May  9.—  N°  4674. 

KNIGHT,  RICHARD,  and  KIRK,  RUPERT.— "A  process  for  the 
"  more  rapid  crystallization,  and  for  the  evaporation  of  fluids,  at 
"  comparatively  low  temperatures,  by  a  peculiar  mechanical 
"  application  of  air."  This  consists  as  follows  : — "  A  quantity  of 
"  air  is  propelled  by  means  of  a  blowing  engine,  bellows,  or  other 
"  machine  used  for  propelling  air  through  a  pipe  or  pipes  made 
"  of  lead,  copper,  iron,  or  other  fit  material  into  the  lower  part  of 
"  the  copper,  pan,  or  vessel  containing  the  heated  syrup,"  "  coiled 
"  or  otherwise  shaped  "  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  "  being  per- 
' '  forated  with  a  number  of  small  holes."  "In  lieu  of  the  perforated 
"  pipe,  a  shallow  metallic  vessel  of  the  nature  of  a  cullender  within 
"  the  boiler  may  be  connected,  the  air  pipe  and  the  cullender 
"  being  perforated  with  small  holes,  the  heated  air  may  be  driven 
"  through  this  perforated  cullender."  The  air  "may  be  heated 
"  by  forcing  it  through  metallic  or  other  pipes  surrounding  the 
"  inside  or  bottom  of  the  same  vessel  which  contains  the  matter 
"  to  be  acted  on  or  by  an  arrangement  of  pipes  included  between 
"  an  inner  and  outer  vessel,  and  heated  by  fire,  water,  steam,  or 
"  otherwise,  or  by  causing  the  air  to  pass  through  heated  iron, 
"  lead,  copper,  or  other  pipes  or  tubes,  or  by  means  of  flues, 
"  ovens,  chambers,  retorts,  or  other  similar  apparatus." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  5,  p.  295 ; 
CarpmaeFs  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  1,  p.  504 ;  "Webster's  Letters 
Patent,  p.  55.] 

A.D.  1823,  June  19.— N°  4805. 

SMITH,  JAMES. — "An  apparatus  for  the  applying  of  steam  to  the 
"  boiling  and  concentration  of  solutions  in  general,  crystallizing 
"  the  muriat  of  soda  from  brines  containing  that  salt,  melting 
"  and  refining  of  tallow  and  oil,  boiling  of  sugar,  distilling,  and 
"  other  similar  purposes."  This  consists  of  an  oblong  steam  boiler 
having  "  a  flat  top  or  upper  surface  "  which  forms  "  the  bottom 
"  of  the  pan  or  vessel  required  to  perform  the  various  operations 
"  set  forth."  Fire  is  applied  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler  "  in  any 
"  of  the  ordinary  ways  now  in  use."  Each  end  of  the  pan 
projects  over  the  boiler.  At  the  upper  part  of  one  end  of  the 


SUGAR.  31 

boiler  is  a  funnel  and  feed  pipe  by  which  water  is  introduced  into 
it  to  the  depth  of  about  two  inches ;  at  the  other  end  of  the 
boiler  "is  a  gage  cock  by  which  to  ascertain  when  the  water 
"  attains  that  depth."  Below  the  feed  pipe  is  "a  cock  for  giving 
"  vent  to  the  rarified  air  when  necessary/'  and  below  that  again 
is  another  "  cock  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  off  the  water  again 
"  when  occasion  shall  require." 

[Printed,  GcZ.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  44  (second  series}, 
p.  74;  London  Journal  (N&ivton's),  vol.  7,  p.  190;  Mechanics'  Magazine, 
vol.  2,  pp.  39  and  104 ;  also  vol.  3,  p.  58;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
vol.  2, pp.  10, 17,  and  89;  Engineers  and  Mechanics'  Encyclopaedia,  vol.  1, 
P.212J 

A.D.  1824,  May  6.— N°  4949. 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM. — "An  improvement  in  the  process  of 
"  manufacturing  of  sugar  from  cane  juice,  and  in  the  refining 
"  of  sugar  and  other  substances."  This  consists  in  the  use  as 
filters  of  long  narrow  bags  "  about  six  feet  in  length  (more  or 
"  less)  and  from  five  to  six  inches  in  breadth  when  flat  and 
"  empty,  and  when  full  and  extended  from  three  to  four  inches 
"  in  diameter,"  made  of  any  fit  material,  but  preferring  "  that 
"  kind  of  linen  cloth  called  English  duck;"  the  tops  are  cased 
for  "  two  or  three  inches  downwards  with  stout  woollen  cloth," 
and  likewise  "  affix  a  fillet  or  edge  of  double  woollen  cloth  about 
"  half  an  inch  broad  round  the  top  of  the  mouths  of  the  bags,  to 
"  form  a  sort  of  flanch  or  rim  to  them."  Fitting  inside  the 
mouths  of  these  bags  and  "  somewhat  less  at  the  bottom  than  the 
"  top  so  as  to  correspond  with  holes  bored  or  made  in  the  bottom 
"  of  a  cistern  or  head,"  are  mouth-pieces  or  funnels  with  a  bow  or 
handle  fixed  to  and  over  them,  open  both  at  the  top  and  bottom 
fixed  perfectly  tight.  "  The  bags  are  open  at  the  bottom  for 
"  the  convenience  of  cleaning,  and  are  tied  close  with  twine 
tf  about  an  inch  from  the  bottom  when  used,  for  which  purpose 
"  they  are  let  down  through  the  said  holes  formed  in  the  bottom 
"  of  the  cistern  or  head."  The  funnels  or  mouth-pieces  "  are 
"  forced  into  the  said  holes  by  means  of  a  key  or  winch,  so  as  to 
"  render  the  said  cistern  or  head  tight  and  prevent  the  liquor 
ct  under  operation  escaping  anywhere  except  through  the  funnels 
"  or  mouth-pieces."  The  cistern  or  head  is  kept  filled  with  the 
liquor  to  be  filtered,  and  the  liquor  filtered  through  the  bags 
passes  into  a  proper  receptacle  beneath.  The  above  mode  of 
fixing  the  bags  to  the  bottom  of  the  cistern  is  preferred,  although 


32  SUGAR. 

they  may  be  fixed  by  screws  or  other  means.  The  head  or  cistern 
is  supported  by  some  means ;  when  it  is  necessary  to  retain  the 
heat  such  head  or  cistern  is  supported  over  a  close  case  of  non- 
conducting material. 

[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts  (third  series),  p.  139 ;  London 
Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9,  p.  81 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  2, 
p.  212.] 


A.D.  1825,  March  15.— N°  5127. 

BARLOW,  JOSEPH. — "  A  method  or  process  for  bleaching  and 
"  clarifying,  and  for  improving  the  quality  and  colour  of  sugars, 
"  known  by  the  name  of  bastard  and  piece  sugars."  This  consists 
in  the  employment  for  the  above  purpose  "  of  molasses  instead  of 
"  clays  or  other  contrivances  which  have  been  heretofore  employed 
"  for  that  purpose,"  as  follows  : — Instead'of  purifying  these  sugars 
by  the  usual  practice  by  claying,  by  which  process  a  part  of  the 
sugar  itself  becomes  dissolved  by  the  water  passing  from  the  clay 
into  and  through  the  sugar,  pouring  ( '  upon  the  top  of  the  sugar 
"  in  the  mould  a  quantity  of  the  ordinary  West  Indian  molasses, 
"  which  after  a  few  hours  will  have  filtered  through  the  sugar 
"  in  the  mould,  and  ultimately  run  off  at  the  bottom,  carrying 
"  the  colouring  matter  with  it."  The  quantity  of  molasses  used 
varies  with  the  quality  of  the  sugar  and  "  of  the  molasses  itself, 
"  which  if  too  thick  a  consistency,  may  be  diluted  with  water." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  3  (third  series),  p.  65  ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  10,  p.  190 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
vol.  3,  p.  156.] 

A.D.  1825,  July  26.— N°  5222. 

FREUND,  CHARLES. — "  An  improvement  or  improvements  in 
"  the  process  of  refining  sugar."  This,  it  is  said,  "  consists,  not 
"  in  the  form  or  construction  of  any  of  the  different  cisterns  or 
"  vessels"  used,  "but  entirely  in  the  application  of  any  suitable 
"  vegetable  alkali,  combined  with  fuller's  earth,  in  proper  pro- 
"  portions,  by  the  use  of  which  in  the  manner  and  way  "  after- 
wards described,  "  a  considerable  improvement  will  be  produced 
"  in  the  quality  of  the  sugar  so  refined,  and  a  great  saving  will 
"  also  be  effected  when  compared  with  the  usual  method  of 
"  refining  with  blood  or  other  albuminous  articles."  While  the 
pan  is  hot,  "84  gallons  of  water  and  15  Ibs.  of  American  pearl  or 
"  potash  "  are  put  into  it,  and  when  the  alkali  is  thoroughly 


SUGAR.  33 

dissolved  18  cwts.  of  raw  or  Muscovado  sugar,  which  should  be 
free  from  lumps,  are  added,  and  the  whole  thoroughly  mixed  and 
then  allowed  to  rest  "  from  two  to  four  hours,  as  may  be  most 
"  convenient."  20  to  30  Ibs.  of  the  lightest  coloured  fullers' 
earth  previously  made  dry  are  made  into  a  cream  with  water,  and 
added  to  the  ingredients  in  the  pan,  and  the  whole  well  mixed, 
after  which  the  contents  are  left  at  rest  till  next  morning,  which 
is  the  usual  practice,  and  the  pan  cleared  the  following  morning, 
"  or  the  fire  may  be  applied  and  the  pan  cleared  without  further 
"  loss  of  time."  The  fire  being  lighted  the  syrup  is  brought  by 
water  to  a  proper  consistency  and  the  scum  removed  in  the  usual 
manner  of  the  old  process  of  refining  with  blood,  when  it  is 
transferred  to  a  settling  cistern,  which  is  a  vessel  having  three 
cocks  at  different  heights  from  the  bottom,  the  clear  liquid  is 
drawn  off  at  different  periods  from  the  different  taps,  and  the  dirt 
in  the  bottom  is  taken  out  through  an  aperture  secured  by  a 
screw  cap.  The  dirt  or  sediment,  scums,  &c.  are  afterwards  dealt 
with. 

[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  13,  p.  327; 
Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  4,  p.  30,  also  vol.  1  (new  series), 
p.  148.] 


A.D.  1825,  October  22.— N°  52/2. 

JENNINGS,  HENRY  CONSTANTINE. — "  Certain  improvements 
"  in  the  process  of  refining  sugar."  These  are,  "the  application 
"  of  rectified  spirits,  being  principally  alcohol,"  for  the  refining 
of  sugar.  In  carrying  out  this,  raw  or  Muscovado  sugar  is  put 
into  a  "  conical  vessel  holding  from  500  Ibs.  to  1,000  Ibs.,  having 
"  a  wire  copper  gauze  or  perforated  bottom,"  and  the  process  is 
assisted  "  by  using  all  and  every  of  the  well  known  means,  whereby 
"  the  liquids  are  made  speedily  to  percolate  through  solid  sub- 
"  stances,  whose  parts  are  not  in  actual  contact ;  these  means 
"  are  hydrostatic,  hydraulic,  or  hydropneumatic."  The  spirits 
used  may  be  "  rectified  spirits  of  wine,  rum,  brandy,  or  any  liquor, 
"  being  principally  alcohol,  which  has  very  little  affinity  for 
"  saccharine  matter  or  sugar,  and  a  great  affinity  for  coloring 
"  matter,  water  treacle,  &c."  "  When  any  spirit  is  passed  through 
"  the  mass  of  sugar  so  as  to  drop  no  more,"  to  remove  all  or 
"  nearly  all  the  spirit,"  "  about  30  gallons  of  saturated  syrup  "  is 
passed  through  the  mass,  this  "  leaves  the  sugar  only  moistened 
"  by  the  syrup  and  ready  for  putting  into  the  hogsheadT"  The 
s.  c 


34  SUGAR. 

spirit  or  wine,  &c.  percolated  "  may  be  used  again  over  inferior 
"  sugars,  and  after  it  is  very  thick  it  may  be  rectified,  and 
"  the  spirit  re-obtained  in  an  uncombined  state  without  much 
"  loss." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  6  (third  scries), 
p.  335;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  11,  p.  370;  Register  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  vol.  4,  p.  118.] 

A.D.  1827,  April  28.— N°  5488. 

LAWRENCE,   MORTON  WILLIAM.  —  "  Improvement  in   the 
f<  process  of  refining  sugar." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 


A.D.  1827,  July  4.— N°  5520. 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process 
"  of  preparing,  refining,  and  evaporating  sugar."  These  are  said 
"  to  consist  in  the  exposing  of  fresh  surfaces  of  fluid  in  continual 
"  succession  to  the  evaporating  power  of  air  by  means  of  a 
ft  revolving  coil  of  metal  pipe  heated  with  steam."  Beneath  the 
pan  or  boiler  containing  the  fluid  to  be  evaporated  is  a  boiler  for 
water  which  is  heated  by  fire  "  applied  in  any  of  the  ordinary 
"  manners."  There  is  "  a  hollow  tube  formed  of  pewter,  copper, 
"  tin,  or  tinned  copper  or  iron,  or  other  suitable  metal  bent  or 
"  wound  in  a  screw-like  form,  so  as  to  have  the  appearance 
"  of  a  cylinder."  This  cylinder  formed  of  tube  as  aforesaid  is 
supported,  mounted,  or  fixed  upon  a  central  axis  "  above  the 
"  pan  or  boiler  containing  the  flued  to  be  evaporated,"  by  means 
"  of  arms  or  radii  placed  at  proper  distances  upon  such  central 
"  axis  to  render  the  whole  stiff  and  firm,  and  the  central  axis 
"  has  proper  turned  bearings  at  two  ends,  upon  which  that  axis 
te  with  its  cylinder  of  tube  fixed  as  aforesaid  may  revolve  on  its 
"  proper  centre."  The  two  ends  of  the  central  axis  are  made 
hollow  for  a  few  inches  at  each  end,  and  the  two  ends  or 
terminations  of  the  tube  cylinder  are  "  introduced  and  fixed 
<c  by  soldering  or  otherwise  into  such  tubular  parts  of  the  axis." 
One  of  the  bearers  or  supports  of  the  axis  is  also  tubular  and 
opens  into  the  upper  part  of  the  boiler  below  the  pan,  while  its 
upper  end  is  connected  with  the  hollow  part  of  the  axis  of  the 
cylinder  by  means  of  a  steam  joint  so  that  the  steam  from  the 
boiler  passes  through  the  coiled  tube  cylinder  and  out  by  the 


SUGAR.  35 

opening  at  the  other  end  of  the  axis.  The  cylinder  is  rotated  by  a 
hand  lever  a  strap  or  a  pulley  fixed  upon  the  axis.  The  boiler  for 
producing  the  steam  may  be  detached. 

[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  1  (second  series), 
p.  359 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  2  (second  series),  p.  311.] 

A.D.  1827,  October  11.— N°  5555. 

STOKES,  JAMES. — "  Certain  improvements  in  making,  boiling, 
"  curing,  clarifying,  or  preparing  raw  or  muscavado  sugar, 
"  bastard  sugar,  and  molasses."  These  are,  first,  to  the  liquor  or 
cane  juice  placed  in  the  purifier  add  "  about  fourteen  pounds  of 
"  charcoal,  about  seven  pounds  of  bark  of  the  wild  elm  tree  and 
"  about  one  pound  of  lime,  and  proceed  to  clear  the  liquor,  take 
"  off  the  scum,  &c.,  in  the  usual  way,  and  when  sufficiently 
((  clear  "  "  pass  it  through  a  blanket  into  a  clarifying  cistern  or 
ft  other  vessel,  and  pump  it  or  otherwise  convey  it  into  the  pans 
"  or  teaches  for  the  purpose  of  boiling  or  evaporation."  Previous 
to  the  sugar  being  put  into  hogsheads  it  is  put  into  boxes  or 
vessels  constructed  for  the  purpose  and  mixed  in  the  proportion 
of  one  gallon  of  "brandy,  geneva,  rum,  or  any  other  spirit  or 
"  spirits"  to  "every  hundredweight  of  sugar,"  and  then  submit 
it  to  hydraulic  or  other  pressure  "  which  forces  out  the  moisture 
"  and  leaves  the  sugar  sufficiently  dry  to  put  it  into  the  hogsheads 
"  and  much  improved  in  quality  and  colour.  Or," 

Second,  "take  raw  sugar  or  bastard  sugar  in  its  finished  or 
"  manufactured  state,  and  when  boiled  by  this  or  any  other 
"  method "  put  "  it  into  boxes  as  above  mentioned,  proceed  to 
"  mix,  press,  &c.  in  the  manner  as  before  described  and  pro- 
"  ducing  the  same  effect." 

The  quantities  or  apparatus  may  be  varied  as  necessary,  "  intro- 
"  ducing  any  other  article  or  articles  of  similar  chemical  powers 
"  and  affinity." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  8  (third  series),  p.  278 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  3  (second  series),  p.  259 ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  2  (new  series),  p.  276.] 

A.D.  1827,  December  4.— N°  5572. 

FAWCETT,  WILLIAM,  and  CLARK,  MATTHEW.  —  "  An  im- 
"  proved  apparatus  for  the  better  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the 
."  cane."  This  consists  as  follows:  —  There  is  a  round  boiler 
for  the  production  of  high  pressure  steam  of  sufficient  tempera- 

c  2 


36  SUGAR. 

ture  to  boil  cane  juice  to  granulate  it  into  sugar,  it  may  be 
made  "of malleable  iron,  of  copper,  or  of  cast  iron."  In  the 
interior  of  the  boiler  are  two  wrought  iron  or  copper  tubes  of 
sufficient  capacity  to  contain  the  fire,  flame,  and  smoke  necessary 
to  produce  the  high  pressure  steam,  and  these  tubes  are  wholly 
immersed  in  the  water ;  they  terminate  in  smoke  flues  regulated 
by  a  damper  or  dampers.  The  sugar  pans  are  above  the  boiler, 
additional  heat  is  afforded  by  copper  tubes  into  the  pans  supplied 
by  steam  from  the  generator,  but  to  this  application  an  exclusive 
right  is  not  claimed.  There  are  "stop  valves  to  shut  off  the 
"  communication  with  the  boiler  when  the  tubes  are  taken  out, 
"  pipes  for  discharging  the  syrup  from  the  pans,  a  safety  valve 
"  on  the  boiler.  From  the  upper  part  of  the  boiler  is  a  pipe  for 
<e  supplying  an  engine  for  a  cane  mill  or  other  object  with  steam. 
"  There  is  a  feed  pipe  into  the  bottom  of  the  boiler  for  supplying 
"  it  with  water  and  a  float  and  levers  for  regulating  the  supply  of 
"  water." 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  7  (third  series),  p.  267 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  6  (second  series),  p.  92  ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  3  (new  series),  p.  115.] 

A.D.  1828,  March  29.— N°  5635. 

DAVIS,  JOHN.  —  (A  communication.} — "  An  improvement  in 
"  boiling  or  evaporating  solutions  of  sugar  and  other  liquids." 
This  consists  of  an  apparatus  attached  by  means  of  a  pipe  from 
the  top  (in  which  there  is  a  tap)  to  a  sugar  pan,  "  whereby  the 
"  operation  of  boiling  in  vacuo  may  be  performed  without  the  use 
"  of  air  pumps  as  heretofore  by  means  of  a  vacuum  formed  by 
"  the  admission  and  eduction  of  water  and  a  Torricellian  column, 
"  and  in  such  manner  that  the  steam "  which  is  evolved  from 
the  sugar  pan  is  drawn  therefrom  and  divides  itself  into  two 
portions,  one  portion  passing  downwards  into  a  condenser,  from 
the  bottom  of  which  is  the  Torricellian  column  (above  a  well  of 
waste  water)  and  the  other  portion  passes  upwards  into  the  upper 
part  of  a  double  vessel  containing  water,  acting  with  pressure 
upon  the  surface  of  the  water  and  by  that  means  forcing  a  portion 
of  the  water  in  the  inner  vessel  through  a  pipe  leading  from  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel  into  the  condenser  to  assist  in  condensing 
the  first-mentioned  portion  of  steam.  The  double  vessel  above 
referred  to  consists  of  an  outer  square  vat  filled  with  water  in 
which  is  placed  lengthways  and  fixed  a  stout  cask ;  an  agitator 


SUGAR.  37 

is  inside  this  cask  which  is  turned  by  a  handle  working  in 
stuffing  boxes  to  prevent  the  admission  of  air.  A  glass  tube 
communicates  at  each  end  with  the  inside  of  the  cask  and  serves 
as  a  guage  to  show  the  quantity  of  water  in  the  cask.  There  are 
pipes  and  taps  for  supplying  and  discharging  water  or  air 
to  or  from  the  vat  and  cask.  The  agitator  in  the  cask  is  for 
disengaging  any  air  in  the  water. 

[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  8  (third  series],  p.  450 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  5  (second  series),  p.  79;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  4  (new  series),  p.  132.] 


A.D.  1828,  May  17.— N°  5657. 

POWELL,  THOMAS,  POWELL,  WILLIAM,  and  POWELL, 
JOHN. — "Certain  improvements  in  the  process,  machinery,  or 
st  apparatus  for  forming,  making,  or  producing  moulds  or  vessels 
"  for  refining  sugar,  and  in  the  application  of  materials  hitherto 
5*  unused  in  making  the  said  moulds."  These  are,  first,  a  block 
the  shape  of  a  loaf  of  sugar,  in  the  centre  of  the  broad  end  is  a 
hole  about  half  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  in  the  other  or  small 
end  is  a  spindle  projecting  about  three  inches  fe  in  diameter,  the 
"  size  of  the  hole  to  be  in  the  small  end  "  of  the  mould. 

Second,  "  an  upright  spindle  in  a  frame  and  turned  with  a 
"  large  vertical  wheel  and  string  in  a  similar  way  to  that  of 
"  turning  potters'  wheels  for  throwing  or  making  ware."  The 
block  above  is  put  on  the  spindle.  The  spindle  in  the  small  end 
of  the  block  aforesaid  works  in  a  box  of  brass  or  other  material 
so  that  when  the  upright  spindle  is  turned  the  block  "  which  is 
"  then  standing  perpendicular  upon  its  broad  end  will  also 
"  turn." 

Third,  for  preparing  the  clay,  is  a  tub  over  a  table,  upon  which 
is  a  sliding  board,  and  upon  which  board  is  a  flat  mould  about 
half  an  inch  deep,  "  and  of  the  shape  and  size  of  the  clay  required 
"  to  make  one  sugar  mould  or  vessel.  The  tub  is  filled  with  clay 
"  which  is  pressed  through  the  tub  by  a  screw  upon  a  strong 
"  board  or  flat  plate  of  iron,  when  the  mould  is  filled  a  wire  is 
"  passed  between  the  bottom  of  the  tub  and  flat  mould  by  which 
"  means  a  cake  of  clay  is  produced  of  the  thickness  and  size 
"  required  for  making  one  sugar  mould  or  vessel,  and  this  is 
"  done  on  the  machine  described  under  the  second  head."  An- 
other vessel  for  preparing  the  clay  is  a  tub  made  of  thjn  frames 


38  SUGAR. 

of  wood  braced  together,  when  this  tub  is  filled  the  braces  are 
slackened  and  wires  are  passed  and  drawn  between  the  frames, 
and  a  cake  of  clay  is  cut  off  the  size  of  and  shape  of  one  mould 
or  vessel  for  refining  sugar. 

Fourth,  a  kiln  of  an  oblong  form,  the  inside  is  divided  by 
arches  one  over  the  other,  there  are  holes  made  in  the  arches  to 
admit  the  fire  through  the  kiln.  Every  mould  is  set  on  its  broad 
end,  the  kiln  gear  is  so  arranged  as  to  give  free  circulation  to  the 
fire  within  as  well  as  without  the  moulds  or  vessels.  The  moulds 
are  made  of  stone  ware  clay,  the  same  being  glazed  inside  and 
outside  with  a  salt  glaze. 

[Printed,  lOd.  Dra%yings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8  (second 
series),  p.  191 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  3  (new  series),  p.  35  ; 
Engineers  and  Mechanics'  Encyclopaedia,  vol.  2,  p.  328.] 

A.D.  1828,  November  27— N°  5718. 

KNELLER,  WILLIAM  GODFREY. — "Certain  improvements  in 
"  evaporating  sugar,  which  improvements  are  also  applicable  to 
"  other  purposes."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
"  forcing  by  means  of  bellows  or  any  other  blowing  apparatus 
"  atmospheric  or  any  other  air  in  a  hot  or  cold  state  through  the 
"  liquid  or  solution  subjected  to  evaporation,"  by  means  of  pipes 
reaching  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  The  pan  may  be  heated 
"  by  a  naked  fire,  steam,  or  hot  air."  The  cane  juice  or  syrup  is 
brought  "  to  the  proof  or  chrystallizing  points "  by  keeping  it 
beeween  140°  and  170°  F.,  but  preferring  it  between  160°  and 
170°.  To  more  quickly  "  remove  the  steam  or  vapour  from  the 
"  surface  of  the  liquid  or  solution  and  thereby  to  favour  the 
"  evaporation,  I  sometimes,  particularly  when  I  use  hot  air  for 
"  heating  the  pan  or  boiler,  conduct  the  hot  air,  after  it  has  given 
"  out  part  of  the  heat  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler,  to  the  surface 
"  of  the  liquor  or  solution  ;  but  I  do  not  consider  this  contrivance 
"  necessary  in  any  nor  adviseable  in  all  cases."  The  depth  of 
the  solution  is  from  4  to  6  inches,  and  in  preference,  equal  in 
depth  in  every  part  and  the  bottom  of  the  evaporator  perfectly 
level. 

[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (third  series),  p.  69: 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  4  (second  series') ,  p.  321;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  28,  p.  325 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  4  (new 
series),  p.  298  ;  Webster's  Patent  Law,  pages  11  and  133  (case  97) ;  Barne- 
wall  and  Adolphus's  Reports,  vol.  2,  p.  370 ;  Carpmael's  Reports  on  Patent 
Cases,  vol.  1,  p.  501 :  Law  Journal,  vol.  9  (King's  Bench),  p.  242 ;  Patentees 
Manual,  p.  107 ;  Billing  on  Patents,  p.  42.J 


SUGAR.  39 

A.D.  1828,  December  6.— N°  5725. 

HAGUE,  JOHN. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  method  of 
"  expelling  the  mollasses  or  syrup  from  sugar."  These  are, 
"  by  occasioning  a  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on  a  surface  of 
"  the  sugar,"  "  either  by  withdrawing  the  air  from  the  under 
"  surface,  or  by  compressing  this  air  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
"  sugar."  "  A  trough  or  box  (open  at  the  top),  either  square 
"  round,  or  any  other  shape,"  in  preference,  larger  at  the  top 
than  at  the  bottom  is  used.  In  this  trough  is  placed  a  false 
bottom  (in  preference,  of  sheet  copper)  perforated  thickly  with 
small  holes,  on  this  is  placed  "  a  cloth  or  web  made  of  hair  or 
"  some  other  material."  To  the  real  bottom  or  sides  is  fixed  a 
pipe  which  leads  to  a  receiving  vessel  placed  below  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  molasses.  The  real  bottom  is  in  communication 
with  an  air  pump.  The  sugar  is  spread  "  about  three  inches 
"  deep,  or  any  other  proper  depth,  all  over  the  cloth  or  web 
"  that  covers  the  false  bottom  of  the  trough  or  box ;"  the  air 
pump  set  to  work,  the  passage  of  the  air  through  the  sugar 
separates  and  expels  the  molasses  and  ultimately  it  falls  into  the 
receiving  vessel.  This  operation  is  continued  "  by  keeping  the 
"  air  pump  at  work  until  the  molasses  or .  syrup  is  sufficiently 
"  expelled  from  the  sugar."  Before  or  during  the  process, 
sometimes  it  is  "  desirable  to  moisten  the  sugar  with  water,  lime 
"  water,  or  some  other  liquid."  The  other  method  by  com- 
pressing the  air  on  the  surface  of  the  sugar  by  means  of  force 
pump,  bellows,  &c.,  is  conducted  in  much  the  same  apparatus  as 
the  above. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (third  series), 
pp.  212, 221 ;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  3  (second  series),  p.  303.] 

A.D.  1829,  April  28.— N°  5785. 

DAVIS,  JOHN. — (A  communication.) — "A  certain  improvement 
"  in  the  condenser  used  with  my  apparatus  for  boiling  sugar  in 
"  vacuo."  This  is  said  to  be  improvements  in  respect  of  the 
apparatus  described  in  No.  5635,  as  follows,  namely : — "  The 
"  substitution  of  the  common  waste  pipe  to  the  bottom  of  the  con- 
"  denser  instead  of  the  Torricellian  column,  and  an  enlargement 
"  of  the  condenser  to  about  six  times  the  size  of  that  required  " 
in  the  former  apparatus  described  in  No.  5635 ;  by  which  im- 
provement the  required  vacuum  can  be  formed  by  the  introduction 


40  SUGAR. 

of  steam  from  the  boiler  or  pan  into  the  condenser.  When  the 
steam  in  the  boiling  pan  has  been  got  up  to  a  pressure  of  more 
than  fifteen  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  the  water  in  the  condenser 
must  be  drawn  off  by  the  waste  pipe,  the  cock  on  same  being 
open,  and  also  the  cock  in  the  pipe  from  the  boiler  to  the  con- 
denser being  open,  the  steam  from  the  pan  will  rush  into  the 
condenser  and  expel  what  atmospheric  air  may  be  in  it,  and  rush 
out  of  the  waste  pipe.  When  this  is  accomplished,  the  cock  on 
the  waste  pipe  is  shut  and  a  communication  is  opened  to  the 
double  vessel  above,  a  portion  of  the  steam  causes  a  pressure  on 
the  surface  of  the  water,  while  another  portion  of  steam  rushes 
down  into  the  condenser,  striking  upon  the  perforated  plate  and 
distributing  itself  for  condensation. 

[Printed,  8d.     Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (third  series),  p.  1 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  5  (second  series),  p.  83.] 

A.D.  1829,  August  1.— N°  5824. 

BATES,  JOSHUA. — "A  new  process  or  method  for  whitening 
"  sugars."  This  consists  in  the  use  of  "  a  separate  vessel  or  pan 
"  for  holding  the  water  employed  in  whitening  sugar,  such  vessel 
"  or  pan  being  sufficiently  porous  to  allow  the  water  to  percolate 
"  through  and  to  be  distributed  on  the  sugar  in  a  state  of  minute 
"  division.  Also  "  a  vessel  (divided  within  into  several  compart- 
"  ments,  each  having  its  separate  drip  hole)  for  holding  raw  or 
"  Muscovado  sugar  during  the  process  of  whitening  the  same 
"  by  the  percolation  of  water,"  whether  by  the  common  process 
of  claying  or  by  means  of  a  pan  or  vessel  "  sufficiently  porous  to 
"  allow  the  water  to  percolate  through  and  to  be  distributed  on 
"  the  sugar  in  a  state  of  minute  division."  The  pans  may  be 
of  earthenware  or  of  filtering  stone,  or  pans  of  wood  or  any  other 
material  with  a  sieve-like  bottom  covered  with  sand  or  any  other 
suitable  substance  to  retard  the  percolation  of  water.  In  the  case 
of  loaf  sugar  these  pans  are  "  placed  on  the  top  of  the  sugar  in 
"  the  inverted  conical  pots." 

[Printed,  6d.     Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (third  series),  p.  146; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9  (second  series),  p.  176.] 

A.D.  1829,  September  15.— N°  5848. 

AITCHISON,  JOHN.  —  "  Certain  improvements  in  the  con- 
"  centrating  and  evaporating  of  cane  juice,  solutions  of  sugar, 
"  and  other  fluids."  These  are  as  follows :  —  An  oblong  or 


SUGAR.  41 

Square  frame  supports  a  pan  made  of  stout  sheet  copper  and  in 
the  form  of  a  segment  of  a  cylinder.  This  pan  is  surrounded 
with  a  jacket,  and  the  space  between  is  filled  with  steam  for 
heating  the  syrup  or  other  fluid  contained  in  the  pan.  A  hollow 
cylinder  revolves  by  means  of  tooth  gear  in  the  pan,  "  dipping 
"  into  the  pan  to  within  about  two  or  three  inches  of  the 
"  bottom."  This  cylinder  is  formed  of  two  concentric  cylinders, 
so  as  to  leave  a  space  between  them  of  about  two  inches  for  a 
steam  chamber;  and  by  an  arrangement  of  hollow  axles,  &c. 
steam  is  introduced  into  the  space  or  chamber  of  the  double 
cylinder,  and  from  thence  to  the  jacket  of  the  pan,  and  ultimately 
escapes  with  the  air  and  condensed  water  by  an  open  cock  at  the 
bottom.  There  are  scrapers  arranged  for  acting  upon  the  different 
surfaces  as  the  syrup  or  other  fluids  thicken.  Although  only  one 
rotatory  drum  has  been  described  in  this  apparatus,  on  a  large 
scale  there  may  be  introduced  "two,  three,  or  more  revolving 
"  drums  into  one  pan,"  and  sometimes  the  drums  or  rotatory 
cylinders  are  constructed  "  with  four,  six,  or  more  surfaces  by 
"  connecting  several  concentric  cylinders  one  within  the  other, 
"  and  conducting  the  steam  into  their  several  chambers  by  hollow 
"  arms  leading  from  the  central  shaft,  similar  to  those  already 
"  described." 

[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (third  series),  p.  34 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  7  (second  series),  p.  220;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  21,  p.  417 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  4  (new  series), 
p.  262 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  131.] 


A.D.  1829,  December  14.— N°  5877. 

GOULSON,  BENJAMIN. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  farina  and  sugar  from  vegetable  productions."  These 
are  as  follows  : — The  roots  "  of  dahlia,  carrots,  turnips,  beet, 
"  mangel  wurtzel,  and  potatoes  are  well  washed  or  deprived  of 
"  their  peel ;"  "  they  are  then  steeped,  either  whole  or  cut  into 
"  slices,  in  pure  water  and  an  acid."  "Any  acid  substance  or 
"  acid  salt  will  answer  the  purpose/'  but  sulphuric  acid  is 
preferred.  To  every  hundred  pounds  weight  of  roots  employing 
two  pounds  of  acid  for  dahlia,  and  the  quantity  of  acid  required 
varies  in  the  order  in  which  the  names  of  the  roots  are  placed 
"  up  to  ten  pounds  for  every  hundred  weight  of  potatoes."  When 
by  steeping  the  root  can  be  rubbed  by  the  hand  into  a  paste,  the 


42  SUGAR. 

liquor  is  run  off  and  the  roots  washed  until  they  cease  to  have  an 
acid  taste,  when  they  are  dried  in  baskets  in  the  sun  or  in  a  stove, 
and  "  ground  into  powder  become  farina."  This  farina  is  con- 
verted into  "  saccharine  matter  or  sugar  "  by  boiling  "  with  acid 
"  and  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  pounds  of  acid  to  one 
"  hundred  pounds  of  farina."  "  The  roots  of  the  dahlia  may  be 
"  converted  into  sugar  without  being  first  made  into  farina  "  by 
steeping  "  the  roots  in  acid  and  water  in  the  proportion  of  ten 
"  pounds  of  acid  to  one  hundred  pounds  weight  of  roots,  and  the 
"  acid  will  in  the  course  of  three  days  convert  the  dahlia  into 
"  saccharine.  The  roots  are  then  pressed,  to  separate  the  juice, 
"  and  the  acid  is  neutralized.  That  juice  is  boiled  and  clarified 
"  in  the  usual  way,  and  thus  sugar  is  made." 

[Printed,  4>d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (third  series),  p.  SI ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8  (second  series),  p.  31 ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p.  35  ;  Engineers  and  Mechanics'  Ency- 
clopaedia, vol.  1,  p.  489.] 


A.D.  1829,  December  14.— N°  5878. 

DEROSNE,  CHARLES. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  extracting  sugar  from  cane  juice  and  other  substances 
"  containing  sugar,  and  in  refining  sugar  and  syrups." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1830,  March  6.— N°  5916. 

THOMAS,  RICHARD  GUPPY.  —  "A  new  apparatus  for  granu- 
"  lating  sugar."  An  ordinary  sugar  pan  is  set  in  brick  work  and 
heated  by  a  fire  or  steam  below,  an  inverted  vessel  or  receiver  is 
supported  over  the  pan  by  two  supports  resting  upon  the  brick- 
work at  the  bottom  of  the  receiver,  and  fixed  within  it  is  a 
perforated  plate.  The  receiver  may  be  of  the  same  material  as 
the  pan,  and  a  pipe  leads  from  the  top  of  the  receiver  to  an 
exhausting  apparatus.  In  order  to  use  this  apparatus  the  pan  is 
heated  by  fire  or  steam,  the  pan  should  be  fed  with  liquor,  and 
the  exhausting  apparatus  kept  at  work,  "  a  constant  supply  of 
"  atmospheric  air  will  be  drawn  under  the  receiver,  and  being 
"  distributed  by  the  perforated  plate  will  pass  into  and  through 
"  the  liquor  contained  in  the  receiver  till  it  reaches  the  dome 
"  head,  or  air  chamber  at  the  upper  part  of  it,  whence  it  will  be 
"  drawn  out  by  the  exhausting  apparatus,  while  fresh  portions  of 


SUGAR.  43 

e<  air  supply  its  place  from  below ;"  and  thus  the  liquid  boils  at 
any  temperature  required,  "  according  to  the  height  of  liquor  in 
"  the  receiver,"  and  also  that  temperature  is  maintained  "  by 
"  continuing  a  supply  of  liquor  to  the  pan  equal  in  quantity  tffi 
"  the  diminution  by  evaporation  and  exhaustion,  which  supply 
*f  keeps  the  column  of  liquor  in  the  receiver  always  at  the  same 
"  height." 

[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (third  series),  p.  279 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  7  (second  series),  p.  326;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p.  135.] 

A.D.  1830,  June  29.— N°  5945. 

TURNER,  EDWARD,  and  SHAND,  WILLIAM.—"  A  new  method 
"  of  purifying  and  whitening  sugar  or  other  saccharine  matter." 
This  consists  of  a  mode  "  of  employing  pressure  by  means  of  a 
"  column  of  liquid  to  impel  water  or  other  convenient  fluid 
"  rapidly  through  sugar,  in  order  to  displace  and  remove  the 
"  molasses  and  any  other  matter  from  the  crystalline  part  of  the 
"  sugar  "  as  follows  : — A  conical  mould  is  formed  of  dry  wood, 
made  water-tight,  and  carefully  secured  by  iron  hoops.  The 
surface  of  the  rim  of  the  mould  is  made  very  flat  and  smooth ; 
and  about  an  inch  below  the  rim  there  is  attached  securely  a 
thick  iron  ring,  with  holes  to  admit  screws.  "A  circular  plate  of 
"  cast  iron,  made  smooth  to  lie  flat  on  the  rim  of  the  mould," 
projects  "  an  inch  or  two  beyond  it,  being  to  the  same  extent  as 
"  the  ring."  The  plate  has  holes  for  screws  corresponding  to 
those  in  the  ring,  "  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  plate  tight  upon 
"  the  rim  of  the  mould."  In  the  centre  of  the  iron  plate  is  an 
aperture  in  which  is  fixed  an  upright  tube  or  pipe,  "  to  the  upper 
"  extremity  of  which  is  attached  a  funnel."  The  sugar  allowed 
to  crystallize  in  the  ordinary  manner  is  purified  by  pouring  water 
nearly  freezing  or  other  proper  fluid  into  the  funnel.  The  length 
of  the  tube  "  may  be  varied  in  order  to  increase  or  diminish  the 
"  pressure,  as  may  be  desirable.  The  pressure  of  the  column  of 
<e  liquid  may  indeed  be  increased  by  the  application  of  a  forcing 
"  pump  or  any  other  convenient  means,"  if  it  is  desirable.  To 
diffuse  the  water  uniformly  over  the  sugar  in  the  mould  "  it  is 
"  advisable  to  lay  over  the  surface  of  the  sugar  a  piece  of  coarse 
"  cloth." 

[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9  (second  series), 
p.  60 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p,  258.] 


44  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1830,  June  29.— N°  5946. 

POOLE,  MOSES. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain  improvements 
"  in  apparatus  used  for  certain  processes  for  extracting  molasses 
"  or  syrup  from  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  application  of  the 
"  exhaustion  vessel  or  vessels,  the  vacuum  in  which  is  obtained 
"  by  the  condensation  of  steam  or  by  a  Torricellian  column  " 
when  used  for  the  above  purpose,  as  follows : — What  is  called 
the  separating  vessel  has  a  perforated  false  bottom,  on  which  is 
spread  a  cloth  of  horsehair,  finely  woven  brass  wire,  or  other 
material.  The  sugar  to  be  operated  upon,  "  damped  with  water 
"  or  any  other  liquid,"  or  otherwise,  is  spread  to  the  depth  of 
three  or  four  inches  upon  this  cloth.  The  bottom  of  the  vessel  is 
concave,  with  a  cock  placed  for  drawing  off  the  liquids,  "  In  place 
"  of  using  a  pump  or  pumps  for  the  purpose  of  exhausting  the 
"  lower  part  of  the  separating  vessel,"  an  "  exhaustion  vessel," 
spherical  or  other  shaped  of  copper,  iron,  or  other  material,  "  one 
"  of  about  six  cubic  feet  capacity,  is  a  good  size,  but  it  may  be 
"  increased  or  decreased  ad  libitum,"  is  connected  to  the  lower 
compartment  of  the  separating  vessel  by  a  pipe  having  a  stop- 
cock placed  upon  it.  "At  the  top  part  of  the  exhaustion 
"  vessel "  is  a  cock  to  permit  of  the  air  being  driven  out,  and  at 
the  lower  part  "  a  cock  for  drawing  off  the  condensing  water." 
Steam  is  to  be  permitted  to  flow  from  a  boiler  by  means  of  a 
connecting  pipe  having  a  stop-cock  upon  it  into  the  exhaustion 
vessel,  which  will  drive  out  the  air ;  when  this  is  effected  the  air 
cock  must  be  stopped.  The  exhaustion  vessel  having  become 
full  of  steam  is  closed,  and  the  steam  is  condensed  in  this  vessel 
by  cold  water  from  a  reservoir  above,  distributed  in  minute  jets. 
When  the  steam  has  been  condensed  the  water  is  stopped,  and 
the  cock  between  the  exhaustion  vessel  and  separating  vessel 
opened,  the  air  will  press  upon  and  rush  through  the  sugar,  and 
so  "  carry  down  the  molasses  or  syrup  into  the  lower  part  of  the 
"  separating  vessel."  "  The  manner  of  constructing  the  appa- 
"  ratus  when  a  Torricellian  column  is  made  use  of  for  the  purpose 
"  of  obtaining  a  vacuum "  is  as  follows  :  — "  The  exhaustion 
"  vessel  or  vessels,"  are  similar  to  those  above,  "  but  in  place  of  a 
"  steam  pipe  a  water  supply  pipe  with  a  stop-cock  or  valve  upon 
"  it  must  be  used.  The  condensing  water  pipe  will  not  be  neces- 
te  sary,  neither  will  the  cock  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  exhaustion 


SUGAR.  45 

"  vessel "  be  necessary,  but  "  the  air  escape  cock  or  valve  and 
"  the  connecting  pipe  between  the  exhaustion  vessel  and  the 
"  separating  vessel  must  be  retained.  To  the  bottom  of  the 
"  exhaustion  vessel  a  pipe,  descending  about  thirty-three  feet 
"  and  communicating  with  a  reservoir  below,  is  fixed,  having  a 
"  stop-cock  or  valve  placed  upon  it." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  16  (third  series),  p.  272 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9  (second  series),  p.  61 ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p.  258.] 

A.D.  1830,  July  24.— N°  5962. 

GARNETT,  ABRAHAM. — "  Certain  improvements  in  manufac- 
"  turing  sugar."  There  are,  "  the  cane  liquor  being  tempered 
"  and  clarified  in  the  usual  manner  "  by  "  passing  through  the 
"  clarifiers  and  four  or  five  open  pans/'  is  "strained  and  skimmed 
"  on  passing  each  successive  pan  "  until  it  reaches  the  last  pan, 
"  in  which  it  undergoes  a  considerable  degree  of  evaporation, 
"  and  from  which  a  full  charge  is  given  to  the  teach,"  over 
which  "  a  hemispherical  pan  or  dome  of  cast  iron,  rather  thick  and 
"•  weighing  seven  hundred  pounds,"  is  let  down  by  means  of  a 
chain  worked  by  a  winch  or  lever,  and  fits  over  it  by  means  of 
a  flange,  so  as  to  close  it  on  all  sides ;  "in  a  few  seconds  the 
"  ebullition  caused  at  first  by  the  repulsion  of  the  atmospheric 
"  air  will  subside,  and  a  partial  vacuum  being  thus  produced,  the 
"  fluid  will  rapidly  evaporate  its  most  aqueous  property  within 
"  the  closed  pan,  sending  out  the  surplus  steam  through  the 
"  safety  valve  "  in  the  crown  of  the  dome.  "  At  each  charging, 
"  the  dome  may  be  raised  half  an  inch  or  so  to  admit  the  liquor 
"  into  the  teach  and  immediately  again  closed,  and  then  after  a 
"  smart  boiling  for  ten  minutes  "  the  liquor  will  be  sufficiently 
concentrated.  By  the  skipping  pan  or  ladle  the  evaporated  liquor 
is  transferred  to  coolers,  and  "  the  sugar  after  remaining  twelve 
"  hours  in  the  coolers  may  be  placed  in  oblong  boxes  with  wire 
"  cloth  bottoms,"  and  "  in  them  either  clayed  or  packed  in  hogs- 
"  heads."  "  If  the  sugar,  concentrated "  as  above,  "  should 
"  have  to  be  purified  by  Inne's  patent  process,  it  should  at  once  be 
"  sent  into  the  reservoir  from  the  teach  "  by  "  a  connecting  gutter, 
"  and  each  strike  or  stratum  may  be  cooled  by  the  application  of 
"  a  slight  shower  of  lime  water." 

[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  3  (conjoined 
series),  p.  239;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  15,  p.  92 ;  Register  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p.  301.] 


46  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1830,  August  5.-N0  5975. 

ROBINSON,  MARMADUKE. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the 
"  process  of  making  and  purifying  sugars."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  method  of  purifying  cane  juice  by  precipitating  that  part 
"  of  the  impurities,  which,  according  to  the  ordinary  method,  is 
"  only  got  rid  of  by  skimming  during  the  boiling  of  the  liquor." 
Two  pounds  of  finings  "  composed  of  a  saturation  of  alum  and 
"  lime,"  diluted  in  pure  water,  are  added  "  to  every  one  hundred 
"  gallons  of  juice,"  and  well  mixed.  The  juice  is  then  perfectly 
neutralized  by  the  addition  of  small  quantities  of  milk  of  lime, 
at  each  addition,  examining  the  liquor  with  the  usual  test  papers 
for  acids  in  liquids  until  no  change  in  the  paper  takes  place ; 
excess  of  alkali  is  detected  by  a  paper  for  detecting  alkalies,  and 
corrected  by  the  addition  of  more  juice.  The  liquor  neutral  is 
nearly  brought  to  boiling  in  a  vessel  in  preference  of  wood, 
heated  by  coils  of  copper  pipes,  through  which  steam  circulates. 
After  heating  as  above,  the  heat  is  discontinued,  and  the  liquor  is 
mixed  with  about  three  pounds  more  of  the  finings,  diluted  as 
before,  to  every  one  hundred  gallons  of  juice,  stirring  the  same, 
examining  in  a  glass  vessel,  and  futher  adding  finings  until  addi- 
tional finings  does  not  increase  the  rapidity  of  the  precipitation  of 
the  impurities.  The  impurities  having  separated,  the  clear  liquor 
is  drawn  off  into  the  evaporators,  either  of  wood,  as  above,  or  as 
under  the  third  head. 

Second,  "  the  application  of  finings  to  the  cane  juice  itself." 
It  is  said  of  this,  that  it  is  "highly  useful,"  though  "not 
*'  indispensably  necessary." 

Third,  "  the  application  of  high-pressure  steam  to  the  boiling 
"  in  vacuo  of  cane  juice,  or  of  other  saccharine  solutions,  for  the 
"  purpose  of  manufacturing  refined  or  other  sugars."  No  steam 
heat  is  applied  outside  of  the  pan. 

[Printed,  4<d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (tJiird  series),  p.  196  ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8  (second  series),  p.  258  ;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  15,  p.  61 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series), 
p.  802.1 

A.D.  1830,  September  29.— N°  6002. 

DEROSNE,  CHARLES. — (Partly  a  communication.}— "Certain 
"  improvements  in  extracting  sugar  or  syrup  from  cane  juice  and 
"  other  substances  containing  sugar,  and  in  refining  sugar  and 
"  syrup."  These  are  "discoloring  syrups  of  every  description 


SUGAR.  47 

"  by  means  of  charcoal/*  produced  by  distilling  "bituminous 
"  schistus  alone,  or  mixed  with  animal  charcoal,  or  animal  char- 
"  coal  alone."  The  filter  does  not  form  the  object  of  the  patent. 
The  charcoal  is  put  in  a  case  in  which  is  a  perforated  metal 
diaphragm,  about  an  inch  from  the  bottom,  upon  which  is  a 
coarse  linen  or  woollen  cloth.  The  charcoal,  "  reduced  to  the  size 
(e  of  fine  gunpowder,  is  very  fit  for  this  operation,"  moistened 
with  a  little  water  it  is  placed  in  layers  upon  the  cloth,  each  layer 
being  gently  pressed  "  till  it  has  come  up  to  the  height  of  fifteen 
"  or  sixteen  inches,"  more  or  less.  On  the  top  of  the  charcoal 
is  another  metallic  perforated  diaphragm,  upon  which  is  spread 
another  clear  linen  cloth,  upon  which  the  syrup  is  poured  to  the 
depth  of  from  four  to  eight  inches.  The  syrup  ought  to  be  made 
clear  before  pouring  it  on  the  filter,  by  a  previous  filtration, 
it  should  not  consist  of  more  than  two-thirds  of  sugar  and 
one-third  water,  but  may  be  less.  When  hot  the  filtration  is 
more  rapid.  A  reservoir  can  furnish  several  filters  at  a  time.  The 
last  portions  of  syrup  passing  coloured,  are  passed  again  upon 
another  bed  of  charcoal.  Any  syrup  in  the  charcoal  is  displaced 
by  water.  Molasses  are  deprived  of  their  bad  taste,  and  are  con- 
verted into  good  kinds  of  syrups.  The  syrups  used  "can  be 
"  obtained  directly  from  the  juice  of  cane,  or  of  beet  root,  or 
"  from  the  saccharine  matter  produced  by  the  action  of  sulphuric 
"  acid  upon  the  farinaceous  matters  before  these  juices  or  liquids 
"  have  been  baked  for  extracting  the  sugar.  The  syrup  may 
"  likewise  be  produced  by  the  solution  of  all  kinds  of  sugar,  and 
"  of  the  products  of  inferior  quality  which  are  obtained  in  sugar 
"  refining,  under  the  name  of  *  bastards'  and  other  sugars." 
"  Instead  of  using  the  schistus  or  animal  charcoal  of  the  size  of 
"  gunpowder,  it  can  be  reduced  to  a  powder  still  more  fine, 
"  mixed  with  sand.  In  this  state,  a  given  quantity  of  charcoal 
"  discolors  better  than  powdered  less  fine ;  but  the  filtration  is 
"  slower  and  more  difficult  to  be  regulated.  After  having  tried 
"  this  first  method  "  preference  is  given  "  to  the  other  mode,  but 
"  both  of  them  are  the  object  of  the  Patent." 

By  a  Disclaimer  and  Memorandum  of  Alteration  inrolled  6th 
August,  1836,  the  title  is  altered  to  "A  certain  improvement  or 
"  certain  improvements  to  be  used  in  the  course  of  the  process  of 
"  extracting  sugar  or  syrup  from  cane  juice,  and  other  substances 
"  containing  sugar,  and  also  to  be  used  in  the  course  of  the  pro- 
"  cess  of  refining  sugar  and  syrup,  for  the  purpose,  in  either  case, 


48  SUGAR. 

"  of  removing  the  color  from,  or  whitening  or  purifying  such 
"  sugars  respectively,"  and  "  all  benefit  and  advantage  "  in  the 
use  of  bituminous  schistus  or  sand  is  disclaimed,  but  retained  in 
"  the  use  of  animal  charcoal." 

[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.  Disclaimer,  4c£.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  3  (new 
series),  p.  175,  vol.  4,  p.  77  (note)  and  177,  vol.  11  (third  series),  p.  19,  and 
vol.  3  (enlarged  series) ,  p.  374,  for  extension ;  London  Journal  (Newton's), 
vol.  7  (second  series),  p.  74,  vol.  21  (conjoined  series),  p.  475,  for  Disclaimer, 
and  vol.  24  (conjoined  series),  p.  459,  for  extension ;  Mechanics'  Magazine, 
vol.  40,  p.  363;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  5  (new  series),  p.  233; 
Webster's  Reports,  vol.  1,  pp.  152, 154,  and  158,  and  vol.  2,  p.  1 ;  Webster's 
Patent  Law,  pp.  11,  47,  67,  87, 114, 115,  and  116  (also  p.  135,  cases  110*  and 
111,  and  Supplement,  pp.  4  and  19) ;  Webster's  Letters  Patent,  pp.  19  and 
62  ;  Carpmael's  Reports  on  Patent  Cases,  vol.  1,  pp.  664,  689.  and  698,  and 
p.  699  for  extension ;  Gale's  Reports,  vol.  1,  p.  109 ;  Moore's  Privy  Council 
Cases,  vol.  4.  p.  416 ;  Moody  and  Robinson's  Reports,  vol.  1,  p.  457  ; 
Tyrwhitt's  Reports,  vol.  5,  p.  393 ;  Crompton,  Meeson,  and  Roscoe's  Re- 
ports, vol.  2,  p.  476 ;  Patentees'  Manual,  p.  14 ;  Billing  on  Patents,  pp.  25. 
94,  98, 106,  111,  145,  and  176.  Extended  for  six  years  (see  No.  10,389)  J 


A.D.  1830,  October  13.— N°  6009. 

ARCHIBALD,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS.  —  "An  improvement  in 
"  the  preparing  or  making  of  certain  sugars."  This  is  said  to 
consist  in  making  loaf,  lump,  or  other  fine  sugars  immediately 
from  the  syrup  of  the  cane  juice,"  instead  of  first  converting  the 
syrup  into  some  kind  of  sugar,  then  dissolving  "  such  sugar  again 
"  into  syrup  for  the  purpose  of  granulating  it  a  second  time  to 
"  make  refined  sugars  as  is  now  done."  The  cane  juice  is  first 
prepared  as  described  under  the  first  head  of  No.  6975,  except 
that  in  the  second  addition  of  finings  in  place  of  adding  three 
pounds  of  finings  to  one  hundred  gallons  of  juice,  one  and  a  half 
pounds  are  added.  The  juice  thus  purified  is  "converted  into 
"  syrup  of  any  density  that  may  be  found  convenient,  according 
"  to  the  object  in  view."  If  for  keeping  or  transportation  it  is 
evaporated  to  about  from  36°  to  40°  Beaume's  saccharometer,  if 
intended  for  immediate  operation  the  density  is  about  28°,  and 
any  acidity  is  corrected  by  gradual  additions  of  lime  water,  so 
that  on  testing  with  test  papers  the  syrup  is  exactly  neutral,  any 
excess  of  lime  water  is  corrected  by  an  addition  of  syrup.  The 
liquor  being  thus  treated  when  cold  is  heated,  in  preference,  by 
steam  passing  through  a  coil  of  pipe  in  a  pan.  As  soon  as  it 
begins  to  boil,  about  three  pounds  more  of  the  finings  diluted, 
to  every  thirty  gallons  of  the  liquor  are  thrown  in,  and  after  boil- 
ing two  or  three  minutes,  it  is  filtered  through  beds  of  animal 
charcoal  "  in  the  proportion  of  from  five  to  ten  pounds  of  char- 
"  coal  to  thirty  gallons  of  syrup,  in  an  ordinary  filter,  in  any  way 


SUGAR.  49 

"  most  convenient."  If  it  is  difficult  to  filter,  it  is  clarified  by 
mixing  well  with  from  five  to  ten  pounds  of  animal  charcoal, 
stopping  the  boiling,  adding  some  bullocks  blood,  stirring,  heating 
to  boiling  point,  observing  whether  the  charcoal  precipitates  and 
leaves  the  liquor  clear,  and  if  not,  adding  more  blood  and  pro- 
ceeding as  above  until  the  liquor  is  clear,  when  it  is  filtered  and 
the  syrup  proceeded  with  in  the  usual  way  to  "produce  loaf, 
"  lump,  or  other  fine  sugars." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  2  (conjoined 
series),  p.  06  ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  40.] 

A.D.  1830,  October  20.— N°  6015. 

URE,  ANDREW. — "  An  improvement  or  improvements  in  curing 
"  or  cleansing  raw  or  coarse  sugars."  This  is  "the  use  and 
"  application  of  the  compound  solvent  consisting  of  acid  and 
"  alcohol  for  cleansing  sugar,"  as  follows  : — "After  the  sugar  has 
"  been  well  granulated  in  the  boxes  called  coolers  and  freed  by 
"  drainage  or  lading  from  a  considerable  part  of  its  molasses." 
The  above  solvent  consisting  of  strong  spirits  or  alcohol,  about 
forty  per  cent.,  over  proof,  and  muriatic  acid,  "  in  the  proportion 
"  of  one  gallon  of  the  former  to  one  ounce  of  the  latter," 
"  instead  of  muriatic  acid,  sulphuric,  nitric,. or  any  other  strong 
"  acid  may  be  used  in  equivalent  saturating  quantity,"  is  "to  be 
"  mixed  with  it  either  in  the  coolers  or  to  be  diffused  through  it 
"  by  sprinkling  in  its  transfer  into  the  potting  casks  or  hogsheads, 
"  the  proportion  being  one  gallon  of  the  solvent  to  from  two  to 
"  four  handredweights  of  sugar ;  but  other  proportions  may  be 
"  used,  and  the  solvent  may  be  also  composed  of  other  propor- 
"  tions  of  acid  and  alkohol."  After  the  greater  portion  of  the 
acidulated  alcohol  has  drained  off  with  the  molasses,  the  sugar 
is  washed  with  some  simple  alcohol  in  successive  portions  on  the 
top  of  the  sugar  in  the  hogsheads  and  drained  and  dried  "  at  a 
"  temperature  of  from  120°  to  160°  Fahrenheits,"  whereby  it  loses 
the  spirituous  flavor. 

[Printed,  4,d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (third  series),  p.  277 ; 
London  Journal  (New ton's),  vol.  1  (conjoined  series),  p.  413  ;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  15,  p.  348  ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series), 
p.  73.] 

A.D.  1830,  December  23.— N°  6057. 

PERTINS,  MARIE  ELIZABETH  ANTOINETTE. — (A  communica- 
tion.}— "  The  fabrication  or  preparation  of  a  coal  fitted  for  the 


50  SUGAR. 

"  refining  and  purifying  of  sugar  and  other  matter,  and  to  restore 
"  the  coal  which  has  served  for  that  purpose."  This  consists  in 
mixing  animal  and  vegetable  substances  with  soluble  salts  or  an  acid, 
drying  and  calcining  the  mixture,  afterwards  grinding  and  washing 
the  calcined  matter  to  free  it  from  the  salts  or  acid.  The  substances 
which  "  answer  the  purpose  best  "  are  coal  tar,  molasses,  blood, 
peat,  tanner's  waste  or  bark,  and  bones  the  residue  from  glue 
making.  The  salts  generally  used  "  are  muriate  of  soda  or  common 
"  salt  and  muriate  of  lime ;  but  all  the  other  alkaline  or  soluble 
"  earthy  muriates  will  answer  the  same  purpose."  The  earthy 
substances  used  "  are  common  clay,  sand,  and  river,  seaport,  or 
"  dock  mud."  Taking  "  250  parts  of  fine  sand,  50  parts  of  com- 
"  mon  clay,  50  parts  of  common  salt  or  other  soluble  muriate, 
"  100  parts  of  coal  tar,  molasses,  or  blood;"  or  instead,  "  300 
'"'  parts  of  river,  seaport,  or  dock  mud,  50  parts  of  common  salt 
"  or  other  soluble  muriate,  one  hundred  parts  of  coal  tar,  molasses, 
"  or  blood."  The  clay  is  made  into  a  paste  and  mixed  with  the 
salt  dissolved  in  a  small  quantity  of  water,  adding  the  tar, 
molasses,  or  blood,  mixing  the  whole  well  together,  drying  and 
calcining  the  mixture  in  vessels  or  retorts,  as  in  making  bone 
black  or  charcoal.  The  resulting  matter  is  ground  and  washed. 
When  the  other  substances  above  named  are  used  the  proportions 
and  modes  of  mixing  are  given.  "  To  restore  the  property  or 
"  quality  of  bleaching,"  &c.  to  the  above  charcoal  when  it  "  has 
"  lost  or  ceased  to  have  that  property  or  quality,"  "  20  parts  of 
"  common  salt  or  other  soluble  muriate  "  are  dissolved  in  water, 
and  100  parts  of  the  spent  charcoal  are  mixed  with  it,  and  the 
mixture  is  dried  and  proceeded  with  as  above.  In  the  above  mix- 
tures muriatic  acid  may  be  used  in  place  of  the  common  salt  or 
other  muriate. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8  (second 
series'),  p.  257  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  15,  p.  476 ;  Register  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  133.]  * 

A.D.  1831,  January  31.— N°  6068. 

BATES,  JOSHUA. — (A  communication.) — "  Certain  improvements! 
"  in  refining  and  clarifying  sugars."  These  are,  first,  "  the  use  of 
tc  a  revolving  filter  whether  the  same  be  made  with  pockets,"  or 
"  be  brought  to  its  utmost  state  of  simplicity  by  suppressing  the 
"  pockets  and  reducing  the  surface  of  the  filtering  cloth  to  a 
((  single  fold  wrapped  round  the  wooden  cage  or  frame,"  The  filter 


SUGAR.  51 

consists  of  two  circular  wooden  headings,  each  covered  externally 
by  a  metal  plate,  and  of  bars  of  wood  passing  from  one  heading 
to  the  other.  The  cage  or  frame  is  covered  with  a  cylinder  or 
jacket  "of  blanketing,  or  of  that  kind  of  woollen  cloth 
"  usually  employed  by  sugar  refiners  as  a  filter,  and  in  this 
"  cylinder  of  woollen  cloth  are  made  as  many  pockets  "  of  "  the 
"  same  material  as  there  are  intervals  between  the  bars  of  the 
"  cage."  (e  These  pockets  hang  between  the  bars  and  tend  towards 
t(  the  axis  of  the  cylinder."  In  order  to  keep  these  pockets 
stretched,  in  each  is  placed  a  piece  of  wood,  wedge-shaped, 
grooved  or  furrowed  on  both  sides. 

Second,  an  "  arrangement  of  pipes,  cocks,  and  vessels,  whereby 
"  the  syrup  (when  let  out  of  the  pan  in  which  it  has  been  mixed 
"  with  the  animal  black  or  other  substances  for  the  purpose  of 
"  clarifying  it)  is  received  into  a  vessel  placed  between  the 
"  clarifying  pan  and  the  revolving  filter  and  is  there  kept  hot  by 
"  means  of  steam  in  a  jacket  surrounding  the  vessel,  and  is  like. 
"  wise  subjected  to  the  elastic  pressure  of  steam  in  order  to 
"  expedite  its  filtration." 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9  (conjoined 
series),  p.  224 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  170.] 

A.D.  1831,  April  1.4.— N°  6107. 

BRUNTON,  THOMAS. — (A  communication.} — "An  improvement 
"  in  certain  apparatus  rendering  the  same  applicable  for  making 
"  or  refining  sugar."  This  consists,  first,  in  the  "  construction 
"  and  combination  or  application  of  certain  vessels,  receptacles, 
"  or  chambers,"  called  heating  chambers  constructed  with  an 
"  internal  bar  or  bars  arranged,"  so  that  "if  water  is  heated 
"  therein,  such  rapid  currents  will  be  generated  "  that  when  they 
are  applied  to  the  heating  of  water  or  generation  of  steam  "  for 
"  the  purpose  of  heating  pans  for  the  making  or  refining  of 
<(  sugar,  they  will  effect  that  object  with  greater  advantage  than 
"  can  be  produced  by  any  other  apparatus  now  in  use  for  that 
((  purpose."  A  pan  is  shown  with  a  water  jacket,  the  improved 
heating  chamber  is  fixed  by  keys  on  to  one  side  of  this  jacket  and 
open  into  it.  The  heating  chambers  are  made  of  any  suitable 
metal  and  have  a  fire  underneath,  the  division  plates  in  these 
chambers  cause  the  water  to  circulate  and  flow  into  the  water  in 
the  jacket  surrounding  the  pan  and  so  heat  the  sugar  in  the  pan. 
Second,  "in  heating  pans  containing  the  syrup  of  sugar  by 

D  2 


52  SUGAR. 

"  means  of  surrounding  such  pans  with  water  "  heated  as  'above, 
such  water  is  "pressed  upon  by  an  hydrostatic  column,"  as 
follows  : — From  one  end  of  the  water  jacket  rises  a  pipe  or  hollow 
column  on  which  is  a  cistern,  the  water  of  which  is  used  for 
supplying  the  difficiency  or  waste  produced  by  evaporation,  and 
also  to  effect  a  hydrostatic  pressure.  The  pipe  or  column  is 
capable  of  being  increased  in  height  at  pleasure. 

[Printed,  8d.      Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  9  (conjoined 
scries),  p.  216 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  257.] 

A.D.  1831,  July  2/.— N°  6144. 

ROBINSON,  MARMADUKE. — (A  communication  from  William 
Auyustus  Archbald.} — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process  of 
"  making  and  purifying  of  sugars."  These  are,  first,  "boiling 
"  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine  solution  "  by  the  following  means 
and  "  thereby  expediting  the  process  of  evaporation."  A  pan 
about  three  feet  deep  and  from  four  to  five  feet  diameter  of  copper 
or  preferably  of  wood  and  copper,  the  bottom  of  copper  and 
"  copper  sides  to  the  height  of  about  fifteen  inches  from  the 
"  bottom  and  the  remainder  of  the  sides  of  wood.  Through  the 
bottom  of  the  pan  are  cut  a  series  of  holes  in  which  are  fixed 
copper  cups  about  six  inches  in  diameter  and  four  inches  in  depth, 
dropping  or  hanging  in  the  fire,  or  otherwise.  Into  this  pan  at 
about  three  inches  from  the  bottom  is  introduced  a  copper  flue, 
"  which  passes  through  the  centre  of  the  pan  and  is  open  at  each 
"  end  corresponding  holes  being  cut  through  the  sides  of  the  pan 
"  so  as  to  allow  of  a  free  circulation  of  the  flame  through  the  flue 
"  into  the  chimney.  The  flue  should  be  about  four  inches  in 
"  depth  and  from  ten  to  twelve  inches  in  width."  "  The  liquid 
"  when  the  process  of  boiling  is  finished,  may  be  discharged  by  a 
"  cock  or  valve,  but  in  discharging  the  liquid,  either  a  sufficient 
"  portion  should  be  left  to  cover  the  flue  or  the  fire  should  be 
"  covered  or  damped  until  the  vessel  is  recharged." 

Second,  "  emptying  or  transferring  the  contents  of  the  vessels 
"  used  for  evaporating  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine  solution," 
as  follows:  — An  air-tight  vessel,  round  or  oval,  made  of  copper, 
is  placed  above  the  coppers  with  which  it  communicates  by  means 
of  copper  pipes  upon  each  of  which  is  a  tap.  Another  pipe  on 
which  there  is  a  tap  connects  this  vessel  with  a  steam  generator 
and  there  is  a  tap  for  the  discharge  of  air  from  it.  The  steam  is 
let  into  the  vessel  until  it  issues  from  the  air  tap,  the  air  tap  and 


SUGAR.  53 

tap  on*  the  "pipe  of  the  generator  are  then  closed,  the  cock  on  the 
pipe  communicating  with  that  copper  to  be  emptied  is  opened,  the 
liquid  will  rise  into  the  air-tight  vessel. 

[Printed,  6d.     Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  10  (conjoined 
series),  p.  345  ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  7  (new  series),  p.  35.] 

A.D.  1832,  December  21.— N°  6353. 

GUTTERIDGE,  WILLIAM,  and  STEVENS,  GEORGE.—"  Appa- 
"  ratus  for  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar  and  other 
"  extracts,  also  applicable  to  other  purposes."  This  consists, 
first,  "  in  an  arrangement  or  combination  of  apparatus  for  boiling 
"  and  evaporating  syrups  on  the  principle  of  Howard's  vacuum 
"  pans,  as  follows  : — The  boiling  pan  is  placed  and  fixed  in  an 
outer  vessel,  which  acts  as  a  boiler  for  generating  steam  for 
obtaining  a  vacuum  and  also  for  communicating  heat  to  the 
boiling  pan.  On  the  upper  part  of  the  boiler  is  a  safety  valve. 
A  steam  pipe  with  a  stop  cock  (to  shut  as  occasion  requires), 
connects  the  upper  part  of  the  boiling  pan  with  the  boiler.  There 
is  a  tight  cover  on  the  top  of  the  boiling  pan.  A  pipe  leads  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  boiling  pan  to  the  part  of  the  apparatus  for 
obtaining  a  vacuum,  an  intermediate  vessel  being  placed  to 
receive  any  syrup  or  other  matter  that  may  happen  to  boil  over. 
At  the  bottom  of  the  boiling  pan  is  a  valve  opening  into  a  trough 
by  which  the  charge  is  withdrawn.  The  apparatus  for  obtaining 
a  vacuum  consists  of  an  outer  vessel  on  the  inside  of  which  are 
four  curved  parallel  plates  bolted  together  all  round  thus  leaving 
three  spaces,  "the  upper  and  lower  spaces  being  intended  for 
"  water,  whilst  the  middle  space  is  intended  for  the  steam  arising 
"  from  the  boiling  pan."  There  are  the  necessary  pipes,  taps,  &c., 
for  carrying  of  the  water  condensed  and  otherwise. 

Second,  by  the  other  arrangements  obtaining  "  spirituous  and 
"  other  extracts  from  solutions  and  other  mixtures  of  other 
"  vegetable  substances." 

Third,  "in  apparatus  for  drying  loaves  of  sugar."  This  vessel 
is  cylindrical  with  a  hemispherical  end  and  to  the  front  is  fitted 
by  grinding  a  cover.  A  steam  pipe  conducts  high  pressure  steam 
inside  and  nearly  around  the  vessel,  a  pipe  from  the  inside  leads  to 
a  vacuum  vessel,  as  above  or  "  worked  from  a  separate  steam 
"  boiler."  The  loaves  are  placed  on  sliding  open  shelves  or 
frames.  A  tap  at  the  top  admits  air  when  it  is  desired  to  remove 
the  cover. 

[Printed,  Is.  4d.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  16  (third  series),  p.  129 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  5  (conjoined  series),  p.  8.] 


64  SUGAR, 

A.D.  1833,  June  20.— N°  6440. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM.  —  (A  communication.)  —  "An  improved 
"  apparatus  for  boiling,  evaporating,  and  concentrating  syrups 
"  for  the  production  of  sugar,  and  also  of  saline  liquors,  or  for 
"  the  crystallization  of  salt,  which  apparatus  may  also  be  employed 
"  in  the  process  of  distillation."  This  consists,  in  reference  to 
"  this  subject,  as  follows  : — First,  in  "  an  apparatus  for  boiling  or 
"  evaporating  syrups  or  liquids  in  open  pans  or  vessels,"  con- 
sisting of  a  steam  boiler,  working  a  high  pressure  engine  placed 
above  it,  which  engine  actuates  an  injecting  air  pump,  and  also 
supplies  steam  into  two  close  vessels  each  containing  a  worm  or 
coiled  pipe,  through  which  the  air  is  forced  by  the  engine  and 
blowing  apparatus,  or  the  steam  is  "  conducted  by  a  worm  of 
"  larger  dimensions  and  the  air  driven  through  the  interior  of 
"  the  vessels."  The  air  becomes  highly  heated  in  passing  through 
the  close  vessel,  and  finally  passes  through  a  series  of  small  pipes 
under  perforated  plates  at  the  bottom  of  each  evaporating  pan,  of 
which  two  are  shown.  A  second  apparatus  is  described  very  much 
resembling  the  above  in  principle,  but  the  steam  engine  and 
blowing  apparatus  are  constructed  upon  the  oscillating  principle. 

Second,  in  apparatus  for  evaporating  or  boiling  in  vacuo,  that 
is  in  a  covered  vessel,  "  heated  by  a  steam  bath,  to  which  is  added 
"  an  air  pump  "  for  the  above  purposes,  as  well  as  the  pump,  to 
obtain  a  partial  vacuum  within  the  pan  or  boiler,  so  as  to  draw  off 
both  the  hot  air  and  aqueous  vapour. 

Third,  the  application  of  this  apparatus  for  the  purposes  of 
distillation. 

[Printed,  3s.  4d.    Drawings.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  4  (conjoined 
series),  p.  161 ;  Bolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  145.] 

A.D.  1833,  June  26.— N°  6442. 

TERRY,  CHARLES  and  PARKER,  WILLIAM.— "  Improvements 
"  in  making  and  in  refining  sugar.'*  These  are  said  to  be,  first, 
"  the  use  of  ferrocyanic  acid  for  preventing  or  diminishing 
"  fermentation  in  the  process  of  refining  sugar  and  in  the  process 
"  of  making  sugar." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  sulphuric  acid  in  the  making  and  in  the 
"  refining  of  sugar  for  promoting  and  increasing  that  effect  called 
"  crystallization  and  producing  larger  quantities  of  sugar." 

Three  solutions  are  made  as  follows : — No.  1  solution. — 10  ozs. 
of  crystallized  sulphate  of  zinc  are  dissolved  in  3  gallons  of  cold 


SUGAR.  55 

water  and  3  oz.  measures  of  sulphuric  acid  of  sp.  gr.  1,845  are 
added.  This  is  sufficient  for  one  ton  of  raw  sugar. 

No.  2  solution. — 19  ozs.  best  prussian  blue  in  powder,  6^  ozs. 
of  unslaked  lime  in  powder,  and  13^  pints  of  distilled  water  are 
degested  together,  say  at  120°  F.,  stirring  gently  till  all  the  blue 
colour  has  disappeared  when  it  is  cooled  and  filtered.  Of  this 
liquid  "  ferrocyanate  of  lime  "  of  sp.  gr.  1,020  at  60°  F.,  10  pints 
are  sufficient  for  one  ton  of  raw  sugar. 

No.  3  solution. — 10  ozs.  of  crystallized  sulphate  of  zinc  are 
dissolved  in  five  gallons  of  cold  water,  and  5  ozs.  measure  of 
sulphuric  acid  sp.  gr.  1,845  added.  "  This  is  sufficient  for  one 
"  ton  of  green  syrups  or  molasses  with  or  without  a  mixture  of 
"  sugar." 

Mode  of  application. — To  the  boiling  liquor  clarified  in  the  usual 
way  solution  No.  1  is  added  and  after  a  few  minutes  a  violent 
action  takes  place,  when  3  Ibs.  of  powdered  chalk  are  added,  and 
the  solution  No.  2  stirred  in  and  the  whole  boiled  for  five  minutes, 
then  the  whole  filtered,  evaporated  for  crystallization,  and  com- 
pleted in  the  usual  manner  to  produce  lumps  or  loaves  in  moulds, 
but  it  is  preferred  to  add  bullocks  blood,  white  of  eggs,  and 
animal  charcoal  before  filtration.  Green  syrups  as  they  run  from 
moulds  with  any  proportion  of  raw  sugar  added  are  submitted  to 
the  foregoing  process  but  the  solution  No.  3  is  used  in  place  of 
No.  1,  and  5  Ibs.  of  chalk  are  used  in  place  of  3. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  1  (new  series),  p.  230 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  4  (conjoined  series),  p.  24.] 

A.D.  1834,  February  27.— N°  6569. 
ARCHBALD,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS. — "  A  certain  improvement 

"  in  the  making  of  sugars." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1835,  September  1.— N°  6893. 

SAUNDERS,  JAMES  FERGUSON.— (A  communication.) — "Im- 
"  provements  in  clarifying  raw  cane  and  other  vegetable  and 
"  saccharine  juices,  and  in  bleaching  such  raw  juices."  These 
are  "  clarifying  and  bleaching  cane  and  other  juices  by  precipi- 
"  tation"  by  means  of  the  materials  afterwards  named,  "when 
"  such  process  is  performed  previous  to  such  juices  undergoing 
"  the  application  of  heat,"  as  follows: — Any  earth  "taken  suffi- 
"  ciently  below  the  surface  to  prevent  any  vegetable* substances 


56  SUGAR. 

"  being  introduced  with  it  into  the  juice  "  is  sifted  in  order  to 
remove  stones  and  made  with  water  "  to  about  the  consistency  of 
"  thick  mud,  it  is  to  be  gradually  stirred  into  the  juice  "  until 
streams  of  clarified  juice  are  observed  to  "  follow  the  course  of 
"  the  stirring  instrument  or  stick,  no  further  earth  will  be 
"  required,  nor  will  further  stirring  be  necessary  and  the  quantity 
"  of  earth  will  generally  be  found  to  be  about  one  by  measure  to 
"  ten  of  juice."  "The  result  depending  on  a  porous  property  or 
"  affinity,  (&c.)  which  the  earth  has  for  the  oily,  mucilaginous, 
"  and  -other  impurities ;"  "  matters  having  similar  properties, 
"  such  as  for  instance,  as  pulverized  pumicestone  will  have  a  like 
"  effect."  The  mixing  operation  having  been  performed  and  the 
precipitate  settled  the  clarified  juice  is  now  bleached  by  "  running 
"  it  off  into  a  quantity,  (varying  a  little  according  to  the  quan- 
"  tity  of  the  color  contained  in  the  juice)  of  animal  or  other 
"  charcoal  having  known  bleaching  properties  reduced  to  fine 
"  impalpable  powder  and  saturated  with  water,"  stirring  up  the 
whole  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  adding  earth  as  before  "to  pre- 
"  cipitate  the  whole."  "The  approximate  proportion  requisite 
"  will  be  3:  Ib.  of  animal  charcoal  to  a  gallon  of  juice ;  of  other 
"  charcoals  %  Ib.,  using  in  each  case  a  double  quantity  in  the  first 
"  instance  of  either  charcoal  will  insure  it  being  sufficient  for 
"  three  operations." 

[Printed,  4cZ.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  5  (new  series) ,  p.  223.] 

A.D.  1836,  May  5— N°  7082. 

PONTIFEX,  EDMUND.  —  (A  communication.)  —  "An  improve- 
"  ment  in  the  processes  of  making  and  refining  sugar."  The 
patentee  states  that  he  is  "  aware  that  sugar  has  been  made  and 
"  refined  by  means  of  condensing  the  vapors  arising  from  the  closed 
"  pan  in  which  the  saccharine  liquid  or  juice  is  contained  and  hence 
"  producing  a  vacuum  or  partial  vacuum  in  the  closed  pan ;"  no 
claim  is  made  to  "  such  means  generally,  but  only  when  saccharine 
"  liquor  or  juice  is  the  medium  for  condensing  the  vapours." 
Two  sets  of  apparatus  are  described  for  carrying  out  the  above. 
The  "  vacuo  pan  "  is  made  in  the  usual  way  and  to  this  is  attached 
a  worm-shaped  condenser  with  which  is  connected  a  receiver  for 
the  water ;  attached  to  this  receiver  is  an  air  pump,  a  cock  draws 
the  water  from  the  receiver.  Above  the  worm-shaped  condenser 
is  a  cistern  containing  the  liquor  or  juice  to  be  evaporated,  A 


SUGAR.  57 

small  top  from  the  '^bottom  of  the  cistern  conveys  the  liquid  into 
a  vessel  which  distributes  the  juice  over  every  part  of  the  con- 
denser. At  the  bottom  of  the  condenser  is  a  pan  which  collects 
the  juice,  and  from  thence  it  passes  by  a  pipe  into  two  cisterns 
which  communicate  by  pipes  and  a  cock  with  a  vessel  into  which 
the  syrup  is  drawn  up  at  pleasure  by  the  power  of  the  "  vacuo  " 
in  the  pan. 

In  the  other  apparatus  "  the  pan  and  evaporator  are  the  same 
"  as  before  described,  but  a  third  vessel  is  introduced  to  further 
"  economize  the  fuel."  Into  this  vessel  the  syrup  which  has 
passed  over  the  condenser  is  conveyed  by  a  pipe,  and  steam  from 
the  generator  enters  a  worm  pipe  at  the  bottom  and  boils  the 
liquid,  the  vapour  from  this  liquid  passes  into  the  worm  of 
"  the  vacuo  pan."  While  the  liquid  partly  evaporated  passes  into 
the  cisterns  below  and  is  drawn  into  "  the  vacuo  pan  "  as  before 
described. 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  7  (new  series'),  p.  85.] 

A.D.  1836,  June  18.— N°  7124. 

WATSON,  WILLIAM. — "Certain  improvements  in  the  manu- 
t(  facturing  of  sugars  from  beetroot  and  other  substances." 
These  are,  first,  a  machine  called  "'a  macerator"  for  pressing  the 
juice  from  the  beetroot.  The  beet  is  rasped  or  in  preference  "  cut 
"  into  thin  slices  by  an  instrument  similar  to  a  turnip  cutter  and 
"  afterwards  submitted  "  to  the  above  machine.  The  macerator 
is  an  oblong  cylindrical  or  syphon-shaped  vessel  composed  of  a 
series  of  boxes.  Near  the  top  of  this  vessel  and  inside  of  it,  is  a 
wheel  arrangement,  worked  by  handles,  over  which  is  an  endless 
chain  on  which  are  fixed  (at  intervals)  a  series  of  iron  gratings 
thirty-three  in  number,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  series  of 
compartments  as  it  were  all  round  the  vessel.  The  macerator  is 
nearly  filled  with  water  from  from  a  pipe  into  it  near  the  top,  and 
steam  admitted  into  it  by  pipes  not  far  from  the  lower  part 
of  the  machine  raises  the  temperature  of  the  water  to  "  70°  or  75° 
"  Reaumur,"  about  130  Ibs.  of  sliced  beetroot  are  filled  in  between 
two  of  the  plates  or  gratings  near  the  top,  when  the  handle  is 
moved  so  as  to  bring  up  the  endless  chain  and  present  to  the 
filler  another  empty  plate.  This  filling  process  is  continued  until 
the  whole  of  the  plates  in  the  syphon  are  filled  with  slices  of 
beetroot.  In  proportion  as  the  plates  are  filled  and  they  are 
moved  forward  in  the  k syphon  formed  tby  the  box*es  there  is 


58  SUGAR, 

discharged  by  a  box  and  cock  at  the  other  side  near  the  top  of 
the  syphon  "  a  quantity  of  liquid  corresponding  to  the  volumn  of 
"  beetroot  put  in."  The  arrangements  are  complete  for  dis- 
charging the  pressed  beet,  &c.  This  juice  as  it  runs  from  the 
macerator  is  clarified  by  heat  of  steam,  lime,  and  again  steam 
heat,  it  is  also  evaporated  and  whitened  by  means  of  animal 
charcoal  and  the  syrup  is  evaporated  a  second  time,  the  modes  of 
doing  all  which  are  given  but  it  is  said  are  not  claimed. 

Second,  destroying  "  the  objectionable  taste  and  smell  to  which 
sugar  obtained  from  beetroot  juice  is  liable  "  by  employing  "  cane 
"  juice  syrup  or  raw  cane  sugar  or  colonial  molasses,"  by  mixing 
them  with  such  beetroot  juice  in  proportions  which  are  given  but 
which  "must  be  varied  according  to  circumstances." 

Third,  the  composition  of  what  are  named  "  bark  finings  and 
"  the  application  thereof  to  beetroot  juice  or  any  other  saccharine 
"  solution."  "  The  bark  of  the  West  Indian  elm  (called  in  the 
"  French  islands  1'orme  pyramidale "  while  fresh  is  soaked  in  a 
solution  of  alum,  "  about  100  Ibs.  of  the  bark  to  100  Ibs.  of  alum 
"  dissolved  in  20  gallons  of  water  and  there  soaked  for  twenty-four 
"  hours,  the  water  is  then  to  be  drawn  off  and  the  solution  boiled 
"  to  dryness."  This  preparation  of  bark  imported  is  compounded 
with  lime  as  "  in  Howard's  finings  "  only  there  should  be  a  slight 
preponderance  of  alum.  "The  proportion  of"  finings  thus 
composed  must  be  varied  according  to  the  quality  of  the  juice 
under  operation. 

Fourth,  in  vacuum  pans  arranging  "  the  pipes  by  preference 
"  after  the  manner  following  : — There  are  two  pipes,  the  first  is 
"  carried  into  the  pan  from  the  steam  boiler "  and  coiled  round 
the  pan  at  different  distances  from  the  sides  and  is  finally  carried 
out  of  it ;  the  second  pipe  is  carried  from  the  steam  boiler  into  the 
pan  at  certain  distances  from  the  other  pipe  and  is  then  carried 
out  of  the  pan.  "  There  must  be  cocks  in  the  usual  way  for 
"  admitting  the  steam  and  letting  off  the  steam  or  condensed 
"  water."  Affixing  "to  each  of  the  interior  coil  of  pipes  and 
"  also  to  the  jacket  of  the  pan  cocks  communicating  with  cold 
"  water;  as  soon  as  the  sugar  is  boiled  the  steam  is  shut  off 
"  and  before  the  vacuum  is  destroyed  cold  water  is  allowed  "  to 
flow  through  the  apparatus  till  it  is  cooled  when  the  vacuum 
is  destroyed. 

Fifth,  "  producing  loaf,  lump,  or  fine  sugar."  The  sugar  thus 
prepared  should  be  damped  with  water  or  syrup  and  drained.  It 


SUGAR.  59 

is  then  mixed  with  syrup  made  from  refined  or  purified  sugar  of 
a  strong  quality  transferred  to  the  moulds 'and  treated  in  the 
same  manner  as  other  refined  sugar  at  present  practised. 
[Printed,  2s.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1836,  November  22.— N'  7231. 

GWYNNE,  GEORGE,  and  YOUNG,  JAMES.— "  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugars."  These  are,  first,  the  applica- 
tion of  "  the  different  suitable  bodies  of  which  phosphoric,  pyro- 
"  phosphoric,  and  meta-phosphoric  acids  are  component  parts," 
preferring  "  diphosphate  of  lime  and  neutral  solution  of  phcs- 
<e  phoric  acid  and  soda,  in  the  manufacture  of  sugars,  where  the 
"  salts  of  oxide  of  lead,"  triacetate  of  lead,  hydrated  (precipitated) 
oxide  of  lead,  albuminate  of  the  oxide  of  lead,  are  employed  to 
precipitate  the  impurities  therefrom.  The  triacetate  of  lead  is 
prepared  by  boiling  with  stirring  a  solution  of  "  acetate  of  prot- 
"  oxide  of  lead  (sugar  of  lead) "  in  certain  proportions  with 
oxide  of  lead.  The  solution  of  triacetate  is  drawn  from  the 
undissolved  oxide  of  lead.  It  is  advisable  that  the  triacetate 
solution  should  be  added  to  the  saccharine  solution  so  long  as 
there  is  a  precipitate ;  an  excess  of  lead  salt  is  observed  by  the 
black  color  produced,  when  a  small  quantity  of  the  solution  has 
added  to  it  "a  few  drops  of  the  hydrosulphate  of  ammonia 
"  (sulph.  amm.  of  the  apothecary)."  The  mode  of  preparing 
diphosphate  of  lime  is  given.  "  And  further,  when  other  bodies, 
"  such  as  sulphate  of  soda,  acidulated  ferro-cyanuret  of  calcium 
"  (prussiate  of  lime),  acidulated  oxalic  acid,  sulphuric  acid,  bin- 
"  oxalate  of  potash,  bichromate  of  potash,  &c.,  are  used  for  pre- 
"  cipitating  the  oxide  of  lead,"  "the  neutralizing  the  excess  of 
"  such  bodies,  together  with  the  acid  of  the  salts  of  lead  set  free, 
"  by  percolation  through  suitable  insoluble  materials,  such  as  car- 
"  bonate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  coarse  grained  charcoal, 
"  &c./'  is  claimed. 

Second,  "  the  application  of  flexible  substances,  as  hair  cloth 
"  and  other  suitable  flexible  fabrics  between  filtering  bags,  or 
"  forming  bags  of  corded  cloth,  which  produces  the  necessary 
"  separation  of  one  bag  from  its  neighbour,  whereby  very  exten- 
"  sive  filtering  surface  may  be  obtained  in  a  small  space  for  the 
"  purpose  or  purposes  pursued  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
[Printed,  Is.  8d.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  8  (nen  series),  p.  1.] 


60  SUGAR. 

A.R  1837,  January  24.— N°  7289. 

OLIVER,  JULIUS. — (A  communication.} — "A  certain  improve- 
"  ment  in  the  filters  employed  in  sugar  refining."  This  consists 
in  the  use  of  any  "  apparatus  whereby  animal  or  vegetable  char- 
"  coal  may  be  cleared  of  the  saccharine  and  other  matters  which 
"  had  closed  its  pores,  by  the  passing  of  hot  or  cold  water  through 
"  it,  with  or  without  the  aid  of  a  high  column  of  pressure,  or 
"  the  use  of  a  forcing  or  an  exhausting  pump,"  by  which;  it  can 
be  restored  without  the  necessity  of  "  calcining  or  heating  it  as 
"  usual."  After  the  use  of  the  hot  water  fermentation  is  set  up 
in  the  charcoal,  when  the  charcoal  is  finally  washed  with  cold 
water. 

[Printed,  Bd.    Drawing.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  183.] 

A.D.  1837,  September  30.— N°  7438. 

HOARD,  FRANCIS. — "  Improvements  in  making  sugars."  These 
are,  the  application  of  an  apparatus  such  as  is  afterwards 
described,  "  in  the  process  of  making  sugar,  and  particularly  in 
"  the  mode  of  producing  a  constant  circulation  of  the  liquor 
"  in  such  apparatus."  There  is  an  oblong  vessel  divided  into 
five  compartments  by  partitions.  A  flue  is  underneath  the  whole 
of  the  vessel,  and  throughout  the  bottom  are  a  series  of  tubes 
within  the  flue  "  (or  they  may  be  a  series  of  narrow  chambers  or 
"  vessels)  in  which  the  cane  or  other  juice  circulates  from  the 
"  bottom  upwards."  Two  of  the  compartments  farthest  from 
the  fire-place  are  oblong,  and  are  separated  from  each  other  by  a 
division  down  the  middle  of  the  pan,  and  each  of  these  compart- 
ments communicate  with  the  next  compartment  by  pipes  and 
cocks,  whilst  the  remaining  compartments  communicate  with  each 
other  by  the  same  means.  Around  the  vessel  is  a  trough,  into 
which  the  scum  is  put,  and  from  whence  it  flows  into  a  cistern. 
The  two  oblong  compartments  alternately  become  the  preparing 
vessels,  and  whilst  one  is  being  worked  off,  the  other  is  coming 
forward.  The  liquor  is  passed  from  one  compartment  to  the 
other. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (new  series),  p.  93 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  15  (conjoined  series),  p.  165.1 

A.D.  1837,  November  11.— N°  7469. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY. — (A  communication.} — "  Improved  means  to 
"  be  employed  in  manufacturing  beetroot  and  other  vegetable 


SUGAR.  61 

"  substances  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  saccharine  matter 
"  therefrom."  This  consists  in  cutting,  drying,  bruising,  and 
breaking  up  vegetable  substances,  preparatory  to  obtaining  a 
saccharine  extract  therefrom,  and  treating  vegetable  substances 
"  when  so  prepared,  with  milk  of  lime,  and  thus  obtaining  there- 
"  from  a  clammy  or  glutinous  mass,"  without  the  use  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  treating  the  same  in  a  series  of  vessels,  and 
"  obtaining  therefrom  the  saccharine  extract  required  in  a  con- 
"  centrated  state,  by  the  simple  process  of  percolation,"  as 
follows  : — The  process  is,  by  preference,  employed  upon  beetroot, 
although  it  may  "with  suitable  modifications  be  equally  well 
"  applied  to  and  for  extracting  the  saccharine  matter  contained 
"  in  other  vegetable  substances,  such  as  the  sugar  cane,  the  stalks 
"  of  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  and  other  roots."  The  roots  cleansed 
are  "  cut  into  pieces  somewhat  of  the  shape  of  a  parallelepiped," 
and  put  into  open  worked  boxes  or  baskets,  and  these  boxes  are 
placed  upon  open  worked  drawers  in  drying  chambers,  into  the 
bottom  of  which  air  is  passed,  the  air  and  vapour  passes  off  from 
the  top  into  the  general  chimney.  The  temperature  ranges  from 
54°  to  188°  F.  The  cut  pieces  of  root  having  been  dried  are 
reduced  by  grinding,  &c.  as  coarse  as  malt,  and  may  be  mashed 
in  an  ordinary  brewer's  mash  ton  with  a  milk  of  lime  of  about 
4J  Ibs.  of  lime  to  5  gallons  of  warm  water,  to  about  100  Ibs.  of 
ground  roots.  This  clammy  or  glutinous  mass  is  put  into  a 
series  of  wooden  or  other  tubs  with  false  bottoms,  and  water 
from  166°  to  212°  placed  on  the  first  vat  filters  through  the  series 
of  vats.  The  extract  is  filtered  through  charcoal,  and  evaporated 
in  the  ordinary  manner. 
[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1838,  February  24.— N°  7573. 

STOLLE,  EDWARD. — "  Improvements  in  making  sugar  from 
"  sugar  cane,  and  in  refining  sugar."  These  are,  in  the  employ- 
ment of  "  a  new  chemical  agent  for  the  discolouring  of  saccharine 
"  matters  (sugar),  for  which  purpose  animal  charcoal  has  been 
"  generally  employed,"  as  follows:  —  One  or  two  thousandth 
parts  of  lime  are  employed,  and  when  boiling,  the  scum  is  taken 
away,  and  "  twelve  pounds  of  liquid  sulphurous  acid  (marking 
"  no  more  than  four  degrees  by  Beaume's  areometer)  are  slowly 
"  poured  into  the  juice  with  care  "  into  1,000  parts  of  juice, 


62  SUGAR. 

after  which,  the  juice  is  evaporated  to  about  twenty  or  twenty-two 
degrees,  passed  through  a  filter  of  flannel,  &c.,  and  concentrated 
to  crystallization.  For  refining  sugar  of  a  very  bad  quality  using 
concentrated  alcohol  or  spirit  charged  with  about  two  per  cent,  of 
sulphurous  acid  and  mixed  with  sugar,  "  so  that  a  small  portion 
"  only  of  the  liquid  swims  upon  the  sugar ;"  "  it  is  then  stirred 
11  several  times,  and  after  about  two  hours  the  liquid  is  drawn 
"  off,  after  which  the  sugar  is  washed  in  pure  alcohol."  The 
alcohol  in  the  molasses  washed  out  is  separated  from  them  by 
distillation,  "  and  can  be  employed  again  for  the  same  purpose." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.   Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (new  series),  p.  233  ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's)  vol.  13  (conjoined  series), -p.  271.] 

A.D.  1838,  March  8.— N°  7587. 

LAWRENCE,  MORTON  WILLIAM.—"  Certain  improvements  in 
"  the  process  of  concentrating  certain  vegetable  juices  and  saccha- 
"  rine  solutions."  These  are,  first,  "evaporating  in  an  open 
"  vessel  the  juices  and  solutions"  to  "a  point  of  concentration 
"  as  near  that  which  "  it  is  desired  that  they  should  ultimately 
"  attain  as  they  can  be  safely  made  to  attain  in  such  open  vessel, 
"  and  then  completing  the  process  of  concentration  by  further 
"  evaporating  such  juices  and  solutions  in  vacuo  either  with  or 
"  without  the  application  of  heat,"  and  whether  "  carried  on  in 
"  any  close  vessel  of  the  kinds  now  in  use,"  or  of  the  kind 
described  under  the  second  head. 

Second,  substituting  for  the  usual  mode  of  fastening  the  cover 
of  close  vessels  for  the  above  purpose,  which  was  "  by  bolts  and 
"  cement,  or  other  fixed  and  permanent  fastenings  an  air-tight 
"  junction  "  effected  somewhat  in  the  following  manner : — When 
no  heat  is  to  be  applied  during  evaporation  in  vacuo,  the  lower 
part  of  the  vessel  is  enclosed  in  a  casing  of  wood  containing  saw- 
dust, charcoal,  &c.  If  heat  is  to  be  applied,  another  material 
must  be  used.  The  upper  part  or  cover  of  the  vessel  should  drop 
into  the  lower  part,  and  "  rest  when  down  upon  the  interior  sur- 
"  face  of  the  bottom  of  such  lower  part,"  and  "  when  let  down 
"  upon  the  bottom  it  may  enclose  nearly  the  whole  thereof."  It 
is  made  with  a  flanch  with  a  packing  of  sail  or  other  cloth,  and  it 
is  rivetted  or  otherwise.  There  may  be  a  flanch  on  the  lower  part 
from  three  to  four  inches  inches  broad,  "  provided  with  rims  at 
"  its  external  and  internal  circumference,  so  as  to  form  a  channel 
"  between  the  rims  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  depth,  and 


SUGAR.  63 

"  of  sufficient  width  to  receive  the  edge  of  the  cover  intended 
"  to  drop  into  it."  The  cover  has  "  a  flanch  "  about  the  width  of 
two  inches,  and  there  is  a  packing  of  cloth  between,  which  is 
moistened  by  the  syrup. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  13  (n&io  series),  p.  109.] 

A.D.  1838,  March  26.— N°  7601. 

OLIVER,  JULIUS. — (A  communication.) — "A  certain  improve- 
<f  ment  in  the  filters  employed  in  sugar  refining."  This  consists 
in  the  use  of  any  form  of  apparatus  whereby  animal  or  vegetable 
charcoal  may  be  cleared  of  the  saccharine  and  other  matters  which 
had  closed  its  pores  by  the  passing  of  hot  or  cold  water  through  it 
with  or  without  the  aid  of  a  high  column  of  pressure,  or  the  use 
of  a  forcing  or  an  exhausting  pump,"  without  "  the  necessity  of 
"  again  heating  it  in  close  vessels  as  is  usually  the  case,  but 
"  simply  by  the  passing  either  of  hot  or  cold  water,  as  above 
"  indicated,  through  it,  and  fermenting  it  after  the  use  of  hot 
"  water,"  finally  washing  it  with  cold  water. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1838,  September  6.— N°  7796. 

BERRY,  MILES. — (A  communication.) — "  Certain  improvements 
"  applicable  to  certain  parts  of  the  process  generally  used  for  the 
'"  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugars." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1839,  June  I?.— N°  8107. 

LOOS,  EDWARD. — "Improvements  in  extracting  the  saccharine 
"  matter  from  sugar  canes  and  other  substances  of  a  saccharine 
"  nature ;  which  improvements  are  also  applicable  in  extracting 
"  colouring  matters  from  wood  and  other  matters  used  in  dyeing." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1839,  July  6.— N°  8147. 

FAIRRIE,  JOHN.  —  "  Improvements  in  making  and  refining 
"  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  dispensing  with  the  high  degree  of 
"  temperature  heretofore  resorted  to  in  the  process  of  mixing  and 
"  filtration*'  of  sugar.  "About  forty-five  parts  of  sugar  and 
"  fifty-five  parts  of  water  "  (cold),  "  have  been  found  convenient 


64  'SUGAR. 

"  in  practice,"  the  sp.  gr.  of  the  solution  being  from  1199  to 
1200  ;  in  preference,  the  sugar  is  dissolved  "  in  lime  water,  or  pure 
"  or  spring  water,"  alone;  "this  process  is  equally  applicable 
"  whether  bog  or  charcoal  filters  or  other  filters  be  employed." 

Second,  concentrating  sugar,  by  means  of  what  is  called  an 
"  evaporator."  This  "  consists  of  a  copper  pipe  of  about  twelve 
•"  inches  diameter  and  twenty-six  feet  length,  containing  nine 
"  copper  steam  tubes,  each  twenty-four  feet  long  and  one  inch 
"  and  a  quarter  diameter,  which  is  arranged  at  nearly  equal 
"  distances  from  each  other  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  interior  of 
"  the  larger  pipe."  These  tubes  are  arranged  for  steam  to  pass 
through  them ;  the  evaporator  closed  in  is  connected  to  the  upper 
part  of  a  common  vacuum  pan.  "The  clarified  sugar  liquor  is 
"  passed  through  the  evoporator  in  a  continuous  stream,"  and 
enters  the  vacuum  pan  not  quite  at  the  crystallizing  point.  The 
evaporator  may  be  made  open  at  top  and  placed  over  an  open  fire, 
or  high  pressure  steam  may  be  used  without  a  vacuum. 
ft  Third,  "  applying  heating  apparatus  after  the  sugar  has  left  the 
"  vacuum  pan."  This  is  an  open  copper  vessel  or  trough  about 
36  feet  long,  1  foot  wide,  and  1  foot  deep,  heated  at  the  bottom 
by  steam  into  a  double  bottom,  and  by  three  steam  pipes  inside 
there  are  two  valves  for  drawing  off  the  sugar,  &c. 

[Printed,  4*d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  14  (new  series),  p.  43 ; 
Inventors'  Advocate,  vol.  2,  p.  131.] 

A.D.  1839,  November  7.— N°  8258. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY. — "  An  improved  battery  or  arrangement  of 
"  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  This  is  said  to  consist, 
first,  in  "the  application  of  steam  to  heat  the  liquids  in  the  various 
"  vessels  of  the  battery  by  the  introduction  of  coils  or  lengths 
"  of  pipe." 

Second,  "  the  crystallizing  vessel." 

Third,  "the  general  arrangement  of  the  battery  or  apparatus." 
There  is  a  steam  boiler  from  which  is  a  pipe  which  conveys 
steam  into  a  series  of  pipes  at  the  bottom  of  an  oblong  square 
cistern,  into  which  the  cane  juice  is  pumped  "  previous  to  temper- 
"  ing  it  with  lime,"  the  condensed  steam  as  hot  water  flows  into 
a  cistern  in  which  there  is  a  pump  for  feeding  the  steam  boiler. 
The  heated  juice  is  discharged  by  a  tap  on  a  pipe  into  a  clarifying 
pan  heated  by  means  of  a  coil  of  pipe  at  the  bottom.  The  clarified 
sugar  or  cane  juice  is  discharged,  by  means  of  a  shifting  gutter, 


SUGAR.  65 

into  either  of  two  pans,  in  each  of  which  a  coil  of  pipe  is  fixed  in 
the  bottom,  and  is  "  finally  cleansed  or  cleared  and  partially 
"  evaporated  into  syrup,"  preparatory  to  "  discharging  it  into 
"  the  striking  teache  or  pan,"  which  also  has  a  coil  of  pipe  at  the 
bottom  and  sometimes  around  the  side  ;  "  in  this  pan  or  teache 
"  the  syrup  is  finally  evaporated  to  the  consistence  for  crystalliz- 
"  ing,"  when  it  is  discharged  by  a  gutter  into  a  crystallizing 
vessel  of  an  oblong  shape  with  "  a  rod  or  pricker,  with  stays  above 
"  it,  passing  along  the  apex  or  bottom  of  the  vessel,"  which,  when 
the  crystallization  is  completely  effected,  is  withdrawn  and  forms 
a  hole  for  the  molasses  to  drain.  The  rod  is  introduced  from 
time  to  time.  This  crystallizing  vessel  has  a  space  around  it  for 
the  circulation  of  steam  around  its  sides. 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.    Inventors'  Advocate,  vol.  2,  p.  227.] 

A.D.  1840,  March  31.— N°  8461. 

BANCROFT,  PETER,  and  MAC  INNES,  JOHN.— "An  im- 
"  proved  method  of  renovating  or  restoring  animal  charcoal  after 
"  it  has  been  used  in  certain  processes  or  manufactures  to  which 
"  charcoal  is  now  generally  applied,  and  thereby  recovering  the 
"  properties  of  such,  and  rendering  it  again  fit  for  similar  uses." 
This  consists  "  in  the  application,  use,  or  employment  of  an 
"  alkali,  in  order  to  dissolve  and  carry  off  the  coloring  matter  ?.nd 
"  other  impurities  left  or  deposited  in  the  animal  charcoal  after 
"  having  been  used  in  decoloring  syrups  and  other  fluids."  The 
spent  charcoal  is  washed  to  remove  any  syrup,  and  saturated  with 
a  solution  of  caustic  potash  or  soda  of  sp.  gr.,  "  about  1 '  06,  more 
"  or  less,"  and  allowed  to  remain  for  a  few  hours.  The  caustic 
solution  "  charged  with  the  coloring  matter,  &c.  is  to  be  run  off 
"  by  a  plug  or  tap  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  or  in  any 
"  other  way;"  the  charcoal  is  then  washed  till  free  from  alkali 
ascertained  by  the  use  of  turmeric  paper  or  any  other  known  test. 
In  place  of  caustic  potash  or  soda,  the  "  carbonates  or  liquid  am- 
"  monia  will  effect  the  same  purpose,  though  not  in  so  rapid  or 
"  perfect  a  manner."  Animal  charcoal  in  a  granular  state  may 
be  thus  purified  without  removing  it  from  the  filter,  "  but  if  fine 
"  pulverized  animal  charcoal  is  to  be  similarly  operated  upon,  it 
"  must  be  washed  by  subsidence  and  decantation." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.   London  Journal  (Neioton's),  vol.  20  (conjoined 
series),  p.  355.     Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  33,  p.  381.    Inventors'  Advo- 
cate, vol.  3,  p.  213.] 
S.  E 


66    .  SUGAR. 


A.D.  1840,  November  2.— N°  8675. 

SCHRODER,  HERMAN.  —  (Partly  a  communication.}  — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  filters."  These  are,  employing  frames  and 
bags;  "  constructing  and  applying  filter  bags  ;"  also,  "  construct- 
"  ing  and  applying  filter  bags  by  drawing  each  bag  within  itself;" 
likewise,  "  the  mode  of  combining  bag  filters  "  as  follows  : — 
First,  a  quandrangular  box  with  a  cover  has  a  perforated  false 
bottom ;  a  series  of  bags  which  may  be  plain,  but  in  preference, 
are  plaited  or  gathered  and  the  edges  bound,  the  mouth  or  upper 
p'art  the  same,  and  also  bound  with  tape  or  web  so  as  "  to  obtain 
"  as  extensive  a  surface  as  possible."  A  frame  is  introduced  into 
the  mduth  of  each  bag,  and  these  frames  (with  their  bags)  are 
wedged  together  in  the  above  box,  the  bottom  of  each  bag  resting 
on  the  false  bottom.  The  liquor  flows  into  the  bags  from  a  vat 
above,  and  a  cock  is  in  the  box  below  the  false  bottom  for 
running  off  the  liquor  as  it  is  filtered. 

Second,  an  "  outer  bag,  which,  when  full  of  liquor,  should  lie 
"  closely  against  every  part  of  the  interior  surface  of  the  box  or 
"  chamber,"  a  series  of  smaller  bags  have  their  lower  parts  affixed 
to  the  bottom  of  the  outer  bag,  they  are  tied  up  to  two  loops 
fixed  to  the  upper  part  of  the  interior  of  the  bag.  The  mouth  of 
the  outer  bag  is  drawn  together  and  tied  or  secured  round  the 
nozzle  of  the  pipe  supplying  the  liquor  to  be  filtered.  In  pre- 
ference, "  the  bags  should  be  plaited  in  place  of  plain,"  as  also 
"  the  filters  hereafter  explained." 

Third,  •"  making  bag  filters  whereby  each  bag  is  drawn  into 
"  itself  one  or  more  times."  The  box  or  chamber  is  same  as 
above,  and  each  bag  has  its  frame  in  its  mouth,  but  the  bags  are 
much  longer  and  each  bag  is  drawn  up  into  itself. 

Fourth,  an  outer  bag  in  which  are  a  series  of  inner  bags  closed 
on  all  sides,  they  are  kept  upright  in  the  inner  bag  by  strings,  and 
have  each  an  outlet  at  the  bottom  of  the  inner  bag,  just  above  the 
false  bottom. 

[Printed,  Is.     Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  54s,  p.  383 ;  Inventors 
Advocate,  vol.  4,  p.  293. 


A.D.  1840,  December  2.— N°  8731. 

ROBINSON,  JAMES.— (A  communication.} — "  A  sugar  cane  mill 
"  of  a  new  construction,  and  certain  improvements  applicable  to 


SUGAR.  67 

"  sugar  cane  mills  generally,  and  certain  improvements  in  appa- 
"  ratus  for  making  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  constructing  sugar 
"  cane  mills  whereby  the  sugar  canes  in  passing  shall  be  pressed  at 
"  least  three  times,  and  the  roller  tied  with  malleable  iron  straps." 
In  effecting  the  above  in  the  first  arrangement  there  are  four 
rollers,  a  large  roller  above  and  three  small  rollers  below ;  in 
another  arrangement  are  three  pairs  of  rollers,  one  after  the  other. 
Second,  "the  application  of  hot  water  or  steam  to  sugar  canes 
"  as  they  are  passing  through  sugar  cane  mills,"  by  means  of 
*•'  a  pipe  perforated  with  numerous  small  holes." 

Third,  "feeding  sugar  canes  into  sugar  mills  of  any  construc- 
"  tion."  The  canes  are  first  put  on  an  inclined  plane  or  table, 
raked  down  on  to  an  endless  band,  which  is  kept  constantly 
moving  towards  the  sugar  cane  mill  at  a  proper  rate  or  speed  by 
means  of  pulleys  of  different  sizes.  There  are  other  arrangements 
modifications  of  this. 

Fourth,  "  constructing  driving  wheels  of  sugar  cane  mills," 
capable  of  "  giving  way  on  an  extra  strain  being  brought  on  the 
"  mill,  which  might  otherwise  destroy  some  part  of  the  machi- 
"  nery."  A  wheel  has  a  groove  in  the  periphery,  and  also  several 
set  screws  passing  through  the  outer  ring.  On  the  periphery  of 
the  wheel  is  applied  a  toothed  ring,  which  has  also  a  groove 
corresponding  with  the  groove  in  the  periphery  of  the  wheel. 
Within  these  grooves  friction  brasses  are  placed,  and  held  by  the 
set  screws.  By  excessive  pressure  the  toothed  ring  will  slide 
round  on  the  friction  brasses  and  thus  prevent  any  damage 
being  done. 

Fifth,  in  place  of  making  the  necks  or  axes  of  sugar  rollers  of 
separate  parts  the  necks  or  axes  are  cast  with  the  roller  itself. 
They  are  also  cast  hollow  for  steam. 

Sixth,  "  forming  a  rim  around  a  set  or  series  of  sugar  pans  by 
"  casting  part  of  such  rirn  on  each  pan,"  so  that  "  when  a  series 
"  of  pans  are  attached  by  screws  "  "  they  should  together  produce 
"  the  requisite  rim  and  allow  of  the  pans  boiling  over  from  one  to 
"  the  other,  by  the  rim  at  the  junction  of  the  two  pans." 

Seventh,  setting  sugar  pans  with  flat  bottoms  with  shields  of 
brickwork  or  masonary  under  them,  by  which  the  action  of  the 
fire  will  be  "  materially  less,  and  the  liquor  over  these  places  will 
"  be  more  quiet  than  elsewhere,  and  the  scum  will  collect  over 
"  such  shielded  parts  of  the  pans,  and  allow  of  its  being  readily 
"  removed." 

E  2 


68  SUGAR. 

Eighth,  "  the  application  of  iron  pans  tinned  or  coated  with  tin 
"  or  alloys  thereof.'* 

[Printed,  2s.  2d.  Drawings.  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  34,  p.  446,  and 
vol.  35,  pp.  257,  362 ;  Inventors'  Advocate,  vol.  4,  p.  372,  and  vol.  5, 
p.  313.] 

A.D.  1841,  May  6.— N°  8952. 

MORLEY,  PHILEMON  AUGUSTIN.— "  Certain  improvements  in 
"  the  manufacture  of  sugar  moulds,  dish  covers,  and  other  articles 
"  of  similar  manufacture."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
in  making  of  sugar  moulds,  first,  of  "  apparatus  for  holding  the 
"  corner  of  the  plate  during  the  operation  of  cutting,  and  dis- 
<e  pensingwith  the  hole  usually  made  therein."  A  strong  iron  pin 
passes  through  a  bench  and  is  fixed  therein  by  a  nut  and  screw, 
upon  this  pin  as  a  centre  turns  a  flat  piece  of  iron ;  this  iron  is 
secured  to  the  pin  by  the  head  of  the  latter  being  rivetted,  but  so 
loosely  as  to  allow  the  plate  to  turn  about  freely ;  to  this  piece  of 
iron  is  attached  the  bridge  piece,  through  which  passes  the  screw 
turned  by  a  handle.  The  handle  turned,  the  bottom  of  the  screw 
is  raised  from  the  plate,  the  sheet  of  iron  introduced  under  the 
screw  and  the  handle  reversed,  the  iron  plate  is  held  securely.  On 
introducing  the  edge  of  the  plate  between  rototary  shears  its  edge 
is  cut  into  the  form  required.  The  edges  of  the  plate  are  next 
turned  in  reverse  directions.  It  is  said  that  "  the  apparatus  used 
"  for  this  purpose  is  of  the  common  kind,  and  therefore  needs  no 
"  explanation." 

Second,  a  bending  machine ;  a  block  formed  into  a  conical  figure 
the  size  of  the  mould  to  be  formed,  is  mounted  on  an  axis,  and  put 
in  motion  by  a  winch,  the  edge  of  the  plate  is  secured  to  the  cone, 
the  winch  is  turned  by  one  hand  whilst  with  the  other  the  metal 
plate  is  pressed  against  the  surface  of  the  cone  and,  passing  under 
a  gauge  bar  or  plate  affixed  a  short  distance  from  the  plate,  the  plate 
is  wrapped  round  it,  and  by  a  "  grooving  stake  "  the  metal  cone  is 
more  contracted,  the  hooked  edges  are  joined  and  punched  together. 

Third,  the  wiring  operation ;  any  excess  of  metal  is  cut  off,  and 
the  edge  is  brought  between  two  rollers  so  as  to  form  a  U  groove 
into  which  a  wire  is  deposited,  and  the  edge  is  next  brought  under 
a  creasing  machine,  consisting  of  an  arrangement  of  two  rollers 
which  are  made  to  approach  or  recede  from  each  other  by  means  of 
a  treadle,  and  finished. 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  35,  p.  399 ;  Inventors' 
Advocate,  vol.  5,  p.  310. 


SUGAR.  69 

A.D.  1841,  November  23.— N°  9162. 

MANWARING,  WILLIAM.  —  "  Certain  improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  sole  and  exclu- 
"  sive  use  of  every  apparatus  and  combination  of  apparatus " 
whereby  sugar  may  be  "made  to  cleanse  itself."  The  apparatus 
described  under  this  head  consists  of  a  pan  or  pans  "  surmounted 
"  with  a  rim  or  bevelled  ledging,  projecting  above  and  over  the 
"  top  and  sides  of  the  pan  or  pans,  forming  an  expanded  space 
"  into  which  the  froth,  scum,  and  feculent  matter  that  arises 
"  from  the  liquid  or  solution  ascends."  From  thence  it  flows  into 
gutters,  where  it  is  exposed  to  the  air  so  as  to  bring  it  into  a  liquid 
state,  and  from  thence  it  flows  "  through  strainers  or  any  well 
"  known  filtering  medium,"  and  again  through  other  strainers  or 
vessels  containing  a  filtering  medium.  "These  gutters  or  vessels 
"  for  containing  the  filtering  medium  are  so  constructed  as  to  be 
"  easily  removed"  and  " replaced  by  other  and  clean  ones,  &c." 

Second,  charging  the  juice  up  into  the  evaporator  or  evaporators, 
or  to  any  other  required  vessel,  as  follows  : — The  liquid  from  the 
aforesaid  filters  or  strainers  flows  into  one  or  more  receiving  vessels 
until  they  are  "  charged  to  a  proper  height,  a  stop-cock  is  opened 
"  in  a  pipe  attached  to  the  upper  part  of  this  vessel,  and  com- 
"  municating  with  a  high  pressure  steam  boiler,"  the  steam  forces 
the  liquid  up  through  the  pipe  into  the  evaporator  or  evaporators ; 
when  the  receiver  is  discharged  "  the  steam  cock  is  closed,  and  the 
"  cock  from  the  strainers  or  filters  opened,  and  the  operation 
"  goes  on  as  before." 

Third,  the  application  of  atmospheric  air  in  the  final  evaporation, 
by  means  of  a  series  of  perforated  pipes  "  fixed  in  the  pan  or  pans 
"  near  to  and  immediately  above  the  coil  of  steam  pipes,"  where 
steam  is  used  as  the  agent  of  heat  or  near  to  the  bottom  of  the 
pan  or  pans  where  steam  is  employed  in  a  jacket  or  where  fire  is 
employed.  The  air  is  injected  by  means  of  "  pumps  or  any  well 
"  known  blowing  contrivance." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1842,  November  25.— N°  9522. 

TARGET,  FELIX  NAPOLEON.—"  A  new  method  of  refining  or 
"  manufacturing  sugar." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.]  ' 


70  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1842,  December  3.— N°  9533. 

POUCH  ANT,  Don  PEDRO. — "A  certain  improvement  or  im- 
"  provements  in  the  construction  of  machinery  for  manufacturing 
"  sugar." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 


A.D.  1842,  December  28.— N°  9574. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY,  and  STEVENS,  GEORGE.— "Certain  im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  the  products  of 
"  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  expressing  or  squeezing  out  the 
"  saccharine  juice  from  sugar  canes  or  rattoons  in  such  lengths 
"  as  they  are  ordinarily  brought  from  the  fields,  or  cut  into 
"  shorter  lengths,  if  thought  advisable,  by  subjecting  them,  in 
t(  heaps  of  more  or  less  bulk,  to  a  strong  insistent  pressure  in 
"  one  given  line  of  direction,  whether  such  pressure  is  produced 
"  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  press,"  which  is  preferred,  or  "by  any 
"  other  equivalent  mechanical  means." 

Second,  "  laying  of  the  canes  or  rattoons,  or  pieces  thereof. 
"  (lengthwise  or  endwise  when  of  suitable  length  for  the  purpose), 
"  according  as  the  said  pressure  is  applied  vertically  or  laterally, 
"  whereby  they  are  split  or  riven  in  the  direction  of  the  fibre  only, 
"  and  whether  the  canes  or  rattoons  are  all  laid  one  way,  or  laid 
"  crosswise,  or  at  any  angle  with  respect  to  one  another,  as  long 
"  as  the  insistent  pressure  is  applied  in  such  a  line  of  direction  as 
"  to  split  and  rive  the  canes  or  rattoons  in  the  direction  of  the 
"  fibre." 

Third,  employing  for  ' '  filtering,  clarifying,  and  purifying  sugar- 
<(  cane  juice,  molasses,  or  syrup,  or  other  residual  products  of 
"  sugar;  of  anthracite  coal,  coke  of  bituminous  or  other  coal, 
"  burnt  megass  ashes,  cocoa-nut  charcoal,  and  clean  coarse  sand, 
"  whether  the  same  are  used"  in  the  proportions  named  in  this 
Specification  or  "  in  any  other  available  proportion,  and  whether 
"  combined  with  the  method  or  system  of  pressing  the  canes 
"  before  described,  or  combined  with  the  ordinary  sugar  mills,  or 
"  any  other  known  means  of  compression."  The  filtering  vessel 
has  a  false  bottom  on  which  is  a  perforated  sheet  of  metal  or  wire 
gauze,  and  over  this  a  cloth  of  some  fibrous  material.  A  small 
air  pipe  is  passed  from  the  top  downwards  to  below  the  false 
bottom.  A  layer  of  filtering  materials  of  two,  three,  or  more  feet 


SUGAR.  71 

is  placed,  and  again  a  perforated  plate,  leaving  sufficient  space 
for  a  head  of  liquer.  An  exhaustion  may  be  applied  under  the 
filter. 

[Printed,  lOd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1843,  January  11.— N°  9584. 

RITTER,  WILLIAM. — (A  communication.) — "Improvements  in 
"  crystallizing  and  purifying  sugar."  These  are,  first,  in  "  puri- 
"  fying  and  crystallizing  vessels."  The  purifying  boxes  are  made 
of  wood  and  are  larger  at  the  top  than  at  the  bottom.  They  are 
placed  one  within  the  other ;  each  has  a  zinc  lining  at  and  near  to 
the  bottom;  there  is  a  lip  or  gutter  formed  in  the  zinc  lining 
to  carry  the  syrup  to  a  funnel,  which  dischages  it  into  a  gutter  or 
channel.  There  are  iron  wire  supports  fixed  near  the  bottom 
of  the  purifying  box,  over  which  the  metallic  web,  wire  gauze,  or 
other  sieve  is  stretched,  and  on  this  the  sugar  is  placed.  The 
syrups  used  for  washing  the  sugar  are  placed  over  the  smooth 
surface  of  sugar  and  percolate  through  it.  The  crystallizing  cases 
are  arranged  one  within  the  other ;  their  bottoms  are  "  slightty 
"  inclined  from  back  to  front,  say,  half  an  inch."  The  bottom  of 
the  front  is  pierced  with  seven  holes,  one  inch  diameter,  to  allow 
the  syrup  to  run  off.  These  holes  are  stopped  by  seven  stoppers, 
the  ends  of  which  project  beyond  the  back  of  the  case.  The 
plugs  are  "  turned  by  a  key  to  loosen  them  from  the  crystallized 
"  sugar  and  allow  of  removal."  The  front  of  the  case  has  a  lip 
to  collect  the  syrup  and  causes  it  to  drop  into  a  channel  without 
flowing  over  the  bottom  df  the  case. 

Second.  The  process  of  "•continued  purification"  of  the  sugar 
by  repeated  applications  or  coverings  of  sugar  syrup  of  rather 
superior  quality,  in  each  operation  to  the  sugar  under  treatment, 
until  finally  pure  sugar  is  used  in  the  last  washing. 

Third.  Collecting  "crystals  of  sugar  from  exhausted  syrups 
"  by  boiling  or  mixing  them  with  impure  sugar,"  and  also  "  by 
"  boiling  very  weak  syrups  at  a  very  low  temperature  and  allowing 
<e  them  to  stand  in  large  reservoirs  until  crystallization  has  taken 
"  place,  in  combination  with  the  subsequent  use  "  of  the  continued 
purification  as  above. 

Fourth.  "The  concentration  of  solution  of  pure  sugar  when 
"  heated  to  about  230°  F.,  by  the  addition  of  a  proper  quantity  of 
"  pure  sugar -instead  of  evaporating  away  the^  water  to  produce 


72  SUGAR. 

"  the  said  concentration  for  removing  into  the  water  or  cooler,  as 
"  the  case  may  be,  and  being  then  conveyed  into  the  conical 
"  moulds  in  the  usual  manner." 

[Printed,  Is.  lOd.    Drawings.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  24  (cow- 
joined  series),  p.  112.] 

A.D.  1843,  October  5.— N°  9898. 

HARDMAN,  LAWRENCE. — "  Certain  improvements  in  machinery 
"  or  apparatus  to  be  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
These  are  said  to  be,  "  the  application  of  the  principle  of  centrifugal 
"  force  for  the  separation  or  dispersion  of  molasses  and  other 
"  soluble  impurities  and  colouring  matter  from  sugar,  and  as  a 
"  means  of  syruping  or  watering  sugar  from  which  its  molasses 
"  and  impurities  have  been  in  part  removed,  in  order  further  to 
"  cleanse  and  purify  the  same."  It  is  stated  "that  a  great 
"  variety  of  modifications  and  arrangements  of  mechanism  may 
"  be  readily  adapted  to  the  same  purpose."  There  is  described,  a 
revolving  case  or  drum  divided  by  fine  sheet  wire  gauze  or  cloth 
so  as  to  form  two  circular  chambers,  and  the  whole  is  enclosed  in 
two  thicknesses  of  wire  gauze  or  cloth.  There  are  in  the  upper 
plate  doors,  valves,  or  openings  for  the  admission  of  the  sugar  and 
air,  &c.  The  mode  of  operating  is  as  follows  : — The  raw  sugar 
(combined  with  molasses,  &c.)  is  placed  in  the  outer  compartment, 
and  a  high  velocity  (say,  800  or  1000  revolutions  per  minute) 
given  by  means  of  the  driving  shaft  (which  is  hollow  and  per- 
forated with  holes),  when  the  molasses  and  other  soluble  matters 
will  (by  centrifugal  force)  be  immediately  dispersed  through  the 
gauze  into  the  outer  casing,  and  pass  off  by  the  pipes  below.  The 
sugar  thus  dried  may  be  removed  by  discharge  valves.  "  When 
"  the  molasses  is  sufficiently  dispersed  from  the  sugar,  a  quantity 
"  of  syrup  may  be  introduced  by  the  hollow  shaft,  and  passing 
"  through  the  perforations  and  gauze  "  by  the  revolution  of  the 
machine,  passes  through  the  sugar,  carrying  off  a  portion  of 
impurity  which  may  adhere  to  it. 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  24  (conjoined 
series),  p.  153.] 

A.D.  1844,  March  28.— N°  10,125. 

COOPER,  JOSEPH. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  purification 
"  and  clarification  of  sugar,  which  improvements  are  also  appli- 
"  cable  to  the  purifying  and  clarifying  other  articles  of  commerce." 


SUGAR.  73 

These  are,  "employing  apparatus  suitably  arranged  for  allowing 
"  the  crystallizing  process  to  be  performed  therein,  and  then  to 
"  admit  of  the  vessel  being  opened  to  a  vacuum,  or  partial 
"  vacuum,  so  as  to  bring  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  to 
"  operate  on  the  mass  and  displace  the  fluid  matters  therefrom," 
The  crystallizing  vessel  has  a  curved  surface  at  the  bottom,  which 
is  perforated  with  small  holes,  and  "  on  the  interior  is  placed  a 
"  tube"  "having  a  long  split  or  opening,  which  being  turned 
"  upwards  (the  interior  made  vacuous)  brings  the  pressure  of  the 
"  atmosphere  to  act  on  the  sugar  in  the  crystallizing  vessel,  and 
"  thus  facilitates  the  removal  of  the  fluid  matter  from  the  crystals 
"  of  sugar."  This  tube  turns  within  the  perforated  curved  bottom 
as  a  plug  in  a  cock,  and  one  end  of  the  tube  is  connected  by 
means  of  a  branch  pipe  with  a  proper  vessel  to  receive  the  syrup, 
while  the  other  end  or  branch  communicates  with  an  air  pump  or 
other  suitable  apparatus  for  exhausting  the  air  from  the  receiver. 
Other  arrangement  of  apparatus  may  be  employed. 

In  a  Disclaimer  enrolled  the  28th  September  1844,  it  is  stated, 
that  the  invention  intended  to  have  been  described  under  the  fol- 
lowing part  of  the  title,  namely,  "  which  improvements  are  also 
"  applicable  to  the  purifying  and  clarifying  other  articles  of 
"  commerce,"  is  not  of  such  practical  utility  as  would  make  it 
"  desirable  to  retain  it,"  and  it  is  disclaimed. 

[Printed,  8d.      Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  4  (enlarged  series), 
p.  342.] 

A.D.  1844,  April  30.— N°  10,171. 

CONSTABLE,  JOHN. — (A  communication.) — "  Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "cutting 
"  the  cane  into  thin  slices  in  place  of  bruising  and  pressing  the 
"  cane  in  a  mill." 

Second,  "  neutralizing  the  acids  and  fixing  or  solidifying  the 
"  other  extraneous  matters,  which  would  otherwise  be  liable  to 
"  act  chemically  on  and  injure  the  juice." 

Third,  "extracting  the  saccharine  matter  from  the  cane  by 
"  infusion  or  immersing  the  slices  of  cane  in  water." 

Fourth,  "  the  general  arrangement  of  the  apparatus  and  mode 
"  of  conducting  the  manufacture  "  as  follows  : — 

The  cane  is  cut  into  slices  from  one-thirtieth  to  one-tenth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness ;  the  machine  should  be  without  vibration  "  so  as 
"  to  prevent  the  acids  of  the  plant  during  the  cutting  operation 


74  SUGAR. 

"  from  mingling  with  the  saccharine  matter."  A  machine  is 
minutely  described,  the  cutting  part  of  which  is  a  series  of  discs 
or  cutting  blades  on  a  shaft,  kept  at  equal  distances  by  brass 
collars  one-tenth  of  an  inch  thick.  Other  modes  of  making  such 
a  machine  are  described  more  suitable  for  unskilled  workmen. 
The  machine,  it  is  said,  admits  of  many  other  modifications,  and 
"  in  fact,  cutting  apparatus  of  totally  different  constructions  may 
"  be  employed  as  "  on  the  principle  of  an  ordinary  chaff-cutting 
"  machine,"  and  "on  the  principle  of  the  guillotine,"  both  of 
which  are  described.  The  slices  of  cane  when  cut  by  either  of 
these  machines  are  transferred  into  an  open  wire  basket,  which  is 
attached  to  a  carriage  travelling  on  a  rail  above  a  series  of  vessels 
containing  water  at  a  temperature  of  176°  F.,  in  which  there  is  a 
quantity  of  hydrate  of  lime  to  neutralize  the  acids  in  the  cane. 
By  immersing  this  basket  in  this  solution  in  a  particular  way, 
solutions  are  obtained  and  run  from  these  vessels,  are  filtered  and 
evaporated  in  flat  vessels,  and  by  passing  over  or  through  cones, 
&c.  heated  by  gas,  and  through  filters  heated  by  gas,  passing 
over  columns  similarly  heated.  After  the  last  evaporation  the 
juice  is  run  into  moulds.  The  ligneous  matter  after  removal  of 
the  saccharine  matter,  dried  in  the  sun  or  by  pressure,  may  be 
distilled  in  a  furnace  similar  to  those  for  smelting  iron,  but 
smaller;  the  gases  pass  into  a  small  purifying  apparatus  used  as  a 
stove  for  drying  the  sugar  placed  over  it,  and  the  gas  passes 
through  pipes  to  be  used  as  above  along  with  air. 
[Printed,  6s.  4d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1844,  June  6.— N°  10,221. 

HIGHAM,  WILLIAM,  and  BELLHOUSE,  DAVID.  —  «  Im- 
"  proved  construction  of  boilers  for  evaporating  saline  and  other 
"  solutions  for  the  purposes  of  crystallization."  This  consists  as 
follows  : — An  oblong  boiler  is  supported  by  brickwork,  at  one  end 
is  the  fire  place,  and  the  flue  runs  through  the  boiler,  the  steam 
generated  in  the  boiler  rises  into  a  chamber  placed  above  it,  and 
when  it  is  at  too  great  a  pressure  it  is  allowed  to  blow  off  at  two 
escape  valves  in  the  top  ;  the  evaporating  pan  is  placed  immediately 
above  the  boiler,  and  is  divided  longitudinally  by  the  steam 
chamber.  The  boiler  is  filled  with  water  by  a  pipe  into  that  part 
of  the  boiler  over  the  fire-place.  There  are  two  cocks  near  the 
top  for  ascertaining  the  height  of  the  water,  and  a  cock  below  for 
emptying  the  same  when  required.  "In  order  to  prevent  the 


SUGAR.  75 

<e  boiler  from  colapsing  when  but  a  small  quantity  of  steam  is  in 
"  the  chamber,"  there  is  a  self-acting  valve  in  connection  with 
the  escape  valve  for  "  admitting  air  into  that  chamber,  and  by  this 
tf  means  a  pressure  equal  to  that  of  the  atmosphere  is  always 
"  preserved  therein."  "  Instead  of  passing  the  flue  directly 
"  through  the  boiler  to  the  chimney,"  sometimes  returning  it 
under  the  same,  and  thus  obtaining  "  a  greater  heat  and  draught." 
"  The  boiler  may  also  be  varied." 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  26  (conjoined 
series),  p.  84.3 

A.D.  1844,  October  10.— N°  10,345. 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  OLIVER.  —  "  Certain  improvements  in 
"  steam  machinery  and  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  and  refining 
"  of  sugar/'  These  are,  first,  "  the  combination  of  a  steam  engine 
"  of  any  kind  and  a  sugar-cane  mill  upon  one  base-plate  or 
"  base -frame  of  iron  or  timber." 

Second,  "the  arrangement  of  the  same  so  that  the  lower  extre- 
"  mities  of  their  fixed  parts  shall  come  into  the  same  plane,  and 
"  be  capable  of  being  affixed  to  a  frame  or  plate  of  any  kind." 

Third,  "  the  construction  of  a  sugar-cane  mill  with  four  rolls 
"  or  pressing  cylinders  placed  in  pairs,  and  the  upper  rolls 
ff  advanced  forward  with  respect  to  the  lower  ones." 

Fourth,  "  the  evaporation  or  partial  evaporation  of  cane  juice  in 
"  a  steam  close  vessel,  under  a  pressure  of  the  steam  emanating 
"  from  the  liquor  underneath  undergoing  evaporation,  and  thus 
"  obtaining  steam  for  useful  purposes,  economizing  fuel,  and 
"  dispensing  with  water." 

Fifth,  "  close  filtering  vessels  operated  upon  by  a  pressure  of 
"  steam  urging  onwards  the  liquor  or  syrup  and  keeping  it  hot 
"  during  the  process  of  filtration."  The  steam  is  led  by  a  pipe 
from  the  above  close  vessel,  and  it  may  be  from  a  steam  boiler 
into  the  "  surface  filtrator,"  a  steam-tight  vertical  cylinder  with  a 
spherical  bottom  in  which  are  alternate  layers  of  "  textile  fabric 
"  or  filtering  cloth  and  wicker  or  pierced  metallic  plates;"  from 
this  the  'syrup  flows  into  a  similar  vessel  with  animal  or  bone 
charcoal. 

Sixth,  the  employment  of  steam  for  the  above  purpose. 

Seventh,  "the  form  of  vacuum  evaporating  vessel"  with 
"  straight  internal  tubes  and  compartments  at  each  end."  This, 
in  preference,  is  of  a  cylindrical  form  placed  horizpntally ;  at  each 


76  SUGAR. 

end  is  a  space  formed  by  plates  of  metal  in  which  are  the  above 
tubes,  and  steam  is  in  the  tubes  and  compartments  for  evapo- 
rating the  syrup  in  the  body  of  the  pan. 

Eighth,  the  construction  of  a  vacuum  pan  or  vessel  of  any 
shape  "  of  cast-iron,  or  cast  iron  coated  with  or  alloyed  with  any 
"  other  metal." 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.    Practical  Mechanics'  Journal,  vol.  4,  pp.  181, 195 ; 
Engineers'  and  Architects'  Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  168.] 

A.D.  1844,  October  17.— N°  10,351. 

BORRIE,  PETER. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the 
"  construction  and  arrangement  of  a  machine  for  cutting  the  sugar 
"  canes  into  proper  lengths  when  the  juice  is  to  be  expressed  by 
"  a  hydraulic  press."  There  are  fixed  blades  and  moveable 
blades  working  on  the  centres,  so  that  they  pass  close  to  the  edges 
of  the  fixed  blades  in  the  manner  of  shears. 

Second,  "  the  use  of  a  friction  wheel  and  self-acting  feeding 
"  apparatus"  in  "  the  construction  of  horizontal  cane  mills."  In 
this  friction  wheel  the  tightening  is  self-acting,  and  in  the  feeding 
apparatus  there  is  a  toothed  or  fluted  roller  in  connection  with  a 
disengaging  clutch  and  lever,  to  prevent  too  heavy  a  feed  going 
into  the  mill. 

Third,  "  the  use  of  hydraulic  presses  to  express  the  juice  from 
"  the  cane,  of  the  peculiar  construction  shown  in  the  drawings." 
The  receiving  box  is  made  of  two  thicknesses  of  malleable  iron 
plates  with  iron  bars  between  them ;  the  inside  plates  are  pierced 
with  holes  ;  the  top  plate  is  in  two  pieces.  Between  the  layers  of 
cane  are  double  perforated  plates  or  small  perforated  malleable 
iron  tubes  mixed  with  the  canes,  which  convey  the  juice  into  the 
spaces  between  the  double  sides  of  the  box.  There  are  other 
arrangements  in  these  presses.  Steam  is  sometimes  introduced 
into  the  receiving  box  amongst  the  canes. 

Fourth,  the  use  of  the  hydraulic  pumps.  Four  pumps  are 
placed  in  a  cistern;  there  is  a  rocking  shaft  for  working  the 
pumps  by  means  of  double-ended  levers  fixed  upon  them.  Two 
of  the  pumps  are  larger  in  diameter  than  the  others,  and  other 
arrangements. 

Fifth,  the  general  arrangement  and  combination  of  a  steam 
boiler  which  enables  the  flame  and  heated  air  to  traverse  in  various 
ways  about  the  boiler. 


SUGAR.  77 

Sixth,  apparatus  for  raising  the  juice  or  liquor  from  a  low  to  a 
higher  level.  It  is  stated  that  "  when  a  pump  is  used  for  this 
"  purpose  the  churning  motion  of  the  piston  or  bucket  of  the 
"  pump  agitates  the  juice  or  liquor  so  much  as  to  cause  it  to  fer- 
"  ment;"  and  to  obviate  this  evil  apparatus  is  used  where  the 
juice  is  raised  through  a  pipe  by  means  of  an  exhaust  and  also 
by  the  pressure  of  steam  upon  the  surface  of  the  juice. 

Seventh,  apparatus  for  raising  the  temperature  of  steam. 
The  steam  under  pressure  comes  along  a  pipe  from  the  boiler, 
enters  an  expansion  vessel,  and  from  thence  passes  into  a  series 
of  vertical  heated  pipes  by  which  the  temperature  is  raised. 

Eighth,  treating  defecating  vessels  or  clarifiers  by  surcharged 
steam.  There  are  a  series  of  vessels  having  a  double  bottom 
between  which  the  steam  enters. 

Ninth,  the  filters,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  vessel,  the  upper 
part  or  head  being  larger  than  the  lower  part,  a  filter  box  is  in  the 
middle.  Heating  the  filter  by  means  of  a  casing  of  steam  round 
the  filter ;  also  employing  a  partial  vacuum  at  the  lower  side  of 
the  filtering  medium. 

Tenth,  the  application  of  surcharged  steam  to  heat  the  different 
vessels  of  the  system.  There  are  four  pans  with  double  bottoms, 
between  which  surcharged  steam  is  introduced  to  heat  the  juice 
in  the  pans. 

Eleventh,  the  use  of  surcharged  steam  to  heat  the  syrup  in  a 
vacuum  pan.  The  vacuum  pan  may  have  a  double  bottom  for 
steam  and  also  sometimes  small  tubes  are  in  the  bottom  of  the 
pan  itself  communicating  with  the  double  bottom. 

Twelfth,  in  air  pumps  a  pump  producing  double  action,  and  an 
ah*  pump  of  a  rotatory  description. 

Thirteenth,  in  sugar  moulds  having  them  fitted  with  flanges  so 
as  the  lower  sides  fit  by  means  of  a  joint  of  canvas,  &c.  into  a  box 
in  which  a  partial  vacuum  can  be  formed. 

[Printed,  4s.  Gd.    Drawings.    Artizan,  vol.  5,  p.  218.] 

A.D.  1844,  November  9.— N°  10,389. 

DEROSNE,  CHARLES. — "Certain  improvements  in  extracting 
"  sugar  or  syrups  from  cane  juice  and  other  substances  containing 
"  sugar,  and  in  refining  sugar  and  syrups." 

This  was  a  prolongation  for  six  years  of  the  grant  of  Letters 
Patent  to  Charles  Derosne,29th  September,  A.D.  1830,  No.  6002. 

For  the  abridgment  of  the  Specification  see  page,  46. 


78  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1844,  December  5.— N°  10,418. 

RONALD,  JOHN. — "  An  apparatus  for  boiling  sugar-cane  juice 
"  and  other  liquids."  A  vessel  is  described  heated  by  a  con- 
tinuous length  of  eight  strong  pipes  along  the  bottom,  and  the 
invention  is  said  to  be,  first,  admitting  the  steam  into  the  pipes  at 
two  or  more  different  places. 

Second,  "  creating  a  much  greater  degree  of  boiling  "  in  one 
part  of  the  chest  or  vessel  by  having  in  that  part  piping  of  greater 
diameter  than  in  another.  This  also  causes  a  rolling  motion  in 
the  liquid,  and  this  rolling  motion,  it  is  said,  may  also  be  caused 
by  additional  pipes,  or  leaving  out  pipes,  in  a  part  of  the  vessel, 
or  the  rolling  may  be  caused  "  by  any  other  plan." 

Third,  "  driving  a  revolving  fan  or  agitator  by  means  of  the 
"  rolling  motion  of  boiling  liquid  in  manner  like  an  under-shot 
"  water  wheel;"  also,  "half  cylinders  of  copper  or  other  metal 
' '  or  wood  "  may  be  introduced,  "  which  the  rolling  motion  of  the 
"  liquid  may  rush  upon  and  over  them,"  or  any  other  con- 
trivance whereby  evaporation  is  aided  or  increased. 

Fourth,  "  joining  the  lengths  of  pipes  by  bends  with  external 
"  and  internal  screws." 

Fifth,  "  the  plan  of  forked  supports  for  the  piping  fixed 
tf  through  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  each  support  being  about 
"  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  shorter  than  the  one  preceding  it." 

Sixth,  "  affixing  all  the  entrance  and  exit  pipes  at  one  end  or 
f(  side  of  the  chest,"  so  that  the  expansion  or  contraction  of  the 
piping  will  not  injure  the  chest  or  joints,  and  "will  render 
t(  unnecessary  the  usual  and  troublesome  plan  of  stuffing 
«  boxes." 

Seventh,  a  "  self-acting  expansion  valve  for  keeping  the  pipes 
"  clear  of  the  water  formed  by  condesation." 

[Printed,  10<Z.    Drawing.    Engineers  and  Architects'  Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  226 : 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  43,  pp.  49,  78.] 


A.D.  1845,  January  16.— N°  10,474. 

GADESDEN,  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM. — "Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  effecting  the  evaporation 
"  of  syrups  at  a  low  temperature "  by  revolving  in  the  syrups 
which  are  heated,  cylinders  which  are  partially  immersed, 
((  although  a  cylindrical  vessel  is  best,"  a  conical  or  other  figured 


SUGAR.  79 

surface  might  be  used.  The  heated  vapours  may  be  removed  by 
having  coverings  over  the  apparatus,  "  with  a  pipe  leading  to  a 
"  chimney  or  other  outlet,  care  being  taken  to  maintain  such  a 
"  draft  as  will  cause  the  heated  vapours  to  be  quickly  removed 
"  from  such  evaporating  vessels." 

[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  6  (enlarged  series),  p.  230 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  27  (conjoined  series),  p.  183  ;  Engineers 
and  Architects'  Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  357.] 

A.D.  1845,  January  31.— N°  10,505. 

JOHNSTON,  JAMES.  —  "New  and  improved  processes  and 
"  machinery  for  making  and  refining  sugar."  This  consists  as 
follows  : — First,  "  an  apparatus  by  which  vacuum  pans  may  be 
"  emptied  without  the  vacuum  being  destroyed,"  by  attaching 
"  a  pipe  to  the  bottom  of  a  vacuum  pan."  This  pipe  is  named 
"  the  barometer  pipe,"  and  is  "of  such  length  that  the  weight  of 
"  the  saccharine  fluid  within  it  shall  counterbalance  or  rather 
"  exceed  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  when  a  stop-cock 
"  at  the  bottom  of  the  pipe  is  opened  the  saccharine  fluid  within 
"  the  pan  will  of  its  own  weight  rush  out  by  the  pipe  till  the  pan 
<f  is  emptied,  but  the  pipe  will  remain  filled  with  saccharine  fluid 
"  In  the  same  manner  as  a  common  barometer  tube  remains  full 
"  of  mercury."  The  pipe  will  be  upwards  of  twenty-five  feet 
long,  but  the  length  of  the  pipes  depends  on  the  sp.  gr.  of  the 
fluids,  "  the  heavier  the  fluids  the  shorter  the  pipe  may  be  made." 
A  pump  may  be  used  without  destroying  the  vacuum,  but  "  the 
"  barometer  pipe  when  it  can  be  conveniently  used  "  is  preferred. 

Second,  t(  the  evaporating  of  saccharine  fluids  by  distributing 
"  them  "  in  a  thin  strata  obtained  by  causing  the  fluids  to  "run 
"  by  their  own  weight  from  the  high  to  the  low  end  of  heated 
"  inclined  surfaces,  whether  curved  or  plane." 

Third,  "exposing  to  the  influence  of  a  vacuum  saccharine 
"  fluids  in  a  state  of  minute  division  or  thin  strata  (as  above),  for 
"  the  purpose  of  bringing  a  large  amount  of  the  surface  of  the 
"  fluid  in  contact  with  the  vacuum." 

Fourth,  "  instead  of  bags  for  removing  mechanically  suspended 
"  colouring  matter,"  passing  "  saccharine  fluids  through  beds  of 
"  mineral  substances  unprepared,  such  as  sand  or  earths,  or 
"  through  prepared  minerals,  such  as  potter's  refuse,  unglazed 
"  earthenware  or  pounded  bricks." 


80  SUGAR. 

By  a  Disclaimer,  enrolled  January  17,  A.D.  1848,  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth  parts  of  the  invention  are  disclaimed,  as  also  the 
words  "  new  and"  and  likewise  the  words  "processes  and"  from 
the  title. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  6  (enlarged  series), 
p.  184.] 


A.D.  1845,  February  4.— N°  10,510. 

BROWNE,  HENRY  NIBBS. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufac- 
"  ture  of  sugar." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1845,  March  13.— N°  10,557. 

PURBRICK,  ROBERT  BARR. — "  Certain  improvements  in  certain 
"  apparatus  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  which  apparatus 
"  is  commonly  called  sugar  pans  or  coppers."  These  are  in  the 
form  of  the  pans  or  coppers,  "  being  rectangular  in  their  horizon- 
"  tal  plan  (instead  of  circular  as  in  the  common  sugar  pans  or 
"  coppers  heretofore  commonly  used)  and  their  bottoms  being 
"  portions  of  cylindrical  surfaces  concave  and  convex,"  concave 
in  the  middle  part  of  the  bottom,  in  order  that  the  last  "  portion 
"  of  syrup  can  be  ladelled  out,  so  as  to  empty  the  pan  or  copper 
*•'  completely  "  "  (instead  of  being  portions  of  spherical  concave 
"  surfaces,  as  in  the  said  common  sugar  pans  or  coppers),  and  with 
"  flat  vertical  surfaces  at  those  parts  which  will  be  adjacent,  when 
"  a  number  of  such  pans  or  coppers  are  set  in  a  row  or  series 
"  suitably  for  joining  one  to  another  at  such  flat  vertical  sur- 
"  faces,"  without  "  leaving  any  interval  between  the  several  pans 
"  or  coppers."  Also,  in  "  combining  a  number  of  such  pans  or 
"  coppers  together  in  a  series,  and  setting  them  in  brickwork," 
whereby  "  such  series  of  pans  or  coppers  so  combined  will  become 
"  as  it  were  one  long  vessel  with  parallel  sides  and  an  undulating 
"  bottom,  and  having  partitions  accross  its  width  at  the  highest 
"  parts  of  the  undulations  of  the  bottom,  so  as  to  divide  its 
"  interior  capacity  into  compartments,  and  with  the  whole  of 
"  the  said  undulating  bottom  covering  over  and  forming  the 
"  upper  part  of  the  flue  or  passage  from  the  fire-places  to  the 
"  chimney." 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  7  (enlarged  series),  p.  157 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  27  (conjoined  series),  p.  172.] 


SUGAR.  81 

A.D.  1845,  March  17.— N°  10,561. 

CHAMPION, CONSTANT.— (A  communication.) — "Improvements 
"  in  burning  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  first,  the  use  of  a 
series  of  tubes,  the  drawing  shows  thirteen,  "  made  of  fire-clay  or 
"  or  other  analogous  material  capable  of  sustaining  a  high  degree 
"  of  heat,  such  pipes  or  tubes  being  of  small  diameter  placed 
"  vertically  in  a  chamber  or  oven "  and  closed  at  their  lower 
extremities  by  valves. 

Second,  "  heating  the  pipes  or  tubes  on  all  sides  equally  by 
"  surrounding  them  with  flame  from  one  fire." 

Third,  "  the  arrangement,  construction,  and  mode  of  working 
"  the  valves  for  discharging  the  charcoal ;"  the  valves  are  opened 
and  closed  by  means  of  rods  and  cranks  or  handles  attached  to 
each  rod ;  each  rod  is  connected  to  the  valves  closing  or  opening 
four  or  five  pipes. 

Fourth,  "  allowing  the  charcoal  in  a  red-hot  state  to  fall  into 
"  the  open  air,  where  it  is  cooled  without  water  by  being  kept 
"  stirred  whilst  cooling,  so  as  to  prevent  it  from  whitening." 

The  charcoal  to  be  revivified,  after  being  washed,  is  placed  on 
the  drying  floor  furthest  from  the  furnace,  and  is  gradually  moved 
towards  the  furnace.  The  drying  floor  is. made  by  a  horizontal 
flue  running  from  the  fire  heating  the  pipes,  to  the  chimney.  The 
pipes  are  supported  at  the  top  and  bottom  in  sockets  in  iron 
plates  ;  large  fire-clay  tiles  close  the  chamber  or  oven  which  con- 
tains the  tubes.  The  pipe?  are  kept  well  filled  with  charcoal  by 
keeping  it  piled  "  up  in  a  large  heap  above  the  pipes."  Bones 
are  burned  in  such  an  apparatus  with  fewer  pipes  but  of  larger 
diameter,  and  with  funnel-mouthed  pipes  adapted  at  the  upper 
ends  to  conduct  off  the  gases  to  be  condensed  or  otherwise. 

[Printed,  8d.     Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  31  (conjoined 
series),  p.  127.] 

A.D.  1845,  March  18.— N°  10,570. 

MOLINEUX,  FRANCIS. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  cut- 
"  ting  and  dividing  sugar."  These  consist  of  a  frame  carrying  a 
circular  saw  on  an  axis  which  is  supported  in  bearings,  and 
motion  is  given  to  the  axis  by  means  of  a  girt  or  band  passing 
over  a  pulley  on  the  axis  of  the  circular  saw,  and  over  a  pulley 
on  the  axis  of  a  fly  wheel  "  worked  by  hand,  or  it  may  be  driven 
"  by  a  steam  engine  or  other  suitable  power."  The  loaf  of  sugar 


82  SUGAR. 

is  placed  on  to  a  frame  which  is  guided  by  rails,  and  so  brought 
in  contact  with  the  circular  saw,  ((  so  as  to  cut  a  groove  in  the 
"  direction  of  its  length.  I  then  reverse  the  position  of  the  loaf 
"  of  sugar  so  as  to  bring  the  part  of  its  surface  directly  opposite 
"  to  that  which  was  first  cut,"  and  having  made  two  cuts,  a  wedge 
separates  the  two  parts  or  half  loaves  ready  to  be  cut  into  pieces 
by  placing  them  in  a  carriage,  upon  which  there  is  a  stop  for  the 
end  of  the  loaf  to  rest  against,  the  carriage  runs  on  rails  slightly 
inclined  towards  the  circular  saw,  so  that  the  loaf  by  its  weight  is 
borne  against  the  circular  saw,  when  a  portion  equal  in  thickness 
to  the  distance  between  the  stop  and  the  side  of  the  saw  will  be 
cut  off.  The  carriage  will  "  then  be  drawn  back,  and  the  loaf  of 
"  sugar  again  moved,  so  as  to  present  a  fresh  part  to  be  cut  off, 
"  and  so  on  till  the  part  of  the  loaf  is  cut  up."  These  pieces  are 
further  cut  into  lumps  by  means  of  plates  having  knife  edges 
carried  on  a  roller  on  the  axis  of  the  fly  wheel,  and  plates  with 
knife  edges  on  another  drum.  The  lumps  are  conducted  by  an 
open  wire  trough  into  a  receiver,  and  the  dust,  &c.,  falls  into  a 
box  below,  A  roller  with  a  series  of  serrated  surfaces  may  be 
used  instead  of  the  plates  with  knife  edges.  A  machine  is 
described  resembling  the  above,  but  having  a  series  of  circular 
saws  placed  at  a  suitable  distance  apart  in  the  shaft.  The  motion 
is  given  by  means  of  a  treadle.  A  machine  is  also  described  in 
which  the  loaf  of  sugar  is  held  in  suitable  chucks,  in  such  manner 
that  the  loaf  may  be  caused  to  revolve,  and  while  revolving  it  is 
subjected  to  a  scoring  action  from  instruments,  acting  by  their 
weights,  and  guided  by  the  framing  of  the  machine.  A  machine 
is  likewise  described  for  dividing  loaf  sugar  into  small  particles 
for  confectioners  use,  consisting  of  a  fly  wheel  driven  by  hand  or 
other  power,  having  an  axis  carrying  a  bevelled  tooth  wheel, 
which  takes  into  and  drives  a  pinion  on  a  spindle,  on  which  is 
affixed  a  conical  disc  serrated  on  its  upper  surface,  and  the  loaf  of 
sugar  in  a  frame  rests  its  own  weight  or  otherwise  upon  the 
serrated  disc,  which  cuts  particles  from  its  lower  end  as  it  revolves 
on  turning  the  fly  wheel. 
[Printed,  Is.  Qd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1845,  June  26.— N°  10,740. 

ST.  CLAIR,   BOWER. —  "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar."    These  are,  apparatus  in  which  the  heat  is  applied  in 


SUGAR.  83 

<f  a  new  manner,  namely,  upon  the  "  upper  surface  of  the  saccha- 
*'  rine  liquids  after  they  have  been  filtered  and  prepared  to  a 
"  convenient  degree  of  concentration."  The  pans  or  cauldrons 
are  placed  in  a  row,  and  the  heat  from  a  furnace  passes  up  through 
a  casing  over  the  top  of  each  of  the  cauldrons,  and  finally  into  a 
chimney ;  "  the  vapour  arising  from  the  liquids  ' '  in  the  cauldrons 
"  is  directed  out  from  the  sides  of  the  furnace  by  a  horizontal 
"  plate."  The  sides  of  the  vessel  or  vessels  next  the  furnace  are 
preserved  from  the  direct  action  of  the  heat  from  the  furnace  by 
means  of  washers  or  other  means,  &c. 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1845,  July  3.— N°  10,755. 

SYMES,  WILLIAM. — "  Certain  apparatus  for  dividing  lump 
"  sugar."  This  consists  of  a  "  frame  or  stand  to  be  fixed  by 
"  bolts  or  screws  on  to  the  top  of  the  counter,  table,  or  shelf;" 
the  lower  blade  is  fixed  to  the  frame  or  stand,  the  upper  blade 
"  is  attached  to  a  moveable  lever  over  the  lower  cutter,  the  fulcrum 
"  or  joint  on  which  this  lever  works  is  at  one  of  its  extremities, 
"  and  at  the  other  extremity  the  power  is  applied  by  which  the 
"  blade  or  cutter  attached  to  the  lever  is  moved  to  and  from  the 
"  the  blade  or  cutter  fixed  to  the  stand  or  frame."  The  blades 
may  be  made  either  wholly  or  partially  serrated  or  otherwise. 
"  The  power  may  be  applied  to  the  apparatus  at  the  end  of  the 
"  lever,  either  by  the  hand  or  any  known  machine  or  engine." 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.    London  Journal   (Newton's),  vol.  28  (conjoined 
series),  p.  96.] 

A.D.  1845,  August  14.— N°  10,817- 

SALEMBIER,  HYPOLITE  Louis  FRANCIS. — "  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1845,  August  21.— N°  10,818. 

PEARSE,   HENRY,  and   CHILD,  WILLIAM  DIMSDALE.—  (A 

communication.} — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
These  are,  first,  "  the  mode  of  heating  vacuum  pans  by  the  hot  air 
"  passing  off "  from  "  the  flues  of  the  clarifyers  or  of  the  pans 
"  or  teaches,"  being  conveyed  into  a  chamber  in  which  the 
vacuum  pan  is  set. 

F   2 


84  SUGAR. 

Second,  arranging  niters  by  "  so  combining  two  or  more  filters 
"  when  manufacturing  sugar  "  that  "the  filtered  product  of  one 
"  may  flow  into  the  next  in  succession.,  and  below  and  from  the 
"  last  or  lowest  into  one  of  the  teaches  or  pans."  The  filtering 
medium  being  composed  of  horse  hair,  wool,  or  cotton. 

Third,  "  the  mode  of  setting  teaches  or  pans,"  by  dispensing 
with  the  arches  of  masonry  and  using  metal,  by  which  they  are 
more  thrown  open  to  the  heat  in  the  flues.  The  flue  leads 
"  from  the  fire-place  under  the  pans  or  teaches  to  the  clarifyers, 
"  and  then  to  the  chamber  under  the  vacuum  pan,  and  from 
"  thence  to  the  chimney,"  there  being  dampers,  &c.,  to  control 
and  direct  the  heat. 

[Printed,  10rZ.    Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  28  (conjoined 
series) ,  p.  26.] 

A.D.  1845,  November  18.— N°  10,950. 
WRIGHT,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  refining  sugar." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1845,  November  20.— N°  10,960. 

GYE,  FREDERICK.  —  (A  communication.} — "Improvements  in 
tf  moulding  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  shaping  of  sugar  into  suit- 
"  able  forms  for  use  by  compressing  the  same  in  moulds,"  as 
follows.  The  refined  sugar  taken  from  the  moulds  when  nearly 
dry  is  crushed  by  the  workman  simply  pressing  with  a  board,  and 
slightly  moistened  by  minute  streams  of  water,  and  put  into  the 
moulds ;  "  a  quadrangular  frame  of  moulds,  suitably  arranged  for 
ft  compressing  and  moulding  sugar  into  cakes,"  and  worked  by  a 
screw  press,  is  shown ;  but  moulds  for  making  other  shapes  and 
other  arrangements  of  presses  may  be  employed.  The  sugar  is 
afterwards  dried  "in  a  stove  such  as  is  now  used  for  drying 
"  sugar." 

[Printed,  10c7.     Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  29  (conjoined 
series),  p.  160.] 

A.D.  1846,  February  25.— N°  11,111. 

BRITTEN,  JOHN. — "Certain  improvements  in  the  method  of 
"  applying  heat  for  the  purposes  of  heating,  cooking,  and  evapo- 
"  rating,  and  in  the  apparatus  connected  therewith."  These  are, 
in  reference  [to  this  subject,  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  "  con- 
"  densing  the  steam  generated  in  the  ordinary  vacuum  pan,  by 


SUGAR.  85 

"  using  it  to  concentrate  the  weaker  solution  of  sugar  before  it 
"  enters  the  vacuum  pan,  which  weaker  solution  must  be  kept  at 
(<  a  sufficiently  low  temperature  by  any  ordinary  method  of  ex- 
"  posing  a  large  and  continually  changing  surface  to  the  air." 
In  preference,  a  number  of  tubes  are  placed  perpendicularly  in  a 
vessel,  and  these  are  surrounded  and  inclosed  by  one  large  cylin- 
der, or  a  number  of  segments  of  smaller  cylinders,  "  this  interval 
"  part  of  the  apparatus"  is  called  "the  heater."  The  steam  from 
the  vacuum  pan  is  drawn  through  the  heater,  which  is  surrounded 
by  the  weaker  solution  of  sugar  above  named. 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing] 


A.D.  1846,  April  3.— N°  11,158. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar,  and  in  the  machinery  and  apparatus  employed 
"  therein."  These  are,  first,  the  employment  in  sugar-cane  crush- 
ing and  grinding  mills  of  "  rollers  (whether  three  or  any  greater 
"  or  lesser  number  be  employed ),"  which  "  shall  either  be  of 
"  different  diameters  and  velocities,  or  of  the  same  diameters  and 
"  different  velocities." 

Second,  the  employment  in  sugar-cane-crushing  and  grinding 
mills  "  of  rollers  (two,  three,  or  more)  with  rounded  teeth  working 
"  into  each  other." 

Third,  "a  machine  for  pressing  or  crushing  canes,*' which  is 
named  "  a  circular  press."  A  feed  table  delivers  the  canes  between 
two  rollers,  whence  they  pass  on  to  a  curved  bed,  up  which  they 
are  carried  by  the  action  of  one  of  these  rollers  to  the  discharge 
point.  There  are  arrangements  for  heating  the  apparatus  with 
steam. 

Fourth,  "  a  machine  for  crushing  and  grinding  canes,  in  which 
"  a  combination  of  rotary  and  reciprocating  movements  is  em- 
"  ployed."  There  is  a  horizontal  table,  perforated  with  numerous 
holes,  which  is  moved  to  and  fro  on  three  rollers  underneath,  by 
means  of  a  crank  and  rod,  or  otherwise.  There  are  three  rollers 
mounted  in  loose  bearings  a  little  way  above  the  table.  The  centre 
roller  is  about  twice  the  diameter  of  the  two  side  rollers,  which  are 
of  equal  diameters,  and  fixed  at  such  a  height  that  their  periphe- 
ries come  much  closer  to  the  face  of  the  table  than  the  periphery 
of  the  centre  roller.  An  inclined  plane  is  on  each  side  of  the 
Centre  roller,  by  which  the  canes  are  introduced  ^from  both  sides 


86  SUGAR. 

between  the  rollers.  The  apparatus  is  constructed  so  that  when 
a  feed  of  canes  is  entering  at  one  side  of  the  main  roller  the 
feed  from  the  other  side  may  be  stopped  till  the  first  has  been 
cleared,  &c. 

Fifth,  "  the  application  of  steam  to  the  extraction  of  the  sac- 
"  charine  matter  in  megass  or  begass,"  in  "  close  vessels  of  any 
"  suitable  form."  The  steam  pipes,  perforated,  are  arranged  near 
the  bottom  of  the  close  vessel,  or  radiate  from,  and  communicate 
with,  a  central  vertical  pipe,  or  in  any  other  convenient  way ;  the 
juice  flows  from  the  pan  below. 

Sixth,  "  extracting  the  juice  from  sugar  canes  without  crushing 
"  or  grinding,  and  by  the  agency  of  steam  and  water,  or  steam 
"  alone,  or  fire  alone/'  The  canes  are  cut  or  sliced  into  small 
pieces,  as  directed  in  No.  7469,  using  lime  water  in  place  of  milk 
of  lime,  macerating  and  digesting  the  canes  in  vessels  with  or 
without  jackets,  and  a  coil  of  pipes  carried  round  the  inside  of  the 
the  vessel,  and  in  a  series  of  vessels  communicating  with  each 
other. 

Seventh, "  drying  the  megass  for  fuel."  The  megass  is  placed  on 
perforated  plates,  which  cover  the  flues,  running  through  a  drying 
house ;  and  there  are  arrangements  for  admitting  air,  carrying  off 
moisture,  &c.  Instead  of  employing  a  furnace  and  flues,  steam 
pipes  are  preferred. 

Eighth,  a  sponge  filter,  as  adapted  and  applied  to  the  filtration 
of  cane  juice.  At  the  bottom  of  a  cylindrical  vessel  is  a  perforated 
false  bottom ;  above  this  is  a  perforated  diaphragm ;  a  mass  of 
sponge  is  inserted  between  the  diaphragm,  and  may  be  compressed 
by  turning  a  wrench  to  any  extent  desired.  From  time  to  time 
the  sponge  may  be  removed  and  washed. 

Ninth,  "  the  employment  of  corrugated  pans  for  the  evapora- 
"  tion  of  sugar-cane  juice."  Three  evaporating  corrugated  pans 
are  on  the  same  level,  and  the  concentrating  pan  or  teach,  also 
corrugated,  is  on  a  lower  level,  and  immediately  adjoining  the 
furnace ;  and  "  the  application  of  Derating  and  cooling  wheels  " 
of  the  following  construction  to  the  processes  of  concentration 
and  crystallisation.  The  wheel  mounted  over  the  teach  carries 
a  number  of  perforated  buckets. 

Tenth,  employing  pans  "for  evaporating  and  cleansing  the 
"  clarified  cane-juice,  and  concentrating  the  cleansed  liquor  or 
"  syrup,"  as  follows.  The  pan  is  formed  of  a  top  and  bottom 
part  firmly  bolted  together,  a  second  bottom  supports  a  series  of 


SUGAR.  87 

flat  vertical  chambers,  open  at  the  bottom,  and  terminating  below 
the  liquor  in  the  pan.  There  is  a  pipe  for  carrying  steam  into 
these  chambers,  and  also  a  pipe  for  carrying  off  any  water  con- 
densed in  these  chambers,  besides  a  pipe  for  carrying  off  any 
air,  &c. 

Eleventh,  ft  applying  animal  charcoal  to  the  decoloration  of  the 
"  syrup  obtained  from  the  sugar-cane,"  by  passing  the  syrup 
"  through  a  series  of  ordinary  sized  vessels  filled  with  the  charcoal 
"  (say  six,  eight,  or  ten),  and  communicating  with  each  other  by 
"  pipes  and  cocks,"  in  place  of  passing  it  through  one  great  bed. 
[Printed,  3s.  2d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1846,  July  6.— N°  11,280. 

WRIGHT,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  refining  sugar."  These 
are,  first,  "  the  process  of  refining  sugar  by  submitting  it  to  the 
"  action  of  high  pressure  steam  and  pressure,"  as  follows.  "A 
"  sheet  iron  cylinder  of  about  30  inches  diameter  and  25  feet  in 
"  length  "  is  fixed  and  fitted  with  a  large  funnel.  "  On  different 
"  sides  of  the  cylinder,  about  5  feet  distant  from  each  other,  are 
"  to  be  inserted  small  steam  pipes  (half  inch  bore),  connected 
"  with  the  main  pipe  from  a  steam  boiler,  having  the  ends  inside 
"  the  cylinder  turned  downwards."  "  A  large  box  for  receiving 
"  the  sugar  is  to  be  placed  on  the  floor  beneath  the  lower  end  of 
"  the  cylinder."  The  sugar,  roughly  broken  or  ground,  is  passed 
through  the  cylinder  while  "  high  pressure  steam,  at  from  40  to 
"  50  Ibs.  the  square  inch,  is  to  be  turned  on  from  the  boiler." 
The  sugar  falling  into  the  box  below,  warm  and  slightly  moist,  is 
made  "  into  cakes  of  about  18  inches  square  and  3  or  4  inches 
"  thick ;"  wrapped  in  coarse  linen  cloth,  and  submitted  to  severe 
pressure  "  for  three  or  four  hours,  it  may  be  taken  out  and  passed 
"  through  a  mill,  when  it  will  be  in  good  marketable  condition, 
"  and  of  a  fine  color." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  sulphuric  acid  in  cleansing  solutions  of 
"  sugar,  and  in  promoting  their  crystallisation."  The  drainage 
from  the  above  pressing  of  the  sugar  is  dissolved  in  boiling  water 
until  20°  on  "  Beaume's  saccharometer,  and  to  every  100  gallons 
"  is  to  be  added  from  1  Ib.  to  1 J  Ibs.  of  sulphuric  acid  of  sp.  gr. 
"  1845°,  previously  mixed  with  one  gallon  of  water.  After  allowing 
"  the  mixture  to  boil  for  five  minutes,  the  acid  is  to  be  saturated 
"  with  carbonate  of  lime  or  chalk,  and  the  solution  of  sugar  is  to 
"  be  boiled  with  animal  charcoal  in  the  usual  way,  or  filtered." 


88  SUGAR. 

Third,  "  arranging  the  filtering  apparatus."  At  the  top  there 
are  four  cisterns  with  steam  pipes  (to  keep  the  syrup  warm)  for 
receiving  the  syrup;  each  of  these  has  a  cock  near  the  bottom , 
Below  these  are  four  filters,  and  again  below  these  filters  are 
four  cisterns,  to  receive  the  filtered  syrup;  in  these  are  steam 
pipes.  The  syrup  can  be  pumped  up  from  the  cisterns  and 
passed  through  all  the  four  filters,  where  it  is  evaporated  and 
crystallised,  &c. 

[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (enlarged  series),  p.  352 ; 
London  Journal  (Neioton's),  vol.  30  (conjoined  series),  p.  251;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  2,  p.  555.] 


A.D.  1846,  July  23.— N°  11,312. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  VINCENT. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain 
"  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are  said 
to  be,  "  the  construction  of  filtering  apparatus,"  "the  application 
"  of  the  partition  and  channel  to  the  boiler,"  "  rotating  paddles 
"  or  leaves  for  skimming  "  the  liquor,  "  the  application  of  a  lift 
"  pump,"  and  "the  general  arrangement  and  construction"  of 
the  apparatus.  There  is  a  long  open  boiler  set  in  brickwork,  at 
one  end  of  which  is  a  furnace,  from  which  is  a  flue  extending  its 
whole  length  into  a  shaft  beyond  it.  This  flue  is  between  two 
tanks  provided  with  steam  jackets,  and  each  are  connected  with 
the  boiler  by  means  of  a  pipe.  Beyond  these  pans  is  an  arrange- 
ment of  an  endless  web  of  wire  cloth,  which  passes  over  two  rollers 
over  a  water  tank.  The  liquor  of  the  crushed  cane  is  run  down  a 
trough  or  channel  from  the  mill  on  to  the  endless  wire  cloth, 
arid  the  liquor  percolates  through  the  trough  into  a  tank  below, 
"  while  the  feculences  or  refuse  matters  will  be  carried  forward 
"  and  fall  into  the  water  tank."  The  endless  web  is  washed  of 
its  impurities  in  the  water  in  the  trough.  The  liquor  flows  from 
this  tank  into  the  two  pans  with  the  steam  jackets,  and  from 
thence  into  the  long  open  boiler.  In  this  boiler,  at  about  the 
middle  of  its  length,  is  a  partition  which  divides  it  into  two,  and 
attached  to  this  partition  is  a  channel  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
off  the  scum  which  is  thrown  on  to  the  surface  of  the  liquor  in 
the  first  division  of  the  boiler  by  the  action  of  the  heat  in  the  flue 
beneath."  At  one  part  of  the  boiler  nearer  the  fire  is  a  paddle- 
wheel,  which  projects  the  scum  on  to  an  inclined  plane  provided 
to  receive  it.  There  is  a  large  tank  intended  as  a  receptacle  for 
all  the  matters  swept  out  of  the  second  division  of  the  boiler,  and 


SUGAR.  89 

in  which,  after  settling  some  time,  there  is  a  small  lift  pump  to 
pump  up  the  clear  liquor  into  the  first  division  of  the  boiler. 

[Printed,  lOd.     Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  30  (conjoined 
),P-85.] 


A.D.  1846,  August  11.— N°  11,331. 

JENNINGS,  HENRY  CONSTANTINE.— "  A  new  method  or  ap- 
"  paratus  or  machine  for  the  better  or  more  economic  evaporation 
"  of  fluids  or  liquids  containing  crystalline  and  other  matters  to  be 
"  concentrated  or  crystallized."  This  consists  first,  in  obtaining 
"  great  evaporating  surface  by  the  elevation  of  a  column  of 
"  liquid  containing  sugar,"  &c.  "  to  be  evaporated  or  crystallized, 
*'  and  causing  the  same  to  pass  or  circulate  over  a  certain  number 
"  of  double  cylinders  heated  within  by  steam  or  hot  air.  The 
"  said  elevation  and  circulation  of  the  liquid  is  obtained  by  the 
"  injection  of  atmospheric  air,  heated  or  cold,  by  means  of  a 
"  pneumatic  forcing  pump  of  proportionate  power  or  capacity  to 
"  be  worked  by  manual  labour,  animal  or  steam  power,"  as 
required. 

Second,  "  the  application  of  electricity  to  facilitate  evaporation, 
"  in  the  concentration  and  crystallization  of  liquids."  In  the 
lower  pan  containing  the  liquid  to  be  circulated  as  above,  may  be 
placed  "  a  galvanic  pile  or  battery  of  three  elements  composed  of 
"  copper  and  zinc  ;  the  first  element  is  twenty  inches  diameter, 
"  each  metal  being  half  an  inch  apart,  the  second  is  sixteen 
"  inches,  et  cetera,  the  third  is  twelve  inches,  et  cetera,  and 
"  would  be  supported  upon  a  wood  frame  to  partially  insulate  it 
"  from  the  copper  or  metal  bottom  of  the  pan."  "  The  copper 
part  of  each  element  should  be  about  six  inches  high  or  deep,  or 
one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick ;  the  zinc  circles  should  be  the 
same  height.  Different  sizes  of  batteries  may  be  employed. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawings.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  30  (conjoined 
series),  p.  153.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9  (enlarged  series),  p.  336.] 

A.D.  1846,  September  10.— N°  11,370. 

RICHARDSON,  CHARLES. — (A  communication.) — "  Certain  im- 
"  provements  in  making  and  refining  of  sugar,  and  in  the 
"  machinery  and  apparatus  employed  therein."  There  are,  first, 
the  employing  in  clarifying  saccharine  extracts  or  solutions  of 
three  several  compounds.  No.  1  compound  is  formed  by  taking 


90  SUGAR. 

about  100  Ibs.  temper  lime  in  powder,  5  Ibs.  pure  clay,  as  free  as 
possible  from  iron,  or  5  Ibs.  of  Spanish  whiting,  20  Ibs.  "  Howard's 
"  finings,"  dry,  30  Ibs.  of  powdered  animal  charcoal,  5  Ibs.  sul- 
phate of  zinc,  although  this  last  may  be  omitted,  mixing  the  whole 
intimately  together,  and  keeping  it  in  a  close  vessel  till  wanted 
for  use.  No.  2  compound,  100  Ibs.  of  dry  finings,  prepared  in 
the  same  way  as  "  Howard's  "  (except  that  it  is  preferred  to  sub- 
stitute sulphate  of  alumina,  or  a  mixture  of  alum  and  sulphate 
of  alumina,  for  alum),  are  added  to  about  200  Ibs.  of  powdered 
animal  charcoal,  about  5  Ibs.  of  clay,  as  above,  or  of  Spanish 
whiting;  and  10  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of  zinc.  The  whole  is  well 
mixed  together  in  a  wet  state ;  the  water  is  removed  by  a  filter. 
Or  mix  only  the  finings  and  clay  solution  together,  filter,  dry, 
and  compress,  and  "  add  the  powdered  animal  charcoal  and 
"  sulphate  of  zinc  just  previous  to  the  compound  being  employed/' 
No.  3  compound,  take  100  gallons  of  bullock's  blood,  200  Ibs. 
of  powdered  animal  charcoal,  thicken  with  dry  sawdust  (white 
preferred),  dry,  and  then  mix  with  it  about  40  Ibs.  of  "  Howard's 
"  finings,"  and  dry. 

Second,  passing  saccharine  extracts  or  solutions  from  the 
clarifiers,  and  before  boiling,  through  filters  of  cloth  or  fine  wire 
gauze,  &c. 

Third,  the  peculiar  combination  of  filters  and  receivers,  and  the 
peculiar  mode  of  working  them.  There  are  three  filters  and  two 
receivers  below;  each  receiver  is  provided  with  a  pump,  so  that 
its  contents  may  be  pumped  up  again  into  any  one  of  the  filters, 
as  required.  When  the  liquors  run  dark  they  are  run  into  another 
receiver,  in  which  they  may  be  heated,  or  they  are  filtered  hot  by 
any  method. 

Fourth,  employing  "  for  the  evaporation  of  saccharine  solutions 
"  of  a  fire  pan  or  pans  combined  with  a  number  of  pipes." 

Fifth,  "the  steam  evaporating  apparatus,  called  the  steam 
"  ladder  evaporator."  This  is  of  an  inverted  pyramidal  form, 
and  is  composed  of  two  hollow  side  frame  pipes,  about  twelve  feet 
high,  separated  from  each  other  by  a  series  of  horizontal  pipes ; 
steam  is  passed  through  these  pipes ;  the  juice  is  allowed  to 
trickle  down  in  a  shower  upon  the  topmost  of  the  horizontal 
pipes,  and  is  caught  in  a  receiver  at  the  bottom.  The  steam  is 
under  pressure. 

Sixth,  "  applying  the  heat  by  means  of  additional  fires  equally 
"  to  the  whole  or  any  number  of  the  ordinary  coppers,  for  the 


SUGAR.  91 

"  evaporation  of  the    purified  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine 
"  extract." 

Seventh,  "  the  evaporating  the  juice  or  other  saccharine  solu- 
"  tions  in  vacuo  by  the  joint  agency  of  fire  and  steam,  or  hot  air 
"  and  fire,  or  hot  air  alone,  or  hot  air  and  steam,  and  by  the 
"  employment  of  a  vacuum  pan  of  a  cylindrical  or  conical  form, 
"  with  the  addition  of  a  manhole  in  the  bottom  of  the  pan ;  a 
"  vessel  for  drawing  a  sample  for  testing  the  density  of  the 
"  liquors/'  and  a  cock  in  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  pan  for 
drawing  off  the  liquor. 

Eighth,  evaporating  saccharine  solutions  in  a  hot  air  chamber, 
fitted  up  with  wooden  or  metallic  bars  or  racks ;  the  roof  is  a 
metallic  shallow  vessel,  the  bottom  of  which  is  perforated  with  holes. 
This  room  is  heated  to  a  high  temperature,  and  "  the  liquor, 
"  being  placed  in  the  vessel  at  the  top,  falls  like  rain  on  the  bars 
"  or  racks,"  is  evaporated,  the  vapour  escaping  by  a  hole  at  the  top. 
Ninth,  "  making  concrete  juices  or  other  saccharine  matter  " 
by  evaporating  them  "  upon  a  heated  surface." 

Tenth,  cooling  and  crystallising  of  the  syrup  by  means  of  one 
cooler  only.  Each  strike  or  boiling  is  put  into  one  and  the  same 
cooler  till  the  cooler  is  full ;  each  strike,  as  it  is  thrown  in,  is  to 
be  well  mixed,  and  when  full  the  whole  is  well  stirred,  and  left  to 
cool,  when  it  is  casked. 

Eleventh,  reducing  saccharine  extracts  and  solutions,  and  also 
molasses,  to  a  concrete  or  solid  state,  "  by  continuing  the  evapo- 
"  rating  or  boiling  process  as  much  beyond  what  is  called  the 
"  *  sugar  point '  as  may  be  necessary  "  to  ensure  no  escape  of 
liquid  ;  this  is  best  effected  by  means  of  a  vacuum  pan,  though 
any  method  not  carbonising  the  sugar  may  be  employed. 

Twelfth,  the  concentrated  juice,  purified  by  means  described 
under  the  first  head,  is  heated  to  the  temperature  at  which  refined 
sugar  is  ordinarily  put  into  moulds,  and  put  into  moulds  of  any 
convenient  form,  avoiding*  remelting  and  reboiling. 

Thirteenth,  applying  "  to  the  concentrated  material  aforesaid,  or 
"  after  it  has  been  imported,  the  well-known  pneumatic  process." 
Fourteenth,  to  convert  concentrated  juice  or  syrup,  not  treated 
by  the  compounds  under  the  first  head,  into  loaf  or  other  fine 
sugar ;  it  is  then  clarified  and,  if  needful,  whitened  with  charcoal 
or  any  other  agent,  or  it  may  be  clarified  as  refiners  treat  raw 
sugar,  or,  what  "  is  preferable,  by  the  application  of  the  said  com- 
"  pounds  "  in  certain  proportions.  To  the  sugar  obtained  the 


92  SUGAR. 

pneumatic  process  is  applied,  and  if  desired  the  sugar  so  produced 
is  converted  into  stamped  loaves. 

Fifteenth,  separating  "the  crystals  from  the  syrup  after  the 
"  concentrated  material  has  been  preserved  some  time,"  "  how- 
"  ever  it  may  be  carried  into  effect." 

Sixteenth,  "  employing  saccharine  matters  in  a  concrete  state 
"  to  manufacture  sugar.  The  concrete  molasses,  the  result  of  the 
"  first  drawings  of  raw  cane  or  other  sugar,  may  also  be  employed 
"  to  make  sugar  by  melting  such  concrete  molasses,  and,  if  need- 
"  ful,  clarifying  in  the  usual  manner ;  or  "  it  may  be  converted 
"  into  ordinary  molasses  by  reducing  it  to  the  necessary  density." 
"  The  employment  of  such  concrete  molasses  for  making  sugar 
"  or  ordinary  molasses." 

Seventeenth,  combining  or  mixing  "with  raw  sugar,  or  the 
"  liquor  produced  therefrom,  cane  juice  or  molasses,"  or  "both 
"  together."  "  Mixing  with  the  '  syrups '  produced  in  the  refining 
"  raw  sugar  either  cane  juice  or  molasses,  or  both  together."  The 
proportions  in  which  they  are  mixed  are  given,  but  these  pro- 
portions may  be  modified.  "  The  application  of  the  pneumatic 
"  process  to  sugar  produced  from  cane  juice  alone,  or  from  one 
"  or  other  of  the  aforesaid  mixtures,  after  such  mixtures  have 
"  been  whitened  with  animal  charcoal,  or  such  like  substance  as 
"  may  be  found  a  substitute  for  animal  charcoal." 

Eighteenth,  in  making  sugar  in  the  colonies  the  juice  is 
brought  to  the  sugar  point  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  when 
sufficiently  cold  it  is  put  into  large  tight  vessels  and  there  pre- 
served with  the  molasses  as  long  as  convenient.  When  required 
the  molasses  are  separated. 

Nineteenth,  "mixing  raw  sugar  or  molasses  and  sugar,  or  con- 
"  centrated  or  partly  concentrated  cane  juice,  or  the  whole  together. 
"  with  raw  cane  juice."  "  The  clarifying  cane  juice  alone,  or 
"  mixed  as  aforesaid,"  either  with  Jhe  compounds  described 
under  the  first  head,  or  with  blood. 

Twentieth,  "the  employment  of  large  vessels  in  crystallising 
f '  sugar,"  in  preference  of  wood ;  they  should  not  contain  less 
than  300  Ibs.,  but  it  is  preferred  that  they  should  contain  4  or 
5  tons,  or  more. 

Twenty-first,  "liquoring  of  sugar  with  colonial  molasses,  or 
"  molasses  mixed  with  sugar,"  the  "  same  having  been  previously 
"  clarified  and  whitened  for  the  purpose." 

[Printed,  Is.  4d.    Drawings.    Patent  Journal,  vol.  2,  p.  718.] 


SUGAR.  93 

A.D.  1846,  September  I/.— N°  11,376. 

BOWMAN,  JAMES  WILLIAM. — "Improvements  in  re-burning 
"  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  applying  revolving  retorts  for 
the  above  purpose.  Two  fixed  end  plates  form  the  bearings,  in 
which  the  cylindrical  retort  turns.  The  retort  has  a  pulley  formed 
at  each  end  to  receive  an  endless  chain,  "or  other  means  may  be 
"  resorted  to  for  giving  motion  to  the  retort."  On  the  interior 
of  the  retort  are  a  series  of  projections,  which  as  the  retort  revolves 
cause  the  animal  charcoal  to  be  deflected  towards  the  centre.  At 
each  end  of  the  retort  is  a  door  or  cover,  readily  removed,  and 
when  so,  suspended  by  a  chain  which  passes  over  pullies  and  has 
a  counterbalance  weight  attached  to  it,  there  is  an  opening  with  a 
cover  for  observing  the  progress  of  the  process,  and  a  tube  is  in 
the  back  cover,  "  through  which  any  vapours  driven  off  from  the 
"  animal  charcoal  may  pass  away  to  a  suitable  condenser  or 
"  otherwise."  On  the  axis  are  fixed  two  pulleys  which  give 
motion  to  the  endless  chains  which  move  the  retorts." 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawings.    "Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  9   (enlarged  series), 
p.  275  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  2,  p.  714.] 

A.D.  1847,  May  27.— N°  11,722. 

JOHNSTON,  JAMES. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  medicating  of 
"  saccharine  fluids."  A  self-acting  apparatus  for  regulating  the 
flow  of  saccharine  fluids  on  to  an  inclined  plane  is  described ;  it 
consists  of  a  small  fixed  cistern  at  the  top ;  below  it  is  a  moveable 
cistern  suspended  from  a  spring  balance  by  a  framing.  In  the 
bottom  of  the  fixed  cistern  there  is  a  valve  seat,  and  suspended 
from  the  framing  there  is  a  valve,  which  works  into  the  valve 
seat  which  is  in  the  bottom  of  the  fixed  cistern.  In  one  side  of 
the  suspended  moveable  cistern  there  is  a  narrow  perpendicular 
slit.  The  fixed  cistern  "  is  always  kept  full  of  the  liquid  to  be 
"  boiled.  It  should  communicate  with  one  of  the  ordinary 
"  cisterns  in  a  sugar  house."  Above  the  inclined  plane  is  fixed 
a  small  cistern  provided  with  lime  water  and  a  pipe  and  tap.  If 
sufficient  lime  is  not  added  "  the  foaming  from  fermentation 
"  would  not  have  entirely  ceased." 

Second,  "the  evaporation  of  saccharine  fluids,  or  bringing 
"  them  to  the  crystalline  point  or  proof."  "  Instead  of  warming 
"  a  large  quantity  of  any  saccharine  fluid  in  an  open  caldron  and 


94  SUGAR. 

"  then  transferring  it  to  a  vacuum  pan,"  as  is  done  in  No.  7587, 
one  of  the  two  following  apparatus  is  used,  "  either  of  which  will 
"  raise  the  saccharine  fluid  to  the  necessary  degree  of  temperature 
"  whilst  it  is  being  fed  into  a  vacuum  pan."  In  one  the  inclined 
plane  on  which  the  fluid  is  heated  and  apparatus  described  above 
is  used.  In  the  dome  of  the  vacuum  pan  is  "  a  colander,"  through 
which  the  fluid  passes,  which  allows  the  liquid  to  pass  in  a  hot 
shower  into  the  vacuum  pan,  which  is  of  the  nature  described  in 
No.  10,505.  The  second  apparatus  "is  to  be  used  for  heating  or 
"  parboiling  saccharine  solutions  that  have  been  previously 
"  clarified."  It  is  a  steam  casing,  containing  a  number  of  pipes 
through  which  the  saccharine  fluid  is  passed  into  the  vacuum 
pan. 

Third,  the  potting  or  moulding  of  sugar.  In  common  sugar 
moulds  making  them  of  cast  iron ;  for  coarse  kinds  of  sugar, 
such  as  bastards  and  pieces,  they  are  not  coated  ;  for  fine  goods, 
as  loaf  moulds,  they  are  coated  with  alloys  of  tin  or  zinc  or 
enamel ;  and  in  economizing  space  moulds  are  made  six-sided 
or  otherwise  and  of  any  suitable  material. 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10  (enlarged  series),  p.  356 ; 
Patent  Journal,  vol.  4,  p.  54.] 

A.D.  1847,  July  12.— N«  11,790. 

SIEVIER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM. —  "An  improved  material  or 
"  materials  for  purifying  or  decolorizing  bodies,  which  material  or 
"  materials  may  also  be  employed  as  manure  and  pigments,  and 
"  for  other  like  purposes."  This  consists,  first,  in  a  filtering 
material  for  filtering  various  substances,  among  others  which  are 
named,  are  oils,  manures,  or  as  pigments,  solutions  of  sugar,  and 
cane  juice,  for  *'  purifying  or  decolorizing  the  same  ;"  by  the  car- 
bonization of  sugar  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  preference, 
using  coarse  unrefined  sugar;  on  mixing  the  sugar  and  acid 
together  in  an  earthen  ware  or  leaden  vessel,  and  allowing  them 
to  stand  a  hard  or  crisp  mass  results,  which  is  thoroughly  washed 
with  water  until  the  washings  are  nearly  neutral  to  litmus  paper. 
When  the  above  material  is  spent,  it  is  washed  and  may  again  be 
used,  but  it  "  will  not  act  so  efficiently  as  it  did  in  the  first 
instance  unless  it  be  prepared  according  as  follows  : — 

Second,  preparing  porous  or  fibrous  matters  or  substances,  as 
"  pieces  of  sponge,  pumice  stone,  cloth,  tow,  or  other  similar 
"  materials,"  "wood  charcoal  and  coke,"  "  animal  charcoal  and 


SUGAR.  95 

"  carbonized  sugar/'  by  impregnating  them  with  sulphurous 
acid,  either  by  submitting  them  when  moist  to  gaseous  sulphurous 
acid,  or  by  steeping  them  in  a  solution  of  the  acid.  When  these 
substances  are  spent  they  are  renovated  by  washing  and  again 
impregnating  them  with  sulphurous  acid. 

Third,  applying  for  purifying  or  decolorizing  bodies,  and  also 
for  the  other  above  purposes,  alumina,  oxalate  of  alumina,  and 
metallic  salts,  as  nitrate,  sulphate,  and  chlorides  of  iron,  yellow 
prussiate  of  potash,  oxalic  acid,  alum,  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
acetates  of  lead,  sulphurous  acid,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  lime 
water,  or  chalk,  crystallized  nitrate  of  bismuth,  soda.  But  by  two 
disclaimers  dated  respectively  June  21,  A.D.  1849,  and  March  J, 
A.D.  1850,  the  words  of  the  title  "which  material  or  materials  may 
"  also  be  employed  as  manure  and  pigments,  and  for  other  like 
"  purposes "  are  disclaimed,  and  in  the  specification  the  words 
oils,  manures,  or  pigments,  and  all  the  matter  contained  under 
the  third  head  are  disclaimed. 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  32  (conjoined 
series),  p,  434 :  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  51,  p.  22;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  4, 
p.  221.] 

A.D.  1847,  September  9.— N°  11,863. 

STEINER,  FREDERICK. — (A  communication.) — "  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  <(  the  combina- 
"  tion  of  an  inclined  trough  within  a  vacuum  pan,  and  applied 
"  for  evaporating  and  concentrating  saccharine  fluids  in  the 
(f  manufacture  of  sugar."  The  syrup  drops  into  a  spiral-shaped 
trough  in  the  vacuum  pan ;  this  trough  forms  several  convolu- 
tions or  coils  before  it  reaches  the  lower  part  of  the  vacuum  pan. 

Second,  "the  combination  of  apparatus  for  condensing  the 
"  steam  and  obtaining  vacuum,  adapted  and  applied  to  vacuum 
"  pans  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  The  condenser 
for  forming  the  vacuum  in  the  pan  is  made  of  an  upper  and  lower 
cylinder ;  the  upper  one  is  provided  with  a  series  of  pipes  through 
which  the  vapour  passes  as  it  is  brought  from  the  vacuum  pan 
the  spaces  between  these  pipes  have  cold  water  passing  through 
them.  The  lower  part  of  the  condenser  is  a  conical  shaped  pipe 
passing  through  a  series  of  perforated  plates,  through  which  the 
vapour  passing  it  will  "  be  condensed  and  almost  form  a  perfect 
"  vacuum  in  the  pan." 

Third, "  the  combination  of  apparatus  "  called  "  a  self-adjusting 
"  vacuum  regulator,  for  maintaining "  the  "  partially  formed 


96  SUGAR. 

"  vacuum  in  the  condenser  at  the  same  degree  of  rarification." 
This  is  a  pillar  forming  an  air  chamber ;  the  upper  end  is  closed 
by  a  lid,  and  the  lower  end  by  a  plate,  which  rests  upon  a  stand 
fixed  to  the  lower  floor  of  the  building.  The  upper  end  is  in 
connection  with  the  condenser  by  a  small  pipe  adjusted  to  the  lid, 
a  tube  passes  through  an  opening  in  and  is  fastened  to  the  lid  ; 
this  tube  is  open  at  both  ends,  and  reaches  nearly  to  the  bottom 
of  the  pillar,  and  it  is  supplied  with  the  requisite  quantity  of 
mercury  upon  which  rests  a  float  connected  to  a  lever  the 
fulcrum  of  which  is  fixed  on  the  lid. 

Fourth,  "  supplying  steam  of  a  uniform  temperature  "  to  an 
inclined  trough  within  a  vacuum  pan  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 
This  is  effected  by  means  of  a  throttle  valve,  which  is  opened  and 
shut  by  the  action  of  the  steam  upon  the  quicksilver  contained  in 
a  vessel  below. 

[Printed,  Is.  4d.    Drawings.    Patent  Journal,  vol.  4,  p.  400.] 

A.D.  1847,  September  30.— No.  11,881. 

JAY,  CHARLES.  — "  Certain  improvements  in  apparatus  for 
"  evaporating  and  concentrating  saccharine  and  saline  solutions, 
"  and  which  may  also  be  applicable  to  the  evaporation  and  con- 
(e  centration  of  vegetable  and  other  extracts."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  "  a  complete  apparatus  heated  by  steam 
"  with  clarifiers  and  filters,  and  a  steam  blast  adapted  to  the 
"  evaporating  vessel,  the  whole  apparatus  being  calculated  for  the 
"  manufacture  of  fine  sugars."  The  cane  juice  from  the  mill  is  run 
into  the  first  clarifier  situated  above,  here  it  is  "  treated  with  clari- 
"  fying  ingredients  "  and  then  boiled  up  for  a  few  minutes,  after 
which  it  is  run  through  filters  into  a  cistern  below,  where  it  may 
be  mixed  with  some  finely  powdered  bone  black,  say,  "  6  Ibs.  for 
"  every  100  gallons  of  juice."  The  mixture  is  then  run  into  two 
boilers  for  the  purpose  of  partially  concentrating  the  juice  and  to 
generate  steam  for  heating  the  syrup  in  the  evaporating  vessel 
placed  on  a  lower  level.  When  the  juice  has  been  boiled  long 
enough  with  the  bone  black  it  is  run  into  an  open  pan  and  treated 
with  a  little  blood  or  albuminous  matters,  and  boiled  and  passed 
through  two  filters  below  containing  bone  black  into  a  cistern 
below.  It  is  finally  concentrated  in  the  evaporating  vessel  named 
above,  to  which  it  is  "transferred  in  proper  charges  either  by 
"  means  of  a  montjus  "  or  through  a  pipe  by  rarifying  the  atmos- 
phere in  the  vessel,  to  which  is  connected  by  pipes  a  steam  blast 


SUGAR.  97 

from  a  boiler  and  dry  air  from  a  heating  apparatus.  The  syrup 
is  finally  run  off  into  a  crystallizer  or  cooler. 

There  is  shown  "  a  vacuum  pan  and  cane  juice  boiler  for  the 
"  manufacture  of  raw  sugar,  in  which  the  current  of  dry  heated  air 
"  which  in  the  foregoing  apparatus  is  made  to  percolate  through 
"  the  saccharine  solution  is  dispensed  with." 
[Printed,  Is.  4d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1847,  October  21.— N°  11,920. 

PLAYFAIR,  PATRICK,  and  HILL,  LAURENCE,  junior.  —  "  Im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  sepa- 
"  rating  liquids  from  the  crystals  of  sugar  by  causing  such 
"  matters  to  be  put  in  motion  by  centrifugal  force,"  as  follows  : — 
There  is  an  axis  to  which  quick  motion  is  given  by  any  suitable 
power ;  on  this  is  fixed  a  vessel,  the  periphery  of  which  is  per- 
forated with  fine  holes ;  this  vessel  is  surrounded  with  another 
vessel  to  receive  the  fluid  percolating  through  the  inner  vessel, 
and  from  the  outer  vessel  the  fluid  flows  by  a  pipe  at  the  bottom 
into  a  receiver.  In  working  this  machine  sugar  combined  with 
the  fluid  is  fed  into  the  machine  by  a  funnel  and  pipe  above. 

[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (enlarged  series) , 
p.  291 ;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  32,  p.-358;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  4; 
p.  551.] 

A.D.  1847,  November  9.— N°  11,954. 

CLAYPOLE,  HENRY  KREBS. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain 
"  improvements  in  the  process,  apparatus,  and  machinery  for 
"  making  sugar."  These  are,  first,  the  application  of  two 
separate  generators  of  steam,  provided  each  with  thirty-two 
tubes  filled  with  water,  except  about  eighteen  inches  at  the  top, 
which  is  left  empty  for  the  generation  of  the  steam.  The  fire 
passes  under  the  teache  and  three  boilers  before  it  reaches  the 
steam  generators. 

Second,  "the  use  of  a  current  of  high-pressure  steam  in  a 
"  chimney  to  facilitate  and  promote  the  egress  of  the  atmospheric 
"  air  by  the  top,  and  producing  a  perfect  vacuum  in  a  sugar 
"  furnace."  On  the  top  of  the  generators  are  two  sheet  iron 
chimneys,  into  the  bottom  part  of  each  of  which  is  a  jet  of  high- 
pressure  steam. 

Third,  "  the  process  of  clarifying  sugar  by  the  application  of  an 
"  iron  tube  to  a  double-bottom  clarifier,  and  of  increasing  rapidly 

B.  G 


98  SUGAR. 

"  the  temperature  by  high-pressure  steam."  This  high-pressure 
steam  into  the  iron  tube  to  a  double-bottom  clarifier  is  "  obtained 
"  from  the  generators  by  means  of  a  connecting  pipe."' 

Fourth,  "  the  application  of  a  canal  to  the  teache  for  the  running 
"  out  of  the  sugar."  At  the  bottom  of  the  teache  is  a  canal, 
terminated  by  a  mouth,  shut  by  a  cast-iron  valve,  moved  by  a 
lever,  provided  with  a  proper  weight,  which  keeps  the  mouth  of 
the  canal  shut. 

Fifth,  "  the  use  of  galvanized  sheet-iron  coolers,  oblong  in 
shape ;  they  are  portable  by  means  of  a  handle  at  each  of  two 
ends,  and  "  do  not  contain  more  than  fifty  pounds  of  sugar 
"  each." 

[Printed,  Is.  4d,  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  12  (enlarged  series), 
p.  65 ;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  32  (conjoined  series),  p.  320  ; 
Patent  Journal,  vol.  5,  p.  25.] 


A.D.  1847,  December  8.— N°  11,991. 

SCOFFERN,  JOHN.  —  "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar."  These  are  said  to  be  fe  the  combined  use  of 
"  sulphurous  acid  with  lead  "  as  follows  : — A  "lead  material" 
may  be  made  by  adding  to  "  twelve  gallons  of  vinegar  of  five  per 
"  cent,  strength,  heated  in  a  copper  vessel  to  one  hundred  and 
"  sixty  degrees  Fahrenheit,"  gradually  with  continual  stirring, 
(f  forty  pounds  of  finely  powdered  litharge,  and  boiling  with 
stirring  until  the  mass  becomes  thick,  when  the  heat  is  "  gradually 
"  decreased,  and  the  last  portions  of  moisture  should  be  dissipated 
*'  by  a  gentle  heat."  The  sugar  to  be  treated  is  dissolved,  and 
the  liquid  at  the  temperature  of  about  180°  F.,  the  "  lead 
"  material"  is  incorporated  with  it ;  the  solution  is  then  filtered, 
and  any  excess  of  lead  is  precipitated  by  "  passing  through  it 
"  streams  of  sulphurous  acid  gas,  until  a  portion  of  the  liquor 
"  properly  tested  "  (by  means  of  hydrosulphide  of  ammonium 
and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  the  mode  of  doing  which  is 
particularly  described)  "  shall  yield  no  trace  of  lead." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  13  (enlarged  series), 
p.  37 ;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  33  (conjoined  series),  p.  196 ; 
Patent  Journal,  vol.  5,  p.  130.] 

A.D.  1848,  January  18.— N°  12,033. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain  improve- 
"  menta  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the  cane."  These  are, 


SUGAR.  99 

"  extracting  the  sugar  from  the  sugar  cane  or  other  substance 
"  containing  saccharine  matter,  by  first  drying  and  pulverizing 
"  the  cane  or  other  substance,  and  afterwards  extracting  the 
"  sugar  therefrom  by  passing  water  through  it "  in  a  series  of 
vessels.  The  cane,  cut  into  slices  or  small  pieces  by  a  cane 
cutter,  &c.,  is  placed  in  a  rectangular  metal  frame  (perforated) 
with  a  series  of  shelves  placed  one  above  another,  and  placed  on 
a  car  on  a  rail,  is  run  into  a  stove  to  dry  and  pulverized  is 
brought  above  the  tubs  when  the  tubs  are  filled  with  pulverized 
cane.  The  door  in  the  top  of  each  tub  is  to  be  closed.  Water 
from  a  reservoir  above  is  let  into  the  bottom  of  the  first  tub  by  a 
pipe,  and  it  rises  until  the  tub  is  filled,  and  by  an  arrangement  it 
escapes  and  is  carried  by  a  pipe  into  the  bottom  of  the  second 
tub,  and  so  on  through  several  of  the  tubs  until  of  the  degree  of 
saturation  20°  to  25°  of  Beaume,  when  it  is  either  run  into  one  of 
two  filters  or  into  a  reservoir.  The  liquor  is  then  evaporated,  as 
is  well  understood.  After  each  tub  is  exhausted  it  is  cut  off 
without  suspending  the  operation  of  saturating  the  water  passing 
through  the  apparatus,  the  exhausted  cane  is  removed  into  a  car 
on  a  rail  below,  and  the  tub  is  filled  as  before  "with  fresh 
"  pulverized  cane  or  other  material." 

[Printed,  10d.    Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's},  vol.  83  (conjoined 
series),  p.  88  ;  Artizan,  vol.  6,  p.  249 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  5,  p.  232.] 

A.D.  1848,  February  8.— N°  12,058. 

HEBERT,  LUKE.—"  Improved  mechanism  for  reducing,  grind- 
"  ing,  and  sifting  bark,  sugar,  coffee,  seeds,  and  other  substances." 
These  are,  first,  a  revolving  grinder,  consisting  of  "  a  metallic 
"  *  core,'  containing  only  the  coarser  grooves,  from  about  a  six- 
"  teenth  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  depth,"  and  a  "  case  "  with 
similar  grooves,  "  each  having  at  one  end  a  flat  grinding  ring 
"  projecting  from  its  periphery  at  right  angles  to  and  concentric 
"  with  its  axis." 

Second,  "  making  the  core  of  such  dimensions  that  when  new 
".  and  adjusted  in  the  case  in  a  working  position  it  shall  project 
"  beyond  the  grinding  surface,"  so  that  the  mill  may  be  repeatedly 
recut  before  the  core  shall  cease  "  to  grind  against  the  grinding 
"  surface  of  the  eduction  end  of  the  case."  Also  making  the 
"  bearing  or  support  of  the  smaller  end  of  the  core  not  at  the 
"  extremity,  but  within  the  core,"  so  as  to  "  preserve  an  ample 
"  space  for  the  feed." 

G  2 


100  SUGAR. 

Third,  "the  application  of  wrought  iron  rings  for  the  fine 
"  grooves  to  cast-iron  conical  mills." 

Fourth,  "  fixing  wrought-iron  conical  grinders  into  and  over 
"  cast-iron  forms." 

Fifth,  <e  the  combination  of  any  conical  mill,  or  of  the  grinders 
"  referred  to  in  the  first  claim  "  above-mentioned,  "  and  a  sifting 
"  machine  on  the  same  horizontal  axis." 

Sixth,  "the  mode  of  mounting  grinders  of  any  kind  in  a 
"  vertical  mill,"  "  with  or  without  a  sifting  machine  on  the  same 
"  horizontal  axis."  A  box  or  frame  has  a  bar  across  it,  in  which 
is  an  adjustable  step  supporting  the  axis,  on  which  is  fixed  a 
running  grinder  surrounded  by  a  stationary  grinder,  over  which 
is  a  hopper,  across  which  is  a  bearing  to  the  axis,  on  which  is  a 
winch ;  fly  nuts  fasten  the  hopper  to  the  box.  "  By  prolonging 
"  the  axis  several  inches  below  the  running  grinder,  and  fixing 
"  the  bar  "named  above  "  suitably  low,  a  horizontal  wire  gauze 
"  disc  may  be  fixed  above  the  bar,  and  brushes  be  attached  to 
"  the  axis  or  revolving  grinder." 

Seventh,  "  a  machine  for  sifting  and  reducing  tea  and  other 
"  substances,"  consisting  of  a  hopper,  attached  to  which  is  a 
feeding  worm,  and  below  is  a  conical  sieve  of  wire  gauze  revolving 
on  an  axis  supported  by  arms;  knives  project  inside  and  outside 
and  parallel  with  the  sieve  ;  as  the  sifter  revolves,  the  fine  tea  is 
sifted  away,  and  at  length  the  coarse  leaves  are  broken  by  the 
knives,  and  enter  the  drawer.  Coarse  wire  gauze  may  be  used  in 
place  of  the  knives,  and  a  stiff  brush  may  be  employed  to  keep 
the  sifter  free  from  adhering  leaves. 

Eighth,  "  the  combination  of  a  shaking  sieve  with  my  tea  mill 
"  patented  in  1843,"  No.  9596. 

Ninth,  another  machine  for  sifting  and  reducing  tea  in  which 
a  sieve  is  agitated  vertically  and  laterally. 

Tenth,  "  the  construction  of  sieves  with  flat  sides,  and  of 
"  elliptical  sieves  revolving  or  vibrating  on  horizontal  or  inclined 
"  axes." 

Eleventh,  "  the  application  of  '  direction  slips  or  blades '  to 
"  the  internal  surface  of  any  sieve  revolving  on  a  horizontal  or 
"  inclined  axis." 

Twelfth,  "the  construction  of  any  mortar  or  recipient  con- 
"  taining  grooves,  and  any  pestle  or  instrument  containing  edges 
"  entering  the  said  grooves,  and  operating  by  percussion  and 
"  rubbing,  for  reducing  substances." 


SUGAR.  101 

Thirteenth,  making  "  compound  'metallic  mortar?  of  nr.ykmd" 
by  fixing  with  solder  or  other  means  on^  wjtl<i,ii*  the 'other.  '  '„  /< 

Fourteenth,  making  "  a  prominence  or  peak  in  the  centre  of 
"  any  mortar,  in  which  a  pestle  is  used  for  pounding  and 
"  levigating." 

Fifteenth,  "  increasing  and  varying  the  pressure  of  edge 
"  stones,  &c."  A  vertical  shaft  attached  to  their  axis  passes 
through  the  bed  of  the  mill,  to  the  lower  part  of  which  is 
appended  a  series  of  weights. 

Sixteenth,  spice  hand  graters. 

Seventeenth,  "  pressing  of  succulent  roots  and  other  substances 
"  against  a  revolving  grater  or  cutter,  or  the  grater  or  cutter 
"  against  the  substances,  by  means  of  a  screw  or  screws." 

Eighteenth,  "  the  helical  arrangement  of  breaking  arms  work- 
"  ing  through  racks,  and  the  use  of  iron  and  steel  wire  brushes  " 
as  follows,  "  in  a  raw  sugar  mill  "  : — An  upright  case  or  frame 
having  a  hopper,  at  the  lower  end  of  which  are  a  series  of  aper- 
tures, through  which  a  series  of  breaking  arms  revolving  on  an 
axis  pass  ;  someway  below  these  arms  is  a  semi-cylindrical  coarse 
wire  gauze  sieve  on  a  frame,  and  above  this  sieve  is  an  arrange- 
ment of  bars  of  wood  carrying  steel  wires.  The  sugar  broken  up 
by  the  arms  falls  on  to  the  sieve,  whence  it  is  combed  or  brushed 
through  into  a  drawer  below. 

Nineteenth,  "  the  combination  of  breakers  and  of  a  sifting 
"  machine  on  a  vertical  axis  for  reducing  raw  sugar."  A  hopper 
feeds  the  sugar  into  a  cylindrical  case,  to  which  rings  are  fixed 
having  projecting  arms,  "  not  arranged,  however,  under  each 
"  other  in  vertical  lines,  but  so  as  all  to  occupy  intermediate 
te  equidistant  positions  in  plan."  A  frame  carries  a  wire  gauze 
sieve,  and  above  it  are  whalebone  or  wire  brushes  which  with  a 
series  of  arms  radiate. 

[  Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawings.    Patent  Journal,  vol.  5,  p.  296.] 

A.D.  1848,  July  18.— N°  12,218. 

STEINKAMP,  JOHANN  ARNOLD.  —  "  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the  cane,  and  in  refining  raw 
"  sugar."  These  are,  using  "  any  cotton  or  vegetable  fibre  cut 
"  up  or  divided  into  small  lengths  "  in  "  the  cleaning,  purifica- 
"  tion,  and  refining  of  sugar  cane  juice  and  refining  raw  sugar." 
"  In  order  to  clear  one  hundred  pounds  of  raw  sugar  two  to  two 
"  and  a  half  pounds  of  raw  cotton  is  required,"  cut  into  "  lengths 


102  SUGAR. 

"  varying  from,  about  an  eighth  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  " 
ttPvsj-iVr&efi1  by<fr  T)ourhig* hot' water  upon  it,  turning  it  about, 
"  and  thoroughly  wetting  it,  allowing  it  to  remain  in  the  water 
"  about  twelve  hours ;  it  is  then  ready  for  use."  The  apparatus 
required  is  a  vessel  rather  wider  at  the  top  than  the  bottom,  at 
which  there  is  a  tap ;  above  this  is  a  wood  frame,  over  which  a 
coarse  cloth  is  stretched.  The  prepared  cotton  is  placed  in  the 
filter ;  on  this  cotton  is  a  coarse  cloth,  and  on  this  cloth  is  placed 
a  frame  crossed  by  thin  strips  of  wood.  In  the  refining  of  raw 
sugar,  to  1,000  Ibs.  of  sugar  5  or  600  Ibs.  of  water  are  added,  one 
to  two  pounds  of  chalk  in  powder,  and  although  not  absolutely 
necessary  half  pound  of  starch,  boiling  for  8  to  10  minutes, 
stirring,  skimming  off  the  froth,  passing  through  a  sieve,  and 
passing  through  the  filter  prepared  as  above. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  13  (enlarged  series), 
p.  178;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  34  (conjoined  series),  p.  35; 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  50,  p.  91 ;  Practical  Mechanics'  Journal,  vol.  1, 
p.  278  ;  Artizan,  vol.  7,  p.  133  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  6,  p.  166.] 

A.D.  1848,  November  21. — N°  12,335. 

CLEMENT,  WILLIAM  HOOD.  —  (Partly  a  communication.}  — 
"  Certain  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  part  of 
"  which  improvements  is  applicable  to  evaporation  generally; 
"  also  improved  apparatus  for  preparing  the  cane  trash  to  be 
"  used  as  fuel."  These  are,  first,  "  partly  of  improvements  on  an 
"  apparatus"  described  in  No.  11,312.  A  mill  is  described 
consisting  of  four  rollers  travelling  at  an  equal  speed  by  the  usual 
arrangement  of  cog  wheels  on  their  shafts.  One  roller  is  above 
the  three  others,  and  the  centre  of  the  last  roller  is  higher  than 
that  of  the  first.  The  cane  passing  through  these  rollers  gets 
"  three  distinct  bites,"  and  passes  out  between  the  last  two  rollers 
nearly  in  a  vertical  position,  causing  the  juice  to  run  more  freely 
from  the  crushed  cane.  The  cane  juice  is  directly  conducted  by  a 
trough  on  to  a  filter  composed  of  an  endless  surface  of  fine  wire 
cloth  travelling  over  a  pair  of  rollers  mounted  at  the  sides  of  a 
small  receiver  and  under  a  drum  which  turns  in  bearings  in  the 
sides  of  a  tank  placed  immediately  under  the  receiver  and 
containing  water.  As  the  juice  flows  on  to  the  moving  filter  it 
percolates  into  the  receiver,  while  the  fecculent  or  refuse  matters 
are  carried  by  the  cloth  into  the  water  tank,  in  which  are  revolving 
brushes  against  which  the  cloth  rubs  and  by  which  the  fecculent 
matters  are  brushed  off.  The  filtered  juice  runs  from  the  receiver 


SUGAR.  103 

into  an  arrangement  of  heaters  heated  by  steam  and  by  a  naked 
fire ;  lime  is  added,  and  the  scum  rises  to  the  surface,  and  rolling 
over  the  edge  of  one  of  the  troughs  is  carried  by  arrangements  of 
pipes,  &c.  to  the  still  house.  To  prevent  the  liquor  rising  in  foam 
a  flat  perforated  plate  is  fixed  over  the  surface  of  the  evaporators. 
There  are  arrangements  for  agitating  the  liquor,  and  a  paddle 
wheel  skims  off  the  foam  and  pushes  it  over  the  inclined  flanch 
of  the  evaporator.  There  are  further  arrangements  for  evaporating 
and  concentrating  the  saccharine  solution  until  it  reaches  what 
"  is  known  as  the  '  striking  point/  "  when  it  is  run  "  into  crystal- 
"  lizing  and  curing  cases,"  consisting  of  boxes  with  compartments 
having  divisions  capable  of  being  removed  so  as  to  drain  off  the 
molasses  or  liquid  parts  from  the  crystallized  sugar.  "  To  facili- 
"  tate  this  separation  of  the  molasses  from  the  crystallized  par- 
"  tides  of  sugar,"  introducing  into  the  lower  compartments  a  jet 
of  steam,  and  this  is  repeated  from  time  to  time.  The  "  heat  to  the 
"  steam  boilers  for  generating  the  steam,  to  grind  the  cane,  and 
"  for  other  purposes,"  is  applied  as  follows: — The  flames  pass 
from  the  furnace  under  the  sugar  evaporators  and  are  conducted 
into  a  flue  under  an  upper  cylindrical  steam  boiler  placed  directly 
over  another  such  boiler  and  connected  to  it  by  three  large  tubes. 
The  flames  are  then  carried  downwards  all  around  this  lower  boiler 
and  also  through  an  excentric  cylindrical  flue  in  this  boiler  until 
they  reach  the  chimney  shaft. 

Second,  "  apparatus  for  the  preparaton  of  cane-trash  or  '  bagass ' 
"  to  be  used  as  fuel."  "The  bagass  from  the  mill"  is  spread 
"  on  an  open  space  round  the  works,  and  dried  by  tossing  with  a 
"  machine  consisting  "  of  an  arrangement  of  endless  chains,  bars, 
and  hooks.  This  machine  also  conveys  it  to  the  furnace  to  be 
consumed. 

Third,  "  processes  of  clarification ;"  and  first,  what  is  termed 
"  the  high  pressure  clarification  "  the  solution  is  put  into  a  vessel 
with  a  safety  valve  and  thermometer  and  heated  to  a  high  tem- 
perature; the  vegetable  albumen  is  thus  completely  coagulated 
and  may  be  separated  by  filtration  or  by  "  scumming."  "  The 
"  lime  used  to  aid  the  clarification  may  be  added  to  the  liquor 
"  either  before  or  after  it  is  submitted  to  this  process."  Second, 
precipitating  the  impurities  from  such  solutions  by  causing  the 
base  of  a  salt  or  an  oxide  of  a  chemical  compound  to  combine 
with  the  impurities  in  the  solution  through  the  instrumentality  of 
electricity,  and  applying  electricity  to  separate  from  combination 


104  SUGAR. 

any  salt  or  oxide  which  results  from  the  process  of  clarification. 
Third,  "  circulating  a  current  of  electricity  through  a  bed  of  char- 
"  coal  to  promote  the  different  combinations  which  take  place 
"  when  a  partially  clarified  saccharine  solution  is  in  contact  with 
"  the  charcoal." 

[Printed,  Is.  &d.  Drawings.   London  Journal  (Ne^vton's),  vol.  34  (conjoined 
series),  p.  305;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  £0,  p.  49D ;  Patent  Journal, 

vol.  7,  p.  79.]     ' 


A.D.  1849,  February  28.— N°  12,491. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY. — "  Certain  improved  modes  or  methods  of 
"  and  apparatus  for  heating  and  lighting,  for  drying  substances, 
"  and  for  employing  air  in  a  warm  or  cold  state  for  manufacturing 
"  purposes."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  first,  '""the 
"  method  of  heating  sugar  pans  by  means  of  a  moveable  fur- 
"  nace  mounted  on  wheels,"  which  run  upon  rails  fixed  upon  the 
ground.  The  truck,  &c.  carrying  the  furnace  can  be  drawn 
backwards  or  forwards  "  from  underneath  the  teache  when  it  is 
"  charged  with  syrup,  or  when  the  boiled  syrup  is  discharged 
"  therefrom."  "The  fire  is  placed  and  acts  under  the  pan  next 
"  to  the  teache,  and  the  heat  is  conveyed  by  the  flue  under  the 
"  other  pans  of  the  battery." 

Second,  "  an  improved  whirling  apparatus  for  drying  sub- 
"  stances,"  in  "  so  far  as  regards  the  means  therein  employed 
"  to  give  a  reciprocating  rotary  motion  to  the  hollow  cylinder, 
"  that  is  to  say,  a  rotary  motion  first  in  one  direction  and  then  in 
"  another."  The  cylinder  is  mounted  on  a  hollow  axis,  round 
which  is  wound  a  cord,  which  is  pulled,  so  that  it  may  work  the 
cylinder  in  either  direction. 

Third,  apparatus  "  for  warming  or  heating  air,  and  applying  it 
"  in  a  warm  or  hot  state,"  "more  particularly  for  the  evaporation 
"  and  concentration  of  liquid  solutions."  If  hot  air  is  used,  air 
is  passed  through  a  coil  of  pipes  heated  in  a  furnace  when  a  low 
temperature  is  required,  there  is  an  arrangement  for  admission  of 
atmospheric  air  by  means  of  an  air-diffusing  wheel,  into  pipes  in 
the  liquid.  A  blowing  cylinder,  or  a  fan-blowing  machine  may 
be  used.  Another  mode  of  applying  warm  or  hot  air  is,  the  syrup 
passes  through  a  series  of  holes  in  a  vessel  while  heated  air  passes 
through  holes  in  pipes  in  the  bottom  of  the  recipient. 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawing.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  51,  pp.  210  and  235  ; 
Patent  Journal,  vol.  7,  p.  236.] 


SUGAR.  105 

A.D.  1849,  April  17.— N°  12,578. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY.  —  "  Improvements  in  the  methods  of 
"  extracting  saccharine  juices  from  the  sugar  cane,  and  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar,  as  also  in  the  machinery  or  apparatus 
"  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  combining  *'  in  one  frame- 
"  work  of  the  machinery  or  instruments  for  expressing  the 
"  saccharine  juices  from  the  cane  with  the  machinery  or  instru- 
"  ments  for  expressing  the  saccharine  juices  from  the  cane  with 
"  the  machinery  for  working  the  said  expressing  machinery  or 
"  instruments,  the  employment  of  perforated  tubes  or  cylinders, 
"  or  other  suitable  vessels  left  open  at  the  discharge  end,  to  hold 
"  the  canes  when  in  the  act  of  being  pressed ;"  the  cutting  of  the 
canes  into  lengths  adapted  to  the  size  of  the  said  containing 
tubes,  &c.,  by  means  of  the  same  pistons  or  rams,  by  which  they 
are  immediately  afterwards  pressed ;  and  "  the  peculiar  mode  in 
"  which  the  reciprocating  movements  of  the  steam-driving 
piston  are  combined  with  those  of  the  expressing  pistons, 
"  whereby  the  latter  are  made  to  exert  throughout  each  stroke 
"  a  gradually  encreasing  pressure  with  a  gradually  diminishing 
"  velocity." 

Second,  "  the  expressing  of  the  saccharine  juices  from  canes, 
"  by  passing  them  through  perforated  tubes  or  other  containing 
"  vessels  open  at  the  discharge  end,  and  affording,  by  the  resist- 
"  ance  of  their  interior  sides  to  the  passage  of  the  canes,  the 
"  necessary  resistance  to  the  expressing  piston  or  ram,  whether 
"  the  cane  forms  part  of  the  general  combination  of  machinery," 
or  "  of  any  other  construction  of  machinery  for  the  purpose  of 
"  extracting  the  saccharine  juices  from  the  cane." 

Third,  "  attaching  to  such  perforated  tubes  or  other  containing 
"  vessels  open  at  the  discharge  end  loaded  valves,  doors,  or  flaps, 
"  for  the  purpose  of  retaining  the  canes  in  the  same  under  pressure 
"  while  in  the  course  of  being  pressed." 

Fourth,  imparting  to  the  reciprocating  pistons  when  used  as 
above  a  gradually  encreasing  pressure  combined  with  a  gradually 
diminishing  velocity,  whether  the  same  is  employed  as  part  of  the 
general  combination  of  machinery,  or  "  of  any  other  combination 
"  of  machinery  for  expressing  the  cane  juice  from  canes,  and 
"  whether  also  steam  or  any  other  first  source  of  power  is  made 
«  use  of.'' 

Fifth,  "  the  apparatus  for  heating  and  regulating  the  tempera- 
"  ture  of  cane  juice  while  in  its  progress  from  the  cane  press  to 


106  SUGAR. 

"  the  defecating  vessel."  There  is  a  pipe  which  conveys  the  juice 
in  at  the  top  of  one  end  of  an  oblong  vessel,  and  a  tube  at  the 
bottom  of  the  other  end  for  conveying  it  to  the  defecating  vessel ; 
this  pipe  is  provided  with  a  cock  which  regulates  the  flow,  so  that 
the  oblong  vessel  is  always  kept  full.  This  vessel  is  heated  by  a 
steam  jacket,  a  valve  admits  the  steam  into  this  jacket,  a  tube  of 
mercury  lies  on  the  bottom  of  the  oblong  vessel  passes  out  of  it 
and  curves  upward  to  the  steam  valve ;  on  the  top  of  this  tube  is 
a  piece  of  vulcanized  india-rubber  which  yields  by  the  expansion 
or  contraction  of  the  mercury,  and  regulates  the  influx  of  steam 
by  the  valve. 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.  Mechanics' Magazine,  vol.  5,  pp.  380,  385;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  8,  pp.  41, 133,  and  144.] 

A.D.  1849,  April  26.— No.  12,590. 

OXLAND,  ROBERT,  and  OXLAND,  JOHN. — "  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  employment  of 
"  acetate  of  alumina  for  defecating  saccharine  liquors,  and  for  the 
"  removal  of  color  in  making  and  refining  sugar."  In  preference, 
the  raw  sugar  is  dissolved  in  water  with  steam  heat,  acidity 
neutralized  by  carbonate  of  lime  in  fine  powder,  and  the  solution 
should  be  made  to  boil  at  a  temperature  of  220°  F.,  and  filtered 
through  ordinary  filter  bags  into  a  blow  up  pan,  acetate  of  alumina 
is  now  mixed  with  the  syrup,  and  the  whole  boiled  as  above  until 
the  steam  passing  off  shows  no  acid  with  blue  litmus  paper.  The 
acetic  acid  evolved  may  be  condensed  and  used  for  the  preparation 
of  acetate  of  alumina.  When  nearly  the  whole  of  the  acetic  acid 
has  been  evolved  "  a  solution  of  tannin  in  water  is  added  until  no 
"  further  precipitate  is  produced  thereby,"  carbonate  of  lime  is 
added  in  fine  powder  in  sufficient  quantity  to  neutralize  all  acidity. 
The  syrup  is  then  passed  through  bag  filters,  and  when  bright  it 
is  turned  into  the  reservoir,  from  which  the  vacuum  pan  is 
Supplied. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  15  (enlarged  series), 
p.  29 ;  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  37  (conjoined  series),  p.  106 ; 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  51,  p.  429  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  79.] 

A.D.  1849,  May  24.— N°  12,61?. 

REECE,  REES,  and  PRICE,  ASTLEY  PASTON.— «  Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar  or  saccharine 
"  matters."  These  _are,  first,  the  use  of  the  hyposulphites  of 
lime,  magnesia,  strontia,  baryta,  either  singly  or  in  conjunction 


SUGAR.  107 

with  either  solutions  of  the  acid  sulphate  or  acetate  of  alumina  or 
acetic  acid,  as  defecators  of  sugar  and  of  saccharine  matters. 

Second,  the  use  of  the  hyposulphite  of  alumina  for  the  above 
purpose. 

Third,  "the  use  of  the  hyposulphuret  of  the  sulphides  "  of  mag- 
nesium, calcium,  barium,  and  strontium,  and  of  the  bisulphurets, 
and  the  sulphurets  of  magnesium,  barium,  and  strontium,  "  as 
"  precipitants  of  lead  or  any  salts  of  the  same,  from  solutions  of 
"  sugar,  and  from  saccharine  solutions." 

Fourth,  subjecting  saccharine  liquors  containing  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  "  to  the  combined  action  of  heat  from  steam  or  other- 
ff  wise  and  a  vacuum,  and  to  boiling  in  vacuo."  Also  "  the  use 
"  of  sulphurous  acid  and  of  the  acid  sulphites  and  of  the  hypo- 
"  sulphite  of  alumina,  and  of  hyposulphites,  which  by  being 
"  decomposed  by  an  acid  or  otherwise,  produce  or  liberate  sul- 
"  phurous  acid,"  to  remove  the  excess  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
or  sulphurets  which  may  have  been  applied  as  precipitants  of  lead 
or  its  salts,  "  from  saccharine  solutions  or  otherwise." 

Fourth,  the  use  of  saccharates  of  lime,  baryta,  and  strontia,  as 
sources  of  carbonates  of  those  bases,  by  passing  carbonic  acid  gas 
into  the  solutions  of  these  saccharates. 

Fifth,  the  use  of  the  saccharates  of  lime,  baryta,  and  strontia 
as  precipitants  of  sulphate  and  acetate  of  alumina,  when  used  as 
defecators  of  sugar  or  saccharine  matters. 

Sixth,  the  use  of  the  saccharates  of  lime,  baryta,  and  of  strontia 
as  sources  of  the  hydrated  sulphides  of  these  basis,  by  saturating 
solutions  of  these  saccharates  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas, 
and  the  use  of  these  sulphides  as  precipitants  of  lead,  or  its  salts 
from  solutions  of  sugar  and  from  saccharine  solutions. 

Seventh,  the  use  of  bicarbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia  as 
defecators  of  sugar  and  saccharine  matters. 

Eighth,  "  the  use  of  the  soluble  acid  sulphites  as  defecators  of 
"  sugar  -and  saccharine  matters  when  used  in  refining  of  the 
"  same."  Also  "  the  use  of  the  soluble  acid  sulphites  when 
"  applied  to  the  treatment  of  the  sugar  cane  and  beet  root,  either 
"  as  in  the  before-mentioned  processes  for  extracting  saccharine 
"  matter  from  the  sugar  cane  and  beet  root,  or  when  otherwise 
"  employed  in  the  treatment  of  the  same."  Also  "the  use  of  the 
"  soluble  hyposulphites  either  alone  or  in  conjunction  with  the 
"  before-mentioned  adjuncts,  when  applied  to  the  treatment  of  the 
"  sugar  cane  and  beet  root,  either  as  in  the  before-mentioned  pro- 


108  SUGAR. 

"  cesses  for  extracting  saccharine  matter  from  the  sugar  cane  and 
"  beet  root,  or  when  otherwise  employed  in  the  treatment  of  the 
"  same." 

[Printed,  6d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  15  (enlarged  series), 
p.  38  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  51,  p.  524 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  9, 
p.  68.] 

A.D.  1849,  August  1.— N°  12,718. 

DE  CAVA1LLON,  FLORENTIN  JOSEPH. — "Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  obtaining  carbonated  hydrogen  gas,  and  in  applying 
"  the  products  resulting  therefrom  to  various  useful  purposes.'* 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — ' '  The  follow- 
"  ing  materials  may  be  used,  either  as  a  substitute  for,  or  in 
"  combination  with  pit  coal  (namely),  bones,  kitchen  stuff,  graves, 
"  the  residuum  of  suet,  tallow,  or  other  animal  waste,  the  resi- 
"  duum  of  seeds  or  other  oleaginous  matters,  spent  bark,  saw- 
"  dust,  and  also  sawdust  or  pulverized  or  reduced  wood  that  has 
"  been  used  for  the  purification  of  oils,  also  peat  or  turf,  either 
"  pulverized  or  in  fine  powder."  For  gas  making,  "  any  of  these 
"  materials  may  be  taken  separately,  or  all  of  them  may  be 
"  mixed  together  in  greater  or  less  proportions  (that  is  to  say) 
"  without  being  mixed  in  any  definite  proportions  (except  that 
"  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  compound  should  consist  of  coal,  and  the 
"  remainder  of  the  other  substances  either  by  equal  or  unequal 
"  proportions,  or  of  some  of  them  only  if  the  others  cannot  be 
"  conveniently  procured).  These  materials  are  consolidated  or 
"  caused  to  adhere  together,  either  by  means  of  some  gummy  or 
"  resinous  matter,  or  by  some  empyreumatic  oil,  or  the  molasses 
"  of  sugar,"  and  when  thoroughly  mixed  they  are  operated  upon 
as  coal  in  ordinary  gas  works.  The  products  are  gas,  animal 
charcoal,  animal  and  vegetable  charcoal  in  powder,  &c.  The 
remainder  of  the  Specification  treats  principally  of  the  purification 
of  gas. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  36  (con- 
joined series),  p.  257;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  115;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  262.] 

A.D.  1849,  August  1.— N°  12,730. 

MURDOCH,  JAMES. — (A  communication.) — "Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  converting  sea  water  into  fresh,  and  in  ventilating 
"  ships  and  other  vessels,  applicable  also  to  the  evaporation  of 
ft  liquids,  and  to  the  concentration  and  crystallization  of  syrups 
"  and  saline  solutions."  There  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in 


SUGAR.  109 

apparatus  "as  applied  to  the  concentration  and  crystallization 
"  of  syrups,"  consisting  of  an  "  evaporating  vessel  composed  of  a 
"  series  of  compartments  forming  a  continuous  zig-zag  channel, 
"  and  inserted  in  a  casing ;"  steam  is  admitted  at  one  part  into 
the  casing,  and  the  water  of  condensation  is  carried  off  by  an 
inverted  syphon  connected  with  another  part ;  on  the  evaporating 
pan  is  a  close  fitting  cover,  to  the  under  side  of  which  is  attached 
a  perforated  pipe,  communicating  with  a  cock,  and  over  an  aperture 
in  the  cover  is  fixed  an  exhausting  fan.  The  liquid  to  be  evapo- 
rated is  introduced  at  an  aperture  at  one  corner  of  the  vessel. 
"  If  the  crystallization  is  to  be  effected  in  the  vessel  the  lid  is 
"  lifted  when  the  crystallization  is  sufficiently  advanced,  and  the 
"  crystals  are  withdrawn."  The  vessel  can  be  wholly  emptied  by 
a  cock  at  the  bottom.  In  place  of  the  evaporating  vessel  being 
formed  in  deep  compartments,  "  it  may  be  formed  simply  as  a 
"  flat-bottomed  shallow  vessel  of  any  suitable  figure.  The  steam 
"  also  may  be  generated  in  the  casing,  in  lieu  of  employing  a 
"  separate  boiler  for  the  purpose,  or  the  evaporator  may  be  heated 
"  by  a  naked  fire." 

[Printed,  10cZ.    Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  115;   Patent 
Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  259.] 

A.D.  1849,  August  16.— N°  12,742. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.}  — 
"  Improvements  in  machinery,  apparatus,  and  processes  for  ex- 
"  tracting,  depurating,  forming,  drying,  and  evaporating  sub- 
"  stances."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows : 
first,  in  centrifugal  machines  introducing  steam  into  the  space 
between  the  outer  and  inner  drums,  and  also  the  space  between 
the  inner  drum  and  the  strainer,  and  "  causing  the  steam  to  act 
"  from  the  outside  towards  the  inside,  and  retaining  the  steam  in 
"  the  apparatus  during  the  process  of  extraction." 

Second,  ft  transferring  the  power  which  has  been  accumulated 
"  in  the  working  of  one  machine  to  work  or  assist  in  working  ths 
"  other  machine."  The  two  machines  are  on  one  bed  plate,  and 
connected  together  by  bevilled  gearing  to  the  main  shaft,  which 
is  put  in  motion  by  an  oscillating  steam  cylinder  between  the  two 
machines,  and  by  an  arrangement  of  an  endless  cord  over  four 
rollers  and  around  a  pulley.  Motion  is  given  to  the  endless  cord 
by  a  handle  "  which  raises  the  guide  fork  of  one  machine  while  it 
"  lowers  that  of  the  other." 


110  SUGAR. 

Third,  "  discharging  or  unloading  centrifugal  machines."  A 
bag  fits  the  inner  periphery  and  bottom  of  the  cylinder  and  also 
the  dome,  and  when  the  machine  is  at  a  low  speed  a  nut  causes  it 
to  rise  up  the  shaft  and  the  materials  are  thrown  out  by  the 
centrifugal  action  into  a  suitable  receptacle  placed  outside. 

Fourth,  strengthening  and  supporting  centrifugal  machines  by 
means  of  "  a  combination  of  vertical  and  diagonal  supports " 
(straps  of  metal).  Also  fixing  the  wire  gauze  or  other  strainer  so 
that  it  may  be  readily  taken  out  or  fixed. 

Fifth,  "  forming  or  moulding  and  depurating  substances,"  as 
follows  :— A  cylindrical  receiver,  open  at  top,  receives  the  sugar  ; 
a  series  of  sugar  moulds,  with  their  broad  ends  outermost,  their 
small  ends  opening  into  the  receiver,  are  disposed  round  the 
receiver.  The  broad  ends  have  each  two  lids,  the  inner  being  a 
frame  covered  with  wire  gauze,  the  outer  being  impervious; 
crystallized  sugar  is  conducted  into  the  machine  by  a  pipe,  on 
motion  the  sugar  fills  the  moulds,  the  machine  is  then  kept  at 
a  slow  motion  until  the  mass  is  set,  when  the  impervious  lid  of 
the  mould  is  slackened,  and  the  liquid  is  driven  out  and  liquor  is 
supplied  for  purifying  the  sugar  in  the  moulds. 

Sixth,  "  apparatus  constructed  on  the  same  principle  as  the 
"  preceding  for  giving  shape  and  form  to  plastic  substances." 

Seventh,  depurating  substances  in  a  liquid  state  by  the  com- 
bined action  of  steam,  or  of  gas  and  centrifugal  agency.  The 
liquid  is  revolved  in  a  perforated  cylinder,  and  falls  in  showers 
into  the  steam  or  into  the  gas  in  an  outer  cylinder ;  the  gases 
named  are  carbonic  acid  or  sulphurous  acid. 

Eighth,  the  employment  of  filter  bags,  as  follows  : — Each  filter 
is  a  bag  of  some  woven  stuff,  enclosing  a  bed  or  layer  of  charcoal, 
or  some  filtering  medium,  covering  entirely  "  the  internal  periphery 
"  of  the  cylinder." 

Ninth,  for  drying  and  evaporating  purposes  using  an  arrange- 
ment of  steam  tight  coiled  pipes,  through  which  steam  and  air  or 
hot  air  are  made  to  circulate,  as  also  the  centrifugal  arrangements 
described  under  the  first  head. 

[Printed,  Is.  4cZ.    Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  141 ;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  8,  p.  281.] 

A.D.  1849,  August  23.— N°  12,749. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  VINCENT. — (A  communication.) — " Improve- 
<(  ments  in  manufacturing  and  refining  sugar."     These  are,  first, 


SUGAR.  Ill 

"  the  use  of  bisulphites  or  acid  sulphites  (particularly  the  acid 
"  sulphite  of  lime)  as  preservative  agents  against  fermentation,  and 
"  as  depurators  of  vegetable  juices  containing  cry  stall  iz  able  sugar." 
The  solution  of  bisulphite  of  lime  as  a  weak  solution  may  be 
applied  over  the  cylinders  of  the  crushing  mill,  the  rasping 
machine,  or  to  the  portions  of  cane  as  they  fall  from  the  slicing 
machine,  or  otherwise. 

Second,  besides  the  above  substances  the  use  of  the  following 
antiseptic  substances  as  preventatives  to  fermentation  in  saccharine 
fluids,  namely,  all  the  acid  sulphites  and  neutral  salts,  "  provided 
"  they  be  soluble  in  sulphurous  acid,  and  provided  also  that  the 
"  acid  set  at  liberty  can  exercise  no  destructive  action  upon  the 
"  sugar  in  solution,"  thus  the  phosphate  of  lime  of  bones  dis- 
solved in  sulphurous  acid  may  be  used,  and  "  mustard,  creosote, 
horseradish,  nitrous  acid  gas  either  alone  or  in  combination  with 
the  salts  of  iron  or  other  salts,  tannin,  lamp  black  saturated  with 
creosote,  the  products  of  the  distillation  of  certain  bituminous 
matters,  tars,  or^wood  essence  of  turpentine,  aldehyde,  and  analo- 
gous bodies,  chlorine  either  in  the  gaseous  state  or  in  solution  or 
in  combination  with  oxygen,  may  all  be  employed  as  antiseptics. 

Third,  "  the  employment  of  baryta,  strontia,  and  of  the  sul- 
"  phurets  of  barium  and  strontium,  of  lime  and  other  metallic 
"  oxides,  for  the  precipitation  and  separation  of  the  crystallizable 
"  sugar  in  the  state  of  insoluble  saccharates." 

Fourth,  "  the  method  of  producing  the  above-mentioned  sac- 
(<  charates,  and  of  separating  the  sugar  in  a  state  of  purity."  In 
using  baryta  the  saccharine  fluid  "  depurated  "  is  well  mixed  with 
hydrate  of  baryta  "  in  the  proportion  of  50  to  60  parts  of  caustic 
"  baryta  to  every  100  parts  of  crystallizable  sugar,"  and  brought 
up  to  boiling  and  kept  so  for  a  few  minutes,  the  precipitate 
saccharate  of  baryta  is  allowed  to  subside,  is  collected,  dried  by 
pressure  or  by  centrifugal  apparatus,  and  decomposed  by  the 
addition  of  small  quantities  of  sulphuric  acid,  by  carbonic  acid,  or 
by  sulphurous  acid.  When  lime  is  employed  as  above  the  sac- 
charate of  lime  being  insoluble  at  the  boiling  point,  is  then 
filtered  by  a  filter  known  as  Taylor's  filter,  or  the  liquid  is 
removed  by  a  heated  press.  The  precipitate  is  treated  with  car- 
bonic acid  or  sulphurous  acid,  and  in  both  cases  the  saccharine 
matter  is  thus  separated  from  the  lime  salt,  "  and  is  ready  at  once 
"  to  furnish,  by  the  usual  treatment,  refined  sugar  fit  for  com- 
"  mercial  purposes."  What  was  said  of  baryta  is  applicable 


112  SUGAR. 

to  strontia  although  the  use  of  strontia  is  inferior,  more  being 
required,  and  the  saccharate  being  soluble  in  pure  water.  When 
oxide  of  lead  is  employed  "  it  requires  to  be  kept  for  a  considerable 
"  time  in  contact  with  the  juice,  in  order  to  produce  the  precipi- 
"  tation  of  the  sugar."  "  What  has  been  already  said  of  the 
"  decomposition  of  saccharate  of  baryta  by  carbonic  acid  applies 
"  equally  to  the  oxide  of  lead."  Any  "  of  the  known  processes 
"  may  be  employed  in  the  production  or  regeneration  of  the 
"  hydrate  of  baryta  as  the  basis  of  the  operations." 

Fifth,  "  the  employment  of  the  bisulphites  and  acid  sulphites 
"  (particularly  the  acid  sulphite  of  lime)  as  defecators  of  fluids 
"  containing  crystallizable  saccharine  matter."  The  liquid  after 
the  removal  of  mechanical  impurities  is  treated  with  a  solution  of 
the  salt,  allowed  to  rest,  and  filtered  and  evaporated. 

[Printed,  Gd.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's), vol.SQ  (conjoined 
series),  p.  229;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  178  ;  Patent  Journal 
vol.  8,  p.  285.] 


A.D.  1849,  October  12.— N°  12,808. 

FINZEL,  CONRAD  WILLIAM. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the 
(t  processes  and  machinery  employed  in  and  applicable  to  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first, "  the  mode  of  applying 
"  steam  or  liquids  to  machines  used  for  separating  syrups  or  fluids 
"  from  sugar  by  means  of  centrifugal  force,  for  the  purpose  of 
"  clearing  and  keeping  clear  the  meshes  or  apertures  in  the  peri- 
"  phery  or  revolving  cylinders  of  such  machines."  In  the  outer 
case  of  an  ordinary  centrifugal  machine  is  a  narrow  recess  about 
the  same  height  as  the  revolving  cylinder,  a  perforated  box  is 
placed  in  this  recess,  the  box  is  connected  with  a  supply  of  steam, 
so  that  when  it  is  let  on,  it  projects  jets  of  steam  when  required 
against  the  periphery  of  the  cylinder  as  it  revolves,  and  so 
cleans  it. 

Second,  "  preparing  such  sugars  as  require  mixing  with  liquid 
"  before  being  operated  upon  in  the  centrifugal  acting  machines  " 
described  above.  A  vessel  has  a  step  in  the  centre  of  its  bottom 
in  which  a  shaft  revolves  ;  there  is  a  wire  sieve  fixed  on  the  upper 
part  of  this  shaft,  and  below  this  sieve  are  perforated  steam  pipes. 
On  the  revolving  shaft  below  the  sieve  is  a  small  centrifugal 
drum.  The  revolving  shaft  is  hollow  and  has  perforations  opening 
into  this  small  centrifugal  drum,  "  in  order  that  the  liquid  may 
"  pass  from  the  former  into  the  latter."  The  sugar  broken  is 


SUGAR.  113 

put  into  the  sieve,  the  centrifugal  action  of  the  machine  throws 
the  sugar  through  the  sieve  into  the  steam  issuing  through  the 
perforated  pipes,  and  the  sugar  is  thus  prepared  to  receive  the 
syrup  which  is  thrown  from  the  centrifugal  drum,  and  completes 
the  mixing. 

Third,  apparatus  acting  as  follows  : — The  vapour  arising  from 
a  vacuum  pan  passes  through  the  condenser  (a  series  of  tubes) 
flows  into  a  receiver  in  a  state  of  weak  solution  of  sugar,  in 
which  are  steam  pipes,  and  to  which  an  exhaust  is  applied  until 
concentrated. 

[Printed,  Is.  6d.  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  37  (conjoined 
series],  p.  322  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  pp.  319, 321 ;  Patent  Journal 
vol.  9,  p.  34.] 


A.D.  1849,  November  14.— N°  12,844. 

COWPER,  CHARLES. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are  as  follows  : — • 
"  The  juice  having  been  obtained  in  the  usual  way  "  the  tem- 
perature is  raised  from  12(P  to  167°  F.  Slacked  and  sifted  lime 
from  15  to  50  Ibs.  for  each  100  gallons  of  juice  are  well  stirred 
in  and  the  mixture  is  heated  to  185°  or  194°  F.  The  clear  liquor 
is  now  drawn  off  and  the  residues  pressed  to  obtain  the  liquor 
from  them.  Any  excess  of  lime  is  thrown  down  as  carbonate 
from  the  saccharine  solution  by  carbonic  acid,  produced  by  the 
combustion  of  charcoal  or  other  species  of  carbon,  and  washed  by 
passing  it  through  water,  excess  of  carbonic  acid  is  expelled  by 
boiling  a  few  minutes,  and  filtered  and  concentrated  gives  a 
syrup  sufficiently  pure  to  be  convertable  into  loaves,  called  loaves 
No.  1.  If  a  still  finer  description  of  sugar  is  required  the  syrup 
after  concentration  to  about  1 .23  is  filtered  a  second  time.  The 
drainings  or  green  syrups  which  run  out  of  the  loaves  of  sugar 
made  by  the  above  improved  process  are  sufficiently  pure  to  be 
concentrated  again  and  converted  into  loaves  No.  2,  but  the  fol- 
lowing is  the  mode  of  operating  : — The  syrups  diluted  to  1 .07  to 
1.16  are  heated  to  150°  F.,  from  20  to  30  Ibs.  of  slaked  lime  for 
100  gallons  of  syrup  added  with  stirring,  and  then  from  two  to 
four  pounds  of  clay  or  siliceous  loam  made  with  water  into  a  kind 
of  cream,  are  mixed  in  and  agitated  and  the  temperature  raised 
from  140°  to  176°  F.,  "  after  which  the  lime  is  saturated  by  a 
"  current  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  already  described  for  the  first 
"  juice.  The  liquor  is  now  filtered  through  animal  charcoal," 
B,  H 


114  SUGAR. 

and  evaporated,  &c.     An  apparatus  for  making  carbonic  acid  gas 
and  forcing  it  into  the  saccharine  solutions  is  described. 

[Printed,   8d.      Drawing.      Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  397;   Patent 
Journal,  vol.  9,  p.  82.] 

A.D.  1849,  November  20.— N°  12,856. 

COWPER,  CHARLES. — (A  communication.') — "  Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are  said  to  be, 
first,  "  the  recovery  of  baryta  from  carbonate  of  baryta  formed  in 
"  the  manufacture  of  sugar  by  decomposing  the  same  with  sul- 
"  phuric  acid,"  as  follows  : — "  Carbonate  of  baryta  is  decomposed 
"  in  close  vessels  by  means  of  sulphuric  acid  and  the  carbonic 
"  acid,  which  is  liberated  is  employed  in  the  decomposition  of  the 
"  saccharate  of  baryta  formed  by  boiling  cane  juice,  beet  root 
(t  juice  or  other  saccharine  liquid  "  when  mixed  with  a  solution  of 
caustic  baryta.  "The  sulphate  of  baryta  which  is  formed  is 
"  collected  and  converted  into  sulphuret  of  barium  by  charcoal," 
&c.  The  carbonic  acid  thus  evolved  may  be  collected  or  used  as 
above.  A  solution  of  the  sulphuret  of  barium  is  made,  and  is 
boiled  with  oxide  of  copper,  which  produces  "  sulphuret  of  copper 
"  and  a  solution  of  hydrate  of  baryta."  By  roasting,  the  sulphuret 
of  copper  is  converted  into  oxide  and  may  be  used  over  again. 

Second,  "  the  recovery  of  baryta  from  carbonate  of  baryta  formed 
<(  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,"  as  follows : — The  carbonate  of 
baryta  obtained  by  decomposing  the  saccharate  of  baryta  as  above, 
by  means  of  carbonic  acid,  is  decomposed  by  double  decompo- 
sition "  by  all  or  nearly  all  the  sulphates,  in  the  wet  way  with 
"  some  and  in  the  dry  way  with  others,  and  with  many  of  them 
"  in  either  way."  "  In  some  places  there  is  an  advantage  in 
"  employing  the  sulphates  of  soda  or  of  potash,  for  these  sul- 
"  phates  may  thus  be  converted  into  carbonate  or  into  caustic 
"  soda  or  potash."  The  process  is  the  same  with  both  these 
salts,  only  "when  sulphate  of  potash  is  employed  218  parts  should 
"  be  used  in  place  of  every  178  parts  of  sulphate  of  soda  "  to  123 
parts  of  carbonate  of  baryta.  These  are,  together  with  water  in 
preference  boiled  together,  and  an  oxide  added  (lime)  to  take  the 
carbonic  acid  as  it  is  separated  from  the  carbonate  of  baryta,  the 
result  is  sulphate  of  baryta,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  caustic  alkali 
in  solution.  The  sulphate  of  baryta  and  lime  are  decomposed 
as  above. 

[Printed,  id.    No  Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52,  p.  419 ;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  9,  p.  118.1 


SUGAR.  115 

A.D.  1849,  December  12.— N°  12,888. 

BIRKMYRE,  WILLIAM. — "Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  and  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  decolorizing  of 
"  cane  juice  and  syrups  of  raw  sugar  by  adding  to  them  a  mixture 
"  of  pounded  chalk  or  limestone,  and  the  substance  (sulphate  of 
"  alumina  and  silex)  derived  from  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid 
"  and  heat  upon  china  or  pipe-clays/'  To  every  100  gallons  of 
cane  juice  of  density  1,200  or  40°  of  Twaddell's  hydrometer  are 
added  a  mixture  of  14  Ibs.  of  ground  sulphate  of  alumina  and 
silex  and  1 1  Ibs.  of  ground  chalk,  and  the  mixture  boiled,  filtered, 
run  into  cones,  &c. 

Second,  "the  decolorizing  of  cane  juice  and  syrups  of  raw 
"  sugar  by  precipitating  alumina  "  in  the  same,  "  from  sulphate 
"  of  alumina  by  lime  or  ground  chalk,  or  limestone,  or  by  a 
"  mixture  of  lime  with  chalk  or  limestone."  "  When  the  pure 
"  sulphate  of  alumina  is  used  11  Ibs.  of  finely  ground  chalk 
"  should  be  thrown  alternately  into  the  100  imperial  gallons  of 
"  concentrated  cane  juice  with  9  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of  alumina  either 
"  in  powder  or  solution."  The  manner  in  which  the  sulphate  of 
alumina  is  recommended  to  be  used  for  raw  sugar  is  given. 

Third,  the  use  of  the  substance  precipitated  as  above  collected 
in  the  filters  and  washed  "  as  a  fertilizer,  or  converted  by  heat  into 
"  a  species  of  charcoal  fit  for  decolorizing  cane  juice  or  syrups." 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  16  (enlarged  series'), 
p.  38  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  52  p.  496;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  9, 
p.  154.] 

A.D.  1850,  January  17.— N°  12,930. 

COWING,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  obtaining  motive  power, 
"  and  in  steam  and  other  ploughs,  in  land  carriages,  in  fire-engines, 
"  in  raising  water  for  draining  and  other  agricultural  purposes, 
"  and  in  apparatus  for  evaporating  saccharine  and  other  liquors." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1850,  February  21.— N°  12,977. 

SCOFFERN,  JOHN. — "Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar,  and  in  the  treatment  and  use  of  matters 
"  obtained  in  such  manufacture,  and  in  the  construction  of  valves 
"  used  in  such  and  other  manufactures."  These  are,  first,  for 
the  above  purpose  in  using  the  acetates  of  lead,  the  juice  is 

H  2 


116  SUGAR. 

gradually  raised  to  about  210°  F.  skimming  all  the  time  until  the 
juice  has  acquired  one  degree  (Beaume)  of  density  or  thereabouts 
over  the  original  density  of  the  cane  juice,  the  heat  is  then 
removed  and  when  the  juice  is  just  below  boiling  the  subacetate 
of  lead  made  into  a  thin  paste  with  water  is  incorporated  well 
by  stirring,  usually  one-sixth  per  cent,  of  lead  salt  will  suffice. 

Second,  "  the  manufacture  of  a  pigment  by  employing  sulphate 
(t  of  lead,"  which  is  thrown  down  by  sulphurous  acid  from  sac- 
charine solutions  where  acetate  of  lead  have  been  used  as  above. 

Third,  in  "the  construction  of  a  valve,"  "suitable  for  the 
"  pumps  used  when  forcing  sulphurous  acid  gas  into  syrups,  and 
"  such  valves  are  also  applicable  to  pumps  when  the  fluid  is  to 
"  be  forced  in  one  direction  and  prevented  returning."  This 
consists  of  a  tube  closed  at  its  lower  end,  it  is  perforated  for  some 
distance  with  several  holes,  a  band  or  tube  of  vulcanized  india- 
rubber  fits  tightly  around  the  tube  and  covers  these  holes ;  in  this 
way,  "a  valve  is  made  which  will  allow  gases  and  other  fluids 
"  being  forced  through  from  the  interior  outwards,  but  the  elastic 
"  band  will  immediately  close  and  prevent  any  return." 

[Printed,  (yd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  16  (enlarged  series),  p.  233 ; 
London  Journal  (Neieton'»),v<A.VJ  (conjoined  series),  p.  96;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  53,  p.  159  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  9,  p.  251.] 


A.D.  1850,  February  27.— N°  12,981. 

GWYNNE,  GEORGE. — "Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  use  and  application  of  saccharide 
"  of  lead,"  whether  prepared  as  follows,  "  or  in  any  other  manner, 
"  of  lead  paste,  and  of  oxide  of  lead  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar," 
and  the  use  of  suitable  chemical  agents  for  rendering  insoluble 
the  lead  left  after  the  application  of  such  substances.  Also  "the 
"  use  of  bag  or  other  filters  for  separating  insoluble  lead  contained 
"  in  the  bright  liquor  or  juice  when  such  lead  has  been  introduced 
"  through  the  use  of  hydrated  oxide  of  lead."  "  Saccharide  of 
"  lead  "  is  made  by  moistening  litharge  with  water,  grinding  to  a 
smooth  paste,  adding  twice  its  weight  of  refined  sugar,  and  grind- 
ing until  no  oxide  of  lead  falls  to  the  bottom,  when  a  small 
portion  is  stirred  up  in  a  wine  glass  with  some  water.  This  agent 
is  "  worked  up  with  water  to  the  consistence  of  cream  and 
"  passed  through  a  fine  sieve  into  the  "  blow-up '  or  other  clari- 
"  fying  vessel.  The  raw  sugar,  with  the  •  necessary  quantity  of 
"  water,  is  then  to  be  added,"  and  the  whole  mixed  up  and 


SUGAR.  117 

heated  and  "  filtered  through  a  bag  or  other  filter  or  other  suitable 
"  filtering  apparatus."  After  filtration  the  excess  of  lead  in 
solution  may  be  removed  by  sulphuric  or  oxalic  acid  by  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid  or  sulphurous  acid  gases,  acidulated  ferrocyanide 
of  potassium,  phosphate  of  lime,  binoxalate  of  potassa,  &c.  A 
preparation  is  made  with  bone  earth,  sulphuric  acid,  and  carbonate 
of  soda,  called  "  phosphate  of  soda  and  lime,"  an  acid  preparation 
which  is  considered  the  best  agent  for  rendering  insoluble  the  lead 
in  saccharine  solutions. 

Second,  "  preparing  and  using  basic  acetic  of  lead.  To  the  lead 
paste  prepared  under  the  first  head  acetate  of  lead  or  an  equivalent 
proportion  of  acetic  acid  is  added,  so  as  to  form  the  highest  basic 
acetate  (hex  acetate),  but  less  acetate  of  lead  may  be  used.  The 
grinding  up  of  these  ingredients  is  not  necessary,  as  they  may  be 
put  into  the  blow-up,  &c.  vessel  separately. 

Third,  "  rendering  insoluble  the  lead  contained  in  '  the  bright ' 
"  liquor  or  juice  when  the  basic  acetates  of  lead  "  have  been  em- 
ployed to  purify  the  raw  sugar,  cane  juice,  &c.  The  agent  which 
is  preferred  "  for  this  purpose  is  prepared  in  the  same  manner  as 
"  the  phosphate  of  soda  and  lime"  mentioned  under  the  first 
head,  "  with  this  difference,  that  it  is  made  slightly  alkaline  instead 
"  of  slightly  acid." 

Fourth,  "  improvements  in  the  vacuum  pan."  To  the  vacuum 
pan  is  attached  a  receiver,  by  means  of  a  wide  pipe  or  neck ;  a 
long  pipe  (thirty-four  feet)  leads  from  the  bottom  and  dips  into 
water  in  a  small  box,  beyond  the  receiver  and  communicating 
with  it  by  an  opening  near  the  top  is  a  condenser,  in  the  upper 
part  of  which  is  an  injection  cock  for  the  admission  of  cold  water ; 
in  the  bottom  of  the  condenser  is  a  pipe  similar  to  that  in  the 
receiver,  and  also  dipping  into  water  in  a  box ;  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  condenser  is  a  pipe  worked  by  an  air  pump.  In  place 
of  the  long  pipes  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  receiver  and 
condenser  small  pumps  may  be  applied. 

[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  20  (enlarged  series), 
p.  158 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  53,  p.  178  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  9, 
p.  272.] 


A.D.  1850,  March  23.— N°  13,014. 

CURTIS,  WILLIAM  JOSEPH. — "  Improved  machinery  and  appa- 
"  ratus  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  This  consists, 
first,  in  the  application  of  a  hammer  or  hammers,  stamper  or 


118  SUGAR. 

stampers,  for  breaking  or  crushing  the  canes  before  they  pass  to 
the  squeezing  rollers. 

Second,  the  apparatus  whereby  the  proportions  of  bisulphite  of 
lime  and  cane  juice  are  regulated.  There  is  an  overshot  water 
wheel  to  which  motion  is  given  by  the  juice  and  bisulphite  falling 
into  the  buckets,  as  in  an  ordinary  water  wheel,  a  governor,  as  in 
a  steam  engine,  works  a  lever  which  rises  or  falls  as  the  governor 
revolves  quicker  or  slower,  and  by  an  arrangement  opens  and 
closes  a  cock  in  connection  with  a  reservoir  of  bisulphite  of  lime. 

Third,  depriving  sugar  of  its  molasses  by  placing  it  in  a  revolv- 
ing perforated  cylinder  surrounded  by  a  jacket,  which  receives  the 
molasses ;  from  this  jacket  is  a  pipe  by  which  the  molasses  flows 
off  into  a  suitable  receiver.  There  are  two  arms  or  orifices  through 
which  the  cured  sugar  escapes  into  a  hopper,  by  means  of  which 
the  sugar  is  delivered  into  the  hogshead  below.  There  are  ram- 
mers for  ramming  down  the  sugar  and  apparatus  for  regulating 
the  discharge  of  the  sugar  from  the  cylinder. 

Fourth,  machinery  for  making  bisulphite  of  lime,  arranged  so  that 
three  sets  of  bellows  being  set  to  work  forces  air  in  a  receiver  by 
means  of  a  pipe,  and  from  there  it  passes  into  the  sulphur  chamber, 
the  sulphur  being  kept  in  a  state  of  combustion,  by  means  of  the 
air  blown  upon  it ;  the  sulphurous  fumes  are  then  let  off  into  an 
agitator  and  kept  in  contact  with  the  cream  of  lime  until  it 
acquires  a  density  of  10°  Beaume,  when  it  is  let  off  into  a  vessel 
and  a  fresh  supply  of  cream  of  lime  is  renewed  from  a  reservoir. 

Fifth,  the  machinery  for  dipping  or  transferring  the  liquor  or 
syrup  from  pan  to  pan.  A  shaft  is  worked  along  the  centre  of  a 
series  of  pans,  a  crank  works  a  pump.  A  main  suction  pipe  is 
placed  over  the  pans  and  communicates  with  each  pan  by  means 
of  branch  or  offset  pipes,  which  are  connected  to  the  main  pipe 
by  means  of  moveable  joints ;  these  pipes,  when  they  are  lifted  out 
of  the  liquor,  are  turned  upwards  and  serve  as  cocks  to  shut  off 
the  communication. 

Sixth,  apparatus  for  skimming  the  coppers.  One  method  is  by 
scoop  wheels  turned  by  a  vertical  shaft,  and  another  method  is  by 
an  oscillating  paddle.  In  each  case  the  skimmings  are  swept  into 
a  receptacle  at  the  side  of  the  pans. 

Seventh,  "  shielding  or  protecting  the  teach  from  the  action  of 
"  fire  whilst  the  teach  is  being  struck  or  discharged."  A  shield 
is  formed  of  cast  iron,  and  its  outer  surface  is  faced  or  protected 
with  fire  clav,  which  burnt  is  as  hard  as  a  fire  brick.  The  shield 


SUGAR.  119 

is  arranged  in  a  frame  supported  upon  three  wheels  running  upon 
rails  and  in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  he  placed  between  the 
teach  and  the  fire  and  removed  when  necessary. 

Eighth,  "  burning  the  liquid  pitch  or  the  inflammable  oil  from 
tf  the  pitch-lake  or  other  places  in  the  furnace  of  a  steam  engine 
<c  boiler,  likewise  of  a  force  or  injecting  pump  for  the  same 
"  purpose."  There  is  an  engine  furnace,  above  it  is  the  steam 
boiler.  A  strong  vessel  higher  than  the  steam  boiler  contains  the 
liquid  asphaltum  or  pitch ;  from  the  bottom  of  this  vessel  is  a  pipe, 
which  may  be  carried  along  each  side  of  the  fire  and  across  the 
bridge,  in  order  to  heat  the  pitch  before  it  passes  into  the  furnace 
by  a  nozzle  like  a  gas  burner.  A  steam  pipe  from  the  boiler 
enters  the  upper  part  of  the  strong  vessel  containing  the  liquid 
asphaltum  or  pitch,  the  steam  from  which  drives  the  oil  from 
the  nozzle. 

Ninth,  burning  the  liquid  pitch,  &c.,  in  the  furnace  of  a  sugar 
pan  ;  likewise,  the  use  of  a  force  or  injecting  pump  for  the  same 
purpose.  This  arrangement  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  last,  only 
the  vessel  containing  the  pitch  is  in  an  offset  of  the  chimney  and 
partly  surrounded  by  flame  and  heated  vapours. 

Tenth,  employing  "  electrotyped  and  enamelled  pans  for  the 
"  boiling  of  syrup." 

Eleventh,  "  a  web  or  band  and  the  use  of  hot  air,"  for  "  con- 
"  centrating  the  sugar  at  alow  temperature."  An  endless  web  or 
band  dips  into  the  teach  and  then  passes  successively  over  a  series 
of_drums.  The  band  is  set  in  motion  by  the  pinion,  moved  by  any 
first  mover,  taking  into  the  spur  wheels  fixed  on  the  drum  shafts. 

[Printed,  2s.  8d.    Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  53,  p.  257  ;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  10,  p.  21.] 


A.D.  1850,  March  26.— N°  13,023. 

ROTCH,  THOMAS  DICKASON. — (A  communication.) — "Improve- 
"  ments  in  separating  various  matters  usually  found  combined 
f<  in  certain  saccharine,  saline,  and  ligneous  substances."  These 
are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  first,  to  diminish  the  oscillation 
of  the  drum  of  centrifugal  machines,  attaching  a  weight  by  means 
of  a  hook  to  the  lower  end  of  the  socket,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is 
the  brass  step  on  which  the  lower  end  of  the  vertical  axis  of  the 
drum  turns." 

Second,  "to  prevent  all  oscillation  of  the  vertical  shaft,"  three 


120  SUGAR. 

small  friction  rollers  are  placed  under  the  pivot  of  the  vertical 
shaft  of  the  drum,  and  t\vo  bearings  are  placed  above  the  friction 
rollers. 

Third,  the  introduction  of  syrups  from  large  coolers,  say  from 
2,000  to  3,000  quarts,  and  of  30°  to  35°  Beaume,  and  from  120° 
to  125°  F.,  into  the  centrifugal  machines,  "  whereby  a  much  more 
"  perfect  and  valuable  effect  is  produced  by  the  said  machines 
"  than  heretofore." 

Fourth,  "the  application  of  woven  fabrics  and  sponge"  in 
place  of  clay,  as  follows : — On  the  large  end  of  the  sugar  loaf, 
when  in  the  mould  when  prepared  as  usual,  for  clay  placing  a 
thick  piece  of  cloth,  over  which  a  piece  of  sponge  the  size  of  the 
end  of  the  loaf,  and  from  1^  to  2  inches  thick,  the  loaf  having 
previously  been  twice  liquored,  then  pour  from  a  watering  pot 
over  the  sponge  as  much  pure  water  as  it  will  absorb,  and  con- 
tinue to  "  moisten  the  sponge  for  two  days,  gradually  decreasing 
"  the  quantity  of  water  poured  over  the  sponge." 

[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  37  (conjoined 
series),  p.  229;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  53,  p.  275;  Patent  Journal, 
vol.  10,  p.  5.J 

A.D.  1850,  June  1.— N°  13,0.93. 

HILLS,  FRANK  CLARKE,  and  HILLS,  GEORGE. — "  Certain  im- 
"  provements  in  manufacturing  and  refining  sugar."  These  are 
"  the  employment  of  sulphite  of  lead,  or  carbonate  of  lead,  or, 
"  precipitated  protoxide  of  iron  to  deprive  saccharine  solutions  of 
"  sulphuretted  hydrogen  or  of  hydrosulphurets  of  the  earths  which 
"  may  have  been  employed  for  their  purification  of  such  solu- 
"  tions."  "  When  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  the  agent  which  has 
"  been  employed  to  precipitate  the  lead  or  other  metals,"  and  all 
the  metal  is  precipitated,  sulphite  of  lead  (made  into  a  cream  with 
water)  is  added,  the  liquid  being  about  150°  F.  until  a  filtered 
solution  will  not  darken  "  by  adding  a  solution  of  acetate  of  lead." 
"  The  saccharine  solution  is  then  filtered  and  boiled  down  in  the 
"  usual  manner  for  crystallization."  When  hydrosulphurets  of 
the  earths  have  been  employed  in  place  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen, 
their  excess  may  be  removed  by  the  addition  of  either  the  sulphite 
or  carbonate  of  lead  or  the  precipitated  protoxide  of  iron ;  "  and 
"  also,  if  sulphuretted  hydrogen  be  used  as  a  precipitant,  provided 
"  the  saccharine  solution  be  rendered  perfectly  neutral  or  charged 
"  with  an  excess  of  base,  the  carbonate  of  lead  or  the  precipitated 


SUGAR.  121 

"  protoxide  of  iron  may  be  employed  in  lieu  of  the  sulphite  of 
"  lead  to  abstract  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen." 

[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  3S  (conjoined 
series) ,  p.  182  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  53,  p.  439 ;  Patent  Journal.  Vol.  10, 
p.  117.] 

A.D.  1850,  June  24.— N°  13,147. 

MACFIE,  ROBERT  ANDREW. — "  Improvements  in  manufactur- 
"  ing,  refining,   and   preparing    sugar;    also  improvements   in 
"  manufacturing  and  treating  animal  charcoal." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1850,  July  17.— N"  13,178. 

VARILLAT,  JEAN  JULES. — "Improvements  in  the  extraction 
"  and  preparation  of  colouring,  tanning,  and  saccharine  matters 
"  from  various  vegetable  substances,  and  in  the  apparatus  to  be 
"  employed  therein." 

[No  Specification  enrolled.] 

A.D.  1850,  July  31.— N°  13,202. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Certain  improvements  in  apparatus 
"  acting  by  centrifugal  force  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  and 
"  other  improvements  in  the  treatment  of  saccharine  matters  by 
"  such  apparatus."  These  are,  first,  treating  "  of  the  saccharine 
"  juice  of  the  cane  immediately  after  it  has  been  expressed,  and 
"  in  which  state  it  is  found  to  be  mixed  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
"  with  small  fragments  of  the  cane,  and  the  arrangement  of  centri- 
"  fugal  filtering  "apparatus  for  separating  these  particles  from  the 
"  juice." 

Second,  the  cane  juice  having  been  filtered  in  the  centrifugal 
apparatus  "  it  may  be  defecated  by  any  of  the  usual  methods  now 
"  practised,  when  a  certain  quantity  of  coagulated  matters  will 
"  be  found  suspended  in  the  juice."  A  centrifugal  filtering  appa- 
ratus is  now  applied  at  "  this  stage  of  the  manufacture,  in  order  to 
"  separate  such  coagulated  or  other  solid  matters  from  the  saccha- 
<(  rine  juice." 

Third,  the  juice  having  been  "  thus  clarified  and  filtered  by  the 
"  two  proceeding  operations,  it  is  then  heated  in  an  open  pan,  in 
"  order  to  evaporate  the  aqueous  parts  of  the  fluid."  To  facilitate 
this  evaporation  the  juice  is  lifted  up  "  (by  centrifugal  force)  in  a 
"  tube  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  boiling  vessel,  the  upper  part  of 


122  SUGAR. 

"  such  tube  being  pierced  with  numerous  small  holes  in  order 
"  that  the  juice  raised  within  it  may  by  the  rotation  of  the  tube 
"  be  dispersed  in  a  shower  over  the  entire  area  of  the  vessel." 
Evaporation  is  thus  conducted  at  a  lower  temperature. 

Fourth,  "  apparatus  for  applying  centrifugal  force  to  the  filtering 
"  of  syrups  in  the  refining  of  sugar,"  and  consists  in  two  modifi- 
cations of  the  centrifugal  filter  above  used  "  for  operating  upon 
"  the  saccharine  fluid,  and  separating  therefrom  the  coagulated  or 
"  other  solid  matters  after  the  process  of  '  blowing  up/  and 
(<  preparatory  to  passing  such  syrups  through  the  charcoal  filter." 

Fifth,  the  application  of  certain  improved  modifications  of 
centrifugal  apparatus  to  the  manufacture  of  sugar  when  separating 
the  crystals  from  the  fluids  and  other  matters  with  which  they  are 
mixed.  A  portion  of  these  improved  modifications  are  intended  to 
reduce  the  vibratory  motion  communicated  by  such  descriptions 
of  machines  to  the  buildings  in  which  they  are  worked,"  while 
others  "  are  in  the  mode  of  feeding  and  discharging  the  matters 
"  operated  upon  in  such  machines,  and  also  in  the  methods  of 
"  applying  power  for  driving  such  descriptions  of  machines,  and 
"  of  the  construction  of  the  perforated  drums  used  therein,"  by 
grooving  them  internally  and  externally  at  right  angles,  and  the 
holes  conical,  are  kept  open  by  a  wire  or  other  suitable  brush. 

[Printed,  2s.  IGd.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  17  (enlarged  series], 
pp.  295,  321 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  54,  p.  136  ;  Engineers  and  Archi- 
tects' Journal,  vol.  14,  p.  15  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  10,  pp.  227,  240.] 

A.D.  1850,  October  17.— N°  13,286. 

SHEARS,  DANIEL  TOWERS.—  (A  communication.) — "Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar."  These  are, 
first,  employing  in  the  interior  of  the  vacuum  pan  "  a  rouser  or 
"  displacer  "  of  any  convenient  form. 

Second,  introducing  into  the  pan  when  the  sugar  has  been 
boiled  to  dryness  or  nearly  so  a  quantity  of  thick  liquor  to  mix 
with  the  sugar,  so  as  to  admit  of  its  discharge  from  the  pan. 
Another  improvement  consists  in  introducing  cold  air  into  the 
evaporated  liquid  after  the  vacuum  is  destroyed  to  aid  crystal- 
lization. 

Third,  converting  beet  root  or  other  saccharine  juices  into 
"  refined  sugar  at  one  operation,  instead  of  first  making  it  into 
"  raw  sugar  and  then  refining  it,  as  at  present  practised."  The 
first  method  is  to  boil,  crystallize  in  vessels,  in  preference,  as  large 


SUGAR.  123 

as  convenient,  and  extract  the  syrup  "  by  the  centrifugal  or  pneu- 
"  matic  processes."  The  dry  sugar  is  dissolved  by  heat  with 
"  liquor  or  other  liquid  to  the  consistency  required  "  for  moulding, 
and  when  hard  the  moulds  are  placed  in  a  "  centrifugal  apparatus/' 
and  the  sugar  washed.  The  sugar  is  dried  in  the  usual  way  or 
heated  air  dries  it  in  the  machine.  The  second  mode  is  "the 
"  juice  having  been  purified  and  crystallized  in  any  manner  not 
"  calculated  to  produce  loaf  sugar,"  the  sugar  is  reduced  "to  the 
"  consistency  and  temperature  needful  for  loaf  sugar "  and 
moulded  and  treated  as  usual. 

Fourth,  "  purifying  saccharine  solutions  by  means  of  the  com- 
"  bination  of  an  alkali  and  of  an  acid  gas."  Employing  by 
preference,  "  an  alkaline  material  composed  of  prepared  lime  and 
"  a  West  Indian  plant,  '  Wassama,'  or  the  ingredient  No.  1, 
"  specified  "  in  No.  1 1,370.  A  solution  is  made  of  either  of  these 
materials,  in  preference,  in  cold  water,  of  density  "  about  15° 
"  Baumes  saccharometer,  it  is  then  applied  to  the  saccharine 
"  solution "  till  it  becomes  strongly  alkaline,  when  carbonic  or 
sulphurous  acids  are  passed  into  it  until  the  solution  is  very 
slightly  alcaline.  The  solution  is  then  heated  and  boiled  for  a 
few  minutes,  the  impurities  allowed  to  settle  before  filtering,  or 
"  it  may  be  clarified  in  any  of  the  usual  ways,  then  filtered." 

Fifth,  "  reducing  West  Indian  molasses,  rhoar  (or  other 
"  saccharine  substances)  to  a  thin  solution,  and  purifying  and 
"  treating  them,"  by  means  of  "  the  ingredients  No.  1  and  No.  2 
"  specified  in"  No.  11,3/0,  "though  the  ingredients  prepared 
"  with  '  Wassama '  have  been  declared  in  the  West  Indies  to  be  far 
"  preferable."  The  proportions  and  methods  of  using  these  ingre- 
dients are  given.  This  purified  solution  of  molasses  is  "  employed 
"  to  dissolve  the  sugar  intended  to  be  refined."  "  Crystallizing 
"  to  dryness  of  solutions  of  West  Indian  molasses,  rhoar,  or  such 
"  like  materials,  either  individually  or  in  combination  with  each 
"  other  or  with  raw  sugar,  by  combining  the  evaporation  after  the 
"  formation  of  the  crystals." 

Sixth,  the  arrangement  of  "  apparatus  for  regulating  the  steam 
"  for  vacuum  pans  and  apparatus  employed  in  the  manufacture 
"  and  refining  of  sugar."  The  steam  from  a  boiler  enters  a  pipe, 
passes  through  parts  when  they  are  uncovered  by  a  slide  valve 
through  a  pipe  to  the  vacuum  pan  ;  on  this  pipe  is  a  cylinder  into 
which  a  piston  is  fitted.  The  piston  is  loaded  to  any  pressure 
required.  The  action  of  steam  or  vapour  on  the  under  side  of  the 


124  SUGAR. 

piston  will  always  keep  the  slide  valve  parts  so  adjusted  as  to 
admit  such  a  quantity  as  to  keep  an  unvarying  pressure  on  the 
vessels  or  apparatus  attached  to  the  pipe,  modifications  of  parts 
of  this  apparatus  are  given. 

Seventh,  the  combination  of  apparatus.  There  are  three 
boilers,  the  juice  is  put  into  the  first  and  boiled  by  steam  from  a 
boiler,  or  waste  steam  from  high  pressure  engines.  The  steam  in 
the  interior  of  the  first  boiler  passes  into  a  series  of  tubes  "  of 
"  the  next  compartment  or  boiler,"  and  "  thence  by  a  similar  set 
"  of  passages  into  the  boiler  of  the  third  boiler,"  "  to  serve  as 
heating  medium  for  the  second  and  third  pans,  or  if  this  is  not 
sufficient,  a  further  quantity  is  admitted  by  a  pipe  direct  from 
the  boiler.  The  juice  in  the  first  boiler  "  is  concentrated  to  about 
"  ten  degrees  Beaume,  and  is  constantly  drawn  over  to  the  second 
"  boiler  by  the  vacuum  in  the  second  boiler  to  the  constant  level 
"  of  the  pipe  connecting  them."  In  the  second  pan  the  juice  is 
evaporated  to  the  density  of  about  25°  or  27°  Beaume,  from 
thence  it  is  drawn  by  a  pump  to  be  filtered  if  necessary,  and  is 
then  returned  into  the  third^  pan  or  boiler  "  to  be  concentrated 
"  to  the  crystallizing  point,  as  is  usual  by  the  ordinary  methods  at 
"  present  in  use." 

Eighth,  "  crystallizing  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine  solutions 
"  to  dryness,  when  boiling  in  open  vessels  subject  to  the  pressure 
"  of  the  atmosphere,"  by  causing  "  the  process  of  evaporation  to 
"  be  continued  after  the  liquid  has  been  been  brought  to  '  proof,' " 
and  then  to  dryness,  "  taking  care,  however,  to  keep  down  the  tem- 
"  perature,"  particularly  after  "  proof,"  so  as  to  prevent  burning. 

([Printed,  Is.  4d.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  18  (enlarged  series'), 
p.  294 ;  Mechanics'  Maeazine,  vol.  54,  p.  338 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  11, 
p.  49.] 


A.D.  1850,  December  19.— N°  13,416. 

NIND,  PHILIP. — (A  communication.} — "  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar,  and  in  cutting  and  rasping  vegetable 
"  substances."  These  are,  first,  in  the  manufacture  of  beet  root 
sugar,  the  beet  washed  is  cut  into  slices,  about  1,000  Ibs.  is 
then  allowed  to  fall  into  the  first  of  eight  vessels  containing 
water  saturated  with  sulphurous  acid,  after  an  hour  a  communi- 
cation is  to  be  opened  with  the  second  vessel,  into  which  has 
been  previously  introduced  1,000  Ibs.  of  cut  beet  root.  Fresh 
water  is  then  introduced  into  the  upper  part  of  the  first  vessel  all 


SUGAR.  125 

over  the  surface,  which  forces  the  liquor  previously  therein  into 
the  upper  part  of  the  second  vessel.  The  water  in  the  first  vessel 
is  to  be  impregnated  with  sulphurous  acid  as  before.  The  liquor 
remains  in  the  second  vessel  about  an  hour,  when  it  is  forced  into 
the  third  vessel,  in  which  there  is  a  charge  of  beet  root,  by  a 
charge  of  fresh  water  introduced  at  the  top  of  the  first  vessel  as 
above,  and  the  liquor  impregnated  as  before.  This  process  is 
repeated  until  the  liquor  first  displaced  from  the  first  vessel  has 
passed  through  the  eight  vessels,  when  the  first  vessel  will  have 
to  be  opened,  and  a  fresh  charge  of  beet  root  introduced.  The 
liquour  is  removed  into  an  evaporating  apparatus  in  which  is  a 
ventilator  or  fan  in  motion,  while  gas  is  forced  through  a  per- 
forated pipe  within  the  apparatus.  The  evaporation  and  clarifi- 
cation now  takes  place  by  the  aid  of  the  gas  generated  by  throwing 
sulphate  of  ammonia  into  the  fire,  the  alkaline  gas  or  vapour  from 
which  coagulates  the  albumen,  the  liquor  should  be  concentrated 
to  about  30°  Beaume'.  Cold  water  is  now  added,  the  whole  is 
mixed  and  filtered  and  evaporated  and  crystallized  as  is  well 
understood.  The  same  improvements  will  be  applicable  when 
manufacturing  sugar  from  the  cane.  Another  apparatus  consists 
of  a  series  of  vessels  in  which  screws  work,  and  the  slices  of  cane 
are  made  to  pass  through  each  of  these  vessels  until  the  water 
becomes  saturated  with  the  saccharine  matter. 

In  centrifugal  apparatus  "  arranging  the  outer  reticulate  cover- 
"  ing  so  that  it  may  be  readily  removed  with  the  sugar,"  and 
replaced  by  another.  In  another  improvement  in  centrifugal 
machines,  the  frame  is  elastic  in  all  its  points,  by  means  of  india- 
rubber  and  other  springs.  The  lower  bearing  is  elastic,  and  the 
upright  shafts  are  coupled  by  elastic  tubes  or  springs.  The  cut- 
ting machine  is  a  roller,  which  has  affixed  thereon  a  series  of 
blades  moved  by  a  fly  wheel,  as  the  ends  of  the  cane  are  fed  up  to 
the  rollers  by  hand  they  are  cut  off  in  short  lengths.  These 
lengths  are  further  reduced  by  rasping,  but  the  rasping  machine 
is  not  claimed. 

[Printed,  3s.  6d.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (enlarged  series) 
p.  280 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  54,  p.  516 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  11 
p.  161.] 

A.D.  1850,  December  27.— N°  13,428. 

FRASER,  JOHN  MATHISON. — (A  communication.') — "  Improve* 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  the 
treatment  of  "  cane  or  beet  root  juice"  as  follows  : — "  Operating 


126  SUGAR. 

"  upon  cane  juice,  which  is  expressed  between  cylinders  in  the 
"  usual  manner,  and  conducted  by  an  open  channel  or  gutter  into 
"  a  proper  tank."  At  the  extremity  of  the  gutter  is  a  sieve  or 
strainer.  A  mixture  is  made  of  cane  juice  and  quicklime  in 
certain  proportions,  and  the  mixture  is  added  in  certain  propor- 
tions, "  with  continuous  stirring  whilst  the  juice  is  running  into 
"  the  tank.  But  as  soon  as  the  tank  is  about  half  full "  there 
is  added  a  saturated  solution  of  sulphurous  acid  in  certain 
proportions,  and  the  whole  mixed  together,  then  left  for  about  an 
hour  for  the  sediment  to  subside,  the  clear  liquor  is  drawn  off 
f<  into  the  usual  evaporating  pans,  and  as  the  evaporation  pro- 
ceeds carefully  skimming.  The  materials  used  in  preference  for 
making  the  sulphurous  acid  are  common  sulphuric  acid  or  oil  of 
vitriol  of  commerce  and  charcoal,  these  are  put  into  a  flask-shaped 
vessel,  heat  is  applied,  and  the  gas  is  washed  in  a  wash  bottle 
before  passing  into  the  water  to  be  saturated. 

[Printed,  Qd.      Drawing.      Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  p.  17 ;  Patent 
Journal,  vol.  12,  p.  38.] 

A.D.  1851,  February  3.— N°  13,490. 

ALLIOTT,  ALEXANDER. — "  Certain  improvements  in  cleaning, 
"  dyeing,  and  drying  machines,  and  in  machinery  to  be  used  in 
"  sugar,  soap,  metal,  and  color  manufacturing."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  first,  in  centrifugal  cleaning  and  drying 
machines,  constructing  the  cylinders  thereof  so  as  to  diminish  the 
labour  of  emptying  and  working  the  same,  and  facilitating  the 
escape  of  the  liquid.  A  cylinder  is  fastened  on  a  spindle  (driven 
from  below)  ;  the  periphery  of  this  cylinder  is  of  perforated  metal, 
or  of  framework  to  carry  off  the  liquid ;  an  inner  perforated  cylin- 
der fits  loosely  and  made  very  light  fits  inside .  the  first  cylinder, 
and  can  be  easily  "lifted  out  and  emptied  when  used  for  operating 
"  upon  substances  of  a  cohesive  nature,"  ssich  as  sugar.  Also 
the  revolving  cylinder  has  bottom  openings  made  by  a  flange 
fitting  loosely  on  the  dome  of  the  cylinder,  and  a  couple  of  spring 
bolts  for  preventing  this  flange  rising,  or  lids  fitting  in  recesses 
on  the  dome  may  be  used.  There  is  an  opening  in  the  pan  sur- 
rounding the  revolving  cylinder.  For  drying  substances,  making 
perforated  channels  in  the  cylinder,  "  which  project  inwards  or 
"  towards  the  interior  of  the  cylinder." 

Second,  this  is  said  to  be  improvements  in  the  "  forming 
"  machine"   described  in  No.  12,742.    The  forms,  sugar  loaf 


SUGAR.  127 

shaped,  are  fitted  into  bearings  in  the  revolving  cylinder,  so  that 
each  revolves  upon  its  own  axis,  the  inner  bearings  are  formed  in 
a  ring  which  is  attached  to  the  cone  of  the  cylinder  by  joints.  The 
lids,  at  the  outer  or  large  end  of  the  forms,  have  suitable  perfora- 
tions, and  are  fastened  by  catches.  When  the  sugar  is  set  in  the 
forms,  and  a  syrup  or  other  liquid  is  passed  through  the  loaves, 
while  the  centrifugal  action  drives  the  liquid  endwise,  the  revolu- 
tion of  the  forms  upon  their  own  axes  causes  a  dispersion  of  the 
fluid  outward  towards  the  side  of  the  loaves.  The  moulds  may 
have  small  perforations  in  their  sides. 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.     Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  pp.  13Q  and  161 : 
Patent  Journal,  vol.  11,  p.  239.] 

A.D.  1851,  March  20.— N°  13,560. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar,  and  in  machinery  or  apparatus  used  in  pro- 
"  ducing  a  vacuum  in  such  manufacture,  and  which  last  improve- 
"  ments  are  also  otherwise  applicable  for  exhausting  and  forcing 
"  fluids."  These  are,  first,  "  clarifying,  evaporating,  and  concen- 
"  trating  saccharine  fluids  in  open  pans  or  boilers  "  different  "  in 
"  form  and  arrangement,  so  as  to  suit  the  kind  of  fuel  to  be 
"  employed,  and  the  nature  of  the  previous  or  succeeding  opera- 
"  tions  which  the  fluid  has  been  or  is  afterwards  to  be  subjected  to, 
"  but  in  all  of  which  forms  of  apparatus  the  heat  for  producing 
"  evaporation  of  the  saccharine  fluid  is  transmitted  thereto 
"  through  the  agency  of  steam  generated  in  another  compart- 
"  ment  of  the  same  pan  or  boiler  in  which  the  saccharine  fluid  is 
"  contained." 

Second,  "  forming  a  partial  vacuum  in  pans  or  vessels  used  for 
"  concentrating  saccharine  fluids  by  means  of  the  vapour  of 
"  steam  arising  therefrom,  which  is  made  to  act  on  a  piston  in 
"  connection  with  an  air  pump  and  condenser,  and  thus  supplies 
"  the  motive  power  for  its  own  exhaustion,  and  also  in  another 
"  form  of  apparatus,  in  which  rotary  motion  is  produced  by  the 
"  emission  of  steam  and  water  .in  the  condenser,  such  steam  being 
"  produced  by  the  evaporation  of  the  saccharine  fluid  in  the 
"  vacuum  pan,  and  which  apparatus  is  otherwise  applicable  for 
"  exhausting  and  forcing  liquids."  Also,  "  in  heating  such 
"  vacuum  pans  by  means  of  steam  generated  in  a  lower  and  sepa- 
"  rate  compartment  of  the  same  pan  or  boiler." 

Third,  "  in  apparatus  for  producing  a  partial  vacuum  in  pans 


128  SUGAR. 

"  or  vessels  used  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar,  where 
"  the  motive  power  required  in  the  production  of  such  partial 
"  vacuum  is  to  be  supplied  from  a  fall  of  water  or  other  con- 
"  venient  source  of  motive  power,  and  not  from  the  vapour  of 
"  saccharine  fluid  "  as  under  the  second  head,  and  "which  appa- 
"  ratus  is  more  particularly  applicable  to  those  cases  where  a 
"  small  amount  of  exhaustion  is  required,  as  in  the  filtration  of 
"  saccharine  fluids,  and  in  the  '  curing  '  of  sugar,"  and  "  which 
"  apparatus  is  otherwise  applicable  to  the  exhausting  and  forcing 
"  of  liquids." 

Fourth,  "apparatus  for  '  curing  sugar,'  by  which  apparatus  the 
"  crystals  of  sugar  are  separated  from  fluids."  There  is  a  cast 
iron  bed  plate  forming  the  main  framework  of  the  apparatus,  and 
having  a  semicylindrical  cavity  or  trough,  extending  all  the  way 
along  over  this  trough  is  a  frame  filled  with  rings,  with  interstices 
between  them,  forming  as  it  were  a  perforated  tube  ;  at  one  end  of 
this  tube  is  joined  a  three-way  cock,  on  the  top  of  which  is  fixed  a 
hopper;  on  the  other  end  is  a  force  pump.  The  perforated  tube  is 
tightly  filled  with  dry  sugar,  and  a  cover  is  put  over  it.  The  sugar 
from  the  coolers  having  been  well  stirred  up  is  put  into  the  hopper. 
The  force  pump  is  worked  by  motion  applied  to  a  cylinder ;  the 
semi-fluid  mass  flows  in,  "  the  fluid  portion  cannot  be  kept  under 
"  pressure  in  a  tube  having  so  many  openings  extending  around 
"  it,  but  will  flow  through  these  openings  while  the  solid  matters 
"  are  retained  and  undergo  a  further  squeezing  as  they  progress 
"  along  the  tube,  and  are  finally  discharged  at  its  open  end  "  by 
means  of  a  spiked  roller  into  a  hopper.  The  crystals,  if  desired, 
may  be  still  further  cleansed  by  "  liquoring  "  or  ( '  by  mixing  the 
"  sugar  as  it  is  discharged  from  the  machine  with  the  liquor,  and 
"  subjecting  it  to  a  second  operation."  When  the  crystallization 
of  the  sugar  is  imperfect,  and  the  crystals  minute,  in  preference, 
using  an  arrangement  of  a  cistern  with  a  mixture  of  crystallized 
sugar  and  fluid  matter  well  mixed ;  in  this  is  slowly  revolved  a 
perforated  and  otherwise  constructed  cylinder,  which  is  exhausted ; 
a  crust  of  sugar  forms  on  the  drum,  and  becomes  "  dryer  as  it 
"  rises  in  consequence  of  the  fluid  parts  being  drawn  into  the 
e<  drum.  On  arriving  at  the  top  it  will  be  subjected  to  the  action 
"  of  a  great  number  of  minute  jets  of  liquor  forcibly  projected 
**  upon  it  for  cleansing  the  crystals  of  the  more  viscid  matters  that 
"  may  be  adhering  to  them,"  and  the  drum  travelling  on  to  a 
scraper  the  crystals  are  removed  by  it. 


SUGAR.  129 

Fifth,  apparatus  for  separating  in  Miiscavado  sugar  the  large 
crystals  from  the  smaller  ones,  and  from  impurities ;  for  this  pur- 
pose an  arrangement  is  described  in  which  the  sugar  passes  from 
a  hopper  between  two  revolving  fluted  rollers  ;  beneath  the  rollers 
is  a  spout  which  convey ,  the  sugar  into  the  interior  of  an  inclined 
wire  drum,  where  it  is  acted  upon  by  wire  brushes  mounted  on  a 
shaft  "  similar  to  the  mode  by  which  flour  is  separated  from  the 
"  bran."  The  smaller  crystals  are  brushed  through  the  upper 
part  of  the  drum,  and  pass  into  a  vessel  with  warm  water,  in 
which  they  are  dissolved,  while  the  larger  crystals  are  brushed 
through  the  lower  part  of  the  drum  into  a  chamber,  and  while 
the  small  lumps  and  impurities  are  discharged  at  its  lower  end. 
The  best  crystals  are  mixed  "  with  a  solution  of  sugar  or  '  liquor '  " 
and  submitted  to  either  of  the  processes  described  under  the 
fourth  head.  The  inferior  sugar  is  "  heated  in  the  '  blowing-up 
"  '  pan  '"and  filtered. 

Sixth,  "  apparatus  for  making  into  lumps  or  loaves  crystals  of 
"  sugar  by  subjecting  such  loose  crystals  of  sugar  to  the  action 
"  of  heat  and  pressure  in  the  moulds."  The  apparatus  is 
arranged  so  that  the  action  is  as  follows  : — The  crystals  of  sugar 
are  damped  with  water  and  put  into  a  hopper,  above  one  of  the 
moulds  of  which  there  are  a  series  fixed  all  round  a  table,  "  steam 
"  is  turned  on  so  as  to  heat  the  mould  to  the  desired  extent,  the 
"  operator  will  move  round  the  table  so  that  the  mould  which 
"  has  been  filled  will  pass  under  the  piston,"  he  will  then  turn 
the  handle  of  a  small  steam  cock  to  admit  steam  to  the  upper  side 
of  the  piston  at  half  stroke,  so  as  to  exert  a  powerful  compressive 
force  on  the  crystals  of  sugar ;  "  the  pressure  may  be  retained  for 
"  about  a  minute,  when  the  cock  will  be  reversed,  and  the  piston 
"  raised  from  the  mould  ;  the  machine  will  continue  in  the  position 
"  until  the  table  is  turned  round  by  the  workman  so  as  to  bring 
"  the  mould  that  was  being  filled  under  the  hopper  during  the  time 
"  the  pressing  operation  last  described  is  going  on,"  and  so  on. 

[Printed,  65.  2d.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  20  (enlarged  series), 
pp.  1  and  73 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  p.  269 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  12, 
PD.  21.  35.  and  45.] 

A.D.  1851,  March  24.— N°  13,562. 

HERRING,  MATTHEW.—"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar  and  rum,  parts  of  which  improvements  are  applicable 
"  to  evaporation  generally."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  sub- 

S.  'I 


130  SUGAR. 

ject,  a  "  defecator,"  consisting  of  a  series  of  hollow  metal  plates 
heated  "  by  steam,  or  hot  water  or  hot  air,"  &c.,  beneath  these  is 
a  receiver  for  the  syrup  after  passing  over  these  plates.  A  syphon, 
at  the  apex  of  which  is  a  stop-cock,  at  the  end  of  each  leg  is  a 
stop-cock,  the  one  at  the  end  of  the  short  leg  being  connected 
with  the  one  at  the  apex  "  by  a  stout  wire,  so  that  the  opening  of 
**'  the  one  shuts  the  other,  and  vice  versa."  At  the  end  of  the 
short  leg  a  flexible  tube  may  be  attached,  and  to  this  is  attached  a 
float  (a  square  box),  with  means  of  straining.  This  is  used  for 
conveying  the  liquid  into  the  reservoir  over  the  "  defecator."  The 
juice  from  the  receiver  may  be  made  to  pass  through  a  blanket  or 
any  reticulated  substance.  A  stratum  of  animal  charcoal,  or  if 
the  liquor  is  acid,  a  stratum  of  pounded  limestone  or  coral  or 
shells  well  washed."  In  order  to  make  greater  draft  a  fan  is 
placed  over  the  hollow  metal  plates.  /7r  The  cleanser,"  this  is  "  a 
"  vessel  which  may  have  either  a  flat  or  circular  bottom,  having  a 
"  reticulated  false  bottom  "  on  which  the  crystals  to  be  cleansed 
are  spread  evenly.  The  liquor  is  poured  on  the  top,  and  a  pump 
set  in  motion,  "  the  liquor  is  drawn  through  the  sugar  at  the 
"  bottom  and  returned  over  the  top,  the  attrition  of  which  cleanses 
"  the  crystals  of  their  superficial  impurities."  When  the  sugar 
is  sufficiently  cleansed  the  liquor  is  drawn  off,  and  the  pump  is 
used  for  drying  the  crystals,  in  which  hot  air  may  be  used.  The 
liquor  may  be  passed  through  animal  charcoal  before  it  is  again 
returned  to  the  crystals.  Should  the  centrifugal  machine  be  used 
for  cleansing,  it  is  arranged  so  that  "  should  the  shaft  swerve 
"  from  its  centre  it  will  press  on  the  internal  edge  of  the  flanch, 
f<  and  be  restored  by  the  springs  under  the  circumference."  A 
small  quantity  of  low  pressure  steam  keeps  the  sugar  moist  at 
the  lower  part  of  the  periphery.  The  remainder  of  the  Specification 
refers  to  a  continuous  still. 

[Printed,  IQd.     Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (enlarged  series), 
p.  83  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  p.  279 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  12,  p.  5.] 

A.D.  1851,  March  31.— N°  13,577. 

GWYNNE,  JOHN.—"  Improvements  in  machinery  for  pumping, 
"  forcing,  and  exhausting  of  steam,  fluids,  and  gases,  and  in  the 
"  adaptation  thereof  to  producing  motion  to  the  saturation, 
"  separation,  and  decomposition  of  substances."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  first,  "  a  vacuum  sugar  boiling  apparatus 
"  as  fitted  "  with  the  Patentees  "  centrifugal  pump  for  maintain- 


SUGAR.  131 

"  ing  the  vacuum  therein."  The  pump  is  bolted  down  to  the 
bottom  of  the  water  cistern  in  which  it  is  immersed,  the  suction 
pipe  from  the  pump  passes  into  the  dome  on  the  top  of  the  vacuum 
pan,  the  driving  shaft  carrying  the  pump  disc  is  driven  by  a 
pulley  carried  in  an  external  bearing,  being  passed  through  the 
upper  side  of  the  cistern  by  a  stuffing  box.  As  the  pump  revolves 
the  hot  air  and  vapour  are  drawn  through  the  suction  pipe  into 
which  a  jet  of  cold  water  is  injected,  "  and  condenses  it,  when  the 
"  combined  fluid  and  vapour  is  carried  forward  into  the  pump 
"  and  finally  discharged  into  the  cistern." 

Second,  what  the  patentee  terms  his  "  variable  pressure  centri- 
"  fugal  seperator  as  applied  for  the  cleansing,  washing,  and 
"  separation  of  raw  or  unrefined  sugar,"  as  well  as  for  the  treat- 
ment of  "  various  other  matters  to  which  centrifugal  force  is 
"  applicable."  A  conical  copper  vessel  contains  the  sugar  during 
the  process  of  separation ;  its  sides  are  perforated  with  conical 
appertures,  the  narrower  sides  of  the  apertures  being  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  vessel.  This  vessel  is  keyed  to  a  vertical  shaft,  there 
is  an  inner  smaller  conical  vessel,  to  the  lower  or  inferior  surface 
of  which  is  attached  a  curved  scraper  working  in  contact  with  the 
surface  of  the  first  conical  vessel.  The  driving  shaft  has  a  helical 
screw  attached  to  it,  above  which  is  a  hopper.  There  is  likewise 
a  screw  feeder  into  this  hopper.  There  is  an  iron  vessel  below  the 
first  conical  vessel  to  receive  any  liquid  matters  which  may  pass 
through,  and  from  thence  they  pass  away  by  a  pipe.  There  are 
arrangements  for  supplying  fluid,  if  washing  or  cleansing  is 
required,  and  also  for  supplying  steam,  air,  or  gases,  when  neces- 
sary. A  rotatory  motion  is  given  to  both  vessels  by  two  pairs  of 
bevil  buff  or  surface  wheels  working  in  connection  with  a 
horizontal  driving  shaft  over  head. 

Third,  "  centrifugal  apparatus  for  moulding  refined  sugar.  A 
"  vertical  shaft  is  arranged,  driven  by  the  "  fast  and  loose  pulleys 
"  arrangement,"  beneath  which  is  keyed  on  it  a  friction  disc. 
"  Immediately  above  the  collar  bearing,  and  on  the  extremity  of 
"  the  shaft  is  keyed  a  malleable  iron  chamber,"  round  "  the  cir- 
"  cumference  of  which  are  a  set  of  circular  holes  to  receive  the 
"  inner  ends  of  the  conical  sugar  moulds,"  the  outer  ends  being 
held  up  by  straps.  The  moulds  are  separately  filled  with  the 
sugar  from  the  coolers,  the  hole  in  the  apex  stopped  till  the  mass 
is  solidified,  when  the  plug  is  withdrawn  and  it  is  placed  on  a  pot 
to  drain ;  after  draining,  the  moulds  are  placed  in  the  centrifugal 

i  2 


132  SUGAR. 

machine  in  one  or  more  rows  or  stories,  and  the  machine  is  made  to 
rotate  at  a  high  speed  so  as  to  discharge  the  fluid  from  the  moulds 
into  a  surrounding  chamber,  from  whence  it  is  drawn  by  a  pipe. 
The  complete  washing  is  effected  by  a  supply  of  decolorized  syrup  to 
the  central  chamber  from  above,  and  rotating  is  pursued  as  before. 
This  machine  is  actuated  from  below,  but  it  is  preferred  to  do  so 
from  above. 

Fourth,  "  centrifugal  apparatus,"  "  for  drying,  filtering,  wash- 
"  ing,  separating,  and  pressing  various  substances,  such  as  peat 
*f  or  charcoal."  A  perforated  vertical  pipe  is  attached  to  a  driving 
shaft  by  a  collar  at  its  upper  end,  its  lower  end  working  on  an 
upright  branch  of  a  horizontal  pipe,  which  delivers  into  the  per- 
forated cylinder  the  liquid  to  be  filtered  or  decolorized.  The 
perforated  cylinder  is  surrounded  with  cages  filled  with  sponge, 
felt,  animal  charcoal,  or  other  filtering  medium,  and  the  fluid 
"  emerges  by  the  perforations,  and  is  made  to  impinge  by  the 
"  centrifugal  force  against  the  inside  of  the  filtering  cages,  and 
"  being  driven  through  the  layers  of  material  therein,  is  filtered 
"  or  decolorised  as  may  be  intended." 

[Printed,  3s.  lOd.  Drawings.  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  p.  299 ;  Practical 
Mechanics'  Journal,  vol.  4,  pp.  107,  121,  126,  and  147;  Engineers  and 
Architects'  Journal,  vol.  14,  p.  474 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  12,  p.  37.] 

A.D.  1851,  April  15.— N°  13,591. 

SCHRODER,  HERMAN. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  and  refining  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  combination  of  moving 
"  or  revolving  discs  or  surfaces  with  pans  or  vessels  heated  by 
"  pipes  or  tubes  or  passages  containing  steam  or  other  heated 
"  fluid."  The  pan  is  preferred  tu  be  of  the  shape  of  a  segment  of  a 
cylinder,  the  pipes  for  heating  are  coiled  round  the  vessel  to  the 
bottom ;  steam  enters  at  the  top  of  these  pipes,  condensed  water 
runs  from  the  pipe  through  the  bottom.  One  large  disc  is  shown 
revolving  in  the  pan. 

[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (enlarged  series),  p.  102; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  40  (conjoined  series),  p.  355 ;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  55,  p.  319  ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  12,  p.  52J 


A.D.  1851,  May  15.— N°  13,634. 

OXLAND,  ROBERT,  and  OXLAND,  JOHN.—"  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  em- 
ploying "  phosphoric  acid  in  a  combined  state,"  as  afterwards 
described  for  "  defecating  saccharine  liquids  or  solutions  of  sugar, 


SUGAR.  133 

"  and  for  removing  their  color."  In  a  former  Patent,  No.  12,590, 
Old  Law,  acetate  of  alumina  was  used  for  refining  sugar,  and  lime 
for  separating  the  alumina,  but  lime  does  not  effectually  remove 
the  alumina,  and  to  remove  it  it  is  proposed  after  the  addition  of 
the  lime  to  add  a  small  quantity  of  either  of  the  superphosphates 
of  alumina  or  of  lime,  boiling  for  two  or  three  minutes,  carefully 
neutralizing  any  excess  of  acid  by  adding  "  aluminate  of  lime, 
"  saccharate  of  lime,  lime  water,  or  milk  of  lime,"  the  aluminate 
of  lime  preferred,  and  completing  the  process  as  in  No.  12,590. 
In  place  of  the  foregoing  process  phosphates  may  be  employed 
directly,  as  phosphate  of  soda  (1|  Ibs.  to  the  ton  of  sugar),  bring- 
ing the  solution  to  the  boiling  point,  carefully  neutralizing  any 
acidity  with  aluminate  or  saccharate  of  lime,  milk  of  lime,  or  lime 
water,  and  "  then  passing  the  syrup  thus  obtained  "  (of  sp.  gr. 
25°  to  30°  Beaume),"  through  the  ordinary  bag  filters ;  this  liquor 
may  be  evaporated,  &c.,  but  a  further  amount  of  color  may  be 
removed  by  using  hydrate  of  alumina  dried  at  212°  F.,  diffused 
through  the  water,  thus  dispensing  with  animal  charcoal.  When 
superphosphate  of  alumina  is  used  (6  Ibs.  of  alumina  dissolved 
in  phosphoric  acid  for  the  ton  of  sugar),  the  syrup  at  25°  or  30° 
Beaume  is  brought  to  the  boiling  point,  and  the  process  proceeded 
with  as  above.  Modes  of  preparing  superphosphate  of  alumina 
and  aluminate  of  lime  are  given. 

[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (enlarged  series), 
p.  168 ;  London  Journal  (Netvton's),  vol.  40  (conjoined  series),  p.  27; 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  55,  pp.  419,  435 ;  Patent  Journal,  vol.  12,  p.  86.] 


A.D.  1851,  July  7-— N°  13,689. 

MIRRLEES,  JAMES  BUCHANAN.—  "  Improvements  in  machi- 
"  nery,  apparatus,  or  means  for  the  manufacture  or  production 
"  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  constructing  or  arranging  sugar  mills 
"  by  combining  the  engine  with  the  mill  in  such  a  manner  that 
"  the  same  framing  shall  answer  both  for  the  engine  and  mill, 
"  or  in  other  terms,  that  the  standards  for  the  rollers  shall  also 
"  carry  the  engine  shaft." 

Second, ''constructing  or  arranging  sugar  mills,  whereby  the 
"  standards  themselves  shall  serve  as  the  elevated  support  for 
"  raising  the  rollers  or  other  heavy  details  of  the  mill." 

Third,  "  constructing  or  arranging  sugar  mills  so  that  the  weight 
"  of  the  mill  may  add  stability  to  the  engine."  "  The  framing 
"  of  the  mill  being  also  the  framing  of  the  entire  engine  and 


134  SUGAR. 

*'  gearing,  the  combined  arrangement  is  less  liable  from  strains 
"  or  the  subsidence  of  the  building  or  foundation  than  existing 
«  plans." 

Fourth,  "the  system  or  mode  of  heating  the  cane  juice  by 
"  passing  the  waste  steam  of  the  engine  or  other  steam  or  heated 
"  air  through  a  hollow  base  plate  formed  to  receive  the  expressed 
"  juice."  The  upper  surface  of  the  base  plate  is  concave,  the 
waste  steam  is  made  to  pass  into  the  interior  of  the  base  plate,  and 
thus  "  the  juice  is  kept  hot  in  its  way  to  the  boiling  apparatus." 

Fifth,  "  the  application  and  use  of  malleable  iron  to  the  con- 
"  struction  of  the  framing  of  sugar  mills." 

Sixth,  "  the  general  arrangement  of  the  various  parts  of  sugar 
"  mills  and  engines  combined  as  delineated  in  the  drawings." 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.     Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  56,  p.  60;  Practical 
Mechanics'  Journal,  vol.  4,  p.  275,  and  vol.  5,  p.  52.] 

A.D.  1851,  August  5.— N°  13,709. 

DE  MORNAY,  EDWARD.  —  **  Improvements  in  machinery  for 
"  crushing  sugar  canes,  and  in  apparatus  for  evaporating  saccha- 
"  rine  fluids."  These  are,  first,  "  single  and  double-acting  roller 
"  mills."  The  single  mill  gives  but  one  effective  squeeze  as  in  the 
common  three-roller  mill,  but  in  this  mill  one  or  more  small  feed 
rollers  are  substituted  for  the  large  lower  roller  on  the  feed  side 
of  the  mill,  by  these  means  dispensing  with  the  trash  returner, 
and  by  increasing  the  number  of  feed  rollers,  the  two  horizontal 
expressing  rollers  can  be  brought  as  near  as  desired  to  the  same 
level,  which  would  obviate  in  a  great  measure  the  defect  observ- 
able in  the  common  mill  of  the  second  roller  carrying  on  some  of 
the  juice  past  the  pressing  parts,  where  it  becomes  absorbed  by  the 
relieved  megass.  The  double  mill  gives  two  effective  squeezes  by 
"  two  pair  of  rollers  being  so  placed  with  one  or  more  feed  rollers 
"  that  the  megass  ascends  after  each  separate  pressure  between 
"  the  two  pairs  of  rollers.  In  this  mill  it  may  be  advisable  to 
"  place  a  table  or  trash  returner  between  the  first  and  second  pair 
"  of  rollers  to  prevent  the  small  trash  from  falling  into  the  juice 
"  below ;  but  as  the  canes  would  be  very  much  crushed  at  the 
"  first  squeeze,  this  would  not  be  objectionable,  as  in  the  common 
"  three-roller  mill." 

Second,  an  improvement  in  No.  12,578.  In  expressing  juice 
from  cane  in  No.  12,578,  the  canes  are  forced  "  by  means  of  a 
"  plunger  through  a  parallel  tube  throughout,  or  a  parallel  tube 


SUGAR.  135 

"  for  some  distance,  and  contracted  towards  the  end  where  the 
"  trash  is  ejected."  It  is  proposed  "  having  a  tube  whose  sides 
"  shall  diverge  some  distance  towards  the  extremity  where  the 
"  megass  is  expelled,  and  that  afterwards  it  shall  be  either  parallel 
"  or  slightly  contracted."  In  No.  12,578,  Old  Law,  all  the  cane  is 
"  introduced  into  the  tube  in  the  same  direction,  so  that  all  the 
"  pieces  lie  parallel  to  each  other,"  but  it  is  proposed  to  introduce 
"  the  pieces  of  cane  into  the  tube  in  such  a  manner  that  they  lie 
((  in  alternate  layers  having  the  fibre  of  the  cane  of  any  other  layer 
"  nearly,  if  not  quite,  at  right  angles  to  the  intermediate  ones." 
It  is  also  proposed  to  construct  "  the  tube  in  two  pieces,  which 
"  will  be  bolted  together,  the  larger  orifices  being  in  contact,  and 
"  the  smaller  orifice  of  the  piece  of  tube  nearest  the  plunger 
"  placed  so  as  to  receive  the  end  of  the  plunger  as  it  cuts  off  and 
"  crushes  the  canes.  If  the  other  half  of  the  tube  is  also  tapered, 
f<  the  small  end  will  be  furtherest  from  the  plunger,  and  where 
"  the  megass  will  be  rejected,  it  may  be  found  by  experience  that 
"  this  half  the  tube  should  be  made  parallel." 

Third,  in  evaporating  pans,  having  them  long  and  shallow,  and 
the  bottom,  in  preference,  formed  like'an  inverted  arch.  The  juice 
is  admitted  at  one  end,  there  is  a  moveable  partition  or  partitions 
fitting  closely  which  runs  on  wheels  on  a  tramway  so  as  to  prevent 
the  fresh  juice  mixing  with  the  other ;  a  tap  is  at  the  other  end 
for  drawing  off  the  concentrated  liquor.  Another  pan  is  con- 
structed with  a  series  of  wires  running  across  it  near  the  bottom ; 
the  pan  set  in  an  inclined  position,  the  juice  enters  at  one  end, 
and  runs  out  at  the  other  deprived  of  a  portion  of  its  water. 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  19  (enlarged  series),  p.  144; 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  56,  p.  155.] 

A.D.  1851,  September  11.— N°  13,745. 

VARILLAT,  WILLIAM  JEAN  JULES. — "  Improvements  in  the 
"  extraction  and  preparation  of  colouring,  tanning,  and  saccharine 
"  matters  from  various  vegetable  substances,  and  in  the  apparatus 
"  to  be  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  in  a  machine  for 
cutting  dye  woods,  in  which  a  log  of  wood  (maintained  in  a  vertical 
position)  is  placed  between  two  cutting  cylinders,  having  four  flat 
blades  and  four  fluted  blades,  the  fluted  blades  which  project  more 
than  the  flat  blades,  at  each  turn  make  fluted  shavings,  and  the 
flat  blades,  coming  round  immediately  after,  cut  off  all  the  edges 
the  fluted  blades  have  not  carried  away ;  the  logs  are  then  raised 


136  SUGAR. 

higher  up  by  a  block  and  pulley  as  the  shavings  are  cut  away 
until  there  remains  but  a  very  short  length,  when  another  log  is 
placed  between  the  cylinders  ready  to  be  cut  in  a  similar  manner. 

Second.  In  placing  the  shavings  which  have  been  cut  into  tin 
cylinders  filled  with  about  14  times  there  own  weight  of  distilled 
water  for  extracting  the  dye ;  these  vessels  are  placed  in  a  large 
reservoir  of  water  at  90°  heat,  and  when  the  liquid  has  been 
stirred  for  about  15  minutes,  it  is  made  to  pass  from  one  vessel  to 
another  by  means  of  a  pump  placed  at  one  side  of  the  reservoir, 
and  thus  the  cylinders  are  emptied  and  filled  j  when  the  spent 
shavings  in  the  first  vessel  are  sufficiently  stirred  to  extract  the 
dye  they  are  lifted  out  by  a  strainer  placed  at  the  bottom  of  each 
vessel  on  which  the  shavings  rest.  Thus  the  wood  is  taken  out 
every  half  hour  from  the  vessel  at  the  end  of  the  series,  and  when 
the  vessels  are  in  operation  receives  18  weaker  and  weaker  baths, 
the  hot  water  passing  through  all  the  vessels,  by  which  the  matters 
contained  therein  become  richer  and  richer  and  more  dense  during 
]  8  changes.  This  mode  of  extraction  or  dissolution  may  also  be 
applied  to  cane  or  beet  root,  sugar,  tannic  acid,  extracts  of  liquorice, 
and  from  all  kinds  of  vegetables. 

Third.  The  extract  thus  obtained  is  next  run  into  a  cylinder  to 
be  evaporated,  in  which  a  vacuum  is  formed  by  means  of  air 
pumps  and  a  condenser,  the  cylinder  is  mounted  upon  hollow 
trunnions  in  connection  with  a  coil  fitted  inside  the  cylinder. 
Steam  is  let  into  the  trunnions  and  into  the  coil,  and  when  the 
coil  on  the  hollow  trunnion  revolves  it  will  set  in  motion  the 
extract  contained  in  the  cylinder,  which  in  turning  is  covered  with 
a  thin  coating  of  liquid  renewed  at  each  revolution.  This  extract 
is  run  in  at  one  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  when  it  becomes  suffi- 
ciently dense  is  run  out  at  the  other  into  a  vessel  for  the  purpose, 
causing  an  intermittent  evaporation,  and  allowing  the  steam  being 
employed  at  a  temperature  of  less  than  100°. 

Fourth.  The  extract  is  to  be  finally  concentrated  in  an  apparatus 
which  consists  of  two  vessels,  one  placed  on  the  other,  the  upper 
one  being  in  the  form  of  a  dome,  the  lower  one  a  basin,  an  air- 
tight partition  dividing  the  two.  The  basin  is  provided  with  a 
steam  coil,  water  being  let  into  the  basin  until  it  rises  above  the 
coil  to  "  about  80°,"  which  heats  the  partition  forming  the  bottom 
of  the  upper  vessel,  and  011  which  a  small  quantity  of  the  liquid 
to  be  concentrated  is  let  in.  At  the  upper  part  of  the  dome  is  a 
tube  communicating  with  a  condenser  and  air  pumps,  a  valve  in. 


SUGAR.  137 

the  tube  being  opened  a  vacuum  is  produced  when  the  liquid  is 
turned  into  a  pulp,  and  if  required  to  be  solidified  is  stirred  by  a 
rotating  scraper,  which  in  its  traverse  sends  out  bubbles  from  the 
mass ;  an  air  pipe  is  then  opened  to  destroy  the  vacuum,  and  a 
valve  in  the  partition  opened  to  allow  the  pulpy  mass  to  fall  into  a 
trough,  beneath  which  are  placed  a  series  of  rectangular  boxes 
lined  with  paper,  which  are  to  be  filled  one  after  the  other,  and 
when  concentrated  and  cooled  may  easily  be  taken  out  of  the  boxes 
and  packed  in  cases  ready  for  sale. 

[Printed,  2s.  8d.    Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  56,  p.  257.] 

A.D.  1851,  December  8—  N°  13,846. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.}  — 
"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  in  the  preparation 
"  of  certain  substances  for  such  manufacture,  and  in  the  machi- 
"  nery  and  apparatus  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  for 
evaporating  saccharine  fluids,  employing  "a  series  of  centrifugal 
"  apparatuses,  by  means  of  which  the  liquid  is  passed  through  a 
"  succession  of  evaporating  operations  until  sufficiently  concen- 
"  trated."  One  one  shaft  are  fixed  a  series  of  these  drums 
revolving  in  a  large  pan  which  is  divided  horizontally  into  as 
many  compartments  as  there  are  drums  by  means  of  circular 
plates,  in  the  upper  part  of  which  is  a  space  left  for  the  escape  of 
vapor.  The  liquid  is  introduced  through  a  pipe  at  the  top,  and 
flows  over  the  circular  plate  into  a  heating  apparatus,  "from 
"  which  it  passes  into  the  centrifugal  drums  and  is  dispersed  over 
' '  the  next  plate,  flowing  back  into  the  next  heating  apparatus  and 
"  drum,  and  so  on  through  all  of  them  in  succession." 

Second,  a  method  for  producing  a  vacuum  for  evaporating 
saccharine  fluids.  The  pan  is  in  communication  with  a  box, 
which  has  two -valves  fitted  to  it,  two  cylindrical  vessels  communi- 
cate with  a  boiler  by  two  steam  pipes,  and  with  the  box  by  the 
two  valves.  The  two  cylindrical  vessels  have  two  taps  at  the  ends 
opposite  to  the  steam  pipes  for  the  escape  of  air,  and  are  further 
provided  in  the  bottom  with  valves  and  pipes  for  the  outlet  of 
water.  The  degree  of  vacuum  is  ascertained  by  indicators  on 
the  pan. 

Third,unloading  and  working  the  drums  of  centrifugal  machines. 
This  is  effected  by  lowering  a  moveable  casing  which  envelopes 
the  machine  so  as  to  bring  it  below  that  of  the  fixed  portion  of 
the  periphery  made  fast  to  the  bottom.  The  speed  of  the  machine 


138  SUGAR. 

being  reduced,  a  hand  wheel  is  then  taken  hold  of,  which  causes 
the  loose  top  and  loose  bottom  to  be  drawn  up,  by  which  means 
the  lining  will  be  raised  and  turned  inside  out,  thus  discharging 
the  drum  of  its  contents. 

Fourth,  cleaning  the  charcoal  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar 
previous  to  re-burning,  by  passing  water  through  it  when  sub- 
mitted to  rapid  rotation  in  a  suitably  constructed  centrifugal 
machine.  "  The  charcoal  is  afterwards  dried  as  far  as  convenient 
"  before  removing  it  from  the  machine." 

Fifth,  "constructing  the  forms  of  moulds  used  in  making 
"  sugar  loaves  "  with  an  extension  at  the  small  end,  the  ordinary 
plug  hole  being  at  the  extremity  of  the  extension."  "The 
"  hydraulic  pressure  of  the  liquid  will  cause  the  sugar  to  be 
"  cleared  lower  down  than  is  effected  by  the  methods  now  in 
"  use." 

[Printed,  Is.  4d.    Drawings,] 


A.D.  1852,  January  24.— N°  13,916. 

FONTAINEMOREAU,  PETER  ARMAND  LE  COMTE  DE.— 
(A  communication.}  —  "Certain  improvements  in  lithographic, 
"  typographic,  and  other  printing  presses,  which  improvements 
"  are  also  applicable,  with  certain  modifications,  to  extracting 
"  saccharine,  oleaginous,  and  other  matters,  and  to  compressing 
"  in  general."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "the 
"  apparatus  consists  of  a  number  of  plates  of  iron  or  steel, 
"  forming  the  links  of  two  endless  chains,  which  pass  between  a 
"  series  of  five  or  more  pairs  of  rollers,  which  receive  the  matters 
"  to  be  pressed.  When  beet  root,  turnips,  or  other  similar 
"  matters  have  to  be  compressed  they  are  previously  reduced  to 
"  pulp."  The  cast-iron  rollers  turn  upon  wrought-iron  axes, 
and  communicate  motion  to  one  another  by  means  of  cast-iron 
cog  wheels.  "The  plates  of  the  lower  chain  differ  from  those  of 
"  the  upper  ones,  the  former  having  a  flange  on  each  side  running 
"  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  chain,"  and  also  having  a 
number  of  conical  holes,  through  which  the  liquid  escapes  and 
falls  into  a  receiver  beneath  the  machine.  The  material  to  be 
pressed  falls  from  a  rasp  or  mill  fixed  above,  "  ( this  fall  being 
"  regulated  by  any  suitable  means)  forms  a  thick  and  even 
"  coating  upon  the  plates  of  the  lower  chain  which  begin  to  be 
"  pressed  when  it  reaches  the  first  pair  of  rollers,"  after  passing 


SUGAR,  139 

between  the  last  pair  of  rollers  the  chaines  separate  and  the  lower 
ones  let  fall  the  residue  into  a  receiver. 

[Printed,  Is.  6d.   Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  115;  Engi- 
neers and  Architects'  Journal,  vol.  15,  p.  312.] 


A.D.  1852,  January  29.— N°  13,936. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM. — "Improvements  in  apparatus  for  cutting 
"  or  breaking  lump  sugar  and  other  vegetable  substances." 
These  are,  first,  the  "  general  arrangement  of  machinery  or  appa- 
"  ratus."  A  wooden  framing  carries  at  its  upper  part  a  table, 
upon  which  is  fixed  a  rectangular  frame  of  cast  iron ;  to  this  frame 
two  stationary  knives  or  cutting  edges  are  bolted. 

Second,  "  mounting  the  moving  knife  or  knives  of  such  ma- 
"  chinery  on  a  stem  working  in  a  fixed  guide  or  socket,  or  on  a 
"  pair  of  stems  similarly  fitted." 

Third,  "  communicating  the  reciprocating  motion  of  a  treadle 
"  to  the  moveable  knife  or  knives  of  such  machinery  by  means 
"  of  a  jointed  connection  of  which  a  crank  pin  is  the  centre  of 
"  motion." 

Fourth,  to  facilitate  the  placing  of  these  pieces  of  sugar  so  that 
they  shall  be  cut  into  portions  approaching  to  uniformity  of  size, 
a  ledge  or  rest  carried  by  the  above  cast-iron  frame  is  provided 
for  supporting  the  sugar  while  under  the  action  of  the  knives,  and 
a  stop  plate  "  stands  out  from  the  back  of  the  framing  for  deter- 
"  mining  the  distance  that  the  sugar  may  be  thrust  beyond  the 
"  line  of  the  knives."  "  The  capacity  of  the  machine  may  be 
"  doubled  by  affixing  to  the  traversing  stem  a  knife  in  the  form 
"  of  a  cross  in  plan  view  and  providing  fixed  knives  corresponding 
"  thereto  on  the  table  of  the  machine." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  41  (conjoined 
series),  p.  268 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  134.] 

A.D.  1852,  February  3.— N°  13,954. 

TORR,  GEORGE. — "Improvements  in  re-burning  animal  char- 
"  coal."  These  are,  in  constructing  and  setting  the  revolving 
retorts  or  apparatus  used  for  the  above  purpose.  The  retort 
"  has  an  open  end  in  front,  and  a  closed  end  with  a  hollow  axis 
"  at  the  back ;"  the  back  end  of  the  retort  is  within  the  masonry 
or  setting,  and  can  be  heated.  A  fixed  tube  passes  through  the 
axis  in  front,  bending  at  right  angles  as  it  enters  the  retort,  and 


140  SUGAR. 

opening  into  the  upper  part  of  the  retort,  through  which  any 
vapours  evolved  in  re-burning  the  animal  charcoal  escape,  and 
are  conveyed  away  by  a  pipe  connected  to  this  pipe  outside  of  the 
retort.  To  turn  over  the  matters  under  process,  a  long  plate  is 
fixed  by  means  of  arms  within  the  retort.  The  retort  is  revolved 
by  pulleys  at  each  end.  The  fire  is  underneath,  and  the  heat 
passes  into  a  chamber  within  which  the  retort  revolves,  and  thence 
into  the  chimney. 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.     Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  20  (enlarged  series) , 
p.  147  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  157.] 


A.D.  1852,  February  24.— N°  13,988. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  expressing  saccharine 
"  fluids,  and  in  the  manufacture,  refining,  and  treating  sugar." 
These  are,  first,  "  constructing  the  cranks  or  eccentric  shafts  of 
"  cane  presses  so  that  the  plungers  actuated  by  them  are  each 
"  brought  into  successive  operation." 

Second,  the  construction  of  cane  pressing  tubes.  These  tubes 
have  plungers  fitted  into  them,  they  are  rectangular  in  cross 
section,  and  of  much  less  length  than  those  hitherto  in  use.  In, 
preference  they  are  cast,  and  of  "  Muntz's  metal." 

Third,  "  the  direct  action  of  the  plungers  of  cane  presses  by 
"  connecting  one  end  of  them  to  the  crank  or  eccentric  shaft." 

Fourth,  "  guiding  and  giving  a  parallel  motion  to  the  plungers 
"  of  cane  presses."  A  portion  of  the  bed  plate  of  the  press  is 
planed  true,  and  between  it  and  the  under  side  of  the  cap  of  the 
cane  tube,  the  enlarged  end  of  the  plungers  are  fitted  so  that  the 
space  between  the  surfaces  of  the  bed  plate  and  of  the  cap  "forms 
"  a  guide  for  the  plungers,  and  insures  their  parallel  motion 
"  backward  and  forward  when  actuated  by  the  crank." 

Fifth,  the  construction  of  double  acting  cane  presses  ;  the 
general  details  and  arrangement  of  these  apparatus  are  the  same 
as  before  described  for  the  single  presses. 

Sixth,  "the  use  of  wrought  iron  tension  rods  in  the  construc- 
"  tion  of  cane  presses  "  for  staying  up  the  machinery. 

Seventh,  constructing  clarifiers.  A  cast  iron  cylindrical  vessel 
having  a  nearly  flat  bottom  consisting  of  hollow  chambers  with 
vertical  radial  partitions.  A  cylindrical  jacket  fits  on  to  the  vessel 
with  a  rust  joint  at  top  and  bottom. 

Eighth,  the  use  of  glass  in  the  construction  of  subsiding  vessels, 


SUGAR.  141 

Ninth,  the  forcing  of  heated  air  upon  revolving  or  moving 
surfaces  partly  immersed  therein. 

Tenth,  "  the  evaporation  of  the  aqueous  portions  of  saccharine 
"  fluids  by  the  joint  action  of  heating  media  below  212°  F.,  used 
"  in  combination  with  currents  of  hot  or  cold  air  brought  in  con- 
"  tact  with  such  fluid  on  the  surface  of  apparatus  revolving  or 
"  moving,  partly  immersed  therein." 

Eleventh,  "  the  use  of  a  '  jacket '  or  double  bottom  to  pans  as  a 
"  means  of  heating  saccharine  fluids  by  steam,  when  used  in 
"  combination  with  currents  of  heated  air  brought  in  contact  with 
"  such  fluids  on  the  surface  of  apparatus  revolving  or  moving 
"  partly  immersed  therein." 

Twelfth,  "  the  use  of  a  spiral  blade  or  screw  for  scraping  off  or 
"  preventing  any  accumulation  of  solid  matter  at  the  bottom  of 
"  pans  or  vessels  used  in  the  concentration  of  saccharine  fluids, 
"  and  also  for  the  purpose  of  exposing  a  large  surface  of  fluid  in 
"  order  to  facilitate  its  evaporation." 

Thirteenth,  forcing  "  air  through  a  central  air  pipe  or  drum  in 
"  apparatus  revolving  or  moving,  partly  immersed  in  the  fluid  to 
"  be  evaporated." 

Fourteenth,  "  the  use  of  large  hollow  axes  for  the  purpose  of 
"  increasing  the  firmness  or  rigidity  of  screws  or  series  of  discs 
"  used  in  the  concentration  of  saccharine  fluids." 

Fifteenth,  "the  evaporation  of  the  aqueous  portions  of  saccharine 
"  fluids,  by  forcing  heated  air  in  contact  with  such  fluids  or 
"  surfaces  which  move  into  and  out  of  the  fluid  to  be  evaporated." 

Sixteenth,  evaporating  such  fluids  by  "  forcing  heated  air  in 
"  contact  with  thin  films  or  coatings  of  such  fluids  on  fixed 
"  surfaces  not  heated  by  any  other  means.'* 

Seventeenth,  rapidly  heating  concentrated  syrups. 

Eighteenth,  a  cooler  made  of  wood  secured  by  iron  hoops ;  the 
bottom  is  conical,  with  a  plug.  It  has  a  handle  and  wheels. 

Nineteenth,  separating  fluid  matter  from  crystals  of  sugar  by 
spreading  them  on  a  table  with  a  pervious  material,  and  a  partial 
vacuum  beneath. 

[Printed,  2*.    Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  21  (enlarged  series),  p.  1 ; 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  218,  and  vol.  58,  p.  43.] 

A.D.  1852,  March  22.— N°  14,030. 

SYMINGTON,    WILLIAM,     FINLAYSON,    CHARLES,     and 
REID,  JOHN.— "Improvements  in  flues,  and  in  heating  air,  and 


142  SUGAR. 

"  in  evaporating  certain  liquids  by  heated  air."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  "  for  heating  air  and  evaporating  saccha- 
"  rine  liquids,  a  series  of  tubes  are  placed  in  a  furnace  and 
"  heated;  an  inlet  pipe  admits  air  which  passes  amongst  and 
"  between  these  pipes  becomes  heated,"  from  thence  it  passes  into 
a  pan  containing  the  saccharine  fluid  to  be  evaporated,  in  which 
revolves  a  spindle  on  which  are  about  forty  discs,  "  kept  three- 
"  quarters  of  an  inch  apart  by  collars."  The  flue  from  the 
apparatus  in  which  the  pipes  are  heated  passes  under  two 
evaporating  pans,  and  likewise  under  a  clarifier.  The  peculiarity 
of  this  invention  it  is  said  is  to  have  "the  same  means  or 
"  furnace  to  heat  the  air-heating  apparatus,  and  also  the  pans." 

[Printed,  Is.  Gd.    Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  20  .(enlarged  series), 
p.  309 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  277.] 


A.D.  1852,  May  25.— N°  14,141. 

WALKER,  JOSEPH,  junior. — (A  communication.} — "  Certain  im- 
<f  provements  in  vacuum  pans  for  the  evaporation  and  crystalliza- 
"  tion  of  saccharine  or  other  solutions."  These  consist  in  "  such 
"  a  combination  of  rectilinear  tubes  that  their  collective  surfaces 
"  may  be  made  to  bear  any  desired  proportion  to  the  contents  of 
"  the  vacuum  pan  for  which  they  may  be  intended,  or  in  other 
"  words,  such  that  the  amount  of  heated  surface  in  a  pan  of  any 
"  given  size  may  be  infinitely  increased  beyond  that  which  can 
"  be  obtained  by  any  of  the  methods  as  now  used."  A  vacuum 
pan  is  shown  consisting  of  a  bottom,  top,  and  body ;  the  bottom 
part  is  traversed  by  a  series  of  vertical  pipes ;  there  is  a  pipe  for 
the  admission  of  steam,  and  a  pipe  for  discharging  the  water 
formed  by  condensation  of  the  steam. 

[Printed,  Qd.    Drawing.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  417.] 

A.D.  1852,  May  29.— N°  14,143. 

VON  HERZ,  ADOLPHUS  CHARLES.  — "  Improvements  in 
"  treating,  preparing,  and  preserving  roots  and  plants,  in  extract- 
"  ing  saccharine  and  other  juices  from  roots  and  plants,  in  the 
"  treatment  of  such  juices,  and  in  the  processes,  machinery,  and 
"  apparatus  employed  therein." 
[No  Specification  enrolled.] 


SUGAR.  143 

A.D.  1852,  June  12.— N°  14,168. 

BRANDEIS,  JOSEPH. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  raw  and  refined  sugar."  These  are,  precipitating  lead  from 
saccharine  solutions  by  means  of  hydro-sulphuret  or  sulphuret  of 
potash,  soda,  or  ammonia,  ascertaining  whether  all  the  lead  is 
removed  by  adding  to  a  small  portion  of  liquor  "  hydrosulphuric 
"  acid,  when  if  all  the  lead  is  removed  it  will  make  no  further 
"  precipitate  or  change  its  color."  The  excess  of  the  hydro- 
sulphuret  is  removed  by  adding  a  small  quantity  of  some  of  the 
insoluble  salts  of  lead  as  "  phosphate,  tartrate,  sulphate,  &c.,  or 
"  some  of  the  insoluble  salts  of  manganese  as  phosphate,  &c., 
"  which  will  abstract  the  excess  of  hydrosulphuret "  which  has 
been  added. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  57,  p.  496.] 


A.D.  1852,  July  20.— N°  14,233. 

EGAN,  JOHN  FRANCIS. — (A  communication.) — "  Improvements 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  in  apparatus ; 
a  spout  with  a  lid  is  placed  in  front  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  coppers 
into  which  the  thick  gelatinous  and  other  matters  that  separate 
from  the  cane  juice  are  brought  by  means  of  a  kind  of  rake  into 
the  spout  and  flow  entirely  away.  During  its  further  ebullition 
it  is  cleaned  by  what  are  generally  called  brushes  which  convey 
the  impurities  into  canals  also  with  lids  between  the  second  and 
third  and  third  and  fourth  coppers.  The  coolers  have  divisions 
of  boards  or  planks  and  plugs  at  the  bottom  for  drawing  off  the 
uncrystallized  saccharine  matter. 

Second,  the  application  of  a  defecating  agent  consisting  of  ten 
gallons  of  juice  of  the  plantain  tree,  seven  pounds  quicklime 
thoroughly  mixed  and  the  clear  liquor  drawn  off  and  one  ounce  of 
flowers  of  sulphur  added  to  every  six  gallons.  "  After  the  first 
thick  scum  coagulated  by  the  action  of  the  heat  has  been 
removed  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  copper  from  the  cane  juice  two 
or  three  quarts  of  the  above  liquor  are  added  and  immediately 
large  amount  of  impurities  rise  to  the  surface  and  are  carried 
rapidly  and  efficiently  away  by  the  rake  or  instrument  used  for 
the  purpose." 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.   Drawings.   Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  21  (enlarged  series), 
p.  150 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  58,  p.  116.] 


144  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1852,  July  24.— N°  14,239. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY.  —  "Improvements  in  the  manufacture, 
"  refining,  and  treating  sugar,  part  of  which  improvements  are 
"  applicable  for  evaporating  other  fluids."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  use  of  close  or  covered  vessels  for  '  clarifying '  and  elevating 
"  the  liquor"  as  follows: — "A  cast  iron  cylindrical  vessel  the 
"  interior  of  which  terminates  downwards  in  an  obtuse  cone  "  has 
a  steam  jacket  covered  by  felt  and  wood  ;  it  has  a  dome  or  cover 
in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  hole  capable  of  being  closed  for  the 
admission  of  the  fluid  to  be  clarified.  The  liquor  is  run  into  the 
veseel ;  lime  or  other  matters  are  then  added,  and  steam  admitted 
into  "  the  jacket  will  soon  produce  ebulition  which  may  be 
"  continued  for  a  few  minutes,  the  lid  is  then  to  be  closed  and 
"  screwed  down  "  and  a  cock  is  opened  into  a  pipe  which  leads 
into  an  elevated  receiver  into  which  it  is  desired  to  raise  the 
fluid  by  admitting  steam  by  a  pipe  into  the  top  of  the  iron 
cylindrical  vessel.  Two  such  vessels  are  preferred. 

Second,  "  heating  by  hot  water,  hot  air,  or  other  heated  media 
"  below  212°  Fahrenheit  the  vessels  used  for  the  defecation  or 
clarification  of  saccharine  fluids."  It  is  preferred  to  use  for  this 
purpose  an  open  jacketted  vessel. 

Third,  "discharging  the  saccharine  fluids  from  filtering  drums." 
This  is  said  to  be  an  improvement  upon  No.  13,560.  A  drum  is 
composed  of  a  number  of  circular  plates  mounted  on  an  axis, 
these  plates  are  covered  with  wire  gauze  or  pierced  metal,  in  these 
plates  are  holes  through  which  bent  pieces  of  metal  pass  forming 
inclined  gutters  which  at  their  lower  ends  are  connected  by 
openings  with  one  of  four  passages  formed  in  the  brass  axis  of 
the  drum.  This  bent  piece  like  the  gutter  extends  from  end  to 
end  of  the  drum  and  forms  a  sort  of  bucket  which  by  the  rotation 
of  the  drum  conveys  the  filtered  liquor  into  the  slanting  gutters 
which  carry  it  away. 

Fourth,  working  two  screws  in  one  pan  or  vessel  by  "  the  use 
"  of  gearing  so  arranged  as  to  cause  the  said  screws  to  give  a 
"  circulation  to  the  fluid  therein  contained."  The  screws  are 
provided  with  hollow  perforated  axes  for  the  purpose  of  passing 
air  over  the  screws  as  described  in  No.  13,988. 

Fifth,  in  screws  for  evaporating  the  use  of  two  or  more  threads. 

Sixth,  "  scraping  the  threads  of  the  screw,  and  rendering  such 
"  threads  or  discs  more  rigid  by  making  them  thicker  at  the 


SUGAR.  145 

"  central  part,  and  becoming  gradually  thinner  towards  their 
"  outer  edge."  A  scraper  is  placed  between  the  threads  of  the 
screws.  Screws  are  made  with  a  greater  number  of  threads  than 
one.  Discs  are  made  thicker  "at  that  part  where  they  join  the 
"  axis  and  gradually  becoming  thinner  at  their  peripheries." 

Seventh,  "  the  use  of  steam  to  displace  overheating  media  used 
"  to  evaporate  saccharine  fluids  and  using  such  steam  to  heat 
"  the  partially  granulated  sugar  before  discharging  it  from  the 
"  pan." 

Eighth,  in  cleansing  or  airing  sugar.  By  No.  13,988,  Old  Law, 
the  whole  of  the  sugar  on  the  table  "  was  exposed  to  the  pressure 
"  of  the  air  above  it  and  to  a  partial  vacuum  below."  By  this 
apparatus  it  is  proposed  to  expose  only  a  portion  of  the  annular 
channel  which  is  covered  with  sugar  to  exhaustion. 

Ninth,  "the  filtration  or  separation  of  dust,  soot,"  &c.  from  air 
"  brought  in  contact  with  saccharine  or  other  fluids  "  by  passing 
them  "  through  any  woven  or  felted  fabric." 

Tenth,  "  treating  and  combining  albuminous  matters  with 
"  charcoal."  These  are  evaporating  albuminous  matters  "  at  so 
"  low  a  temperature  as  not  to  coagulate  them  and  then  to  mix 
"  them  with  powdered  or  granulated  charcoal." 

[Printed,  2s.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  24  (enlarged  series)' 
p.  105 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  58,  p.  135  ;  Engineers  and  Architects' 
Journal,  vol.  16,  p.  185.]' 

A.P.  1852,  September  18.— N°  14,293. 

MACINTOSH,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  manufacturing  and 
"  refining  sugar."  These  are,  "  evaporating  and  concentrating 
"  saccharine  fluids  in  the  manufacturing  and  refining  of  sugar" 
as  follows  :—  The  liquor  to  be  evaporated  is  in  a  pan,  a  travelling 
surface  passes  through  the  liquor  and  over  and  under  a  series  of 
rollers.  This  apparatus  is  enclosed  in  a  chamber  heated  at  or 
near  the  bottom,  or  hot  air  is  passed  in  at  the  bottom  and  out 
at  or  near  the  top  ;  or  the  saccharine  fluid  is  passed  over  the  fixed 
surfaces  into  "  any  suitable  vessel  for  further  operations."  "  A  fan 
"  or  other  apparatus  may  be  applied  for  withdrawing  the  air  so 
"  that  the  atmosphere  of  the  room  will  be  constantly  changing." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.  Mechanics'  Magazine  vol.  58,  p.  278.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  7— N°  14,318. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.)  — 
"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  in  machinery 

8.  K 


146  SUGAR. 

"  and  apparatus  employed  therein.  These  are,  first,  employing 
"  in  presses  for  expressing  saccharine  juice  from  substances 
"  containing  the  same,  of  friction  rollers  arranged  round  a  main 
"  roller  or  cylinder  in  combination  with  a  fixed  bed  or  in  com- 
"  bination  with  a  revolving  bed." 

Second,  "  the  employment  for  such  purpose  of  a  plain  cylinder 
"  or  roller  in  combination  with  an  endless  chain  of  revolving 
"  friction  rollers  or  with  a  bed  of  rollers  revolving  only  on  their 
"  axes." 

Third,  a  "  carbonic  acid  generating  and  impregnating  appa- 
"  ratus  "  for  freeing  saccharine  solutions  "  of  any  excess  of  alkali 
"  they  may  contain ;  and  at  the  same  time  of  decoloring  them." 
The  gas  generator  is  connected  with  the  cistern  in  which  is  the 
fluid  to  be  treated  by  means  of  a  branch  pipe  "  on  which  is 
"  affixed  a  conical  bearing  upon  which  the  generator  is  free  to 
"  revolve."  There  is  a  ball  valve  opened  by  means  of  the 
pressure  of  the  gas.  In  the  generator  is  placed  a  large  glass  or 
earthenware  tube  filled  with  acid  and  chalk  is  carefully  packed 
in  ;  the  lid  "  ground  air-tight  or  rendered  so  by  vulcanized  india- 
"•  rubber  packing  "  is  fastened  on  and  by  turning  the  vessel  down- 
ward the  acid  is  spilt  amongst  the  chalk  and  the  carbonic  acid 
evolved  opens  the  valve  and  enters  the  solution  under  treatment. 

Fourth,  apparatus  for  cleansing  and  purifying  sugar,  consisting 
of  a  revolving  hollow  cone  of  wire  gauze  or  of  finely  perforated 
metal  terminating  in  a  pipe ;  there  is  an  outer  cone  of  similar 
material ;  diverging  from  its  apex  is  a  hopper  in  which  is  a  screw 
or  screw  blades.  Below  the  hopper  are  two  chambers  for  holding 
"  the  cleansing  or  decoloring  agent  or  agents  to  be  employed. 
"  A  partial  vacuum  is  established  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
"  apparatus.  Any  coloring  or  liquid  matter  passes  by  the  pipe 
"  into  the  cistern  and  the  sugar  is  delivered  upon  a  trough. 
"  Another  apparatus  consists  of  a  trough  divided  into  three  coin- 
"  partments ;  at  each  end  of  the  trough  are  pulleys  upon  which 
"  an  endless  web  or  band  of  any  textile  fabric  or  material  travels. 
"  A  series  of  friction  rollers  are  fixed  in  the  trough  for  supporting 
"  the  band.  At  one  end  is  a  hopper  terminating  in  a  box  con- 
"  taining  a  screw  for  delivering  the  raw  material  on  the  endless 
te  web  or  band;  in  the  trough  an  exhaust  pipe  in  connexion 
"  with  an  air  pump  and  pipes  below  for  drawing  off  the  molasses. 
"  The  cleansing  and  purifying  agents  whether  steam  alone  or 
"  steam  and  heated  air  combined"  are  admitted  by  an  apparatus 


SUGAR.  147 

placed  over  the  first  compartment  of  the  trough,  and  the  employ- 
ment of  "the  endless  bands  for  carrying  the  sugar  to  be 
"  cleansed  and  purified  "  and  "  of  steam  combined  with  heated 
"  air  for  bleaching  and  purifying  sugar  "  are  claimed. 

[Printed,  1*.  Qd.     Drawings.    Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  58,  p.  317,  and 
vol.  59,  p.  21.] 

A.D.  1852,  December  21.— N°  14,354. 

GALLOWAY,  ROBERT.  —  "Improvements  in  manufacturing 
"  and  refining  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  employing  lime  com- 
"  bined  with  lead  or  saccharate  of  lead  in  such  forms  as  to  act 
"  in  a  similar  manner  to  plumbite  of  lime  in  refining  sugar,  or 
"  saccharate  of  lead  when  an  acetate  of  lead  is  used,  to  act  on 
"  saccharine  matter,  and  employing  lime  or  magnesia  before  or 
"  after  the  use  of  acetate  of  lead." 

Second,  "using  an  acetate  of  lead  twice,  employing  another 
"  or  other  processes  immediately,  and  using  bicarbonate  of  lime 
"  or  bicarbonate  or  carbonate  of  magnesia,  or  mixtures  acting 
"  similarly  to  separate  the  lead." 

Third,  "  recovering  back  the  lead  employed  in  such  processes  " 
by  after  washing  the  scum  of  saccharine  matter,  and  digesting  it 
in  acetic  acid,  "  thus  obtaining  acetate  of  lead  for  further  use," 
drying  and  igniting  the  insoluble  residue,  oxide  of  lead  remains 
behind  which  is  again  used.  Or  the  washed  scum  dried  and 
ignited  yields  oxide  of  lead. 

Plumbite  of  lime  is  made  by  dissolving  1121bs.  litharge  and 
28  Ibs.  quicklime  in  boiling  water  or  by  adding  litharge  to  boiling 
lime  water.  Saccharate  of  lead  is  made  by  adding  powdered 
litharge  to  a  boiling  solution  of  sugar  so  long  as  it  is  dissolved. 
Saccharate  of  lime  is  made  by  adding  slacked  lime  in  excess  to  a 
cold  solution  of  sugar.  Saccharate  of  magnesia  is  made  by 
substituting  caustic  magnesia  for  the  above  lime.  In  each  case 
the  solution  of  sugar  is  preferred  to  be  of  density  26°  Beaume. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  22  (enlarged  series) 
p.  288 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  58,  p.  517.] 


K   2 


148  SUGAR. 


PATENT  LAW  AMENDMENT  ACT,  1852, 


1852. 

A.D.  1852,  October  1.— N°  26. 

MACINTOSH,  JOHN.—"  Improvements  in  evaporation."  These 
are  "  combining  and  arranging  apparatus  for  evaporating  fluids  " 
as  follows  : — Within  a  chamber  are  fixed  a  series  of  parallel 
plates  which  may  be  inclined  or  vertical,  the  water  or  other  fluid 
is  introduced  into  the  top  of  the  chamber  by  a  coiled  pipe,  per- 
forated with  numerous  small  holes,  upon  three  or  more  surfaces 
of  fine  wire  cloth;  there  are  openings  at  the  bottom  of  the 
chamber  for  air  and  the  products  of  combustion  to  pass  through, 
over  which  may  be  placed  slide  valves.  Two  pipes  force  air  in 
below  the  fires.  There  is  a  safety  valve  at  the  top,  and  a  pipe 
near  the  top  to  carry  off  the  vapours.  "  If  steam  without  the 
"  products  of  combustion  is  desired,"  the  vessel  has  "  a  close 
"  bottom  or  a  valve  large  enough  to  cover  all  the  openings,  and 
"  in  order  that  no  grit,  dust,  or  other  substantive  matters  may 
"  pass,"  the  products  from  the  fire  are  filtered  through  a  filter 
composed  of  asbestos.  When  the  apparatus  is  to  be  used  for 
concentrating  or  evaporating  other  fluids  the  vessel  is  made  with 
a  close  bottom,  and  air  is  introduced  above  it  and  flows  against 
the  stream  of  fluid,  or  the  air  is  dispensed  with  and  a  partial 
vacuum  obtained  in  the  vessel  and  the  concentrated  fluid  flows 
out  "  freely  at  the  bottom  by  suitable  outlets." 

"  The  saccharine  or  other  fluid  that  may  be  evaporated  is  but 
"  a  short  time  exposed  to  he-it." 
[Printed,  Gel.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  1.— N°  29. 

EBlNGRE,  JOHN  DANIEL. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "  rendering  the  dust  of  animal 
"  charcoal  (whether  produced  in  the  manufacture  of  the  ordinary 
"  granular  charcoal  or  by  reducing  animal  charcoal  into  powder) 
"  into  paste,  and  then  into  a  granular  form,"  as  follows: — "  Take 
"  100  Ibs.  of  animal  charcoal  in  powder,  1'SO  Ibs.  of  clay,  4  Ibs. 


SUGAR.  149 

"  of  mineral  pitch,  100  Ibs.  water,"  and  soak  them  together  for 
four  or  five  days  in  a  tub,  stirring  from  time  to  time,  when  they 
are  poured  into  a  vessel  having  in  it  a  stirrer  or  agitator  put  in 
motion  by  a  strap  acting  on  a  drum  ;  from  this  vessel  the  mixture 
passes  through  an  aperture  closed  by  a  suitable  sluice  or  valve,  in 
which  it  is  similarly  agitated ;  it  then  passes  into  another  vessel 
in  which  are  two  grinding  stones,  and  when  well  ground  it  is 
passed  into  another  vessel  below,  from  which  it  is  "ladled  out" 
and  "  placed  in  brown  paper  spread  over  a  tray  formed  by  parallel 
"  bars,"  and  is  dried  in  a  "  stove  heated  to  about  104°  F.,  and 
"  when  dry  the  matters  are  to  be  divided  by  a  cutting  instrument." 
The  matters  thus  prepared  are  carbonized  with  about  124  parts 
by  weight  of  bones  deprived  of  their  fat  to  76  parts  by  weight  of 
the  composition  above  described ;  in  like  manner  to  bones  and 
the  calcined  product  is  granulated  "  as  heretofore  when  treating 
"  calcined  bones  only,  and  the  same  will  be  fit  for  like  uses  as 
"  granulated  animal  charcoal." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  1.— N°  85. 

BRANDEIS,  JOSEPH. — "  Improvements ' in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar  and  saccharine  solutions."  These  are,  "the  removing 
se  the  salts  of  lead  from  sugar  or  saccharine  solutions  by  filtering 
"  such  solutions  through  a  bed  or  beds  of  granulated  charcoal," 
in  preference,  "using  animal  charcoal  previously  immersed  in 
"  dilute  acid,  and  then  burned  in  the  usual  way  in  a  charcoal 
"  retort,  but  other  kinds  of  granulated  charcoal,  such  as  animal, 
"  peat,  or  wood  charcoal  will  answer  for  the  removal  of  lead  from 
"  saccharine  solutions." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  1.— N°  90. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  evaporating  cane  juice 
"  and  other  liquids,  and  in  apparatus  for  that  purpose."  One 
apparatus  consists  of  "  a  cylindrical  vessel,  placed  vertically  and 
"  having  a  perforated  false  bottom,"  under  which  is  a  chamber; 
there  are  a  number  of  vertical  tubes,  connected  at  bottom  to  this 
chamber,  and  at  top  to  another  chamber  on  which  is  a  short  pipe 
with  a  valve.  The  whole  of  this  apparatus  is  placed  in  a  pan 
containing  water  or  other  fluid,  heated  by  a  fire  or  steam  or 


150  SUGAR. 

heated  air.  The  pan  may  be  covered  over  so  as  to  form  a  jacket 
or  casing  round  the  apparatus.  The  cylindrical  vessel  is  closed 
at  the  top,  and  is  provided  with  an  air  pump  or  other  exhausting 
apparatus.  The  air  is  drawn  through  the  saccharine  solution 
placed  in  the  cylindrical  vessel.  Another  apparatus  consists  of  a 
pan  in  which  two  rollers  are  partially  immersed  and  an  endless 
band  of  wire  gauze  or  other  suitable  material  is  passed  round  the 
rollers,  which  are  enclosed  or  otherwise.  The  liquid  raised  on 
the  endless  band  is  exposed  to  a  current  of  warm  or  cold  air  pro- 
duced by  a  fan  or  air  pump,  &c.  There  is  a  scraper  attached, 
"  whereby  the  solid  and  liquid  matters,  or  a  portion  of  them,  are 
"  removed  from  the  band,  and  prevented  from  returning  into  the 
"  vessel  from  which  they  have  been  raised  by  the  band/*  Such 
machines  may  have  several  bands  and  scrapers.  The  rollers  need 
not  be  immersed  in  the  liquid  as  the  band  may  "  bag  down 
"  between  them." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  1.— N°  113.    (*  *) 

HARCZYK,  BERNHARD. — "An  improved  preparation  or  com- 
"  position  of  coloring  matter  to  be  used  in  washing  or  bleaching 
"  linen  and  other  washable  fabrics,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  paper  and  other  substances." 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  supersede  the  use  of  the  "  blue 
"  balls  or  stones/*  usually  employed  by  laundresses  in  washing 
linen,  by  substituting  a  soluble  preparation  of  indigo,  when  pre- 
viously coated  "  on  sheets  of  paper,  linen  rags,  or  other  substances 
"  capable  of  receiving  the  preparation."  In  practise,  a  piece  of 
the  blued  paper  or  rag  is  put  into  the  water  employed.  The  pre- 
paration of  indigo  is  prepared  by  dissolving  it  in  strong  sulphuric 
acid,  which  is  afterwards  neutralized  by  an  alkali,  and  the  deposit 
washed  and  filtered.  The  Patentee  states,  that  colouring  matter 
so  prepared  may  be  used  by  "sugar  refiners  to  whiten  their 
"  sugars,"  or  by  "  paper  manufacturers,  when  a  fine  blue  tinge  is 
"  required." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  5.— N°  220. 

BROWN,  DAVID  STEPHENS.  —  "An  improved  apparatus  or 
"  instrument  for  evaporating  or  distilling  liquids."  This  con- 


SUGAR.  151 

sists  "  of  a  tube  open  at  both  ends,  made  in  the  form  of  a 
"  horseshoe,  the  three  sides  of  a  square,  or  the  two  sides  of  a 
"  triangle,"  "it  is  placed  with  its  two  ends  downwards,  and 
"  having  a  vacuum  inside;"  the  two  ends  dip  into  two  open 
buckets,  in  one  of  which  is  the  liquid  to  be  evaporated,  while 
some  liquid  is  in  the  other  or  condensing  one.  The  air  is  exhausted 
from  the  condensing  tube  by  means  of  a  tube  placed  inside  it. 
The  liquid  inside  the  other  tube  is  heated  by  means  of  a  coil  of 
pipe,  &c.  in  it,  while  it  is  agitated  by  a  revolving  stirrer,  which 
may  be  hollow,  with  hot  air  or  steam  passing  through  it.  The 
vapour  is  condensed  in  the  condensing  tube  by  various  means 
according  as  the  condensed  liquid  is  valuable  or  otherwise.  A 
modification  of  this  apparatus  is  described,  in  which  a  tube  is 
attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the  distilling  limb  for  the  bucket 
and  a  stack  or  chimney  of  a  fire  passes  through  the  distilling 
limb  instead  of  a  heated  worm  tube,  &c.,  and  the  lower  part  of 
the  condensing  tube  is  enlarged  to  receive  dry  sand  or  other 
substances  when  they  are  used  as  condensers.  "  The  apparatus 
"  is  to  be  employed  for  concentrating  and  crystallizing  saccharine 
"  and  other  solutions,  purifying  water,  distilling  spirits,  and 
"  condensing  the  steam  of  steam  engines." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1852,  October  13.— N'  366. 

NASH,  JOSEPH. — "  The  treatment  and  refining  of  sugar."  This 
consists,  first,  in  the  application  of  "  muriate,  the  proto-muriate, 
"  the  nitro-muriate  "  of  tin,  &c.  in  precipitating  extractive  and 
other  colouring  matters. 

Second,  the  application  to  syrup  of  chloride  of  lime,  magnesia, 
alumina,  the  alkaline  chlorides,  or  chlorine  water  or  gas,  or  the 
separate  or  combined  use  of  the  same. 

Third,  "  the  separation  of  lead  from  sugar  or  the  displacement 
"  of  oxide  of  lead  from  sugar  by  the  replacement  of  tin  or  its 
"  oxide,  or  any  other  body  applicable  as  an  equivalent  agent  for 
"  the  same  purpose,  and  specially  the  sulphite  of  tin,"  the 
"  manifest  excess  of  lead  "having  been  previously  removed  "by 
"  any  of  the  ordinary  agents  which  have  been  or  might  be  used 
"  for  that  purpose,"  also  "  the  concurrent  use  of  albumine  (by 
"  boiling  with  the  alkaline  solution  of  same)  for  fixing  and  com- 
"  bining  with  the  displaced  lead,  and  for  the  total  or  partial 


152  SUGAR. 

"  separation  of  the  agent  of  replacement ;"  also  the  use  of 
ammonia  as  "  a  solvent  for  animal  albumine,"  but  no  claim  is 
made  to  "  the  use  of  any  of  the  salts  of  lead  in  the  treatment 
"  of  sugar  otherwise  than  in  connexion  with  the  principle  of 
"  substitution  and  the  agency  described,"  nor  for  the  "use 
"  of  albumine  generally  in  the  treatment  of  sugar "  otherwise 
than  as  above. 

Fourth,  "  the  special  use  of  phosphoric  acid,  the  neutral  and 
"  super-phosphate  of  lime,  the  acids  and  alkalies,  and  salts," 
(oxalic  and  sulphurous  acids  and  their  soluble  salts,  bone  ash 
"  dissolved  in  muriatic  or  other  acid  may  be  added  to  be  after- 
"  wards  precipitated  by  the  subsequent  neutralizing  re-agents 
"  employed,")  and  the  syrup  thus  treated  is  neutralized  and 
"  boiled  with  the  alkaline  solution  of  albumine;"  but  no  claim 
is  made  "  to  the  general  or  exclusive  use "  of  these  substances 
otherwise  than  as  described. 

Fifth,  "  the  use  of  ammonia  generally  as  a  solvent  of  sugar, 
"  and  for  its  extraction  from  the  sugar  cane  or  other  natural 
"  sources  of  sugar,  and  also  as  a  solvent  of  albumine,  and  also 
"  for  cleansing  and  restoring  animal  charcoal ;"  also  the  use  of 
"  the  alkalies  potash  and  soda,  in  part,  for  some  of  these  purposes 
"  in  so  far  as  they  are  applicable  thereto,  as  the  natural  equivalents 
"  for  ammonia." 

fPrinted,  6d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  16.— N°  418. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  HENRY. — (A  communication.) — (Provisional 
protection  only.) — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
These  are  "  in  centrifugal  mechanism  used  in  the  manufacture 
"  and  refining  of  sugar,"  driving  each  machine  "  direct  by  a  small 
"  engine  attached  to  the  framework  thereof,  a  disc  being  fitted  on 
"  to  the  extremity  of  the  axis  of  the  revolving  drum,"  and 
"  fitted  with  a  stud  pin,  which  serves  as  the  crank  pin  of  the 
"  connecting  rod  and  actuates  the  valve  spindle  also.  The  disc 
"  is  made  heavy  and  serves  for  a  fly-wheel  and  friction  disc  for 
"  stopping  the  machine  when  the  steam  is  cut  off,  a  friction 
"  strap  being  attached  for  that  purpose."  The  speed  is  regu- 
lated by  a  governor  attached  to  the  engine.  The  centrifugal 
drums  larger  than  ordinary  ones,  are  fed  by  perforated  boxes  fitted 
round  them.  "  In  place  of  a  vertical  machine  with  one  drum, 
"  the  axis  may  be  horizontal  and  fitted  with  a  rotary  drum  at 


SUGAR.  153 

"  each  extremity."  "  By  another  arrangement,  a  hollow  shaft 
"  may  be  used,  the  machine  being  thereby  suspended  from 
"  the  upper  extremity  of  a  fixed  vertical  shaft,  in  place  of 
"  working  on  a  footstep."  "  A  bent  rim  may  also  be  fitted  over 
"  the  edge  of  the  revolving  drum,"  to  prevent  the  molasses,  &c. 
being  thrown  out  and  allow  the  machine  to  be  open  during 
working. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  October  27.— N°  544. 

YOUNG,  JAMES  HADDEN. — (Provisional  protection  only.} — 
"  Improvements  in  expressing  juice  or  fluid  from  the  sugar  cane 
"  and  from  other  matters."  These  are,  pressing  such  matters 
"  between  two  unyielding  surfaces,  one  being  perforated  or  open 
"  to  some  extent "  combined  with  the  use  of  a  partial  vacuum, 
with  or  without  the  flow  of  air  or  fluid.  The  best  arrangement, 
"it  is  believed,  is  a  cylinder  and  piston  with  a  perforated  bottom 
"  arranged  suitably  for  introducing  and  removing  the  canes  or 
"  other  matters." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  November  2.— N°  614. 

ARCHIBALD,  CHARLES  DICKSON. — (A  communication.) — (Pro- 
visonal  protection  only.)  — "  Improvements  in  machinery  and 
"  apparatus  for  crushing  grinding  and  triturating  refractory  and 
"  other  materials,  and  for  washing  and  separating  ores  and  metals 
"  from  earthy  and  other  substances."  These  are,  in  reference  to 
this  subject,  the  use  of  "  balls  or  spheres  rotating  in  a  circular 
"  groove,  and  which  are  loaded  by  superincumbent  pressure  to 
"  increase  the  crushing  or  grinding  power."  This  grinding  appa- 
ratus, it  is  said,  "  may  be  also  used  for  crushing  sugar  canes  and 
"  other  like  substances,  and  for  triturating  pigments,  drugs,  and 
"  other  materials." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  November  19.— N°  795. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY.—*'  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  con- 
"  centrating  cane  juices  and  other  saccharine  solutions,  and  in 
"  the  treatment  of  such  fluids." 


154  SUGAR. 

These  are,  first,  "  the  formation  of  a  gutter  or  channel  at  the 
"  bottom  of  the  pan  when  working  with  discs  or  screws,"  for 
"  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  outflow  of  the  concentrated 
"  syrups." 

Second,  the  arrangement  or  combination  of  apparatus  for 
"  applying  currents  of  air  partly  round  the  hollow  axis  carrying 
"  discs  or  screws,  and  the  bringing  the  axis  of  the  disc  or  screw 
"  in  contact  with  the  fluid,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  a  direct 
"  communication  between  the  inlet  and  outlet  air  passages." 

Third,  "  preventing  the  formation  of  dry  concrete  sugar  on  or 
"  near  the  axis  of  the  screw  or  discs,  by  causing  the  axis  to  be 
((  partly  immersed  in  the  fluid." 

Fourth,  "  heating  the  bottom  of  the  pan  with  the  same  air 
"  which  is  used  to  evaporate  the  syrups  carried  up  by  the  discs  or 
"  screws,  whether  such  air  be  applied  to  the  bottom  of  the  pan 
"  before  or  after  its  use  in  the  pan ;"  and  "  conveying  the  air  to 
"  and  from  the  pan  by  means  of  channels  below  the  pan." 

Fifth,  "  preventing  the  bending  or  warping  of  discs  or  screw 
"  blades  by  staying  or  connecting  them  together." 

Sixth,  "  obtaining  access  to  a  covered  pan  "  for  evaporating 
saccharine  fluids,  "  having  therein  revolving  discs  or  screws,  by 
'  the  use  of  moveable  curved  plates  covering  an  opening  made  on 
'  one  side  of  the  pan  a  few  inches  above  the  level  of  the  fluid, 
'  and  also  the  absorption  of  a  portion  of  the  heat  from  the  air 
'  which  escapes  from  the  pan  and  has  acted  on  the  fluid  raised  by 
c  the  discs  or  screw  by  other  portions  of  air  which  are  afterwards 
f  to  be  used  therein  to  promote  evaporation." 

Seventh,  "  the  use  of  a  circulating  channel  and  strainers  on  the 
"  side  of  the  pan." 

Eighth,  "  the  use  of  a  toothed  scraper  or  comb  in  evaporating 
pans. 

Ninth,  "bleaching  or  decoloring  of  saccharine  solutions  by 
"  bringing  them  in  contact  with  the  vapours  arising  from  the 
"  combustion  of  sulphur/' 

Tenth,  "  the  use  of  revolving  discs  or  surfaces  for  the  purpose 
"  of  exposing  saccharine  solutions  to  the  action  of  any  gases  or 
"  vapours  (other  than  atmospheric  air),"  as  sulphurous  acid  or 
carbonic  acid,  for  "the  purpose  of  effecting  chemical  changes 
"  in  such  solutions." 
[Printed,  8&  Drawing.] 


SUGAR.  155 

A.D.  1852,  November  19.— N°  796. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  crystallization 
"  and  manufacture  of  sugar.  "These  are,  substituting  steam  or 
"  other  motive  power  for  much  of  the  manual  labor  "  consequent 
on  the  use  of  a  number  of  small  moulds  "in  the  production  of 
"  '  crushed  lump  '  "  sugar,  also  slicing  the  sugar  more  perfectly 
without  its  previous  removal  from  the  crystallizing  vessel ;  to 
ensure  bold  coarse  crystals  by  using  large  deep  vessels  in  place  of 
the  cones  now  used.  The  chamber  or  trough  is  rectangular  and 
holds  from  one  to  two  tons  of  sugar,  the  sides  are  vertical,  the 
bottom  sloped  to  an  angle  of  about  45°,  each  side  is  hinged  to  the 
bottom,  at  the  centre  of  the  bottom  is  a  row  of  holes.  The  sides 
of  the  trough  are  moved  for  facilitating  the  movement  of  the 
crystalline  mass  along  the  trough.  Any  number  of  these  troughs 
may  be  placed  parallel  to  each  other,  andalong  each  end  of  them 
are  two  beds  similar  to  the  beds  of  a  large  lathe.  One  of  the 
beds  has  a  sliding  headstock  carrying  a  piston.  The  other  bed 
has  a  cutting  wheel  which  revolves  nearly  in  contact  with  the  end 
of  the  trough.  Using  "  a  screw  or  other  equivalent  in  apparatus 
"  for  sliding  sugar,  whereby  a  concrete  mass  of  sugar  may  be 
"  advanced  with  a  regular  motion  up  to  the  cutter,  such  motion 
"  having  a  fixed  or  definite  proportion  in  speed  with  the  cutter." 
"  Placing  the  crystallizing  troughs  or  vessels  herein  described 
"  about  a  central  point  that  lines  drawn  horizontally  through 
"  the  centres  of  them  shall  be  radii  of  a  circle."  The  •'  use  of  a 
"  floating  piece  of  wood,  or  other  slow  conductor  of  heat,  when 
"  placed  on  the  surface  of  saccharine  fluids  during  their  crystalli- 
"  zation."  The  sugar  after  it  is  sliced  is  passed  between  a  pair 
of  horizontal  metal  rollers  separated  by  springs  and  finally  between 
a  pair  of  rollers  covered  with  vulcanized  india-rubber,  to  separate 
"  small  concrate  lumps." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1852,  November  19.— N°  797. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY.— "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  of 
"  washed  or  cleansed  sugars."  It  is  stated  that  the  cleansing 
of  sugars  is  generally  effected  by  a  solution  of  white  sugar  called 
liquor  or  by  water  alone,  but  the  sugar  becomes  dry  and  these 
improvements  are  to  render  it  "  permanently  moist,"  and  are  first 


156  SUGAR. 

combining  saline  matters  (chloride  of  sodium,  &c.)  with  such 
solutions. 

Second,  gelatine  dissolved  in  water  and  sugar. 

Third,  decolorized  grape  sugar  or  other  glucose  matter. 

Fourth,  "the  combination  of  decolored  molasses  or  syrups 
"  rendered  uncrystallizable  by  heat." 

Fifth,  "  the  combination  of  saline  and  gelatinous,  matters  with 
"  glucose  or  grape  sugar." 

Sixth,  "  the  mixture  of  sugar  with  uncrystallizable  syrup  before 
"  such  sugars  are  removed  from  the  machines  in  which  they  are 
"  washed  or  cleansed." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  November  19.— N°  799. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY.— "Improvements  in  apparatus  for  con- 
"  centrating  saccharine  fluids."  These  are,  first,  "the  use  of 
"  hot  water  or  other  heated  fluids,  at  a  temperature  not  exceeding 
"  212  degrees  Fahrenheit,  for  the  purpose  of  transmitting  heat  to 
"  saccharine  fluids  contained  in  vacuum  pans." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  steam  at  a  pressure  not  exceeding  that 
"  of  the  atmosphere,  or  below  a  temperature  of  212  degrees 
"  Fahrenheit,  for  the  purpose  of  transmitting  heat  to  saccharine 
"  fluids  contained  in  vacuum  pans." 

Third,  "  the  use  of  air  or  other  aeriform  fluids,  at  a  tempera- 
"  ture  below  212  degrees  of  Fahrenheit,"  for  the  above  purpose. 
Also  "regulating  the  pressure  of  steam  when  used  at  a  pressure 
"  below  that  of  the  atmosphere  "  by  establishing  a  communica- 
tion "between  the  discharge  end  of  the  steam  coil  and  the 
"  condenser  of  the  vacuum  pan ;  "  and  upon  the  pipe  which 
forms  this  communication  placing  "  a  loaded  valve,  similar  to  an 
"  ordinary  safety  valve,  one  side  of  which  will  be  pressed  upon 
"  by  the  steam  in  the  coil,  while  upon  the  opposite  side  of  it 
"  there  will  exist  a  vacuum,  or  nearly  so."  The  pressure  desired 
is  regulated  by  the  weight  applied  to  the  loaded  valve. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  December  3.— N°  941. 

BANFIELD,  THOMAS  COLLINS.  —  (A  communication.} — "  Im- 
"  provement  in  the  process  of,  and  apparatus  for,  extracting 
"  saccharine  and  other  juices  from  beet-root  or  other  roots  and 


SUGAR.  157 

"  plants."  These  are,  first,  "by  subjecting  several  portions 
"  thereof  successively  to  the  same  water  or  other  solvent  in  a 
"  vessel  or  vessels  from  which  the  air  is  excluded,  for  the  purpose 
"  of  obtaining  concentrated  solutions  of  such  juices." 

Second,  "  the  combination  of  two  or  more  vessels,  furnished 
"  with  tubes  and  other  apparatus,"  for  "  the  purpose  of  causing 
(t  portions  of  water  or  other  solvent  to  be  applied  successively  to 
"  the  maceration  of  several  portions  of  material,  in  several  vessels, 
"  so  as  to  extract  saccharine  and  other  juices  therefrom,  and  make 
"  concentrated  solutions  of  such  juices,  and  also  for  the  purpose 
"  of  causing  such  portions  of  water  or  solvent  to  be  transferred 
"  from  one  vessel  to  another  without  being  exposed  to  the  action 
"  of  the  atmosphere." 

In  preference,  a  system  of  twenty  vessels  are  recommended,  and 
the  substance,  sliced,  chopped,  dried  or  otherwise,  is  introduced 
into  them  by  a  mouth  at  top,  which  is  then  closed.  There  is  a 
similar  opening  at  the  bottom  for  removing  the  material  after  it 
is  exhausted.  There  are  pipes  with  valves  to  regulate  he  flow  of 
the  fluid  from  the  lower  part  of  one  receiver  to  the  upper  part 
of  the  adjoining  one.  The  hot  water  or  other  solvent  is  fed  from 
a  reservoir  into  the  first  vessel,  macerates  the  material,  and,  aided 
by  the  pressure  of  an  air  pump  flows  into  the  second,  and  so  on 
through  the  other  vessels. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1852,  December  3.—  953. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.)  — 
"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first, 
the  mode  of  feeding  the  materials  into  the  presses  by  means  of 
wire  gauze  bands  on  rollers,  so  that  they  form  a  passage  between 
them,  gradually  diminishing  in  width,  and  so  that  the  materials  are 
subjected  to  preparatory  pressure.  The  application  of  a  vacuum 
behind  the  bands,  by  which  the  juice  is  drawn  off  at  the  same 
time  that  the  pressing  operation  is  performed.  "  The  mode  of 
"  arranging  the  pressing-boxes  in  pairs,  so  that  the  entrance  of 
"  the  piston  into  one  box  shall  discharge  the  pressed  matters 
"  from  the  opposite  box,  and  vice  versa ; "  and  the  application  of 
a  liquid  (water)  forced  through  the  matters  undergoing  pressure, 
for  more  thoroughly  obtaining  the  juices  therefrom.  The  water 
is  forced  through  pipes  between  the  plates  of  the  boxes,  and  is 


158  SUGAR. 

conducted  to  receivers  through  orifices  in  the  bottom  of  the  pistons 
and  boxes  ;  and  whether  employed  in  combination  or  separately, 
or  any  two  or  more  of  them  combined  with  other  arrangements 
of  pressing  machinery. 

Second,  "the  application  of  centrifugal  force  for  spreading 
"  saccharine  liquids  over  revolving  surfaces,  in  apparatus  for 
"  evaporating  such  liquids."  There  are  two  drums,  and  between 
the  envelopes  of  each  are  two  spiral  channels,  one  of  which  is  to 
receive  the  liquid  to  be  concentrated,  and  the  other  the  steam  by 
which  the  liquid  is  heated,  &c.  "  Also  the  combination  with  such 
"  apparatus  of  arrangements  for  heating  the  air  employed  for  the 
"  purpose  of  aiding  or  effecting  the  evaporation  of  the  saccharine 
"  fluids,  by  means  of  the  saturated  hot  air  or  vapour  escaping 
"  from  the  apparatus."  This  apparatus  may  be  employed  with 
or  without  a  vacuum. 

Third,  "the   construction  of  the  drums  of  centrifugal  sugar 
"  machines  with   spirally  corrugated  peripheries,   and  without 
"  perforations,"  except  "an  opening  of  sufficient  size  at  the 
"  bottom  to  throw  off  the  extracted  liquid." 
[Printed,  Is.   Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  December  4.— N°  956. 

MANIFOLD,  JOHN  TnoRNBORROw,and  LOWNDES,CnARLES 
SPENCER. — (Provisional protection  only.} — "Improvements  in  the 
"  method  of  extracting  juice  from  the  sugar-cane."  This,  it  is 
said,  "  relates  to  a  novel  arrangement  or  adaptation  of  the  hydraulic 
"  press,"  and  consists  in  the  use  of  "  two  presses,  the  tables  of 
"  which  are  each  connected  by  connecting  rods  and  links  to  the 
"  ends  of  a  vibrating  beam  or  lever  overhead,"  for  "  the  purpose 
"  of  raising  one  plate  while  the  other  is  being  depressed,  the 
"  cylinders  and  rams  being  above  the  plates,  which  consequently 
"  work  downwards.  The  cane  carriers  pass  right  through  the 
"  presses,  travelling  beneath  the  pressing  plates,  and  are  stopped 
"  and  driven  on  again  as  they  are  alternately  pressed  and  released 
"  by  their  respective  plates  above  them.  As  the  pressing  plates 
"  ascend  after  each  downward  stroke  their  respective  cane  carriers 
"  traverse  forward  the  extent  of  the  pressing  plate,  and  are  then 
"  thrown  out  of  gear,  and  consequently  stopped  by  self-acting 
"  mechanism  for  that  purpose." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR,  359 

A.D.  1852,  December  6.— N°  968, 

DE  DOUHET,  GUILLAUME  FERDINAND.  —  (Provisional  pro- 
tection only .)— "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  alcoholic, 
"  saccharine,  and  starch  products."  These  are  said  to  be  "  com- 
"  bining  the  constitutive  elements  of  these  different  bodies,  viz., 
"  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  in  different  quantities."  For 
this  purpose  sulphuret  or  sulphide  of  carbon,  obtained  from  dis- 
tilling sulphur  over  red  hot  charcoal,  is  employed,  and  mixed  with 
milk  of  lime  or  a  solution  of  any  caustic,  alkali  having  an  affinity 
for  its  sulphur ;  and  this  mixture  shut  up  and  heated  in  a  still 
with  precaution,  the  lime  or  alcali  unites  with  the  sulphur,  the 
carbon  liberated  unites  with  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  of  the 
water,  and  forms,  "  according  to  the  proportions,  several  ethers 
and  alcohols  of  the  different  degrees."  "  To  have  amylaceous  or 
"  saccharine  products  it  is  requisite  to  mix  sulphuret  of  carbon 
"  with  an  alkaline  solution  more  concentrated  than  for  alcohol," 
and  the  mixture,  secured  in  a  close  vessel,  is  "  gradually  heated, 
"  left  to  get  cool,  after  which  the  mass  is  lixiviated,  poured  off," 
and  the  lime  in  solution  separated  "  by  carbonic  acid,  and  the 
"  saccharine  or  amylaceous  products  are  produced,  which  are 
"  afterwards  treated  by  means  known."  "  It  is  not  necessary  to 
"  indicate  the  various  proportions  of  the  substances,  as  the 
"  reactions  herein-before  described  will  always  take  place,  what* 
"  ever  may  be  the  proportions." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1852,  December  11.— N°  1031. 

DIXON,  GEORGE. — (A  communication.) — u  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  evaporating 
"  saccharine  fluids  by  causing  them  to  descend  in  a  divided  state 
"  through  vertical  tubes,  around  which  steam  circulates  in  a  close 
"  vessel,  and  up  which  tubes  streams  of  air  (caused  by  a  fan  or 
"  blower)  pass  at  the  same  time."  The  apparatus  consists  of  an 
upright  box  or  chamber,  with  a  plate  near  the  top  and  near  the 
bottom,  in  which  numerous  tubes  are  fixed ;  between  these  plates 
steam  is  admitted ;  the  saccharine  liquid  flows  down  these  tubes  ; 
at  the  bottom  is  a  chamber  to  receive  the  saccharine  liquid,  through 
which  streams  of  air  are  forced  by  a  fan  or  other  blower,  and  passing 
up  through  the  tubes,  is  drawn  off  with  the  steam  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  chamber. 
[Printed  64.  Drawing.] 


160  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1852,  December  21. —N°  1119. 

MOINIER,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  and  BOUTIGNY,  CHARLES 
CONSTANT. — "  Improvements  in  concentrating  syrups  and  other 
"  solutions,  and  in  distillation."  These  are,  the  arrangement  or 
combination  of  apparatus  for  the  above  purpose,  as  follows  : — 
"  A  vessel,  heated  by  means  of  steam  externally,  in  which  are  a 
"  number  of  hollow  metal  spheres,  or  other  forms.  The  liquid  is 
"  allowed  to  descend  in  a  divided  state  from  the  upper  part 
"  of  the  apparatus  amongst  the  spheres,  at  the  same  time  air  is 
"  admitted  at  the  lower  part,  and  drawn  by  an  air  pump." 
"  The  syrup  or  more  concentrated  fluid  is  drawn  off  from  below, 
"  and  the  vapours,  passing  off  when  desired,  are  condensed  in  a 
"  suitable  condenser." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1852,  December  24.— N°  1166. 

NESMOND,  PIERRE  CHARLES. — "Improvements  in  machinery 
"  applicable  to  the  manufacture  of  ice  and  to  refrigerating  pur- 
"  poses  generally."  This  consists  "  in  constructing  apparatus  for 
"  affecting  the  alternate  compression  and  dilatation  of  atmospheric 
"  air  and  other  permanent  gases  for  the  manufacture  of  ice,  and 
"  for  refrigerating  purposes  generally."  The  apparatus  for  the 
purpose  of  "  purifying  sugar  from  cane  and  beet  roots  "  is  con- 
structed as  follows.  The  foundation  plate  of  wood  or  sheet  or 
cast  iron  is  mounted  on  small  rollers,  and  has  an  oblong  upright 
casing  fixed  upon  it  made  of  non-conducting  substances  ;  in  the 
interior  of  this  casing  is  a  condenser  in  which  the  pressure  of  the 
air  is  effected ;  of  metal  or  other  material  capable  of  resisting ; 
above  this  condenser  is  a  cooling  reservoir  (at  the  bottom  of  which 
is  a  tap),  in  which  is  water  retained  by  a  sheet  iron  or  galvanized 
iron  partition ;  on  the  top  of  this  reservoir  is  a  wooden  lid, 
externally  lined  with  sheet  iron.  There  is  a  tube  which  forms  a 
communication  between  this  condenser  and  what  is  called  the 
dilatation  chamber.  This  dilatation  chamber  in  the  lower  part  of 
an  oblong  upright  casing  made  of  non-conducting  materials,  called 
the  refrigerator,  is  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  compartment 
by  means  of  an  iron  plate,  but  these  compartments  communicate 
with  each  other  by  means  of  a  tube.  The  tube  of  communication 
between  the  condenser  and  dilatator  has  two  taps  united  together 
by  levers,  by  which  they  are  prevented  from  remaining  simul- 


SUGAR.  161 

taneously  open.  "  The  vegetable  from  which  the  sugar  is  to  be 
"  extracted  (beet  root  for  instance)  is  cut  into  thin  slices,"  and 
put  in  the  upper  division  of  the  refrigerator  j  an  air  pump  is 
attached  to  the  condenser,  and  the  recepient  is  filled  and  emptied 
several  times  with  cold  air.  The  materials  are  then  withdrawn 
and  placed  in  the  vessel  above  the  condenser,  and  about  four 
times  their  water  at  a  temperature  not  above  104°  F.  added. 
When  the  liquid  appears  to  have  separated  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  saccharine  matter,  it  is  drawn  off,  and  replaced  by  an  equal 
quantity  of  pure  water  at  32°  F.  By  congealing  briskly  saccharine 
solutions  from  beet  root  the  useless  salts  are  in  solution. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 


1853. 

A.D.  1853,  January  15.— N»  106. 

VION,  HIPPOLYTE  CHARLES.  —  "Certain  improvements  in 
"  apparatus  for  refrigerating."  These  are,  in  absorbing  latent 
heat  by  a  vaporized  gas,  in  which  tubs  or  vats  lined  with  gutta 
percha  are  employed  to  contain  the  liquid  to  be  refrigerated  ;  above 
these  vats  are  sheet  iron  cylinders  for  holding  any  liquified  gas, 
fitted  with  lids,  also  with  thermometers,  manometers,  and  man- 
holes. These  cylinders  are  alternately  supplied  by  pumps  through 
means  of  suction  and  forcing  cocks  fitted  into  pipes,  which  unite 
at  their  extremities  in  the  liquid  gas  cylinders.  The  first  cylinder 
is  filled  with  about  six  and  a  half  gallons  of  liquified  gas,  and  the 
other  tnree  with  thirty-two  gallons.  Suppose  the  gas  in  the  first 
cylinder  at  the  temperature  of  20°,  and  indicating  by  the  mano- 
meter 1  atmosphere  of  pressure  ;  the  second  cylinder  at  the  tem- 
perature +  12°,  indicating  by  the  manometer  three  atmospheres  ; 
the  cocks  should  be  arranged  so  as  to  evaporate  in  the  second 
cylinder,  and  compress  in  the  first  cylinder;  the  tubs  or  vats  into 
which  the  cylinders  are  alternately  precipitated  (by  means  of  crabs 
or  winches)  being  filled  with  liquid.  When  a  body  changes  its 
state  it  gives  out  caloric,  and  thus  the  first  portion  of  gas 
absorbed  by  the  pump  ought  to  convey  to  the  uppermost  parts  of 
the  liquified  gas  a  certain  quantity  of  caloric  necessary  for  effect- 
jng  the  change  in  condition  of  the  liquified  gas.  As  the  equUi- 
s.  L 


162  SUGAR. 

brium  of  the  caloric  becomes  established  rapidly  by  contact  the 
lower  portions  of  the  liquified  gas  become  progressively  cooled. 
If  the  absorption  be  continued  until  the  manometer  of  the  second 
cylinder  indicates  one  atmosphere,  a  certain  quantity  of  caloric 
will  be  taken  from  the  liquid,  and  so  on.  This  apparatus  may  be 
used  for  taking  heat  from  any  body  whatever,  and  among  other 
purposes  which  are  named  for  obtaining  crystals  of  sugar  from 
solution  in  water. 

[Printed,  Is.  Qd.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  January  24.— N°  174. 

KNAB,  DAVID  CLOVIS. — "  Improvements  in  the  process  of,  and 
"  apparatus  for,  distilling  certain  vegetable  and  mineral  matters, 
"  and  also  animal  bones  and  flesh."  These  are,  in  reference  to 
this  subject,  as  follows : — In  distilling  animal,  &c.  substances, 
employing  "  a  temperature  suitable  to  the  nature  of  the  operation, 
"  and  at  a  lower  degree  than  hitherto  practicable,"  also  the  appa- 
ratus employed  therein.  "A  cast  iron  retort,  similar  to  those 
"  used  for  manufacturing  gas,"  is  provided  with  a  tube  at  the 
top  for  the  passage  of  the  volatile  products  to  the  condenser. 
The  retort  is  set  in  a  cast  iron  trough,  between  which  and  the 
retort  is  a  space  forming  a  bath  of  molten  metal,  the  metal  vary- 
ing according  to  the  degree  of  heat  required.  "  Boiled  down 
"  bones,  flesh,  bone  black  which  has  already  been  used,"  &c. 
"  should  be  treated  at  a  temperature  of  680°  F.,  when  they  begin 
ft  to  give  up  a  notable  quantity  of  carburetted  hydrogen.  This 
temperature  may  be  varied  according  to  the  nature  of  the  volatile 
"  products  to  be  obtained.  The  bath  may  range  up  to  795°  F. 
"  Bones  produce  bone  black  as  residue,  and  essential  oils  and 
"  ammonia  as  volatile  products,  and  acetic  acid." 
[Printed,  Bd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  February  17.— N°  414. 

PIDDING,  WILLIAM. — "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  and 
"  preparation  of  saccharine  substances,  and  in  the  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  connected  therewith."  These  are  first,  "  the  use  of 
"  bituminous  substances  (that  is  to  say)  animal  or  vegetable  tar 
te  or  pitch,  margaric,  oleic,  or  fat  acids,  wax,  stearin  e,  spermaceti!, 
"  and  greases,"  prepared  by  placing  them  "in  an  iron  vessel  and 
*'  kept  boiling  by  means  of  steam  jets ;  clear  hot  water  should  be 


SUGAR.  163 

"  constantly  kept  flowing  into  the  vessel,  and  the  waste  water 
"  carried  off/'  as  long  as  any  taste  or  odour  is  imparted  to  the 
water,  "  when  combined  with  the  hydrate  of  alumina,  precipitated 
"  silica  or  oxide  of  iron."  The  black  rosin,  or  resin  of  colophony 
prepared  as  above  is  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  about  18  per 
cent,  to  the  dry  alumina  contained  in  the  hydrate,  they  are  mixed 
to  the  consistence  of  cream  by  water.  When  it  is  required  to 
reduce  the  melting  point  of  the  rosin,  which  is  about  140°,  it  is 
mixed  with  the  other  fatty  acids,  &c.,  mentioned  above. 

Second,  the  combination  of  margaric  acid,  wax,  and  grease 
prepared  as  above  with  rosin  previous  to  its  admixture  with 
hydrate  of  alumina,  silica,  or  oxide  of  iron,  for  the  foregoing 
purposes. 

Third,  "  the  combination  of  the  vacuum  pan  and  filter."  There 
is  a  pipe  between  the  vacuum  pan  and  filter,  and  in  this  pipe  is  a 
tap.  "  The  temper  "  it  is  said  is  prevented  mixing  with  the 
charcoal  by  means  of  a  coarse  cloth. 

Fourth,  treating  "  sugar  after  crystalization  by  drawing  off  the 
"  residual  syrup  by  means  of  vacuum,  both  before  and  after  it  is 
"  placed  in  moulds."  The  sugar  arrived  at  the  proper  state  of 
crystallization,  a  slide  is  removed  and  a  jet  of  steam  introduced 
and  a  vacuum  formed.  The  crystalline  mass  put  in  moulds,  the 
moulds  are  acted  upon  by  a  vacuum  caused  by  a  jet  of  steam  or 
otherwise. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  February  17.— N°  420. 

HAWES,  WILLIAM. — (Provisional protection  only.} — "  Improve- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar."  These 
are,  defecating  "  saccharine  juices  and  solutions  by  employing  salts 
"  or  oxides  of  metals,"  for  which  purpose  using  "  bismuth,  tin, 
"  zinc,  or  manganese,"  and  subsequently  filtering  "  through 
"  charcoal  or  other  filter." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  February  19.— N°  431. 

HILLS,  FRANK  CLARKE,  and  HILLS,  GEORGE.—"  Certain 
"  improvements  in  refining  sugar,  and  in  preparing  materials 
"  applicable  to  that  purpose."  These  are  first,  "  the  employment 
"  of  phosphate  of  lime,  steamed  or  calcined  bones,  sawdust, 

L  2 


164  SUGAR. 

"  asbestos,  pumice  stone,  or  other  analogous  absorbent  material, 
"  except  animal  or  other  charcoal,  to  abstract  lead  or  salts  or  other 
"  combinations  of  lead  from  saccharine  solutions."  The  saccha- 
rine solution  previously  defecated  by  the  lead  compound  is  passed 
through  a  filter  of  the  above  materials,  about  fifteen  feet  deep, 
and  "  preferably  of  about  four  or  five  feet  diameter,  having  a  false 
"  bottom  to  support  the  materials  so  as  to  constitute  a  filter." 
The  filter  should  be  maintained  at  about  150°  F.,  preferably  by 
means  of  steam  in  a  coiled  pipe  placed  among  the  materials.  The 
bones,  &c.,  should  be  reduced  to  a  coarse  powder,  and  the  sawdust 
washed  with  caustic  soda  or  potash  and  afterwards  with  water. 

Second,  "  the  employment  of  acetic,  muriatic,  or  nitric  acid  to 
"  remove  lead  or  salts  or  other  combinations  of  lead  "  from  filters 
as  above,  "  which  may  have  been  employed  in  abstracting  such 
"  lead  or  salts  or  other  combinations  of  lead  from  saccharine 
"  solutions." 

[Printed,  4>d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  February  26.— N°  487. 

BRANDEIS,  JOSEPH. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar."  These  are  said  to  be  "  the  application  of 
"  shale  or  schist  charcoal,  for  separating  the  excess  of  lead,  tin, 
"  zinc,  or  bismuth  from  solutions  of  sugar  which  have  been 
"  defecated  by  salts  or  compounds  of  such  metals,"  as  follows  : 
to  a  solution  of  the  raw  sugar  dissolved  in  water,  from  one  to 
two  per  cent,  of  "  the  sugar  or  subacetate  of  lead  "  dissolved  in 
water  is  added,  the  precipitate  removed  by  a  bag  filter,  and  the 
filtered  liquid  passed  "  through  a  bed  or  beds  of  charcoal  from 
"  five  to  six  feet  deep  (more  or  less),  obtained  by  carbonizing 
"  shale  or  bituminous  schist,"  until  the  solution  tested  in  the 
ordinary  way  shows  no  traces  of  lead,  when  it  is  crystallized  in 
the  ordinary  manner.  "  The  process  is  the  same  when  other  salts 
"  of  lead  are  employed,  or  when  salts  of  tin,  zinc,  or  bismuth  are 
employed  to  defecate  the  solution  of  sugar." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  March  14.— N°  633. 

HOWARD  DE  WALDEN  AND  SEAFORD,  CHARLES  AUGUS- 
TUS, Lord. —  (Provisional  protection  only.) — "Whitening  and 
"  cleansing  sugar  by  the  application  of  steam  and  hot  air  in  a 


SUGAR.  165 

"  centrifugal  sugar  machine."  There  is  "  a  furnace  in  which  a 
"  coil  pipe,  coming  from  any  steam  pipe  of  the  factory,  is  heated 
"  to  a  high  degree  of  temperature  and  expansion.  A  pipe 
"  extends  from  this  coil  pipe  to  the  centrifugal  machine,"  passes 
through  an  opening  in  the  cover  and  projects  the  steam  into  the 
centre  of  the  revolving  drum,  while  the  proper  quantity  of  air  is 
admitted  through  a  hole  in  the  cover,  "  to  form,  with  the  hot 
"  steam,  the  proper  temperature  and  moisture  for  cleansing  the 
"  sugar."  To  force  the  hot  air  vertically  through  the  sugar 
"  there  is  a  concave  annular  ring  fixed  on  the  exterior  plate  of  the 
"  border  of  the  revolving  drum,  in  which  is  suspended  nearly  to 
"  the  bottom  of  this  concave  ring,  a  circular  leather  strap  fixed 
"  to  the  immoveable  upper  part  of  the  receiver,  which  forms  a 
"  flexible  joint,  and  prevents  the  steam  and  air  from  passing  over 
"  the  revolving  drum  without  acting  on  the  sugar." 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  March  14.— N°  639. 

SCOTT,  JOHN,  junior. — "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  or 
"  manufacture  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "  arranging  the 
"  kilns,  ovens,  or  furnaces  used  for  re-burning  and  cleansing 
"  the  animal  charcoal  used  in  sugar  refineries,  that  the  burned 
"  material  may  be  cooled  by  a  continuous  process  without  the  use 
"  of  water."  The  kiln  is  arranged  with  a  series  of  vertical  tubes 
surrounded  by  fire  or  hot  air  flues,  and  into  these  tubes  the  char- 
coal is  placed  to  be  burned.  Immediately  beneath  this  set  of 
tubes  or  retorts  is  a  second  set  of  smaller  content,  also  set  verti- 
cally, the  axis  of  each  tube  of  this  lower  set  being  coincident  with 
that  of  a  corresponding  retort.  When  a  charge  has  been  burned, 
the  attendant  opens  a  slide  in  the  bottom  of  the  retort,  and  dis- 
charges about  one-third  of  the  charcoal  in  it,  letting  this  quantity 
fall  down  into  the  tube  below.  When  this  discharge  is  effected, 
the  lower  tube  being  filled,  or  nearly  so,  the  operator  shuts  up  the 
tube,  and  allows  the  contained  charcoal  to  cool  by  an  external 
circulation  of  air.  The  upper  part  of  the  retort  then  receives  a 
fresh  supply  of  the  unburned  charcoal  to  fill  up  the  emptied 
space,  and  thus  the  operation  goes  on  throughout  the  whole  series 
in  the  kiln.  A  good  current  of  cold  air  is  kept  circulating  round 
the  cooler  tubes,  and  this  air  is  then  passed  up  in  its  partially 
heated  state  to  the  retort  furnaces  above,  where  its  heat  is  made 


16  SUGAR. 

available  for  securing  further  economy  in  its  action  upon  the 
"  furnaces  from  which  the  original  re-burning  or  charring  heat 
"  is  derived." 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawings.] 


A.D.  1853,  April  8.— N°  851. 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  OLIVER. — "  Improvements  in  machinery 
"  for  crushing  sugar  canes."  These  are,  first,  "  constructing  a 
"  steam  engine  with  the  gear  to  connect  it  to  a  sugar  cane  mill  in 
"  such  a  manner  that  the  engine  and  gear  are  placed  together 
"  upon  a  base  plate  common  to  both  of  them,  and  also  in  such  a 
"  manner  that  the  end  of  the  said  base  plates  may  be  connected 
"  with  the  base  plate  of  any  sugar  cane  mill. by  screw  bolts  and 
"  nuts,  whether  the  latter  be  specially  adapted  to  it  or  not,"  so 
that  a  steam  engine  and  gear  so  constructed  "  may  be  attached  to 
"  any  sugar  mill  already  in  existence  by  screw  bolts  and  nuts, 
"  whether  to  replace  a  worn-out  steam  engine,  a  water  wheel,  or 
"  other  motor." 

Second,  a  "  coupling  or  clutch,  consisting  of  a  disc  of  iron 
"  formed  with  a  groove  on  each  of  its  flat  sides  at  right  angles  to 
"  each  other ;  the  one  groove  receives  the  end  of  the  connecting 
"  gear  shaft,  which  is  formed  in  a  tongue  to  fit  into  it,  and  the 
"  other  groove  receives  a  tongue  formed  upon  the  shaft  of  the  top 
"  roller  of  the  mill." 
[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1853,  April  12.— N°  878. 

GREENWOOD,  THOMAS.  —  "  Improvements  in  evaporating 
"  saccharine  fluids."  These  are,  "  arranging  or  combining  and 
"  working  the  heating  apparatus  of  vacuum  pans  used  for  boil- 
"  ing  saccharine  fluids,"  "  in  such  manner  as  to  admit  of  being 
"  brought  into  action  in  succession  as  the  pan  becomes  more  and 
"  more  filled."  For  this  purpose  it  is  preferred  "  to  use  a  series 
"  of  coils  of  pipes  fixed  one  above  the  other  in  a  vacuum  pan, 
"  each  such  having  its  own  stop  cock  or  valve  for  the  admission 
"  of  steam,  and  its  own  stop  cock  for  the  exit  of  con- 
"  densed  water,  so  that  it  may  not  become  a  heating  apparatus 
"  till  the  charging  of  the  vacuum  pan  brings  the  saccharine  fluid 
"  to  cover  it."  In  place  of  coils  of  pipes,  "  arrangements  of 


SUGAR.  167 

"  heating  pipes  or  other  surfaces  may  be  employed."  In  carrying 
out  the  arrangements  as  above,  the  vacuum  pan  is  made  with  a 
jacket. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1853,  May  2.— N°  1062. 

BELLFORD,  AUGUSTS  EDOUARD  LORADOUX. — (A  communi- 
cation.)— "  Improvements  in  the  extraction  and  manufacture  of 
"  sugar  and  of  saccharine  matters."  These  are,  "  the  application 
"  of  the  apparati  "  afterwards  described  "  or  of  any  other  similar 
"  apparati,  -to  the  clarifying  of  sugar,  and  the  extraction  of 
"  saccharine  matters  contained  in  beet  root,  either  fresh  or  dried, 
"  as  well  as  the  application  of  the  same  apparati  to  the  extraction 
"  of  malt  for  the  manufacture  of  beer."  "  These  apparati  con- 
"  sist  of  vessels  of  a  conical  form,"  in  which  is  placed  the 
material  to  be  exhausted.  This  vessel  is  supported  by  axles  or 
bearings,  on  which  it  turns  to  facilitate  the  operations,  it  is 
furnished  with  a  perforated  metallic  sheet,  fit  for  retaining  the 
crystals  of  sugar,  at  its  upper  part  a  forcing  pump  is  attached  of 
a  tube  several  yards  in  height,  is  furnished  with  a  cock  for  the  pur- 
pose of  bringing  upon  the  mass  a  column  of  clarifying  matter, 
and  afterwards  to  force  through  it  air  from  above.  Other 
"  apparati  "  are  described  which  differ  little  from  this. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  May  7.— N°  1131. 

FINZEL,  WILLIAM  CONRAD. — "An  improvement  in  refining 
"  sugar."  This  consists  "in  the  melting  of  sugar  in  vacuo."  An 
ordinary  vacuum  pan  is  employed  and  there  is  no  limit  to  the 
form  or  size  of  the  pan,  and  it  is  said  that  "  a  much  less  quantity 
"  of  treacle  is  produced,  and  the  sugars  are  of  a  better  color  than 
"  those  melted  in  the  ordinary  manner." 
[Printed,^.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  May  19.— N°  1243. 

MANIFOLD,  JOHN  THORNBORROW,  LOWNDES,  CHARLES 
SPENCER,  and  JORDAN,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  method 
"  of  extracting  the  juice  from  the  sugar  cane."  These  are, ''  reduc- 
"  ing  the  raw  canes  to  the  condition  of  saw  dust  or  minute  particles, 


168  SUGAR. 

"  disintegrated  by  the  action  of  circular  or  other  saws  or  by  other 
"  convenient  reducing  agents,"  and  extracting  "  the  juice  from 
"  the  solid  portions  of  the  canes  "  by  "  continuous  or  duplex 
"  action  hydrostatic  presses,"  or  otherwise,  and  "  to  aid  the  dis- 
"  charging  action,  steam,  is  passed  through  the  reduced  material." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1853,  May  25.— N°  12/8. 

HIGGINSON,  GRORGE  IRLAM. — "Improvements  in  machinery 
"  or  apparatus  for  evaporating  or  concentrating  liquids."  These 
are,  *'  the  general  arrangement  of  apparatus,"  the  application  and 
use  of  rotatory  or  partially  rotatory  screw  spiral  steam  chambers 
or  discs,  "  and  the  system  or  mode  of  evaporating  and  concen- 
"  trating  liquids  by  means  of  hollow  heating  screw  blades  or 
"  discs  dipping  into  the  evaporating  liquid,"  as  follows  : — The 
arrangement  preferred,  "  is  that  of  a  hollow  screw  or  spiral  blade 
"  of  great  breadth,  carried  upon  a  horizontal  tubular  spindle 
"  revolving  upon  bearings  above  or  upon  the  containing  vessel 
"  of  the  liquid."  The  "steam  is  passed  into  and  through 
"  it  by  means  of  a  thoroughfare  in  the  tubular  shaft,"  and  is 
"  finally  discharged  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  shaft  into  an 
"  external  pipe,  which  conveys  it  away  to  the  external  casing 
"  or  steam  heating  chamber  of  the  evaporating  vessel."  This 
apparatus  is  "  specially  applicable  to  the  concentration  of  cane 
"  juice  or  syrup."  "  The  constant  dipping  into  and  emerging 
"  from  the  evaporating  liquid  of  the  heated  surface  of  screw 
"  threads  or  discs  presents  a  very  extensive  evaporative  area." 
"  Hollow  discs  or  surfaces  of  other  forms  may  likewise  be  used 
"  instead  of  screw  blades,"  and  instead  of  revolving  "con- 
"  tinuously,  reciprocatory  rotation  may  be  employed,"  whilst  the 
steam  may  be  first  passed  "  through  the  outer  casing  of  the 
"  containing  vessel,  and  afterwards  through  the  screw  blades." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawipg.] 

A.D.  1853,  June  3.— N°  1363. 

GOSSART,  FERDINAND  Louis.  —  "A  system  of  permanent 
"  circulation  of  caloric  intended  to  produce  and  overheat  steam, 
"  gas,  and  liquids."  The  applications  it  is  said  of  this  apparatus 
are  numerous,  among  which  is  named,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
"  the  manufacture  of  sugar,"  and  it  is  said  that  "  the  apparatus 


SUGAR.  169 

"  is  composed  of  three  essential  parts  "  namely  : — ie  a  heating  pipp, 
"  receiving  the  waste  heat  by  the  condensing  tube,  through  which 
"  comes  with  a  certain  pressure  the  liquid  that  is  to  be  converted 
"  into  steam,  or  the  gas  to  lie  heated.  Secondly,  one  or  several 
"  pipes,  cylinders,  boilers,  or  generating  tubes,  or  heaters, 
"  receiving  directly  or  indirectly  the  action  of  the  fire.  Thirdly, 
"  a  condensing  tube,  in  which  the  steam  or  gas  is  cooled  by 
"  communicating  its  heat  or  caloric  to  the  heating  pipe."  "  The 
<(  principles  upon  which  this  invention  are  based,"  are,  first,  to 
multiply  in  the  interior  of  the  tubes  the  heating  or  condensing 
surfaces  by  the  use  of  conducting  surfaces  (fragments  of  metal). 
"  Secondly,  to  establish  a  continuous  circulation  of  the  caloric  by 
"  using,  either  by  double  pipes  or  by  conducting  liquids  serving 
"  as  intermediate  agents,  the  heat  that  the  steam  or  gas  retains 
<c  when  it  arrives  in  the  condensing  pipe,  for  the  heating  of  the 
"  liquid,  steam,  or  gas  which  passes  through  the  heating  pipe  to 
"  arrive  into  that  part  of  the  apparatus  where  it  receives  directly 
"  or  indirectly  the  action  of  the  fire." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  June  3.— N°  1364. 

MAYELSTON,  JAMES. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  and  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  employing 
"  of  atmospheric  pressure,  induced  by  exhaustion  or  suction,  in 
"  vessels  with  false  bottoms  or  in  moulding  apparatus  combined 
"  or  used  therewith,"  "  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  draining 
"  of  the  mother  syrup  from  crystals  of  sugar,  which  along  with 
"  their  mother  syrup  have  been  admitted  into  such  vessels  or  such 
"  moulds  when  in  or  about  the  state  in  which  sugar  is  usually 
"  moulded,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  state  of  sufficient  fluidity  whilst 
"  hot  to  admit  of  being  poured  into  vessels,  and  of  sufficient 
"  consistency  to  become  fixed  on  cooling,  and  also  for  the  purpose, 
"  when  desired,  of  subsequently  washing  or  liquoring  the  said 
"  crystals  in  such  vessels  or  moulding  apparatus." 

Second,   "suspending  of  pneumatic    draining  and  cleansing 

"  apparatus  in  such  manner  as  to  admit  of  being  readily  inverted 

to  facilitate  the  discharging  or  unloading  the  same." 

Third,  "retaining  saccharine  fluids  between  given  degrees  of 

"  temperature,"  by  attaching  "  to  the  vessels  containing  such  fluids 

"  any  apparatus  which,  acting  on  the  well-known  principle  of  the 

"  expansion  and  contraction  of  materials,  or  their  unequal  expan- 

"  sion  and  contraction  by  change  of  temperature  "  so  as  to  impart 


170  SUGAR. 

motion  to  and  open  or  shut  any  valve  or  apparatus  "  whereby  heat 
et  is  admitted  to  or  excluded  from  such  vessel  or  such  fluid,  so  as 
"  thereby  to  raise  or  maintain  the  temperature  of  such  fluids 
"  above  the  limits  at  which  fermentation  is  most  liable  to  take 
"  place  without  exceeding  another  given  limit,"  and  for  this 
purpose  preferring  to  maintain  the  fluid  "between  120°  and  140° 
"  of  Fahrenheit." 

Fourth,  "  moulding,  draining,  and  cleansing  of  sugar  by  the  aid 
"  of  pneumatic  pressure  in  hexagonal  moulds,  so  united  or  placed 
"  together  in  one  common  vessel,  or  within  one  common  boundary, 
"  as  to  admit  of  the  sugar  in  them  being  drained  or  washed  in 
"  common." 

[Printed,  6d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  June  20.— N°  1510. 

GALLOWAY,  ROBERT. — "Improvements  in  manufacturing  and 
"  refining  sugar."  These  are  said  to  consist  "  in  employing 
"  tannic  acid  (usually  called  tannin),  or  gallic  acid,  or  a  compound 
"  of  one  of  these  acids  with  a  base,  as  potash  or  ammonia,"  "  for 
"  the  purpose  of  precipitating  lead  used  in  defecating  saccharine 
"  fluids."  In  the  Provisional  Specification  "pectine  or  pectic 
"  acid  "  are  also  named.  The  juice  or  solution  of  sugar  after 
treating  with  <f  saccharate  of  lime,  saccharate  of  lead,  or  saccharate 
"  of  magnesia,  or  plumbite  of  lime,  and  afterwards  neutral  acetate, 
"  or  one  of  the  basic  acetates  of  lead,"  as  described  in  No.  14,354, 
Old  Law,  is  treated,  either  before  or  after  filtration,  with  "  a  so- 
t(  lution  of  tannic  or  gallic  acid,  or  some  tannate  orgallate,"  until 
only  a  slight  precipate  takes  place  in  some  of  the  liquid  filtered. 
The  whole  is  then  filtered  and  "  a  sufficient  quantity  of  sulphurous 
"  acid  or  some  bisulphite  "  is  added,  "  to  remove  the  last  traces 
"  of  lead,  and  the  solution  is  "  again  filtered  to  free  it  from  the 
insoluble  sulphite  of  lead  thus  produced."  The  solution  of  tannic 
acid  is  made  "  by  infusing  two  pounds  of  crushed  valonia  in  from 
"  two  to  three  gallons  of  boiling  water,  and  using  the  clear  liquor." 
"  Gallic  acid  is  prepared  by  exposing  a  solution  of  tannic  acid  to- 
"  the  air  -for  some  time." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  July  15.— N°  1687. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  separating  "  the  whole  or  greater 


SUGAR.  171 

"  part  of  the  glucose  matter,  or  uncrystallizable  coloured  syrups, 
"  from  sugar,"  prior  to  manufacturing  it  into  "  loaves,  lumps,  or 
"  concrete  masses,  instead  of  separating  such  glucose  matters  after 
"  the  lumps  of  sugar  has  been  formed."  In  carrying  out  this, 
"  the  raw  sugar  may  be  dissolved  in  water, '  blown  up/  and  passed 
"  through  animal  charcoal,"  concentrated  to  45°  Beaume,  in 
preference,  "  by  bringing  the  fluid  in  contact  with  currents  of  warm 
"  dry  air,  at  a  low  temperature,"  as  described  in  No.  795,  A.D. 
1852,  or  "  the  vacuum  pan  may  be  used  in  lieu  thereof."  "  The 
"  syrup  when  sufficiently  dense  is  heated  in  the  usual  manner  to 
"  a  temperature  of  about  170°  to  180°  Fahrenheit,  and  then  put 
"  into  large  crystallizing  vessels,"  which  may  be  of  wood,  prefer- 
ably of  a  circular  form,  capable  of  holding  a  ton  each,  or  it  may  be 
put  into  common  sugar  moulds  ;  as  soon  as  the  sugar  has  com- 
pletely crystallized  the  whole  matters  are  "  removed  from  the 
"  vessels  in  a  '  green  state,'  and  are  then  sliced  or  broken  up  so  as  to 
"  render  the  sugar  suitable  for  the  process  of  washing  or  cleansing  in 
"  a  machine,"  in  preference  in  apparatus  described  in  No.  795,  A.D. 
1852,  "  or  other  machines,  such  as  the  centrifugal  curing  machine," 
and  when  cleansed  the  sugar  is  suitable  "for  the  formation  of  a 
"  loaf  or  concrete  mass  of  sugar."  The  crystals  thus  obtained  are 
distinguished  "  by  the  term  of  product  No.  1,  and  the  fluid  matter 
"  separated  therefrom  I  call  product  No.  2,"  and  so  on,  using 
other  numbers  to  distinguish  the  different  products.  In  dealing 
with  No.  1  it  is  dissolved  by  means  of  heat  in  a  minimum  of  hot 
water  or  syrup  (called  No.  3),  the  solution  having  a  density  of 
about  46°  Beaume,  is  heated  quickly  to  180°  F.,  put  into  moulds 
placed  in  pots,  and  when  the  sugar  is  perfectly  crystallized  the 
plugs  are  withdrawn,  and  after  draining  the  loaves  are  " '  cleaned 
"  off'  and  dried  in  a  stove."  If  the  color  is  nof  quite  so  good  as 
desired,  " '  water  clay  or  liquor '  may  be  used  in  such  quantity  as 
"  may  be  found  necessary  to  produce  the  required  color."  The 
drips  may  be  mixed  with  No.  3  product  and  be  worked  up,  or  they 
may  be  returned  to  the  evaporating  pan.  No.  2  product  may  be 
concentrated  to  about  45°  Beaume,  moulded,  crystallized,  washed, 
and  cleansed.  This  product  is  No.  4,  and  the  syrup  is  No.  5. 
The  crystals  No.  4  may  be  either  mixed  with  water  or  with  syrup 
No.  3,  so  as  to  yield  a  semifluid  about  46°  Beaume ;  this  mixture 
on  crystallizing  yields  loaf  sugar  of  a  good  quality,  or  No.  4  and 
No.  1  are  mixed  and  treated  as  before  directed  in  reference  to 
product  No.  1.  Whenever  the  syrups  No.  3  or  the  drips  acquire 


1/2  SUGAR. 

too  deep  a  color  they  are  put  into  the  evaporating  pan  and  form 
part  of  a  new  charge.  No.  5  is  evaporated  to  46°  or  47°  Beaume, 
crystallized  and  pressed,  the  product  No.  7  is  small  crystals  of 
"  bastard  sugar  in  a  nearly  pure  state,  and  may  be  sent  to  market," 
but,  in  preference,  it  is  dissolved  in  a  fresh  solution  of  filtered  raw 
sugar,  or  it  may  be  returned  to  the  evaporating  pan  and  form 
"  part  of  a  future  first  product."  The  last  or  eighth  product  is 
the  treacle,  obtained  by  pressure  "  in  a  fit  state  for  sale."  In 
refining  sugar,  to  more  nearly  equalize  the  value  of  the  products, 
"  the  inferior  sugar,  such  as  *  pieces '  and  '  bastards,'  after  cry- 
"  stalization,  are  washed,  cured,  or  pressed,  dissolved  in  a  filtered 
"  solution  of  raw  sugar  ;  or  the  sugar  may  be  put  into  the  vacuum 
"  pan  or  other  concentrating  apparatus,  whereby  the  crystals  are 
"  blended  with  the  new  portions  of  sugar,  and  form  part  of  the 
"  loaf."  In  some  cases  sugars  that  have  been  cleansed  by  machi- 
"  nery  may  be  added  or  mixed  with  the  concentrated  syrups  as 
"  above. 

[Printed,  6d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  July  15.— N°  1689. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  treatment  of  bastard  sugar  and  other  low  saccharine  products, 
"  such  as  are  obtained  from  molasses  and  scums."  These  are, 
"  first,  the  mode  described  in  the  after  claims  "  of  treating  bastard 
"  sugar  and  low  saccharine  products,  obtained  in  processes  of 
"  refining  sugar  herein  mentioned." 

Second,  "  the  combined  agency  of  heat  and  pressure  for  the 
"  purpose  of  separating  the  solid  from  the  fluid  parts  of  bastard 
"  sugar  and  other  low  products  obtained  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar." 

Third,  "the  encreasing  the  density  of  sugar  solutions"  "three 
"  or  four  degrees  Beaume  beyond  the  usual  density,"  after  which 
they  "  may  be  let  down  intolarge  crystallizing  vessels  "  about  one 
ton  each;  cooling  the  syrup  "  down  to  about  120° or  110°  degrees 
"  Fahrenheit,"  putting  it  into  bags  of  a  textile  fabric,  these  bags 
are  piled  in  a  hydrostatic  or  other  press  and  pressed  between 
corrugated  plates. 

Fourth,  when  "  the  syrups  are  brought  up  to  a  greater  density 
"  than  usual  and  are  intended  to  be  cooled  as  much  as  possible," 
shallow  trays  are  used  for  crystallizing  cakes  of  sugar  that  are 


SUGAR.  173 

afterwards  to  be  pressed  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  glucose 
matters,  both  by  cold  and  by  hot  pressure. 

Fifth,  "  dissolving  pressed  cakes  of  bastard  sugar  in  a  filtered 
"  solution  of  raw  sugar,  in  order  that  such  bastard  sugar  may 
"  form  a  part  of  the  refined  product "  by  concentrating,  crystal- 
lizing, cooling,  and  pressing  as  above. 
[Printed,  Gd.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  July  15.— N°  1691.    (*  *) 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar;"  these  are,  constructing  "  cylindrical  sugar 
"  moulds  having  a  moveable  bottom,  so  that  the  syrups  may 
"  drain  off  from  a  surface  whose  area  is  equal  to  the  body  of  the 
"  mould."  "  The  mould  may  in  consequence  be  made  of  much 
"  greater  height,"  because  this  increased  area  of  outlet  will  allow 
"  the  syrups  to  drain  off  quickly,  which  the  hydrostatic  pressure 
"  of  a  tall  column  also  materially  assists."  "  This  increased 
"  capacity  of  the  mould  will  render  it "  too  heavy  "  to  be  handled 
"  by  the  workmen  in  the  usual  way,"  "  therefore  they  are  made 
"  fixtures  or  moveable  only  with  revolving  apparatus  somewhat 
"  like  a  turntable ;  and  instead  of  detaching  the  loaf  from  the 
"  mould  by  a  blow,"  "an  hydraulic  press  or  other  suitable 
"  mechanical  force  "  is  employed  "  to  push  out  the  loaf  from  the 
"  mould."  "In  carrying  out  the  above,"  "the  moulds  have  a 
"  vertical  slit  or  opening  made  on  one  side  of  them,  which  extends 
"  from  end  to  end ;  on  each  side  of  this  slit  angle  flanges  are 
"  rivetted ;  there  are  projecting  pieces  or  lugs  formed  on  the  angle 
"  iron  through  which  a  screw  passes.  A  piece  of  vulcanized  india- 
"  rubber  is  put  in  between  the  angle  irons,  so  that  when  the  screws 
"  are  tightened  a  close  joint  will  be  formed,  through  which  the 
"  fluid  matters  in  the  mould  cannot  find  their  way,"  and  "  on 
"  the  bottom  of  each  mould  a  cap  is  fitted  with  a  bayonet  joint, 
"  and  having  a  piece  of  vulcanized  india-rubber  between  it,  a 
"  sound  joint  is  formed." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1853,  August  13.— N°  1900. 

GWYNNE,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of  a 
"  black  powder  from  coal,  and  in  the  application  thereof  to  the 
"  manufacture  of  paints,  blacking,  and  various  other  purposes." 


174  SUGAR. 

These  are, — coal  is  carbonized  and  ground  "in  mills  or  by 
"  manipulations  of  like  and  suitable  nature  "  reduced  to  small 
fragments,  and  is  applied  to  a  number  of  purposes  which  are 
named.  The  ground  matter  is  either  sifted  dry  or  separated  by 
the  wet  method,  namely,  washing.  "  For  the  purpose  of  refining 
"  sugar,  after  *  Gwynne's  patent  solidified  peat  or  coal '  has  been 
"  carbonized  and  reduced  to  powders  of  different  degrees  of 
"  fineness,  I  add  to  those  powders  certain  portions,  as  required, 
"  of  phosphates,  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda, 
"  also  alkaline  carbonates,  sulphate  of  alumina,  sulphate  of  baryta, 
"  or  silicious  sand." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  August  13.— N°  1902. 

GWYNNE,  JOHN,  and  G  WYNNE,  JAMES  EGLESON  ANDERSON. 
— "  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of  beet  root  for  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar,  which  improvements  are  also  applicable  to  the 
"  preparation  of  other  vegetables."  These  are,  the  roots  after 
washing  or  otherwise  preparing  are  cut  into  small  pieces,  which 
are  then  passed  through  a  series  of  inclined  heated  and  perforated 
cylinders  fitted  with  rotating  ribs  so  as  to  turn  over  and  agitate 
the  roots  as  they  pass  through  the  cylinders.  Another  mode  of 
drying  the  roots  is  by  passing  "  the  cut  roots  over  an  endless  band 
"  contained  in  a  case  heated  by  any  convenient  means,  such 
"  band  being  of  any  suitable  material,  and  mounted  on  a  series 
"  of  rollers."  By  similar  arrangements  to  the  above  the  roots 
may  be  cooled  by  passing  cold  air  over  them.  The  roots  after  the 
processes  are  completely  dried,  and  "  may  be  placed  under  com- 
"  pression  so  as  to  solidify  the  mass  and  save  space  in  their 
"  stowage  until  required  for  use." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  August  30.— N°  2011. 

PICCIOTTO,  JAMES. — (A  communication.} — "  Improvements  in 
"  burning  or  reburning  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "con- 
"  structing  apparatus  for  burning  and  reburning  animal  charcoal 
"  of  tubes  of  fire  clay  made  in  several  parts,"  "  moulded  to  a 
"  form  suitable  to  admit  of  several  like  pieces  or  bricks  being 
"  brought  together  and  built  one  on  another,  to  produce  the 
"  desired  form  of  retort."  These  retorts  or  tubes  "are  built  in 


SUGAR,  175 

*'  an  upright  position,  and  several  of  them  are  combined  into  one 
"  stack."  The  fire-place  or  furnace  is  near  the  lower  ends  of  the 
retorts ;  the  heat  and  products  of  combustion  pass  from  the  fire 
amongst  the  retorts,  "which  are  set  in  a  chamber,  and  then  pass 
"  away  by  a  flue  at  the  upper  part  of  the  building."  The  lower 
end  of  the  tubes  or  retorts  rest  in  sockets,  and  have  "  valves  to 
"  close  them,  which,  when  opened,  allows  the  burned  or  charred 
"  matter  to  descend  in  the  tubes ;"  care  is  "taken  to  prevent  the 
"  atmosphere  coming  in  contact  with  the  charcoal  till  it  is  cooled 
"  down."  The  tubes  or  retorts  are  filled  with  the  material  to  be 
burned  at  the  top. 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  October  12.— N°  2343. 

MAUMENli,  EDME  JULES. — "Improvements  in  the  treatment 
"  of  lignite  or  wood  coal,  and  in  obtaining  various  useful  pro- 
"  ducts  therefrom."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as 
follows  : — The  above  coal  is  distilled  in  a  retort,  "  a  current  of 
"  ordinary,  or  of  overheated  steam,  may  be  introduced  into  the 
"  retort  during  the  process  of  distillation  or  carbonization." 
The  residue  in  the  retort  is  washed  with  dilute  muriatic  or  other 
acid,  capable  of  dissolving  the  impurities  and  washed  with  water 
and  dried  and  ground  to  a  fine  powder.  This  substance  may  be 
used  "in  lieu  of  animal  charcoal  for  decolorizing  solutions  of 
"  sugar  or  other  solutions.  In  some  cases  I  calcine  it  with  other 
"  suitable  materials,  such  as  refuse  wool,  tartar,  or  sawdust  in 
"  order  to  increase  or  facilitate  its  decolorizing  effect." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  October  13.— N°  2358. 

WAY,  JOHN  THOMAS. — "  Improvements  in  making  and  refining 
"  sugar,  and  in  treating  saccharine  fluids."  These  are,  "  the  use 
"  of  soluble  or  gelatinous  silicia  (or  of  natural  earths,  mineral 
"  beds  or  strata,  and  other  substances  containing  soluble  silica  in 
"  considerable  proportions)  for  the  purpose  of  neutralizing  an 
"  excess  of  lime  or  other  alkaline  earth  employed  in  the  defecation 
"  or  purifying  of  the  juices  of  the  cane  and  beet  root,  or  of  other 
"  saccharine  liquids,  and  also  the  use  of  silicate  of  lime  and  the 
"  silicates  of  other  alkaline  earths  for  the  same  purposes."  By 
soluble  silica  is  meant  silica  soluble  in  boiling  caustic  potash  or 


176  SUGAR. 

soda ;  it  may  be  artificially  prepared  by  adding  an  acid  to  solu- 
tions of  silicate  of  potash,  or  soda.  Certain  earths,  such  as  occur 
in  "  certain  beds  or  strata  of  earth  at  the  base  of  the  chalk  hills 
"  occurring  in  parts  of  Surrey  and  elsewhere,  contain  large  pro- 
"  portions  of  silica  in  this  soluble  condition,"  and  this  is  the  earth 
or  mineral  preferred,  and  "  when  the  proportion  of  silica  is  from 
"  fifty  to  seventy  per  cent.,  one  ton  of  the  earth  or  mineral  is 
"  sufficient  for  one  hundred  tons  of  sugar,'*  the  lime  added  to 
the  sugar  not  being  "unnecessarily  great." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1853,  October  I/.—  N°  2388. 

CHANTRELL,  GEORGE  FREDERICK.  —  "Improved  apparatus 
"  applicable  to  the  manufacturing  and  the  revivification  of  animal 
"  or  vegetable  charcoal  and  other  useful  purposes."  This  consists 
of  a  row  of  furnaces  "  parallel  to  each  other,  over  which  are  thrown 
"  reverberatory  arches  with  openings  to  allow  the  heat  to  pass 
"  through  them,  which  is  then  carried  by  an  S  or  backwards  and 
"  forwards  draught  through  a  series  of  floors  constructed  one 
"  above  another,  openings  being  left  at  alternate  ends  thereof  to 
"  allow  the  heat  to  pass  upwards."  The  floors  are  "  tiles 
"  supported  by  fire  lumps  or  fire  blocks."  Between  each  furnace 
are  a  number  of  narrow  chambers  to  cause  the  draught  to  double. 
The  retorts  have  hopper  mouths  at  the  top,  and  openings  at  the 
bottom  to  allow  the  charcoal,  &c.,  when  burned,  to  fall  into 
suitable  coolers.  "  These  lower  openings  are  covered  by  means  of 
"  a  plate  of  iron  with  holes  cut  through  to  correspond  with  those 
"  in  the  bottom  of  the  chambers."  "  The  structure  is  built  on 
"  pillars  to  raise  it  sufficiently  above  the  ground  to  allow  space 
"  for  working  arid  coolers.  The  whole  of  the  tile  and  brickwork 
"  forming  the  structure  where  the  heat  acts  upon  it  is  laid  and 
"  run  in  with  fire  clay  lute  about  the  consistency  of  treacle." 
"  By  this  arrangement  the  char  burnt  within  the  chambers 
"  described  is  clear  of  iron  until  all  humid  matter  is  extracted 
"  from  it,  and  thereby  obviating  the  objection  made  by  sugar 
"  refiners  to  the  use  of  char  made  or  reburnt  when  in  contact 
"  with  iron,  as  char  so  treated  is  found  to  give  sugar  filtered 
"  through  it  a  pink  or  '  foxy '  tinge." 
[Printed,  Is.  6d.  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  177 

A.D.  1853,  October  21.— N°  2435. 

CHALLETON,  JEAN  FRANCIS  FELIX.— "Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  carbonizing  and  distilling  peat,  coal,  wood,  and  other 
"  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  substances."  Among  the 
substances  which  are  named  to  be  distilled  are  bones,  and  the 
improvements  are  in  order  to  "  carbonize  and  distil  in  a 
"  progressive  and  continuous  manner  "  these  substances  so  as  to 
obtain  products  therefrom.  The  retort  is  divided  into  compart- 
ments by  sliding  doors ;  each  compartment  contains  a  waggon 
rolling  on  wheels,  made  of  metal  or  fire  clay,  in  which  is  the 
substance  to  be  carbonized ;  on  one  of  the  external  side  walls  of 
Ihe  furnace  are  fixed  the  bearings  of  several  hand  or  fly  wheels  ; 
"  the  shafts  of  these  wheels  pass  through  the  wall,  and  carry 
"  each  inside  the  furnace  a  spur  wheel  gearing  into  a  rack 
"  attached  to  a  carriage,"  <f  which  can  thus  be  moved  backwards 
"  and  forwards  inside  the  retort."  "  The  sole  plate  carries  a  line 
"  of  rails,  which  is  broken  at  each  sliding  door,  and  on  which 
"  rolls  the  carriage."  One  or  more  compartments  are  "  left 
"  outside  the  furnace  for  the  purpose  of  extinguishing  in  them 
"  the  matter  under  treatment.  This  is  effected  by  a  jet  of 
"  alkaline  vapour  which  is  introduced  into  the  extinguishing 
"  chamber."  "  These  waggons  are  shoved  forward  progressively, 
"  and  as  they  travel  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that  of  the  heat 
"  they  pass  successively  from  a  low  temperature  to  a  higher  one 
"  until  the  carbonization  is  complete,"  upon  which  the  waggon  is 
driven  into  "  the  extinguishing  chamber."  "  The  waggons  are 
"  assisted  in  their  forward  motion  by  a  slight  incline  given  to  the 
"  sole  of  the  furnace." 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  November  19.— N°  2(593. 

DIMSDALE,  THOMAS  ISAAC.— "The  use  and  preparation  of 
"  certain  solid  and  liquid  substances  for  the  defication,  purifica- 
"  cation,  and  decolorization  of  saccharine  juices  and  syrups  or 
"  solutions,  and  for  neutralizing,  decomposing,  and  absorbing 
"  noxious  and  fetid  gases."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this 
subject,  as  follows  : — "  For  decolorizing  or  purifying  syrups  or 
"  saccharine  solutions,  I  propose  to  mix  blood  with  peat  earth, 
"  spent  tan,  sawdust,  or  any  fibrous  or  woody  matter,  divided  or 

S.  M 


178  SUGAR. 

"  powdered,  and  to  char  or  convert  the  mixture  into  charcoal  by 
"  any  of  the  ordidary  methods  by  which  charcoal  is  made.  If 
"  peat  earth  or  spent  tan  be  used,  they  must  be  well  washed 
"  previous  to  being  mixed  with  the  blood,  to  cleanse  them  from 
"  all  dirt  or  impurities.  In  like  manner  clay  or  other  aluminous 
"  earths  may  be  used  for  the  above  mentioned  purpose,  mixed  with 
"  blood,  and  then  roasted  or  burned  in  retorts,  kilns,  or  by  any 
"  of  the  methods  by  which  charcoal  is  prepared.  Bituminous 
"  shale,  charcoal,  or  any  description  of  charcoal  washed  and 
"  cleansed  may  be  mixed  with  blood,  and  if  the  blood  be  fresh 
"  the  mixture  may  be  used  in  that  state,  and  when  so  mixed  the 
"  mass  may  be  recharred.  Either  of  these  preparations  can  be 
"  employed  precisely  as  bone  charcoal  is." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1853,  November  29.— N°  2777. 

MICHEL,  Louis  ALEXANDRE. — "A  system  of  apparatus  for 
"  sawing  and  breaking  sugar."  This  consists,  first,  of  a  frame 
carrying  two  uprights  which  have  grooves  or  long  mortices  cut  in 
them  in  which  the  ends  of  a  beam  slide  up  and  down.  This  beam 
is  connected  with  a  lower  beam  by  two  uprights,  thus  forming 
a  frame  carrying  the  saw ;  this  frame  may  carry  any  number  of 
saws,  set  apart  by  about  the  thickness  which  the  pieces  of  sugar 
are  to  be.  The  sugar  loaf  is  carried  on  a  carriage  capable  of 
holding  all  the  pieces  of  sugar  till  they  are  perfectly  separated 
from  each  other.  This  might  be  done  with  a  kind  of  grate  having 
as  many  bars  as  there  are  pieces  to  be  cut. 

Second,  "these  layers  are  then  brought  under  a  breaking 
"  machine,  which  is  so  arranged  that  by  putting  a  shaft  to  motion 
"  a  knife  falls  on  one  or  several  layers  of  sugar,  and  breaks  or 
"  cuts  off  one  or  several  pieces.  V/hilst  the  knife  is  lifted  up,  the 
"  layer  of  sugar  receives  a  motion  that  causes  it  to  advance,  and 
"  the  knife  descending  again  breaks  one  or  several  pieces  of  the 
"  sugar.  It  will  be  easily  understood  that  by  changing  the  motion 
"  given  to  the  layers  of  sugar,  the  thickness  of  the  pieces  may  be 
"  varied."  The  whitish  appearance  produced  by  the  sawing  is 
removed  by  immersing  the  long  pieces  in  .water,  or  by  steaming 
them,  then  drying  them  thoroughly,  "  after  which  they  pass 
"  through  the  breaking  machine,  and  are  ready  for  use." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 


SUGAR.  179 

A.D.  1853,  December  2.— N°  2809. 

REYBURN,  ROBERT.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.}—"  Im- 
"  provements  in  sugar  refining."  These  are,  "  so  arranging  the 
"  apparatus  that  the  portion  of  charcoal  which  is  most  exhausted, 
"  that  is  to  say,  that  which  is  nearest  to  the  point  where  the 
"  syrup  enters,  may  be  from  time  to  time  removed,  and  that  fresh 
"  charcoal  may  be  added  at  the  end  where  the  syrup  escapes,  so 
"  as  to  supply  the  place  of  that  which  has  been  withdrawn,  by 
"  which  means  the  syrups  are  at  all  times  obtained  as  free  from 
"  color  as  at  the  commencement  of  the  operation." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1853,  December  2.— N°  2811. 

BESSEMER,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  for  increasing  the  size 
"  and  purity  of  the  crystals  of  raw  sugar,  is  the  solution  and  re- 
"  crystallization  of  it  without  the  intermediate  process  of  evapo- 
"  ration."  This  is  effected  in  a  vessel  in  the  bottom  of  which  are 
a  series  of  steam  or  hot  water  pipes,  and  an  agitator,  boiling 
water  is  sprinkled  over  the  sugar  (about  a  ton)  so  as  to  have  a 
syrup  of  40  to  50  degrees  Beaume.  The  syrup  flows  into  a  large 
crystallizing  vessel  with  a  lid  so  as  to  cool  slowly.  Or  a  portion 
of  the  sugar  may  be  dissolved  in  a  pan  with  "  a  steam  jacket,  and 
"  then  adding  by  degrees  as  much  sugar  as  will  form  a  syrup  of 
"  the  required  density,"  or  better,  dissolving  sugar  in  water  to 
form  "  a  liquor  of  about  28°  to  34°  Beaume,  and  blowing  it  up 
"  with  albuminous  matter,"  filtering  and  using  it  in  lieu  of  water 
for  making  dense  solutions  for  crystallizing  ;  in  like  manner 
"  refines  liquor,"  &c.  may  be  used  as  solvents.  When  the  crystal- 
lization of  the  sugar  has  taken  place  it  is  removed  to  the  washing 
table  or  machine. 

Second,  this  table  it  is  said  "  forms  the  subject  of  a  former 
**  patent  granted  to  me,"  and  "  consists  of  a  revolving  horizontal 
"  table  or  sieve  on  which  the  sugar  is  spread  in  a  thin  stratum, 
"  while  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed  beneath,  "  but  "  instead  of 
"  applying  the  fluid  from  perforated  pipes  above  the  sugar,"  it  is 
"  better  to  allow  the  fluid  to  flow  from  a  perforated  box,  the  per- 
"  forated  bottom  of  which  is  in  contact  with  the  thin  stratum  of 
"  sugar  under  operation."  "  Over  the  moving  stratum  of  the 
"  sugar  a  series  of  small  inclined  blades  "  are  fixed  to  "  pass 
"  downwards  through  the  sugar." 
[Printed,  8&  Drawing.] 

M  2 


180  SUGAR, 

A.D.  1853,  December  8.— N°  2855. 

BORDONE,  PHILIPPE  JOSEPH  TOUSSAINT.  —  (Provisional 
Protection  only.) — "  Improvements  in  extracting  and  treating  the 
"  juice  of  beet  root  and  other  vegetables."  These  are,  in  reference 
to  this  subject,  as  follows  :— The  pulp  fresh,  or  previously  dried, 
is  introduced  into  an  upright  cylindrical  vessel,  having  hemispheri- 
cal ends,  the  lower  being  perforated.  The  vessel  has  a  lining  or 
filter  of  woollen  stuff,  removable  after  each  operation,  and  steam 
is  introduced  into  it  at  a  temperature  from  125°  to  130°  centi- 
grade, by  which  the  saccharine  particles  will  be  dissolved  and  flow 
out  at  the  bottom.  "  The  juice  on  running  from  these  vessels  is 
"  treated  with  the  quantity  of  milk  of  lime  necessary  for  its 
"  defecation."  It  is  protected  from  fermentation  by  a  small 
quantity  of  oil  floating  on  its  surface,  which  prevents  its 
"  absorbing  oxygen  from  the  air."  "  If  it  be  desired  to  produce 
"  alcohol  instead  of  sugar,  20  per  cent,  of  lukewarm  bran  water 
"  must  be  introduced  to  the  pulp  before  the  introduction  of  the 
"  steam,  which  will  cause  fermentation  much  better  than  any 
"  other  fermenting  agents/'  The  remainder  of  the  processes  are 
for  obtaining  oils  and  making  bread,  &c. 
[Printed,  id.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1853,  December  14.— N°  2898. 

BEANES,  EDWARD. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  an  improved  vacuum 
"  pan."  This  is  a  cylindrical  vessel,  terminated  at  top  by  a  dome, 
connected  with  an  air  pump  ;  into  the  floor  of  the  pan  on  which 
the  fluid  is  placed  are  screwed  a  number  of  vertical  tubes  of  equal 
size  and  length  closed  at  the  upper  end,  open  at  the  lower.  Below 
the  floor  of  the  pan  are  two  steam  chambers,  communicating  with 
each  other,  one  above  the  other,  from  the  lower  of  which  are  a 
series  of  tubes  open  at  both  ends  which  pass  up  into  the  vertical 
tubes  named  above,  and  through  which  steam  is  driven  into  them. 
Tubes  from  the  upper  steam  chamber  "  communicate  with  the 
"  lower  steam  chamber,'*  "  through  which,  as  the  case  may  be, 
"  steam  may  be  introduced  into,  or  the  steam  and  water  produced 
"  by  the  condensation  of  steam  withdrawn  from  the  said  chamber." 
Second,  "  a  filter  for  filtering  sugar  cane  juice  or  other  liquids 
"  containing  saccharine  matter  in  solution."  This  consists  of  a 
vessel  with  two  false  bottoms,  on  each  of  which  is  laid  a  stratum 


SUGAR.  181 

of  sand  or  powdered  flints,  preferring,  "the  washed  sweepings  of 
"  such  roads  as  are  mended  with  flint  stones."     The  upper  layer 
being  coarser  than  the  lower  one. 
[Printed,  Gd.    Drawing.] 


1854. 

A.D.  1854,  January  2.— N°  1 . 

COLLETTE,  CHARLES  HUSTINGS. — (A  communication.) — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  treating 
"  saccharine  juices  and  syrups  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  sugar 
"  therefrom  "  as  follows  : — The  liquors  in  the  "  defecation  pan  " 
are  treated  with  lime  or  lime  water,  "  30  or  40  per  cent,  of  lime 
"  is  sufficient  for  this  purpose,"  when  "  the  lime  has  produced 
"  the  requisite  effect  upon  the  liquid,"  superphosphate  sometimes 
called  biphosphate  of  lime  about  3  parts  to  100  parts  of  the  juice 
are  added  so  long  as  red  "  litmus  paper  dipped  into  the  juice  is 
"  turned  blue,"  if  an  excess  of  superphosphate  happens  to  be 
added  it  is  neutralized  by  lime  or  lime  water.  The  whole  is  then 
filtered,  concentrated  to  18°  Beaume,  superphosphate  of  lime 
again  added  as  above,  and  the  whole  again  filtered,  and  the  liquid 
concentrated,  "  the  vacuum  pan  and  crystallizing  tubs  may  be 
"  used  in  the  usual  way,"  to  obtain  "  as  much  sugar  as  can 
"  be  separated."  Sugar  refined  in  this  way  may  be  dissolved 
and  "  again  submitted  to  the  process  for  the  purpose  of  further 
"  purifying  it."  The  residual  juice  may  be  treated  in  a  some- 
what similar  manner  so  as  to  obtain  a  further  quantity  of  sugar, 
and  the  residual  juices  from  this  may  be  likewise  so  treated  for 
further  quantities  of  crystallized  sugar.  In  the  Provisional  Speci- 
fication it  is  said  that  "a  superphosphate  of  an  alkali,"  may  be 
employed. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  January  11.— N°  72. 

TUSSAUD,  FELIX. — "  An  universal  pump-press  with  continuous 
"  action,  called  continuous  producer."  This  consists,  in  the 
application  "  of  one  or  more  chains,  or  endless  racks,  or  a  wheel 
"  or  wheels  with  moveable  teeth,  gearing  into  the  thread  or 


182  SUGAR. 

"  threads  whatever  may  be  the  form  or  dimensions  of  these 
"  threads.  This  screw  being  set  in  motion  by  any  motive  power, 
"  causes  this  chain,  or  these  chains,  or  else  the  wheel  or  wheels,  to 
"  move  in  either  one  or  the  other  direction,  i.e.,  backwards  or  for- 
"  wards."  This  mechanical  combination  may  be  used  "  either  as 
"  a  continuous  press,  or  as  a  force  pump,  or  as  a  suction  pump,  or 
"  else  as  a  double-acting  pump.  The  endless  chain  or  chains,  or 
"  the  wheel,  or  else,  if  required,  wheels,  after  having  traversed  the 
"  cylinder  in  the  longitudinal  direction,  come  out  through  the 
"  bottom  by  an  aperture,  of  apertures,  in  which  they  act  like 
"  pistons  as  it  were."  "  These  endless  chains  may  be  made  up  of 
"  links  in  the  same  manner  as  plate  chains,  or  in  any  other  suit- 
"  able  way.  The  joint  may  be  in  the  space  between  the  teeth,  or 
"  in  the  middle  of  the  tooth,  or  else  there  may  be  one  joint  for  a 
"  certain  number  of  teeth,  provided  the  joints  be  so  arranged 
"  that  the  teeth  in  the  cylinder  act  like  pistons."  "  The  chain  or 
"  chains  may  be  made  of  metal,  or  of  any  other  suitable  sub- 
"  stance,  such  as  india-rubber,  gutta  percha,  or  any  other  soft  or 
"  elastic  material,  according  to  the  uses  which  this  mechanism  is 
"  put  to."  This  apparatus  it  is  said  "  is  applicable  to  all  indus- 
"  trial  operations  where  pressing,  forcing,  or  pumping,  is  re- 
"  quired,"  a  number  of  which  are  named,  and  it  is  said  that 
"  this  pump  having  no  valves  is  particularly  applicable  to  raising 
"  and  lowering  the  cane  juice  and  treacle  in  sugar  factories," 
&c. 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  February  7— N°  302. 

TAYLOR,  JAMES,  BROWN,  ISAAC,  and  BROWN,  JOHN.— 
"  Improvements  in  the  charring  of  vegetable  and  animal  sub- 
"  stances."  These  are,  the  use  of  a  drying  chamber,  and  of 
"  retorts  with  or  without  internal  flues,  for  effecting  the  con- 
"  tinuous  and  economical  carbonization  of  animal  or  vegetable 
"  substances ;"  also  "  of  an  air  tight  receiver  or  carriage  in  con- 
"  junction  with  the  retort,"  and  "  the  general  arrangement  and 
"  construction  of  drying  chambers  and  carbonizing  furnaces,"  as 
follows  : — The  substance  to  be  dried  is  passed  upon  trays  of  iron 
or  wire  cloth,  &c.  attached  to  endless  chains  through  a  drying 
chamber;  it  is  "  then  put  into  a  vertical  retort  enclosed  in  brick- 
"  work  or  a  casing  of  segmental  flags  made  of  well  burned  fire- 


SUGAR.  183 

"  clay  and  hooped  with  wrought  iron  hoops,  the  heat  being 
"  applied  round  and  through  the  retort  in  any  convenient 
•"  manner."  When  the  charge  is  "  snfficienly  charred  it  is  with- 
"  drawn  at  the  bottom  whilst  it  is  hot  and  received  into  an  air- 
"  tight  portable  vessel  to  be  removed  to  a  suitable  place  to  cool." 
"  When  one  charge  is  withdrawn  another  is  at  once  put  into  the 
"  retort,  the  heat  being  thus  regularly  kept  up  and  the  charring 
"  process  going  on/' 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  February  20.— N°  398. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  An  im- 
"  provement  in  machinery  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
This  consists,  in  machinery  for  separating  molasses  from  sugar, 
in  which  there  are  two  cylinders,  one  surrounding  the  other,  and 
the  sugar  is  supplied  to  the  space  between  the  two,  while  a  vacuum 
or  exhaustion  is  applied,  the  sugar  is  found  to  clog  the  wire  gauze 
of  the  cylinders,  and  it  is  proposed  to  provide  "  the  inside  of  the 
"  outer  cylinder  with  a  screw  thread  or  threads  either  solid  or  in 
"  the  form  of  a  brush,  whereby  the  sugar  is  not  only  caused 
"  to  advance,  but  the  wire  gauze  or  screen  surrounding  the  inner 
"  cylinder  is  kept  clean." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  February  28.— N°  489. 
WAY,  JOHN  THOMAS,  and  PAINE,   JOHN   MANWARING. — 

"  An  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  gas,  and  also  of  a 
K  charred  product."  This  consists  in  "distilling  a  compound 
"  matter  consisting  of  a  stone  or  earth  (largely  composed  of 
"  soluble  silica,  found  in  Surrey,  and  probably  in  other  places), 
"  and  tar  or  fat,  or  oil,"  but  preferring  "  coal  tar  as  the  cheapest 
"  substance  that  can  be  procured;  but  under  some  circumstances 
"  molasses  or  waste  sugar,  and  other  vegetable  or  animal  liquids, 
"  may  be  employed,"  and  "thereby  obtaining  gas,  for  the 
"  purposes  of  light  and  heat,  and  a  charred  product  suitable  for 
"  making  filters,  and  for  decolorizing  and  deodorizing  purposes." 
The  above  mineral  is  "easily  recognised"  by  reducing  it  "to  a 
"  fine  powder,  boiling  the  powder  in  caustic  soda,  and  afterwards 
"  adding  to  the  solution  formed  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid 
"  which  precipitates  the  silica  "  if  the  mineral  contained  soluble 
silica. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


184  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1854,  March  3.— N°  523. 

BOUR,  JOSEPH.  —  "Improvements  in  evaporating  saccharine. 
"  liquids."  These  are,  "  a  combination  of  hollow  revolving  ves- 
"  sels  suitably  constructed  for  being  filled  with  and  heated  by 
"  steam;"  these  vessels,  "by  their  revolution  and  also  by  means 
"  of  cups  at  their  peripheries,  carry  up  the  liquid  contained  in 
"  the  trough  below  and  in  which  the  vessels  are  partly  immersed. 
"  The  cups  discharge  the  liquid  over  the  heated  surfaces  of  the 
"  hollow  revolving  vessels."  "  Each  hollow  vessel  is  composed 
"  of  two  portions  of  a  large  sphere,  which  are  connected  together 
"  at  their  peripheries.  The  several  hollow  vessels  are  connected 
"  together  at  their  centres,  and  in  order  to  obtain  stiffness  at  the 
"  centres  to  act  as  an  axis,  two  bent  or  trough-like  strips  of  metal 
"  are  connected  together,  and  they  form  open  troughs  in  the  cen- 
"  tral  part  of  the  combined  hollow  vessels  into  which  the  water 
"  resulting  from  the  condensation  of  the  steam  is  raised  by  means 
"  of  hollow  arms  with  spoon-like  ends,  and  the  water  flows  off 
"  from  the  ends  of  these  troughs  through  a  hollow  axis  at  one 
"  end  of  the  apparatus.  The  steam  to  heat  the  apparatus  is 
"  introduced  at  one  end  by  a  hollow  axis  and  flows  off  at  the 
"  other  end  of  the  apparatus."  The  apparatus  revolves  slowly, 
and  when  the  liquid  in  the  trough  is  at  the  required  degree  of 
concentration,  streams  of  the  liquid  to  be  concentrated  "are 
"  allowed  to  flow  from  above  on  to  each  heated  vessel  till  the 
"  trough  is  filled"  as  desired.  "The  steam  employed  is  the 
"  waste  steam  from  a  high  pressure  engine  used  for  crushing 
"  the  sugar  cane." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  March  11.— N°  591. 

WRIGHT,  JAMES,— (A  communication  from  John  Reid.} — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  '  curing '  and  '  liquor- 
"  *  ing '  sugar  by  centrifugal  force."  These  are,  first,  "  the 
"  combination  of  the  outer  jacket  and  interior  drainer  in  such  a 
"  manner  that  both  may  partake  of  the  rotary  movement,  and 
"  the  one  revolve  with  the  other."  The  outer  case  or  jacket  is 
attached  to  the  curb  or  upper  flanged  part  of  the  drainer,  then 
carried  down  about  eight  inches  lower  than  the  bottom  of  the 
drainer,  and  flush  rivetted  to  a  bottom  of  its  own, '"thus  leaving  a 
((  space  between  the  two  bottoms  amply  sufficient  to  contain  all 
"  the  molasses  from  a  charge," 


SUGAR.  185 

Second,  "  the  mode  of  exhausting  the  air  as  well  as  the  dis- 
"  charging  the  contents  of  the  machine  through  the  bottom." 
The  vacuum  is  obtained  "  by  inserting  2  two-inch  pipes  into  the 
"  bottom  of  the  case  through  stuffing  boxes  with  trumpet-shaped 
"  or  flanged  elbows  "  moving  freely  up  or  down  in  the  stuffing 
boxes  5  when  pushed  up,  their  ends  will  project  above  the  molasses 
in  the  receptacle  so  that,  none  can  run  out,  but  when  pulled 
down  the  molasses  will  flow  into  and  through  them,  and  so  be 
discharged  from  the  machine. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  March  31.— N°  738. 

COSTE,  JEAN  MARC  GUSTAVE. — (Provisional  protection  only.) 
— "  Revivifying  animal  charcoal  that  has  already  been  used,  and 
"  obtaining  by  a  peculiar  process  prussiate  of  potasse  or  soda 
"  from  it."  This  consists  as  follows,  employing  "  potass  or  soda 
"  about  one  part ;  sulphate  of  iron,  about  one  part ;  and  animal 
"  charcoal  as  above  30  parts.  These  ingredients  or  substances  are 
"  to  be  well  pulverized  and  exposed  to  the  action  of  caloric  until 
"  they  are  calcined.  They  are  then  mixed  with  about  60  parts  of 
"  water,  subjected  to  ebullition  for  about  half  an  hour,  and  then 
"  carefully  filtered  and  washed ;  this  is  twice  repeated.  After 
"  the  last  filtration  the  animal  charcoal  is  to  be  dried  in  a  proper 
"  stove,  and  the  liquid  is  to  be  evaporated  so  as  to  produce  the 
"  prussiates  in  the  crystallized  form." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  April  6.— N°  792. 

NASH,  JOSEPH. — "The  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar." 
This  consists,  first,  "  in  the  use  of  india-rubber  rings  or  bands 
"  with  connected  seats  and  loose  covers  for  the  ordinary  sugar 
"  moulds;"  also  the  general  arrangements  afterwards  named, 
excepting  "  the  use  of  the  hydro-extractor,  but  only  the  improve- 
"  ments  therein  as  the  separation  of  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the 
"  draining  sieve  and  the  telescopic  slide  shaft "  of  the  same,  and 
"  the  self-feeding  draining  cone."  The  neck  of  the  cone  sieve  is 
immersed  in  the  supply  chamber,  which  is  fed  with  syrup  by  a 
hopper  near  the  bottom,  the  liquoring  pipe  comes  into  the  cone 
from  above.  "  Using  a  suitable  closed  vessel  for  draining  and 
"  liquoring  loose  crystalline  sugars  in  bulk."  "  Arranging  the 


186  SUGAR. 

"  charcoal  filters  in  a  circle  or  connected  with  series  of  closed 
"  vessels,  for  the  application  of  pneumatic  and  hydraulic  pressure 
"  thereto."  Filling  and  emptying  the  hydro-extractor,  without 
stopping  its  motion,  by  means  of  a  hollow  shaft  or  tube  for  filling, 
and  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  drum  or  sieve  are  made  to 
separate  for  emptying.  A  "  self-acting  feed  and  delivery  may  be 
"  obtained  by  using  a  cylinder  partly  conical  in  a  horizontal 
"  direction  or  by  a  cylinder  revolving  at  a  suitable  angle."  Em- 
ploying "  carbonic  acid  gas  or  other  suitable  gas  as  a  carrier  of 
heat  to  be  blown  through  syrup  in  a  close  vessel,  its  condensation 
being  effected  either  by  absorption  or  by  the  action  of  an 
air-pump  forced  through  a  refrigerator,  to  be  returned  through 
the  heating  apparatus  in  a  circle  of  re-activity  and  re-condensation, 
for  the  purpose  of  evaporation  at  a  low  or  moderate  temperature 
for  crystallizing  sugar. 

Second,  the  use  of  silex  or  silica  alone  or  combined  with 
ammonia,  or  mixed  with  "  rough  sulphate,  phosphate,  carbonate, 
"  or  other  suitable  salt  of  ammonia  having  the  property  of  precipi- 
"  tating  lime,  or  the  same  salts  containing  albumen  in  solution," 
made  by  dissolving  these  salts  with  blood  previous  to  applying 
it  in  variable  proportions ;  the  quantity  required  of  blood  thus 
prepared  "  being  much  less  than  usual  in  its  raw  state,  while  the 
"  lime  usually  retained  in  the  clarified  sugar  will  be  precipitated 
<e  with  scum  waste  from  which  the  sugar  is  more  readily  and 
"  perfectly  separated  by  the  operation  of  draining  and  pressing." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  May  1.— N°  973. 

ARCHBALD  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS.  —  "  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  concrete  cane  juice  and  sugar."  These  are 
first,  "  in  reducing  boiled  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine  matter 
"  into  concrete,"  avoiding  "the  excessive  heat  of  the  tayche"  by 
completing  "  the  boiling  of  the  juice  in  a  separate  pan  in  which 
"  the  temperature  may  be  kept  more  under  control,"  in  prefer- 
ence, "  a  pan  called  by  the  French  bascule,"  is  used  and  after 
evaporation;  it  is  discharged  into  shallow  coolers  six  inches  deep. 
In  some  cases  employing  "  a  composition  of  loaf  sugar,  of  alum, 
"  and  of  Howard's  finings." 

Second,  placing  "over  the  vessel  or  tray  before  the  cooling 
"  material  is  placed  upon  it  a  sheet  or  cloth,  or  even  leaves  to 
"  facilitate  its  withdrawal  from  the  vessel  in  which  it  is  hardened, 


SUGAR.  187 

Third,  regulating  the  temperature  in  concentrating  it. 

Fourth,  drying  the  concrete  in  the  sun  or  in  a  warm  atmo- 
sphere. 

Fifth,  employing  concrete  prepared  as  above  "  in  the  manufac- 
"  ture  of  sugar,  or  other  manufacture  in  which  saccharine  mate- 
"  rials  are  employed."  The  concrete  or  concentrated  syrup,  in 
preference  from  West  India  molasses,  is  clarified,  evaporated,  in 
preference,  in  a  vacuum  pan,  described  in  No.  13,286,  Old  Law, 
just  liquid  enough  to  run  out. 

Sixth,  making  sugar  from  molasses  as  above. 

Seventh,  making  sugar  by  introducing  sugar  into  the  centri- 
fugal machine,  in  a  bag,  to  separate  the  molasses  or  syrup  from 
the  crystals. 

Eighth,  when  the  sugar  has  run  from  the  pan  under  the  fifth 
head,  it  is  mixed  with  "  a  quantity  of  water  sufficient  to  reduce  " 
it  "  to  a  density  convenient  to  put  into  the  moulds  for  making 
"  refined  sugar." 

[Printed,  4cZ.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1854,  May  23.— N°  1150. 

REYBURN,,  ROBERT.—  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "Im- 
"  provements  in  refining  sugar."  These  are,  arranging  the  appa- 
ratus used  in  filtering  syrups  of  sugar  through  animal  charcoal,  so 
that  "  the  portion  of  charcoal  which  is  most  exhausted,  that  is  to 
"  say,  that  which  is  nearest  to  the  point  where  the  syrup  enters, 
"  may  be  from  time  to  time  removed  and  that  fresh  charcoal  may 
"  be  added  at  the  end  where  the  syrup  escapes,  so  as  supply  the 
"  place  of  that  which  has  been  withdrawn,  by  which  means  the 
"  syrups  are  at  all  times  obtained  as  free  from  colour  as  at 
"  the  commencement  of  the  operation." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  June  17.— N°  1320. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. —  (Provisional  protection  only.) — "An  im- 
"  proved  means  of  creating  a  vacuum,  or  partial  vacuum  for 
"  evaporating  purposes."  This  consists  "  in  creating  a  vacuum  or 
"  partial  vacuum  in  sugar  or  other  like  pans  by  means  of  steam 
."  introduced  through  a  blast  pipe." 
[Printed,  4eZ.  No  Drawings.] 


188  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1854,  June  24.— N°  1399. 

THOMSON,  JOHN.— "Improvements  in  centrifugal  apparatus 
"  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  introducing 
"  fibrous  or  other  absorbent  matters  near  the  centre  of  such 
"  apparatus,  in  such  manner  that  the  absorbent  matter  having 
"  taken  up  a  quantity  of  cleansing  fluid,  that  fluid  shall,  by  the 
"  rotation  of  the  centrifugal  apparatus,  be  gradually  separated 
"  from  the  absorbent  material  and  applied  to  cleanse  the  sugar  in 
"  the  centrifugal  apparatus."  The  "  vessel  containing  the  porous 
"  matter  is,  at  its  outer  periphery  or  surface,  to  be  made  with 
"  wire  cloth  or  wire  work,  or  it  may  be  made  with  perforated 
"  metal." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  June  30.-N0  1433. 

SHEARS,  DANIEL  TOWERS. — (A  communication.} — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  curing  or  separating  moisture  from  sugar  and  other 
"  substances."  These  are,  constructing  centrifugal  machines  in 
such  manner  that  they  may  open  at  the  circumference  and  throw 
the  sugar  matters  therefrom,  delivering  them  without  stopping. 
In  one  arrangement,  "  where  the  revolving  vessel  is  in  the  form  of 
"  a  frustum  of  a  cone,  open  at  the  top  and  bottom.  The  cone 
"  can  be  raised  on  the  shaft  from  the  bottom,  which  is  fixed  on  the 
"  shaft,  so  as  to  leave  an  open  space  all  round  for  the  escape  of 
"  the  sugar  "  as  soon  as  the  vessel  is  raised  by  a  lever  or  by  any 
other  suitable  means,  "  and  the  sugar  will  escape  on  the  raising." 
"  But  machinery  can  be  made  to  open  at  the  circumference  in  a 
"  variety  of  ways,  differing  only  in  mechanical  details." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  August  7—  N°  1/29. 

DUQUESNE,  EMMANUEL  FRAN9OIS. — (Provisional  protection 
cnly.) — "  An  improved  mode  of  manufacturing  gas  for  illumina- 
"  tion."  These  are  substituting  "bones  and  other  animal  refuse 
"  of  a  like  nature  for  coal,  resin,  and  such  like  carbonaceous 
"  matters  heretofore  employed  for  the  manufacture  of  gas,"  using 
the  ordinary  apparatus  as  for  coal  or  resin,  "  some  modifications 
"  being,  however,  made  in  the  purifying  apparatus."  "  The  re- 
"  siduum  contained  in  the  retort  after  distillation  is  animal  black 


SUGAR.  189 

"  of  superior   quality,  which  is   of  great  utility,  and  may  be 
"  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  blacking,  the  clarification  of 
"  sugar,  or  as  a  manure,  &c." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  August  31.— N°  1904. 

HEATHER,  JOHN. — (Provisional protection  not  allowed.)—"  Con- 
"  sisting  of  sugar  nippers  combined  with  sugar  tongs,  to  be  used 
"  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  or  breaking  lumps  of  loaf  and  crys- 
"  tallized  sugar,  and  distributing  the  same  at  the  tea  and  break - 
"  fast  table,  to  be  called  '  BlackwellV  combined  sugar  nippers  and 
"  *  tongs.5  "  These  consist  of  sugar  tongs  or  forceps  resembling 
the  sugar  tongs  now  in  use,  "having  blades  or  wedges  formed  of 
"  steel  or  other  hard  mineral  or  metallic  substance  fixed  on  the 
"  inner  sides  near  the  tops  thereof."  The  sides  of  the  tongs  are 
made  to  expand  by  means  of  a  joint  at  the  top,  so  as  to  receive 
lumps  of  loaf  or  crystallized  sugar  between  the  said  blades  or 
wedges,  which  may  be  easily  broken  by  pressing  together  with  the 
hand  the  points  or  ends  of  the  tongs.  "  The  points  or  ends  of 
"  the  tongs  or  forceps  are  kept  sufficiently  distended  for  picking 
"  up  the  lumps  of  sugar  as  with  the  ordinary  sugar  tongs,  by 
"  means  of  a  spring  placed  at  or  in  the  aforesaid  joint,"  and 
*'  which  yields  to  the  pressure  of  the  hand,  so  as  to  take  hold  of 
"  and  distribute  the  sugar  in  the  usual  manner." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  September  2.— N°  1921. 

DECOSTER,  PIERRE  ANDRE.  —  "Certain  improvements  in 
"  extracting  the  saccharine  parts  of  the  sugar  reeds  and  of  other 
"  sacchariferous  substances."  These  are,  cutting  the  sugar  reeds 
or  cases  into  "  small  pieces  by  means  of  a  rapidly  revolving  disc 
"  which  carries  a  series  of  cutters  or  knives,"  introducing  these 
pieces  into  "  a  hopper  inclined  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees 
"  more  or  less.  The  sliced  or  chopped  cane  falls  upon  an  endless 
"  web  of  wire  cloth  under  which  is  a  vessel  to  receive  any  juice 
"  which  may  exude  and  drop  through  the  wire  cloth.  The 
"  endless  web  conveys  the  sliced  cane  to  the  sugar  mill  which  is 
"  constructed  with  three  horizontal  rolls  and  furnished  with  an 
"  intermediate  guide  plate  attached  to  a  lever  with  a  weight. 
"  This  guide  plate  guides  the  fragments  of  cane  after  they  have 


190  SUGAR, 

"  been  pressed  or  squeezed  between  the  first  and  second  rolls  to 
ct  receive  a  second  pressure  between  the  second  and  third  rolls. 
"  The  fragments  of  cane  then  fall  into  a  truck  or  waggon  the 
"  bottom  of  which  is  of  wire  cloth.  Several  of  these  waggons 
"  are  employed  and  each  one  when  filled  is  conveyed  upon  a 
"  railway  to  a  position  directly  over  a  pan  in  which  the  cane 
"  juice  is  being  boiled  or  concentrated.  A  cover  either  closed  or 
"  Dartially  opened  at  top  is  placed  over  the  waggon  to  confine 
"  the  steam,  and  the  fragments  of  cane  thus  become  saturated 
"  with  the  steam."  "'The  fragments  of  cane  are  then  passed 
"  through  a  second  mill,  the  rolls  of  which  may  be  upon  the  same 
"  axes  as  those  of  the  first  mill."  "  The  saccharine  liquors  are 
"  concentrated  and  crystallized  or  granulated  and  the  sugar  thus 
ft  obtained  is  purified  from  molasses  or  uncrystallizable  sugar  by 
"  centrifugal  apparatus,  consisting  of  a  perforated  cylindrical 
"  drum,  lined  with  wire  gauze,  and  attached  to  a  horizontal  plate 
"  or  disc  which  is  caused  to  rotate  with  great  rapidity  by  means 
"  of  straps  and  pulleys.  Two  long  conical  pulleys  placed  in 
"  reverse  positions  are  employed  with  an  endless  strap  or  belt 
"  capable  of  being  shifted  from  one  end  of  the  pulleys  to  the  other." 
"  The  horizontal  disc  of  the  centrifugal  machine  is  driven  by  a 
"  strap  from  the  conical  pulley  passing  round  a  pulley  placed 
"  under  the  disc,  the  spindle  of  which  turns  in  a  long  socket  well 
"  supplied  with  oil."  "  The  perforated  drum  is  not  permanently 
•"  fixed  to  the  disc  but  connected  so  that  it  may  be  readily 
"  removed  when  the  operation  is  completed  and  another  charge 
"  drum  substituted."  "It  is  advisable  to  employ  self-oiling 
"  apparatus  with  the  bearings  of  the  spindles  which  revolve  at 
"  high  velocities  or  are  exposed  to  great  pressure."  The  centri- 
fugal machine  may  be  of  various  forms,  the  drum  may  be  in 
"  the  form  of  a  sugar  loaf  or  of  any  other  required  form."  The 
drum  is  not  permanently  fixed  and  "may  be  lifted  off  and 
"  replaced  at  pleasure." 
[Printed,  10&  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1854,  October  24.— N°  2267. 

WELSH,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  extracting  liquids  from 
"  saccharine  and  other  matters."  These  relate  "  more  particu- 
"  larly  to  the  extraction  of  the  syrup  or  treacle  and  moisture  from 
"  sugar  in  the  process  of  refining,"  and  consist "  in  subjecting 


SUGAR.  191 

"  the  loaves  or  cones  of  sugar  which  are  to  be  strained  to  the 
"  action  of  an  air  pump  or  exhauster."  By  one  modification,  the 
apparatus  is  an  air-tight  chamber  or  vessel  put  in  communication 
with  the  suction  pipe  of  an  air  pump,  and  also  with  the  bottom 
of  the  sugar  moulds,  which  are  provided  with  a  pipe  and  a  stop- 
cock to  regulate  the  sucking  or  exhausting  action.  A  mouth- 
piece of  caoutchouc,  gutta  percha,  or  some  other  flexible  material 
is  fixed  on  the  end  of  the  pipe,  the  atmospheric  pressure  causes 
the  mouth-piece  to  clasp  the  pipe,  and  so  form  an  air-tight  or 
nearly  air-tight  joint.  "  The  communication  of  the  air-tight 
"  receptacle  with  the  air  pump  is  to  be  contrived  so  that  the 
"  syrup  may  not  obtain  access  to  the  pump."  "  Two  or  more 
"  pipes  may  be  fitted  to  the  air-tight  receptacle  in  order  that  two 
"  or  more  moulds  may  be  operated  upon  at  once." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  October  28.— N°  2301. 

BROOMAN",  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.}  — 
"  Improvements  in  centrifugal  machines  and  in  driving  the 
"  same."  These  are,  first,  the  adaptation  "  to  the  drums  of  centri- 
"  fugal  machines  of  rollers  or  cylinders  formed  plain,  grooved, 
"  perforated,  or  with  projections,  to  produce  a  stamping  effect  or 
"  otherwise,  which  are  made  to  act  on  the  goods  under  operation  so 
V  that  they  shall  not  only  have  the  centrifugal  power  exerted  upon 
"  them  but  also  that  due  to  the  action  of  the  rollers." 

Second,  "the  adaptation  to  the  drums  of  centrifugal  machines 
"  of  apparatuses  for  moving  and  displacing  the  goods  while  under 
"  operation/'  The  centrifugal  drum  is  composed  of  a  bottom,  a 
solid  periphery  fixed  to  the  bottom,  and  a  moveable  and  perforated 
periphery  placed  concentrically  with  the  periphery.  The  per- 
forated periphery  is  divided  into  as  many  parts  as  there  are 
compartments  between  the  division  plates,  and  these  parts  are 
fitted  into  the  opening  of  the  compartments  so  as  to  be  capable 
of  moving  in  their  like  pistons  towards  the  centre  of  the  drum. 
"  By  means  of  these  parts  or  pistons  the  matter  under  operation 
"  is  displaced  and  pushed  towards  the  centre  of  the  drum  and 
"  the  pistons  are  pressed  outwards  to  their  former  position  by 
"  means  of  springs.  These  machines  it  is  said  may  also  be  used 
"  for  forming  or  moulding  the  solid  parts  remaining  in  the  drum 
"  such  as  sugar,  and  in  this  case  the  above  division  plates 


192  SUGAR. 

"  forming  the  sides   of  the  compartments  are   to  be  parallel 
"  throughout. 

Third,  in  balancing  the  drums  of  centrifugal  machines  "the 
"  drum  is  hung  or  centred  loosely  on  the  shaft  and  the  goods  are 
"'  loaded  equally  so  as  to  make  it  balance ;  or  the  drum  may 
"  be  made  to  balance  by  liquid  flowing  in  a  pipe  or  channel 
"  round  the  drum  and  displaced  by  air  being  forced  in  which  will 
"  drive  the  liquid  to  the  lighter  part  or  side  of  the  drum  and 
"  thus  balance  the  goods." 

Fourth,  the  combination  with  centrifugal  machines  of  a  crane 
"  for  the  purpose  of  loading  and  unloading  the  drum  thereof." 
The  crane  is  attached  by  a  hook  to  the  top  of  the  drum  of  the 
centrifugal  machine  by  which  it  is  lifted  for  the  purpose  of  loading 
or  unloading. 

Fifth,  in  driving  centrifugal  machines  by  "  imparting  the  power 
"  from  a  main  pulley  to  friction  bands  or  straps  which  are  passed 
"  round  a  pulley  and  the  shaft  of  a  centrifugal  machine.  One 
"  main  pulley  may  thus  be  made  to  drive  several  machines  by 
"  frictional  contact  between  its  periphery  and  a  driving  band 
"  passed  over  a  pulley  and  the  shaft  of  a  centrifugal  machine,  a 
"  lever  is  fitted  to  each  small  pulley  whereby  the  band  may  be 
"  brought  into  contact  with  the  periphery  of  the  main  pulley  or 
"  removed  therefrom." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1854,  October  30.— N°  2307.    (*  *) 

WRAY,  LEONARD. — (Provisional  protection  not  allowed.) — "A 
((  new  manufacture  of  sugar  and  other  products  ordinarily  obtained 
"  from  saccharine  matters."  This  consists  in  "  obtaining  from 
"  the  plant  botanically  known  under  the  name  or  title  of  holcus 
"  saccharatus  or  holcus  saccharatum,  and  on  the  coast  of  Africa 
"  by  the  name  of  'imphee/  a  saccharine  juice,  and  in  mami- 
"  facturing  therefrom  syrup,  molasses,  treacle,  and  crystallized 
"  sugar;"  also  "vinegar,  alcohol,  &c." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  November  10.— N°  2387. 

LOYSEL,  EDWARD. — "  Improvements  in  obtaining  infusions  or 
"  extracts  from  various  substances."    These  are,  in  reference  to 


SUGAR.  193 

this  subject,  extracting  "the  saccharine  matter  or  juices  from 
"  beetroot,"  by  "  causing  water  or  other  liquid  to  ascend  by 
"  hydrostatic  pressure  through  the  mass  of  material  to  be  operated 
"  upon,  and,  after  properly  macerating  the  same,  to  carry  off  the 
"  useful  extractive  matter  from  the  upper  part  of  the  macerating 
"  vessel "  as  follows  : — An  elevated  vessel  containing  water  or 
other  liquid  is  heated  by  a  fire  below  it,  a  pipe  from  near  the  bottom 
of  this  vessel  descends  below  another  vessel  in  which  the  material 
to  be  operated  upon  is  placed  upon  a  series  of  perforated  plates, 
so  arranged  as  to  divide  the  layers  one  from  the  other.  On  the 
descending  pipe  is  a  stop-cock  to  regulate  the  supply  of  the 
liquid.  On  the  top  of  the  pulverized  mass  is  placed  another  per- 
forated plate  "  which  will  prevent  the  upper  layer  of  the  mass 
"  from  mixing  with  the  liquid  extract,  which  will  pass  through 
"  the  plate  and  rise  to  the  upper  part  of  the  (lower)  vessel,"  and 
from  which  it  may  be  drawn  off  when  required  through  a  stop- 
cock placed  above  the  perforated  plate  last  mentioned.  When 
the  cock  on  the  descending  pipe  is  opened  the  heated  liquid  from 
the  elevated  vessel  will  descend  and  pass  up  through  the  layers  of 
materials  in  the  lower  vessel. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1854,  December  ?.— N°  2570. 

FAIRRIE,  JOHN. —  "Improvements  in  preparing  solutions  of 
"  sugar  for  nitration."  These  are,  dissolving  sugar  in  suitable 
"  proportions  of  water  at  a  low  temperature  and  heating  the 
"  solution  to  the  point  suitable  for  nitration  by  the  application  of 
"  a  surface  or  surfaces  heated  by  steam  or  otherwise,  and  this 
"  under  the  ordinary  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  or  in  a  vacuum 
"  more  or  less  approaching  to  perfectness."  The  sugar  is  dissolved 
by  stirring  it  in  the  requisite  quantity  of  water  by  means  of  a 
stirrer,  in  preference,  having  four  blades  in  the  form  of  a  screw, 
the  solution  brought  to  a  proper  density  is  allowed  to  rest  until 
"  the  undissolved  particles  of  sugar  subside,"  the  clearer  part  of 
the  solution  is  then  run  off,  heated  by  passing  it  over  a  heated 
surface  (tubes  heated  by  steam  preferred)  enclosed  in  an  air-tight 
vessel  exhausted  by  an  air  pump  or  otherwise  when  at  the  proper 
temperature  it  is  "  passed  through  filters  in  the  ordinary  way." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings,] 
S,  N 


194  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1854  December  8.— N°  2578. 

CASTELOT,  ELOI  PAULIN.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.}— 
"  Improvements  in  decolorizing  the  juices  of  beet  root,  sugar  cane, 
"  and  raw  sugar,  and  reducing  or  neutralizing  the  excess  of 
"  lime  contained  therein.5*  These  are,  proposing  to  use  "  animal 
"  black,  or  chorcoal  in  powder,  blood,  milk,  &c.,  in  direct  com- 
"  bination  with  the  juices  of  beet  root,  or  sugar  cane,  or  by 
"  preparatory  ebullition  with  raw  sugar  and  water,  and  thus 
"  defecate  such  juices,  rendering  their  crystals  brighter  and 
"  larger,  and  the  saccharine  produce  or  refining  more  considerable 
"  in  quantity  and  finer  and  whiter  in  appearance." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1854,  December  28.— N°  2742. 

BENSEN,  GERD  JACOB. — "  An  improvement  in  refining  sugar.'* 
This  consists  in  "  arranging  or  combining  apparatus  for  facili- 
"  tating  the  dissolving  of  sugar  in  water  by  the  application  of 
"  streams  of  air."  Numerous  streams  of  air  are  t(  introduced 
"  below  the  sugar  and  water  when  in  a  suitable  open  vessel  or 
"  pan,  and  heated  by  pipes  having  steam  or  hot  fluid  within 
"  them.  For  this  purpose,  it  is  preferred  to  employ  a  series  of 
"  perforated  pipes  near  the  bottom  of  the  pan  or  vessel  and  above 
"  them  to  have  a  series  of  heated  pipes  capable  of  being  raised 
"  out  of  the  fluid ;  but  the  arrangement  of  the  air  pipes  and  the 
"  means  of  applying  heat  may  be  varied." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1854,  December  29.— N°  2752. 

PILLANS,  JAMES. — "Improvements  in  the  preparation  of  hema- 
"  tosin,  and  fibrinous  and  serous  matters."  These  are, — the  blood 
of  animals  is  collected  in  vessels,  allowed  to  coagulate,  transferred 
into  a  vessel  with  a  strainer  at  bottom,  and  the  coagulated  clot  is 
cut  and  manipulated  so  as  to  separate  as  much  as  possible  the 
serum  clear  and  colorless.  The  clot  is  finally  "  put  between 
"  rollers  or  into  a  press  by  which  nearly  all  the  moisture  left  in  it 
"  may  be  squeezed  out.  This  liquid  part  as  well  as  the  solid  part, 
"  which  is  mostly  febrine,  remaining  in  the  press  or  resulting  from 
"  the  rollers  is  dried  on  separate  trays  or  shelves  at  about  110°  to 


SUGAR.  195 

"  115°  F.,  along  with  any  colored  serum  resulting  from  the 
"  former  operations."  When  these  two  portions  of  blood,  which 
I  distinguish  by  the  name  of  hematosin,  are  dry,  they  may  for 
convenience  sake  be  ground  to  powder,  and  they  are  suited  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree,  particularly  with  the  exception  of  the 
fibrinous  part,  for  certain  manufacturing  processes,  for  instance,  in 
dyeing  and  sugar  refining."  The  clear  serum  evaporated  as 
above  is  "  in  a  fit  state  to  be  employed  under  the  name  of 
"  albumen." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


1855. 

A.D.  1855,  January  11.  — N°  74. 

OXLAND,  ROBERT.— "Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  revivification  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  first,  employing 
<e  carbonic  acid  or  the  products  of  combustion  of  fuel,  at 
"  gradually  increasing  temperatures,  for  the  destructive  distilla- 
"  tion  of  bones  and  manufacture  of  animal  charcoal."  In  pre- 
ference, an  upright  cylindrical  retort  is  employed,  about  three  feet 
in  diameter  and  ten  feet  high,  set  in  brickwork  with  flues  all  round, 
and  the  lower  part  heated  to  a  low  red  heat,  within  this  upright 
retort  a  cylinder  rises  from  the  bottom  nearly  to  the  top  of  the 
outer  retort.  The  broken  bones  are  placed  between  the  two,  the 
retort  is  covered  in  at  the  top.  At  the  bottom  of  the  retort  is  a 
tube  or  pipe,  by  which  the  liquid  products  may  flow  away,  and 
near  the  bottom  of  the  retort  is  a  pipe  to  convey  away  the  volatile 
products  from  the  retort.  The  interior  cylinder  is  charged  with 
anthracite  or  charcoal  or  coke,  and  the  same  is  ignited,  and  streams 
of  air  are  driven  in  at  the  bottom,  the  products  of  the  combustion 
of  this  fuel  pass  out  of  the  open  top  of  the  cylinder,  and  pass 
down  amongst  the  pieces  of  bone.  The  animal  charcoal  is  with- 
drawn through  openings  near  the  bottom  of  the  retort,  which  are 
closed  during  the  charring  process. 

Second,  "  the  employment  of  carbonic  acid  and  water  to  sepa- 
"  rate  lime  in  the  revivification  of  animal  charcoal."  The  char- 
coal is  first  well  washed  and  covered  with  water  in  a  close  vessel, 

N  2 


196  SUGAR. 

and  carbonic  acid  is  forced  in  till  the  pressure  is  about  fifteen 
pounds  to  the  square  inch,  after  about  six  hours  the  water  is 
drawn  off  and  the  charcoal  washed  until  on  testing  with  oxalate 
of  ammonia  no  lime  or  little  lime  is  in  the  washings. 

Third,  "  drying  or  re-heating  animal  charcoal  in  retorts  or 
"  apparatus  subject  to  streams  of  heated  carbonic  acid  or  products 
"  of  combustion  of  fuel." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  January  30.— N°  228. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication.)  — 
(Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "  An  improved  filter."  This 
"  consists  of  a  layer  or  layers  of  cotton  fibre  or  cotton  waste, 
"  flax  fibre,  flax,  cotton,  wool,  or  other  like  vegetable  and  animal 
"  fibres,  placed  and  held  between  two  perforated  plates,  frames, 
"  or  sets  of  laths,  or  other  suitable  contrivance,  for  confining  the 
"  fibrous  material,  and  keeping  it  in  a  proper  position  to  act  as  a 
"  filter."  The  sugar  in  the  form  of  syrup  is  poured  on  to  the 
top  of  the  filter  previously  moistened,  is  caught  in  a  receiver 
below.  "  On  leaving  the  filter,  the  syrup  is  in  a  sufficiently  clear 
"  state  to  undergo  the  remaining  processes  followed  in  the  refining 
"  or  manufacture  of  sugar."  The  filters  becoming  charged  with 
matters  from  the  sugar,  "  they  may  be  cleansed  or  washed  by  steam 
"  or  water  in  any  convenient  manner." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  February  12.— N°  326. 

KERR,  ROBERT. —  "Certain  improvements  in  preparing  loaf 
"  sugar  for  use  and  certain  apparatus  for  the  same."  These  are, 
in  place  of  breaking  up  the  loaves  of  sugar  "  by  a  chopping  knife 
"  into  unsystematic,  irregular,  and  unequal  morsels  of  suitable 
"  size  for  use,"  "  dividing  it  into  systematic,  regular,  and  equal 
"  morsels  by  means  of  saws  and  stamps  and  otherwise."  "The 
"  sugar  may  be  subjected  three  times  to  one  series  of  saws,  or 
"  several  series  may  be  employed  working  in  the  several  directions, 
"  or  a  series  may  be  fixed  in  a  frame  and  used  by  hand." 
Circular  saws  may  be  employed  accurately  fixed,  and  a  good  deal 
set,  or  a  series  of  small  circular  saws,  about  6  or  8  inches  in 
diameter,  on  one  spindle  fixed  at  the  required  intervals  "  pro- 
jecting above  a  table,  to  cut  one  morsel  deep,  cut  the  loaf  once 


SUGAR.  197 

"  with  these,  and  a  second  time  (or  this  with  a  second  similar 
"  series)  crosswise,  then  subject  it  to  a  single  larger  saw  to  cut  off  the 
"  slice  of  morsels,"  the  saws  being  worked  by  ordinary  machinery. 
Or  the  sugar  is  cast  or  sawn  into  slabs  one  morsel  thick  and  these 
are  subjected  to  pressure  between  reticulated  edge  metal  stamps 
or  gratings,  or  the  slabs  are  divided  by  such  means  into  sticks 
and  then  again  into  morsels ;  or  cast  or  sawn  sticks  are  divided  by 
such  means  at  once  or  by  the  ordinary  fixed  chopping  knife  with 
a  stop  fixed  beyond  to  regulate  the  size  cut  off.  The  lever  may 
for  the  above  purposes  be  cast  rectangular.  The  dust  produced  is 
of  a  novel  description.  Steam  is  applied  for  a  moment  to  remove 
any  dust. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1855,  February  15.— N°  346. 

DELABARRE,  CHRISTOPHE  FRANCOIS. — "  Improved  apparatus 
"  to  be  used  in  propelling  gases  and  forcing  liquids."  These 
are,  "  the  use  and  employment  of  a  mixture  of  steam  and  air  or 
"  other  gases,"  "  projecting  a  relatively  small  and  more  or  less 
"  compressed  current  of  steam  or  other  attracting  fluid  into  a 
"  large  single  or  multiple  recipient  pipe  or  -channel  so  as  to  give 
"  access  to  and  cause  the  attraction  of  a  considerable  mass  of  air 
"  to  be  carried  along  with  the  steam,  &c."  "  It  has  been  usual 
"  till  now  to  give  a  bell  mouth  or  funnel  shape  to  the  upper  part 
"  of  the  pipes  receiving  the  jet."  "  I  replace  this  pipe  by  several 
"  successive  pipes,  each  of  which  has  a  diameter  greater  than  the 
"  one  preceding  it."  "  If  it  is  desired  to  propel  liquids  a  current 
"  of  mixed  gas  is  made  to  act  upon  them  as  before  stated." 
"  Although  any  gaseous  fluid  and  any  liquid  whatever  may  be 
"  employed  for  producing  attraction,  air  and  steam  are  fittest  for 
'•*  that  purpose."  This  principle  may  be  applied  to  a  number  of 
purposes  which  are  named,  and  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "  large 
"  and  high  chimneys  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  chimney 
"  may  be  made  to  consist  of  a  pipe  which  is  placed  horizontally 
"  so  as  to  render  the  caloric  given  off  by  the  smoke  available  " 
for  the  purpose  of  "  drying  articles  such  as  sugar,  cane  trash," 
&c.  It  "  may  also  be  applied  to  getting  lime  and  pure  carbonic 
"  acid  "  for  sugar  refining,  The  carbonate  of  lime  is  distilled  in 
"  a  retort  consisting  of  several  discs  of  metal  or  fireproof  sub- 
"  stances,  superposed  and  luted  together,"  and  the  gas  collected 


198  SUGAR. 

"  into  a  gas  meter."     It  may  also  be  applied  for  raising  sugar 
juices  and  extracting  the  vapours  from  close  vessels  like  retorts 
containing  such  juices  by  a  jet  of  steam  into  their  necks. 
[Printed,  Is.  2d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  March  14.— N°  565. 

RILEY,  GEORGE. — (Provisional protection  only.} — "  An  improved 
"  process  for  the  manufacture  of  starch  or  grape  sugar."  This 
consists  in  boiling  the  meal  of  any  of  the  cereals  "  in  water  acidu- 
"  lated  with  sulphuric  acid,  under  a  pressure  greater  than  that  of 
"  the  atmosphere." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  May  11— N°  1065. 

STEELE,  JAMES. — "•  Improvements  in  effecting  the  drainage  of 
"  moulded  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  the  application  and  use  in 
"  moulds  used  in  the  draining  or  refining  of  sugar  of  a  plug  or 
"  stopper,  having  a  spike  or  projection,  which  enters  the  mould 
"  and  produces  a  cavity  in  the  sugar,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding 
"  the  drainage  thereof." 

Second,  "the  system  or  mode  of  forming  the  cavity  which  is 
"  required  in  the  apex  of  a  mould  of  sugar  for  aiding  the  drainage 
"  action,  by  means  of  a  spike  or  spiked  plug,  which  is  inserted  in 
"  the  mould  prior  to  the  deposition  of  the  sugar  therein." 

Third,  "the  system  or  mode  of  producing  the  drainage 
"  cavities  in  moulds  of  sugar  by  moulding  the  same  therein." 

In  the  old  process  it  is  said  the  attendant  drives  a  pin  into  the 
apex  of  the  mould,  and  the  above  is  to  supersede  the  old  process. 
"  The  pins  have  broad  heads  or  flange  pieces,  carrying  cloth  or 
"  elastic  washers  to  fit  up  against  the  mould  aperture,  hence  all 
"  wasteful  escape  is  prevented."  When  "the  drainage  is  to 
"  commence,  the  operator  withdraws  the  pin,  leaving  the  drainage 
"  aperture  moulded,  as  it  were,  in  the  sugar." 
[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  May  26.— N°  1196. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  machinery  for  extract- 
"  ing  moisture  from  substances,  and  for  separating  liquid  from 
"  solid  bodies,  applicable  to  the  refining  of  sugar,  drying  of 
"  goods,  and  to  purposes  for  which  centrifugal  machines  are 


SUGAR.  19.9 

"  employed."  These  are,  "  placing  a  perforated  or  wire  gauze 
"  cylinder  or  drum,  open  at  both  ends,  horizontally  or  in  an 
"  inclined  position,  in  causing  the  same  to  rotate  by  frictional 
"  contact  with  driving  rollers,  or  by  strap  pullies,  to  which  motion 
"  is  communicated  from  a  steam  engine  or  other  prime  mover, 
"  and  in  introducing  through  the  centre  of  this  cylinder  a  perfo- 
"  rated  pipe,  which  is  stationary,"  and  to  which,  for  some  purposes, 
is  fitted  a  series  of  inclined  directing  plates.  Or,  instead  of  fixing 
the  inclined  directing  plates  upon  the  perforated  pipe, "  introducing 
"  a  fixed  shaft  or  spindle  through  the  centre  of  the  drum  or 
(C  cylinder,  and  fixing  the  inclined  directing  plates  thereon." 
There  is  a  tube  or  pipe  passing  through  the  cylinder  which 
supports  "a  series  of  perforated  nozzles,  through  which  fine 
liquor  or  water,  or  steam  is  directed,  if  desired,  upon  the 
materials  under  treatment  in  the  cylinder."  The  "  mode  of 
operating  with  this  machine  is  as  follows  : — Supposing  sugar, 
in  its  semi-fluid  state,  be  required  to  have  the  liquid  separated 
from  the  granular  matter  or  particles,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
"  be  decoloured  or  whitened,"  it  is  fed  into  one  end  of  the  drum 
by  a  hopper,  fine  liquor  or  steam  is  then  introduced  through  the 
pipe,  the  cylinder  rapidly  revolved,  the  sugar  gets  massed  at  the 
bottom  of  each  directing  plate,  after  which  it  will  be  transferred 
from  plate  to  plate,  until  it  reaches  the  opposite  end  of  the 
cylinder,  from  which  it  will  be  ejected  into  a  receiver  in  a  dry 
granular  state.  The  liquor  thrown  off  from  the  sugar  is  received 
by  the  outer  cylinder.  The  process  is  completed  without  stopping 
the  machinery. 

[Printed,  Qd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  June  8.-N0  1313. 

CHANTRELL,  GEORGE  FREDERICK. — "  Improvements  in  appa- 
"  paratus  applicable  to  the  manufacture  and  revivification  of 
"  animal  or  vegetable  charcoal."  These  it  is  said  are  chiefly 
applicable  to  apparatus  described  in  No.  2388,  A.D.  1853,  and 
consist,  first,  in  "  raising  the  furnaces  nine  inches  or  more  above 
"  the  bottom  of  the  char  or  retort  chambers,"  thereby  "reducing 
*•'  the  intensity  of  the  heat  at  the  bottom  of  the  chambers." 

Second,  "  forming  the  openings  in  the  bed  plates  at  the  bottom 
"  of  the  char  chamber  of  a  hopper  shape." 

Third,  "  connecting  and  jointing  the  pipes  to  the  under  side  of 
"  the  bed  plates  and  to.  the  coolers,"  by  "  deep  socket  joints, 


200  SUGAR.   ' 

"  recesses,  and  projections  being  formed  on  the  undersides  of  the 
"  plates  to  receive  the  heads  of  the  pipes,  which  are  made  fast 
"  thereto  by  screw  bolts,  which  pass  upwards  through  flanges 
"  cast  on  the  upper  ends  of  the  pipes,  and  I  form  them  with  such 
"  curves  or  bends  as  will  cause  the  charge  to  fall  into  the  centre 
"  of  the  coolers." 

Fourth,  using  "  three  or  more  coolers  to  each  char  chamber," 
"  by  applying  three  pipes  to  each  chamber  to  connect  the  bottoms 
"  thereof  with  the  three  coolers,  one  leading  to  the  centre  cooler 
"  and  one  to  each  of  the  side  ones,"  when  two  coolers  only  are 
used  two  pipes  are  employed. 

Fifth,  "  creating  of  draught  or  currents  of  air  to  act  against  the 
"  coolers  to  facilitate  the  cooling  operation,"  by  "means  of  a 
"  fan  blast,  or  draught  flue,  or  flues  as  may  be  found  most 
"  convenient." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  June  13.— N°  1356. 

LODGE,  EDWIN,  and  MARSHALL,  GEORGE.  —  (Provisional 
protection  only.) — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  production  of 
"  animal  and  vegetable  naptha;  ammonia,  and  charcoal,  and  also 
"  for  the  evolution  of  the  carburetted  and  deficient  gases  there- 
"  from."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "  the  refuse  waste 
"  of  wool  and  cotton  otherwise  almost  useless  "  is  placed  "  in  a 
"  retort  made  of  iron  or  of  fire  clay,  and  set  over  a  fire  in  the 
"  ordinary  way,"  and  heat  applied  "  regularly  and  moderately  " 
will  "  evolve  tar  and  ammoniacal  water  therefrom,  the  tar  being  of 
"  an  oily  consistence."  The  charcoal  left  in  the  retort  is  "  of  a 
"  very  superior  quality,"  and  "is  therefore  applicable  to  the 
"  manufacture  of  superior  substances  or  compounds  in  which 
"  charcoal  is  required  to  be  employed." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  June  28.— N°  1473. 

MOREAU-DARLUC,  CHARLES.  —  "  An  improved  mode  of 
"  separating  substances  of  different  nature  or  composition  by 
"  means  of  displacement  and  substitution."  This  consists,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — The  muscovadoes  or  impure 
crystals  of  sugar  are  put  on  the  false  bottom  in  the  interior  of  a 
vessel,  the  lid  is  put  on  and  hermetically  closed  and  secured,  a  pipe 
under  the  false  bottom  is  opened,  and  a  pipe  into  the  vessel  above 


SUGAR.  201 

the  sugar  delivers  heated  atmospheric  air,  "which  forces  the 
"  syrup  to  percolate  through  the  crystals,  and  to  be  drawn  off  by 
"  the  lower  pipe,  after  which  pure  water  is  introduced  above  the 
crystals,  and  this  is  forced  likewise  to  percolate  through  them, 
and  finally,  heated  dry  air  is  forced  through  until  the  crystals 
become  entirely  dried.  This  process  it  is  said  is  "  applicable  to 
"  the  treatment  of  all  such  substances  containing  certain  parts 
"  which  may  be  made  soluble  by  any  suitable  menstruum,  and 
"  are  wished  to  be  extracted  from  them,  such,  for  instance,  as  the 
"  refining  or  purification  of  sugar,  or  the  extracting  of  saccharine 
"  matters  from  substances  containing  the  same,"  and  a  number 
of  other  purposes  which  are  named.  There  is  also  claimed  the 
application  of  electricity  from  a  battery  or  apparatus  "to  the 
"  dilating  of  air,  gas,  or  gases  for  heating  the  air,  gas,  or  liquids 
forced  through  the  material  on  the  false  bottom,  &c. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  July  18.— N°  1616. 

ELLIS,  JOHN. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the  process  of  manu- 
"  facturing  ammonia,  charcoal,  animal  and  vegetable  naphtha." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  using  three  retorts  set  in 
brickwork,  a  separate  pipe  leading  from  each  to  a  condenser  im- 
mersed in  a  cistern  of  cold  water,  a  pipe  having  a  valve  for  the 
escape  of  gas  extends  from  the  condenser  to  a  vat.  The  retorts 
"  are  all  charged  with  one  or  other  or  a  mixture  of  any  two  or 
"  more  of  the  following  ingredients,  matters,  or  substances, 
"  namely : — 

All  kinds  of  animal  oil  mixed  with  animal  refuse 

do.  do.      fats  do.  do. 

do.  do.      oils  from  fish  do. 

"  all  kinds  of  cotton  and  wool  refuse,  waste  cloth,  &c.,  containing 
"  oil ;  all  kinds  of  refuse  from  tallow  chandlers  and  butchers  ;  all 
"  kinds  of  horns,  hoofs,  bones,  and  such  like  substances;  all 
"  kinds  of  materials  which  contain  or  are  impregnated  with  any 
"  greasy  or  oleaginous  matters  or  substances."  The  residue  left 
in  the  retorts  is  animal  charcoal. 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  July  26.— N°  1693. 

SCHIELE,  CHRISTIAN. — "Certain  improvements  in  obtaining 
"  and  applying  motive  power."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this 


202  SUGAR. 

subject,  the  use  of  "  water  as  a  means  of  drawing  and  evacuating 
"  air  from  the  condenser  of  a  steam  engine."  There  is  a  com- 
bined pair  of  rotatory  steam  engines  for  actuating  the  screw 
propeller  of  a  steam  vessel,  and  consists  of  two  wheels  or  runners 
mounted  on  a  horizontal  shaft  passing  through  a  steam  and 
air  tight  circular  casing  surrounding  each  engine  and  fitted  with 
tangential  openings  formed  rectangular  and  made  of  thin  plates 
fastened  into  an  adjustable  ring  to  regulate  the  quantity  of  steam 
let  into  the  wheels,  the  steam  acting  on  vanes  is  indicated  by  a 
dial  outside  the  case.  These  wheels  have  fitted  on  their  external 
surfaces  thin  plates  of  metal  in  the  form  of  two  circular  arcs 
meeting  in  an  apex  in  the  middle.  In  working  the  engines  steam 
enters  the  annular  chamber  of  the  propelling  engine  from  a  regu- 
lating valve  and  passes  through  the  openings  into  ducts  formed 
on  the  external  periphery  of  the  wheel  where  the  force  of  the  steam 
is  expended.  The  wheels  and  propeller  are  thus  put  into  motion  at 
the  same  time  water  is  supplied  to  the  condenser  and  the  heated 
water  and  air  ejected  by  a  rotatory  air  pump.  In  reversing  the 
propeller  the  regulating  valve  is  turned  half  way  round,  allowing 
the  steam  to  act  on  the  other  ducts  in  a  contrary  direction,  and 
when  the  engine  is  to  be  stopped  it  is  turned  half  way  between 
the  two.  In  order  to  transmit  rapid  motion  to  the  main  shaft  of 
engines,  wheels  are  placed  in  contact  therewith  so  that  the  pressure 
required  to  produce  sufficient  adhesion  is  balanced  by  opposite 
pressure.  The  improvement  relating  to  a  centrifugal  or  rotatory 
air-pump  whereby  water  is  used  as  a  means  of  drawing  and 
ejecting  air  from  the  condenser  of  a  steam  engine,  a  fan  is  employed 
for  receiving  the  water  and  air  ejected  in  which  the  water  passes 
through  the  central  tube  and  out  of  the  fan  through  a  number  of 
small  jet  pipes  arranged  in  a  circle.  The  air  in  like  manner  passes 
to  the  fan  through  the  intervals  between  the  jet  pipes  from  the . 
reservoir  which  surrounds  the  water  tube,  the  water  and  air  are 
therefore  momentarily  mixed  in  their  passage  through  the  fan. 
This  centrifugal  or  rotary  pump  is  also  applied  in  certain  processes 
where  a  more  or  less  perfect  vacuum  is  required,  as  for  instance  in 
the  manufacture  of  sugar,  gas,  or  sulphuric  acid,  the  apparatus 
being  modified  accordingly  so  as  to  admit  of  other  fluids  than 
water.  The  same  apparatus  may  be  applied  for  the  purpose  of 
producing  high  pressure  blast  by  supplying  air  from  the  atmo- 
sphere and  conveying  it  from  the  separating  vessel  in  pipes  in  the 
usual  manner. 

[Printed,  is,  2d.    Drawings,] 


SUGAR.  203 

A.D.  1855,  August  18.— N°  1877- 

SAVAGE,  ALFRED. — "  Improvements  in  the  means  or  mechanism 
"  for  treating  tea,  sugar,  coffee,  chicory,  and  such  substances  as 
"  require  the  processes  of  separation,  reduction  of  size,  and 
"  mixing,  or  any  one  or  two  thereof."  There  are,  in  reference  to 
this  subject,  "  the  combination  of  a  lever  of  variable  radius,  with 
"  a  knife  or  knives  affixed  thereon,  and  any  means  of  moving  the 
"  said  lever  by  the  action  of  the  user's  foot  or  feet  for  the  purpose 
"  of  chopping  loaf  sugar."  In  carrying  out  this,  a  tray  is  fixed, 
"  by  bolts  or  other  usual  means  which  afford  facilities  for  its 
ft  removal  when  required,  on  the  top  surface  of  the  case  of  the 
c%  machine,  termed  Savage's  noiseless  machine,"  for  "  sifting  tea 
"  and  cutting  the  large  leaves  at  the  same  time,  with  apparatus 
"  for  mixing  such  previously  separated  portions;"  and  on  the 
said  tray  erecting  "  the  supports  of  the  lever  of  various  radius, 
"  which  lever  is  counter-balanced  by  a  spring,  so  that  it  may 
"  oscillate  freely,  as  is  usual,  when  a  lever  having  a  knife  affixed 
"  to  it  is  employed  for  chopping  loaf  sugar;"  but  this  lever  is 
made  "  in  two  parts,  one  part  being  connected  with  the  other 
"  by  being  received  into  a  socket  formed  thereon,  or  otherwise, 
"  so  that  the  acting  length  of  the  said  lever  may  be  increased  to 
"  facilitate  the  chopping  of  large  masses  ;"  and  the  said  lever  is 
connected  "with  a  treddle,  to  attach  a  cord  and  stirrup  thereto, 
"  whereby  the  foot  of  the  user  may  communicate  the  desired 
"  motion  to  it." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  October  13.— N°  2299. 

STENHOUSE,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of 
"  uncolourising  materials."  These  are,  employing  "vegetable 
"  charcoal  and  solutions  of  phosphate  of  lime,  solutions  of  alumina, 
"  and  oxide  of  iron."  "  The  charcoal  is  boiled  in  solutions  of 
"  the  substances  above  mentioned  till  the  air  contained  in  its 
"  pores  is  expelled  and  the  charcoal  saturated  with  the  solution. 
"  The  charcoal  is  then  dried  and  heated  to  redness  in  close  vessels." 
The  charcoal  employed  is  either  in  "powder  or  in  a  granular 
"  state,  similar  to  the  animal  charcoal  usually  employed  by  sugar 
"  refiners." 

[Printed,  44.    No  Drawings,] 


04  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1855,  November  7.— No.  2514. 

SIEMENS,  CHARLES  WILLIAM.— (Provisional  protection  only.) 
— "  Improvements  in  evaporating  brine  and  other  liquids  and  in 
"  distillation."  These  are,  in  evaporating  saccharine  or  other 
liquids,  exposing  them  "  in  a  covered  pan  with  a  double  bottom 
"  to  the  influence  of  a  circulating  current  of  a  permanent  gas  in 
"  such  manner  that  the  said  current  passes  in  a  zig-zag  or  circular 
"  manner  along  the  surface  of  the  evaporating  liquid,  commencing 
"  at  the  end  opposite  to  the  source  of  heat,  and  advancing  towards 
"  the  heated  end;  at  certain  intervals  portions  of  the  current 
"  descend  into  the  double  bottom  below  the  liquid,  and  return 
"  towards  the  cooler  end  of  the  pan,  passing  finally  through  a 
"  condenser  or  chamber  containing  a  series  of  pipes  filled  with 
"  the  cold  liquid ;  the  current  is  urged  by  means  of  a  propeller 
"  or  fan  to  pass  again  over  the  surface  of  the  evaporating  liquid 
"  as  before  described.  The  source  of  heat  consists  of  one  or  more 
"  steam  boilers  and  furnaces.  The  steam  generated  in  the  boilers 
"  passes  first  of  all  either  partially  or  wholly  through  an  engine 
"  (which  I  prefer  to  consist  simply  of  a  reaction  wheel),  in  order  to 
"  produce  the  necessary  power  for  working  the  fan  pumps  or  other 
"  machinery.  The  steam  next  enters  one  or  more  steam  cham- 
"  bers  or  system  of  tubes  in  contact  with  the  evaporating  fluid  at 
"  the  extremity  of  the  pan  opposite  the  entry  of  the  circular  cur- 
"  rent,  where  it  condenses  in  boiling.  The  liquid  and  the  water 
"  of  condensation  is  forced  back  into  the  steam  boilers.  The  fire 
"  after  it  leaves  the  steam  boilers  passes  through  a  system  of 
"  flues  made  of  metal  or  pottery  that  cover  the  entire  length  of 
"  the  pan  above  the  evaporating  liquid,  and  finally  reaches  the 
"  chimney." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  3.— N°  2722. 

LEITCH,  JAMES.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "Certain 
"  improvements  in  melting  and  blowing  up  sugars."  These  are  : 
— "  The  sugar  is  placed  in  a  receiver,  through  the  bottom  of 
"  which  a  pipe  passes  to  a  steam  boiler  situated  underneath  the 
"  receiver.  The  pipe  descends  some  distance  into  the  boiler,  so 
"  that  when  there  is  a  pressure  of  steam  in  the  boiler  the  hot 
"  water  is  forced  up  the  pipe  amongst  the  sugar,  until  the  water 
"  in  the  boiler  sinks  below  the  end  of  the  pipe,  and  then  the 


SUGAR.  205 

"  steam  in  place  of  water  passes  up  and  agitates  the  mixture 
"  until  the  sugar  is  completely  dissolved,  when  it  is  drawn  off  by 
"  a  cock  at  the  bottom  of  the  receiver." 
[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  7.— N°  2767. 

LEITCH,  JAMES.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  melting,  blowing  up,  and  filtering  sugars  and  other 
"  saccharine  matters."  These  are,  "  two  vessels  connected  by  a 
"  tube  carried  to  within  a  few  inches  of  the  bottom  of  the  lower ; 
"  it  is  proposed  to  put  the  requisite  quantity  of  water  (to 
"  reduce  a  given  quantity  of  sugar  to  the  required  density)  into 
"  the  lower  vessel,  where  it  is  raised  to  the  boiling  point  by  the 
"  introduction  of  either  open  steam  through  a  perforated  pipe 
"  immersed  in  it,  or  jacketed  steam  retained  within  a  coil  pipe,  or 
"  any  other  heating  arrangement  most  convenient."  When  the 
"  water  boils  pressure  is  produced,  which  forces  a  portion  of  the 
"  water  into  the  upper,  where  it  is  mixed  and  kept  in  agitation  till  all 
"  is  dissolved  ;  then  the  heating  medium  being  quickly  withdrawn, 
"  a  vacuum  is  formed  in  the  lower  vessel,  which  draws  the  liquor 
"  (through  a  sieve  placed  on  the  top  of  the  connecting  tube)  from 
"  the  upper  into  the  under  vessel,  or  can  be  retained  in  the  upper 
"  vessel  by  means  of  a  -stop  valve  in  tube  (if  more  convenient), 
"  and  drawn  off  therefrom,  when  it  can  be  drawn  off  in  a  partially 
"  clarified  state  at  pleasure.  A  vacuum  in  the  lower  vessel  may 
"  be  formed  by  any  other  means  besides  the  withdrawal  of  heat, 
"  such  as,  injection  of  cold  water,  or  air  pump,  if  necessary." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  8.— N°  2774. 

RADCLIFFE,  JOHN,  and  FAVELL,  THOMAS  VICKERS.— 
"  Improvements  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  cutting  sugar  and 
"  other  substances."  These  are  said  to  be  the  general  construc- 
tions and  arrangements  of  the  "  machinery  or  apparatus,"  and 
of  "compound  indented  cutters,  having  their  edges  at  right 
"  angles  to  each  other,"  and  of  "  apparatus  or  mechanism  for 
"  clearing  the  cutters  of  knives  after  each  cut,  to  prevent  them 
"  from  clogging,"  and  for  "  actuating  the  knives  of  machinery," 
and  for  "  presenting  the  slices  of  sugar  and  other  substances  to 
"  be  cut  in  a  suitable  and  proper  position  to  be  acted  upon  by  the 


206  SUGAR, 

'•'  knives."  Also,  "the  application  and  use  of  indented  cutters 
"  or  knives  "  for  the  above  purpose,  and  "  the  system  or  mode  of 
"  cutting  loaf  sugar  or  other  similar  substances  by  means  of  two 
"  horizontal  knives  in  combination  with  a  central  transverse 
"  fixed  vertical  knife,"  as  follows  :— 

The  knife  edges  are  made  so  as  to  form  a  series  of  points  or 
teeth]  "the  first  set  of  cutters  consist  simply  of  a  blade  with 
"  an  indented  cutting  edge;  and  the  second  set  consists  of  .a 
"  serrated  edged  blade,  bolted  or  screwed  on  to  a  foundation 
"  plate,  on  which  plate  are  also  fitted  another  set  of  teeth  or 
"  cutters,  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  serrated  blade,  and 
"  arranged  to  come  opposite  either  the  centres  of  the  notches  or 
"  indentations  or  the  centres  of  the  teeth  forming  the  serrated 
"  edge  of  such  cutter.  The  machine  in  which  these  cutters  are 
"  placed  consists  of  a  rectangular  metal  framing,  in  the  sides  of 
"  which  are  fitted  the  bearings  for  the  actuating  shafts,  one  of 
st  which  carries  a  fly  wheel  and  a  winch  handle,  for  driving  the 
"  machine.  The  top  pair,  of  cutters  work  opposite  each  other  in 
"  suitable  horizontal  guides,  being  actuated  by  a  cam  or  tappet 
"  motion  from  the  main  shaft.  The  top  pair  of  cutters  serve  to 
"  cut  a  slice  from  off  the  bottom  of  the  loaf  of  sugar  or  other 
"  substance,  which  is  inserted  into  the  machine  from  above." 
The  slice  having  been  cut  off,  "  the  pressure  of  the  loaf  or  other 
(e  substance  forces  it  on  to  a  fixed  indented  cross  knife,  which 
"  severs  it  into  two  parts,"  each  part  falls  into  a  separate  hopper 
or  conductor,  which  conveys  them  "  to  the  second  set  of  cutters, 
<e  which  work  horizontally  immediately  below  the  mouths  of  the 
<e  hoppers.  These  latter  cutters  are  similar  to  the  second  arrange- 
"  ment  of  cutters  herein-before  referred  to,  and  are  carried  by  a 
"  vibrating  frame,  which  is  actuated  by  levers  and  cams  and 
"  suitable  gearing  from  the  main  shaft,  immediately  in  front  of 
"  the  knives  on  the  vibrating  frame,  which  is  actuated  by  levers 
"  and  cams  and  suitable  gearing  from  the  main  shaft."  Imme- 
diately in  front  of  the  knives  on  the  vibrating  frame  are 
corresponding  knives  of  a  similar  construction  fixed  to  the  main 
framing,  and  between  these  fixed  and  moving  knives  the  sugar 
or  other  substance  is  cut.  "  Spring  guard-plates  or  shields 
"  are  employed  for  clearing  the  knives  after  each  cut,  and  to 
"  prevent  them  from  becoming  clogged  or  filled  up.  Two  spring 
"  plates  are  fitted  inside  the  hoppers,  for  the  purpose  of  presenting 
"  the  large  pieces  of  sugar  or  other  substance  in  a  proper  manner 


SUGAR.  207 

1*  to  the  cutters,  which  cut  them  into  small  lumps.  By  a  slight 
(t  modification  in  the  machinery  the  knives  herein-before  described 
t(  may  be  worked  by  a  treadle  in  place  of  a  winch  handle/' 

[Printed,  Is.  4*7.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  15.— N°  2833. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  machinery  for  curing 
"  sugar  and  extracting  moisture  therefrom,  parts  of  which  are 
"  applicable  to  separating  liquids  and  moisture  from  substances 
"  containing  the  same."  These  are,  "two  hollow  truncated 
"  cones  (one  placed  within  the  other)  are  mounted  on  a  central 
"  vertical  shaft,  caused  to  revolve  by  some  suitable  motive  agent. 
The  cones  may  be  of  the  same  or  different  lengths ;"  "  a  space  is 
"  left  between  the  inner  surface  of  the  outer  cone  and  the  outer 
"  surface  of  the  inner  cone ;  this  space  may  be  regulated  by 
"  altering  the  position  of  one  or  other  of  the  cones."  "  A  hopper 
"  is  placed  above  the  cones  for  the  introduction  of  the  sugar  or 
"  other  substance  to  be  treated.  The  cones  are  mounted  in  a 
(e  casing,  which  also  supports  the  bearing  in  which  the  shaft  is 
"  stepped.  The  sides  of  the  cones  are  of  perforated  metal,  covered 
"  or  not  with  wire  gauze,  or  of  wire  gauze,  or  of  other  pervious 
"  material."  "  When  the  apparatus  is  used  for  curing  sugar,  a 
"  centrifugal  pump  is  keyed  on  the  shaft,  and  communicates 
"  with  a  cistern  fitted  round  the  shaft  and  supported  on  the 
"  casing  of  the  apparatus.  This  pump,  which  is  worked  by  the 
"  rotary  movement  of  the  shaft,  is  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
ft  liquid  to  '  whiten '  or  '  liquor  '  the  sugar." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  17.— N°  2850. 

GOLDING,  GEORGE  GOTTS.  —  "Improvements  in  boilers  for 
"  heating,  warming,  or  raising  steam."  These  consist,  of  a 
boiler  the  external  form  of  a  screw,  the  thread  of  which  is  made 
very  deep,  so  as  to  project  considerably  from  the  central  cylindri- 
cal portion.  The  thread  may  be  "  square,  angular,  or  any  other 
"  suitable  form,  and  may  be  made  with  one,  two,  three,  or  more 
"  convolutions.  The  projecting  part  of  the  boiler,  forming  the 
"  thread  of  the  screw,  is  made  hollow."  In  the  centre  of  the 
boiler  is  a  vertical  aperture  from  top  to  bottom,  and  when  set  in 
brickwork  the  aperture  is  over  the  centre  of  the  furnace.  The 


208  SUGAR. 

aperture  forms  a  reservoir  for  coal,  and  is  large  enough  to  con- 
tain enough  fuel  to  supply  the  furnace  for  twelve  hours  or 
upwards.  This  boiler  is  made  of  cast  or  wrought  iron  or 
copper,  and  fitted  with  induction  and  eduction  pipes,  and  with 
the  usual  gauges  and  valves.  This  boiler  may  be  applied  among 
other  purposes  for  the  supply  of  steam  "  to  apparatus  heated  by 
"  steam,  such  as  vacuum  pans  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar, 
"  and  other  similar  purposes." 
[Printed,  1*.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1855,  December  17.— N°  2852. 

LEITCH,  JAMES.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "Improve- 
"  ments  in  filtering  sugars  and  other  saccharine  matters."  These 
are,  using  "  a  series  of  filter  bags,  one  being  placed  immediately 
"  over  the  other,  instead  of  the  single  filter  bag  now  generally 
"  employed."  The  first  bag,  receiving  the  sugar  or  other  saccha- 
rine matter,  is  made  of  a  comparatively  open  material,  and  those 
placed  under  it  of  materials  gradually  increasing  in  fineness  or 
closeness  down  to  the  lowest.  The  whole  series  of  bags  are 
suspended  within  a  vessel  in  which  an  equal  temperature  is  main- 
tained. "  A  more  effectual  filtration  is  obtained,  and  the  liquor 
"  runs  clear  from  the  lowest  bag  from  the  beginning  of  the 
"  operation." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.] 


1856. 

A.D.  1856,  January  26.— N°  212. 

GARDNER,  EDWARD  VINCENT — "  Improvements  in  heating, 
"  drying,  desicating,  and  evaporating."  These  are,  in  reference 
to  this  subject,  in  drying  a  number  of  substances,  among  which 
are  named  "  sugar,  &c."  The  following  apparatus  is  described  : — 
A  furnace  is  supported  on  brickwork  or  castings;  over  the 
furnace  is  arranged  a  casing  or  chamber  formed  of  metal  or  other 
suitable  material,  containing  a  series  of  plates  which  serve  to 
direct  the  heated  products  in  a  zig-zag  course  upwards  until  they 
enter  the  chimney  at  the  top ;  between  these  plates  are  fixed  a 


3UGAR.  209 

series  of  iron  chambers,  open  at  each  side,  which  "  are  heated  by 
"  the  heated  products  from  the  furnace  passing  around  them." 
At  the  end  of  each  of  the  chambers  are  rollers,  "  and  over  each 
"  pair  an  endless  band  or  sheet  of  wire  gauze  or  other  suitable 
"  material  is  caused  to  travel,  the  rollers  being  actuated  by  suit- 
"  able  machinery."  Over  the  whole  apparatus  an  outer  casing  is 
placed ;  inside  this  are  sloping  plates  or  shelves  to  direct  the 
materials  as  they  pass  from  one  band  to  the  next.  Scrapers  are 
attached  to  the  sides  of  the  chamber.  A  hopper  is  at  the  top. 
"  For  evaporating  fluids  the  bands  and  rollers  are  dispensed  with, 
"  and  in  lieu  thereof  evaporating  pans  or  dishes  containing  the 
"  fluid  are  introduced  into  the  chambers."  When  the  vapour  or 
gas  is  to  be  collected,  an  outlet  pipe  is  attached  to  the  outer 
chamber,  and  connected  to  a  receiver. 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  February  14.— N°  387. 

BLACKWELL,  THOMAS  EVANS.  —  "  Improvements  in  con- 
"  densing  steam,  and  in  cooling  and  heating  fluids."  These  are, 
in  reference  to  this  subject,  in  "  apparatus  to  be  applied  to  a  sugar 
"  pan,  the  steam  or  vapour  issuing  from  the  pan  (and  such  is 
"  also  the  case  when  applied  to  other  processes) "  is  conducted 
by  a  pipe  into  a  cylinder  or  condenser  in  which  are  a  number  of 
pipes  running  through  it  in  which  cold  water  circulates.  The 
pipes  have  connections  at  their  two  ends  with  an  ascending  and 
also  with  a  descending  pipe.  The  ascending  pipe  is  provided  at 
its  lower  end  with  a  flexible  disc  valve  to  prevent  the  reflux  of 
water,  and  the  descending  pipe  is  shewn  with  a  pump  for  drawing 
the  water  through  the  ascending  pipe,  the  tubes  in  the  condenser, 
and  the  descending  pipe  to  the  outlet  of  the  pump.  In  cases 
where  the  descending  pipe  can  be  longer  than  the  ascending  pipe 
the  pump  may  be  dispensed  with.  The  condensed  vapor  is  car- 
ried by  a  pipe  from  the  bottom  of  the  condenser.  There  is  a 
small  air  pump  attached  near  the  lower  end  of  the  descending 
pipe  for  getting  rid  of  any  air  in  the  condensing  apparatus  so  that 
it  may  be  filled  entirely  with  water.  This  pump,  it  is  said  "  can 
"  also  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  exhausting  or  partially  exhaust- 
"  ing  the  cylinder  or  condenser  of  air  or  vapours,  and  of  starting 
"  the  flow  of  vapour  from  the  sugar  pan  or  other  evaporating  vessel 
"  into  the  said  cylinder." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 
s.  o 


210  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1856,  February  28.— N°  516. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.— (A  communication  from 
Pierre  Gedeon  Barry.} — "  Improvements  in  treating  bituminous 
"  shale,  boghead  mineral,  and  other  like  schistous  bodies,  in  order 
"  to  obtain  various  commercial  products  therefrom."  These  are, 
producing  a  number  of  substances  which  are  named,  among  which 
are,  "  A  '  black,'  having  the  same  properties  as  animal  black,  and 
"  which  may  be  used  in  the  decolorization  of  liquids,  vinegar,  raw 
"  sugar,  &c.,  and  also  in  the  manufacture  of  blacking."  In 
reference  to  this  subject,  retorts  for  decomposing  the  schistous 
bodies  are  made  use  of,  to  which  are  attached  condensers. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1856,  March  3.— N°  542. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "Improvements  in  machinery  for  curing 
"  sugar  or  extracting  moisture  therefrom,  applicable  to  separating 
"  liquids  from  solids."  These  are,  in  machinery  for  the  above 
purposes  "  made  self-feeding  and  also  self-delivering,"  as  fol- 
lows : — "  Through  or  in  a  line  with  the  centre  of  a  stationary 
"  annular  hopper  a  shaft  passes  free  to  revolve  on  rotary  motion 
"  being  communicated  thereto  ;  near  to  the  bottom  of  the  hopper, 
"  and  fixed  by  arms  to  the  shaft  so  as  to  revolve  with  it,  is  a 
"  conical  guide  or  distributor.  The  base  of  the  cone  is  spread 
"  out  at  bottom,  and  runs  parallel  with  the  bottom  of  the  vessel 
"  in  which  the  *  curing  '  or  extraction  of  moisture  is  effected,  but 
"  the  edge  of  the  base  of  the  cone  does  not  meet  or  touch  the 
"  side  of  the  vessel.  The  vessel  in  which  the  curing  or  extraction 
"  of  moisture  is  effected  is  fixed  to  the  central  shaft,  so  as  to 
"  revolve  with  it,  and  is  itself  conical ;  but  instead  of  the  sides  of 
"  the  vessel  extending  and  widening  as  they  rise  in  an  unbroken 
"  line,  these  sides  consist  of  gradations  or  steps,  each  higher  step 
"  in  succession  being  of  greater  diameter  than  that  immediately 
"  below  it."  At  or  near  the  top  of  each  step  or  gradation  is 
fitted  "  a  horizontal  guide  or  plate,  and  on  the  vessel  being  made 
"  to  revolve  the  sugar  (or  other  substance  under  treament)  as  it 
"  rises  is  forced  between  this  plate  and  the  horizontal  part  of  the 
"  step,  and  so  on  in  succession  until  the  sugar  or  other  substance 
"  rises  to  the  top  of  the  vessel,  when  the  topmost  guide  plate 
"  directs  it  out  of  the  machine  on  to  a  circular  platform  or  other 
"  recipient.  The  sides  of  the  vessel  are  of  perforated  metal  or  of 


SUGAR.  211 

"  gauze,  as  is  usual  in  centrifugal  machines  ;  the  horizontal  parts 
"  of  the  steps  and  guide  plates  are  solid.  A  liquoring  apparatus 
"  may  be  made  to  act  on  the  inside  of  the  vessel  if  found 
"  necessary." 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1856,  March  15.— N°  623. 

RICHARD,  Louis  JOSEPH. — "  Improvements  in  sugar  manu- 
"  facture."  These  are,  applying  "  the  carbonates  of  soda,  potash, 
"  or  any  other  chemical  agent  acting  in  a  similar  manner  as  those 
"  carbonates  in  respect  to  saccharine  matters,  to  the  defecation 
"  purification,  clarifying,  or  refining  of  saccharine  juices,  syrups, 
"  raw  or  other  sugars,  whether  the  same  have  been  obtained  from 
"  cane,  beet  root,  or  any  other  saccharine  matters,"  after  the  same 
"  has  been  defecated  in  the  ordinary  manner  by  means  of  lime, 
then  stirring  and  boiling  again  the  said  saccharine  liquids  for 
some  moments,  skimming,  filtering,  concentrating,  and  allowing 
the  same  to  crystallize  in  the  ordinary  manner. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  March  24.^-N°  691. 

BRYANT,  JAMES,  the  younger. — "  Improvements  in  machinery 
"  or  apparatus  for  the  reburning  of  animal  charcoal."  These 
are,  constructing  and  setting  retorts  for  the  above  purpose  as 
follows  : — The  retort  "  is  enclosed  in  brickwork,  and  heated  by  a 
"  suitable  furnace  beneath,  communicating  with  flues  which 
"  encircle  the  retort.  A  reciprocating  cr  reversing  rotatory 
"  motion  on  its  axis  is  imparted  to  the  retort  during  the  process 
"  of  reburning,  whereby  the  animal  charcoal  is  kept  constantly 
"  stirred  or  agitated."  "  For  this  purpose  the  retort  is  suspended 
"  by  an  endless  chain  or  chains  passing  round  an  overhead 
"  pulley  or  pullies,  the  back  end  being  further  supported  by  a 
"  trunnion  which  must  be  sufficiently  strong  to  bear  the  weight 
"  of  the  retort  when  charged.  The  gearing  for  giving  the  reci- 
"  procating  rotatory  motion  to  the  retort  is  so  arranged  by  means 
"  of  an  ordinary  mangle  wheel  that  the  motion  will  be  reversed 
"  after  each  partial  rotation  of  the  retort,  and  may  be  easily 
"  thrown  out  of  gear  by  an  ordinary  clutch,  when  requisite  for 
•"  charging  the  retort,  which  may  be  done  through  an  opening 
"  in  the  front  and  provided  with  a  moveable  cover.  A  suitable 

o  2 


212  SUGAR. 

"  outlet  pipe  is  passed  through  the  centre  of  the  trunnion  to 
"  carry  off  the  foul  air  and  vapour  arising  from  the  charcoal." 
[Printed,  Is.  6d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  April  19.— N°  942. 

VARILLAT,  WILLIAM  JEAN  JULES. — (Provisional  protection 
only.) — "Improvements  in  the  apparatus  for  the  extraction  of 
"  colourings,  tanning,  and  saccharine  matters  from  vegetable 
"  matters/'  These  consist  of  a  number  of  cylinders  which  are 
"  made  to  communicate  with  each  other  by  means  of  cocks  placed 
"  at  the  top  and  bottom ;  the  lower  ones  are  placed  beneath  a 
"  double  bottom  with  trellice  work,  and  the  upper  ones  above 
"  other  trellice  work,  which  rests  on  the  matter  to  be  treated, 
"  which  is  placed  in  each  cylinder  in  such  wise  as  to  allow  the 
"  liquids  to  filter  through.  The  cylinders  are  placed  on  a  turning 
"  platform,  so  that  each  time  one  of  the  cylinders  is  emptied  or 
"  filled  the  cylinder  may  be  placed  in  a  right  position."  Instead 
of  a  turning  platform  the  cylinders  may  be  placed  in  a  straight  line 
or  square.  '*'  The  object  of  this  apparatus  is  to  obtain  a  regular 
"  displacement  with  progressive  heat."  Thus  "  the  water,  which 
"  is  passing  through  three  other  vats  has  imbibed  the  extractable 
"  principles  and  lost  a  part  of  its  caloric,  filters  into  the  cylinder 
"  charged  with  fresh  matters."  "  The  filtration  is  performed  by 
"  the  difference  of  level  of  the  liquid  from  one  cylinder  to  the 
"  other." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  May  8.— N°  1083. 

FINZEL,  CONRAD  WILLIAM,  NEEDHAM,  WILLIAM,  and 
BARTON,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  filtering 
"  sugar  and  saccharine  juices."  These  are  said  to  be  "the 
'•  adaptation  to  the  filtering  of  sugar  and  saccharine  juices" 
of  certain  apparatus  described  in  No.  1669,  A.D.  1853,  No. 
2/09,  A.D.  1855  and  No.  1303,  A.D.  1854.  "The  essential 
feature  of  the  aforesaid  apparatus  "  is  said  to  be  "  the  combina- 
"  tion  of  straining  or  filtering  cloths  or  other  textile  fabrics 
"  with  grooved  slabs  or  planks  in  such  manner  that  while  the 
"  slabs  or  planks  receive  and  resist  the  pressure  to  which  the 
"  fluids  or  other  semi-fluids  are  subjected  in  order  to  strain  or 
"  filter  them,  the  grooves  form  passages  or  channels  by  which 
"  the  expressed  and  filtered  fluids  pass  away  to  suitable  receivers 


SUGAR.  213 

"  or  otherwise."  The  cloths  are  each  turned  over  and  folded 
down  around  their  edges,  so  that  they  form  for  the  time  bags  or 
chambers  into  which  the  fluid  or  semifluid  enters  by  a  pipe.  Two 
grooved  slabs  or  planks  and  one  cloth  form  one  filtering  chamber. 
In  adapting  this  apparatus  to  the  filtration  of  sugar  and  sac- 
charine juices,  "  employing  a  series  of  chambers  formed  as  above- 
"  described,"  and  in  some  cases  placing  "  within  each  chamber  a 
'*  loose  grooved  slab  or  plank  with  filtering  medium  on  each  side 
"  of  the  slab,  the  object  of  which  is  to  assist  in  compressing  the 
"  substance  remaining  in  the  cloth  or  cloths.  This  affect  is 
"  obtained  by  shutting  off  the  connection  between  the  supply 
"  pipe  and  the  chamber,"  and  by  allowing  "  the  pressure  to  be 
"  continued  in  the  chamber  above  or  below  it  or  in  both,  the 
"  affect  being  to  force  the  juice  out  of  the  said  chamber  and  to 
"  press  the  loose  slab  or  plank  against  the  substance  or  substances 
'•'  remaining  in  the  cloth  or  other  fabric  on  the  other  side  of  the 
"  floating  slab,  whereby  the  expression  of  the  juice  from  it  to 
"  the  greatest  possible  extent  will  be  obtained."  To  cleanse  the 
cloths  should  they  become  choked  during  the  filtration  steam  or 
hot  water  is  passed  through  them  "by  means  of  suitable  pipes 
"  before  the  chamber  is  opened  and  the  remaining  substance  or 
"  substances  are  removed  from  it." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  May  12.— N°  1119. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  George 
Denison.} — "  Certain  improvements  in  machinery  for  pumping  and 
"  forcing  water  and  other  fluids."  These  are,  first,  employing 
for  the  above  purposes  "  an  elastic  tube,  so  acted  upon  externally 
"  by  the  pressure  of  rollers,  or  their  equivalents,  as  to  be  alter- 
"  nately  collapsed  or  closed  and  allowed  to  recover  itself,  and  thus 
"  alternately  to  form  a  vacuum  in  the  tube,  into  which  the  water 
"  or  fluid  is  drawn,  and  expel  the  water  or  fluid  from  the  tube." 
A  single  coil  of  flexible  tube  (strong  vulcanized  india-rubber  hose 
of  a  cylindrical  form)  "  is  arranged  within  a  stationary  circular 
"  frame,"  "  and  having  arranged  within  it  a  central  shaft"  carry- 
ing a  roller,  which,  revolved  by  the  shaft,  presses  the  tube 
against  the  interior  of  the  frame  so  as  to  produce  the  above 
effect. 

Second,  "  equalizing  the  resistance  of  the  tube,  by  a  truncated 
'*  cpne  or  a  gradually  diminishing  thickness  at  that  part  where 


214  SUGAR. 

"  the  roller  or  rollers,  or  their  equivalent,  leave  the  tube,  in  com- 
"  bination  with  a  lift  below  or  at  the  back." 

Third,  "  relieving  the  tube  from  the  pressure  of  the  roller,  or  its 
"  equivalent,  by  means  of  cams  and  sliding  journal  boxes  or 
"  bearings." 

.  Fourth,  "the  mode  of  attaching  the  tube  to  the  circular 
"  framing,"  "  by  forming  the  latter  in  two  parts,  and  providing  a 
"  lip  or  bead  "  on  "  the  former." 

This  pump,  it  is  said,  may  be  applied  to  a  number  of  purposes 
which  are  named,  "and  to  raising  and  moving  substances  of 
"  partial  fluidity  such  as  molasses  and  syrups  of  sugar  during  the 
"  process  of  manufacture.'5 
[Printed,  Sd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1856,  May  31.— N°  1288. 

NEEDHAM,  WILLIAM,  and  KITE,  JAMES  (secundus.)  — - 
"  Improvements  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  expressing  liquids 
"  or  moisture  from  substances."  These  are  a  frame  work,  in 
which  are  placed  a  number  of  slabs  or  floats  which  are  grooved, 
between  each  slab  or  float,  supported  by  blocks,  one,  two,  or  more 
cloths  or  other  filtering  medium '  are  placed,  which  cloths  are 
attached  to  a  series  of  short  pipes  with  cock  at  the  sides,  through 
which  the  material  to  be  pressed  passes  into  the  press,  filling  the 
whole  vacant  space  or  spaces  thereof,  ".  the  pump  continuing  to 
"  work  till  the  liquid  or  moisture  yielding  to  the  pressure  finds 
"  vent  through  the  cloth,  runs  along  the  channels  (formed  by  the 
"  grooves)  and  makes  its  escape,  leaving  the  more  solid  particles 
"  between  the  slabs  or  floats  until  the  press  refuses  to  receive  any 
"  more,  which  condition  will  be  easily  ascertained  by  the  slower 
"  speed  or  stoppage  of  the  drainage  from  the  press."  When  this 
stage  is  attained,  each  alternate  cock  is  closed  or  shut  off,  when 
by  the  pregsure  from  below  the  float  boards  will  be  raised.  The 
blocks  under  the  ends  of  the  slabs  are  removed  ;  "  the  material 
"  still  being  forced  into  the  lower  chambers,  that  in  the  upper 
"  becomes  from  the  pressure  more  solid."  At  this  stage,  after 
shutting  off  all  the  cocks,  the  side  rods  of  the  frame  are  removed, 
the  pipes  are  unscrewed  at  their  joints,  and  the  solid  matter 
removed  from  the  upper  chambers ;  the  side  rods  "  are  then  re- 
"  placed,  and  the  lower  cocks  are  then  turned  off,  and  the  upper 
"  ones  turned  on ;  the  material  operated  upon  then  fills  the  upper 
"  chambers,  whereby  the  material  is  in  like  manner  in  its  turri 


SUGAR.  215 

<f  made  solid  and  ready  for  removal,  and  the  operation  reversed, 
"  and  so  on  alternately."  Among  the  applications  named  to 
which  the  foregoing  apparatus  may  be  applied  is  the  filtration  of 
sugar. 

[Printed,  lOcZ.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1856,  May  31.— N°  1289. 

ALLMAN,  FENNELL,  and  BETHUNE,  DONALD.— (Provisional 
protection  only.} — "  Certain  improvements  in  apparatus  for  sepa- 
"  rating  fluids  from  solids,  or  for  separating  the  more  fluid 
"  particles  from  the  more  solid  of  various  bodies."  These  are, 
"  the  employment  of  centrifugal  force,  exhibited  in  vacuum,  by 
"  means  of  suitable  mechanism  actuated  by  water,  wind,  steam, 
"  or  other  power,  and  the  forcing  of  hot  air  into  the  chamber  or 
"  vessel  in  which  the  vacuum  or  partial  vacuum  is  formed  by 
"  means  of  an  air  force-pump."  A  strong  chamber  is  put  in 
communication  with  an  air-pump  or  exhausted  receiver.  In  this 
chamber  is  placed  an  inner  revolving  receiver  of  perforated 
material,  in  which  is  put  the  substance  to  be  operated  upon.  "  A 
"  vacuum  is  produced  in  the  outer  chamber,  and  on  motion  being 
"  given  to  the  inner  receiver,  all  the  smaller  and  more  fluid  par- 
"  tides  are  projected  with  great  force  into  the  vacuum."  "  The 
"  air-pump  cock  is  then  closed  and  heated  air  is  forced  into  the 
"  chamber  through  a  pipe,"  and  removed  by  the  exhaust  pipe. 
Sometimes  heat  is  applied  to  the  apparatus.  Among  the  applica- 
tions named  to  which  the  foregoing  apparatus  may  be  applied  is 
the  nitration  of  sugar. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  June  6.— N°  1350. 

GARDISSAL,  CHARLES  DURAND. — (A  communication.} — "Im- 
"  provements  in  machinery  for  extracting  fibrous  and  other 
"  products  from  vegetable  substances."  These  are,  "  separating 
'•"  the  fibre  of  plants  from  the  matters  which  bind  them  together 
"  preparatory  to  their  further  manufacture  for  which  it  is  well 
"  adapted,  the  fibres  being  preserved  of  their  entire  length  or 
"  nearly  so."  In  these  machines  green  plants  or  other  substances 
among  which  are  named  "  sugar  cane,  grapes,  and  other  fruits 
"  and  vegetable  substances  generally  in  a  green  or  dried  state 
"  for  the  purpose  of  expressing  or  extracting  the  juice  or  syrups 
"  from  such  fruit  or  substances,"  are  "  submitted  to  friction  and 
"  pressure,  but  without  at  any  time  exceeding  the  limits  of 


16  SUGAR. 

"  resistance  of  the  fibres  or  parts  so  treated,  and  from  which 
"  pressure  the  plant  or  substances  can  at  any  time  escape  when 
"  the  fibres  are  on  the  point  of  being  broken  or  otherwise  injured. 
"  They  are  composed  of  plane  or  curved  surfaces  furnished  with 
"  flats  or  grooves;  one  of  these  grooved  rubbing  surfaces  is 
"  formed  of  a  series  of  moveable  parts  linked  together,  and  acting 
"  on  the  fixed  rubbing  surface  which  is  also  grooved,  or  the 
"  moveable  rubbing  surface  may  be  rigid  while  the  stationary 
"  surface  is  formed  in  pieces  linked  together."  "  The  rubbing  or 
"  crushing  cylinders  or  sections  of  cylinders  and  other  rubbing 
"  surfaces  may  be  of  any  suitable  dimensions  so  grooved  with  any 
"  suitable  form  of  groove,  and  the  grooves  may  either  be  parallel 
"  with  the  axis  of  such  cylinders  or  sections  of  cylinders,  or 
"  produced  in  a  helical  direction  on  the  cylinder,  or  in  any  other 
"  suitable  form  or  direction,  and  such  surface  may  have  a  con- 
"  tinuous  or  alternating  motion  imparted  to  them  for  effecting 
"  the  desired  operations." 
[Printed,  2s.  4>d.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1856,  June  12.— N°  1395. 

STENHOUSE,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of  a 
"  decoloring  material  suitable  for  the  treatment  of  acid,  alkaline, 
"  and  neutral  solutions."  These  are,  a  substance  to  "  be  used 
"  as  a  substitute  in  neutral  and  alkaline  solutions  for  common 
"  bone  black,  and  in  acid  solutions  for  what  is  called  purified 
"  animal  charcoal."  This  "porous  vegetable  charcoal  is  pro- 
"  duced  chiefly  as  follows  : — I  form  a  very  intimate  mixture  of 
"  either  hydrate  of  lime,  unslacked  lime  in  the  state  of  the  finest 
"  powder,  calcined  magnesia,  or  the  light  subcarbonate  of  mag- 
"  nesia  of  the  shops,  with  certain  vegetable  substances,  such  as 
"  maize,  wheat,  and  other  kinds  of  flour,  common  resin,  or  colo- 
"  phonium,  pitch,  wood  tar,  asphalt,  or  bitumen,  coal  tar,  and 
"  coal  tar  pitch."  This  mixture  is  then  heated  to  redness  in 
"  covered  crucibles  or  cast  iron  retorts  until  the  vegetable  matter 
"  is  entirely  carbonized.  The  mixture  when  cold  is  then  digested 
"  with  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acids,  according  as  lime  or 
"  magnesia  has  been  employed,  and  repeatedly  edulcorated  with 
"  water  on  a  filter  until  everything  soluble  has  been  removed. 
"  The  porous  charcoal  remaining  on  the  filter  is  the  decolorizing 
"  agent." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  217 

A.D.  1856,  June  12.— N°  1396. 

LEWSEY,  CHARLES  JOHN.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.} — 
"  Improvements  in  sugar  cane  mills."  These  are  in  place  "  of  the 
"  large  and  massive  '  side  frames '  or  standards  of  cast  iron  here- 
"  tofore  used  (whether  with  or  without  wrought-iron  tie  rods)," 
employing  <f  wrought-iron  standards  composed  of  numerous  plates 
so  placed  and  connected  together  as  to  present  far  greater  strength 
than  those  heretofore  used,  at  the  same  time  the  strain  is  more 
equally  distributed.  "These  plates  are  arranged  in  four  sets  at 
"  each  end  of  the  mill,"  "  and  they  are  at  their  lower  ends  fixed 
"  to  horizontal  plates  which  are  secured  to  the  base  plate  of  the 
"  mill."  "  The  upper  ends  of  the  plates  of  each  set  are  connected 
"  together,  and  they  are  keyed  so  as  to  press  on  the  sets  of  plates 
"  which  they  pass  between."  The  result  is  a  framing  consisting 
of  an  arrangement  or  combination  of  several  plates  of  wrought 
iron  arranged  in  diagonal  lines,  and  where  cane  juice  pumps 
are  required,  a  self-adjusting  pump  is  applied,  whereby  a  con- 
tinuous flow  of  cane  juice  is  maintained  without  the  use  of 
clacks. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  June  27.— N°  1516. 

BETHUNE,  DONALD.— (Provisional  Protection  only.}—"  Certain 
"  improvements  in  apparatus  for  separating  the  more  fluid  particles 
"  from  the  more  solid  of  various  bodies."  These  are,  employing 
"  centrifugal  force  in  a  vessel  or  chamber,  either  entirely  cr 
"  partially  closed  by  means  of  a  suitable  mechanism,  actuated  by 
*'  water,  steam,  animal,  or  other  power,  and  the  employment  of 
"  heated  air  in  such  chamber."  In  a  strong  chamber  is  mounted 
a  revolving  perforated  cylinder,  in  which  are  placed  the  material 
desired  to  be  operated  upon,  among  which  sugar  is  named.  On 
the  axis  or  spindle  of  this  cylinder  "  is  a  small  pulley  or  rigger, 
"  which  obtains  a  rotary  motion  from  any  suitable  source  of 
"  power,"  which  motion  it  communicates  to  the  cylinder.  Hot 
air  is  admitted  by  a  pipe  through  the  cover  of  the  outer  chamber. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  July  29.— N°  1797- 

ANDERSON,  ALEXANDER  WILLIAMS. — (Provisional protection 
only.}—"  Improvements  in  refining  sugar,"    These  are  dissolving 


218  SUGAR. 

3  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  1  gallon  of  boiling  water,  adding  to 
the  solution  about  1^  Ibs.  of  granulated  tin,  "when  all  the  copper 
"  is  precipitated,  filter ;  the  filtered  liquid  will  be  a  colorless  solu- 
"  tion  of  sulphate  of  tin  to  be  used  in  sugar  refining."  To  the 
solution  of  sugar  and  water  in  the  blow-up  cistern,  at  a  density 
not  higher  than  20°  Beaume,  three  ounces  of  hydrate  of  lime  are 
added  to  every  100  Ibs.  of  sugar  in  solution,  and  an  imperial  pint 
of  the  above  sulphate  of  tin  to  every  three  ounces  of  the  lime  added . 
The  proportions  of  lime  and  sulphate  of  tin  may  be  slightly 
diminished  or  increased  according  to  the  quality  of  the  sugar ; 
when  the  liquid  has  been  brought  to  the  usual  degree  of  heat  it 
is  passed  through  bag  filters  and  beds  of  granulated  charcoal." 
When  no  lime  is  used  the  same  quantity  of  sulphate  of  tin  is 
added  and  the  sugar  solution  proceeded  with  as  above,  but  the 
solution  filtered  from  the  animal  charcoal  should  be  tested  in  a 
wine  glass  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  for  tin  and  tincture  of 
litmus  for  acid.  If  tin  in  solution  be  indicated  the  sugar  solution 
is  allowed  to  remain  in  contact  with  the  animal  charcoal  till  all 
trace  of  tin  disappears.  If  the  time  for  this  disappearance  exceeds 
ten  minutes,  the  charcoal  should  be  re-burned.  If  the  liquor 
indicates  acidity,  by  the  liquor  being  reddened  by  the  litmus,  the 
charcoal  must  be  cleansed  and  re-burned.  It  is  advantageous  once 
a  week  or  once  in  two  weeks  to  allow  the  charcoal  to  remain  for 
about  half  an  hour  in  contact  with  water,  with  from  two  to  five 
per  cent,  of  hydrochloric  acid,  and  afterwards  cleansing  it  with 
steam  or  water.  The  tin  solution  may  be  evaporated  to  dryness, 
and  five  ounces  of  the  residue  used  to  every  one  hundred  pounds 
of  sugar  in  place  of  the  solution. 
[Printed,  4e?.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1856,  October  9.— N°  2364. 

KING,  THOMAS. — "  An  improved  continuous  compressing  ma- 
"  chine."  This  consists  "  in  arranging  two  endless  perforated 
"  bands  or  webs  of  articulated  bars  or  links  in  such  a  manner 
"  that  whilst  each  works  around  two  suitably-formed  drums, 
"  placed  at  such  a  distance  apart  as  corresponds  with  its  length, 
"  their  faces  shall  not  throughout  their  entire  length  be  parallel 
"  to  each  other  in  the  direction  of  their  length,  but  the  axes  and 
"  diameters  of  the  drums  at  one  end  of  each  of  the  bands  shall 
"  approach  one  another  so  that  there  is.  but  a  smaller  space  or 


SUGAR.  219 

-"  distance  between  the  faces  of  the  band  at  one  end  than  at  the 
"  other  end ;  thus  the  space  between  the  faces  of  the  two  con- 
"  tinuous  webs,  bands,  or  belts  is  somewhat  wedge-like,  and  any 
*'  materials  placed  on  or  fitted  in  between  them  will,  upon  the 
"  webs,  bands,  or  belts  being  caused  to  move  from  the  wide  end 
"  toward  the  narrow  end  be  gradually  compressed  until  they 
"  reach  a  point  in  a  line  with  the  centres  of  the  drums  in  closer 
"  proximity.'*  "The  two  drums  maybe  geared  together,  and 
"  driven  at  any  suitable  speed  by  any  suitable  means,  and  the 
"  four  drums  and  their  connections  may  be  mounted  on  a  suitable 
*'  framing  or  standards."  A  shoot  or  hopper  at  the  wide  end  of 
the  machine  conveys  the  articles  to  be  compressed  into  it.  Whilst 
the  compressed  matters  on  leaving  the  narrow  end  of  the  machine 
fall  on  to  a  shoot  or  hopper.  This  apparatus  among  a  number  of 
appliances  named  may  be  used  for  expressing  the  juice  from  "  beet 
"  root,  sugar  cane,  and  other  vegetable  substances," 
[Printed,  Wd.  Drawing,] 


A.D.  1856,  November  5.— N°  2603. 

SIEVIER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  An  improvement  in  the  mode  of  treating  saccharine  juices  in 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  This  consists  in  treating  juices 
containing  sugar  with  sulphurous  acid  gas  alone.  As  the  beet 
root  (all  other  juices  being  treated  in  a  similar  manner)  is  being 
ground  the  sulphurous  gas  is  introduced  into  it  in  a  close  vessel 
by  means  of  a  tube.  The  juice  and  pulp  pass  into  "  the  usual 
"  receptacle,  and  should  it  not  have  taken  up  enough  of  the  sul- 
"  phurous  acid  gas  so  as  to  prevent  its  losing  its  white  or  natural 
"  color,  more  gas  must  be  introduced  "  into  it.  In  cases  where  the 
mass  of  juice  and  pulp  is  very  thick,  a  solution  of  sulphurous  acid  in 
water  is  employed.  The  juice  is  then  filtered  through  a  filter  made 
of  a  close  textile  fabric  or  sand.  "  A  small  quantity  of  chalk  or 
"  other  alkaline  body  must  be  added  to  take  out  any  acid,"  as 
is  now  the  practice.  The  solution  is  then  evaported  for  crystalli- 
zation. Blood,  eggs,  or  any  other  albuminous  substance  are 
used,  if  necessary,  in  the  usual  manner.  These  improvements 
render  the  use  of  charcoal  unnecessary.  In  preference  the  juice  is 
filtered  twice,  once  before  and  once  after  "  the  chalk  or  alkaline 
"  body  is  used." 

[Printed,  4d,    No  Drawings,] 


220  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1856,  November  24.— N°  2785. 

LEWSEY,  CHARLES  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  sugar  cane 
"  mills."  These  are,  "  the  combination  of  the  framing  and  means 
"  of  applying  and  adjusting  the  brasses  or  brazings  therein ;"  also 
the  combining  with  sugar  mills  pumps  without  clacks  or  valves 
to  the  suction  pipes.  In  place  of  the  "msBnve  'side  frames' 
"  or  standards  of  cast  iron"  having  v/rought  iron  standards, 
composed  of  numerous  plates.  The  base  plate  of  the  press  is  of 
cast  iron,  to  which  are  bolted  the  sets  of  angle  pieces  made  of 
strong  boiler  plate,  which  carry  the  bearings  of  the  two  lower 
rollers.  There  are  wedges  by  which  the  rollers  are  set  up,  as  may 
be  required.  To  the  angle  pieces  are  bolted  the  tie  plates,  which 
are  arranged  alternately  with  the  angle  pieces.  At  the  points 
where  the  different  sets  of  tin  plates  intersect  each  other,  the 
plates  of  one  set  pass  between  the  plates  of  the  other  set,  and 
they  are  connected  together  by  bolts.  The  bearings  of  the  top 
roller  are  carried  in  the  diamond-formed  spaces  enclosed  by  the 
meeting  of  the  different  sets  of  plates,  and  the  lower  brass  of  the 
bearings  is  kept  set  up  by  wedges.  The  pump  referred  to  above 
has  two  buckets  on  two  separate  pump  rods,  each  has  a  valve 
opening  in  the  same  direction,  and  they  respectively  open  as  they 
move  towards  the  suction  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  close  as  they 
move  towards  the  delivery  end.  There  is  a  suction  pipe  which 
has  no  clack  or  valve.  There  is  a  delivery  pipe  which  conveys  the 
juice  away,  attached  to  which  is  a  pipe,  and  in  which  pipe  is  a 
regulating  valve,  to  which  is  attached  a  float,  this  valve  remains 
closed  so  long  as  there  is  the  requisite  quantity  of  juice  in  the 
cistern  to  rise  above  the  lower  end  of  the  suction  pipe,  but  should 
the  level  of  the  juice  fall,  then  the  float  will  descend  and  open 
the  valve,  which  will  cause  part  of  the  juice  to  return  into  the 
cistern,  so  as  to  maintain  the  juice  above  the  suction  pipe,  and  so 
prevent  air  being  drawn  into  the  pump. 
[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1856,  December  2.— N°  2849. 

LONGBOTTOM,  JOHN.  — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for 
"  drying,  roasting,  carbonizing,  and  calcining  vegetable,  mineral, 
"  and  animal  substances."  These  are,  "  the  application  and  use 
"  of  hot  water  circulating  pipes  for  the  purpose  of  drying, 
"  roasting,  carbonizing,  and  calcining  vegetable,  mineral,  and 


SUGAR.  221 

"  animal  substances  "  as  follows  :  —  A  round  "  vacuum  car- 
"  bonizing  vessel,  pan,  or  boiler"  is  described,  fitted  with  a 
series  of  shelves  for  laying  the  substances  upon;  above  the 
furnace  is  a  chamber  in  which  are  a  series  of  hot  water  heating 
tubes  "  for  surcharging  steam.  These  pipes  are  continued  also 
"  in  the  form  of  coils  "  at  the  top  of  the  round  vacuum  car- 
bonizing vessel,  "  for  the  purpose  of  surcharging  the  steam 
"  emitted  from  the  substances  under  treatment."  Inside  the 
vacuum  vessel  is  a  perforated  metallic  cylinder  for  containing  the 
substances  to  be  dried  or  carbonized.  There  are  two  taps  for 
shutting  off  the  vapour  arising  from  the  vegetable  substances, 
and  also  two  taps  to  draw  the  water  off  therefrom.  The  furnace 
is  fitted  with  hot  water  tubes  to  which  is  attached  a  chimney. 
In  using  the  apparatus  the  round  vessel  above  is  charged  with 
"  peat  or  waste  tar,  sawdust,  chips  of  wood,  or  .other  vegetable 
"  substance,"  and  made  tight,  and  the  air  and  water  is  pumped 
out  "  by  any  known  process  until  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed  in 
"  the  carbonizing  vessel.  In  this  state  sulphuric  acid  is  pumped 
"  in,  which  fills  all  the  pores  of  the  vegetable  substance,  there- 
"  by  rendering  it  fit  for  carbonizing,  which  is  effected  by  steam 
"  passing  from  a  common  boiler  mounted  or  not  on  wheels." 
This  steam  passes  into  the  chamber  where  the  pipes  are  heated 
by  the  circulation  of  hot  water  from  pipes  in  the  furnace,  and 
thus  superheats  the  steam  before  it  enters  the  carbonizing  vessel. 
Or  air  may  be  used  by  passing  it  over  pipes  in  the  furnace. 
[Printed,  &d.  Drawing,] 

A.D.  1856,  December  31.— N°  3104. 

TERRY,  ALEXANDER  ROBERT. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  Improvements  in  machinery  for  cutting  sugar  and  other  sub- 
"  stances."  These  are,  connecting  and  moving  "certain  cutting 
"  edges  in  such  a  manner  that  the  sugar  or  other  substance  " 
may  be  reduced  by  them  "  into  lumps  of  any  desired  size."  This 
is  effected  by  working  two  different  cutters  at  right  angles  with 
each  other,  and  attaching  to  the  last  a  series  of  small  cutters. 
The  first  or  cross  cutter  causing  the  loaf  to  be  cut  into  slices  or 
slabs,  is  worked  by  a  fly  wheel  shaft,  by  means  of  proper  con- 
nections, the  second  acts  upon  the  slab  cutting  it  into  strips,  by 
means  of  suitable  connection  with  the  fly  wheel  shaft.  The 
third  operation,-  that  of  reducing  the  strips  into  lumps,  about 
cubical,  is  performed  by  a  series  of  cutters  attached  to  the  second 
cutter,  and  acting  simultaneously  with  it,  any  binding  of  the 


222  SUGAR. 

material  in  this  last  operation  being  prevented  by  suitable  appa- 
ratus. The  same  object  is  attained  "  by  using  a  set  of  cutters 
"  fixed  at  right  angles  with  each  other,  and  so  arranged  that  they 
"  will  reduce  the  slabs  into  lumps  by  a  single  stroke,  instead  of  a 
"  succession  of  strokes  as  required  by  the  former  plan." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


1857. 

A.D.  1857,  January  24.— N°  220. 

McONIE,  ANDREW.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "  Im- 
(<  provements  in  the  construction  of  centrifugal  machines  or 
"  *  hydroextractors  '  used  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  other 
"  purposes,  and  in  the  arrangement  of  appliances  to  give  motion 
"  to  such  machines  by  steam  power."  These  are,  a  drum  of  cast 
iron  or  of  other  cast  metal,  turned  inside  and  out,  after  mounting  on 
its  spindle,  has  its  sides  or  periphery  perforated  all  over  with  holes 
countersunk  in  the  inside.  The  spindle  of  the  drum  tapers  to- 
wards each  end;  the  lower  end  is  stepped  into  a  cup-formed 
bearing,  into  which  it  descends  more  and  more  as  the  brass  wears, 
this  adjustment  being  effected  by  a  screw  passing  through  the 
bottom  of  the  brass.  The  upper  end  of  the  spindle  passes 
through  a  bush  screwed  into  the  bridge  of  the  machine,  and  as  it 
wears  it  is  forced  down  by  an  arrangement  with  a  key  or  wedge. 
To  stop  the  drum  when  necessary  "  a  friction  strap  is  brought  to 
"  bear  on  the  lower  part  or  the  periphery  of  the  drum,  by  means 
"  of  an  eccentric  mounted  on  an  axis  passing  through  the  top  of 
"  the  case,  and  having  a  handle  at  its  upper  end."  To  drive  this 
machine,  employing  "  a  small  horizontal  steam  engine,  mounted 
"  on  a  frame  in  connection  with  the  frame  which  carries  the  drum. 
"  This  steam  engine,  by  means  of  a  connecting  rod  and  crank, 
"  gives  motion  to  a  vertical  axis  carrying  a  large  pulley,  from 
"  which  a  band  passes  to  a  small  pulley  on  the  spindle  of  the 
"drum." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  February  10.— N°  387. 

PARTZ,    AUGUST    FREDERICK    WILLIAM.  —  "An  improved 
"  method  of  evaporating  fluids,  condensing  and  absorbing  vapors, 


SUGAR.  223 

"  gases,  and  fumes,  arresting  and  precipitating  floeculent,  me- 
"  tallic,  or  other  particles,  and  transferring  heat  from  air  or  steam 
"  to  fluids  and  pulverulent  substances."  This  consists  in  "  the 
"  use  of  perforated  disks,  plates,  or  sheets,"  as  follows  : — The  liquid 
"  to  be  evaporated,  as  cane  juice,"  is  placed  in  a  vessel  through 
which  a  shaft  passes,  supported  in  journals  and  driven  at  any 
desired  speed,  by  a  pulley  attached  to  it,  or  in  any  convenient 
manner,  a  series  of  "  disks  of  woven  wire  perforated  metal,  fibrous 
"  substances,  or  other  equivalent  material,  attached  to  the  said 
"  shaft."  "A  semi-cylindrical  hood"  encloses  the  upper  halves 
of  the  discs.  As  these  discs  rotate  they  carry  a  film  of  the  liquid 
and  present  the  same  to  the  vapors  or  gases  that  are  led  into  the 
hood  by  means  of  a  pipe  or  otherwise.  If  cane  juice  is  under 
operation  "  a  current  of  dry  or  heated  air  is  forced  through  the 
"  apparatus  by  means  of  a  blast  generator  "  and  a  pipe  carries 
the  vapors  away. 

[Printed,  8cZ.    Drawing.]; 

A.D.  1857,  February  26.— N°  567. 

EDWARDS,  JOSEPH  SLATTERIE. — "  The  preparation  and  novel 
"  application  of  a  certain  foreign  fruit  or  vegatable  as  an  article 
"  of  food,  confectionary,  or  to  be  used  is  brewing  or  distilling,  or 
"  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  gum."  "  The  foreign  fruit 
ff  or  vegetable  which  it  is  proposed  to  prepare  and  apply  to  the 
"  various  useful  purposes  above  named,  is  the  Ceratonia  Siliqua, 
"  commonly  known  as  the  carob  or  locust  pod,  and  sometimes 
"  called  St.  John's  bread."  In  reference  to  this  subject,  it  is 
applied  as  follows,  the  pods  are  ground  "  under  edge  runners,  or 
"  other  suitable  mill,"  and  the  stones,  skin,  and  husk  are  sifted 
or  not,  as  desired,  from  the  meal,  of  which  a  thick  compost  is 
made  with  hot  or  cold  water,  and  after  allowing  this  mixture  to 
stand  a  time,  it  is  placed  "  in  flannels  or  other  cloths,  which  are 
"  placed  on  frames  or  boxes,"  &c.,  and  subjected  to  pressure,  the 
strong  syrup  thus  obtained,  in  preference,  is  evaporated  in  a  vacuum 
pan  "  at  as  a  low  temperature  as  convenient,  until  a  strong  syrup 
"  or  liquid  sugar  is  formed,  and  which  may  be  subsequently 
"  crystallized." 

[Printed,  tit.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  February  27.— N°  577. 

MUCKLOW,  EDWARD. — "Certain  improvements  in  appara- 
"  tus  to  be  employed  for  the  purposes  of  cooling  and  evaporating." 


224  SUGAR. 

These  are,  "  cooling  such  liquids  as  require  to  be  evaporated, 
"  whilst  at  or  below  a  boiling  temperature,  particularly  sugar,  dye 
"  extracts,  and  other  liquids,  requiring  to  be  evaporated  at  a  low 
"  temperature,"  by  the  "employment,  application,  and  use  of 
"  an  endless  cloth,  or  other  suitable  equivalent,  waving  ribs, 
"  folds,  lags,  or  buckets  formed  upon  its  external  surface  for  the 
"  purpose  of  taking  up  liquid  to  be  cooled  and  evaporated,"  re- 
volving on  "  a  wince  or  roller  or  rollers  "  above  and  into  the  vat  or 
cistern  containing  the  liquor  to  be  evaporated.  "  A  similar  effect 
will  be  obtained  by  causing  a  wheel  or  wheels  having  buckets 
"  attached  to  their  peripheries  to  revolve  in  the  vat." 
[Printed,  64.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1857,  March  5.— N°  646. 

ANSENS,  ANTHONY.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  moulds  or  forms  for  loaves  of  sugar."  These 
are,  making  "  moulds  (whether  of  iron,  copper,  or  other  metal  or 
"  material)  square  or  oblong  square,  with  a  cornice  at  their  bottom 
"  part,  from  thence  gradually  tapering  (but  still  with  flat  or 
"  square  sides)  till  within  a  small  space  from  the  top,  then  the 
"  taper  is  changed  to  an  angle  till  it  reaches  the  top,  when  it 
f<  becomes  a  diamond  point,  with  a  hole  in  the  centre  thereof, 
"  to  allow  the  syrup  which  may  still  remain  in  the  sugar  after  it 
"  is  placed  in  the  mould  to  drain  off." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  March  11.— N°  703. 

MOUNTFORD,  GEORGE. —  "  Improvements  in  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  for  cutting  or  chopping  loaf  sugar,  roots,  and  other 
"  substances."  These  are,  apparatus  consisting  "  of  a  semi-cir- 
"  cular  hopper  or  trough,  or  of  an  oblong  box  iu  which  the  sugar 
"  loaf,  titler,  or  lump,  or  other  substance  to  be  operated  upon  is 
"  placed,  and  propelled  towards  one  end  thereof  by  means  of  a 
"  plate  or  piston  in  connexion  with  studs  which  run  in  grooves  in 
"  the  sides  of  the  hopper,  trough,  or  box  with  traverse  chains, 
"  and  four  chain  pullies  and  ratchet  wheel,  the  last  of  which  is 
"  put  in  motion  by  a  connecting  rod  with  a  lever  and  weight  fixed 
"  on  the  two  uprights  herein-after  mentioned.  To  enable  the 
"  piston  propelling  the  loaf  or  lump  to  return  to  its  original  posi- 
"  tion,  it  is  let  loose  by  a  pin,  tappet,  or  stud  in  the  ratchet 
"  wheel,  which  throws  the  ratchet  or  pall  on  each  ratchet  wheel 
"  out  of  gear ;  the  ratchet  is  thrown  in  gear  by  a  pin  or  stud  on 


SUGAR.  225 

"  the  ratchet  wheels  or  framework,  connected  with  a  shaft  having 
"  studs  and  shaft,  and  a  horizontal   shaft,   chain  pullies,  and 
"  weights."     When  the  article  "  operated  upon  arrives  at  the  far 
"  end  of  the  hopper,  trough,  or  box  in  which  it  is  placed,  it  is  sliced 
"  by  the  knife  "  first  herein-after  mentioned.     Two  uprights  are 
fixed  with  grooves,  in  which  a  knife  block  slides,  having  a  suit- 
able knife  either  straight  or  curved  in  the  cutting  edge   fixed 
thereto.     This  knife  descends  in  a  vertical  direction  upon  the 
sugar  or  other  substance  to  be  operated  upon,  whereby  a  slice 
of  the  thickness  required  is  cut  or  chopped  off  the  bulk.     The 
knife  block  is  worked  by  connecting   rods  fitted  on  stud  pins 
fastened  in  it  at  the  upper  end  with  the  other  end  of  connecting 
rods  placed  on  crank  pins  fixed  into  toothed  gear  wheels.     The 
slice  of  sugar  or  other  substance  operated  upon  "  when  cut  falls 
"  upon  a  horizontal  revolving  table  having  numerous  holes,  aper- 
"  tures,  or  perforations  of  sufficient  size,  through  which  the  slice 
"  of  sugar  or  other  substance  operated  upon  passes  after  being 
"  cut  into  the  required  cubes,  nobs,  or  pieces."     Above  the  hori- 
zontal revolving  table  is  a  knife  block,  wherein  a  series  of  knives 
are  placed  which  descend  in  a  vertical  direction  upon  the  slice  of 
sugar  or  other  substance  and  cut  it  as  required ;  to  assist  this  a 
stationary  knife  or  knives  is  or  are  fixed  in  a  horizontal  position. 
"  The  revolving  table  is  driven  by  a  ratchet  wheel  on  a  horizontal 
"  shaft  with  a  toothed  pinion  gearing  into  teeth  under  it.     The 
"  knife  block  is  worked  up  and  down  by  a  crank  shaft  and  con- 
"  necting  rods,  the  shaft  working  in  bearings  and  driven  by 
"  wheels  from  the  main   shaft,  and  having  a  connecting  rod 
"  actuating  the  ratchet  work  of  the  revolving  table.     The  main 
"  shaft  with  fly  wheel  or  wheels  may  be  driven  by  hand,  treadle, 
"  or  any  other  power,  and  is  connected  with  wheels  to  work  the 
"  whole  of  the  machinery  fixed  in  upright  brackets  and  rails. 
"  The  whole  of  the  apparatus  or  machinery  (except  the  fly  wheel 
"  or  wheels  and  winch  handles,  pullies,  and  treadles  for  driving 
"  the  machinery)  is  enclosed  in  framework  of  rectangular  and 
"  suitable  form  for  the  purpose." 
[Printed,  1*.  4d.     Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  May  5.— N°  1266. 

SIEVIER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM. — "An  improvement  in  the'mode 
"  of  treating  saccharine  juices  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar." 
This  consists,  first,  "  the  use  of  sulphurous  acid  gaa  in  the  corn- 
is,  p 


226  SUGAR. 

"  mencement  of  making  sugar  applied  to  the  pulp  and  juices  of 
<f  beet  root  or  cane  before  boiling,  and  then  adding  lime  to  excess 
"  to  defecate  well  the  juice  and  neutralize  that  excess." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  sulphurous  acid  gas  as  above  stated  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  molasses." 

The  sulphurous  acid  gas  made  in  a  close  vessel  is  washed  by 
passing  it  through  water  into  a  gas  holder,  and  from  thence  to 
the  juice.  The  materials  recommended  for  making  it  are  sulphur 
and  peroxide  of  manganese  or  copper  and  sulphuric  acid.  "  In 
"  its  application  to  the  manufacture  of  beet-root  sugar ;  all  other 
"  saccharine  juice  being  treated  in  a  similar  manner.  As  the 
"  beet  root  is  being  rasped  or  ground  by  the  usual  process," 
"  introduce  through  a  tube  amongst  it  sulphurous  acid  gas,"  in 
a  close  vessel,  mix  the  whole  together  and  if  not  sufficient  gas 
has  been  used  "  to  prevent  its  losing  its  white  or  natural  colour, 
"  more  must  be  introduced."  In  some  cases  where  the  mass  of 
pulp  is  very  thick,  the  juice  and  pulp  are  sprinkled  with  sul- 
phurous acid  water.  The  juice  is  separated  from  the  pulp  by 
means  of  a  textile  or  sand  filter,  a  small  quantity  of  chalk  or  lime 
or  other  alkaline  matter  is  then  added,  it  is  then  boiled,  the  scum 
removed,  and  the  solution  boiled  for  crystallization,  or  lime  is 
added  in  excess  and  the  excess  neutralized  by  sulphurous  acid, 
boiled  down  to  ten  degrees  and  filtered.  The  sliced  roots  may  be 
treated  with  the  gas,  &c. 

Second,  the  use  of  vessels  made  of  wood,  stone,  slate,  glazed 
metal,  or  earthenware,  for  boiling  saccharine  solutions  from  which 
sugar  or  molasses  are  made. 
[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1857,  May  5.— N°  1267. 

KEDDY,  THOMAS — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  New  or 
"  improved  machinery  for  cutting  sugar  and  other  substances." 
This  consists  as  follows : — The  loaf  or  cone  of  sugar  is  divided 
into  a  series  of  discs  "  by  a  machine  in  which  a  series  of  cutters 
"  situated  in  the  same  plane  approach  simultaneously  and  con- 
"  verge  upon  the  sugar  loaf."  These  cutters  enter  "the  sugar 
"  loaf  at  several  points  in  the  same  plane  and  cut  or  split  off  a 
"  disc  of  the  desired  thickness.  After  the  cutters  have  opened, 
"  the  sugar  loaf  is  advanced  to  the  proper  distance,  and  the 
"  cutters  again  close  and  cut  off  another  disc  or  slice,  and  so  on 
"  until  the  whole  of  the  loaf  has  been  cut  up.  The  cutters  may 


SUGAR.  227 

"  approach  or  close  upon  the  loaf  either  in  the  direction  of  radii 
"  or  by  an  oblique  motion.  The  slices  or  discs  of  sugar  are  next 
"  put  into  a  hopper,  the  sides  of  which  collapse  so  as  to  suit  discs 
**  of  different  thicknesses.  The  sugar  descends  in  the  said  hopper 
"  until  it  is  arrested  by  a  stop.  A  pair  of  knives  one  on  either 
"  side  by  an  alternating  motion  divide  the  disc  of  sugar  into  a 
"  series  of  small  bars,  which  as  they  are  cut  off  one  allowed  to 
"  pass,  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  stop,  to  be  acted  upon  by  another 
"  set  of  knives.  The  last-named  knives  act  in  a  plane  at  right 
"  angles  to  that  in  which  the  first-named  act,  and  divide  the  bars 
"  of  sugar  transversely,  thus  cutting  it  into  small  square  pieces. 
"  The  advancing  motion  of  the  knives  is  effected  by  cams  on  a 
"  rotating  shaft,  and  the  return  motion  by  springs." 
[Printed,  4&  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  May  7.— N°  1287. 

ZIEGLER,  ERNST.  —  "A  substitute  for  animal  charcoal, 
"  applicable  also  as  a  coloring  matter."  This  consists  in  "  manu- 
"  facturing  a  substitute  for  animal  charcoal  from  clay  "  as 
follows : — Clay  as  free  from  extraneous  matter  as  possible  is 
mixed  with  any  substance  which  "  burnt  in  hermetically  sealed 
"  retorts  gives  a  pure  carbonaceous  substance ;  it  should,  how- 
"  ever,  be  fluid  or  capable  of  being  dissolved,  such  as  glue,  oils, 
'"  rosin,  gum,  &c.,  treacle,"  but  these  substances  it  is  said  are 
"  expensive,  and  tar  of  coal  or  wood,  by  preference,  is  substituted, 
the  oil  from  the  tar  may  be  previously  separated  from  it  by  dis- 
tillation. The  tar  is  added  to  water,  and  this  is  intimately  mixed 
with  the  clay,  "  by  means  of  apparatus,  such  as  is  commonly 
"  used  in  large  potteries."  This  substance  so  mixed  is  "made 
"  into  small  cakes,  say,  in  hollow  cylinders  of  from  4  to  5  inches 
"  long,  and  1  inch  in  diameter,"  about  £th  of  an  inch  thick, 
dried  and  carbonized  in  the  same  ovens  as  for  carbonizing  bones 
in  air-tight  pots  or  retorts ;  "  a  temperature  of  from  25  to  32 
"  degrees  Wedgwood  "  has  been  found  to  answer  well,  and  clay 
retorts  are  preferred  to  iron.  The  grinding  and  sifting  is  the 
same  as  for  bone  black,  and  the  material  washed  with  water  to 
remove  the  fine  dust  which  it  contains  may  then  be  employed  in 
sugar  refining  manufactories.  "  After  its  absorbing  power  becomes 
"  lost,  it  may  be  revived  by  the  same  process  as  is  at  present 
"  employed  for  re-animating  animal  charcoal."  A  more  effective 
material (<  may  be  obtained  by  mixing  with  the  tar  or  other  material 

p  2 


228  SUGAR, 

"  employed  (before  its  amalgamation  with  the  clay)  from  10  to  20 
"  per  cent,  of  salt,  potash,  soda,  or  lime  dissolved  in  water,"  and 
proceeding  as  above.  After  burning,  grinding,  &c.,  these  in- 
gredients must  be  extracted  by  water  and  acids.  A  carbon  similar 
to  carbonized  blood  is  obtained  by  adding  tar  to  a  fixed  alkali, 
and  proceeding  as  above,  "  but  the  carbon  so  obtained,  as  is  the 
"  case  with  carbonized  blood,  can  only  be  used  in  a  powdered  form 
"  for  refining  sugar,  and  is  therefore  not  capable  of  being 
"  revivified."  Another  substitute  for  animal  charcoal  is  made 
by  adding  to  the  clay  "  i  to  \  part  of  tar,  coal,  or  other  combus- 
"  tible  substance  that  has  been  impregnated  or  mixed  with  a 
"  solution  of  alum  or  other  salt;"  when  it  is  dried,  burned  in 
closed  retorts  or  in  an  open  fire,  then  granulated  and  ground. 
"  I  have  found  clay,  mixed  with  an  acid  solution  and  burned  to 
possess  some  effectiveness." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  May  15.— N°  1382. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Pierre  Andre  de  Coster.)  —  "  Improvements  in  machinery  to  be 
"  employed  in  the  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "the 
"  construction  of  centrifugal  machinery  for  purifying  sugar  and 
"  for  separating  the  granular  from  the  liquid  portions  thereof," 
which  acts  as  follows : — The  charge  may  be  placed  in  the  per- 
forated metal  drum  by  removing  the  outer  cover  and  the  cover 
of  the  drum,  but  in  preference,  it  is  charged  through  a  runnel  and 
tube  atihe  top  and  spreads  itself  over  the  inside  of  the  hollow 
shaft  issues  through  the  apertures  in  the  perforated  tube  and 
thus  finds  its  way  into  the  interior  of  the  drum.  By  the  rotary 
motion  communicated  to.  the  drum  through  the  driving  gear, 
the  matters  are  projected  against  the  sides,  the  liquid  is  driven 
through  the  perforations  and  apertures  in  the  sides  of  the  drum 
while  the  solid  matters  remain  inside  the  drum ;  from  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  drum  is  driven,  say  about  two  thousand  revolu- 
tions a  minute,  in  about  three  minutes  "  the  grains  and  crystals 
"  remaining  inside  the  drum  are  perfectly  cleansed  and  dry.  The 
"  liquid  issues  from  a  spout  connected  to  the  outer  casing." 

Second,  constructing  "  machinery  for  breaking  up  lumps  and 
"  cakes  of  sugar,  and  for  mixing  it  with  liquor  prior  to  being 
"  treated  in  a  centrifugal  machine,"  consisting  of  a  pair  of  rollers 
with  rings  or  flutes  formed  thereon,  the  rings  on  the  rollers 


SUGAR.  229 

coming  between  each  other.  "  These  rollers  are  geared  together 
"  and  caused  to  rotate  in  opposite  directions,  at  the  bottom  of  a 
"  hopper  fed  with  the  lumps  to  be  broken  and  with  water  or 
"  other  purifying  liquor.  After  issuing  from  the  rollers  the  sugar 
"  and  liquor  fall  into  a  vessel,  in  which  there  is  a  revolving 
"  agitator,  by  which  they  become  regularly  mixed,  and  from  the 
"  said  vessel  they  are  drawn  off  to  be  introduced  into  a  centri- 
"  fugal  machine." 

[Printed,  lOrf.    No  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1857,  May  23.— N°  1456. 

TRAVIS,  EDWIN,  and  CASARTELLI,  JOSEPH  Louis.—"  An 
"  improved  apparatus  for  regulating  the  supply  and  discharge  of 
"  steam,  air,  water,  and  other  fluids."  This  consists  of  a  "box 
"  of  brass  or  other  suitable  anticorosive  metal  or  material,  with 
"  a  slide  tube  at  one  end,  an  adjusting  plug,  piston,  or  valve 
"  at  the  other,  and  an  escape  tap  or  hole  at  the  side ;"  this  is 
named  "  a  '  steam  trap.'  We  fix  this  apparatus  to  the  end 
"  of  an  additional  pipe,  which  is  attached  to  the  ordinary  steam 
"  pipe  or  other  vessel  on  which  it  is  intended  to  act,  forming  one 
"  continuous  tube.  We  give  the  said  additional  pipe  a  com- 
"  pensating  arrangement  with  itself  by  bend,  coil,  disc,  or  other 
"  similar  agency,  to  act  when  the  pressure  of  the  steam  exceeds 
"  the  point  at  which  the  apparatus  was  adjusted.  Or,  we  pro- 
"  vide  a  compensating  arrangement  with  the  apparatus,  by  spring 
"  or  other  mechanical  contrivance.  We  also  make  the  said  appa- 
"  ratus  with  a  swivel  or  universal  centre  to  enable  it  to  accommo- 
"  date  itself  to  any  vibration  or  divergence  of  the  connexion  to 
"  the  sliding  tube,  or  we  simply  screw  the  apparatus  to  a  wall 
"  or  other  convenient  place,  so  that  when  the  steam  is  first  raised, 
"  it  will  force  the  air  or  fluid  through  the  ordinary  pipe  into  the 
"  additional  pipe,  which  will  then  escape  through  the  escape  tap 
"  or  hole.  As  soon  as  the  steam  begins  to  escape  through  the  said 
"  hole  or  tap,  and  the  additional  pipe  becomes  heated  by  the 
"  steam  and  expanded,  we  adjust  the  plug,  piston,  or  valve, 
"  so  as  to  stop  the  escape  of  steam,  and  when  it  cools  the  con- 
"  traction  of  the  metal  pipe  will  draw  the  sliding  tube  from  the 
"  piston,  plug,  or  valve,  and  cause  it  to  open,  thus  allowing 
"  any  condensed  steam  or  water  to  escape,  or  it  may  be  applied 
"  directly  to  any  range  of  piping,  and  thus  dispense  with  the 
"  additional  pipe.  We  also  chamber  the  inside  of  the  trap  to 
(<  allow  the  free  discharge  of  the  air  or  fluid  from  the  tube  and 


230  SUGAR. 

"  outlet,  and  to  an  adjusting  piston,  plug,  or  valve,  we  apply  a 
"  spring,  if  found  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  compensating  for 
"  any  additional  expansion  after  it  has  been  adjusted ;  but  the 
"  trap  will  act  efficiently,  either  with  or  without  the  spring.  We 
"  make  the  trap  or  apparatus  in  such  manner  that  by  trans- 
"  posing  the  sliding  tube  and  the  plug,  piston,  or  valve  it  may 
"  be  used  for  right  hand  or  left  hand."  This  apparatus  it  is 
said  is  applicable  to  a  number  of  purposes  which  are  named, 
and  among  which,  are  "  to  pipes  and  vessels  used  in  boiling  and 
"  refining  sugar,  brewing,  distilling,  cooking,  evaporating  pans, 
"  and  other  similar  purposes." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  June  4.— N°  1573. 

MILLER,  WILLIAM. — "Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar."  These  are,  conducting  "  the  progressive  processes  of 
"  the  manufacture  of  sugar  "  in  metal  vessels  which  shall  never 
be  heated  materially  above  212°  F.  and  the  heat  being  kept  at  or 
as  nearly  as  may  be  at  212°  F.  In  the  process  called  "  blowing  up  " 
a  vessel  is  employed  surrounded  by  a  jacket,  in  the  lower  part  of 
which  is  some  water.  A  steam  pipe  supplying  steam  from  a  boiler 
enters  the  jacket  under  the  water,  and  there  is  an  overflow  pipe, 
by  which  the  water  in  the  jacket  is  kept  at  the  same  level.  In 
the  upper  part  of  the  jacket  is  an  escape  pipe  for  the  steam.  The 
sugar  and  water  in  the  vessel  are  kept  stirred  till  the  sugar  is 
melted,  when  the  solution  is  run  into  bag  niters,  the  filtered  solu- 
tion then  heated  from  180°  to  190°  F.  in  a  similar  pan,  after  which 
it  is  run  into  charcoal  filters.  When  evaporating  cane  juice  or 
other  saccharine  solutions  a  similar  vessel  to  that  just  described 
is  employed,  but  in  addition,  there  are  three  series  of  flat  tubular 
passages  through  the  pan  or  vessel  in  which  the  saccharine 
matters  are  placed,  in  order  to  present  a  greater  extent  of  heated 
metal  surface  to  the  saccharine  solution  in  the  pan  or  vessel,  and 
two  octagon  barrels  to  the  axes  of  which  rotary  motion  is  given 
are  fixed  a  long  way  above  the  pan  or  vessel,  over  these  are  sus- 
pended two  endless  bands,  in  preference,  of  strong  sail  cloth, 
while  there  are  two  smaller  rotary  rollers  in  the  pan  under  the 
solution,  under  which  the  two  endless  bands  pass,  on  these 
rollers  are  stirrers  or  agitators,  the  sides  of  the  apparatus  are 
closed  in,  to  above  the  upper  rollers  but  the  top  is  left  open. 

[Printed,  10tZ.    Braving.] 


SUGAR.  231 

A.D.  1857,  July  31.— N°  2085. 

GALY-CAZALET,  ANTOINE,  and  HUILLARD,  ADOLPHE.— 
"  An  improved  apparatus  for  and  mode  of  manufacturing  sul- 
"  phuret  of  carbon,  animal  charcoal,  and  carbonic  acid."  This 
consists,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — "  We  construct 
"  a  furnace  or  cupola  of  brick  or  stone,  inclosed  in  an  air-tight 
"  case  of  sheet  iron  or  of  other  suitable  material ;"  this  is  divided 
into  an  upper  and  lower  compartment  by  a  fire-clay  grate.  "The 
"  lower  compartment  has  two  lateral  openings  with  air-tight 
"  doors  for  feeding  it  with  fuel  and  for  withdrawing  the  ashes  ;" 
a  pipe  is  connected  to  the  upper  part  of  the  fire-place.  Above  the 
upper  compartment  or  oven  is  a  chamber,  which  also  serves  as  a 
chimney,  and  is  closed  by  a  lid,  which  can  be  raised  and  lowered 
by  a  chain  passing  over  a  pulley.  At  the  bottom  of  this  chamber 
are  two  doors  turning  on  vertical  spindles  passing  through  the 
casing,  and  capable  of  being  moved  by  levers  on  the  outside. 
When  the  grate  has  become  hot  enough  the  two  doors  at  the 
bottom  of  the  chamber  are  closed,  and  the  chamber  is  filled  with 
bones,  the  lid  is  closed,  and  the  doors  at  the  bottom  of  the 
chamber  are  opened,  so  as  to  allow  the  bones  to  fall  in  small 
quantities  at  a  time  upon  the  grate  in  the  oven  below.  The  oily 
or  greasy  vapours  are  conducted  by  the  pipe  connected  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  fire-place,  to  a  vessel  of  cold  water  where  they 
are  condensed.  The  residue  or  animal  charcoal  is  withdrawn  at  a 
door  at  the  side  of  the  oven. 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1857,  August  5.— N°  2116. 

BOTTURI,  SEBASTIEN. — "An  apparatus  and  oven  for  the 
"  carbonization  and  distillation  of  all  animal  and  vegetable 
"  matters."  Some  of  the  matters  specified  are  "  textile,  vege- 
"  table,  and  animal,  viz.,  bullocks'  blood,  night  soil,  turf  used  as 
"  fuel,  refuse  of  any  kind,  and,  in  a  word,  all  those  matters  which 
"  may  be  carbonized."  An  oven  is  made  of  fire-bricks,  in  the 
interior  of  which  is  a  safety  valve.  The  flame  pipes  are  con- 
structed so  "  that  when  the  flame  and  smoke  has  passed  through 
"  the  base  of  the  oven  under  the  platform,  they  divide  and  pene- 
"  trate  into  the  two  chimnies  which  are  on  the  right  and  left 
"  sides  of  the  oven ;  after  having  passed  through  each  side  of 
"  the  two  chimneys,"  one  conveys  it  to  the  front  of  the  oven,  the 


232  SUGAR. 

other  to  the  back,  there  the  flame  unites  to  be  divided  again  to 
the  right  and  left  into  two  other  chimnies,  from  whence  "  the 
"  flame  having  lost  its  strength  escapes  by  the  discharging 
"  chimney."  At  each  extremity  of  these  chimneys  is  a  stopper 
removable  at  will.  In  the  interior  of  the  oven  is  a  box  to  receive 
the  matters  to  be  carbonized ;  the  box  is  filled  by  a  tube  reaching 
nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  box  which  has  a  funnel  and  stop- 
cock. Glass  tubes  are  at  each  side  of  the  oven  to  take  off  the 
less  volatile  fluids,  which  are  conducted  into  bottles.  Upon  the 
oven  is  a  glass  dome,  from  which  is  a  pipe  to  convey  off  the 
more  volatile  fluids  to  a  series  of  vases  or  bottles  with  a  series 
of  syphons  "  made  in  such  a  manner  that  neither  gas  or  fluid 
"  can  evaporate,"  all  of  which  arrangements  are  described  and 
claimed. 

[Printed,  1*.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  August  20.— N°  2212. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication.) — "A 
"  new  method  of  defecating  sugar  and  other  saccharine  matters, 
"  and  of  refining  or  rectifying  alcohol."  These  are,  defecating 
saccharine  matters,  whether  proceeding  from  the  cane  or  other 
vegetable  produce  by  first  treating  them  with  lime  or  its  equiva- 
lent in  excess,  and  then  with  a  saponifiable  matter  so  as  to  form 
an  insoluble  compound  or  insoluble  soap  with  the  substance 
itself,  or  with  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  defecating  substance. 
The  right  of  employing  all  soaps  is  claimed,  but  the  preference  is 
given  to  olive  oil  as  a  saponifiable  matter  and  amongst  alkalies  to 
soda.  Three  soaps  are  formed  and  used  according  to  circum- 
stances what  is  termed  a  neutral  soap  with  10  per  cent,  of  alkali 
called  No.  1.  No.  2,  soap  with  7  parts  of  alkali,  and  No.  3,  an 
alkaline  soap,  by  adding  alkali  to  No.  1.  Ammonia  is  made  use 
of  in  cases  where  saccharine  liquor  is  not  intended  to  present  any 
alkaline  quality. 

Alcohols  are  refined  or  rectified  in  a  similar  manner. 
[Printed,  Qd.   No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  September  15.— N°  2391. 

BENSEN,  GERD  JACOB.— "An  improvement  in  drying  sugar." 
This  consists  as  follows  :— "  Where  the  sugar  has  been  crystallized 
"  in  a  vacuum  pan,  it  is  run  into  pneumatic  pans  having  false 
"  bottoms  perforated,"  covered  with  wire  gauze,  the  sugar,  in 


SUGAR.  233 

preference,  is  filled  into  about  the  depth  of  three  feet,  the  bottoms 
of  such  pneumatic  pans  are  connected  by  suitable  pipes  with  iron 
tanks  which  are  kept  vacuous  by  an  air-pump  or  otherwise.  "  The 
"  sugar  having  been  thus  treated  is  then  conveyed  into  a  hot 
"  chamber,"  in  preference,  heated  from  120°  to  140°  F.  and  the 
sugar  is  placed  in  similar  pneumatic  pans  as  above,  the  spaces 
under  the  false  bottoms  are  kept  "  vacuous  when  at  work,  by 
"  which,  the  heated  air  of  the  chamber  will  rush  through  and 
"  amongst  the  crystals  of  sugar,  and  dry  the  same,  so  as  to 
"  render  the  sugar  fit  for  the  market." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1857,  October  6.— N°  2561. 

FINZEL,  WILLIAM  CONRAD,  and  BRYANT,  JAMES.—"  Im- 

"  provements  in  cleansing  animal  charcoal,  and  in  removing  iron 
"  and  other  impurities  therefrom/'  These  are,  "  the  cleansing 
"  of  animal  charcoal,  and  the  removing  of  iron  and  other  im- 
"  purities  therefrom  by  driving  hot  water,  steam,  hot  air,  or 
"  other  cleansing  and  purifying  agent  or  agents  through  the 
"  same  by  centrifugal  force."  "  The  charcoal  may  or  may  not 
"  afterwards  require  reburning  in  order  completely  to  revivify 
"  it."  In  the  Provisional  Specification  one  part  of  the  invention 
consists  "  in  exposing  granulated  animal  charcoal  to  magnets  in 
"  order  to  extract  any  particles  of  iron  which  may  be  found 
"  among  the  grains." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  November  21.— N°  2925. 

BENSEN,  GERD  JACOB. — "  An  improvement  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  moulded  sugar."  This  consists  "  in  removing  the  syrups  or 
"  liquors  in  which  the  crystals  of  sugar  have  been  formed  from 
"  the  crystallized  sugar  and  then  substituting  or  mixing  there- 
"  with  clear  liquor  or  syrup,  and  at  once  finishing  in  moulds," 
as  follows  : — Sugar,  in  preference,  crystallized  as  in  No.  2391, 
A.D.  1857,  and  the  syrup  separated,  "a  quantity  of  fine  clear 
"  liquor  or  syrup  produced  from  refined  sugar  is  to  be  added 
"  and  well  mixed  with  the  crystals  of  sugar,  and  the  proportion 
"  of  liquor  or  syrup  is  that,  the  mixture  will  just  run  from  a 
"  spoon,"  and  this  may  be  done  in  a  vacuum  or  open  pan  or  a 
pan  in  which  streams  of  air  are  blown  in  order  to  mix  the  whole 


234  SUGAR, 

intimately  together,  and  heated  to  about  170°  to  180°  F.,  and  then 
filled  into  moulds,  the  lower  ends  of  which  are  stopped.  When 
the  sugar  is  set  the  plugs  or  stoppers  are  removed,  the  liquor 
draining  from  the  sugar  in  the  moulds  is  collected  in  a  receiver, 
and  filtered  through  charcoal  may  be  used  again  for  a  similar 
purpose.  "  The  sugar  in  the  moulds  is  then  stoved  in  the  ordi- 
"  nary  manner." 

[Printed,  4d     No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1857,  December  26.— N°  3167. 

PARSONS,CHARLES  FREDERICK. — (Provisional protection  only.} 
— "  Cleansing  and  reburning  animal  charcoal."  This  is  effected 
as  follows  : — A  vertical  metal  plate  is  made  to  revolve  in  an  air- 
tight furnace  with  a  double  fire  under  it.  "  At  the  end  of  each 
"  fire  there  is  a  bridge  at  right  angles  with  the  bars  of  the 
"  furnace  for  the  purpose  of  retaining  the  heat.  The  flame 
"  travels  twice  round  the  revolving  plate ;  the  plate  travels  on  an 
"  upright  shaft,  and  is  driven  by  either  bevil  or  meter  gearing. 
"  The  upright  shaft  is  protected  from  the  fire  by  means  of  a 
"  hollow  tube."  The  revolving  plate  is  fed  with  charcoal  by 
a  hopper  at  top,  the  mouth  of  which  is  so  constructed  that  it  can 
spread  the  charcoal  over  the  plate  any  thickness.  There  are  two 
elevators  that  stand  at  right  angles  in  the  furnace  to  assist  in 
spreading  the  charcoal  to  any  given  thickness.  There  is  also  a 
scraper,  which  stands  at  an  angle  of  45°,  which  is  lowered  down 
by  means  of  a  double-acting  screw  and  bevil  gearing,  which 
scrapes  the  charcoal  when  burned  off  the  plate  into  an  internal 
tube  with  an  oblique  bottom,  which  discharges  it  outside  the 
furnace  into  any  place  assigned  for  it.  "  The  plate  described 
"  above  may  be  worked  so  as  not  to  revolve." 
[Printed,  4td.  No  Drawings.] 


1858. 

A.D.  1858,  March  5.— N°  445. 

PARSONS,  CHARLES  FREDERICK. — "  Improvements  in  ma- 
"  chinery  for  producing  and  revifying  animal  charcoal."  These 
are  obtaining  an  extended  surface  for  the  above  purposes,  "  from 


SUGAR,  235 

"  which  the  atmosphere  is  excluded  in  order  to  prevent  com- 
"  bustion  of  the  bones  or  charcoal."  This  consists  of  a  circular 
frame  in  the  lower  part  of  which  are  one  or  more  furnaces,  the 
heat  passes  by  flues  round  the  frame,  and  into  a  chimney  or  shaft 
common  to  both  or  all  of  the  flues.  "  Over  the  furnace  and  flues 
"  there  is  a  metal  disc  or  platform  with  a  central  aperture,  and 
"  the  rings  or  flanges  in  which  the  edges  of  the  plates  forming 
"  the  disc  or  platform  are  connected  or  terminate,  are  free  to 
"  revolve  in  sand  troughs.  The  central  aperture  opens  into  a 
"  fixed  spout  leading  to  the  side  of  the  frame,  the  outlet  being 
"  closed  by  a  tight  fitting  door  or  valve.  There  is  a  cover  fitted 
"  perfectly  tight  over  the  revolving  platform ;  spreaders  and 
"  spreading  rollers  are  fixed  between  the  cover  and  the  upper 
"  surface  of  the  platform  for  the  purpose  of  distributing  the 
"  material  io  be  operated  upon  evenly  thereon."  The  feeding 
hopper  with  a  valve  or  slide  to  prevent  the  access  of  air  passes 
through  the  cover  nearly  to  the  surface  of  the  platform.  Two  or 
more  ventilating  pipes  with  valves  opening  outwards  are  fitted 
between  the  cover  and  the  furnace  shaft  to  convey  away  matters 
given  off  by  the  material  under  treatment.  The  platform  is 
connected  by  arras  to  a  central  shaft,  to  which  rotary  motion  is 
given  by  any  well-known  means.  When  the  matters  are  suffi- 
ciently carbonized  "  on  the  platform,  an  angular  guide  is  let  down 
"  upon  the  surface  thereof,  whereby  the  matters  are  guided  off 
"  the  platform  down  into  the  central  spout  to  be  withdrawn 
"  from  the  machine.  On  commencing  operations  a  gas  or  other 
"  flame  or  agent  may  be  introduced  to  consume  or  draw  off  all 
"  the  oxygen  which  may  be  inside  the  machine." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  March  24.— No.  621. 

BRINJES,  JOHN  FREDERICK,  the  younger,  and  COLLINS, 
HENRY  JOSEPH. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and  re- 
"  burning  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  for  the  above  pur- 
poses the  retorts  are  set  so  as  to  have  a  flue  space  around  them 
and  placed  horizontally  or  nearly  so  over  the  heating  furnace, 
and  are  each  supplied  or  charged  with  the  materials  to  be  burnt 
or  reburnt  by  a  vertical  pipe  leading  downwards  from  a  hopper, 
and  opening  into  one  end  of  the  retort.  If  desired  an  archi- 
medean  screw  may  be  worked  in  this  pipe  by  a  pinion  and  worm 
wheel  for  regulating  the  feed.  The  materials  are  slowly  and 


236  SUGAR. 

continuously  worked  through  the  retorts  by  another  archimedean 
screw  rotated  by  worms  or  worm  wheels  or  other  means.  This 
latter  screw  has  projections  for  moving  the  contents  of  the  retort. 
At  the  discharge  end  is  a  chamber  with  a  pipe  for  carrying  off 
the  gases  and  vapors  to  be  condensed.  "The  bottom  side  of  the 
"  chamber  above  mentioned  is  furnished  with  a  receiver  for  the 
"'  charcoal,  which  receiver  is  fitted  with  slides,  so  as  to  divide  it 
"  into  separate  compartments.  The  upper  portion  of  the  receiver 
"  is  surrounded  by  flue  space,  whilst  the  lower  portion  thereof 
"  is  beyond  the  brickwork,  so  as  to  allow  the  charcoal  contained 
"  therein  to  cool  before  it  is  finally  discharged.  In  place  of  the 
"  archimedean  screws  for  traversing  and  agitating  the  contents 
"  of  the  retorts,  the  retorts  may  be  made  to  revolve,  and  a  screw 
"  may  be  formed  on  their  interior  surface,  or  travelling  tables 
"  inside  the  retorts  may  be  used  for  the  same  purpose." 
[Printed,  lOe*.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  March  27.— N"  655. 

GILBEE,  WILLIAM  ARMAND. — (A  communication.) — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  treating  saccharine  fluids."  These  are,  "the  applica- 
"  tion  to  the  treatment  of  saccharine  fluids  of  alcohol  and  agents 
"  capable  of  effecting  in  conjunction  with  alcohol  the  elimination 
"  of  organic  matters  which  are  mixed  with  the  sugar  in  the  juices 
"  of  sacchariferous  plants,"  as  follows  : — The  fluid  is  "concen- 
"  trated  to  from  18°  to  30°  Beaume's  areometer,  either  after  defeca- 
"  tion  in  the  ordinary  manner  or  direct,  care  being  taken  to 
"  neutralize  the  acidity  of  the  syrup  as  soon  as  it  appears,  by 
"  lime  or  other  base."  If  too  alkaline,  they  "  they  are  first  neu- 
"  tralised  by  carbonic  or  sulphuric  acid,  and  then  conveyed  into 
"  a  closed  sheet-iron  vessel  provided  with  an  agitator,"  and  alcohol 
"  added  till  the  mixture  marks  60°  to  70°  by  Gay  Lussac's  alco- 
4<  holimeter.  Three  volumes  of  alcohol  at  93°,  and  one  volume 
"  of  syrup  at  20°  Baume,  are  the  suitable  proportions  for  this 
"  mixture.  After  agitating  for  a  few  minutes  the  whole  is  allowed 
"  to  settle,  and  the  clear  liquid  decanted  from  the  impurities  which 
"  contain  a  small  quantity  of  sugar.  This  deposit  may  be  either 
"  washed  several  times  with  alcohol  (which  will  serve  for  a  sub- 
"  sequent  precipitation),  or  after  being  freed  from  alcohol  by 
"  passing  through  it  a  jet  of  steam,  it  may  be  used  like  molasses 
"  in  distilleries.  The  clear  decanted  liquid  is  treated  with  "  the 
"  purifying  agents ;  an  acid,  or  an  acid  salt,  such  as  sulphuric, 


SUGAR.  237 

"  oxalic,  or  tartaric  acid,  and  sulphate  of  alumina,  forming  with 
"  potass  and  soda  insoluble  compounds  in  alcohol,  will  separate 
"  these  alkalies."  In  preference,  using  sulphuric  acid  diluted 
in  alcohol,  agitating  in  the  cold,  neutralizing  the  acids  by  a  base 
of  lime,  barytes,  strontian,  oxide  of  lead,  or  other  suitable  base,  or 
one  of  their  basic  salts.  On  distilling,  the  ammonia  is  evolved 
and  condensed,  the  deposit  is  removed,  and  the  alcohol  condensed, 
while  the  saccharine  matter  is  concentrated,  clarified,  filtered,  &c. 
[Printed,  4d  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  April  1—  N°  697. 

WARD,  HENRY. — "  Improved  machinery  for  expressing  liquids 
"  from  organic  substances."  This  "relates  chiefly  to  the  ex- 
"  traction  by  a  pressing  process  of  the  saccharine  juices  from 
"  beet-root  pulp,"  and  consists  in  "  the  use  of  a  reciprocating 
"  plunger  in  combination  with  a  compressing  chamber,"  as 
follows  : — Standards  are  bolted  to  a  bed  plate  which  carry  at  their 
upper  ends  a  crank  shaft,  to  which  the  power  for  working  the 
machine  is  given  in  any  convenient  manner.  Pendant  from  this 
crank  shaft  are  two  crank  rods,  to  the  lower  ends  of  which  is 
secured  the  crosshead  of  a  plunger  or  piston.  The  ends  of  this 
crosshead  work  in  guides  carried  by  the  side  standards  to  ensure  the 
parallel  action  of  the  plunger.  Immediately  below  the  plunger 
and  supported  on  an  iron  frame,  to  which  it  is  securely  bolted,  is 
the  compressing  chamber  fs  the  form  of  which  may  be  somewhat 
"  varied.  I  prefer,  however,  that  it  should  be  narrow  in  cross 
"  section  but  broad  laterally,  so  that  it  may  present  an  extended 
"  surface  to  the  pulp  to  be  placed  therein.  The  capacity  of  the 
"  chamber  will  also  contract  towards  its  lower  end.  The  sides  of 
"  this  chamber  being  intended  to  act  as  strainers  or  filters,  and 
"  permit  the  juices  to  exude  while  the  solid  portions  of  the  pulp 
"  are  prevented  escaping  with  the  liquid." 
[Printed,  10d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  April  8.— N°  753. 

RICHMOND,  EDWARD.  —  (A  communication  from  Thomas 
Blanchard.) — "  Certain  new  and  useful  mechanism  for  reducing, 
"  or  reducing  and  crushing,  and  in  various  other  respects  treating 
*'  grain,  sugar  cane,  tobacco,  or  other  substance  or  substances." 
These  are,  first,  "  in  the  employment  in  combination  with  each 


238  SUGAR. 

"  other  of  two  series  of  circular  discs,  those  of  each  series  being 
"  arranged  on  a  separate  shaft  side  by  side  with  each  other,  and 
"  with  washers  of  less  diameter  and  of  slightly  greater  thickness 
"  interposed  between  them,  the  two  shafts  being  placed  parallel  to 
"  each  other  and  at  such  distance  apart  that  a  portion  of  the  peri- 
"  phery  of  each  of  the  discs  on  each  shaft  shall  pass  into  the  space 
"  between  the  two  discs  on  the  other  shaft,  the  said  shaft  being 
"  geared  to  rotate  in  opposite  directions  and  with  equal  velocity." 

Second,  "a  combination  of  the  two  series  of  discs  combined 
"  as  above,"  and  "  one  series  of  clearers  or  stationary  eccentric 
"  plates  for  each  series  of  discs,  such  clearers  being  interposed 
"  between  the  discs  "  for  "  the  purpose  of  forcing  the  particles  or 
"  pieces  of  the  reduced  substance  from  between  any  two  of  the 
"  discs,  and  discharging  such  at  their  peripheries." 

Third,  "  a  combination  of  such  rotary  shears,  or  the  same  and 
"  their  clearers  with  crushing  rollers  or  mechanism,  or  such,  and 
"  an  endless  apron,  or  other  suitable  device  for  the  removal  of 
"  the  reduced,  or  reduced  and  crushed  material  from  the  reducing 
"  mechanism  in  such  direction  as  circumstances  may  require/' 

Fourth,  "  a  combination  of  an  endless  apron  or  conveyor,  one 
"  or  more  sets  of  shearing  or  reducing  mechanism  and  a  bolting 
"  or  sifting  mechanism  arranged  together." 
[Printed,  10cJ.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  April  23.— N°  898. 

SILLEM,  HERMAN  JAMES. — "  Improvements  in  the  machinery 
"  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "an  apparatus 
"  formed  of  suitably  shaped  scrapers,  plates,  and  brushes,  or  other 
"  like  appliances,  which  may  be  attached  to  or  brought  into 
"  proximity  with  the  centrifugal  machine  in  such  way  that  their 
"  distance  from  the  inner  perforated  surface  of  the  revolving 
"  drum  may  be  regulated  at  pleasure,  for  the  purpose  of  equally 
"  distributing  the  charge  at  its  introduction  into  the  machine, 
"  and  also  for  the  purpose  of  removing  the  charge  from  the 
"  rotating  surface  after  it  has  been  converted  into  *  cured '  sugar 
"  without  the  necessity  of  stopping  the  machine."  The  before- 
named  scrapers,  plates,  and  brushes,  or  other  like  appliances 
are  likewise  used  "  to  remove  the  sugar  from  the  rotating  surface 
'"  of  the  machine,  and  which,  as  they  do  not  rotate  with  the 
"  revolving  drum,  will,  through  the  means  given  for  regulating 
"  their  distance  from  the  perforated  surface,  discharge  the  sugar 


SUGAR.  239 

"  through  a  hopper,  spout,  or  other  conveyance,  into  suitable 
"  receptacles,  by  means  of  the  pressure  received  from  the  re- 
"  volving  cylinder  acting  upon  the  charge  when  the  plates  and 
"  so  forth  are  brought  up  to  or  towards  the  inner  circular  surface 
"  of  the  revolving  cylinder." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  May  7.— N°  1024. 

FIELD,  JAMES  JOHN. — "Improvements  in  evaporating  or  in 
"  extracting  moisture  from  liquids,  and  from  substances  in  a  liquid 
"  state  and  in  apparatus  to  be  employed  therein."  These  are, 
employing  for  the  above  purposes  gases  or  vapours  more  or  less 
perfectly  dried,  of  such  nature  as  to  prevent  when  desirable  the 
oxidation  of  the  matters  acted  upon  by  forcing  them  through  the 
liquids  or  substances  divided  into  numerous  small  streams,  or 
sheets,  or  jets,  or  over  the  liquid  or  substance.  The  moist  gases 
or  vapours  are  then  passed  "  through  or  over  chlor  de  of  calcium 
"  or  other  chemical  agent  having  a  great  affinity  for  water  or 
"  liquid,"  and  thus  dried  they  may  be  used  again,  or  "  they 
"  may  be  passed  into  a  mechanical  drying  chamber  in  addition 
"  to  or  in  substitution  for  the  chemical  drying."  The  apparatus 
for  subdividing  the  liquids  as  above  "  consists  of  a  pipe  leading 
"  from  the  chemical  or  mechanical  drying  chamber  into  a  reservoir, 
"  having  one  of  its  sides  perforated  with  numerous  small  holes  or 
"  narrow  slits,  through  which  perforations  the  dried  gases  or 
"  vapours  pass  into  a  chamber  wherein  the  liquid  or  other  sub- 
"  stances  to  be  operated  upon  (divided  into  numerous  small 
"  streams,  or  sheets,  or  jets  by  perforated  spreaders  or  other  like 
"  mechanical  agents)  is  presented  to  their  action;"  the  gases 
or  vapours  then  pass  through  another  series  of  perforations  into 
the  chemical  or  mechanical  drying  chambers  above  -mentioned. 
"  After  the  fluids  fall  in  the  liquid  chamber,  I  raise  them  by  a 
"  pump,  or  otherwise,  to  be  again  divided,"  and  so  on  as  desired. 
This  process,  it  is  said,  is  particularly  applicable  to  among  other 
purposes  which  are  named  "  the  evaporation  of  sugar." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  June  5.— N°  1271. 

MANBRJE,  ALEXANDRE. — "An  improved  method  of  preparing 
"  malt  and  other  grain,  and  in  extracting  the  saccharine  matter 


240  SUGAR. 

"  therefrom,  whether  for  the  purposes  of  brewing,  distilling,  or 
"  otherwise."  This  consists,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  first, 
in  "  separating  the  bran  or  husk  from  the  grain  by  grinding  or 
"  otherwise,"  and  using  only  the  flour.  Second,  "extracting 
"  the  saccharine  matter  from  the  flour,"  as  follows  : — A  vessel 
containing  water  is  heated  by  a  naked  fire  "  from  50°  to 
"  100°  Fahrenheit,  according  to  the  temperature  of  the  exter- 
"  nal  air,"  the  flour  is  gradually  stirred  in,  and  the  whole 
heated  up  to  about  185°  F.,  and  thorougly  mixed,  "  is  allowed  to 
"  settle  when  infusion  and  maceration  only  are  required.  Where 
"  deemed  requisite,  the  whole  is  made  to  boil  for  from  one  hour 
"  upwards,  and  then  allowed  to  settle  for  from  1^  to  2^  hours, 
"  and  the  clear  liquor  is  drawn  off  into  another  vessel  to 
"  undergo  a  last  boiling."  "  Another  method  of  extracting 
(f  saccharine  matter  from  grain  or  flour :" — The  flour  is  put  011 
felt  or  flannel,  resting  on  a  perforated  false  bottom,  in  a  her- 
metically closed  vessel,  water  at  from  50  to  100  F.  is  admitted 
through  a  cock  to  moisten  the  goods,  after  which  "  water  at  about 
"  175°  to  185°  F.'is  added,  and  the  whole  is  left  for  from  10 
"  minutes  to  one  hour.  Then  air  or  steam  is  forced  in  over  the 
"  mass,  when  the  clear  liquid,  carrying  with  it  all  the  saccharine 
"  matter,  will  be  forced  through  the  filter  and  perforated  false 
"  bottom,  to  be  drawn  off  and  used  for  the  manufacture "  of, 
among  other  things  which  are  named,  sugar.  "  Or,  instead  of 
"  introducing  any  agent  from  above  to  force  the  clear  liquid 
"  through  the  filter,  a  pump  or  vacuum  may  be  employed  to 
"  draw  it  through  it." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  June  7-— N°  1283. 

LOMBARD,  JEAN  BAPTISTE  ADOLPHE,  and  ESQUIRON, 
XAVIER  TRISTAN. — "  A  new  or  improved  means  of  obtaining 
"  saccharine  substances  from  cereal  and  vegetable  matters,  and 
"  applying  the  products  obtained  to  various  useful  purposes." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows : — "  The  sac- 
"  charification  of  all  cereals,  such  as  barley,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
"  maize,  rice,  &c.,  and  of  all  vegetable  matters,  such  as  ligneous 
"  fibres,  parenchyma,  pulps,  roots,  the  rind  of  fruits,  the  peels  of 
"  potatoes,  and  all  feculous  fruits  in  general,"  as  follows  : — "  All 
"  substances  containing  starch  must  first  be  reduced  to  flour,  or 
"  coarsely  ground  "  and  "  sifted,  in  order  to  have  only  the  flour 


SUGAR.  241 

"  to  treat;  they  are  mixed  for  some  hours  before  use  in  once, 
"  twice,  three,  four,  five,  or  six  times,  and  more,  their  weight  of 
"  water,"  but  this  may  be  dispensed  with  ;  "  the  mixture  is  then 
"  placed  in  a  close  boiler,  furnished  with  a  safety  valve  and  high- 
"  pressure  guage,"  and  acid  is  added,  the  proportions  of  which 
vary  with  the  substance  operated  upon.  The  temperature  of  the 
boiler  is  raised  "  either  by  a  bath  of  fatty  bodies,  metal  infusion, 
"  or  other  substances  capable  of  developing  pressure  in  their 
"  apparatus,  and  consequently  heat  above  212°  F."  A  current  of 
steam  may  also  be  employed,  and  a  current  of  carbonic  acid  may 
be  injected  into  the  boiler.  When  saccharification  has  reached  the 
degree  desired,  the  apparatus  may  be  cooled  by  tubes  of  cold 
water  into  it,  and  the  liquid  drawn  off,  and  the  acid  neutralized  by 
lime,  baryta,  strontia,  or  their  carbonates.  If  sulphuric  acid  is 
used,  adding  a  little  oxalic  acid,  or  oxalate  of  ammonia  dissolved 
in  water,  which  precipitates  the  calcareous  salts.  The  liquid  is 
drawn  off,  and  if  not  "  clear,  it  is  clarified  by  albumen,  white  of 
"  eggs,  blood,  &c.,  or  other  known  means."  "  For  the  manufac- 
"  ture  of  syrups  the  operation  is  the  same,  the  length  of  the 
<c  action  only  is  increased,  we  stop  when  the  alcohol  no  longer 
"  precipitates  dextrine,  the  syrups  thus  obtained  are  then 
"  evaporated,  in  order  to  bring  them  to  the  desired  degree  of 
"  concentration." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  June  15.— N°  1355. 

WARNER,  HAMILTON  SHIRLEY. — (Letters  Patent  void  for  want 
of  Final  Specification.) — "Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  decolorizing  and  purifying  charcoal."  These  are,  making  such 
charcoal  as  follows  :— First,  "  pitch  from  the  pitch  lake  at  La 
"  Brea  in  Trinidad  "  is  melted  and  "  the  porous  stone  or  gravel 
"  of  the  hill  of  San  Fernando  in  Trinidad  (which  is  I  believe  a 
"  silicate  of  alumina  and  magnesia),"  or  any  other  substance  not 
fusible  or  decomposible  by  heat,  "  such  as  pumicestone,  broken 
"  brick,  spent  animal  charcoal,  calcined  bones,  &c.,  would  be 
"  suitable,"  ground  or  otherwise,  in  a  dry  state,  is  added  with 
stirring,  raising,  and  continuing  the  heat  until  all  volatile  matter 
is  given  off  at  a  red  heat ;  any  dust  is  removed  by  sifting. 

Second,  the  materials,  pitch,  clay,  &c.  may  be  ground  to  powder 
and  mixed,  and  heated  in  small  iron  pots,  or  heated  while  passing 
through  an  iron  or  other  tube,  heated  to  a  strong  red  heat  in  a 
furnace,  or  the  powders  may  be  fed  into  the  upper  end  of  a  re- 


242  SUGAR. 

volving  cylinder,  open  at  both  ends,  heated  by  a  furnace  or 
carbonized  upon  a  plate  with  a  fire  underneath.  "  Powdered 
"  pitch  may  also  be  mixed  with  spent  animal  charcoal  in 
"  reburning." 

Third,  "  the  pitch  and  clay  may  both  be  reduced  to  fine  powder 
"  mixed,  then  slightly  moistened  with  water,  and  granulated  by 
"  appropriate  machinery."     "  The  grains  are  then  to  be  dried 
"  and  burned  in  any  of  the  ways  above  mentioned." 
[Prated,  4id.    No  Drawings.] 

! 

A.D.  1858,  June  23.— N°  1415. 

SPENCER,  THOMAS. — "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  of  iron 
•'  ores  and  ferruginous  sands,  and  certain  applications  arising 
"  therefrom."  These  are,  oxide  of  iron  is  mixed  with  carbona- 
ceous matter,  as  "  charcoal,  coke,  coal,  wood,  or  peat,  or  the  dust 
"  of  either  of  these,  or  that  of  any  other  matter  containing 
"  carbon,"  and  heated  in  a  retort  such  as  for  gas,  having  a  small 
aperture  fitted  with  a  stop  cock,  to  permit  the  escape  of  any  gas 
or  moisture,  for  two  to  six  hours,  at  a  dull  or  cherry  red  heat ; 
when  gas  ceases  to  come  off  the  stop  cock  is  shut,  and  the  mass 
allowed  to  cool,  or  it  is  cooled  under  water.  If  carbonate  of  iron 
is  used  in  place  of  the  oxide  above,  it  is  first  calcined,  to  drive  off 
the  carbonic  acid  before  it  is  mixed  with  the  carbonaceous 
matters.  The  result  of  the  carbonization  as  above,  is  a  compound 
named  "  ferrosoferric  carbide,  or  indifferently  '  oxy-carbide,'  or 
"  '  magnetic-carbide,'  each  term  •  implying  the  same  substance." 
The  application  of  this  substance  to  the  purification  of  several 
substances  is  given,  among  which  is  "  the  purification  of  saccharine 
"  fluids,  such  as  those  derived  from  beet-root  or  the  sugar  cane," 
by  substituting  "  this  ferruginous  compound  in  lieu  of  charcoal, 
"  used  in  the  refinement  of  sugar."  "  Where  the  powers  of  the 
"  magnetic  carbide  are  expended  in  the  course  of  the  process  of 
"  refinement,  they  are  to  be  revived  by  reheating  in  a  retort  or 
"  oven."  "  A  similar  process  of  reheating  is  now  adopted  for  the 
"  revivification  of  the  animal  charcoal  used  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar." 

[Printed,  M.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  July  13.— N°  15/4. 

BUCHANAN,  GEORGE. — "  Improvements  in  sugar  cane  mills." 
These  are,  first,  "  the  general  arrangement  and  construction  of 
•ts  sugar  cane  mills,"  as  follows  : — - 


SUGAR.  243 

Second,  "  greatly  increasing  the  strength  of  the  frames,  depen- 
"  dence  being  place/l  upon  the  cohesive  strength  of  vvrought-iron 
"  instead  of  cast-iron.  The  latter  material  is  only  used  as  a  con- 
"  venient  medium  for  keeping  the  whole  together  and  securing  it 
"  to  the  sole  plate."  Reducing  the  weight  of  the  side  frames 
one-half  and  having  sheet-iron  plates  at  sides.  Greatly  reducing 
the  height  of  the  frame,  which  lessens  the  vibration  and  makes 
the  supplying  or  feeding  with  canes  easier,  and  reduces  the  height 
of  the  feed  board. 

Third,  "  the  mode  of  drawing  out  the  lower  rollers  horizontally  " 
without  "raising  or  lifting  the  said  rollers  or  moving  the  top 
"  roller,  as  in  the  ordinary  mill,  by  slidirig  back  the  rollers  in  a 
"  horizontal  direction,  an  opening  being  left  in  the  standard 
"  behind  the  rollers  on  each  side,"  in  which  a  wrought-iron  tie- 
bar  is  placed,  "  which  can  with  facility  be  removed  when  it  is 
"  wished  to  draw  the  rollers  out." 

Fourth,  "  the  wrought-iron  tie-bars  at  sides  and  their  peculiar 
".  construction,  and  the  dispensing  thereby  with  the  use  of  nuts 
"  for  adjusting  screws  of  lower  rollers."  The  adjusting  screws 
"  pass  through  the  wrought-iron  tie-bars  which  are  tapped  to 
"  receive  them." 

Fifth,  "  dispensing  with  the  use  of  cast-iron  flanges  to  lower 
"  rollers"  by  "placing  a  sheet-iron  plate  opposite  to  ends  of  top 
"  rollers." 

[Printed,  Qd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  August  17.— N°  1878. 

LICHTENSTADT,  DAVID,  and  DUFF,  CHARLES.— (A  com- 
munication.}— (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improvements  in 
"  treating  tan  and  tanning  refuse  to  obtain  valuable  products 
"  therefrom."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : 
— "  After  the  tan  has  been  dried  by  the  air,  I  distil  it  in  close  iron 
"  cylinders,  generally  used  for  the  distillation  of  coal,  and  which 
"  cylinders  are  in  communication  with  iron  pipes  so  constructed 
"  that  the  ligneous  acid  and  tar  runs  into  a  lower  cistern,  and 
the  hydrocarbonic  gas  from  thence  is  conveyed  under  the  fire- 
place of  the  above-mentioned  distilling  apparatus  to  be  con- 
sumed." The  charcoal  remaining  in  the  retort  is  prepared 
for  filtering,  sugar  refining,  deodorizing,  bleaching  of  spirits 
and  other  liquids,  &c.,"  by  taking  the  charcoal  when  hot  from 
the  cylinder,  stirring  it  in  a  liquid  composed  of  100  pounds  of 

Q  2 


244  SUGAR. 

water  and  5  pounds  of  muriatic  acid,  for  about  half  an  hour, 
taking  it  out,  drying  it  "  in  a  warm  place,  and  it  is  fit  for  use 
"  ground  fine  or  in  small  pieces." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  August  31.— N°  1981. 

MARGESSON,  PHILIP  DAVIES. — "Improvements  in  treating 
"  sugar  canes  and  other  canes  containing  saccharine  matter  in 
"  the  preparation  of  food  for  animals,  also  in  manufacturing 
**  sugar  and  worts  or  wash  for  brewing,  distilling,  and  vinegar- 
"  making,  and  applying  the  resulting  fibre  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  paper."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subiect,  the  canes  as 
soon  as  ripe  are  cut  into  thin  slices  or  cuttings,  and  then  dried,  by 
preference,  in  the  sun  in  the  open  air,  and  reduced  to  a  fine  powder 
in  a  suitable  mill,  and  made  into  cakes  by  compressing.  "  The 
"  saccharine  matter  contained  in  the  compressed  powder  of  cane 
"  may,  when  about  to  be  dissolved  out  of  the  powder  by  water, 
"  and  the  solution  of  syrups  thus  obtained  may  be  used  for 
"  crystallizing  into  sugar,"  &c. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  November  16.— N°  2578. 

BRUJ^RE,  ALEXANDRE  MARTIN. — (Provisional protection  only.) 
— "  The  novel  application  of  hydrogen  gas  to  various  purposes  in 
"  the  arts."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "  in  operating 
"  upon  wood  for  the  production  of  charcoal ;  charcoal  of  better 
"  quality  will  be  produced  by  the  introduction  of  hydrogen  gas 
"  into  the  carbonizing  chamber,  as  the  hydrogen  will  unite  with 
"  and  carry  off  the  matters  foreign  to  charcoal  contained  in  the 
"  wood.  The  same  remark  will  also  apply  to  bones  when  operated 
"  upon  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  animal  charcoal,  and  to 
"  lignites  and  peat." 

[Printed,  4cJ.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  November  19.— N°  2613. 

HOWE,  GEORGE,  and  NORTON,  JOHN.  —  "  An  improved 
"  method  of  boiling  water  or  worts  for  brewerys,  distillerys,  &c., 
"  by  steam,  or  for  heating  rooms,  public  buildings,  churches, 
"  chapels,  factorys,  &c."  An  oblong  steam  boiler  is  shown, 
from  the  upper  part  of  one  end  of  which  is  an  outlet  pipe  with  a 
tap,  which  pipe  "  conducts  the  water  or  steam  into  a  coil  pipe, 


SUGAR.  245 

"  which  may  be  made  of  any  metal,  and  which  coil  pipe  is  intro- 
"  duced  into  a  boiling  pan  or  vat,  thereby  causing  the  liquid  in 
"  the  pan  or  vat  to  boil  quickly,  the  pipe  is  then  carried  from  the 
"  pan  or  vat  into  the  boiler  "  at  the  top  of  the  end  furthest 
from  the  exit  pipe,  "  thereby  returning  any  condensed  or  waste 
"  steam,  at  the  same  time  causing  a  great  saving  of  coal,  and 
"  preventing  loss  of  water,  with  much  less  chance  of  explosion. 
"  This  plan  is  adopted  for  drying  houses  of  every  description, 
"  bleach  yards,  sugar  houses,  soap  works,  and  similar  purposes  ; 
"  also  for  heating  buildings,  churches,  chapels,  factorys,  &c." 
Many  variations  may  be  made  in  the  above  arrangements, 
without,  it  is  said,  "  deviating  from  the  principles  of  the  said 
"  invention." 

[Printed,  Sd.    Drawings.] 


A.D.  1858,  November  29.— N°  2/22. 

BENSEN,  GKRD  JACOB. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  cleansing  or  purifying  animal  charcoal  after  it 
"  has  been  employed  by  sugar  refiners."  The  charcoal  is  laid 
uniformly  on  a  strainer  or  false  bottom  in  a  vessel,  and  "  the  water 
or  liquid  with  which  the  washing  is  to  be  performed  is  run  on  to 
the  surface  of  the  charcoal ;  a  partial  vacuum  is  then  produced  by 
pumps  or  otherwise  in  the  space  between  the  bottom  of  the  vessel 
and  the  under  surface  of  the  strainer  or  false  bottom,  and  this 
causes  the  washing  liquid  to  pass  rapidly  through  the  layer  of 
charcoal,  which  is  thus  quickly  cleansed ;  in  a  similar  manner  air 
may  be  drawn  through  the  charcoal,  and  steam  may  be  blown 
through  it  by  leading  steam  by  a  pipe  into  the  space  between  the 
two  bottoms  of  the  vessel.  The  charcoal  may  be  afterwards 
"  revivified  by  burning  in  the  usual  manner." 
[Printed,  4d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  December  2.— N°  2755. 

MAC  KIRDY,  LAUCHLAN.— "Improvements  in  the  roanufac- 
"  ture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  saving  of  time  and  labour  in 
"  certain  processes  "  "  together  with  other  advantages,"  as  follows  : 
First,  "the  filling  of  sugar  moulds  direct  from  the  heaters, 
"  such  moulds  being  arranged  in  sets  in  frames  "  which  either 
have  wheels  or  they  are  placed  on  "  carriages  for  conveyance  to 
"  and  from  the  heaters." 


246  SUGAR. 

Second,  "  placing  the  mould  frames  or  carriages  at  a  level 
"  under  or  near  the  heaters  "  sufficiently  low  to  run  the  liquid 
sugar  direct  into  the  moulds,  the  heaters  having  outlets  "  formed 
"  with  two  or  more  mouths  or  spouts  so  as  to  fill  two  or  more 
"  moulds  simultaneously." 

Third,  "  the  fixing  of  the  spikes  or  studs  for  closing  the  mould 
"  apices  on  fixed  or  adjustable  frames"  which  close  the  apex 
apertures  of  the  moulds  whilst  the  sugar  remains  liquid. 

Fourth,  "  providing  such  mould  with  two  or  more  apex  aper- 
"  tures  and  corresponding  spikes  or  studs,"  when  the  time  arrives 
for  draining  the  sugar. 

Fifth,  "  doing  away  with  the  old  system  of  draining  pots,"  the 
sugar  being  drained  off  "  into  a  pan  adjusted  or  fitted  into  the 
"  bottom  of  the  frame  or  carriage,"  removable  when  filled  or 
discharged  by  an  outlet;  or  "the  moulds  may  be  originally 
"  placed  in  sockets  in  the  frame  or  carriage,  the  pointed  studs 
"  being  carried  by  an  adjustable  frame,  by  means  of  which  they 
"  are  lifted  into  the  moulds,  and  lowered  thence  when  the 
"  drainage  is  to  commence." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1858,  December  3.— N°  2761. 

HENRY,  MICHAEL. — (A  communication  from  J.  A.  Lagard.) — 
"  Improvements  in  manufacturing  and  revivifying  bone  black  or 
"  animal  charcoal,  and  in  kilns  and  apparatus  employed  therein." 
These  are,  first,  carrying  out  the  above  "  in  kilns,  receivers,  and 
"  apparatus  or  means,"  afterwards  described. 

Second,  "  constructing  the  receivers  (or  apparatus  for  holding 
"  the  bones  or  charcoal)  with  feet  for  raising  them  above  the  sole" 
and  with  an  escape  "  valve  or  cap  free  to  slide  up  and  down  under 
"  the  pressure  of  the  gases  liberated  from  within  the  receiver,  its 
"  travel  being  regulated,  preferably,  by  a  bent  wire  held  in  the 
"  orifice." 

Third,  "  constructing  and  arranging  the  kiln  with  a  fire-place  at 
"  each  angle  of  the  sole"  having  "rows  of  holes  or  passages 
"  communicating  with  transverse  flues  beneath,  leading  through 
"  up-flues  into  an  exit  flue  surrounding  the  upper  part  of  the 
"  kiln,"  the  products  of  combustion  finally  enter  into  chimneys 
at  each  end  of  the  kiln.  The  raised  receivers  are  completely 
enveloped  in  flames,  &c. 


SUGAR.  247 

Fourth,  the  arrangement  of  kilns  as  above  together  with  the 
arrangements  necessary  to  the  carrying  on  of  the  operation  con- 
tinuously. The  kilns  sufficiently  heated,  the  receivers  are  intro- 
duced therein  by  means  of  an  instrument  by  which  they  are 
clutched,  and  which  has  a  shank  running  on  rollers  and  termina- 
ting in  a  handle  ;  "  one  receiver  is  set  over  each  hole.  The  doors 
"  through  which  they  are  introduced  are  arranged  alternately  so 
"  that  each  may  front  one  of  the  vertical  flues  corresponding  to 
"  each  transverse  row  of  holes,  by  the  time  the  last  batch  of 
"  receivers  is  in  the  first  will  be  ready  for  removal  and  may  be 
"  replaced  by  fresh  ones." 

Fifth,  "  the  mode  of  constructing,  combining,  or  providing  kilns 
"  with  columns  or  tubes  arranged  thus : — an  inner  within  an 
"  outer,  concentric  to  it  or  nearly  so,  and  so  contrived  and  com- 
"  bined  that  the  bone  black  undergoing  revivification  may  pass 
"  or  be  contained  between  two  heated  surfaces,  the  inner  of  which 
"  provides  for  the  escape  of  the  vaporous  productsof  dessiccation," 
and  the  arrangement  and  combination  of  the  same. 
[Printed,  IQd,  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1858,  December  4.— N°  2771. 

CAMERON,  JOHN.  —  "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  the 
"  manufacture  of  sugar."  In  the  Provisional  Specification  these 
are  said  to  be,  first,  "  constructing  a  battery  for  boiling  or  evapo- 
"  rating  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine  liquids  of  a  series  of  open 
"  pans,  which  are  fitted  and  supported  by  their  conical  edges  or 
"  flanges  in  cast  iron  plates,  which  form  the  top  of  the  building 
"  or  furnace ;  these  cast  iron  plates  are  bolted  together  and 
<f  formed  with  a  gutter  along  each  side  to  receive  and  convey  the 
"  cane  juice  to  the  grand  or  large  pan,  and  also  to  carry  off  the 
"  skimmings.  The  cast  iron  plates  may  be  inclined  or  conical, 
"  so  as  to  conduct  back  into  the  pans  any  liquid  which  may  boil 
"  over. 

Second,  cleansing  the  evaporated  or  granulated  sugar  from 
molasses  by  "  submitting  it  to  the  action  of  a  vacuum  in  a  pan, 
"  or  in  a  series  of  pans  or  boxes  with  false  bottoms  formed  of 
"  thin  bars  of  galvanized  iron  or  copper  or  other  suitable  ma- 
"  material  fitted  or  placed  very  close  together.  The  space  under 
"  the  false  bottom  communicates  with  a  close  vessel  or  monte- 
"  juice,  which  is  exhausted  by  an  air  pump  worked  by  a  steam 
"  engine.  The  molasses  is  then  drawn  through  into  the  mdnte- 


248  SUGAR. 

"  juice."  The  molasses  is  forced  up  a  pipe  by  means  of  steam 
into  the  monte-juice  into  a  cistern,  and  from  thence  into  what  is 
called  "  a  wetzel  pan,  having  a  revolving  cylinder  or  assemblage  of 
"  tubes  traversed  and  heated  by  the  waste  steam  of  the  engine 
"  which  drives  the  air  pump,"  and  placed  in  the  vacuum  boxes  or 
pans  for  cry stalliz able  sugar.  "  The  cane  juice  or  other  saccharine 
"  liquid  evaporated  or  concentrated  in  the  battery  may  be  further 
"  concentrated  and  granulated  in  the  witzel  pan,  and  run  into  the 
"  vacuum  boxes  and  cleansed  as  above  mentioned."  The  sugar 
emptied,  the  boxes  are  cleansed  by  blowing  steam  into  the  under 
part  of  each  box. 

In  the  Final  Specification  which  is  filed  by  order  of  the  Lord 
Chancellor  by  Samuel  Cameron  ;  it  is  said,  the  sugar  maybe  kept 
warm  in  the  vacuum  boxes  by  surrounding  the  apparatus  with 
a  steam  chamber  or  jacket,  and  also  "  a  shower  of  water  or  syrup 
"  may,  if  desired,  be  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  sugar  during 
"  the  operation,  or  one  portion  of  the  operation,"  so  as  to  wash 
off  the  molasses. 

[Printed,  Sd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  December  8.— N°  2810. 

CHANTRELL,  GEORGE  FREDERIC.—"  Improvements  in  appa- 
"  ratus  applicable  to  the  manufacture  and  revivification  of 
"  animal  or  vegetable  charcoal."  These  improvements  are  said 
to  be  chiefly  applicable  to  apparatus  described  in  No.  1313, 
A.D.  1858,  and  are,  first,  "the  construction  of  the  retort  or 
"  char  chambers  with  corrugated  or  undulated  sides,"  the  corru- 
gations, in  preference,  running  horizontally,  so  as  to  cause 
agitation  in  the  char  in  passing  down. 

Second,  "  forming  the  openings  in  the  bed  plates  and  the  upper 
"  portion  of  the  junction  pipes  between  the  bottom  of  the  retort 
"  and  char  chamber  with  as  great  a  horizontal  sectional  areal 
"  opening  as  the  retort  chambers  themselves,  and  dividing  the 
"  lower  part  of  the  junction  pipes  into  two  lateral  branches  to 
which  the  coolers  are  attached,  "  so  that  one-half  of  the  char 
"  runs  into  the  right,  and  the  other  half  into  the  left  hand 
"  cooler." 

Third,  constructing  "metal  charcoal  coolers  with  corrugated 
"  or  undulating  sides;"  in  preference  the  corrugations  run 
vertically. 


SUGAR.  249 

Fourth,  "the  construction  and  application  of  the  iron  lumps  to 
"  the  under  side  of  the  bed  plate,  upon  which  the  kiln  is  built, 
"  having  oblique  passages  formed  therethrough,  and  provided 
"  with  sliding  covers  and  rods  for  working  the  same."  Each 
lump  has  six  hopper-mouthed  holes,  which  are  carried  down 
obliquely  on  alternate  sides,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the 
charcoal  that  it  may  fall  into  two  coolers. 

[Printed,  lOd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1858,  December  24.— N°  2940. 

ELERS,  WILLIAM,  and  FINK,  LUDWIG. — (Provisional  pro- 
tection not  allowed.} — "  The  filtration  of  dissolved  sugar  &  other 
"  liquors."  This  consists  of  "  a  vessel  with  two  bottoms,  the 
"  upper  one  perforated  with  one  or  more  holes,  to  which  are 
"  attached  the  bag  or  filter.  The  two  bottoms  are  placed  apart 
"  from  each  other,  thereby  forming  a  chamber  into  which  the 
"  liquor  to  be  filtered  is  introduced  by  a  pipe  from  a  higher  level, 
"  which  liquor  rises  through  the  hole  or  holes  into  the  bag  or 
"  filter,  &  when  filtered  escapes  by  a  passage  or  pipe  placed  above 
"  the  chamber,  as  before  described,  between  the  two  bottoms, 
"  while  the  scum,  sullage,  and  refuse  remains  in  the  said  chara- 
"  ber,  or  may  fall  into  another  chamber  placed  below  it,  from 
"  whence,  through  a  door  or  aperture  constructed  for  that 
"  purpose,  the  scum,  sullage,  or  refuse  can  be  removed,  and  the 
"  chamber  cleansed  without  disturbing  the  bags  or  filter." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


1859. 

A.D.  1859,  January  1.— N°  15. 

PRINCE,  ALEXANDER. — (A  communication  from  Prince  Sergius 
Dolooruki.) — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improvements  in 
"  the  construction  of  cylindrical  presses."  These  are,  in  refe- 
rence to  this  subject,  an  arrangement  of  apparatus  adapted  "  to 
"  the  extraction  of  sugar  from  beet  roots  or  sugar  cane,  and 
"  other  similar  purposes."  The  "  sugar  cane  or  other  substance 
"  is  first  ground  or  grated  into  a  pulp  by  any  convenient  means, 
"  and  is  then  passed  into  the  space  or  opening  formed  by  upright 


250  SUGAR. 

"  metallic  plates  or  planks,  and  between  two  revolving  cylinders 
"  which  give  the  required  pressure.  These  cylinders  are  formed 
"  of  metallic  discs  at  their  ends,  having  cross  wooden  pieces 
"  extending  from  one  disc  to  the  other,  which  form  the  cylinders, 
"  they  are  then  covered  with  an  elastic  or  flexible  substance,  such 
"  as  vulcanized  caoutchouc,  for  the  purpose  of  squeezing  and 
"  extracting  the  liquid  from  the  solid  parts,  and  at  the  same  time 
"  delivering  the  solid  matter,  leaving  the  liquid  behind.  The 
"  ends  of  the  cylinders  are  also  covered  to  prevent  the  liquid 
"  escaping  between  them  and  the  outer  planks  of  the  machine 
"  The  further  cylinder  rests  on  moveable  bags,  which  are  held  in 
"  the  desired  position  by  a  lever,  to  which  is  attached  a  weight 
"  according  to  the  pressure  required.  A  case  or  bowed  box  is 
"  made  to  pass  to  and  fro  or  up  and  down,  as  maybe  found  best, 
"  at  the  same  time  dislodging  the  solid  parts  from  the  cylinders, 
"  leaving  the  juice  or  liquid  behind."  Spiral  springs  are  placed 
at  each  end  of  the  cylinders  to  ease  the  pressure  on  their  surfaces. 
The  pulp  rises  between  the  cylinders,  "  at  the  same  time  retaining 
*'  the  juice  which  the  case  or  box  draws  to  throw  behind  into  a 
"  reservoir  to  receive  it." 
[Printed,  4sd.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  January  7-— N°  58. 

REYNOLDS,  HENRY. — (Provisional  protection  only.}—"  Im- 
".  provementsin  refining  and  decolorizing  saccharine  substances." 
These  are,  decolorizing  "  sugar,  molasses,  treacle,  &c.,  by  other 
"  means  than,  or  in  combination  with  animal  charcoal;"  by 
mixing  "  meta-stannate  of  alumina,"  or  "  stannate  and  meta- 
"  stannate  of  lime  as  well  as  free  meta-stannic  and  stannic 
"  acids,  and  several  other  chemical  compounds  of  tin,  for  ex- 
"  ample,  the  protochloride,  and  perchloride,  the  sulphate,  the 
"  bichloride,  and  nitro- muriate,  also  the  stannates  of  soda  and 
"  potash,"  in  "about  the  proportion  of  1  part  of  the  base  to 
"  about  1000  or  2000  parts  of  sugar  according  to  the  intensity 
"  of  its  color,"  boiling  "  the  whole,  and  as  the  scum  rises  to  the 
"  surface,  it  brings  with  it  the  whole  of  the  base,  with  more  or 
"  less  of  the  coloring  matter;  this  scum  is  removed  in  the 
"  ordinary  manner.  The  solution  is  then  passed  through  the 
"  filtering  bags  as  usual,  and  also  through  a  bed  of  animal 
"  charcoal  if  the  color  is  not  sufficiently  discharged  ;  the  animal 
"  charcoal  will  also  remove  any  remaining  trace  of  the  discoloring 


SUGAR.  251 

"  agent  employed."    To  overcome  the  odour  of  blood  when  used 
in  the  clarification  of  such  solutions,  adding  to  such  solutions  a 
minute  quantity  of  chloride  of  zinc. 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  January  26— N°  235. 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM  RICHMOND.  —  "  Improvements  in 
"  furnaces  and  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  for 
"  the  consumption  or  prevention  of  smoke."  These  consist  "  of 
"  a  long  *  fire  mouth  '  or  drying  chamber,  fitted  up  immediately 
"  in  front  of  the  furnace,"  formed  "  with  a  double  bottom,  per- 
"  forated  on  the  upper  side  for  the  discharge  into  the  chamber 
"  of  heated  air.  The  'megass  '  or  waste  sugar  cane  is  deposited 
"  in  this  chamber,  and  pushed  into  the  furnace  from  time  to  time, 
"  for  use  through  a  perforated  door,  which  forms  the  communi- 
"  cation  between  the  drying  chamber  and  the  furnace.  The 
"  furnace  bars  are  tubular,  opening  at  one  end  into  a  hollow 
"  fire-bridge  at  the  back  end  of  the  furnace,  and  at  the  other 
"  into  the  false  bottom  space  of  the  front  drying  chamber.  The 
"  grate  bars  are  also  minutely  perforated  on  their  upper  side,  for 
"  the  discharge  of  air  amongst  the  burning  fuel  upon  the  bars. 
"  Air  is  forced  into  the  furnace  by  a  blowing  fan  or  other  me- 
"  chanical  force  at  the  extreme  back  end  of  the  structure  of  the 
"  furnace.  The  pipe  from  the  fan  conducts  the  air  into  and 
"  through  a  set  of  heating  cylinders  or  chambers  studded  with 
"  latteral  spikes  or  projecting  pieces  of  metal  inside  and  out,  to 
"  enable  the  air  to  take  up  a  superior  amount  of  heat.  After 
"  leaving  the  heater,  the  air  is  forced  along  a  conducting  pipe 
"  laid  along  the  bottom  of  the  main  flue,  and  beneath  the  steam 
"  boiler,  usually  fitted  up  at  the  after  end  of  these  structures,  and 
"  beneath  the  *  teaches  '  or  evaporating  pans  at  the  front.  The 
"  air  thus  takes  up  heat  as  it  passes  along  until  it  is  finally 
"  discharged  into  the  hollow  furnace  bridge,  whence  it  passes 
"  partly  into  the  furnace  directly  amongst  the  burning  fuel,  and 
"  partly  through  the  bars  into  the  space  of  the  false  bottom  of 
"  the  drying  chamber;  the  latter  portion  dries  the  deposited 
<c  megass,  and  then  finds  its  way  from  the  chamber  through  the 
"  perforated  division  door  into  the  furnace  also ;  in  this  way  the 
"  full  and  efficient  supply  of  highly  heated  air,  subdivided  into 
"  numerous  minute  jets,  effects  the  perfect  combustion  of  the 
"  fuel,  and  prevents  all  or  nearly  all  discharge  of  smoke.  The 


252  SUGAR. 

"  same  arrangements  or  modifications  of  it  will  answer  for 
"  burning  coal  and  other  fuel."  Air  alone  has  hitherto  been 
used  in  the  above  description  of  the  apparatus,  but  it  is  pro- 
posed "when  the  nature  of  the  fuel  shall  render  it  expedient  to 
"  convey  a  jet  of  steam  into  the  air  pipe,  and  so  cause  the  mingled 
"  air  and  steam  to  enter  the  furnace." 
[Printed,  Is.  4d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  February  7.— N°  338. 

CHANTRELL,  GEORGE  FREDERIC.  —  "  Improvements  in  the 
"  treatment  of  charcoal  after  its  manufacture  or  revivification." 
It  is  stated  that  newly  prepared  or  reburned  charcoal  "  is  not 
"  so  powerful  in  decolorizing  as  it  is  after  having  been  exposed 
"  for  some  time  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere,"  and  the  spread- 
ing out  and  exposing,  also  causing  a  current  of  air  to  act  on 
such  charcoal,  likewise  the  apparatus  employed,  are  claimed. 
The  charcoal  is  fed  to  the  upper  apron  of  a  series  of  endless 
bands  from  a  hopper.  "  The  charcoal  falling  upon  the  first 
"  endless  band  is  carried  forward  until  it  falls  off  on  to  a  sieve  or 
"  riddle  placed  in  an  oblique  direction  ;  the  dust  falling  through 
"  the  meshes  of  the  riddle  or  sieve  is  received  in  a  closeted  box, 
"  from  which  it  is  removed  from  time  to  time  as  required.  The 
"  charcoal  slides  on  to  the  next  endless  band,  which  travels  in  an 
"  opposite  direction  to  the  first;"  from  this  band  it  passes  on  to 
a  sieve  as  before,  and  from  the  sieve  on  to  a  third  band  and  sieve  ; 
if  the  charcoal  is  then  free  from  dust,  endless  bands  are  now  only 
employed.  Any  required  number  of  these  horizontal  endless 
bands  are  used,  their  surface  being  kept  "  flat  or  nearly  so  by 
"  applying  one  or  more  rollers  to  the  under  surface  of  the  lower 
"  portion  of  the  web.  These  rollers  may  be  mounted  upon  the 
"  ends  of  lever  beams,  which  are  weighted  so  as  to  press  the 
"  rollers  against  the  under  surface  of  the  web  ;  or  the  stretching 
"  and  supporting  rollers  may  be  banded  together  by  means  of 
"  narrow  endless  straps  or  bands."  In  preference,  the  band 
material  is  permeable  to  air,  and  a  natural  or  artificial  draught  is 
applied  to  the  charcoal  in  its  passage  through  the  machine. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  February  8.— N°  355. 

ASPINALL,   JOHN.  —  "An  improvement  in  the  refining   of 
"  sugar."      This  is  in  the  "blowing  up"  or  melting  of  raw 


SUGAR.  253 

sugar,  and  is  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  sugar,  when  mixed 
with  water  and  blood,  the  sugar  being  of  greater  specific  gravity 
than  the  water,  falling  to  the  bottom,  and  coming  in  contact  with 
the  steam  becoming  carbonized,  and  thus  much  treacle  being  pro- 
duced ;  by  "  causing  the  melting  of  the  sugar  to  take  place  before 
"  coming  in  contact  with  the  steam,  steam  pipes,  or  heated 
"  bottom  or  heated  sides  of  the  pan,  whereby  no  carbonization 
"  will  take  place,  and  consequently  there  will  be  less  treacle  than 
"  is  now  produced  in  the  ordinary  method  of  melting."  To 
effect  this,  the  sugar  is  supported  upon  "  a  perforated  false  bottom 
"  or  by  other  suitable  means,"  and  the  water  level  kept  "  up  to, 
"  or  just  above  the  level  at  which  the  bottom  or  lowest  stratum 
"  of  the  sugar  is  maintained  on  the  perforated  false  bottom  or 
"  other  support.  The  water  melts  the  sugar,  and  the  sugar 
"  enters  the  lower  part  of  the  pan  in  a  state  of  solution  or  *  liquor,* 
*'  in  which  state  steam  or  steam  pipes  or  other  heated  medium 
"  exercise  no  carbonizing  effects."  It  is  obvious  that  pans  may 
be  variously  constructed  to  carry  out  the  above  operation,  which 
may  be  termed  "  surface  melting." 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  Febuary  9.— No.  3/0. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Emile 
Rousseau.} — "  An  improved  mode  of  bleaching  and  purifying  or 
"  refining  sugar  and  vegetable  juices  or  extracts."  This  consists 
in  employing  "  for  the  purpose  of  bleaching  and  purifying  or 
"  refining  sugar  and  vegetable  juices  and  extracts  of  some  highly 
"  oxidized  substances,  such  as  the  peroxides  of  manganese  and 
"  iron,  either  artificial  or  natural,  or  the  carbonates  of  these 
"  bases."  The  peroxides  are  hydrated.  To  give  an  approximate 
proportion,  the  quantity  of  hydrated  peroxide  of  iron  "  employed 
"  in  the  state  of  a  firm  paste  is  generally  from  three  to  five  per 
"  cent,  by  weight  to  the  weight  of  sugar."  If  the  sugar  be  acid, 
necessarily  a  quantity  of  chalk  is  first  introduced  into  the  boiler, 
"  sufficient  to  neutralize  the  acid.  If  on  the  contrary  the  sugar 
"  be  highly  charged  with  lime,  a  small  quantity  of  carbonate  of 
"  iron  must  be  added  to  the  peroxide,"  and  the  carbonic  acid 
from  same  will  precipitate  the  lime  as  carbonate.  "  When  from 
"  any  cause,  the  sugar  has  dissolved  a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of 
"  iron,  it  may  readily  be  removed  by  adding  to  the  syrup  a  small 


254  SUGAR. 

"  quantity  of  chalk  (carbonate  of  lime)  before  filtration.  The 
"  addition  of  this  substance  will  in  all  cases  produce  a  beneficial 
«  effect." 

[Printed,  4d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  February  23.— N°  492. 

DAVIES,  GEORGE. — (A  communication  from  Augustus  Jouan.) — 
(Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improved  apparatus  applicable 
"  to  the  evaporation  of  saccharine  liquids,  and  for  the  concen- 
"  tration  of  heat  for  other  purposes."  "  This  apparatus  is 
"  applicable  to  the  ordinary  pans  employed  for  boiling  sugar," 
and  consists  in  applying  a  floating  cover  thereto,  the  exterior  or 
outer  form  of  which  "  is  convex,  or  nearly  hemispherical,  with  a 
"  tube  projecting  upwards  therefrom,  and  the  lower  or  interior 
"  surface  is  of  a  concave,  conical,  or  funnel  shaped  form.  The 
"  lower  edges  of  these  two  parts  are  united  or  joined  together, 
"  and  they  are  each  furnished  at  the  upper  part  with  a  hole,  in 
"  which  is  inserted  a  tube,  the  two  tubes  being  situated  one 
"  within  the  other,  and  having  an  internal  or  space  between 
"  them.  The  outer  tube  is  made  slightly  conical  at  the  top.,  so 
"  as  to  reduce  its  diameter  to  about  that  of  the  inner  tube,  and 
"  the  tubes  are  there  united  or  joined  together."  There  is  a 
small  hole  near  the  top  of  the  outer  tube  to  allow  of  the  expan- 
sion of  the  air  between  the  tubes  and  inside  the  hollow  cover 
when  heated.  The  base  of  the  cover  is  made  circular  or  of  other 
form,  so  as  nearly  to  fit  the  interior  of  the  pan.  At  the  top  of 
the  tubes  (which  is  open)  is  placed  a  moveable  sieve,  designed  for 
detaining  the  grosser  parts  of  the  liquid  at  the  earlier  part  of  the 
operation,  and  beneath  this  on  the  neck  of  the  outer  tube  is  a 
larger  sieve  of  an  annular  form.  The  cover  is  furnished  with 
screw  rods  passing  through  screwed  bushes,  for  the  purpose  of 
plunging  and  holding  the  cover  below  the  surface  of  the  liquid." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  February  24.— N°  505. 

WAGNER,  JEAN  HENRI  GUILLAUME  DANIEL. — "Apparatus 
"  for  cleaning  water  and  removing  all  matters  in  suspension  and 
"  dissolution  contained  in  it,  water  intended  to  feed  generators  of 
"  all  sorts  (applicable  also  to  other  purposes),  which,  besides 
"  previous  to  its  getting  into  generators,  is  heated  to  the  highest 
"  degree  without  almost  any  expense."  These  are,  in  reference 


SUGAR,  255 

to  this  subject,  a  vessel  made  of  iron  divided  into  a  receiver  above 
and  a  reservoir  below;  in  the  upper  part  of  the  receiver  is  an 
inlet  pipe,  and  about  the  same  level  is  an  outlet  pipe  for  the 
escape  of  any  excess  of  liquid;  a  cock  regulates  the  flow  of 
liquid  from  the  receiver  into  the  reservoir ;  this  cock  is  worked 
from  the  outside  by  means  of  hand  gear,  with  an  index  hand  moving 
over  a  divided  scale  on  the  cover.  The  reservoir  has  a  series  of 
partitions,  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  passage.  Near  the  bottom 
of  the  reservoir  is  a  pipe  for  injecting  a  current  of  air  or  other 
gas,  and  near  the  top  of  the  same  is  an  outlet  pipe  for  the  air 
or  gas  injected.  The  outlet  pipe  is  on  the  other  side  at  the 
bottom  of  the  reservoir,  and  a  cast-iron  cage  is  interposed  upon 
it  having  a  copper  sieve  covered  with  a  disc  of  filtering  felt.  "  If 
"  it  is  desired  to  concentrate  a  syrup,  I  run  the  liquid  divided 
"  in  thin  continuous  sheets  or  films  throughout  the  surface  of 
"  all  the  partitions,  injecting  always  inversely  to  the  run  of  the 
"  liquid,"  "  a  current  of  air  or  other  gas  heated  or  not  by  means 
"  of  an  exhausting  or  blowing  ventilator." 
[Printed,  2s.  8d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  March  7.— N°  595. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  evaporating  in  vacuo." 
These  are,  (<  evaporating  in  vacuo  by  means  of  steam  or  hot  air 
"  pipes,  whether  free  to  rise  and  fall  or  stationary,  maintained  at 
"  the  upper  part  of  the  vacuum  pan,  or  at  or  about  the  surface 
"  of  the  liquor  to  be  evaporated,"  the  object  being  to  avoid  the 
formation  of  treacle,  which  is  said  is  produced  by  the  direct  con- 
tact of  the  saccharine  fluid  with  hot  surfaces.  The  bottom  of  the 
pan  is  surrounded  with  "  a  jacket  for  containing  hot  water,  air,  or 
"steam." 

[Printed,  lOcZ.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  March  16— N°  656. 

SEYMOUR,  GEORGE. — (A  communication  from  Hy polite  Leplay.} 
— (Complete  Specification  but  no  Letters  Patent.) — "  Improvements 
"  in  making  refined  sugar,  and  making  potash  and  soda  from  the 
"  residues."  These  are,  "  employing  caustic  baryta  or  sulphuret 
"  of  barium  "  in  "  making  refined  sugar  from  raw  sugar  or  syrup 
"  from  beet  root  or  other  saccharine  vegetables,  or  from  molasses 
"  made  during  the  fabrication  of  sugar  from  beetroot  and  other 


256  SUGAR. 

"  saccharine  vegetables ;"  also'"  in  the  fabrication  of  potash  and 
"  soda,"  as  follows  : — Caustic  baryta  is  dissolved  in  a  series  of 
vessels  containing  hot  water,  and  steam  is  introduced  into  each  by 
pipes.  The  solution  of  baryta  should  be  30°  Beaume.  The  syrup, 
however  obtained,  is  heated  in  another  vessel  by  means  of  a  steam 
pipe,  and  both  being  boiling  about  two  parts  of  the  baryta  solution 
are  added  to  one  of  molasses  when  the  molasses  is  of  the  specific 
gravity  of  48°.  About  ten  gallons  of  molasses  are  operated  upon 
at  once,  and  are  thrown  into  a  series  of  vessels  furnished  with  false 
bottoms,  the  mother  liquors  filter  through  the  wire  gauze ;  the 
saccharate  of  baryta  is  washed  with  a  weak  solution  of  caustic 
baryta,  and  is  finally  decomposed  by  suspending  it  in  water 
and  passing  carbonic  acid  gas  through  it.  Carbonate  of  baryta  is 
formed  and  precipitates,  and  the  sugar  is  in  solution  with  a  little 
bicarbonate  of  baryta  and  traces  of  carbonate ;  this  is  boiled, 
treated  with  a  soluble  sulphate  (of  lime  or  alumina),  clarified  by 
albumen,  and  "  filtered  by  a  Taylor's  filter,"  and  is  ready  to  be  made 
into  loaves  in  the  usual  manner.  The  mother  liquors  containing 
caustic  baryta,  &c.  are  treated  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  or  crystals  of 
hydrate  of  baryta,  are  separated  by  evaporation  or  cooling.  The  water 
is  evaporated  and  the  residue  calcined  in  a  reverberatory  furnace ; 
"  the  potash,  and  salts  of  potash,  and  soda  remain,  having  a  con- 
"  siderable  commercial  value."  When  sulphuret  of  barium  is  used 
the  solution  should  be  32°  Beaume  and  the  quantity  at  least  one- 
third  greater  than  the  solution  of  caustic  baryta. 
[Printed,  Is.  4d.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1859,  March  I?.— N°  675. 

HUGHES,  EDWARD  THOMAS.— (A  communication  from  Saint 
Jean  Thfrese.) — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improvements 
"  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  crushing  sugar  canes  and  other 
"  materials."  These  are,  fixing  "  upon  a  platform  or  foundation 
a  strong  framework  of  wood  or  metal,  having  bearers  for  the 
shafts  of  the  crushing  cylinders,  and  also  for  the  main  driving 
shaft,  which  latter  is  divided  in  the  centre  and  furnished  with 
two  cranks.  Upon  the  shafts  of  the  two  lower  cylinders, 
toothed  wheels  are  fixed  in  the  usual  manner,  geared  into 
another  wheel  on  the  top  cylinder  shaft,  at  the  end  of  which  is 
a  large  toothed  wheel  geared  into  a  pinion  on  the  driving  shaft, 
the  cranks  of  which  are  connected  by  rods  to  a  double  set  of 


SUGAR.  257 

<(  compound  levers,  which  are  again  connected  to  long  levers  at 
"  each  side  or  end  of  the  apparatus.  The  aforesaid  long  levers 
"  are  acted  upon  alternately  either  by  hand  or  power,  giving 
"  motion  to  the  intermediate  levers  and  cranks,  the  effect  of 
"  which  is  transmitted  by  means  of  the  gearing  to  the  crushing 
"  cylinders,  which  act  effectually  either  by  the  power  of  two  men 
"  or  by  any  other  equivalent  obtained  by  water  or  any  other 
"  motive  power." 

[Printed,  4,d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  March  21 .— N°  708. 

BAUCQ,  ARNOULD. — (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "  Main- 
"  taining  graters  mechanically."  This  consists  as  follows,  in  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  to  feed  or  maintain  the  graters,  by  placing 
a  <e  moveable  bottom  on  a  carriage  in  the  feeding  trough,  where  it 
"  is  supported  from  above,  it  is  moved  backward  and  forward  by 
"  excentrics  and  pullies  motived  by  hand  or  other  power ;  pieces 
"  of  wood  are  used  to  retain  the  matters  during  the  backward 
"  movement,  and  triangular  knives  cut  and  distribute  them.  A 
"  knife  is  also  placed  at  each  end  of  the  moveable  bottom,  rollers 
"  on  the  balance  bring  back  the  pushers,  a  catch  releases  the 
"  moveable  bottom,  and  a  sheet  iron  guard  spreads  the  matter  of 
"  each  movement,  or  if  the  motion  be  given  from  beneath,  an 
"  arch  board  may  be  substituted  for  the  guard.  It  is  found 
"  advantageous  to  couple  two  graters  and  feed  or  maintain  them 
"  by  one  apparatus ;  but  for  one  grater  the  machinery  is  less 
"  complicated  and  one  knife  will  suffice.  The  mode  of  com- 
"  municating  motion  maybe  varied,  and  be  from  above  or  below, 
"  and  this  improvement  may  be  found  applicable  to  other 
"  purposes  than  sugar  making." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  April  23.— N°  1025. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN,  junior. — "  Improvements  in  filtering  and 
"  depurating  fluids."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject: — 
A  vessel  or  reservoir  constructed  with  an  aperture  at  top,  through 
which  it  is  filled  with  the  liquid  to  be  operated  on.  Inside  this 
vessel  is  a  bag  of  waterproof  material,  somewhat  larger  than  the 
interior  capacity  of  this  vessel ;  at  the  bottom  of  this  vessel  is  an 
opening  for  forcing  water  or  other  fluid  under  the  flexible  bag, 

S.  R 


258  SUGAR. 

and  so  force  the  liquid  to  be  filtered  out  through  a  tube  in  the 
top  of  the  vessel  or  reservoir  into  filters  constructed  of  a  series 
of  hollow  frames  or  boxes,  covered  on  both  sides  with  filtering 
material  held  down  by  wire  gauze  or  other  convenient  substance ; 
both  the  filtering  material  and  the  wire  gauze  overlap  the  edges 
of  the  box,  so  that  when  the  boxes  are  brought  together  alter- 
nately they  will  make  a  secure  joint.  Sometimes  the  liquid  to  be 
filtered  is  put  into  the  flexible  bag  and  forced  out  of  it  by  the 
introduction  of  water  into  the  vessel  outside  of  the  bag,  the  bag 
being  connected  to  the  pipe  leading  to  the  filters.  '•  When  it  is 
"  desirable  to  depurate  or  exert  any  chemical  action  on  the  fluid 
"  to  be  filtered,"  the  boxes  with  the  filters  "  are  charged  with  the 
"  material  necessary  to  effect  the  object,  or  the  same  may  be 
"  previously  incorporated  with  the  fluid  prior  to  its  passing  to 
"  the  filter  boxes."  Instead  of  making  the  discharge  boxes 
of  iron,  a  block  of  wood  cut  to  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
filtering  boxes  may  be  employed.  These  blocks  are  to  be  grooved 
or  corrugated  on  each  side,  avoiding  only  those  parts  which  come 
in  contact  with  the  edge  of  the  filter  boxes,  and  which  parts  must 
be  planed  true  to  make  a  perfect  joint ;  over  the  grooves  is  wire 
gauze. 

[Printed,  10d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  April  30.— N°  1085. 

FRANCIS,  EDWARD.—"  Improved  apparatus  applicable  to  the 
"  treatment  of  tea  and  other  useful  purposes."  This  consists  of 
"  an  horizontal  flat  sieve  or  riddle  with  a  vertical  circular  side 
"  which  may  be  formed  solid  or  perforated,"  and  "  provided  with 
"  horizontal  radial  arms  which  spring  from  a  revolving  centre 
"  vertical  shaft,"  "formed  flat  and  placed  at  an  angle  (of  say 
"  about  60°)  to  the  bottom  of  the  sieve"  but  they  "maybe 
"  formed  of  any  convenient  shape  and  placed  in  any  convenient 
"  position "  and  so  fitted  that  their  distance  can  be  regulated 
from  the  bottom  at  pleasure  "  and  that  they  will  yield  upwards 
"  upon  any  undue  amount  of  pressure  "  being  applied  to  them, 
and  "  they  may  have  a  tongue  of  leather,  india-rubber,  or  other 
"  suitable  material  fitted  to  their  lower  edges."  In  some  cases 
they  may  be  entirely  or  partially  covered  "with  soft  leather, 
"  woollen  cloth,  or  other  suitable  material."  If  preferred  "  an 
"  horizontal  revolving  wheel  having  a  suitable  number  of  slots  or 
"  openings  (which  radiate  from  the  centre)  "  may  be  substituted 


SUGAR.  259 

in  lieu  of  the  radial  arms.  The  whole  is  covered  and  at  the  top 
is  a  hopper  with  a  slide  in  the  throat  for  regulating  the  supply  of 
the  material.  Below  is  a  receptacle  for  the  material  after  it  has 
been  acted  upon.  In  some  cases  the  hopper  is  placed  a  short 
distance  from  the  mill  and  connected  by  an  enclosed  shoot  to 
which  a  vibrating  mqtion  may  be  given  if  required,  and  the  under 
side  is  a  riddle  or  sieve  through  which  the  smaller  particles  fall 
into  a  receptacle  the  larger  portions  only  passing  into  the  mill. 
The  shaft  carrying  the  radial  arms  or  wheel  is  rotated  "by  power 
"  applied  through  a  wheel  or  pinion  a  band  or  other  suitable 
"  mechanical  contrivance."  "This  apparatus  is  adapted  to 
"  breaking  and  sifting  tea,  dressing  seeds,  disintegrating  chicory, 
"  raw  sugar,  and  a  variety  of  articles." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1859,  May  5.— N°  1131. 

REYNOLDS,  HENRY. — "  Improvements  in  refining  sugar  and 
"  other  saccharine  substances."  These  are,  first,  "  the  dissolution 
"  of  sugar  and  other  saccharine  substances  by  means  of  an 
"  ascending  or  descending  current  of  fluid  propelled  by  mechanical 
"  means."  In  carrying  out  this,  employing  "  a  vessel  constructed 
<<r  as  an  ordinary  'blow  up  pan'  or  other  suitable  vessel  fitted 
"  with  a  perforated  platform  or  false  bottom,"  through  the  central 
portion  of  which  is  driven  "  a  current  of  the  dissolving  fluid  by 
"  means  of  a  pump,  or  screw,  or  fan,  or  any  other  convenient 
"  method,  which  driving  apparatus  may  be  fixed  in  the  melting 
"  pan  itself  or  the  same  apparatus  may  be  made  to  serve  several 
"  pans."  In  melting  sugar  by  free  steam  "  causing  an  external 
"  circumferential  descending  current  of  fluid  to  pass  over  the 
"  steam  pipes  in  its  passage  to  the  inferior  central  portion  of  the 
"  false  bottom  upon  which  the  unmelted  sugar  rests,  "causing 
"  the  sugar  to  ^be  suspended  in  and  thus  to  be  always  surrounded 
"  by  the  dissolving  fluid." 

Second,  "  the  employment  of  the  salts  of  tungsten  either  as  the 
"  oxide  or  in  combination  with  a  base,"  for  example,  lime  or 
soda,  potash,  or  a  metallic  oxide.  The  agent  above  referred  to  is 
mixed  in  the  proportion  of  about  one  part  to  one  thousandth 
parts  of  sugar  according  to  the  intensity  of  its  colour,  boil  the 
whole,  and  if  the  solution  is  acid  to  litmus  paper  add  lime  free 
or  combined,  remove  the  scum  and  "the  partially  decolourized 

R  2 


260  SUGAR. 

"  liquor  is  run  through  the  bag  filters  in  the  usual  way  and  also 
"  through  a  bed  of  animal  charcoal  if  the  colour  is  not  satis- 
"  factory." 

[Printed,  4rf.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  May  11.— N°  1178. 

MANBRE,  ALEXANDRE. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  An 
"  improved  method  of  extracting  and  purifying  sugar  called 
"  glucose  and  '  sirop  de  fecule,'  from  potatoes  or  fecula,  or 
"  starch,  or  dextrine,  for  the  purposes  and  uses  of  brewers,  dis- 
"  tillers,  vinegar  makers,  colouring  makers,  or  otherwise."  These 
are,  first,  "the  saccharification  of  a  mixture  of  nine  parts  of 
"  potatoes  or  fecula,  or  starch,  or  dextrine,  with  one  part  of  flour 
"  from  rice  or  maize,  together  with  forty  parts  of  water,  the  said 
"  mixture  to  be  converted  into  saccharine  matter  by  the  re-action 
"  of  the  disastasis,  or  by  the  re-action  of  germinated  barley, 
"  called  malt,  or  by  the  re-action  of  sulphuric  or  any  other  acid, 
"  or  by  the  action  of  heat." 

Second,  in  filtering  apparatus,  having  a  hermetically  closed 
vessel  with  a  perforated  false  bottom.  "  Supposing  the  apparatus 
"  charged  with  saccharine  liquid,  then  air  or  steam  or  any  other 
"  agent  is  introduced  in  over  the  mass  through  a  cock  provided 
"  for  the  purpose  j"  when  the  liquid  "is  forced  through,  the  filter 
"  and  false  bottom  is  completely  purified,"  is  evaporated  to  obtain 
"  the  sugar  either  in  a  state  of  syrup  or  hardness,  or  granulation, 
**  or  instead  of  introducing  any  agent  from  above  to  force  the 
"  saccharified  liquid  through  the  filter,  a  pump  or  vacuum  may  be 
"  employed  to  draw  it  through  it." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  185.9,  May  18.— Nc  1230. 

TERRY,  ALEXANDER  ROBERT. — (Provisional protection  only.) — 
"  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  sawing  and  cutting  up  loaf 
"  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "the  use  of  a  circular  saw  to  reduce 
"  the  common  sugar  loaf  into  long  square  pieces  called  sticks." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  a  cross-cut  knife  in  connection  with  a 
"  feeding  apparatus  to  reduce  the  sticks  into  lumps  of  the  sizes 
"  required." 

Third,  "  the  use  of  a  sieve  to  separate  the  imperfect  lumps." 
"The  parts  performing  these  various  operations  are  connected 
"  together  in  the  usual  manner  and  embodied  in  one  machine." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  261 

A.D.  1859,  May  30.— N°  1332. 

GREEN,  WILLIAM. — "  Improvements  in  washing  or  purifying 
"  and  treating  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "  removing  of  color  from 
"  the  drippings  from  '  bastards  '  or  '  low  pieces,'  commonly  termed 
"  molasses  or  treacle,  by  means  of  animal  charcoal  or  other  car- 
"  bonaceous  matters,  by  preference,  in  a  finely  divided  state,  or 
"  arranged  in  thin  layers  of  different  degrees  of  fineness,  and 
"  kept  in  motion  by  the  force  of  gravity  or  by  mechanical 
"  means."  Also  "the  precipitation  of  the  carbonaceous  matters 
"  employed  for  such  decoloration  or  other  matters  in  treacle,  by 
"  means  of  aluminous,  siliceous,  or  argilaceous  earths,  then  pass- 
"  ing  the  treacle  through  a  filter  of  granulous  charcoal,  the  said 
"  matters  being  kept  cold  or  at  a  low  temperature  during  the 
"  process." 

Second,  "  the  use  of  purified  or  decolorized  treacle  for  dis- 
"  placing  dark  or  inferior  bastards  or  other  low  quality  sugars, 
"  and  at  the  same  time  recoating  such  cleansed  crystals." 

Third,  "  the  use  of  fluids  of  reduced  temperature  for  dissolving 
"  or  moistening  the  treacle  or  dark  coloring  matter  contained 
"  upon  *  bastards  '  or  other  low  quality  sugar,  also  the  use  of  ice 
t(  for  such  purpose." 

Fourth,  "the  manufacture  of  small  blocks  of  sugar  of  regular, 
"  irregular,  or  ornamental  shape,"  irregular  preferred,  by  forcing 
the  same  into  dies  or  moulds. 

Fifth,  "  bleaching  or  decolorizing  of  sugar  by  means  of  sul- 
"  phur,  sulphurous  acid  gas,  or  other  bleaching  or  decolorizing 
"  agent,"  and  also  in  connection  with  centrifugal  force,  for 
forcing  these  agents  over  the  crystals  of  sugar,  &c. 

Sixth,  "  dissolving  sugar  to  be  manufactured  into  refined  sugar 
"  by  means  of  fluids,  by  preference,  at  a  low  temperature,  and  of 
"  centrifugal  force,  also  the  dissolving  of  sugar  and  filtering  the 
"  syrups  so  obtained  by  synchronous  operations." 

Seventh,  "  imparting  a  yellow  tinge  to  sugar,  by  artificially 
"  coating  the  same  with  saffron  or  other  suitable  coloring  matter, 
"  as  also  the  improving  the  appearance  of  crystals  of  sugar  which 
"  have  been  washed  nearly  to  whiteness  by  imparting  to  them  a 
"  blue  tinge  as  commonly  practised  upon  refined  sugar." 

Eighth,  "removing  syrups  and  sugar  from  centrifugal  ma- 
"  chines  "  by  employing  "  a  scoop  which  is  free  to  slide  up  and 
"  down  a  stout  shaft,  and  which  scoop  is  capable  of  elongation  or 
"  divergence  when  lowered  into  the  basket." 


5i>  SUGAR. 

Ninth,  "  revivifying  animal  charcal  or  similar  matters  by  the 
combined  action  of  centrifugal  force,  chemical  agents,  and  of 
high  pressure  or  superheated  steam,  also  cleansing  and  revivify- 
ing animal  charcoal  or  similar  matters  while  in  the  ordinary 
filtering  cylinder  or  vessel." 

Tenth,  "  coating  of  crystals  of  sugar,  by  mechanically  agitating 
the  same  while  in  contact  with  the  syrups  or  other  matters  with 
which  they  are  coated." 
[Printed,  Gd.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1859,  June  2.— N°  1355. 

SMITH,  ALEXANDER  and  SMITH,  WILLIAM.— (Provisional 
protection  only.) — "  Improvements  in  machinery  for  curing  sugar 
"  and  for  separating  solid  and  liquid  substances  by  centrifugal 
"  force."  These  are,  in  place  of  a  wire  gauze  cylinder  revolving 
on  its  axis  with  great  rapidity  "  a  series  of  narrow  bars  or  rings, 
"  placed  edgeways  are  employed,  these  are  packed  as  close 
"  together  as  may  be  desired,  and  form  a  very  strong  and  com- 
"  paratively  smooth  surface,  which  can  be  cleaned  with  great 
"  facility.  The  bars  or  rings  may  be  tapered  or  thicker  at  one 
"  edge  than  the  other,  if  desired,  to  facilitate  the  escape  of  the 
"  liquid." 

[Printed,  4A    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  July  28.-N0  1752. 

ASPINALL,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  evaporating  and  in 
"  apparatus  for  the  same,  especially  applicable  to  the  evaporation 
"  of  syrup.  These  are,  first,  "  evaporating  substances  by  means 
"  of  pipes  being  situated  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  substances 
"  to  be  evaporated,  or  in  other  words  such  pipes  being  wholly  or 
"  partially  (by  preference  wholly)  immersed  in  the  substances  but 
"  not  allowed  to  reach  the  bottom  of  the  same. 

Second,  "  constructing  apparatus  for  evaporating  with  movable 
"  steam  pipes,  hot  air  pipes,  or  other  pipes  so  arranged  that  they 
"  the  said  pipes  may  be  caused  to  rise  and  fall  as  may  be  required 
''  according  to  changes  of  level  in  the  substances  evaporated  in 
"  order  that  the  said  pipes  may  be  kept  always  at  or  near  the 
"  surface  of  the  said  substances," 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 


SUGAR.  263 

A.D.  1859,  August  6.— N°  1816. 

DE  LISLE,  ALFRED  THEODODE. — "  Improvements  in  clarifying 
"  and  decolorizing  solutions  of  sugar  and  other  liquids."  These 
are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows : — "  Mix  with  the 
"  solution  of  sugar  or  other  liquid  powdered  animal  charcoal  in  a 
"•  heated  state,  and  afterwards  separate  the  charcoal  by  filtration. 
"  I  have  found  that  the  more  finely  the  charcoal  is  powdered,  and 
"  the  higher  its  heat  when  mixed  with  the  solution  or  liquid  the 
"'  better  is  the  effect  produced." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  August  12.— N°  1861. 

POSSOZ,  Louis  ANTOINE.  —  "Improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  and  baking  of  sugars.  These  are,  "  purifying  the 
"  saccharine  juice  produced  from  beet  root,  sugar  cane,  maple, 
te  sorgho,  and  all  other  saccharine  vegetables,  as  well  as  the 
"  syrups  or  solutions  of  sugar,  raw  or  impure,  by  processes  which 
"  dispense  with  the  employment  of  animal  charcoal  or  blood, 
"  both  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar.  These  processes 
"  have  for  basis  the  employment  of  successive  additions  of  lime 
"  and  carbonic  acid  in  fixed  proportions,"  and  such  processes  are 
carried  into  practice  "  by  the  aid  of  certain  particular  arrange- 
"  ments  of  machinery  and  apparatus.  The  proportions  of  lime 
to  be  used  vary.  "  For  the  first  addition  of  lime  with  beet  root 
"  there  should  be  used  (on  an  average)  ten  parts  in  weight  of 
"  real  lime  for  one  thousand  of  raw  juice  to  be  purified.  The 
mode  of  mixing  the  lime  is  given.  It  is  preferred  to  add  the 
lime  to  the  juice  at  a  temperature  between  50°  and  86°  F.  The 
clear  juice  is  drawn  or  not  from  the  precipitate  and  carbonated 
by  carbonic  acid  avoiding  an  excess  of  gas  so  as  to  leave  the 
juice  alkaline.  After  standing  or  by  centrifugal  force  the  clear 
liquor  is  separated  from  the  precipitate.  The  juice  is  treated 
as  above  three  times  with  lime  and  the  lime  finally  com- 
pletely saturated  by  carbonic  acid  and  the  whole  carried  up  to 
boiling  to  drive  off  "  excess  of  carbonic  acid  and  precipitate  the 
"  carbonate  of  lime  which  might  be  held  in  solution;"  after 
which  the  juice  is  "  clarified  by  the  centrifugal  machine,  filtered, 
"  evaporated,  and  immediately  baked  without  interruption  or 
"  any  other  filtration  being  necessary."  This  process  may  be 
varied. 

[Printed,  2*.    Drawings.] 


264  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1859,  August  31.— N°  1980.     (*  *) 

VON  KANIG,  WILHELM  ADOLF.—"  Improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  starch  and  compounds  of  starch,  and  in  extracting 
"  gum  dextrine  and  grape  sugar  therefrom."  These  are,  first, 
"  I  take  the  sago  of  commerce,  either  whole,  in  which  case 
"  it  must  be  ground  fine,  or  I  use  flour  of  sago  and  proceed  to 
"  wash  and  cleanse  it  from  impurities  in  cold  water,  and  then  mix 
"  therewith  a  purified  solution  of  chloride  of  lime  made  by  dis- 
*'  solving  one  pound  of  chloride  of  lime  in  three  gallons  of  water, 
"  and  I  stir  the  whole  together  until  well  mixed,  and  leave  it  to 
"  bleach  and  settle  for  three  hours  more  or  less.  The  liquid  is 
"  then  separated  from  the  solid  portion,  and  the  solid  residue 
"  or  starch  well  washed  with  cold  water  until  all  traces  of  lime 
"  are  removed  therefrom.  This  residue  is  then  left  to  dry,  and 
"  is  fit  for  use.  By  this  invention  it  will  be  seen  that  I  convert 
"  sago  into  a  soluble  starch,  and  can  obtain  therefrom  as  com- 
"  raonly  practised  in  the  manufacture  of  starch,  gum  dextrine 
"  and  grape  sugar." 

Second,  in  making  compounds  of  starch  by  mixing  the 
"  improved  starch  with  ordinary  starch  during  its  manufac- 
ture, "by  which  it  is  refined  and  improved  and  rendered 
"  soluble.  I  also  propose  to  combine  the  improved  starch  with 
"  gum,  by  which  it  is  rendered  useful  for  printing  and  for  other 
"  purposes  for  which  gum  is  now  used  ;"  and  3,  in  the  use  of  a 
solution  of  chloride  of  lime  in  the  manufacture  of  ordinary  starch 
for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  gluten  therefrom  and  for 
making  soluble  starch,  and  for  converting  insoluble  into  soluble 
starch. 

[Printed,  4</.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  September  3.— N°  2013. 

SCHRAMM,  HENRY  ROBERT  Louis. — (Provisional  protection 
only.) — "  A  new  process  for  pressing  and  separating  simultaneously 
"  the  fibres  and  pellicles  contained  in  the  constituent  matters  of 
"  the  beet-root  sugar,  beer,  grains,  alcohol,  potatoes,  beets,  and 
"  other  similar  substances."  This  consists  of  a  frame  having 
two  pairs  of  rollers,  "  one  pair  being  above  the  other,  and  each 
"  pair  having  a  pair  of  knives  so  arranged  as  to  scrape  the  sur- 
"  faces  clear  of  the  adhering  substances.  A  pipe  leading  from  a 
"  tube  or  vat,  within  which  the  substance  to  be  pressed  is  kept  in 


SUGAR.  265 

"  a  partly  liquid  state,  transmits   it  between  the  first  pair  of 

*'*  rollers,  which  thoroughly  press   it,  separating  the  greater  part 

"  of  the  insoluble  matters.      The  liquid  then  passes  through  a 

"  sieve  or  sieves,  and  falling  upon  an  oblique  plate  drops  between 

"  the  next  pair  of  rollers,  and  is  a  second  time  pressed  by  them ; 

"  and  after  passing  through  another  sieve  is  delivered  perfectly 

"  pure,  yet  containing  all  the  soluble  matters.     In  this  state  it  is 

"  ready  for  any  future  operations.      Each   pair  of  rollers  has  a 

"  pair  of  adjusting  screws  to  regulate  the  distance  between  each." 

"  Where  beds  are  made  use  of  to  press  upon,"  they  are  formed 

"  of  red  cast  iron,  a  composition  of  iron  and  copper  where  the 

"  copper  predominates." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  September  7.— N°  2037. 

LYONS,  JAMES  JOHN. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  apply- 
"  ing  to  the  upper  portions  of  the  pans  used  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar  an  open  pipe  or  flue,  into  which  an  up  current  of  steam 
"  is  introduced  through  a  pipe  connected  with  a  boiler  in  which 
"  the  steam  is  generated."  "  In  some  cases,  in  any  convenient 
"'  position  on  the  steam  pipe,  a  vessel  may  be  carried  to  receive 
*•'  any  condensed  water  that  may  arise  in  the  steam  pipe,  from 
"  which  it  may  be  re-conveyed  to  the  steam  boiler." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  September  10.— N°  2065. 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  OLIVER. — "  Improvements  in  machinery 

"  or  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."     These  are,    "  a 

"  new  construction  and  combination  of  the  gearing  of  wheels  and 

"  pinions  for  communicating  the  motive  power  of  steam  engines 

"  to  sugar  cane  mills,  the  mill   and  engine  being  fitted  on  to  a 

"  base  plate  or  frame  of  iron.      The  motive  power  is  communi- 

"  cated  to  the  mill  from  the  main  shaft  of  the  engine  by  means 

"  of  two  pairs   of  internal   toothed   wheels    and   spur  pinions, 

"  arranged  in  such  a  form  or  manner  that  the  cranked  or  main 

"  shaft  of  the  engine  may  be  placed  at  a  low  elevation  with  respect 

"  to  the  plane  of  the  bed  plate  or  bed   frame,  in  lieu  of  having 

"  it   elevated,  as  it  necessarily  is  "  in  a  former  patent,  No.  10,345, 
Old  Law.     It  is  stated  that  "  by  means  of  this  new  combination," 


266  SUGAR. 

the  patentee  is  "  enabled  to  use  certain  kinds  of  steam  engines, 
"  which  were  practically  inapplicable  "  in  his  "  former  combina- 
'•'  tion  ;  the  centres  of  effort  and  the  strains  of  the  machinery  are 
"  brought  nearer  to  the  plane  of  the  base  line,  the  fly  wheel  is 
"  brought  down  to  a  convenient  level,  and  the  injurious  vibrations 
"  incident  to  the  former  elevated  positions  of  these  parts  are 
""  obviated.  The  descriptions  of  steam  engines  to  which  this 
"  invention  is  more  particularly  applicable  are  the  beam  steam 
"  engine,  the  table  steam  engine,  the  inverted  cylinder  steam 
"  engine,  and  the  horizontal  steam  engine." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  September  20.— N°  2138. 

MANBKE,  ALEXANDRE. — "  An  improved  method  of  extracting 
"  and  purifying  sugar,  called  glucose  and  *  syrup  de  Fecule  '  from 
(i  potatoes,  or  fecula  or  starch  or  dextrine."  This  consists  in 
"  extracting  and  purifying  glucose,"  as  follows  : — In  a  vessel  or 
apparatus  capable  of  being  heated  by  a  naked  fire,  or  otherwise, 
is  placed  20  parts  of  water,  into  this  is  put  about  "  one  part  of 
"  diastasis  for  one  thousand  parts  of  the  mixture/'  about  to  be 
described,  "or  from  20  to  25  parts  of  malt  for  100  parts  of  the 
if  mixture,  or  from  1  to  2  parts  of  sulphuric  acid  for  100  parts  of 
"  the  mixture,  but  these  proportions  may  be  varied."  The  water 
is  heated  to  about  155°  F.,  and  9  parts  of  potatoes  or  fecula,  or 
starch  or  dextrine,  with  1  part  of  flour  from  rice  or  maize  are 
mixed  with  20  parts  of  water  at  60°  F.,  and  the  whole  gradually 
added,  stirring  being  maintained  as  well  as  the  heat  at  185°  F., 
until  the  mixture  is  completely  converted  into  sugar.  The  acid  is 
then  neutralized  by  carbonate  of  lime  or  quicklime,  or  any  other 
agent,  the  liquid  is  allowed  to  settle,  filtered  through  a  woollen 
filter,  and  received  in  a  clarifier  filled  with  lime  water,  also  burnt 
bones,  bullocks  blood,  &c.,  and  finally  conveyed  into  a  close 
vessel  with  a  perforated  false  bottom  on  which  is  a  filter,  and  the 
solution  is  driven  through  it  by  steam  or  air  forced  in  over  the 
top,  or  a  pump  or  vacuum  may  be  employed  to  draw  it  through 
the  filter. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1859,  September  29— N°  2210. 

OXLAND,  ROBERT. — rt  Improvements  in  the  treatment  of  saccha- 
(<  rine  matters."  These  are,  "  the  use  of  sulphurous  acid  as  a 


SUGAR.  267 

(i  bleaching  agent  on  the  saccharine  matters/'  either  alone  or  in 
aid  of  the  decolorizing  power  of  animal  charcoal,  "for  this  pur- 
"  pose  mixing  gaseous  or  liquid  sulphurous  acid  with  the  saccha- 
"  rine  solution  at  from  25°  to  35°  Beaume,  and  then  evaporate 
"  in  the  usual  manner  to  the  desired  strength.  The  process  is 
"  more  especially  applicable  to  solutions  such  as  those  of  treacle 
"  or  patent  syrup  which  are  not  required  to  be  converted  into  the 
"  crystalline  form,  although  with  care  it  may  be  advantageously 
"  employed  in  the  treatment  of  solutions  of  sugar  intended  for 
"  crystallization."  The  sulphurous  acid  from  an  ordinary  sulphur 
burner  is  passed  through  water,  and  from  thence  into  a  column, 
in  preference,  of  lead  or  of  glazed  stoneware  pipes,  the  top  of  which 
is  filled  with  large  rough  pieces  of  coke  or  pumice  stone.  This 
column  stands  in  a  receiver.  "  If  a  very  pale  syrup  is  required, 
"  the  whole  of  the  syrup  to  be  operated  upon  may  be  passed 
"  through  the  column,  but  a  very  good  syrup  may  be  produced 
"  by  the  admixture  of  two  to  four  per  cent,  of  the  syrup  saturated 
"-with  sulphurous  acid,  with  the  syrup  which  has  been  passed 
"  over  animal  charcoal." 
[Printed,  6(7.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1859,  October  11.— N°  2314. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  VINCENT. — (A  communication  from  Horatio 
Nelson  Fryatt.} — "An  improved  mode  of  clarifying  and  defecating 
"  saccharine  solutions  and  juices."  These  are,  adding  to  a  saccha- 
rine solution  alcohol,  heat  being  also  applied,  to  precipitate  the 
impurities  "  albuminous  and  other  nitrogenous,  saline,  and  other 
"  impurities,"  while  the  sugar  is  in  solution  in  the  alcoholic  liquid. 
Sometimes  alcohol  is  added  to  the  saccharine  liquid  until  the 
liquid  is  of  a  certain  strength,  sometimes  the  alcohol  is  combined 
with  water  before  using  it.  "The  combination  of  alcohol  and 
"  water  found  to  work  best  consists  of  sixty  per  cent,  of  alcohol 
"  and  forty  per  cent,  of  water  or  thereabouts,  the  per-centage  by 
"  volume  according  to  alcohometry.  Variations  from  this  per- 
f<  centage  will  act  in  degree,  but  large  variations  cannot  be  practi- 
"  cally  employed.  The  quantity  of  this  combined  liquor  to  be 
"  used  is  from  fifty  to  sixty  per  cent,  or  thereabouts  of  the  weight 
"'  of  the  sugar  operated  upon  ;"  the  mixture  is  gradually  heated 
until  nearly  boiling,  and  kept  so  for  about  half  an  hour,  with 
continual  stirring,  neutralizing  any  acidity  by  small  quantities  of 


268  SUGAR. 

milk  of  lime.  The  solution  is  decanted  and  gradually  cooled.  In 
about  eight  or  ten  hours  the  purified  solution  is  drawn  off  from 
the  sediment,  and  boiled  down  and  crystallized  and  purified  from 
the  slight  colouring  matter  "in  any  manner  the  operator  may 
"  prefer,  including  the  washing  of  their  surfaces  by  alcohol." 
Close  vessels  are  employed  for  recovering  the  alcohol. 
[Printed,  4rf.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1859,  November  25.— N°  2668. 

CARR,  THOMAS. — "  Improvements  in  arrangements  and  mecha- 
"  nism  for  drying  glue,  moulded  clay,  sugar,  white  lead,  and 
"  various  other  substances  and  articles  of  manufacture."  These 
are,  "  the  combination  of  a  fan  or  fans "  "  with  a  chamber  or 
"  chambers  for  drying  purposes,"  also  "  the  system  or  method 
"  of  drying  articles  or  substances  in  chambers,  by  causing  the 
"  major  part  of  a  current  of  air  artificially  heated  and  set  in 
"  motion  by  mechanical  means  to  keep  continuously  circulating 
"  through  the  said  chambers,"  as  follows  : — Two  square  cham- 
bers communicate  with  each  other  and  with  chambers  at  both 
ends ;  in  one  of  these  chambers  the  stove  or  boiler  or  other  heating 
apparatus  is  placed,  with  pipes  or  flues  from  it  along  one  of  the 
chambers.  A  shaft  is  placed  in  suitable  bearings  carrying  a  fan 
at  each  end  and  one  in  the  middle.  These  fans  may  consist  of  a 
boss,  with  three  arms  secured  in  holes  or  sockets  formed  in  the 
boss,  to  which  the  vanes  or  blades  are  secured,  which  may  be  of 
thin  sheet  metal  or  wood.  The  rotation  of.  the  shaft  carrying  the 
fans  will  cause  a  current  of  air  to  blow  down  one  chamber  and  up 
the  other,  one  part  of  the  air  passing  out  through  an  aperture  at 
one  end  of  the  chamber,  while  an  equal  quantity  of  air  will  flow 
in  through  an  aperture  at  the  other  end  of  the  chamber. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing:.] 


A.D.  1859,  November  28.— N°  2689. 

BENTALL,  EDWARD  HAMMOND. — "  Improvements  in  machi- 
"  nery  for  cutting  vegetable  substances."  These  are,  first,  in 
apparatus  for  the  above  purpose,  making  the  top  part  of  the 
framing  in  one  piece  it  is  mounted  on  legs  or  vertical  supports. 
The  pedestals  or  bearings  of  the  several  shafts  are  not  fixtures,  but 
cast  separate,  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  framing  is  planed  at  all 


SUGAR.  269 

parts  where  the  pedestals  or  bearings  of  the  several  shafts  are 
fitted.  It  has  been  found  "  convenient  in  practice  that  the  places 
"  for  some  of  the  fittings  should  be  planed  in  one  direction,  then 
"  the  frame  should  be  turned  round  in  the  planing  machine 
"  and  the  surfaces  for  the  other  fittings  planed  in  a  transverse 
"  direction." 

Second,  arranging  the  driving  gear  so  that  "  auxiliary  hand 
"  power  may  be  applied  thereto.  To  this  end,  one  of  the  shafts 
"  which  carries  a  part  of  the  differential  gearing  is  prolonged 
"  beyond  the  framing,  so  that  a  winch  handle  may  be  adapted 
"  thereto  if  required."  The  differential  gearing  consists  of  a  series 
of  wheels  of  different  diameters.  The  wheels  are  "  so  arranged  that 
"  one  set  of  wheels  must  be  completely  ungeared  before  either  of 
"  the  others  can  be  put  into  gear.  In  order  to  cut  two,  three, 
"  or  more  lengths  of  chaff  as  required,  two,  three,  or  more  sets  of 
"  wheels  of  different  diameters  maybe  mounted  on  the  differential 
"  gearing  shafts,  so  that  by  pushing  the  one  or  the  other  into 
"  gear,  the  required  length  of  chaff  may  be  produced." 

Third,  this  also  relates  to  gearing,  and  consists  "  in  the  employ- 
"  ment  of  a  toothed  wheel  provided  with  internal  teeth,  whereby 
"  a  nut  or  pinion  connected  with  the  driving  gear  is  to  be 
"  actuated."  This  wheel  is  named  "  an  annular  wheel,"  and  by 
using  it  the  size  of  some  of  the  toothed  wheels  are  advantageously 
reduced,  and  also  the  machine  made  "  more  compact  than  hereto- 
"  fore,  Several  parts  of  the  gearing  are  also  covered  and  con- 
"  cealed  from  view  by  means  of  this  annular  wheel,  while  the 
"  other  parts  are  concealed  beneath  a  semicircular  or  curved 
"  wrought  iron  cover,  which  covers  all  the  differential  gearing." 

Fourth,  "  mounting  the  upper  pressing  rollers  in  bearings  in 
"  side  levers  or  arms,  which  admit  of  being  raised  or  lowered 
"  simultaneously."  Making  "  use  of  two  pairs  of  pressing  or 
"  feeding  rollers,  and  the  upper  rollers  of  both  pairs  are  mounted 
"  in  bearings  in  the  levers,  so  that  when  the  latter  are  raised,  the 
"  upper  rollers  are  raised  with  them.  By  thus  raising  the  upper 
"  feeding  rollers,  the  distance  between  them  and  the  lower  rollers 
"  is  increased,  and  the  substance  to  be  operated  upon  is  drawn 
"  between  the  upper  and  lower  rollers  and  fed  forward  to  the 
"  knives  or  cutting  instruments."  The  box  and  mouth-piece  of 
the  machine  are  cast  in  one  piece,  which  "  adds  materially  to  the 
"  strength  and  solidity  of  the  machine,  and  reduces  its  weight." 
This  machine,  it  is  said,  may  be  employed  among  the  other 


270  SUGAR. 

purposes  which  are  named  for  "cutting  up  sugar  canes  and  other 
"  vegetable  substances." 
[Printed,  lOd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  November  29.— N°  2698. 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  OLIVER. — "  Improvements  in  machinery 
"and  appartus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  pan  or  bottom  formed  of  a  rectangular  intersection  of  two 
"  semi-cylinders,  or  semi-ellipses,  with  rectangular  mouths  or  top 
"  edges  adapted  to  receive  upper  works  or  top  sides  and  dividing 
"  pieces  formed  of  straight  pieces,  and  whether  made  of  cast  iron 
"  or  wrought  iron." 

Second,  "the  modification  of  a  spheroidal  pan  or  bottom  of  cast 
"  iron,  partially  flattened  by  cutting  off  four  segments,  and 
"  adapted  to  receive  upper  works  or  top  sides,  and  dividing  pieces 
"  formed  of  straight  pieces." 

Third,  "the  said  upper  works  and  top  sides  and  dividing 
"  plates  formed  of  pieces  straight  lengthways,  adapted  to  con- 
"  nect  with  square-mouthed  pans  of  any  form,  and  to  connect  at 
"•  their  ends  with  the  ends  of  similar  pieces  belonging  to  adjoin- 
"  ing  pans,  and  whether  made  of  cast  iron  or  wrought  iron." 

Fourth,  "the  moveable  piece  or  door  in  the  dividing  plate 
"  between  the  pans." 

Fifth,  "  the  employment  of  a  pump  or  machine  to  transfer  or 
"  raise  the  juice  or  syrup  from  one  sugar  pan  to  another  of  a 
"  series."     The  pumps  are  of  a  centrifugal  construction. 
[Printed,  lOd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1859,  December  19.— N°  2889. 

COWAN,  JOHN,  and  COWAN,  PHINEAS.— (Provisional  protec- 
tion only.} — "Improvements  in  revivifying  or  restoring  animal 
"  charcoal,  and  in  the  apparatus  employed  therein."  These  are, 
in  preference,  a  pipe  "  is  placed  in  an  upright  or  nearly  upright 
"  position  in  the  furnace  or  heating  apparatus,"  provided  with 
"  plates  or  deflectors  so  arranged  that  the  charcoal  in  descending  " 
is  retarded  in  its  gravitation  or  its  "  downward  progress."  Or  a 
twisted  pipe  or  vessel  may  be  employed ;  or  a  pipe  or  vessel  may 
be  used  with  a  number  of  plates  or  steps  arranged  within  it  at 
suitable  angles,  forming  "  a  sort  of  spiral  staircase  for  the  pro- 
"  gressive  descent  of  the  charcoal  from  step  to  step."  "  Instead 
"  of  only  using  the  hot  gases  and  flames,  &c.  evolved  from  fuel 


SUGAR.  271 

for  revivifying  animal   charcoal,   superheated   steam  may  be 
employed  for  the  purpose,  either  alone  or  in  combination  with 
the  heat  obtained  from  other  sources." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


1860. 

A.D.  1860,  January  5.— N°  36. 

ROBINSON,  RICHARD  ALEXANDER. — "  Improvements  in  sugar 
"  mills."  These  relate  to  "that  class  of  sugar  mills  where  the 
"  steam  engine,  the  crushing  rollers,  and  the  gearing  are  all  on 
"  the  same  bed  or  base  plate,  and  consists  in  combining  a  peculiar 
"  arrangement  of  gearing  with  an  extension  of  the  bed  or  base- 
"  plate  at  one  side,  in  order  to  receive  a  beam  steam  engine,  and 
"  thus  to  bring  down  the  gearing  and  axes  or  shafts  nearer  to  the 
"  base  or  base  plate.  For  these  purposes  the  bed  or  base  plate  has 
"  an  extended  or  projecting  surface  formed  on  one  side,  on  which 
"  the  cylinder  of  a  beam  engine  is  fixed,  the  further  end  of  the  beam, 
"  by  a  connecting  rod,  giving  motion  to  a  crank  on  the  main  or 
"  driving  axis  or  shaft,  on  which  axis  or  shaft  are  fixed  a  pinion, 
"  and  also  a  fly  wheel.  The  pinion  gives  motion  to  a  cog  wheel 
"  on  an  axis  which  passes  under  the  beam,  such  axis  having  at  its 
"  other  end  a  pinion,  which  takes  into  and  drives  a  cog  wheel, 
"  which  it  is  preferred  should  have  internal  teeth,  though  it  may 
'  be  arranged  to  have  external  teeth.  This  cog  wheel  is  fixed 
"  on  an  axis  or  shaft,  which,  by  suitable  wheels,  gives  motion  to 
"  the  crushing  rollers  of  the  mill,  as  is  well  understood." 
[Printed,  IM.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  January  25.— N°  193. 

HUGGINS,  HORATIO  JAMES. — "  Improvements  in  filtering  and 
"  decolorizing  cane  juice,  solutions  of  sugar,  and  other  liquids, 
"  and  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  a  frame  in  which 
is  mounted  a  shaft  on  suitable  bearings  driven  by  a  strap,  cord,  or 
pulley ;  at  the  upper  end  of  the  shaft  is  a  plate  or  disc,  there  is  a 
feed  p\pe  for  conducting  the  cane  juice  or  other  liquid  into  the 
casing,  which  terminates  just  above  the  surface  of  the  disc  and  by 
which  the  liquid  to  be  filtered  is  equally  distributed  all  round  the 


2/2  SUGAR. 

axis  of  the  disc.  There  is  a  ring  of  wire  gauze  or  perforated  metal 
lined  on  the  inner  side,  in  preference,  with  fine  wire  gauze,  although 
filtering  cloth  may  be  used,  and  at  the  back  it  may  be  lined  with 
cloth  or  filtering  fabric,  which  may  be  removed  when  required  ; 
this  ring  is  carried  by  arms  fixed  on  an  axis,  against  this  ring  the 
liquid  is  thrown  on  leaving  the  surface  of  the  disc.  Several 
modifications  of  this  apparatus  are  described.  In  some  cis,-s 
employing  a  perforated  drum  mounted  in  a  cistern  containing  the 
liquid  to  be  filtered,  revolving  slowly,  the  liquid  percolates  from 
the  exterior  to  the  interior  of  the  drum  from  which  it  is  removed 
by  suitable  passages.  The  liquor,  if  desired,  may  pass  through 
an  interior  perforated  ring  or  rings  after  filtering  through  the  side 
of  the  drum.  In  order  to  decolorize  sugar  and  other  liquids  an 
apparatus  somewhat  like  the  first  apparatus  is  described,  but  in  the 
eases  of  wire  gauze  on  the  disc  is  placed  animal  charcoal  or  other 
decolorizing  agent.  To  separate  molasses  from  sugar  and  for 
washing  sugar,  a  trough  is  mounted  on  a  disc,  the  sugar  is  run 
into  the  trough,  sheet  metal  covers  prevent  the  sugar  from  running 
through  the  perforated  sides  of  the  trough,  while  the  crystalliza- 
tion proceeds  the  machine  is  turned  slowly  and  the  sugar  stirred, 
the  sheet  metal  covers  are  removed,  the  machine  moved  rapidly, 
molasses  pass  out,  and  the  sugar  is  washed  by  adding  syrup. 
[Printed,  Is.  IQd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  I860,  January  2/.— N°  212. 

DUNCAN,  JAMES,  SCOTT,  ALEXANDER,  and  DAWSON, 
JAMES. — "Improvements  in  re-burning  animal  charcoal,  and  in 
"  the  application  of  the  products  arising  therefrom,  and  in  the 
"  apparatus  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  "  the  system  or 
"  mode  of  treating  or  re-burning  animal  charcoal  with  the  aid  of 
"  the  mechanical  arrangement  for  withdrawing  the  gaseous 
"  matters,"  as  follows  : — "  If  the  natural  draught  of  the  chimney 
"  is  not  sufficient  to  draw  off  the  gaseous  products  with  the 
"  requisite  velocity,  a  fan  wheel  or  air  pump  is  arranged  "  to 
communicate  with  a  chamber  in  which  are  the  mouths  of  the 
retorts,  a  gauze  wire  diaphragm  or  other  suitable  medium  is  in 
the  neck  of  each  retort  to  prevent  any  portion  of  solid  particles 
being  withdrawn  by  the  exhausting  action. 

Second,  "  the  application  to,  and  use  in  apparatus  for  re-burn- 
"  ing  animal  charcoal,  of  a  pipe  or  pipes  for  carrying  away  the 


SUGAR.  273 

"  gaseous  products  evolved  from  the  used  charcoal."  The  pipe 
or  pipes  are  perforated  with  a  number  of  holes,  and  pass  down  the 
whole  length  of  the  retort  from  the  neck. 

Third,  "  the  system  or  mode  of  collecting  the  gaseous  matters 
"  evolved  in  re-burning  .animal  charcoal,  and  utilizing  the  same 
"  either  by  causing  them  to  assist  in  heating  the  retorts,  or 
"  applying  them  to  aid  in  the  production  of  chemical  products.'* 
The  chemical  products  named  are  "sulphate  of  ammonia  and 
"  other  generally  similar  chemical  products."  The  charcoal  thus 
re-burnt  is  superior  in  quality,  and  is  peculiarly  serviceable  in 
deodorizing  and  decolorizing  beet  root  sugar. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  February  9.— N°  351. 

GILBEE,  WILLIAM  ARMAND.— (A.  communication  from  Edmond 
Pesier.) — "  Improvements  in  treating  saccharine  fluids."  These 
are,  first,  "  the  employment  of  alcohol  for  purifying  or  refining 
"  saccharine  syrups,"  as  afterwards  described. 

Second,  "the  process  of  treating  saccharine  juices  for  producing 
"  and  purifying  syrups,"  as  follows  : — 

"  The  saccharine  juice  is  first  suitably  defecated  by  lime,  the  clear 
"  part  is  drawn  off  and  boiled  for  half  an  hour ;  it  is  afterwards 
"  saturated  with  carbonic  acid  or  other  suitable  acid ;  it  is  then 
"  concentrated  to  18°  Beaume  at  the  lowest,  and  as  high  as  25° 
"  Beaume,  in  the  presence  of  animal  black  in  fine  powder,  or 
"  without  any  addition."  The  syrup  thus  obtained  has  alcohol 
added  to  it  until  it  marks  "  from  60°  to  70°  by  Gay  Lussac's 
"  alcoholometer,"  when  an  abundant  precipitate  of  mineral  and 
organic  matters  takes  place,  while  the  solution  retains  the  sugar. 
The  alcoholic  liquor  is  distilled  and  the  alcohol  condensed  for  using 
again,  and  in  the  still  is  "a  syrup  which  can  be  boiled  direct." 
[Printed.  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  March  16.— N°  695. 

WHITE,  GEORGE.  —  (A  communication  from  Johann  Georg 
Leuchs. — "Applying  as  a  substitute  for  the  animal  albumen 
"  hitherto  obtained  from  birds'  eggs  or  blood,  certain  parts  of 
"  reptiles,  fish,  molusca,  and  articulated  or  radiated  animals." 
Making  use  of  the  roes,  spawn,  or  eggs  of  all  sorts  of  fish,  frogs, 
"  or  reptiles,  the  albuminous  parts  of  the  bodies  of  the  animals 
s.  s 


274  SUGAR. 

"  called  by  naturalists  medusa,  physalia,  parpita,  velella,  rizostom, 
"  aurellia,  cyanea,  solen,  cardium,  or  other  analogous  species." 
To  obtain  the  albumen,  "the  bloody,  fleshy,  or  cuticular  parts 
"  adhering  thereto  are  cleared  away  therefrom,  and  the  remain- 
"  der  "  triturated  and  crushed,  pressed,.or  strained.  "  Or  a  small 
"  quantity  of  water  or  suitable  menstruum  may  be  added,  in 
"  order  that  the  albumen  may  easier  be  pressed  or  strained  out.3' 
After  standing,  the  clear  liquid  is  decanted,  and  may  be  made 
use  of  in  this  state,  or  the  same  may  be  evaporated  partly,  or 
entirely  brought  to  dryness.  It  is  applicable  to  a  number  of  pur- 
poses named,  among  which  is  for  fining  or  clarifying  "  saccharine 
"  or  solutions  or  liquids." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  June  7— N°  1404. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM. — (A  communication  from  Jules  R^ne  Lion.} — 
'"  Improvements  in  the  preservation  of  animal  and  vegetable 
"  matters."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "the 
ff  preservation  of  beetroot  for  sugar  mills  and  distilleries,  which 
"  to  the  present  time  are  dried,  and  thereby  incur  considerable 
"  expenses  for  desiccation  and  manipulation."  "These  means 
"  and  processes  of  preservation  consist,  1st,  in  producing  a 
"  vacuum  in  any  capacity,  hermetically  closed,  in  which  the 
"  matters  to  be  preserved  are  placed ;  2ndly,  in  preserving  the 
"  substances  by  means  of  a  vacuum  in  combination  with  gas  or 
"  hot  air  previously  passed  over  chloride  of  calcium ;  3rdly,  the 
"  preservation  of  substances  by  means  of  a  vacuum  produced  by 
"  withdrawing  the  air  by  high-pressure  steam  by  engines  and 
'"  machines,  in  a  manner  which,  before  this  application,  were 
"  never  adopted  for  alimentary  substances.  4thly,  in  using  for 
"  the  desiccation  of  vegetables  or  grain,  also  for  the  preservation 
"  of  alimentary  substances,  a  distilling  apparatus/'  The  "  vacuum 
"  produced  in  any  capacity  hermetically  closed  in  which  are  placed 
"  the  substances  to  be  preserved  can  be  obtained,  1st,  by  an  air 
'."  pump;  2ndly,  by  a  barometic  (barometric?)  column ;  Srdly,  by 
"  the  condensation  of  steam,  air,  ether,  chloroform,  or  other 
"  volatile  liquid  or  matter.  The  vacuum  produced  by  the  air 
"  pump  simply  consists  in  connecting  it  with  the  vessel  containing 
"  the  substances,  and  in  extracting  the  air  from  the  capacity." 
"  The  barometric  column "  consists  "of  a  tube  of  earthenware, 


SUGAR.  275 

"  gutta  percha,  or  other  matter.     The  lower  part  is  situated  at 
"  the  base  of  the  house,  in  a  cellar,  for  example ;  the  upper  part 
"  communicates  with  the  preserving  capacity." 
[Printed,  Scl.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  June  15.— N°  1463. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Messieurs  Ltge  and  Danguy.} — "  Improvements  in  dessicating 
"  substances,  and  in  neutralizing  or  retaining  any  foetid  gases 
"  which  may  be  evolved  in  the  process."  This  invention  it  is 
said  "  is  also  applicable  to  the  drying  of  sugar,  chemical  products, 
"  and  other  substances  more  or  less  solid,"  and  "consists  in 
"  forcing  currents  of  hot  air,  or  in  some  seasons  dry  air,"  through 
passages  in  the  bottom  of  a  "  closed  vessel  opening  into  a  shaft,  in 
"  which  vessel  the  matters  to  be  dessicated  are  agitated,  tossed 
"  about,  and  divided  by  means  of  screws  or  shafts  with  arms 
"  caused  to  devolve  rapidly.  In  the  dessiccation  of  substances 
"  giving  off  foetid  or  poisonous  gases  the  shaft  is  closed  by 
"  raising  of  a  valve  which  opens  communication  with  a  pipe 
"  leading  into  a  vessel  containing  some  agent  which  will  absorb, 
"  neutralize,  or  thow  down  the  particular  gas  to  be  treated. 
(<  The  vessel  contains  a  pump,  which  is  caused  to  throw  the  agent 
"  from  a  rose  spreader  from  the  top  of  the  vessel.  After  the 
"  neutralization,  absorption,  or  deposit  of  the  foetid  and 
"  poisonous  gases,  the  air  and  non-injurious  gases  pass  through 
"  the  only  outlet  at  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  into  a  tube,  and 
"  back  into  the  first  named  shaft  above  the  point  at  which  the 
"  valve  is  placed.  When  the  gases  are  not  required  to  be  puri- 
"  fied,  the  valve  is  lowered,  when  it  closes  the  communicaton  with 
"  the  purifying  vessel,  and  opens  free  passage  through  the  shaft. 
"  When  the  air  is  to  be  employed  hot,  a  furnace  is  placed  under  the 
"  dessicating  vessel,  with  pipes,  through  which  air  is  driven  by  a 
"  fan  with  sufficient  force  to  drive  in  the  heated  air  through  the 
"  valves  in  the  bottom  of  the  vessel." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  June  19.— N°  1486. 

WALKER,  JOHN.  —  "  Improvements  in  mills  or  machinery  for 
"  expressing  juice  from  the  cane  and  other  like  vegetable 
"  substances."  These  are,  first,  "  constructing  and  arrangeing 

s  2 


276  SUGAR. 

"  rolls  in  such  manner  that  on  cane  being  fed  to  them  from  a 
"  feeding  table,  hereafter  described,  they  first  split  the  cane  and 
"  cause  the  inside  thereof  to  be  turned  downwards  before  passing 
"  between  the  pressing  rolls,  whereby  the  juice  is  extracted  with- 
"  out  being  made  to  pass  through  the  bark  or  rind  of  the  cane." 
One  of  the  bottom  rolls  is  grooved,  and  a  ridge  or  projection  is 
left,  more  or  less  angular,  between  every  two  grooves,  and  upon  a 
feed  table  a  rack  is  fixed,  containing  as  many  compartments  for 
the  reception  of  canes  as  there  are  projections  on  the  roll,  and  the 
compartments  are  arranged  "  in  such  manner,  that,  the  centre  of 
"  each  cane  shall  be  delivered  directly  over  the  ridge  to  which  the 
"  feed  compartment  corresponds." 

Second,  employing  "  a  wrought-iron  strap  on  each  side  of  the 
"  mill  for  supporting,  surrounding,  and  adjusting  the  bearings 
"  of  the  rolls  "  by  means  of  wedges  and  screws.  The  straps  are 
drawn  tight  by  means  of  keys  passing  through  the  bottom  part 
of  the  said  straps. 

Third,  "  casting  the  beds  in  the  side  frames  for  the  two  under 
"  rolls  at  right  angles  to  the  thrust  or  pressure  at  the  time  the 
"  cane  is  passing  through  the  mill." 
[Printed,  6rf.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  June  26.— N°  1554. 

FLETCHER,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  apparatus  for  treat- 
"  ing  saccharine  and  saline  solutions."  These  are,  first,  in 
evaporating  apparatus  "  composed  of  a  cylindrical  metallic  vessel 
"  having  an  opening  at  each  end,  and  fitted  with  trunnions  or 
"  axes  running  on  rollers.  It  is  fitted  internally,  near  its  cir- 
"  cumference,  with  a  number  of  longitudinal  metallic  tubes, 
"  communicating  with  a  second  or  steam  cylinder  enclosing  the 
"  first,  but  having  no  communication  with  the  interior  of  the 
"  evaporating  cylinder.  Steam  is  introduced  into  the  second 
"  cylinder  from  any  conveniently  placed  steam  boiler,  through  a 
"  pipe  in  a  stuffing  box  turning  with  the  cylinders.  Another 
"  pipe  attached  to  the  steam  cylinder  carries  off  the  water  formed 
"  by  the  condensation  of  the  steam  therein  ;  this  pipe  also 
"  revolves  in  a  stufl&ing  box,  and  is  connected  with  a  condensed 
"  steam  box,  which  regulates  its  discharge."  After  the  inner 
cylinder  is  about  one-third  filled  "with  saccharine  or  saline 
"  solution,  steam  is  admitted  into  the  steam  cylinder,  which 


SUGAR.  277 

"  passes  thence  into  the  tubes.  The  apparatus  is  then  caused  to 
"  rotate  slowly  on  its  trunnions,  and  in  its  rotation  the  liquid 
"  is  taken  up  by  the  inner  surface  of  the  evaporating  vessel,  and 
"  by  the  outer  surface  of  the  tubes,  and  thus  it  becomes  exposed 
"  to  the  action  of  a  current  of  air,  which  passes  through  the 
"  apparatus,  and  which  is  increased  by  means  of  a  jet  of  steam 
"  placed  in  a  chimney  in  communication  with  one  of  the  aper- 
"  tures  in  the  inner  cylinder,*  the  opposite  aperture  being  for  the 
"  admission  of  air.  The  steam  cylinder  may  be  fitted  with  a  third 
"  casing  or  cylinder,  perforated  at  one  end  at  intervals  round  its 
"  circumference  for  the  admission  of  air,  the  other  end  being 
"  furnished  with  an  aperture  having  a  cover,  there  being  in  this 
"  case  no  admission  of  air  into  the  apparatus  except  by  the  per- 
"  forations  in  the  end  of  the  said  air  cylinder."  "  The  apparatus 
"  may  be  constructed  without  the  outer  cylinder  or  current  of 
"  heated  air,  the  jet  of  steam  in  the  chimney  being  still  employed, 
"  and  a  current  of  cold  air  admitted  into  the  apparatus  by  re- 
"  moving  the  cover  "  from  the  aperture  "  for  allowing  access  to 
"  the  interior  of  the  evaporating  pan  for  cleaning  the  same  when 
"  necessary  j"  or  the  cover  may  remain  on  and  the  pan,  exhausted 
by  the  jet  of  steam  in  the  chimney.  "  The  operation  however 
"  is  not  attended  with  the  same  advantage  as  when  a  current  of 
"  heated  air  is  used." 

Second,  the  cooling  apparatus,  consisting  "  of  a  series  of 
"  metallic  pans  or  troughs  placed  or  encased  in  one  common 
"  receptacle  of  metal,  so  as  to  have  a  space  for  freely  circulating 
"  cold  water  or  cold  air,  or  the  two  combined  between  them, 
"  round  their  sides  and  bottom." 

Third, "  the  employment  of  an  improved  chain  and  bucket  pump 
"  consisting  of  a  frame-work  with  a  toothed  wheel  at  each  end, 
"  over  which  two  endless  chains  are  placed,  so  that  by  turning  one 
"  pair  of  wheels  the  chains  are  set  in  motion.  Attached  to  the 
"  chains  is  a  series  of  tilting  buckets.  The  bucket  frame  is  lowered 
"  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  to  be  emptied  by  suitable 
"  gearing.  The  top  wheels  being  set  in  motion,  the  chain  of  buckets 
"  begins  its  circuit,  by  which  each  bucket  in  succession  scoops  up 
"  a  quantity  of  the  liquid  in  the  vessel,  which  it  carries  to  the  top 
"  of  the  frame,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  a  stop,  which  tilts 
"  the  bucket  over  and  causes  it  to  discharge  its  contents." 
[Printed,  Is,  4d.  Drawings.] 


278  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1860,  July  12.— N°  1680. 

BREARLEY,  THOMAS.  —  "Improvements  in  machinery  for 
"  producing  and  revivifying  animal  charcoal."  These  are, 
combining  a  rotating  grate  or  fire-place,  and  rotating  spreader 
and  scraper  with  apparatus  afterwards  described  for  "  producing 
"  and  revivifying  animal  charcoal."  These,  it  is  said,  are  appli- 
cable to  machinery  described  in  No.  445,  A.D.  1858.  In  place 
of  a  fixed  and  stationary  fire-place  or  places  under  a  rotating  plat- 
form or  disc,"  "  a  fire  grating  is  arranged  to  have  a  continuous 
"  or  interrupted  motion  communicated  to  it."  In  preference, 
"  the  fire  grating  should  be  of  an  annular  form,  to  apply  heat 
"  principally  to  the  outer  circumference  of  the  disc  or  platform 
"  on  which  the  materials  under  process  are  spread."  In  pre- 
ference, also,  the  dome"  or  cover  should  be  rotated  at  intervals, 
and  the  platform  or  disc  stationary.  "  The  feed  hopper  and  the 
"  spreading  apparatus  are  applied  to  the  cover  as  before,  and 
"  the  lower  edges  of  the  cover  enter  a  circular  groove  or  recess 
"  in  which  suitable  materials  are  placed  for  preventing  the 
"  evolved  products  from  the  matters  under  process  passing  into 
"  the  outer  atmosphere,  and  also  for  preventing  atmospheric  air 
"  passing  into  the  apparatus.  The  animal  charcoal  when  coiri- 
"  pleted  is  removed  from  the  platform  through  an  opening  in 
"  its  centre,  and  the  charcoal  falls  through  a  descending  pipe 
"  into  a  cooler  consisting  of  a  series  of  upright  pipes  or  tubes 
"  surrounded  by  water.  The  lower  ends  of  the  pipes  or  tubes 
"  are  fixed  in  a  plate  which  has  below  it  a  conical  hopper  having 
"  a  closing  valve  at  its  lower  end."  The  waste  heat  "  from  the 
"  machinery  is  conducted  to,  and  in  some  cases  through,  a  steam 
"  boiler  in  order  to  generate  steam  by  such  waste  heat." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  July  25.— N°  1807. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  VINCENT. — (A  communication  from  Horatio 
N.  Fryatt.} — "  An  improvement  in  the  process  of  concentrating 
"  and  crystallizing  sugar."  This,  it  is  said,  does  not  consist  "  in 
"  the  use  of  alcohol  for  the  defecation  or  clarification  of  sugar  or 
"  sugar  juices,  as  that  process  is  known,**  but  is  a  process  "for 
"  concentrating  and  crystallizing  sugar  by  the  use  of  alcohol 
"  applied  to  a  concentrated  solution  of  sugar  after  it  has  parted 


SUGAR,  279 

11  with  a  large  amount  of  its  water,  so  as  to  render  the  mass 
"  mixable,  and  thus  permit  its  easy  exit  from  the  pan  or 
"  evaporating  vessel,  and  also  to  be  capable  of  arranging  its 
"  crystals  and  parting  with  its  coloring  matter  and  fluid  portions, 
"  whereby  a  larger  per-centage  of  crystals  are  obtained  than  by 
"  the  methods  heretofore  employed."  "  Instead  of  stopping  the 
"  boiling  when  the  amount  crystallized  is  from  40  to  60  per 
"  cent."  it  is  much  more  concentrated,  and  while  stirring  "  high- 
"  proof  commercial  alcohol "  is  mixed  with  it  in  the  vacuum  pan, 
"  a  fluid  will  be  furnished  capable  of  holding  the  crystals  in 
"  division  without  dissolving  them."  "  When  the  matter  is  in 
"  any  purging  vessel  the  alcohol  can  be  permitted  to  run  off, 
"  leaving  the  crystals  in  a,  pure  state."  "  If  desired  a  condensing 
"  apparatus  may  intervene  between  the  vacuum  pan  and  the  air 
"  pump,  or  between  the  air  pump  and  the  final  exit  of  the  vapor, 
"  by  which  all  the  alcohol  may  be  saved."  The  alcoholic  solution 
run  from  the  crystals  of  sugar  is  distilled  and  the  alcohol  "  sepa- 
"  rated  and  saved,  and  the  sugar  passed  back  into  the  vacuum 
"  pan  for  further  evaporation  and  eventual  recovery." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1860,  August  15.— N«  1971. 

COURTOT,  HIPPOLYTE.  —  "An  improved  machine,  with  a 
"  drawer  and  moveable  knife,  used  to  part  and  break  sugar." 
This  consists  "  of  a  cast-iron  framing,  supporting  a  pair  of  rag 
"  wheels,  chains,  and  pullies,  a  couple  of  steel  springs  to  keep  the 
"  chains  asunder  with  two  screws  to  regulate  the  distance,  and 
"  for  this  purpose  the  wheels  will  be  moveable,  and  will,  by 
"  suitable  gearing,  communicate  movement  to  a  knife  sliding  in  a 
"  drawer,  which  knife  will  strike  twice  for  each  turn  of  the  crank. 
"  A  plate  or  table  (of  metal)  will  occupy  the  space  between  the 
"  rag  wheels,  chains,  and  pullies,  and  on  this  table  the  sugar 
"  (previously  cut  into  long  strips)  is  placed.  The  crank  will  be 
"  then  turned,  and  a  fly  wheel  will,  by  its  excentric  weight,  carry 
"  with  it  a  rod,  which  will  set  in  motion  the  rag  wheel  and 
"  chains  "  by  means  of  a  ratchet  wheel,  "  the  chains  having  hooks 
"  on  their  inner  side  will  drag  the  sugar  forward,  and  the  sliding 
"  knife  by  the  action  of  an  excentric  will  descend  in  its  drawer 
"  and  depress  one  end  of  the  table,  and  divide  the  sugar  between 
"  itself  and  a  fixed  blade  beneath  the  table ;  it  will  then  rise  (as 


280  SUGAR. 

"  will  the  end  of  the  table  by  (means  of)  a  spring  beneath  it)  and 
"  fall  again,  cutting  twice  for  each  revolution  of  the  crank,  which 
"  may  easily  be  turned  by  a  female,  who  (using  the  machine  above 
"  described  will  cut  without  difficulty  upwards  of  a  ton  of  sugar 
"  a  day." 

[Printed,  Qd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  August  15.— N°  1981. 

FRYER,  ALFRED.  —  "Improvements  in  centrifugal  machines." 
These  are,  first,  "  cleansing  and  freeing  the  meshes  or  open 
"  surfaces  of  which  the  periphery  of  the  drums  of  centrifugal 
"  machines  is  formed  by  causing  the  said  drums  to  revolve  in  an 
"  atmosphere  moistened  and  warmed  to  a  temperature  of  from 
"  130°  to  140°  Fahr.  by  means  of  steam." 

Second,  creating  a  moist  warm  atmosphere  for  the  drums  of 
centrifugal  machines  to  revolve  in,  and  maintaining  the  tempera- 
ture thereof  at  from  130°  to  140°  Fahr.  by  means  of  air  and  steam 
combined  and  applied  as  afterwards  described. 

Third,  "  constructing  the  cases  of  centrifugal  machines  with  a 
"  lining  of  wood  or  other  suitable  non-conducting  material." 

Between  the  top  of  the  case  surrounding  the  drum  and  the 
drum  itself,  placing  a  cover  to  prevent  the  egress  of  the  air 
between  the  case  and  drum  at  the  top,  and  preventing  the  egress 
of  air  at  the  outlet  for  the  syrup  or  other  liquid  by  means  of  a 
trap,  lining  the  inside  of  the  case  with  wood  or  other  suitable 
non-conductor,  fitting  a  pipe  opening  from  near  the  top  of  the 
case,  carrying  it  to  a  point  below  the  bottom  of  the  drum,  and 
bending  it  inwards  to  near  the  axis  thereof.  Within  this  pipe 
about  the  part  where  it  turns  to  the  axis  fixing  a  small  jet  and 
connecting  it  to  a  steam  pipe. 
[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  August  31.— N°  2104. 

BELTON,  PATRICK  MICHAEL. — "The  manufacture  of  a  com- 
"  pound  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  animal  charcoal  in  refining 
"  sugar  and  otherwise."  This  consists  in  "  the  use  or  employ- 
"  ment  of  bog  peat,  treated  substantially  "  as  follows  : — ff  As  a 
"  substitute  or  equivalent  for  animal  charcoal  in  refining  sugar  and 
"  otherwise."  To  100  Ibs.  of  the  peat,  taken  as  it  comes  from  the 
bog  is  added  "  6  Ibs.  of  chalk,  or  its  equivalent "  in  powder,  and 


SUGAR.  281 

mixed  with  water  to  bring  the  whole  in  "to  a  pasty  consistence, 
"  thereby  effecting  the  perfect  admixture  of  the  two."  It  is  then 
pressed  and  cut,  or  formed  into  flat  cakes,  which  are  subjected  to 
the  action  of  a  powerful  press,  "  each  cake  being  covered  with  a 
"  cloth  or  with  wire  gauze,  and  placing  them  between  iron  plates. 
"  The  cakes  are  then  air  or  stove  dried,  until  all  moisture  is 
"  expelled.  They  are  then  ground  to  a  coarse  mealy  powder,  and 
"  charred  much  after  the  manner  of  charring  bones  for  the  same 
"  purpose."  On  cooling  the  material  is  ready  for  use. 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  5.— N°  2139. 

VAUVILLE,  ERNEST.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "A 
"  system  of  extracting  juice  from  beet-root  and  other  plants." 
This  consists  as  follows  : — "  On  leaving  the  rasp  or  grater  the 
"  pulp  falls  into  a  vat,  where  it  meets  with  an  iron  plate 
"  (perforated  with  holes  of  a  tolerably  large  size),  which  arrests 
"  any  filaments  while  permitting  the  pulp  to  pass  through,  and 
"  meet  a  partition  which  spreads  it  equally  on  the  cylinders,  and 
"  the  juice  obtained  by  their  pressure  passes  through  a  metal  web 
"  or  textile  fabric,  and  is  conducted  to  a  funnel,  by  which  it 
"  escapes.  The  axles  of  the  cylinders  are  moveable,  and  by 
"  means  of  an  endless  screw  for  one  and  a  lever  for  the  other  the 
"  pressure  is  increased  or  diminished  by  fixing  or  giving  play  to 
"  the  shaft  of  the  cylinder  in  its  slide.  An  aglomeration  of  pulp 
"  at  any  point  would  only  separate  the  cylinders  for  an  instant ; 
"  if  their  strength  was  not  sufficient  to  reduce  it  a  spring  bringing 
"  the  cylinder  back  again  immediately  it  has  passed  to  the  next 
"  cylinders,  which  exercise  a  stronger  pressure,  and  if  after  this 
"  operation  it  is  believed  that  any  juice  remains  in  the  pulp  it  is 
"  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  hydro-steam  press,  and  every 
"  portion  of  the  liquid  is  driven  from  the  pulp.  The  cylinders 
"  are  set  in  motion  by  any  power,  suitable  gearing  being  used, 
"  and  a  rag  wheel  and  chains  to  give  an  opposite  movement  to 
"  the  cylinders."  In  operating  as  above  "the  use  of  sacks  or 
"  bags  will  be  entirely  dispensed  with." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  6.— N°  2153. 

WRIGHT,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar,  and  in  apparatus  employed  therein."    These 


282  SUGAR. 

consist  "in  the  combined  use  in  apparatus  of  revolving  discs  and 
"  the  vapour  of  water  below  212°  Fahrenheit."  In  carrying  out 
this,  the  juice  or  other  solution  of  sugar  to  be  evaporated,  is  placed 
in  an  open  evaporating  vessel,  in  which  several  discs  or  moving 
surfaces,  in  preference,  of  copper,  are  caused  to  dip.  This  evapo- 
rating vessel  is  placed  in  an  outer  vessel  of  such  dimensions  as 
to  admit  of  its  containing  a  quantity  of  water  below  the  bottom 
of  the  evaporating  vessel,  an  outlet  or  overflow  pipe  from  the 
outer  vessel  below  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  evaporating 
vessel  carries  off  water  and  maintains  the  level  of  the  water  in  the 
outer  vessel.  There  is  an  outlet  pipe  for  escape  of  steam  near 
the  upper  part  of  the  outer  vessel.  The  water  in  the  bottom  of 
the  outer  vessel  may  be  heated  in  any  convenient  manner,  but,  in 
preference,  free  steam  from  a  separate  vessel  is  introduced  near 
the  bottom  of  the  outer  vessel  and  below  the  surface  of  the  water 
therein . 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  7.--N0  2163. 

STEVENS,  CHARLES. — (A  communication  from  Edouard  Four- 
meaux.} — (Provisional  protection  only.) — <f  Improved  bags  to  be 
"  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  This  relates  to  "the 
"  manufacture  of  bags  for  containing  the  pulp  of  sugar." 
These  bags,  it  is  stated,  "  were  originally  of  spun  flax  and  hemp, 
"  which  were  afterwards  replaced  by  others  made  of  wool  spun 
"  and  twisted.  These,  although  possessing  advantages  over 
"  those  first  in  use,  were  more  expensive."  To  obviate  this,  and 
to  unite  "  a  moderate  cost  with  a  durability  at  least  double  that 
"  of  the  bags  hitherto  used,  the  improved  bags  are  made  of 
"  cotton,  which  is  spun  double  and  twisted." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  15.— N°  2247. 

NAPIER,  JAMES  MURDOCH. — "  Improvements  in  machinery 
"  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  in  centrifugal 
machines  "  which  will  discharge  not  only  the  liquid,  but  also  the 
"  dried  sugar  from  the  rotating  container  by  the  centrifugal 
"  force ;  and  as  the  matter  may  in  all  cases  be  supplied  to  the 
"  rotating  container  while  it  is  in  motion,  the  rotating  action  of 
"  these  machines  will  be  continuous."  In  preference,  the  axis 


SUGAR.  283 

of  the  rotating  container  is  placed  vertically.  The  rotating 
chamber  is  cylindrical,  with  apertures  in  its  circumference  which 
are  commanded  by  valves  or  slides  covered  with  wire  gauze,  or 
otherwise  perforated,  which  are  withdrawn  either  by  the  attendant 
or  by  the  action  of  the  machine  "  when  the  dried  sugar  is  being 
"  discharged  through  ^hem  out  of  the  rotating  container,  and 
"  they  may  be  shut  in  the  same  way."  The  surfaces  of  the 
rotating  chambers  are  corrugated  and  covered  with  wire  gauze. 
Machines  are  described  "  in  which  the  rotating  container  is  wholly 
"  charged  and  wholly  discharged  at  intervals,  the  liquoring  being 
"  effected  at  corresponding  intermediate  intervals,"  also  machines 
"  in  which  the  rotating  container  is  constantly  receiving  fresh 
"  matter,  at  the  same  time  it  is  discharging  the  liquid  as  well  as 
"  the  finished  sugar ;  the  liquoring  is  also  continuous."  The  outer 
fixed  casings  of  the  machines  may  be  furnished  with  a  chamber 
for  steam  or  hot  water.  The  valves  above  referred  to  may  be 
arranged  so  that  the  centrifugal  force  may  either  have  a  tendency 
to  open  them  or  to  shut  them.  "  Crushing  rollers  may  be  used, 
"  if  necessary,  to  break  the  lumps  before  the  matter  passes  into 
"  the  machines." 

[Printed,  3s.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  20.— N°  2296. 
RICHARDSON, THOMAS,  and  PRENTICE,  MANNING.— "Im- 

"  provements  in  treating  phosphatic  matters,  and  in  obtaining 
"  products  therefrom."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, — 
In  making  artificial  charcoal  a  strong  solution  in  muriatic  acid  of 
phosphate  of  lime  is  employed ;  when  bones  are  employed  they 
are  first  crushed  between  rollers  or  edge  stones,  and  "  20  cwt.  of 
"  bones"  are  treated  with  "  20  cwt.  of  muriatic  acid  of  1'130 
"  specific  gravity  in  a  suitable  vessel ;  when  the  phosphates  are 
"  all  or  nearly  all  dissolved,"  the  solution  is  drawn  off,  and  if 
needful  it  is  evaporated  to  1*300  sp.  gr.,  and  dried  up  with  7  or 
8  cwt.  of  dry  sawdust,  and  the  whole  is  carefully  incorporated 
with  8  to  9  cwt.  of  finely  ground  pitch,  and  then  placed  "  in  a 
"  clay  retort  or  other  suitable  close  furnace,  and  exposed  to 
"  a  long  continued  red  heat  until  the  phosphates  are  rendered 
"  insoluble" in' water."  The  charcoal  is  then  withdrawn,  and,  if 
necessary,  any  muriate  of  lime  is  removed  by  washing  it  in  water  ; 
when  dried  it  may  be  employed  as  a  substitute  for  animal  char- 
coal obtained  from  bones.  The  process  is  the  same  "when  other 


284  SUGAR. 

"  phosphatic  substance  is  employed  in  place  of  bones,  and  we 
"  can  substitute  charcoal  powder  or  any  other  organic  dryer 
"  instead  of  sawdust." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  September  29.— N°  2359. 

GREEN,  WILLIAM. —  "Improvements  in  refining  or  treating 
"  sugar  and  molasses."  These  are,  first,  in  "  decolorizing  treacle 
"  or  molasses  and  low  syrups,  and  employing  the  same  for 
"  '  liquoring  '  or  whitening  sugar."  The  low  syrups  are  obtained 
"  by  concentrating  the  waters  used  for  washing  animal  charcoal 
"  after  it  has  been  employed  for  decolorizing  syrups."  Also 
economizing  the  process  of  refining  by  the  use  of  inferior  sugars 
or  'syrups  to  those  now  employed  for  the  manufacture  of  fine 
liquor. 

Second,  decolorizing  "treacle  or  other  saccharine  fluids  by 
"  keeping  the  same  ror  a  much  longer  period  in  contact  with  the 
"  animal  charcoal."  "If  very  low  sugars  be  used,  it  is  in  some 
"  cases  necessary  to  keep  the  syrup  in  contact  with  about  its 
"  own  weight  of  animal  charcoal  for  several  days,  and  then  pass 
"  them  through  a  series  of  cisterns,"  five  in  number,  each 
capable  of  holding  two  tons  of  animal  charcoal. 

Third,  instead  of  animal  charcoal  sometimes  employing  "  che- 
"  mical  bleaching  agents  for  decolorizing  treacle,  those  preferred 
"  being  Nash's  finings,  or  the  phosphate  of  soda."  The  mixture 
is  allowed  to  "  stand  for  some  time  in  shallow  vessels  kept  in  a 
"  warm  room."  After  about  a  week,  more  or  less,  the  clear 
decolorized  treacle  is  run  off  from  the  scum  and  precipitate. 
"  When  the  treacle  or  low  syrups  are  decolorized,  if  not  suffi- 
"  ciently  thick  they  are  to  be  concentrated  either  in  vacuo  at  a 
"  low  temperature,  or  by  exposure  to  warm  air,  either  in  shallow 
"  vessels  or  other  suitable  apparatus."  Several  arrangements  are 
described  suitable  for  this  purpose,  and  for  concentrating  syrups 
or  liquors.  An  apparatus  is  described, "  in  which  the  evaporation 
"  is  carried  on  in  a  large  shallow  vessel  fitted  on  to  and  forming 
"  part  of  a  tubular  boiler."  Another  apparatus  consists  of  a  pan 
in  which  there  are  a  number  of  tubes  near  to  the  bottom  for  the 
circulation  of  steam.  Another  apparatus  consists  of  a  pan  in 
which  a  drum  revolves  in  the  fluid  contained  in  it ;  but  *'  instead 
"  of  forming  the  drum  of  a  series  of  bars  or  rods  as  usual, 
"  I  form  them  with  one  or  more  series  of  moveable  floats  " 


SUGAR.  285 

"  around  their  circumference.  These  floats  I  prefer  to  have 
"  made  in  the  form  of  combs,  so  that  as  the  drum  revolves  in 
"  the  fluid  contained  in  the  pan  they  take  up  on  their  surface 
"  thin  films  thereof,  and  expose  the  same  to  the  action  of  a 
"  current  of  hot  air."  Another  apparatus  "  consists  of  a  series 
"  of  inclined  planes,  by  preference  with  corrugated  bottoms,  and 
"  provided  with  jackets  for  the  circulation  of  steam  or  other 
"  heating  media."  The  inclined  planes  may  be  arranged  "  as  a 
"  screw,  and  the  syrup  caused  to  pass  slowly  over  the  same  until 
"  sufficiently  concentrated."  Another  arrangement  is  a  shallow 
vessel  "  with  a  flat  coil  or  series  of  coils,  of  much  greater  depth 
"  than  width,  for  the  passage  of  steam,  boiling  water,  or  other 
"  heating  media."  It  is  now  proposed  "  to  employ  decolorized 
"  treacle  or  low  syrups  decolorized  as  herein-before  described  for 
"  liquoring  superior  kinds  of  sugar."  "Instead  of  the  gutter 
"  commonly  used  for  conveying  the  '  skip '  from  the  pan  into  the 
"  *  heater  '  or  other  receiving  vessel,  I  propose  to  make  them  with 
"  a  series  of  narrow  compartments.,  between  the  alternate  spaces 
"  of  which  steam  is  free  to  circulate." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  October  22.— N°  2571. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication  from 
Jean  Baptiste  Dureau.) — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  evapo- 
"  rating  and  concentrating,  specially  applicable  to  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar."  These  are  : — "A  cylindrical  or  other  shaped  column 
"  or  tube  "  of  a  suitable  metal  is  "  placed  on  a  boiler  or  pan,  and 
"  containing  double  plates  or  shelves,  one  above  the  other,  the 
"  whole  or  nearly  the  whole  height  of  the  column ;  communication 
"  is  maintained  between  the  double  plates  by  pipes  extending 
"  somewhat  above  the  plates;  pipes  are  provided  for  leading 
"  steam  to  each  of  the  double  plates.  A  tube  or  pipe  leading 
"  from  the  pan  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  column.  The  top 
"  of  the  column  is  dome-shaped,  and  is  placed  in  communication 
"'  with  a  reservoir,  from  which  liquors  to  be  evaporated  and  con- 
"  centrated  are  led  to  the  plates  in  the  columns.  The  dome  is 
"  provided  with  water  and  acid  valves  and  draw-off  taps,  and  the 
"  boiler  with  the  requisite  appliances  for  evaporating  and  con- 
"  centrating  apparatuses.  Liquor  from  the  reservoir  falls  or  is 
"  forced  on  to  the  first  plate,  when  it  rises  to  a  level  with  the  top 


286  SUGAR. 

"  of  the  overflow  pipes,  by  which  it  descends  to  the  second  plate, 
"  and  so  on  from  stage  to  stage  until  it  arrives  at  the  bottom  of 
"  the  column,  where  pipes  lead  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  The 
"  steam  escaping  from  the  plates  and  pan  enters  the  central  tube, 
"  there  to  be  conveyed  to  any  desired  spot  for  use  or  to  a  con- 
"  denser."  Two  or  three  or  more  of  the  above  apparatuses  may 
be  combined  and  employed  for  increasing  the  effect.  "  In  some 
"  cases  a  double  pipe  is  employed  in  the  central  part  of  the 
'*  column,  so  as  to  leave  an  annular  space,  closed  at  its  upper 
"  part,  between  the  plates  and  the  steam  pipe."  For  raw  sugar, 
making  use  of  two  serpentine  coils,  one  above  the  other,  and 
introducing,  "  slowly  and  gradually,  a  '  liquor  '  or  syrup  already 
"  reduced  and  sufficiently  dense  not  to  dissolve  the  crystals  which 
"  form  in  the  apparatus." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  November  16.— N°  2813. 

WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  WYE. — "  Improvements  in  steam  boilers 
"  for  increasing  the  evaporative  effect  thereof;  applicable  also  to 
"  stills  and  other  like  vessels  or  apparatus."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  construction  of  steam  boilers  and  other  vessels  for  conveying 
"  heat  to  liquids,  with  flues  or  tubes  enlarged  and  contracted  at  in- 
"  tervals,  and  having  a  series  of  face  plates,  or  projecting  surfaces, 
"  placed  at  right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  direction  of  hot  gases 
"  proceeding  from  the  furnace."  "  This  mode  of  construction  is 
"  equally  applicable  to  all  surfaces  designed  for  the  conveyance 
"  of  heat  to  liquids,  such,  for  instance,  as  evaporating  pans 
"  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  and  its  application  to 
"  such  surfaces." 

Second,  "  the  construction  of  stills,  refrigerators,  and  other  like 
"  apparatus  for  cooling  and  condensing  purposes,  with    surfaces 
"  placed  at  right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  current  of  the  fluid 
"  from  which  the  heat  is  to  be  extracted," 
[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1860,  December  11.— N°  3033. 

TOWNSEND,  JOSEPH.— (Provisional  protection  only.}—"  Im- 
"  provements  in  obtaining  animal  charcoal  and  other  products 
"  from  bones  and  other  animal  matters."  These  are,  "  bones  or 
"  other  animal  matters,"  such  as  "  flesh,  blood,  hair,  wool,  woollen, 


SUGAR.  287 

"  and  *  hard  *  rags,  hoofs  and  horns,  silk,  feathers,  skins,  leather, 
"  old  shoes,  and  gelatinous  and  albuminous  substances,"  are 
placed  in  retorts,  such  as  are  usually  employed  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  animal  charcoal,  but  a  lower  heat  is  used ;  in  preference, 
the  heat  is  from  400°  to  600°  F.,  "  distilling  at  or  near  these  tem- 
"  peratures  until  nearly  the  whole  of  the  condensable  products 
"  are  obtained.  The  heat  is  then  raised  to  800°,  or  higher,  and 
<f  is  maintained  until  all  the  volatile  products  are  driven  off.  The 
"  retorts  are  allowed  to  cool  to  400°,  or  less,  before  the  residue  or 
"  charcoal  is  drawn  out."  The  resulting  charcoal  has  "  superior 
"  decolorizing  properties,"  and  the  liquid  products  are  greater, 
the  incondensable  gases  less. 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings;] 

A.D.  1860,  December  11.— N°  3034.    (*  *) 

CANU,  ADOLPHE  JOSEPH. — (Provisional protection  only.)— "An. 
"  improved  pulverizing  and  bruizing  machine." 

The  cylinders  and  plate  which  perform  the  grinding  or  bruising 
in  this  machine  are  placed  in  a  case  hermetically  closed,  and 
serving  as  a  frame  to  the  machine.  On  this  case  is  a  pipe  having 
a  valve  for  the  introduction  of  the  matters  to  be  operated  upon. 
The  cylinders  are  suspended  and  turn  on  a  plate,  also  revolving 
and  of  which  the  exterior  exceeds  that  of  the  cylinders  so  that 
the  latter  act  on  the  plate,  with  the  whole  of  their  lower  surface 
being  placed  in  order  round  the  centre  of  the  plate.  The  speed 
of  the  cylinders  and  plate  varies  according  to  the  substance  to  be 
pulverized.  The  substance  passes  through  the  pipe  above-men- 
tioned to  the  revolving  plates,  which  by  their  rapid  motion  con- 
tinually force  the  matters  placed  above  to  pass  between  the  lower 
face  of  the  cylinders  and  the  upper  face  of  the  plate  (the  latter 
being  adjustable  by  means  of  a  screw)  and  falls  when  pulverized 
into  a  chamber  beneath  the  machine. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  December  11.— N°  3038. 

TOWNSEND,  JOSEPH,  and  WALKER,  JAMES.—"  Improve- 
"  ments  in  treating  bye  products  arising  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  soda  and  potash  for  the  obtainment  of  antichlores  and  other 
"  useful  products."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in 
making  substances  to  be  used  "  as  purifiers  in  the  manufacture  of 


288  SUGAlt. 

"  sugar/'  &c.  : — Soda  or  potash  waste  is  lixiviated  with  water, 
and  the  solution  oxidized  by  exposure  to  the  air ;  in  preference, 
by  percolating  it  down  through  a  tower  of  coke,  pumice  stone, 
pebbles,  &c.  while  air  is  passed  upwards  through  it.  The  solution 
must  be  repeatedly  percolated  through  the  tower  until  it  is  fully 
oxidized,  "  known  to  be  so  when  it  ceases  to  give  a  precipitate 
"  with  sulphate  of  copper."  In  preference,  the  solution  then  is 
concentrated  to  sp.  gr.  1'15,  or  even  higher;  on  repose  the 
precipitate  is  removed  and  the  sulphates  of  soda,  magnesia, 
potash,  or  ammonia  added,  in  which  cases  the  simultaneous 
products  will  be  respectively  hyposulphites  of  soda,  of  magnesia, 
of  potash,  or  of  ammonia.  "  To  obtain  sulphite  or  hyposulphite 
<f  of  lime,  the  oxidized  liquor  (after  being  freed  from  some 
"  impurities  in  the  manner  already  described)  is  evaporated  to 
"  dry  ness  "  and  used  as  an  antichlore,  or  a  concentrated  solution 
may  also  be  used  as  an  antichlore.  Any  of  the  foregoing  pro- 
ducts may  be  used  for,  among  other  purposes  which  are  named, 
"  purifiers  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,"  &c.  The  remainder  of 
the  Specification  refers  to  the  obtaining"  of  fe  sulphur  and  certain 
"  useful  sulphides  "  from  the  above  lye  products. 
[Printed,  6d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1860,  December  22.— N°  3151. 

SAVAGE,  ALFRED. — "  Improved  apparatus  for  separating,  re- 
"  ducing  in  size,  and  mixing  articles  of  grocery."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  in  the  apparatus  described  for  cutting 
"  sugar  in  No.  1877>  A.D.  1855,  placing  two  springs,  one  on  each 
"  side  of  the  lever,"  sufficiently  apart  that  the  said  lever  may 
not  touch  them,  "also  substituting  for  said  lever  and  knives  a 
"  knife  or  knives  moved  in  right  lines  in  or  on  suitable  guides, 
"  and  projecting  to  without  said  guides,"  this,  in  preference,  is 
"  effected  by  fixing  two  cylindrical  iron  bars  or  guides  on  an 
"  iron  base,  so  that  the  knife  or  knives,  or  the  part  of  the  appa- 
"  ratus  to  which  they  are  attached,  may  slide  freely  on  said 
"  bars  or  guides,"  and  connecting  "  said  knife  or  knives  with  a 
"  revolving  or  partially  revolving  crank  by  attaching  the  rod  or 
"  other  connecting  material  to  such  knives  within  such  guides,'* 
in  preference,  this  is  effected  "  by  forming  the  part  which  slides 
"  on  the  said  bar  or  guides  with  an  opening  to  receive  a  con- 
"  necting  rod  between  the  two  sockets  in  the  sliding  piece  or 


SUGAR.  289 

"  part  which  slides  in  the  said  guides,"  also,  the  supports  for  the 
loaves  to  be  cut  up,  by  "  casting  in  metal  a  bed  "  with  "  projecting 
"  supports  on  its  upper  surface,  not  more  than  two  of  which 
"  projecting  supports  shall  be  in  the  same  plane,  the  third  or 
"  third  and  fourth  supports  being  the  bed  itself,"  so  that  the 
"  loaf  of  sugar  may  fallen  each  of  the  said  supports  in  succession 
"  after  the  required  portion  or  portions  are  cut  off  said  loaf  of 
"  sugar." 

[Printed,  4>d.    No  Drawings.] 


1861. 

A.D.  1861,  February  5— N°  29?. 

WILLIAMS,  GEORGE. — "  Improvements  in  the  construction  of 
"  charcoal  and  other  kilns."  These  are,  first,  in  distilling  bones 
or  spent  charcoal,  "hollow  brick  blocks  or  tile  chambers  are 
"  fitted  the  one  above  the  other  and  socketted  into  each  other 
"  by  projecting  ledges  and  sunk  spaces  at  the  inner  surfaces,  so 
"  that  when  built  up  an  air-tight  shaft  is  formed,  which  I  bind 
'•'  together  by  dowals  or  other  arrangement  at  the  ends  or  sides 
"  and  coat  over  with  a  non-absorbent  of  sulphur." 
•  Second,  "  constructing  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  these  shafts, 
"  and  at  or  near  the  top  of  the  coolers  cavities  or  chambers  to 
"  collect  the  gases  from  the  charcoal/'  &c.  and  providing  said 
cavities  or  chambers  with  plugs,  cocks,  or  other  moveable  or 
opening  apparatus  to  allow  the  gases  to  escape  at  intervals." 

Third,  "  constructing  coolers  with  small  permanent  openings  to 
"  allow  the  gases  to  escape  at  intervals  into  cooling  tubes." 

Fourth,  the  arrangement  and  construction  of  kilns  as  above. 
[Printed,  lOtf.     Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  February  11.— N°  339. 

MENNONS,  MARC  ANTOINE  FRANCIS. —  (A  communication 
from  Julien  Fradet.} — "  Improvements  in  the  construction  of 
"  steam  generators  employed  for  heating,  drying,  evaporating 
"  and  other  purposes."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
first,  "  steam  is  supplied  in  the  different  processes  of  sugar  manu- 
8.  T 


290  SUGAR. 

"  facture,  a  number  (say  two,  three,  or  more)  of  iron  tubes  bent  in 
"  a  serpentine  form,  are  passed  into  the  generator,  and  are  there 
"  secured  by  brackets,  or  other  convenient  support,  in  such  a  posi- 
"  tion  as  to  expose  the  largest  amount  of  surface  to  the  action  of 
"  the  steam  and  hot  water."  In  general,  the  tubes  are  distributed 
longitudinally,  but  they  may  be  vertically,  or  at  any  desired  angle. 
"  The  free  extremities  of  each  tube  are  carried  through  the  sides 
"  of  the  generator  at  any  desired  point,  and  are  connected  with 
"  branch  pipes  leading  to  the  different  chambers  or  recipients  of 
"  the  factory  to  which  steam  is  to  be  supplied." 

Second,  a  superheating  apparatus  composed  of  serpentine  tubes 
is  set  behind  the  register  in  such  a  position  as  to  be  exposed 
to  the  flame  of  the  furnace.  "  The  steam  distributed,  as  above 
"  described,  to  the  different  points  of  the  manufactory,  is  led 
"  on  its  return  through  this  auxiliary  apparatus,  and  being 
"  there  superheated  passes  on  to  the  serpentine  mounted  within 
"  the  generator,  so  that  loss  from  condensation  is  entirely 
"  avoided." 

[Printed,  I0c7.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  February  26.— N°  493. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Charles  Emile  Andre  fy  Co.)  —  "  Improved  materials  for  and 
"  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  moulds."  It  is 
said  that  hitherto  sugar  moulds  "  having  been  made  of  sheet  iron 
"  which  have  become  oxidized  in  parts  have  produced  yellow 
"  stains  on  that  part  of  the  sugar  coming  in  contact  with  the 
"  oxydized  metal,"  and  to  remedy  this  defect  it  is  proposed  to 
construct  "  the  moulds  of  materials  which  will  not  oxydize,  such 
"  as  of  organic  products,  cardboard,  pasteboard,  leather  cuttings, 
"  caoutchouc,  vulcanized  or  not,  and  various  rigid  fabrics  ren- 
"  dered  impermeable  by  certain  coatings."  As  an  example, 
when  the  moulds  are  made  of  cardboard,  a  strong  sheet  of  this 
material  is  divided  into  four  parts,  and  the  parts  are  united 
together  round  a  core  in  the  hape  of  a  sugar  loaf  by  means  of 
glue,  when  dry,  a  ring  of  iron  is  fixed  round  the  exterior  "  with 
"  a  rib  at  or  about  the  centre,  on  which  the  next  mould  rests 
"  when  the  moulds  are  piled  over  one  another;"  other  rings  are 
attached.  The  moulds  may  be  made  in  three  pieces,  and  three 
pieces  of  thin  cardboard  may  be  applied  in  the  interior ;  they 
may  be  made  in  one  piece  by  moulding  them  in  the  state  of  pulp. 


SUGAR.  291 

The  glue  preferred  "is  made  of  gelatine,  rye  flour,  and  fecula;" 
the  varnish,  of  "  essence  of  turpentine,  well  boiled  oil,  and 
"  copal  varnish,  but  any  ordinary  glue  or  varnish  of  commerce 
'•'  may  be  employed."  In  some  cases  metal  moulds  are  lined 
with  cardboard  and  are  painted,  as  are  the  moulds  made  entirely 
of  cardboard,  and  "  leather,  paper,  caoutchouc,  or  other  suitable 
"  material  may  be  used  instead  of  cardboard." 
[Printed,  4id.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  March  30.— N°  781. 

FIELD,  JAMES  JOHN. —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "Im- 
"  provements  in  apparatus  for  evaporating  in  vacuo."  These 
can,  it  is  said,  be  carried  out  "  with  an  ordinary  vacuum  pan 
"  by  making  certain  additions  thereto,"  but  it  is  preferred  "to 
•'  employ  a  vacuum  pan  having  a  head  or  cover  of  different  form 
"  and  construction  to  those  ordinarily  used."  The  cover,  head,  or 
"  upper  part  of  the  vacuum  pan  is  refrigerated  sufficiently  to 
condense  the  vapour  arising  from  the  fluid  or  within  the  upper 
part  of  the  apparatus,  some  form  of  surface  condenser  may  be 
used  in  substitution  or  in  addition  to  the  refrigerated  head  or  cover 
itself.  In  either  case  the  fluid  resulting  from  the  condensing 
action  is  prevented  from  returning  to  that  operated  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  apparatus  by  one  or  more  internal  channels  or  gutters 
from  which  it  is  conducted  '"  by  means  of  a  pipe  or  pipes  opening 
"  from  the  channels  or  gutters,  passing  from  thence  out  of  the 
"  apparatus,  and  terminating  in  a  receiving  vessel  kept  in  the 
"  same  state  of  atmospheric  exhaustion  as  the  vacuum  pan  itself. 
"  This  method  of  conducting  evaporation  in  vacuo  is  particularly 
"  applicable  to  the  concentration  of  saccharine  solutions  and  the 
"  preparation  of  medicinal  extracts." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  May  2.— N°  1095. 

WILSON,  JOHN  CHARLES. — (Provisional  protection  only.} — . 
"  Improvements  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  in  a  steam  sugar  cane  mill,  the 
mill  and  engine  are  both  fastened  together,  either  directly  or  by 
means  of  intervening  girders  or  base  plates,  a  boiler  being  em- 
ployed requiring  no  brick  setting  and  having  an  iron  chimney, 
and  burning  wood  or  "megass  "  fuel. 

T  2 


292  SUGAR. 

Second,  employing  a  boiler  with  a  circular  top  and  straight  or 
curved  sides  which  terminate  in  a  flat  base  for  it  to  rest  upon. 
The  fire-place  is  in  a  large  internal  flue  suited  to  burn  wood  fuel. 
To  increase  the  vaporizing  power  of  the  boiler  without  increasing 
its  size,  placing  a  water  tube  or  tubes  in  the  main  flue. 

Third,  employing  wholly  or  in  part  of  "  '  bevil '  gearing  instead 
"  of  the  '  spur  '  heretofore  adopted,"  also  constructing  "  gearing 
"  of  whatever  kind  used  for  sugar  cane  mills  of  wrought  iron  or 
"  steel  in  lieu  of  cast  iron  as  heretofore." 

Fourth,  making  rollers  of  sugar  cane  mills  entirely  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel  or  of  both  in  place  of  cast  and  wrought  iron  as 
hitherto,  also  forging  or  casting  solid  "with  the  shaft  the  pinion 
"  which  actuates  or  drives  the  roller,  instead  of  making  it  in  a 
"  separate  piece  and  keying  it  on  as  heretofore." 

Fifth,  constructing  side  frames  or  standards  which  support  the 
rollers  of  sugar  cane  mills  of  wrought  iron  or  steel  or  a  combi- 
nation of  both,  with  the  lower  rollers  "  adjusted  in  the  direction 
"  of  a  line  passing  through  the  centres  of  the  top  and  lower  rolls, 
"  and  are  drawn  out  in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  the  same ;" 
also  substituting  in  lieu  of  the  adjusting  screw  a  solid  wedge 
"  placed  between  the  brass  of  lower  bearing  and  the  seat  on  the 
"  side  frame,  the  latter  being  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  thrust.'* 
"  This  wedge  may  be  drawn  out  or  pushed  in  by  any  convenient 
"  mechanism,  and  the  roller  elevated  or  depressed  accordingly." 
Constructing  "  the  trash  turner  of  sugar  cane  mills  "  with  "  a 
"  steel  spring  which  shall  constantly  press  against  the  lower 
"  roller  in  whatever  position  it  may  be  adjusted."  "  Instead  of 
"  attaching  a  spring  to  the  trash  turner  the  latter  may  be  so 
"  constructed  as  to  act  a  similar  part  itself,  and  the  same  arrange- 
"  ment  may  be  applied  to  the  '  trash  '  as  well  as  the  '  front ' 
"  lower  roll." 

Sixth,  in  sugar  cane  mills  driven  by  water  power,  "  placing  the 
"  water  wheel  in  an  iron  trough  or  breast  so  as  to  dispense  with 
"  the  present  brickwork  breast  or  foundations  and  to  attach  the 
"  cane  mill  to  the  same." 

Seventh,  "  in  regard  to  the  cattle  power  or  gear  for  transmitting 
"  the  power  of  animals  to  a  sugar  cane  mill."  In  driving  "  a 
"  bell  or  pan  shaped  casting  for  carrying  the  gearing  "  and  when 
"  desired  to  increase  the  speed  of  the  horizontal  driving  shaft," 
employing  "  what  is  termed  *  internal '  gearing." 

Eighth,  in  evaporating,  &c,  saccharine  fluids  "  passing  heated 


SUGAR.  293 

"  air  over  their  surface"  and  " gradually  removing  the  upper 
"  stratum  of  the  liquid  as  it  becomes  concentrated"  in  place  of 
boiling. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  May  ?.— N°  1155. 

DAVIES,  GEORGE. — (A  communication  from  Hector  Lavignac. ) 
— (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improved  apparatus  for  boil- 
"  ing  sugar."  These  are,  first,  in  place  of  the  fire  passing  below 
the  5  to  8  boilers  employed  in  the  colonies  for  evaporating  sugar 
liquids  the  fire  passes  through  the  boilers. 

Second,  "  an  apparatus  called  a  '  simoon  '  or  hot  blast,  placed 
"  either  in  front  of  or  behind  the  boilers,  or  partly  in  front  and 
"  partly  behind,  which  is  for  the  purpose  of  drying  the  *  bagasse  ' 
"  or  *  cane  trash,'  and  feeding  the  furnace  therewith." 

"  Each  boiler  comprises  within  it  a  second  boiler,  called  a 
"  '  multi  boiler.'  "  "  The  liquid  to  be  evaporated  is  contained 
"  between  the  two  boilers,  and  is  heated  by  the  interior  wall  of 
(f  the  multi  boiler,  which  terminates  at  a  lower  elevation  than 
"  that  of  the  exterior  boiler,  in  order  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
"  liquid  may  be  placed  above  it.  The  top  of  the  '  multi  boilers  ' 
"  is  corrugated."  The  cane  trash  is  moved  along  an  endless 
chain  over  a  perforated  arch  or  vault  above  the  furnace,  by  which 
it  becomes  dry  and  falls  into  the  furnace  by  a  trap  door  at  the 
end  ;  the  vapor  is  condensed  and  carried  off  by  gutters  or  spouts. 
The  first  two  or  three  boilers  have  level  tubes  outside,  and  covers 
with  pipes  which  pass  through  two  or  more  of  the  succeeding 
boilers,  and  thence  into  smaller  pipes  which  pass  through  the 
cold  cane  juice  and  then  into  a  vessel  "  where  the  vapor  is  con- 
"  densed,  producing  a  sufficient  vacuum  in  the  covered  vessels." 
Below  the  two  last  boilers  "  are  dampers,  consisting  of  shallow 
"  vessels  of  water  covered  with  trellis  or  perforated  metal  and 
"  moving  on  friction  rollers  or  wheels.  The  flue  leading  from 
41  the  boilers  to  the  chimney  is  surrounded  by  an  air  chamber, 
"  the  heated  air  from  which  is  withdrawn  by  a  fan  or  otherwise 
"  and  fed  into  the  furnace." 
[Printed,  4*1.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  May  14.— N°  1228. 

BROOMAN,   RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Jean  Baptist    Joseph    QuerueL)  — "  Improvements    in    working 


294  SUGAR. 

"  sugar  refineries  and  in  sugar  moulds,  and  apparatus  for 
"  trimming  the  loaves  therein."  These  are,  "  placing  the  pan 
"  or  copper  from  which  the  sugar  for  filling  the  moulds  is  to  be 
"  taken  at  the  bottom  or  lower  part  of  the  building,"  and  a  shaft 
with  a  "hoisting  and  lowering  apparatus,"  "communicating 
"  with  each  of  the  floors  on  which  the  moulds  to  be  filled  are 
"  kept ;"  fitting  the  pan  with  a  valve  commanding  an  outlet  pipe 
in  the  bottom,  "  from  which  the  sugar  is  run  into  a  jacketted 
"  filling  pot  formed,  by  preference,  with  a  spout  and  provided 
"  with  a  cover.  The  filling  pot,  after  being  charged,  is  run  upon 
"  a  truck  into  the  shaft  and  hoisted  to  one  or  other  of  the  floors 
"  where  the  moulds  to  be  filled  are  placed ;  it  is  then  put  upon 
"  another  truck,  and  is  suspended  from  a  tackle  and  blocks  in  such 
"  a  manner  that  it  may  be  tilted  and  the  contents  poured  into  the 
"  moulds."  The  moulds  are  formed  at  bottom  with  a  threaded 
aperture,  closed  by  a  pointed  metal  spile  which  rises  a  slight 
distance  inside  the  mould,  forming  a  hole  in  the  head  of  the  loaf 
of  sugar ;  the  spike  terminates  inside  the  mould  in  a  button,  on 
which  a  washer  rests  to  make  a  tight  joint.  "  The  moulds  with 
"  the  spikes  screwed  in  are  held  in  frames  constructed  of  wood, 
"  with  apertures  for  the  moulds  to  be  supported  in ;  double  lines 
"  of  rails  are  laid  on  each  floor,  and  the  frames  for  the  moulds 
"  are  run  about,  for  the  purpose  of  filling,  and  otherwise,  in 
"  carriages."  For  trimming  the  base  of  the  sugar  loaf  placing 
"  a  dome-shaped  frame  over  the  mould,  which  frame  carries  on 
"  the  end  of  a  spindle  cutters  or  scrapers  which,  on  being  rotated 
"  make  the  base  of  the  sugar  loaf  even,  and  at  the  same  time 
"•  give  a  bevel  edge  thereto." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  June  26.— N°  1640. 

COWAN,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  re-burning 
"  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "  preserving  it  from  the  atmo- 
"  spheric  air  when  it  is  to  be  removed  from  the  cylinder  or  retort," 
by  forming  in  the  front  or  discharge  end  or  cover  a  small  opening 
closed  by  a  door,  lid,  or  plate,  also  supporting  the  cylinder  or 
retort  on  wheels  or  rollers,  on  which  it  turns,  preferring  "  two 
ft  such  wheels  or  rollers  at  each  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  forming 
"  the  front  end  or  cylinder  cover  with  a  flange  broader  than  the 
"  rim  of  its  supporting  wheels  to  allow  for  expansion ;"  also, 


SUGAR.  295 

preferring,  "to  cause  the  flange  at  the  back  end  of  the  cylinder  to 
"  turn  in  a  groove  in  its  supporting  wheels,  to  keep  the  end  in 
"  gear  with  the  driving  arrangements."  Likewise,  driving  or 
turning  "  the  cylinder  or  retort  by  forming  or  fixing  teeth,  or  a 
"  cogged  or  toothed  wheel,  rim,  or  a  flange  on  the  end  which  I 
"  drive  by  a  pinion  or  equivalent  on  a  driving  shaft,  so  that  by 
"  having  a  number  of  pinions  or  wheels  at  intervals  on  a  main 
"  driving  shaft  lying  horizontally  along  the  back  ends  of  a  row 
"  of  cylinders  or  retorts  placed  side  by  side,  and  having  toothed 
"  wheels  or  flanges  on  such  ends,  any  desired  number  of  cylin- 
"  ders  may  be  driven  by  the  same  shaft.  The  cylinders  or  retorts 
"  are  mostly  formed  with  double  plates  or  covers  at  the  ends 
"  having  a  space  between  those  of  each  end."  Filling  such  space 
with  fire-brick,  or  other  non-conducting  media,  to  prevent  the 
radiation  of  heat.  "Instead  of  employing  a  furnace  to  each 
"  moving  or  revolving  cylinder  or  retort,"  sometimes  constructing 
an  arch  or  chamber  to  contain  more  than  one  such  cylinder  or 
retort ;  or  a  series  or  set  of  two  or  more  arches  or  chambers  so 
connected  one  with  the  other  that  the  fire  of  one  furnace  may 
impart  its  heat  to  more  than  one  such  cylinder  or  retort. 
[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  July  24.— N°  1856. 

GEDGE,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Louis 
Constant  Bernard.) — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  preparation  and  clarification  of  the  saccharine 
"  matters  obtained  from  beetroot,  sugar  cane,  indian  millet,  and 
"  other  sacchariferous  vegetables  or  plants."  These  are,  ex- 
tracting sugar  from  solutions  from  the  above  substances  "without 
"  the  use  of  bone  black  or  animal  charcoal,"  using  "  alumina  in  jelly 
"  or  viscious  state  "  and  subacetate  of  lead,  as  follows  :  the  alumina 
in  a  solution  of  about  2^  ozs.  of  alum  is  precipitated  by  ammonia, 
washed,  and  pressed,  the  juice,  say  about  2  Ibs.  from  beet  root 
"  is  then  poured  cold  and  by  degrees  into  the  jelly  of  alumina, 
"  and  well  stirred,  then  passed  through  a  hair  sieve,"  so  as  to 
thoroughly  mix  it  with  the  juice,  the  whole  is  boiled  for  one  or 
two  minutes,  thrown  on  a  cotton  filter,  and  the  deposit  pressed, 
and  the  solution  "  precipitated  without  heating,  by  subacetate  of 
"  lead,  prepared  as  follows:  "litharge  100  parts,  acetate  of  lead 
"  300  parts,  boiling  water  900  parts,  leaving  it  at  the  tempera- 
"  ture  of  the  bath  until  the  litharge  is  completely  dissolved;" 


296  SUGAR. 

small  leaden  shot  are  added  which  precipitate  any  copper  which 
may  be  in  solution.  By  these  means  a  clear  solution  of  juice 
is  obtained  containing  traces  of  lead  which  are  precipitated  by 
adding  "  forty  or  fifty  grains  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  filter  and 
"  evaporate."  "  Either  of  the  two  preparations,  alumina  and 
"  subacetate  may  act  alone,"  but  "  their  combined  action  leaves 
"  nothing  to  be  desired."  "  Certain  very  aluminous  clays  may 
"  be  used  in  some  cases  as  an  economical  substitute  for  the 
"  alumina." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  July  27.— N°  1886. 

HARE,  SIR  JOHN. — (Provisional  protection  not  allowed.) — "Im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  manu- 
"  facturing  and  baking  sugar  in  blocks,  either  square,  round, 
"  oval,  hexagon,  octagon,  or  other  regular  shape,  and  of  various 
((  sizes,  and  of  uniform  weight,  according  to  the  purpose  for 
"  which  they  are  intended,  and  casting  them  in  moulds  of  metal, 
"  glass,  china,  or  other  suitable  material,  when  they  may  be 
"  colored  to  any  desired  tint  as  fancy  may  suggest,  the  object 
"  being  to  produce  sugar  in  suitably  given  sized  blocks  of  uniform 
"  weight,  more  particularly  adapted  for  domestic  purposes." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  August  6.— N°  1956. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM. — (A  communication  from  Edouard  The'ophile 
de  Gemini  and  Edmond  Oswald  de  Gemini.) — "  Improvements  in 
'*  bleaching  &  clarifying  saccharine  matters,  &  in  apparatus  for 
"  the  same."  These  are,  first,  adding  to  the  juices  and  syrups 
"  fuller's  earth  or  other  clay  or  earth  mixed  with  fine  black,  and 
"  subjecting  the  whole  to  a  violent  agitation  either  in  a  hot  or 
"  cold  state." 

Second,  adding  "  fuller's  earth  or  other  clay  or  earth  mixed 
"  with  the  black,  and  employing  one  or  several  jets  of  steam  for 
"  producing  agitation  of  the  mass  "  as  afterwards  described. 

Third,  employing  "  fuller's  earth  or  other  clay  or  earth  mixed 
"  with  fine  black,  together  with  one  or  several  jets  of  steam 
"  in  combination  with  a  mechanical  agitator  for  stirring  up  the 
"  mass." 

Fourth,  the  following  apparatus  for  operating  the  treatment : — 
One  apparatus  consists  of  a  vat,  near  the  bottom  of  which,  upon 


SUGAR.  297 

the  sides,  are  fixed  a  series  of  prongs  or  pallets,  an  agitator  passin  g 
down  through  the  centre  of  this  vessel  is  made  to  rotate  by  any 
suitable  gearing  or  by  strap,  and  it  has  prongs  or  pallets  fixed  to 
it  near  the  bottom,  which  pass  between  the  fixed  prongs  or  pallets 
on  the  sides  of  the  vessel.  Another  apparatus  is  described  which 
is  a  vat  with  a  pipe  of  steam,  to  which  is  attached  a  series  of 
pipes  for  conveying  the  steam  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  vat. 
It  is  said  that  although  only  two  forms  of  apparatus  have  been 
represented,  "  they  may  be  greatly  varied  in  order  to  produce  the 
"  desired  effect  without  departing  from  the  principle  thereof." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1861,  August  15.— N°  2029. 

CAREY,  STEPHEN,  and  PIERCE,  WILLIAM  MORGAN.—"  Im- 

"  provements  in  apparatus  for  re-burning  animal  charcoal." 
These  are,  constructing  a  long  cylinder  or  retort  "  of  an  octagon 
"  or  other  polygonal  form  with  ribs  or  fillets  bevilled  on  each 
"  side,  and  formed  or  cast  upon  the  inner  longitudinal  angles  of 
"  the  said  cylinder  or  retort;  these  ribs  run  nearly  the  whole 
"  length  of  the  cylinder  or  retort,"  the  "  two  lower  ribs  are  made 
"  shorter  in  front  near  the  door  to  facilitate  the  discharge  of  the 
"  contents.  The  cylinder  is  built  in  brickwork  with  arch  over 
"  and  heated  by  a  furnace  beneath.  An  iron  plate  is  fitted  on  or 
"  into  the  back  edge  of  the  cylinder  or  retort  and  another  plate  is 
"  fitted  a  short  distance  within  the  same.  A  hollow  trunnion  or 
"  spindle  is  formed  or  cast  on  this  inner  plate  through  which  a 
"  pipe  or  tube  is  passed  and  turned  up  inside  the  cylinder,  with 
"  an  aperture  near  the  top  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  the  gas, 
"  steam,  or  vapour  generated  in  the  cylinder  into  a  box  below, 
"  and  by  flues  into  the  main  chimney.  At  each  end  of  the 
"  cylinder  or  retort  a  ring  or  pulley  wheel  is  fitted  to  receive  an 
"  endless  chain,  the  said  chain  passes  round  the  same  and  over 
"  an  upper  and  smaller  pulley  wheel,  fixed  over  each;  these 
"  pulley  wheels  carry  the  cylinder  or  retort  and  give  it  motion. 
"  The  two  upper  wheels  are  connected  together  by  a  transverse 
"  shaft,  running  from  front  to  back  over  the  top,  and  are  set  in 
"  motion  by  an  endless  worm  or  screw  keyed  on  to  the  said 
"  transverse  shaft ;  a  clutch  with  lever  handle  is  fitted  by  the 
"  side  of  the  worm  to  put  the  machinery  in  and  out  of  gear. 
"  The  machinery  is  set  in  motion  by  cog  wheels,  bands,  or  other 
"  ordinary  means  worked  by  steam  or  other  power."  Instead  of 


298  SUGAR. 

suspending  the  cylinder  or  retort  as  above  sometimes  casting 
or  fitting  "  a  trunnion  or  spindle  to  one  or  both  of  the  inner 
"  plates  of  the  cylinder  or  retort,"  and  carrying  "  the  same  thereby  ; 
"  the  said  trunnion  or  spindle  would  be  sometimes  used  at  the 
"  back  of  the  cylinder  and  sometimes  at  the  front,  and  sometimes 
"  to  both  back  and  front.  The  said  trunnion  or  spindle  would 
"  run  through  the  outer  plates  and  be  carried  by  a  journal  outside, 
"  and  supported  by  a  bearer  or  other  ordinary  means."  When 
the  trunnion  or  spindle  is  used  at  the  back  end  of  the  cylinder  it 
is  made  hollow  for  a  pipe  to  pass  through  to  carry  off  gas,  steam, 
or  vapour  generated  in  the  cylinder.  A  plate  cap  or  covering  is 
fitted  over  the  back  end  of  the  cylinder  to  keep  the  heat  in. 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  August  20.— N°  2074. 

LAMBERT,  RICHARD  SYDNEY.  —  "An  improved  f  skipping 
"  '  dipper '  or  vessel  for  removing  sugar  and  other  liquids  from 
"  boiling  pans."  This  consists,  first,  in  constructing  a  'dipper  ' 
with  "  external  ribs  or  guards  so  applied  as  to  prevent  the  contact 
"  of  the  exterior  surfaces  of  the  vessel  with  the  interior  surfaces 
te  of  the  pans  from  which  it  is  intended  to  dip  up  the  contents, 
"  whereby  the  heated  Surfaces  of  these  latter,  6ven  whilst  the 
"  improved  dipper  is  actually  within  them,  charged  with  a  por- 
"  tion  of  their  contents  ready  for  removal  remain  covered  with 
"  liquid  matter,  in  quantity  always  sufficient  to  prevent  injury 
"  from  charring  or  scorching." 

Second,  in  constructing  a  dipper  with  "a  cover  (by  preference 
"  a  dome  or  elevated  cover)  which  enables  the  operator  to  '  charge 
"  '  over '  or  take  into  the  pans  in  action,  and  befofe  the  improved 
"  dipper  is  in  any  degree  lifted  out  or  removed  therefrom,  suffi- 
"  cient  liquid  to  replace  that  taken  into  the  improved  dipper  for 
"  removal,  so  that  when  this  vessel  and  its  charge  are  actually 
"  lifted  away  the  pan  is  found  to  be  already  replenished.  By 
"  these  means  all  possibility  of  injury  from  the  destructive  effects 
"  of  large  overheated  surfaces  acting  on  small  quantities  of  highly 
"  inspissated  substances  is  wholly  avoided:"  The  upper  part  of 
the  dipping  vessel  has  a  cone  or  dome  shaped  cover  or  inclosure 
having  an  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the  passage  of  the  valve 
rod,  and  when  the  dipping  vessel  is  lowered  "  into  the  teache  or 
"  boiling  pan,  and  the  valve  has  been  closed,  afresh  supply  is 
"  run  into  the  teache  or  boiling  pan." 
[Printed,  4cT.  ~SSo  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  299 

A.D.  1861,  August  26.— N°  2129. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD.— (A  communication  from  Horatio 
Nelson  Fry  aft.) — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improved  ma- 
"  chinery  for  filtering  liquids,  decolorizing  saccharine  and  other 
"  juices,  and  rectifying  alcoholic  liquors."  This  consists  of  a 
centrifugal  machine  "with  a  concentric  annular  compartment 
"  outside  of  a  central  chamber,  and  closed  at  top  and  bottom," 
all  the  sides  of  which  are  formed  of  perforated  metal  so  as  to 
contain  pulverized  charcoal  or  other  filtering  or  decolorizing  or 
deoderizing  substance,  so  that  the  liquid,  introduced  into  the 
central  chamber  by  centrifugal  action,  is  forced  through  the 
pervious  sides  into  the  space  between  the  filtering  chamber  and 
the  outer  case,  from  whence  it  escapes  through  an  opening  into  a 
receptacle  below.  In  combination  with  the  annular  filtering 
chamber  a  cap  extends  having  a  central  opening  for  the  intro- 
duction of  the  liquid,  downward  from  this  cap  is  an  annular  hoop, 
which  leaves  a  "  passage  between  its  lower  edge  and  the  bottom 
"  of  the  central  chamber  for  the  passage  of  the  liquid  to  be 
"  filtered,  so  that  a  body  of  such  liquid  may  accumulate  against 
"  and  inside  of  the  inner  periphery  of  the  filtering  chamber 
"  without  the  danger  of  its  escape  through  the  central  feed  hole 
"  in  the  cap  plate." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  August  28.-— N°  2146. 

DUNCAN,  JAMES. — (Letters  Patent  void  for  want  of  Final 
Specification.) — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  and 
"  in  the  apparatus  employed  therein,  also  in  the  apparatus  em- 
"  ployed  in  re-burning  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  first,  in  a 
vacuum  pan  arranging  and  constructing  "  a  series  of  discs,  either 
"  solid  or  hollow  tubes,  or  other  generally  similar  surfaces,"  so 
as  "to  admit  of  rotary  or  other  motion  being  communicated 
"  thereto,"  the  object,  it  is  said,  being  to  keep  down  "the 
"  temperature  during  the  boiling  operation." 

Second,  "counteracting  the  alkalinity  of  the  sugar  solution 
"  by  means  of  sulphurous  acid,  which  is  added  in  sufficient 
"  quantity  to  neutralize  the  amount  of  alkali  contained  in  the 
"  saccharine  solution." 

Third,  in  re-burning  charcoal,  "  the  retort  or  vessel  in  which 
"  the  charcoal  is  contained  is  fitted  with  a  central  longitudinal 


300  SUGAR* 

"  rod  or  bar  having  a  series  of  scrapers  or  vertical  discs  fitted  to 
"  it  "  the  rod  with  its  scrapers,  by  means  of  suitable  gearing,  "  is 
"  caused  to  move  both  longitudinally  and  vertically,  and  so  cause 
"  the  charcoal  to  be  pressed  forward,"  rendering  the  process  of 
"  burning  continuous." 
[Printed,  4rf.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  September  3.— N°  2196. 

ROBERTSON,  PATRICK.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)— 
"  Improvements  in  treating  yeast,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  ammoniacal  salts,  and  a  substitute  for  animal  charcoal."  These 
are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in  using  yeast  to  manufacture  "  a 
"  substitute  for  animal  charcoal.  The  yeast  in  a  moist  state  is 
"  mixed  with  clay  and  carbonate  of  lime  or  chalk ;  the  mixture 
"  is  to  be  dried  and  then  calcined.  It  is  preferred  that  the 
"  mixture  of  the  matters  above  mentioned  should  be  such  that 
"  the  calcined  product  may  contain  at  the  rate  of  ten  parts  of 
"  carbon,  eighty  parts  of  clay,  and  ten  parts  of  chalk,  but  these 
(f  proportions  may  be  varied.  When  the  substitute  for  animal 
"  charcoal  is  to  be  used  for  filtering  acids,  the  chalk  may  be  left 
"  out,  and  only  yeast  and  clay  employed." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  September  14.— N°  2288. 

WALLER,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  machinery  and  appa- 
"  ratus  for  manufacturing  and  refining  cane  juice  and  other 
"  saccharine  substances."  These  are,  first,  "  the  use  of  heated 
"  cylinders  in  combination  with  belts,  webs,  or  straps  "  as  after- 
wards described. 

Second,  "the  hollow  discs  constructed  with  internal  dia- 
"  phragms  "  as  afterwards  described,  and  "  the  several  arrange- 
"  ments  and  combinations  of  machinery  and  apparatus." 

Pans  or  troughs  for  evaporating  saccharine  solutions,  of  any 
size  or  shape,  may  be  cupped  or  corrugated,  and  arranged  one 
above  the  other  or  otherwise  combined,  and  if  required,  inclined 
so  as  to  deliver  their  contents  into  a  trough  or  receptacle  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  contain  the  same.  The  liquid  is  to  be  pumped  into 
the  pan  or  trough  into  which  it  was  first  introduced,  and  then 
again  conducted  through  the  series  of  pans  or  troughs.  The  pans 
have  partitioned  jackets  or  the  pans  are  constructed  of  tubes 


SUGAR.  301 

placed  side  by  side  for  hot  water  or  other  heating  media  to  pass 
through.  Flexible  belts  of  metal  or  of  textile  or  felted  fabrics 
pass  over  hot  cylinders  and  through  the  saccharine  solution  carries 
a  film  of  it  upon  them  into  the  air,  they  then  pass  between 
pressing  rollers,  and  the  saccharine  matter  is  completely  dried 
by  passing  over  the  heated  rollers.  In  some  cases  "a  perfo- 
"  rated  pan  or  trough  sieve  or  filtering  bag  or  other  suitable 
"  receptacle "  is  placed  below  the  pressing  rollers  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  saccharine  matter,  those  matters  passing  through 
the  filtering  medium  are  returned  again  into  the  trough.  Hollow 
compound  discs  composed  of  two  portions  of  a  large  sphere  or 
spheroid  united  at  their  peripheries  or  edges,  mounted  on  a  hollow 
tube.  Within  such  hollow  disc  and  mounted  concentrically  there- 
with on  the  said  hollow  shaft  is  a  thin  diaphragm  of  metal,  and 
steam  is  passed  through  this  arrangement.  A  modification  of  this 
arrangement  with  hollow  discs  on  a  small  scale  is  described. 
[Printed,  6d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1861,  September  19.--N0  2333. 

CONDROY,  Louis  GABRIEL  AUGUSTE. — "An  improved  cen- 
"  trifugal  apparatus,  intended  for  purifying,  washing,  drying, 
"  moulding,  or  extracting  from  liquids,  substances,  or  materials 
"  of  various  kinds,  which  are  deposited  or  poured  for  this  pur- 
"  pose  in  moveable  baskets  or  boxes  fitted  in  the  said  apparatus." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  "  in  sugar  manufactories 
"  by  pouring  in  the  baskets  equal  quantities,  either  by  weight  or 
"  bulk,  of  raw  sugar,  or  sugar  skums  are  poured  into  the  baskets 
<s  lined  with  cloth,"  and  rotating  them  in  an  apparatus  having 
"  any  even  number  of  horizontal  arms  on  a  vertical  shaft,  the  said 
"  arms  being  placed  in  a  same  plane,  each  one  of  them  being 
"  provided  at  its  outer  end  with  a  hinged  hanger  suitably  dis- 
"  posed  and  shaped  to  receive  either  perforated  boxes  or  baskets 
"  which  may  be  lined  inside  with  either  cotton,  wollen,  or  metallic 
"  cloth."  "  The  filtering  process  can  be  rendered  continuous  by 
"  pouring  on  the  sugar  scums  in  the  central  vessel  of  the  appa- 
"  ratus."  For  easily  extracting  the  juice  of  triturated  or  mashed 
"  beet  root,  washing  the  pulp  by  means  of  water  through  pipes 
"  into  the  machines." 
LPrinted,  8d.  Drawing.] 


302  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1861,  October  9.— N°  2526. 

SCHWARTZ,  JOHN.— (Letters  Patent  void  for  want  of  Final 
Specif  cation.} — "  An  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar.*' 
This  consists  in  a  novel  mode  of  obtaining  sugar  from  molasses, 
as  follows  : — The  molasses  is  placed  in  a  tank  fitted  with  a  per- 
forated coil  of  steam  pipe,  blood  and  water  are  added,  and  the 
whole  brought  to  boil  and  maintained  for  a  time  at  the  boiling 
point,  when  it  is  run  through  fine  bag  filters  into  cylinders  filled 
with  animal  charcoal,  and  passed  slowly  through  them,  it  is  now 
either  colorless  or  of  a  light  straw  color,  and  boiled  in  vacuum  till 
"  a  maximum  amount  of  granulation  is  obtained,"  "  discharged 
"  into  a  heater  (an  open  pan  heated  by  a  steam  jacket),  where  an 
"  even  temperature  is  maintained  while  the  operation  of  filling 
"  into  moulds  is  going  on.  The  moulds  after  standing  to  cool 
(c  are  raised  into  heated  floors,  where  in  due  course  the  treacle 
"  separates  from  the  granulated  sugar,  and  runs  from  the  moulds 
"  into  suitable  vessels."  To  produce  a  lighter  sugar  the  surface 
of  the  sugar  in  "  the  moulds  is  loosened,  and  the  first  runnings 
"  of  the  charcoal  cylinders  (the  lightest  in  color)  are  poured  on 
"  the  surface  and  run  through  the  contents  of  the  moulds,  thus 
"  washing  or  bleaching  the  crystals."  To  produce  "lump  sugar 
"  (white  sugar  or  nearly  so)  it  is  desirable  to  use  refined  raw  or 
"  bastard  sugar  in  solution  after  passing  the  same  through  animal 
"  charcoal.  The  process  of  liquoring  must  be  repeated  several 
"  times." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  November  2.— N°  2754. 

WILSON,  JOHN  CHARLES.— "Improvements  in  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  com- 
bining the  horizontal  class  of  steam  boiler  with  steam  engine, 
connecting  gearing  and  sugar  cane  mill,  all  united  together  on  the 
same  iron  foundation  plate  or  girders,  also  the  arrangement  of 
bevil  and  spur  gearing. 

Second,  in  steam  boilers  of  sugar  cane  mills  employing  "a 
"  boiler  formed  with  a  circular  top  and  straight  or  curved  sides 
"  which  terminate  in  a  flat  base  for  it  to  rest  upon,  the  fire-place 
"  is  placed  in  an  internal  flue  of  large  capacity  suited  to  burn 
"  wood  fuel."  To  increase  the  vaporizing  power  of  the  boiler 
placing  a  water  tube  or  tubes  in  the  main  flue. 


SUGAR.  303 

Third,  "  a  combination  of  f  bevil  *  and  *  spur '  gearing,  with 
"  the  flywheel  shaft  placed  against  the  foundation  plate."  "The 
"  spur  gear  may  be  varied  to  *  single '  or  *  double J  gear,  and 
"  to  all '  external '  gear  if  desired."  By  this  combination  "  the  fly 
"  wheel  is  made  to  revolve  very  compactly  alongside  the  founda- 
"  tion  plate." 

Fourth,  constructing  rollers  of  sugar  cane  mills  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel  discs  or  plates,  "  instead  of  with  a  wrought-iron  shaft 
"  and  cast-iron  cylinder  keyed  on  to  it  as  heretofore."  "With 
discs,  the  shaft  has  a  solid  end  forged  upon  it,  against  which  the 
discs  are  screwed  up  by  a  nut.  At  the  other  end  keys  are  sunk 
into  the  shaft  which  drive  the  discs.  With  plates,  thin  plates  are 
punched  with  holes  to  lighten  them.  Instead  of  the  end  nuts 
bolts  may  be  used  to  keep  them  in  place.  The  roll  pinions  may 
be  forged  solid  with  the  shafts. 

Fifth,  constructing  the  side  frames  which  support  the  rollers  of 
sugar  mills,  of  two  external  plates,  and  between  them  the  centre 
of  one  or  several  plates  rivetted  together  and  wholly  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel,  in  lieu  of  cast  iron,  as  heretofore,  and  the  "  mode 
"  of  elevating  and  depressing  the  lower  rolls  by  means  of  a  wedge 
"  instead  of  the  present  adjusting  screw  and  block,"  and  a  "  self- 
"  adjusting  trash  turner,"  consisting  of  a  steel  spring  "  fastened 
"  to  the  ordinary  trash  turner,  and  constantly  pressing  against 
"  the  lower  roll." 

Sixth,  in  "  sugar-cane  mills  driven  by  water  power,  and  the 
•'  water  wheel  which  actuates  or  drives  them,"  "  placing  the 
"  water  wheel  in  an  iron  trough  or  '  breast,'  so  as  to  dispense  with 
"  the  present  brickwork,  breast  or  foundations,  and  to  attach  the 
"  cane  mill  to  the  same." 

Seventh,  "  for  transmitting  the  power  of  animals  to  a  sugar- 
"  cane  mill,"  making  the  framing  of  the  gear  "  of  a  spherical  or 
"  bell-shaped  casting  so  as  to  cover  in  the  wheels  and  protect 
"  them  from  breakage,  besides  adding  to  the  stability  and  com- 
"  pactness  of  the  machinery."  "  Further,  when  it  is  desired  to 
"  greatly  increase  the  speed  of  the  horizontal  driving  shaft, 
"  internal  spur  gear  is  adopted." 

Eighth,  vaporizing  and  evaporating  '"  the  aqueous  portions  of 
"  saccharine  fluids,  by  forcing  heated  air  in  contact  with  the  sur- 
"  face  of  said  fluids,  at  the  same  time  gradually  removing  the 
"  upper  stratum  from  the  action  of  the  heated  air,  as  it  becomes 


304  SUGAR. 

"  concentrated."  An  apparatus  for  effecting  this  consists  of  two 
cylinders  with  pistons  moving  up  and  down  in  the  same,  so  as 
to  cause  the  fluid  to  pass  from  the  one  cylinder  into  the  other 
while  heated  air  is  driven  into  a  compartment  over  the  top  of 
these  cylinders,  and  the  steam  passes  out  at  another  part  of  the 
compartment. 

[Printed,  1*.  4d.    Drawings.] 


A.D.  1861,  November  6.—  N°  2789. 

SCHRODER,  FREDERICK  HILLS.—  "  Improvements  in  evapo- 
"  rating  and  in  machinery  employed  therein."  These  are  said 
"  chiefly  to  apply  to  the  evaporation  of  the  liquid  parts  from 
"  sugar  when  in  a  state  of  syrup,"  and  consist  "  in  placing  the 
"  syrup  or  other  matter  to  be  evaporated  in  an  open  pan  heated 
"  by  steam  or  hot  water  let  into  a  jacket  or  case  in  which  the  pan 
"  is  placed,  and  causing  a  series  of  concentric  cylinders"  to 
"  revolve  in  the  syrup,  a  portion  of  the  cylinders  being  con- 
"  tinually  in  the  syrup,  and  another  portion  revolving  in  the 
"  atmosphere.  The  cylinders  'are  each  formed  with  slots  running 
"  in  the  direction  of  their  length,"  and  are  used  in  combination 
or  not  with  a  blast  or  current  of  hot  or  cold  air  "  between  and 
"  among  those  portions  of  the  cylinders  which  revolve  out  of  the 
"  syrup,"  directed  by  means  ie  of  a  hood  or  channel.'* 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  November  25.—  N°  2964. 

COWAN,  PHINEAS.—  "A  mode  of  utilizing  the  waste  heat  of 
"  furnaces  used  in  reburning  animal  charcoal."  This  consists  in 
"  the  combination  of  a  boiler  or  generator  with  a  furnace  for 
"  reburning  animal  charcoal,  in  revolving  or  moving  vessels  or 
"  retorts,  or  with  the  flues  communicating  with  such  furnace,  in 
"  such  manner  that  the  said  boiler  or  generator  may  be  subjected 
"  to  the  waste  heat  of  said  furnace,  so  that  the  steam  may  be 
"  thereby  generated  in  the  boiler  or  generator  and  the  waste  heat 
"  of  the  furnace  thereby  utilized."  The  boiler  is  placed  in  the 
flue  which  runs  above  the  retorts.  The  pipe  supplying  water  to 
the  boiler  may  be  carried  through  a  flue  in.the  brickwork  of  the 
furnace,  so  that  the  water  will  thus  be  partially  heated  before 
entering  the  boiler.  "  Also  the  steam  generated  in  the  boiler  may 


SUGAR.  305 

"  be  superheated  by  carrying  it  away  through  a  coil  of  pipes  or 
"  ordinary  superheating  arrangements  in  a  flue  or  flues  in  the 
"  brickwork." 

[Printed,  6d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  December  12.— N°  3112. 

MENNONS,  MARC  ANTOINE  FRANCOIS. — (A  communication 
from  Louis  Marie  Amand  Achille  de  Courson  de  la  Villeneuve.)  — 
"  An  improved  means  of  defecating  and  purifying  cane  and  other 
"  saccharine  juices."  This  consists  in  the  application  of  albumen 
"  to  the  defecation  and  purification  of  cane,  beetroot,  and  other 
"  saccharine  juices,"  substantially  as  follows  : — One  ounce  of 
albumen  (say  the  white  of  egg,  is  placed  in  a  vat,  and  750  gallons 
of  the  raw  juice  is  run  into  it,  with  stirring  from  time  to  tim-2, 
and  "left  to  repose  for  about  ten  minutes,  and  is  afterwards 
"  boiled  in  the  ordinary  way  without  the  addition  of  lime  or  other 
"  reagent."  "  When  in  the  evaporating  batteries  the  liquid  masj 
"  should  be  lightly  sprinkled  with  cold  water,  in  order  to  separate 
"  from  the  scums  the  extraneous  matters  which  may  still  be 
"  present."  The  syrups  from  the  first  sugar  should  be  reboiled. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1861,  December  30.— N°  3257. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD.  —  (A  communication  from 
Gustavus  Finken.} — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  cube 
"  sugar."  These  are,  first,  "exposing  the  grains  or  crystals  (pre- 
"  paratory  to  their  introduction  into,  or  while  on  their  way  to 
"  the  moulds  or  cube-forming  apparatus)  to  the  action  of  steam, 
"  by  which  their  surfaces  are  subjected  to  the  necessary  degrees  of 
"  heat  and  moisture  to  give  them  the  requisite  degree  of  adhe- 
"  siveness  to  form  the  cubes,"  This  it  is  said  "  may  be  per- 
"  formed  in  various  ways,  and  by  the  aid  of  various  apparatus  ;  " 
the  following  "mode  and  apparatus  "  have  "been  found  practi- 
"  cable  and  convenient."  An  upright  trunk  of  quadrangular 
or  other  form  is  fitted  with  a  number  of  screens  arranged  one 
above  the  other.,  and  inclined  in  opposite  directions,  so  that  ths 
granular  sugar  delivered  on  to  the  top  one  rolls  down  to  th? 
bottom  of  the  next,  and  so  on  to  the  bottom  of  the  lowest  one_, 
from  whence  it  may  be  delivered  or  carried  to  the  moulding 
apparatus  ;  below  the  last  screen  is  a  pipe  delivering  steam,  which 
ascends  through  the  sugar  and  through  the  screens.  An  endless 
s.  u 


306  SUGAR. 

band  conveys  the  sugar  to  the  uppermost  screen.  Second,  "  in 
"  the  formation  of  the  cubes  by  means  of  machinery  composed 
"  principally  of  an  endless  or  continuous  series  of  moulds  fitted 
"  with  compressing  and  discharging  pistons,  and  having  applied 
"  in  combination  with  them  a  cam  or  cams,  or  their  equivalent, 
"  for  operating  the  pistons  one  or  more  at  a  time  in  regular  suc- 
"  cession  throughout  the  whole  series,  so  that  if  the  moulds  are 
"  regularly  supplied  with  granular  sugar,  a  continuous  delivery 
"  of  compactly  compressed  cubes  will  be  effected." 
[Printed,  sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1861,  December  31.— N°  3275. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Absalon  Hippolyte  Leplay,  and  Jules  Francois  Joseph  Cuisinier.)  — 
"  Improvements  in  revivifying  animal  black  or  charcoal,  in  col- 
*'  lecting  ammoniacal  gases  generated  in  the  revivification,  in 
"  the  clarification  of  saccharine  liquors,  and  in  the  apparatus 
*'  employed  in  the  revivification  of  the  black,  and  in  the  filtering 
"  of  saccharine  liquors."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
first,  "  revivifying  animal  black  or  charcoal  by  wet  processes,  hot 
"  water  or  steam  acting  in  the  filtering  vessels,  whether  for  renew- 
"  ing  its  powers  for  absorbing  lime,  or  renewing  its  properties  for 
"  absorbing  azoted  ammoniacal  and  coloring  matters  "  as  follows  : 
— After  the  saccharine  fluid  is  run  off,  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
filter  a  jet  of  steam  is  introduced,  which  penetrates  through  and 
between  the  grains  of  black  for  from  15  to  30  minutes,  sometimes 
adding  beforehand  on  the  filter  a  few  quarts  of  milk  of  lime. 

Second,  revivifying  animal  black  by  acids  to  eliminate  lime 
from  defecated  saccharine  liquors,  by  using,  by  preference,  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  water  for  washing  out  the  lime. 

Third,  "the  clarification  of  saccharine  liquors,  juices,  and 
"  syrups  by  means  of  phosphates,"  by  bringing  a  solution  of  phos- 
phate of  lime  with  one  proportion  of  lime  in  contact  with  the 
black  for  some  instants  on  the  filter,  when  the  solution  is  runout, 
and  the  filter  is  ready  for  use. 

Fourth,  "  the  different  methods  of  revivification  of  animal  black 
"  which  allow  of  the  collection  of  the  ammonia  given  off." 

Fifth,  "  the  apparatus  for  carrying  parts  of  the  invention  into 
«  effect." 

[Printed,  Is.  2d,    Drawings.] 


SUGAR. 


1862. 

A.D.  1862,  January  1.— N°  13. 

PATRICK,  WILLIAM  BARKER. — "  Improvements  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar  and  in  the  apparatus  employed  therein." 
These  are,  using  a  closed  vessel  or  vacuum  pan  for  heating 
"  saccharine  syrups  or  solutions  to  a  low  temperature,  consider- 
"  ably  below  the  boiling  point  (or  212°  F.),  by  means  of  hot 
"  water,  air.  or  vapour,  caused  to  circulate  in  pipes  in  or  around 
"  such  vessel,  or  in  the  jacket  or  outer  case  thereof,  combined 
"  with  the  use  of  air  heated  to  about  the  same  temperature,  forced 
"  through  openings  in  a  pipe  or  pipes  applied  so  that  the  air  may 
"  be  distributed  and  pass  through  the  syrup  or  solution,  and 
"  thereby  aid  in  driving  off  the  aqueous  particles  contained 
"  therein  in  the  form  of  vapour,  which  are  then  drawn  off  by  the 
"  air  pump  or  other  suitable  means." 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  January  11.— N°  84. 

MAC  KIRDY,  LAUCHLAN. —  (Provisional  protection  only.}  — 
"  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  re-burning  animal  charcoal." 
These  consist  "  of  a  series  of  trays  arranged  spirally  and  vertically 
"  over  a  fire-place  or  in  a  flue,  the  covers  of  the  trays  being  per- 
"  forated  to  allow  of  the  gases  evolved  in  the  burning  passing 
te  readily  off  from  the  charcoal.  The  trays  communicate  at  top 
'"  with  a  hopper,  in  which  the  charcoal  to  be  re-burnt  is  placed, 
"  and  at  bottom  the  trays  open  into  a  spout  furnished  with  slides, 
"  through  which  the  re-burned  charcoal  enters  a  closed  receiver, 
"  in  which  the  charcoal  is  allowed  to  cool  without  contact  with  the 
"  atmosphere." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  January  27.— N°  209. 

ORR,  WILLIAM. — "  Improvements  in  the  machinery  or  apparatus 
"  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  relate  to  apparatus  used 
in  melting  sugar  which  "is  technically  known  as  '  blowing  up.'  ' 
A  rectangular  vessel  is  made  about  twelve  feet  by  five  and  four 
feet  deep,  with  a  curved  or  boat-shaped  bottom ;  it  has  a  steam 
jacket  with  a  heating  pipe  inside,  and  a  steam  pipe  delivering  the 

u  2 


308  SUGAR. 

steam  to  the  lower  part  of  the  blow-up,  and  another  steam  pips 
into  the  upper  part.  A  horizontal  shaft  extends  across  the  blow- 
up, carrying  a  fast  and  loose  pulley,  which  is  driven  from  con- 
tiguous motive  power.  This  shaft  has  fitted  to  it  floats  like  a 
paddle  wheel,  capable  of  adjustment  to  the  depth  of  the  liquor. 
Each  float  board  has  a  series  of  adjustable  knives.  As  the  wheel 
rotates,  the  knives  divide  the  lumps  of  sugar,  and  the  boards  put 
the  fluid  in  motion.  The  steam  pipe  opening  near  the  bottom  of 
the  blow-up,  in  preference,  terminates  in  the  form  of  a  flattened 
tube.  If  a  circular  vessel  is  used,  the  wheel  and  knives  rotate 
towards  one  side  of  the  vessel,  giving  a  rapid  horizontal  motion. 
Another  arrangement  is  to  have  a  horizontal  slot,  or  in  a  circular 
vessel  a  vertical  slot,  made  in  the  blow-up  through  which  the 
flattened  end  of  the  steam  pipe  is  inserted,  and  covered  by  a  broad 
guard.  Attaching  to  this  vessel  a  receiver  arranged  below  the 
blow-up,  a  pipe  from  the  lower  part  of  the  jacket  of  the  blow-up 
conveys  the  water  of  condensation  into  the  receiver.  When 
required  the  water  is  carried  up  into  the  blow-up  by  a  pipe  from 
the  bottom  of  the  receiver.  There  is  also  a  pipe  conveying  the 
water  of  condensation  from  all  the  pipes  into  the  receiver.  There 
is  an  escape  pipe  from  the  receiver.  One  receiver  will  serve  for 
several  melting  vessels. 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1862,  February  19.— N°  445. 

PATERSON,  JAMES.— (A  communication  from  George  Alexander 
Drummond.) — "  Improvements  in  means  or  apparatus  for  reburn- 
"  ing  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  the  retorts  "  of  a  cylindrical 
"  form,  may  either  revolve  continuously  in  one  direction,  or  partly 
"  in  one  direction,  and  then  in  the  other,"  and  they  are  inclined, 
and  "  receive  the  charcoal  to  be  re-burned  at  their  higher  ends 
"  through  suitable  channels,  and  then  by  revolution  of  such 
"  retorts  the  contained  matter  will  progressively  traverse  to  the 
"  lower  ends  thereof,  where  there  are  vanes  or  cups,  or  other  suit- 
"  able  means  adapted  to  take  up  such  matters,  and  discharge  it 
"  into  a  receiver  projecting  inwards  from  such  lower  ends,  and 
"  having  a  communication  with  the  cooling  apparatus,"  "  a  jet 
"  or  jets  of  water  are  employed  to  operate  upon  the  external  sur- 
"  faces  of  the  cooling  chambers,  or  the  passage  DP  passages  to 
"  them  to  facilitate  the  cooling  process."  A  "  series  of  such 


SUGAR.  309 

"  retorts  are  also  arranged  to  work  together,"  "  with  the  delivery 
"  end  of  the  first,  discharging  by  a  suitable  way  into  the  feeding 
"  end  of  the  next,  and  so  on  with  the  succeeding  retorts  of  the 
"  series."  The  retorts  when  connected  in  a  series,  are  arranged 
"  so  that  the  last  of  the  series  is  that  to  receive  the  most  heat, 
"  and  the  next  less  and  so  on."  The  gas  or  vapour  generated 
flows  back  and  escapes  by  the  feed  pipe,  "so  as  to  avoid 
"  re-admixture  with  the  manufactured  or  re-burned  charcoal." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  February  20.— N°  455. 

PATERSON,  JAMES. — (A  communication  Jrom  George  Alexander 
Drummond.) — "  Improvements  in  the  use  of  animal  charcoal." 
Animal  charcoal  it  is  said  "is  composed  of  particles  of  very 
"  different  sizes,  and  according  to  the  method  generally  adopted 
"  in  applying  the  same  as  a  filtering  medium  for  sugar  and 
"  various  other  matters,  such  particles  become  very  unequally 
"  distributed,  and  imperfect  filtration  as  a  consequence  ensues." 
To  remedy  this  evil  "  by  which  more  effectually  to  ensure  equal 
"  distribution  of  the  different  sized  particles  of  the  charcoal  in 
"  the  filtering  vessels,"  the  charcoal  is  fed  on  to  revolving 
"  discs  with  projecting  surfaces  adapted  in  their  rotation  to 
"  throw  off  and  distribute  such  matter  equally  in  the  filtering 
"  vessel.  A  fan  or  other  suitable  blowing  or  exhausting  means  is 
"  also  employed  to  blow  or  draw  away  the  finer  particles  or  dust 
"  as  it  leaves  the  distributing  means.  Steam  is  also  employed  to 
"  act  amongst  the  various  particles  of  charcoal  in  the  filters  to 
"  purify,  and  also  to  reduce  or  equalize  the  temperature  thereof. 
"  Cold  air  may  also  be  employed  in  like  manner  after  such 
"  steam." 

[Printed,  4cZ.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  February  20.— N°  456. 

PATERSON,  JAMES.— (A  communication  from  George  Alexander 
Drummond.) — "  Improvements  in  means  or  apparatus  for  facili- 
"  tating  the  evaporation  of  saccharine  solutions."  These  are, 
"  in  connection  with  vacuum  pans  to  facilitate  the  evaporation  of 
"  saccharine  solutions,"  forming  vacuum  pans,  with  their  sides 
inclining  outwards  or  widening  towards  the  top,  and  applying  in 
the  same  "  revolving  discs,  travelling  belts,  or  other  suitable  sur- 
"  faces,"  also,  "  propellers  or  stirrers  which  may  be  of  the  form 


310  SUGAR. 

"  of  screws  with  vanes,"  and  revolving  with  a  shaft,  supported  in 
a  step  or  bearing  in  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  In  the  fluid  under 
operation,  in  whole  or  in  part  surrounding  the  propeller  is  "  a 
"  stationary  cylindrical  or  somewhat  funnel-shaped  tube  or  chan- 
"  nel,  or  other  suitable  conductor."  The  lower  part  of  the  pan  is 
of  a  curved  form,  and  "  in  place  of  the  coils  of  pipes  being 
"  arranged  close  together  near  the  outer  surface  of  the  pan,"  as 
is  usual,  arranging  them  "  in  two  or  more  series,  one  above  and  at 
"  a  distance  from  the  other,  and  with  space  between  the  several 
"  parts  of  the  coil  of  each  series  sufficient  to  admit  of  the  free 
"  motion  of  the  solution  for  the  evaporation," 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  February  22.— N°  471. 

ROSS,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  —  (A  communication  from  Edward 
Beanes.) — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These 
are,  "  the  use  or  employment  in  the  manufacturing  or  refining  of 
"  sugar  of  phosphate  of  ammonia  when  used  in  conjunction  with 
"  sulphurous  acid,  either  gas  or  liquid,  or  with  any  of  the  sul- 
"  phites  or  bisulphites."  The  phosphate  of  ammonia  is  by  pre- 
ference made  by  adding  to  bones,  calcined  and  ground,  dilute 
sulphuric  acid,  allowing  the  whole  to  stand  with  stirring  for  about 
twenty-four  hours,  and  filtering ;  gas  liquor  is  distilled  with  a 
little  lime  into  the  filtered  liquor  until  the  solution  is  alkaline, 
and  the  filtered  solution  "  evaporated  to  any  required  density  or 
"  crystallized."  "  The  sulphurous  acid  gas  is  economically  and 
"  conveniently  obtained  by  burning  sulphur  in  a  close  vessel,  into 
"  which  the  necessary  air  is  forced  by  a  pump."  The  method  of 
operating  is  as  follows  : — The  saccharine  solution  is  made  alkaline 
by  lime  water  or  milk  of  lime,  sulphurous  acid  is  then  passed  into 
it  until  it  is  slightly  acid,  and  the  whole  is  blown  up  by  steam, 
adding  "  about  one  or  two  pounds  of  crystallized  phosphate  to 
"  five  hundred  pounds  of  raw  sugar,  or  more  or  less  according 
"  to  the  quality  of  the  sugar  used."  Should  the  acid  not  ~be 
neutralized  by  the  phosphate,  more  phosphate  or  a  little  lime 
water  is  added ;  whilst,  if  the  solution  is  alkaline  "  more  gas  must 
"be  introduced,  as  it  is  important  for  the  syrup  to  be  neutral,"  it 
is  then  boiled,  filtered,  and  finished  as  usual.  "  Bisulphite  of 
"  lime  or  other  sulphite  may  be  substituted  for  the  sulphurous 
"  acid  gas." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR,  311 

A.D.  1862,  February  24.— N°  490. 

BLAIR,  THOMAS.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  machinery  or  apparatus  for  cutting,  chopping,  and 
"  breaking  refined  lump  sugar,  and  other  substances."  These 
are,  the  employment  for  the  above  purpose  "  of  an  oscillating 
"  frame  and  sliding  saw  bench,  each  provided  with  an  adjustable 
"  guage,"  the  piece  of  sugar  "  is  made  to  slide  or  oscillate  against 
"  ribbon,  band,  circular,  or  vertical  saws,"  whereby  it  "  is  sawn 
"  into  slices  of  any  required  thickness.  These  slices  are  deposited 
"  upon  an  endless  web,  and  brought  thereby  into  contact  with  a 
"  pair  of  feeding  rollers,  which  move  the  slice  forward  to  a  certain 
"  point  where  a  knife  descends  and  cuts  the  slice  into  long  narrow 
"  strips.  Motion  is  imparted  to  this  knife  by  means  of  an  eccen- 
"  trie  crank  or  other  suitable  mechanical  contrivance.  The  cut 
"  strips  or  pieces  are  pushed  forward  by  the  action  of  the  feeding 
"  rollers  over  a  grating,"  by  which  the  dust  is  separated.  "  After 
"  this  operation  the  strips  are  made  to  enter  a  series  of  tubes  or 
"  channels  placed  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,"  so  as  to  descend 
until  they  come  in  contact  "  with  a  fence  or  guage  placed  in 
"  advance  of  a  knife,  which  falls  upon  the  strips  and  severs  a 
"  piece  from  the  end  of  each  at  every  tube  or  channel  between  the 
"  fence  and  the  knife.  These  pieces  are  subdivided  by  means  of 
"  small  knives  fixed  at  right  angles  into  the  before-mentioned 
"  knife,  the  sugar  being  by  this  time  broken  into  fragments  of 
"  the  desired  size  for  use.  The  machine  may  be  made  of  any 
"  size,  and  provided  with  any  number  of  tubes  or  channels," 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D  1862,  February  26.— N°  525. 

MILLER,  WILLIAM. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
*'  sugar."  These  are,  "  evaporating  saccharine  solutions  at  tem- 
"  peratures  below  those  at  which  they  boil  under  the  ordinary 
"  pressure  of  the  atmosphere."  A  pan  is  described  containing 
the  saccharine  solution  having  long  tubes  passing  through  it. 
The  pan  is  surrounded  with  a  jacket,  which  may  be  filled  with 
water,  and  this  water  may  be  heated  by  the  direct  action  of  the 
fire  or  otherwise.  In  the  saccharine  solution  a  cylinder  resembling 
a  water  wheel  revolves,  which  takes  up  these  films  and  exposes 
them  to  the  atmosphere,  or  to  a  current  of  hot  or  cold  air,  which 
can  be  transmitted  by  means  of  a  fan  through  holes  in  the  axis 
of  the  cylinder.  The  cylinder  is  covered  by  a  hood  having  an 


312  SUGAR. 

outlet  at  the  top  leading  to  a  chimney.  In  the  hood  are  doors  for 
the  admission  of  anything  to  stir  or  skim  the  sugar,  or  clean  the 
pan.  "The  pan  should  be  made  of  copper,  and  the  rest  of  the 
"  apparatus  of  galvanized  iron,  except  when  the  jacket  pan  is 
"  placed  over  the  fire,  when  it  should  be  made  of  wrought  iron." 
[Priuted  lOd  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  January  2?.— N°  532. 

TORR,  GEORGE. — "  Improvements  in  and  an  improved  appa- 
"  ratus  for  manufacturing  and  reburning  animal  charcoal." 
These  are  said  to  be  improvements  in  the  invention  described  in 
No.  621,  A.D.  1858,  and  are  said  to  be  applicable  to  any  revolving 
retort  or  cylinder,  but  it  is  preferred  that  the  cylinder  should  be 
mounted  and  made  to  revolve  in  the  way  described  in  No.  13,954, 
Old  Law ;  and  they  consist,  first,  in  attaching  the  thread  of  an 
archimedean  screw  to  the  inner  surface  of  a  revolving  cylinder. 
In  this  cylinder,  called  the  main  cylinder,  is  a  smaller  cylinder, 
the  axis  of  which  coincides  with  the  outer  or  main  cylinder.  The 
two  cylinders  are  attached  so  as  to  revolve  together ;  in  the  inner 
cylinder  is  an  archimedean  screw,  like  the  outer  cylinder, 
"  except  that  if  the  screw  of  the  outer  cylinder  is  a  right-hand 
"  screw  that  of  the  inner  cylinder  must  be  a  left-hand  one,  and 
"  vice  versa."  The  pitch  of  the  screws,  &c.,  must  vary  with  the 
diameters.  A  stationary  hopper  with  a  pipe  supplies  the  inner 
cylinder  with  crushed  bones  or  animal  charcoal.  The  cylinder 
revolves  so  that  the  archimedian  screws  in  the  inner  cylinder 
causes  the  materials  to  pass  along  to  the  back,  and  return  by 
the  main  cylinder  to  a  double  revolving  cooling  box  fixed  to  the 
front  end  of  both  cylinders. 

Second,  the  cylinders,  both  of  the  same  diameter,  are  placed 
one  above  the  other,  and  arrangements  are  made  by  which  the 
crushed  bones  or  animal  charcoal,  after  having  been  conveyed 
through  the  upper  cylinder,  are  discharged  into  the  lower 
cylinder ;  a  cooling  box  is  attached  to  the  lower  cylinder.  The 
cooling  boxes  are  made  of  corrugated  metal,  in  order  to  expose  a 
greater  surface  for  cooling,  &c. 
[Printed,  Is,  6d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  March  1.— N°  564. 

ROBERTSON,    PATRICK.  —  (Provisional  protection    only.)  — 
tf  Improvements  in  treating  yeast,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 


SUGAR.  313 

"  ammoniacal  salts,  and  a  substitute  for  animal  charcoal." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in  preparing  "  a  substitute 
"  for  animal  charcoal,  the  yeast  in  a  moist  state  is  mixed  with 
"  clay  and  carbonate  of  lime  or  chalk.  The  mixture  is  to  be 
"  dried  and  then  calcined.  It  is  preferred  that  the  mixture  of 
"  the  matters  above  mentioned  should  be  such  that  the  calcined 
"  product  may  contain  at  the  rate  of  ten  parts  of  carbon,  eighty 
"  parts  of  clay,  and  ten  parts  of  chalk,  but  these  proportions  may 
"  be  varied.  When  the  substitute  for  animal  charcoal  is  to  be 
"  used  for  filtering  acids  the  chalk  may  be  left  out  and  only  yeast 
"  and  clay  employed." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  March  ?.— N°  614. 

WRIGHT,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  heating  and  clarify- 
"  ing  saccharine  fluids."  These  are,  "  carrying  on  the  heating 
"  and  clarifying  process  in  vessels  or  apparatus,"  such  as  are  des- 
cribed in  No.  2153,  A.D.  1860,  but  not  using  the  revolving  discs  or 
surfaces  described  there.  That  is  to  say,  "  the  pan  or  vessel  con- 
"  taining  the  saccharine  fluid  is  heated  by  the  vapour  of  boiling 
"  water,  which  is  in  a  vessel  below,  at  the  same  time  the  water  in 
"  this  vessel  is  prevented  from  coming  in  contact  with  the 
"  bottom  of  the  pan  or  vessel  containing  the  saccharine  fluid  j"  by 
means  of  an  overflow  pipe  placed  below  the  bottom  of  the  pan  or 
vessel  containing  the  saccharine  fluid,  to  carry  off  superfluous 
water,  while  at  the  same  time  the  saccharine  fluid  is  "  also  pre- 
"  vented  from  rising  in  temperature  above  212°  Fahrenheit,  by 
"  reason  of  the  vessel  containing  the  water  in  the  pan  below 
"  being  constantly  open  to  the  atmosphere." 
[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  March  22.— N°  80?. 

HENRY,  MICHAEL.  —  (A  communication  from  the  "  SocietJ 
"  Coignet  Pere  et  Fils  et  Compagnie") — "  Improvements  in  kilns, 
"  ovens,  and  furnaces."  These  are,  first,  employing  in  kilns  or 
ovens  "  a  sole  or  floor,  directly  or  nearly  directly  under  which 
"  furnaces  or  fireplaces  are  placed,  and  through  which  sole 
"  numerous  openings  are  formed  for  the  passage  of  flames  and 
"  products  of  combustion  from  the  fires  into  the  kiln  or  oven." 
Blocks  or  other  contrivances  maybe  used  for  opening  and  closing 


314  SUGAR. 

the  orifices.  For  cooling  down  kilns  or  ovens,  &c.,  passages, 
&c.  are  formed  in  the  side  walls  with  doors,  plugs,  &c. ;  these 
admit  air  which  escapes  by  an  outlet  in  the  roof  with  a  remove- 
able  cover. 

Second,  a  receiver  or  matter  to  be  subjected  to  heat  is  rested 
on  an  arch  extending  over  the  fire,  one  or  more  flues  are  at  each 
corner  of  the  apparatus,  and  lead  up  into  and  preferably  to  the 
top  of  the  oven,  &c.  which  surrounds  the  receiver.  The  heat  and 
gases  escape  through  other  flues,  which  are  midway  between  the 
ends  or  corners. 

Third,  "air  may  be  forced  in  or  introduced  under  pressure 
"  above  and  below  the  fire-bars.  The  hot  gases  from  the  fire  are 
"  brought  into  the  kiln,  oven,  or  chamber  containing  the  materials 
"  to  be  treated,  at  the  top  or  upper  part  thereof  a  valve  register, 
"  damper,  or  similar  contrivance  is  fitted  up  in  the  passage,"  so 
as  to  maintain  the  hot  gases  "within  the  apparatus  under  a 
"  pressure  slightly  above  the  external  pressure."  The  hot  gases 
may  escape  through  a  box,  &c.  containing  a  charge  to  be  fed  into 
the  kiln,  &c.  In  preference,  the  main  chamber  is  oval,  and 
opened  and  closed  at  top  and  bottom  by  slide  plates.  These 
furnaces,  it  is  said,  may  be  applied  to  calcining,  among  other 
things,  bones,  and  revivifying  animal  charcoal,  &c. 
[Printed,  Is.  Qd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  March  25.— N°  822. 

FRYER,  ALFRED.  —  "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar,  and  in  separating  liquids  from  sugar  and  other  sub- 
"  stances."  These  are,  first,  "  the  method  of  crystallizing  the 
"  sugar  held  in  syrups,"  by  placing  them  when  boiled  in  a  vessel 
which  "  shall  not  hold  less  than  fifty  tons  nor  be  of  less  depth 
"  than  thirty  feet,  the  larger  and  deeper  the  better.  The  crystal- 
"  lizing  vessel  is  kept  nearly  full,  and  the  saccharine  matter  drawn 
"  off  from  the  lower  end  "  into  a  tank,  and  fresh  boiled  syrup  is 
added  at  the  top.  "  It  is  better  not  to  allow  the  temperature  of 
"  the  sugar  to  fall  below  105°  Fahrenheit,"  and  for  this  pur- 
pose the  vessel  is  surrounded,  "  if  needful,  and  especially  if  such 
"  be  of  small  diameter,  as  the  minimum  aforesaid,  with  a  casing, 
"  or  employ  other  means  to-maintain  the  temperature." 

Second,  "  separating  liquids  from  sugar  and  other  substances, 
"  with  or  without  the  employment  of  an  atmosphere,  artificially 


SUGAR.  315 

"  made  moist  and  warm,"  as  follows: — "in  operating  upon 
"  saccharine  matter  that  has  passed  through  the  crystallizing 
"  vessel  "  into  the  tank  above  referred  to,  portions  are  folded  in 
cloths  or  other  porous  material  forming  parcels,  which  are  packed 
from  about  20  to  50  feet  high,  or  upwards,  each  parcel  is  thus 
subjected  to  gradual  pressure,  the  lower  parcels  are  gradually 
removed  while  fresh  parcels  are  added  at  the  top.  "  This  method 
"  of  extracting  moisture  is  specially  applicable  to  the  removal  of 
"  syrup  from  raw  sugar.  The  sugar  may  either  be  pressed 
"  without  previous  preparation,  or  after  admixture  with  a  little 
"  water." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  March  31.— N°  887. 

MENNONS,  MARC  ANTOINE  FRANCOIS. — (A  communication 
from  Martial  Victor  Jouannet.) — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  from  vegetable  products  of 
"  glucose  or  fermentable  sugar."  These  are,  first,  applying  "  the 
"  *  carob  beans  '  or  fruit  of  the  carob  tree  ((  ceratonia  siliqua '  L.) 
"  to  the  production  of  a  species  of  glucose." 

Second,  the  processes  employed. 

The  fruit  is  first  reduced  to  a  pulp  by  graters  or  otherwise  ; 
the  pulp  is  digested  for  24  hours  at  "  60°  Centigrade  (140°  F.)  " 
in  five  times  its  weight  of  water,  with  one-thousandth  part  in 
weight  of  the  water  of  hydrochloric  acid,  after  which  the  acid  is 
neutralized  by  "  an  alkaline  carbonate  (carbonate  of  soda,  potash, 
"  or  lime  for  instance)  in  such  proportions  as  may  be  required," 
and  the  solid  matters  removed  by  filtration,  the  filtered  liquid  is 
clarified  and  concentrated  in  the  ordinary  way." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  April  25.— N°  1217. 

REED,  CHARLES.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)  —  "A  new 
"  method  of  treating  the  sorghum  saccharatum  or  holcus  saccha- 
"  ratus,  in  order  to  obtain  saccharine  liquor  and  pulp  therefrom." 
This  consists  in  "  taking  the  plant  after  it  has  been  cut,"  and 
pressing  it  between  rollers,  or  "  in  a  hydraulic  or  other  suitable 
"  press  to  express  the  juice,  and  partially  prepare  the  fibre." 
"  After  the  juice  has  been  expressed,  or  the  dry  plant  may  be 
"  taken  unpressed,  the  plant  is  cut,  subjected  to  a  boiling  caustic 
"  alkali,  is  bleached  and  converted  into  pulp  in  a  pulping  engine. 


316  SUGAR. 

"  The  juice  expressed  may  be  evaporated  and  converted  into 
"  sugar,  or  it  may  be  distilled  to  produce  a  spirit,  either  process 
"  being  performed  in  the  ordinary  manner  of  sugar  making  and 
"  distilling." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1862,  April  28.— N°  1242. 

FLETCHER,  JOHN.  —  (Provisional  protection  onfy.)— "Im- 
"  provements  in  the  apparatuses  for  treating  saccharine  liquids." 
These  are,  first,  an  evaporating  apparatus,  consisting  of  a  pan  or 
vessel  for  containing  the  liquid  with  a  curved  bottom,  from  which 
the  sides  rise  diagonally  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  top, 
when  they  assume  a  vertical  direction,  the  ends  of  the  pan  rising 
perpendicularly  from  the  bottom.  The  pan  is  jacketted,  and 
"  near  the  bottom  are  several  series  or  groups  of  hollow  tubes  set 
"  horizontally,  the  ends  of  which  are  secured  to  two  circular  flat 
"  drums,  one  at  either  end  of  the  pan,  and  which  with  the  tubes 
"  rotate  in  the  liquid."  Each  drum  is  fitted  with  hollow  spindles 
for  the  induction  of  steam,  and  for  drawing  off  the  condensed 
water,  with  other  arrangements. 

Second,  evaporating  apparatus,  which  consists  "  in  the  employ- 
ment of  a  series  of  coils  of  metallic  tubing,  heated  by  steam, 
and  connected  to  a  hollow  shaft  which  passes  through  the 
centre  of  the  coils.  This  shaft  has  two  compartments  through  its 
whole  length,  one  for  steam  and  the  other  for  condensed  steam. 
The  top  of  the  apparatus  is  mounted  with  a  conical  or  curved 
cover,  and  the  vapour  is  carried  off  through  one  or  more  chimnies 
on  the  top  of  the  cover,  employing  "  a  small  jet  ef  steam  in  the 
"  chimney  or  chimnies,"  with  other  arrangements. 

Third,  a  "  cooling  or  granulating  apparatus,"  the  ordinary 
wooden  or  metallic  cooling  or  granulating  trough  has  a  triangular 
bottom  fitted  with  tubes  running  longitudinally.  These  tubes 
have  slits  or  apertures  on  their  circumference  at  intervals,  and 
there  are  corresponding  slits  or  apertures  in  the  trough,  by  which 
the  molasses  from  the  sugar  runs  off,  with  other  arrangements. 

Fourth,  a  cheap  apparatus  for  "  the  clarifying,  evaporating,  and 
"  granulating  operations"  for  making  sugar  from  cane  juice. 
This  consists  of  "  a  cistern  having  a  corrugated  bottom,  and  its 
"  lower  part  "  jacketted  for  steam.  The  cistern  is  fitted  with  a 
series  of  tubes  side  by  side,  the  ends  of  which  "  are  placed  and 


SUGAR.  317 

"  fixed  in  orifices  in  the  sides  of  the  cistern,  by  which  a  communi- 
"  cation  is  obtained  between  the  steam  jacket  and  the  tubes." 
The  top  of  the  cistern  is  conical,  and  applied  as  described  under 
the  second  head,  also  employing  as  in  it  a  jet  of  steam.  "  The 
"  water  of  condensation  of  the  steam  is  carried  off  from  the 
"  apparatus  by  means  of  an  ordinary  condensed  water  box.  The 
"  bottom  of  the  cistern  is  fitted  with  a  sluice  valve  for  discharging 
"  the  contents  of  the  cistern  when  required." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  May  20.— N°  1520. 

MENNONS,  MARC  ANTOINE  FRANCOIS. — (A  communication 
from  Georges  Serret,  Paul  Hamoir,  andAchille  Duqucsne.) — (Pro- 
visional protection  only.) — "  Improved  processes  for  the  conversion 
"  of  amylaceous  matters  into  saccharine  and  other  useful  pro- 
"  ducts."  These  are,  modifying  the  processes  now  in  use  for  the 
above  purposes,  by  dispensing  with  the  disintegration  of  the  raw 
material,  and  replacing  it  "  by  exposure  to  the  action  of  steam  or 
"  boiling  water/'  as  follows  : — The  material,  say  maize,  is  placed 
in  water  in  a  vessel  with  a  false  bottom,  and  is  brought  to  boil  by 
a  current  of  steam  admitted  through  it,  and  kept  at  that  tempera- 
ture for  about  two  hours  with  agitation,  it  is  left  to  repose  for 
about  four  hours  "  at  about  95°  centigrade  (203°  Fahrenheit).  The 
"  maize  being  thus  thoroughly  swollen,  the  acid  is  introduced  in 
"  the  same  proportions  as  in  the  ordinary  modes  of  treatment, 
"  and  the  liquid  is  from  time  to  time  tested  with  iodine  until  the 
"  non-coloration  of  the  latter  indicates  the  approach  to  com- 
"  pletion  of  the  saccharification.  This  result  is  generally  obtained 
"  within  three  or  four  hours.  The  purge  cock  at  the  bottom  of 
"  the  vat  is  then  opened,  and  the  quantity  of  liquid  drawn  off  is 
"  replaced  at  the  same  time  by  boiling  water  admitted  above," 
until  "the  complete  separation  of  the  soluble  principles  is  effected, 
"  which  point  is  ascertained  by  testing  the  density  and  acidity 
"  of  the  liquid;"  when,  the  water  is  stopped,  the  solid  matters 
drained  and  finally  removed  from  the  vat  for  use.  The  sacchari- 
fication may  be  performed  in  a  series  of  vats,  the  preliminary 
scalding  being  effected  in  a  separate  vessel.  These  vats  are  ranged 
side  by  side,  and  communicate  with  each  other  "  by  tubes  passing 
"  from  the  bottom  of  the  one  to  the  top  of  the  other,  and  so  on 
'•  throughout  the  set." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


318  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1862,  June  24.— N° 1851. 

CARR,  THOMAS. — "An  improved  machine  for  grinding,  knead- 
"  ing,  washing,  and  other  like  purposes."  This  machine  it  is 
said  is  useful  for  a  number  of  purposes  which  are  named,  among 
which  is  "  sugar  making,"  and  the  arrangement  is  so,  that — 

First,  "  driving  the  edge  runners  independent  of  the  revolving 
"  pan,  either  in  opposite  directions  to  it,  or  at  a  greater  or  less 
"  speed,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  rising 
"  of  the  edge  runners  when  encountering  a  substance  too  hard 
"  for  them  to  crush." 

Second,  "carrying  of  the  edge  runners  independent  of  the  pan, 
"  instead  of  their  always  resting  upon  it,  and  also  the  adjusting 
"  of  their  proximity  thereto  to  any  required  gauge." 

Third,  "regulating  the  exact  amount  of  pressure  the  edge 
"  runners  should  at  any  time  be  capable  of  imposing  on  the 
"  material  passing  beneath  them." 

Fourth,  "  the  furrowing  or  grooving  in  some  cases  of  the  edges 
"  or  peripheries  of  the  edge  runners,  or  the  bottom  of  the  revolv- 
"  ing  pan,  or  both  of  them,  instead  of  inserting  therein  knives 
"  or  teeth." 

Fifth,  "  the  general  arrangement  and  combination  of  the  various 
"  parts  of  the  apparatus." 
[Printed,  3s.  6d.   Drawings.] 

A.D.  1862,  July  19.— N°  2061. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Absalon  Hippolyte  Leplay  and  Jules  Francois  Joseph  Cuisinier.) — 
"  Improvements  in  revivifying  animal  black,  in  apparatus 
"  employed  therein,  and  in  recovering  a  product  employed  in 
"  the  revivification."  These  are  said  to  be  improvements  upon 
No.  3275,  A.D.  1861,  and  consist  as  follows:  —  In  treating 
animal  black,  the  animal  black  to  be  revivified  is  first  washed 
with  hot  water,  and  placed,  by  preference,  in  four  cylinders  with 
perforated  false  bottoms  "  for  permitting  the  inlet  of  steam  from 
"  a  steam  supply  pipe;  each  cylinder  communicates  with  that 
"  next  to  it  by  a  pipe  extending  from  beneath  the  perforated 
"  false  bottom  of  one  to  the  upper  part  of  the  next.  There  is 
"  also  a  pipe  leading  directly  from  the  upper  part  of  the  first 
"  cylinder  to  the  lower  part  of  the  last  in  the  series."  The 
washed  animal  black  being  placed  in  the  cylinders,  steam  is 


SUGAR.  319 

passed  through  "the  perforated  false  bottom  in  the  first  cylinder, 
"  and  a  solution  of  caustic  soda  in  a  boiling  state  is  admitted  at 
"  the  top  of  the  cylinder."  "  The  caustic  soda  solution  being 
"  continued  to  be  added  passes  into  the  second,  third,  and 
"  finally  into  the  last  cylinder  in  the  series.  When  the  action 
"  has  been  continued  long  enough  in  the  first  cylinder,  the 
"  admission  of  caustic  soda  is  prevented  and  communication 
"  closed  to  the  next  cylinder ;  hot  water  is  now  admitted,  then 
"  hydrochloric  acid,  after  which  a  solution  of  biphosphate 
"  of  lime,  then  water  to  wash  the  black.  The  black  now 
"  completely  revivified,  is  withdrawn  and  dried.  The  like 
"  process  is  continued  in  all  the  other  cylinders."  The  caustic 
soda  solution  is  finally  dried  and  burned  with  nitrate  of  soda, 
the  coloring  matter  is  driven  off,  leaving  caustic  soda. 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.  J 


A.D.  1862,  August  11.— N°  2242. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM. — (A  communication  from  Theodore  Augustus 
Havemeyer.} — "  An  improved  carriage  for  conveying  sugar  moulds 
"  in  sugar  refineries."  This  consists  as  follows  : — "  A  horizontal 
"  frame  or  plate  "  is  mounted  on  three  wheels,  two  wheels  support 
the  back  part  of  the  frame,  and  they  may  turn  loosely  on  a  fixed 
axle,  or  be  rigidly  attached  to  their  axle,  and  the  latter  allowed  to 
turn.  "  One  wheel  supports  the  front  part  of  the  frame,  and  is 
"  what  is  commonly  termed  a  castor  wheel ;  this  wheel  has  its 
"  axle  fitted  as  usual  in  a  fork  at  the  lower  end  of  a  vertical  arbor  ; 
"  this  arbor  is  fitted  loosely  in  a  vertical  post,  the  lower  end  of 
"  which  is  permanently  attached  to  the  front  of  the  frame,  the 
"  upper  end  of  said  arbor  bearing  against  the  upper  end  of  the 
"  opening  in  the  post.  The  arbor  is  allowed  to  turn  freely  in  the 
"  post,  and  the  front  end  or  part  of  the  frame  is  bent  or  curved 
"  upward  to  form  a  recess  so  as  to  admit  of  a  large  sized  castor 
"  wheel  being  used."  "  The  draught  pole  is  attached  to  the  fork 
"  of  the  arbor  or  to  the  axle  of  the  castor  wheel.  To  the  back 
"  part  of  the  frame  there  is  attached  in  a  central  line  with  the 
"  vertical  post  before-mentioned  a  second  post.  The  two  posts 
"  are  of  equal  height,  and  they  support  two  plates,  which  are 
"  placed  one  over  the  other,  and  are  parallel  with  the  frame. 
"  These  plates  are  provided  respectively  at  each  side  with  curved 
"  arms  of  semicircular  form,  the  arms  of  the  upper  plate  having 


322  SUGAR. 

"  whole  series.  The  first  pan  will,  by  preference,  be  made  plain 
"  or  with  a  flat  bottom,  but  the  eight  following  ones  will  be  cor- 
"  rugated  or  wavy  as  above-mentioned."  The  corrugations  may 
vary,  "  so  long  as  their  efficiency  is  not  materially  interfered  with. 
"  The  five  boilers  will  be  separated  by  partitions  somewhat  lower 
i(  than  those  of  the  others.  The  whole  series  are  to  be  set  in  brick- 
"  work  or  masonry  so  as  to  present  a  raised  rim  at  each  side,  and 
"  the  seven  boilers  set  nearest  the  fire-place  are  to  be  fixed  in  con- 
"  junction  with  two  outside  rims  of  greater  elevation,  which 
"  together  constitute  two  troughs  or  channels  at  the  sides  of  the 
"  boilers  for  the  reception  of  any  syrup  which  may  overflow  or 
"  boil  over.  The  pans  or  boilers  may  be  made  to  communicate 
"  by  means  of  valves  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  operation 
"  which  is  carried  on  in  this  apparatus  in  the  ordinary  manner." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.} 

>rf  ** 

A.D.  1862,  October  2?.-N°  2894. 

PEEK,  ALFRED. — "Improvements  in  apparatus  for  evaporating 
"  saccharine  and  saline  solutions."  These  are,  applying  heat 
in  such  a  way  "  that  the  temperature  of  the  solution  cannot  be 
"  raised  beyond  the  boiling  point  of  water,  but  it  may  be  kept  to 
"  any  required  degree  below  that  temperature."  "  Where  steam 
*'  is  available  "  using  e<  a  hollow  disc  or  agitator  revolving  slowly 
"  in  the  pan  containing  the  solution  to  be  evaporated,  the 
"  agitator  is  half  full  of  water,  and  it  is  .supported  on  hollow 
"  trunnions,  through-  one  of  which  steam  is  admitted  by  a  pipe 
"  bent  partly  into  the  water,  and  through  the  other  the.  overflow 
"  water  makes  its  escape."  To  modify  the  above,  under  the 
above  arrangement,  is  a  boiler,  heated  as  required,  "  a  pipe  from 
"  the  upper  part  of  the  boiler  communicates  with  one  of  the 
<'  trunnions  of  the  agitators,  and  with  a  cistern  above  the  level  of 
"  the  agitators,  and  another  pipe  passes  from  the  other  trunnion 
"  of  the  agitators  to  the  lower  part  of  the  boiler."  "  The  cir- 
"  cumferences  of  the  agitators  are  connected  by  horizontal  pipes." 
"  The  form  of  the  agitators  can  be  greatly  varied."  The  above 
apparatus  "  may  be  used  when  the  solutions  to  be  evaporated  are 
"  in  open  or  covered  pans  having  a  chimney  or  fan  to  produce  a 
"  draught  or  in  vacuum  pans."  When  the  heating  surface  of  the 
revolving  agitators  is  not  sufficient,  a  series  of  steam  pipes  are 
inserted  in  the  vessel  containing  the  solution,  such  pipes  being 


SUGAR.  323 

"  surrounded  by  other  pipes  containing  water,  the  water  pipes 
"  being  open  at  one  point  at  least  to  the  atmosphere." 
[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  November  28.— N°  3196. 

ADAMS,  JAMES,  and  WHITE,  WILLIAM  CORNWELL.— "Im- 
"  provements  in  apparatus  for  boiling  and  evaporating."  These 
it  is  said,  among  other  purposes  which  are  named,  are  "  appli- 
"  cable  to  the  manufacture  of  sugar,"  and  consist  of  a  copper  or 
other  metal  pan  with  a  false  bottom,  in  the  interior  of  the  pan  is 
a  coil  of  perforated  tube  supplied  with  steam  or  hot  air  which 
enters  at  one  of  the  trunnions  of  the  pan  formed  hollow  for  the 
purpose.  "  From  the  bottom  and  interior  of  the  hollow  pan  a 
"  pipe  ascends  to  the  opposite  trunnion  in  order  that  the  water 
"  of  condensation  may  be  forced  up  the  pipe  by  the  pressure  of 
"  the  steam  and  driven  out  of  the  pan."  When  a  great  heat  is 
required  applying  a  coil  of  pipe  in  the  hollow  space  between  the 
pans  or  vessels,  the  coil  being  perforated  and  supplying  super- 
heated steam.  "  Below  the  coil,  and  intervening  between  it  and 
"  the  bottom  of  the  outer  pan,  a  curved  or  bent  plate,  according 
"  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel,  is  to  be  fixed  in  order  to  concentrate 
"  the  heat  upon  the  upper  or  false  bottom."  "  The  pan  is  balanced 
"  or  borne  on  a  fulcrum  "  made  "  of  a  V  or  pointed  form,"  resting 
on  a  groove  in  the  standard  or  framework ;  the  short  arm  of  a 
lever  is  held  down  by  a  rod  connected  to  a  regulated  spring 
balance  indicator,  and  other  arrangements  are  made  "so  that 
"  when  the  pan  is  supplied  with  liquid  to  be  boiled  or  evaporated 
"  the  weight  thereof  may  be  known  by  the  indicator,  and  the 
"  amount  of  evaporation  or  loss  by  weight  continually  shown." 
[Printed,  8<Z.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1862,  December  15.-N0  3348. 

BUCHANAN,  GEORGE.—"  Improvements  in  machinery  used  in 
"  crushing  sugar  cane."  These  are,  the  mode  described  of  com- 
"  bining  a  number  of  mechanical  parts,  none  of  which  are  claimed 
separately,  "  whereby  the  oscillating  cylinder  of  the  steam  engine 
"  is  placed  intermediate  of  the  fly  wheel  and  the  crushing  rollers." 
For  these  purposes  "  the  oscillating  steam  engine  is  placed  between 
"  the  fly  wheel  and  the  large  cogged  wheel,  which  is,  by  preference, 
"  furnished  with  internal  teeth,  but  this  is  not  essential.  The 
"  crank  or  driving  shaft  turns  on  a  suitable  framing  between  the 

x  2 


322  SUGAR. 

"  whole  series.  The  first  pan  will,,  by  preference,  be  made  plain 
"  or  with  a  flat  bottom,  but  the  eight  following  ones  will  be  cor- 
"  rugated  or  wavy  as  above-mentioned."  The  corrugations  may 
vary,  "  so  long  as  their  efficiency  is  not  materially  interfered  with. 
"  The  five  boilers  will  be  separated  by  partitions  somewhat  lower 
"  than  those  of  the  others.  The  whole  series  are  to  be  set  in  brick- 
"  work  or  masonry  so  as  to  present  a  raised  rim  at  each  side,  and 
"  the  seven  boilers  set  nearest  the  fire-place  are  to  be  fixed  in  con- 
"  junction  with  two  outside  rims  of  greater  elevation,  which 
"  together  constitute  two  troughs  or  channels  at  the  sides  of  the 
"  boilers  for  the  reception  of  any  syrup  which  may  overflow  or 
<(  boil  over.  The  pans  or  boilers  may  be  made  to  communicate 
"  by  means  of  valves  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  operation 
"  which  is  carried  on  in  this  apparatus  in  the  ordinary  manner." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

,)rf  ** 

A.D.  1862,  October  27.-N°  2894. 

PEEK,  ALFRED. — "Improvements  in  apparatus  for  evaporating 
"  saccharine  and  saline  solutions."  These  are,  applying  heat 
in  such  a  way  "  that  the  temperature  of  the  solution  cannot  be 
"  raised  beyond  the  boiling  point  of  water,  but  it  may  be  kept  to 
"  any  required  degree  below  that  temperature."  "  Where  steam 
•'  is  available  "  using  "  a  hollow  disc  or  agitator  revolving  slowly 
*'  in  the  pan  containing  the  solution  to  be  evaporated,  the 
"  agitator  is  half  full  of  water,  and  it  is  .supported  on  hollow 
"  trunnions,  through-  one  of  which  steam  is  admitted  by  a  pipe 
"  bent  partly  into  the  water,  and  through  the  other  the  overflow 
"  water  makes  its  escape."  To  modify  the  above,  under  the 
above  arrangement,  is  a  boiler,  heated  as  required,  "  a  pipe  from 
"  the  upper  part  of  the  boiler  communicates  with  one  of  the 
"  trunnions  of  the  agitators,  and  with  a  cistern  above  the  level  of 
"  the  agitators,  and  another  pipe  passes  from  the  other  trunnion 
"  of  the  agitators  to  the  lower  part  of  the  boiler."  "The  cir- 
"  cumferences  of  the  agitators  are  connected  by  horizontal  pipes." 
**  The  form  of  the  agitators  can  be  greatly  varied."  The  above 
apparatus  "  may  be  used  when  the  solutions  to  be  evaporated  are 
"  in  open  or  covered  pans  having  a  chimney  or  fan  to  produce  a 
"  draught  or  in  vacuum  pans."  When  the  heating  surface  of  the 
revolving  agitators  is  not  sufficient,  a  series  of  steam  pipes  are 
inserted  in  the  vessel  containing  the  solution,  such  pipes  being 


SUGAR.  323 

"  surrounded  by  other  pipes  containing  water,  the  water  pipes 
"  being  open  at  one  point  at  least  to  the  atmosphere." 
[Printed,  10d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  November  28.— N°  3196. 

ADAMS,  JAMES,  and  WHITE,  WILLIAM  CORNWELL—  "Im- 
"  provements  in  apparatus  for  boiling  and  evaporating."  These 
it  is  said,  among  other  purposes  which  are  named,  are  "  appli- 
"  cable  to  the  manufacture  of  sugar,"  and  consist  of  a  copper  or 
other  metal  pan  with  a  false  bottom,  in  the  interior  of  the  pan  is 
a  coil  of  perforated  tube  supplied  with  steam  or  hot  air  which 
enters  at  one  of  the  trunnions  of  the  pan  formed  hollow  for  the 
purpose.  "  From  the  bottom  and  interior  of  the  hollow  pan  a 
"  pipe  ascends  to  the  opposite  trunnion  in  order  that  the  water 
"  of  condensation  may  be  forced  up  the  pipe  by  the  pressure  of 
"  the  steam  and  driven  out  of  the  pan."  When  a  great  heat  is 
required  applying  a  coil  of  pipe  in  the  hollow  space  between  the 
pans  or  vessels,  the  coil  being  perforated  and  supplying  super- 
heated steam.  "  Below  the  coil,  and  intervening  between  it  and 
"  the  bottom  of  the  outer  pan,  a  curved  or  bent  plate,  according 
"  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel,  is  to  be  fixed  in  order  to  concentrate 
"  the  heat  upon  the  upper  or  false  bottom."  "  The  pan  is  balanced 
"  or  borne  on  a  fulcrum  "  made  "  of  a  V  or  pointed  form,"  resting 
on  a  groove  in  the  standard  or  framework ;  the  short  arm  of  a 
lever  is  held  down  by  a  rod  connected  to  a  regulated  spring 
balance  indicator,  and  other  arrangements  are  made  "so  that 
"  when  the  pan  is  supplied  with  liquid  to  be  boiled  or  evaporated 
"  the  weight  thereof  may  be  known  by  the  indicator,  and  the 
"  amount  of  evaporation  or  loss  by  weight  continually  shown." 
[Printed,  W.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1862,  December  15.-N0  3348. 

BUCHANAN,  GEORGE,—"  Improvements  in  machinery  used  in 
"  crushing  sugar  cane."  .  These  are,  the  mode  described  of  com- 
"  bining  a  number  of  mechanical  parts,  none  of  which  are  claimed 
separately,  "  whereby  the  oscillating  cylinder  of  the  steam  engine 
"  is  placed  intermediate  of  the  fly  wheel  and  the  crushing  rollers." 
For  these  purposes  "  the  oscillating  steam  engine  is  placed  between 
"  the  fly  wheel  and  the  large  cogged  wheel,  which  is,  by  preference, 
"  furnished  with  internal  teeth,  but  this  is  not  essential.  The 
"  crank  or  driving  shaft  turns  on  a  suitable  framing  between  the 

x  2 


324  SUGAR. 

"  engine  and  the  fly  wheel,  and  the  crank  or  driving  shaft  by  a 
"  pinion  thereon  communicates  motion  to  a  cog  wheel  on  a  shaft 
"  which  has  fixed  on  it  a  pinion  which  takes  into  and  drives  the 
"  the  large  cog  wheel  which  gives  motion  to  the  crushing  rollers 
"  as  heretofore." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 


1863. 

A.D.  1863,  January  30.— N°  279. 

GEDGE,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Ferdinand 
Wittmann.}  —  (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improvements  in 
"  cones  or  forms  for  moulding  refined  sugar."  These  are,  making 
cones  for  the  above  purpose  "  of  a  single  piece  of  sheet  iron,  of 
"  which  the  edges  are  tapered  or  thinned  down  so  as  to  present 
"  on  the  outside  as  little  ridge  or  wavyness  as  possible.  The 
"  interior  of  the  cone  is  perfectly  smooth.  The  two  edges  of  the 
"  iron  are  first  adjusted  by  small  rivets,  the  heads  of  which  are 
"  filed  or  otherwise  smoothed  down  ;  then  the  joint  is  soldered 
"  and  brazed  with  the  usual  brass  and  zinc  soldering." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  March  2.— N°  584. 

GARTON,  CHARLES. — "An  improved  method  of  applying  heat 
"  in  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  sugar,  and  in  malting,  hop 
"  drying,  brewing,  distilling,  and  vinegar  making."  This  consists 
in  the  means  of  applying  hot  water  for  the  above  purposes  as 
follows  : — Connecting  "  a  chamber  or  coil  of  pipes,  or  a  series  of 
"  such  (fixed  at  the  place  or  places  where  the  heat  is  required  to 
"  be  applied),  with  a  boiler  by  means  of  flow  and  return  pipes, 
"  the  former  entering  the  chamber  or  coils  and  boiler  at  a  higher 
"  level  than  the  latter  ;  and,  in  the  case  of  chambers  being  used, 
"  the  same  being  fitted  with  partitions  extending  nearly  through 
"  their  entire  width,  and  at  the  highest  point  thereof  with  pipes 
"  to  allow  of  the  escape  of  air."  The  whole  is  filled  with  water 
or  other  fluid,  and  the  heat  is  applied  to  the  boiler.  The  circula- 
tion is  regulated  "  at  will  by  means  of  stop-cocks  attached  to  the 
"  flow  and  return  pipes." 
[Printed,  10&  Drawing.] 


SUGAR.  325 

A.D.  1863,  March  4.— N°  603. 

GITS,  JEAN  FRANCOIS. — "An  improved  furnace  for  the  revivi- 
fication of  animal  charcoal."  This  consists  of  a  "  furnace  of  the 
"  reverberatory  description ;  it  has  at  the  back  a  series  of  drying 
"  chambers  with  covering  plates,  and  in  front  of  these  chambers 
"  a  series  of  upright  cast-iron  pipes  jointed  together,  the  upper 
"  ones  having  stoppers  at  the  top  and  the  lower  being  provided 
"  at  the  bottom  with  traps."  When  the  animal  charcoal  has 
been  used  for  clarifying  syrups,  "  it  is  withdrawn  and  placed  in 
"  the  chambers  above-mentioned,  around  which  pass  the  hot 
"  gases  from  the  furnace ;  from  thence  it  is  removed  to  the  upper 
"  cast-iron  pipes,  which  are  exposed  to  the  direct  reverberatory 
"  action  of  the  heat,  there  revifying  it,  falls  into  the  lower  pipes, 
"  where  it  cools  without  contact  with  the  air,  and  on  the  traps 
"  being  opened  the  revivified  and  cooled  animal  charcoal  falls 
"  into  a  waggon  placed  underneath  to  receive  it." 
[Printed,  lOrf.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1863,  April  4.— N°  857. 

HANREZ,  PROSPER. — "  Improved  machinery  or  apparatus  for 
"  drying  coal,  grain,  and  other  substances."  This,  it  is  said,  is 
"  also  applicable  to  sugar  machinery  in  place  of  the  centrifugal 
"  apparatus  at  present  in  use."  A  vertical  shaft  is  supported  by 
bearings  at  each  end,  an  annular  casting  is  fixed  on  the  shaft, 
a  perforated  structure  is  fixed  on  the  vertical  shaft,  below  is  a 
reservoir  to  receive  any  liquid  thrown  off  through  the  perforated 
structure.  Concentrically  to  the  above  shaft  and  turning  in  the 
same  direction  is  a  screw  shaft,  the  screw  of  which  fits  easily  in 
the  perforated  chamber.  The  material  is  fed  in  by  a  spout  from 
above.  A  perforated  tube  admits  steam  into  the  materials.  In 
order  to  produce  the  desired  effect  it  is  necessary  that  the  vertical 
shaft  and  the  screw  shaft  should  move  at  different  velocities,  the 
latter  moving  the  slowest.  "  This  differential  movement  may  be 
"  effected  "  by  an  arrangement  of  spur  gearing  which  is  shown, 
and  "  by  making  the  diameters  of  the  wheels  proportionate  to  the 
"  difference  of  speed  required." 
[Printed,  5s.  4d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  April  24.— N°  1027.    (*  *) 

JOHNSON,   JOHN   HENRY. — (A  communication  from  Edmond 
Marquis  de  Ruffo  Bonneval  and  Joseph  Mouren.) — "A  filtering 


326  .SUGAR. 

"  apparatus  for  treating  by  pressure  oils,  syrups,  and  all  sorts 
"  of  liquids  susceptible  of  filtering."  This  consists  "in  the 
•"  employment  of  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  apparatus  for  filtering 
"  liquids,  whereby  such  operation  may  be  effected  under  pressure. 
•"  The  liquid  to  be  filtered  is  contained  in  a  vessel  or  tank,  to 
"  which  a  suction  and  force  pump  is  connected,  which  pump  is 
"  also  in  communication  (by  means  of  a  pipe)  with  a  strong 
"  filtering  vessel.  The  filtering  vessel  is  provided  with  a  man- 
"  hole  at  the  top  and  a  grating  at  the  bottom,  upon  which  grating 
"  is  placed  the  filtering  medium,  consisting  of  felt  or  other  suit- 
"  able  material.  Immediately  beneath  the  grating,  and  secured 
"  to  the  filtering  vessel,  or  otherwise,  there  is  fitted  a  hemi- 
"  spherical  or  other  receiver,  in  which  the  filtered  liquid  is  col- 
"  lected  and  drawn  off  by  a  central  pipe  and  stop-cock.  The 
"  liquid  to  be  filtered  is  pumped  into  the  filtering  vessel,  and  the 
"  pumping  is  continued  after  such  vessel  is  full,  in  order  that  the 
"  liquid  therein  may  be  in  a  state  of  compression,  which  state 
"  facilitates  and  expedites  the  process  of  filtering  by  forcing  the 
"  liquid  through  the  filtering  medium.  In  some  cases  this  appa- 
"  ratus  may  be  employed  as  a  press,  as  for  example,  by  introducing 
"  olives  into  the  filtering  vessel,  and  injecting  and  forcing  therein, 
"  under  considerable  pressure,  hot  water,  the  oil  will  be  expressed 
"  and  thus  the  double  effect  of  the  press  and  the  filter  or  purifier 
"  is  obtained." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 


A.D.  1863,  April  28.— N°  1060. 

MARRIS,  JOHN,  and  HARRIS,  WILLIAM.  — "An  improved 
"  machine  for  breaking  loaf  sugar."  This  consists  "  of  two  metal 
"  frames  about  4  feet  high  and  about  2  feet  wide,. two  circular 
"  saws,  one  24  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  other  13  inches  in 
"  diameter,  fixed  one  inside  and  the  other  outside  these  frames 
"  and  working  on  a  spindle,  and  two  pair  of  metal  rollers  with 
"  steel  knives  fixed  underneath  the  spindle."  The  24-inch 
circular  saw  cuts  the  loaf  of  sugar  "  down  the  centre  from  end  to 
"  end  into  two  halves.  One  of  these  halves  is  placed  flat  side 
"  downwards  upon  the  table,"  and  "then  crosscut  into  semi- 
"  circular  cakes  by  the  13-inch  circular  saw."  The  cakes  as  they 
are  cut  off  drop  through  a  flat  spout  upon  the  upper  rollers,  which 
rollers  "are  made  of  metal,  and  are  furnished  with  horizontal 
"  knives  11  inches  in  length,  by  which  the  sugar  is  "cut  or 


SUGAR.  327 

"  chopped  into  long  rectangular  pieces  or  strips."  These  again 
drop  into  a  lower  pair  of  metal  rollers,  "  furnished  with  circular 
"  knives  fifteen  in  each  roller)  which  cut  or  chop  the  long  strips 
"  transversely  into  cubical  pieces."  These  pieces  fall  into  a  double 
spout  or  screen,  the  top  of  which  being  wired  allows  the  lumps  to 
pass  over  into  a  receptacle  below  while  the  splinters  or  chips  pass 
through  the  wires  into  a  box  underneath  the  table.  This  machine 
is  worked  by  a  handle. 
[Printed,  10d,  Drawing,] 

A.D.  1863,  May  13.— N°  1205. 

HEUSNER,  KARL  LUDWIG. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  Improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  hydrate  of  barytes  and  in 
*'  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  carbonate  of  barytes  is 
mixed  "  with  coal  or  charcoal,  and  a  small  quantity  of  a  suitable 
"  flux,"  in  preference,  an  "  alkali  or  alkaline  earth,"  and  heated 
from  800°  F.  gadually  to  a  white  heat,  when  cold  water  is  added 
and  the  solution  "  is  fit  to  be  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar  as  hereafter  described,"  If  required  to  be  transported  a 
distance  the  solution  is  evaporated  to  dryness,  and  ((  when  about 
"  to  be  used  it  is  again  to  be  dissolved."  "  In  order  to  obtain 
"  sugar  from  molasses,  treacle,  and  other  saccharine  fluids,  a 
"  solution  of  hydrate  of  barytes  is  mixed  therewith,"  and  the 
precipitate  "  is  mixed  with  water,  to  which  carbonic  acid  is  to  be 
*'  applied,*'  which  precipitates  the  baryta  as  carbonate  and  leaves 
the  sugar  in  solution  "suitable  to  be  treated  in  the  ordinary 
(<  manner  to  obtain  crystals  of  sugar  therefrom." 
[Printed,  4d,  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  May  25.— N°  1307. 

MUIR,  WILLIAM.-*-"  Improvements  in  machinery  for  cutting 
"  sugar,  and  for  assorting  the  lumps  when  cut."  These  are, 
<(  the  arrangement  and  combination  of  self-acting  machinery, 
"  whereby  a  loaf  of  sugar  may  be  cut  up  and  the  lumps  and 
"  dust  assorted  without  intermission,"  as  follows  : — "The  loaf  of 
"  sugar  to  be  cut  is  attached  to  a  inoveable  table  or  chuck,  and 
"  the  saws  are  mounted  on  moveable  slides;  the  distance  between 
"  the  saws  by  which  cuts  are  made  in  the  face  of  the  sugar-loaf 
".will  correspond  to  the  size  of  the  lumps  of  sugar  to  be  pro- 
'"  diiced.  These  sets  of  saws  are  placed  at  right  angles  to  each 


328  SUGAR. 

"  other,  and  act  in  succession  on  the  sugar ;  after  which  another 
"  saw  is  brought  into  action  to  detach  the  lumps  from  the  loaf; 
"  these  lumps  then  drop  in,  or  are  conveyed  to,  a  revolving  or 
"  reciprocating  sieve,  through  which  the  sugar  dust  and  the 
"  smaller  or  irregular  shaped  pieces  drop,  while  the  cubes  or 
"  lumps  of  a  uniform  size  are  collected  into  a  suitable  receptacle." 
These  details  may  be  considerably  varied  ;  "  the  requisite  motion 
"  may  be  given  to  the  sugar  for  bringing  it  towards  the  saws,  or 
"  to  the  saws  for  bringing  them  towards  the  sugar,  both  laterally, 
"  vertically,  or  horizontally;  and  instead  of  using  two  sets  of 
"  saws  for  cutting  across  the  end  of  the  sugar  loaf,  one  set  may 
"  be  used,  and  the  loaf  of  sugar  turned  partly  round  before  the 
"  second  cut  is  given  ;  the  whole  machine  is  made  self-acting,  so 
"  that  when  a  loaf  has  been  attached  to  the  table  or  chuck  it  is 
"  cut  up  into  cubes  of  the  proper  size,  and  the  dust  and  irregular 
"  pieces  separated  from  each  other." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1863,  June  17.— N°  1516. 

NEWNAM,  JAMES. — "Improved  means  of,  and  apparatus  for, 
"  boiling  in  vacuo  at  a  low  temperature."  This  consists  in  "  the 
"  employment  of  steam  introduced  into  the  heating  coil  or  coils 
"  in  an  ordinary  vacuum  pan,  arid  previously  atteinperated  and 
"  maintained  at  the  required  temperature  in  a  separate  vessel, 
"  constructed,  arranged,  and  acting  "  substantially  as  follows  : — 
Attached  to  a  vacuum  pan,  by  means  of  a  pipe,  is  a  vessel  con- 
taining a  worm,  into  which  steam  is  admitted  and  maintained  at 
the  temperature  required  by  means  of  hot  or  cold  water,  supplied 
to  the  vessel  containing  the  worm  through  a  pipe  near  the  top  ; 
there  is  an  outlet  pipe  from  near  the  bottom  of  this  vessel  for 
drawing  o£P  water  from  it  when  necessary.  A  pipe  from  the 
bottom  of  the  worm  conveys  steam  from  it  into  the  coil  in  the 
vacuum  pan,  and  any  steam  generated  in  the  vessel  containing 
the  coil  is  conveyed  by  means  of  the  pipe  mentioned  above  into  a 
separate  coil  in  the  vacuum  pan.  There  are  gauges  for  indicating 
the  water  level  and  pressure  of  steam  in  the  apparatus. 
[Printed,  8d,  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1863,  July  2.— N°  1649. 

MILLER,   WILLIAM.  —  (Provisional  protection   only.)  —  "An 
"  improved  mode  of  evaporating  through  the  cpmbined  agencies 


SUGAR.  329 

"  of  heat  and  centrifugal  force,  and  the  machinery  employed 
"  therein,  more  particularly  applicable  to  saccharine  solutions." 
These  are  said  to  be  additions  made  to  the  apparatus  described  in 
No.  525,  A.D.  1862,  and  are  said  to  consist,  first,  "  in  the  intro- 
"  duction  of  a  fan  inside  the  rotating  cylinder,  which  revolving 
"  on  a  separate  axes,  will,  by  a  more  rapid  revolution,  increase 
"  the  current  of  air  through  the  plates  or  ribs  composing  the 
"  cylindrical  apparatus." 

Second,  "  by  the  introduction  of  a  fan  connected  to  the  hood 
"  covering  the  cylinder,  the  rapid  rotation  of  the  fan,  acting  by 
"  centrifugal  torce,  drawing  the  air  through  the  open  ends  of  the 
"  cylinder,  and  thence  through  and  between  the  curved  plates 
"  comprising  the  cylinder,  so  as  to  convey  the  vapors  to  any 
"  external  outlet." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1863,  August  18.— N°  2053. 

BROOM  AN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication  from 
Auguste  Pierre  Dubrunfaut.)  —  "An  improved  method  of,  and 
"  apparatus  for,  treating  molasses,  syrups,  saccharine  juices,  and 
"  other  products."  This  consists  in  the  employment  or  adapta- 
tion "  of  the  phenomenon  of  endosmose,  that  is  to  say,  the 
"  double  current  which  exists  between  two  liquids  of  different 
"  density  separated  by  a  membranous  partition."  In  some  cases 
employing  "  as  the  membrane  paper,  artificial  parchment,  paper 
"  covered  with  leaf  or  powdered  metal,  or  with  varnish,  collodion, 
"  or  other  coating,  close  cloths  of  linen,  hemp,  or  cotton  trans- 
"  formed  into  membrane  by  sulphuric  acid,  collodion,  coagulated 
"  albumen,  or  other  coatings,  plates-  or  vessels  of  porous  earths, 
"  skins,  parchment,  bladder,  and  all  tissues  or  membranes  of 
"  vegetable  or  animal  origin."  The  "  simplest  arrangement "  is 
"  a  frame  of  a  cubical  form,  closed  at  bottom,  provided  at  its  four 
"  sides  with  paper  parchment,  or  other  suitable  membrane,  and 
"  leave  the  top  open ;  place  this  apparatus  in  a  reservoir  a  little 
"  larger  than  it,  in  such  manner  that  its  top  shall  rise  above  the 
"  reservoir  about  3  or  4  inches,"  and  the  bottom  about  the  same 
distance  from  the  bottom  of  the  reservoir ;  in  the  cubical  reservoir 
is  an  overflow  orifice,  in  which  is  a  pipe,  and  a  syphon  draws  the 
denser  liquid  from  the  lower  part  of  the  reservoir.  By  placing  in 
#>e  inner  vessel  impure  molasses,  syrups,  or  saccharine  juices,  and 


330  SUGAR, 

in  the  outer  or  reservoir  water,  salts  pass  through  the  membrane 
into  the  water  ""to  the  almost  complete  exclusion  of  the  sugar  and 
(i  colouring  matter."  "  The  analytical  effect  which  eliminates  the 
"  salts  diminishes  as  the  density  of  the  molasses  decreases  and 
<e  that  of  the  water  increases."  The  saccharine  matter  is  supplied 
continuously  into  the  top  of  the  inner  vessel,  and  '"'that  which  has 
"  passed  through  the  membranes  "  and  "  having  accumulated  at 
"  the  bottom  of  the  reservoir,  has  acquired  the  required  density," 
is  "  drawn  off  by  the  syphon  tube."  The  above  "  apparatus  forms 
"•  the  basis  of  all  the  modifications,"  of  which  there  are  several, 
described.  This  "  apparatus  may  be  usefully  employed  "  in  "  the 
"  saccharification  of  amylaceous  substances  by  acids ;  "  if  "  a  syrup 
"  with  all  its  acid  "  be  put  into  the  inner  chamber  "  the  acid  will 
"  pass  into  the  exosmose  water  to  the  exclusion  of  the  glucose 
"  matter."  "The  acid  may  thus  be  employed  indefinitely." 
When  molasses  thus  treated  has  furnished  a  crystallization  of  sugar, 
the  molasses  which  runs  off  may  be  again  "  osmosed,"  clarified, 
and  rendered  cry stalliz able  and  so  on.  When  molasses  purified  by 
several  osmatic  treatments  is  placed  in  the  "osmogene,"  sugar  in 
its  turn  may  be  eliminated  and  separated,"  and  the  watery  solution 
concentrated  yields  abundant  crystallizable  sugar,  "  and  finally 
"  there  remains  in  the  osmogene  a  product  non-cry stallizable, 
<(  and  richer  in  extractive  matter."  "  Osmosed  molasses  boiled 
t(  with  lime  in  excess,  and  treated  with  carbonic  acid,  are  highly 
<e  discolorized  and  purified ;  this  is  a  simple  means  of  removing 
"  from  osmosed  molasses  the  coloring  principle,  but  this  process 
•ft  does  not  exclude  the  employment  of  animal  charcoal," 
[Printed,  Is.  8d.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1863,  August  26.—N0  2106. 

KESSLER,  JACOUES  Louis. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for 
"  evaporating  and  distilling."  These  are,  in  placing  a  series  of 
cast  iron  boilers  or  vessels  one  on  another,  the  bottom  boiler,  con- 
taining the  liquid  or  other  matter  to  be  evaporated,  having  a 
second  boiler  also  containing  the  same  liquid,  and  similar  in 
construction,  but  with  its  bottom  formed  with  a  conical  surface, 
to  allow  the  condensed  vapours  in  contact  therewith  to  run  into 
a  circular  trough  fitted  round  the  top  of  the  bottom  boiler,  whilst 
at  the  same  time  it  serves  to  heat  the  second  boiler.  The  circular 
trough  containing  the  condensed  vapours  also  serves  as  a  hydraulic 


SUGAR.  331 

joint  by  dipping  a  rim  pending  from  the  bottom  of  the  second 
boiler  into  it.  When  the  circular  trough  becomes  filled  the  liquid 
may  be  run  off  or  passed  into  a  worm  placed  on  the  bottom  of  the 
second  boiler.  In  this  manner  the  warmer  liquid,  in  passing  off, 
communicates  its  heat  to  the  colder.  A  cock  placed  at  the 
extremity  of  the  worm  allows  a  pressure  of  vapour  to  be  main- 
tained in  the  bottom  vessel  greater  than  that  in  the  superposed 
vessel,  without  however  forcing  the  non-condensed  vapour  into 
the  upper  vessel,  and  yet  making  all  the  condensed  liquid  of  the 
worm  pass  into  a  circular  trough  fitted  round  the  upper  part  of 
the  second  vessel.  If  another  precisely  similar  vessel  be  placed 
on  the  second  vessel  the  heat  of  the  steam  will  heat  and  boil  a 
third  similar  liquid,  and  so  on  to  any  extent,  the  liquids  being 
fed  to  the  vessels  by  pumps  or  other  ordinary  means.  If  the 
liquid  in  the  bottom  vessel  boils  under  a  pressure  of  six  atmo- 
spheres, the  other  vessels  superposed  on  it  will,  by  the  help  of 
steam  gauges,  be  maintained  at  pressures  decreasing  from  six 
degrees  to  0°. 

This  arrangement  of  evaporating  apparatus  is  equally  applicable 
in  vacuo  or  under  pressure,  by  merely  inverting  the  steam-gauges 
to  transform  them  into  barometer  gauges,  and  may  be  used  in  all 
cases  where  liquids  or  other  matters  are  to  be  evaporated,  such  for 
instance  as  juice  of  beet-root  or  sugar-cane,  wine-lees,  salt  water, 
extracts  of  plants,  dextrine,  glucose,  syrups,  saltpetre,  sulphates 
of  iron,  zinc,  and  soda,  fermented  molasses,  juices  of  vegetables, 
soda,  mineral,  and  other  waters,  alum,  chromates  and  prussiate  of 
potash,  gelatine,  "  tartaric,  citric,  and  boric  (boracic  ?)  acids,"  and 
for  distilling  and  concentrating  sulphuric  acid  and  other  matters. 
[Printed,  2s.  Qd,  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  September  17.— N°  2282. 

COWAN,  PHINEAS. —  "An  improvement  in  refining  sugar." 
This  consists  "in  promoting  the  ' settling/  ' covering,'  or  satu- 
"  rating  of  the  charcoal  by  exhausting,  or  partially  exhausting, 
"  the  air  from  the  charcoal  and  charcoal  cistern  or  vessel,"  sub- 
stantially as  follows  : — It  is  said  that,  in  both  the  modes  of  filtering 
saccharine  liquids  which  are  now  employed,  namely,  one  method 
in  which  "  the  syrup  percolates  the  charcoal  by  natural  gravita- 
"  tion,"  and  the  other  in  which  <(  steam  or  other,  artificial  pressure 
"  is  applied  at  the  top  of  the  charcoal  cistern  or  vessel,  to  drive 
<f  the  liquor  or  syrup  through  the  charcoal,"  the  air  "  contained 


332  SUGAR. 

"  in  the  charcoal  arid  charcoal  cistern  impedes  the  descent  of  the 
"  saccharine  liquor ;  and  to  obviate  this  it  is  proposed  to  exhaust, 
"  or  partially  exhaust,  the  air  from  the  cistern  or  vessel  containing 
"  the  charcoal,  having  first  admitted  "  sufficient  syrup  or  saccha- 
"  rine  liquor  into  the  cistern  or  vessel  to  cover  the  upper  surface 
"  of  the  charcoal  contained  therein,"  and  thereby  preventing 
"  air  from  being  drawn  into  or  through  the  charcoal  from  above 
"  it,  when  the  exhausting  operation  is  afterwards  applied,"  and 
then  pumping  "  the  air  from  and  around  the  charcoal,  whereupon 
"  the  saccharine  liquor  or  syrup  will  descend  and  will  saturate 
"  the  charcoal  with  regularity,"  passing  down  through  it  with 
rapidity,  and  presenting  itself  "  at  the  bottom  bright  and  clear." 
[Printed,  4<Z.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1863,  September  23.— N°  2342. 

FONTAINEMOREAU,  PETER  ARMAND  LE  COMTE  DE.— (A 
communication  from  Charles  Hdnsell.) — "  Certain  improvements  in 
"  centrifugal  machines  for  treating  saccharine  substances,  part  of 
"  the  same  being  applicable  to  other  centrifugal  machines." 
These  are,  first,  "  in  the  purifying  machine  or  apparatus,  with 
"  which  is  combined  a  steam  engine ;  the  self- discharging  drums 
"  are  turned  over  by  means  of  moveable  bearings,  one  of  which 
"  turns  on  an  axis  keeping  it  in  its  place,  and  the  other  is  so 
"  arranged  as  to  be  able  to  be  withdrawn  or  disengaged  from  its 
"  shaft  to  set  it  free,  so  that  it  can  turn  on  its  axis,  and  thus 
"  overturn  the  drum  to  discharge  it.  To  receive  the  liquid,  the 
"  drums  are  provided  with  a  casing,  which  receives  and  throws  it 
"  into  an  external  channel ;  and  for  this  purpose  the  ordinary 
"  recipient,  which  also  serves  as  the  framework,  is  replaced  by 
"  framing,  with  which  is  combined  a  steam  cylinder,  and  steam 
"  is  introduced  between  the  casing  of  the  drum,  which  latter  is 
"  balanced  with  a  spring  and  counterweight  for  facilitating  the 
"  discharge,  and  a  proper  opening  is  provided  for  charging  the 
"  same." 

Second,  "  in  the  preparing  or  extracting  apparatus,  which  is 
"  composed  of  two  parts  or  machines,  the  matters  to  be  treated, 
"  are  in  the  first,  continuously  introduced  by  means  of  a  tube  into 
"  a  centrifugal  drum,  which  is  composed  of  three  casings ;  the 
"  saccharine  matters  pass  from  the  tube  between  the  first  and 
"  second  casings  till  they  reach  the  bottom,  where  the  drum  is 


SUGAR.  333 

"  provided  with  spikes,  by  which  the  matters  coming  out  of  it 
"  are  beaten  for  their  final  extraction.  The  juice  extracted  in  its 
"  passage  is  guided  by  the  third  or  outer  casing  into  a  circular 
"  channel  placed  round  the  recipient,  and  to  facilitate  the  opera- 
"  tion  water  is  pressed  into  the  matters  before  they  escape  from 
"  the  drums,  from  a  circular  channel  properly  placed  inside  the 
"  first  casing,  which  is  perforated  for  that  purpose.  The  speed 
"  of  the  apparatus — that  is  to  say  of  the  operation — is  regulated 
"  by  means  of  a  spiral  screw,  placed  in  the  space  between  the  first 
"  and  second  casings." 

Third,  "  in  the  second  part  or  machine  the  centrifugal  force  is 
"  assisted  by  other  pressure,  and  for  this  purpose  a  piston  is 
"  pressed  on  the  matters  under  operation  either  by  hydraulic 
"  pressure  by  means  of  a  pump,  or  by  a  screw.  The  saccharine 
"  matters  are  conducted  from  the  first  to  the  second  machine  by 
"  means  of  a  tube.  The  discharge  is  effected  by  hooking  the 
"  perforated  casing  containing  the  pressed  matter  on  to  a  crane, 
"  and  drawing  it  out  of  its  place." 
[Printed,  Is.  Sd.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  October  1.— N°  2400. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM. —  (Provisional  protection  only.) — "An  im- 
"  proved  process  for  re-crystallizing  sugar."  This  consists  "  in 
"  the  application  of  steam  to  the  surface  of  sugar  after  it  has 
"  been  cut,  sawn,  or  broken  thereby  re-crystallizing  it,"  as  fol- 
lows : — The  pieces  of  sugar  fall  "  on  to  a  wire  revolving  platform, 
"  which  is  kept  constantly  in  motion  by  being  set  on  endless  chains. 
"  A  continual  supply  of  steam  is  kept  up  under  the  revolving 
"  chains,  so  that,  as  the  sugar  is  carried  along  on  the  surface  of 
"  the  said  revolving  platform,  it  is  brought  into  contact  with  the 
"  steam  and  re-crystallized,  after  which  it  falls  into  a  trough  con- 
•*  veniently  placed  to  receive  it.  Any  suitable  motive  power  may 
"  be  employed  to  work  the  chains." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  October  1.— N°  2405. 

REID,  FRANCIS. — "  Collecting  and  saving  the  spirit  or  alcohol 
"  generated  by  spontaneous  fermentation  in  raw  sugar,  concrete, 
"  melado,  and  molasses,  and  thrown  off  during  the  process  of 
boiling  or  refining."  This  "  may  be  carried  into  effect  by  con- 


334  SUGAR. 

"  necting  the  ordinary  vacuum  pans  with  a  worm  condenser, 
"  and  collecting  the  products  condensed  and  using  them "  for 
"  rectifying  re-distilling  or  other  purposes." 
[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1863,  October  2.— N«  2421. 
SHEPHERD,  GEORGE,  and  SHEPHERD,  WILLIAM  THOMAS, 

— (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improvements  in  restoring  the 
"  crystals  of  lump  or  refined  sugar  which  has  been  divided  by 
"  saws  and  in  apparatus  employed  for  this  purpose."  These  are, 
"  two  rollers  are  mounted  in  a  suitable  frame  and  are  caused  to  ro- 
"  tate  with  an  equal  surface  speed,  and  are  at  such  a  distance  apart 
"  that  when  a  slice  or  piece  of  sugar  which  has  been  sawn  from  a 
"  lump  is  passed  between  them  the  slice  will  be  subjected  to 
"  pressure.  Each  of  the  rollers  is  coated  with  woollen  or  other 
"  suitable  fabric  or  material  which  is  constantly  moistened  and, 
"  by  preference,  with  cold  spring  water.  To  each  roller  is  applied 
"  a  pressing  roller  or  instrument  by  which  any  excess  of  water 
"  applied  to  the  elastic  and  porous  coating  may  be  removed." 
After  passing  through  the  rollers  the  sugar  is  dried. 
[Printed,**  No  Drawings, 

A.D.  1863,  October  17,— N°  2551. 

DE  WYLDE),  FEDOR.— (A  communication  from  Henry  Schwarz.J 
— "  Improvements  in  the  separation  of  molasses  and  other  im- 
"  purities  from  sugar  crystals."  These  are,  "the  separation  of 
t(  the  sugar  crystals  from  the  adherent  molasses  by  the  agency  of 
"  alcohol,  methylated  or  wood  spirit  acidulated,"  as  follows : — 
The  matters  to  be  operated  upon  are  carbonized  to  ascertain  the 
quantity  of  ashes  (salts  of  alkali  and  lime)  they  contain,  and  for 
every  part  of  ashes  obtained,  10  parts  of  molasses  are  said  to  be 
present  in  the  raw  sugar  j  and  for  every  part  of  ashes,  a  "half  per 
"  cent,  of  pure  muriatic  acid,  or  one  and  a  half  per  cent,  of  muriatic 
"  acid  of  commerce  "  is  employed/so  as  to  form  with  the  inorganic 
acids  and  salts  of  the  alkalies,  salts  which  are  soluble  in  the 
above  alcohols.  In  operating  upon  a  saccharine  substance  con- 
taining one  part  of  ashes, ."  twenty  parts  of  absolute  alcohol  or 
"  methylated  spirit,  and  one  and  a  half  parts  of  muriatic  acid 
"  of  commerce,  and  four  parts  of  water"  are  mixed  with  one 
hundred  parts  of  raw  sugar,  which  dissolves  the  molasses  and 
the  acid  solution  of  the  molasses  is  separated  ".from  the  sugar 


SUGAR.  335 

"  crystals  by  filtration  or  other  process  used  for  this  purpose." 
A  centrifugal  machine  may  be  used.  The  liquid  still  adhering 
to  the  crystals  may  be  removed  by  neutral  alcohol,  or  methylated 
or  wood  spirit,  and  as  this  operation  proceeds  the  alcohol  should  be 
increased  in  strength  "  until  at  last  absolute  alcohol  or  methylated 
spirit  should  be  used  as  the  final  menstruum."  The  crystals  are 
dried  in  a  current  of  hot  air.  The  spirituous  solution,  after 
neutralizing,  may  be  distilled  or  otherwise  for  the  alcohol.  By 
adding  an  excess  of  lime  a  precipitate  of  sugar  and  lime  is 
obtained,  which  separated  and  decomposed  by  carbonic  acid, 
yields  a  solution  of  sugar.  This  process  is  applicable  to  crystallized 
juice  of  the  sugar  cane,  beet  root,  &c. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1863,  October  20.— N°  2575. 

GARTON,  CHARLES,  and  HILL,  THOMAS. — "  Improvements  in 
"  evaporating,  cooling,  and  melting,  and  in  apparatus  employed 
"  therein.*'  These  are,  in  carrying  out  the  above,  "the  construc- 
"  tion  and  employment  of  covered  pans  carrying  at  bottom  cham- 
"  bers  through  which  liquid  is  caused  to  circulate,  and  fitted 
"  with  screw  vanes  or  drums"  to  act  as  agitators  upon  the 
matter  evaporating.  These  consist  "  of  archimedean  screw  vanes 
"  carried  upon  suitable  spindles  and  wheels."  These  agitators 
are  mounted  in  sets  of  two  or  more,  and  in  such  a  way  "  that  in 
"  their  revolution  the  vanes  on  one  agitator  shall,  clear  those  of 
"  the  other,"  and  they  are  driven  in  opposite  directions.  Also, 
drawing  off  "  through  one  or  more  apertures  in  the  cover,  the 
"  vapors  and  gases  evaporated  from  the  matter  under  treatment 
"  by  fans,  steam  jets,  pumps,  or  otherwise."  In  some  cases 
aiding  the  evaporation  "  by  the  introduction  of  hot  air  above  the 
"  surface  of  the  matter  to  be  evaporated,"  or  introducing  pipes 
"  for  containing  a  heating  medium  above  such  surface,"  or  form- 
ing the  cover  or  roof  hollow  and  passing  hot  air  or  other  heating 
medium  through  it.  For  some  purposes  driving  "a  frigorific 
"  mixture  through  the  pipes.  In  such  case  circulation  through 
"  the  pipes  is  continuous,  and  there  is  on  outlet  above  the  matter 
"  operated  on." 

[Printed,  Is.  4>d.   Drawings.] 

A.D.1863,  November  14.-N°  2gSS. 

MACKIRDAY,   LAUCHLAN.  —  "Improvements  in  saturating, 
"  washing,  and  cleansing  charcoal  and  other  matters,  applicable 


336  SUGAR. 

"  also  to  the  separation  of  syrups  from  sugar."  These  are,  first, 
"  the  saturating  of  charcoal  in  charcoal  filters,"  as  follows  : — By 
withdrawing  the  ah*  from  charcoal  in  air-tight  cistern  before  the 
liquor  is  run  into  the  cistern,  on  opening  the  "brown  liquor 
"  cock"  the  " liquor  will  enter  into  instant  and  complete  con- 
"  tact  with  the  charcoal."  When  the  liquor  is  thoroughly 
purified  it  is  drawn  off  either  in  the  ordinary  way  or  into  an  air- 
tight cistern.  In  either  case  air  is  allowed  to  enter  in  at  the  top 
of  the  cistern.  For  "  inferior  or  tough  liquors,"  besides  exhausting 
the  air  as  above,  an  air-pump  is  employed  to  force  air  into  the 
cistern  on  the  top  of  the  liquor,  and  "  drive  the  liquor  through 
"  the  charcoal  most  thoroughly  and  effectively."  When  the 
liquor  cistern  has  done  its  work  and  remains  full  of  charcoal 
saturated  with  liquor  the  process  of  washing  commences  by 
opening  a  hot  water  tap  at  top  and  drawing  the  liquor  from  the 
bottom  of  the  cistern ;  this  is  called  "  sweet  water." 

Second,  "  washing  and  cleansing  of  charcoal,"  as  follows : — 
"  After  the  sweet  water  has  been  drawn  off,  a  vacuum  pump 
"  which  is  in  connection  with  the  bottom  of  the  cistern  is  brought 
"  into  action,  and  a  copious  supply  of  hot  or  cold  water  is  intro- 
"  duced  to  the  top  of  the  cylinder,"  and  the  water  is  continued 
until  it  runs  pure,  when  "  the  supply  is  cut  off,  and  by  opening 
"  an  air  valve  air  is  drawn  through  the  mass  of  charcoal  and 
"  dries  it." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  December  1.— N°  3010. 

DODDRELL,  GEORGE  JOHN.—-"  Improvements  relating  to  the 
"  manufacture  or  refining  of  sugar."  These  are,  "  the  disposing 
"  of  the  concentrating  vacuum  pans  of  a  sugar  refinery  at  a 
"  higher  level  than  that  at  which  the  goods  are  worked  off  or 
"  finished,"  so  as  save  the  labour  and  expense  of  elevating  them 
as  is  now  the  case.  "  The  concentrated  fluid  or  semifluid  may 
"  be  transferred  from  the  concentrating  pans  or  vessels  by  gravita- 
"  tion  by  means  of  pipes  or  ducts,  or  partly  by  pipes  and  partly 
"  by  means  of  basins  or  filling  vessels."  If  the  filters  deliver  the 
liquor  below  the  level  of  the  vacuum  pans  it  "  is  pumped  up 
"  through  suitable  piping  to  the  elevated  level  at  which  the 
"  vacuum  pans  are  placed  according  to  this  invention."  "  The 
"  passing  of  the  concentrated  fluid  or  semifluid  into  granulating 
"  vessels  or  receivers,  and  thence  into  centrifugal  machines  by 
"  gravitation,"  is  not  claimed  "  when  the  concentrating  vacuum 


SUGAR.  337 

"  pans  are  situated  at  the  ordinary  low  level,'*  but  is  claimed  when 
elevated  "  according  to  this  invention." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1863,  December  11.—  N°  3123. 

CORBY,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  centrifugal  machines  for 
"  extracting  the  syrups  from  sugar."  These  are,  first,  dispensing 
with  "the  usual  amount  of  multiplying  gear,  such  as  driving 
"  wheels,  drums,  wall  brackets,  supports,  axles,  springs,  and 
"  leather  belts,"  and  replacing  the  whole  "  by  a  single  horizontal 
"  shaft  imparting  motion  to  the  vertical  spindle  of  the  drying 
"  cylinder  through  a  pair  of  bevel  friction  wheels  working  in  the 
"  lower  portion  of  the  framework." 

Second,  "  in  rendering  the  vertical  axle  of  the  receiver,  with  its 
"  friction  pinion,  capable  of  being  moved  up  and  down  in  a  per- 
"  pendicular  direction,  which  movement  is  obtained  by  construct - 
"  ing  the  vertical  spindle  to  slide  in  suitable  plummer  blocks  and 
"  actuated  by  a  lever  carrying  a  footstep,  into  which  the  lower 
"  end  of  the  spindle  is  fitted,  this  arrangement  being  for  the 
"  purpose  of  rendering  the  starting  and  stopping  of  the  whole 
"  machine  more  simple  and  effective  than  usual." 

Third,  "  the  whole  machine,  including  its  driving  gear,  being 
"  erected  and  attached  to  one  sole  plate  or  bed,  is  thereby 
"  rendered  of  a  steady,  compact,  and  portable  character,  being 
"  completely  self-contained  in  construction,  having  all  its  parts 
"  accessible  to  for  the  purposes  of  lubrication  and  lightening  up 
"  whilst  the  machine  is  in  motion." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1863,  December  29.— N°  3294. 

VANDERFEESTEN,  JEAN  MICHEL.  —  "Improvements  in 
"  apparatus  for  heating,  boiling,  evaporating,  and  distilling." 
These  relate  to  apparatus  for  the  above  purposes  "  whether  per- 
"  formed  in  vacuo  or  otherwise  and  whether  for  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar  or  other  purposes,"  and  the  apparatus  consists  of  a 
close  or  open  vessel  in  which  are  a  number  of  coils  \  "  these  coils 
"  instead  of  forming  a  single  worm  or  coil  rising  in  curved  spirals 
"  as  is  usual  consist  of  a  number  of  separate  straight  coils," 
that  is  "  each  coil  consists  of  a  certain  number  of  straight  or 
"  rectilineal  horizontal  pipes  (of  circular  or  other  transverse 

8,  Y 


338  SUGAR. 

"  section)  connected  by  curved  junctions."  "The  coils  are 
"  arranged  side  by  side  and  can  be  removed  from  the  receiver 
"  and  replaced  therein  through  openings  in  the  front  of  the 
"  receiver  closed  by  doors  or  plates  secured  by  bolts  and  nuts. 
"  The  coils  of  steam  pipes  are  supported  on  rods  or  frames  with 
"  hollow  rollers.  The  ends  of  the  coils  are  fastened  and  unfastened 
"  by  exterior  hollow  nuts  which  work  on  pipes  cast  on  the 
"  outside  of  the  receiver,  forming  the  joints  or  junctions  between 
"  the  coils  and  the  steam  inlet,  and  outlet  for  drawing  off  the 
"  waters  of  condensation  therefrom,  and  to  tighten  the  coils 
"  against  the  sides  of  the  vessel  to  the  required  extent.  The 
"  coils  when  required  to  be  cleaned  are  removed  into  a  vessel 
"  containing  acid  or  other  solution,  other  coils  supplying  their 
"  places."  "The  [steam  joints  may  be'fitted.  with  nuts."  A 
modification  of  the  above  apparatus  is  shown  in  which  the  ends 
of  the  coils  instead  of  leading  into  horizontal  passages  communi- 
cate through  junctions  with  vertical  pipes. 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 


1864. 

A.D.  1864,  January  19.— N°  144. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.  —  (A  communication  from 
Leon  Geauchez.) — "  Improvements  in  machines  for  sawing  and 
"  cutting  sugar."  These  are,  constructing  such  a  machine  that 
performs  "  three  operations  which  have  hitherto  not  been  effected 
"  without  the  employment  of  two  or  three  separate  machines  or 
"  apparatuses."  At  one  side  of  the  machine  is  "a  fly  wheel 
"  worked  by  hand  or  otherwise,  and  with  teeth  cast  on  its  inner 
"  circumference  acting  on  a  bevil  wheel  fixed  on  an  axle.  This 
"  axle  carries  one  of  two  pulleys,  round  which  an  endless  band 
"  saw  passes  kept  in  place  by  a  guide.  The  revolution  of  the  fly 
"  wheel  thus  imparts  motion  to  the  saw  which  divides  the  loaf  of 
"  sugar  into  slices  of  the  desired  thickness.  Instead  of  an 
"  endless  band  saw  a  saw  with  a  to-and-fro  movement  may  be 
"  employed.  Other  teeth  on  the  axis  of  the  fly  wheel  gear  into 
<f  a  bevil  wheel  which  transmits  motion  to  an  endless  screw 
"  working  in  its  turn  a  toothed  wheel  on  the  same  shaft  as  six 


SUGAR.  339 

"  ratchets,  more  or  less ;  these  ratchets  carry  endless  bands 
"  passing  between  circular  saws,  which  act  at  right  angles  to  the 
"  band  saw  and  divide  the  slices  of  sugar  into  blocks  as  they  are 
"  led  up  against  the  saws  of  the  belts.  To  prevent  the  .blocks 
of  sugar  getting  out  of  place,  covering  them  "  with  a  plate  with 
"  slots  therein  for  the  passage  of  the  saws,  this  plate  is  caused  to 
"  press  upon  the  blocks  by  springs.  The  tension  of  the  belts 
and  of  the  endless  band  saw  is  regulated  by  two  screws.  On 
leaving  the  circular  saws  the  sugar  comes  below  a  guillotine, 
chopper  or  cutter  worked  by  a  bar  which  receives  motion  from  a 
lever.  On  the  driving  axle  of  the  machine  is  a  socket  which 
carries  a  conical  tooth  or  projection  ;  the  lever  just  mentioned  also 
carries  a  tappet,  arranged  so  that  when  the  projection  carried 
by  the  axle  comes  against  it  at  each  revolution  it  shall  be 
lowered.  To  give  the  pieces  of  sugar  the  proper  size  the  parts 
are  so  arranged  so  "  that  the  chopper  or  cutter  only  descends  once 
"  for  every  four  revolutions  of  the  driving  axle  "  as  follows : — 
"  Outside  the  projection  before  mentioned  as  being  on  the  axle  is 
"  a  second  projection,  which  on  receiving  motion  takes  into 
*'  recesses  in  the  periphery  of  a  wheel ;  on  this  wheel  is  a  metal 
"  band  with  parts  cut  away  so  as  to  form  two  curved  bands,  each 
"  tapered  off  at  one  end,  into  the  spaces  between  the  bands 
"  a  hooked  rod  takes,  working  from  a  fixed  point,  and  acting  by 
"  pressure  on  the  first-named  projection.  The  wheel  has  eight 
"  divisions  and  it  is  only  when  the  second  projection  takes  into 
*'  four  of  the  recesses,  and  causes  the  wheel  to  make  a  semi- 
"  revolution,  that  the  hooked  rod  can  take  into  one  of  the  spaces 
"  between  the  bands  j  in  taking  into  the  space  it  acts  by  pressure 
"  on  the  socket  of  the  first-named  projection,  which  is  arranged 
"  only  to  come  against  the  tappet  on  the  lever,  when  it  is  caused 
"  to  turn  by  the  hooked  rod,  it  is  therefore  only  at  the  next 
"  meeting  that  the  effect  of  the  two  projections,  and  consequently 
"  that  of  the  chopper  will  be  produced.  When  at  the  next 
'"  revolution  the  projection  which  takes  into  the  recesses  in  the 
"  wheel  shall  have  caused  the  wheel  to  advance  the  hooked  rod 
"  will  have  been  forced  out  of  the  space  between  the  bands  by 
"  rising  up  the  tapered  end,  it  will  thus  allow  the  first-named 
"  projection  to  turn  without  coming  in  contact  with  the  tappet 
"  on  the  lever  until  the  driving  axle  shall  have  performed  four 
"  revolutions." 

[Printed,  lOd.   Drawing.] 

Y  2 


340  SUGAR, 

A.D.  1864,  February  3.— N°  283. 

BEANES,  EDWARD. — "  Improvements  in  preparing  or  treating 
"  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  the  charcoal  dry  and,  in  pre- 
ference, heated,  is  impregnated  with  dry  hydrochloric  acid  gas, 
and  the  gas  is  allowed  "  to  remain  in  the  charcoal  until  the  lime, 
"  the  carbonate  of  lime,  and  other  alkaline  and  earthy  matters 
"  which  may  be  contained  in  the  charcoal  have  been  converted 
**  into  soluble  chlorides."  The  excess  of  gas  is  expelled  by  heat 
or  a  current  of  hot  or  cold  air  or  by  any  other  convenient  means. 
"  After  being  thoroughly  washed  the  charcoal  (which  may  or  may 
"  not  be  dried)  is  then  fit  for  use."  "  Animal  charcoal  which 
"  has  been  used,  or  has  become  deteriorated  in  its  properties 
"  may  be  subjected  to  the  same  process,  and  may  be  reburnt  in 
"  the  usual  way,  either  before  or  after  being  submitted  to  the 
"  process." 

[Printed,  4>d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  March  2.— N°  519. 

MILLER,  WILLIAM.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.}  —  "Im- 
"  provements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  in  the  apparatus 
"  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  "  evaporating  saccharine 
"  solutions  at  temperatures  below  those  at  which  they  boil  under 
"  the  ordinary  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,"  and  such  solutions 
never  coming  "  in  contact  with  metallic  or  other  surfaces  heated 
"  by  fire  or  high  pressure  steam  nor  are  subjected  to  any  tem- 
"  perature  which  cannot  be  regulated  to  or  below  that  of  boiling 
"  water  or  212°  F."  This  invention  it  is  said  has  reference  to 
No.  525,  A.D.  1862,  and  "  consists  of  a  cylinder  composed  of  curved 
"  blades  arranged  like  the  floats  of  a  water  wheel  only  overlapping 
"  each  other  considerably  so  as  to  increase  the  evaporating 
"  surface.  This  is  made  to  revolve  in  the  saccharine  solution  to 
"  be  evaporated."  The  cylinder  does  not  dip  far  into  the  pan ; 
the  pan  has  large  flat  or  slotted  tubes  passing  through  it.  The 
pan  is  surrounded  by  an  outer  casing  or  jacket  the  lower  part  of 
which  is  covered  by  water  heated  either  by  direct  fire  heat  or  by 
high  pressure  steam  passing  into  it,  an  overflow  pipe  for  carrying 
off  condensed  water  and  a  pipe  open  to  the  atmosphere  carries  off 
any  steam.  In  the  colonies  the  cylinder  may  revolve  open  to  the 
air,  but  if  desirable  to  get  rid  of  steam,  it  is  covered  with  a  hood 
attached  to  which  is  a  fan. 


SUGAR.  341 

Second,  in  dissolving  sugar,  making  "  use  of  cylindrical 
"  shaped  pans,"  having  "  a  coil  of  pipe  with  a  condense  cock 
"  passing  round  the  lower  part  of  the  side  of  the  pan,  but  suffi- 
"  ciently  high  up  that  the  sugar  when  thrown  into  the  bottom  of 
"  the  pan  does  not  come  in  contact  with  the  heated  pipe  except 
"  when  it  is  in  solution."  Also  using  an  agitator  in  the  form  of  a 
cross  with  knives  attached  to  it  and  another  cross  with  flat  blades 
to  keep  the  solution  in  constant  agitation. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  March  2.— N°  528. 

LANGENARD,  FREDERIC  PIERRE. — "Improvements  in  cen- 
"  trifugal  machines  for  extracting  juice  of  plants,  or  drying  up 
"  substances  or  materials  of  various  kinds."  These  are,  in  reference 
"  to  this  subject,  when  beetroots  or  any  other  material  of  the  kind 
"  have  to  be  dried  up,"  first,  "  a  perforated  or  wire  cloth  cylinder 
"  or  box,  formed  as  in  similar  apparatuses,  but  without  bottom 
"  and  attached  to  the  shaft  by  means  of  an  armed  ring,  which  is 
"  tied  to  the  flanged  upper  end  of  the  cylinder,"  is  employed. 

Second,  "  a  funnel  shaped  upper  cylinder  fastened  to  the  lower 
"  one  with  which  it  revolves." 

Third,  "  a  lower  elastic  or  pliable  bottom,  made  either  of  cloth, 
"  leather,  india-rubber,  or  any  other  similar  material  "  attached  at 
its  outer  and  inner  peripheries  on  rings  and  carried  by  arms  hinged 
on  a  central  nave,  the  arms  being  carried  near  the  other  end  by 
rods,  hinged  on  one  side  with  tongues  of  the  arms,  and  on  the 
other  side  on  a  moveable  sleave,  so  that  the  bottom  of  the  appa- 
ratus can  be  made  quite  free. 

Fourth,  the  lower  moveable  sleave  carrying  a  piece  betwixt 
its  shoulders,  guided  in  its  up  and  down  motion  by  rods,  and 
actuated  by  ropes  winding  up  on  pulleys",  which  contrivance  is 
intended  to  move  the  sleave  up  and  down  for  unfolding  and 
folding  up  the  pliable  bottom.,  the  upward  motion  of  the  sleave 
being  assisted  by  a  helical  spring  carried  by  a  shoulder  of  the 
central  shaft. 

Fifth,  the  shaft  carrying  the  centrifugal  machine  and  its  ap- 
pendages is  partly  hollow,  and  is  provided  inwardly  with  a  rod, 
capable  of  moving  up  and  down  into  the  shaft,  which  shaft 
carries  it  along  in  its  rotary  motion  by  means  of  two  keys  driven 
fast  into  the  rod  which  moves  up  and  down  within  the  hollow 
shaft. 


342  SUGAR. 

Sixth,  the  combination  of  an  armed  ring  connected  by  a  keyed 
sleeve  to  the  rod  which  carries  along  in  its  up  and  down  motion 
in  the  hollow  shaft  to  rub  off  the  dried  material  adhering  to  the 
periphery  of  the  cylinder. 

Seventh,  the  following  contrivance,  to  slide  up  and  down  in 
the  hollow  shaft.  The  rod  at  its  upper  end  is  fitted  with  a  bullet, 
held  betwixt  two  jaws,  hollow  shaped  to  fit  the  bullet  without 
coming  close  together;  the  jaws  are  tied  close  together  by  screws. 
At  the  top  part  of  the  jaws,  in  the  middle,  there  is  an  eye  piece 
formed  with  a  hole  in  which  runs  a  rope,  which  is  netted  where 
passed  through  the  eye,  so  that  when  pulled  upward  the  rope  wiJl 
draw  the  rod.  The  two  jaws  above  are  pierced  through  on  each 
side  with  a  small  hole,  through  which  runs  a  rope ;  these  ropes 
are  wound  round  two  pulleys  fixed  one  on  each  side  of  the  rod ; 
the  ropes  are  continued  further  on  to  allow  of  their  being  wound 
around  a  drum.  When  the  said  ropes  are  pulled  downwards  they 
cause  the  rod  to  move  down;  the  jaws  are  guided  in  their 
motion  by  a  rod  on  each  side  fastened  at  their  lowest  end  on  the 
frame. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.] 


A.D.  1864,  March  4.— N°  552. 

MANBRE,  ALEXANDRE. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  glucose  sugar."  These  are,  first,  effecting  "the  trans- 
"  formation  of  starch  or  fecula  into  glucose  sugar"  by  mixing 
them  with  5  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  and  submitting  them  "  to 
"  the  action  of  a  high  degree  of  heat  not  under  275°  F.,  but  pre- 
"  ferring  the  temperature  of  320°  F.  for  quickening  the  process," 
and  by  this  means  producing  "  a  pure  glucose  free  from  gum, 
"  essential  oil,  and  empyreumatic  fatty  matters." 

Second,  employing  in  the  process  a  strong  wrought  iron  oblcng 
boiler  with  steam  pipe  inside  along  the  bottom.  The  boiler  is 
lined  inside  with  lead  and  outside  with  a  jacket  between  which 
and  the  converter  is  a  space  of  4  inches  which  is  filled  with  sand 
or  any  other  non-conducting  matter.  On  the  top  is  a  pipe  with 
a  cock  through  which  diluted  starch  may  be  gradually  intro- 
duced, also  "  safety  valves,  steam  gauge,  water  gauge,  thermometer, 
"  pipe  for  escape  of  steam,  exit  cock  at  bottom,  and  a  worm  or 
"  distilling  pipe  through  which  the  high  pressure  steam  is  allowed 
"  to  blow  off." 


SUGAR.  343 

Third,  allowing  "  the  high  pressure  steam  to  blow  off  out  of 
"  the  vessel  while  the  heat  is  maintained  "  at 320°  F.  "to  distil  off 
"  and  separate  from  the  product  the  vegetable  empyreumatic  and 
"  acrid  oils." 

Fourth,  the  "  use  of  superheated  steam  as  an  agent  for  heating 
"  the  mixture."  This  mode  of  heating  is  more  convenient  than 
other  means  but  "  is  not  essential  to  the  success  of  the  process 
"  provided  a  sufficient  degree  of  heat  is  obtained."  Another 
method  to  obtain  from  starch  glucose  free  from  dextrine  or  gum 
is  to  use  a  much  larger  proportion  of  sulphuric  acid  ;  up  to 
the  present  time  from  2  to  5  per  cent,  has  been  used  and  it  has 
never  reached  10  per  cent.,  it  is  proposed  to  use  at  least  20  and 
as  much  as  60  or  70  per  cent.,  heating  in  the  ordinary  manner, 
but  this  process  is  inferior  to  the  first  "although  preferable  to  the 
"  ordinary  process  now  employed." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  March  7.— .N°  568. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Louis 
Pierre  Robert  de  Massy  and  Louis  Robert  de  Massy.)  —  "Im- 
"  provements  in  refining  sugar  and  molasses."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  first,  treating  "  syrup  or  saccharine 
"  liquid  with  baryta  or  strontia  whereby  the  syrup  may  be  refined 
"  with  greater  speed  and  economy  and  an  increased  yield  obtained 
"  than  by  the  processes  now  in  use."  The  juice  "is  first 
"  defecated  by  simple  or  double  saturation,"  with  lime  "  with  the 
"  assistance  of  carbonic  acid,"  treated  with  about  sixty  per  cent, 
of  caustic  baryta,  heated  to  form  a  saccharate  of  baryta  which 
precipitates  and  is  separated  "by  decantation,  washing,  or  any 
"  other  suitable  means."  "This  saccharate  is  put  on  one  side 
"  arid  the  liquid  is  treated  either  with  a  current  of  carbonic  acid 
"  or  by  sulphuric  acid  in  order  to  precipitate  the  baryta  which 
"  is  in  excess  in  the  process  of  saccharification."  "The  pre- 
"  cipitate  thus  separated  may  be  used  over  again  in  the  same 
"'  manner."  The  water  may  "run  away  or  be  sold  or  it  may 
"  be  used  as  a  manure  for  which  it  is  peculiarly  applicable." 

Second,  "after  saturating  the  syrup  with  lime  it  is  to  be 
"  evaporated  to  any  desired  density  and  the  caustic  baryta  then 
"  added  in  the  same  proportions  as  before.  Then  proceed  as  in 
"  the  other  process,  but  instead  of  throwing  away  the  water  or 


344  SUGAR. 

"  liquid  after  separating  the  insoluble  salts,  the  liquid  is  to  be 
"  evaporated  again  in  order  to  obtain  the  salts  of  potash  or  soda." 
"  The  saccharate  which  has  been  put  on  one  side  as  before- 
"  mentioned,"  when  required  "  to  be  operated  upon  for  sugar  is 
*  mixed  with  four  times  its  weight  of  pure  water  and  submitted 
'  to  the  action  of  carbonic  acid  under  pressure  until  the  baryta  is 
t  completely  saturated.  The  sugar  obtained  in  this  manner  is 
e  chemically  pure  and  the  insoluble  carbonate  of  baryta  may  be 
'  separated  therefrom  in  the  manner  already  mentioned.  By 
'  decomposing  the  carbonate  of  baryta  by  means  of  sulphuric 
"  acid  carbonic  acid  may  be  obtained  for  the  purpose  above  set 
"  forth.  The  decomposition  of  the  carbonate  of  baryta  may  also 
"  be  effected  by  means  of  sulphate  of  soda  or  sulphate  of  potash, 
"  when  an  insoluble  sulphate  of  baryta  will  be  obtained  and 
"  soluble  salts  of  the  other  bases."  "  Strontia  may  be  used  in 
"  place  of  baryta  thoughout  the  whole  process,  if  preferred,  and 
"  will  produce  precisely  the  same  result." 

Besides  the  foregoing  there  are  several  modes  given  for  obtaining 
carbonic  acid,  also  for  obtaining  some  salts  of  potash,  soda,  and 
baryta,  and  it  is  stated  "  that  in  case  any  traces  of  baryta  should 
"  remain  in  the  syrup,  they  must  be  precipitated  by  an  addition 
"  of  sulphate  of  lime.  There  will  then  be  a  precipitate  of  sul- 
"  phate  of  baryta  which  may  readily  be  removed." 
[Printed,  4*.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1864,  March  8.— N°  580. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Louis 
Pierre  Robert  de  Massy  and  Louis  Robert  de  Massy.} — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  or  production  of  baryta  of  strontia." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  the  subject,  as  follows  : — The  sulphates 
of  baryta  and  strontia  either  natural  or  artificial,  or  "  produced 
"  from  the  sulphurous  acid  obtained  by  this  process,  or  by  other 
"  means,  or  by  double  decomposition,"  are  mixed  with  charcoal 
and  roasted,  this  process,  it  is  said,  "  is  so  well  known  that  there 
"  is  no  necessity  for  describing  it ;  when,  however,  a  sugar  manu- 
"  factory  or  refinery  is  within  reach,  it  is  better  to  operate  in 
"  closed  vessels,  the  reaction  being  more  certain,  and  the  carbonic 
"  acid  produced  by  the  decomposition  is  utilized  in  order  to 
"  carbonize  the  saccharates  of  lime,  baryta,  and  strontia."  A 
solution  of  the  sulphuret  of  barium  or  strontium  thus  made  being 


SUGAR.  345 

boiled  with  oxide  of  copper,  insoluble  sulphuret  of  copper  is 
formed,  and  the  hydrate  of  baryta  or  strontia  is  in  solution,  "  the 
"  baryta  may  be  used  direct  in  this  state  for  the  manufacture  and 
"  refining  of  sugar,"  &c.  "  The  precipitated  sulphuret  of  copper 
"  is  dried  and  then  roasted,"  the  gas  produced  (sulphurous  acid) 
being  conducted  into  lead  chambers  for  the  production  of  sul- 
phuric acid.  "  The  deutoxide  of  copper  is  put  on  one  side  to 
"  serve  for  the  succeeding  operation,  so  that  with  the  same 
"  quantity  of  copper,  an  indefinite  quantity  of  sulphurets  can  be 
"  decomposed." 

[Printed,  4cZ.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  March  19.— N°  700. 

JONES,  DAVID. — (A  communicaion  from  Simon  Labayen.) — 
(Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improvements  in  sugar  funnels 
"  or  moulds."  These  are,  strengthening  sugar  funnels  or  moulds 
which  consist  of  hollow  cones  of  sheet  iron  open  at  top  and  bottom, 
by  rivetting  a  hoop  around  the  wide  end  "  immediately  above 
"  the  ordinary  turned-over  edge,  in  which  a  ring  is  inserted." 
It  is  preferred,  to  make  the  hoop  "  of  a  strip  of  iron,  the  edges  of 
"  which  are  bent  into  a  trough-like  figure,  the  said  strip  being 
"  bent  into  a  hoop,  having  the  concave  sides  of  the  trough-like 
"  edges  in  the  inside  of  the  ring."  "  The  figure  of  the  hoop  may 
"  be  varied  without  departing  from  the  nature  of  the  said  in- 
"  vention.  The  narrow  end  of  the  mould  may  also  be  protected 
"  and  strengthened  by  a  hoop  similar  to  the  hoop  herein-before 
"  described." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  March  26— N°  754. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD.— (A  communication  from 
Jean  Baptiste  Felix  Trolliet.) — "An  improved  method  of,  and  im- 
"  proved  apparatus  for,  revivifying  animal  black."  This  consists 
"  in  progressively  drying  and  heating  animal  black  until  revivified, 
"  and  then  in  cooling  the  same."  The  apparatus  "  consists  of 
"  an  oven  with  retorts  placed  horizontally  and  superposed ;  the 
"  fire  is  inside  the  lower  retort,  and  the  upper  retort  is  heated  by 
"  flues  from  the  lower  retort.  The  top  of  the  apparatus  serves 
u  for  drying  the  black,  and  it  is  progressively  heated  by  passing 
"  through  passages  provided  for  that  purpose  around  the  upper 


346  SUGAR. 

"  retort,  and  between  it  and  the  flues  surrounding  it,  and  then 
"  around  the  lower  retort  and  its  flues.  On  leaving  this  passage 
"  the  black  is  revivified,  and  continues  on  into  a  cooling  chamber 
"  furnished  with  cold  air  flues,  and  traversed  by  air  pipes  below 
"  the  lower  retort.  At  the  bottom  of  this  chamber  doors  are 
l<  provided,  through  which  the  revivified  black  is  withdrawn." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  April  23.— N°  1024. 

WORSSAM,  GEORGE  JARVIS. — "Improvements  in  machinery 
"  and  apparatus  for  expressing  liquids  or  moisture  from  sub- 
"  stances."  These  consist,  of  a  screw  or  wprm,  which  is  covered 
with  a  lining  or  casing  "  of  copper,  brass,  iron,  or  any  suitable 
"  material,  or  wirework,  being  perforated,  grooved,  or  ribbed  to 
"  admit  of  drainage ;"  around  this  again  is  a  case  "  in  halves  or 
"  parts  made  of  copper,  brass,  iron,  wirework,  or  any  suitable 
"  material  for  the  purpose,"  perforated  recommended;  between  the 
outer  and  inner  casings  are  placed  "  a  cloth  or  cloths,  also  wirework, 
"  if  required,  through  which  the  substance  to  be  operated  upon 
"  is  pressed  by  the  means  of  a  force  pump  worked  by  hand  or  any 
"  other  suitable  power  "  feeding  the  machine  by  four  pipes  in  the 
lid  of  the  machine.  At  the  other  end  is  a  cover  with  a  discharge 
door,  "  through  which  the  material  or  matter  after  being  pressed 
"  is  forced  by  means  of  the  screw  or  worm."  "  In  some  cases 
"  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  blades,  scrapers,  or  knives  in  place 
"  of  the  screw  or  worm,"  or  together  with  it ;  above  the  cover  is 
a  worm  wheel  fixed  on  end  of  a  screw  or  worm,  and  a  worm  for 
working  the  worm  wheel.  There  is  a  trough  below  the  machine, 
"  into  which  the  liquid  runs  after  being  pressed."  The  machine 
is  fixed  between  upright  columns,  and  among  a  number  of 
purposes  named  to  which,  it  is  said,  it  is  applicable  is  for  "  filtering 
"  s.ugar." 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawings,] 

A.D.  1864,  April  23.— N°  1038. 

BRINJES,  JOHN  FREDERICK. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus 
"  for  the  reburning  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  applying 
and  using  for  the  above  purpose  cylinders  or  retorts  as  follows, 
and  a  rotating  cooling  drum  or  chamber  provided  with  an  inner 
or  outer  skin,  and  supplied  with  water  for  the  purpose  of  more 


SUGAR,  347 

readily  cooling  its  contents,"  as  follows :— The  retorts  of  "  a 
"  cylindrical  form  are  intended  to  revolve  or  reciprocate  in  a 
"  circular  direction  backwards  and  forwards,  a  complete  revolu- 
"  tion,  or  nearly  so,  on  their  longitudinal  axis,  and  to  be  in  a 
"  horizontal  position.  The  motion  of  the  retorts  may  be  pro- 
"  duced  by  means  of  a  mangle  wheel  and  pinion."  In  the 
interior  of  the  retorts  a  series  of  flanges  or  rings  are  cast,  or  they 
may  be  bolted  therein  "  about  4  to  6  inches  deep,  and  4  to  8 
"  inches  apart "  in  the  direction  of  the  cylinders'  length,  each  ring 
or  flange  having  openings  left  through  them,  the  several  openings 
being  in  a  line  with  or  opposite  each  other.  Between  each  of  the 
flanges  or  rings,  and  opposite  each  of  the  openings  above  referred 
to,  is  provided  a  kind  of  door  or  vane  mounted  in  the  centre 
upon  a  spindle,  and  connected  to  a  rod  passing  from  one  end  of 
the  cylinder  or  retort  to  the  other,  "  and  through  its  ends  or 
"  covers,  which  rod  is  intended  to  move  backwards  or  forwards 
"  in  the  direction  of  the  cylinder's  length,  so  as  to  actuate  and 
"  move  the  doors  or  vanes  to  their  required  positions  simul- 
"  taneously.  The  doors  or  vanes  are  moved  from  the  outside  of 
"  the  retort  by  any  suitable  self-acting  contrivance."  Another 
modification  of  fitting  the  vanes  or  doors  is  described.  After 
the  charcoal  has  traversed  from  one  end  of  the  chamber  to  the 
other ;  "  it  is  discharged  into  a  cooling  chamber  fixed  on  the  end 
"  of  the  cylinder  or  retort,  and  rotating  backwards  and  forwards 
"  therewith ;"  it  is  provided  with  a  jacket  for  cold  water  passing 
through  it.  A  pipe  at  one  end  of  the  cylinder  conveys  the  steam 
or  gases  into  the  chimney. 
[Printed,  1#.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  May  4.— N°  1119. 

BEANES,  EDWARD. — (Provisional protection  only.} — "Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  treating  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "  treating 
"  animal  charcoal  which  has  lost  its  decolorizing  and  absorbtive 
"  properties  "  with  certain  chemical  compounds  which  have  the 
<(  power  of  removing  or  rendering  soluble  the  lime  and  other 
"  metallic,  earthy,  and  alkaline  substances  with  which  it  is 
**  contaminated,  using  for  this  purpose  chloride  of  ammonium 
"  (sal-ammoniac)  in  the  liquid  or  solid  state,"  also  using  "  nitrate 
"  of  ammonia,  nitrous  acid,  hyponitric  acid,  and  carbonic  acid. 
"  The  effect  of  these  substances  is  to  render  the  lime  and  other 


348  SUGAR. 

"  earthy,  metallic,  and  alkaline  impurities  soluble,  and  which  are 
"  afterwards  removed  by  washing." 
[Printed,  4<Z.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1864,  May  5.— N°  1136. 

BEANES,  EDWARD,  and  FINZEL,  CONRAD  WILLIAM.—"  Im- 

"  provements  in  sugar  boiling."  These  are,  in  place  of  using 
steam  "at  temperatures  of  225°  F.  and  upwards,  equal  to  a 
pressure  of  4£  Ibs.  and  upwards,  whereby  there  has  always  been 
more  or  less  carbonization  and  consequently  coloring  of  the  sugar, 
"  using  hot  water  continuously  kept  at  or  as  near  as  may  be  the 
"  boiling  point,  or  steam  at  a  temperature  not  exceeding  215°  F., 
"  or  at  a  pressure  not  exceeding  1£  Ibs.  to  the  square  inch,"  or 
as  near  as  possible,  "  so  as  to  boil  the  syrup  or  liquor  without 
"  carbonization."  To  do  this  "instead  of  using  the  long  tubular 
"  vacuum  pan  and  tubes,  or  the  ordinary  vacuum  pan  with  worms, 
"  as  at  present  in  use,"  using  "a  tubular  vacuum  pan,  but 
"  reducing  the  length  of  the  tubes  therein,  increasing  at  the  same 
"  time  the  number  of  tubes  according  to  the  evaporating  surface 
"  required,  so  that  it  will  only  be  necessary  for  the  heating  thereof 
"  to  use  hot  water  or  steam  as  aforesaid  at  a  temperature  below 
"  the  carbonizing  point  of  saccharine  syrups,  while  from  the 
"  shortness  of  the  tubes  in  the  pan,  the  water  or  steam  will 
"  continue  sufficiently  hot  during  its  passage  through  such  tubes, 
"  so  as  to  be  perfectly  effective  for  the  purpose  of  boiling  the 
"  saccharine  liquids  and  causing  the  proper  evaporation  through- 
"  out  the  pan  without  causing  any  carbonization  and  colouring 
"  of  the  sugar." 

[Printed,  \d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  May  14.— N°  1228. 

FRYER,  ALFRED. — "  Improvements  in  treating  animal  charcoal 
"  in  the  process  of  revivification,  and  in  apparatus  employed 
"  therein."  These  are,  first,  bringing  the  charcoal  from  the 
reburning  apparatus  while  hot  in  contact  with  steam.  The 
charcoal  when  reburned  is  placed  within  a  conical  vessel  having 
an  aperture  in  the  apex  or  lower  end ;  the  stream  of  hot  charcoal 
issuing  from  the  apex  comes  in  contact  with  a  jet  of  steam  pro- 
vided for  that  purpose,  reducing  its  temperature,  separating  the 
grains,  exposing  them  to  air,  and  spreading  them. 


SUGAR.  349 

Second,  hot  charcoal  after  reburning  is  brought  into  contact 
with  a  rapidly  rotating  horizontal  plate  or  disc,  whereby  the  hot 
grains  of  charcoal  are  dispersed,  separated  from  each  other,  and 
brought  into  immediate  contact  with  cold  air  ;  or  the  same  object 
is  effected  by  discharging  the  red  hot  charcoal  from  the  kiln  or 
revivifier  into  a  rotating  horizontal  cylinder  open  at  both  ends,  in 
which  are  vanes.  "  The  current  of  air  acts  upon  and  cools  the 
"  charcoal,  and  carries  it  along  the  cylinder,  and  eventuually  out 
"  of  it." 

Third,  "the  employment  of  an  apparatus  composed  of  conical 
"  pipes  enclosed  in  a  heating  chamber  placed  vertically,  and  of 
"  larger  diameter  at  bottom  than  at  top  for  the  purpose  of  drying 
"  animal  charcoal  previous  to  revivification."  The  pipes  are 
most  economically  heated  by  the  waste  heat  from  the  reburning 
apparatus ;  but  they  may  be  otherwise  heated. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  May  30.— N°  1336. 

PATEESON,  JAMES. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Certain 
"  improvements  in  the  cooling  and  preparation  of  charcoal  to  be 
"  used  for  refining  sugar,  and  in  the  machinery,  apparatus,  or 
"  means  employed  therefor."  These  are,  first,  "  the  application 
"  of  a  cold  blast  or  current  made  to  impinge  against  or  on  the 
"  coolers  by  means  of  a  fan  or  other  convenient  apparatus,  or  the 
"  cooling  may  be  effected  by  drawing  or  forcing  air  through  or 
"  amongst  the  charcoal." 

Second,  applying  "  machinery  driven  by  steam  or  other  power 
"  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  the  slides  of  the  coolers."  "The 
"  slides  consist  of  two  parallel  flat  bars  or  plates  perforated  with 
"  holes  of  sufficient  size  to  enable  the  charcoal  to  fall  through  when 
"  any  one  of  them  is  placed  in  connection  with  any  of  the  coolers 
"  containing  it."  "  The  vibrating  motion  of  the  rod  or  quadrant 
"  is  obtained  by  connecting  it  by  link  work  to  one  eccentric  or 
"  crank  on  an  adjoining  shaft,  or  it  may  be  produced  in  any  other 
"  convenient  manner." 

Third,  "  substituting  a  travelling  or  moving  table  or  tables  in 
"  lieu  of  the  hand  barrows  at  present  employed  for  conveying  the 
"  charcoal  from  the  coolers  as  they  are  emptied."  In  preference, 
the  tables  are  below  the  coolers. 

Fourth,  "imparting  a  vibratory  or  oscillating  motion  to  the 
"  travelling  tables,  which  is  obtained  by  causing  the  rollers, 


350  SUGAR. 

"  barrels^  or  supports  over  which  the  tables  pass  to  move  in  their 

"  bearings*  horizontally  as  they  revolve,  thus  causing  the  tables 

"  to  act  as  a  riddle,  thereby  causing  the  dust  to  be  separated 

"  from  the  larger  pieces  of  charcoal.     This  motion  may  be  im- 

"  parted  to  the  rollers  by  means  of  a  rod  attached  to  their  ends, 

"  and  connected  to  a  revolving  crank,  cam,  eccentric,  or  any 

"  convenient  mechanism." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  May  30.— N°  1342. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Eugene 
Bertholomey.} — "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  of  the  low  or 
"  poor  products  obtained  in  the  manufacture  or  refining  of 
"  sugar."  These  are,  "  a  part  of  the  low  or  poor  matter  is  baked 
"  by  the  ordinary  process  in  a  sugar  pan  either  in  a  vacuum  or 
"  not.  This  baked  product  if  left  to  itself  will,  at  the  expiration 
"  of  some  time,  become  crystallized.  When  this  matter  has 
"  arrived  at  this  commencement  of  crystallization  the  baking  is 
"  continued  in  a  vacuum  pan,  and  is  conducted  in  such  a  manner 
"  that  during  the  process  of  evaporation  the  crystals  already 
"  formed  are  fed  with  successive  supplies  of  syrup  or  clarified 
"  sugar  of  the  same  nature.  The  commencement  of  crystallization 
"  above  mentioned  may  be  effected  in  the  apparatus  which  has 
"  served  for  the  first  baking,  or  by  preference,  in  a  separate  vessel. 
"  In  any  case,  the  second  stage  of  the  operation,  which  consists 
"  in  feeding  the  crystals,  must  be  conducted  either  in  a  vacuum 
"  or  in  apparatus  open  to  the  air,  and  at  a  low  temperature."  In 
place  of  the  vacuum  apparatus  being  charged  as  above,  it  may 
even  be  charged  "  with  matter  prepared  with  powdered  sugar,  or 
"  matters  completely  crystallized  and  diluted  with  syrups,  clarified 
"  or  not,  or  water,  and  the  apparatus  having  been  charged,  the 
"  working  is  to  be  continued  by  feeding  the  crystals  successively 
"  with  clarified  or  other  syrup." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  June  30.— N°  1631. 

CORBY,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  centrifugal  machines,  such 
"  as  are  used  in  separating  syrups  from  sugar,  and  in  apparatus 
"  for  making  the  same."  These  are,  first,  "  the  making  of  the 
"  outer  shells  or  strainer  plates  of  centrifugal  machines  with 


SUGAR.  351 

"  corrugations  running  round  horizontally."  The  internal  metallic 
cloth  bears  against  the  internally  projecting  ridges  of  the  corruga- 
tions. Perforations,  in  preference,  "  elongated  slits  are  formed  in 
"  and  along  the  externally  projecting  ridges  of  the  corrugations." 
"  It  is  preferred  to  construct  the  centrifugal  basket  with  a  hollow 
"  conical  centre,  by  which  it  is  fixed  on  its  carrying  and  actuating 
"  spindle,  and  this  centre  is  formed  with  a  checked  flange,  upon 
"  which  an  annular  iron  bottom  plate  is  shrunk  and  rivetted,  the 
"  cylindrical  shell  being  fixed  to  the  rim  of  this  bottom  plate." 
"  The  form  and  proportions  of  the  corrugations  may  obviously 
"  be  varied,  and  three  varieties  are  shown." 

Second,  "the  making  of  such  corrugated  shells  by  means  of 
"  apparatus  substantially,"  as  follows  :  —  This  apparatus  com- 
prises four  rollers,  carried  between  two  massive  standards,  or  side 
frames.  Two  of  the  rollers  "form  the  corrugations,  whilst  the 
"  other  two  assist  in  curving  the  sheet  to  the  cylindrical  form  of 
"  the  basket.  The  two  corrugating  rollers  are  placed  one  above 
te  the  other  in  the  middle  of  the  machine,  and  the  two  bending 
"  rollers  one  on  each  side,  and  a  little  above  the  bottom  corru- 
"  gating  roller,  to  give  the  required  curve.  All  the  rollers  are 
<(  grooved  to  correspond  to  the  required  corrugations,  and  the 
"  bottom  one  and  side  ones  are  formed  with  flanges,  to  guide  the 
"  sheet  when  passing  through."  The  driving  power  is  applied 
by  suitable  gearing  to  the  bottom  corrugating  roller,  and  the  top 
corrugating  roller  is  forced  into  closer  contact  by  wedges  acted  on 
by  a  lever,  the  roller  being  elevated  by  springs  when  not  so 
depressed. 

[Printed,  IQd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  July  12.— N°  1727. 

CAREY,  STEPHEN. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  calcining 
"  bones,  and  for  reburning  and  revivifying  animal  charcoal." 
These  are  "  making  a  long  retort,  of  a  D  shape  in  preference," 
and  setting  the  same  "  at  such  angle  as  will  allow  the  contents 
"  to  run  down  the  retort  by  their  own  gravity  or  by  the  force  of 
"  supply  at  the  upper  end,  the  angle  I  prefer  is  about  32^ 
"  degrees."  The  flue  is  carried  "  from  the  furnace  under  nearly 
"  the  whole  length  of  the  retort  and  return  the  same  over  the 
"  top  and  one  side  of  the  retort  and  back  again  in  the  other 
"  side,  and  there  lead  it  off  near  the  top  to  the  main  flue  or 


352      .  SUGAR. 

"  chimney,  and  sometimes  when  extra  heat  is  required,  I  would 
"  construct  another  furnace  about  half-way  between  the  present 
"  furnace  and  the  upper  end  of  the  retort  and  connect  the  same 
fs  with  the  flues  before  described."  The  retort  is  fed  from  a 
hopper  in  which  is  a  valve  to  regulate  the  Supply,  and  the 
charcoal  after  running  down  the  whole  length  of  the  retort  is 
discharged  into  a  cannister  or  receiver,  through  a  mouth-piece 
with  a  valve  to  regulate  the  discharge.  In  some  cases  when  it  is 
required  to  burn  the  contents  of  the  retort  more  slowly,  valves  or 
flaps  are  placed  accross  the  inside  of  the  retorts  and  these  are 
raised  or  lowered  by  means  of  a  shaft  or  rod  connected  therewith 
and  passed  through  a  stuffing  box  at  the  end  of  the  upper  mouth- 
piece or  otherwise.  In  order  to  feed  the  retort  when  required  for 
reburning  charcoal,  a  hopper  is  fixed  into  the  mouth-piece  and 
this  is  supplied  by  means  of  an  endless  chain  ladder  on  which  are 
fixed  a  number  of  small  buckets. 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  July  26.— N°  1855. 

DIXON,  THOMAS. — (A  communication  from  Manuel  Bea.) — 
"  Improvements  in  sugar  funnels  or  sugar  moulds."  These  are, 
strengthening  the  wide  open  end  of  sugar  funnels  or  sugar 
moulds  consisting  of  hollow  cones  of  sheet  iron  open  at  both 
ends  as  follows  : — "  The  edge  of  that  portion  of  the  sheet  iron 
"  which  in  the  furnished  sugar  funnel  or  mould  constitutes  the 
"  wide  end  of  the  sugar  funnel  is  folded  or  doubled,  so  as  to  give 
"  two  thicknesses  of  metal  at  that  part.  The  said  wide  end  of 
"  the  sugar  funnel  is  further  strengthened  by  a  metallic  hoop 
"  rivetted  thereon.  The  said  hoop  is  conical  both  within  and 
"  without,  excepting  at  the  extremity  of  its  widest  part,  at  which 
"  part  is  a  strong  beading  of  a  nearly  cylindrical  figure  in  cross 
"  section."  The  beading  has  in  its  inner  side  a  shoulder  upon 
which  the  doubled  or  folded  edge  of  the  funnel  or  mould  rests, 
and  by  which  it  is  protected  from  injury.  It  is  stated  that  "  the 
"  narrow  end  or  top  of  the  funnel  or  mould  may  be  protected 
"  and  strengthened  "  in  a  similar  manner. 
[Printed,  Gd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  August  25.— N°  2101. 

DAVIES,  GEORGE. — (A    communication  from  Jacques  Jacquier 
and  Vinceng  Danek.)—  "An  improved  system  of  filter  presses." 


SUGAR.  353 

This  consists  as  follows : — "  In  these  filter  presses  the  pressure  is 
"  obtained  either  by  the  liquid  to  be  filtered,  that  is  to  say,  by 
"  hydrostatic  pressure,  or  by  compressed  water,  or  by  steam  with 
"  the  intervention  of  a  strainer,  or  by  steam  direct,  or  by  air,  or 
"  by  any  gas,  cold  or  hot,  or  lastly  by  employing  a  vacuum,  by 
"  atmospheric  pressure,  or  by  a  pump."  The  apparatus  "  is  com- 
"  posed  of  a  certain  number  of  filtering  surfaces  placed  in  juxta 
"  position,  covered  with  cloth  and  of  moveable  frames  or  moulds 
"  interposed  between  the  filtering  surfaces."  The  entry  of  the 
material  to  be  filtered  "into  each  frame  is  effected  by  means  of  an 
"  internal  duct,  formed  by  the  juxta  position  of  the  plates  of 
"  filtering  material  and  the  frames,  and  this  duct  has  an  opening 
"  over  each  frame."  In  some  cases  it  may  be  necessary  to  exhaust 
"  and  wash  the  cake  or  matters  in  the  frames  or  moulds,  for  this 
purpose,  another  duct  is  arranged  in  the  interior  of  the  apparatus 
"  like  the  preceeding  by  the  juxta  position  of  the  filtering  surfaces 
"  and  the  frames.  This  duct,  instead  of  opening  like  the  former 
"  into  each  frame,  opens  into  the  space  between  the  filtering 
**  surfaces,  that  is  to  say,  between  the  plates  of  filtering  material 
"  and  the  frames  or  moulds  containing  the  matter.  This  duct 
"  introduces  either  hot  or  cold  water,  steam  or  gas,  or  any  suitable 
"  liquid,  and  these  agents  flowing  through  the  duct,  pass  through 
"  the  cakes  of  matter  and  deprive  them  of  the  last  traces  of 
"  liquid  which  they  may  contain,  and  dry  them  also  if  required." 
"  In  the  application  of  these  '  filter  presses '  to  the  clarification 
"  and  refining  of  sugar  (which  application  is  more  particularly 
"  claimed)  the  hot  water  and  steam  injected  effect  a  perfect 
"  cleansing  of  the  cakes  of  animal  black  and  albuminous  coa- 
"  gulum  formed  in  the  frames,"  labour  will  also  be  saved,  as 
also  the  production  of  weak  syrup  diminished,  "  which  in  so  easily 
"  spoiled  in  the  ordinary  method  of  cleansing  the  animal  black 
"  employed  in  the  clarification." 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  September  21.— N°  2317. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Adolphe  Lequime.} — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  and  in  apparatus  employed 
"  therein."  These  are,  obtaining  at  one  operation  from  dried  beet 
root  a  large  per  centage  of  sugar,  with  a  small  quantity  of 


354  SUGAR. 

molasses,  and  the  residual  matters  of  greater  value  than  hitherto. 
This  is  effected  by  alcohol,  heated,  by  preference,  in  a  copper  vessel 
fitted  with  brass  tubes,  and  the  mother  liquors  are  heated  in  a 
similar  manner ;  any  convenient  number  of  extracting  vessels  are 
arranged  and  enclosed  "  in  a  wooden  or  metal  case  or  jacket. 
"  These  vessels  have  bottoms  and  covers  provided  with  stuffing 
"  boxes ;  a  vertical  shaft  furnished  with  a  fly  wheel  passes  through 
"  each,  and  carries  inside  the  vessel  a  mixer  or  agitator  and  a 
"  brush.  The  extractors  are  also  provided  with  man-holes  and  metal 
"  cloth  and  are  each  fitted  with  a  four-way  cock  for  the  entrance 
"  into  and  exit  from  the  vessel  as  required  of  alcohol,  saccharine 
"  extract,  and  mother  liquors."  Also  fitting  "to  the  exit  side  of 
"  the  vessels  indicating  apparatuses  or  gauges,  for  showing  the 
"  levels  of  liquid  in  the  vessels.  Pipes  lead  from  the  alcohol 
"  heating  vessel  and  the  mother  liquor  heating  vessel  to  the  four- 
"  way  cocks,  and  other  pipes  from  the  four-way  cocks  to  the 
(f  bottom  of  the  extracting  vessels,  and  others  again  from  the 
"  extracting  vessels  to  draw  off  the  liquids  when  required ;  there 
"  is  also  a  pipe  leading  from  the  top  of  each  extracting  vessel  to 
"  the  four-way  cocks,  and  another  pipe  from  the  top  of  each 
"  extracting  vessel  for  carrying  off  the  evaporated  liquid,  if 
"  required,  to  any  convenient  receptacle." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

• 

A.D.  1864,  October  14.-N0  2538. 

WRIGHT,  RICHARD. — "  Improvements  in  preparing  saccharine 
"  matters."  These  are,  farina  or  flour  usually  of  indian  corn, 
although,  "  flour  of  barley,  or  other  grain,  or  other  farinaceous 
"  substances,  may  be  used,"  are  "  converted  in  the  ordinary  well- 
"  known  manner  into  saccharine  matter  or  sugar,"  and  with  this 
is  mixed  or  combined  "  golden  syrups,  molasses,  treacle,  and  such 
"  like  syrups  of  cane  sugar,  or  beet-root  sugar,  in  large  quantities," 
and  evaporated,  in  preference, "  by  means  of  the  process  and  appa- 
"  ratus  "  described  in  No.  2153,  A.D.  1860,  but  the  evaporation 
may  be  otherwise  performed.  When  the  compound  syrup  has 
been  evaporated  to  a  thick  syrup  or  "  proof,"  it  is  placed  in  sugar 
moulds  or  other  suitable  vessels  in  a  moderately  warm  atmosphere, 
say,  70°  to  80°  of  Fahrenheit,  as  when  refining  cane  sugar.  In  a 
few  days  "  a  film  will  appear  on  the  upper  surface,"  when  the  con- 
tents should  be  well  stirred  or  "  hauled,"  and  in  a  few  days  the 
contents  will  be  solidified  and  fit  for  market.  The  sugar  from 


SUGAR.  355 

the  farina  or  flour  may  be  dissolved  in  water  before  combining  as 
above,  and  "  then  evaporated  and  finished  as  before  described 
"  but  it  is  better  that  the  sugar  manufactured  from  farina  or  flour 
"  should  not  be  first  crystallized."  The  syrups  of  cane  or  beet- 
root sugar  which  are  used  are  those  which  will  not  crystallize,  or 
will  not  freely  crystallize.  With  the  better  class  of  such  syrups 
mixing  from  five  to  ten  per  cent,  of  the  sugar  from  farinaceous 
matters  or  flour,  with  an  in  inferior  quality  of  syrup,  employing 
"  a  greater  proportion  of  the  sugar  obtained  from  the  farinaceous 
"  substances." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1864,  October  29.— N°  2678. 

SMITH,  ALEXANDER,  and  SMITH,  WILLIAM.—"  Improve- 
"  ments  in  and  relating  to  centrifugal  apparatus,  such  as  is  used 
"  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  in  driving  the 
horizontal  shaft  of  such  a  machine  "  directly  from  one  or  more 
"  steam  cylinders  which  may  be  either  oscillating  or  fixed,  and 
"  with  common  piston  rods  or  with  trunks.  The  cylinder  or 
"  cylinders  is  or  are  curved  or  fixed  upon  the  casing  or  framing 
"  of  the  machine  in  either  a  vertical,  inclined,  or  horizontal  posi- 
"  tion."  In  stopping  the  machine  the  steam  is  cut  off,  and  a 
duplex  frictional  brake  actuated  by  a  lever  is  applied.  This  brake 
comprises  two  frictional  blocks,  which  are  applied  to  opposite 
sides  of  the  boss  of  the  cone,  by  means  of  crossed  levers  centred 
on  a  fixed  stud  and  connected  to  the  lever  by  links  and  a  rod. 

Second,  "  fitting  on  the  driving  shaft  placed  nearly  horizontal, 
"  two  conical  driving  pulleys  facing  each  other,  one  of  which  is 
"  in  contact  with  the  cone  on  the  turbine  spindle,  whilst  the  other 
"  is  in  contact  with  a  similar  cone  on  a  short  intermediate  spindle, 
"  the  intermediate  cone  being  in  contact  with  the  cone  on  the 
"  turbine  spindle  on  its  other  side.  By  this  means  the  turbine 
"  spindle  will  be  driven  from  both  sides,  and  the  friction,  in  its 
"  bearings,  will  be  greatly  reduced,  whilst  it  will  run  more 
"  smoothly  and  continue  longer  in  good  order  than  when  driven 
"  on  one  side  only." 
[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  November  1.— N°  2695. 

BRINJES,  JOHN  FREDERICK.— "  Improvements  in  apparatus 
"  for  the  reburning  of  animal  charcoal,"    These  are  said  to  relate 

z  2 


356  SUGAR. 

to  improvements  in  the  apparatus  for  the  above  purpose,  described 
in  No.  1038.  A.D.  1864,  and  "it  is  proposed  to  replace  the 
"  moveable  or  self-adjusting  doors  or  vanes  inside  the  cylinders 
"  or  retorts  by  double  inclined  pieces  fixed  immoveably  to  the 
"  retort  between  each  of  the  internal  rings  or  flanges,  and 
"  opposite  to  the  openings  therein,  the  circular,  reciprocating,  or 
"  to-and-fro  motion  of  the  retort  causing  the  charcoal  to  slide 
"  along  the  inclines,  and  so  pass  from  one  space  to  another 
"  throughout  the  length  of  the  cylinder  or  retort.  Or,  if  pre- 
"  ferred,  the  internal  rings  or  flanges  may  be  either  wholly  or 
"  partly  dispensed  with,  the  double  inclined  pieces  fixed  to  the 
"  interior  of  the  cylinder  or  retort,  serving  by  the  aid  of  the  to- 
"  and-fro  circular  motion  thereof  to  cause  the  charcoal  to  travel 
"  from  end  to  end  of  such  retorts." 

In  the  Provisional  Specification  it  is  said,  "  in  lieu  of  making  the 
"  cooling  drum  with  an  inner  and  outer  skin"  as  in  No.  1038, 
A.D.  1864,  it  is  proposed  that  it  should  be  made  "  with  a  single 
"  skin  only,  and  caused  to  revolve  in  a  trough  or  tank  of  cold 
"  water,  or  a  stream  of  cold  water  may  be  caused  to  flow  over 
"  its  surface  thereby  more  rapidly  cooling  its  contents." 
[Printed,  Hk*.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1864,  November  22.— N°  2906. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  VINCENT. — (A  communication  from  Charles 
Rostand.) — "  An  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  and 
"  in  the  machinery  to  be  used  therein."  This  consists, "  in  solidi- 
"  fying  granular  or  raw  sugar,  and  the  apparatus  "  for  facilitating 
the  same,  as  follows  : — The  mixture  consists  of  about  equal  parts 
by  weight  of  the  granular  sugar  and  raw  syrup.  The  apparatus 
is  intended  to  work  in  a  boiler  which  is  substituted  for  the  vat 
now  employed,  called  the  settling  vat  or  reheater.  It  consists,  of 
a  vertical  shaft  which  carries  two  horizontal  beaters  formed  of 
radial  arms  which  are  fitted  with  vertical  teeth.  Between  these 
is  a  fixed  bar  similarly  fitted  with  teeth.  The  mass  to  be  broken 
up  being  obliged  to  pass  between  the  fixed  and  moveable  teeth,  is 
thus  reduced  to  a  perfectly  homogeneous  mass  without  its  crystals 
being  destroyed."  "The  boiler  in  which  the  heaters  are  mounted 
"  is  made,  by  preference,  of  sheet  iron  of  a  cylindrical  form."  It 
is  heated  by  a  steam  pipe  inside,  or  a  steam  jacket,  so  as  "to 
"  maintain  the  mass  at  a  high  temperature,  which  should  be  about 


SUGAR.  357 

"  70°  centigrade."  By  these  means  two  difficulties  attending  the 
operation  are  overcome ;  a  perfect  mixture  is  obtained  by  purely 
mechanical  means  of  the  two  kinds  of  sugar  which  were  separated 
by  their  difference  in  condition  and  density,  and  the  required 
degree  of  heat  is  ensured  for  the  operation  without  the  attendants 
being  exposed  to  inconvenience  or  injury." 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1864,  November  28.— N°  2965. 

MONTAIGUE,  LODI.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.)—  "An 
"  improved  turbine  for  drying  sugar  and  other  watery  matters." 
This  consists,  in  "  causing  to  turn  within  the  drum  acting  as  sieve, 
"  a  screw,  the  edge  of  which  nearly  touches  the  sieve,  and  which, 
"  receiving  a  motion  slightly  more  rapid  than  that  of  the  sieve, 
"  forces  the  sweet  juices  or  other  matters  to  descend  with  a  speed 
"  which  may  be  regulated  at  will  by  giving  more  or  less  speed  to 
"  the  screw.  The  sieve  is  open  at  the  lower  part  to  permit  the 
"  solid  matters  to  fall  freely  while  the  liquid  matters  are  received 
"  in  a  gutter  made  near  the  casing  which  surrounds  the  sieve,  so 
"  that  it  is  only  requisite  to  pour  the  matters  to  be  treated  into 
"  the  top  to  gather  separately  at  the  bottom  the  liquid  and  solid 
"  parts."  The  matters  are  fed  into  the  machine  by  means  of  a 
hopper,  and  a  tube  in  the  centre  "  serves  for  injections  on  to  the 
«  matters  to  be  treated." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 


1865. 

A.D.  1865,  January  6.— N°  42. 

LEBAUDY,  JULES. — "A  new  system  of  boiling  grain  sugar  in 
"  vacuo."  This  consists  as  follows  : — "  After  having  run  into 
"  the  apparatus  (a  vacuum  pan)  a  certain  quantity  of  syrup, 
"  dissolved  and  clarified  by  the  usual  process,  and  when  suffi- 
"  ciently  condensed,"  adding  "  a  quantity  of  grain  sugar,  such  as 
"  is  produced  from  the  cane  and  beet  root  manufactures,  or  from 
"  the  refineries,  varying  the  proportion  according  to  the  quality 
"  of  the  syrup,  that  of  the  grain  sugar  introduced  therein,  and 
ff  the  quality  of  the  sugar  desired  to  be  produced."  "The  intro- 


358  ,  SUGAR. 

"  duction  may  be  accomplished  at  once  or  by  successive  charges." 
"  The  sugar  before  being  introduced  may  be  bleached  by  the 
"  centrifugal  or  other  process,  but  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary." 
The  crystals  "  can  be  enlarged  almost  without  limit  either  by  con- 
"  ducting  the  operation  slowly,  or  causing  the  same  crystals  to 
"  undergo  several  operations  by  being  alternately  pressed  in  the 
"  centrifugal  apparatus  and  re-introduced  into  the  boiling  appa- 
"  ratus  over  and  over  again."  "The  grains  being  thoroughly 
"  separated  "  are  washed  and  treated  "  as  in  the  ordinary  process." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  January  7.— N°  57. 

BEANES,  EDWARD,  and  FINZEL,  CONRAD  WILLIAM.—"  Im- 

"  provements  in  the  construction  of  vacuum  pans."  These  are, 
to  prevent  the  syrups,  &c.  from  being  acted  upon  by  an  excess 
of  heat,  and  to  secure  a  sufficient  extent  of  the  tubular  heating 
surface,  so  as  to  secure  "  moderate  and  comparatively  equable 
"  temperatures  with  rapidity  and  success,"  the  "heating  medium 
"  is  caused  to  pass  through  one  half  or  portion  of  the  tubes  in  one 
"  direction,  and  through  the  other  half  or  portion  of  the  tubes  in 
"  the  opposite  direction."  In  carrying  out  the  above,  the  evapo- 
rating pan,  in  preference,  is  "  comparatively  narrow  in  proportion 
"  to  its  length,"  and  "  the  evaporating  tubes  are  placed  across 
"  the  pan."  The  heating  agent,  such  as  hot  water  or  steam,  is 
introduced  "  into  chambers  placed  on  two  sides  of  the  pan,"  and 
it  is  transmitted  "  through  one  half  of  the  evaporating  tubes  from 
"  one  side,  and  through  the  other  half  of  the  tubes  from  the  other 
"  side,"  so  as  "  to  obtain  great  uniformity  of  action  in  the  heating 
"  operation." 

[Printed,  Is.  2d.   Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  January  26.— N°  221. 

HASELTINE,  GEORGE.  —  (A  communication  from  Frederick 
William  Goessling.) — "  A  new  process  of  manufacturing  syrup 
"  and  sugar  from  maize  and  other  cerial  grains."  This  consists 
as  follows: — First,  "three  thousand  pounds  of  maize  or  other 
"  cereals  "  are  soaked  in  "  water  or  a  caustic  alkali  liquid  of  about 
"  one  and  one  half  degree  specific  gravity  for  about  one  week,'* 
when  it  is  crushed,  passed  through  sieves,  washed  by  agitation  in 
weak  alkaline  water,  and  finally  in  pure  soft  water,  leaving  the 
milky  mass  at  the  bottom  of  the  tanks. 


SUGAR,  359 

Second,  about  two  hundred  pounds  of  pure  soft  water,  and 
about  twenty  four  pounds  of  sulphuric  acid  are  boiled  in  a  tank 
by  a  steam  pipe  passing  through  the  boiler,  and  the  milky  mass, 
above  referred  to,  is  gradually  added  so  as  not  to  stop  the  boiling, 
and  the  whole  afterwards  boiled  for  about  six  hours,  when  the 
steam  is  shut  off,  and  about  ten  pounds  of  fine  pulverized  charcoal 
(preferring  animal  charcoal)  are  added,  and  then  add  very  gra- 
dually about  thirty  pounds  of  finely  pulverized  carbonate  of  lime, 
and  in  addition  thereto  "  about  three  per  cent,  of  prepared  carbo- 
"  n ate  of  quicklime,"  thoroughly  neutralizing  the  whole;  after 
which  about  twenty  pounds  more  of  the  above  charcoal  are  added, 
when  the  mass  is  boiled  for  about  five  minutes,  and  filtered 
through  bags  or  cloth  filters,  and  evaporated  in  a  vacuum  pan  to 
thirty-three  degrees  of  Beaume  while  hot ;  if  not  clear  it  is  run 
through  flannel  or  cloth  filters  and  placed  in  crystallizing  vessels 
in  a  room  from  75°  to  100°  F.,  and  when  crystallized  it  is  pressed 
in  cloths.  The  pressed  sugar  is  re-dissolved  in  the  "  heater  vessel," 
crystallized  in  moulds,  and  the  loaves  dried. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  January  28.— N°  246, 

HASELTINE,  GEORGE.  —  (A  communication  from  Frederick 
William  Goessling.} — "An  improved  process  of  manufacturing 
"  syrup  and  sugar  from  maize,  starch,  and  other  cereal  grain 
"  starch.  This  consists  as  follows  : — Put  into  a  tank  in  which  is 
a  coil  of  lead  pipe  through  which  steam  is  passing,  about  two 
hundred  pounds  of  pure  water  and  about  two  pounds  of  oil  of 
vitriol,  when  this  acid  water  boils,  about  one  hundred  pounds 
of  starch  in  about  one  hundred  pounds  of  pure  water  and  half  a 
pound  of  oil  of  vitriol  mixed  together  in  another  tank  are  then 
drawn  off  slowly  into  the  boiling  acid  water  in  the  tank  first 
named,  and  the  tank  covered  closely  and  the  whole  boiled  for 
about  two  hours,  when  about  one  pound  of  pulverized  wood  char- 
coal is  added,  and  the  whole  again  boiled  for  about  one  hour,  when 
the  solution  is  passed  into  another  tank,  and  neutralized  with 
carbonate  of  lime,  filtered  through  suitable  bag  filters,  transferred 
into  the  first  tank  with  coil  of  lead  pipe  as  before  described,  where 
"  it  is  treated  with  half  a  pound  of  carbonate  of  quicklime  and 
"  two  pounds  of  bullock's  blood,"  and  the  whole  heated  to  the 
"  boiling  point,  whereupon  all  the  impurities  and  foreign  matter 


360  SUGAR. 

"  in  the  liquid  will  then  rise  to  the  surface,  when  they  must  be 
"  removed."  The  liquid  is  filtered  through  charcoal  "boiled 
"  down  in  vacuo  to  forty-five  degrees  specific  gravity,  and  then 
"  transferred  to  suitable  moulds  in  a  crystallizing  room  at  a  tem- 
"  perature  of  about  90°  or  100°  F."  When  crystallized  the  loaves 
are  dried  "  on  plaster  of  Paris  plates  in  a  room  at  about  100°  F." 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1865,  January  28.— N°  249. 

BURQ,  VICTOR.  —  "  Improvements  in  filtering  apparatuses." 
These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — For  the  filtra- 
tion of  "  saccharine  or  other  solutions  "  employing  thin  blades, 
plates,  slabs,  diaphragms,  or  other  similar  mediums,  constructed 
of  either  natural  or  artificial  suitable  porous  stone  or  suitable 
"  porous  filtering  compounds."  The  artificial  porous  compound 
is  made  by  mixing  with  "  porcelain  or  other  suitable  clay  or 
"  ceramic  mass,"  "wood  dust,  powdered  wood,  or  animal  char- 
"  coal,  peat,  or  other  suitably  minutely  divided  combustible 
"  matters,"  and  burning  these  combustible  matters  during  the 
baking  or  firing ;  or  if  it  is  desirable  that  these  "  porous  slabs, 
"  plates,  or  diaphragms  should  act  not  only  as  a  filtering,  but 
"  also  as  a  .disinfecting  medium,  and  consequently  require  to 
"  contain  a  suitable  quantity  of  carbonaceous  matters  ;"  they  may 
be  formed,  as  examples,  "  of  finely  pulverized  bituminous  coal, 
"  coke,  breeze,  wood,  or  animal  charcoal  to  be  thoroughly  mixed 
(<  with  tar,  clay,  or  other  suitable  aglomerating  material,  and  after 
"  being  moulded  they  are  baked  in  air-tight  vessels.5'  These  said 
thin  blades,  plates,  slabs,  or  diaphragms,  rest  on,  and  are  cemented 
by  means  of  suitable  prominent  parts,  or  to  a  suitable  resting  plate 
or  plates,  or  resting  on  and  cemented  to  each  other  by  the  said 
prominent  parts,  or  kept  together  by  means  of  suitable  brackets, 
bolts,  rods,  or  tubes,  to  give  them  strength  to  resist  the  pressure 
of  the  filtering  liquid,  and  also  for  allowing  the  filtering  to  take 
place  for  some  time  in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  in  which  the 
same  had  taken  place  before,  so  as  to  cleanse  the  diaphragm,  which 
cleansing  may  be  aided  by  brushes  or  by  a  continuous  scrubbing 
or  cleansing  of  their  surfaces  by  the  current  of  the  water  in  which 
the  diaphragm  is  immersed. 
[Printed,  Is,  6d.  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  361 

A.D.  1865,  February  14.— N°  418. 

FRYER,  ALFRED. — "  Improvements  in  the  mode  of  treating,  for 
"  evaporating  and  concentrating  purposes,  cane  juice  and  saccha- 
"  rine  and  other  solutions  and  liquids,  and  also  in  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  for  the  concentration  of  cane  juice  and  saccharine 
"  and  other  solutions,  and  for  the  evaporation  of  liquids."  These 
are,  first,  "treating  cane  juice  and  saccharine  solutions  and 
"  liquids  "  in  order  to  obtain  what  is  termed  "  'Fryer's  concrete,' 
"  or  sugar,  in  a  non-crystalline  homogeneous  state,  by  exposing 
"  it  or  them  to  heat  in  shallow  trays,  and  then  to  heat  in  a 
"  revolving  cylinder,"  with  or  without  the  subsequent  treatment, 
which  is,  when  "  the  saccharine  mass  is  required  more  highly  con- 
"  centrated  "than  it  is  as  it  issues  from  the  revolving  cylinder,  it 
is  caused,  "  while  in  a  sufficiently  fluid  state,  to  flow  into  a  trough 
"  in  which  a  heated  drum  is  made  to  revolve  slowly." 

Second,  "treating  solutions  and  liquids  for  evaporating  and 
"  concentrating  purposes,  by  exposing  them  to  heat  in  shallow 
"  trays,  and  then  to  heat  in  a  revolving  cylinder." 

Third,  "  treating  cane  juice  and  saccharine  and  other  solutions 
"  and  liquids  -for  evaporating  and  concentrating  purposes,  by 
"  passing  it  or  them  through  or  into  a  revolving  cylinder  heated 
l(  from  the  inside,  and  through  the  inside  of  which  heated  air  is 
"  forced  or  driven." 

Fourth,  "  the  machinery  or  apparatus  for  the  concentration  of 
"  cane  juice  and  saccharine  and  other  solutions,  and  for  the  evapo- 
"  ration  of  liquids  consisting  of  shallow  trays,"  corrugated  and 
inclined,  in  "  combination  with  revolving  cylinders." 
[Printed,  Is.  Gd.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  March  3.— N°  599. 

BROOMAN,  RICHARD  ARCHIBALD. — (A  communication  from 
Alfred  Guillon.} — "'  Improvements  in  refining  sugar,  and  in  appa- 
<e  ratus  employed  therein."  These  are,  first,  "  the  aglomeration 
"  of  the  crystals  of  sugar  by  means  of  a  sweet  liquid  or  syrup  of 
"  a  density  below  40°  Beaume,"  substantially  as  follows  : — The 
sugar  to  be  made  into  loaves  is  mixed  in  a  cold  state  in  a  mill  or 
mixer  with  a  syrup  "  of  a  density  of  36°  Beaume  in  the  proportion 
"  of  about  forty-three  quarts  of  syrup  to  two  hundred  pounds  of 
"  sugar,"  until  the  mass  is  perfectly  homogeneous,  when  it  is 
placed  in  a  double-bottom  pan  and  heated,"  not  "  exceeding 


362  SUGAR. 

"  131°  F.,  and  run  into  moulds.  Eight  hours  (more  or  less) 
after  filling  the  loaves  are  set  to  drain  without  receiving  any  dis- 
'f  colouring,  or  being  in  any  way  worked  ;  after  draining  about 
"  forty-eight  hours  the  loaves  are  removed  and  stoved." 

Second,  constructing  a  mixing  mill  composed  of  an  oblong  case 
closed,  except  to  an  inlet  and  outlet  for  the  syrup  and  sugar, 
extending  from,  one  end  of  the  case  to  the  other  are  screw  blades 
"  over  the  inlet  aperture  is  a  hopper. 

Third,  a  double-bottomed  pan  heated  by  steam,  into  which  the 
mass  is  directed  by  a  pipe  or  shoot  from  the  mixing  mill  for 
heating  the  saccharine  matters  up  to  the  desired  temperature. 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1865,  March  15.— N°  730. 

BRINJES,  JOHN  FREDERICK. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus 
"  for  cooling  animal  and  other  charcoal."  These  are,  first,  the 
constructing  of  coolers  for  the  above  purpose  "of  a  spiral  or 
"  volute  form  with  free  air  spaces  between  the  several  convolu- 
(t  tions,"  these  are  adapted  to  the  discharging  end  of  a  revolving 
or  reciprocating  retort  employed  in  the  manufacture  or  reburning 
of  animal  and  other  charcoal.  The  spiral  or  volute  conduit  is  of 
any  convenient  sectional  form  and  number  of  convolutions,  and 
"  communicates  with  the  interior  of  such  retort  by  an  opening  or 
le  mouth  made  in  the  inner  or  first  coil  of  the  volute."  As  the 
retort  revolves,  the  charcoal  travels  "  the  entire  length  of  such 
(e  volute,  and  is  finally  discharged  at  the  outer  end  of  the  last 
"  coil  thereof  (which  may  or  may  not  be  provided  with  a  door 
"  as  required),  in  a  sufficiently  cool  state,  so  as  not  to  be 
"  injuriously  affected  by  contact  with  the  atmosphere." 

Second,  another  modification  of  the  above  "particularly 
"  adapted  for  use  with  partial  rotatory  or  reciprocating  retorts, 
"  such  as  are  referred  to"  in  No.  2695,  A.D.  1864.  "In  place 
"  of  employing  a  continuous  volute  or  spiral,  I  employ  a  series 
"  of  annular  passages  or  conduits,  each  communicating  with  the 
"  other  at  any  convenient  point  in  its  circumference."  This  is 
attached  as  the  above,  and  acts  in  a  similar  manner.  In  both 
these  arrangements  the  outer  face  of  the  cooler  has  a  plate  or 
cover  in  which  is  a  bull's  eye  "  for  facilitating  the  inspection  of 
the  interior  of  the  retort. 
[Printed,  10&  Drawing.] 


SUGAR.  363 

A.D.  1865,  April  4.— N°  955. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Louis 
Pierre  Robert  de  Massy.) — "  Improved  apparatus  for  expressing 
"  liquids  from  pulpy  and  semi-fluid  substances."  This  consists 
in  "  the  industrial  employment  of  water  or  gases  for  the  purpose 
"  of  subjecting  various  matters  to  pressure  by  means  of  a  fabric, 
"  or  sheet,  or  plate,  consisting  of  any  flexible  and  impervious 
"  body,"  such  as  india  rubber,  which  "is  interposed  between 
"  the  pressed  product  and  the  pressing  agent."  The  armiture 
of  the  press  consists  of  a  perforated  metal  cone  lined  with 
metallic  cloth  covered  with  other  fabric;  inside  this  cone  is 
the  flexible  cone  of  caoutchouc  for  containing  the  liquid  or  fluid 
which  is  to  exert  pressure ;  into  the  annular  space  between  these 
cones  is  introduced  the  substance  that  is  to  be  pressed.  Water  or 
air  is  forced  into  the  flexible  cone,  and  by  this  means  the  liquid 
contained  in  the  substance  will  be  forced  out,  through  the  per- 
forated sides  of  the  outer  cone,  and  will  run  down  into  a  gutter 
which  surrounds  the  bottom,  and  from  whence  it  is  collected. 
There  is  a  steam  cylinder  in  which  there  is  a  moveable  diapragm 
or  piston  with  pipes  in  the  same  to  supply  the  pulpy  substances 
into  the  press.  It  is  said  that  "  this  apparatus  is  more  particu- 
"  larly  intended  for  expressing  the  liquid  parts  from  the  pulpy 
"  matters,  floating  scum,  and  barytic  salt  used  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  sugar." 

ITrinted,  lOd.    Drawing.] 

A.D.  1865,  April  29.— 119S. 

WHITE,  THOMAS. — "Improvements  in  apparatus  employed  in 
"  the  reburning  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  first,  "  forming 
"  on  the  inside  of  cylinders  placed  horizontally  or  nearly  so,  a 
"  series  of  scoops  or  buckets  which,  on  the  cylinders  being  made 
"  to  revolve,  either  continuously  or  in  the  same  direction,  or  partly 
"  in  one  and  partly  in  the  reverse  direction,  pick  up,  disperse,  and 
"  transfer  the  black  from  one  end  of  the  cylinder  to  the  other. 
"  The  cylinders  are  heated  and  motion  is  communicated  to  them 
"  in  the  usual  manner.  I  prefer  to  employ  more  than  one  cylin- 
"  der,  the  cylinders  being  placed  over  one  another,  and  the  outlet 
"  from  one  being  made  to  open  into  the  outlet  of  the  cylinder 
"  next  below  it,  and  so  on." 


364  SUGAR. 

Second,  the  employment  "  of  a  cooling  cylinder  made  of  thin 
"  metal,  into  which  the  black  is  received  after  being  sufficiently 
"  burnt,  and  in  travelling  through  which  it  is  cooled." 
[Printed,  Is.  4d.    Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  May  13.— N°  1336. 

OGSTON,  GEORGE  HENRY. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  and  reburning  or  revivifica- 
"  tion  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  "  animal  charcoal  is  at  the 
"  present  time  manufactured  and  revivified  in  retorts,  and  it  is 
"  discharged  from  these  into  coolers  or  vessels  which  are  covered 
"  or  closed  to  exclude  the  atmosphere ;"  and  it  is  now  proposed 
to  introduce  steam  "  into  the  coolers  and  into  the  passages  leading 
**  thereto  from  the  retorts,  so  that  the  heated  animal  charcoal, 
"  after  leaving  the  retorts,  is  caused  to  pass  into  and  through  an 
"  atmosphere  of  steam  by  which  the  charcoal  is  improved." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  May  22.— N°  1409. 

MULLER,  RICHARD, WELD,  ARTHUR  THOMAS,  and  POWELL, 
JOHN  FOLLIOTT. — "  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of  materials 
"  to  be  used  as  substitutes  for  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  a 
porous  artificial  matrix  is  prepared,  in  preference  as  follows : — 
Using  "  pipe  clay  without  admixture  with  other  matters,  though 
"  other  clay  may  be  used,  and  wood  charcoal  or  other  matters 
"  may  be  mixed  therewith,  in  order  to  obtain  porosity  with  the 
"  requisite  hardness  in  the  artificial  matrix."  When  rendered 
plastic  by  mixing  with  water,  it  maybe  made  into  thin  small  tubes, 
but  in  preference  it  is  formed  into  slabs  about  three-sixteenths  of 
an  inch  thick,  which  are  dried  and  burned  and  broken  into  pieces 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  square,  and  "  impregnated  with  car- 
"  boniferous  matters  in  a  state  of  solution  in  caustic  alkali,"  pre- 
ferring that,  obtained  by  charring  woollen  rags,  and  known  as 
ulmate  of  ammonia.  This  is  best  done  by  boiling  the  pieces  in  a 
saturated  solution  of  the  ulmate  till  air  bubbles  cease  to  come  off, 
the  saturated  substance  is  removed  from  the  solution,  allowed  to 
cool  and  drain  by  spreading  and  stirring  it  on  perforated  plates, 
when  it  is  "  dried  as  quickly  as  possible  on  a  hot  plate,  or  in  an 
"  oven  without  charring."  Afterwards,  in  preference,  it  is  charred 
in  upright  retorts  heated  gradually.  When  the  charred  product 


SUGAR.  365 

ceases  to  give  off  gas  or  vapour,  it  is  removed  and  "  broken  up 
"  into  grains  of  the  size  of  those  of  ordinary  charcoal,  which  grains 
"  are  again  saturated  wittt  the  animal  solution,  and  again  treated 
"  as  above  explained."  If  on  breaking  some  of  the  grains  they 
are  thoroughly  saturated,  this  process  need  not  be  repeated.  The 
grains  are  then  washed  with  water  to  remove  all  alkali,  then  in  a 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid  (7  per  cent,  of  acid),  finally  washed  with 
water  and  dried,  are  fit  for  use  as  a  decoloring  agent  as  in  sugar 
refining,  or  as  a  purifying  agent  for  the  filtration  of  water.  After 
use  it  may  be  revivified  in  like  manner  to  animal  charcoal.  In 
place  of  the  ulmate,  solutions  of  glue,  size,  resin,  coal  tar,  or 
blood  may  be  used,  but  not  so  advantageously. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  August  2.— N°  1996. 

McEWAN,  JAMES,  and  NEILSON,  WILLIAM.—  "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  the  raising,  lifting,  or  drawing  and  forcing  of  water 
"  and  other  liquids,  and  in  the  apparatus  and  means  employed 
"  therefor."  These  are,  "  the  general  construction  and  arrange- 
"  ment  of  apparatus  or  mechanism,"  and  "  the  application  and 
"  use  of  high-pressure  steam  in  the  form  of  conical  jets  caused 
"  to  pass  through  narrow  or  fine  slits  of  the  same  shape  formed 
"  round  and  through  the  body  of  conducting  pipes,  so  as  by  the 
"  direct  action  and  force  of  steam  to  draw,  raise,  and  force 
"  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  constant  stream  through  the  full 
"  bore  of  the  said  pipes,"  as  afterwards  described,  and  among 
other  applications  which  are  named,  "for  sugar  houses,  and  many 
"  other  purposes  where  large  quantities  of  liquid  have  to  be 
"  raised."  The  apparatus  may  be  made  by  "  forming  a  short 
"  length  or  piece  of  pipe  with  flanges  at  each  end  similar  to 
"  those  of  the  main  column  of  pipes  through  which  the  water  is 
"  to  be  raised,  so  that  it  can  be  jointed  between  any  two  of  the 
"  main  pipes  and  form  part  of  the  whole  column ;  this  short  pipe 
"  is  made  somewhat  larger  in  diameter  than  the  main  pipe,  and 
"  has  formed  at  or  near  the  centre  of  it  an  enlarged  annular 
"  space  or  cavity,  with  a  small  lateral  branch  pipe  attached  or 
"  leading  into  it.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  short  pipe 
"  at  each  end  is  bored  out  parallel,  and  fitted  with  two  rings 
"  or  tubes,  by  preference,  formed  of  brass,  composition,  bush,  or 
"  gun  metal,  the  two  making  up  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the 
"  short  pipe,  and  having  their  internal  diameter  the  same  or  nearly 


366  SUGAR, 

"  so  as  that  of  the  main  pipes.  The  two  adjacent  ends  of  these 
"  tubes  are  turned  to  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  annular 
"  bevilled  or  truncated  conical  surface,  Snd  as  one  or  both  of  the 
"  tubes  are  made  to  move  a  short  distance  to  or  from  each  other, 
"  the  width  between  these  bevelled  ends  or  surfaces  is  contracted 
"  or  widened,  and  as  these  form  the  slit  or  annular  orifice  through 
"  which  the  steam  passes  to  act  on  the  column  of  liquid  being 
"  raised  within  the  pipes,  the  adjustment  of  the  width  of  this 
"  annular  orifice  or  distance  between  these  surfaces  regulates  to  a 
"  considerable  extent  the  volume  and  force  of  the  jet  or  stream 
"  of  steam  passing  through  it  and  acting  on  the  liquid  inside  the 
"  pipe.  This  motion  and  regulation  of  the  distance  between  the 
"  ends  of  the  tubes,  and  the  fixing  of  them  when  so  regulated, 
"  may  be  effected  by  various  simple  mechanical  contrivances, 
"  one  only  of  which  need  here  be  described,  and  consists  in 
"  having  one  or  more  short  spindles  with  excentric  points,  each 
"  passed  in  through  a  small  stuffing  box  formed  in  the  outer 
"  short  pipe,  the  excentric  point  working  into  an  annular  groove 
"  or  slot,  which  may  be  formed  by  rings  or  '  snugs '  on  the  outer 
"  circumference  of  one  or  both  of  the  tubes  inside  the  outer  short 
"  pipe,  so  that  when  this  spindle  is  turned  by  its  square  head 
"  outside,  the  excentric  point  working  in  the  groove  of  one  or 
"  both  of  the  tubes  regulates  the  width  of  the  annular  steam 
"  orifice  between  them,  and  when  properly  regulated  and  set,  the 
ff  spindle  or  spindles  is  or  are  fixed  by  screwing  up  the  stuffing 
"  box  gland  upon  a  steam-tight  collar  formed  on  each  of  the 
"  spindles."  Modifications  of  the  above  are  described. 
[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1865,  August  4.— N°  2023. 

LEON,  JEAN  SADOLPHE,  TESSIMOND,  GEORGE,  and  KIS- 
SACK,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  filtering  sugar 
"  and  other  liquid  solutions."  These  are,  "  the  combination  in 
"  filtering  apparatus  of  textile  filter  bags  "  with  "  a  sloping  or 
"  declivous  lower  part  or  bottom."  "  Constructing  the  delivery 
"  cock"  with  "a  moveable  nozzle."  The  combination  in  filtering 
apparatus"  of  "the  sloping  or  declivous  bottom"  and  "the 
"  delivery  cock." 

It  is  said  that  when  pulverized  bone  black  has  been  used  in  the 
clarification  of  cane  juice  or  solutions  of  sugar,  the  filters  used 


SUGAR.  367 

to  remove  the  black  colour  from  the  liquids  have  hitherto  been 
ineffective,  and  the  use  of  "  the  said  bone  black  has  been  aban- 
"•  doned,  and  costly  granulated  charcoal  used  as  a  substitute."  In 
constructing  a  filter  to  allow  of  the  employment  of  the  said  pulver- 
ized bone  black,  the  internal  lower  portions  of  the  filter  box  or 
case  should  be  so  arranged  that  no  insoluble  matter  can  rest  upon 
them,  and  the  outlet  from  such  box  or  case  should  be  large,  in 
order  not  to  be  obstructed  by  the  black.  This  is  effected  as 
follows  : — A  rectangular  or  other  shaped  box  has  a  perforated 
plate  supported  in  it,  to  the  under  side  of  which  is  attached 
"  cotton  or  other  textile  fabric  filter  bags.  The  internal  lower 
"  portions  of  the  said  filter  are  formed  or  fitted  with  sides  or 
"  plates  which  slope  downwards  to,  or  have  a  declivous  direction 
"  towards  the  outlet  cock,"  which  is  double  the  size  of  ordinary 
outlet  cocks.  The  liquor  is  run  upon  the  filter,  the  first  discharge 
of  liquor  is  impure,  and  is  returned  by  a  gutter  or  way  into  the 
foul  cistern ;  but  when  it  runs  clear  it  is  directed  into  another 
gutter  or  way,  and  conveyed  to  suitable  cisterns  or  pans.  The 
cock  is  made  with  a  hollow  plug  and  with  a  swivel  or  other  jointed 
pipe  on  the  nozzle  of  the  same. 
[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1865,  September  7.— N«  2296. 

DAWSON,  JAMES. — "  Improvements  in  supplying  charcoal  to 
"  sugar,  decolorising  vessels,  and  in  apparatus  therefor."  These 
are,  "distributing  the  charcoal  uniformly"  and  "without  the 
"  workman  having  to  go  inside  the  vessels,  as  has  hitherto  been 
"  necessary."  "  The  decolorising  vessel  being  of  the  usual 
"  cylindrical  form  with  a  central  opening  in  the  cover,"  there  is 
fitted  to  such  "  opening,  and  so  as  to  turn  therein,  a  distributor, 
"  consisting  of  a  hollow  piece  formed  according  to  one  modifi- 
"  cation  with  two  diametrically  opposite  hollow  arms  or  ducts, 
"  which  are  inclined  slightly  downwards,  and  reach  to  within  a 
"  few  inches  of  the  sides  of  the  vessel.  The  distributor  is  fitted 
"  with  bevil  or  conical  pulleys  which  run  on  the  flange  of  the 
"  opening  in  the  cover,  and  is  turned  by  means  of  a  vertical 
"  spindle  in  any  convenient  way  whilst  the  charcoal  is  being 
".  thrown  into  the  hopper  shaped  mouth.  The  charcoal  falls  into 
"  the  vessel  through  openings  in  the  bottoms  and  ends  of  the 
"  arms,  and  is  distributed  by  them  in  a  uniform  manner.  The 


368  SUGAR. 

"  distributing  arms  are  fixed  together  when  in  action,  but  are 
"  made  to  separate  so  as  to  be  easily  removed  one  after  the  other 
"  before  fixing  on  the  cover  and  admitting  the  syrup."  If  pre- 
ferred, the  distributor  "  may  be  made  with  three  or  more  hollow 
"  arms  instead  of  two." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1865,  September  19.— N°  2385. 

FLETCHER,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  the  machinery  or 
"  apparatus  and  in  the  process  for  the  treatment  and  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar."  These  are,  first,  dissolving  apparatus, 
consisting  of  a  circular  metallic  tank,  on  the  bottom  of  which  is 
an  arrangement  of  copper  pipes  or  tubes,  perforated  on  the  under 
side,  for  the  egress  of  steam  and  water  for  dissolving  the  sugar ; 
over  these  tubes  is  a  perforated  plate  of  iron.  In  the  centre  of 
the  tank  is  a  step  carrying  two  spindles  one  inside  of  the  other, 
the  upper  parts  being  carried  on  a  block  on  a  cross  plate.  These 
spindles  carry  two  arms  revolving  with  them  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. The  steam  and  water  are  admitted  into  the  pan  or  tank 
through  a  chamber  cast  on  one  side  of  the  pan  or  tank. 

Second,  "facilitating  the  passage  of  the  syrup  through  the 
"  filter,"  by  exhausting  the  air  from  the  filters  preparatory  to 
the  syrup  entering  the  charcoal  filters  ;  also,  washing  the  charcoal 
after  the  process  of  filtration  by  steam  or  steam  and  water 
exhausting  the  filter  of  air.  The  syrup  tank  or  tanks  are  also 
exhausted. 

Third,  employing  "  a  closed  vessel  or  vessels  of  any  suitable 
"  shape,"  and  attaching  "  to  the  same  an  air  pump  to  exhaust 
"  it  of  atmospheric  air,  whereby  the  liability  of  the  syrup  to 
"  acidify  and  fermentation  is  very  much  lessened,"  for  "  keeping 
"  or  storing  the  syrup  when  in  the  stage  of  being  converted  into 
"  sugar." 

Fourth,  a  vacuum  pan  of  (f  a  square  or  rectangular  shape  with 
ff  a  curved  top  and  a  sloping  solid  bottom.  The  steam  chambers 
"  or  heating  surfaces  in  the  inside  of  the  pan  are  of  a  flat  form, 
"  and  appear  in  section  of  a  link  shape  ;  they  run  from  end  to 
"  end  or  side  to  side  of  the  vacuum  pan,  and  are  placed  side  by 
"  side  of  each  other  with  a  space  left  between  them  to  afford 
"  room  for  cleaning  and  for  sugar."  These  steam  chambers  are 
placed  one  above  another  in  tiers,  "each  tier  has  its  separate 


SUGAR.  369 

"  steam  connection,  by  which  they  can  be  worked  separately  or 
"  collectively  as  required ;  a  steam  box  is  fitted  to  each  end  of 
"  each  tier  of  chambers,  into  which  is  admitted  the  steam."  A 
large  pan  requires  admission  of  steam  at  both  ends  of  the  boxes, 
while  a  small  pan  requires  steam  at  one  end  only.  The  boxes  at 
one  end  of  the  pan  are  secured  to  it  by  rings  which  serve  for 
admitting  steam  into  the  boxes.  The  boxes  at  opposite  ends  of 
the  pan  have  tubes  connected  and  pass  through  stuffing  boxes  on 
the  end  of  the  pan  to  allow  for  the  expansion  of  the  steam 
chambers;  the  above  tubes  or  boxes  are  arranged  to  take  the 
condensed  steam  from  chambers  and  boxes.  To  this  pipe  also  is 
connected  a  condensed  steam  box,  to  pass  off  water  but  not  the 
steam.  On  the  top  of  the  vacuum  is  an  arm  pipe  with  a 
receiver  attached  to  it,  to  this  receiver  is  also  connected  a  measure 
which  receives  the  syrup  prior  to  its  being  passed  into  the  vacuum 
pan.  The  measure  is  fitted  with  a  series  of  metallic  tubes, 
through  which  the  vapour  and  air  from  the  syrup  under  treat- 
ment in  the  vacuum  pan  pass,  to  this  measure  is  attached  a 
cylindrical  condenser  placed  vertically ;  this  condenser  is  fitted 
in  its  centre  with  a  metallic  tube  perforated  with  small  holes. 
"  The  water  for  condensing  is  admitted  into  the  tube  either  at 
(<  the  top  or  bottom  as  may  be  most  convenient." 

Fifth,  "  self-acting  apparatus  applied  to  the  condensed  steam 
"  box  for  allowing  the  escape  of  air  but  not  of  steam."  On 
the  cover  of  the  condensed  steam  box  is  a  valve  to  which  is 
attached  a  lever,  the  other  end  of  which  is  held  by  a  stud  pin 
fixed  in  the  cover,  to  this  lever,  near  its  fulcrum,  is  connected 
the  end  of  another  lever  by  a  short  link,  the  opposite  end  of 
which  lever  is  also  held  by  a  stud  pin  fixed  in  the  cover ;  this 
lever  has  also  near  its  fulcrum  another  link  attached,  the  opposite 
end  of  which  is  secured  to  the  cover  by  a  screw  or  bolt ;  the  hole 
in  this  end  of  the  link  is  made  of  a  slotted  or  elongated  form  to 
allow  of  the  adjustment  of  the  levers.  The  second  link  "  is  made 
"  of  zinc,  brass,  or  other  metal  easily  affected  by  heat  or  cold," 
preferring,  "however,  to  employ  zinc,  the  expansion  and  con- 
"  traction  being  greater  in  that  metal."  The  air  will  pass  out 
of  the  open  valve,  but  when  steam  arrives  in  the  box  the  heat 
causes  the  second  link  to  expand  which,  acting  on  the  two  leversj 
closes  the  valve. 

[Printed  2s.    Drawings.] 
8.  A  A 


370  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1865,  September  21.— N°  2409. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM.  —  (A  communication  from  Chretien  Jean 
Gaade.} — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  materials  for  decoloring  sugar  and  other 
"  saccharine  and  liquid  matters."  These  are,  partially  or  entirely 
utilizing  the  refuse  resulting  from  the  revivification  or  otherwise 
of  the  grains  of  animal  black.  The  refuse  is  the  powder  re- 
sulting from  animal  black,  and  the  object  is  to  transform  it  into 
grains.  For  this  purpose  the  powder  is  mixed  with  argillaceous 
earth,  or  that  used  for  the  manufacture  of  glazed  ware,  made 
with  water  into  a  pasty  mass,  and  moulded  into  the  form  of 
small  bones  or  otherwise,  and  dried  in  the  sun,  and  calcined  in  a 
similar  manner  to  bones,  with  a  piece  of  bone,  and  of  green  wood  in 
the  centre,  and  the  whole  is  heated  "  until  the  wood  and  bones  are 
"  completely  carbonized,"  when  it  is  reduced  to  "  grains  of  a 
"  similar  size  to  those  now  used."  This  composition  can  be 
revivified  after  use.  It  is  of  greater  density  than  ordinary 
animal  black,  but  "  a  material  exactly  similar  to  that  ordinarily 
"  in  use  "  is  obtained  "  by  mixing  50  per  cent,  of  animal  black  in 
"  fine  powder,  25  per  cent,  of  vegetable  charcoal  in  fine  powder, 
"  and  25  per  cent,  of  pottery  clay,  the  whole  being  mixed  and 
"  prepared  as  before  described.  This  compound  may,  if  desired, 
"  be  mixed  in  any  suitable  proportions  with  soot,  gelatine, 
"  potash,  or  other  matters." 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  October  7-— N°  2590. 

CAMPBELL,  TOM  LIN. — "  Improvements  in  evaporating  and 
"  distilling  liquids,  and  in  the  apparatus  employed  therein." 
These  are,  the  application  and  use  as  above  "  of  one  or  more  air- 
"  tight  vessels  in  combination  with  a  steam  heated,  hollow,  or 
"  tubular  revolver  or  revolvers,"  and  the  system  or  mode  of 
effecting  the  above  operations,  substantially  as  follows  : — "  One 
"  or  more  closed  vessels  are  employed  capable  of  sustaining 
"  pressure,  each  vessel  containing  a  coil  of  piping  made  to 
"  revolve  on  a  horizontal  axis  passing  through  stuffing  boxes  in 
"  the  ends  of  the  closed  vessel.  The  liquid  to  be  evaporated  is 
"  placed  in  the  vessel  so  as  only  partially  to  fill  the  same,  and 
"  waste  or  low-pressure  steam  (if  the  evaporation  is  to  be  con- 


SUGAR.  371 

"  ducted  at  a  low  temperature),  is  admitted  into  and  through 
"  the  first  of  the  coils,  and  its  heat  is  imparted  to  the  liquid  to 
"  be  evaporated,  which  liquid  as  the  coil  revolves  is  taken  up  in 
"  a  thin  film,  thereby  greatly  facilitating  and  expediting  the 
"  process  of  evaporation.  The  non-condensed  steam,  if  any,  in 
if  the  first  coil  or  'revolver'  of  the  series  passes  off  to  the 
"  atmosphere,  but  that  from  the  subsequent  coils,  if  any,  together 
"  with  that  condensed  passes  to  an  air  pump.  The  steam 
"  generated  in  the  first  vessel  (when  more  than  one  are  used)  is 
"  drawn  out  of  that  vessel  through  a  pipe  to  the  second  coil  or 
"  '  revolver '  of  the  series  by  the  air  pump  attached  to  that  coil, 
"  and  that  in  the  second  vessel  to  the  third  coil  of  the  series,  and 
te  so  on,  each  coil  except  the  first  having  an  air  pump  attached 
"  to  it.  The  vessels  should  be  provided  with  regulating  valves, 
"  in  order  that  the  vacuum  in  the  several  vessels  of  the  series 
"  may  be  successively  greater  from  the  first  to  the  last  of  the 
"  vessels.  When  a  low  temperature  is  not  required  in  the  process 
"  of  evaporation,  high  pressure  steam  may  be  introduced  into 
"  the  first  of  the  coils,  and  the  several  coils  should  each  be  in 
"  communication  with  a  steam  trap  to  allow  of  the  condensed 
"  steam  passing  off."  The  principle  of  this  invention  is,  "that 
"  when  the  pressure  in  the  vessel  is  less  than  in  the  coils  of  pipe 
'"  or  '  revolver '  the  steam  or  vapour  in  the  coils  or  '  revolvers  ' 
'"  will  be  condensed,  and  the  liquid  in  contact  with  the  coils  will 
"  be  evaporated,  and  the  greater  the  difference  in  pressure  between 
"  the  coils  and  the  vessels,  the  greater  will  be  the  rapidity 
"  of  evaporation."  There  is  a  plan  view  given  of  "  apparatus 
"  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  which  manufacture  consists 
"  mainly  of  the  operation  of  evaporation  "  conducted  on  the 
principle  described  above. 
[Printed,  2s.  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  October  10.— N°  2606. 

L^lON,  JEAN  ADOLPHE. — (Partly  a  communication  from  Absalon 
Hippotyte  Leplay.)  —  (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  means  and  apparatus  to  be  employed  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  sugar. "  These  are,  treating  "  cane  juice  and  other 
"  solutions  of  sugar  so  as  to  produce  therefrom  in  a  simple,  &c. 
"  manner,  crystallized  sugar  fit  to  be  sent  into  the  market  \vith- 
"  out  further  refining,"  first,  by 'employing  "a  purifying  agent 
"  consisting  of  finely  pulverized  bone  black  and  phosphate  of 

A  A  2 


372  SUGAR. 

"  soda,"  these  are  mixed  "with  the  cane  juice  or  solution  of  sugar 
"  conjointly  or  one  after  the  other." 

Second,  running  this  semi-liquid  mixture  "  into  a  closed  vessel 
"  of  any  suitable  external  form,  in  which  there  is  a  perforated 
"  bottom  covered  over  with  a  porous  fabric,"  and  when  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  has  been  admitted  shutting  off  the  supply  and 
admitting  "  steam  or  other  vapour  at  pressure  over  it  to  force 
"  the  liquid  through  the  straining  cloth  and  perforated  bottom, 
"  and  when  desired  into  a  cistern  or  vessel  at  greater  elevation 
"  than  the  strainer,"  "to  remove  most  of  the  bone  black, 
"  phosphate  of  soda,  and  other  insoluble  matters  from  the  cane 
"  juice  or  solution  of  sugar,"  and  to  prepare  such  "  for  final  clarifi- 
"  cation,"  in  the  filter  described  in  No.  2023,  A.D.  1865.  "  The 
"  fine  bone  black  and  other  insoluble  matters  removed  from  the 
"  liquid  by  this  straining,  when  ammonia  is  added  thereto,  makes 
"  an  excellent  manure  for  the  growth  of  sugar."  The  same 
apparatus  and  pressure  may  be  used  for  "  pressing  scum  and 
"  residue  collected  and  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  by 
"  the  above  or  the  ordinary  process." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  October  17-— N°  2679. 

BEANES,  EDWARD. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "An  im- 
"  provement  in  treating  animal  charcoal."  This  consists  in 
"  allowing  animal  charcoal  that  has  been  heated  or  reburned  (and 
whilst  in  the  filter)  to  absorb  carbonic  acid  gas  by  simply  admit- 
"  ting  the  said  gas  into  the  filter,"  which  treatment,  it  is  said, 
has  been  found  not  only  to  neutralize  "  any  caustic  alkali  that 
"  may  be  present  in  the  charcoal,"  but  also  to  remove  "the  air 
"  which  exists  between  the  grains  of  the  same,  thus  allowing  the 
"  liquor  when  run  on  (by  expelling  the  carbonic  acid  gas)  to  come 
"  directly  into  perfect  contact  with  the  whole  of  the  charcoal  in 
"  the  filter." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  November  7-— N°  2872. 

JASPER,  GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUI. — "  Improved  means  andappa- 
"  ratus  for  the  cleansing  and  bleaching  of  sugar,  which  said  means 
"  and  apparatus  are  also  applicable  for  other  useful  purposes  of  a 
"  like  character."  These  are,  "  liquoring  sugar  "  in  a  centrifugal 


SUGAR.  373 

machine,  applying  the  liquor  while  the  machine  is  in  revolution 
the  liquor  being  supplied  under  pressure,  or  its  equivalent,  sub- 
stantially, as  follows  : — The  centrifugal  machine  is  of  the  simplest 
form,  "  an  open  cylinder  without  a  cone  in  the  centre,  and  driven 
"  from  below  by  suitable  mechanism."  Two  centrifugal  machines 
are  shown,  and  at  a  suitable  altitude  above  them  there  is  placed  a 
tight  vessel  capable  of  bearing  a  pressure  of  about  125  Ibs.  to 
the  square  inch,  with  a  filling  pipe,  having  a  stop  cock,  a  safety 
valve,  and  a  gauge  tube.  A  pipe  from  an  air  forcing  pump  enters 
the  upper  part  of  the  vessel.  Another  pipe  having  a  stop  cock 
"  near  its  upper  end  leads  off  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,"  and 
communicates  with  a  flexible  pipe  arranged  over  each  centrifugal 
machine,  each  pipe  terminates  with  a  rose  nozel,  which  may  be 
provided  with  a  stop-cock.  There  may  also  be  a  stop-cock  at  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  pipe.  Strong  or  thick  cleansing  liquor  or 
syrup  is  charged  into  the  vessel  above,  and  air  is  forced  into  it 
"  under  a  pressure  of  25  Ibs.  and  upwards  to  the  square  inch." 
The  centrifugal  machines  are  charged  with  a  mass  of  sugar  and 
revolved  rapidly,  and  the  stop-cocks  opened,  the  syrup  is  delivered 
with  force  in  minute  streams  against  the  inner  surface  of  the  mass 
of  sugar.  Open  tanks  at  a  high  elevation  may  afford  pressure  in 
place  of  air  as  above. 
[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1865,.  November  30.— N°  30/8. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM.  —  (A  communication  from  Chretien  Jean 
Gaade.) — (Provisional  protection  only.) — "Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  materials  for  decoloring  sugar  and  other  saccha- 
"  rine  matters."  These  are,  "  combining  soot  with  other  matters, 
"  and  reducing  it  to  a  granular  form,"  and  calcining  and  apply- 
ing it  in  "  decoloring  sugar."  Further  carbonizing  blood  and 
animal  flesh,  and  mixing  the  result  "  with  soot  and  with  other 
"  ingredients  herein-after  mentioned,  and  reduce  it  to  the  granular 
"  form  desired."  The  proportions  which  are  suitable  "  are  about 
"  sixty  per  cent,  of  soot  to  forty  per  cent,  of  clay,  but  the  pro- 
"  portions  may  be  much  varied,  while  at  the  same  time  three  or 
"  four  per  cent,  of  potash  may  be  added."  "  The  decoloring 
"  agent  instead  of  being  nearly  all  soot,  may  consist,  of  soot  mixed 
"  with  animal  and  vegetable  charcoal,  and  with  a  proportion  of 
"  clay  or  earthy  or  other  matter,"  and  formed  into  a  plastic  mass. 


374  SUGAR. 

This  mass  is  expressed  "  and  cut  off  in  small  nodules  or  grains 
"  by  rotary  knives  or  wires,  in  the  manner  of  making  vermicelli, 
"  or  in  any  other  manner."  These  "  nodules  or  grains  "  are  then 
calcined,  "  when  they  are  fit  for  use  in  the  decoloration  of  saccha- 
"  rine  matter  in  the  process  of  filtering  or  otherwise,"  and  "  which 
"  may  be  revivified  and  used  again  for  the  decoloration  of  sugar 
"  indefinitely." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  December  29.— N°  3372. 

CORMACK,  WILLIAM. —  (Provisional  protection  only.) — "Im- 
"  provements  in  revivifying,  deoderizing,  and  calcining  animal 
"  and  vegetable  charcoal  and  other  matters."  These  are,  first, 
in  revivifying  and  deodorizing  the  above  substances,  introducing 
a  jet,  stream,  or  current  of  superheated  atmospheric  air  or  steam, 
singly  or  combined,  into  retorts,  ovens,  or  other  vessels  containing 
the  matter  to  be  operated  upon,"  thus  employing  "  a  black  heat 
"  instead  of  a  red  one  as  at  present  employed." 

Second,  in  calcining  the  above  matters,  in  addition  to  the  exter- 
nal heat  now  used,  introducing  "  superheated  steam  at  a  tempera- 
"  ture  of  not  less  than  650°  Fahrenheit  into  ovens  or  other  vessels 
"  containing  the  materials  to  be  operated  upon,  by  which  I  am  able 
"  to  calcine  a  larger  quantity  of  charcoal  or  other  material  and  in 
"  a  shorter  space  of  time  than  has  hitherto  been  accomplished." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


1866. 

A.D.  1866,  January  17.— N°  162. 

ANDERSON,  MARK  FRENCH. — (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  Improvements  in  refining  sugar."  These  are,  employing  "  sul- 
"  phate  of  tin  in  treating  syrups  of  sugar,  and  in  neutralizing  the 
"  sulphate  of  tin  after  heating  the  syrups  by  an  alkaline  earth." 
The  quantity  of  sulphate  of  tin  added  varies  "  with  the  quality  of 
"  the  syrup  of  sugar. to  be  treated,"  it  is  generally  employed  "  at 
"  the  rate  of  about  one  pint  of  a  saturated  solution  of  sulphate 
'"  of  tin  to  each  cwt.  of  sugar  in  solution,"  and  the  whole 


SUGAR.  375 

intimately  mixed,  and  heat  applied  "in  the  blow  up  pan ;  after 
"  which  the  syrup  is  allowed  to  stand  in  order  to  settle.  The 
"  clear  liquor  is  separated,  and  the  requisite  quantity  of  the  car- 
"  bonate  of  an  alkaline  earth  is  stirred  in ;  the  syrup  is  after- 
**  wards  allowed  to  stand,  or  is  filtered  in  order  to  separate  the 
(<  syrup  from  the  other  matters,  and  the  process  of  refining  is  then 
"  completed  in  the  ordinary  manner." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  January  23.— N°  225. 

BENSEN,  GERD  JACOB. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  beet  root  sugar."  These  are,  "  combining  fine  liquor  or  syrup 
"  with  raw  beet  root  sugar,"  as  afterwards  described,  and  "  then 
"  separating  the  liquor  therefrom,"  the  object  being  to  remove 
from  the  crystals  of  raw  beet  root  sugar  impurities,  and  "  vege- 
"  table  matter,  which  is  offensive  to  the  smell,"  "  by  which  a  very 
"  superior  manufacture  of  beet  root  sugar  is  obtained."  Into 
"  any  quantity  of  fine  liquor  or  syrup  of  cane  sugar  of  about 
"  35°  of  Beaume  is  stirred  a  quantity  of  raw  beet  root  sugar,  so  as 
"  to  bring  the  mixture  to  the  same  density  as  usual  in  the  manu- 
"  facture  of  stove  goods,  the  object  being  that  the  crystals  of  the 
"  raw  beet  root  sugar  shall  not  be  dissolved,  or  as  little  as  may 
"  be.  The  mixture  when  heated,  by  preference,  to  about  170° 
"  of  Fahrenheit,  is  then  run  into  moulds,  where  the  same  is 
"  allowed  to  stand  for  about  36  hours.  Fresh  quantities  of  fine 
"  liquor  are  afterwards  to  be  applied,  as  is  well  understood,  and, 
"  finally,  the  sugar  is  to  be  dried  in  stoves."  "  The  liquor 
"  drained  from  the  crystals  of  raw  beet  root  sugar,  after  being 
"  filtered  through  animal  charcoal  may  again  be  used  as  above 
"  described." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1865,  January  26.— N°  258. 

MONTCLAR,  JEAN  MARIE  ARMAND. — "  Improvements  in  the 
"  manufacture  of  materials  or  compositions  for  decolorising  or 
"  purifying  saccharine  or  other  liquids,  and  for  making  paint, 
"  blacking,  and  foundry  blackening  and  apparatus  therefor." 
The  materials  used  for  the  above  purposes  "  are  composed  of  car- 
te  bonaceous  elements,  earthy  elements,  and  in  some  cases  phos- 
"  phates,"  and  a  number  of  these  are  named.  And  it  is  stated 


376  SUGAR. 

"  by  way  of  example,"  "that  a  very  good  composition  is  formed 
"  by  combining  60  parts  by  weight  of  bone  flour,  with  25  parts 
"  of  bone  tar,  coal  tar,  pitch,  or  soot,  and  with  30  to  35  parts  of 
"  the  best  fire-clay ;  a  second  composition  contains  20  parts 
"  vegetable  charcoal,  40  parts  animal  charcoal,  50  parts  soot,  and 
"  80  parts  clay ;  a  third  composition  contains  40  parts  vegetable 
"  charcoal,  80  parts  animal  charcoal,  and  75  parts  clay;  a  fourth 
"  composition  contains  50  parts  soot,  80  parts  animal  charcoal, 
"  and  80  parts  clay;  and  a  fifth  composition  contains  75  parts 
"  carbonized  animal  body  (bones  ?)  and  40  parts  clay.  It,  is  how- 
"  ever,  to  be  understood  that  the  proportions  of  the  various 
"  ingredients  may  be  altered  as  practice  may  indicate."  In 
making  a  composition,  each  ingredient  in  a  dry  state  is  ground 
separately  to  a  fine  flour,  and  being  mixed  together  they  are 
ground  with  liquid  (water  or  urine,  or  water  containing  ammonia 
or  glutinous  matter)  to  form  a  paste,  and  "  dried  sufficiently  to 
"  enable  it  to  retain  the  form  imparted  to  it  by  the  granulating 
"  apparatus."  "This  apparatus  consists,  of  two  hollow  cylinders 
"  placed  in  a  vertical  or  inclined  position,  which  are  made  to  revolve 
"  in  contact,  whilst  the  plastic  material  is  pressed  against  a  portion 
"  of  their  surfaces  by  a  revolving  spindle  with  screw  blades  work- 
"  ing  in  a  casing  adapted  to  the  cylinders  "  perforated  with  holes 
through  which  the  material  is  forced  and  formed  by  them,  being 
cut  off  in  suitable  lengths  as  the  cylinders  revolve  by  a  stationary 
knife.  The  grains  fall  through  the  bottom  open  ends  of  the  cylin- 
ders, and  they  are  dried,  by  preference,  in  a  revolving  cylinder. 
t(  A  very  powerful  decolorising  material  is  obtained  by  applying 
"  the  manufacturing  processes  herein-before  indicated  to  bones 
"  alone  or  to  bones  combined  with  some  soot.  The  bones  are 
"  reduced  to  flour,  which  is  made  into  a  paste  with  water  rendered 
"  milky  with  a  little  fire-clay,  and  after  granulation  the  material 
"  is  carbonised  in  the  ordinary  way." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1866,  February  27.— N°  594. 

GEDGE,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Frederick 
James  Vivian  Minchin.) — "An  improved  process  for  extracting  the 
"  juice  from  sugar  cane,  beet-root,  and  other  plants."  It  is  stated, 
that,  macerating  the  above  materials  with  heat  (a  "temperature  of 
"  80°  Reaumur ")  "  was  employed  in  certain  sugar  houses "  to 


SUGAR.  377 

extract  from  them  their  saccharine  matter,  but  this  heat  injured 
the  products,  and  that  cold  maceration  and  centrifugal  force  has 
also  been  employed ;  and  it  is  said,  "  by  these  methods  more  juice 
"  can  be  extracted  than  by  the  press,  but  they  have  the  incon- 
"  venience  of  carrying  with  them  many  particles  of  the  beet  and 
"  cane  into  the  extracted  juice,"  and  the  following  method,  termed 
"  diffusion,"  is  a  more  practical  method,  and  is  the  subject  of  this 
invention,  which  is,  that  the  plants  should  be  cut  into  slices  from 
T\-  to  i  of  an  inch  thick  and  from  a  i  to  ^  an  inch  in  breadth, 
and  the  equal  heating  of  these  slices  is  obtained  by  filling  the 
extractors  simultaneously  with  the  slices  and  the  warming  liquid 
in  corresponding  proportions.  "The  temperature  of  the  warm- 
"  ing  liquid  (which  may  be  water  or  juice)  depends  upon  the 
"  temperature  and  thickness  of  the  slices."  The  materials  in  the 
extractor,  when  combined,  should  not  be  higher  "  than  35°  to  40° 
"  Reaumur."  After  about  half  an  hour  the  liquid  is  drawn  off, 
after  which  the  diffusion  is  several  times  repeated  with  juice  of  a 
lower  temperature,  which  is  continued  till  all  the  juice  is  extracted. 
The  final  diffusions  may  be  made  with  cold  water  instead  of 
juice.  The  "heating  of  the  juices  which  is  intended  to  effect 
"  the  beginning  of  the  first  diffusion"  is  always  effected  in  a 
"  separate  vessel  called  the  heating  apparatus." 
[Printed,  id.  Woodcut.] 

A.D.  1866,  March  6.— N°  683. 

NORMAN,  JOHN. — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  reburning 
"  and  in  apparatus  for  washing  animal  charcoal  or  charcoal  sub- 
"  stitutes."  These  are,  first,  forming  the  reburning  vessel,  "  or 
"  the  principal  portion  thereof,  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  basin, 
"  having  from  three  to  ten  sides,  and,  by  preference,  six,  seven,  or 
"  eight  sides."  It  may  be  arranged  singly,  but,  if  preferred,  it 
may  be  arranged  in  a  set,  one  over  the  other,  with  appliances  for 
leading  the  charcoal  from  one  into  the  other.  The  vessel  is 
slightly  inclined  from  the  horizontal,  and  is  made  to  turn  slowly 
round  by  suitable  gearing,  which  motion  causes  the  charcoal  "to 
"  gradually  move  towards  the  lower  end.  The  vessel  is  mounted 
"  so  that  it  can  be  adjusted  to  what  is  in  practice  found  to  be  the 
"  most  suitable  angle,  which  may  vary  with  different  charcoals." 
A  mouth  piece  is  "  supported  by  rods  from  the  roof,  and  formed 
u  with  a  horizontal  cylindrical  mouth,  which  is  fitted  into  a  con- 
"  centric  circular  opening  in  the  end  of  the  reburning  vessel,  so 


378  SUGAR. 

"  that  the  vessel  can  turn  round  without  the  mouth  piece  turning." 
The  mouth  piece  is  fitted  with  a  valve,  and  is  formed  with  a  branch 
pipe  for  the  escape  of  gas  or  vapor,  which  passes  into  a  main  pipe. 
At  the  lower  ends  there  are  also  fitted  inclined  blades.  Prismatic 
vessels  as  above  may  be  formed  with  angular  ribs. 

Second,  a  cylindrical  or  prismatic  cage  or  vessel,  formed  with  a 
permeable  material,  as  wire  cloth  or  perforated  sheet  metal,  is 
formed  internally  with  helical  or  screw-shaped  blades  or  flanges, 
and  it  is  set  at  a  slight  inclination  from  the  horizontal.  The 
materials  are  introduced  at  the  lower  end,  and  the  cage  being 
made  to  rotate  carries  them  gradually  through  water  in  a  trough, 
and  delivers  them  at  the  upper  end  just  above  the  level  of  the 
water.  The  water  is  admitted  into  the  upper  portion  of  the 
trough,  and  flows  out  at  the  other  end.  The  shell  of  this  cage 
may  be  made  in  some  cases  of  impermeable  materials. 
[Printed,  Is.  2d:  Drawing.] 

A.D,  1866,  March  21.— N°  842. 

ELLIOTT,  EDWIN  DEMAS. — "  Improvements  in  treating  animal 
"  charcoal  used  in  refining  sugar."  These  are  as  follows  : — It  is 
said  that,  after  a  time  the  animal  charcoal  used  in  filtering  the 
liquor  or  syrups,  requires  to  be  washed  with  hot  water  and  to  be 
reburnt,  and  that  after  washing  "much  water  and  offensive  matter 
"  is  retained  in  the  charcoal,  which  has  to  be  dried  before  reburn- 
"  ing,"  and  this  invention  consists  "  in  exhausting  the  bottom  or 
"  lower  parts  of  the  cisterns  or  vessels  containing  the  animal 
"  charcoal  by  means  of  air  pumps  or  other  exhausting  apparatus ; 
"  by  this  means  streams  of  atmospheric  air  are  caused  to  pass 
"  through  and  amongst  the  grains  of  animal  charcoal,  and  thus 
"  the  removal  of  the  moisture  and  offensive  matter  is  facilitated 
"  and  the  animal  charcoal  partially  dried."  In  addition,  several 
advantages  which  are  detailed  are  said  to  be  "  obtained  by  this 
"  process." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  March  29.— N°  909. 

MYERS,  MORRIS. —  (Provisional  protection  only.}  —  "An  im- 
"  proved  apparatus  for  sifting  sugar,  or  flour,  or  other  meals,  or 
C(  separating  the  smaller  from  the  grosser  particles  in  sauces  and 
"  condiments."  This  consists,  "of  an  upright  spindle  made  to 


SUGAR.  379 

*'  revolve  in  a  supporting  socket,"  which  socket  "  is  fitted  with 
"  arms  to  press  against  the  sides  of  the  vessel  in  which  the  opera- 
"  tion  of  sifting  or  separating  is  to  be  carried  on  in  order  to 
"  strengthen  and  support  the  apparatus.  On  the  bottom  of  the 
"  spindle  are  three  or  more  arms,  each  of  which  carries  a  metal 
"  scraper  which  presses  against  the  sieve  or  sifter  below  and  urges 
"  the  material "  through  it.  "  Pressing  against  each  scraper  is 
"  a  small  spring,  which  allows  of  the  scraper  passing  over  any 
".  lump  or  accumulation  of  material  should  the  sieve  become 
"  choked."  "  The  sieve  may  be  of  wire  cloth,  or  hair  cloth,  can- 
"  vas,  or  other  suitable  or  usual  material."  In  some  cases,  instead 
of  the  metal  scrapers,  using  "  brushes  inserted  in  the  arms,  which 
"  answer  the  same  purpose  as  the  metal  scrapers  where  the 
"  material  composing  the  sieve  is  soft  or  more  easily  worn,  as 
"  hair  cloth  or  canvass." 
[Printed,  bd.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  April  3,— N°  952, 

ROBEY,  JAMES. — "  Improvements  in  reburning  animal  char- 
"  coal."  These  are,  mixing  the  charcoal  to  be  reburned  with 
sal  ammoniac,  applying  heat  to  this  mixture,  and  subsequently 
washing  of  the  reburned  matter  with  water.  In  preference,  "  the 
"  crude  sal  ammoniac  of  the  manufacturers  in  the  state  of  powder, 
."  or  of  small  crystals,  or  the  equally  crude  liquid  sal  ammoniac 
"  obtained  from  muriatic  acid,  and  gas  water  "  is  employed. 
These  are  mixed,  and  the  mixture  heated,  in  preference,  in  upright 
pipes  or  retorts  heated  externally.  The  lime,  as  well  as  other 
objectionable  matters,  form  soluble  chlorides  with  the  acid  of  the 
sal  ammoniac,  and  are  afterwards  washed  away,  "whilst  the 
"  ammonia  is  driven  off  and  may  be  collected."  Instead  of 
applying  external  heat  to  the  retorts,  superheated  steam  may  be 
passed  freely  through  the  retorts,  but  "  upright  retorts  heated 
"  externally  by  fire  "  are  preferred. 
[Printed,  4cZ.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  April  4.— N°  960. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  HENRY.— (A  communication  from  Francois 
Joseph  Chaumn  and  Frederic  MatKurin  Lfgal,  the  younger.}—"  Im- 
"  provements  in  the  treatment  of  sugar."  These  are,  "the 
"  moulds  containing  the  siigaif  are  each  connected  at  their  lower 


380  SUGAR. 

"  ends  with  a  suction  pipe,  similar  to  those  already  in  use  in 
"  sugar  refineries,  formed  with  a  cap  or  mouth-piece  which  is 
"  packed  with  a  washer  of  india-rubber  fitting  tightly  upon  the 
"  mould.  These  pipes  are  in  communication  by  means  of  several 
"  cocks  with  different  air  pumps,  for  the  separation  of  the  various 
"  qualities  of  syrup."  Between  the  suction  pipes  and  air  pumps 
are  large  vessels  or  reservoirs  to  receive  the  syrup  drawn  from 
the  loaves.  "  The  refining  and  decoloring  or  washing  of  the 
"  crystals  are  thus  effected  by  the  sole  action  of  the  air  pumps, 
"  and  may  both  be  accomplished  in  one  day."  In  place  of  sub- 
jecting the  loaves  "to  the  subsequent  operation  of  desiccation  in 
"  stoves  for  from  7  to  8  days,"  the  "  complete  desiccation  is 
"  effected  at  one  operation  by  simply  continuing,  but  with  in- 
"  creased  vacuum,  the  action  of  the  air  pumps,  and  thereby  caus- 
"  ing  dry  and  hot  air  to  pass  through  the  crystals  in  sufficient 
"  quantity  to  effect  their  complete  desiccation."  The  "refining, 
"  decoloring,  and  desiccation  are  effected  by  this  system  in  the 
"  space  of  from  4  to  5  days  with  a  cheap  and  simple  plant  in  lieu 
"  of  requiring,  as  heretofore,  from  15  to  18  days,  and  the  use  of 
"  costly  plant  and  extensive  premises." 
[Printed,  4rf.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  April  7-— N°  1005. 

GORDON,  GEORGE — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  Improve- 
"  ments  in  treating  animal  charcoal."  This  consists, "  in  placing 
"  the  charcoal  to  be  treated  in  a  close  vessel,  and  creating  a  vacuum 
"  by  means  of  an  air  pump,  or  otherwise,  and  then  admitting  the 
"  dilute  acid  (hydrochloric  acid)  to  the  charcoal  in  the  vessel 
"  whilst  the  air  is  exhausted.  It  will  be  evident  that  owing  to 
"  the  extraction  or  exhaustion  of  the  air  from  between  the  particles 
f<  of  charcoal  the  saturation  will  be  much  quicker,  and  it  will  also 
"  be  found  that  the  exhaustion  of  the  air  from  the  interior  of  each 
"  particle  will  cause  the  coating  of  mucilagneous  substance  " 
upon  charcoal  which  has  been  employed  in  filtering  saccharine 
liquids,  to  "  become  porous,  and  admit  the  dilute  acid  to  act  upon 
"  the  interior  of  the  particles,  and  hence  the  saturation  will  be 
"  more  perfect,  at  the  same  time  that  a  more  attenuated  dilution 
"  of  the  acid  than  that  hitherto  employed  will  produce  the  desired 
11  effect,"  which  is  the  neutralization  and  removal  "  of  the  lime 
"  or  other  alkaline  salts  "  from  the  charcoal.  "  It  will  also  be 


SUGAR.  381 

"  obvious  that  this  Invention  is  equally  applicable  for  the  neu- 
"  tralization  of  acidulated  charcoal  by  the  admission  thereto  of 
"  and  saturation  with  an  alkaline  solution." 
[Printed,  4tf.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  April  16.— N°  1073. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  HENRY.  —  (A  communication  from  Joseph 
Wells.) — "  Improvements  in  apparatus  for  sifting  flour  and  other 
"  substances."  These  are,  the  employment  of  the  hinged  wings 
and  radial  arms,  also  the  combination  of  the  radial  arms,  hinged 
wings,  springs,  and  wire  gauze,  substantially  as  follows :— For 
sifting  "  flour,  sugar,  and  other  similar  substances,  or  for  sepa- 
"  rating  the  smaller  from  the  grosser  particles  in  sauces  and  con- 
"  diluents,"  and  consists  "  in  the  employment  for  that  purpose 
"  of  one  or  more  curved  wings  or  blades  hinged  to  one  or  more 
"  horizontal  revolving  radial  arms,  which  are  rotated  upon  or  over 
"  a  finely-perforated  or  wire  gauze  surface,  forming  the  bottom  of 
"  the  receptacle  in  which  the  substance  or  substances  to  be  sifted 
"  is  or  are  placed.  The  wings  are  curved  in  transverse  section, 
"  and  are  kept  in  uniform  contact  with  the  wire  gauze  or  perforated 
"  sifting  surface  by  means  of  springs  carried  by  the  radial  arms 
' (  and  bearing  against  the  wings  or  blades.  In  order  to  prevent  the 
"  wings  or  blades  from  passing  too  far  under  the  radial  arms  stops 
"  are  placed  or  formed  upon  the  under  side  of  the  radial  arms 
"  next  to  the  hub  or  central  boss."  By  hinging  the  wings  or 
"  blades,  and  by  the  use  of  the  springs,  "  the  wings  or  blades  are 
"  enabled  to  rise  or  yield  slightly  and  pass  over  any  hard  sub- 
"  jstance  that  would  otherwise  injure  the  wire  gauze  or  other  sifting 
"  surface.  A  rotatory  motion  is  imparted  to  the  wings  or  blades 
"  by  means  of  a  vertical  spindle,  the  lower  square  end  of  which 
"  fits  into  a  square  socket  in  the  central  boss  of  the  horizontal 
"  radial  arms.  A  cross  piece  provided  with  a  collar  bearing  or 
"  socket  serves  to  maintain  or  support  the  vertical  spindle  in  its 
"  proper  central  position ;  this  cross  piece  is  fixed  in  its  place  by 
<(  being  sprung  into  the  interior  of  the  receptacle,  and  is  provided 
"  with  pins  or  studs  at  its  opposite  extremities,  which  enter  corre- 
"  spending  holes  in  the  sides  of  the  receptacle.  A  winch  handle 
"  is  fitted  on  the  upper  end  of  the  spindle  for  the  purpose  of 
"  rotating  the  same,  and  thereby  keeping  the  substances  well 
"  stirred  or  rubbed  over  the  sifting  surface." 
[Printed,  8rf,  Drawing.] 


382  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1866,  April  21.— X*  1130. 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD. — (A  communication  from  Louis 
Pierre  Robert  de  Massy.} — "  Improvements  in  the  mode  of  and 
"  apparatus  for  expressing  liquids  from  pulp  and  semi-fluid  sub- 
"  stances."  These  are,  first,  "  introducing  a  small  quantity  of 
"  defecating  or  purifying  agents  into  the  matters  to  be  operated 
"  upon  before  pressing  or  washing,  and  also  of  effecting  the  com- 
"  plete  defecation  or  purification  of  the  liquid  before  pressing, 
"  filtering,  or  washing."  No  mention  is  made  as  to  what  these 
agents  are,  but  it  is  said  that,  they  "  may  be  introduced  either  hot 
"  or  cold  for  the  purpose  of  opening  the  pores,  and  thus  facili- 
"  tating  the  work  of  separation,  so  that  in  the  case  of  the  pulp  of 
"  beet-root  or  in  the  extraction  of  oil  or  other  matters,"  the  liquid 
is  more  abundant,  well  defecated  or  filtered,  much  clearer,  purer, 
and  less  injuriously  affected,  and  "  the  separate  and  distinct 
"  operation  of  defecation  is  avoided,  and  also  the  expenses  and 
"  trouble  consequent  on  it."  "  In  all  cases  where  the  apparatus 
ff  admits  of  it  a  jet  of  steam  can  be  made  to  pass  through  the  pulp 
"  after  the  pressing  takes  place,"  so  as  to  force  out  any  juice  that 
may  remain. 

Second,  the  arrangement  of  apparatus  "  by  which  the  filtering 
"  surface  of  all  kinds  of  filtering  presses  is  considerably  augmented 
"  by  increasing  the  number  of  points  at  which  the  liquor  flows 
"  out."  "  Particularly  for  this  purpose  the  employment  as  filter- 
"  ing  partitions  of  an  assemblage  of  bars,  rods,  tubes,  or  projec- 
"  tions  of  any  kind  inside  the  press,  and  set  either  in  front  of  or 
"  behind  the  metallic  cloth  or  perforated  metal  which  forms  the 
"  filtering  surface  in  whatever  way  the  pressure  may  be  applied." 
[Printed,  Sd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1866,  May  2.— N° 1242. 

CORMACK,  WILLIAM.— (Provisional  protection  only.) — "  Im- 
"  provements  in  deoderizing,  revivifying,  and  calcining  animal 
"  and  vegetable  charcoal,  and  the  apparatus  employed  therein." 
These  are,  a  cylinder  is  fixed  in  an  upright  position,  a  pipe  passes 
through  the  lid  of  this  cylinder  at  the  bottom  is  a  moveable 
perforated  sieve  or  filter,  on  which  the  charcoal  rests.  Super- 
heated steam,  air,  or  gas  is  driven  through  the  above  pipe  on  to 
the  top  of  the  charge,  and  drives  out  the  impurities  downwards 
through  the  "  sieve  or  filter  at  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  to  be 
there  received  and  conveyed  either  to  condensers,  or  furnaces  to 


SUGAR.  383 

be  consumed.     By  these  means,  "1  am  enabled  to  revivify  and 
"  purify  charcoal  at  a  black  heat  instead  of  a  red  heat,  as  now 
"  practised,  and  also  to  calcine  at  a  much  lower  temperature  than 
"  has  hitherto  been  accomplished." 
[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  May  9.— N°  1332. 

ROWLAND,  ROBERT.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.}  —  "  An 
"  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  metallic  acetates  and 
"  carbonates  simultaneously  with  the  production  of  vinegar  and 
"  glucose."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  manufacturing 
"  glucose  by  the  use  of  about  two  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid 
"  boiled  in  water  contained  in  one  vessel,  and  to  which  is  added 
"  starch,  sawdust,  or  other  vegetable  matter;  the  liquid  is  drawn 
"  off  into  a  second  vessel,  and  neutralized  by  carbonate  of  lime. 
"  From  the  first  vessel  an  acidulated  vapour  arises  containing 
"  sulphurous  acid  and  oxygen,  while  from  the  second  vessel  car- 
"  bonic  acid  will  arise  from  the  neutralization  of  sulphuric  acid 
"  by  carbonate  of  lime.  The  gases  arising  as  aforesaid  are  con- 
"  veyed  by  air-tight  covers  and  pipes  to  a  chamber  in  which  the 
"  metal  to  be  acted  upon  is  contained,"  thus  utilizing  "the 
"  vapours  which  have  heretofore  been  wasted  in  the  manufacture 
"  of  glucose ;  try  cocks  are  to  be  introduced  in  the  boiling 
"  vessels  to  determine  when  the  operations  are  completed,  and 
"  the  glucose  or  grape  sugar  are  produced."  The  "  refuse  of  the 
"  manufacture  of  glucose,"  and  other  vegetable  matters,  are 
fermented,  the  carbonic  acid  used  for  the  carbonization  of  lead, 
the  solution  filtered  through  a  layer  of  "marble  dust,  which 
"  retains  the  gummy  and  slimy  portions  of  the  liquid,"  after 
which  the  liquid  is  converted  into  vinegar,  by  passing  through 
wood  shavings,  and  the  gases  from  this  process  again  conveyed  as 
above  into  chambers  containing  metals. 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  May  12.— N°  1366. 

JASPER,  GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS.— "  A  new  or  improved  process 
"  of  cleansing  animal  black  or  bone  charcoal,  after  or  before  its 
"  use,  for  the  purpose  of  filtering  a  saccharine  syrup."  This 
consists  in  "  boiling  the  acidulated  solution  holding  the  charcoal, 


384  SUGAR. 

"  and  thereby  so  sets  in  motion  the  particles  of  the  carbon  as  to 
"  thoroughly  or  very  effectively  neutralize  the  alkali  and  separate 
"  from  them  the  foreign  matters,  and  cause  such  matters  to  be 
"  floated  off  or  expelled  from  the  mass,"  and  this  treatment,  it  is 
said,  is  also  advantageous  for  "  bone  charcoal  before  being  used 
"  in  a  filter."  A  wooden  or  metal  tank,  sufficient  to  hold  one 
filter  charge  of  charcoal  has  a  partition,  parallel  with  and  raised  a 
few  inches  above  its  bottom,  perforated  with  numerous  holes.  A 
pipe  for  discharging  water  below  the  perforated  partition  and  a 
pipe  to  discharge  water  into  the  upper  part  of  the  tank.  The 
perforated  partition  is  covered  with  a  blanket  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  charcoal  which  is  placed  in  the  tank.  Muriatic  or 
acetic  acid  is  used  for  neutralizing  the  lime  in  the  charcoal,  "  but 
"  little  acid  is  required  in  this  process,  one  part  of  acid  to  four 
"  parts  of  lime  being  usually  sufficient.  Care  must  be  taken  not 
"  to  use  an  excessive  amount  of  the  acid,  as  this  will  injure  the 
"  coal."  A  pipe  into  the  bottom  of  the  tank  supplies  steam  so 
as  to  boil  the  liquid,  and  a  pipe  at  the  top  and  at  the  bottom 
draws  the  liquid  off  as  may  be  necessary  when  washing  the 
material  or  otherwise  after  treatment. 
[Trinted,  6d.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1866,  June  14.-  N°  1623. 

KNAGGS,  WALTER. — "  Improvements  in  the  manufacture  of 
"  sugar  and  in  the  apparatus  employed  therein."  These  are, 
first,  "  the  injection  of  sulphurous  acid  gas  into  the  juice  as  it 
"  comes  from  the  mill  before  tempering ;"  this  is  effected  by 
means  of  an  air  pump,  and  the  acid  is  generated  by  burning 
sulphur. 

Second,  boiling  of  the  "  cane  juice  prior  to  the  addition  of 
"  lime  or  tempering."  After  treating  the  juice  with  the  acid  it 
is  brought  as  rapidly  as  possible  to  the  boiling  point,  the  scum 
removed  "  as  soon  at  it  cracks,"  and  the  heat  continued  until 
it  boils,  "  removing  any  scum  that  may  be  thrown  up  thereby." 

Third,  "the  application  of  a  combination  of  manganese  and 
"  oxygen  (combined  or  uncombined  with  abase.)"  Any  excess  of 
acid  in  the  juice  is  neutralized  by  adding  "  a  small  quantity  of  car- 
"  bonate  of  lime  or  calcareous  earth,  clay,  or  marl,"  and  "  then 
"  add  sufficient  manganic  acid  to  throw  down  a  distinct  floculus 
"  precipitate,"  by  manganic  acid  is  meant  "  any  of  the  combina- 


SUGAR.  385 

"  tions  of  manganese  and  oxygen  with  or  without  a  base," 
preferring  "  permanganate  or  manganate  of  soda,"  the  boiling 
is  then  stopped,  the  juice  is  drawn  into  a  subsiding  vessel  and 
milk  of  lime  added  until  on  subsidence  of  the  precipitate  the 
liquor  is  bright  and  transparent. 

Fourth,  "  revivifying  animal  charcoal  "  by  allowing  it  to  ferment 
under  water  until  it  becomes  acid  and  offensive  to  the  smell, 
assisting  this  process,  if  necessary,  by  carrying  on  the  process  in 
an  artificially  heated  room,  and  by  the  addition  "  of  a  small 
"  quantity  of  acetic  acid,  if  the  fermented  liquor  is  not  suffi- 
"  ciently  acid,"  when  the  fermentation  has  ceased  the  liquor  is 
drawn  off  from  the  charcoal  or  the  charcoal  separated  from  the 
liquor,  and  washed  with  water  acidulated  with  acetic  acid,  allowed 
to  continue  the  fermenting  process  uncovered  by  liquor,  and 
when  the  offensive  smell  is  gone,  it  is  washed  by  a  stream  of 
water. 

Fifth,  "  heating  an  evaporating  tray,  covered  or  uncovered, 
"  divided  into  serpentine  gutters  or  channels  or  compartments 
"  communicating  with  one  another,  by  steam." 

Sixth,  the  combination  of  apparatus  "  for  concentrating  or 
"  granulating  sugar,  consisting  mainly  of  a  revolver,  supported 
"  by  means  of  pulleys  and  guides  acting  upon  its  outer  and 
"  inner  circumference,  so  that  the  interior  of  the  revolver  being 
"  free  from  all  fittings  allows  of  tubes  being  passed  through  it 
"  by  which  sufficient  surface  may  be  attained  to  admit  of  suffi- 
"  cient  heat  being  communicated  to  the  syrup  to  cause  its 
"  concentration  at  a  low  temperature,  waste  steam  may  thus  be 
"  utilized." 

[Printed,  2s.  2d.    Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  June  18.— N°  1640. 

PATRICK,  WILLIAM  BARKER. — (Provisional  protection  only.} 
— "  Improvements  in  the  treatment  of  animal  charcoal  used  by 
"  sugar  refiners  or  others  in  order  to  its  re-use."  These  are,  the 
spent  charcoal  whilst  still  in  the  filter  is  washed  by  passing  hot 
water  through  it,  and  "  then  dried  or  partially  so,  by  causing  hot 
"  air  to  pass  through  or  amongst  it,  aided  by  exhaustion."  It  is 
then  allowed  to  remain  for  fermentation  with  the  taps  or  valves 
of  the  filtering  vessel  "  open  to  the  atmosphere  for,  say  24  hours 

S.  B    B 


386  SUGAR. 

"  or  more."  When  fermentation  has  taken  place,  carbonic  acid 
gas  is  admitted  "  to  act  on  the  charcoal  for  the  purpose  of  ren- 
"  dering  soluble  or  neutralizing  the  lime  or  alkaline  matters 
"  which  have  combined  or  mixed  with  the  charcoal  in  its  use," 
and  <f  then  pass  hot  water  or  water  and  steam "  through  it  to 
"  cleanse  it  of  matters  rendered  soluble  by  the  action  of  the  gas." 
The  filtering  vessel,  if  of  iron,  should  be  "  lined  with  copper, 
"  tinned,  or  otherwise  coated,  to  avoid  the  otherwise  injurious 
"  action  of  the  metal."  "  In  some  cases  the  charcoal  thus  acted 
"  upon  may  now  be  allowed  to  flow  from  the  filtering  vessel  by 
"  suitable  channels  over  inclined  shelves  or  other  supports  in  fine 
"  streams  or  films,  and  subjected  to  the  action  of  jets  or  sheets  of 
"  gas  or  other  flame ;  it  is  then  acted  upon  by  fans  or  winnows 
"  to  remove  loose  particles  therefrom."  In  place  of  the  charcoal 
"  being  treated  in  the  filtering  vessels,  it  may  be  treated  in  other 
"  vessels,  or  in  vessels  with  agitators,  or  in  vessels  revolving 
"  rapidly  and  having  reticulate  outer  surfaces,  so  that  the  hot 
"  water  may  be  caused  to  flow  through  the  charcoal  by  centrifugal 
"  action." 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  June  25.— N°  1693. 

AUXY,  GASTON  CHARLES  ANGE,  MARQUIS  OF. — "  Improved 
"  apparatus  for  treating  corn  and  other  materials."  This  con- 
sists of  a  cylinder  which,  it  is  said,  is  applicable  to  a  number  of 
purposes,  among  which  is  named  sugar  works.  The  frame  of  the 
cylinder  "  may  be  made  of  iron,  of  wood,  or  of  wood  and  metal," 
and  staves  or  boards  are  fixed  upon  it,  and  may  be  of  wood,  or 
of  metal,  or  of  metal  and  wood,  of  perforated  boards,  or  of  wire 
gauze,  or  otherwise.  The  fastening  may  be  combined  in  different 
ways.  It  is  important  that  it  should  be  capable  of  being  fastened 
by  a  key.  Openings  may  be  made  in  the  heads.  The  head  may 
be  made  of  plates  of  metal  or  of  wood,  with  beams  or  ribs  cor- 
responding with  the  beams  or  ribs  of  the  cylinder  properly  so 
called.  The  axle  may  go  from  one  end  to  the  other  or  not.  This 
cylinder  is  made  to  oscillate  and  at  the  same  time  to  receive 
shocks,  and  for  this  purpose  placing  at  the  extremity  of  the  cylin- 
"  der  hooks  or  catches  capable  of  receiving  the  levers  intended  to 
"  work  it.  These  levers,  if  the  cylinder  is  of  inconsiderable  size 
"  or  but  little  loaded,  may  suffice  to  produce  the  desired  oscil- 


SUGAR.  387 

lation,  but  if  the  mass  to  be  turned  or  shaken  is  considerable, 
a  rope  must  be  added  at  one  of  the  ends  of  each  lever,  in  order 
that  by  working  in  a  similar  manner  to  bell  ringers,  the  matters 
to  be  treated  may  be  more  easily  moved  and  shaken."  "  Finally, 
they  may  receive  movements,  varied  as  before  stated,  but  also 
cams,  eccentrics,  and  any  similar  and  well  known  means  em- 
ployed with  the  same  object."  "  Inside  the  cylinder  there 
should  be  placed  one  or  more  framings  or  skeletons  in  proportion 
to  the  lengthening  of  the  cylinder." 
[Printed,  Is.  2d.  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  July  23.^-N°  1910. 

SOVEREIGN,  LEVI  LEMON.— (Provisional  protection  only.) — 
"  An  improved  implement  for  beating  and  cutting  meat  and 
"  other  substances."  This  consists,  of  a  beater  made  of  some 
tough  metal  and  "with  teeth  or  projections  on  its  face"  which 
may  be  "  of  any  shape,  but  are  preferably,  of  a  square  oblong 
"  form  slightly  rounded  at  their  extremities.  The  shank  of  the 
"  beater  is  provided  with  a  hole  for  the  insertion  of  a  handle," 
secured  in  any  way.  "  The  shank  is  extended  beyond  the  said 
"  handle,  and  is  formed  with  a  lug  or  projection  for  securing  the 
"  cutting  or  chopping  blade,  which  may  be  of  any  convenient 
"  size  and  form,  according  to  the  substances  intended  to  be  cut 
"  or  chopped  thereby.  The  said  blade  is  formed  of  steel,  and  is 
"  secured  to  the  shank  of  the  beater  by  screws  or  rivets  in  such 
"  manner  as  to  be  easily  removable  from  the  said  shank  when 
*'  required ;  this  allows  blades  of  different  size  and  form  to  be 
"  used  instead  of  a  blade.  When  two  hammers  are  thus  combined 
"  the  teeth  of  each  are  differently  formed  and  act  in  a  different 
"  manner  upon  the  fibres  of  the  meat,  thereby  producing  the 
"  required  effect  thereon.  It  is  said  that  by  the  use  of  the  blades, 
"  which  may  be  varied  according  to  the  substance  to  be  operated 
"  upon,  meat,  suet,  ice,  sugar,  or  any  other  description  of  food 
"  may  be  cut  or  chopped  as  quickly  and  finely  as  desired." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  August  11.— N°  2067. 

ENSLEY,  JOHN  ISRAEL. — (Provisional  protection  only). — "An 
"  improved  apparatus  for  manufacturing  illuminating  gas  and 

B  B  2 


388  SUGAR. 

"  producing  bone  black  and  other  valuable  residuum."  A  retort 
has  a  fire  chamber  and  smoke  pipe  as  usual;  within  this  retort  is 
a  chamber  closed  except  at  its  outer  end.  "A  set  of  cylinders  is 
"  constructed,  any  one  of  which  fits  the  chamber  in  the  retort, 
"  and  is  made  open  at  one  end  to  receive  the  charge  to  be 
"  subjected  to  the  heat."  The  cylinders  are  perforated  for  the 
escape  of  gaseous  matters.  When  one  of  these  cylinders  is  placed 
in  the  chamber  its  mouth  is  closed  by  means  of  a  screw  like  a  gas 
retort,  and  a  pipe  conveys  the  gas  to  purifying  arrangements,  and 
finally  to  a  gasometer.  It  is  said,  "  the  apparatus  is  very  effective 
"  for  producing  bone  black,  also  for  charring  wood  and  retaining 
"  its  essential  principles." 
[Printed,  4<7.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  September  3.— N°  2255. 

VICKESS,  SAMUEL. — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "An  im- 
"  proved  method  of  and  apparatus  for  facilitating  the  moving  of 
"  moulds  and  the  draining  of  syrup  from  the  sugar  solutions  and 
"  sugar  in  the  said  moulds  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar."  This 
consists  as  follows  : — On  the  floors  of  the  rooms  or  places  where 
the  moulds  are  used,  fitting  or  placing  "lines  of  rails  or  ways, 
"  turntables,  and  carriage  carriers,"  and  providing  "  suitable 
"  carriages,  each  constructed  to  carry  a  number  of  sugar  moulds 
"  to  run  thereon ;"  "  these  carriages  have  guides  or  supports  to 
"  maintain  the  moulds  in  proper  vertical  position,  the  lower  ends 
"  of  the  moulds  project  through  the  bottom  of  the  carriages." 
When  filled  and  plugged,  the  carriage  load  of  moulds  is  run  into 
the  drying  or  vvorking-off  rooms  over  gutters  or  runs  consisting 
of  "  grooved  pieces  of  metal  or  other  material  placed  at  a  slight 
"  incline  and  in  rows,  so  that  one  gutter  or  run  serves  for  a  line 
"  of  several  moulds  resting  in  their  carriage  just  over  them." 
These  gutters  discharge  into  main  ones  leading  to  receptacles  for 
the  syrup.  "  When  it  is  desired  to  collect  the  different  qualities 
"  of  syrup  in  separate  receptacles  a  t  swivel  end  piece  '  or  a  system 
"  of  taps,  both  of  which  are  well  known,  could  be  used.  It  will 
"  be  obvious  that  drip  pots  could  be  used  in  combination  with 
"  the  moulds,  but  this  arrangement  would  not  be  worked  so 
"  economically  as  the  gutters  or  runs  above  described." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


SUGAR.  389 

A.D.  1866,  September  24.— N°  2453. 

KUNTSMANN,  ROBERT. —  "Improvements  in  drying  solid 
"  substances,  and  in  the  apparatus  or  means  employed  therein." 
In  carrying  out  the  above,  a  chamber  is  described  made  "  of  sheet 
<e  iron  or  other  suitable  material,"  in  which  are  a  number  of 
shelves.  At  the  top  is  a  fan  driven  by  a  belt  "  from  a  steam 
i:  engine  or  other  motive  power."  The  fan  chamber  is  divided 
from  the  drjdng  chamber  by  a  perforated  plate ;  another  per- 
forated plate  or  sheet  of  wire  gauze  is  placed  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  drying  chamber.  The  perforations  or  apertures  are  finer  in 
the  lower  than  in  the  upper  plate,  which  "  allows  the  desired 
"  partial  vacuum  to  be  maintained "  in  the  chamber.  An 
arrangement  of  pipes,  tubes,  cocks,  dampers,  &c.  admit  hot  and 
cold  air,  properly  mixed,  to  enter  the  drying  chamber.  It  is  said 
that  the  above  arrangement  "  is  more  especially  adapted  for 
"  drying  articles  and  substances  which  will  stand  a  high. 
"  temperature  without  being  injured  thereby,  but  for  drying 
"  others  which  require  a  more  gradual  treatment  the  drying 
"  chamber  is  constructed  of  brickwork  and  is  preferably  made 
"  larger,"  and  the  cold  air  is  conducted  through  an  arched 
passage  which  extends  along  the  top  of  the  drying  chamber,  the 
top  of  which  passage  is  perforated  with  holes  for  the  admission  of 
cold  air,  and  whose  bottom  is  also  perforated  with  holes  to  admit 
the  same  to  the  drying  chamber.  The  hot  air  passes  through 
pipes  which  extend  through  the  said  passage,  and  these  pipes  are 
perforated  to  allow  the  heated  air  to  escape  and  mingle  with  the 
cold  air  in  the  same  before  it  passes  into  the  drying  chamber," 
the  bottom  of  which  is  perforated,  and  communicates  with  a 
passage  in  which  is  a  fan  or  exhausting  apparatus.  "  Super- 
"  heated  or  dry  steam  may  be  admitted  into  the  drying  chamber." 
Among  a  number  of  substances  which  are  to  be  dried  by  the 
above  means  is  sugar. 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1866,  September  25.— N°  2460. 

CORMACK,  WILLIAM.  —  (Provisional  protection  only.}  —  "  Im- 
<e  provements  in  means  and  apparatus  for  effecting  the  revivi- 
"  fication  of  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  to  effect  the  revivi- 
fication of  charcoal  in  less  time  and  at  less  cost  than  by  calcining 
or  burning,  "  passing  superheated  steam  through  amongst  a  mass 


390  SUGAR. 

"  of  inert  charcoal  the  said  charcoal  being  contained  in  apparatus 
"  constructed  substantially  as  herein-after  described."  The  char- 
coal is  placed  in  a  cylindrical  or  other  shaped  metallic  or  other 
vessel,  "provided  with  doors  at  the  filling  and  emptying  ends, 
"  and  is  placed  preferably  in  a  vertical  position,  and  is  set  in 
"  brickwork,  so  that  heat  can  when  desired  be  applied  externally. 
"  At  the  top  of  the  charcoal  vessel  superheated  steam  is  admitted 
"  through  pipes  into  a  perforated  distributor  or  its  equivalent,  so 
"  as  to  cause  the  steam  to  permeate  the  whole  mass,  and  at  the 
"  bottom  there  is  a  pipe  or  pipes  for  conveying  away  the  steam, 
"  gases,  colouring,  and  other  matters,  as  well  as  a  pipe  for  any 
"  water  of  condensation." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  October  6.— X°  25/1. 

GORDON,  GEORGE. — "An  improved  system  or  process  of  treat- 
"  ing  animal  charcoal  used  in  the  purification  of  sugar,  and  also 
"  improved  apparatus  to  be  employed  in  such  process."  This 
consists,  first,  in  "the  automatic  handling  or  conveying  of  the 
"  'char '  in  small  and  constant  quantities  upon  carrier  belts  from 
"  the  char  cisterns,  or  from  near  the  entrance  end  of  the  washing 
"  cylinder,  through  the  various  processes  of  purification,  which 
"  allows  the  effect  of  these  processes  to  be  exercised  continually 
"  on  the  smallest  regular  quantities  at  a  time  sufficient  to  treat 
"  the  required  daily  amount  to  be  purified.'"' 

Second,  "the  washing  and  boiling  of  the  char  in  a  rotating 
"  cylinder  in  such  manner  as  to  cause  it  to  pass  through  and  be 
"  washed,  boiled,  and  thrown  about  in  successive  quantities  of 
"  water,  commencing  with  dirty  or  previously  used  water,  and 
"  finishing  with  clean  water,  while  the  impurities  disengaged 
"  from  the  char  which  float  to  the  surface  can  flow  off  con- 
"  tinuously  at  one  end,  the  washed  char  being  discharged  con- 
"  tinuously  at  the  opposite  end  and  without  emptying  away,  the 
"  main  body  of  the  water  being  used." 

Third,  drying  "the  char  in  open  rotating  drying  cylinders 
"  having  ribs  or  projecting  plates  on  their  inside  surface  at  an 
"  angle  of  from  30  to  60  degrees  to  a  line  passing  across  their 
"  axes  sloping  upwards,  so  as  to  carry  the  char  well  round  with 
"  the  cylinders  and  shower  it  down  as  they  revolve,  while  currents 
"  of  air,  previously  heated,  or  otherwise,  pass  freely  throu  gh  the 


SUGAR.  391 

cylinders  from  the  end  where  the  dry  char  issues  to  the  end 
where  the  wet  char  enters,  and  thence  by  a  flue  into  the 
chimney  to  carry  off  the  vapours  formed/' 
Fourth,  "the  feed  motion  in  the  washing  and  boiling  and 
drying  cylinders,  consisting  of  vanes  or  plates  of  iron  hung  on 
spindles  between  two  stationery  side  plates  running  through  the 
cylinders,  which  vanes  or  hung  plates  are  connected  with  a  rod  or 
rods  or  chains  either  at  the  top  or  bottom  edge,  which  enables 
the  operator  outside  either  to  keep  them  vertical  or  to  slope 
them  to  any  angle,  backwards  or  forwards,  as  he  may  desire  to 
feed  the  char." 

Fifth,  "  the  employment  of  a  chamber  to  contain  char,  whence 
the  air  can  be  exhausted  by  means  of  an  air  pump  from  its 
pores,  and  the  use  of  perforated  pipes  distributed  through  the 
body  of  the  char  in  such  chamber,  by  some  of  which  pipes 
purifying  substances  or  hot  air  can  be  rapidly  disseminated, 
and  by  others  of  which  the  same  substances  can  be  rapidly 
drawn  off  through  the  air  pump." 

Sixth,  "  drying  the  char  either  by  open  rotating  cylinders,"  or 
by  drawing  or  forcing  hot  air  through  the  char  in  a  chamber  " 
previously  to  re-burning,  or  so  as  to  dispense  with  subsequent 
re-burning." 

Seventh,  re-burning  char  in  a  kiln  "  in  which  the  char  is  re- 
ceived in  hoppers  on  the  top  of  the  kiln,  round  which  the  air 
circulates  so  as  to  prevent  red  heat  ascending  to  such  portions 
of  the  char  as  are  exposed  to  the  open  air,  in  which  the  char 
descends  through  retorts  or  pipes  in  the  heated  chamber  of  the 
kiln,  of  such  form  and  dimensions  that  no  part  of  the  char  shall 
be  more  than  three-fourths  of  an  inch  from  the  red-hot  exterior 
surfaces  of  the  said  pipes ;  and  lastly,  in  which  the  char  made 
thus  red  hot  shall  pass  down  into  chambers  under  the  kiln  in  the 
midst  of,  or  surrounding  which,  are  water  chambers,  in  which  a 
current  of  cold  water  enters,  which  while  it  cools  the  char  is 
itself  heated  for  use  in  the  washing  or  boiling  cylinders,  or  for 
other  purposes,  thus  expeditiously  cooling  the  char  and  at  the 
same  time  utilizing  the  heat." 

Eighth,  "the  improved  system  or  process  of  treating  animal 
charcoal  used  in  the  purification  of  sugar,"  with  the  "  con- 
struction and   arrangement   of  the   apparatus   employed,"  or 
any  mere  modification  thereof." 
[Printed,  2s.    Drawings.] 


392  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1866,  October  12.— N°  2645. 

BE  AXES,  EDWARD. — "  Improvements  in  refining  or  decolorizing 
"  sugar  and  syrup."  These  are,  "  the  application  of  ozone  in 
"  treating  saccharine  matters  "  for  the  above  purposes  substan- 
tially as  follows  : — Ozone  may  be  pure  or  otherwise  ;  it  may  be 
obtained  "  by  passing  dry  oxygen  gas  through  an  ozone  tube  or 
"  generator  in  connexion  with  an  induction  coil  and  galvanic 
"  battery,  or  by  various  other  means."  For  this  purpose  air,  by 
preference,  previously  dried  may  be  used  instead  of  the  oxygen. 
When  acting  on  dry  or  moist  sugar,  the  sugar  is  placed  in  a  deep 
vessel  having  a  perforated  plate  near  the  bottom,  under  which  the 
ozone  is  forced,  and  passing  upwards  through  the  sugar  decolo- 
rizes it.  "  For  syrup,  molasses,  or  other  saccharine  solution,  a 
"  a  similar  vessel  to  the  above  may  be  used,  but  in  some  cases  it 
"  would  be  preferable,  to  keep  the  solution  warm,  also  to  par- 
"  tially  fill  the  vessel  above  the  perforated  plate  with  animal  char- 
t(  coal  or  other  granular  substance,  so  that  the  ozone  may  be 
"  brought  more  effectually  into  contact  with  the  saccharine 
"  matters  or  liquid  to  be  acted  upon  and  decolorized."  For 
evaporating  solutions  the  temperature  does  not  exceed  212°  F., 
and  "the  ozone  is  introduced  in  the  lower  part  of  the  liquid  by 
fe  means  of  a  perforated  pipe  or  pipes,  or  a  perforated  double 
"  bottom."  In  the  melting  or  blowing  up  of  crude  sugar  ozone 
is  employed  much  in  the  same  way  as  above,  "  the  temperature 
"  required  being  lower  than  that  hitherto  usually  employed." 
[Printed,  4&  No  Drawings.] 

A.D.  1866,  October  26.— N3  2/73. 

WAGENER,  JOHN,  and  FIRMIN,  GEORGE  JORDAN.—"  Im- 
"  provements  in  sugar  refining."  These  are,  employing  <f  a  sand 
"  filter  in  combination  with  pressure  by  atmospheric  air  or  steam, 
"  in  order  to  force  the  syrup  through  the  filter."  In  preference, 
fine  silver  sand  forms  "  the  upper  part  or  surface  and  coarser  and 
<f  coarser  material  below."  In  using  the  word  sand  it  is  intended 
<(  to  convey  the  meaning  of  a  fine  granular  matter  not  acting 
"  chemically  on  sugar,  such  as  river  sand,  broken  flints,  or  stone  or 
"  glass,  vitrified  or  like  material,  which  materials  are  sifted  into 
"  different  degrees  of  fineness,  and  the  coarsest  is  placed  on  the 
(i  false  perforated  bottom  of  the  vessel  constituting  the  filter,  and 


SUGAR.  393 

finer  and  finer  layers  are  placed  in  strata  above  the  coarse  layer. 
The  syrup  of  sugar  to  be  filtered  is  placed  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  filter,  and  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  is  obtained  thereon 
by  exhausting  the  space  below  the  bed  of  the  filter,  or  by  forcing 
atmospheric  air  above  the  syrup  on  the  filter,  or  by  means  of 
steam  admitted  above  the  syrup  on  the  filter." 
[Printed,  GcZ.  Drawing.] 


A.D.  1866,  November  30.— N°  3146. 

HUGHES,  EDWARD  THOMAS. — (A  communication  from  Frederick 
Jiinemann  Pierre  du  Rieu  and  Edouard  Roettger.} — (Provisional 
protection  only.}  —  "A  new  or  improved  mode  of  saccharatifica- 
"  tion  of  sugary  substances."  This  consists,  "  in  producing  a 
"  granular  or  gelatinous  precipitate  of  saccharate  of  lime,"  by 
adding  say  20  or  30  per  cent,  in  weight  of  quicklime  in  powder 
through  a  sieve  into  a  cool  solution,  "  such  as  evaporated  juices, 
"  cane  juices,  syrups,  or  molasses  from  sugar  manufactories  or 
"  refineries."  "  As  soon  as  a  precipitate  is  formed  the  coloured 
"  liquid  is  decanted,  and  the  residuum  washed  with  boiling 
"  water."  The  liquids  by  decanting  and  washing  are  boiled, 
and  the  precipitate  of  saccharate  of  lime  "is  then  placed  in  the 
"  first  boiler  with  the  precipitate  of  washed  saccharate  of  lime  ; 
"  a  small  quantity  of  water  is  now  added,  and  the  whole  is  satu- 
ff  rated  with  carbonic  acid,  steam  being  admitted  in  order  to 
"  precipitate  the  carbonate  of  lime  more  speedily.  The  dense 
"  syrup  thus  produced  may  be  at  once  boiled,  or  it  may  be  pre- 
"  viously  filtered."  "  Barytes,  strontia,  and  magnesia  may  be 
"  used  instead  of  hydrated  quicklime,  and  instead  of  carbonic 
"  acid,  it  may  in  some  cases,  be  preferable,  to  use  a  solution  of 
"  alum  to  precipitate  the  lime  in  a  solution  of  saccharate  of  lime 
"  and  to  decompose  the  saccharate." 
[Printed,  4d.  No  Drawings.] 


A.D.  1866,  December  4.— N"  3187. 

KOHN,  FERDINAND.— (A  communication  from  Frederick  James 
Vivian  Minchin.) — "An  improved  machine  for  cutting  sugar  cane." 
This  machine,  "  has  for  its  object,  the  production  of  small  pris* 
"  matical  slices  from  sugar  cane^for  the  purpose  of  extraction  by 
"  the  diffusion  process,"  described  in  No.  694,  A.D  1866,  and 


394  SUGAR. 

consists  of  a  revolving  disc  carrying  a  number  of  knives,  which  in 
their  rotation  pass  a  fixed  knife  or  cutter,  and  cut  the  cane  intro- 
duced between  the  fixed  and  the  revolving  cutters  into  slices  of  a 
prismatical  form.  The  revolving  cutters  are  shaped  so  as  to  form 
a  series  of  rectangular  stops  of  equal  width  and  depth.  Each 
stop  is  sharpened  so  as  to  present  two  cutting  edges  placed  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  The  whole  series  of  cutting  edges 
will  thereby  have  the  appearance  shewn  in  the  following  sketch 
j .  | f j .  A  knife  of  this  description  will  pro- 
duce a  clean  sharp  cut,  both  in  slicing  off  thin  discs  of  cane, 
and  also  in  simultaneously  cross-cutting  the  discs  into  slices  of 
a  prismatic  shape.  The  cane  is  fed  into  the  machine  by  an 
inclined  hopper  formed  with  clean  flat  sides,  with  its  bottom 
placed  at  an  angle  of  65  or  75  degrees  to  the  horizontal  level. 
The  cane  will  by  its  own  weight  slide  down  the  inclined  plane, 
or  be  pushed  down  and  present  itself  to  the  action  of  the  knives 
at  a  suitable  angle." 
[Printed,  8d.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1866,  December  29.— X'  3422. 

SLATTER,  JOSEPH. — (Provisional  protection  only.} — "  An  im- 
"  proved  screen  or  sifter  for  screening  cinders,  corn,  tea,  sugar, 
"  gravel,  malt,  and  other  granular  substances."  This  consists, 
of  "  a  long  cylindrical  or  rectangular  or  polygonal  casing  of  metal 
"  or  other  suitable  material,"  and  fixing  "  it  in  an  inclined  posi- 
"  tion  a  suitable  distance  from  the  floor,"  for  placing  receptacles 
beneath.  "  The  upper  end  of  the  casing  is  closed,  and  a  diaphragm 
"  or  screw  of  perforated  metal  or  wire  gauze  or  grating,  arranged 
"  so  as  to  have  a  space  between  it,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the 
"  casing,  extends  from  the  closed  upper  end  of  the  casing  to  its 
"  lower  end,  which  is  also  partially  closed,  but  which  has  an 
"  aperture  on  a  level  with  the  upper  surface  of  the  screen,  so  that 
"  the  granular  substances  passing  down  upon  the  latter  will  piss 
"  out  through  such  aperture."  On  the  top  of  the  upper  end  of 
the  casing  is  a  hopper  for  introducing  the  substances,  "  the  dust 
"  or  smaller  particles  of  such  substances  being  caused  to  pass 
"  through  the  holes  or  meshes  of  the  screen  into  the  lower  space 
"  in  the  casing  as  such  articles  travel  downwards  by  gravity.  An 
"  aperture  is  formed  in  the  under  surface  of  the  lower  end  of  the 
"  casing,  and  is  provided  with  a  spout  through  which  the  dust 


SUGAR.  395 

tf  or  smaller  particles  passing  through  the  screen  fall  into  a  recep- 
"  tacle,  while  the  larger  particles  remaining  on  the  top  of  the 
"  screen  pass  through  the  end  aperture,  as  before  described,  into 
"  another  receptacle."  The  apparatus,  in  preference,  is  fixed 
*"'  simply  by  forming  a  projecting  flange  with  one  or  more  holes 
"  on  the  upper  end  surface,  whereby  it  is  hung  upon  one  or  more 
"  nails  or  hooks  in  the  wall."  The  upper  end  surface  of  the 
casing  is  made  "  at  such  an  angle  to  the  casing  as  to  cause  the 
"  latter  to  assume  the  requisite  inclined  position  when  hung 
"  up." 

[Printed,  4d.   No  Drawings.] 


396  -  SUGAR. 


APPENDIX. 


A.D.  1/88,  November  6.— N°  1673. 

RUMSEY,  JAMES. —  "Certain  new  methods  of  constructing 
"  boilers  for  distillation  and  other  objects,  and  for  steam  engines 
"  for  various  purposes.'*  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
in  connecting  "  the  receivers  of  my  stills  or  boilers  with  common 
ts  stills,  and  causing  the  vapor  rising  from  them  to  act  upon 
"  vessels  moveable  within  the  receivers,  with  such  power  as  to 
"  give  or  assist  in  giving  motion  to  sugar  mills,  or  to  raise  water, 
"  grind  grain,  or  any  other  necessary  purposes,  after  which  the 
"  vapor  passes  into  the  still  worm,  and  is  condensed  as  usual  with- 
ft  out  receiving  damage  or  waste.  As  the  vessels  moving  within 
"  the  receivers  of  my  stills  or  boilers  perform  the  office  of  pistons, 
"  I  shall  therefore  hereafter  call  them  hollow  pistons." 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.    Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  Gth  Report,  p.  179.] 

A.D.  1798,  February  1.— N°  2212. 

SHANNON,  RICHARD. — "A  new  method  of  improving  the 
"  process  of  brewing,  distilling,  boiling,  evaporating,  raising, 
"  applying,  and  condensing  steam  or  vapour  from  aqueous, 
"  spirituous,  saccharine,  and  saline  fluids,  which  expedites  the 
"  process,  improves  the  quality,  and  causes  a  great  saving  of  time 
"  and  fuel  in  each,  with  suitable  utensils,  on  improved  principles, 
"  correspondent  to  these  intentions,  part  of  which  improvements 
"  are  applicable  to  the  utensils  now  in  use."  These  are,  in 
reference  to  this  subject,  sugar  pans  and  vessels  for  evaporating 
saccharine  solutions,  &c.,  are  "long  cylinders,  double  at  the 
"  ends,  and  proper  arms,  doors,  and  tubes  with  the  usual 
"  means  of  charging  and  discharging  them  at  present  used,  and 
"  of  working  them  off,  cleansing,"  &c.  They  are  to  be  "one, 
"  two,  or  three  or  more  times  longer  than  broad,"  and  in  place 
"  of  one  immense  fire  (as  now  practised)  two  or  more  are  to  be 
"  placed,  in  all  of  which  together  not  a  quarter  part  of  the  fuel 
"  now  used  is  applied.  These  cylinders  laying  lengthways  over 


SUGAR.  397 

"  the  fires  employed  to  work  them  the  flame  and  smoke  will  be 
"  made  to  pass  round  them  in  a  spiral  direction  "  in  their  passage 
to  the  chimney.  Over  each  of  these  coppers  can  be  placed 
another  which  serves  "  as  a  covering  in  of  the  flues  of  the  under 
"  one,  receives  a  full  heat  from  them  at  its  bottom,  after  which 
the  remaining  heat,  instead  of  passing  into  the  chimney,  makes 
"  a  circuit  round  the  sides  of  the  upper  copper,  still,  &c.,  and  at 
"  length  arrives  at  the  chimney."  "  By  the  addition  of  one  or 
"  two  partitions  these  long  coppers  may  be  divided  into  two  or 
"  three  short  brewing  coppers,  and  the  flame  of  the  fires  placed 
"  near  each  end  of  the  copper  will  cause  the  middle  one  to  boil 
"  as  soon  as  either  of  those  under-  which  the  fires  are  placed. 
"  By  means  of  proper  registers  the  boil  in  any  of  them  is  regu- 
"  lated.  By  this  contrivance  these  coppers  may  be  alternately 
"  used  as  occasion  requires."  The  vessels  maybe  constructed 
single  or  double  at  the  ends. 

[Printed,  4d,    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  10,  p.  17.] 

A.D.  1801,  May  2.— N°  2495. 

TICKELL,  HENRY. — "An  apparatus  or  refrigerator  for  more 
"  speedily  and  effectually  cooling  the  worts  and  other  fermented, 
"  fermentable,  or  other  liquids,  or  melted  or  dissolved  animal  or 
"  vegetable  substances,  manufactured,  made,  or  used  by  or  in  the 
"  processes  of  brewers,  distillers,  vinegar  makers,  soap  makers, 
"  sugar  refiners,  chemists,  or  other  manufacturers  of  articles  of  a 
"  similar  nature  or  using  similar  processes."  This  consists  of 
a  set  of  pumps  which  receive  the  liquor  to  be  treated,  and  force 
it  into  a  main  pipe  in  a  chamber,  from  whence  it  passes  through 
a  series  of  small  tubes  and  falls  down  into  a  vessel  at  the  bottom, 
from  which  it  runs  by  a  zig-zag  gutter  which  is  surrounded  with 
cold  water  into  a  reservoir  below,  and,  if  necessary,  it  is  again 
passed  by  a  pipe  into  the  pump,  and  again  treated  as  before.  Or 
the  heated  fluid  is  forced  into  a  vessel  at  the  top  of  the  chamber, 
and  falls  down  through  perforations  in  the  vessel,  or  the  perfora- 
tions stopped  up,  it  is  conveyed  by  a  pipe  into  the  first  main  pipe, 
and  is  forced  through  the  above-mentioned  series  of  small  tubes. 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.] 

A.D.  1809,  May  15.— N°  3236. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM.  — "  A  new  or  improved  process  for 
"  heating  fluids  for  the  purposes  of  art  and  manufactures." 
This  consists,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  in  apparatus  for  the 


398  SUGAR. 

"  boiling  and  evaporation  of  sugar "  constructed  as  follows  : — 
A  boiler  is  made  of  sufficient  strength  to  bear  a  high  pressure  of 
steam,  on  which  there  is  a  safety  valve ;  from  the  top  of  this  boiler 
is  a  main  pipe,  having  pipes  branching  from  it,  all  of  which  have 
cocks  or  valves  "to  be  regulated  by  a  weight,  to  govern  the 
"  direction  and  quantity  and  temperature  of  the  steam  to  be 
"  discharged."  These  branch  pipes  are  connected  to  small 
chambers  in  the  bottom  of  other  and  larger  vessels  for  the  purpose 
of  conveying  the  high  pressure  steam  into  the  same  and  so  cause 
the  contents  of  the  larger  vessels  to  boil  and  be  evaporated. 
[Printed,  Qd.  Drawing.  Rolls  Chapel  Report,  7th  Report,  p.  202.] 

A.D.  1815,  February  13.— N°  3884. 

MOULT,  WILLIAM. —  "An  improved  method  of  sublimation 
"  and  evaporation."  This  consists  of  a  vessel  with  an  outer 
vessel  or  jacket,  the  space  between  is  filled  "  with  some  fluid  such 
"  as  oil,  sulphuric  acid,  mercury,  or  other  similar  fluid,  which 
"  will  boil  or  rise  in  vapour  at  that  temperature  which  is  the 
"  greatest  that  can  be  admitted  for  the  process."  "  The  interval 
"  between  the  two  vessels  is  closed  or  shut  up  on  all  sides,  and 
"  where  it  boils  the  steam  or  vapour  cannot  escape  except  by  a  pipe, 
"  which  is  provided  to  lead  the  vapour  into  a  cooling  apparatus 
"  or  refrigeratory  "  so  as  to  condense  the  vapour.  The  cooling 
apparatus  may  be  a  worm  pipe,  a  straight  pipe  in  cold  water,  or  a 
flat  metallic  vessel  in  cold  water,  or  two  cylinders  placed  one 
within  the  other,  leaving  a  "  space  all  round  between  the  two, 
"  but  this  space  is  closed  on  all  sides  whilst  the  internal  cylinder 
"  is  open  at  each  end ;  the  vapour  being  admitted  into  the  space, 
"  when  the  whole  is  immersed  in  cold  water."  "  By  the  addition 
"  of  this  condensing  apparatus  the  fluid  of  the  bath  "  is  condensed 
and  may  be  used  again  when  required.  For  the  purpose  of 
distilling  spirits,  &c.  mercury  is  employed  in  the  bath  through 
which  the  heat  is  transmitted,  and  may  be  also  used  for  the 
evaporation  of  sugar,  &c. 

[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  28  (second  series), 
p.  134  ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  106.] 

A.D.  1815,  December  5.— N°  3965. 

DIHL,  CHRISTOPH.— (A  communication.) — "Certain  improve- 
"  ments  in  the  method  or  apparatus  for  distilling."  These  are, 
in  reference  to  this  subject,  machines  may  be  constructed  to  be 


SUGAR.  399 

heated  by  steam,  so  as  "  to  concentrate  the  sap  of  substances  of 
"  any  kind,  particularly  that  of  sugar  cane,  and  to  enable  you 
"  to  bake  sugar.  To  procure  this  latter  effect  you  must  convey 
"  the  steam  that  rises  from  the  boiler  into  hollow  platforms 
"  collected  and  connected  together  by  means  of  tubes.  The  plat- 
*e  forms  being  placed  one  above  another,  you  cause  to  run  over 
"  the  surface  of  those  platforms  the  juices  whatever  that  you  wish 
"  to  concentrate."  This  juice  drops  from  platform  to  platform. 
Each  of  these  platforms  has  a  tube  with  a  cock  which  communi- 
cates with  a  larger  tube  which  conveys  into  the  condenser  "  the 
"  produce  of  the  distillation  that  has  condensated  into  the  interior 
"  of  the  platforms." 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.    Kolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  111.] 

A.D.  1816,  May  25.— N°  4032. 

TAYLOR,  PHILIP. — "  A  new  method  of  applying  heat  to  liquors 
"  used  in  the  processes  of  brewing,  distilling,  and  sugar  refining." 
This  consists  in  obtaining  "  the  requisite  ebullition  and  evapo- 
"  ration  for"  syrups  and  other  liquors  "  employed  in  the  above 
"  processes,"  which  "liquids  require  a  heat  above  that  of  boiling 
"  water  to  maintain  them  in  such  a  state  of  perfect  ebullition 
"  and  evaporation  as  is  necessary  for  the  proper  management  of 
"  the  different  processes,"  employing  reservoirs,  the  surface  of 
which  are  large  compared  with  their  capacity,  and  adapted  "  to  the 
"  utensils  or  vessels  employed  in  the  said  several  processes  in 
"  such  manner  that  they  may  during  the  operation  be  immersed 
"  in  the  liquors  to  be  heated."  These  reservoirs  are  charged  and 
supplied  with  high-pressure  steam  at  pleasure  "by  means  of 
"  proper  apertures  furnished  with  cocks  or  valves ;  other  cocks 
or  valves  letting  off  the  ah*  or  superfluous  steam  together  with 
the  water  produced  from  the  condensed  steam.  "  In  constructing 
"  my  reservoirs  containing  the  high-pressure  steam,  I  prefer  a 
"  combination  of  pipes  or  cylinders  of  small  diameters  and  of 
"  considerable  length  (though  other  forms  may  be  adopted),  by 
<(  which  I  obtain  sufficient  strength  to  resist  the  expansive  force 
*'  of  the  steam,  thereby  avoiding  all  danger  from  explosion,  at 
"  the  same  time  that  the  extension  of  the  surface  may  be  made 
"  to  any  required  degree  to  enable  the  steam  to  communicate  its 
"  heat  rapidly  to  the  surrounding  fluid." 

[Printed,  4d.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  30  (second  series'), 
pp.  193  and  257  ;   Rolls  Chnpel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  114.] 


400  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1818,  January  15.— N°  4197. 

TAYLOR,  PHILIP. — "  A  new  method  of  applying  heat  in  certain 
"  processes  to  which  the  same  method  hath  not  hitherto  been 
"  applied,  likewise  for  improvements  in  refrigerators."  These 
consi&ts,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — "  Obtaining 
"  the  requisite  ebullition  and  evaporation  "  for  syrups  and  other 
liquors  employed,  which  liquids  <(  require  a  heat  above  that  of 
"  boiling  water  to  maintain  them  in  such  a  state  of  perfect 
"  ebullition  and  evaporation  as  is  necessary  for  the  proper  manage- 
"  ment  of  the  different  processes;"  employing  reservoirs,  the 
surfaces  of  which  are  large  compared  to  their  capacity,  and  adapted 
to  the  utensils  or  vessels  employed  in  the  said  several  processes 
in  such  manner  that  they  may  during  the  operation  be  immersed 
partially  or  completely  in  the  liquors  to  be  heated.  These  reser- 
voirs are  charged  and  supplied  with  high-pressure  steam  at 
pleasure  by  means  of  proper  apertures  furnished  with  cocks  and 
valves  ',  other  cocks  and  valves  letting  off  the  air  or  superfluous 
steam  together  with  the  water  produced  from  the  condensed 
steam.  In  constructing  these  reservoirs  containing  the  high- 
pressure  steam,  "  I  prefer  a  combination  of  pipes  or  cylinders 
"  of  small  diameters  and  of  considerable  length  (though  other 
"  forms  may  be  adopted),  by  which  I  obtain  sufficient  strength 
"  to  resist  the  expansive  force  of  the  steam,  thereby  avoiding 
"  all  danger  from  explosion,  at  the  same  time  that  the  extension 
"  of  the  surface  may  be  made  to  any  required  degree  to  enable 
"  the  steam  to  communicate  its  heat  rapidly  to  the  surrounding 
"  fluid,"  but  these  reservoirs  may  be  variously  constructed. 
The  mode  "  of  applying  heat  in  the  process  of  making  sugar  and 
"  mollasses  in  the  colonies  is  to  adopt  my  steam  reservoir  above 
"  described  to  the  clarifiers,  rackers,  boilers,  teaches,  or  such 
"  vessels  as  are  used  in  the  various  operations  necessary  to 
"  convert  the  cane  juice  into  sugar."  The  remainder  of  the 
Specification  refers  to  the  application  of  the  above  reservoirs  to 
other  purposes  than  sugar  making. 

[Printed,  Qd.    No  Drawings.    Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  36  (second  series'), 
p.  321 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report,  p.  124.] 

A.D.  1822,  July  2?.— N°  4694. 

PERRIER,  SIR  ANTHONY. — "  Certain  improvements  in  the 
*'  apparatus  for  distilling,  boiling,  and  concentrating  by  evapo- 
*'  ration  various  sorts  of  liquids  and  fluids."  These  are,  in 


SUGAR.  401 

reference  to  this  subject,  in  a  boiler  or  evaporator  for  the  evapora- 
tion of  syrup,  "the  upper  surface  of  its  bottom  divided  by  a  ledge 
"  or  Iedge3  placed  vertically,  and  of  such  height  that  the  liquid 
"  shall  never  in  case  of  ebullition  pass  their  upper  edge,  the 
"  lower  edge  being  attached  by  solder  or  otherwise  to  the 
"  bottom  "  so  as  to  form  a  channel,  which,  whatever  direction 
"  it  is  made  to  take,  conducts  the  liquid  so  as  to  cause  it  caver 
"  in  its  course  the  whole  surface  of  the  bottom  from  the  place  of 
"  its  falling  in  "  at  a  given  point  from  a  tube  from  a  reservoir 
"  until  it  arrives  at  the  other  end  of  the  channel,'*  when  it  is 
discharged  by  a  regulating  tube  arranged  so  as  to  regulate  the 
quantity  allowed  to  flow.  The  fire  may  surround  the  bottom 
and  sides.  The  length  of  the  course  may  be  "  augmented  by 
"  placing  upright  divisions  at  suitable  distances  between  the 
"  outside  and  ledge  and  the  sides  of  the  still  attached  to  both, 
"  and  an  open  left  under  the  first  and  over  the  second  throughout, 
"  so  that  the  liquid  should  pass  under  the  one  and  over  the  other 
"  in  succession  the  whole  round.  This  principle  might  occa- 
"  sionally  be  established  generally  over  the  whole  channel."  In 
all  cases  the  capacity  of  these  evaporators  for  work  may  be 
increased  by  placing  layers  of  pipes  "  either  in  the  furnace  under 
"  the  still,  in  the  flue  between  the  still  and  the  chimney,  or  in 
'•'  the  chimney  itself,  or  in  any  other  position  more  convenient 
"  where  they  shall  experience  the  effect  of  the  fire,  so  that  by 
"  letting  the  liquid  to  be  operated  upon  pass  previously  through 
"  these  pipes,  it  arrives  at  the  still  in  any  state  of  forwardness 
"  sought." 

[Printed,  IQd.  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Neicton's),  vol.  G,  p.  G5 ; 
Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  1,  p.  10;  Engineers  and  Mechanics' 
Encyclopaedia,  vol.  1,  p.  437.] 

A.D.  1822,  August  17.— N°  4fi96. 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM.— "An  invention  of  an  improved  appa- 
"  ratus  for  the  purpose  of  evaporating  liquids."  This  consists, 
in  preference,  of  a  square  box  or  case  made  of  metal  or  otherwise 
"  filled  as  completely  as  possible  with  steam  pipes  laying  parallel 
"  to  each  other  and  equidistant."  "A  vessel  like  the  rose  of  a 
"  garden  pot  or  other  suitable  figure  thickly  perforated  with  small 
«'  holes  "  is  placed  about  a  foot  above  the  upper  row  of  steam 
pipes.  This  vessel  is  filled  with  the  liquid  to  be  evaporated  by  a 
pump  and  distributes  it  "in  showers  or  streamlets"  upon  the 
B.  C  C 


402  SUGAR. 

pipes  "which  are  by  this  means  kept  uniformly  covered  and  wet 
"  with  a  succession  of  fresh  liquid  from  the  receiver."  The 
liquid  falls  from  row  to  row  of  the  pipes,  and  being  arrived  at  the 
bottom  is  discharged  into  the  receiver  outside,  from  whence  it  may 
again  be  lifted  by  the  pump.  "A  strong  ascending  current  of 
"  heated  air  continually  rushes  into  the  evaporator  near  the 
"  bottom  of  the  case,  and  passing  with  great  rapidity  over  the 
"  wet  surface  of  the  steam  pipes  carries  the  aqueous  vapour  along 
"  with  it."  This  apparatus  is  recommended  "for the  evaporation 
"  of  syrups  and  other  liquids  to  which  a  high  temperature  is 
"  prejudicial."  In  some  cases  rods  or  bars  are  substituted  for 
the  pipes  described  above. 

[Printed,  6d.     Drawing.      London    Journal    (Newton's),    vol.  5,  p.    91; 
Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  4  (third  series),  p.  311.  J 

A.D.  1824,  August  5.— N°  4997. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM. — "An  apparatus  for  evaporating  fluids, 
"  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  heat  into  buildings,  for  manu- 
"  facturing,  horticultural,  and  domestic  uses,  for  heating  liquids 
"  in  distilling,  brewing,  and  dyeing,  and  in  making  sugar  and 
"  salt."  This  consists,  first,  making  use  of  a  "multiplied  boiler" 
with  three  evaporating  vessels,  one  above  each  other,  the  lower 
one  being  placed  on  the  fire.  Near  the  top  of  each  vessel  must  be 
pipes  to  carry  off  the  steam,  and  to  the  lowest  boiler  should  be 
affixed  a  safety  valve  and  steam  gauge,  and  to  all  the  vessels  cocks. 
The  steam  from  this  multiplied  boiler  may  be  conveyed  into  a 
receptacle  or  receptacles  in  another  vessel  or  vessels,  as  in  a  salt  or 
sugar  pan,  &c. 

Second,  '"  placing  several  close  boilers  separately  over  each 
"  other  within  one  larger  boiler,  to  be  heated  by  the  steam  sur- 
"  rounding  them  generated  in  any  liquid  from  such  boiler,  or 
"  they  may  be  immersed  in  such  liquid;"  each  vessel  has  its 
charge  of  water  for  supplying  steam.  On  the  top  of  the  inclosing 
boiler  a  pan  can  be  added  for  making  sugar  or  salt,  but  this  is  not 
claimed. 

Third,  "  vessels  formed  the  one  above  the  other,"  "  having 
"  openings  for  the  steam  to  pass  from  water  in  a  lower  boiler  to 
"  operate  against  distinct  vessels  formed  above  it,  containing 
"  separate  bodies  of  water  and  surfaces  to  evaporate  from,  by 
"  which  means  the  heat  of  the  steam  or  water  contained  in  such 
"  boiler  will  act  against  every  vessel  above  it  with  equal  tempera- 


SUGAR.  403 

"  ture,  and  the  steam  from  all  may  be  discharged  by  one  outer 

«  pipe." 

Fourth,  "employing- the  greater  part  of  the  steam  generated  in 

"  the  vessels  of  a  multiplied  boiler  to  act  under  a  side  pan,  whilst 

"  the  remaining  steam  within  them  is  employed  evaporating  fluids 

"  contained  in  an  open  vessel  or  pan  placed  upon   the  upper 

"  boiler,"  in  making  salt  or  sugar,  &c. 

[Printed,  ed.    Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  1  (third  series),  p.  413  • 
London  Journal  (Newton's],  vol.  10,  p.  295.] 

A.D.  1826,  February  11.— N°  5327. 

GAMBLE,  JOSIAS  CHRISTOPHER. — "  Certain  apparatus  for  the 
"  concentration  and  crystallization  of  aluminous  and  other  saline 
"  and  crystalizable  solutions,  part  of  which  apparatus  may  be 
"  applied  to  the  general  purposes  of  evaporation,  distillation, 
"  inspissation,  and  desiccation,  and  especially  to  the  generation 
"  of  steam."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  : — 
Two  metallic  vessels  are  fixed  tightly  the  one  within  the  other 
with  a  space  of  two  or  three  inches  being  at  the  bottom  and  sides. 
"  The  outer  vessel  has  a  stroop  at  the  bottom  for  drawing  off  the 
"  contents  of  the  intermediate  space.  This  boiler  is  set  over  a 
"  furnace  in  the  usual  way."  A  vessel  or  reservoir  for  holding 
the  fluid  used  to  fill  the  space  between  the  above  vessels,  or  jacket, 
is  placed  a  little  way  from  the  double  vessel,  the  lower  part  of  such 
vessel  being  on  a  level  with  the  upper  part  of  the  double  vessel. 
One  leg  of  a  curved  pipe  is  attached  to  the  upper  part  of  the  above 
jacket,  the  other  being  attached  to  the  reservoir  near  the  bottom, 
thus  maintaining  a  constant  communication  between  the  two  ;  an 
air  pipe  proceeds  from  the  highest  part  of  the  curved  pipe,  with  a 
stop  cock  a  little  way  from  the  curve.  In  using  this  apparatus 
"  any  liquid  the  boiling  point  of  which  is  thirty-five  degrees  or 
"  more  higher  than  the  liquid  to  be  boiled,"  is  poured  into  the 
reservoir  ;  it  passes  through  the  curved  tube ;  fills  the  jacket,  and 
expels  the  air  -therefrom  by  the  air  pipe,  and  the  liquid  to  be 
evaporated  is  placed  in  the  pan.  According  to  the  nature  of  the 
liquid  to  be  evaporated  so  is  the  nature  of  the  liquid  in  the  jacket. 
For  "  the  boiling  of  sugar  or  for  high-pressure  steam  not  exceeding 
"  thirty  pounds  to  the  square  inch  I  would  recommend  essential 
"  oils,  especially  oil  of  tar,  on  account  of  its  great  cheapness." 

[Printed,  lOrf.    Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  3  (third  series),  p.  5; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.'!*;  p.  130.] 

c  c  2 


404  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1826,  July  24.— N°  5394. 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM.  —  "  Improvements  in  evaporation." 
These  are,  "  two  separate  parts  of  processes,  the  first  of  which  may 
et  be  used  separately  or  conjointly  with  the  second  or  not,  as 
"  circumstances  will  permit  or  require.'*  The  first  consists  in 
causing  a  rapid  current  of  hot  or  cold  air  to  pass  over  the  surface 
of  a  fluid  or  solution  and  so  become  charged  or  loaded  with  the 
steam  or  vapour  from  the  same.  This  consists  of  an  evaporating 
pan  heated  below  as  usual  with  a  fire ;  the  upper  part  of  the  pan 
is  closed  in  with  wood  or  metal  in  the  nature  of  a  chest.  In  the 
front  is  a  passage  to  admit  air  and  the  same  at  the  back  for  the 
escape  of  the  air  into  a  flue  or  otherwise  after  it  has  performed  its 
office.  On  the  top  of  the  casing  is  a  reservoir  with  a  cullender 
bottom,  arid  a  pump  draws  the  hot  liquor  from  the  pan  below 
and  delivers  it  into  this  reservoir,  from  which  it  runs  through 
the  cullender  into  the  pan  below  in  showers,  passing  "  through 
"  the  perpetually  changing  sheet  or  current  of  air  produced  as 
"  aforesaid." 

Second,  making  use  "  of  such  current  of  air  after  it  has  been 
"  so  heated,  and  has  combined  with  the  hot  vapour  as  aforesaid, 
"  for  heating  or  raising  the  temperature  of  a  second  or  other 
"  quantity  of  fluid  for  the  purpose  of  evaporating  it,  or  for  any 
'•'  other  purpose,  by  which  means  the  caloric  so  obtained  by  the 
"  air  is  not  wasted  or  dissipated,  but  is  communicated  to  such 
"  second  portion  of  the  fluid,  and  is  thus  made  to  perform  two 
"  or  more  successive,  useful,  and  economical  operations." 

[Printed ,  4<7.  No  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  4  (third  series) ,  p.  311 ; 
London  Journal  (Neioton's),  vol.1  (second  series) ,  p.  162 ;  Engineers  and 
Mechanics'  Encyclopedia,  vol.  1,  p.  484.] 

A.D.  1829,  August  21.— N°  5837. 

SHAND,  WILLIAM. — "A  certain  improvement  or  improvements 
"  in  distillation  and  evaporation."  This  consists,  in  reference  to 
this  subject,  of  "  a  copper  or  sugar  pan  for  evaporating  syrups, 
<l  sugar  juice,  and  other  substances."  This  is  placed  within  a 
vessel  which  is  surrounded  by  a  spiral  channel.  This  vessel  is 
set  in  brickwork  over  a  fire-place  ;  into  the  vessel  with  the  spiral 
channel  is  put  a  quantity  of  oil,  which  when  boiled  comes  into 
close  contact  with  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  The  heated  oil 
circulates  several  times  around  the  still  by  means  of  the  spiral 


SUGAR.  405 

channel.  The  oil  is  partially  condensed  in  its  progress  round  the 
spiral,  and  is  more  effectually  condensed  by  means  of  a  water 
channel  which  lies  upon  the  uppermost  turn  of  the  spiral 
channel.  Water  is  caused  to  flow  through  this  water  channel. 
Any  oil  not  condensed  by  these  means  passes  from  the  spiral 
channel  into  a  pipe,  which  pipe  again  passes  into  a  condenser. 
In  carrying  out  the  above,  "  various  kinds  of  essential  oil  may  be 
"  used  as  media  for  the  communication  of  heat,  but  I  prefer 
"  spirit  of  turpentine  for  the  purpose  of  evaporating  syrups  or 
"  sugar  juice  and  such  like  substances." 

[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing.  Repertory,  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (third  scries),  p.  9(5 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  y  (second  series),  p.  183 ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  4  (new  series),  p.  231.J 


A.D.  1830,  October  20.— N°  6012. 

SHARP,  JOSEPH  BUDWORTH,  and  FAWCETT,  WILLIAM.— 
"  An  improved  mode  of  introducing  air  into  fluids  for  the 
"  purpose  of  evaporation."  This  consists  of  a  copper  or  pan  for 
boiling  sugar,  containing  the  liquid  to  be  evaporated.  Two  iron 
pillars,  fixed  on  each  side  of  the  masonry  or  brickwork  enclosing 
the  above  pan,  support  two  cross  frames  of  iron  placed  one  above 
the  other.  Through  these  cross  frames  is  passed  a  vertical  hollow 
shaft  or  cylinder,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  hollow  brass  bulb,  and 
in  which  are  two  or  more  small  radiating  pipes  fixed  nearly 
horizontally,  but  the  extremities  rather  depressed  and  reaching 
within  a  short  distance  of  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  A  loose  pinion 
wheel  rests  upon  the  lower  cross  frame,  and  passing  round  it,  but 
not  attached  to  the  hollow  shaft.  A  horizontal  shaft,  in  preference, 
of  wood,  is  connected  by  a  crank  movement  to  a  toothed  quadrant 
which  works  into  the  above  loose  pinion.  To  this  horizontal 
shaft  a  reciprocating  motion  is  given  by  a  crank  or  otherwise. 
The  reciprocating  motion  given  to  it  is  not  necessarily  communi- 
cated to  the  vertical  hollow  shaft,  but  when  desired  this  is 
accomplished  by  means  of  a  coupling  box.  This  arrangement  of 
hollow  shaft  and  pipes  is  suspended  in  the  liquid  over  pulleys, 
and  balanced  by  a  weight,  so  as  to  be  raised  and  lowered  as 
desired.  "  By  giving  motion  to  the  air  pipes  under  the  surface 
"  of  the  fluid  to  be  evaporated  in  such  manner  as  to  cause  a 
"  vacuum  in  the  fluid  to  fill  which,  the  air  rushes  through  the 
"  pipes  into  the  flue,  and  it  evaporates  it,"  the  fluid. 

[Printed,  6d.     Drawing.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (third  scries),  p.  281 ; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  s  (conjoined  scries),  p.  300:  ' 

Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  71).  j 


406  SUGAR. 

A.D.  1830,  October  20.— N°  G014. 

URE,  ANDREW. — ls  An  apparatus  for  regulating  the  temperature 
ce  in  vaporization,  distillation,  and  other  processes."  This 
apparatus  is  said  to  operate  "  on  the  well-established  physical 
"  principle  that  when  two  rulers  or  flat  bars  of  two  different 
"  solids  or  metallic  alloys,  which  differ  in  the  rates  of  their 
"  expansibilities  by  heat,  are  firmly  united  together,  with  their 
"  flat  surfaces  in  contact,  and  fastened  by  rivets,  solder,  or  other 
"  means,  a  change  of  temperature  in  such  a  compound  bar  will 
"  occasion  it  to  bend  laterally,  with  a  sensible  movement  in 
"  flexure,  provided  that  neither  of  the  two  rulers  be  so  thick  and 
"  rigid'as  to  resist  and  counteract  the  physical  force  impressed 
"  on  it  by  the  other."  This  "  apparatus  may  be  composed  of 
"  several  such  compound  bars,  which  are  combined,  in  order  to 
"  augment  and  accumulate  their  motion  in  flexure,  so  as  to 
(<  operate  on  moveable  stopcocks,  air  ventilators,  or  registers, 
"  or  other  means  of  opening  or  closing  apertures,  in  order  to 
"  regulate  the  temperature  of  the  media  in  which  the  said 
"  combinations  of  compound  bars  are  immersed."  It  is  said 
that  "  the  applications  of  the  above- described  thermostatic 
"  apparatus  for  regulating  temperature  in  vaporization,  distilla- 
"  tion,  and  other  processes  are  very  numerous ;"  among  these  is 
a  double  pan  for  boiling  by  a  saline  solution  at  a  uniform 
temperature ;"  this  pan,  it  is  said,  is  excellently  adapted  for 
concentrating,  among  other  solutions  named,  "  cane  juice, 
"  syrups,"  &c.  liable  to  be  injured  by  boiling  them  over  a  naked 
fire.  The  space  between  the  two  pans  communicates  by  pipes 
with  two  cisterns,  a  small  one  with  a  small  pipe  with  a 
thermostatic  cock  or  valve,  to  admit  the  water  to  flow  into  the 
saline  solution  when  the  bath  concentrates  and  the  heat  requires 
to  be  lowered.  The  other  communicates  with  a  bath  to  receive 
the  overflow  of  the  solution  whenever  it  happens  to  boil  furiously 
from  too  great  a  dilution  with  water  or  is  suddenly  subjected  to 
too  strong  a  heat  from  the  fire. 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8,  p.  307;  Re- 
gister of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  69 ;  Mechanics'  Magazine, 
vol.  15,  p.  216.] 

A.D.  1830,  October  20.— N°  6016. 

URE,  ANDREW. — "  An  air  stove  apparatus  for  the  exhalation 
"  and  condensation  of  vapours."  A  chamber  is  constructed  of 
"  a  rectangular  or  other  form,  generally  oblong,  of  which  the 


SUGAR.  407 

"  height  is  much  less  than  the  breadth,"  of  "  stone,  brick,  wood, 
"  metal,  or  other  suitable  materials,  and  its  sole  may  be  heated 
from  beneath  by  a  fire  flue,  by  steam,  hot  water,  or  other  hot 
(f  liquids.  Into  one  end  of  the  chamber  a  sliding  door  is  fitted, 
"  having  its  bottom  close  to  the  sole,  and  into  the  other  end, 
"  immediately  beneath  the  roof  or  cover,  an  opening  is  made  for 
"  the  discharge  of  the  vapours,  to  which  opening  is  attached  an 
"  exhausting  and  forcing  pump,  piston,  bellows,  or  fanner,  for 
"  first  drawing  off  the  air  and  vapours,  and  then  propelling  them 
"  into  a  cistern  of  condensation."  "  In  working  with  this 
"  apparatus  the  door  plate  must  never  be  slid  quite  down  to  the 
"  bottom,  but  a  stratum  of  air,  more  or  less  thick,"  must  "  be 
"  admitted  to  favour  the  exhalation."  This  apparatus  "  is 
"  peculiarly  adapted  for  drying  raw  sugar  without  injury  to  its 
"  grain." 

[Printed,  6d.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  II  (third  series),  ]>.  27  <; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  1  (conjoined  series),  p.  418  ;  llogistt-r  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  74;  Engineers  and  Mechanics' 
Encyclopaedia,  vol.  2,  p.  790.J 

A.D.  1830,  November  29.— N°  6041. 

CHURCH,  WILLIAM. — "  Certain  improvements  in  apparatus 
"  applicable  to  propelling  boats  and  driving  machinery  by  the 
"  agency  of  steam,  parts  of  which  improvements  are  applicable  to 
"  the  purposes  of  evaporation."  These  are,  "  the  employment 
"  of  apparatus  whatever  may  be  its  form  for  raising  a  current  of 
"  air,  gas,  or  vapour  to  abstract  heat  from  vapour  generated  in 
"  boilers,  stills,  or  other  vessels  used  in  raising  substances  by 
"  means  of  heat  to  a  gaseous  vaporous  or  elastic  state,  and  making 
"  use  of  such  air,  gas,  or  vapour  (when  and  after  it  shall  have 
"  thus  abstracted  heat)  for  the  purposes  of  evaporation."  No 
claim  is  made  to  any  particular  **  form  of  apparatus,  as  the  form 
"  may  be  varied  in  the  construction  of  the  steam  engine  or  the 
"  boilers  or  vessels  of  the  brewer,  chymist,  distiller,  rectifier,  salt 
"  or  soap  manufacturers  or  refiners  of  sugar,  and  so  forth,  as 
"  may  be  found  most  convenient  in  their  different  processes  of 
"  vaporisation."  No  example  is  given  of  the  application  of  the 
above  to  a  pan  for  evaporation,  but  its  application  to  a  still  is  as 
follows  : — The  still  being  heated  by  steam  into  a  jacket  or  other, 
means,  the  vapour  generated  from  the  wash  passes  into  a  pipe 
and  from  thence  into  a  spiral  passage  in  a  vessel,  from  whence  it 
passes  into  a  worm  tub.  At  the  same  time  that  the  hot  vapour 


408  SUGAR. 

is  passing  along  the  above  spiral  passage  "  atmospheric  or  other 
"  air,  gas,  or  vapour  which  supports  combustion/'  is  driven  into 
a  corresponding  spiral  passage  which  travels  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion, and  from  thence  is  conducted  by  a  tube  "  in  a  heated  state 
"  to  supply  fuel  with  air  or  gas  for  its  combustion." 

[Printed,  3s.  4d.  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  8  (second 
series),  page  1 ;  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  6  (new  series),  p.  106: 
Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  page  131.] 

A.D.  1831,  January  15— N°  6061. 

PARKER,  WILLIAM.  —  "Certain  improvements  in  preparing 
"  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  in  "  revivifying  animal  charcoal  " 
after  it  has  been  used  in  the  process  of  refining  sugar ;  it  is  first 
washed,  dried  by  air  or  otherwise,  sifted,  charged  into  iron  cru- 
cibles, which  are  "closely  packed  and  rammed,  and  until  the 
"  crucible  be  completely  filled ;"  these  crucibles  are  then  placed 
one  above  the  other,  covering  the  upper  crucible  of  each  set  or 
column  with  a  close  fitting  cover  "  luted  with  loom  or  clay," 
having  a  small  hole  to  allow  the  escape  of  the  gas  evolved  during 
theprocess.  "Fish  bones  or  any  animal  matter,  or  fatty  or  oily 
"  matter,  or  any  resinous  or  bituminous  substances,"  are  used 
"  in  admixture  with  the  deteriorated  material  aforesaid/'  but 
preferring,  "  the  former  on  account  of  greater  economy."  The 
operation  of  baking  or  burning  is  continued  until  the  flame  from 
the  top  of  the  crucibles  is  nearly  extinct,  when  the  firing  is 
stopped,  as  also  any  supply  of  air  by  closing  the  doors  of  the  ash- 
pits. When  the  crucibles  are  of  a  dull  red  color  the  operation  of 
revivifying  is  complete,  the  furnace  is  thrown  open  to  cool  the 
crucibles,  when  their  contents  are  "  ground,  sifted,  and  prepared 
"  for  use  in  the  usual  or  most  convenient  way  suitable  for  its 
"  intended  use." 

[Printed,  lOd.  Drawing-.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  11  (third  series),  p.  342  • 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  7  (conjoined  series),  \>.  357  ;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  15,  p.  849 ;  Roister  of  Arts  jind  Sciences,  vol.  6  (ne w  series), 
p.  101.] 

A.D.  1831,  July  30.— N°  6146. 

PERKINS,  ANGIER  MARCH. — "Certain  improvements  in  the 
"  apparatus  or  method  of  heating  the  air  in  buildings,  heating 
"  and  evaporating  fluids,  and  heating  metal."  These  are, 
"  circulating  water  in  tubes  or  pipes  which  are  closed  in  all  parts, 
"  allowing  a  sufficient  space  for  the  expansion  of  the  water  which 


SUGAR.  409 

"  is  contained  within  the  apparatus,  by  which  means  the  water 
"  will  at  all  times  be  kept  in  contact  with  the  metal,  however 
"  high  the  degree  of  heat,  such  apparatus  may  be  submitted 
"  to,  and  yet  at  the  same  time  there  will  be  no  danger  of 
"  bursting  the  apparatus  in  consequence  of  the  water  having 
"  sufficient  space  to  expand."  In  reference  to  this  subject, 
namely,  in  "  the  boiling  of  syrup  in  the  making  or  refining  of 
"  sugar,"  "  it  will  be  seen  that  the  heated  water  is  made  to  cir- 
"  culate  through  a  series  of  tubes,  and  give  off  its  heat  to  the 
"  fluid  contained  in  the  boiler,  or  these  tubes  may  be  made  to 
"  pass  into  steam  or  other  boilers,  in  a  similar  manner,  and  will 
"  cause  the  liuid  contained  in  such  boilers  to  become  heated  and 
"  evaporated." 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  13  (third  series),  p.  129  ; 
London  Journal  (Newton* t),  vol.2  (conjoined  series),  p.  14;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  22,  pp.  58,101,  and  197 ;  also  vol.  23,  p.  461;  Register  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  7  (new  scries),  pp.  30  and  70;  Webster's 
Reports,  vol.  2,  pp.  6, 15,  and  17.  Extended  lor  5  years  (see  No.  10,778.] 

A.D.  1831,  August  27.— N°  6154. 

PERKINS,  JACOB.  —  "Certain  improvements  in  my  former 
"  patent,  dated  the  Second  day  of  July,  one  thousand  eight 
"  hundred  and  thirty-one,  making  the  same  applicable  to  the 
ff  evaporating  and  boiling  fluids  for  certain  purposes."  These 
are,  "  in  the  application  of  certain  apparatus  or  machines,"  on 
the  following  principle,  "  for  the  purpose  of  boiling  worts,  solu- 
"  tions  of  sugar  and  salt  or  other  substances."  In  a  copper  or 
boiler  heated  by  a  furnace  or  flues  is  an  apparatus  of  a  similar 
shape  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler  used,  having  a  space  all  round 
between  the  apparatus  and  boiler  for  the  flow  t>f  the  liquid  ;  but 
it  is  open  at  the  top,  and  there  is  also  a  space  at  the  bottom,  and 
it  is  supported  by  two  small  rods  or  legs.  By  this  arrangement 
it  is  said  that  when  heat  is  applied,  the  liquor  will  travel  up 
between  the  pan  and  the  apparatus  to  the  surface,  while  at  the  same 
time  there  will  be  a  constant  flow  of  the  liquid  down  the  centre 
of  the  apparatus  to  become  heated. 

[Printed,  &/.  Drawings.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.13  (third  series),  p.  198: 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  11  (conjoined  series),  p.  41;  Mechanics' 
Magazine,  vol.  17,  pp.  91,  103,  158,  and  316;  also  vol.  24,  pp.  387  and 
459 ;  Engineers  and  Mechanics'  Encyclopaedia,  vol.  1,  pp.  213  and  482.  J 

A.D.  1831,  September  22.— N°  6165. 

URE,    ANDREW.  —  "An   improved    apparatus  for  evaporating 
"  syrups  and  saccharine  juices."     This  is  said  to  consist,  first,  in 


410  SUGAR. 

"  the  combinations  of  apparatus,"  afterwards  described  for  the 
above  purposes,  "  by  the  heat  of  a  saline  bath,  composed  of  a 
"  strong  solution  of  chloride  of  calcium  or  acetate  of  soda,  which 
"  boils  at  a  temperature  considerably  above  the  boiling  point  of 
"  water/' 

Second,  "  the  application  of  one  or  other  of  the  said  saline 
"  solution  baths  to  sugar  pans  with  corrugated  bottoms  or 
"  corrugated  bottoms  and  sides." 

A  corrugated  pan  for  evaporating  the  syrup  has  an  outer  vessel 
or  jacket  made  of  iron  or  other  suitable  metal  for  containing  the 
saline  solution,  a  pipe  is  led  from  the  top  of  the  jacket  and  passes 
in  a  zig-zag  form  through  a  cistern  above,  in  which  there  is 
water.  This  pipe  is  terminated  above  the  cistern  by  a  safety 
valve.  The  water  from  the  condensed  steam  flows  into  the  bottom 
of  the  jacket  by  a  small  tube  in  which  are  a  series  of  apertures. 
There  is  another  tube  which  issues  immediately  from  the  bottom 
of  the  cistern  named  above,  which  is  intended  to  supply  water  to 
the  saline  bath  through  a  stop-cock  or  valve  into  a  perforated 
distribution  tube  near  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  The  action  of 
that  stop  cock  or  valve  of  supply  is  regulated  by  what  the  Patentee 
calls  a  "thermostat,"  see  No.  6014,  Old  Law.  The  manner  in 
which  the  thermostat  is  applied  is  as  follows :  — There  are  two 
pairs  of  compound  thermostatic  bars  acting  in  concert,  the  under- 
most bar  of  which  is  fastened  firmly  by  the  middle  to  a  bracket, 
bolted  to  the  side  of  the  iron  pan,  and  the  uppermost  bar  is 
connected  at  the  middle  to  a  rod  passing  upwards  through  a 
stuffing  box  in  the  top  "  moves  up  and  down  by  the  motion  in 
"  flexure  of  the  said  thermostatic  bars,  correspondent  with  the 
"  increase  and  diminution  of  the  temperature  of  the  bath,"  and 
by  this  means  moves  the  stop  cock  or  valve  so  as  to  admit  water 
into  the  saline  bath  when  required.  A  mercurial  thermometer  is 
in  "  the  saline  bath  ;  it  serves  as  a  cheque  on  the  thermostat,"  &c. 
There  is  a  rake  covered  with  a  glove  to  assist  the  final  discharge 
of  the  syrup  along  the  corrugations  of  the  pan. 

[Printed,  IQd.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  14  (third  series),  p.  149; 
London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.1  (conjoined  series),  p.  1;  Register  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  7  (new  series),  p.  105 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th 
Report,  p,  136.] 

A.D.  1833,  June  20.— N°  6439. 

URE,  ANDREW.  — "  An  improved  apparatus  for  evaporating 
<(  syrups  and  saccharine  juices,  which  is  also  applicable  to  other 


SUGAR.  411 

"  purposes."  This  is  said  to  consist,  first,  "  the  application  of  a 
"  strong  solution  of  caustic  alkali  as  a  bath  to  an  evaporating 
"  pan  or  still  with  a  corrugated  bottom."  The  above  solution  is 
put  between  the  two  pans ;  the  inner  pan  has  its  bottom  or  bottom 
and  sides  "  amplified  by  corrugation  with  angular  or  curvilinear 
"  ridges  and  furrows." 

Second,  the  bath  space  of  the  double  pan  should  be  provided 
with  a  safety  tube  for  discharging  any  redundant  steam;  this 
tube  should  terminate  in  a  water  trap  cistern  charged  with  milk 
of  lime. 

Third,  "  the  application  of  the  said  alkaline  solution,  either  as  a 
*'  bath  to  the  external  surface  of  a  plane  pan,  as  conducted  from  a 
"  boiler,  through  pipes  and  conduits  in  order  to  supply  a  regu- 
"  lated  heat  to  various  purposes." 

Fourth,  "  the  application  of  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acids  or 
"  mixtures  of  them  as  baths  or  mediums  for  transmitting  heat 
"  at  definite  temperatures." 

Both  the  alkaline  and  acid  baths  are  furnished  with  safety 
tubes,  thermometers,  and  water  supplying  pipes  for  dilution. 

[Printed,  4cJ.  No  Drawings.  London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  3  (conjoined 
series),  p.  285  ;  Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  24,  p.  405  ;  Rolls  Chapel  Report, 
7th  Report,  p.  145.] 


A.D.  1834,  April  8.— N0  6590. 

CROSLEY,  HENRY.  —  "An  improved  method  or  process, 
"  arrangement,  and  combination  of  apparatus  with  certain  agents 
"  used  or  employed  therewith,  whereby  evaporation  of  fluids  and 
"  solutions  may  be  effected  advantageously,  and  also  for  other 
"  beneficial  purposes  to  which  the  said  method  or  process  is 
"  applicable  or  can  be  applied."  The  apparatus  is  at  follows  : — 
Open  pans  heated  by  steam  or  otherwise  are  charged  with  "  the 
"  fluid  or  liquid  or  solution  to  be  evaporized  ;"  "  the  air  pumps, 
"  blowing  cylinders,  or  other  proper  apparatus  for  forcing  or 
"  propelling  air,"  heated  or  otherwise,  are  put  in  motion  by  any 
power,  natural  or  artificial,  and  air  forced  into  a  condensing  vessel 
or  reservoir,  whence  it  passes  through  one  or  more  branches  into 
pipes  connected  with  a  metallic  hollow  wheel  or  wheels  immersed 
in  the  fluid,  &c.  in  the  open  pans.  The  air  finds  egress  through 
"  perforations,  holes,  or  apertures^  in  the  central  hollow  box  or 
"  nave  and  in  the  hollow  spokes  of  the  wheel ;"  the  air  descends, 
then  ascends  through  the  fluid,  &c.  and  carries  off  the  aqueous 


412  SUGAR. 

parts  thereof  and  accelerates  evaporation,  which  is  further  increased 
by  the  motion  of  the  wheel.  Scrapers  may  be  affixed  to  one  or 
more  spokes  of  the  wheel.  Two  wheels  may  be  worked  in  an 
oblong  pan.  For  "  melting  or  dissolving  sugar  for  clearance  " 
steam  is  forced  into  the  mass  and  knives  or  scrapers  may  be 
attached  to  the  spokes  of  the  wheel. 

[Printed,  Is.    Drawing.     London  Journal  (Neivton's),  vol.  19  (conjoined 
series),  p.  30.] 

A.D.  1835,  August  1?.— N°  6883. 

BOWMAN,  FREDERICK.-— "An  improvement  in  the  process  of 
"  renewing  the  virtues  of  animal  charcoal  when  exhausted  or 
"  impaired."  This  is,  in  place  of  heating  the  charcoal  for  the 
above  purpose  in  large  bulks  as  in  retorts  as  is  now  done, 
"  exposing  the  animal  charcoal  in  detail,  either  by  spreading  it  in 
"  thin  layers,  constantly  moved  or  otherwise  kept  in  motion,  to 
"  the  heat  of  a  succession  of  heating  surfaces,  disposed  so  that  as 
"  the  charcoal  is  brought  on  to  each  successive  surface  it  receives 
"  more  heat  than  from  the  preceding  one,  the  hottest  of  such  surfaces 
"  being  maintained  at  or  a  little  above  a  red  heat,  and  of  keeping 
"  the  said  animal  charcoal  as  much  as  possible  in  motion  while 
"  being  dried  and  carbonized ;"  and  "  never  suffering  any  part 
"  of  it  to  obtain  a  red  heat  if  it  is  sufficiently  recarbonized  before 
"  attaining  that  heat,  or  to  retain  such  red  heat  longer  than  is 
"  necessary  for  producing  complete  carbonization."  Above  a 
furnace  is  a  brick  arch,  on  the  crown  of  which  is  a  platform  on 
which  is  a  plate  of  iron  upon  hinged  joints,  the  fire  rises  and  goes 
horizontally  away  under  a  series  of  iron  plates  to  the  chimney. 
The  plates  nearer  to  the  chimney  are  for  drying  the  charcoal,  upon 
which  it  is  spread  and  raked  at  a  depth  of  about  four  inches.  It 
is  gradually  moved  by  rakes  to  the  plate  next  the  platform  named 
above,  where  the  carbonization  is  completed,  when  it  is  cleared 
from  this  plate  into  receivers  or  it  is  raked  on  to  the  platform  and 
cleared  from  it. 

[Printed,  lOd.    Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  14  (conjoined 
series),  p.  234.] 

A,D.  1836,  June  13.— N°  7115. 

BERRY,  MILES. — (A  communication.] — "An  improved  apparatus 
"  for  terrifying,  baking,  and  roasting  vegetable  substances  which 
"  with  certain  modifications  and  additions  is  also  applicable  to  the 


SUGAR.  413 

"  evaporation  and  concentration  of  saccharine  juices  and  other 
"  liquids."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  as  follows  :— 
Neither  "  the  application  of  an  oil  or  other  bath  to  the  boiler,  nor 
"  the  corrugated  or  fluted  bottom  of  the  boiler  or  evaporating 
"  vessel,  nor  the  evaporating  of  the  aqueous  parts  of  the  solutions 
"  or  syrups  by  passing  them  over  the  surface  of  shallow  trays  from 
"  one  to  another,"  are  claimed,  "  as  they  are  all  old  contrivances 
"  and  have  been  before  carried  into  effect.  But  what  I  consider 
"  novel  under  this  application  of  the  apparatus  is,  the  manner  of 
"  effecting  the  vacuum  by  the  two  upper  condensing  vessels  in 
"  connection  with  the  refrigerator  or  condenser  and  its  ventilators 
"  or  rotary  fans,  and  also  the  general  arrangement  and  con- 
"  struction  of  the  apparatus."  "  The  manner  of  producing  the 
"  vacuum : — The  steam  or  vapour  from  the  evaporating  vessel 
"  rises  into  the  upper  part  of  the  serpent  or  condenser,  and 
"  travelling  along  all  the  fluted  chambers  arrives  at  the  left-hand 
"  one  of  two  condensing  vessels/'  "  which  is  provided  with  two 
t(  cocks,  the  one  for.  the  introduction  of  steam  and  the  other  to 
"  allow  the  exit  of  the  air  driven  out  by  the  steam.  The  con- 
"  densing  vessel  is  air-tight,  and  has  no  opening  except  at  the 
"  bottom,  and  is  plunged  in  a  tub  or  tank  filled  with  water"  and 
when  the  above  vessel  "  is  full  of  steam  the  air  pipe  is  closed,  and 
"  the  cock  of  another  pipe  placed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  con- 
se  denser  is  opened ;  and  a  stream  of  water  from  a  reservoi . 
"  placed  above  the  condensing  vessels  being  ejected  into  the  vessel 
"  filled  with  steam,  a  condensation  takes  place,  and  the  condensed 
"  steam  descends  from  the  upper  part  of  the  refrigerator  into  the 
"  lower  part  and  falls  through  a  pipe  into  a  recipient  together 
"  with  all  the  air  it  may  have  carried  with  it ;  thus  a  vacuum  is 
"  produced  in  the  apparatus/'  &c.  &c. 

[Printed,  Is.  Zd.    Drawing.    London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  10  (conjoined 
series),  p.  257  ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  7th  Report,  p.  176.] 


A.D.  1839,  June  22.— N°  8123. 

PARKER,  FREDERICK. — "  Improvements  in  revivifying  or  re- 
"  burning  animal  charcoal."  These  are,  so  conducting  the  above 
process  "  that  the  retort,  oven,  or  vessel  shall  not  be  required 
"  to  be  cooled  down,  and  yet  at  the  same  time  the  drawing  and 
"  cooling  process  shall  not  cause  the  charcoal  to  pass  into  the 
**  atmosphere  when  in  a  red  hot*  condition  or  in  a  state  to  be 


414  SUGAR. 

"  injured  thereby."  The  charcoal  to  be  revivified  is  placed  in  a 
vertical  retort  or  vessel  of  iron  or  otherwise,  which  is  surrounded 
by  the  flues  of  the  fire-place  or  furnace  below.  A  hopper  or 
chamber  above  is  kept  filled  with  animal  charcoal  to  be  reburned ; 
the  cooling  vessel  which  is  below  is  connected  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
retort,  oven,  or  vessel  by  a  sand.joint.  The  cooler  is,  in  preference, 
of  thin  sheet  iron  and  of  considerable  extent.  The  lower  end  of 
the  cooler  is  closed  by  a  slide,  "  there  being  a  series  of  openings 
"  in  the  bottom  and  slide,  so  that  when  it  is  desired  to  draw  the 
"  charcoal,  the  openings  are  made  coincident  in  the  slide  and 
"  bottom  ;  at  other  times  they  are  to  be  slided."  There  "  is  an 
"  apparatus  for  measuring  the  charcoal  as  it  comes  from  the 
"  cooler;"  this  "apparatus  has  a  slide  and  perforated  bottom 
"  similar  to  that  above  described  to  the  cooler." 

[Printed,  8d.    Drawing.     London  Journal  (Newton's),  vol.  23  (conjoined 
series),  p.  28 ;  Inventors'  Advocate,  vol.  1,  p.  179.] 


A.D.  1852,  March  8.— N°  14,015. 

VAN  KEMPEN,  PETER.—  (A  communication  from  Gerrit  Abraham 
Cramer.} — *'  An  improved  refrigerator  to  be  used  in  brewing, 
"  distilling,  and  other  similar  useful  purposes."  This  consists, 
first,  "  of  a  long  continuous  trough,  along  which  the  wort  to  be 
"  cooled  is  caused  to  flow."  The  length  depends  on  the  average 
temperature  of  the  worts,  the  degree  of  temperature  to  which  it 
may  be  necessary  to  reduce  them,  and  the  cold  water  or  liquor 
employed  in  connection  with  the  apparatus.  The  apparatus  con- 
sists of  an  external  trough  "  of  any  kind  of  metal  or  any  other 
"  suitable  material  containing  the  cooling  medium,  and  through 
"  which  it  passes  in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  in  which  the 
"  wort  flows."  The  inner  trough  is  of  thin  copper  tinned.  The 
inner  and  outer  troughs  are  composed  of  parts  of  the  same  length 
with  vulcanized  india-rubber  packing.  "The  refrigerator  is 
"  placed  at  an  incline  of  not  less  than  one  foot  in  two  hundred 
"  feet,  and  of  an  uniform  inclination  throughout."  The  water 
or  cooling  liquid  is  introduced  at  the  lower  end  from  a  head  of  the 
same. 

Second,  "  preventing  atmospheric  influences  taking  effect  on  the 
"  wort  when  in  the  refrigerator.  For  this  purpose  a  strip  of 
"  zinc  is  placed  throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  refrigerator," 
and  covered  by  the  fluid  in  it.  Both  ends  of  the  strip  are  placed 


SUGAR.  416 

in  connection  with  two  plates  "  deposited  in  the  ground,  one  of 
«  which,  of  copper,  attached  by  a  copper  strip  reaching  to  the 
"  refrigerator  forms  the  positive  pole,  while  the  other  earth  plate 
"  is  of  zinc,  and  forms  the  negative  pole.  Any  atmospheric 
"  electricity  which  during  thunderstorms  is  liable  to  turn  wort 
"  sour  is  carried  off  by  this  arrangement. 
[Printed,  Is.  2d.  Drawings.] 


APPENDIX   B. 

A.D.  1802,  March  24.— N°  2599. 

TREVITHICK,  RICHARD,  and  VIVIAN,  ANDREW.— "  Methods 
"  for  improving  the  construction  of  steam  engines,  and  the 
(t  application  thereof  for  driving  carriages,  and  for  other  pur- 
<e  poses."  These  are,  in  reference  to  this  subject,  an  "  engine  with 
"  rollers  for  pressing  or  crushing  sugar  canes,  moved  by  a  steam 
"  engine."  A  case,  in  the  form  of  a  drum  or  cylinder,  suspended 
upon  two  strong  trunnions  or  pivots,  its  flat  ends  standing 
upright  -,  within  this  iron  case  is  fixed  a  boiler,  so  as  to  leave  a 
small  vacant  space  between  itself  and  the  case,  and  within  the 
boiler  is  fixed  a  fire-place,  having  its  grate  above  the  ash  hole ; 
the  heated  vapour  and  smoke  rise,  at  the  inner  extremity  and  pass 
out  by  two  flues,  through  the  boiler  and  case  which  join  above 
in  a  chimney  which  is  more  closely  applied,  slung  between  two 
centres  in  a  ring.  The  working  cylinder  with  its  piston  steam 
pipe,  nozzle,  and  cock,  are  inserted  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
boiler.  The  piston  rod  drives  the  fly,  upon  the  arbor  of  which 
is  fixed  a  small  wheel,  which  drives  a  great  wheel  upon  the 
axis  of  the  middle  roller.  "  In  such  cases  or  constructions  as 
"  may  render  it  more  desirable  to  fix  the  boiler  with  its  chimney 
"  and  other  apparatus,  and  to  place  the  cylinder  out  of  the 
"  boiler  j  the  cylinder  itself  may  be  suspended  for  the  same  pur- 
"  pose  upon  trunnions  or  pivots  in  the  same  manner,  one  or  both 
"  of  which  trunnions  or  pivots  may  be  perforated  so  as  to  admit" 
"  the  introduction  and  escape  of  the  steam,  or  its  condensation." 
To  allow  of  no  vibratory  motion  of  the  boiler  or  cylinder  the 

D   D 


416  SUGAR. 

same  may  be  fixed  by  guides.  "  The  steam  which  escapes  in  this 
<f  engine  is  made  to  circulate  in  the  case  round  the  boiler,  where 
"  it  prevents  the  external  atmosphere  from  affecting  the  tempera- 
"  ture  of  the  included  water,  and  affords,  by  its  partial  conden- 
"  sation,  a  supply  for  the  boiler  itself,  and  is  or  may  be  directed 
"  to  useful  purposes.'* 

[Printed,  Is.  Drawing.  Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  4  (second  series),  p.  241 : 
Mechanics'  Magazine,  vol.  12,  p.  162 ;  and  vol.  13,  p.  313 ;  Register  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  4,  pp.  316  arid  332;  Engineers'  and  Architects'  Journal, 
vol.  2,  p.  93;  and  vol.  10,  p.  113  ;  Engineers' and  Mechanics'  Encyclopedia?, 
vol.  2,  pp.  386  and  734 ;  Stuart's  History  of  the  Steam  Engine,  pp.  102  and 
183;  Stuart's  Anecdotes  of  Steam  Engines,  vol.  2,  p.  455;  Rolls  Cha-y/i 
Reports,  6th  Report,  p.  151.] 


A.D.  1837,  January  11.— N°  7276. 

GOODLET,  GEORGE. — "A  new  and  improved  mode  of  distilling 
"  spirits  from  wash  and  other  articles,  also  applicable  to  genera! 
"  purposes  of  rectifying,  boiling,  and  evaporating  or  concentrating." 
These  are,  "  causing  the  fluids  to  be  operated  on  for  the  purpose 
"  of  evaporation,  to  circulate  through  pipes  or  other  vessels. 
"  acted  on  by  steam,  hot  water,  oil,  or  other  suitable  heated  fluid 
'"  contained  in  proper  vessels."  In  the  application  of  this  prin- 
ciple "to  the  evaporation  of  worts,  syrups,  the  juice  of  the  sugar 
"  cane,  of  mangle  worzel,  and  other  articles,  the  process  may  be 
"  advantageously  conducted  in  the  following  manner  : — Suppose 
"  a  reservoir,  which  may  be  of  wood  or  any  other  suitable  material. 
"  with  a  spout  or  vent  to  suit  the  premises,  placed  above  the  said 
"  reservoir,  allowing  the  steam  to  get  quickly  away ;  this  reser- 
"  voir  being  charged  with  the  fluid  to  be  operated  upon,  and 
"  a  connection  being  formed  with  it  and  the  circulating  pipes  in 
"  the  heated  medium,  the  fluid,  with  the  aid  of  a  force  pump  or 
"  otherwise,  is  made  to  pass  through  the  said  circulating  pipes 
"  and  returned  by  the  ejection  pipe  entering  at  the  under  part  of 
"  said  steam  spout  or  vent.  The  steam  immediately  ascends 
"  with  great  force,  and  the  concentrated  fluid  falls  into  the  reser- 
**  voir  to  be  recirculated  until  the  process  is  finished;  or  the 
"  heated  fluid  from  the  circulating  pipe  may  enter  below  the 
"  surface  of  the  fluid  in  the  reservoir." 

[Printed,  4ci.     No  Drawings.     Repertory  of  Arts,  vol.  8  (new  scries}, 
p.  238.] 


SUGAR. 


ADDENDUM. 


A.D.  1859,  February  18.— N°  451 
««  ??n'  CH/RfLES-;An  imP*°ved  method  of  treating  cane 

«  Sin          7        ^  ltfittCrt°  be  emPloyed  in  b^ving, 
d    tiling,  and  wine  and  vinegar  making"    This  consists  "in 
«  as  mUatmg  the  properties  of  cane  sugar  to  those  of  malt 
saccrum  (or  more  properly  saccharum)  and  fruit  sugar"  as 
follows  :-The  sugar  is  liquified  by  boiling  water,  the  solutbn  is 
mechanically  agitated  «  for  about  forty-eight  hours,  more  or  less 
at  the  same  fame  raising  the  temperature  as  quickly  as  possible 
^  to  about  1600  Fahrenheit.     When  the  agitation  has  proceeded 
for  about  six  hours  I  add  acid  to  the  solution,  and  after  ceasing 
the  agitation  I  neutralize  the  acid  by  chalk  or  other  suitable 
then  separate  the  precipitate  from  the  saccharine 
solution  thus  obtained  by  subsidence  or  filtration,  when  it  will 
be  ready  for  use;  or  I  liquify  the  sugar,  apply  heat  thereto 
and  subject  the  solution  to  mechanical  agitation  as  before 
«  ?onor£eu '  rf1SiDg  the  temPeratu^e  of  the  solution  to  about 
Fahrenheit,  and  continuing  the  agitation  for  about  sixty 
'  hours,  more  or  less,  but  without  adding  acid."     In  both  pro- 
cesses, "  glucose  of  any  kind,  in  the  proportion  of  about  one- 
;  twentieth  part  of  the  whole,  may  with  advantage  be  added  to 
"  the  solution  at  the  commencement  of  the  process."    To  each 
hundredweight  of  sugar,  "eight  ounces  of  sulphuric  acid,  184° 
"  gravity,  diluted  with  twenty-four  ounces  of  water,"  may  be 
used. 

[Printed,  4d.    No  Drawings.] 


s. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


[The  numbers  refer  to  those  pages  in  which  the  Abridgments  commence. 
The  names  printed  in  Italic  are  those  of  the  persons  by  whom  the 
inventions  have  been  communicated  to  the  Applicants  for  Letters  Patent.] 


Acids,  making  or  using : 
Moult,  398  (Appendix). 
Yarley  and  Furnace,  24. 
Goulson,  41. 
Derosne,  46. 
Ure,  49. 
Pertins,  49. 
Ure,  410  (Appendix). 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Stolle,  61. 
Derosne,  77. 
Wright,  87. 
Sievier,  94. 
Scoffern,  98. 
Reece  and  Price,  106. 
Brooman,  109. 
Newton,  110. 
Cowper,  113, 114. 
Scoffern,  115. 
Gwynne,  116. 
Shears,  122. 
Fraser,  125. 
Brandeis,  143. 
Brooman,  145. 
Brandeis,  149. 
Harczyk,  150. 
Nash,  151. 
Bessemer,  153. 
De  Douhet,  159. 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 
Maumen6, 175. 
Way,  175. 

Way  and  Paine,  183. 
Oxland,  195. 
Delabarre,  197. 
Eiley,  198. 
Stenhouse,  216. 
Anderson,  217. 
Sievier,  219. 
Longbottom,  220. 
Sievier,  225. 

GalySzalet  and  Hibbard,  231. 
Gilbee,  236. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  210. 
Lichtenstadt  and  Duff,  243. 
Benson,  2  to. 


Acids,  making  or  using — cont. 

Newton  (Rousseau),  253. 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 
Manbrtf,  260. 
Green,  261. 


Manbr6,  266. 

Oxland,  266. 

Gilbee,  (Pesier),  273. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 

Duncan,  299. 

Brooman   (Leplay  and   Cuisi- 

nier),m. 
Boss  (Beanes),  310. 
Mennons  (Jouannet),  315. 
Mennons  (Serrct,  Hamoir,  and 

Duquesne),  317. 
Brooman    (Leplay  and   Cuisi- 

nier),  318. 
Herapath,  320. 
Heusner,  327. 

Brooman  (Dubrunjauf),  329. 
De  Wyld6  (Schwarz),  334. 
Beanes,  340. 
Manbre,  342. 
Newton  (De  Massy,  L.  P.  R. 

and  L.R.),  343. 
Beanes,  347. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Haseltine  (Goetsling),  859. 
Miiller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  361. 
Beans,  372. 
Gordon,  380. 
Rowland,  383. 
Jasper,  383. 
Knages,  384. 
Patrick,  385. 
Hughes   (Du  Rien  and  Roett- 

ger),  393. 

Air,  use  of : 

Tickell,  397  (Appendix). 
Batley,  9. 

Wyatt,  215. 

Knight  and  Kirk,  30. 
Cleland,  401  (Appendix). 
(Appendix). 

D    D   2 


418 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Air,  use  of — cont. 

Cleland,  34. 

Kneller,  38. 

Aitchison,  40. 

Thomas,  42. 

Sharp  and  Fawcett,  405  (Ap- 
pendix). 

Tire,  406  (Appendix). 
.     Church,  407  (Appendix). 

Parker,  408  (Appemlix). 

Newton,  54. 

Crosley,  411  (Appendix). 

Manwairing,  69. 

Cooper,  72. 

Ronald,  78. 

Gadisden,  78. 

St.  Clair,  82. 

Crosley,  85. 

Newton,  88. 

Jennings,  89. 

Richardson,  89. 

Johnson,  93. 

Jay,  96. 

Crosley,  104. 

Curtis,  117. 

Bessemer,  121» 

Shears,  122. 

Herring,  129. 

Gwynne,  180. 

Mirlees,  133. 

Varillat  135. 

Bessemer,  140. 

Symington,     Finlayson,     and 
Reid,  141. 

Bessemer,  144. 

Macintosh,  145. 

Brooman,  145. 

Macintosh,  148. 

Aspinall,  149. 

Brown,  150. 

Young,  153. 

Bessemer,  153. 

Bessemer,  156. 

Brooman,  157. 

Dixon,  159. 

Moinier  and  Boutigny,  160. 

Howard  de  Walden  and  Seaford, 
164. 

Scott,  165. 

Bellford,  167. 

Mayelston,  169. 

Galloway,  170. 

Bessemer,  170. 

Gwynne,  J.  and  J.  A.  E.,  174. 

Nash,  185. 

Benson,  194. 
;   Oxland,  195. 

Delabarre,  197. 

Chantrell,  199. 

Moreau-Darluc,  200. 

Allman  and  Bethune,  215. 

Bethune,  217. 

Longbottom,  220, 

Partz.  222. 

Mucklow,  223. 

Miller,  230. 

Finzel  and  Bryant,  238. 


Air,  use  of — cont. 

Bensen,  233. 

Field,  239. 

Manbre-,  239. 

Alexander,  251. 

Chantrell,  252. 

Wagner,  254. 

Aspinall,  255. 

Manbr6,  260. 

Manbre,  266. 

Carr,  268. 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Brooman  {L4ge  and  Dangery). 

275. 

Fletcher,  276. 
Belton,  280. 
Fryer,  280. 
Green,  284. 

Townsend  and  Walker,  287. 
Wilson,  291. 
Davies  (Lavignac),  293. 
Waller,  300. 
Wilson,  302. 
Schroder,  304. 
Patrick,  307. 

Paterson  (Drtimmond) ,  309. 
Miller,  311. 

Adams  and  White,  323. 
Miller,  328. 

De  Wyld6  (Schwarz),  334. 
Garton  and  Hill,  335. 
Mackirday,  335. 
Beanes,  340. 

Brooman  (Trolliet),  345. 
Fryer,  348. 
Paterson,  349. 
Davies  (Jacqmer  and  Darrek) , 

352. 

Fryer,  361. 
Brinjis,  362. 
Jasper,  372. 
Cormack,  374. 
Elliott,  378. 

Johnson  (Chauvin  and  Ley  at). 
Cormack,  382. 
Patrick,  384. 
Kuntsman,  389. 
Gordon,  390. 
Beanes,  892. 
Wagener  and  Firmin,  392. 

Albumen,  making  or  using  : 
Fordyce,  4. 
Murray,  5. 

Martineau,  P.  and  J.  21. 
Freund  32. 
Archbald,  48. 
Pertins,  49. 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Richardson,  89. 
Jay,  96. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Nash,  151. 
Dimsdale,  177. 
Bessemer,  179. 
Nash,  185. 
t 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


419 


Albumen,  making  or  using— 
cont. 

Castelot,  194. 

Pillans,  194. 

Sievier,  219. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Botturi,  231. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron.  240. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  2,55. 

Manbrd,  266. 

White  (LeucJis),  278. 

Townsend,  286. 

Schwartz,  302. 

Mennons    (De   Courson  de  la 


Haseltine  (Goessling),  359. 
Muller,  Weld,  and  Powill,  364. 
Clark  (Gaade),WS. 

Alcohol,  obtaining  or  using : 

Murray,  5. 

Wakefleld,  9. 

Jennings,  83. 

Stokes,  85. 

Ure,  49. 

Stolle,  71. 

Gilbee,  236. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 

Newton  (Fryatt),  267. 

Gilbee  (Pesier),  273. 

Newton  (Fryatt),  278. 

Reid,  333. 

De  WyldS  (Schwarz),  334. 

Brooman  (Lequine),  353. 

Aldehyde : 

Newton,  110. 

Alkalies,  use  of: 

Howard,  17. 

Freund,  32. 

Pertins,49. 

Ure,  409  (Appendix}. 

Ure,  410  (Appendix). 

Gwynne  and  Young,  59, 

Bancroft  and  Maclnnes,  65. 

Sievier,  94. 

Scoffern,  98. 

Cowper,  114. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Shears,  122. 

Brandeis,  143. 

Harczyk,  150. 

Nash,  151. 

Bessemer,  155. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163, 

Galloway,  170. 

Collette,  181. 

Way  and  Paine,  183. 

Coste,  185. 

Nash,  185. 

Gwynne,  173. 

Way,  175. 

Challeton,  177. 


Alkalies,  use  of— cont. 

Richard,  211. 

Ziegler,  ±>7. 

Brooman,  232. 

Gilbee,  236. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  840. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Reynolds,  259. 

Townsend  and  Walker,  287. 

GeAfp  (Constant),  W6. 

Ross  (Beanes),SlQ. 

Mennons  (Jouannet),  315. 

Reed,  315. 

Brooman     (Leplay    and    Cui- 

sinier),  318. 
Herapath,  320. 
Huesner,  329. 
Beanes,  347. 

Haseltine  (Go0sslina),SS8. 
Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 
Clark  (Gaude),  870. 
Le~on  (Leplay),  371. 
Clark  (C?aade),373. 
Gordon,  380. 
Knaggs,  384. 

Alkaline  earths,  preparing : 
Heusner,  327. 

Alkaline  earths,  use  of: 

Batley,  9. 
Ingram,  10. 
Howard,  17. 
Howard,  19. 

Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Taylor,  22. 
Drake,  22. 
Hague,  23. 

Varley  and  Furnace,  24. 
Wilson,  26. 
Stokes,  85. 
Hague,  39. 
Garvett,  45. 
Robinson,  46. 
Archbald,  43. 
Pertins,  49. 
Ure,  409  (Appendix). 
Ure,  410  (Appendix). 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Saunders,  55. 
Watson,  57. 

Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Crosley,  60. 
Stolle,  61. 
Fairrie,  63. 
Constable,  73. 
Crosley,  Sj. 
Wrigl 

Richardson,  89. 
Johnston,  93. 
Sievier,  94. 

i  Steinkamps,  101. 

Clement,  102. 
Oxland,  R.  and,  J.,  106. 


420 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Alkaline  earths,  use  of  —  cont. 
Reece  and  Price,  106. 
Newton,  110. 
Cowper,  113. 
C9wper,  114. 
Birkmyre,  115. 
Gwynne,  116. 
Curtis,  117. 
Shears,  122. 
Fraser,  125. 
Herring.  129. 
Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  132. 
Egan,  143. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Brooman,  145. 
Galloway,  147. 
Nash,  151. 
De  Douhet,  159. 
Galloway,  170. 
Gwynne,  173. 
Way,  175. 
Bordone,  180. 
Collette,  181. 
Nash,  185. 
Stenhouse,  203. 
Richard,  211. 
Stenhouse,  216. 
Anderson,  217. 
Sievier,  219. 
Sievier,  225. 
Ziegler,  227. 
Brooman,  232. 
Gilbee,  236. 
Field,  239. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  246. 
Warner,  241. 
Newton  (Rousseau'),  253. 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 
Reynolds,  259. 
Possoz,  263. 
Von  Kanig,  264. 
Manbre,  266. 
Newton  (Fryatt),  267. 
Gilbee  (Pesier),  273. 
Belton,  280. 

Townsend  and  Walker,  287. 
Robertson,  300. 
Broomaii     (Leplay    and    Cui- 


Ross  (Beanes),  310. 

Robertson,  312. 

Mermons  (Jouannet),  315. 

Herapath,  320. 

Brooman  (Dubrunfaut),  329. 

De  Wylde"  (Schwarz),  334. 

Newton  (De  Massy,  L.  P.  R. 

and  L.  R.),  343. 
Newton  (De  Massy,  L.  P.  R. 

and  L.  R.),  344. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  359. 
Anderson,  374. 
Gordon,  380. 
Rowland,  383. 
Knaggs,  384. 
Hughes  ffii  Rien  andRoettger), 

393. 


Alumina  and  its  salts,  use  of  : 

Howard,  17. 

Freund,  32. 

Robinson,  46. 

Archbald,  48. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 

Watson,  57. 

Richardson,  89. 

Sievier,  94. 

Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  106. 

Reece  and  Price,  106. 

Cowper,  113. 

Birkmyre,  115. 

Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  132. 

Ebingre,  148. 

Nash,  151. 

Pidding,  162. 

Gwynne,  173. 

Way,  175. 

Dunsdale,  177. 

Way  and  Paine,  183. 

Archbald,  186. 

Stenhouse,  201. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Gilbee,  236. 

Warner,  241. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Green,  261. 

Gedge  (Constant),  295. 

Clark   (De  Gemini,  E.  T.  and 

O.  E.),  296. 
Robertson,  300. 
Robertson,  312. 
Burq,  360. 

Mtiller,  Weld,  and  Powell. 
Clark  (Gaade),  370. 
Clark  (Gaade),  373. 
Montclar,  375. 


Knaggs,  384. 
Hughes 


es  (Du  Rien  and  Roett- 
ger),  393. 

Ammonia.     See  Alkalies. 

Asphalt.    See  Bituminous  sub- 
stances. 

Bagass.     See  Megass. 

Bark  of  the  West  Indian  Elm, 
use  of  for  finings  : 

Watson,  57. 
Bark  of  the  wild  elm  tree  : 

Stokes,  35. 

Beetroots,  and  products  from, 
treating  : 

Watson,  57. 
Crosley,  60. 
Derosne,  77. 
Cowper,  113. 
Shears,  122. 
Nind,  124. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Beetroots,  &c.— con/. 

Praser,  125. 

Varillat,  135. 

Fontainemoreau,  138. 

Von  Hertz,  142. 

Banlield,  156. 

Nesmond,  160. 

Bellford,  167. 

G  wynne,  J.  and  J.  A.  E.,  174. 

Way,  175. 

Bordone,  180. 

Loysel,  192. 

Castelot,  194. 

Richard,  211. 

King,  218. 

Sievier,  219. 

Sievier,  225. 

Ward,  237. 

Spencer,  212. 

Prince  (Dolgoruki),  249. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Possoz,  263. 

Sehramm,  264. 

Duncan,  Scott,  and  Dawson,  272. 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Vauville,  281. 

Gedge  (Constant),  295. 

Condroy,  301. 

Mennons  (De   Courson  de   la 

Villeneuve),  305. 
Kessler,  330. 

De  Wylde  (Seine/are),  334. 
Langenard,  341. 
Brooman  (Lequine),  353. 
Wright,  354. 

Newton  (De  Massy),  363. 
Benson,  375. 
Newton  (De  Massy),  382. 

Bituminous  substances,  use  of. 
See  also  Coal. 
Derosne,  4G. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 
Derosne,  77. 
Newton,  110. 
Curtis,  117. 
Ebingre,  148. 
Pidding,  162. 
Brandeis,  164. 
Dimsdale,  177. 
Brooman  (Barry),  210. 
Stenhouse,  216. 
WTarner,  241. 
Bruere,  244. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 
Montclar,  375. 

Blood.     See  Albumen. 
Boilers.     See  Pans. 
Bone  ash.     See  Charcoal. 
Bones,  use  of.     See  also  Char- 
coal. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 

Hills,  P.  C.  and  G.,  163. 


Bones,  use  oi—cont. 

Challeton,  177. 
Duquesm-,  188. 
Oxland,  195. 

Galy-Cazalct  and  Hibbard,  231. 
Warner,  ML 
Bruere,  244. 
Henry  (Layard),  216. 
Manbrc,  2t>i;. 
Richardson  and  Prentic. 
Townsend,  286. 
Williams,  iN'.i. 
Ross  (JBeanes).BlO. 
Torr,  312. 

Henry  (Societe  Coif/in  <  \ 
Filset  Compagnic),313. 
Carey,  351. 
Clark  (Gaade),  370. 
Montclar,  375. 

Breaking  sugar.     See  Nippers. 
Canes,     cutting,    pressing    or 

slicing.     See  Mills  for  sugar 

canes. 

Carbon,  sulphide  or  sulphuret, 
use  of  in  making  sugar  : 

De  Douhet,  159. 

Carbonic  acid.     See  Acids. 
Carob   or  locust  pod,    or   St. 
John's  bread : 
Edwards,  223. 
Mennons  (Jouannet),  313. 

Centrifugal  apparatus,  making 
or  using  : 

Hardinan,  72. 
Playfair  and  Hill,  07. 
Crosley,  104. 
Brooman,  109. 
Newton,  110. 
Pinzel,  112. 
Curtis,  118. 
Rotch,  119. 
Bessemer,  121. 
Nind,  124. 
Alliott,  126. 
Herring,  129. 
Gwynne,  130. 
Brooman,  137. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Brooman,  145. 
Johnson,  152. 
Brooman,  157. 

Howard  de  Walden  s\i:d    Sea- 
ford,  164. 
Bessemer,  170. 
Wright  (Reid),  184. 
Archbald,  186. 
Thomson,  188. 
Shears,  188. 
Decoster,  189. 


422 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Centrifugal  apparatus,  making 
or  using — cont. 

Brooman,  191 

Aspinall,  198. 

Aspinall,  207. 

Aspinall,  210. 

Allman  and  Bethune,  215. 

Bethune,  217. 

McOnie,  222. 

Brooman  (De  Coster),  228. 

Sillem,  238. 

Green,  261. 

Smith,  A.  and  W.,  262. 

Pqssqz,  263. 

Higgins,  271. 

Fryer,  280. 

Napier,  282. 

Newton  (Fryatt),  299. 

Condroy,  301. 

Hanrez,  325. 

Miller,  328. 

Fontainemoreau        (Hdnsell), 

332. 

De  Wylde-  (Schwarz),  334. 
Doddrell,  336. 
Corby,  337. 
Langenard,  341. 
Corby,  350. 

Smith,  A.  and  W.,  355. 
Montaigue,  357. 
Fryer,  361. 
Jasper,  372. 

Ceratonia  Siliqua : 

Edwards,  223. 

Meiinons  (Jouannet),*$15. 

Cereals  use  of.     See  Glucose. 
Chambers  drying.     See  Drying 
sugar. 

Charcoal : 

Applying  or  using ; 
Constant,  15. 
Martineau,  P.  and  J.s  21. 
Stokes,  35. 
Derosne,  46. 
Archbald,  48. 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Saunders,  55. 
Watson,  57. 

Gwynne,  aud  Young,  59. 
Crosley,  60. 
Fairrie,  63. 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Derosne,  77. 
Crosley,  85. 
Wright,  87. 
Sievier,  94. 
Clement,  102. 
Brooman,  109. 
Newton,  110. 
Cowper,  113. 
Cowper,  114. 
Bessemer,  121. 


Charcoal  —  cont. 

Shears,  122. 

Eraser,  125. 

Herring,  129. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Brandies,  149. 

Pidding,  162. 

Hawes,  163. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Brandeis,  164. 

Bessemer,  170. 

Reyburn,  179. 

Nash,  185. 

Reyburn,  187. 

Castelot,  194. 

Stenhouse,  203. 

Miller,  230. 

Bensen,  233. 

Warner,  241. 

Spencer,  242. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Green,  261. 

De  Lisle,  263. 

Manbr6,  266. 

Oxland,  266. 

Higgin,  271. 

Duncan,    Scott,  and    Dawson, 

272. 

Gilbee  (Pesier),  273. 
Belton,  280. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 
Green,  284. 
Clark  (De  Gemini,  E.  T.,  and 

E.  O.),  296. 
Newton  (Fryatt),  299. 
Sehwartz,  302. 
Paterson  (Drummond),  309. 
Heusner,  327. 
Cowan,  331. 
Mackirday,  335. 
Newton  (De  Massy,  L.  P.  E, 

and  L.  JR.),  343. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Bury,  360. 

Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 
Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 

366. 

Dawson,  367. 
Fletcher,  368. 
Clark 


L6on  (Leplay),yi\. 
Beanes,  372. 
Clark  (Gaade),  373. 
Bensen,  375. 
Montclar,  375. 
Beanes,  392. 
Drying.    /See  Revivifying. 

In  fine  powder,  use  of; 
Derosne,  46. 
Saunders,  55. 
Derosne,  77. 
Richardson,  89. 
Jay,  96. 
Shears,  122. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Castelot,  194. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


423 


Charcoal—  cont. 

Warner,  2.41. 

Green,  261. 

De  Lisle,  263. 

Gilbee  (Pesier},  273. 

Clark  (De  Gemini,  E.  T.  and  E. 

O.),  296. 

Newton  (Fryatt),  299. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),S58. 
Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 

366. 

Leon  (Leplay),  371. 
Making; 
Constant,  15. 
Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Derosne,  46. 
Pertins,  49. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Derosne,  77. 
Champion,  81. 
Sievier,  94. 
De  Cavaillon,  108. 
Birkmyre,  115. 
Macfie,  121. 
Gwynne,  130. 
Ebingre,  148. 
Brandeis,  149. 
Knab,  162. 
Brandeis,  164. 
Gwynne,  173. 
Maumene",  175. 
Challeton,  177. 
Dinisdale,  177. 
Taylor  and  Brown,  J.  and  J., 

182. 

Way  and  Paine,  183. 
Duquesne,  188. 
Oxland,  195. 
Chantrell,  199. 
Lodge  and  Marshall,  200. 
Ellis,  201. 
Stenhouse,  203. 
Brooman  (Barry),  210. 
Stenhouse,  216. 
Ziegler,  227. 

Galy-Cazalet  and  Hibbard,  231. 
Botturi,  231. 
Warner,  241. 
Spencer,  242. 

Lichtenstadt  and  Duff,  243. 
Bruere,  244. 
Henry  (Layard),  246. 
Chantrell,  248. 
Chantrell,  252. 
Belton,  280. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 
Townsend,  286. 
Williams,  289. 
Robertson,  300. 
Torr,  312. 
Robertson,  312. 
Henry  (Societe  Coignet  Pert  et 

Filset  Compagnie),  313. 
Beanes,  340. 
Paterson,  348. 


Charcoal — cont. 


Carey,  351. 

Bringes,  362. 

Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 

Clark  (<7oade),870. 

Clark  (Gaade),  373, 

Cormack,  374. 

Cormack,  382. 

Ensley,  387. 

Revivifying ; 

De  CavaiUon,  24, 

Pertins,  49. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 

Bowman,  412  (Appendix). 

Oliver,  60,  63. 

Parker,  413  (Appendix). 

Bancroft  and  Maclnnes,  65. 

Champion,  81. 

Bowman,  93. 

Sievier,  94. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Brooman,  137. 

Torr,  139. 

Nash,  151. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Scott,  165. 

Picciotto,  174. 

Chantrell,  176. 

Coste,  185. 

Oxland,  195. 

Chantrell,  199. 

Bryant,  211. 

Anderson,  217. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Finzel  and  Bryant,  233. 

Parsons,  234. 

Bringes  and  Collins,  235. 

Warner,  241. 

Spencer,  242 

Bensen,  245. 

Henry  (Layard),  246. 

Chantrell,  248. 

Chautrell,  252. 

Green,  261. 

Cowan,  J.  and  P.,  270. 

Duncan,    Scott,   and  Dawson, 

272. 

Brearley,  278. 
Williams,  289. 
Cowan,  294. 
Carey  and  Pierce,  297. 
Duncan,  299. 
Cowan,  304. 
Brooman  (Leplay  awl   Cw*i- 

nier),  306. 
MacKirdy,307. 
Paterson  (Drummo)id) ,  307. 
Torr,  312. 
Brooman  (Leplay  And    Cuin- 

nier),  818. 
Gits,  325. 
Mackirday,  335. 
Beanes,  340. 

Brooman  (Trolliet),M&. 
Brinjes,  346. 
Beanes,  347. 


424 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Charcoal — cont% 

Fryer,  348. 

Davies  (Jacquier  atid  Danek), 

352. 

Brinjes,  355. 
White,  363. 
Ogston,  364. 

Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 
Fletcher,  368. 
Clark  (Gaade),  370. 
Beanes,  372. 
Clark  (Gaacfe),873. 
Cormack,  374. 
Norman,  377. 
Elliott,  378. 
Robey,  379. 
Gordon,  380. 
Cormack,  382. 
Jasper,  383. 
Knaggs,  384. . 
Patrick,  385. 
Cormack,  389. 
Gordon,  390. 

Charcoal  substitutes.  See 
Charcoal  making. 

Charcoal  substitutes  revivify- 
ing. See  Charcoal,  revivify- 
ing. 

Chlorine,  use  of : 

Newton,  110. 
Nash,  151. 
Herapath,  320. 

Chloroform,  use  of : 
Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Clay.     See  Alumina. 

Claying  sugar  methods  of  : 

Murray,  5. 
Vaughan,  12. 
Drake,  22. 
Bates,  40. 
Garnett,  45. 
Botch,  119. 
Bessemer.  170. 

Coals,  use  of.  See  also  Bi- 
tuminous substances. 

Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
De  Cavaillon,  108. 
G  wynne,  173. 
Challeton,  177. 
Oxland.  195. 
Spencer,  242. 
Heusner,  327. 
Burq,  360. 


Coke,   use  of.      See    also   Bi- 
tuminous substances. 

Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Spencer,  242. 
Burq,  360. 

Colouring  sugar  : 

Green,  261. 
Ware,  296. 

Coolers.     See  Pans. 
Cold  producing  or  using  : 

Tickell,  397  (Appendix). 

Nesmond,  160. 

Vion,  161. 

Bessemer,  172. 

Green,  261. 

Garton  and  Hill,  335. 

Coral.     See  Alkaline  earths. 

Creosote  : 

Newton,  110. 

Crushing  or  cutting  sugar.  See 
Nippers. 

Crystallizing  vessels.    See  Pans. 
Cylinders.     See  Pans. 

Dialysis,  application  of  : 

Brooman  (Dubrunfauf)  ,  329. 
Gedge  (Minchin),  376. 


Diastase,  use  of  : 

Manbr6,  260. 
Manbre,  266. 

Diffusion,  use  of.    See  Dialysis. 

Drying  sugar,  &c.  : 

Wyatt,  9. 

Ingram,  10. 

Vaughan,  12. 

Ure,  406  (Appendix). 

Stokes,  35. 

Gutteridge  and  Stevens,  53. 

Crosley,  60. 

Hardman,  72. 

Constable,  73. 

Gye,  84. 

Newton,  98. 

Broornan,  109. 

Shears,  122. 

Herring,  129. 

Macintosh,  145. 

Macintosh,  148. 

Bessemer,  170. 

Archbald,  186. 

Delabarre,  197. 

Aspinall,  198. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Drying  sugar,  &c.— cont. 

Moreau-Darluc,  200. 
Aspinall,  207. 
Gardner,  208. 
Benseri,  232. 
Margesson,  244. 
Howe  and  Norton,  244. 


Carr,  268. 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Brooman  (Lege  and  Danguy), 

275. 

Mennons  (Fradet),  289. 
Schwartz,  302. 

Shepherd,  G.  and  "W.  T.,  334. 
De  Wyld6  (Schwarz),  334. 
Montaigue,  357. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  359. 
Brooman  (Guillon),  361. 
Bensen,  375. 
Johnson  (Chauvin  and  Legal), 

879. 

Vickers,  388. 
Kuntsmann,  389. 

Earths,  use  of.     See  Alkaline 
earths. 

Electricity,  application  of : 

Van    Kempen     (Cramer),    414 

(Appendix). 
Jennings,  89. 
Clement,  102. 
Finzel  and  Bryant,  233. 

Endosmose.     See  Dialysis. 
Ether,  use  of: 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Exhausting  liquids.     See   Va- 
cuum pans. 

Fats,  use  of.     See  Oils. 

Ferrocyanic  acid   or  its    com- 
pounds, use  of: 

De  Cavaillon,  24. 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
G  wynne  and  Young,  59. 

Felt,  use  of.     See  Filters,  wool- 
len. 

Filters  : 

Artificial  porous  stone ; 
Burq,  360. 

(fleland,  31. 
Schroder,  66. 
Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  106. 
Brooman,  109. 


Filters — cont. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  132. 
Brandeis,  164. 

Leitcb,  208. 

Anderson,  217. 

Miller,  230. 

Elers  and  Fink,  249. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Reynolds,  259. 

Stevens  (Fourneaux),  282. 

Waller,  300. 

Schwartz,  302. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  359. 

Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 

366. 
Cleansing ; 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Brooman,  196. 

Burq,  360. 
Cloth  generally; 

Murray,  5. 

Howard,  17. 

De  Cavaillon,  24. 

Cleland,  31. 

Derosne,  46. 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 

Robinson,  75. 

Derosne,  77. 

Pearse  and  Child,  83. 

Richardson,  89. 

Sievier,  94. 

Steinkamp,  101. 

Pidding,  162. 

Brooman,  196. 

Finzel,  Needham,  and  Barton, 
212. 

Needham  and  Kite,  214. 

Sievier,  219. 

Edwards,  223. 

Sievier,  225. 

Higgin,  271. 

Stevens  (Fourneaux),  282. 

Gedge  (Constant),  295. 

Worssam,  346. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  3."S. 

Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 

366. 

Exhausting ; 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Borrie,  76. 
Leitch,  205. 
Manbre,  239. 
Beneen,  245. 
Manbr£,  260. 
Manbre,  266. 
Johnson    (De  Riiffo-Bonneval, 

andMouren),  325. 
Cowan,  331. 
Mackirday,  835. 
Davies  (Jacquier  and  Danck), 

352. 

Fletcher,  368. 
Elliott,  378. 
Patrick,  385. 
Wagener  and  Firmin,  392. 


426 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Filters  —  cont. 

Filters  —  cont. 

Flannel.    See  Filters,  woollen. 

Pressure  ; 

Flexible  ; 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 

Cleland,  31. 
Bates,  50. 
Robinson,  75. 

Hair  cloth  • 

Nash,  185. 

Hague,  23. 

Finzel,  Needham,  and  Barton, 

Poole,  44. 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Pearse  and  Child,  83. 

212. 
Needham  and  Kite,  214. 
Johnson  (De  Buffo,  Bonneval, 
and  Mouren),  325. 

Heating  ; 

MacMrday,  335. 

Constable,  78. 

Worssam,  346. 

Robinson,  75. 

Davies  (Jacquier  and  Danek), 

Borrie,  76. 

352. 

Wright,  87. 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 
Leitch,  208. 

Wagener  and  Firmin,  392. 

Removing  lead  from  ; 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Hollow  frames,  or  boxes  ; 
Marshall,  257. 

Revolving  or  moving  ; 
Bates,  50. 

In  general  ; 

Clement,  102. 

Howard,  19. 

Sand  or  mineral  ; 

Martirieau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Hague,  23. 

Derosne,  46. 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 

"Wilson,  26. 

Derosne,  77. 

Hague,  39. 

Johnson,  79. 

Garnett,  45. 

Sievier,  94. 

Archbald,  48. 

Macintosh,  148. 

Crosley,  60. 

Brown,  150. 

Fairrie,  63. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Schroder,  66. 

Beanes,  180. 

Manwaring,  69. 

Sievier,  219. 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 

Sievier,  225. 

Constable,  73. 

Rowland,  383. 

Robinson,  75. 

Wagener  and  Firmin,  392. 

Borrie,  76. 
"Wright,  87. 

Sawdust.    See  SAWDUST. 

Jay,  96. 

Sponge.    See  SPONGE. 

Newton,  98. 
Steinkamp,  101. 
Clement,  102. 

Steamed  bones  ; 
HiUs,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  106. 

Taylor's  ; 

Brooman,  109. 

Newton,  110. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Shears,  122. 

_ 

Bessemer,  127. 
Reyburn,  179. 

J.OW  5 

Sievier,  94. 

Fairrie,  193. 

Wickerwork  ; 

Varillat,  212. 

Murray,  5. 

Finzel,  Needham,  and  Barton, 

Constant,  15. 

212. 

De  Cavaillon,  24 

Needham  and  Kite,  214. 

Robinson,  75. 

Gilbee,  236. 
Newton  (Rousseau)  „  253. 
Anderson,  374. 

Wire  gauze  or  perforated  metal  ; 
Jennings,  33. 
Hague,  39. 

In  series  ; 

Poole,  44. 

Pearse  and  Child,  83. 
Crosley,  85. 
Wright,  87. 

Garnett,  45. 
Derosne,  46. 
Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 

Richardson,  89. 

Ritter,  71. 

Reyburn,  179. 

Hardman,  72. 

Nash,  185. 

Cooper,  72. 

Reyburn,  187. 
Leitch,  208. 

Robinson,  75. 
Derosne,  77. 

Varillat,  212. 

Richardson,  89. 

INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


427 


Filters — cont. 

Clement,  102. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Beanes,  180. 

Aspinal,  183. 

JBrooman,  196. 

Manbre",  239. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Marshall,  257. 

Schramm,  264. 

Manbre,  266. 

Higgin,  271. 

Johnson    (De   RuffoBonneval, 
and  Mouren),  325. 

Worssam,  346. 

Newton  (De  Massy),  863. 

Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 
366. 

Le"on  (Leplay),  371. 

Newton  (De  Massy'),  382. 

Wagener  and  Firmin,  892. 
With  sloping  or  declivitous  bot- 
tom and  delivery  cock ; 

Leon,  Tessimond,  and  Kissack, 

366. 

Wood.    See  WOOD. 
Woollen ; 

Murray,  5. 

Wakefield,  9. 

Howard,  17. 

De  Cavaillon,  24. 

Cleland,  31. 

Stokes,  35. 

Derosne,  46. 

Bates,  50. 

Stolle,  61. 

Derosne,  77. 

Pearse  and  Child,  83. 

Herring,  129. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Bessemer,  144. 

Bordone,  180. 

Brooman,  196. 

Edwards,  223. 

Manbre",  239. 

Wagner,  254. 

Manbr6,  266. 

Johnson  (De  Buffo  Sonneval 
and  Mo^<,ren),  325. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 

Jasper,  383. 

Finings,  making  or  using.    See 
also  Glucose. 

Constant,  15. 
Howard,  17. 
Howard,  19. 
Robinson,  46. 
Archbald,  48. 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Watson,  57. 
Richardson,  89. 
Shears,  122. 
Egan,  143. 
Pidding,  162. 
Archbald,  189. 


Flour,  use  of : 

Green,  284. 

Stenhouse,  21('. 

Manbre,  23'.). 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 

ManbrtS,  260. 

Von  Kanig,  264. 

Manbre,  266. 

Mennons  (Secret,  Hamoir,  and 

Duquesne),  317. 
Manbrt,  342. 
Wright,  354. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Haseltine  (Goes8lina),3&9. 
Rowland,  883. 

Fullers  earth,  use  of : 

Freund,  32. 

Furnaces.    See  Retorts. 
Gallic  acid.     See  Tannin. 
Gas,  use  of : 

Church,  407  (Appendix). 

Wagner,  254. 

Bruere,  244. 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Davies   (Jacques  and  Danek), 

352* 

Newton  (De  Massy),  363. 
Cormack,  882. 

Gelatine,  use  of : 
Bessemer,  155. 
Clark  (Goade),  370. 

Glucose,  making  or  using : 

Varley  and  Furnace,  24. 

Goulson,  41. 

Derosne,  46, 

Derosne,  77. 

Bessemer,  155. 

Riley,  198. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 

Manbr6,  260. 

Von  Kanig,  264,  ,_ 

Manbre",  266. 

Mennons  (Jouannet),315. 

Mennons  (Serret,  Hamoir  and 

Duquesne),  317. 
Brooman  (Dubrunfaut),  329. 
Kessler,  330. 
Manbr<3,  342. 
Wright,  354. 

Haseltine  (Goesslhig),  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  859. 
Rowland,  383. 

Glucose     matters,    separating. 

See  Molasses,  separating. 
Glutinous  matters,  use  of  : 

Ziegler,  227. 

Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 

Moutclar,  375. 

Grape  sugar.     See  Glucose. 


42S 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Grating  Sugar.     See  Nippers. 
Greases.     See  Oils. 
Gum,  use  of : 

Ziegler,  227. 

Gutta  percha,  use  of : 

Vion,  161. 
Tussaud,  181. 
Welsh,  190. 
Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Holcus  saccharatus  or  saccha- 
rutum,  sugar,  &c.,  from  : 
Wray,192. 

Horse-radish,  use  of: 
Newton,  110. 

Hollow  plates.     See  Pans. 

Hydrometers,  making : 
Constant,  15. 

Ice.     See  Cold. 

Imphee,  sugar,  &c.,  from  : 
Wray,  192. 

India  rubber,  use  of : 

Von    Kempen    (Cramer),    414 

(Appendix) . 
Bessemer,  105. 
Scoffern,  115. 
Broomau,  145. 
Bessemer,  155. 
Bessemer,  172. 
Tussaud,  181. 
Nash,  185. 
Welsh,  190. 
Marshall,  257. 
Francis,  258. 

Brooman  (Andre  and  Co.),  290. 
Langenard,  341. 
Newton  (De  Massy),  363. 
Johnson  (Chauvin  and  Legal), 
379. 

Indigo,  use   of  for   bleaching 
sugar : 

Harczyk,  150. 

Ivory  black.     See  Charcoal. 
Juice.     See  Syrups. 
Kilns.     See  Retorts. 
Lampblack.     See  Charcoal. 


Lead  salts,  using  or  removing  : 

Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 

Sievier,  94. 

Scoffern,  98. 

Reece  and  Price,  106. 

Newton,  110. 

Scoffern,  115. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  120. 

Brandeis,  143. 

Galloway,  147. 

Brandeis,  149. 

Nash,  151. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

Brandeis,  164. 

Galloway,  170. 

Gilbee,  236. 

Gedge  (Constant),  295. 

Rowland,  383. 

Leather,  use  of : 

Brooman  (Andre  and  Co.),  290. 
Langenard,  341. 

Lignites.  See  Bitumous  sub- 
stances. 

Lime  or  lime  water.  See  Al- 
kaline earths. 

Loaves.     See  Moulds. 
Locust  beans  or  pods  : 

Edwards,  223. 

Mennons  (Jouanent),  315. 

Lumps.    See  Moulds. 
Maize,  use  of.    See  Flour. 

Maple  sugar  : 
Possoz,  263. 

Megass,  drying  or  using  : 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Constable,  73. 
Crosley,  85. 
Clement,  102. 
Delabarre,  197. 
Alexander,  251. 
Wilson,  291. 
Davies  (Lavignac),  293. 

Mercury  : 

Moult,  398  (Appendix). 
Ure,409  (Appendix). 

Metallic  oxides  or  salts,  use  of : 
Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Wilson,  26. 
Goulson,  41. 
Terry  and  Parker,  54. 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Richardson,  89. 
Sievier,  91. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Metallic  oxides  or  salts,  use  of 
— cont. 

Scoffern,  98. 
Clement,  102. 
Reece  and  Price,  106. 
Newton,  110. 
Cowper,  114. 
Scoftern,  115. 
Gwynne,  116. 
Hills,  F.,  C.,  and  G.,  120. 
Shears,  122. 
Brandeis,  143. 
Galloway,  147. 
Brandeis,  149. 
Nash,  151. 
Pidding,  162. 
Hawes,  163. 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 
Brandeis,  164. 
Galloway,  170. 
Coste,  185. 
Anderson,  217. 
Sievier,  225. 
Gilbee,  236. 
Spencer,  242. 
Reynolds,  250. 
Newton  (Rousseau),  253. 
Reynolds,  259. 
Gedge  (Constant),  295. 
Anderson,  374. 
Rowland,  383. 
Knaggs,  384. 

Milk,  use  of : 

Batley,  9. 
Castelot,  194. 

Mills  for  breaking,  powdering, 
or  sifting  sugar.  See  also 
Nippers. 

Shorland,  7. 
Brocksopp,  28. 
Hebert,  99. 

Brooman  (Guillori),  361. 
Myers,  378. 
Johnson  (Wells),  381. 
Auxy,  386. 

Mills  for  sugar  canes,  making 
or  using : 

Willoughby,  Hyde,  and  De 
Marcato,  1. 

Tizack,  1. 

Harding,  1. 

Barclay  and  Yonge,  2. 

Fleming,  3. 

Rumsey,  396  (Appendix). 

Collinge,  8. 

Newman,  11. 

Trevithick  and  Vivian,  415  (Ap- 
pendix B). 

Collinge,  29. 

Fawcett  and  Clark,  35. 

Loos,  63. 


429 


Mills  for  sugar  canes,  making 
or  using — cont. 

Robinson,  68. 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 

Constable,  73. 

Robinson,  75. 

Borrie,  76. 

Crosley,  85. 

Newton,  98. 

Clement,  102. 

Bessemer,  105. 

Newton,  110. 

Curtis,  117. 

Fraser,  125. 

Mirrlees,  133. 

De  Mornay,  134. 

Bessemer,  140. 

Brooman,  145. 

Young,  153. 

Archibald,  153. 

Brooman,  157. 

Manifold  and  Lowndes,158. 

Robinson,  166. 

Manifold,  Lowndes.and  Jordan. 

167. 

Bour,  184. 
Decoster,  189. 
Gardissal,  215. 
Lewsej-,  217. 
King,  218. 
Lewsey,  220. 

Richmond  (SlancJiard),  237. 
Buchanan,  242. 
Margisson,  244. 
Prince  (Dolganiki),  249. 
Hughes  (Theresi),  256. 
Robinson,  265. 
Bentall,  268. 
Robinson,  271. 
Walker,  275. 

Stevens  (Fourmeaux),  282. 
Canu,  287. 
Wilson,  291. 
Wilson,  302. 
Carr,  318. 
Buchanan,  323. 
Gedge  (Minchin),  376. 
Kohn  (Minchin),  393. 

Molasses : 

Elevating  or  raising.  See  SYRUPS. 
elevating  or  raising. 

Extracting  from  sugar ; 
Wakefleld,  9. 
Constant,  16. 
Howard.  17. 
Taylor,  22. 
Druke,  22. 
Hague,  23. 
Hague,  26. 
Rohde,  28 
Jennings,"33. 
Stokes,  35.    . 
Hague,  39. 


430 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Molasses  —  cont. 

Turner  and  Shand,  43. 

Poole,  44. 

TJre,  49. 

Crosley,  64. 

Wright,  87. 

Richardson,  89.    . 

Clement,  102. 

Curtis,  117. 

Brooman,  145. 

Mayelston,  169. 

Bessemer,  170. 

Bessemer,  172. 

Aspinall,  183. 

Wright  (Reid),  184. 

Nash,  185. 

Archbald,  186. 

Welsh,  190. 

Riley,  198. 

Moreau-Darluc,  200. 

Edwards,  223. 

Brooman  (De  Coster),  228. 

Cameron,  247. 

Green,  261. 

Higgins,  271. 

Schwartz,  302. 

Fryer,  314. 

Reid,  315. 

Fletcher,  316. 

Kessler,  330.  ooo 

Fontainemoreau  (Hansell),  332. 

Shepherd,  G.  and  W.  T.,  334. 

De  Wylde  (Schwarz),  334. 

Worsam,  346. 

Davies  (Jacquier    and  Daucfc), 

352. 

Montaigne,  357. 
Haseltine  (Ooessling),  858. 
Brooman  (Guillen),  361. 
Newton  (De  Massy),  363. 
Making  or  using  decolorized  ; 
Barlow,  32. 
Derosne,  46. 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Derosne,  77. 
Richardson,  89. 
Bessemer,  155. 
Zeigler,  227. 
Green,  261. 
Oxland,  266. 
Green,  284. 
Obtaining  sugar  from  ; 

Wakefield,  9. 
Taylor,  22. 
Ritter,  71. 
Archbald,  186. 
Cameron,  247. 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 
Schwartz,  302. 


Moulds  and  moulding  sugar: 

Vaughan,  12. 
Bell,  13. 


Moulds  and  moulding  sugar— 
cont. 

Bell,  14. 

Constant,  15. 

Howard,  17. 

Howard,  19. 

Barlow,  32. 

Powell,  T.,  W.,  and  J.,  37. 

Bates,  40. 

Turner  and  Shand,  43. 

Archbald,  48. 

Terry  and  Parker,  54. 

Watson,  57. 

Morley,  68. 

Ritter,  71. 

Constable,  73. 

Borrie,  76. 

Gye,  84. 

Richardson,  89. 

Johnston,  93. 

Brooman,  109. 

Cowper,  113. 

Birkmyre,  115. 

Rotch,  119. 

Shears,  122. 

Bessemer,  127. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Brooman,  137. 

Bessemer,  155. 

Pidding,  162. 

Mayelston,  169. 

Bessemer,  170. 

Bessemer,  173. 

Nash,  185. 

Archbald,  186. 

Welsh,  190. 

Brooman,  191. 

Steele,  198. 

Ansens,  224 

Bensen,  233. 

MacKirdy,  245. 

Green,  261. 

Brooman  (Atidre  and  Co.),  290. 

Brooman  (Qwruel),  293. 

Hare,  296. 

Schwartz,  302. 

Newton  (Finken),  305. 

Clark  (Hnvemeyer),  319. 

Gedge  (Wittmann),  324. 

Jones  (Labayeri),  345. 

Dixon  (Bea),  352. 

Wright,  354. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 

Haseltine  (Goessling},  359. 

Brooman  (Guitton),  361. 

Bensen,  375.  , 

Johnson  (Chauvin  and  Leyal), 
379. 

Vickers,  388. 

Mustard,  use  of: 

Newton,  110. 

Nash's  finings : 
Green,  284. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER, 


Nippers  for  breaking  sugar  • 

Willis,  13. 

Bell,  14. 

Constant,  15. 

Howard,  17. 

Howard,  19. 

Brocksopp,  28. 

Mohneux,  81. 

Symes,  83. 

Smith,  139. 

Bessemer,  155. 

Michel,  178. 

Heather,  189. 

Kerr,  196. 

Savage,  203. 

Roucliffe  and  Flavell,  205. 

Terry,  221. 

Mountford,  224. 

Keddy,  226. 

Brooman  (De  Coster),  228 

Baucq,  257. 

Francis,  258. 

Terry,  260. 

Curtot,  279. 

Canu,  287. 


431 


Brooman  (Queruel),  293. 

Orr,  307. 

Blair,  311. 

Harris,  J.,  and  W.,  326. 

Smith,  333. 

Shepherd,  G.  and  W.  T.,  334. 

Muir,  327. 

Brooman  (Geauchez),  338. 

Sovereign,  387. 

Nitrous  acid,  use  of: 

Newton,  110. 
Ochres,  use  of.     See  Alumina, 

and  also  Metallic  oxides. 
Oil,  use  of: 

Moult,  398  (Appendix). 

Wilson,  25. 

Wilson,  26. 

Gamble,  403  (Appendix). 

Shand,  404  (Appendix). 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 

Pidding,  162. 

Bordone,  180. 

Way  and  Paine,  188. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Brooman,  231. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 

Oxyen  gas,  use  of : 
Newton,  110. 
Knaggs,  384. 

Ozone,  application  of : 


Pans,  construction  of: 


Annealing; 
Baird,  27. 


Pans,  construction  of—  cont. 

Called  Bascale ; 

Archbald,  186. 
Cast  thin ; 

Baird,  27. 
Closed ; 

Cleland,  404  (Appendix). 

Lawrence,  62. 

Bessemer,  144. 

Garton  and  Hill,  335. 

Haseltine  (Goes fling),  369. 
Conical  bottoms ; 


Convex  or  corrugated  bottoms ; 
-Keeder,  7. 

Perrier,  400  (Appendix). 
Robinson  (Archbald),  52. 
Ure,  409  (Appendix). 
.     Ure,  410  (Appendix). 
Berry,  412  (Appendix). 
Purbnck,  80. 
Crosley,  85. 
Green,  284. 
Orr,  301. 
Fletcher,  316. 
Newton  (De  Villeneuve),  321. 

Knaggs,  384. 
Cylindrical; 
Fletcher,  276. 

Diagonal  sides ; 
Fletcher,  316. 

Divided.    See  Pans  in  series. 
Earthenware ; 
Sievier,  225. 

Electroty  ped ; 
Curtis,  117. 

Enamelled ; 
Curtis,  117. 

Facilitating  crystalization ; 
Murray,  5. 

Shannon,  396  (Appendix). 
Sutherland,  21. 
Kneller,  38. 
Farrie,  63. 
Robinson,  66. 
Better,  71. 
Cooper,  72. 
Constable,  73. 
Richardson,  89, 
Clement,  102. 
Rotch,  119. 
Shears,  122. 
Bessemer,  127. 
Herring,  129. 
De  Mornay,  184. 
Varillat,  135. 
Bessemer,  140. 

Van Kempen  (Cromer),  144  (Ap- 
pendix). 
Bessemer,  155. 

E  E 


432 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Pans,  construction  of—cont. 

Bessemer,  170. 
Bessemer,  172. 
Bessemer,  179. 
Archbald,  186. 
Fryer,  214. 
Cameron,  247. 
Fletcher,  277. 
Green,  284. 
Fletcher,  316. 
Lebandy,  357. 
Fryer,  361. 
Knaggs,  384. 

False  or  perforated  bottoms; 
Reeder,  7. 
Bitter,  71. 

Herring,  129. 

Aspinall,  149. 

Bensen,  232. 

Cameron,  247. 

Aspinall,  352. 

Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Reynolds,  259. 

Manbr6,  260. 

Manbre,  266. 

Waller,  300. 

Mennons  (Serret,  Hamior,  and 
Duquesne)  ,317 '. 

Brooman    (Leplay    and  Cuisi- 
nier),3lS. 

Adams  and  White,  323. 

Le"on  (Leplay),  371. 

Beanes,  392. 

Fluted.    See  Pans  corrugated ; 
Forming  the  bottoms  of; 

Robinson,  270. 
Galvanized  iron ; 

Claypole,  97. 

Glazed  metal ; 

Surrer,  225. 

Metal; 
Murray,  5. 

Moult,  398  (Appendix}. 
Open; 

Smith,  1. 
Newton,  54. 

Laurence,  62. 

Fairrie,  63. 

Jay,  96. 

Bessemer,  121. 

Shears,  122. 

Bessemer,  127. 

Bensen,  194. 

Bensen,  233. 

Newton  (Bertholomew),  250. 

Crosley,411  (Appendix). 
Rectangular ; 

Purbrick,  80. 
Removing  sugar ; 

Lambert,  298. 
Revolving ; 

Fryer,  361. 
Settling; 

Freurid,  32. 


5ans,  construction  of — cont. 

Slate; 
Sievier,  225. 

Stone ; 

Sievier,  225. 
Tinned  or  coated  with  alloys  ; 

Robinson,  66. 

With   circulating   channels    and 
strainers ; 
Bessemer,  153. 
With  floating  covers ; 
Davies  (Jonari),  254. 
With  moving  apparatus  in  them  ; 
Crosley,  411  (Appendix). 
Ronald,  78. 
Gadesden.78. 
Crosley,  85. 
Newton,  88. 
Jennings,  89. 
Curtis,  il7. 
Bessemer,  121. 
Nind,  124. 
Bessemer,  127. 
Schroder,  132. 
Brooman,  137. 
Bessemer,  140. 
Symington,  Finlayson,  and  Reid. 

141. 

Bessemer,  144. 
Macintosh,  145. 
Brooman,  145. 
Aspinall,  149. 
Bessemer,  153. 
Mouirier  and  Boutigny,  160. 
Higginson,  168. 
Bour,  184. 
Siemens,  204. 
Partz,  222. 
Mucklow,  223. 
Brooman  (De  Coster),  228. 
Miller,  230. 
Camei-on,  247. 
Fletcher,  276. 
Wright,  281. 
Green,  284. 
Duncan,  299. 
Waller,  300. 
Schroder,  304. 
Orr,  307. 

Paterson  (Drummond),  309. 
Miller,  311. 
Peek,  322. 
Fletcher,  316. 
Miller,  328. 
Garton  and  Hill,  335. 
Miller,  340. 
Worssam,  345. 
Fryer,  361. 
Campbell,  370. 
Knaggs,  384. 
With  pistons ; 
Wilson,  302. 

Newton  (De  Massy),  363. 
With  rims  or  troughs  round  thorn 
Hoard,  60. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Pans,  construction  of — cont. 

Robinson,  66. 

Manwaring,  69. 

Bessemer,  153. 
With  rakes,  scrapers,  stirrers,  &c.  5 

Murray,  5. 

TJre,  m  (Appendix). 

Crosley,  411  (Appendix). 

Varillat,  135. 

Bessemer,  140. 

Egan,  143. 

Aspiuall,  149. 

Bessemer,  153. 

Bessemer,  179. 

Fairrie,  193. 

Miller,  230. 

Clark    (De  Gemini,  K  T.  and 
E.O.),  296. 

Paterson  (Drummond),  309. 

Miller,  311. 

Brooman  (Lequine),  353. 

Newton  (Rosland),  356. 

Brooman  (Guillon),  361. 

Fletcher,  368. 

Patrick,  385. 

Gordon,  390. 

With  valves.    See  VALVES. 
With  ventilator  or  fan  ; 

Nevil,  121. 
With  wires  near  their  bottom  ; 

De  Mornay,  134. 
Wooden.    See  WOOD. 

Pans,  facilitating  the  discharge 
of: 

Reeder,  7. 

Cleland,  404  (Appendix). 

Robinson  (Arch-bald),  52. 

Gutteridge  and  Stevens,  53. 

Fairrie,  63. 

Crosley,  64. 

Johnson,  79. 

Murdoch,  108. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Curtis,  117. 

Bessemer,  140. 

Egan,  143. 

Blackwell,  209. 

Travis  and  Casartelli,  229. 

Garton  and  Hill,  335. 

Doddrell,  336. 

Pans  heated  by : 
Burning  pitch 

Curtis,  117. 

Fatty  substances    See  OILS. 
Fused  metals ; 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  210. 
Hot  air ; 

Sharp  and  Fawcelt,  405  ( Appen- 
dix). 

Kneller,  38. 

St.  Clair,  82. 

Herring,  129. 


Pans,  heated  by — cont. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Mirrlees,  133. 

Symington,  Finlaysou,and  Reid. 
141. 

Bessemer,  141. 

Bessemer,  lo.'I. 

Nash,  ls-;. 

Benson,  2:$:>. 

Aspinall,  253. 

Patrick,  307. 
Open  flre ; 

Smith,  1. 

Chrysell,  3. 

Murray,  5. 

Curtis  and  Bobbins,  11. 

Shannon,  396  (Appendix) . 

Sutherland,  21. 

Perrier,  404  (Appendix). 

Johnson,  402  (Appendix). 

Cleland,  404  (Appendix}. 

Kneller,  38. 

Thomas,  42. 

Robinson  (Arclibald) ,  52. 

Crosley,  85. 

Richardson,  89. 

Claypole,  97. 

Clement,  102. 

Crosley,  104. 

Murdoch,  108. 

Manbre,  239. 

Manbre,  266. 

Davies  (Lavignae),  293. 

Newton  (De  VilUneuvc),  111. 
Tubes  or  pipes ; 

Taylor,  399  (Appends). 

Taylor,  400  (Appendix). 

Wilson,  26. 

Perrier,  400  (Appendix). 

Cleland.  401  (Appendix). 

Robinson,  46. 

Perkins.  408  (Appendix). 

Arclibald.  48. 

Ure,  409  (Appendix). 

Pontifex,  56. 

Watson,  57. 

Goodlet,  416  (Appendix  li.) 

Hoard,  60. 

Fairrie,  63. 

Crosley,  64. 

Constable,  73. 

Ronald,  78. 

Britten.  84. 

Crosley,  85. 

Richardson,  89. 

Steiner,  95. 

Jay,  96. 

Brooman,  109. 

Shears,  122. 

Schroder,  132. 

Varillat,  135. 

Walker,  142. 

Dixon, 159. 

Bessemer,  179. 

.Bensen,  191. 

Leitch,  205. 

E    E   1? 


434 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Pans,  heated  by— cont. 
Longbottom,  220. 
Miller,  230. 

How  and  Morton,  244. 
Cameron,  247. 
Aspinall,  252. 
Aspinall,  262. 
Lyons,  265. 
Fletcher,  276. 
Green,  284. 

Brooman  (Durcau),  285. 
Williams,  286. 
Clark  (De  Gemini,  E.  T.  and 

E.  O.),  296. 
Waller,  300. 
Schwartz,  302. 
Patrick,  307. 
Orr,  307. 

Patersoii  (Drummond),  309. 
Miller,  311. 
Fletcher,  316. 
Garton,  321. 
Peek,  322. 

Adams  and  White,  323. 
Garton,  324. 
Newnam,  328. 
Vanderfeesten,  337. 
Miller,  340. 
Beanes,  347. 

Brooman  (Lequine),  353. 
Newton  (Rostand),  356. 
Beanes  and  Finzel,  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Fletcher,  368. 
Campbell,  370. 

Pans,  in  series : 

Melvill,  3. 
Murray,  5. 

Shannon,  S96  (Appendix). 
Curtis  and  Bobbins,  11. 
Taylor,  399  (Appendix). 
Taylor,  400  (Appendix). 
Johnson  402  (Appendix). 
Gamble,  403  (Appendix). 
Garnett,  45. 
Hoard,  60. 
Crosley,  64. 
Crosley,  85. 
Claypole,  97. 
Murdock,  108. 
Shears,  122. 
Nind,  124. 
Herring,  129. 
De  Mornay,  134. 
Egan,  143. 
Brooman,  145. 
Banfield,  156. 
Greenwood,  166. 
Cameron,  247. 
Wagner,  254. 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 
Robinson,  270. 
Davies  (Lavignac),  293. 
Waller,  300. 

Mennons  (Serrot,  Hanwir,  and 
Duquesne),  317. 


Pans,  in  series — cont. 

Newton  (De  Villeneuve),  321. 
Kesser,  330. 

Pans,  setting  : 
Chrysell,  3. 

Curtis  and  Bobbins,  11. 
Sutherland,  21. 
De  Cavaillon,  24. 
Thomas,  42. 
Bobinson,  66. 
Purbrick,  80. 
St.  Clair,  82. 
Pearse  and  Child,  83. 
Cameron,  247. 
Bobinson,  270. 
Brooman  (Quernel),  293. 
Newton  (De  Villeneuve),  321. 

Pans  with  alkaline  bath  : 

Ure,  410  (Appendix). 
Pans,  with  jackets  of  various 
materials  : 
Acid  jacket; 

Moult,  398  (Appendix). 
Hot  water  or  steam  jackets ; 

Melvill,  3. 

Wood,  6. 

Shannon,  396  (Appendix) . 

Johnson,  397  (Appendix). 

Howard,  17. 

Howard,  19. 

Dihl,  398  (Appendix). 

Taylor,  399  (Appendix). 

Varley  and  Furnace,  24. 

Wilson,  25. 

Wilson,  26. 

Taylor,  400  (Appendix). 

Smith,  30. 

Johnson,  402  (Appendix). 

Gamble,  403  (Appendix). 

Cleland  34. 

Fawcett  and  Clark,  35. 

Kneller,  38. 

Aitcheson,  40. 

Thomas,  42. 

Robinson,  46. 

Bates,  50. 

Bunton,  51. 

Perkins,  408  (Appendix). 

Perkins,  409  (Appendix) . 

Ure,  409  (Appendix). 

Gutteridge  and  Stevens,  53. 

Ure,  410  (Appendix). 

Crosley,  411  (Appendix). 

Berry,  412  (Appendix). 

Watson,  57. 

Higham  and  Bellhouse,  74. 

Robinson,  75. 

Borrie,  76. 

Britten,  84. 

Crosley,  85. 

Newton,  88. 

Steiner,  95. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


-135 


Pans,  with  jackets  of  various 
materials — cont. 
Jay,  96. 

Claypole,  97. 

Clement,  102. 

Bessemer,  105. 

Murdoch,  108. 

Shears,  122. 

Bessemer,  127. 

Herring,  129. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Schroder,  13* 

Mirlees,  133. 

Bessemer,  140. 

Von    Kempen    (Cramer),    414 

(Appendix). 
Bessemer,  141. 
Aspinall,  149. 
Greenwood,  166. 
Bessemer,  179. 
Fairrie,  193. 
Siemens,  204. 
Leitch,  205. 
Fryer,  214. 
Miller,  230. 
Cameron,  247. 
Elers  and  Fink,  249. 
Aspinall,  255. 
Wright,  281. 
Green,  284. 
Bavies  (Lavignac),  293. 

jl  o\D?  Gemini>  E-  T-  and 

Waller^  300.  ' 

Schwartz,  302. 

Schroder,  304. 

Patrick,  307. 

Orr,  307. 

Paterson  (Drummond),  309. 

Miller,  311. 

Wright,  313. 

Fletcher,  316. 


Garton  and  Hill,  335. 

Miller,  340. 

Newton  (Rostand),  356. 

Brooman  (Guillon),  361. 
Mercury  jacket ; 

Moult,  398  (Appendix). 
Jackets  of  wood.    See  WOOD. 
Oil  jackets.    See  OiL9. 
Salt  jackets; 

Ure,  406  (Appendix). 

Ure,409  (Appendix). 
Sand  jackets 

Manbre",  342. 

Pans  with  valves.     See  Valves. 
Peat,  use  of: 

Preparing  or  using ; 

Gwynne,  129. 

Challeton,  177. 


Peat,  use  of— cont. 
Dimsflale,  177. 
Botturi,  231. 
Spencer.  -2  IL>. 
Bruere,  2H, 
Belton,  280. 
Bury,  360. 

Pectin,  or  pectic  acid,  use  of: 
Galloway,  170. 

Phosphorus,  its  acids  or  salts, 
applying  : 

lire,  41Q  (Appendt.r). 
Gwynne  and  Young,  59. 
Gwynne,  116. 
Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  132. 
Brandeis,  143. 
Nash,  151. 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 


Nash,  185. 

Stenhouse,  203. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283 

Green,  284. 

Brooman    (Leplay   and   Cuis- 


,. 

Ross  (Beanes),  310. 
Brooman  (Leplay   and   Cuisi- 

nier),  318. 
Herapath,  320. 
Leon  (Leplay),  371. 

Pitch.      See    Bituminous  sub- 
stances. 

Plantain  tree,  juice  : 

Egan,  143. 
Plates.     See  Pans. 

Porous  vessels,  use  of  in   re- 
fining : 
Bates,  40. 

Presses  for  sugar  cane.      See 
Mills. 

Pressure,  submitting  sugar  to. 

See  Molasses,  extracting. 
Pumicestone,  use  of  : 

Saunders,  55. 
Warner,  241. 

Refining  sugar  generally  : 
Smith,  1. 
Bousie,  5. 
Murray,  5. 
Wakefleld,  9. 
Batley,  9. 
Vaughan,  12. 
Bell,  13. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Refining  sugar  generally— cont. 
Constant,  15. 
Howard,  17. 
Howard.  19. 

Martineau,  P.  and  J.,  21. 
Taylor,  22. 
De  Cavaillon,  24. 
Wilson,  25. 
Hague,  26. 
Wilson,  26. 
Daniell,  29. 
Cleland,  31. 
Barlow,  32. 
Freund,  32. 
Jennings,  33. 
Laurence,  34. 
Derosne,  42. 
Berry,  63. 
Target,  69. 
Browne,  80. 
Symes,  83. 
Wright,  8-i. 
Macfle,  121. 

Resin  or  rosin,  use  of.     See  also 
Bituminous  substances. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix). 

Pidding,  162. 

Stenhouse,  216. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Mtiller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 

Retorts,  use  of : 

Constant,  15. 

Sutherland,  21. 

Parker,  408  (Appendix-). 

Bowman,  412  (Apper,d'.v). 

Parker,  413  (Append  Lr] 

Bowman,  93. 

Oxland,  195. 

Picciotto,  174. 

Chantrell,  176. 

Challeton,  177. 

Delabarre,  197. 

Chantrell,  199. 

Lodge  and  Marshall,  200. 

Ellis,  201. 

."Rrvnnt,  211. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Galy-Cazalet  and  Hibbard,  231. 

Parsons,  234. 

Brinies  and  Collins,  235. 

Warner,  241. 

Spencer,  242. 

Henry  (Layard),  246. 

Chantrell,  248. 

Alexander,  251. 

Chantrell,  252. 

Cowan,  J.  and  P.,  270. 

Duncan,  Scotland  Dawson,  272. 

Brearley,  278. 

Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 

Townsend,  286. 

Williams,  289. 

Cowan,  294. 

Carey  and  Pierce,  297. 


Retorts,  use  of — cont. 

Duncan,  299. 

Cowan,  304. 

Brooman  (Leplay   and    Cuisi- 

nier),3Q6. 
Mac  Kirdy.  307. 
Paterson  (Drummond),30S. 
Torr,  312. 
Henry  (Societe  Coignet  Plre  et 

Fils  et  Compagnie) ,  313. 
Gets,  324. 

Brooman  (Trolliet),  345. 
Brinjes,  346. 
Carey,  351. 
Brinjes,  355. 
White,  363. 
Ogston,  364. 

Mtiller,  Weld  and  Powell,  364. 
Norman,  377. 
Robey,  379. 
Cormack,  389. 
Gordon,  390. 

St.  John's  Bread,  use  of : 
Edwards,  223. 
Mennons  (Jouannet),  315. 

Salts,  removing  from    saccha- 
rine solutions  : 
Nesmond,  161. 
Samples,  means  of  drawing  : 

Howard,  19. 
Richardson,  89. 

Sawdust : 

Richardson,  89. 
Hills,  F.,  C.,  and  G.,  163. 
Maumene,  175. 
Dimsdale,l77. 
Longbottom,  220. 
Richardson  and  Prentice,  283. 
Eurg,  360. 
Rowland,  383. 

Sawing,  sugar.     See  Nippers. 
Schale,  or  schist.     See  Bitumi- 
nous substances. 

Shells.     See  Alkaline  earths. 
Sieves,  generally,  use  cf : 

Ingram,  10. 
Hebert,  99. 
Steinkanvp,  101. 
Davies  (Jouan),  25-i. 
Wagner,  254. 
Francis,  258. 
Schramm,  264. 
Gedge  (Constant),  295. 
Waller,  300. 
Montaigne,  357. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358 
Myers,  378. 
Johnson  (Wells),  ^Sl 
Slatter,  394. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


437 


Silica,  or  its  salts,  use  of  : 

Sponge,  use  of  : 

Cowper,  113. 
Birkmyre,  115. 
Pidding,  162. 

Crosley,  85. 
Sievier,  94. 
Rotch,  119. 

Gwynne,  173. 
Way,  175. 
Way  and  Paine,  183. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Starch,  use  of  : 

Nash,  185. 
Warner,  241, 

Steinkamp,  101. 

Green,  261. 
Clark  (Gaade),S7Q. 
Knaggs,  384. 

Starch  sugar.     See  Glucose. 
Steam,  use  of  : 

Wagener  and  Finnin,  392. 

Wood,  6. 

Size.     See  Glutinous  matters. 

Trevithick  and  Vivian,  415  (Ap- 

Skimming  sugar  solutions  : 

Johnson,  397  (Appen<lix). 
Howard,  19. 

Murray,  5. 

Batley,  9. 
Constant,  15. 
Freund,  32. 
Stokes,  35. 

Taylor,  399  (Appendix)  . 
Taylor,  400  (Append  »). 
Cleland,  401  (Appendix). 
Johnson,  402  (Appendix). 

Garnett,  45. 
Hoard,  60. 
Stolle,  61. 
Manwaring,  69. 
Newton,  88. 

Gamble,  403  ((Appendix). 
lire,  406  (Appendix). 
Crosley,  411  (Appendix). 
Higharn  and  Bellhouse,  74. 
Borrie,  76. 

Steinkamp,  101. 
Clement,  102. 

Crosley,  85. 
Wright,  87. 

Scoffern,  115. 

Steiner,  95. 

Curtis,  117. 

Jay,  96. 

Fraser,  125. 

Claypole,  97. 

Egan,  143. 

Clement,  102. 

Galloway,  147. 

Shears,  122. 

Nash,  185. 

Bessemer,  127. 

Richard,  211. 

Herring,  129. 

Sievier,  225. 

Gwynne,  130. 

Elers  and  Fink,  249. 

Walker,  142. 

Reynolds,  250. 

Bessemer,  144. 

Reynolds,  259. 
Green,  284. 

Brooman,  145. 
Macintosh,  148. 

Mennons    (De  Courson  de    la 

Brown,  150. 

Villeneuve),  305. 

Bessemer,  155. 

Miller,  311. 

Bessemer,  156. 

Haseltine  (Goessling),  359. 

Brooman,  157. 

Knaggs,  384. 

Dixon,  159. 

Slicing  sugar  canes.    See  Mills 

Pidding,  162. 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 

for  sugar  canes. 

Howard   de  Walden  and   Sea- 
ford,  164. 

Soaps,  use  of  : 
Brooman,  232. 

Greenwood,  166. 
Manifold,  Lowndes,  and  Jordan, 
167. 

Soda,  or  its  salts.     See  Alka- 

Higginson, 168. 
Gossart,  168. 

lies. 

Maumen6,  175. 

Soot.     See  Charcoal,  use  of. 

Beanes,  180. 
Bordone,  180. 

Sorgho,  use  of  : 

Bour,  184. 
Aspinall,  187. 

Possoz,  263. 

Decoster,  189. 

Reed,  315. 

Brooman,  196. 

Spermacetti  : 

Kerr,  196. 
Delabarre,  197. 

Pidding,  162. 

Aspinall,  19S. 

Spirit.    See  Alcohol. 

Siemens,  201. 
Leitch,  204. 

438 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Steam,  use  of — cont. 

Leitch,  205. 

Golding,  207. 

Wright,  209. 

Finzel,  Needham,  and  Barton, 

212. 

Allman  and  Bethune,  215. 
Bethune,  217. 
Anderson,  217. 
Longbottom,  220. 
McOnie,  222. 
Miller,  230. 

Finzel  and  Bryant,  233. 
Manbr6,  239. 

Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 
Bensen,  245. 
Cameron,  247. 
Alexander,  251. 
Aspinall,  252. 
Aspinall,  255. 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 
Reynolds,  259. 
Manbre",  260. 
Manbr6,  266. 
Cowan,  J.  and  P.,  270. 
Clark  (Lion),  274. 
Fletcher,  276. 
Fryer,  280. 
Wright,  281. 
Napier,  282. 
Green,  284. 

Brooman  (Bureau),  285. 
Williams,  286. 
Mennons  (Fradet),  289. 
Clark  (De  Gemini,  E.  T.  andH. 

O.),  296. 
Waller,  300. 
Schwartz,  302. 
Cowan,  304. 
Newton  (FinTcen),  305. 
Brooman   (Leplay   and    Cuisi- 

nier),  306. 
Patrick,  307. 
Orr,  307. 

Paterson  (Drummond),  309. 
Ross  (Beanes),  310. 
Wright,  313. 
Fletcher,  316. 
Mennons  (Serret,  Hamoir,  and 

Duguesne),  317. 
Brooman   (Leplay   and   Cuisi- 

nier),  318. 
Peek,  322. 

Adams  and  White,  323. 
Haurez,  325. 
Newnam,  328. 
Kessler,  330. 

Fontainemoreau  (Hansett),  332. 
Smith,  333. 
Garton  and  Hill,  335. 
Vanderfeesten,  337. 
Miller,  340. 
Manbre-,  342. 
Beanes,  347. 
Fryer,  348. 
Davies  (Jacquier  a&d  Danek), 

352. 


Steam,  use  of — cont. 

Beanes  and  Finzel,  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessling),  358. 
Ogston,  364. 

McEwen  and  Neilson,  365. 
Fletcher,  368. 
Campbell,  370. 
Leon  (Leplay),  371. 
Cormack,  374. 
Robey,  379. 

Newton  (De  Massy),  382. 
Cormack,  382. 
Jasper,  383. 
Knaggs,  384. 
Patrick,  385. 
Kuntsman,  389. 
Cormack,  389. 
Wagener  and  Firmin,  392. 
Hughes  (Du  Rien  andRoettger), 
393. 

Stones  for  grinding.     See  Mills 

for  sugar  canes. 
Sugar    canes,      cutting.     See 

Mills  for  sugar  canes. 

Sugar  from  molasses.  See 
Molasses,  sugar  from. 

Sugar  loaves,  cutting.  See 
Nippers. 

Sugar  loaves,  drying.  See 
Drying  sugar. 

Sugar  loaves,  liquoring,  re- 
fining, or  washing.  See 
Moulds  and  moulding  sugar. 

Sugar  loaves,  making.  See 
Moulds  and  moulding. 

Sugar  manufacturing,  gene- 
rally. See  Refining  gene- 
rally. 

Sulphur  or  its  acids,  or  salts, 
making  or  using  ? 

Stolle,  61. 

Sievier,  94. 

Scoffern,  98. 

Reece  and  Price,  106. 

Brooman,  109. 

Newton,  110. 

Scoffern,  115. 

Gwynne,  116. 

Curtis,  117. 

Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  120. 

Shears,  122. 

Nind,  124. 

Fraser,  125. 

Egan,  143. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


439 


Sulphur,  or  its  acids,  or  salts 
making  or  using  —  cont. 
Nash,  151. 
Bessemer,  153. 
Galloway,  170. 
Sievier,  219. 
Sievier,  225. 
Green,  261. 
Oxland,  266. 

Townsend  and  Walker,  287. 
Duncan,  299. 
Ross  (Beanes),  310. 
Newton  (De  Massy,  L.  P.  R 


..,. 

Knaggs,  384. 

Syrup,  elevating  or  raising  : 

Cleland,  401  (Appendix). 

Borrie,  76. 

Bessemer,  144. 

Tussaud,  181. 

.Delabarre,  197. 

Newton  (Denison),  213. 

Field,  239. 

Cameron,  247. 

Robinson,  270. 

Doddrell,  336. 

McEwen  and  Neilson,  365. 
Syrup   extracting  from   sugar. 

See  Molasses,  extracting. 
Syrup,  sugar  from.     See  Mo- 

lasses, sugar  from. 
Syrup,  washing  sugar  by  : 

Constant,  15. 
Howard,  17. 
Jennings,  33. 
Ritter,  71. 
Hardman,  72. 
Alliott,  126. 
Bessemer,  127. 
Gwyune,  130. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Bessemer,  155. 
Aspinall,  198. 
Aspinall,  207. 
Beusen,  233. 
Cameron,  247. 
Higgins,  271. 
Schwartz,  302. 
Newton  (Bertholomey),  350. 
Lebandy,  357. 
Brooman  (Guillen),  361. 
Jasper,  372. 
Bensen,  375. 
Gedge  (Minchin),  376. 
Table,  revolving  : 
Bessemer,  179. 
Table  with  vacuum  : 

Bessemer,  140. 
Bessemer,  144. 
Bessemer,  179. 


Tallow  used  for  heating,    &c. 
See  Oils. 

Tan,  spent  or  otherwise,  use  of  : 
Dimsdale,  177. 
Lichtenstadt  and  Duff,  243. 

Tannin,  separating  : 

Wilson,  26. 
Tannin,  use  of: 

Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  106. 
Newton,  110. 
Oxland,  R.  and  J.,  182. 
Galloway,  170. 

Tannic  acid.     See  Tannin. 
Thermostat  : 


,.. 
Ure,  410  (Append,^). 

Tar,  use  of.     See  also  Bitumi- 
nous substances. 

Gamble,  403  (Appendix). 

Newton,  110. 

Pidding,  162. 

Way  and  Paine,  183. 

Stenhouse,  216. 

Longbottom,  220. 

Ziegler,  227. 

Burq,  360. 

Muller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  364. 

Trays,  use  of.     See  Pans. 
Treacle.     See  Molasses. 
Turpentine,  use  of  : 

Shand,  404  (Appendix). 
Newton,  110. 

Urine,  use  of  : 

Montclar,  375. 
Vacuum  pans,  making  or  using: 

Howard,  19. 

Davis,  36. 

Davis,  89. 

Thomas,  42. 

Poole,  44. 

Sharp  and  Faucett,  405  (Appen- 

dix). 

Garnett,  45. 
Robinson,  46. 
Ure,  406  (Appendi,v). 
Church  407  (Appendix). 
Gutteridge  and  Stevens,  53. 
Newton,  .->{.. 
Pontifex,  5<5. 
Berry,  412  (Appendix). 
Watson,  57. 
Laurence,  62. 
Fairrie,  03. 


440 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


Vacuum  pans,  making  or  using 

Vacuum  pans,  making  or  using 

—  cont. 

—  cont, 

Crosley  and  Stevens,  70. 
Cooper,  72. 
Robinson,  75. 

Fletcher,  276. 
Newton  (Fryatt),  278. 
Green,  284. 

Field,  291. 

jjorrie,  /o. 
Gadesden,  78. 

Davies  (Lavignac),  293. 

Johnston,  79. 
St.  Clair,  82. 
Pearse  and  Cliild,  83. 
Britten  84. 

Duncan,  299. 
Schwartz,  302. 
Patrick,  307. 
Paterson  (Dmmmond),  300. 

Richardson,  89. 
Johnston,  93. 
Steiner,  95. 

Peek,  322. 
Newman,  323. 
Kissler,  330. 

Claypole,  97. 
Murdoch,  108. 
Finzel,  112. 
Gwynne,  116. 
Shears,  122. 
Bessemer,  127. 
Herring,  129. 
Gvvynne,  130. 
Yarillat,  135. 

Reid,  333. 
Doddrell,  336. 
Vanderfeesten,  337. 
Beanes,  347. 
Lebaucly,  357. 
Beanes  and  Finzel,  358. 
Haseltine  (Goessliny),  353. 
Haseltine  (Gocssliny),  359. 
Fletcher,  368. 

Brooman,  137. 
Bessemer,  140. 

Valves,  making  or  using  : 

Walker,  142. 

Shannon,  396  (Appendix). 

Bessemer,  144. 
Brooman,  145. 
Macintosh,  148. 

Johnson,  397  (AppendLv)  . 
Taylor,  399  (Appendix). 
Taylor,  400  (Appendix}. 

Aspinall.  149. 

Johnson,  402  (Appendix). 

Brown,  150. 

Ure,  409  (Appendix). 

Young,  153. 

Ronald,  78. 

Bessemer,  156. 

Steiner,  95. 

Brooman,  157. 

Scoffem,115. 

Nesmond,  160. 

Shears,  122. 

Pidding,  162. 

Varillat,  135. 

Greenwood,  166. 

Brooman,  137. 

Tinzel,  167. 

Macintosh,  148. 

Bessemer,  179. 

Bessemer,  156. 

BeaneSj  180. 

Banfield,  156. 

Collette,  181. 

Greenwood,  166. 

Aspinall,  183. 

Mayelston,  169. 

Wright  (Eeid),  184. 
Aspinall,  187. 

Leitch,  205. 
Blackwell,  209. 

Fairrie,  193. 
Fairrie,  193. 

Lewsey,  220. 
Travis  and  Casartelli,  229. 

Delabarre,  197. 

Fletcher,  316. 

Schiele,  201. 

Newton  (De  Villeneuve),  321. 

Leitch,  205. 

Carey,  351. 

Golding,  207. 
Blackwell,  209. 

Fletcher,  368. 
Campbell,  370. 

Allman  and  Bethune,  215. 
Lewsey,  220. 

Vapours,  exhausting.     SeeVa 

Longbottom,  220. 
Edwards,  223. 

cuum  pans. 

Travis  and  Casartelli,  229. 

Wassama,  use  of  : 

Bensen,  232. 
Bensen,  233. 

Shears,  122. 

Manbr6,  239. 
BcnsGn  245 

Water,  use  of  : 

Cameron.  247. 
Newton  (Bertholemey)  ,  250. 
Wagner,  254. 
Aspinall,  255. 

Shannon,  396  (Appendix). 
Tickell,  397  (Appendix). 
Constant,  15. 
Howard,  17. 

Manbr6,  260. 

Taylor,  22. 

Clark  (Lion),  274. 

Hague,  23. 

INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


441 


Water,  use  of—cont. 


Johnson,  402  (Appendix). 
Shand,  404  (Appendix). 
Hague,  39. 

f»  aid,  use  or  —  com. 

Manbr6,  266. 

Oxlaml,  2G<;. 

Bates,  40. 
Turner  and  Shand,  43. 
Poole,  44. 
Ure,  406  (Appendix). 
frerkln.'  f08  (APPOHMX). 

Newton  (Fryatt),  2ti7. 
Belton,  280. 
Napier,  282. 
Richardson  and  Prentice,  2^. 
Green,  284. 

Ure,  410  (Appendix) 

*Toclt^c  (  CsOHstctfif)  9  2D5. 

Berry,  412  (Appendix). 
Watson,  57. 

Coudroy,  301. 

Constable  73 

Schwartz,  302. 

Gye,  84. 

Mennons   (De  Courson    rA     {/• 

Croslev,  85. 
Wright,  87. 

Villeneure),  I'M:,.. 
Brooman  (Leplay   and    Citisi- 

Newton,  98. 

mer),  306. 

Shears,  122. 

Patrick,  307. 
Orr,  307. 

Frnser,l25. 
Bessemer,  127. 
Varillat,  135. 
Van  Kempen  (Cromer),*!*  (An. 
pendix). 
Bessemer,  155. 
Ban  field,  156. 

Mennons  (Jouannet),  315. 
Mennons  (Serret,  Hamoir,  a;x' 
Duquesne),  317. 
Brooman    (Leplay  and    < 
nier),  318. 
Herapath,  320. 
Garton,  321. 

Nesmond  160 

Peek,  322. 

Pidding,  162.  ' 
Hills,  F.  C.  and  G.,  163. 
Brandeis,  164. 
Bellford,  167. 
Bessemer,  170. 
Bessemer,  179. 
Archbald,  186. 
Loysel,  192. 

Garton,  324. 
Heusner,  327. 
Newman,  328. 
Brooman  (Dubranfattt)  ,  329. 
Fontainemoreau  (Hdnsell),  332. 
Shepherd  G.  and  W.  T.,  334. 
De  Wyld6  (Schwarz),  334. 
Mackirday,  335. 
Beanes,  340. 

Castelo't,  194. 
Brooman,  196. 
Aspinall,  198. 
Moreau-Darluc,  200. 
Leitch,  204. 

Manbre,  342. 
Brinjes,  346. 
Beanes.  347. 
Newton  (Xart!iolo»icy),8oQ. 
Davies  (Jacquier  and  Danek), 

Leitch,  205. 
Aspinall,  207. 
Finzel,  JSeedham.  and  Barton. 
212. 

352. 
Brinjes,  355. 
Beanes  ahd  Finzel,  358. 
Haseltine  (GoesslinrA  ,  353. 

Fryer,  214. 
Allman  and  Bethune,  215. 
Bethune,  217. 
Anderson,  217. 
Sievier,  219. 
Longbottom,  220. 

Haseltine  (Gocssli  »}/).: 
Newton  (De  Mass//),  :>G:?. 
31  tiller,  Weld,  and  Powell,  36  1. 
Fletcher,  368. 
Campbell,  370. 
Montclar,  375. 
Gedge  (Minchin),  S7G. 

Ziegler!  227.' 

Norman,  377. 
Jasper,  383. 

Finzel'  and  Bryant,  233. 

Patrick,  384. 
Gordon,  390. 

ManbrC',  239. 
Lombard  and  Esquiron,  240. 
Warner,  241. 

Hughes  (Du  JRieu  and  Roctf- 
ger),  393. 

Lichtenstadt  and  Duff,  243. 
Margesson,  244. 

Wax,  use  of  : 

Benson,  245. 

Wilson,  25. 

Cameron,  247. 

Wilson,  26. 

Aspinall,  252, 
Seymour  (Leplay),  255. 

Pidding,  162. 

Marshall,  257. 
Manbre,  260. 

Weighing  contents  of  pan  : 

Von  Kanig,  264. 

Adams  and  White,  323. 

442 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER. 


West  India  plant : 

Shears,  122. 

White  of  eggs.  See  Albumen. 
Whiting.  See  Alkaline  earths. 
Wood,  use  of: 

Murray,  5. 
Bessemer,  155. 
Bessimer,  170. 
Challeton,  177. 
Dunsdale,  177. 

Finzel,  Needham,  and  Barton, 
212.    ' 


Wood,  use  of — cont. 

Needham  and  Kite,  214. 

Sievi6r,  225. 

Spencer,  242. 

Brueue,  244. 

Marshall,  237. 

Broom  an  (Lequime),  353. 

Burq,  360. 

Clark  (Gaade),  370. 

Ensley,  387. 

Wood  spirit.     See  Alcohol, 


LONDON: 

Printed  by  GEORGE  E.  EYRE  and  WILLIAM  SPOTTISWOODB, 
Printers  to  the  Queen's  most  Excellent  Majesty. 


PATENT  LAW  AMENDMENT  ACT,  1852. 


LIST  OF  WORKS  printed  by  order  of  THE  COMMIS- 
SIONERS OF  PATENTS  FOR  INVENTIONS,  and  sold  at  the 
PATENT  OFFICE,  25,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  London. 

I. 

1.  SPECIFICATIONS   of  PATENTS  for  INVENTIONS,  DIS- 

CLAIMERS, &c.,  enrolled  under  the  Old  Law,  from  A.D.  1617 
to  Oct.  1852,  comprised  in  13,561  Blue  Books,  or  691  thick  vols. 
imp.  8vo.  Total  cost  price  about  600Z. 

2.  SPECIFICATIONS    of  INVENTIONS,  DISCLAIMERS,  &c., 

deposited  and  filed  under  the  Patent  Law  Amendment  Act  from 
Oct.  1,  1852,  to  Dec.  31,  1870,  comprised  in  59,025  Blue  Books, 
or  1,842  thick  vols.  imp.  8vo.  Total  cost  price,  about  1,848/. 

II. 

1.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  of  PATENTS  of  INVENTION 

from  A.D.  1617  to  Oct.  1852.     2  vols.  (1554  pages).     Price  30s. 

By  Post,  33«.  2d. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  the  above  period.     1vol.     (647 

pages).    Price  20*.    By  Post,  21*.  5d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  the  above  period.     2  vols. 

(907  pages).     Second  Edition.     1857.    Price  2/.  16*.    By  Post, 

2/.  185.  8d. 
REFERENCE  INDEX  for  the  above  period,  pointing  out  the 

Office  in  which  each  enrolled  Specification  may  be  consulted ; 

the  Books  in  which  Specifications,  Law  Proceedings  connected 

with  Inventions,  &c.  have  been  noticed.     1  vol.  (710  pages). 

Second  Edition.     1862.    Price  30s.    By  Post,  31s.  5d. 
APPENDIX  to  REFERENCE  INDEX,  containing  abstracts  from 

such  of  the  early  Patents  and  Signet  Bills  as  describe  the  nature 

of  the  Invention.    1  vol.    (91  pages).   Price  4s.    By  Post  4s.  6d. 

1 


2.  CHRONOLOGICAL     INDEXES    of     APPLICATIONS     for 

PATENTS  and  PATENTS  GRANTED  from  Oct.  1  to  Dec.  31. 

1852,  and  for  the  year   1853.      1  vol.    (258  pages).     Price  11*, 

By  Post,  1 2s. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEXES  for  the  above  periods.     1   vol. 

(181  pages).     Price  13*.     By  Post,  13s.  8d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1852.     1  vol.     (132   pages). 

Price  9s.     By  Post,  9s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1853. 

Price  16s.     By  Post,  16s.  lid. 


3.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX   for    1854. 

Price  6s.  By  Post,  6s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  1854. 

Price  7s.  By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1854. 

Price  16s.  Kd.     By  Post,  17s.  6d, 

4.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for    1855. 

Price  6s.  &d.  By  Post,  7s.  2d. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  1855. 

Price  7s.  6d.  By  Post,  8s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1855. 

Price  17s.     By  Post,  17s.  lid. 

5.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for   1856. 

Price  6s.  6d.  By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  1856. 

Price  8s.  By  Post,  8s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1856. 

Price  18s.  6d.     By  Post,  19s.  Id. 

6.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for  1857. 

Price  6s.  6rf.  By  Post,  7s.  2d. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  1857. 

Price  8s.  By  Post,  8s.  Bd. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1857. 

Price  19s.  6d.     By  Post,  20s.  Sd. 

7.  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  for  1858. 

Price  6s.  By  Post,  6s.  Sd. 
ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for  1858. 

Price  8s.  By  Post,  8s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1858. 

Price  19s.  Qd.     By  Post,  20s.  6rf. 

3.  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   for   1859. 
Price  fis.  6c?.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 

ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for   1859. 
Price  10s.     By  Post,  10s.  7d. 

SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1859. 
Price  20s.     By  Post,  20s,  lid. 

2 


1  vol.     (291   pages). 
1    vol.     (167   pages). 


1    vol.  (119    pages). 

1   vol.  (311    pages). 

1   vol.  (188   pages). 

1  vol.  (129    pages). 

1   vol.  (311  pages). 

1   vol.  (189   pages\ 

1    vol.  (143   pages). 

1   vol.  (335  pages). 

1  vol.  (196  pages). 

1   vol.  (153    pages). 

1  vol.  (367  pages). 

I   vol.  (188  pages). 

1   vol.  (148   pages). 

1  vol.  (360  pages). 

1  vol.  (196   pages). 

1    vol.  (188   pages). 

1  vol.  (381  pages). 


9.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for  1860. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for   1860. 

Price  10s.  6d.     By  Post,  11s.  Id. 
SUBJECT-MATTER   INDEX  for  1860. 
Price  22s.     By  Post,  23s. 

10.  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  for  1861. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for   1861. 

Price  10s.  6<f.     By  Post,  11s.  2rf. 
SUBJECT-MATTER   INDEX  for  1861. 

Price  23s.    By  Post,  24s.  Id. 

11.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for  1862. 

Price  7s.  6d.     By  Post,  8s.  2d. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  .for   1862. 

Price  11s.  Gd.     By  Post,  12s.  2d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1862. 

Price  23s.     By  Post,  24s.  Id. 

12.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for  1863. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX   for    1863. 

Price  11s.     By  Post,  11s.  Sd. 
SUBJECT-MATTER   INDEX  for  1863. 

Price  22s.    By  Post,  23s. 

13.  CHRONOLOGICAL    INDEX  for   1864. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for    1864. 

Price  11s.    By  Post,  lls.  8d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER    INDEX  for  1864. 

Price  23s.     By  Post,  24s.  le/. 

14.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for  1865. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Id. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for  1865. 

Price  lls.  6d.    By  Post,  12s.  2d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER    INDEX  for  1865. 

Price  23s.    By  Post,  24s.  Id. 

15.  CHRONOLOGICAL    INDEX  for  1866. 

Price  7s.     By  Post,  7s.  Sd. 
ALPHABETICAL    INDEX  for   1866. 

Price  lls.  6d.     By  Post,  12s.  2d. 
SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1866. 

Price  23s.    By  Post,  24s.  4d. 

16.  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  for   1867. 

Price  7s.  6d.     By  Post,  8s.  2d. 

ALPHABETICAL    INDEX    for    1867. 
Price  12s.     By  Post,  12s.  8d. 


I  vol. 

(209 

pages). 

1   vol. 

(203 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(405 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(215 

pages). 

1    vol. 

(222 

pages). 

1   vol. 

(442 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(237 

pages). 

1   vol. 

(240 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(465 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(220 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(218 

pages). 

1   vol. 

(432 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(222 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(220 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(446 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(230 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(236 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(474 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(239 

pages). 

1    vol. 

(243 

pages). 

1  vol. 

(465 

pages). 

1    vol. 

(254 

pages). 

1   vol. 

(258 

pages). 

SUBJECT-MATTER  INDEX  for  1867.      1  vol.     (508  pages). 
Price  25s.     By  Post,  26s.  2d. 

'DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX  (Abridgments  of  Provisional  and  Com- 
plete Specifications)  for  1867. 

a.  Quarter  ending  31st  March.    1  vol.  (228  pages).   Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

b.  Quarter  ending  30th  June.     1  vol.  (224  pages).    Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

c.  Quarter  ending  30th  September.   1  vol.  (196  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s. 

d.  Quarter  ending  31st  December.  1  vol.  (232  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

17.  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  for   1868.      1  vol.     (274  pages). 

Price  8s.     By  Post,  8s.  8d. 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  for   1868.      1   vol.      (291   pages). 
Price  13s.     By  Post,  13s.  Wd. 

SUBJECT  MATTER  INDEX  for  1868.      1  vol.     (632  pages). 
Price  30s.     By  Post,  31s.  5d. 

DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX  (Abridgments  of  Provisional  and  Com- 
plete Specifications)  for  1868. 

a.  Quarter  ending  31st  March.    1  vol.  (236  pages).   Price  Is.  8d. 
By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

b.  Quarter  ending  30th  June.     1  vol.  (218  pages).     Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

c.  Quarter  ending 30th  September.  1  vol.  (194  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s. 

d.  Quarter  ending  31st  December.  1  vol.  (224  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

18.  CHRONOLOGICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX  (containing 

the  Abridgments  of  Provisional  and  Complete  Specifications)  for 
1869. 

a.  Quarter  ending  31st  March.  1  vol.  (226  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 
By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

b.  Quarter  ending  30th  June.    1  vol.    (234  pages).   Price  Is.  8d. 
By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

c.  Quarter  ending  30th  September.  1  vol.  (200  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 

By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

d.  Quarter  ending  3 1st  December.  1  vol.  (2 12  pages).  Price  Is.  8d. 
By  Post,  2s.  Id. 

ALPHABETICAL    INDEX    for    1869.     1   vol.     (272  pages). 
Price  13s.    By  Post,  13s.  9c7. 

SUBJECT  MATTER  INDEX  for   1869.     1   vol.  (587  pages). 
Price  28s.     By  Post,  29s.  2fd. 

19.  CHRONOLOGICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX  (containing 

the  Abridgments  of  Provisional  and  Complete  Specifications)  for 
1870. 

a.  Quarter  ending  3 1st  March.    1vol.    (222  pages).    Price  Is.  8d. 
By  Post,  2s.  Id. 


b.  Quarter  ending  30th  June.    1  vol.    (218  pages).    Price  Is.  Sd. 

By  Post,  2?.  Id. 

c.  Quarter  ending  30th  September.  1  vol.  (168  pages).  Price  1*.  8d. 

By  Post,  2*.  Id. 

ALPHABETICAL    INDEX    for    1870.      1   vol.    (242    pages) 
Price  12*.    By  Post,  12s.  8d. 

20.  CHRONOLOGICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX  (containing 
the  Abridgments  of  Provisional  and  Complete  Specifications)  for 
187 1 ,  with  Indexes  of  Names  and  Subject  Matter.  Published  in 
weekly  numbers,  price  4d.  each.* 

III. 

ABRIDGMENTS  (in  Classes  and  Chronologically  arranged)  of 
SPECIFICATIONS  of  PATENTED  INVENTIONS,  from  the 
earliest  enrolled  to  those  published  under  the  Act  of  1852. 

These  books  are  of  12mo.  size,  and  each  is  limited  to  inventions  of 
one  class  only.  They  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  at  once  a  Chronolo- 
gical, Alphabetical,  Subject-matter,  and  Reference  Index  to  the  class 
to  which  they  relate.  Inventors  are  strongly  recommended,  before 
applying  for  Letters  Patent,  to  consult  the  classes  of  Abridgments  of 
Specifications  which  relate  to  the  subjects  of  their  inventions,  and  by 
the  aid  of  these  works  to  select  the  Specifications  they  may  consider  it 
necessary  to  examine  in  order  to  ascertain  if  their  inventions  are  new. 

The  following  series  of  Abridgments  do  not  extend  beyond  the  end  of 
the  year  1866.  From  that  date  the  Abridgments  have  not  been 
published  in  classes,  but  will  be  found  in  chronological  order  in  the 
"  Chronological  and  Descriptive  Index  "  (see  Section  II.  of  this  List 
of  Works).  It  is  intended,  however,  to  publish  these  Abridgments 
in  classes  as  soon  as  the  Abridgments  of  all  the  Specifications  from 
the  earliest  period  to  the  end  of  1866  have  appeared  in  a  classified 
form.  Until  that  takes  place  the  Inventor  (by  the  aid  of  the  Subject 
Matter  Index  for  each  year)  can  continue  bis  examination  of  the 
Abridgments  relating  to  the  subject  of  his  invention  in  the  Chrono- 
logical and  Descriptive  Index, 

The  classes  already  published  are, — 

1.  DRAIN  TILES  AND  PIPES,  price  4d.,  by  post  5d. 

2.  SEWING  AND  EMBROIDERING,  price  6d.,  by  post  Id. 

3.  MANURE,  price  4d.,  by  post  5d. 

4.  PRESERVATION  OF  FOOD,  Part  I.,  A.D.  1691-1855,  price  4d.,  by  post  5d.— 

Part  II.,  A.D.  1856-1866,  price  6eZ.,  by  post  Id. 

5.  MARINE  PROPULSION,  price  is.  10d.,  by  post  2s.  2d. 

6.  MANUFACTURE  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL,  Parts  I.,  II.,  &  III.,  A.D.  1621-1867, 

price  Is.  Qd.,   by  post  Is.  9d.— Part  IV.,  A.D.  1857-1865,  price  2$.  &/.,  by 
post  2s.  Sd. 

7.  AIDS  TO  LOCOMOTION,  price  6d.,  by  post  Id. 

8.  STBAM  CULTURE,  price  8d.,  by  post  Wd. 


*  See  Notice  on  page  16. 

P  F 


v     I 


2.  APPENDIX  to    the    SPECIFICATIONS   of  ENGLISH    PA- 

TENTS  for  RE  APING  MACHINES.  ByB.  WOODCROFT,F.R.S. 
Price  6s.  6d.  By  Post,  6s.  lid 

3.  INDEX  to  ALL   INVENTIONS  PATENTED  in  ENGLAND 

from.  161 7  to  1854  inclusive,  arranged  under  the  greatest 
number  of  heads,  with  parallel  references  to  INVENTIONS  and 
DISCOVERIES  described  in  the  scientific  works  of  VARIOUS 
NATIONS,  as  classified  by  Professor  Schubarth.  By  B.  WOOD- 
CROFT,  F.R.S.  Price  Is.  By  Post,  Is.  Id. 

The  foreign  works  thus  indexed  form  a  portion  of  the  Library  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Patents,  where  they  may  be  consulted. 

4.  EXTENSION  of  PATENTS  to  the  COLONIES.— Abstract  of 

Replies  to  the  Secretary  of  State's  Circular  Despatch  of  January  2, 
1853,  on  the  subject  of  the  Extension  of  Patents  for  Inventions 
to  the  Colonies.  Second  Edition,  with  Revised  Table.  1861. 
Price  2s.  By  Post,  2s.  2d. 

5.  SUPPLEMENT  to  the  SERIES  of  LETTERS  PATENT  and 

SPECIFICATIONS,  from  A.D.  1617  to  Oct.  1852;  consisting 
for  the  most  part  of  Reprints  of  scarce  Pamphlets,  descriptive  of 
the  early  patented  Inventions  comprised  in  that  Series. 

CONTENTS. 

1.  Metallica;  or  the  Treatise  of  Metallica,  briefly  comprehending  the  doctrine 
of  diverse  new  metallical  inventions,  &c.    By  SIMON  STURTEVANT.    (let- 
ters Patent,  dated  '29th  February  1611.)    Price  Is.  4d. ;  by  post,  Is.  5d. 

2.  A  Treatise  of  Metallica,  but  not  that  which  was  published  by  Mr.  Simon 
Sturtevant,  upon  his  Patent,  &e.    By  JOHN  ROVENZON.    (Letters  Patent 
granted  A.D.  1612,)    Price  4,d  ;  by  post,  4>%d. 

8.  A  Commission  directed  to  Sir  Richard  Wynne  and  others  to  inquire  upon 
oath  whether  NICHOLAS  PAGE  or  Sir  NICHOLAS  HALSE  was  the  first  in- 
ventor of  certaine  kilnes  for  the  drying  of  malt,  &c.  &c.  (Letters  Patent, 
Nos.  33  and  85,  respectively  dated  8th  April  1626,  and  23rd  July  1635.) 
Price  td. ;  by  post,  2%d. 

4.  DUD  DUDLEY'S  Metallum  Martis  ;  or  iron  made  with  pit-coale,  sea-coale, 
&c.    (Letters  Patent,  Nos.  18  and  117,  respectively  dated  22nd  February 
1620,  and  tnd  May  1638.)    Price  8d. ;  by  post,  9d. 

5.  Description  of  the  nature  and  working  of  the  Patent  Waterscoop  Wheels 
invented  by  WILLIAM  WHELER,  as  compared  with  the  raising  wheels 
now  in  common  use.    By  J,  W.  B.     Translated  from  the  Dutch  by 
Dr.  Tolhausen.    (Letters  Patent,  No.  127,  dated  24th  June  1642.)   Price  2s. ; 
by  post,  2s.  \%d. 

6.  An  exact  and  true  definition  of  the  stupendous  Water-commanding  Engine 
invented  by  the  Right  Honourable  (and  deservedly  to   be  praised  an 
admired)  EDWARD  SOMERSET,  Lord  Marquis  of  WORCESTER,  &c.  &c 
(Stat.  IE  Car.  II.  c.  12.  A.D.  1663.)    Price  4d. ;  by  post,  4&d. 

7.  Navigation  improved ;  or  the  art  of  rowing  ships  of  all  rate^  in  calms  with 
a  more  easy,  swift,  and  steady  motion  than  oars  can.  By  THOMAS  SAVERT. 
(Letters  Patent,  No.  347,  dated  Wth  January  1696.)    Price  Is. ;  by  post, 
Is.  \d. 

8.  The  Miner's  Friend  •  or  an  engine  to  raise  water  by  fire,  described,  &c 
By  THOMAS  SAVERT.    (Letters  Patent,  No.  356,  dated  Zfjth  July  1698,  and 
Stat.  10  &  11  Will.  III.  c.  31,  A.D.  1699.)    Price  Is. ;  by  post,  Is.  Id. 

9.  Specimina  Ichnographica ;  or  a  brief  narrative  of  several  new  inventions 
and  experiments,  particularly  the  navigating  a  ship  in  a  calm,  &c.  By  JOHIT 
ALLEN,  M.D.   (Letters Patent,  No.  513,  dated  1th  August  1729.)  Price  8d. ; 
by  post,  8%d, 


10.  A  description  and  draught  of  a  new-invented  Machine  for  can-vine  vessels 
or  ships  out  of  or  into  any  harbour,  port,  or  river  .-.^.inst  xvm.l  -m«l  t  ,i,lV  ,,r 


11.  An  historical  account  of  a  new  method  for  extracting  the  foul  air  out  of 
ships,  &c.  with  the  description  and  draught  of  the  machines  hv  which  it  is 
performed,  £c.    By  SAMUEL  SUTTON,  the  Inventor.    To  \\liidi  are  an- 
nexed two  relations  given  thereof  to  the  Royal  Society  liv  J)r  Mead  and 
Mr.  Wj^on^  (Letters  Patent,  No.  602,  dated  IQth  March  1741.)  Price  1*.  ; 

12.  The  letter  of  Master  WILLTAMDRUMMOITD  for  the  construction  of  machines 

weapons,  and  engines  of  war  for  attack  or  defence  by  land  or  sea.  Ac 
Dated  the  29th  Septeinper  1626.   (Scotch  Patent,  temp.  Car.  II.)  Price  4d. 


A  FREE  LIBRARY  and  READING  ROOMS  are  open  to  the 
Public  daily,  from  10  till  4  o'clock,  in  the  Office  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Patents,  25,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane. 
In  addition  to  the  printed  Specifications,  Indexes,  and  other 
publications  of  the  Commissioners,  the  Library  includes  a  Col- 
lection of  the  leading  British  and  Foreign  Scientific  Journals, 
and  text-books  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and  art. 

Complete  sets  of  the  Commissioners  of  Patents'  publications 
(each  set  including  more  than  2,700  volumes  and  costing  for 
printing  and  paper  nearly  ^2,600)  have  been  presented  to  the 
authorities  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  kingdom,  on 
condition  that  the  works  shall  be  rendered  daily  accessible  to  the 
public,  for  reference  or  for  copying,  free  of  all  charge.  The  following 
list  gives  the  names  of  the  towns,  and  shows  the  place  of  deposit, 
so  far  as  ascertained,  of  each  set  of  the  works  thus  presented  : — 


Aberdeen  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Belfast  (Queen's  College). 

Beverley  (Guildhall). 

Birmingham  ( Central  Free  Library — 
Reference  Department,  Ratcliff 
Place). 

Blackburn  (Free  Library  and  Mu- 
seum, Town  Hall  Street). 

Bolton-le-Moors  (Public  Library,  Ex- 
change Buildings). 

Bradford,  Yorkshire  (Borough  Ac- 
countant's Office,  Corporation 
Buildings,  Swain  Street). 

Brighton  (Town  Hall). 

Bristol  (City  Library,  King  Street). 

Burnley  (Office  of  the  Burnley  Im- 
provement Commissioners). 

Carlisle  (Public  Free  Library,  Police 

Office). 

Chester  (Town  Hall,  Northgate  St.) 
Cork  (Royal  Corklnsfr,  Nelson  Place). 
Crewe  (Railway  Station). 
Darlington      (Mechanics'     Institute  t 

Skinnergate). 

Derby  (Free  Public  Library). 
Dorchester. 


Drogheda. 
Dublii 


Dublin  (Royal Dublin  Soy,Kildare St.) 
Dundalk  (Free  Library). 


Falraouth  (Public  Libv,  Cliurch  St.) 
Gateshead  (Mechanics'  Institute). 
Gorton  (Railway  Station). 
Glasgow  (Stirling's  Lib»,  Miller  St.) 
Grimsby,  Great  (Mechanics'  Institu- 

tion, Victoria  Street). 
Halifax. 
Hanley,  Staffordshire  Potteries  (Town 

Hall). 
Hertford  (Free  Public  Library,  Town 

Hall). 
Huddersfield  (Improvement  Commis- 

sioners' Offices,  South  Parade). 
Hull  (Mechanics'  Inst.,  George  St.) 
Ipswich  (Museum  Library,  Museum 

Street). 

Keighley  (Mechanics"  Inst.,North  St.) 
Kidderminster  (Public  Free  Library, 

Public  Buildings,  Vicar  Street). 
King's   Lynn,  Norfolk  (Stanley  Li- 

brary, AthencEum). 
Lancaster  (Mechanics'  Institute,  Mar- 

ket Street). 
Leamington  Priors  (Public  Library, 

Town  Hall). 
Leeds    (Public   Library,    Infirmary 


Buildings). 
Leicester  (Free 
Street). 


Library,  Wellington 


Limerick  (Town  Hall}. 

Liverpool  (Free  Public  Library,  Wil- 
liam Brown  Street). 

London  (British  Museum). 

(Society  of  Arts,  John  Street, 

Adelphi). 

Macclesfield  (Useful  Knowledge  So- 
ciety). 

Maidstone  (Free  Library) 

Manchester  (Free  Liby,  Camp  Field). 

Montrose  (Free  Library). 

Newark,  (Mechanics'  Institute, 
Middle  Gate). 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society). 

Newport,  Monmouth  (Commercial 
Boom,  Town  Hall). 

Northampton. 

Norwich  ( Free  Library,  St.  John's, 
Maddermarket). 

Nottingham  (Free  Library). 

Oldham  (School  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Lyceum). 

Oxford  (Public  Free  Library,  Town 
Hall.) 

Paisley  (Government  School  of  De- 
sign, Gilmour  Street). 

Plymouth  (Mechanics'  Institute, 
Princess  Square). 

Preston,  Lancashire  (Dr.  Shepherd's 
Library,  the  Institution,  Avenham). 


Reading  (Literary,  Scientific,  and 
Mechanics'  Institution,  London  Si.) 

Rochdale  (Commissioners'  Rooms, 
Smith  Street). 

Rotherham  (Board  of  Health  Offices, 
Howard  Street). 

Salford  (Royal  Museum  and  Library, 
Peel  Park). 

Sheffield  (Free  Public  Library,  Sur- 
rey Street). 

Shrewsbury  (Public  Museum,  College 
Street). 

Southampton  (Hartley  Institution). 

Stirling  (Burgh  Library,  Town 
House,  Broad  Street). 

Stockport  (Museum,  Vernon  Park). 

Sunderland  (Corporation  Museum, 
Athenaeum,  Fawcett  Street). 

"Wakefield  (Mechanics'  Institution, 
Bar  stow  Square). 

"Warrington  (The  Museum  and  Li- 
brary). 

Water  ford  (Town  Hall,  The  Mall). 

Wexford  (Mechanics'  Institute, 
Crescent  Quay). 

Wigan. 

"Wolverhampton  (School  of  Practical 
Art,  Darlington  Street). 

Wolverton  (Railway  Station). 

York  (Lower  CouncilChamber, Guild- 
hall). 


The  Commissioners'  publications  have  also  been  presented  to  the 
following  Public  Offices,  Seats  of  Learning,  Societies,  British  Colonies, 
and  Foreign  States  : — 

Public  Offices,  &c. 


Admiralty— Director  of  Works' Depart- 
ment. 

Chief  Constructor's  Depart- 
ment. 

Chatham  Dockyard. 

Sheerness  ditto. 

Portsmouth  ditto. 

Devonport  ditto. 

Pembroke  ditto. 
Artillery  Institute,  Woolwich. 
Board  of  Trade.  Whitehall. 


Ordnance  Office— Pall  Mall. 

Small  ArmsFactorv, 

EnHeld. 

War  Office,  Pall  Mall. 
India  Office. 
Royal  School  of  Mines,  &c.,Jermyn 

Street,  Piccadilly. 
Dublin  Castle,  Dublin. 
Record  and  Writ  Office,   Chancery, 

Dublin. 
Office  of  Chancery,  Edinburgh. 


Seats  of  Learning  and  Societies. 

Cambridge  University.  [    Queen's  College,  Galway. 

Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Incorporated  Law  Society,  Chancery 

Lane,  London. 


Antigua. 
Barbados. 
British  Guiana. 
Canada—  Library  of  Par- 
liament, Ottawa. 
Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture, Toronto. 
Board    of  Arts 
and  Manufactures, 
Montreal. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Ceylon. 

British  Colonies. 
India  —  Bengal. 
Bombay. 
Madras. 
N.-W.  Provinces. 
Jamaica. 
Malta. 
Mauritius. 
New  Brunswick. 
Newfoundland. 
New  South  Wales. 
New  Zealand. 
Nora  Scotia. 

Prince  Edward  Island. 
South  Australia—  Colonial 
Institute,  Adelaide. 
Tasmania. 
Trinidad. 
Victoria—  Parliamentary 
Library,  Mel- 
bourne. 
Patent    Office, 
Melbourne. 
Public  Library, 
Melbourne. 

10 


Foreign  States. 

Argentine  Republic— Buenos  Ayres. 
Austria— Handels  Mimsterium,  Vienna. 
Belgium — Ministere  de  I'lnt6rieur,  Brussels. 

Mus6e  de  1'Industrie,  Brussels. 
France — Bibliotheque  Nationale  ") 

Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers,  >  Paris. 
H6tel  de  Ville,  J 

Germany— Alsace— Socie'te'  Industrielle,  Mulhouse. 
Bavaria— Konigliche  Bibliothek,  Munich 
Gotha— Ducal  Friedenstein  Collection. 
Prussia—  Gewerbe-Akademie,  Berlin. 

Konigliche  Bibliothek,  Berlin. 
Konigliche  Polytechnische  Schule,  Hanover. 
Saxony— Polytechnische  Schule.  Dresden. 
Wurtemberg— Bibliothek  des  Musterlagers,  Stuttgart. 
Italy — Ufficio  delle  Privative,  Florence . 
Netherlands— Harlem . 

Russia— Bibliotheque  Impe'riale,  St.  Petersburg. 
Spain— Madrid. 

Sweden— Teknologiska  Institutet,  Stockholm. 
United  States— Patent  Office,  Washington. 
Astor  Library,  New  York. 
State  Library,  Albany. 
Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia. 
Free  Library,  Boston. 
Library  Company,  Philadelphia. 
Library  Association,  Chicago. 
Peabody  Institute,  Baltimore. 
Historical  Society,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 
Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.Y. 
Mercantile  Library,  St.  Louis. 


Grants  of  complete  series  of  Abridgments  of  Specifications  have  been, 
made  to  the  undermentioned  Mechanics,  Literary,  and  Scientific 
Institutions: — 


Aberystwith  (Literary  and  Working 
Men's  Reading  Room). 

Alnwick  (Scientific  and  Mechanical 
Institution). 

Altrincham  (Altrincham  and  JBowdon 
Literary  Institution). 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch  (Mutual  Improve- 
ment Society). 

Bacup  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Ballymoney  (Town  Hall). 

Banbridge  (Literary  and  Mutual  Im- 
provement Society). 

Banbury  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Barnstaple  (Literary  and  Scientific 
Institution). 

Bath  (Athenaeum). 

Batley  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Battle  (Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation) . 

Belfast  (Athenaeum). 

Berkhampstead,Great  ( Working  Men's 
Cottege). 

Smethwick    Working    Men's    Club 

and  Institute). 

. (Bloomsbury  Institution) . 

. ( CentralLending  Library) . 

. —  (Deritend  Working  Men' s 

Association). 


Birmingham  (Graham  Street  Institu- 
tion). 

Bodmin  (Literary  Institution). 

Bolton  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

(School  of  Art). 

Bradford,  near  Manchester  (Bradford 
Working  Men's  Club). 

,   Yorkshire    (Library    and 

Literary  Society). 

(Mechanic* 


Institute). 

Brampton,  near   Chesterfield  (Local 
Museum  and  Literary  Institute). 

Breage,  Cornwall  (Breagelnstitution). 

Bristol  (Athenaeum). 

(Institution). 

— (Law  Library  Society). 

(Library). 

Broomsgrove    (Literary  and  Media- 
nics'  Institute). 

Burnley  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

(Literary  Institution). 

Burslem  (Wedgwood Institute). 

Bury  St.  Edmund's  (Mechanics' Insti- 
tution). 

Canterbury  (Working  Men's  Club). 

Cardiff  (Free  Library  and  Museum) 

Cardigan  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Carharrack  (Literary  Institute). 
11 


Carmarthen  (Literary  and  Scientific 

Institution). 
Cheltenham   (Literary  and  Philoso- 


(Permanent  Library). 

(Working  Men's  Club). 

(Literary    and    Scientific 


Chert  sey 
Institution). 

Chester  (City  Library  and  Heading 
Room). 

Chesterfield  (Mechanics' Institution). 

Chichester  (Literary  and  Philosophi- 
cal Society) . 

(Literary    Society     and 

Mechanics'  Institute). 

Coalbrpok  <J  ale  (Literary  and/Scientific 
Institution). 

Cockennouth    (Mechanics'     Institu- 
tion). 

Colchester  (Literary Institution). 

• (Young   Men's    Christian 

Association). 

Compstall  (Athenaeum). 

Coventry  (Free  Library). 

(Institute). 

(School  of  Art). 

Crediton  (Working Men's  Club). 

Dartmouth     (Mutual    Improvement 
Society). 

Deal  (Deal  and  Walmer  Institute). 

Denton    (Denton  and  Haughton  Me- 
chanics' Institution). 

Derby  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Devonport  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Dewsbury  (Mechanics'  Institution) . 

Doncaster  (Free  Library) . 

(Great  Northern    Mecha- 
nics' Institute). 

Dorchester    (County    Museum    and 
Library) . 

( Working  Men's  Institute) . 

Dudley  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Dukinfield  (Mechanics' Institute). 

(Village    Library    and 

Heading  Room) . 

Dumbarton  (Philosophical  and  Lite- 
rary Society). 

Dumfries  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Durham  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Eagley,  Bolton-le- Moors  (Library  and 
Institute). 

Earlestown,  Newton-le- Willows  (Mu- 
tual Improvement  Society). 

Edinburgh  (Horological  Society). 

(Mechanics'  Library). 

(Philosophical     Institu- 


tion). 


Arts). 


(Royal  Society  of  Arts) . 
(Royal  Scottish  Society  of 

(Subscription  Library) . 
(Watt    Institution     and 


School  of  Art). 

(Working Men's  Club). 


Egham  (Literary  Institute). 

Egremont  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Exeter  (Devon  and  Exeter   Institu- 
tion). 

Faversham  (Institute). 

Frome  (Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- 
tution). 
12 


Gainsborough  (Literary,  Scientific 
and  Mechanics'  Institute). 

Gar  forth,  near  Leeds  ( Working  Men's 
Club). 

Glasgow  (Athenaeum). 

(Central  Working  Men's  Club 

and  Institute). 

(Institution  of  Engineers  in 

Scotland). 

(Mechanics'  Institution,  Bath 

Street). 

(Philosophical  Society). 

Grantham  (Public  Literary  Institu- 
tion). 

Gravesend  (Gravesend  and  Milton 
Library  and  Reading  Rooms). 

Greenwich  ( Working  Men's  Institute). 

Guildford  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Halesworth  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Halifax  (Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society) . 

(Mechanics'  Institute). 

(  Working  Men's  College). 

Haslingdon  (Institute). 

Hastings  (Literary  and  Scientific  In- 
stitute). 

Hawarden  (Literary  Institution). 

Hebden  Bridge,  near  Todmorden  (Me- 
chanics' Institution). 

Helston  (Reading  Room  and  Library) . 

Hereford  (Natural  History,  Philoso- 
phical, Antiquarian,  and  Literary 
Society). 

Hertford  (Literary  and  Scientific 
Institution). 

Hey  wood  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Holbeck  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Hollingwood  (Working  Men's  Club). 

Holywell  Green.  (Mechanics'  Insti- 
tution). 

Huddersfield  (Mechanics' Institution) . 

Hull  (Church  Institute). 

(Literary,  Scientific  and  Mecha- 
nics' Institute). 

(Lyceum  Library). 

(Royal  Institution,  Albion  Street) . 

(Young  People's  Institute). 

Huntingdon  (Literary  and  Scientific 

Institution) . 

Kendal  (Christian  and  Literary  Insti- 
tute). 

(Working  Men's  Institute). 

Kidderminster  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Lancaster  (Mechanics'  Institute  and 
School  of  Science). 

Leeds  ( Church  Institute) . 

(Library). 

(Mechanics'  Institution  and 

Literary  Society). 

(Philosophical  and  Literary 

Society). 

( Working  Men's  Institute). 

( Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation) . 

Leighton  Buzzard  (Working  Men's 
Mutual  Improvement  Society) . 

Leith  (Mechanics'  Subscription  Lib- 
rary). 

Lewes  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

(School  of  Science  and  Art). 

Lincoln  (Mechanics'  Institute). 


Liverpool  (Institute). 

(Mechanics'  Institute). 

—  •   '  (Medical  Institution). 

(Polytechnic  Society). 

Llanelly  (Chamber  of  Commerce  and 

Reading  Room) . 

London  (Atheneeum  Club,  Pall  Mall). 
(Beaumont    Institute,    Mile 


End). 


(Bedford  Working  Men's  In- 


stitute, Spitalfields). 

(Birkbeck  Institution,  South- 
ampton Buildings,  Ghattcery  Lane). 

(Bow  Common  Working  Men  s 

Club,  Devon's  Road,  Bow  Common). 

(Christchurch  Working  Men's 

Club,  New  Street,  Lark  Hall  Lane, 
Clapham). 

(Clerkenwell     Club,     Lower 

Rosoman  Street). 

(Holloway    Working  Men's 

Club  and  Institute,  Holloway  Road) . 

(Literary  and  Scientific  So- 
ciety, Wellington  Street,  Islington). 
(Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- 


tution, Walworth). 

—  (St.  James  and  So7io  Working 


Men's  Club,  Rupert  Street.  Soho). 
(St,     Mary     Charterhouse 


Working  Men's  Club,  Golden  Lane). 

(South    London     Working 

Men's  College,  Blackfriars  Road). 
(Southwark  Working  Men's 


Club,  Broadwall,  Stamford  Street). 
.    (Spring    Vale    Institution, 

Hammersmith). 
(Working  Men's  Club, Bnx- 

! —  (Working  Men's   Club,   St. 

Mark's,  Victoria  Docks) . 
(Working  Men's   Club   and 

Institute.  Battersea). 
(Working   Men's    Club   and 

Institute  Union,  Strand). 
( Working  Men's  College,Great 

Ormond  Street). 
Loughborough  (Working  Men's  Club 

and  Institute). 

Madeley  (Anstice  Memorial,   Work- 
men's Club  and  Institute). 
Manchester  (Ancoats  Branch    Free 

Library). 

(Athenaeum). 
(Campfield  Free  Lending 


Library). 


(Chorlton  and  Ardwick 


Branch  Free  Library). 

(Hulme     Branch 

Library). 


Free 


Law  Library). 
Mechanics'  Institution). 
-(NaturalHistoryMuseum, 

Peter  Street). 
. —  (Portico  Library,  Mose- 

6V. '(Rochdale  Road  Branch 

Free  Library). 
(Royal    Exchange  146- 

MaSeld    (Co-operative    Industrial 
Society). 


Mansfield  (Mechanics',  Artizans',and 
Apprentices'  Library) . 

Melksham  (Mutual  Improvement 
Society). 

Merthyr-Tydfil  (South  Wales  Institute 
of  Engineers) . 

Middlesborough  (Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion). 

Modbury  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Mossley  (Meclianics'  Institute). 

Newark  (Meclianics'  Institute). 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (Mechanics'  In- 
stitution). 

(Working  Men's 

Club). 

New  Mills,  near  Stockport  (Mechanics' 
Institute). 

Newport,  Isle  of  Wight  (YoungMen's 
Society  and  Reading  Room). 

Northampton  (Meclianics'  Institute). 

Nottingham  (Free  Library) . 

(Mechanics' Institution). 

(Subscription  Library, 

Bromley  House) . 

Oldham  (Analytic  Literary  Institu- 
tion). 

(Mechanics' Institution,Wer- 

neth). 

Ormskirk  (Public  Library). 

Oswestry  (Institute). 

Patricroft  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Pembroke  Dock  (Mechanics' Institute). 

Pendleton  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Penryn  (Working  Men's  Club  and 
Reading  Room). 

Perth     (Mechanics'    Library,    High 

Peterborough  (Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion). 

Plymouth  (Working  Men's  Institute). 

Poole  (Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- 
tution). 

(Mechanics'  Institute). 

Portsea  (Athenaeum  and  Mechanics' 
Institution). 

Preston  (Avenham  Institution) . 

(Society  of  UsefulKnowledge). 

Rawtenstall  (Mechanics'  Institution). 

Richmond  (Working  Men's  College). 

Rotherham  (Rotherham  and  Masbro' 
Literary  and  Mechanics'  Institute) . 

Royston  (Institute). 

Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight  (Philosophical 
and  Scientific  Society). 

Saffron  Walden  (Literary  and  Scien- 
tific Institution). 

St.  Just  (Institution). 

St. Leonard's  (Mechanics' Institution). 

Salford  (Working  Men's  Club). 

Saltaire  (Literary  Institute). 

Selby  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Shcmeld  (Branch  Free  Library). 

.  (Literary  and  Philosophical 

Society,  School  of  Arts).  . 

Skipton,  Yorkshire  (Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute). 

Southampton  (Hartley  Institution). 

(Polytechnic  Institu- 
tion). 

Southport  (Athenceum). 

G    G 


South  Shields  (Working  Men's  Insti- 
tute and  Club). 

Spaldiug  (Mechanics'  Institute). 
(Christian  Young  Men's  As- 
sociation). 

Staines  (Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- 
tution). 

(Mechanics'    Institute    and 

Reading  Room). 
Stamford  (Institution). 
Stourbridge     (Church    of    England 
Association). 

(Iron    Works    Reading 

Room  and  Library). 

(Mechanics'  Institution). 

Working    Men's    Insti- 
tute). 

Stratford  (Working  Men's  Hall). 
Sunderland  (Working  Men's  Club). 
Swansea  (Royal  Institution  of  South 
Wales). 

(Working  Man's  Institute). 

Tavistock  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

— (Public  Library). 

Thornton,  near  Bradford  (Mechanics' 

Institute). 
Thornton  Heath,  Croydon  (Workmen's 

Club). 

Todmorden  (MecJianics'  Institution). 
Truro  (Cornwall  County  Library). 

(Institution). 

(Royal    Institution   of  Corn- 
wall). 

Tunbridge  Wells  (Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion). 


Tunbridge  Wells  (Society  of  Literature 
and  Science). 

Turton  near  Bolton  (Chapel  Town 
Institute) . 

TJlverston  (Temperance Hall). 

Uttoxeter  (Mechanics'  Literary  Insti- 
tute). 

Wakefield  (Mechanics'  Institute). 
Watford  (Literary  Institute). 

Wells,  Somerset  (Mechanics'  Insti- 
tution, Grove  Lane). 

; — • (Young  Men's  So- 
ciety). 

Whaleybridge  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Whitby  (Institute). 

(Museum). 

— - (Subscription  Library). 

Whitehaven  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

•  ( Working  Men's  Reading 

Room). 

Whitstable  (Institute). 

Wisbeach  (Mechanics'  Institute). 

Wolverhampton  (Library). 

Wolverton  (Institute). 

Woodbridge  (Literary  and  Mechanics' 
Institute). 

( Working  Men's  Hall). 

Worcester  (Railway  Literary  Insti- 
tute). 

(Workman's  Hall). 

Workington  (Mechanics' Institution). 

York  (Church  Institute). 

(Institute  of  Popular  Science. 

&c.) 

(Railway  Library). 


Presentations  of  portions  of  the  Works,  published  by  order  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Patents,  have  been  made  to  the  following 
Libraries : — 


Armagh  (Town  Clerk's  Office). 

Aylesbury  (Mechanics'  Institution  and 
Literary  Society,  Kingsbury). 

Birmingham  (Institution  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers,  Newhall  Street). 

Boston,  Lincolnshire  (Public  Offices, 
Marketplace). 

Cambridge  ( Free  Library,  Jesus  Lane) . 

Chester  (Mechanics'  Institute,  St. 
John  Street). 

Coalbrookdale  (Literary  and  Scienti- 
fic Institution). 

Coventry  ( Watchmakers'  Association) . 

Darwen,  Over  (Free  Public  Library). 

Dublin  (Dublin  Library,  D'Olier 
Street): 

Edinburgh  (Horological  Society). 

Ennis  (Public  Library) . 

Gloucester  ( Working  Mer.'s  Institute, 
Southgate  Street). 

Ipswich  (Mechanics' Institute,  Tavern 
Street). 

Kew  (Librae  of  the  Royal  Gardens). 
14 


Kington,     Herefordshire     (Reading 
Institute). 

Leominster  (Literary  Institute). 

London   House  of  Lords). 

House  of  Commons) . 
Hon.  Soc.  of  Gray's  Inn) . 
Hon.  Soc.  of  Inner  Temple). 

(    „       „        Lincoln's  Inn). 

(    „       „       Middle  Temple). 

(Aeronautical  Society). 

(British  Horological    Insti- 
tute). 

(General  Post  Office). 

(Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers). 

(Odontological  Society). 

(Royal  Society). 

( United  Service  Museum) 

Manchester  (Literary  and  Philoso- 
phical Society,  George  Street). 

(Mechanics'    Institution, 

David  Street). 


Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (North  of  Una- 
land  Institute  of  Mining  Engi- 
neers). 

Oxford  (Bodleian  Library). 

Stretford,  near  Manchester  (Mecha- 
nics' Institute). 


Swindon,  New  (Mechanics'  Institute) 

Tamworth    (Library    and    Reading 
Room,  George  Street). 

Yarmouth,  Norfolk  (PubUc  Library, 
South  Quay). 


British  Colonies  and  Foreign  States. 


Insti- 

— •  Public    Library, 
New  West  minster. 

France— Academy  of  Science,  Paris. 

Netherlands— Bibliothe'que  de  PEcole  -^^^u  ^ 

Polytechnique  de  Delft.  Cml  Engineers,  New  York. 

Russia— Imperial  Technological  Insti- Odd  Fellows'  Libranr 

tute,  St.  Petersburg.  Association,  San  Francisco. 

Smyrna— Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- Smithsonian    Insti- 
tute, tute,  Washington. 


Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston. 

American     Institute, 

New  York. 

American  Society  of 


PATENT  OFFICE  MUSEUM,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON. 

THIS  Museum  is  open  to  the  public  daily,  free  of  charge.    The  hour* 
of  admission  are  as  follows  : — 

Mondays,  Tuesdays,  and  Saturdays,  10  A.M.  till  10  P.M. 
Wednesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Fridays,  from  10  A.M.  till  4,  5,  or 
6  P.M.,  according  to  the  season. 

If  any  Patentee  should  be  desirous  of  exhibiting  a  model  of  his 
invention  in  London,  he  may  avail  himself  of  this  Museum,  which  has 
been  visited  since  its  opening  on  the  22nd  June  1857  by  more  than 
2,150,000  persons.  The  model  will  be  received  either  as  a  gift  or  loan  ; 
if  deposited  as  a  loan,  it  will  be  returned  on  demand.  Before  sending  a 
model,  it  is  requested  that  the  size  and  description  of  it  shall  first  be 
given  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Patent  Office  Museum. 


GALLERY  OF  PORTEAITS  OF  INVENTORS,  DISCO- 
VERERS, AND  INTRODUCERS  OF  USEFUL  ARTS.— This 
Collection,  formed  by  Mr.  Woodcroft,  and  first  opened  to  public  view 
in  1853,  is  now  exhibited  in  the  Patent  Oflice. 

Presentations  or  loans  of  Portraits,  Medallions,  Busts,  and  Statues, 
in  augmentation  of  the  Collection;  are  solicited.  They  will  be  duly 
acknowledged  in  the  Commissioners  of  Patents'  Journal,  and  includ<!d 
in  the  next  edition  of  the  Catalogue. 


All  communications  relating  to  the  Patent  Office,  or  to  the  Museum 
and  Portrait  Gallery,  to  be  addressed  to  B.  WOODCROFT,  Clerk  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Patents  and  Superintendent  of  the  Patent  Office 
Museum,  at  the  Patent  Office,  25,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  London,  W.C. 


NOTICE. 


THE  Abridgments  delivered  at  the  Patent  Office  by  the  Applicants  for 
Letters  Patent  will  in  future  be  published  weekly  (commencing  on 
Friday,  July  14),  with  Indexes  of  Persons  and  Subjects.  In  the 
body  of  the  work  the  Abridgments  of  the  Provisional  and  Complete 
Specifications  will  be  published  in  regular  numerical  order  at  the 
expiration  of  the  term  of  six  months  from  the  date  of  application.  But 
each  weekly  number  will  have  an  appendix,  containing  the  Abridg- 
ments open  to  public  inspection  before  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  six 
months,  in  consequence  of  the  Patentees  having  filed  their  Final  Speci- 
fications, and  also  the  Abridgments  of  Complete  Specifications  just 
received.  These  Abridgments  will  be  subsequently  printed  in  the  body 
of  the  work  in  their  proper  places,  in  order  to  preserve  the  numerical 
and  chronological  arrangement  of  the  book.  In  the  indexes  of  each 
successive  number  all  the  previous  indexes  will  be  incorporated  until 
the  end  of  the  year  ;  and  then  the  last  indexes  only  should  be  retained 
to  bind  with  the  fifty-two  weekly  parts  in  one  volume  for  the  year. 

B.  WOODCROFT. 
July  10,  1871. 

*„.*  The  work  referred  to  in  the  above  notice  is  published  (under 
the  title  of  "  Chronological  and  Descriptive  Index  of  Patents,"  &c.) 
on  Friday  in  each  week,  and  is  forwarded,  post  free,  to  subscribers. 
Terms  22s.  per  annum.  Subscriptions  received  at  the  Sale  Room  of  the 
Patent  Office,  25,  Southampton  Buildings,  Holborn,  where  also  single 
copies,  at  4d.  each,  may  be  obtained.  Post  Office  Orders  to  be  made 
payable  at  the  Post  Office,  Holborn,  to  Mr.  Bennet  Woodcroft,  Clerk  to 
the  Commissioners  of  Patents. 


HOME  USE 

CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT 
MAIN  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 
1 -month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling  642-3405. 
6-month  loans  may  be  recharged  by  bringing  books 

to  Circulation  Desk. 
Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made  4  days  prior 

to  due  date. 

ALL  BOOKS  ARE  SUBJECT  TO  RECALL  7  DAYS 
AFTER  DATE  CHECKED  OUT. 

JUN    81971 

REC.  ClflL      JUN    776 


LD21— A-40m-8,'75 
(S7737L) 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


YB 


601679 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


£&£