Patrick Hamilton. The first Lutheran preacher and martyr of Scotland

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PATRICK HAMILTON

PATRICK HAMILTON.

After a Medallion Portrait by W. L. Ormsby.

From Portraits of the Principal Reformers.
New York, Charles Wells, 1836.

fatnrk l|amtltott

The First Lutheran Preacher and
Martyr of Scotland

By WILLIAM DALLMANN

THIRD PRINTING
Revised

St. Louis, Mo.
concordia publishing house

1918

THE NEW YORK

PUBLIC LIBRAIIY

291772B

AfimB. LENDX AND

TSLDSm I1K5NDATI0IU

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

I. Hamilton's Birth 1

II. Hamilton Goes to Paris 2

III. Hamilton Returns to Scotland....' 4

IV. Lutheran Books Enter Scotland... 5
V. Hamilto^i Teaches Lutheran Doc-
trines 8

VI. Hamilton Flees to Germany 8

VII. Hamilton Goes to Marburg 13

VIII. Hamilton Holds the First Debate

at Marburg 16

IX. Hamilton's Theses 17

X. Hamilton Returns to Scotland.... 23

XL Hamilton Marries 24

XII. Hamilton is Called to St. Andrews 2.5

XIII. Hamilton Debates 26

XIV. Hamilton is Called Before the Arch-

bishop 26

XV. Hamilton is Condemned 28

XVI. Hamilton Sentenced 36

XVII. Hamilton Burned 38

XVIIL Jov among the Catholics 42

'&

XIX. Grief among the Lutherans 42

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XX. Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland 43

AUTHORITIES.

Prof. Mitchell's Scottish Reformation.

Bishop Mitchell's Biog. Studies Scot. Ch. Hist.

Prof. Lori.mer's Patrick Hamilton.

John Knox's Hist. Reform, in Scotland.

John Spotswood's Hist. Church in Scotland.

John Cunningham's Church Hist, of Scotland.

D'Altbigne's Reformation in Scotland.

Hume's History.

Taylor's Pictorial Hist, of Scotland.

Steel's Burning and Shining Lights.

Hutton's Lit. Landmarks of the Scottish Uni-
versities.

London Christian Observer, 1857.

Diet. Nat. Biog.

Realencyk to pa cd ie.

Lodge's Portraits Illustrious Personages of
(irrat Britain.

Char'.es Wells, Publisher, Portraits of the
Principal Reformers. N. Y., 1836.

Cassel, Publisher, Our Own Country.

3' IC

PATRICK HAMILTON.

\i \ ' ■• -' ii rn

I.

Hamilton's Birth.

Patrick Hamilton was born near Glas-
gow, about 1504. His father was Sir
Patrick Hamilton, son of Lord of Hamil-
ton and Princess Mary, daughter of King
James II of Scotland. Sir Patrick was
the first of Scottish knights when Scottish
chivalry was in the height of its glory.
The mother of our hero was Catherine
Stewart, daughter of the Duke of Albany,
second son of King James II. So, then,
Hamilton was of royal- blood, both on his
father's and on his mother's side.

On September 9, 1533, King James IV
and Scotland's flower fell on the fatal field
of Plodden, and Patrick's uncle, the Duke
of Albany, became Regent of the realm
during the minority of James- V. Another
uncle, the first earl of Arran, was one of
the most powerful nobles in the kingdom.

Brought up among relatives of rank and
refinement, of manly virtues and scholarly

Hamilton Goes to Paris.

accomplishinents, it is no wonder the first
Reformer of Scotland became distinguished
for high breeding and courtesy and for an
intense love of all humane and liberal
studies. With divine grace added to the
gifts of noble birth and careful education,
he became the most zealous and most
courteous of evangelists; a confessor of
the truth; mild and modest in manners,
firm in spirit and principles ; a martyr
learned and cultivated as well as fervent
and devoted.

II.

Hamilton Goes to Paris.

When Hamilton was only fourteen years
old, the influence of his powerful family
made him Abbot of Feme, and the income
gave him means to study abroad. He en-
tered the College of Montaigu in Paris,
where John Major, the great Scottish light,
was teaching at the time, and in 1520 he
became a Master of Arts.

During Hamilton's residence on the
banks of the Seine, "an impulse was propa-
gated to the University from a soul im-
mensely more potent and world-subduing
than the polished and timid scholar of

9.

Hamilton Goes to Paris.

Rotterdam. In 1519 the strong hand of
Luther knocked violently at its gates, and
the sound went through all its studious
halls and cloisters," Lorimer writes.

"In that year a great many copies were
brought to Paris of the Leipzig Disputation
between Luther and Eck, twenty of which
Magister John Nicolas, quaestor of the
Gallic nation, purchased on the 20th of
January, by appointment of the nation, for
the use of those who were deputed by the
university to examine the book, and of
any others who might wish to report their
opinion thereon to the university," says
Bulaeus in Historia Universitatis Pari-
sieiisis.

All Europe waited anxiously for the de-
cision. The issue was doubtful, for Lu-
theran votes were not wanting even in the
Sorbonne. At length the champions of the
old darkness prevailed over the friends of
the new light. The university solemnly
decreed, on the 15th of April, 1521, in the
presence of students from every country
in Christendom, that Luther was a heretic,
and that his work should be publicly
thrown into the flames.

Hamilton Returns to Scotland.

In a few months there arrived in Paris
"A Defense of Martin Luther against the
Furibund Decree of the Parisian Theolo-
gasters" from the pen of young Philip
Melanchthon of Wittenberg, as pungent as
it was polished, and as contemptuous as it
was elegant, and it made an immense sen-
sation.

From Paris, Hamilton went to the Uni-
versity of Louvain, in Holland, most likely
to study under Erasmus.

III.
Hamilton Returns to Scotland.

When Constantine the Great would en-
rich his cathedral at Constantinople with
the bones of St. Andrew, a vision told
St. Regulus to take the relics from Patras
in Achaia and sail west. He did so, and
was ■• wrecked on the shores of Scotland,
October 29, 370. Thus St. Andrew became
the patron saint of that country, and the
place of the wreck grew into the seat of
the Primate of the Scottish Church, became
the Vatican of Scotland. Also, it became
the most picturesque and the most vener-
able of Scotland's university towns, and

4 -

Lutheran Books Enter Scotland.

the mother of them all. Just by the way,
St, Andrews is also the world's headquarters
of the great game of golf.

Of this famous university Patrick Hamil-
ton became a member on June 9, 1523, the
same day that the one great Scotch school-
man, John Major, was received as Prin-
cipal of St. Mary's College. On October 3,
1524, Hamilton joined the Faculty of Arts.
Though an abbot, he never wore the garb
of a monk. -

Here Hamilton composed a mass for
nine voices in honor of the angels, sung in-
the cathedral, directed by the composer
himself.

IV.

Lutheran Books Enter Scotland.

While attending on the Duke of Albany
in Edinburgh, before 1523, M. de la Tour
vented Lutheran opinions, and in 1527 suf-
fered for heresy at Paris.

At the end of 1524, books of Luther were
brought into Scotland and created a sensa-
tion, as they did everywhere. Garwin Dun-
bar, the old bishop of Aberdeen, was the
first to find it out, discovering one day a

5

Lutheran Boolcs Enter Scotland.

volume of Luther in his own town. He
was in great fear when he saw that the fiery-
darts hurled by the heretic of Germany
were crossing into Scotland. As like dis-
coveries were made in St. Andrews, Lin-
lithgow, and other places, the affair was
brought before Parliament.

On July IT, 1525, when James V was
fourteen years old and managing affairs
himself, the clergy procured the passing
of the following act: "Forasmuch as the
damnable opinions of heresy are spread in
divers countries by the heretic Luther and
his disciples, . . . therefore, that no manner
of person, stranger, that happens to arrive
with the ships within any part of this
realm, bring with them any books or works
of said Luther's, his disciples or servants —
dispute or rehearse his heresies or opin-
ions, unless it be to the confusion thereof,
under pain of escheating of their ships
and goods, and putting of their persons in
prison. And that this act will be published
and proclaimed throughout this realm at
all ports and burghs of the same, so that
they may allege no ignorance thereof."

In August of the same year another act

6

Lutheran Books Enter Scotland.

states that "sundry strangers and others
within the diocese of Aberdeen have books
of that heretic Luther, and favor his errors
and false opinions, in contravention of our
Act of Parliament lately made in our last
parliament," and asks, "that you confiscate
their goods."

In a short time the number of Lutherans
became so alarming that in 1527 an addi-
tional clause provided for the punishment
of Scotch Lutherans the same as foreigners.
Luther was at length at the gates of the
National Church. Luther's books and
opinions — those arrows of the mighty —
had already found their way into not a few
Scottish hearts and homes. As early as
1525 traders from Leith, Dundee, and
Montrose purchased Tyndale's English New
Testament, "recently invented by Martin
Luther," as some monks declared, in the
marts of Flanders and Holland, and sold
them in Edinburgh, and mostly in St. An-
drews. All that was wanting now was the
voice of the living preacher. The first
that God prepared and produced was Pat-
rick Hamilton.

7

Hamilton Teaches Lutheran Doctrines.

V.

Hamilton Teaches Lutheran Doctrines.

In 152G Hamilton began to declare openly
his new convictions, in the cathedral and
elsewhere, and soon the report of his heresy
was carried to the ears of the Archbishop.
In 1527 Beaton "made faithful inquisition
during' Lent," and found Hamilton "in-
famed with heresy, disputing, holding, and
maintaining divers heresies of Martin
Luther and his followers, repugnant to the
faith" ; whereupon he proceeded to "decern
him" to be formally summoned and accused.

That meant burning, as Paul Craw, the
Hussite preacher, had been burned at
St. Andrews in 1433.

VI.
Hamilton Flees to Germany.

Hamilton was not ready just yet for the
crown of martyrdom, and so he went to
Germany, in April, 1527, accompanied by
John Hamilton, of Linlithgow, and Gil-
bert Wynram, of Edinburgh.

"He passed to the schools in Germany,
for then the fame of Wittenberg was greatly

8

Hamilton Flees to Germany.

divulged in all countries; where, by God's
providence, he became familiar with those
lights and notable servants of Jesus Christ
at that time, ]\Iartin Luther, Philip
Melanchthon, and Francis Lambert," says
Knox.

According to Lorimer, at Wittenberg the
young Scotch abbot found the monasteries
deserted, and Luther, once a monk, living
happily in a few rooms of the empty
Augustinian cloister, with his new-married
wife, a converted and fugitive nun, Catha-
rina von Bora. He saw the churches of
the city purged of the old superstitions.
He heard the Gospel-hymns of Luther sung
in loud and fervent chorus by crowded con-
gregations. He saw the excellent pastor,
John Bugenhagen — Pomeranus -. — stand-
ing in the pulpit of the ancient parish
church, and preaching the Word of Life
to the zealous burghers. He listened with
admiration to the eloquence of Luther,
poured forth upon select congregations of
courtiers and academics from the pulpit of
the Castle Church. In both churches he
saw the Sacrament of the Lord's body and
blood administered to the communicants in

9

MA.A!A/'i)

LUTHER'S HOME.

10

MARTIN LUTHER, 1529.
After Cranacli, in Milan.

11

KATE LUTIIEU. ir,'29.
After Cranach, in Milan.

12

Hamilton Goes to Marhurg.

both kinds. Luther's New Testament was
read everywhere. The little city was
crowded to inconvenience with the multi-
tude of students who flocked from all parts
of Europe to sit at the feet of Luther and
Melanchthon.

VII.
Hamilton Goes to Marburg.

When the pest broke out in Wittenberg,
the Scots went to the banks of the Lahn,
where Philip of Hessen opened the new
University of Marburg, May 30, 152Y, and
they enrolled their names in the new album
among the hundred and four cives of the
academic body; they were numbers 37, 38,
and 39.

The head of the theological faculty was
Francis Lambert, of Avignon, the first
French monk to be converted by Luther's
writings. He studied over a year under
Luther at Wittenberg, and later drew up
the program of the Hessian reformation in
his "Paradoxes," the first of which reads:
"All that is deiormed ought to be reformed.
The Word of God alone teaches us what
ought to be so, and all reform effected
otherwise is vain."

13

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14

WILLIAM TYNDALE.
Painting in Hertford College, Oxford.

15

Hamilion Holds the First Debate at Marhurg.

Lambert says Hamilton's "learning was
of no common kind for his years, and his
judgment in divine truth was eminently
clear and solid. His object in visiting the
University was to confirm himself more
abundantly in the truth; and I can truly
say that I have seldom met with any one
who conversed on the Word of God with
greater spirituality and earnestness of
feeling."

In 1525 Tyndale had printed the fii'st two
editions of his !N^ew Testament at Worms,
and, to escape Cardinal Wolsey's agents,
came to Marburg in 1527, and these two
martyrs for a time lived and labored to-
gether in the far-away German city.

vin.

Hamilton Holds the First Debate at
Marburg.

"Hamilton was the first man after the
erection of the University who put forth
a series of theses to be publicly defended.
These theses were conceived in the most
evangelical spirit, and were maintained
with the greatest learning. It was by my
advice that he published them," says Lam-
bert.

IG

Hamilton's Theses.

From them it is clear that Hamilton was
a close student of Luther, especially of his
"Freedom of a Christian Man," published
in 1520. They are the earliest doctrinal
production of the St^ottish Reformation,
and they prove with primary authority that
the beginning of that Reformation was
Lutheran.

They were translated by John Frith, the
English martyr, and embodied by Knox
in his History of the Be formation, and by
Fox in his Acts and Monum,ents, "and so
became a corner-stone of Protestant the-
ology both in Scotland and England." They
are known as Patrick's "Places," or Com-
mon Places, likely from Melanchthon's Loci
Communes of 1521.

IX.
Hamilton's Theses.

Hamilton's teaching is so beautiful that
we cannot forbear quoting samples copied
from rare books.

1. The Difference between the Law and
the Gospel.

"The Law showeth us our sin, the Gospel

showeth us remedy for it. The Law showeth

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LANDGRAVE PHILIP OF HESSEN.
After Cranach.

19

Hamilton's Theses.

us our condemnation, the Gospel showeth
us our redemption. The Law is the word
of ire, the Gospel is the word of grace. The
Law is the word of despair, the Gospel is
the word of comfort.

"The Law saith to the sinner, Pay thy
debt ; the Gospel saith, Christ hath paid it.
The Law saith, Thou art a sinner, despair,
thou shalt be damned; the Gospel saith.
Thy sins are forgiven thee, be of good com-
fort, thou shalt be saved. The Law saith.
The Father of heaven is angry with thee;
the Gospel saith, Christ hath pacified Him
with His blood. The Law saith, Where is
thy righteousness, goodness, and satisfac-
tion i' The Gospel saith, Christ is thy
righteousness, goodness, and satisfaction.
The Law saith, Thou art bound and
obliged to me, to the devil, and to hell;
the Gospel saith, Christ hath delivered thee
from them all."

2. The Nature of Faith.

"The faith of Christ is to believe in Him,
tliat is, to believe His word, and believe
that Ho will help thee in all thy need, and
deliver thee from all evil. Thou wilt ask
me. What word? I answer, The Gospel.

20

Hamilton's Theses.

He that believeth not the Gospel believeth
not God ; he that believeth the Gospel shall
be safe. He that hath faith is just and
good. All that is done in faith pleaseth
God. He that lacketh faith cannot please
God; he that hath faith and believeth in
God cannot displease Him.

"Faith is the gift of God, it is not in our
own power. Faith is the root of all good;
incredulity is the root of all evil. Faith
maketh God and man good friends; in-
credulity niaketh them foes. Faith only
maketh a man good and righteous; in-
credulity only maketh him unjust and evil.
Faith holdeth stiff by the Word of God;
incredulity wavereth here and there. Faith
loveth both God and his neighbor; incre-
dulity loveth neither of them. Faith only
saveth us; incredulity only condemneth us.

"Faith cometh of the Word of God;
hope cometh by faith; and charity spring-
eth of them both. Faith believeth the
Word; hope trusteth after that which is
promised by the Word; charity doeth good
unto her neighbor through the love that she
hath to God, and gladness that is within
herself. Faith looketh to God and His

21

Hamilton's Theses.

Word; hope looketh unto His gift and
reward; charity looketh on her neighbor's
profit. Faith receiveth God; hope receiveth
His reward; charity loveth her neighbors
with a glad heart, without any respect of
reward."

3. The Sufficiency of the Work of Christ.

"Whosoever believeth or thinketh to be
saved by his works denieth that Christ
is his Savior, that Christ died for him, and
that all things pertain to Christ. For how
is He thy Savior if thou niightest save thy-
self by thy works, or whereto should He die
for thee if any works might have saved
thee? What is this, to say Christ died for
thee? Verily, that thou shouldest have
died eternally, and Christ, to deliver thee
from death, died for thee, and changed thy
eternal death into His own death; for
thou madest the fault, and He suffered
the punishment, and that for the love He
had to thee before thou wast born, when
thou hadst done neither good nor evil.
Now, seeing He hath paid thy debt, thou
needest not, neither canst thou, pay it, but
shouldest ho damned if His blood were not.
But since He was punished for thee, thou

22

Hmnilton Returns to Scotland.

shalt not be /punished. Finally, He hath
delivered thee from thy condemnation and
from all evil, and desireth naught of thee
but that thou wilt acknowledge what He
hath done for thee, and bear it in mind,
and that thou wouldest help others for
His sake both in word and deed, even as
He hath holpen thee for naught and with-
out reward. Oh! how ready would we be
to help others if we knew His goodness
and gentleness toward us. He is a good
and a gentle Lord, for He doth all for
naught. Let us, I beseech you, therefore
follow His footsteps, whom all the world
ought to praise and worship. Amen."

Hamilton Returns to Scotland.

. Having read Luther, Hamilton became
a Lutheran in doctrine; having lived for
a time in the element which the great
Reformer spread around him, Hamilton
became a Lutheran in spirit as well as in
doctrine. The sight of Luther's firm cour-
age and constancy gave new strength to
the young Scot, and he could not long
admire such a shining example of heroism

23

Hatniltun Marries.

of faith without himsc4f being converted
into an evangelical hero. His friends
pleaded with him to stay in safety in Ger-
many; but "none of these things moved
him," and he left them behind.

After six months in Lutheran Germany,
Hamilton, in the autumn of 1527, returned
to Scotland, ready to die for the Gospel.
He preached to his relatives at Kincavel,
and also in all the country round, even in
beautiful St. Michael's at Linlithgow, the
Versailles of Scotland.

In consequence of his preaching the
monks of Kelso complained of "these evil
times, in the increase of Lutheranism,"
and the Canons of Holyrood bewailed "these
wretched Lutheran times."

XI.

Hamilton Marries.

Soon after his return to Scotland, Hamil-
ton married a young lady of noble rank,
and a daughter, named Isabel, was born to
them. In 1543 she was a lady in attend-
ance at the court of the Regent Arran. He
gives as his reason for marriage his hatred
of the hypocrisy of the Roman Church.

24

Hamilton is Called to St. Andrews.

He seems to have felt on the occasion very
much as Luther did in similar circum-
stances: he wished to show, by deed as
well as word, how entirely he had cast off
the usurped and oppressive tyranny of
Rome.

XII.

Hamilton is Called to St. Andrews.,

A Lutheran missionary, with royal blood
in his veins, and all the power of Hamilton
at his back, was a most dangerous heretic
in Scotland. The moment was critical;
no time must be lost; Archbishop Beaton
must bestir himself. The Primate desired
a conference with Hamilton at St. Andrews
on the condition of the Church. Before
he went, Hamilton told his relatives that
he had not long to live. But as Luther
went to Worms, in spite of dangers, to
confess his faith, so Hamilton went to
St. Andrews, in spite of dangers, to con-
fess his faith. He arrived about the middle
of January, 1528, and had several private
conferences with the Primate and his
helpers ; he also, for nearly a month, taught
openly in the university on all points of
doctrine and practise needing a change.

25

Hatnilton Debates.

XIII.
Hamilton Debates.

Canon Alexander Alane had publicly re-
futed the arch-heretic Luther himself, not
only to his own satisfaction, but to the
satisfaction of all the theologians of
St. Andrews. He now wished to bring
bdck to the Church the misguided Ham-
ilton. But the young Lutheran divine
proved more than a match for the learned
Canon and sent him away to his study
shaken in his old faith. He became Hamil-
ton's fervent admirer and attached disciple
and the first historian of his teaching,
trial, and martyrdom.

Alexander Campbell, prior of the Domini-
cans, also often talked with Hamilton, and
acknowledged the truth of his words. "Yes,
the Church is in need of reformation in
many ways," the prior said. But later he
betrayed and accused Hamilton.

XIV.

Hamilton is Called Before the
Archbishop.

When Beaton and his advisers felt it
safe to throw off the mask, they summoned

26

Hamilton is Called Before the Archbishop.

Hamilton to appear before the Primate on
a certain day to answer to the charge of
teaching divers heresies.

Hamilton's friends begged him to flee.
But he said "he had come thither to con-
firm the minds of the godly by his death as
a martyr to the truth; and to turn his
back now would be to lay a stumbling-block
in their path, and to cause some of them
to fall."

Sir James Hamilton, the Reformer's
brother, made use of all his powers as a
baron, a sheriff, and a captain of one of
the King's castles, to gather a strong force
to rescue his brother from the death planned
by the clergy. But a long storm in the
Firth hindered him from reaching St. An-
drews in time. John Andrew Duncan,
Laird of Airdie, who had fought on Flod-
den Field, armed his tenants and servants
to save Hamilton; but the Archbishop's
horsemen took him a prisoner, and he had
to go into exile. Appeal had been made to
the powerful Earl of Angus and to the
King, but the advice was coldly given "that
the Reformer make his peace with the
Church."

From the moment Hamilton was called

27

Hamilton is Condemned.

to appear before the Primate and his
council, he redoubled his labors as an evan-
gelist and confined himself to the most
important points in which the Papacy had
departed from the Bible.

"Being not only forward in knowledge,
but also ardent in spirit, not tarrying for
the hour appointed, he prevented the time,
and came very early in the morning before
he was looked for," says Fox.

XV.

Hamilton is Condemned.

Hamilton's thirteen articles of faith were
referred to a Council of Theologians.
Seven of these articles treat of the Lutheran
doctrine of justification by faith ; the other
six treat of purgatory, auricular confes-
sion, etc.; one declares the Pope to be the
Antichrist. In a few days the Council
judged all the articles to be heretical. This
judgment was to be presented at a solemn
meeting of the highest dignitaries of the
Church in the cathedral on the last day of
February, 1528.

The captain of the castle with an armed
band arrested Hamilton. Everything was

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Hamilton is Condemned.

now ready for the last act of the tragedy.
On the appointed day the people crowded
to the cathedral at an early hour, and the
Primate passed from the castle with a long
train of bishops, abbots, priors, and doctors
and took his seat on the chief bench of the
tribunal of heresy.

Friar Campbell read the articles with a
loud voice, and charged them one by one
upon the prisoner, and argued they were
heretical; but Hamilton gently and ably
defended himself. At length the Domini-
can was silenced, and he turned to the
, tribunal for fresh instructions. The bishops
told him to stop arguing, to call the Re-
former heretic to his face, and to justify
the insult by overwhelming him with new
accusations.

"Heretick !" Campbell exclaimed, turning
again to Hamilton.

"Nay, brother," the Reformer mildly in-
terrupted, "you do not think me heretick."

"Heretick! thou saidst it was lawful to
all men to read the Word of God, and
especially the New Testament."

"I wot not if I said so; but I say now
it is reason and lawful to all men that have

30

Hamilton is Condemned.

souls to read the Word of God, and that
they are able to understand the same, and
in particular the latter will and testament
of Christ Jesus, whereby they may acknowl-
edge their sins and repent of the same, and
amend their lives by faith and repentance,
and come to the mercy of Grod by Christ
Jesus."

"Now, heretiek, I see that thou affirmest
the words of thy accusation."

"I affirm nothing but the w^ord which
I have spoken in the presence of this
auditory."

"Now, farther, thou sayest it is not law-
ful to worship imagery."

"I say no more than what God spake to
Moses "in the twentieth chapter of Exodus,
in the Second Commandment, 'Thou shalt
not make any graven image; thou shalt
not bow down to them to worship them.' "

"Heretiek, knowest thou not that im-
agery is the books of the laic and common
people, to put them in remembrance of the
holy saints that wrought for their salva-
tion ?"

"Brother! it ought to be the preaching
of the true Word of God that should put

31

Hamilton is CotHlemned.

the people in remembrance of the blood of
Christ and their salvation."

"Heretick ! thou sayest it is but lost labor
to pray to, or call upon, saints, and in par-
ticular on the blessed Virgin Mary, or John,
James, Peter, or Paul, as mediators to God
for us."

"I say with Paul, 'There is no mediator
betwixt God and man but Christ Jesus, His
Son' ; and whatsoever they be who call or
pray to any saint departed, they spoil Christ
Jesus of His office."

"Heretick! thou sayest it is all in vain
our labors made for them that are departed,
when we sing soul-masses, psalms, and diri-
ges, which are the relaxation of the souls
that are departed, who are continued in the
pains of purgatory."

"Brother! I have read in the Scripture
of God of no such a place as purgatory ; nor
yet believe I that there is anything that
may purge the souls of men but the blood
of Christ Jesus, which ransom standeth in
no earthly thing, nor in soul-mass nor
dirige, nor in gold nor silver, but only by
repentance of sins, and faith in the blood
of Christ Jesus."

32

Hamilton is Condemned.

Turning- round to the tribunal, the Prior
said: "My Lord Archbishop, you hear he
denies the institutions of holy kirk, and the
authority of our Holy Father the Pope.
I need not to accuse him any more."

Such was Patrick Hamilton's noble con-
fession in the face of that hostile tribunal
and large assembly. He spoke out the truth
of God and disguised nothing, though well
aware what his plain speech would cost him.

One of his judges was the Earl of Cas-
silis, only thirteen years old; another was
Patrick Hepburn, a prior of monks, who
had eleven illegitimate children and boasted
of his adulteries; later he became Bishop
of Moray; another was the Abbot David
Beaton. "He publicly indulged in a licen-
tiousness not uncommon with the eminent
clergy of his time, and lived in open con-
cubinage with a lady of a noble family,
Marian Ogilvie, by whom he had six chil-
dren." Later he became a cardinal and
spent his nights with prostitutes, and his
days in burning people for reading the
Bible.

King James V "repeated the exhortation
in his last Parliament, declaring that the

33

CARDINAL DAVID BEATON.
From the Original in Holjrood Palace.

34

KING JAMES V OF SCOTLAND.

From a Painting in the Duke of
Devonshire's Possession.

35

Hamilton Sentenced.

negligence, the ignorance, the scandalous
and disorderly lives of the clergy, were the
causes why church and churchmen were
scorned and despised,"

The "Memoire" addressed to the Pope by
Queen Mary and the Dauphin also attrib-
utes the spread of "heresy" to the ignorance
and immorality of the Catholic clergy.

XYI.
Hamilton Sentenced.

The Primate, with unanimous consent of
his assessors, then solemnly pronounced sen-
tence : "... We have found the same
Magister Patrick many ways infamed with
heresy, disputing, holding, and maintaining
divers heresies of Martin Luther and his
followers. . . . We have found also that
he hath affirmed, published, and taught
divers opinions of Luther and wicked here-
sies after that he was summoned to appear
before us and our council, . . . and there-
fore do judge and pronounce him to be de-
livered over to the secular power to be
punished, and his goods to be confiscate."

The tribunal instantly rose, and Hamil-
ton was led back to prison under a guard

3G

Q a

02

a

O OS

37

Hamilton Burned.

several thousand strong. The executioners
at once prepared the stake at which he was
to be burned, in front of the gate of
St. Salvator's College.

XVII.
Hamilton Burned.

Followed by his servant and a few inti-
mate friends, Hamilton at noon accompa-
nied the captain with a quick step to the
place of burning, carrying in his right hand
a copy of the four Gospels. He uncovered
his head, and, lifting up his eyes to heaven,
addressed himself in silent prayer to Him
who alone could- give him a martyr's
strength and victory. The book he gave to
one of his friends; his cap and gown and
other upper garments he gave to his
servant with the words, "This will not profit
in the fire; they will profit thee. After
this, of me thou canst receive no com-
modity, except the example of my death,
which I pray thee bear in mind. For albeit
it be bitter to the flesh and fearful before
man, yet is it the entrance to eternal life,
which none shall possess that denies Christ
Jesus before this wicked generation."

38

Hamilton Burned.

The officials of the Archbishop offered
him his life if he would recant his confes-
sion in the cathedral. "As to my confession,
I will not deny it for awe of your fire, for
my confession and belief is in Christ Jesus.
Therefore I will not deny it; and I will
rather be content that my body burn in this
fire for confession of my faith in Christ
than my soul should burn in the fire of hell
for denying the same. But as to the sen-
tence pronounced against me this day by
the bishops and doctors, I here, in the
presence of you all, appeal contrary the
said sentence and judgment given against
me, and take me to the mercy of God."

Says Pitscottie: "The servant of God
entered in contemplation and prayer to
almighty God to be merciful to the people
who persecuted him, for there were many
of them blinded in ignorance, that they
knew not what they did. He also besought
Christ Jesus to be Mediator for him to the
Father, and that He would strengthen him
with His Holy Spirit, that he might stead-
fastly abide the cruel pains and flames of
fire prepared for him."

The martyr was bound to the stake with
an iron chain. Fire was laid to the pile

39

Hamilton Burned.

of wood and coals, and it exploded some
powder placed among the fagots. The mar-
tyr's left hand and left cheek were scorched
by the explosion. Though thrice kindled,
the flames took no steady hold of the pile.
"Have you no dry wood?" demanded the
sufferer. "Have you no more gunpowder?"
It took some time to fetch more wood and
powder, and the martyr suffered acutely.
Nevertheless "he uttered divers comfortable
speeches to the bystanders," and addressed
himself calmly to more than one of the
friars, who molested him with their cries,
bidding him convert and pray to the Virgin
Mary. To one he said w^ith a smile : "You
are late with your advice, when you see mo
on the point of being consumed in the
flames. If I had chosen to recant, I need
not have been here. But I pray you come
forward and testify the truth of your reli-
gion by putting your little finger into this
fire in which I am burning with my whole
body." Friar Campbell, his betrayer and
accuser, was foremost among the tor-
mentors. To him Hamilton at last said:
"Wicked man ! Thou knowest it is the
truth of God for which I now suffer. So

40

Hamilton Burned.

much thou didst confess to me in private,
and thereupon I appeal thee to answer be-
fore the judgment-seat of Christ."

Soon after, Campbell lost his senses, and
fell into a fever, of which he died. And so
the people looked upon Hamilton as a
prophet as well as a martyr.

Surrounded and devoured by fierce flames,
Hamilton still remembered his widowed
mother and commended her to the care of
his friends, as Christ on the cross com-
mended His mother to John.

When he was nearly burned through the
middle by the fiery chain, some one wished
a last sign if he still had faith in the doc-
trine for which he was dying. He raised
three fingers of his half -consumed hand,
and held them up steadily till he died. His
last words were: "How long. Lord, shall
darkness overwhelm this kingdom? How
long wilt Thou suffer this tyranny of men?
Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!"

The execution lasted for nearly six hours,
it being about six o'clock before his body
was quite reduced to ashes. Hamilton was
only twenty-four years old when he suffered
death for his Lutheran faith.

41

Joy among the Catholics.

XVIII.
Joy among the Catholics.

The doctors of Louvain with cruel joy
thanked Beaton for his services to the faith
and congratulated, almost with envy, the
University of St. Andrews upon the honors
it had earned by such an edifying display
of Catholic zeal. "Believe not that this
example shall have place only among you,
for there shall be those among externe
nations which shall imitate the same."

XIX.
Grief among the Lutherans.

At Marburg the grief of the Reformers
was equaled only by their admiration.
Addressing the Landgrave of Hessen soon
after, Lambert exclaimed: "He came to
your university out of Scotland, that remote
corner of the world; and he returned to
his country again to become its first and
now illustrious apostle. He was all on fire
with zeal to confess the name of Christ,
and he has offered himself to God as a holy,
living sacrifice. He brought into the
Church of God not only all the splendor

42

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

of his station and gifts, but his life itself.
Such is the flower of surpassing sweetness,
yea, the ripe fruit, which your university
has produced in its very commencement.
You have not been disappointed in your
wishes. You founded this school with the
desire that from it might go forth intrepid
confessors of Christ and steadfast assertors
of . His truth. See, you have one such
already, an example in many ways illus-
trious. Others, if the Lord will, will follow
soon." They did.

XX.
Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

Hamilton's youth, his noble blood, his
recent marriage, and his unflinching cour-
age moved the hearts of the spectators:
"the smoke of Patrick Hamilton infected
all it blew on." "The faith for which
Hamilton died shall be our faith," the
people said.

It was the distinguishing mark of Hamil-
ton that he represented in Scotland the
Lutheran Reformation, not the earlier
Wyclifite or the later Calvinistic. As a
result of the Gospel-preaching, the Scottish
nation was born again. Hamilton's doc-

43

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland. ^

trine lived after him, and wrought with a
leaven-like virtue in the nation's heart till
it leavened the whole lump. "Instead of
the thorn came up the fir-tree, and instead
of the brier came up the myrtle-tree."

The skippers of Leith were diligent im-
porters of Lutheran books and English New
Testaments; and it was by the frequent
reading and hearing of these writings that
the people, often coming together under
cover of night, were able to increase their
knowledge of divine truth, and to cherish
and confirm their new and better faith.

Henry Forrest, a young Benedictine"
monk of Linlithgow, called Hamilton a
martyr, and read the ~New Testament. The
Primate said, "We must burn him in order
to terrify the others." To the north of
St. Andrews, in Forfar and Angus, many
people loved the New Testament which was
come from Germany. There still exists in
that district a village named Luthermoor,
and Luther's Bridge, and Luther's Mill,
and Luther's Torrent, which falls into the
North Esk. There Henrj- Forrest, Scot-
land's second martyr, was burned for his
Lutheran faith, as "equal in iniquity with
Master Patrick Hamilton."

44

Hamilton'' s Influence upon Scotland.

Alexander Stratoun, Laird of Lauriston,
read the New Testament in English to his
brother David, who was the first layman to
be burned for his faith, August 27, 1534,
on Calton Hill, Edinburgh.

When the peddlers of indulgences came
around to sell forgiveness of sins for cold
cash, the Vicar of Dollar said to his people :
"I am bound to speak the truth to you ; this
is but to deceive you. There is no pardon
for our sins that can come to us either from
Pope or any other, but solely by the blood
of Christ."

He was accused of the crime of preach-
ing the Bible to the people. The Bishop
was lazy and lenient, and urged, if the
Vicar preached so much, the people might
get the notion into their heads the Bishop
ought also to preach. "It is enough for
you, when you find any good epistle or any
good gospel, that setteth forth the liberty
of the Church, to preach that and let the
rest alone."

Forret replied he did not know of any
ill gospel or epistle, in either Old or New
Testaments which he had read, but if his
lordship would point out any evil parts, he
wOuld omit them, and preach only the good.

45

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

"Nay, brother Thomas, my joy, that I can-
not do, for I thank God I never knew either
the Old or New Testament. I will know
nothing but my breviary and pontifical.
But go your way, and leave these fancies
alone, else you will repent it when you can-
not mend it."

Forret would not be silenced, and he was
burned ten years after Patrick Hamilton.
As the fiery chariots bore his soul aloft, he
prayed portions of the Psalms telling his
faith in God and hope of glory.

No fewer than nine Black Friars of
St. Dominic endured exile or death from
1528 to 1544. The first of these to preach
the Gospel was Alexander Seyton, confessor
of the young King James Y. He spoke
plainly in the confessional to the immoral
King, and in the pulpit against immoral
bishops. Of course, he had to flee for his
life. He became chaplain of the Duke of
Suffolk in England, and was succeeded by
John Willock, another Scotch exile.

Kennedy, a young man of Ayr, not yet
eighteen, "of an excellent ingyne in Scot-
tish poesy," was arrested for heresy in 1539,
and with Jerome Russell was burned.

John Erskine, the Laird of Dun, w'as

4()

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

married at what people in those times
called the "perfect age of fourteen years."
From his travels abroad he brought with
him a learned Frenchman, Petrus de Mar-
siliers, to introduce Greek into Montrose.
Erskine became an ardent reformer and,
though a layman, a Superintendent, or
Bishop of the Kirk. He placed the crown
on the head of King James VI in 1567 at
Stirling.

George Wishart and Andrew Melville
learned Greek at Erskine's school at Mont-
rose, and for teaching the Greek New Testa-
ment there George Wishart was accused of
heresy and exiled; in 1545 he was burned
to death at St. Andrews. As a result of
this. Cardinal David Beaton was murdered
in the Castle of St. Andrews the next year.

Eobert Eichardson of St. Andrews be-
came a Lutheran preacher soon after 1530
in England under Thomas Cromwell, Prime
Minister to Henry VIH.

In 1532 "there was ane greit objuratioun
of the favouraris of Mertene Lutar in the
Abbey of Halyrudhous" ; of course, all
their property was taken by the King. Two
years later in the same place sixteen were

47

X

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^ I

" r.

fci)

1^

o

«

(U

■J

o

Si^

0)

48

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

convicted, and they lost all their goods to
the King.

Norman Gourlay was burned for marry-
ing a wife. "But if he had used ten thou-
sand whores, he had not been burned,"
grimly remarks Pitscottie in his history.

Andrew Chartres of Dundee, a Car-
thusian monk, had to flee to England in
1538, and then studied a year in Witten-
berg.

'Way up in Perth, James Kesby had
preached the teaching of Wyclif, and was
burned in 1407. But this did not keep
John M' Alpine, of the famous clan Alpine,
and Prior of the Monastery at Perth, from
becoming a distinguished Lutheran in 1534.
He had to flee for his life to England; in
1540 he went to Wittenberg and became a
friend of Luther and Melanchthon ; the
latter called him Joannes Macchabaeus.
Upon their recommendation he was made
professor of theology in the University of
Copenhagen in Denmark, and was one of
the translators of the Bible into Danish.

Although another Wyclifite preacher had
been burned about 1422 at Glasgow, John
M'Dowel, a Black Friar of the University
of Glasgow, "a man of singular prudence,

49

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

besides his learning and godliness," became
a Lutheran and had to flee from Scotland
about 1537 to England and about 1540 to
Germany, where he was elected Buerger-
meister of a city.

Soon after Hamilton's death, Gavyn
Logic, principal regent of St. Leonard's
College, a man of high standing in the Uni-
versity of St. Andrews, went over to Lu-
theranism, and spread the doctrine among
his students till he was exiled in 1534.

One of his students, John Fyfe, or
Joannes Faithus, studied at Wittenberg in
1539. Melanchthon called him Joannes
Fidelis, and recommended him as a profes-
sor of theology at Frankfort in 1547.

David Lyne, a Franciscan, was driven
away about 1538, and at Wittenberg won
the heart of Melanchthon by his piety and
learning; and in a letter of August, 1556,
the Preceptor of Germany recommends him
to John Faith, the Scotch Lutheran pro-
fessor at Frankfort.

In Dundee the three Wedderburns ex-
celled in "gude and godly ballads," largely
translations of Luther's hymns, and these
were sung by the earliest Scottish reformers
to the original Lutheran tunes. Of the

50

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

three brothers John at least had been with
Luther at Wittenberg in 1539.

Canon Alexander Alane, whom we already
know, spoke his mind regarding the cruelty-
displayed in Hamilton's death. Archbishop
Beaton and Prior Hepburn laid a trap for
liim by appointing him preacher before the
provincial synod of clergy in St. Andrews
in 1529. He preached on the duty of the
clergy to feed the flock and to set a good
example. The Archbishop smelled a taint
of Luther anism in the Canon's officious zeal
for morality, and it gave mortal offense to
Hepburn, who felt personally condemned
for his notorious adulteries. Hepburn put
Alane into a filthy dungeon for months, and
kicked him on the head, almost killing him.
The King interposed, but without effect.

Seeing that nothing short of Alane's
death would satisfy the Prior, the Canon's
friends helped him to escape on the ship
•of a German, ready to sail, 1532. He saw
two young Lutherans burned in Cologne,
and in 1533 came to Wittenberg, where
Melanchthon changed his name to Alesius,
i. e., the Wanderer, and from that time he
was known as Aleander Alesius. He was
without funds, and so Luther and Melanch-

51

JOHN COCHLAEUS.

52

PHILIP MELANCHTHON.

53

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

thou got the Elector of Saxony to give him
the prebend of Altenburg. They were kind
to the Scots, for their forefathers had sent
the early Christian missionaries to the
heathen Germans. Later he invited Me-
lanchthon to the baptism of his little Anna.

At Wittenberg he printed two eloquent
epistles, pleading with the King of Scots
to permit the reading of the Bible in the
mother-tongue. Cochlaeus stoutly asserts
that these letters were written by Melanch-
thon, "that Coryphaeus of heresy, that
architect of lies." Perhaps Melanchthou
revised these letters, as he did the works of
many others. Here Alesius became a Lu--
theran and signed the Augsburg Confession.
When Alesius, in 1535, was sent by Me-
lanchthou with a prresent of books to Cran-
mer and Henry VIII of Engand, John
Stigelius "pursued him with an elegy."

The King made him a teacher of theology
at Queen's College, Cambridge; but he was
too Lutheran, his life was in danger, and
he left to practise medicine in London. In
1537 Thomas Cromwell used him to dispute
against the Catholics "Of the Auctorite of
the Word of God concerning the Number of
the Sacraments"; it was dedicated to John

54

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

Frederick of Saxony. In 1540 Elector
Joachim II of Brandenburg made him pro-
fessor of theology at Frankfort. In 1543
he refused a call of Duke Albrecht of
Prussia to the new University of Koenigs-
berg. He went to Leipzig as professor of
theology, and when the news came to
Melanchthon at Bonn that the Scotch Par-
liament had permitted the Bible to every
one, he wrote to Camerarius his fears that
the Scotchman would be off again to Scot-
land on the wings of Daedalus. But Alesius
stayed in Leipzig; in 1555 and 1561 he was
even chosen Rector of the University. Full
of honors, he died March 17, 1565.

Soon after Hamilton's death. Sir James
Scrymgeour, Constable of Dundee and he-
reditary standard-bearer of the kingdom,
stood forward as a fearless defender of
oppressed Lutherans, and frankly told the
mitered Prior Patrick Hepburn how gladly
he would have foiled the cleric's cruel de-
signs. This was an important accession to
the cause of the Reformation, since Sir
James was connected with powerful fam-
ilies, and these became associated with the
Reformation.

John Andrew Duncan, Laird of Airdie,

55

Hamilton's Influence vpon Scotland.

who had tried to rescue Hamilton, became
a Lutheran, and greatly influenced the old
families of Fife and Perthshire, where Paul
Craw, the Bohemian Hussite, and James
Resby, the English Wyclifite, had been
burned for preaching the Gospel.

Henry Balnaves studied at Cologne, and,
of course, Joecame acquainted with the Lu-
theran Reformation. In 1543 he was
appointed Secretary of State and Keeper
of all the Seals of our Lady the Queen. At
this time he was already a Reformer of long
standing and very useful to the cause. In
1538 he was marked out for vengeance, and
escaped only by the sudden death of Thomas
Scott, who had plotted to kill him.

Sir David Lindsay, the great poet-
reformer of Scotland, was roused when the
alarm of the advent of Lutheranism and
the voice of Hamilton's martyr testimony
rang loud through the land. His ^'Dreme,"
and "Complaint," and "Testament and
Complaint," and "The Three Estates"
greatly served the Reformation.

George Buchanan, tutor to James YI, in
his "Somnium," "Palinodia," and "Fran-
ciscanus," pungent and powerful satires in
purest Latin, was a vast help to the Refor-

56

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

mation. Even the King could not shield
him from the vengeance of his clerical ene-
mies, and he had* to flee to England.

Sir James Hamilton, Patrick's elder
brother, was excommunicated and banished,
and his lands and goods confiscated to the
crown. His sister Katherine appeared be-
fore the tribunal in the Church of Holy-
rod, and pleaded her own cause with great
spirit and courage. "Being questioned on
the point of justification by works, she
answered simply that she believed no person
could be saved by his works. Master John
Spence, the lawyer, held a long discourse
with her about that purpose, telling her
that there were divers sorts of works —
works of congruity and works of condig-
nity; in the application whereof he con-
sumed a long time. The young woman
growing thereupon into a chafe, cried out,
'Work here, work there, what kind of work-
ing is all this? I know perfectly that no
works can save me but the works of Christ,
my Savior !' " The King was sitting on the
bench and laughed heartily at her answer;
yet, taking the gentlewoman aside, he moved
her to recant her opinions. She granted to
his princely entreaties what she had stoutly

57

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

refused to the lawyer's arguments and
sophistical distinctions, and professing her
submission to the authority of the Church,
she was allowed to escape.

But she again became a Lutheran, for in
1539 we find her mentioned in a letter of
the Duke of Norfolk, the English governor
of Berwick, as having been a fugitive in
that city "for a good season, and she dare
not return for holding our ways."

She was not the only fugitive from Scot-
land for her religion, for Norfolk reports to
Cromwell that every day there came to him
"some gentlemen and some clerks, fleeing
out of Scotland for reading the Scripture
in English, saying that if they were taken,
they should be put to execution."

Lord Ruthven was "a stout and discreet
man in the cause of God." John Stewart,
son of that Lord Methven who married the
Dowager Queen Margaret, "was a professor
of the truth" and was "convict of heresy."

William Hay, Earl of Errol, "was learned
both in humanity and divinity, and specially
well versed in the New Testament. He
would rehearse, word by word, the choicest
sentences, specially such as served to estab-
lish solid comfort in the soul by faith in

58

THOMAS CROMWELL.
Holbein.

59

291772K

Hamilton's Influence upon ticotland.

Christ. He suffered much for the cause
of Christ."

Sir John Borthwick, a scholar and sol-
dier, a theologian and courtier, was a Lu-
theran, and tried to convert King James V
to Luther anism. In 1540 he was accused
of having "divers books suspected of heresy,
including the New Testament in English,
Oecolampadius, Melanchthon, and several
treatises of Erasmus" ; he was excommuni-
cated and burned in effigy in St. Andrews.

On St. Paul's Day, January 25, 1543, at
Perth, Robert Lamb, James Hunter, Wil-
liam Anderson, and James Ranaldson were
hanged. While in labor, Mrs. Ranaldson
refused to pray to the Virgin Mary, and
therefore was denied the comfort of being
hanged from the same beam with her hus-
band, but was drowned, after she had given
her new-born babe to a friend.

The Dominican Monastery of Stirling
had the signal distinction of giving three
martyrs to the Reformation. One of these
was John Rough, "the first man from whom
John Knox received any taste of the truth,"
and in him the religious life, which received
its first impulse from Patrick Hamilton,
linked itself on to the work of John Knox.

60

Hamilton's Influence upon Scotland.

The most striking and impressive proof
of the progress of the Reformation made in
Scotland at the close of the Hamilton period
was shown in the passing of the Act of
Parliament, March 15, 1543, introduced by
Lord Maxwell, which ordained "that it
should be lawful to every man to use the
benefit of the translation which then they
had of the Bible and New Testament, to-
gether with the benefit of other treatises
containing wholesome doctrine."

Fires flared up afresh, and Walter Mill
was burned at St. Andrews in 1558 ; but
he was the last, and the law to permit the
reading of the Bible was never repealed.

In view of the influence of Luther on
Scotland, Professor A. F. Mitchell says :
"Our native country owes a debt of grati-
tude which its historians have hitherto been
slow to acknowledge."

61

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

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FOR THE PLAIN PEOPLE,

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P. L., in Luth. Kirch enhlatt: "Every word in
this prayer that is at all noteworthy is illuminated
from all sides. The various discussions are short
and terse, but they unfold a deep treasure of
thought. .The language is noble and powerful ; in
a masterly manner the author always knows how
to find the most fitting words, and nowhere is
there found a superfluous word. Every sentence
goes into the subject as an arrow into the bull's
eye."

JESUS — HIS WORDS AND HIS WORKS.

20 art plates in colors, after Dudley. 195 halftones,

and 2 maps of Palestine. IX and 481 pages. Size,

7%X10. Beautifully bound. Gilt top. $3.30.

Der Lutheraner: "Earnest Bible-readers will be
delighted. Even the thoughtless will be spurred
on to read, and read on. Pithy, popular English,
Sentences short, say much in few words ; in their
sureness of aim and hitting remind one of the
crack of a repeating-rifle. Above all, verv interest-
ing."

Thcol. Quarterly: "Some of the best that learn-
ing and art. piety and reverence, could produce.
Will be read with unflagging interest and, what is
more, with great spiritual profit."

Theol. Quartalschrift: "A masterpiece ; ortho-
dox ; gripping ; fascinating ; vivid ; crisp. A pre-
cious gift of God, which Christendom ought to hail
with joy and spread with zeal."

United Lutheran: "Most beautiful book of its
kind we have ever seen."

Christian Herald (N. Y. ) : "A rarely beautiful
book. Fascinating form, skilful manner ; enjoy-
able and helpful to young and old."

63

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

Luther the Liberator. 6th Edition $ .05

Christian Science Unchristian, otli Va\. . . .05

Mission Work. 4th Ed OG

Temperance. 2d Ed 05

Infant Baptism. 6th Ed 05

Christian Giving, No. 2. 3d Thousand. . . .12

Why I Believe the Bible. 2d Ed 20

What Think Ye of Christ? 2d Ed OG

The Real Presence 12

The Dance. 5tli Ed 06

The Theater. 2d Ed 12

Opinions on Secret Societies. 2d Ed 05

Freemasonry. 3d Ed 05

Odd-fellowship. 2d Ed 05

The Cong-regational Meeting 05

Churchgoing. 4th Ed 06

John Hus 25

Wm. Tyndale, Translator English Bible.. .30

The Pope in Politics. 2d Ed '. .06

Church and State. 2d Ed 06

Why Protestant, Xot Roman Catholic ... .05

Principles of Protestantism 03

Why I am a Lutheran. 11th Ed 06

Why Lutheran, Xot Seventh-day Adventist.

2d Ed '. 05

Why the Name "Lutheran." 2d Ed 05

Luther's Catechism. 12th Ed 11

John Lord's Luther 05

Forgiveness of Sins 05

64

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