Patience : an alliterative version of Jonah

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PATIENCE

An Alliterative Version of Jonah
by the Poet of Pearl

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SELECT EARLY ENGLISH POEMS

SELECT EARLY ENGLISH POEMS

EDITED BY PROFESSOR I. GOLLANCZ, LITT.D., F.B.A.

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PATIENCE

Aii Alliterative Version of Jonah
by the Poet of Pearl

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LONDON

III MPIIREY MII.l'OlU): OXFORD UM\ KltSITV

OXFORD: HORACE HART
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

TO

MY STUDENTS

AT CAMBRIDGE AND LONDON

WHO HAVE SHARED MY DELIGHT

IN THESE OLD-WORLD POEMS

T CANNOT used of undue haste in setting forth

• the present series of Select Early English Poetry, —
to form, it is hoped, an Anthology of Early English Poetry.
It has long been my intention to endeavour to satisfy, in the
first instance, the need felt by students and others for adequate
editions of the shorter Alliterative Poems.

Patience will be followed by The Parlutmeut of the Three
Ages, //" • /•/• and Wa. <wald> Death and Life, The

Quatrefoil of Love> to mention the texts already at press.
One or more of the poems will be issued quarterly, and at
a price within the means of all who may care to possess these
texts, at present for the most part unavailable.

This first instalment indicates the plan of the Series. The
texts, in each case, will be based either on my previous
editions ivcollated with the MSS., or on fresh transcripts.
All changes are marked by square brackets, where letters or
words are added or substituted, and by daggers, where letters
or words are deleted. The punctuation and the capitals for
proper names are, of course, concessions to the modern reader.
There is one other concession, namely, the printing of j or /
for consonantal i or /. Mediaeval scribes use the latter
symbols for the two sounds. The case of u and v is different,
and no change is made in this respect, for the scribes use both
these letters, and normalizing might destroy valuable evidence.

It is proposed to give facsimile specimens of the MSS., and
occasionally other illustrations.

I am greatly indebted to a former student, now a colleague,
Miss Mabel Day, M.A., Lecturer in English at King's
College, for much kind help in respect of the present issue
and other texts at press.

I. G.

KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON,
September 25, 1913.

I

PATIENCE

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

'PATRIARKES AND PROPHETES AND POETES BOTHE
WRYTEN TO WISSEN US TO WILNE NO RICCHESSE
AND PREYSEDEN POVERTE WITH PACIENCE.'

PREFACE

The Manuscript. The present poem, an alliterative para-
phrase of the Book of Jonah, entitled Patience from its theme
and its first word, has come to us in one vellum manuscript, in
the British Museum, among the treasures of the Cottonian
collection, known from its press-mark as * Nero A.x '. Three
other poems, namely, Pearl, Cleanness, and Sir Gawayu
and the Green Knight, are all preserved in this now famous
manuscript, which belongs to the end of the fourteenth or to
the early part of the fifteenth century. The handwriting is
small and rather crude ; a specimen page is reproduced as the
frontispiece of this edition.

It may be safely inferred that the MS. came to Sir Robert
Cotton from the library of Henry Savile, of Banke, in Yorkshire
(1568-1617), a great collector, who secured rich spoils from
the northern monasteries and abbeys. Mr. J. P. Gilson,
Keeper of Manuscripts in the British Museum, has most
ingeniously identified two distinct catalogues of Savile's
library. In one of these, Harl. 1,879, he found a reference
to a copy of Pearl, ' described as written on paper, and if so
of importance, as there is, I believe, only one MS. known,
which is on vellum '. The present editor has no doubt that
the volume in question is none other than the Cotton MS.,
and he explains the difficulty in respect of * paper * as follows.
In the Savile Catalogue the manuscript is described as ' An
owld booke in English verse beginning Perle pleasants to
princes pay in 4° limned ' ; the word * pay ' resembles the
usual contraction for ' paper ' ; accordingly, a later hand has
written in the margin ' 4 paper ' ; and Mr. Gilson himself

PATIENCE

gave * pay ' as ' Paper '. He accepts, however, this inter-
pretation. The ' y ' of ' pay ' is quite distinct from the ' p '
representing the contracted 'per' ; but the modern mis-reading
explains the old marginal error.1

Several pictures, poorly executed, illustrate the chief
episodes of the poems. Patience has two of these illustrations ;
both are of interest from several points of view, and are given
in their respective places in this text. Large initial letters of
blue, flourished with red, indicate the chief divisions of the
poems. Patience has five such divisions, roughly representing
the four chapters of Jonah with an introductory prologue.

The quatrain arrangement. Patience consists of 531 alliter-
ative lines ; but there can be little doubt that the poem was
written in what may be described as alliterative quatrains, and
that the original number of lines was either 528 or 532. Fortu-
nately the division marks, after each group of four lines, are quite
clear in the manuscript. In Cleanness the same stanzaic system
was followed by the poet, and the manuscript throughout
indicates the quatrain divisions. Accordingly, the editor has
printed the present text with a break after each four-lined
stanza. The consequent gain is great for the right inter-
pretation and understanding of the poem. This arrangement
clears up many former errors. Similarly the application of
this method to Cleanness renders that rather long and
apparently monotonous poem altogether more vivid and
lighter in structure.

The linking of the four poems. It is now generally
accepted, in respect of the four poems, that all the evidences

1 Q>. The Library of Henry Savile of Banke. A Paper read before the
Bibliographical Society, November 18, 1907, by J. P. Gilson. London :
Reprinted by Blades, East and Blades, from the Society's Transactions,

09. Mr. Gilson's investigation is a most valuable contribution to the
history of the Cottonian and other Collections.

PREFACE

of dialect, vocabulary, ail, frrlin^, and thought, conclusively
point to identity of authorship ; but nothing definite has as
yet been discovered as to the author. The editor can add
nothing to what he has already -UL;-( -ted.1

Cleanness and Patience are obviously companion poems. The
former relates, in epic style, three great episodes from scriptural
history, go chosen as to enforce the lesson of purity ; it is
nearly four times the length of Patience, which excels it in
terseness of expression, mastery of form, and technical skill.
Through his practice in Cleanness the poet seems to have
attained to the finished workmanship of Patience.

While the theme of Cleanness links it to the moral of
Gawayn, Patience (i. e. Resignation and Obedience to the
Divine Will) recalls the lesson of Pearl. Again, the storm-
scenes in Cleanness and Patience, and the allegorical references
to * Pearl ' in Cleanness and Sir Gawayn, together with many
other parallels, are all noteworthy indications of the relation-
ship of the poems.

As to the sequence of composition, nothing has been
adduced to warrant any change from the plausible hypothesis
that places Pearl, Cleanness, and Patience in the order in which
they are given in the MS. Gawayn, though it comes after
these in the MS., as apparently belonging to a different
genre, may well have been the earliest of the poems : — ' The
four poems are closely linked, and belong to one period of the
poet's career. In Gawayn, probably the first of the four,
the poet is still the minstrel rejoicing in the glamour of the
Arthurian tale, but using it in almost Spenserian spirit, to
point the moral. In Pearl the minstrel has become the ele-
giac poet, harmonizing the old Teutonic form with the newer
Romance rhyme. In Cleanness he has discarded all attractions

1 Cp. Pearl (1891), pp. xl-lii : Cambridge History of English Literature,
vol. i, ch. xv ; Encyclopedia Britannica, 'Pearl'.

PATIENCE

of form, and writes in direct alliterative metre a stem homily
on chastity. In Patience — a homiletic paraphrase of Jonah —
he appears to be autobiographical, reminding himself, while
teaching others, that " Poverty and Patience " are needs
playfellows,' — l

Wherefore when Poverty presses me and pains enough,
Full softly with patience to suffer behoves me/2

The place of composition. The manuscript seems to be,
on the whole, very near to the author's original copy. The
tests of dialect — grammar, phonology, and vocabulary — all
tend to fix the North-west Midland district as the provenance
of the poems. The rhyme-test applied to Pearl and Sir
Gawayn corroborates less stable evidence, which otherwise
might perhaps be explained as due to scribal influence.

The poet belonged to a district where Scandinavian
ascendancy must have been very marked ; hence the many
Scandinavian words and idioms to be found in the poems.
The infusion of this vigorous element into the Romance and
English vocabulary gives an altogether distinctive character
to the poet's diction. The North Lancashire dialect seems to
be its nearest modern representative.3 In dealing with the

1 Ency. Brit. vol. xxi, p. 28 ; cp. Pearl, Introduction, pp. xliii-1.

2 11. 528-9.

8 Dr. Morris, in 1864, came to the conclusion that ' these poems were
not transcribed from the Scotch dialect into any other, but were written
in their own West-Midland speech in which we now have them '. M odern
researches confirm this view ; cp. Schwahn, Die Conjugation in Sir Gawayne,
&c., 1884 ; Pick, Zum mittelenglischen Gedichtron der Perle (a rather unsatis-
factory piecepf work), 1885 ; Knigge, Die Sprache des Dichters von Sir Gawain,
1885 ; Morsbach, Mittdenglische Grammatik, 1896. A strong point adduced
by the present writer is the fact that, in Pearl and Gaioayn, words with
the guttural 3 or jt rhyme with non-guttural words— clearly indicating
a district south of the Tweed. As characteristic features of the dialect
the following should be noted : — The alternative use of -es (the Northern
ending) and -en (the Midland ending) as inflexions of the pi. pres., the

PREFACE

French element, it must be borne in mind that, in addition
to the French words which formed part of native speech,
there were literary borrowings, due to the author's intimate
acquaintance with French literature.

The date of composition. It is idle to attempt, at pv«
at least, to fix the actual date of Patience. 'About 1360' is
suggested by the writer for the date of Pearl. Little more can
be said in respect of the other poems. Unsuccessful attempts
have been made to discover the influence on Patience of Pien
Plowman^ notably the B-text. This would place the poem
after 1377. The parallel passages are by no means con-
clusive. Indeed, such a passage as

'Patriarkes and prophetes and poetes bothe
Wryten to wissen vs to wilne no ricchesse
And preyseden Pouerte with Pacience ' (B. 10, 340.)

— lines instanced erroneously as occurring in the A-text, but
strikingly introduced into the B-text — might just as well be
adduced as a delicate reference to the poet who had taught
so strikingly the lesson of Patient Poverty (1. 45).1

The poem and the Vulgate text. Patience is a paraphrase
of the book of Jonah, to which are added a brief Prologue and
briefer Epilogue.

Northern -es for the second and third sing, pres., and ande for the pr. part. ;
o, with a few cases of a, for OE. a ; the Midland -es for second per. sing. pt.
of weak verbs ; the very occasional use of the Northern contracted to, ma,
for taken, maken.

1 Miss M. C. Thomas in a dissertation on * Sir Gawayne . . . preceded fc/
an investigation of the Author's other works, Zurich, 1883, amplifying Professor
Trautmann's Essay ' Ueber Ver/asser u. Entstehungszeit tiniger alliterierenden
Gedichto' (Hallo, 1876), first instanced some of these interesting parallels.
By an oversight she made it appear that MM- passage quoted occurred in
the A- text ; 1 i-annot find it there. Conclusions have been drawn from
this unvi i ;

PATIENCE

It is abundantly clear that the poet had the Vulgate text
before him, and transformed and amplified in characteristic
fashion the terse Biblical narrative, so that the story might
vividly appeal to simple folk. One can follow him in his
method, verse by verse, almost word by word. For the
purpose of such study the Latin is printed, together with
the Wycliffite rendering, in the Appendix.

Though the author may well have been acquainted with
homiletic and allegorical expositions of the book, he shows
little or nothing of this knowledge in his treatment of the
theme.

He seems, perhaps, to have been too sparing in his use of the
extant commentaries ; he might with advantage have availed
himself of some such help in rendering the concluding verse,
which (if the text is at all correct) caused him considerable
difficulty;1 but he grappled successfully with other problems.2

His object was to tell dramatically the Bible story and to
enforce its lesson. * The sign of the prophet Jonas ' 3 as symbol
of * the Son of Man ' is nowhere hinted at, though the
' Warlow ' is clearly Sheol that ' hath enlarged herself and
opened her mouth without measure '.4

The description of the monster recalls the parallel picture —
even more elaborate — in Lucian's Vera Historia (which in its
turn may itself be derived from the Jonah story). Oriental
fancy delighted in portraying the marvels of the fish. Some

1 Generally explained as referring to the children, and not (as the poet
has it) to the « sottes '.

8 A good commentary is necessary in dealing with the poem : e. g.
Dr. Bewer's critical exposition in < The International Critical Commentary
(Clark, 1912). Reference should also be made to the articles on Jonah
in ' Encychpoedia Biblica', Hastings, Diet. Bible, The Jewish Encyclopaedia J
Dr. G. A. Smith's Minor Prophets, C. G. Montefiore's Bible for Home Reading,
vol. ii, pp. 408-23.

8 Matthew xii. 39-41 ; Luke xi. 29-30,

4 Isaiah v. 14.

PREFACE

of these legends may have been known to the poet, but his
fancy was quite capable of creating the details independently.1

He may have had before him some pictorial representa-
tions of incidents in the Jonah story. The place of Jonah in
tin.' history of Christian art is an interesting subject. It
would be possible to trace to a far-off original the crude
drawing, here reproduced, of the throwing of Jonah into
the whale. It represents certain conventional aspects of the
subject.2

It is a pity that at least one Eastern fable was unknown to
our poet, to wit, the Rabbinic legend that taught how
a wondrous Pearl illumined the darkness of the vast hall
within the Monster. The poet of Pearl would have prized
a fancy so near to his own spirit !

A striking elaboration of the original text is the poet's
description of the storm at sea — a favourite theme with tlu>
alliterative poets. It is not necessary to look for an inter-
mediate source, though mention must be made of an interesting
and noteworthy parallel to be found in the Latin poem De Jona
ct Nineve, formerly attributed to Tertullian.3

The Prologue and Epilogue. The moral and application
of the exquisite story of Jonah have been set forth in many
ways by teachers of all creeds, but to the modern mind tho
prophet does not readily suggest the lesson of patience —

1 Cp. lona, Sine Untersuchung zur rergkichenden Religtonsgeschichtt, von
Hans Schmidt, 1907.

9 Cp. Jonas, avf den Denkmcilern des christlicten Mterthums, von Otto
Mitius, 1897.

8 See Professor Emerson's article in Publications of the Modern Language
Association of America, x. 2. In a judicious and cautious way, Professor
Emerson advances his theory. The student will wish to judge for himself—
an extract is therefore given in the Appendix. It is rightly pointed out
that even Chaucer mentions Tertullian (in Prologue to The Wife of Bath's

PATIENCE

resignation to the Divine Will. The old homilists, however,
did occasionally instance his fate as a warning example of how
a true Servant ought not to behave in order to escape from
possible harm. A passage may be quoted from Tertullian's
De Fitga in Persecutione, where Jonah is directly referred
to, — so ought not a servant of God to feel or act, even one
in an inferior place,1 the latter words recalling f much ;if he
me ne made ' (1. 54 ; see Note).

With this aspect of the story in his mind, and with the
object of enforcing the duty of obedience and resignation, the
poet wrote a brief Prologue, of some sixty lines, by way of
introducing the narrative which, in the original, opens with
such dramatic abruptness. 'Pauperes spiritu' and (qui perse-
cutionem patiuntur' is the text of this homily, even as 'mundo
corde ' (with the parable of the Marriage of the King's Son)
is the theme of the long Prologue to Cleanness, introducing
the warning lessons of the Flood, the Destruction of Sodom
and Gomorrah, and the Fall of Balshazzar.

'The touching allusion to the children and the dumb
animals fitly concludes this great paean of the divine mercy,
unlimited by race or creed ; ' 2 but our poet, having written
his Prologue, feels it incumbent upon him to amplify with
divine exhortation the concluding words of the original, so
thought-compelling in their impressive suddenness, adding
with telling effect a homely gnomic generalization, and end-
ing with a personal application, evidently autobiographical.

1 It is strange that this passage seems to have escaped Professor Emerson.
He points out that there is no reference to Jonah in the treatise De
Patientia, and quotes from De Modestia, where Jonah's suffering is taken to
be ' a typical example of the Lord's passion ' — but this does not seem to
bear upon the present question. Further, he suggests that a portion of
De Patientia, where Patience is brought into relation with each of the
Beatitudes, may have prompted the Prologue.

2 C. G. Montefiore, tit. sup. p. 416.

PREFACE

And thus he rounds the whole poem in characteristic fashion,
the last line re-echoing the opening- words : —

' For-hy when pouerte me enprecej & paynej in-no3e,
Ful softly wyth suffraunce sajttel me bihoue},
For J?e penaunce & payne to preue hit in syjt, —
pat pacience is a nobel poynt, baj hit displese ofte.

Amen.'

Bibliography. The manuscript, till recently bound up
with other matter in no way related to it and of later
was brought to the notice of scholars by Sir Frederic
Madden, who in his great collection of poems on * Sir Gtiicaym- '
(1839) gave a brief account of the volume, and of the
previous references made thereto by Warton, Price, Stevenson,
and Laing, adding that he had carefully read over these
poems 'with the hope of detecting some more direct indica-
tion of the age, but without success '. In a footnote he stated
that 'these (i.e. Pearl, Cleanness, and Patience) all possess
great merit and deserve to be printed '. In 1864 the poems
at last appeared as the first volume of the newly founded
Early English Text Society :—' Early English Alliterative
Poems, in the West Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth
Century,' edited by Richard Morris. A second and revised
edition was issued in 1869, and has been several times re-
printed by the Society.

The value of the volume, from the literary and lin-
guistic standpoints, was at once recognized. Historians of
literature,1 lexicographers,2 metrists, grammarians, and

1 To Ten Brink belongs the credit of first emphasizing the high merit
of Patience (cp. English Literature, vol. i). Pearl and Sir Gatcayn huvo
d very full consideration in recent histori. . See

Bibliography to chap. xv. Cambridge History qf English Literature, vol. L

* Almost every page of the Nc\o English Dictionary has some reference to
those Alliterative Poems.

PATIENCE

philologists,1 have dealt generally and specifically with
aspects and problems of the poems, perhaps the most difficult,
as well as the most fascinating, in Middle English literature.

The edition of Pearl by the writer, in 1891, revived
interest in these poems, and in the school of poetry to which
they belong. The late Dr. Morris generously expressed the
hope that the editor would turn his attention to the other
poems. With a view to a definitive edition, he has since then
worked at the problems of text and interpretation.2 The
present issue of Patience is based on a fresh transcript from
the manuscript, together with a collotype facsimile.

1 Fulirmann, Die attiterierenden Sprachformeln in Early English Allit. Poems
(1886) ; Luick, Die Englische Stabreimseile (Anglia, xi 1889), also chapter in
Paul's Grundriss ; Fischer, Die stabende Langzeile (Banner Beitrdge, 1901) ;
Trautmann, Zur Kenntniss u. Geschichte der mittelengliscJien Stdbzeile (Anglia,
xviii). Extracts from Patience are given in Zupitza's Altenglisches Uebungs-
buch ; MacLean's Old and Middle English Reader ; Wiilker's Altenglisches
Lesebuch; Kluge's Mittelenglisches Lesebuch. Linguistic and grammatical
works are given under 'The place of composition'. Other references
will be found in the Notes ; e. g. Professor Ekwall's article in Englische
Studien, xl.

2 Notes on these problems were from time to time submitted to the
Philological Society. The first of these Papers, on sixty-six passages in
the Alliterative Poems, was given in November 1894 (cp. Athenteum,
No. 3498, p. 646). The last, in December 1912, on Patience, with special
reference to the many errors and misinterpretations in a recent edition,
by Mr. H. Bateson (Manchester University Press, 1912). In the present
edition further allusion thereto cannot be made.

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PATIENCE:

AN ALLITERATIVE VEESION Oi /O ///

PROLOGUE.

ACIKXCK is a poynt, fa hit diaplese <
When heuy herttea ben hurt wyth

oj?er elles,

Suffrauflce may aswagea f nem & V* swelme
For ho quelles vche a qued & quenches malyce,

5 For quo-so suffer cow)?e syt, sele wolde folje;

& quo for )?ro may nojt )?ole, }>e jTikker he tufferes:
pe» is better to abyde }>e bur vmbe-stou«des,
pen ay j?row forth my }>ro, ^aj me )?ynk ylle.

9 I herde on a halyday at a hy^e masse,

HowMathew melede^t hisMayst^r his meyny con teche;
Ajt happes he hem h\7fc, & vche on a mede,
Su;ider-lupes, for hit dissert, vpon a ser wy§e.

13 Thay am happen )?at han in hert pouerte,

For hores is fe heuen-n'che to holde for eoer;
pay ar happen also ^at hauxte mekenesae,

bay schal welde }>is worlde & alle her wylle haue;

17 Thay ar happen also jrat for her harme wepes,

For j?ay schal comfort encroche in kythes ful mony;
pay ar happen also }nt hungeres after ryjt,
For }?ay schal frely be ref ete ful of alle gode ;

PATIENCE :

21 Thay ar happen also )?at lian in hert rauj?e,

For mercy in alle manges her mede schal worj?e ;

pay ar happen also ]?at arn of hert clene,

For J?ay her Sauyowr in sete schal se vtytk her y$en;

25 Thay ar happen also }>at halden her pese,

For j?ay )?e gracious Godes stwes schal godly be called ;
pay ar happen also J?at con her hert stere,
For hores is ]?e heuen-ryche, as I er sayde.

29 These arn J?e happes alle ajt j?at vus bihy^t weren,
If we J?yse ladyes wolde lof in lykny^g of J?ewes —
Dame Pouert, Dame Pitee, Dame Penaunce \>e ]?rydde,
Dame Mekenesse, Dame Mercy, & Miry Cla^nesse,

33 & J?ewne Dame Pes, & Pacyence, put in ]>er-a£ter.
He were happen J?at hade one, alle were J?e better!
Bot [s]yn I am put to a poy^t J?at Pouerte hatte,
I schal me poruay Pacyence, & play me wyt^ bo]?e :

37 For in J?e tyxte, )?ere )?yse two arn in teme layde,
Hit arn fettled in on forme, J?e forme & J?e kste,
& by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede;
& als, in myn vpynyou», hit arn of on kynde:

41 For j?er as Pouert hir proferes, ho nyl be put vtier,
Bot lenge where-so-euer hir lyst, lyke o]>er greme;
& J?ere as Pouerfc enpresses, )?a3 mon pyne ]?ynk,
Much, maugre his mun, he mot nede suffer.

45 Thus Pou<?rte & Pacyence arn nedes play-feres :

Sy)?en I am sette vjyth he^ samen, suffer me by-houes ;
pe?me is me lyjtloker hit lyke, & her lotes prayse,
pe»ne wy]>er wyth & be wroth, & J?e wers haue.

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

49 3^ mc ke dyjt a destyne due to haue,

What dowes me pe dodayn, o]>er dispit make?
O\>er jif my lege Lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde,
to ryde, o]>er to re?me, to rome in his ernde,

53 What grayped me ]>e grychchywg hot grame more seche ?
Much }if he me ne made, maugref my chekes,
& pewne prat moste I pole, & vnfonk to mede,
])e had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.

57 Did not Jonas in Judc suche jape sum-whyle ?
To sette liym to sewrte, vnsouwde he \\yrn fee-lit -~.
Wyl 36 tary a lyttel ty[m]e, & tent me a whyle,
I schal wysse yow J?er-wyth, as holy wryt telles.

i.

6 1 TTIT bi-tydde suwz-tyme in ]>c termes of Jude,
ll Jonas joyned wat3 Jw-i#ne, jentyle prophete;
Goddes glam to hy?^ glod pat hym vnglad made,
Wyt/i a roghl)-ch rurd rowned in his ere.

65 ' Rys radly/ He says, c & rayke forth euen !

Nym )?e way to Nynyue, wyth-outen ctyer speche,

& in pat cete my sajes soghe alle abouto,

pat in pat place at pe poynt I put in pi hert ;

69 For i-w\-s^ hit am so wykke pat in pat won dowellej,
& her malys is so much I may not abide,
Hot venge me on her vilanye & venym bilyu«».
Now sweje me pider swyftly, & say me pis arende!'

PATIENCE I

73 When J?at steuen wat} stynt, )?at stowned his mywde,
Al he wrathed in his wyt, & \vy]>er\y he fojt, —
' If I bowe to his bode & brywg horn Jns tale,
& I be nuwrnen in Nuniue, my nyes begyraes.

77 He telles me J?ose traytowres arn typped schrewes;
I com wyth J?ose ty|?ywges, ]>ay ta me bylyue,
Pynej me in a prysouw, put me in stokkes,
Wryfe me in a warlok, wrast out myn yjen.

8 1 pis is a memayl message a man for to preche,
Amonge enmyes so mony & mansed f endes !
Bot if my gaynlych God such gref to me wolde,
Fo[r] desert of suw sake )?at I slayn were,

85 At alle peryles/ quo}> )?e prophete, ' I aproche hit no nerre ;
I wyl me suw o]>er waye, fat he ne wajrte after;
I schal tee i»-to Tarce, & tary J>ere a whyle,
& lyjtly, when I am lest, he letes me alone/

89 pewne he ryses radly, & raykes bilyue,

Jonas toward port Japh, ay janglande for tene,
pat he nolde J?ole for no ]> yng non of J?ose pynes,
paj J?e fader J?at hym formed were fale of his hele.

93 ' Oure syre syttes/ he says, ( on sege so hyje,
In his g[lo]wande glorye, & glou^bes ful lyttel,
paj I be nu^men in Nuniue & naked dispoyled,
On rode rwly to-rent vtyth rybaudes mony/

97 pw* he passes to J?at port his passage to seche,
Fyndes he a fayr schyp to J?e fare redy,
Maches hym wytk J?e maryneres, makes her paye,
For to towe hywz iw-to Tarce, as tyd as ]?ay myjt.

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

10 1 Then he tron on \>o tree, & fay her trawme ruchen,
Cachen vp fe crossayl, cables fay fasten,
Wijt at ]>e wyndas wojen her an k res,
S prude spak to f e sprete ]> e spare bawe-lyne ;

105 Gederen to fe gyde-ropes, — fe grete clof fall

pay layden in on ladde-borde, & ]>e lofe wyy/nes;

J)e blyfe brefe at her bak fe bosum he fyndes;

He swenges me fys swete schip swefte fro fe haueii.

109 Wat} neue;- so joyful a Jue as Jonas wat} fe/me,
pat fe da unger of Dryjtyn so derli <1 ;

He wende wel fat fat wyj fat al ]>e world pliii.
Had no majt iw fat mere no man for to greue.

113 Lo, \>e wytles wrechche, for he wolde nojt suffer,
Now hatj he put hy;// in plyt of poll wel more!
Hit watj a wenywg vn-war fat welt in his mynde,
paj he were sojt fro Samarye, fat God sej no fyrre.

117 3'isc, he blusched ful brode, — fat burdc liyw. by
pat ofte kyd hy/// fe carpe fat kywg say do,
Dywgne Dauid on des, fat domed fis spcchc
In a psalme fat he set fe Smite./- w//t/-i//no: —

121 fO Folej in folk, felcj ojw whyle,

& vnderstondes vmbe-stou/alo, fa$ [j]e be stape [in] fole!

Hope je fat he heres not, fat eres alle made?

Hit may not be fat he is blynde, Jwt bigged vche yje/

125 Bot he dredes no dynt fat dotes for elde,

For he watj fer \n fe flod fouwdande to Tarce :
Bot, I trow, ful tyd out /--tan fat he were,
So fat schomely to schort he schote of his ame.

D

PATIENCE :

129 For j?e welder of wyt, J?at wot alle

pat ay wakes & waytes, at wylle hat$ he sly^tes:
He calde on J?at ilk crafte he carf vfytk his hondes;
pay wakened wel J?e wrofeloker for wrofely he cleped : —

133 c~Ewrus & Aqnilowi, J?at on est sittes,

Blowes bofe at my bode vpon bio watteres/

pewne watj no torn fer bytwene his tale & her dede,

So bayn wer ]?ay boj?e two his bone for to wyrk.

137 An-on out of J?e nor]? est J?e noys bigynes,

When bo)?e brefes con blowe vpon bio watteres;
Ro} rakkes J?er ros vfyiJi rudnywg an-vnder;
pe see soured ful sore, gret selly to here;

141 pe wyndes on J?e wowne water so wrastel to-geder
pat J?e wawes ful wode waltzed so hi^e,
& efte busched to J?e abyme, J>at breed fysches
Durst nowhere for ro^ arest at J?e bothem.

145 When ]>e breth & j?e brok & J?e bote metten,
Hit watj a joyles gyn )?at Jonas wat3 i?me,
For hit reled on rouwfd] vpon J;e roje y)?es :
pe bur ber to hit baft fat braste alle her gere.

149 pen hurled on a hepe J?e helme & J?e sterne;
Furst to-murte mony rop & J?e mast after;
pe sayl sweyed on j?e see; )?ewne suppe bilioued
pe coge of J?e coldef water; & J?e?me ]>e cry ryses.

153 3e^ coruen }>ay j?e cordes & kest al J?£r-oute;
Mony ladde )?er forth lep to laue & to kest;
Scopen out J?e scafel water fat fayn scape wolde;
For be mownes lode neuer so lu]>er, J?e lyf is ay swete.

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

157 pi-'i' wnl 3 busy oiur-borde bate to kest,

1 1 < -r bagges & her feJ7d?r-beddes & her bry3t wedes,
Hti kjittai & her coferes, her caraldes allc ;
& al to Iy3ten J?at lome, 3if lej?e wolde schape.

161 Bot euer wat3 ilyche loud J?e lot of J>e wy//d«-s,
& euer vrTofyer ]>e water, & wodder ]>e stremes.
pen [70 wery for-wro3t wyst no bote,
Bot vchon glewed on his god )?at gayned \\yrn beste

165 Summe to Vernagu \er vouched a-vowes solemne,
Summe to Diana deuout & derf Nepturne,
To Mahout & to Mergot, j?e Mone & J?e Su»ne,
& vche lede as he loued, & layde had his hert.

169 pe;me bispeke J;e spakest, dispayred wel nere, —
'I leue here be sum losynger, sum lawles wrech,
pat hat3 greued his god, & got3 here amonge \ns.
Lo, al synkes in his sywne, & for his sake marres !

173 I lovue J?at we lay lotes on ledes vchone,
& who-so lywpes J?e losse, lay hy;;z J?er-oute.
& quen J>e gulty is gon, what may gome trawr,
Bot he t^at rules ]?e rak may rwe on J?ose oj?e/- ? '

177 pis \vat5 sette in asent, <fc sembled )>ay were,
Helped out of vche hyrne to hent J?at fall(
A lodes-mon Iy3tly lep vnder hachches,
For to layte mo ledes & hem to lote br

!i Bot \iyrn fayled no freke J?at he fynde my^l,
Saf Jonas ('.- J\ve )?at jowkcd in derne;
He wat3 flowen for ferde of )?e flode-lotes
Iw-to )?e bo)?em of J?e bot, & on a brede lyggede,

PATIENCE I

185 On-helde by pe hurrok, for ]?e heuen wrache,

Slypped vpon a slouwzbe-selepe, & sloberande he routes,
pe freke hym hunt vryiJi his fot, & bede hym ferk vp,
per Raguel in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes !

189 Bi J?e [here] haspede he hentes hym J?e?me,

& bro$t hym vp by J?e brest & vpon borde sette,
Arayned hym ful runyschly, what raysou^ he hade
In such slaves of sorje to slepe so faste.

193 Sone haf pay her sortes sette & serelych deled,
& ay j?ef lote vpon laste lymped on Jonas,
pewne ascryed pay hym sckete, & asked ful loude,
'What )?e deuel hatj j?0u don, doted wrech[che]?

197 What seches j?ou on see, sy^ful schrewe,

~Wi/ih ]?y lastes so \\tyer to lose vns vchone?
Hat$ ]>ou, gome, no gouernour ne god on to calle,
pat J?ou ]>us slydes on slepe when ]?0u slayn worses?

201 Of what londe art ]>o\\ lent, what laytes }?0u here,
Whyder in worlde J?at )?ou wylt, & what is J?yn arnde ?
IM> Jty d°m is fe dyjt, for }>y dedes ille !
Do gyf glory to ]>y godde, er J?<?u glyde hens/

205 fl am an Ebru,' (\uo]> he, fof Israyl borne;

pat wy^e I worchyp, i-wysse, pat wro3t alle fywges,
Alle ]?e worlde wyU J?e welkyn, J?e wynde & ]?e sternes,
& alle ]?at wone^ ]?er w^U-iwne, at a worde one.

209 Alle pis meschef for me is made at J?ys tyme,
For I haf greued my god & gulty am fouwden;
For-]?y berej me to J?e borde & bapesf me J?^-oute,
Er gete je no happe, I hope forsope.'

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

313 He osscd hym by vnnywges pat pay vnder-nomen,
pat he watj flawen fro pe face of frelych Dryjtyn.
pewne such a ferde on hem fel & flayed hem
pat pay ruyt hy/>/ to rowwc, & letten pe rywk one.

217 Hapeles hyjed in haste vryt/i ores ful longe,

Syw her sayl wat; hem aslypped, on sydej to rowe;
Hef & hale[d] vpon hyjt to helpen hym seluen ;
Bot al wat} nedles note ; pat nolde not bityde.

331 In bluber of pe bio flod burstcn her ores;

pi'/we hade pay 1103! \n her honde )j,it lu-m help niv;i ;
p( //ne nas no coiuwfort to kcuer, ne couwsel nou oj?er,
Bot Jonas iw-to his juis jugge bylyue.

225 Fyrst ]?ay prayen to ]?e Prynce }>at p/<?phetes seruen,
))at he gef hem J?e grace to greuen hym ncu< / ,
pat |>ay \n balelej blod per blenden her handej,

paj ]>at hapel wcr his ]^/t ]>ay here quelled.

239 Tyd by top & bi to )?ay token hy;# sywne,
I //-to ]>at lodlych loje pay luche hym sone :
He watj no tytter out-tulde pat tempest ne
pe se sajtled per-wyt//, as sone as ho mojt.

333 pe;/ne paj her takel were torne, p«t totered on
Styffe stremes & street hem stray ned a wli
pat drof hem dryjlych adou/^ ]^c dope to serue,
Tyl a swetter ful s\v\)'c hem swejed to bonk.

237 per wat$ louywg on lofte, when pay pe londe wo//iuin,
To oure mercyable god, on Moyses wyse,
Wyt// sacralyse vp-set & solempne v<^
& grauwted hyw [o]n to be God & graythly non op^r.

PATIENCE

241 pa$ pay be jolef for joye, Jonas }et dredes ;

pa} he nolde suffer no sore, his seele is on anter;
For what-so worked of pat wyse, fro he in water dipped,
Hit were a wonder to wene, $if holy wryt nere.

ii.

345 1VTOW is Jonas pe Jwe jugged to f drowne;

JL ^ Of pat schended schyp men schowued hym sone.
A wylde walterande whal, as wyrde pe# schaped,
pat wat$ beten fro pe abyme, bi pat bot flotte,

249 & watj war of pat wy5e ]?at ]?e water sojte,

& swyftely swenged hyw to swepe, & his swoLj opened ;
pe folk 3et haldande his fete, J?e fysch hy^ tyd hentes;
W^U-outen towche of any tothe he tult in his ]?rote.

253 Thewne he swenge5 & swayues to J?e se-boj?em,
Bi mony rokke^ ful ro3e & rydelande strondes,
Wyth ]?e mow in his mawe, malskred in drede,
As lyttel wonder hit watj jif he wo dre^ed:

257 .For nade j?e hy;e heuen-ky^g, Jmrj his honde myjt,
Warded )?is wrech man in Warlowes gutte3,
What lede mo3t lyue bi lawe of any kynde,
pat any lyf myjt be lent so longe hy^ wyt/i-itme?

261 Bot he wat^ sokored by J?at syre J?at syttes so
paj were wanlej of wele in wombe of J?at fissche,
& also dryuen J?ur3 )?e depe, & in derk waltere?.
Lorde, colde watj his cumfort & his care huge!

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

265 For he knew vche a cace & kark fat hym lymped, —
How fro fe bot i^-to fe blober wat3 vryt/t a best

l;irhrhed,

& frwe \u at hit frote wyt/*-outen fret more,
As mote in at a muwster dor, so inukfl wern his
chawle3.

269 He glydes in by }>Q giles fur? glaymande glette,
Relande in by a rop, a rode fat hym fo}t,
Ay hele over lied, hoKrlande aboute,
Til he bhu/t in a blok as brod as a halle :

273 & fer he festnes fe fete & fathine; aboute,

& stod vp in his stomak, fat stank as f e deuel ;
])er in saym & in so[ur] fat sauowred as helle,
fer watj bylded his bour fat wyl no bale suffer.

277 & fewne he lurkkes & laytes where watj le best,
In vche a nok of his nauel, bot nowhere he fyndej
No rest ne recouerer, bot ramelande myre,
In wych gut so euer he gotj ; bot eu^r is God swete ;

281 & f er he lenged at f e last, & to f e Lede called : —
' Now, Prynce, of f y pwphete pite f ou haue !
pa} I be fol & fykel, & falce of my hert,
De-woyde now fy vengaiwce, furj vertu of rauthe;

285 Thaj I be gulty of gyle, as gaule of prophets,

pou art God, & alle gowdej ar grayfely fyn owen;

Haf now mercy of fy man & his mys-da!

& preue fe lyjtly a lorde in londe & in \vat<v.'

289 With fat he hitte to a hyrne & helde h\ /ne,

p«»r no dc-foule of no fylfe watj fest hym abute;
per he sete al-so soiujde, saf for merk one,
As in fe bulk of fe bote, fer he by-fore sleped.

PATIENCE !

293 So in a bouel of )?at best he bide} on lyue,

pre dayes & )?[r]e ny$t, ay ]?enkande on Dryjtyn,

His myjt & his merci, his mesure J?e?me;

Now he knawej liym in care J?at cou}?e not in sele.

297 Ande ever waltzes J?is whal bi wyldren depe,

purj mony a regiou^ ful rose, ]?urj ronk of his wylle,

For fat mote in his ma we mad hym, I trowe,

pa$ hit lyttel were, hy?ra wyth, to wamel at his hert ;

301 Ande, as say led J?e segge, ay sykerly he herde
pe bygge borne on his bak & bete on his sydes.
fen a prayer ful prest ]?e prophete \er maked,
On )?is wyse, as I wene ; his wordej were mony : —

in.

305 f T ORDE, to ]?e haf I cleped, in carej ful stronge ;
J-J Out of J?e hole ]>ou me herde of hellen wombe;
I calde, & J?0u knew myn vncler steuen ;
fou diptej me of J?e depe se k-to ]>e djmme hert;

309 pe grete flem of )?y flod folded me vmbe;

Alle J?e gote3 of J?y guferes & grouwdelej powle},
& }>y stryuande stremej of stryndej so mony,
In on daschande dam, dryues me ouer ;

313 & jet I say[de], as I seet in J?e se-bo)?em, —
" Care-ful am I kest out fro J?y cler yjen,
& deseuered fro J?y syjt, jet surely I hope
Efte to trede on J>y temple, & teme to )?y seluen."

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

317 I am wrapped i?* \vaier to my wo stouwdej;
pe abyme byndes fe body fat I byde i/me;
pe pure poplande ho?/rle playes on my heucd ;
To laste mere of vche a mouwt man am I fallen ;

321 pe barrej of vche a bonk ful bigly me haldes,

pat I may laehche no lont, & ]>o\i my lyf weldes:
p0u schal releue me renk, \vhil fy ry^t slqn'3,
purj myjt of fy m*rcy, fat mukel is to tryste.

325 For when faeces of anguych watj hid in my sawle,
|v/nie I remembred me ry^t of my rych Lorde,
Prayande hi/// for pete his prnphete to here,
pat in-to his holy ho?^ myn orisons mojt entre.

329 I haf meled wyt/t ]>y maystres mony longe day,
Bot now I wot wyt?/-ly, fat fose vnwyse ledes
pat affyen hy/// i// vanyte & in vayne )?ywges,
For ]>ink fat mouwtes to nojt, her mercy forsaken ;

333 Bot I dewoutly awowe fat verray betj halden,

Soberly to do fe sacrafyse, when I schal saue worfe,

& offer f e for my hele a ful hoi gyfte,

& halde goud fat f on me betes ; haf here my trauthe ! '

337 Thewne oure Fader to fe fysch ferslych biddej,
pat he hy/tt sput spakly vpon spare drye :
pe wlial wendej at his wylle & a warfe fynde^,
iV IN /• he brake} vp fe buy me, as bede hy;;i oure Lorde.

341 pewne he swepe to fe soirde in sluchched clofes, —
Hit may wel be fat mester were his mantyle to wasche.
pe bonk[es] fat he blosched to, & bode hy?# bisyde,
Wern of fe regiouwes ry3t fat he renayed hade.

£

PATIENCE :

345 pewne a wynde of Godde} worde efte J?e wyje bruxle^ : —
' Nylt ]?0u neuer to Nuniue bi no-ky?me$ waye} ? '
< 3isse, Lorde/ qw0)> J?e lede, ' lene me J?y grace,
For to go at ]n gre, me gayne^ [n]on o^er.'

349 f Ris, aproche f>e# to prech. Lo, ]?e place here !
Lo, my lore is in J?e loke ; lauce hit }?er-iwne ! '
pewne pe renk radly ros as he my3t,
& to Niniue fat na^t he nejed £ul euen.

353 Hit watij a cete £ul syde & selly of brede,
On to frenge ]>er-]>m3e wat^ ]?re dayes dede :
pat on jo?4may ful joynt Jonas hy^ 3ede,
Er euer he warpped any worde to wy$e ]>at he mette.

357 & J?e?me he cryed so cler, ]?at ke^ne my3t alle ;
pe trwe tenor of his teme he tolde on J?is wyse : —
'3et schal forty daye3 fully fare to an ende,
& ]?ewne schal Niniue be nomen & to nojt wor]?e;

361 Truly ]?is ilk iowi schal tylte to grouwde,

Vp-so-douw schal je duw,pe depe to ]?e abyme,
To be swol^ed swyftly wyth ]>Q swart er]?e,
& alle J?at lyuyes here-i?me lose J?e swete/

365 pis speche sprang in ]?at space & spradde alle aboute,
To borges & to bacheleres, J?at in J?at burj lenged;
Such a hidor hem hent & a hatel drede,
pat al chauwged her chere & chylled at }?e hert.

369 pe segge sesed not 3et, bot sayde euer ilyche, —

'pe verray vengauwce of God schal voyde ]?is place/
pe#ne J?e peple pitosly pleyned ful stylle,
& for J>e drede of Dryjtyn doured in hert;

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

373 Heter hayrej pay bent pat asperly bited,

& pose pay bourdon to her bak iV to her bare

Dropped dust on her hede & dywly bisojten,

pat pat penaiittce plosed hi?// Jwt playnej on her wronge.

377 & ay he cryes in pflt kyth tyl J>e ky#g herd*1 ;
& he radly vp-ros & ran fro his chayer ;
His ryche robe he to-rof of his rigge naked,
& of a hep of askes he hitte i>i pe m\(Ule3:

381 He askej heterly a hayre & hasped \\\m vmbe,
Sewed a sekke )>er abof & sykcd ful colde ;
per he dased in }?at dusto, \\yth droppande teres,
Wcpandc ful wonderly alle his wrange dedes.

385 pewne sayde he to his serjauwtcs : — ' Samnes yow bilyue ;
Do dryue out a decre demed of my seluen,
pat alle }>e bodyes )»t ben wyt//-i;me pis borj quyk,
Bo)?e burnes & bestes, burde3 & childer,

389 Vch prynce, vche prest, & prelates alle,
Alle faste frely for her falce werkes;
Sesej childer of her sok, soghc hem so nvuer;
Ne best bite on no brom, ne no bent naujw,

393 Passe to no pasture, ne pike non erbes;

Ne non oxe to no hay, ne no horse to water;

Al schal crye for-clewmed, wyt/* alle oure clere strenfe;

pe rurd schal ryse to hym )«t raw}>e schal haue.

397 What wotc ojx?r wyte may, jif JHJ wy^e lykes,
pat is hende in |>e hyjt of his gentr
I wot his myjt is so much, (TUJ he be mysse-pa}
pat in his mylde amesy«g he mercy may fynde.

PATIENCE

401 & if we leuen J?e layk of oure layth sywnes,

& stylle steppen in J>e sty^e he styjtle} hym seluen,
He wyl wende of his wodschip, & his wrath leue,
& for-gif v?;* ]?is gult, jif we hym God leuen.'

405 pewne al leued on his la we & laften her sywnes;
Par-formed alle J>e penauwce ]?at J?e prynce radde ;
& God )?ur3 his godnesse forgef as he sayde;
paj he o]>er bihyjt, w^U-helde his vengauwce.

IV.

409 1UTUCHE sorje }?e?me satteled vpon segge Jonas;
WJL He wex as wroth as ]?e wynde towarde oure Lorde ;
So hat} angtfr on-hit his hert, he calle}
A prayer to ]?e hyje Prynce, for pyne, on J?ys wyse : —

413 'I biseche J?e, Syre, now ]?ou self jugge,

Wat} not J?is ilk my worde ]?at worsen is nou]?e,
pat I keste in my cuwtre, when }?(?u )?y carp sende},
pat I schulde tee to ]?ys ioun ]?i talent to preche?

417 Wei knew I J?i cortaysye, J?y quoywt sofFrauwce,
py bouwte of debonerte, & J>y bene grace,
py longe abydywg wyth lur, J;y late vengauwce;
& ay J>y mercy is mete, be mysse neuer so huge.

421 I wyst wel when I hade worded quatsoeu^r I

To manace alle J?ise mody men ]?at in f>is mote dowellej,
Wyth a prayer & a pyne ]?ay myjt her pese gete;
& J?er-fore I wolde haf flowen fer in-to Tarce.

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JOSAH

435 Now, Lorde, lach out my lyf, hit lastes to longe;
Bed me bilyue my bale-stowr, & brywg me on ende ;
For me were swetter to swelt as swype, as me pynk,
|v// lede longer ]){ lore, pat ]>us me les make}.'

439 pe souw of oure sou^rayn pen swey in his ere,
pat vpbraydes pis burne vpon a breme wyse: —
' Herk, renk, is pis ryjt so ronkly to wrath,
For any a I haf don op*r demed pe jet?'

433 Jonas al joyles & janglande vp-ryses,

& haldej out on est half of pe hyje place,

& farandely on a felde he fettelej hyw to bide,

For to wayte on pat won what schulde worpe after.

437 per he busked \\yrn a bour, J?e best }?at he myjt,
Of hay & of eu^r-ferne & erbej a fewe,
For hit watj plajn in J?at place for plyande greuej,
For to schylde fro pe schene, O]KY any schade keste.

441 He bowed vnder his lyttel bope, his bak to pe suwne;
& per he swowed & slept sadly al nyjt,
pe whyle God of his grace ded growe of pat soyle
pe fay rest bynde hym abof pat euer burne wyste.

445 When pe dawande day Dryjtyn con sende,
pewne wakened )>e wyj vnder wodbyii<lc,
Loked alofte on pe lef pat lylled grene;
Such a lefsel of lof neuer lede had

449 For hit watj brod at pe bopem, bojted onloft«,
Happed vpon aypt-/- half, a how* as hit u
A nos on pe norp syde, & nowhere non elk-},
Bot al schet in a schaje pat schaded ful cole.

PATIENCE I

453 PG gome gly3t on ]?e grene graciouse leues,
pat eutf;- wayucd a wynde so wyj?e & so cole;
pe schyre su;me hit vmbe-schon, {^13 no schafte my3t,
pe mouwtauwce of a lyttel mote, vpon )?at man schyne ;

457 pewne wata J?e gome so glad of his gay logge ;
Lys loltrande ]?er-i?me, lokande to toune;
So blyj?e of his wodbynde he balteres ]?er vnde[r],
pat of no diete J?at day )?e deuel haf he rojt :

461 & ener he lajed as he loked J?e loge alle aboute,

& wysched hit were i?i his kyth, J?er he wony schulde,

On he;e vpon Effraym o]>er Ermo/^nes hillej, —

' I-wysse a worj?loker won to welde I neuer keped/

465 & quen hit nejed to najt nappe hy^ bihoued:
He slydej on a slou/^be-slep sloghe vnder leues,
Whil God wayned a worme ]^t wrot vpe ]?e rote,
& wyddered watj J?e wodbynde bi )?at J?e wyje wakned :

469 & syfen he warne3 )?e West to waken ful softe,
& say 63 vnte ^erus J?at he syfle warme,
pat )?er quikken no cloude bifore J?e cler suwne,
& ho schal busch vp ful brode & brewne as a candel.

473 pen wakened J;e wy3e of his wyl-dremes,

& blusched to his wodbynde J?at bro)?ely wat3 marred;
Al welwed & wasted ]x) wor]?elych leues;
pe schyre suwne hade hem schent, er ever J?e schalk
wyst;

477 & J?ew hef vp ]?e hete & het^ly brewned;

pe warm wynde of J;e weste wert^ he swyj?e3;

pe man marred on ]?e molde, J?at mo3t hym not hyde;

His wodbynde wat3 away, he weped for sor3e:

AN ALLITERATIVE VERSION OF JONAH

481 With hatel anger & hot, heterly he callej: —

' A ! )*?u maker of man, what mayste/y J?e pynke}

p//.? J?y freke to forfare forbi a lie ofyer \

Wyt// alle meschef Jxit Jwu may, neu^r Jxw me spare} ?

485 I keumjd me a cu;;/fort J«it now is cajt fro me,
My wod-bynde so wlonk ]mt wered my heued ;
Bot now I se Jxm art sette my solace to reue.
Why ne dyjttej J?0u me to dije ? I dure to longe.'

489 %et oure Lorde to ]>e lede laused a speche : —
' Is Jns ryjt-wys, pou renk, alle ]>y ronk noyse,
So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone?
Why art }x?u so waymot, wyje, for so lyttel ? '

493 ' Hit is not lyttel/ qwoj? J?e lede, ' bot lykker to ryjt,
I wolde I were of Jris worlde wrapped in moldej.'
' fenne by)?enk )?e, mon, if J>e for-J?ynk sore,
If I wolde help my honde-werk, haf Jwm no wonder.

497 pou art waxen so wroth for ]>y wod-bynde,

& trauayledej ncuer to tent hit pe tyme of an howre,
Bot at a wap hit here wax & away at an oj#r;
& jet lykej ]^ so lujrar, J?i lyf woldej ]>o\i tyne.

501 pe«ne wyte not me for Jxs werk ]fai I hit wolde help,
& rwe on ]x> redles J?at remen for sywne :
Fyrst I made hew myself of matures myw one,
& syj?en I loked hem ful longe & hem on lode hade:

505 & if I my trauayl schulde tyne of termes so longe,
& type dou» jonder toiw when hit turned were,
pe sor of such a swete place burde synk to my hert,
So mony maliciow* mon as nxwrnej J^r-iwne ;

PATIENCE

509 & of fat sou^me jet arn summe such sottej for madde,
As lyttel barnej on barme fat neuer bale wrojt,
& wywmen vnwytte, fat wale ne coufe
pat on hande fro fat o'per) fo[r] alle f is hyje worlde ;

513 [Bitwene fe stele & fe stayre disserne no:jt cuwen ;
What rule renes in rouw bitwene f e ryjt hande
& his lyfte, fa$ his lyf schulde lost be j?er-for ;]

516 & als J?er ben dou^be bestej in J?e burj mony,

pat may not sywne in no syt hem seluen to greue.
Why schulde I wrath wyth hem, syj?ew wyjej wyl torne,
& cum & cnawe me for kyng & my carpe leue?

520 Wer I as hastif a[s] J?0u heere, were harme lumpen :
CouJ>e I not ]?ole bot as ]>ou, ]?er J>ryued ful fewe:
I may not be so mal[i]ciow^ & mylde be halden,
For malyse is no}[t] to maywtyne boute mercy wyt/iinne.

524 Be nojt so gryndel, god-man, bot go forth J?y wayes !
Be preue & be pacient, in payne & in joye,
For he fat is to rakel to renden his clofej,
Mot efte sitte wyt/i more vn-sou%de to sewe hem togeder.'

528 For-J?y when pou^-te me enprecej & paynej iw-noje,
Ful softly wyt^ suffrauflce sajttel me bihouej,
For J?e penauwce & payne to preue hit in syjt, —
pat pacience is a nobel poywt, faj hit displese ofte.

Amen.

NOTES

1. Cp. 531. There is no reason for supplying 'nobel 'before 'povnt',
as has been suggested. The first and last lines of Pearl are similarly
almost identi-

3. MS. aswage/id; cp. nuwnewd («= nuinmen), Cleanness, 1291.

6. Cp. 'Who nedej schal f>ole, be not so J>ro , etc., Pearl, 344.

7. to abyde : prooably ' t'abvde ' ; cp. faeces, 325.

9. Cp. ' In halvdayes at hohcherche whan ich herde masse,' Piers
Plowman, B. xiii. 384 ; ' But one I herde in a haule of a herdmans tonge,'

\\'«xtouret 364.
10-28. Cp. Cleanness, 23-8.

13. 'Beati pauperes in spiritu' ; cp. 'beati pauperes', Luke vi. 20.

27. ' Beati quipereecutionempatiunturpropteriustitiam', Jfatf.v.10.

30-3. ' If we would love these Ladies in making our manners like

to theirs ' ; cp. Cleanness, 11. 1057-64, and especially the following

lines : —

'And if )>ou wyrkkes on j>ie wyse, \>&i ho wyk were,
Hir schal lyke )>at layk )>at lyknes hir tylle.'- 1063.

Cp. ' Shee had Ladyes of love longed her about,—

Dame Mirth, & Dame Meekenes, & Dame Mercy the hynd,
Dallyance & Disport, two damsells full sweete.'

•h % Llffe, 106.
35. MS. fyn.

38. 'They are put, fastened together, in one form (i. e. the formula
' Beati qui') ; and by seeking after their wiidom (cp. 'for hit dissert',
12) they receive one reward.
43. Cp. ' pouerte me enprecej ', 528.

48. ' Then is it easier for me to like it (»'. e. the condition of things),
and to praise their looks.'

54-6. I interpret these difficult lines as follows: —
* If He has not made me of much account, I gainsaying,
Yea, then punishment must I dree, & have displeasure as my

meed,
Who should have bowed to His bidding, in accordance with my

hiring.'

bongre my hyure. The poet has in mind the Parable of the
Vineyard. This explains 'much }if he me ne made' ; /•/, 572

' mony ben callefd], \>&} fewe be mykej ', •/. e. great ones. ' Much and
lyte ' = persons high and low ; cp. the phrase ' to make much of '.
be, in line 56, need not be changed to be[t], as Morris proposed
59. MS. tyne.
70. ' 1 may not delay,

But I avenge me on their villainy and venom at omv
for the omission of the pronoun, <-p. \. 262.

PATIENCE

77. typped schrewes : the phrase reminds one of * stape [in] fole ',
1. 122 ; perhaps the word means merely ' tip-top ', the adjectival past
participle form being directly due to ON. typpi, apex ; cp. tippy, first-
rate. Professor Ekwall suggests 'tipped' in the sense of 'highly
finished ', from the tipping of staves, shoes, etc.

80. warlok: one is reminded of the picturesque description of
'Lof and Grim ', an instrument of torture well known, according to
the Later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the days of King Stephen.
'Warlok ' is glossed as follows in Prompt. Parv. (E.E.T.S. Extra Series
cii), ' fetir lock : sera pedicalis uel compedalis ' ; and seems to have
been primarily a sort of padlock fixed to the foot.

84. MS. fof.

92. Though the Father that formed him made cheap of (set little
value on) his welfare ; lit. ' though to the Father that formed him
it were easily disposed of as regards his welfare '. The idiom is
Scandinavian.

fale : ON./a?r, venal, to be sold ; Cleasby quotes ' er mer eru falastir
til }>ungs hlutar ', i. e. I should not mind in the least if they fared ill.
The form (i) fair, OHG./a#, fell (cp. Gk. TrtoXew), must be carefully
differentiated from (ii) OE.fxle, good, dear, ME. fele, G. feil, MHG.
reile, veil, OHG. feili, purchasable. It is difficult to see any phono-
logical connexion between (i) and (ii).

94. g[lo]wande ; MS. illegible.

98-108. The ship reproduced from the MS., illustrating 11. 229, etc.,
gives no very clear idea of the construction of the vessel here described.
The whole passage is of interest for the history of mediaeval shipping.
An attempt to explain the corresponding passage from Cleanness
(quoted in note to 1. 185) has been made by Mr. R. Morton Lance in
an important article on ' Northern Ships of circa 1340' in the Mariner's
Mirror, February, 1913 (though he erroneously quotes it as from ' The
Miracle Play of the Deluge ' !). In the same periodical, the Journal
of the Society for Nautical Research, are to be found many illustrations
of mediaeval vessels, notably in articles by Mr. H. H. Brindley on
* Mediaeval Ships '. The Society will, it is hoped, some day produce
the much-needed ' Dictionary of English Nautical Terms ' from the
earliest times. Such a passage as the present is worthy of the attention
of experts in the minutiae of naval technicalities.

101. 'Then went he a-board ' ; cp. ' descendit in earn '.

tramme : I think the word is used collectively, ' machinery.' All the
senses of ' tram ' can be referred back to the root idea of ' log ', whence
Norw. traam, frame, and ME. tramme, machines, instruments. I attach
no importance to the bad spellings traime and traume, in The Wars
of Alexander, which Professor Ekwall regards as authentic and as
seeming to point to French origin ; and though formerly I was inclined,
as he now does, to interpret the word as ' ship ', something more
specific is required, by way of introducing the lines that follow.

103. spare bawe-lyne : in the passage quoted below, 1. 185,
'myry bawelyne' seems to give a parallel phrase, where 'merry' is

perhaps used nautically.as applied toweather,in the senseof favourable,
auspicious. On the other hand, according to experts, the bowline was
not ' spare ', /. ?. thin, but a rather thick rope. I am inclined to agree
with Morris that ' spare ' is a noun, and I tuko it to mean ' yard ' or
' mast '.

117. ' Verily, He saw far and wide— it beseemed Him, be sure !

This to Jonah oft -told the word that that King spake.1
by sure : cp. 'be }>e sure', Wan of Alexander, 2010.

1 18. )>at kyng : cp. ' 3et savtj a gome,

Dauid in Sauter.'— /Y«»7, 697.

1 -JJ. ba} [}]e be stape [in] fole, i. e. though ye be advanced in folly :

ny man that stopen (MS. E. stapen) is in age', The Mai'chanff*

FJ. 1514; 'a poore widwe somdel stope (MS. E. stape) in age',

•*/« Tale, 1. fole = folly ; cp. ' Hit were a fole fele-folde'.

1545,

MS. he be stapefole ; Morris, 'atapefole = ?? *tapeful, high/
Cp. ' Bot sauyour, mon, in ]>y self, J>a; \>ou a sotte lyuie,
Da; )?ou bere J>y self babel, by-f>enk \>e suw-tyme,
Whe|?er he )>at stykked vche a stare in vche steppe yje,
3if hym self be bore blynde hit is a brod wonder ;
& he bat fetly in face fettled alle eres,
If he hat) losed |>e lysten, hit lyftej mcruayle,*

Cleanness, 11. 581-6.

' Intelligite, insipientes in populo; et stulti, aliquando sapite.
Qui plantavit aurem non audiet ? aut qui finiit oculum non

considerat V '—Psalm xciii. 8, 9.

131-6. A reminiscence, direct or indirect, of Aeolus and the Winds ;
Aeneid, I. 52, etc. ; ' wel }>e wroj>eloker' recalls ' indignantes '.

137-56. A typical storm-piece; cp. Cleanness, 361 ; Geste Hittoriale,
3692 ; The Siege of Jerusalem, 50, •
143. ' So that the affrighted fishes

Durst nowhere for the roughness rest at the bottom';
The word ' breed ' has proved a stumbling-block, and various un-
necessary proposals (e.g. breed fysches, followed by full-stop, Morris;
breedfysches, Kluge) have been made.

147. on roun[dj : perhaps the MS. form ' roun ' should be kept.
150. to-murte: under ' mirtle, to crumble, waste away', EDD.
quotes * Bothe Mawhounus and mawmettes myrtild in peeces,' Troy
Book, 4312 ; in The Siege of Jerusalem there occurs the same line with
' to-mortled ' (variant readings, mourlede, hurtlid).
152. MS. cloltK'.

156. * For be man's voyage ne'er so vile, life is aye sweet.'
lode : life's journey ;

' Nu is )>on gelicost swa we on lagu-flode
Ofer cald waeter ceolum lifian,
'Now 'tis most like as ii in shijts

On the ocean-flood, over the water cold;'

Cyneici*' , cd. Gollancz), I

PATIENCE

' Nyf oure lordc hade ben her lode;-mon, hein had lumpen

harde.' — Cleanness, 424.

159. oaraldes : not ' carols ', i. e. ' chains ', but ' casks ', vessels, ON.
kerald (= kjarald) ; cp. ON. ker, Dan. kar, Goth, kas, tub, vessel;
probably the word is here used to translate ' vasa ' (cp. Athen&itm,
1894, p. 646).

165. Vernagu : see Glossary. ' Fernagu ' is common in Old French ;
' Feragu ' is in the Song of Roland (Roland u. Vernagu, Wachter, 1885).

166. Nepturne : the form is probably due to the scribe, who has
evidently confused the ending with that of Saturne.

167. Mergot = Margot = OF. Ma got = Magog.

Cp. * Thys Geant, of whom we declare & say,

Hys goddys corsed, hys goddys gan renay,
Enlesse thei wold gif hym aid or socour,
Both Margot, Polin, Bernagant that houre,
Mahouude, Jupiter, & als other mo/
(The original reads, ' Magot, Apolin, Ternagant.')

Romans of Partenay, ed. Skeat (E.E.T.S.), 4309.
As for the form ' Magot ', cp. Goemagot (the British giant,
slain by the Trojan Corineus ; Geoffrey of Monmoitth, I. xvi),
corrupted into Gogmagog, later Gog and Magog : the Guildhall
figures, now called Gog and Magog, were originally Gogmagog and
Corineus.

173. I lovue (so MS., or lovne) : cp. louue (BO MS., in my opinion ;
or ' loune '), Gawain, 1256 ; Morris, lovne, ' to offer advice ', as
if from ON. lofa, with n- suffix ; but, in my opinion, lovue = Sw. lofva,
ON. lofa = OE. lojian.
185. On-helde by pe hurrok :
on-helde : in a bent posture, huddled up ;
Cp. ' So I hobylle alle on helde

That unethes may I walke' ; Toivneley Myst. 154.
NED. helde = OE. *hielde, n. (but see Glossary).
hurrok : in describing the Ark our poet introduces this word (Clean-
ness, 419) :—

' Withoutew mast, ofyer myke, oj>er myry bawelyne,
Kable, o\>er capstan to clyppe to her ankre;.
Hurrok, o]>er hande-helme hasped on ro)>er,
0\>er any sweande sayl', etc.

' hurrok ' seems to be some detachable portion of the vessel, not an
integral part of it, the ' kannie ', and also the space under it.

In Capgraye's Chronicle (Rolls ed.) we read ' the men that were within
schip thei killed, save o boy that fled to on of the Flemysch shippis,
& hid him in the horrok.'

In the Shetland and Orkney dialect * hurrack ' is ' that part of
a boat between the after-thoft and the stern '.

EDD. quotes from Spence, Folk-Lore, * the boat was divided into
sir compartments, viz. fore-head, fore-room, mid-room, cost-room,
shott, hurrik or kannie ' ; and defines * kannie 'as 'a yoke-shaped

NOTES

piece of wood between the- stamniarcen (i.t. tin: hrlmsman'? so.it
stem of a boat.1

'Hurrok'may be derived from ' thurrock ', OE./um/r, Du. thirk,
bottom of a boat ; the dialect use of ' orruck * or ' thorruc ' in the
sense of ' drain ' may perhaps corroborate this view. The dropping
of ///- at the beginning of the word may be due to confusion with the
definite article, which in Middle English often coalesces with nouns
beginning with vowels (cp. J>acces, 1. 325) ; such confusion is common
with the indefinite article, but nothing quite parallel can be instanced
in the case of the definite article. On the other hand, we have riding
(for thriding) ; wittle and thwittle ; thwaite (or Thwaites, as proper
name) and waite. ' Durk ' still exists in German Nautical Speech ;
cp. Deutsche Seemannssprache, ed. Kluge ; sub voce.

186. ' Fallen into a heavy sleep, and slobbering he snores ' ;

Cp. 'dormiebat sopore gravi ' ;

Cp. ' He slydej on a sloumbe slep, sloghe vnder leues ', 466. In each
case ' sloumbe slep ' = heavy sleep, not ' gentle sleep ', as NED. (sub
'sloom'). The adj. ' slopmy ' seems to explain this use of the sub-
stantive ; apnliod to grain = Maid or lodged through being soft and
heavy ' (cp. Norw. sluma, to run up into long weak straw) ; hence, in
secondary sense, dull, sluggish ;

Cp. ' And I for slepeles was slome, and slomerde a while,' Part, of
Tlire Ayes, 101. This line may, perhaps, also help to confirm my
suggestion (Athenxutn, 1894, p. 646) that sloforantle = sldberande =
slomberande.

188. Roguel : it is impossible to determine from the MS. whether
the fourth letter is u or n ; Morris, ragnel. The latter is the form
found in Middle English printed texts ; cp.

'Ragnell & Roffyn, & other in the wavys,
Grauntt yow grace to dye on the galows ; '

Mary Magdalene, Digby Mysteries, 1. 1200 ;
'Riignell, Ragnell, thou art my dere,'

Antichrist, Chester Plays, 1. 604.

I propose ' Raguel ' ; and suggest that the origin of the name is to be
found in the apocryphal Enoch, where Raguel is the angel of chastise-
ment. When the book was no longer known, the rignt rdle of ' the
chastiser ' was forgotten, and Raguel became the avenging demon.
This degradation may have been helped in England by the connotations
of * rag- ' as devil ; cp. ragman, ragamuffin.

in his rakentes : ' racente ', the regular word in Old English for
the fetters binding the fiends in hell ;

' ac Hcga^S me ymbe irenbendas,

ride¥ racentan sal ; ' Genesis, 37 J.
(Cp. Athenaeum, 1904, p. 343, etc.).

per frequently introduces asseverations in Middle English. The
force of the words is perhaps best brought out by turning into oratin
recta : '& bade him ferk up, —

" Raguel in his chains wake you from your dreiu

PATIENCE

189. haspede, not ' hook ', as Morris suggested, but a past participle ;
a noun before or after ' haspede ' has been omitted by the scribe. The
reading in the text (proposed in 1894) would give the sense of
' clutched by the hair '. Perhaps some such word as ' hayre ', sacking,
is the missing word ; the line would then mean, 'by the sacking that
Jonah had wrapped about him the pilot pulls him thence ' ; cp. 1. 373.
Dr. Erdmann suggests 'hater', garment.

194. MS. )>e J>e.

196. MS. wrech.

211. MS. babebes.

219. MS. hale.

220. ' But all was useless ado— it would not succeed ' ; cp. ' Bot al
wat} nedle} her note, for ueuer cowj>e stynt ', Cleanness, 381.

226. to greuen hym neuer, i. e. never to anger Him (by imbruing ;
lit. in the fact that they imbrued, etc.) ; ' ne des super nos sanguinem
innocentem ', ' that thou jyue not on va innocent blood ', Wichf.

' to greuen hym,' has the force of ' to provoke Him to anger (against
them) ; cp. the use of ' grievaunce ', Chaucer's ABC, 63. The
' super nos ' of the Vulgate is perhaps suggested by the idiomatic use
of the word.

229. ' He was no sooner withdrawn that the tempest ceased ', i. e. he
was no sooner withdrawn than the tempest ceased.

235. be depe to serue, i. e. to keep the open. Morris proposed ' to
sterue (?) ' The text is clear without emendation.

240. [o]n to : MS. vnto ; Morris, vn-to.

245. to ; MS. to to.

252. ' Without touch of any tooth he tumbled into its throat ' ; cp.
' 3e were entouchid with his tethe & take in )>e glotte ', Erkemvalde, 297
(entouchid, ' untouched'; glotte, 'throat' ; the line has been altogether
misinterpreted). The reference is to the whale as an allegory of the
grave, — the way to resurrection ; Jonah is unmarred by ' Warlowe ',
*'. e. Sheol, Death,— the Fiend ; cp. 267.

262. ' Though he were hopeless of weal, in the womb of that fish, and
so driven through the deep, and wallowing in the dark ' ; the graphic
present ' walterej ' (the reading of the MS.) has the force of a present
participle.

The personal pronoun is probably to be understood before ' were ' ;
cp. ' bot [I] venge me ', 1. 71.

One is strongly tempted to take * were ' as noun — ' man hopeless
of weal ' (cp. ' man ', 1. 320) ; but the suppression of the verb after
' ba} ' is not found so early. Moreover, this would, I think, demand
the change of ' waltere} ' to ' wattere^ '.

275. so[ur] ; MS. sorje, probably a scribal error for some form of
ON. saurr, dirt; cp. 'such sour turnes', Cleanness, 192; v. 'saur',
EDD., 'sore', NED.

294. MS. |>e.

300. hym wyth : the caesura makes it desirable to break the line
at ' wyth ' ; ' hym wyth ' = with it, i. e. therewith. The phrase links

Nona

itself with ' mad him ' ; hence th^ nauso. Possibly ' hym wyth ' may
mean * as against ', as compared with it (i. e. the whale) ; cp. 1. 48.

301. ' And, as Jonah sailed, in security he heard

The mighty water on the whale's l»ck and beating on its sides.'

MS. assayled; so Morris; in his article on Tertullian's De Jona
(Publications of M<j-l> »n Language Association of America, x. 242-8)
Professor Emerson adduced a parallel passage from Tertullian in sup-
port of * as sayled '. The present editor had previously suggested the
emendation independently, and without knowledge of the interesting
parallel.

308. ' Et proiecisti me in profundum in corde raaris.'

. I say[de] : MS. say. It is difficult to explain the line as it
stands in the manuscript ; but the poet evidently meant to render ' et
ego dixi ', ii. 5. My emendation explains also the otherwise difficult
words that follow, 4 as I sect.'

325. b'accea : MS. faeces, so Morris (as connected with ' OE. baccian,
to stroke ') ; but the alliteration makes it clear that we have nere the
coalesced definite article.

343. bonk[ea]. I have ventured to make the word plural, in view
of the verb in the next line, though it might be possible to explain
the verb as due to a sort of attraction to ' regiounes '.
. (n]on ; MS. nion.

'•}~)0. lauce : so I read here, instead of * lance ' ; and similarly
* laused ' for ' lansed ' in 489. In many places I feel sure this is the
correct reading in Middle English texts. In support of the proposal
I would instance ' he loused (/. e. laused) suche wordes *, Erke><
178 (see Glossary).

3">4. on to brenge ber-bur^e : merely to pass there-through ; ' on *
) hike to be adverbial, = on[e] ; OE. an is similarly found as adv.

'the one day's journey ' : cp. 'et coepit lonas introire in civi-
tatem itinere diei unius '.

391. soghe hem so neuer : let it smart them never so much ; cp.

' soure suld him sowe ', Wars of Alex., 2313, 5348 ; ' it soured him

sare,1 Minot, v. 15; the phrase is common in the Scottish poets. The

word is not, in my opinion, connected with OE. swdgan, or with ON.

. as has been suggested.

459. vnde[r] ; MS. vnde.

460. be deuel haf: MS. de altered to be. ' That of any diet that
day the devil a bit he cared ! ' The line is perfectly idiomatic and
intelligible (see Glossary) ; and the various attempts to amend and
interpret the text are altogether unnecessary. Morris, J>e deuel,
? ded euel ; Ekwall (EngUsche Stndien, 44, p. 173) suggests the striking
put of the word ' haf'. * J>e deuel haf ' = the devil a bit, the negative
idea causing the negative in ' no diete'.

493. bot lykker; i.e. but it is more like to what is fitting ith.t
I would I were dead).

509-15. Something ha^ gone wrong with the text. At first sight
a line seems to be missing before or after 1. 513 ; but this omission

PATIENCE

would not explain the crudity of the lines, more especially the
repetition of 11. 511-12 as compared with 11. 514-15. Further, there is
the error of ' hys lyf ' for ' her lyf ', probably due to the previous ' his
lyfte '. The MS. does not help in the matter of the quatrain arrange-
ment of the lines, as the scribe has made the division marks quite
mechanically. The Vulgate reads: ' Et ego non parcam Ninive,
civitati magnae, in qua sunt plusquam centum viginti millia hpminum
qui nesciunt quid sit inter dexteram et sinistram suam, et iumenta
multa.' I am inclined to think that 11. 513-15, paraphrasing the
Vulgate, originally followed 1. 509, and that subsequently these three
lines were discarded by the poet, being replaced by 11. 510-12. If so,
the rejected lines were copied by mistake from the author's script.
Accordingly I venture to place them in brackets. I render the lines
as follows : —

1 And of that number some, being mad, are such innocents,
Even as little children at the breast that never wrought ill,
And as foolish women ; they could not choose
The one hand from the other, for all this high world.'

sotte}, foolish ones, innocents ; cp. * Lordez & lades • be J>e lityllsottez '
(Dublin text ; Ashmole, * litill childere '), Wars of Alexander, 1602.

The illustrator has carefully given his idea of the born idiot in the
picture representing the inhabitants of Nineveh. Note the stick held
with both nands, and the jagged collar round his neck !

512. fo[r] ; MS. fol.

518. wyl torne ; cp. ' ;if J>ey towrne wolde ', if they would repent,
Siege of Jerusalem, 21.

520. a[8J, MS. a ; heere ; the caesura is after this word ; hence the
punctuation in the text, and not, as Morris, a comma after ' J>ou '.

522. mal[i]cious ; MS. malciot«s.

523. no^tt] ; MS. no;.

' for power to harm is not to be exercised without mercy within.'

524. gryndel: this word appears to be peculiar to our poet; cp.
' bolde burne on j>is bent be not so gryndel ', Gaw. 2338 ; * your gryndel-
layk & your greme & your grete wordes ', 312 ; ' Ful gryndelly with
greme ', 2299 (see Glossary).

524-7. According to the quatrain arrangement the speech should
end at 1. 523 or 527, and not with the word ' wages ', as is generally
accepted. It does not seem possible to divide the quatrain between
the two speakers. On the whole, as 1. 524 clearly seems to be intended
as the Lord's exhortation to Jonah, I am inclined to end the speech
at 1. 527, though the proverbial philosophy is, at first sight, perhaps
too homely and colloquial for divine utterance.

I hyphen ' god man ', and interpret as ' goodman ', my good sir,
sir ; cp. ' And, gudman, [on] j>e gold rynge J>e thre gmuew thyng/s ',
Wars of Alex., 436.

527. wyth more vn-sounde, ?. e. with more unsound clothes, in
worse rags.

528. forby, wherefore, so ; evidently the reference is to the whole
lesson of the Jonah story.

GLOSSARY

a, indef. art. 1 ; OE. an.

abof, above, 382, 444 ; OE. on-

bufan.
aboute, abute, 67, 290, 461 ; OE.

onbutui.
abyde, endure, 7; abide, hold

out, delay, 70 ; OE. abldan,
abydyng, enduring, 419 ; OE.

abldung.

abyme, abyss, 248 ; OF. abisme.
acces, sudden accession, at?

325 : * cum angustiaretur in me

anima mea', Jon. ii. 8; OF.

acces ; r. Jj'acces.
adoun, 235 ; OE. of dune,
affyen, ;»-. pi. trust, 331; OF.

afier.

after, 19, 86, 150 ; OE. after,
a^t, eight, 11,29; OE. eahta.
al, alle, 16, 22, 111, 368, 490;

everything, every one, 172 ; adv.

74, 365.

alone, 88 ; OE. eal ana.
als, also, 15, 40, 516 ; also, so,

263; as, 291.
ame, aim, 128 ; cp. OF. aesmer,

esnn
amesyng, gentleness, 400; OF.

amesir.

amonge, 82; OE. on(ge)mang(e).
and, yea, even, 55.
anger, anger, 411, 481 ; ON. angr.
anguych, anguish, 325 ; OF.

anguisse.

ankres, n. anchors, 103; OE. ancor.
an-on, forthwith, 137 ; OE. on fin.
anter, n. adventure ; on a., in

peril, 242 ; OF. aventure.
an-vnder, beneath, 139 ; OE. on-

under.

any, 440 ; OE. »nig.

aproche, approach, s'5, 349; OF.

aprochier.
arayned, questioned, 191 ; OF.

araisnier, arainier; late L.

adration
arende, arnde, errand, 72, 202;

ernde, 52 ; OE. cerende.
arest, remain, 144 ; OF. arester.
as, as, 60, 100, 168 ; while, 301 ;

OE. jil-swa.
ascaped, escaped, 110; ONF. es-

caper, ascaper ; cp. scape,
ascryed, cried out on, 195 ; OF.

escrier.

asent, agreement, 177 ; OF. asent.
askes, ashes, 380; ON. aska; OE.

asce.
aske}, asks, 381 ; pt. pL asked,

195 ; OE. ascian.
aslypped, slipped away, 218 ; cp.

Du. ontslippen.

asperly, harshly, 373 ; OF. aspre.
aswagen, assuage, mitigate, 3 ;

OF. assouagier.
at, 9 ; OE. oet.
avowes, »;. vows, 165; OF. rb.

avouer ; L. advotare.
away, 480 ; OE. aweg.
awowe, t*. avow, 333 ;

avowes.

ay, ever, 8, 90 ; ON. ei.
ayf>er, each, 450 ; OE. eeg*er.

bacheleres,young knights, young
men, 366; OF. bacheler.

baft, adv. abaft, astern, aft, 148;
OE. beoeftan : • a, n.

bagges, bags, 158 ; ON. baggi.

bak, back, 374, 441 ; OE. ba?c.

PATIENCE

bale, package, cargo, 157 ; OF.

bale.
bale, evil, mischief, 276, 510; OE.

bealu.
balele}, innocent, 227 ; OE.

bealu-leas.
bale-stour, fatal struggle, death

agony, 426 ; OE. bealu + OF.

estour, battle.
balteres, tumbles about, 459;

Dan. baltre.

bare, bare, 374 ; OE. bser.
barme, breast, 510 ; OE. bearm.
barney children, 510; OE. beam,
barreij, barriers, 321 ; OF. barre.
baj?es, imp. pi. plunge, 211; OE.

banian ; ON. ba¥a.
bawe-lyne, a rope fastening the

sail to the bow, 104; cp. ON.

bogr ; Sw. bog ; Dan. bov,

shoulder, arm ; fore-end of a

ship.

bayn, willing, 136 ; ON. beinn.
be, inf. 48 ; imp. by, 117 ; pr. 1 s.

am, 317 ; 2 s. art, 492 ; 3 s. is,

7 ; bet} (used for future), 333 ;

3^. ben, 2; am, 13; ar, 15 ;

pt. 3s. wat}, 62 ; pi. wer, 136 ;

wern, 268 ; weren,29 ; pr. 3s.

subj. be, 49 ; pt. s. stibj. were,

34, 84, 262; wer, 228; OE.

beon ; cp. nas, nere.
bed, bede, v. bidde.
begynes, v. bigynes.
ben, v. be.

bene, adj. kindly, 418 ; etym. un-
known.
bent, grass, rushes, 392; OE.

beonet.
bere^, imp. pi. bear, 211 ; pt.

3 s. ber to, bore itself against,

pressed against, 148; OE.

beran.
best, beast, 266 ; pi bestes, 388 ;

beste;, 516 ; OF. beste.
bete, inf. beat, 302 ; pp. beten,

248 ; OE. beatan.
betj, v. be.

bi bat, by the time that, 468.
bidde, inf. bid, 51 ; pr. 3s. bidde^,

337 ; pt. s. bede, 187, 340 ; imp. s.

bed, 426 ; OE. biddan.
bide, inf. remain, 435 ; pr. 1 s.

byde, 318 ; 3s. bide;, 293 ; pt.

3 s. bode, 343 ; OE. bidan.
bigged, made, 124 ; ON. byggja,

to build.

bigly, strongly, 321, cp. bygge.
bigynes, pr. 3s. 137; 3 pi. be-
gynes, 76 ; OE. biginnan.
bihoued, bihoue}, v. byhoues.
bihygt, j?£. 3s. promised, 408 ; pp.

29 ; OE. bihatan, pt. s. biheht.
bilyue, quickly, 71 ; bylyue, 78 ;

ME. bi life,
biseche, pr. 1 s. beseech, 413 ; pt.

pi biso3ten, 375 ; OE. besecan.
bispeke, pt. s. spake, 169; OE.

besprecan.

bisyde, 343 ; OE. be sidan.
bite, pr. 3s. subj. 392; pt. pi.

ind. bited, 373; OE. bitan, bat,

biton.
bityde, inf. avail, 220 ; pt. 3 s.

bi-tydde, happened, 61 ; OE.

tidan, with pref. be.
blenden, pt. pi. subj. mingled,

imbrued, 227 ; OE. blendan.
bio, wan, livid, 184, 221 ; ON.

blar.

blober, v. bluber.
blod, blood, 227 ; OE. blod.
blok, enclosed space, 272; OF.

bloc.

blosched, v. blusched.
blowe, inf. 138; imp.pl blowes,

134 ; OE. blawan.
bluber, bubbling water, 221 ;

blober, 266 ; (cp. blob ; E. of

imitative origin).
blunt, staggered, 272; (?) cp.

Sw. blunda, Norw. blundra, to

close the eyes; hence E. blun-
der,
blusched, looked, 117; blosched,

343; OE. blyscan, to gleam;

GLOSSARY

ablisian, to blush ; cp. MLG.

bloschen.

blynde, 124 ; OE. blind.
blybe, blithe, glad, 107, 459 ; OE.

birSe.

bode, bidding, 75 ; OE. bod.
bode, r. bide,
body, 318 ; pi bodyes, 387 ; OE.

bodig.
boated, vaulted, curved, 449 .

ME. bo^t; Du.bogt.
bone, commandment, 136; ON.

bon.
bongre, agreeably to, 56 ; OF.

bon gre.
bonk, bank, ridge, 236, 321 ;

bonk[es], 343 ; cp. ON. bakki.
borde, board, deck, 190; OE. bord.
borges, citizens, 366; OF. bur-

geis.

bor}, r. bur;,
borne, water, stream, flood, 302;

OE. burna.
boBum, the swelling sail, 107;

OE. bosrn.
bot, but, 35, 53, 71 ; OE. butan ;

cp. boute.

bote, boat, 145; bot,184; OE.bfit.
bote, remedy, 163 ; OE. bot.
bobe, booth, arbour, 441 ; cp. ON.

bfl&

bo)>e, both, 36, 138 ; ON. ba*ir.
bobem, bothem, bottom, 144,184 ;

OE. botui ; cp. se-bojjem.
bouel, bowel, 293 ; OF. bouel.
bounden, r. byndes.
bounte, goodness, 418; OF.bonte.
bour, abode, 276, 437 ; OE. bur.
boute, without, 523 ; OE. butan ;

cp. bot.
bowe, pr. 1 s. subj. bow, 75 :

3*. indie, bowed, 441 ; pp. 56 ;

OE. bugan.
brake}, vomits, 340 ; cp. MLG.

braken.
braate, pt. s. burst, 148 ; pi. bur-

•ten, 221 ; OE. berstan ; ON.

bresta.

brede, board, 184; OE. bred,
breed, pp. terrified, 143; OE.

bregan.

breme, angry, 430 ; OE. breme.
brenne, inf. burn, 472; pt. 3«.

brenned, 477 ; ON. brenna.
breat, breast, 190 ; OE. breost
brebe, win.!, 107; pi.

brebes, 138; OE. brBe|>.
brod, broad, 272, 449 ; adv. brode,

117,472; OE.br,
bro}t, r. bryng.
brok, stream, 145 ; OE. broc.
brom, broom, 392 ; OE. brom.
brof>ely, violently, 474; ON.

Miga.
bruxles, upbraids, 345 ; ON.

brigzla ; cp. ON. brig^, a right

to reclaim.

bry}t, bright, 158 ; OE. beorht.
bryng, inf. 180; pr. Is. subj. 75 ;

imp. s. 426 ; pt. 3 s. bro;t, 190 ;

OE. bringan.
bulk, hold, 292 ; cp. MDu. bulcke,

the trunk of the body,
bur, strong wind, 148 ; blow, 7 ;

ON. byrr.
burde, behoved, 117; must, 507;

OE. byrian.
burde}, women, 388; (?)OE.bryd;

peril. OE. byrde, wealthy, noble,
burs, town, 366, 516; bow, 387;

Of. burh.
burne, man, 430 ; buyrne, 340 ;

pi. burnes, 388 ; OE. beorn.
bursten, r. braste.
busch, strike, spring up,

busched, dashed, 143 ; (?) r^.

MDu. buischen.
busked, prepared, 437; ON.

buask.

busy, n. labour, 157 ; OE. bysgu.
buyrne, v. burne.
by, v. be.
byde, v. bide,
by-fore, 292 ; OE. beforan.
bygge, great, 302; cp. Norw.

bugge, a strong man ; cp. bigly.

PATIENCE

byhoues,it behoves, 46 ; bihoue;,

529; p*.bihoued,465; OE.be-

hofian.

bylded, built, 276 ; OE. byldan.
bylyue, r. bilyue.
bynde, climbing plant, 444 ; OE.

binde.
byndes, pr. 3 s. binds, 318 ; pt.

Spl. bounden, 374 ; OE. bind-

an.
bybenk, imp. s. consider, 495 ;

OE. bij>encan.

cables, ropes, 102 ; OF. cable.
cace, occurrence, 265 ; OF. cas.
cachen, c. up, catch, hoist, 102 ;

pp. cast, 485 ; OF. cachier.
calle, 199; pr. 3 s. calle^, 411;

pt. s. calde, 131 ; pp. called, 26 ;

ON. kalla.

candel, candle, 472 ; OE. candel.
caraldes, casks, 159; ON.

kerald ( pron. kjarald) ; ker, a

tub ; Dan. kar ; Goth. kas.
care, trouble, 264 ; pi. care;, 305 ;

OE. cearu.

care-ful,full of care, anxious, 314.
carf, pt. 3s. fashioned, 131 ; 3 pi.

coruen, cut, 153 ; OE. ceorfan.
carpe, saying, 118 ; carp, 415 ;

ON. karp.

cete, city, 67 ; OF. cite.
chaunged, pt. pi. changed, 368 ;

OF. changer.

chawle}, jaws, 268 ; OE. ceafl.
chayer, seat, 378 ; OF. chae're.
ehekes, cheeks, 54 ; maugref my

c., cp. mun.
chere, mien, mood, 368 ; OF.

chere.
childer, children, 388 ; OE. pi.

cildru.
chyUed, pt.pl. grew cold, 368 ;

cp. OE. ciele, n.
clannesse, cleanness, chastity,

32 ; OE. claenness.
clone, pure, 23 ; OE. clame.
cleped, called, 305; OE.cleopian.

cler,clere,pure,bright,sheer,314,

395,471; OF.cler; cp.vn.cler.
dob, sail, 105 ; clobe^, clothes,

526; OE. cla>
cloude, 471 ; OE. clud (hill, a

round mass).
cnawe, inf. know, 519; pr. 3s.,

296; pt. Is. knew, 417; 2s.

307 ; 3s. 265 ; OE. cnawan.
coferes, boxes, strong boxes, 159;

OF. cofre.
coge, small boat, 152 ; cp. ON.

kuggr.

colde, cold, 152 ; OE. cald.
cole, cool, 454 ; OE. col.
com, v. cum.
comfort, n. 18 ; coumfort, 223 ;

cumfort,264,485; OF. comfort,
con (1), pr. pi. can, 27 ; cunen,

513 ; pt. s. cowbe, 5 ; coube,

knew, 296; OE. cunnan, can,

pt. ctrSe.

con (2) (orig. gan), did, 10, 445.
cordes, ropes, 153 ; OF. corde.
cortaysye, nobleness, generosity,

417 ; OF. curteisie.
coruen, v . carf.
coumfort, v. comfort,
counsel, advice, plan, 223 ; AF.

cunseil.

coube, cowj>e, v. con (1).
crafte, power, 131 ; OE. crseft.
crossayl, cross-sail, the large

mainsail placed across the

breadth of the ship, 102 ; ON.

kross ; OE., ON. segl.
cry, n. 152 ; OF. cri.
crye, inf. 395 ; pr. 3 s. cryes, 377 ;

pt. 3s. cryed, 357 ; OF. crier,
cum, inf. come, 519 ; pr. 1 s. com,

78; OE. cuman.
cumfort, v. comfort,
cunen, v. con (1).
cuntre, country, 415 ; OF. cuntree.

dam, mass of water (breaking
from dam), 312 ; cp. ON. dammr ;
OE. demman.

GLOSSARY

dame, 31 ; OF. dame,
daschande, dashing, 312 ; ci>.

Dan. daske, to beat,
dased, lay bewildered, 383 ; Sw.

dasa, to lie idle,
daunger, jurisdiction, power,

110;OF.dangi. Mom-

ni.irium.
Dauid, 119.
dawande, dawning, 445 ; OE.

dagian.
day, 445 ; pi dayes, 294 ; daye},

359 ; OE. d®g.
debonerte, graciousness, 418 ;

OF. debonairete.
decre, decree, 386 ; OF. decre*.
ded, r. do.
dedayn, indignation, 50; OF.

dedein.
dede, deed, work, 354 ; pi. dedes,

384; OE. deed,
de-foule, defilement, 290; E. foul,

unclean, attracted to OF. de-

fouler, to trample under foot,
deled, pp. dealt, 193 ; OE. daelan.
demed, uttered, 119; decreed,

432 ; OE. deman.
dope, deep, 297 ; the ocean, 235 ;

OE. deop.

derf, bold, 166 ; ON. djarfr.
derfly, boldly, bravely, 110; ON.

djarfliga.

derk, dark, 263 ; OE. deorc.
derne, secret, 182 ; OE. derne.
des, throne, 119 ; OF. dels,
desert, 84; dissert, value, 12;

OF. desert.
deseuered, separated, 315 ; OF.

desevrer.
destyne, destiny, 49 ; OF. des-

tine"e.
deuel, 196,460 ; OE. deofol; cp.

haf.
deuout, vowed, consecrated,

chaste, 166; OF. devot.
dewoutly, devoutly, 333.
de-woyde, imp. s. cast out, 284 ;

OF. devoidier.

Diana, 166.

diete, diet, customary food, 460 ;

OF. diete.

dije, die, 488; ON. deyja.
dipte}, pt. 2 s. 308 ; 3 * dipped,

243 ; OE. dyppan.
dispayred, in despair, 169; OF.

desperer.

dispit, contempt, 50; OF. despit.
displese, </>/. be distaste-

ful, 1, 531 ; OF. desplaisir.
dispoyled, stripped. 05; OF. de-

spoillier.
diaserne, distinguish, 513 ; OF.

discerner, dissern
dissert, r. desert,
do, aiu'ilianj form hi;/ imp. 204 ;
use to, 386; pt. 3s. ded,

caused, 443 ; pp. don, 196 ; OE.

don, dyde.

dom, doom, 203 ; OE. dom.
dore, door, 268 ; OE. duru.
dotes, 125, is foolish ; pp. as adj.

doted, foolish, 196; cp. MDu.

doten.

doumbe, dumb, 516 ; OE. dumb,
doun, down, 506; late OE. of

dune ; ME. a-dune, dun.
doured, pt. pi. grieved, 372 ; cp.

LG. duren.
dowelle;,^/-. Zpl. dwell,422; OE.

dwellan.

dowes, avails, 50 ; OE. dugan.
drede, n. fear, 255, 367.
dredes, pr. 3 s. fears, 241 ; OE.

(an)dricdan.
dre;edf endured, 256 ; OE. dreo-

gan.
dremes, 188 ; OE. dream .

wyl-dremes.
drof^ r. dryue;.
droppande, 383 ; pt. pi. dropped,

375 ; OE. *droppian.
drowne, drown, 245 ; cp. ON.

drukna ; OE. druncnian.
drye, dry, 338 ; OE. dryge.
dry^lych, unceasingly, 235 ; ON.

drjugliga.

PATIENCE

Dryjtyn, the Lord, 110; OE.

dryhten.
dryue},^-. 3j;?. 312 ; pt. %pl. drof,

235 ; pp. dryuen, 263 ; OE.

drifan.

due, obligatory, 49 ; OF. deu.
dumpe, fall headlong, 362; Dan.

dumpe.
dure, continue to live, 488 ; OF.

durer.
durst, pt. %pl. 144 ; OE. dear,

dorste.

dust, 375 ; duste, 383 ; OE. dust.
dy}tte3, pr. 2 s. appointest, 488 ;

pp. dy3t, 49 ; OE. dihtan.
dymly, gloomily, 375.
dymme, dark, 308 ; OE. dim.
dyngne, worthy, 119 ; OF. digne.
dynt, blow, 125 ; OE. dynt.

Ebru, Hebrew, 205.

Effraym, Ephraim, 463.

efte, again, thereafter, 345 ; OE.

eft.

elde, old age, 125 ; OE. eldo.
elles, otherwise, 2 ; elle:, besides,

451 ; OE. elles.
encroche, obtain, 18; OF. en-

crochier.
ende, on e., to ending, 426 ; OE.

ende.

enmyes, enemies, 82 ; OF. enemi.
enpresses, oppresses, 43; en-

prece;, 528 ; OF. enpresser.
enquylen, obtain, 39; OF. en-

cueillir.

entre, enter, 328 ; OF. entrer.
er, before, 28 ; OE. aer.
erbes, herbs, 393 ; erbes, 438 ;

OF. erbe.
ere, ear, 64 ; pi eres, 123 ; OE.

eare.

Ermonnes, Hermon's, 463.
ernde, v. arende.
erj>e, earth, 363 ; OE. eorSe.
est, east, 133 ; OE. east.
euen, straightway, 65; exactly,

352 ; OE. efne.

euer-ferne, evergreen, 438 ; OE.

eoforfearn.
Ewrus, Eurus, the east wind,

133.

face, 214 ; OF. face.
fader, father, 92 ; OE. feeder,
falce, wrong, evil, 390 ; OF. fals.
fale, at the disposal of, 92 ; ON.

fair; Sw.,Dan. fal; ep.OE.fsele.
falles, 105 ; befalls, 178 ; pt. 3 s.

fel, 215 ; pp. fallen, 320 ; OE.

feallan.
farandely, becomingly, 435 ; ON.

fara, to befit ; OE. faran.
fare, inf. pass, 359 ; OE. faran.
fare, voyage, 98 ; OE. fser.
faste, adv. 192 ; OE. fseste.
faste, pr. 3 pi. subj. fast, 390 ; OE.

faestan.
fasten, pr. 3 pi. 102 ; 3s. festnes,

273 ; OE. ttestnian.
fathmej, gropes, 273; OE. farfc-

mian.

fayled, 181 ; OF. faillir.
fayn, gladly, 155 ; OE. fsegen.
fayr, 98 ; sup. fayrest, 444 ; OE.

fseger.

feches, obtains, 58 ; OE. feccan.
fel, v. falles.

felde, field, 435 ; OE. feld.
felej, imp. pi. perceive, 121 ; OE.

felan.
fendes, foes, fiends, 82; OE.

feond.
fer, far, 126; comp. fyrre, 116;

OE. feorr, fyrr.
ferde, fear, 183, 215; Icp. MHG.

ferde ; OE. fser.
ferk, hasten, get up, 187; OE.

fercian.
ferslych, sternly, 337 ; OF. fers

+ -ly.
fest, fastened, 290; OE. fsestan;

ON. festa.
festnes, v. fasten,
fettele}, pr. 3 s. prepares, 435 ;

pp. fettled, arrayed, set, 38;

GLOSSARY

? cp. OE. fetcl, a chain, band,

girth,
feber-beddes, 158; OE. feSer-

bedd.

fewe, 438 ; OE. feawe.
flawen, r. flowen.
flayed, frightened, 215; OE.

*flegan(c/». a-flygan) ; ON. fleyja.
flem, stream, 309; ?OE. 'fleam.
flod, flood, 221 ; OE. flod.
tlode-lotes, the roarings of the

storm, 183; cp. lot.
flotte, floated, 248 ; OE. flotian.
flowen, pp. fled, 183; flawen, 214;

OE. fleon, ji;/>. flogen.
fol, foolish, 283 ; OF. fol ; cp.

fole;.

folded, enfolded, 309; OE.fealdan.
fole, folly, 122 ; OF. folie.
fole}, fools, 121 ; cp. fol.
fol^e, follow, 5 ; OE. folgian.
folk, 121 ; OE. folc.
for, because, 113; in respect to,

as regards, 439 ; because of,

509, 530; OE. for ; cp. madde.
forbi, beyond, 483 ; OE. for + bi.
for-clemmed, pinched with hun-
ger, 395; Dan. klenime, to

pinch,
forfare, destroy, 483 ; OE. for-

i'aran.
for-gif, forgive, 404 ; pt. 3 s. for-

gef,407; OE. forgifan ; cp. gyf.
forme, form, shape, 38 (1) ; OF.

forme.

forme, first, 38 (2) ; OE. forma,
formed, made, 92 ; OF. former.
forsaken,;);-. %pl. renounce, 332 ;

OE. forsacan.

forsobe, truly, 212; OE. forso>
forth, 8, 65, 524 ; OE. for)),
forty, 359 ; OE. feowertig.
for-j?y, therefore, 211 ; OE. ft.-.
for-bynk, itnjn-rs.pr.mibj. it cause

regret, 495; ON. for|>ykkja,

OE. *forj>yncan.
for-wro}t, exhausted with toil,

163 ; OE. forwyrcan, cp. wyrk.

fot, foot, 187; pi. fete, 273 ; OE. fot.
foundande, going, 126; OE.

fundian.

founden, v. fynde.
freke, man, 181, 187 ; OE. freca.
frely, richly, abundantly, 20;

willingly, 390 ; OE. freollce.
frelyoh, glorious, 214 ; OE.

freolic.

fro,from,108; after, 243; ON.frfu
frunt, struck, kicked, 187 ; OF.

fronter, to ill-treat.
fid, very, 18 ; OE. full,
fully, 359 ; OE. fullice.
fykel, fickle, 283 ; OE. ficol.
fylt*, 290 ; OE. fyl)>.
fynde, 181; pr. 3s. fyndes, 107;

fynde}, 339 ; ^>. founden, 210;

OE. findan.
fyrre, v. fer.

fyrst,225; furst.lSO; OE.fyrst.
fysoh, 251; fissche, 262; pL

fysches, 143 ; OE. fisc.

gaule, refuse, scum, 285; OE.

gealla, bile, sore ; cp. ON. gall,

bile ; galli, fault.
gay, beauteous, 457 ; OF. gai.
gaynej, pr. 3 s. profits, 348 ; pt.

3s. gayned, helped, 164 ; ON.

gegna.
gaynlych, gracious, 83 ; ON. gegn,

favourable.
gederen to, gather up, pull

together, tug at, 105; OE.

gaderian.
gef, v. gyf.
gentryse, gentility, nobility, 398 ;

OF. genterise.

gere, rigging, 148 ; ON. gervi.
gete, pr.Zpl. get, 212 ; ON. geta;

OE. getan.

giles, gills, 269 ; cp. Dan. gjeller.
glad, 457 ; OE. glaed ; cp. vnglad.
glam, voice, 63 ; ON. glarn.
glaymande, stickv, 269; ?c/>.

ON. kleima. OL. cl .«

PATIENCE

glette, filth, 269 ; OF. glette.
glewed, called, 164; OE. gleo-

wian, to sing.
glod, v. glydes.
glorye, glory, 94; glory, 204;

OF. glorie.
gloumbes, looks displeased, 94;

cp. Nonv. gloma ; Sw. glomma.
g[lo]wande, glowing, refulgent,

94 ; OE. glowan.
glydes, pr. 3 s. glides, 269 ; pt. s.

glod, 63 ; pr. 2 s. siibj. glyde,

204 ; OE. glidan.
glyjt, glanced, 453 ; ON. glia.
go, 348 ; pr. 3 s. got}, 171 ; pt. 3s.

;ede, 355; pp. gon, 175; OE.

gan, pt. eode.
God, God, 83 ; gen. s. Godes, 26 ;

Goddes, 63 ; OE. god.
gode, good, 20 ; goud, 336 ; OE.

god ; cp. gowde; ; god-mon.
godly, rightly, 26; OE. godlic

+ -e.

god-mon, goodman, sir, 524.
goduesse, goodness, 407.
gome, man, 175, 199 ; OE. guma.
gote;, streams, 310; cp. goten,

pp. of OE. geotan, to pour.
gouernour, 199 ; OF. governeiir.
gowde}, goods, 286 ; OE. god ; cp.

gode.

grace, 226 ; OF. grace.
gracious, merciful, 26 ; gra-

ciouse, graceful, 453 ; OF.

gracious,
grame, anger, 53 ; OE. graina ;

cp. greme.
graunted, pt. 3 pi. granted, 240 ;

AF._ graunter ; pop. L. type

*credentare.
graythly, actually, 240; ON.

greifcliga.
grayfed, would avail, 53; ON.

grei^a.

gre, pleasure, 348 ; OF. gre.
gref, suffering, 83 ; OF. gref.
greme, pr. s. subj. impers. annoy,

42 ; OE. gremian ; cp. grame.

grene, green, 447; OE. grene.
gret,_great, 140 ; grete, 105 ; OE.

great,
greue, inf. grieve, trouble, 112;

greuen hym, provoke him to

anger, 226 ; pp. greued, 171 ;

OF. grever.

greue}, groves, 439 ; OE. grajfe.
grounde, 361 ; OE. grund.
groundele}, bottomless, 310; OE.

grundleas.

growe, inf. 443 ; OE. growan.
grychchyng, grumbling, 53 ; OF.

gruchier.
gryndel, angiy, noisy, 524 ; ? cp.

ON. Grindill (= OE. Grendel),

the howling storm ; grenja, to

howl (cp. Paul's Grundriss. i.

1043).

guferes, gulfs, 310; OF. gouffre.
gult, guilt, 404; OE. gylt.
gulty, 175 ; OE. gyltig.
gut, intestine, 280; pi. gut e;,

258 ; OE. guttas.
gyde-ropes, 'guy ropes,' ropes

for guiding, lines, sheets, 105 ;

OF. guide, n. + OE. rap.
gyf, inf. give, 204 ; pt. 3 s. subj.

gef,226 ; OE. giefan; ON. gifa.
gyfte, 335 ; ON. gift.
gyle, deceit, 285 ; OF. guile,
gyn, craft, boat, 146 ; OF. engin.

3e, ye, 123; [3>, 122; ace. yow,

385 ; OE. ge, ace. eow.
}ede, v. go.

3et, yet, 153 ; OE. get.
3if, if, 49, 256 ; if, 30 ; OE. gif.
3ise, yes, assuredly, 117 ; :jisse,

347 ; OE. gise.
3onder, 506 ; cp. OE. geond, adv.

hachches, planks forming a kind
of deck ; vnder h., below deck,
179; OE.haec,half-door, wicket.

haf, inf. 424 ; haue, 16 ; pr. 1 s.
haf, 305 ; 2 s. hat;, 196 ; 3 s.
114; 3 pi. haf, 193; ban, 13 ;

GLOSSARY

imp. s. ha£ 287 ; cp. deuel haf;

haue, 282; pt. 3s. had, 112;

hade, 191; 3pl. 222; OE.babban;

<•/>. nade.
haf, 'be deuel haf — the devil

a bit, 460 ; cp. Sc. Deil hae't,

the Devil have it ! whence hate

= a morsel.
halde, inf. 336 ; holde, 14 ; //>•.

3 s. halde;, 434 ; pi. halden, 25 ;

haldes, 321 ; pr. p. haldande,

251; pt. 3,9. helde, 289; pp.

halden, 333; OE. healdan,

haldan ; cp. wyth-helde.
hale[d], pt. 3 pi. pull, 219; OF.

haler, fr. OHG. halon, holon ;

cp. OE. geholian.
half, side, 434 ; OE. healf.
halle, 272 ; OE. heall.
halyday, holy day, 9 ; OE. halig-

dseg; cp. holy.
han, v. haf.
hande}, v. honde.
happe, blessing, 212 ;pl. happes,

11,29; ON.happ.
happed, enclosed, 450; ?cp. LG.

happen, Fris. happe, to clutch.
happen, blessed, 13; ON. hep-

pinn.

harme, affliction, 17; OE.hearm.
hasped, pt. 3 5. fastened, 381 ;

pp. haspede, seized, 189 (see

Note) ; OE. hsepsian.
haste, 217 ; OF. haste ; cp. Goth.

haifsts.

hastif, rash, 520 ; OF. hastif.
hatel, cruel, 367, 481 ; OE. hatol.
hatte, r. hetes.
hat}, v. haf.
habel, man, 228 ; pL habeles, 217;

haunte, practise, 15 ; OF. hanter.
haue, r. haf.

hauen, haven, 108 ; OE. haefen.
hay, 394 ; OE. heg.
hayre, wrapping of haircloth,
381 ; pi hayrej, 373 ; OF. haire.
he, 6; arc. hym, 189; OE. he.

hed, hede, r. heued.

heere, v. here.

hef. pt. 3 s. rose, 477 ; 3 pi. lifted,

219 ; OE. hebban.
he^e, r. hy^e.

helde, v. halde ; on-helde.
hole, heel, 271 ; OE. hela.
hele, safety, 92, 335 ; OE. h«lu.
helle, 275 ; OE. hel, gen. hello,
hellen, adj. belonging to hell,

306 ; cp. helle.

helme, tiller, 149 ; OE. helma.
help, inf. 222; helpen,219; OE.

helpan.
hem, v. bay.
hende, gracious, 398; OE.

(ge)hende.

hens, hence, 204 ; cp. OE. heonan.
hent, receive, 178 ; pr. 35. hentes,

geizes, 189 ; pt. hent, 367, 373 ;

OE. hentan.
hep, heap, 380 ; hope, 149 ; OE.

heap,
her, their, 47, 158 ; OE. heora ;

cp. hores.
here, inf. hear, 140 ; pr. 3s. heres,

123 ; pt. 1 s. herde. 9 ; 25. 306 ;

3 s. 301 ; OE. heran.
here, 170; heere, 520; OE. her.
[here], hair, 189 ; OE. haer.
here-inne, 364 ; OE. her + inne.
herded, pp. dragged by force,

178; OE. hergian.
herk, imp. s. listen, 431; OE.

*heorcian.
hert, heart, 13, 308; pi. herttes,

2 ; OE. heorte.
hete. heat, 477 ; OE. hsetu.
heter, rough, 373 ; cp. MLG.

better ; OE. hete, hate,
heterly, fiercely, 477.
hetes, pr. 2 s. commandest, 336 ;

]>t. 3s. hy;t, promised, 11 ; pass.

hatte, is called, 85; OE.hatan.

pt. heht, het, pass, hatte.
hebyng, scorn, 2 ; ON. heeding.
heued, head, 319 ; hed, 271 ;

hede, 375 ; OE. heafod.

PATIENCE

heuen,prob. as attribute, 185 ; OE.

heofon ; late OE. heofone.
heuen-kyng, 257; OE. heofon-

cyning.
heuen-ryche, kingdom of heaven,

14 ; OE. heofonrice.
heuy, heavy, 2 ; OE. hefig.
hid, v. hyde.

hidor, terror, 367 ; OF. hidor.
hise, v. hyse.
hille}, 463 ; OE. hyll.
hir, v. ho.
his, 73 ; OE. his.
hit, it, 1; its, 12, 148, 267; h.

lyke, 47 ; they, 40, 69 ; OE. hit.
hitte,^. 3s. betook himself, 289,

380 ; ON. hitta ; late OE. hyttan;

cp. on-hit,
ho, she (i.e. sufferance), 4 ; dot.

ace. hir, 42 ; herself, 41 ; OE.

heo.
hoi, perfect, complete, 335 ; OE.

hal.

holde, v. halde.
hole, 306 ; OE. hoi.
holy, 60; OE. halig; cp. haly-

day.
honde, pi. hands, 222, 257 ;

hande}, 227; OE. hand, pi.

handa.
honde-werk, handiwork, 496 ;

OE. hand-geweorc ; cp. werk.
hope, expect, 123, 212; OE.

hopian.
hores, theirs, 14, 28 ; OE. heora

+ -s ; cp. her.
horse, 394 ; OE. hors.
hot, 481 ; OE. hat.
hourlande, whirling, 271 ; pt.

3 pi. hurled, 149 ; cp. Dan.

hurle, to whir.

hourle, whirl of water, wave, 319.
hous, 328 ; OE. hus.
howre, 498 ; AF. houre.
huge, 264 ; apnetic form of OF.

ahuge.
hungeres, pr. 3 pi. 19 ; OE. hyn-

grau.

hurled, v. hourlande.
hurrok, 185 (see Note),
hurt, pp. 2 ; OF. hurter.
hyde, inf. 479 ; pp. hid, 325 ; OE.

hydan.
hy;e, high, 9 ; hije, 142 ; he;e,

463 ; OE. heah.

hjrjed, hastened, 217 ; OE.higian.
hy}t, height, 398 ; vpon h., aloft,

219 ; OE. heahSu.
hy}t, v. hetes.
hym, v. he, J>ay.
hyrne, corner, 178, 289; OE.

hyrne.
hyure, terms of hiring, 56 ; OE.

hyr.

I, 9 ; dat. ace. me, 51, 72 ; OE. ic.

if, v. ;if.

ilk, very, same, 131, 414 ; OE.

ilca.

ille, evil, 203 ; ylle, 8 ; ON. illr.
ilyche, adv. continuously, 161 ;

alike, 369 ; OE. gelice.
in, 13, 33 ; inne, 146 ; OE. in.
in-no;e, adj. enough, 528 ; OE.

genoh.
in-to, 230.
is, v. be.
Israyl, 205.
i-wysse, truly, 69 ; OE. gewiss.

janglande, grumbling, 90, 433 ;

OF. j angler,
jape, trick, 57 ; OF. japper, to

bark, with sense of OE. gaber,

to mock ; cp. ON. gabba.
Japh, Joppa, 90.
jentyle, noble, 62 ; OF. gentil.
jolef, gay, 241 ; OF. jolif.
Jonas, 57.
journay, day's journey, 355 ; OF.

journee.
jowked, lay asleep, 182; OF.

jouquier.
joye, 241 ; OF. joie ; pop. L.

gaudia.
joyful, 109.

GLOSSARY

joyles, 146.

joyned, enjoined, receive-!

charge, 62 ; OF. joign-, iveak

'ii o/joindre.
joynt, continuously, 355; OF.

joint.

Jude, Judea, 57.
Jue, Jew, 1 09 ; Jwe, 1 82 ; OF. giu.
jugge, inf. judge, 224 ; fin

pp. jugged, 245 ; OF. jugier.
juia, doom, sentence, 224 ; OF.

juise; L. judicium.

kark, anxiety, 265; North.F.

karke ; late L. carricSre, to

load.

kenne, know, 357 ; OE. cennan.
keped, cared for, 464; late OE.

cepan.

kest, inf. cast, 154 ; keste, 440 ;
: :\pl. kest, 153 ; pp.

314; ON. ka
keuer, obtain, ±J:>:;./.lx.keuered,

485; OF. couvrir; L. (re)cupt-

riire.

knawe}, r. cnawe.
kyd, pt. 3*. declared, 118; OE.

cy^an.

kynde, nature, 40; OE.(ge)cynde.
kyng, 118 ; OE. cyning.
kyattea, chests, 159 ; ON. ki
kyth, land, 377; ^.kythes, 18;

OE. cy)>f>u.

lachche, reach, 322 : imp. x. lach,

take, 425 ; pp. seized, 266 ; OE.

• an.

ladde, lad, 154; <» | wn.
ladde-borde, larboard, 106 :

OE. hladan, ON. hla*a, Sw.

hladda, to load (see Skeat, under

4 larboard ').

ladyea, 30 ; OE. hl&fdige.
laften, r. leue.

la^ed.langhed, 401 ; OE.hlrrhhan.
lastes, pr. 3 s. 425 ; OE. laestiin.
laates, sins, 198; ON. lostr ; Sw.

last, last*.

late, slow, 419; sup. last, last,

281 ; laate, 194; OE. Iff1

latest,
lauce, imp. let loose, 350 ; pt. 3 8.

laused, 489 ; from ON. lausa,

(/•//. loose, free ; OE. leas,
laue, bale out, 154 ; OE. lafian.
lawe, 259 ; late OE. lagu.
lawles, 170.
lay, ]»: 1 174 ; pt.

3 pi. ind. layden in ,

oars in, hauled in, 106 ;

layde, 37, 168 ; OE. lecgan.
layk, play, sport, 401 ; ON. leik.
layte, seek, 180 ; pr. 2s. laytes,

201 7: ON. leita.

layth, hateful, 401 ; ON. ,
le, lee, shelter, 277; ON. hie (u^-d

only by seamen) ; OE. hleo.
lede, man, 168 ; Prince, 281

ledes, 173; OE. h'od.
lede, inf. bring forward, proclaim,

428;'OE. hT-dan.
lef, pi. leaves, 447 ; leuea, 466 ;

OE.
lefsel, bower of leaves, 1. of lof,

bower of delight, 448 ; OE. l«~af

+ sele.
lege, liege, one entitled to feudal

service, 51 ; OF. liege.
lene, imp. s. lend, 347; pp. lent,

granted, 260; OE. Icenan.
lenge, inf. remain, 42; pt. 3s.

lenged, 281 ; dwelt, 366 ; OE.

lengan.

longer, r. longe.
lent, arrived, 201 ; OE. lendan.
lep, pt. 3s. leapt, 154, 179; OE.

hlrapan.

lea, untruthful, 428 ; OE. leaa.
lest, lost, 88 ; OE. leosan.
letea, pr. 3 s. will let, 8* ; pt. 3 pi.

letten, 216; 0
lebe, intermission, 160; •-]>. <>.

ledig, free ; MDu. (on)!

trouole.

lef>e, mitigate, 3 ; frnm lef o, n.
leue, inf. believe, 519 ; pr. 1 s.

PATIENCE

170 ; 1 pi. leuen, 404 ; pt. 3 pi.

leued, 405; OE. lefan.
leue, inf. leave, 403; pr. 1 pi.

leuen, 401; pt. Spl. laften,

405 ; OE. Isefan.
lo, 113; OE. la.
lode, way of life, course, voyage,

156 ; guidance, 504 ; OE. lad.
lodes-mon, steersman, 179 ; OE.

ladman.
lodlych, loathsome, 230; OE.

lof, inf. love, 30 ; pt. 3 s. loued,
loved, adored, 168 ; OE. lufian.

lof, n. value, 448 ; OE. lof.

lofe, luff, some contrivance for
altering the course of a ship ;
also ' the part of the ship to wards
the wind ', 106 ; J)e 1. Wynnes =
they turn the ship towards the
wind ; cp. Sw. lof ; Du. loef

lofte. on 1., aloud, 237 ; ON. loft.
logge, arbour, 457 ; logo, 461 ;

OF. loge.
lo*e, sea, 230 ; cp. OE. luh ( ? =

Ir. loch).
lokande, pr. p. looking, 458 ;

pt. 3 s. loked, 447 ; 1 s. watched

over, 504 ; OE. locian.
loke,^p. locked, 350 ; OE. lucan,
loltrande, lolling, 458 ; cp. MDu.

lollen ; due perhaps to influence

of loiter (? scribal error for loi-

trande).
lome, vessel, 160; OE. (ge)loma,

implement.

londe, 201 ; lont, 322 ; OE. land.
longe, adj. 217; adv. 425; comp.

longer, 428; OE. lang, comp.

lengra.

lorde, 51 ; OE. hlaford.
lore, teaching, 350, 428 ; OE. lar.
lose, inf. destroy, 198 ; lose, 364 ;

pp. lost, 515; OE. losian.
losse, losing, 174; OE. los.
losynger, deceiver, 170; OF.

losengeour.

lot,sound,161; lotes, manners, 47;

ON. lat, pi. manners, sounds ;

Sw. lat, sound ; cp. flode-lotes.
lote, casting of lots, 180 ; OE.

hlot.
loud, adj. 161 ; adv. loude, 195 ;

OE. hlud.
loued, v. lof.
lovue, commend, advise, 173 ;

OSw. lofva, to praise,
louyng, praise, 237 ; OE. lofung.
luche, pr. 3 pi. pitch, 230 ; orig.

unknoivn.

lumpen, v. lympes.
lur, loss, 419 ; OE. lyre,
lurkkes, lies concealed, 277 ; cp.

Norw. lurka, to sneak away.
luber, vile, wretched, 156; adv.

500 ; OE. lySre.
lyf, life, 156 ; on lyue, alive, 51 ;

OE. lif.

lyfte, left, 515 ; OE. lyft, left,
lyggede, v. lys.
ly}ten, lighten, 160; OE. liht,

adj. + -en, suffix.
ly^tloker, easier, 47 ; OE. liht.
ly^tly, probably, 88; readily, 179,

288.
lyke, inf. like, 47 ; pr. impers. 3 s.

lykes, it pleases, 397; lyke},

500 ; pr. subj. impers. lyke, 42 ;

OE. lician.
lykker, more like, 493 ; ON. likr ;

cp. OE. gelic.
lyknyng, likening, resembling,

30.
lylled, quivered, 447 ; Du. lillen,

to tremble,
lympes, incurs, 174; pt. 3 s.

lymped, fell, 194 ; happened,

265; pp. lumpen, 520; OE.

limpan.

lys, pr. 3 s. lies, 458 ; pt. 3 s. lyg-
gede, 184; OE. licgan.
lyst, desires, 51 ; pr. subj. impers.

it may please, 42 ; OE. lystan.
lyttel, adj. 59; adv. 94; OE.

lytel.

GLOSSARY

lyue, inf. live, 259 \pr. 3pl. lyuyea,

364; OE. lifian.
lyue, v. lyf.

maches. becomes friendly, 99 ;

cp. OE. gemaecca, companion,
mad, t\ make,
madde, mad ; for m., by reason

of being mad, 509 ; OE. (ge)-

maed[e]d.
majt, power, 112; my^t, 257;

OE. meaht, raiht.
Mahoun, Mohammed, 167.
make, inf. 50 ; pr. 3 s. makes, 99 ;

makes, 428 ; pt. 1 *. made, 503 ;

3s. 54; mad, 299; maked,

303; OE. macian.
maker, 4S2.
malicious, wicked, 508 ; malji]-

cious, severe, 522; OF.malicius.
malskred, bewildered, 255 ; cp.

OE. malscrung, enchantment.
malyoe, malys, sin, 4, 70; ma-

lyse, power to harm, 523 ; OF.

malice,
man, v. mon.
manace, threaten, 422 ; OF.

menacer ; AF. manasser.
maneres, ways, 22 ; OF. maniere.
mansed, cursed, 82 ; OE. aman-

sod.

man tyle, mantle, 342; OF. mantel,
xnarres, j>r. 3 pi. perish, 172; pt. s.

479 ; pp. 474 ; OE. merran.
maryneres, 99 ; OF. marinier.
masse, 9 ; OE. maesse.
mast, 150 ; OE. meest.
materes, primal matter, 503 ; prob.

L. miiteries, ratJur than pt. OF.

matere.
maugre, in spite of, 44; maugref,

54 ; OF. maugre ; infl. by OF.

grief.

mawe, belly, 255 ; OE. maga.
may, pr. 3s. 3; pt.3 s. mo^t, 232 ;

my3t,181 ; 3j?UOO; OE.magan.
mayntyne, practise, 523 ; OF.

maintenir, subj. -tiegne.

mayster, master, 10; OF.maistre.
may ate ry, mighty work, 482 ; j>L

maystres, 329 ; OF. maiatrie.
me, r. I.

mede, reward, 11 ; OE. med.
mekenesse, 15 ; w. from meek,

ON. mjukr, a<lj.
melede, pt. 3s. related, 10; op.

meled, communed, 329 ; OE.

mi Ian.
men, r. mon.
mercy, 22; meroi, 295; OF.

merci.
mercyable, merciful, 238; OF.

merciable.

mere, boundary, 320 ; OE. m»re.
mere, sea, 112; OE. mere.
Mergot, Magog ; OF. Magot.
merk, darkness, 291 ; ON. myrkr.
meruayl, marvellous, 81 ; OF.

merveil.
meschef, harm, 209 ; OF. mes-

chief.

message, 81 ; OF. message,
mester, need, 342 ; OF. meatier ;

L. ministerium.
mesure, moderation, 295 ; OF.

mesure.
mete, sufficient, 420; OE. (ge)-

msete.
mette, pt. 3s. met, 356; 3 pi.

metten, 145 ; OE. metan.
meyny, followers, 10; OF. meyne;

pop. L. type *mansionata.
miry, merry, 32 ; OE. myrige.
mo, more, 180; OE. ma.
mody, proud, 422 ; OE. modig.
mo;t, v. may.
molde, earth, 479 ; pi. moldej,

494 ; OE. mold.-.
mon, man, 255 ; man, 81 ; gen. 8.

monnes, 156; pi. men, 246;

mon, 508 ; \ndef. pron. one, 43 ;

OE. mann.

mono, moon, 167 ; OE. mona.
mony, many, 18 ; OE. manig.
more,greater,114; more, markiny

comparative, 527 ; OE. mara.

PATIENCE

mot, must, 527; pt. Is. moste,

55 ; OE. mot.
mote, minute particle, 268, 299 ;

OE. mot.
mote, walled city, 422 ; OF. mote,

clod, mound, Hence castle on a

mound.

mount, mountain, 320 ; OF. niont.
mountaunce, amount, 456 ; OF.

montance.
mountes, pr. 3 s. amounts, 332 ;

OF. monter.
mourne^, are mourning, 508 ;

OE. inurnan.
Moyses, gen. s. 238.
much, much, of importance, 54 ;

muche, 409 ; OE. inycel.
mukel, great, 268 ; ON. mikell.
mun, mouth, 44 ; ON. munnr.
munster, church, 268 ; OE. myn-

ster; pop. L. *monisterium,

monastery,
my, 8 ; myn, 40 ; myn one, by

myself, 503 ; OE. mm.
mydde}, midst, 380 ; cp. OE. to-

middes, amidst.
my:jt, v. mast, may.
mylde, 400 ; OE. milde.
myn, v. my.

mynde, 73 ; OE. (ge)mynd.
myre, 279 ; ON. myrr.
mys-de_des, misdeeds, 287 ; OE.

misdsed.
myself, 503.

mysse, offence, 420 ; cp. OE. pre-
fix mis-,
mysse-payed, displeased, 399 ;

OF. mespaier.

nade = ne hade, had not, 257; cp.

haf.
na;t, night, 352 ; pi. ny;t, 294 ;

OE. neaht, niht.
naked, 95 ; OE. nacod.
nappe, inf. sleep, 465; OE.

hnappian.
nas = ne was, 223 ; cp. be.

nauber, neither, 392; OE. na-

hwse^er.
nauel, centre, inner parts, 278 ;

OE. nafela, navel,
ne, not, 54.
node, necessarily, 44 ; OE. nede,

nyde, gen. of ned, nyd.
nedes, necessarily, 45.
nedles, needless, useless, 220.
neijed, approached, 465 ; cp. OE.

neah, adv. ; Goth, nehwjan.
Nepturne, Neptune, 166.
nere, nearly, 169 ; ON. nser (adv.,

posit, and comp.).
nere = ne were, 244 ; cp. be.
nerre, nearer, 85 ; OE. near,
neuer, 109 ; OE. nsefre.
Niniue, Nineveh, 352 ; Wuniue,

346 ; Nynyue, 66.
no, wtf. 91 ; noo, 290 ; adv. no,

85 ; OE. nan, na.
nobel, 531 ; OF. noble.
no}t, nothing, 222, 332, 360 ; not,

nowise, 6, 113; no;[t],523; OE.

nowiht.
nok, corner, 278 ; OE. *noc (not

found).
no-kynne;;, no kind of, 346 ; OE.

nanes cynnes.
nolde, v. nyl.
nomen, v. nym.
non, no, 223; none, 91 ; [nlon ober,

nothing else, 348 ; OE. nan.
noo, v. no.
norj>, 137; OE. nor)),
nos, opening, 451 ; ON. os.
not, 123 ; shortened form o/no;t.
note,business, ado, 220; OE.notu.
noube, now, 414 ; OE. nu ¥a.
now, 114; OE. nu.
nowhere, 278 ; OE. nahwaer.
noyse, 490 ; noys, 137 ; OF. noise,
nummen, v. nym.
nyes, troubles, 76 ; OF. enui.
ny^t, v. na;t.
nyl=ne wyl, will not, 41 ; nylt,

wilt not (go), 346 ; pt. 3s. nolde,

would not, 220 ; OE. nyllan.

GLOSSARY

nym. imp. a. take, 66; op. num-
men, 76 ; nomen, 360 ; OE.
niman ; cp. vnder-nomen.

O, 121.

of, from, 188, 391, 494; OE. of.

offer, 335 ; OE. offrian.

ofte, often, 1 ; OE. oft.

on, on, 9 ; in, 133 ; OE. an, on.

on, one, 11, 39, 312, 355, 512;

adv. only, merely, 354 ; OE. an.
one, alone, 208, 216, 503 ; [o]n,

240 ; OE. ane ; cp. myn.
on-helde,;>p. bent down, huddled,

185; OE. onhieldan, -heldan,

fr. heald, adj. ; cp. ON. hnllr,

leaning, sloping.
on-hit, pp. struck, 411 ; OE. an-

+ ON. hitta ; late OE. hyttan ;

cp. hitte.
onlofte, above, 449 ; cp. ON. a

lopt.

opened, 250 ; OE. openian.
ores, oars, 217 ; OE. fir.
orisoun, prayer, 328 ; OF. orison.
ossed, snowed, made known, gave

indications, 21 3; oriy. unknown.
oj>er. or, 2, 432; other, 66;

others, 176 ; otherwise, 348 ; o.

whyle, sometimes, 121 ;o. ...o.,

either ... or, 52 ; OE. oSer.
cure, our, 337 ; OE. ure.
out, 137 ; OE. ut.
out- tulde, thrown out, withdrawn,

231 ; OE. (for)tyllan.
ouer, prep, over, 312 ; OE. ofer.
ouer-borde, 157 ; OE. ofer bord.
ouer-tan, overtaken, 127 ; cp. ta.
owen, own, 286 ; OE. agen.
oxe, ox, 394 ; OE. oxa.

pacience, patience, 1 ; pacyence,

33 ; OF. pacience.
pacient, 525 ; OF. pacient.
par-formed, pt. 3 pi. performed,

406; OF. parfourmer.
passage, journey by sea, 97 ; OF.

passage.

passe, go, 393 ; pr. 3s., 97; OF.

passer.

pasture, 393 ; OF. pasture,
paye, payment, 99 ; OF. paie.
payne, pain, 525; pi. payne},

528 ; OF. peine.
penaunce, penance, 31, 376 ; OF.

penance; L. poexntentia.
peple, people, $71 ; OF. pueple.
peril, 114; pi. peryles, 85 ; OF.

ril.
pes, peace, 33 ; pese, 25 ; pardon,

423; OF. pais.
pete, v. pite.
pike, pr. 3 s. sitlj. crop, 393 ; OE.

plcan, to puncture, pick, peck,
pite, pity, 282 ; pitee, 31 ; pete,

327 ; OF. nite".
pitosly, pitifully, 371 ; OF. pitos +

-ly.

place, 68 ; OF. place,
planted, established, 111 ; OE.

plantian.
play, 36 ; pr. 3 s. playes,319 ; OE.

plegian.
play-feres, companions, 45 ; OE.

(ge)fera.

playn. bare, 439 ; OF. plain,
playne^, makes complaint, 376 ;

pt. 3pL pleyned, 371 ; OF.

plaindre, weak stem plaign-.
plesed, should please, 376 ; OF.

plaisir.

pleyned, v. playnej.
plyande, bending, waving, 439 ;

OF. plier.

plyt, condition, 114 ; AF. plit.
poplande, rippling, 319 ; cj>.

MDu. popelen.
port, 90, 97 ; OE. port.
poruay, provide, get, 36 ; OF. por-

veier.
pouerte, pouert, poverty, 13, 31 ;

OF. poverte, L. now. paupertas.
powle}, depths, 310 ; OE. pol.
poynt, essential thing, point, mat-
ter, 1, 35, 531; at J>e p.. at the

instant, 68 ; OF. point.

PATIENCE

prayen, pray, 225; pr.p. pray

ande, 327 ; OF. preier.
prayer, 303 ; OF. preiere.
prayse, inf. 47 ; OF. preisier.
preche, preach, 81 ; prech, 349 ;

OF. prechier ; L. prsedicare.
prelates, chief priests, 389; OF.

prelat.

prest, priest, 389 ; OE. preost.
prest, speedily, 303 ; OF. prest.
preue, brave, 525 ; OF. preue ;

mod. F. preux ; late L. *prodis ;

cp. prodesse.

preue, prove, 288 ; OF, pruever.
proferes, offers, 41 ; OF. por-

offrir.
prophete, 62 ; pi. prophetes,

285 ; OF. prophete.
Prynce, 225 ; OF. prince.
prysoun, prison, 79 ; OF. prisun.
psalme, 120 ; OE. psealm ; cp.

Sauter.

pure, 319 ; OF. pur.
put,pr. 1 s. 68; 3pL 79 ; pp. 33,

35 ; late OE. putian.
pyne, penance, 423 ; pi pynes,

hardships, 91; OE. pin; L.

pcena.
pyne}, pr. 3 pi. confine, lock up,

79 ; OE. pinn, a pin, peg ; hence

bar, bolt; (pinfold = pindfold,
fr. OE. pyndan, to shut in ; pen-

fold,/r. OE. *pennian,to fasten).

quatsoeuer, whatsoever, 421 ; OE.

hwaet, swa, sefre ; cp. what-so.
qued, evil, 4 ; OE. cwead, dung.
quelles, destroys, 4 ; pt. 3 pi.

quelled, slew, 228; OE.cwellan.
quen, v. when.

quenches, 4 ; OE. (a)cwencan.
quest, seeking after, 39; OF.

queste.
quikken, come into existence,

471 ; ON. kvikna.
quo, who, 6 ; OE. hwa.
quod, quoth, 85 ; OE. cweSan.
quo-so, v. who-so.

quoynt, wise, 417; OF. cointe;

L. cognitum.
quoyntyse, wisdom, 39.
quyk, alive, 387 ; OE. cwicu.

radde, decreed, 406 ; OE. raedan.
radly, quickly, 65, 89; OE.

hreedlice.

Raguel, 188 (see Note).
rak, driven cloud, storm-cloud,

176 ; rakkes, clouds, 139 ; cp.

ON. reka, to drive,
rakel, hasty, 526.
rakentes, chains, 188 ; OE. ra-

cente.

rakkes, v. rak.
ramelande, moving, 279 ; ? cp.

ramble, for dial, ramel.
ran, 378 ; OE. rinnan.
rauthe, raube, rawbe, mercy, 21,

284, 396 ; cp. ON. hrygg*.
rayke, go, 65 ; pr. 3 s. raykes, 89 ;

ON. reika.

raysoun, cause, 191 ; OF. raisun.
recouerer, remedy, 279 ^ OF. re-

covrer, vb. ; L. recuperare, vb.
redles, despairing ; for r., by

reason of being in a state of

despair, 502 ; OE. raedleas.
redy, ready, 98 ; OE. (ge)raede +

refete, refreshed, 20 ; OF. refet,

pp. o/refaire.
regioun, 298 ; pi. regiounes, 344 ;

AF. regiun.
reled, whirled, 147 ; pr. p. re-

lande, 270.

releue, succour, 323; OF. re-
lever.
remembred, 326; OF. remem-

brer.
remen, lament, 502 ; OE. hre-

man.
renayed, renounced, 344 ; OF.

reneier.
renden, inf. tear, 526 ; OE. rend-

an ; cp. to-rent,
renk, v. rynk.

^ARY

renno.ru i i x. renea,514;

ON. ivnna.
rere, pr. 3 *. sttbj. raise, 188 ; OE.

rii

rest, 279 ; OE.

reue, steal, 487 ; OE. rt'afian.
rigge. J ; OE. hrycg.

ri§, r. ryse.
robe, 379 ; OF. robe,
rode, road, 270 ; OE. rful.
rode, rood, cross, 96 ; ( '
roghlych, hareh, 64 ; OE. rub +

-lie.
ro}, rough, 139 ; roje, 254, 298 ;

OE. riih.

ro;, roughness, 144 ; OE. rub.
rojt, pt. 3s. cared, 460; OE.

hte.

rokke;, rocks, 254 ; OF. roke.
rome, roam, 52; on';/, un^rtain;
.•>. romirr. a pilgrim to Rome

ronk, excessive, 490 ; OE. ranc.
ronk, pride, 298 ; OE. ranc.
ronkly, exceedingly, 431 ; OE.

ranclice.

rop, gut, 270 ; OE. rop.
rop, rope, 150, pi. ropes, 105 ; OE.

rap.

ros, r. ryse.

rote, root, 467 ; ON. rCit.
roun, discourse ; in r., in vogue,

514 ; OE. run.
roun[d],on r., around, 147 :

on- + OF. rond ; cp. Sw. Dan.

rund.

routes, snores, 186 ; OE. hriitan.
rowe, row, 218; rowwe,216; OE.

rowan,
rowned, whispered, 64 ; OE.

runian.
ruchen, adjust, 'overhaul,1 101 ;

(?) OE. *ryccan, = ON. rykkja,

to tug (NED.),
rudnyng, redness, 139; cp. OSw.

rudhna, to become red.
rule, 514; OF. rulo.
rules, 176; OF. ruler.

runyschly, roughly, 191 ; (V

ON. hryni, noise.
rurd, voice, 64, 396; OE. reord.
ruyt, hastened, 216; (?) OE.

hrutan, ON. hrjota, to rebound,

:t. dash.

rwe, i bn'owan.

rwly, pitifully, 96 ; OE. hreow-

lice.
rybaudes, varlets, 96; OF.

rU>au«l.

rych, 326 ; ryche, 379 ; OE. rice.
ryde, 5'J ; OK. rldan.
rydelande, sifting, 254 ; late OE.

hriddel, a sir.
ryit, righteousness, 19; right,

justice, 323, 493 ; OE. riht.
ryjt, duly, 326; precisely, 344;

OE. rihte.
ryjt-wys, righteous, 490; OE.

rihtwis.
rynk, man, 216 ; renk, 323, 490 ;

OE. rinc.
ryse, rise, 396 ; pr. 3s. ryses, 89,

152 ; imp. s. rys, 65 ; ris, 349 ;

pt. 3s. ros, 351; 3^.139; OE.
11 ; cp. vp-ryses.

sacrafyse, sacrifice, 239; OF.

sacrifice.

aadly,h. avily,442 ; OE.siod + -ly.
saf, except, 182, 291 ; OF. sauf.
sa^es, sayings, 67 ; OE. sagu.
sa^ttel, inf. become calm, 529 ;

pt. 3 s. sailed, 232 ; OE. saht-

lian.

sake, fault, 84, 172; OE. sacu.
Samarye, 116.

samen, together, 46 ; ON. saman.
samnes, issemble, 385 ;

OE. samniun.

satteled, settled, 409 ; OE. set-
Ian.
Sauter, Psalter, 120 ; OF. sautici :

c/'. psalme.
saue, safe, 334 ; OF.
sauoured, smelt, 275; OF.

savour or.

1

PATIENCE

Sauyour, Saviour, 24; OF.

saveour.

sawle, soul, 325 ; OE. sawel.
say, imp. s. 72 ; pt: 3 s. says, 93 ;

saye^, 470; pt. s. sayde, 28,

sayfde], 313; OE. secgan.
sayl, sail, 151 ; OE. serf,
sayled, sailed, 301 ; OE. seglan.
saym, grease, 275 ; OF. saim.
scape, escape, 155 ; aphetic fot-m

o/ONF. escape? ; cp. ascaped.
sca)?el, harmful, 155 ; ON. *sko-

)>ull ; cp. Goth, skajmls.
schade, shade, 440 ; OE. scead.
schaded, cast a shadow, 452 ;

OE. sceadwian.
schafte, sunbeam, 455 ; OE.

sceaft, beam.

scha;e, thicket, 452 ; OE. sceaga.
schal, shall, 18 ; pt. 1 s. schulde,

416; OE. sceal.
schalk, man, 476 ; OE. scealc.
schape, arise, 160 ;jp£.3s.schaped,

ordained, 247 ; OE. *sceapian ;

cp. ON. skapa.
schended,#p. roughly-used, 246 ;

schent, spoilt, 476 ; OE. scen-

dan.
schene, bright one, i. e. the sun,

440; OE. scene,
schet, pp. shut, 452 ; OE. scyt-

tan.
schomely, shamefully, 128 ; OE.

sceamlice.

schort, short, 128 ; OE. sceort.
schote, shot, 128 ; OE. sceotan.
schowued, shoved, 246; OE.

scufan.
schrewe,evil-doer,l 97;schrewes,

77 ; OE. screawa, shrew-mouse,

thought to be venomous.
schulde, i: schal.
schylde, protect, 440 ; OE. soil-

dan.
schyne, shine, 456 ; OE. scman ;

cp. vmbe-schon.
schyp, ship, 98 ; OE. scip.
aohyre, bright, 455 ; OE. scir.

sckete, quickly, 195 ; ON. skjotr ;

OE. sceot.
scopen, pr. 3 pi, lade out with a

scoop, 155; cp. OSw. skopa, n.
se, inf. see, 24 ; pt: 1 s. 487 ;

pt. 8s. se}, 116; OE. seon.
se, sea, 232 ; see, 140 ; OE. sse.
se-bojjem, sea-bottom, 253; OE.

botm ; cp. boj?em,
seche, inf. seek, 53 ; pr.2s. seches,

197; pt. 3s. so;te, 249; pp.

so^t, 116 ; OE.secan,^. gesoht.
seele, v. sele.
seet, v. sitte.
sege, seat, 93 ; OF. sege.
segge, man, 301, 409 ; OE. secg.
803, v. se.
sekke, piece of sackcloth, 382 ;

ON. sekkr ; OE. sacc.
sele, happiness, 5, 296 ; seele,

242 ; OE. ssel.
self, notn. s. 413 ; dat. ace. seluen,

316;jrf.219; OE. self,
selly, marvellous, 353; marvel,

140 ; OE. seldlic, adj.
sembled, assembled, 177 ; OF.

sembler.
sende, send, 445 ; pt. 2 s. sende},

415 ; OE. sendan.
ser, several, separate, 12 ; ON.

ser.
serelych, severally, 193 ; ON. ser

+ OE. -lice,
seijauntes, officers, 385 ; OF.

serjant ; Low L. servientem.
serue, keep, hold, 235; OF. server;

L. servare.
seruen, pt: 3 pi. serve, 225 ; OF.

servir ; L. servire.
sesed, v. sessed.
sese}, imp. pi. seize, 391 ; OF.

seisir.
sessed, ceased, 231 ; sesed, 369 ;

OF. cesser.

sete, throne, 24 ; ON. saeti.
sete, v. sitte.
sette, inf. set, 58 ; pt. 3 s. 190 ;

set, 120; pp. sette, 46, 177;

GLOSSARY

determined, 487 ; OE. settan ;

<•/>. vp-set.
aewe, sew, 527 ; pt. 3 .«?. sewed,

382 ; OE. riwiiui.
aewrte, safety, 58 ; OF. seurte".
aitte, sit, 527 ; pr. :] ... syttes, 93,

261 ; 2 pi. aittea. 133 ; pt. 1 it.

seet, 313 ; 3 8. sete, 291 ; OE.

sittan.
slaves, strokes, 192; cp. OE.

sleaht, slaying,
slayn, slain, 84 ; OE. slaegen.
slope, n. sleep ; on slope, asleep,

200 ; OE. slil'p ; cp. sloumbe-

alepe.
slope, inf. sleep, 192; pt: 3 s.

slope}, 323; vt.Zs. sloped, 292 ;

slept, 442 ; OE. slepan.
sloberande, slavering, 186 ; cp.

Du. slobberen, to act in a

slovenly way ; (perhaps slober-
ande = sloberande = slowiber-

ande).
sloghe, dull, heavy, drowsy, 466;

OE. slaw,
sloumbe-selepe, slumberous or

dull sleep, 186 ; sloumbe-slep,

466; OE. sluma + I
sluchched, soiled, 341 ; cp.

NFries. slick, MHG. slich, wet

mud.
slydes, pr. 2 8. slippest, 200 ; 3 s.

slyde}, 466 ; OE. slidan.
slypes, artifices, 130; ON.slceg*.
slypped, pp. 186; cp. MLG.

slippen.
so, So mony ... as, howsoever

many 508 ; OE. swfi.
soberly, 334 ; OF. sobre + -ly.
soffraunce, t%. suffraunce.
softe, softly, 469 ; OE. s
softly, meekly. 529.
soghe, imp. s. sow, 67; OE.

sogl •'•/'. let it smart, 391

• Note).
8051, r. seche.
sok, sucking, 391 ; OE. soc.

sokored, succoured, 261 ; OF.
mount,

solace, comfort, 487 ; OF. solaz.
solemn©, solemn, 165 ; solempne,
'J ; OF. solemne ; L. solemnem,

Bollennera, annual, occur i

yearly like a religious rite,
sonde, shore, 341 ; OE. sand,
sone, forthwith, 246 ; OE. sona.
sor, pain, 242 ; grief, 507 ; OE. sir.
sore, sorely, 140, 495 ; OE. s
aone, sorrow, 192, 409, 480 ; OE.

sorh.

aortes, lots, 193 ; OF. sort,
aotte}, fools, innocents, 509 ; OE.

sott ; OF. sot.
soured, moaned, 140 ; swey,

sounded, 429 ; OE. swogan.
soumme, number, 509 ; OF.

somme.

soxin, voice, 429; OF. son.
sounde, unhurt, 291 ; OE. (ge)-

sund ; cp. vn-sounde.
so[ur], dirt, 275 ; ON. saurr.
souerayn, lord, 429 ; OF. soverain.
soyle, earth, 443; AF. soil.
space, 365 ; OF. espace.
spak, readily, 104; ON. spakr,

wise ; adj. sup. spakest, wisest,

169.

spakly, quickly, 338.
spare, spar, ground, 338 ; cp. OE.

spaer-stiln, chalk,
spare, spar, yard, mast ; s. bawe-

lyne, (?) the bow-line from the

mast, 104 ; OE. spser.
spare), sparest, 484 ; OE. spa
speche, speech, 66 ; OK
spradde, r. sprude.
sprang, was reported. 3G"> ; OE.

springan.

sprete,bow-sprit, 104 ; OE.spreot.
sprude, , -pread, ex1

104;;jf.3s. spradde, 3t

sprsedan.
sput, should vomit, 338 ; cp. ON.

•PJ

stank, 274 ; OE. stincan.

PATIENCE

stape, advanced, extremely, 122 ;

OE. stapen, j^>. o/steppan ; cp.

steppen.
stayre, rung of ladder, 513 ; OE.

stseger.
stele, upright of ladder, 513;

OE. stel.
steppen, /»•. 1 pi. walk, 402 ; OE.

steppan ; cp. stape.
store, rule, 27 ; OE. steoran.
sterne, rudder, 149 ; ON. stjorn.
sternes, stars, 207 ; ON. stjarna.
steuen, voice, 73 ; OE. stefn.
stod, stood, 274 ; OE. standan ;

cp. vnderstondes.
stokkes, stocks, 79; OE. stocc, log.
stomak, 274 ; OF. estomac.
stounde}, pr. 3 s. stupefies me,

317 ; from pp. (a)stouned.
stowned, pt. 3 s. astonished, 73 ;

OF. estonner ; prob. influenced

by OE. stunian, to stun,
strayned, constrained, 234 ; OF.

estreindre.
street, straight, direct, 234 ; OE.

streccan.
stremes, currents, 162, 234;

streme;, 311 ; OE. stream.
stren}>e, 395 ; OE. strengSu.
strondes, shores, 254 ; OE. strand,
stronge, adj. 305 ; OE. strang.
strynde;, channels, 311 ; cp.

Sw. dial, strind, allied to ON.

strond (pi. strendr), OE. strand;

? cp. strin(n), strine, EDD.
stryuande, contending, 311 ; OF.

estriver.

styffe, powerful, 234 ; OE. stif.
sty^e, path, 402 ; OE. stig.
stymie}, appoints, 402 ; cp. OE.

stihtan.
stylle, quietly, 371, 402; OE.

still e.
stynt, pp. ended, 73 ; OE.

(a)styntan.

such, 83 ; suche, 57 ; OE. swylc.
suffer, 5 ; pt\ 3 s. sufferes, 6 ; OF.

sufrir.

suffraunoe, sufferance, 3; sof-

fraunoe, 417 ; OF. sufrance.
sum, some, 84, 170 ; pi. summe,

165, 166; OE. sum.
sum-tyme, once, 61 ; cp. tyme.
sum-whyle, formerly, 57 ; cp.

whyle.
sunder-lupes, severally, 12 ; OE.

sundorliepes.

sunes, sons, 26 ; OE. sunu.
sunne, sun, 167 ; OE. sunne.
suppe, inf. drink, 151 ; cp. OE.

supan ; OF. souper.
sure, by s., be it sure, assuredly,

117; OF. seur.
surely, 315.

swart, dark, 363 ; OE. sweart.
swayues, sweeps, 253; ON.

sveifa ; cp. OE. swsefan.
swefte, swiftly, 108; cp.awyftly.
swe^e, imp. s. go, 72 ; pt. 3 s.

sweyed, swayed, 151 ; swe3ed,

drove, 236; ON.sveigja,tobend.
swelme, heat, 3 ; ? cp. OHG.

swilm.

swelt, die, 427 ; OE. sweltan.
swenges, swings, 108 ; swenge^,

253; pt. 3s. swenged, turned,

250 ; OE. swengan.
swepe, sweep, 250 ; OE.*swsepan ;

cp. ON. sveipa.
swepe, pt. 3 s. drifted, 341 ; OE.

swapan.
swete, sweet, 108 ; sweet (life),

364 ; comp. swetter, sweeter,

427; gentler (wind), 236 ; OE.

swete.

swey, v. soured,
sweyed, v . swe^e.
swol;, throat, 250 ; ON. svelgr,

whirlpool ; OE. swelgan, to

swallow,
swelled, swallowed, 363 ; cp. OE.

pp. swolgen.
swowed, slumbered, 442; OE.

swogan.
swyftly, 72, 363; swyftely, 250 ;

OE. swiftlice ; cp. swefte.

GLOSSARY

•wybe. quickly, 236 ; as •., as
quickly as possible, 427 ; OE.

"&>'

swybe}, bums, 478 ; ON.

syde, wide,

sydes, sides, 302; syde}, 218;

OE. side.
syfle, pr. 3*. aubj., blow, 470;

OF. siffler.

.,'ht, 315; In s., plainly,

530 ; OE. (ge)Bih|>.
syked, sighed, 382 ; OE. sican.
sykerly, securely, 301 ; OE.

sicor -f -Iv.
syn, since, 218 ; [s]yn, 35 ; OE.

sip^m : *•/*. synne, syben.
synful, 197 ; cp. ON. syndafullr.
synk, 507 ; pr. 3p/. synkes, 172 ;

OE. sincan.
synne, sin, 172 ; pi. synnes, 401 ;

OE. synn.

synne, inf. sin, 517 ; OE. syngian.
synne, then, 229 ; OE. sij>}>an ; cp.

syben, syn.

syre, lord, 93 ; OF. sire.
syt, sorrow, 5, 517 ; ON. syti.
syttes, r. sitte.
syben, then, 469, 504 ; since, 46,

o!8; OE. si|)|)an; cp. synne,

syn.

ta, take, 78 ; pt. 3 pi. token, 229 ;

ON. t ouer-tan.

takel. rigging, 233; cp. MLG.

takel.
tale, speech, message, 75, 135 ;

OE. talu.

talent, will, 416 ; OF. talent.
Tarce, Tarshiah, 87, 100.
tary, linger, 59, 87; (?)OE.tergan,

to vex, harass -f OF. targier, to

delay.

teohe, teach, 10 ; OE. tiecan.
tee, go, 87, 416 ; OE. teon.
telles, pr. 3 s. 60. 77; pt. 3 *.

tolde, 358 ; OE. tellan.
teme, subject, 358 ; OF. *teme ;

L. thema.

teme, team, in t. layde, coupled
together, 37 ; OE. t

teme, be attached in fealty, 316 ;
01 •:. to vouch

to warranty ; cp. OE. team (used

tempest, 231 ; OF. tempest.

temple, 316 ; OF. temple.

tene, annoyance, 90 ; O I

tenor, purport, 358; OF. tenor.

tent, attend to, 59 ; care for, 498 ;
OF. atente, attention.

teres, tears, 3-

termes, boundaries, domain, 61 ;
period of time, 505; OF. terme.

thay, thenne, these, thus, r. bay,
benne, bys, bus.

to, 7, 14 ; for, 55 ; in, 58 ; to-
wards, against, 148 ; too, 128,
526; until, 317; OE. to.

to, toe, 229; 01

to-geder, together, 141 ; togeder,
527 ; OE. togsedere.

token, r. ta.

tolde, v. telles.

torn, leisure, 135 ; ON. torn.

to-murte, crumbled, broke asun-
der, 150 ; OE. *to-myrtan (not
found) ; cp. LG. murten, rnurt-
jen ; ME. mirtle, to crush.

top, hair of the head, 229 ; OE.
top.

to-rent, torn asunder, 96; OE.
to-rendan ; cp. renden.

tome, torn, 233 ; OE. pp. toren.

tome, turn, 518; pp. turned, 506;
OF. torner.

to-rof, tore asunder, 379; ON.
rlfa.

totered, tottered, 233 ; cp. MDu.
touteren ; OE. tealtrian ; cp.
tylte.

tothe, tooth, 252 ; OE. toj>.

toun, town, 361 ; toune, 458 ;
OE. tun.

toward, 90 ; OE. toweard.

towche, touch, 252 ; OF. touche.

towe, tug, pull, draw, 100; UK.

PATIENCE

togian ; cp. togen, pp. of teon ;

ON. toga,
tramme, gear, tackle, 101 ; Norw.

traam, frame ; Sw. dial, tromm,

a log, stock of tree,
trauthe, troth, 336 ; OE. treow}>.
trauayl, labour, 505 ; OF. travail,
trauaylede}, labouredst, 498 ;

OF. travaillier.
trawe, inf. believe, 175 ; pr. 1 s.

trow, 127 ; trowe, 299 ; OE.

treowian.
traytoures, 77 ; OF. traitor, trai-

teur.

trede, tread, 316 ; OE. tredan.
trea, boards, he tron on bo t., he

went aboard, 101 ; prob. used

technically for the deck, cp.

f rough-tree ' ; OE. treow.
tron, pt. 3s. went, 101 ; cp. Sw.

trina.

trow, v. trawe.
truly, 361 ; OE. treowlice.
trwe, true, 358 ; OE. treowe.
tryste, inf. trust to, 324; ON.

treysta.
tult, v. tylte.
turned, v. torne.
two, 37; OE. twa.
tyd, quickly, 100, 127, 229; tytter,

sooner, 231 ; ON. trSr, neut. titt.
tyl, till, 377 ; ON. til.
tylte, totter, 361 ; pt. 3 s. tult,

tumbled, 252 ; OE. *tyltan (not

found), from tealt, unstable ;

Sw. tulta, to totter,
tyme, time, 209; ty[m]e, 59;

OE. tima ; cp. sum-tyme.
tyne, lose, 500, 505 ; ON. tyna.
type, inf. overthrow, 506 ; (?) OE.

*tipan (not found).
typped, consummate, 77; (?) ON.

typptr, tipped ; cp. ' tipped

staff', i.e. a staff tipped with

horn or metal,
tytter, v. tyd.
tybynges, tidings, 78; cp. ON.

trSindi.

tyxte, text (Matt. v. 3-10), 37;
ONF. tixte.

J>'acces = be acoes, v. acces.
ba;, though, 1, 92, 262 ; OE. $ah.
bat, the, 355, 512 ; pL bo, 101 ;

OE. ¥«t.
bat, dem. adj. that, 67, 69 ; pi. bo,

163, 502 ; bose, 77, 78, 176.
bat, rel.pron. who, which, 13, 155,

176; what, 178.

bat, conj. that, 10, 91, 227, 231.
bay, they, 15 ; thay, 13, 17 ; ace.

hem, 3 ; hym, 216, 219 ; ON.

}>eir ; OE. heom, him.
be, the, 14 ; with comp. 34, 132 ;

OE. Be.

be, rel. pron. who, 56 ; OE. Be.
be, v. bou.
benkande, pr. p. thinking, 294 ;

pr. 3 s. subj. bynk, 43 ; pt. 3 s.

ind. bo;t, 74 ; OE. }>encan.
benne, then, 33, 47 ; thenne, 253 ;

ben, 7, 247 ; OE. Bamne.
benne, than, 48; ben, 8; OE.

Bsenne.

benne, thence, 189 ; OE. J>anan.
ber, there, 139 ; where, 41 ; in-

terjectionally, introducing an

asseveration, 188 ; bere, 37, 43 ;

OE. =&er.

ber-after, 33 ; OE. Bsereefter.
ber-fore, for that reason, 424;

ber-for, by that fact, 515 ; OE.

%ser + for.
ber-oute, forth, 153, 174; OE.

Bserut.

ber-bur5e, 354 ; cp. bur;,
ber-wyth, forthwith, 60, 232;

OE. Sserwi}).

bewes, virtues, 30 ; OE. )>eaw.
j)i, v. byn.

bider, thither, 72 ; OE. =Sider.
bikker, more deeply, 6; OE.

J>icce.

bink, v. byng.
pis, v. bye.
bo, v. bat.

GLO

;t, r. Jjenkande,

le, endure, 6, 55 ; OE. |>olian.

se, r. jmt.
ou, thou, 196; dat. be, 203;

OE

brat, r. bret.
£re, throe, 294 ; |>[r]ef 294 ; OE.

}>reo.
prenge, hasten, 354; late ON.

)>ren.
J>ret, compulsion, pressure, 267 ;

brat, punishment, 55; OK
bro, obstinacy, resentment, 6, 8;

ON.

fjrote, throat, 267 ; OE. |>rote.
j>row, inf. hurl, *; pt. .*. brwe,

flung, 267 ; OE. f>rawan.
J>rwe, v. brow.

}>rydde, third, 31 ; OE. )>ridda.
bryued,y'/. 3 pf. .-•«/>/. would thrive,

ON. )>rifa(sk).
pur?, through, 257; OE. ¥urh ;

cp. ber-bur;e.

PUB, 97 ; thus, 45 ; OE. ¥us.
t>yn, thy, 202; by, 198 ; bi, 68 ;

OE. yin.
f>yng, 91 ; bink, 332 ; pi J)ynges,

129; OELUag.
)?ynk, v. J>enkande.
ynke^, seems, 482 ; J>ynk, 427 ;

p>: s. subj. 8 ; pt. s. ind. bojt,

270; OE. J>yucan.
bys, this, 108 ; bia, 72 ; pi byse,

30, 37 ; these, 29 ; OE. =55is, pi

vche, each, 124, 168 ; vohe a, 4 ;

yche on, each one, 11; OE.

relc, role, elc, ylc.
vchon, each one, 164; vchone,

173, 198.
vmfce, around, 309, 381 ; OE.

ymbe.
vmbe-schon, shone round, 455 ;

OE. ymbsclnan ; i^>. schyne.
vmbe-stounde, sometimes, 122 ;

vmbe-stoundes, 7; OE. ymbe

stunde.

vncler, hoarse, 307 ; un- + OF.
cli'i- ; <•}>. cler.

vnder, 179; vnde[r], 459; OE.
under.

vnder-nomen, accepted, 213 ;
OE. undcrniniiin ; c;>. nym.

vnderstondes, imp. pi under-
stand, 122 ; OE. understand an :
rp. BtocL

vnglad, sad, 63 ; OE. unglaeu
glad.

vnnynges, signs, 2l:i ; ep, MHG.
(g)unnunge, a thing granted,
ur, sign.

vn-8ounde, unsound, not whole,
more v., more ragged (clothes),
527 ; OE. sund, uninjured .
sounde.

vneounde, unsoundness, mor-
tality, death, 58.

vnj>onk, displeasure, 55 ; OE.
un^anc.

vn-war, ignorant, 115; OE. un-
weer ; cp. war.

vnwyse, foolish, 330 ; OE. unwls.

vnwytte, foolish, 511 ; OE. un-
wittig.

vp, 102 ; vpe, 467 ; OE. uppon.

vpbraydes, upbraids, 430; OE.
up -f bregdan.

vpon, 12 ; OE. uppan.

vp-ryses, ^>r. 3 s. 433 ; pt. 3 $. vp-
ros, 378 ; cp. ryse.

vp-set, pp. set up, 239 ; cp. sette.

vp-so-doun, upside-down, up as
it were down, 362.

vpynyoun, opinion, 40 ; OF. opi-
nion.

vtter, out, 41 ; OE. uttor.

vus, t. we.

vanyte, \ 1 ; OF. fii

vayne, vain, :>31 ; OF. vain.

vengaunce, 284, 419 ; OF. ven-
geance.

venge, pt: 1 o. avenge, 71 ; OF.
vengier.

PATIENCE

venym, wickedness, 71 ; OF.
venim, poison.

Vernagu, the giant Feracut
slain by Roland (in Charle-
magne Romances; cp. 'Rouland
and Vernagu,' E.E.T.S. Extra
Senes, XXXIX), 165.

verray, true, 370; truly, 333 ; OF.
verai.

vertu, power, 284 ; OF. vertu.

vilanye, villainy, 71 ; OF.
vilenie.

vouched, vowed, 165 ; OF. vou-
cher.

vowes, 239 ; OF. vou.

voyde, empty, 370 ; OF. vuidier.

waken, inf. 469; pt. wakened,

132, 446 ; wakned, 468 ; OE.

wsecnan.

wakes, pr. 3 s. 130 ; OE. wacan.
wale, inf. choose, 511 ; cp. ON.

velja ; val, n.
waltere;, pr. 3 s. rolls, 263 ; wal-

teres, 297 ; pt. 3 pi waltered,

142 ; pr. p. walterande, 247 ;

cp. Sw. valtra, MLG. walteren ;

OE. *wealtan.
wamel, rumble, feel sick, 300;

Dan. vamle.
wanle;, hopeless, 262 ; ON. van,

hope + OE. leas.
wap, whap, blow; at a w., in

a moment, 499 ; cp. wappen, to

lash about ; wabble (=> wapple).
war, aware, 249; OE. waer; cp.

vn-war.
warded, guarded, 258; OE.

wear di an.
warlok,tighteningfetter,shackle,

80 ; OE. waru (guard) + loca.
warlowes, the Devil's, Hell's,

Shed's, 258; OE. w&rloga,

traitor.
warm, 478 ; adv. warme, 470 ;

OE. weann.
warne}, pr. 3 s. 469 ; OE. wear-

nian.

warpped, uttered, 356; ON.

varpa.

war}>e, shore, 339 ; OE. waro}>.
wasche, 342 ; OE. waescan.
wasted, 475 ; OF. waster.
water, 141 ; pi. watteres, 134 ;

OE. waster,
wat^, v. be.
wawes, waves, 142 ; cp. MLG.

wage.
wax, inf. grow, 491 ; pt. 3 s. 499 ;

wex, 410 ; pp. waxen, 497 ; OE.

weaxan.
way, 66 ; waye, 86 ; pi. wayes,

524 ; waye}, 346 ; OE. weg.
waymot, peevish, angry, 492 ;

ON. vei + OE. mod; OE. wea-

mod.
wayned, caused to go, sent, 467 ;

cp. ON. vegna, to proceed,
wayte, watch, 436 ; pr. 3s. subj.,

86; pr. 3s. ind. waytes, 130 ;

OF. waiter,
wayued, pt. 3pl. moved to and

fro, wafted, 454 ; AF. weiver ;

ON. veifa.
we, 173; dat. vus, 29, 171; OE.

we.

wedes, clothes, 158 ; OE. waide.
wesen, pr. 3 pi. weigh, 103 ; OE.

wegan.

wel, well, 111, 169 ; OE. wel.
welde, inf. possess, control, 16,

464 ; pr. 2 s. weldes, 322 ; OE.

(ge)weldan.
welder, ruler, 129.
wele, prosperity, 262 ; OE. wela.
welkyn, sky, 207 ; OE. wolcen.
welt, rolled, revolved, 115; ON.

velta.
welwed, pp. faded, withered, 475 ;

cp. OE. walh, moist, of sickly

taste,
wende, turn, 403; pr. 3s. wende;,

339 ; OE. wendan.
wende, v. wene.
wene, believe, 244 ; pt. 3 s. wende,

111; OE. wenan.

GLOSSARY

wenyng, thought, 1 15 ; OE.

:ing.
wepes, pr. 3 pi. weep. 17 ; pt. 3 8.

weped, 480 ; pr. p. wepande,

384 ; OE. wepan.
wer, were, weren, wern, r. be.
were, (?) man, 262 ; OE. wer.
wered, protected, 486; OE.

weriiin.
work, work, deed,501; jjJ.werkes,

390 ; OE. weorc ; cp. honde-

werk.

wers, worse, 48 ; OE. wirs.
wertes, herbs, 478 ; OE. wyrt.
wery, weary, 163 ; OE. werig.
west, 469 ; OE. west ,
wex, r. wax.

whal, whale, 247; OE. hwajl.
what, 53, 196; what person, who?,

397 ; OE. hwaet.
what-so, whatever, 243 ; OE. swil

hwffit ; cp. quataoeuer.
when, 2 ; quen, 1 75 ; OE. hwaenne.
where, 277; OE. hwaer.
where-so-euer, 42 ; OE. swii

hwiiT swa.
whil, while, 323; OE. hwil, n. ;

cp. whyle.
who-so, whoever, 174; quo-so,

5 ; OE. swil hwa.
why, 492 ; OE. hwl.
whyder, whither, 202; OE.

h wider,
whyle, time, 59 ; OE. hwil ; cp.

sum- whyle, ober- whyle,whil.
wijt, nimbly, 103 ; ON. vigt.
wlonk, fine, 486 ; OE. wlanc.
wo,_woo, misery, 256, 317 ; OE.

wa.
wodbynde, woodbine, 446 ; OE.

wudubynd.
wode, fiercely, 142 ; adj. comp.

wodder, 162 ; OE. wod.
wodschip, fury, 403 ; OE. wod-

scipe.

wolde, wolde}, r. wyl.
wombe, belly, 262, 306; OE.

wamb.

won, habitation, 69, 436; OE.

(ge)wuna.

wonder, 244 ; OE. wundor.
wonderly, marvellously, 384 ;

OE. wundorlice.
wonne, wan, 141 ; OE. wann.
wonnen, v. wynnes.
wony, inf. dwell, 462 pr. 3 pi.

wone}, 208 ; OE. wunian.
worchyp, wor-'iip, -06; OE.

weor)>scipe, n.
worde, 208 ; pi. worde;, 304 ; OE.

woidL
worded, spoken, 421 ; OE. wor-

dian.
world, 111; worlde, 16; OE.

weorold.

worme, 467 ; OE. wyrm.
wor}>e, become, 22, 334, 360, 436 ;

pr. 2 s. worjjes, 200 ; pt. 3 s.

worf>ed, 243 ; pp. wor)>en, 414 ;

OE. weor>un.
worjjelych, noble, 475 ; cow/>.

wor)?loker, 464 ; OE. weortlic.
wot, wote, v. wyte.
wrache, vengeance, 185 ; OE.

wracu, wncce.
wrange, adj. evil, 384 ; <j>.

wronge.
wrapped, 317.

wrast, twist, 80 ; OE. wnestan.
wrastel, pr. 3 pi. contend, 141 ;

OE. wrsstlian.
wrath, 403 ; OE. wr£)>|m.
wrath, inf. be angry, 431, 518 ;

pt._ 3 s. wrathed, 74 ; OE.

wra^ian.
wrech, wretched, outcast, 258;

cp. OE. wrsec-mann.
wrechche, wretch, 113; wreoh-

[ohe], 196; wrech, 170 ; OE.

wnecca, exile,
wrojt, v. wyrk.
wronge, sin, 376; OE. wrang;

cj). wrange.
wrot, rooted, 467 ; OE. wrotian,

to turn up with the snout ;

OE. wrot, snout.

PATIENCE

wroth, angry, 48, 410; comp.

wroi>er, 162 ; OE. wr5J>.
wrobely, fiercely, 132 ; comp.

wropeloker, 132 ; OE. wraSlice.
wryt, scripture, 60, 244; OE.

writ.
wry]>e, twist, torture, 80; OE.

wrrSan.

wych, which, 280 ; OE. hwilc.
wyddered, withered, 468 ; OE.

wedrian ; ON. viSra.
wy*e, man, 249 ; wy:j, Being

(God), 111 ; pi. wyje;, 518 ; OE.

wiga.
wykke, wicked, 69; cp. OE. wic-,

pp. stem o/wican, to yield.
wyl, will, 59, 518 ; will (go), 86 ;

wylt, wilt (go), 202 ; pt. wolde,

5 ; 2 s. wolde}, 500 ; OE.

willan ; cp. nyl.
wylde, wild, 247 ; OE. wilde.
wyl-dr ernes, delusive dreams,

473 ; ON. villr + OE. dream ;

cp. dremes.
wyldren, pi. wild places, wastes,

297; ME. wilderne ; OE. wilder,

wilder, a wild thing, with -n

suffix.

wylle, will, 16; OE. willa.
wyndas, windlass, 103; ON.

vindass.
wynde, 207 ; pi. wyndes, 141 ;

OE. wind.
Wynnes, pr. 3 pi. gain, 106 ; pt.

3pl. wonnen, 237 ; OE. winnan.
wyrde, fate, 247 ; OE. wyrd.
wyrk, inf. work, 136; pt. 3 s.

wrojt, made, 206 ; 3 pi. 510 ;

OE. wyrcan ; cp. for-wrojt.
wysched, 462 ; OE. wyscan.
wyse, manner, 12, 238 ; OE. wise,
wysse, show, 60 ; OE. wissian.
wyst, wyste, v. wyte.
wyt, wisdom, 129; mind, 74;

OE. witt.

wyte, blame, 501 ; OE. witian.
wyte, inf. know, 397 ; pr. 1 *. wot,

330, 399 ; 3 s. 129 ; wote, 397 ;

pt. 1 s. wyst, 421 ; 3 s. 476 ; 3pl.

163 ; OE. witan.
wyterly, certainly, 330; ON.

vitrliga.
wyth, by, 2, 96, 266, 363 ; against,

48 ; hym w. (see Note), 300 ;

OE. wij>.
wyth-helde, 408 ; OE. healdan ;

cp. halde,

wyth-inne, 120 ; OE. wrfcinnan.
wyth-outen, 66 ; OE. wrSutan.
wyties, foolish, 113 ; OE. witleas .
wyj?e, mild, 454 ; OE. wefte.
wyj>er, resist, 48 ; OE. wrSerian.
wyterly, rebelliously, 74; OE.

wrSer + -lice.

y;e, eye, 124 ; pi. yjen, 24 ; OE.

cage.

ylle, v. ille.
yow, v. 50.
y)>es, waves, 147, 233 ; OE. y>.

seferus, Zephyrus, the west wind,
470.

APPENDIX

THE BEATITUDES

THE VULGATE TEXT OF JONAH
WITH WYCLIFFITE VERSION

EXTRACT FROM DS JONA
FORMERLY ATTRIBUTED TO TERTULLIAN

Beati pauperes spiritu quoniam ipsorum

est regnum caelorum.

Beati mites quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram.
Beati qui lugent quoniam ipsi consolabuntur.
Beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt iustitiam

quoniam ipsi saturabuntur.
Beati misericordes quoniam ipsi misericordiam

consequentur.

Beati mundo corde quoniam ipsi Deum uidebunt.
Beati pacifici quoniam ipsi filii Dei uocabuntur.
Beati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter iustitiam

quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum.

MATTH. v. 3-10 (cp. 11. 9-28).

JONAH

CAPUT I (§ i. 11. 61-244)

1. Et factuin est verbum Domini
ad lonani, filiuin Amathi, dicens :

2. Surge, et vade in Niniven
civitatem grandem, et praedica in
ea : quia ascendit malitia eius
coram me.

3. Et surrexit Jonas, ut fugeret
in Tharsis a facie Domini, et de-
scendit in loppen, et invenit navem
euntem in Tharsis : et dedit nau-
lum eius, et descendit in earn ut
iret cum eis in Tharsis a facie
Domini.

4. Dominus autem misit ventum
magnum in mare : et facta eat
tempestas magna in mari, et nuvi-
periclitabatur conteri.

5. Et timuerunt nautae, et cla-
maverunt viri ad deum suum : et
miserunt vasa, quae erant in navi,
in mare, ut alleviaretur ab eis : et
lonas descendit ad interipra navis,
et dormiebat sopore gravi.

6. Et accessit ad eum guberna-
tor, et dixit ei : Quid tu sopore
deprinieris? surge, invoca Deum
tuum, si forte recogitet Deus de
nobis, et non pereamus.

7. Et dixit vir ad collegam suum :
Venite, et mittamus sortes, et scia-
mus quare hoc malum sit nobis.
Et miserunt sortes : et cecidit sors
super lonam.

8. Et dixerunt ad eum : Indica
nobis cuius causa malum istud sit
nobis : quod est opus tuum ? quae
terra tua ? et quo vadis ? vel ex
quo populo es tu V

9. Et dixit ad eos : Hebraeus
ego sum, et Dominum Deum caeli
ego tirneo, qui fecit mare et arid urn.

10. Et timuerunt viri timore
inagno, et dixerunt ad eum : Quid
hoc fecisti ? (Cognoverunt enim
viri quod a facie ^Domini fugeret,
quia indicaverat eis.)

11. Et dixerunt ad eum : Quid
faciemus tibi, et cessabit mare a
nobis? quia mare ibat, et intu-
mescebat.

12. Et dixit ad eos : Tollite me,
et inittite in mare, et cessabit

CAP. I

AND the word of the Lord was
inaad to Jonas, sone of Amathi,
and seide, Rise thou, and go in to
Nynyue, the greet citce, and preche
thou ther ynne, for the malice
therof stietn vp bifore me. And
Jonas roos for to fle in to Tharsis,
fro the face of the Lord. And
he cam doun to Joppe, and foond
a schip goynge in to Tharsis, and
he jaf schip hire to hem ; and he
wente doun in to it, for to go with
hem in to Tharsis, fro the face of
the Lord. Forsothe the Lord sente
a greet wynd in the see, and a greet
tempest was maad in the see, and
the schip was in perel for to be al
to-brokun. And schip mendredden,
and men crieden to her god ; and
senten vessels, that weren in the
schip, in to the see, that it were
maad lijtere of hem. And Jonas
wente doun in to the ynnere thingis
of the schip, and slepte bi * a greu-
ouse sleep. And the gouernour cam
to him, and seide to hym, Whi 2 ait
thou cast doun in sleep ? rise thou,
clepe* thi God to help, if perauen-
ture God a^enthenke of vs, and we
perische not. And a man seide to
his felowe, Come je, and caste 4 we
lottis, and wite we, whi this yuel is
to vs. And thei kesten 5 lottia, and
lot felle on Jonas. And thei seiden
to hym, Schewe thou to vs, for
cause of what thing this vuel is to
vs; what is thi werk, which in thi
lond, and whidur goist thou, ether
of what puple art thou ? And he
seide to hem, Y am an Ebrew, and
Y drede the Lord God of heuene,
that made the see and the drie
lond 6. And the men dredden with
greet drede, and seiden to him,
VVhi7 didist thou this thing? for
the men knewen that he flei fro the
face of the Lord, for Jonas hadde
schewide to hem. And thei seiden
to hym, What schulen we do to
thee, and the see schal seesse fro
vs? for the see wente, and wexe
greet on hem. And he seide to

1 A. in. 2 A. What. s A. ynclepe. 4 car. led. sende.

6 rar. Itct. senten. • A. made heuen and ertlu-. 7 A. what.

mare a tobis : scio enim ego quo-
niam propter me tempestas haec
grandis venit super vos.

13. Et remigabant viri ut rever-
terentur ad aridam, et non vale-
bant : quia inare ibat, et intu-
mescebat super eos.

14. Et clamaverunt ad Domi-
num, et dixerunt : Quaesumus,
Domine, ne pereamus in aniina
viri ifitius, et ne des super nos
eanguinem innocentem : quia tu,
Domine, sicut voluisti, fecisti.

15. Et tulerunt lonam, et mi-
serunt in mare : et stetit mare a
fervore suo.

16. Et timuerunt viri timore
magno Dominum, et immolaverunt
hostias Domino, et voverunt vota.

hem, Take ;e me, and throwe l in
to the see, and the see schal ceesse
fro }ou ; for Y wopt, that for me
this greet tempest is on ;ou. And
men rowiden, for to turne a;en to
the drie lond, and thei mijjten not,
for the see wente, and wexe greet
on hem. And thei crieden to the
Lord, and seiden, Lor4, we bi-
sechen, that we perische not in the
lijf of this man, and that thou }yue
not on vs innocent blood ; for thou,
Lord, didist as thou woldist. And
thei token Jonas, and threwen in
to the see ; and the see stood of his
buylyng. And the men dredden
the Lord with greet drede, and
offriden oostis to the Lord, and
vowiden avowis.

CAPUT II (§ ii, 11. 245-304)

1. Et praeparavit Dpminus pi-
seem grandem ut deglutiret lonam :
et erat lonas in ventre piscis tribus
diebus, et tribus noctibus.

2. Et oravit lonas ad Dominurn
Deuin suum de ventre piscis.

3. Et dixit : (§ iii, 11. 305-42)
Clamavi de tribulatipne mea ad

Dominum, et exaudivit me : de
ventre inferi clamavi, et exaudisti
vocem meam.

4. Et proiecisti me in profundum
in corde maris, et flumen circum-
dedit me : omnes gurgites tui, et
fluctus tui super me transierunt.

5. Et ego dixi : Abiectus sum
a conspectu oculorum tuorum :
verumtamen rursue videbo tern-
plum sanctum tuum.

6. Circumdederunt me aquae
usque ad animam : abyssus vallavit
me, pelagus operuit caput meum.

7. Ad extrema montium descen-
di : terrae vectes concluserunt me
in aeternum: et sublevabis de
corruptione vitam meam, Domine
Deus meus.

8. Cum angustiaretur in me
anima mea, Domini recordatus
sum: ut veniat ad te o ratio mea,
ad templurn sanctum tuurn.

CAP. II

And the Lord made redi a greet
fisch, that he shulde swolowe Jonas ;
and Jonas was in the wombe of
the fisch thre daies and thre niijtis.
And Jonas preiede to the Lord his
God fro the fischis wombe, and
seide, Y criede to God of my tribu-
lacioun, and he herde me ; fro the
wombe of helle Y criede, and thou
herdist my vois. Thou castidist
me doun in to depnesse, in the
herte of the see, and the flood
cumpasside me; alle thi swolowis
and thi wawis passiden on me.
And Y seide, Y am cast awei fro
si^t of thin i;en ; netheles eftsoone
Y schal see thin hooli temple.
Watris cumpassiden 2 me til to my
soule, depnesse enuyrownede 8 me,
the see hilide myn heed. Y wente
dpun to the vtmeste places of
hillis, the barris 4 of erthe closiden
me togidere, in to withouten ende ;
and thou, my Lord God, schalt
reise vp my lijf from corrupcioun.
Whanne my soule was angwisched
in me, Y bithou^te on the Lord,
that my preier come to thee, to
thin hooli temple. Thei that
kepen vanytees forsaken his merci
idili. But Y in vois of heriyng 5

1 var. kct. sende. 2 A. enuirounden. 3 A. encloside.

4 A. herris. 6 A. preysing.

9. Qui custodiunt vanitates fru-
stra, misericordiam suam derelin-
quunt.

10. Ego autem in voce laudis
iinmolabo tibi : quaecumquo vovi,
reddam pro salute Domino.

11. Et dixit Dominus piaci : et
evomuit lonaiu in aridam.

schal offre to thee ; what euer
thingia Y vowide, Y schal jelde to
the Lord, for myn helthe. And
the Lord seide to the fiach, and it
castide out Jonas in to the drie
lond.'

CAPUT III (§ iii, 11. 345-408)

1. Et factum est verbum Do-
mini ad lonani secundo, dicens :

2. Surge, et vade in Niniven
civitatem magnam : et praedica
in ea praedicationem quam ego
loquor ad te.

3. Et surrexit lonas, et abiit in
Niniven iuxta verbum Domini :
et Ninive erat civitas magna itinere
trium dierum.

4. Et coepit lonas introire in
civitatem itinere diei unius: et
clamavit, et dixit : Adhuc quad-

T'nta dies, et Ninive subvertetur.
Et crediderunt viri Ninivitae
in Deum : et praedica ve runt ieiu-
nium, et vestiti sunt saccis, amaiore
usque ad minorem.

6. Et pervenit verbum ad regem
Ninive : et surrexit de solio suo,
et abiecit vestimentum suum a se,
et indutus est sacco, et sedit in
cinere.

7. Et clamavit, et dixit in Ninive
ex ore regis et principum eius,
dicens: Homines, et iumenta, et
boves, et pecora non gustent quid-
quam : nee pascantur, et aquam
non bibant.

8. Et operiantur saccis homines,
et iumenta, et clament ad Domi-
num in fortitudine, et cpnvertatur
vir a via sua mala, et ab iniquitate,
quae est in manibus eorum.

9. Quis scit si convertatur, et
ignoscat Deus: et revertatur a
furore irae suae, et non peribimus ?

10. Et vidit Deus opera eorum,
quia conversi sunt do via sua mala :
et misertus est Deus super mali-
tiam, quam locutus fuerat ut
faceret eis, et non fecit.

1 A. in to lond. 2 A. vp.

6 rar. hct. vndirturned, or
• A. wrath.

CAP. Ill

And the word of the Lord was
maad the aecounde tyme to Jonas,
and seide, Rise thou, and go in
to Nynyue, the greet citee, and
preche thou in it the prechyng
which Y speke to thee. And Jonas
roos, and wente in to Nynyu-
the word of the Lord. And Nynyue
was a greet citee, of the iurnei s of
thre daies. And Jonas bigan for to
entre in to the citee, bi the iornei 4
of o dai, and criede, and seide, sit
fourti daies, and Nynyue schal oe
turned vpsodoun.8 And men of
Nynyue bileueden to the Lord, and
prechiden fastyng, and weren
cloth id with sackis, fro the more
til to the lesse. And the word
cam til to the kyng of Nynyue ;
and he roos of his seete, and
castide awei his clothing fro him,
and was clothid with a sak, and
sat in aische. And he criede, and
seide in Nynyue of the mouth of
the kyng and of his princis, and
seide, Men, and werk beestis, and
oxun, and scheep taaste not ony
thing, nether be red, nether drynke
watir. And men be bilid with
sackis, and werk beestis crie to
the Lord in strengthe ; and be a
man conuertid fro his yuel weie,
and fro wickidnesse that is in the
hondis of hem. Who woot, if God
be conuertid, and fonyue, and be
turned ajen fro woodnesse of his
wraththe 8, and we schulen not
perische ? And God sai the werkis
of hem, that thei weren conuertid
fro her yuel weie ; and God hadde
merci on the malice which he
spac, that he schulde do to hem,
and did not.

8 A. in iourney. 4 A. in iourney.

; dittried ; ouerturned; rnturntd.

CAPUT IV (§ iv, 11. 409-516)

1. Et afflictus eat lonas afflic-
tione magna, et iratus est :

2. Et oravit ad Doniinum, et
dixit: Obsecro, Domine, numquid
non hoc est verbum meum, cum
adhuc essem in terra mea? pro-
pter hoc praeoccupavi ut fugerem
in Tharsis, scio enim quia tu Deus
clemens, et misericors es, patiens
et multae miserationis, et ignoscens
super malitia.

3. Et nunc, Domine, tolle quaeso
animam meam a me : quia melior
est mihi niors quam vita.

4. Et dixit Dominus : Putasne
bene irasceris tu ?

5. Et egressus est lonas de civi-
tate, et sedit contra orientem
civitatis : et fecit sibimet umbra-
culum ibi, et sedebat subter illud
in umbra, donee videret quid
accideret civitati.

6. Et praeparavit Dominus Deus
hederam, et ascendit super caput
Ipnae, ut esset umbra super caput
ems, et protegeret eum: labora-
verat enim : et laetatus est lonas
super hedera laetitia magna.

7. Et paravit Deus vermeni
ascensu diluculi in crastinum: et
percussit hederam, et exaruit.

8. Et cum ortus fuisset sol,
praecepit Dominus vento calido,
et urenti : et percussit sol super
caput lonae, et aestuabat: et
petivit animae suae ut moreretur,
et dixit : Melius est mihi mori,
quam vivere.

9. Et dixit Dominus ad lonain :
Putasne bene irasceris tu super
hedera? Et dixit: Bene irascor
ego usque ad mortem.

10. Et dixit Dominus : Tu doles
super hederam, in qua non labo-
rasti, neque fecisti ut cresceret,
quae sub una nocte nata est, et
sub una nocte periit.

11. Et ego non parcam Ninive,
civitati magnae, in qua sunt plus-
quain centum viginti millia homi-
num, qui nesciunt quid sit inter
dexteram et Binistram suam, et
iumenta multa ?

CAP. IV

And Jonas was turmentid with
greet turment, and was wrooth.
And he preiede the Lord, and
seide, Lord, Y biseche, whether
this is not my word, whanne Y
was }it in my lond ? For this
thing Y purposide, for to fle in to
Tharsis; for Y woot, that thou,
God, art meke and merciful, pa-
cient, and of merciful doyng,
and for^yuynge on malice. And
now, Lord, Y preie, take my soule
fro me ; for deth is betere to me
than lijf. And the Lord seide,
Gessist thou, whether thou art wel
wrooth ? And Jonas wente out of
the citee, and sat a;ens the eest of
the citee, and made to hym a
schadewyng place there ; and sat
vnder it in schadewe, til he sai
what bifelle to the citee. And the
Lord God made redy an yuy l, and
it stiede vp on the heed of Jonas,
that schadewe were on his heed,
and kyueride hym ; for he hadde
trauelid. And Jonas was glad on
the yuy, with greet gladnesse.
And God made redi a worm, in
stiyng up of grei dai on the
morewe ; and it srnoot the yuy,
and it driede up. And whanne
the sunne was risun2, the Lord
comaundide to the hoot wynd and
brennyng; and the sunne smoot
on the heed of Jonas, and he
swalide. And he axide to his soule
that he schulde die, and seide, It
is betere to me for to die, than for
to lyue. And the Lord seide to
Jonas, Gessist thou, whether thou
art wel wrooth on the yuy ? And
he seide, Y am wel wrooth, til to
the deth. And the Lord seide,
Thou art sori on the yuy, in which
thou trauelidist not, nether madist
that it wexide, which was growun
vnder o ny}t, and perischide in
o ny;t. And schal Y not spare the
grete citee Nynyue, in which ben
more than sixe score thousynde of
men, which witen not what is
betwixe her riat half and left, and
iis8?

many beestis

1 A. an eder, or a plaunt.

2 A. sprungen.

3 A. werk bestis.

EXTRACT FROM 'CARMEN DE JONA ET NINIVE\

FORMERLY ATTRIBUTED TO TERTULLIAN.

Littoris in labio portu celeberrima fido

Urbs oras Cilicum contra libratur Jo\>[» -.

Inde igitur Tarsos properus rate poscit Jonas,

Ejusdem per signa dei ; nee denique mirum,

Si Dominutu in terris fugiens invenit in undis.

Parvula nam subito maculaverat aera nubes

Vellere sulphureo, de semine concita venti,

Puulatimque globum pariens cum sole cohaesit,

Deceptumque diem caliginis agmine clusit.

Fit speculum coeli pelagus, niger ambitus undas

Inficit, in tenebras ruit aether et mare surgit.

Nee quicquam medium est, fluctus dum nubila tangunt,

Gloria ventorum quos omnes turbine miscet.

Diversus furor in profugum frendebat Jonan.

Una ratis certamen erat coeloque fretoque,

Tunditur hinc illinc, tremit omnis sylva sub ictu

Fluctifrago, subter concussae spina carinae

Palpitiit, antennae stridens labor horret ab alto.

Ipsa etiam infringi dubitans inflectitur arbor.

Nauticus interea genitus clamor omnia temptat

Pro rate proque anima, spiras mandare morantes

Oblaqueare mithram, clavorum stringere nisus,

Vel reluctantes impellere pectore gyros.

Pars maris interni puteum gravem odore vicissim

Egregie rapiunt. Turn merces atque onus omne

Praecipitant, certantque pericula vincere damnis.

Sunt miserae voces ad singula fraginina ponti,

mduntque manus nullorum ad numina divuin,
Quos maris et coeli vis non timet, baud minus illos
Puppibus abstrusos irato turbine mergens . . .
In signum sed enim Domini quandoque futurus,
Non erat exitii, sed mortis testis abactae.1

1 Fi«>m CM ilor's text, 1854, where the various readings are fully
recorded ; A translation by Thelwall is to be found in Ante-Niceiu-
Library, vol. xviii.

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