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^ 



vr n 



>v* 



THE 



PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY 



PACIFIC COAST. 



SUMO A ooiiFi:m eibiobt or ihb oBian, oosmnos aks FBoanBBa of aobicult- 



[, VID rUUi LIST OF CB4BTBE 



UBirr, CUBBKim AKD BANEIHO. 



EZRA S. CAER, M.D., LL.D., 




BAN FEANCI8C0: 
A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY, 

PtlHTi T H Hi n Wi BoOESELLSUa AND StATIOHSIIB. 

1875. 



lELAHID., ../VEBSm. 

Entered according to Act of Cougri'ss, In tlio year of our Lord 1875, by 

A. L. BANOBOFT A COMPANY, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



PREFAOE. 



To present in a compact and readily accessible form the 
annals of the farmers' movement in California, with a sum- 
mary of the advantages thus far secured by combination and 
cooperation, was the primary object of this work. In addition, 
I have thought it desirable to show the general relations of ag- 
riculture to human progress; to give the results of recent official 
investigations into railroad affairs, and to treat of some other 
questions of general public interest, by summarizing important 
and recent reports not generally accessible to Patrons. 

Again, I know of no single work in which the statistical in- 
formation which farmers so often need for reference can bo 
obtained. I have endeavored to meet this want, in the dis- 
cussions of the various subjects to which such information 
appropriately belongs. 

As the work grew upon my hands, I have found that the pres- 
entation of my subject involved a constant reference to author- 
ities. As far as possible, therefore, I have allowed each witness 
to speak for himself, to the exclusion of all claims to originality 
on my own part. • I am greatly indebted to able writers. Pro- 
fessor Perry, President Anderson, Henry George, Hon. M. M. 
Estee and others, who have placed their valuable papers at my 
disposal, and I only regret that want of space has made it 
necessary for me to exclude any portion of them. 

The second chapter, defining the ** office of Agriculture in the 
Social Economy," is a condensation of the instruction in Po- 
litical Economy, given more than twenty years ago, to college 
classes, by the late John H. Lathrop, LL. D., first President 
of the Universities of Missouri and Wisconsin. In the chapter 
on "Agriculture in the Public Schools," it will be observed 
that the agitation of this question is not a recent thing in agri- 
cultural bodies. The Grange has done little more than to 
organize the public sentiment of farmers for the effective exer- 



6 PREFACE. 

else of their legitimate powers. Its progress is no marvel to 
those who have been in sympathy with the working classes of 
the country, who understand their needs, and are ready to lend 
a hand in removing their burdens. 

Great care has been taken to insure correctness in the sta- 
tistical part of the'work, and to omit nothing of importance in 
the documentary history of the State Grange. The names of 
the charter members, having been copied from the original dis- 
pensations, where the signatures are not unfrequently nearly 
illegible, it has been impossible to entirely avoid orthographical 
mistakes. The attempt to preserve a complete record of the 
founders of Subordinate Granges, will, we trust, excuse a few 
unavoidable errors in its execution. 

Valuable assistance has been rendered by the officers of the 
State Grange, and especially by W. H. Baxter, its Worthy 
Secretary; also by the officers and agents of the various busi- 
ness associations. To Mr. Edward Vischer, of San Francisco, 
who has kindly furnished the rural illustrations from his own 
admirable sketches of California life and scenery; to the 
editors of the ** Rural Press," and other agricultural and local 
journals, I am under many obligations. 

E- S. 0. 

Oakland, August Ist, 1875- 



OOIfTEIfTS. 



PART FIRST. 

Relation op Agricultube to PROOiiEbs, 

CHAPTEE I. 

ORGANIZATION OF LABOB. 

FAOS. 

The Masonic Fraternity — Gailds — Movements of Labor in the present cen- 
tury — The Spirit of Industry constructive — What Equality is — How Edu- 
cation promotes Equality — Self-Love vs. Social Feeling — Mr. Seward's 
Opinion — ^All great Movements Historical as well as Progressive 17 

CHAPTER II. 

THE OFFICE OF AOBICXTLTUBB IN THE SOCIAL ECONOMY. 

Man and Nature — Agriculture the Foundation of Industry — Raw Materials — 
First Steps toward Manufactures — Civilization regards all the Processes 
of equal Value — The Social Body, its different Parts and Functions — 
How Division of Labor increases Production, and begets Exchange or 
Commerce — Commerce a Charge upon Agriculture — Magnitude of the 
Tax — How this enriches the Farmer — Money as a Commercial Agent — 
Office of the Railroad and of Money to cheapen Exchange — Relations of 
Agriculture to the Professions: to the growth of Towns: to Science.. . 20 

CHAPTER III. 

AOBICULTITBE IN THE ANCIENT WOKLD. 

Civilization a relative Term — Wealth — Wild Wheat and Rice — The Date: 
Millet — Egyptian Agriculture and Horticulture — Flax Culture — Grana- 
ries, Models of our Elevators — Condition of the People — China— Confu- 
cius* Teachings — How Silk Culture was Promoted— Implements — Size of 
Farms — Wages — Japan, compared with Great Britain — Wheat Culture — 
Rural Life in Greece — Xonophon a Farmer — Hesiod's Works and Days 
— Public Gardens — Decay — Aristotle the Father of a rational Polity — 
Slavery — Rome — Patricians and Plebeians — Size of Farms — Common 
Pasture — Tenants — Cato's Steward — ^The Rome of To-day 25 

CHAPTER IV. 

AOBICULTUBE IN MODEBN EUBOPE. 

Germany and England— Ranks— Folks Land and Rents — Degradation of 
the British Laborer — Allowance of Food—Elevation of the Mechanical 



8 CONTENTS. 

PAOS. 

Class — Proportion of Land Owners to Popnlation — ^Wnges of LftboreiB 
— Eow England is Fed — Scotlund a Wheat Growing Country — Ameliora- 
tion of Climate through Agriculture — Pedigree Cattle and Sheep — France 
— Small Farming and Population — Wheat Culture — The Late Wir — 
Holland and the Low Countries — A Model for Cahfomia — Deep Tillage 
— Diversity of Crops — Use of Machinery — Night-soil and Manures — 
notation— Modem Germany — Beet Culture— Maize Culture in Austria — 
Bussia our Blval in Wheat — Conclusion 38 

CHAPTER V. 

AOBICULTUBE IN THR UNITED STATES. 

American Independence due to the Farmers — The South Atlantic States — 
Want of System — Cotton and Tobacco— Gov. Hammond on South Caro- 
lina Agriculture — Georgia Silk Culture — Gov. Collier on the Wants of 
Alabama — The Old Dominion and the Old Commonwealth contrasted — 
Emigration — First Agricultural Societies and Journals estabhshed in the 
South — How diversified Industry would have secured Emancipation — 
Louisiana — Texas. 46 

CHAPTER VI. 

AOBICULTITBE IN THK EASTKBN AND MIDDLE STATES. 

Value of statistical Reports — Highest average Yield of Wheat in Massachu- 
setts — A Southern View of New England — Value of Hay Crop — Vermont 
and the Wool Interest — What the New England States raise and what 
they eat— The Empire State— Genesee Wheat — ^The Weevil— Fish and 
Fur Culture — Profits of Cheese and Butter Factories — Mr. Arnold on 
the Future of Dairying — Pennsylvania — New Jersey a Market Garden 
— Cranberry Culture — Peach Culture in Delaware and Maryland 53 

CHAPTER VII. 

FABMINO IN THE WESTERN STATES. 

The World's Granary — Relative Value of Com and Wheat — Stock Farming 
vs. Wheat Farming— Improved Implements— Trial of American Ma- 
chines — Missouri, Tennessee and Kentucky — California and Oregon — 
Agriculture of the Catholic Missions— John Gilroy and his Neighbors — 
Large Wheat Fields— Enormous €rop of 1872 — Market for California 
Wheat — ^Farmers not emiohed by this Stream of Wealth — Tonnage — 
Prices — California the Centre of Wine and Wool Production — Table 
Showing Yield and Price of Farm Products in each State for 1873: Ex- 
hibiting Value of Farm Property: Number of Persons engaged in Agri- 
culture and other Occupations CI 



PAET SECOND. 

The Farmers' Great Awakening, 
chapter viii. 

THK FABMEIIS IN COUNCIL. 

Gathering of the Clubs— Mr. Hyatt's tolling Report on Shipping— Proposal 
for a Convention— Expression of Opinion — A Summary of Complaints — 



CONTENTS. 9 

PAOK. 

Orgnnizatioa of tho Farmers* Union at Sacramento— Fraudulent Wlieat 
Quotations. 75 

CHAPTER IX. 

HOW THE CLUBS BECAME OBANOE8. 

Meeting of the Board of Directors — President BidwelPs Bemarks— Major 
Snyder adyocates building Codperative Warehouses — Judge McCune on 
Fares and Freights — Sonoma Club— Mass Meeting at Stockton — Thirty 
Thousand Dollars subscribed — Mr. Baxter appears on the Scene— Con- 
Tention at San Francisco — How the Grangers negotiated for Sacks and 
didn't get them — Gen. Bidwell's Address — A Lady's Suggestions — Mr. 
Hallett on the Future of the Wheat Market — Convention recommends 
the Formation of Granges — Winding up of its Affairs 87 

CHAPTER X. 

THE OBDEB 01 PATBONS OF HUSBANDBT. 

How established — Messrs. Kelley and Saunders — A Cloud no bigger than a ^ 
Man's Hand — Significance of Names, ** Grange" and ** Patron" — 
Eligibility: Organization and First Officers: First Four Dispensations — 
Growth on the Upper Mississippi — Eighty Granges a day in Iowa — 
Third Annual Session — What the Patrons propose to do— Official Decla- 
ration of Purposes — Constitution and By-Laws 104 

CHAPTER XI. 

WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. 

Growth — Causes of Numerical Strength — Granges of the first and second 
Growth — Investments and Savings — General and incidental Benefits — 
Worthy Master Adams' Address at Charleston — Summary of Proceedings 
— What was done about the Texas Pacific Railroad, and why it was done* 118 

CHAPTER XII. 

ANNALB 07 THE STATE OBANOE OF CALIFOBNIA. 

Oi-ganization at Napa — Representation — Address of N. "W. Garretson — Spe- 
cific Objects stated — Resolutions — State Book of Plans — Election of 
Officers and Executive Committee — Agencies provided for — First An- 
nual Meeting — One Hundred and Four Granges in Three Months-* 
"Worthy Master Wright's Address — Report of Committee on Irrigation- < 
Committee of Inquiry into Agricultural Department of University- 
Election of Officers for two ensuing Years — Presentation to Bruthe: 
Garretson — Installation — Professor Carr's Lecture 131 

CHAPTER Xin. 

CONSTITUTIOH OF THE CAUFOBNIA STATE OBANOE— BT-LAW8 — BULES-OF^BDEB . . . 153 

CHAPTER XIV. 

BUBINKSS OPKBATIONS AND OBGANIZATIONS. 

Agency established in San Francisco — Mr. A. F. Walcott appears for E. E. 
Morgan's Sons — Firm endorsed by prominent Houses — Agreements and 
Precautions— State Agent — Competition produces better Prices— Savings 
of the first Year — Grangers' Bank Meeting — Organization — Dairy 
Agency — Stanislaus Saving and Loan Society — Warehouses at Modesto 



H 



f;oN"n:xTS. 



ri.j':---I»ropr>rtioTi of lifinil OwTifrs to Popnlfttioii — "\V; 

it'ow IiiiLjI.iri'l is F' d S''/iti.iii/l a \Vh''-it Orowiiit; Ci' 
tiiin fif r.,iiriHN' tlirr)iix]i A^ri' iiltiin- — I'nrlij^ron ('iilth' i:" 
- Siinill rMriiiint^ ftiid I'rfpiilatiori — Whfmt Ciiltur' - 
n-'lliiiiil »Ln'I Dm Lnw (!(iMiit.iirs--A Model f.ir C'lilif" 

hivr-isity of CropH (Is«! f»f Mftrhiiirry— Nii;lll-■ 
I^of■'lf ji»ii MiidrMii ((frMiuiiy Dfi-t (.'iiituro — Mjii;'«- ■ 
Jlns'^ia our Jlivul in WlH.-ut— (Joiwilusidii 

CIFAITEII V. 

AfifilCL'LTL'ItK IN TflK UNJTKD !■ ' . 

Ani'rii/iM Iiif|f|ifTidMifo dn(« t«> th« FiirmcrH — Tlif 
Wiiiit of Svr<ii;Mi— ('«»ltoii and TolMlCCO^CrOV. I 
lina Aj;ri(Miltiin» — (li>iir({iii Kilk C!iiltnn' — Cmv 
A]:i)iatnii— Tho Old Drniiinirm find ilu; Old <- 
I'!nii;.;riilion— Kirrtf A^ricnltnrnl S(irl«tieKiini' • 
Smith How dlvLTsilicd IndiiHtry would i/ 
Jj'iiii-iium— 'IV'XJiH 



ll'.i 



CTIAPTKK 

AOniOriiTITUK IN TIIK KASTKIl' 

V.'ilui' f»f Sditintind IlpporiH— IliglioHt uv»-! 
H«'tts- A Knutliorn Viow of New Ku--! 
mid tho Wool In(vrt>Kt— Whiit th«; ^^ 
iln-y ml— Tho Knipirc 8tato— Gt-i:-. 
I'lir ('idluri» — l*n)lUH of Cbfos*.' :■. 
th" Kiiluro of Diiiryiug — Pcnnsylv 
i'rjinlM?ny Cullurc* — Peach Cu!: 



' ■ i' \'lviin(M» 

:• ■•! INTl-"! 

■ ■ i'iiiliin- of 

M.I tin;; <if the 

\\ ■ II Iiis<>oiitinii- 

\ ^N.iiiation fonurd 

is' l^lHinCHM Asso- 



iiOl 



CIT ' ■ 

FARinNG IX . 

Tlw "NVoiM'r Omnnn- — Rclativo V*u. 
v»«. Whpiit Farming -I lupru^' . 
cliiui'M— Miswiiiri, T«*nni'SKi »■ 
A;!rioultnro of the Gatholii; . 
1.ar);o Wheat Fields — Euv: 
WhoAt— Farroeni not cut. 
Prioi>M - California the i > 
^^hl)wing Yield and Pru <t . 
liihiting Value of Fun. 
iMiUiuv and other Oo ■ 



UlCVX^UD. 



-■>■ 



.' u-.fi.>mi:k Stato Orani^o— I'x- 

.m> (\Miaci1s: of Orf^Jini/.'.ni: 

■•:«•«;•, :irn%iip^l l»y Countii's — \r- 

^^^» U^Avnl: of th<» t'hnrtor Mnn- 

.... \i%:%du— Ort'i^on StattMlraij;.-!- — 

... v'Tj,«Aiu',tt:C rtir.tiis-~i>uK.riiiD;\li 

.. I k-ittu-rv : of Idaho CI 1 



Gathering of 
forr 



. , Vvxui 1 1 rv;vr on the Pacific Coa^t. 
^ :uu iKt; \v;:i. 

' -L^ •ui:v !\"". -.v.. AT..'. i:> !'^:>::;y«'i ■:.■- L :. S 



T:' 



10 CONTENTS 

PAOB. 

— Davisvillo Grango incorporates — Colnsa Connty Bank — ^Waterford — 
Warehouses and Basiness Associations 159 

CHAPTER XV. 

THK SECOND ANNUAL MEfiTINO. 

Large Attendance — Worthy Master Hamilton's Address — A Grange Funeral 
— Festival of Pomona — Im^Ktrtant llesolutions — Abstract of Beport of 
State Agent: of the Executive Committee: of the Treasurer: of the Lec- 
turer: of the Manager of Dairy Produce Department: of Committee on 
the Agricultural College of the State University: of the Committee on 
Irrigation: of the Committee on Education and Labor: of the Committee 
on the Good of the Order 173 

CHAPTER XVI. 

■ 

THR PATBONS' TBIAI.8 AND TBIUICPHS. 

The Wheat Shipping Business — The Wheat King and Mr. Walcott — Advance 
in Freights in 1872-3 — Exaggerated Estimates of the Crop of 1874-5 
Mr. Walcott's various Enterprises — The Sack Purchase — Failure of 
Morgan's Sons proves a Blessing in Disguise — Called Meeting of the 
Grange — ^Practical Fellowship— All's Well that Ends Well— Discontinu- 
ance of Dairy and Produce Agency — The Business Association formed 
— Officers and Articles of Incorporation of the Grangers' Business Asso- 
ciation 201 



PAET THIRD. 

GiiiNGE Directory and Eecord. 
CHAPTER xvn. 

OaANOE DIBEOTOBT. 

Officers and Members ol the National Grango — California State Grange— Ex- 
ecutive Committee: of District and County Councils: of Organizing 
Deputies — Subordinate Granges of California, arranged by Counties — Ne- 
vada Subordinate Granges — ^The Grange Record: of the Charter Mem- 
bers of each Grango in California and Nevada — Oregon State Grange — 
Officers — Executive Committee and Organizing Deputies — Subordinate 
Granges of Oregon: of Washington Territory: of Idaho 211 



PAET FOUETH. 

Aids and Obstacles to Aobicultube on the Pacifio Coast. 

chapter xviii. 

LAND MONOPOLY. 

Mr. J. Stuart Mill's Axiom — The Public Domain, and its Distribution — Lamia 
in California — Prosperity shown by the Proportion of Farms to Popu- 
lation — DiHi)osition of State Lands — Eflfects of Consolidation of Lauded 
Interests in England — Spanish and Mexican Domination — Mexican 



CONTENTS. 11 

PAQS. 

Grants, and a discreditable Chapter of History — Bounty of the Federal 
Government — How the State Lands have been Manipnlated — Discrep- 
ancy between Federal and State Laws — Eastern College and Indian 
Scrip — Swamp and Tide Lands — Agricnltural College Grant — Eailroad 
Grant — California Peerage, and status of our Landlords — Discrimina- 
tion in Taxation—Bemedies 290 



CHAPTER XIX. 

WATEB MONOPOLY AND IBBIOATION. 

Canal and Water Companies: How authorized — Legislation favorable to Mo- 
nopolies — Los Angeles Convention — Voice of the People — Gov. Dow- 
ney's Address — Memorial of Colorado to Congress — Congress appoints 
Irrigation Commissioners for California — Mr. Brereton's Views of Agri- 
culture in the San Joaquin Valley — Conclusionsr>arrived at by the Com- 
missioncrsu 304 

CHAPTER XX. 

THE TBBIOATION PBOBLEM. 

Cotit of Irrigation — Loss by Absorption — Amount of Water required per 
Acre — ^Amount used in Foreign Countries — Primary, Secondary and Ter- 
tiary Ditches — Bases of Estimates — Ownership of Water — Mr. Estee's 
Views concerning Legislation — Italian Authorities quoted — Dr. Byer's 
Iliuts toward a Soluium of the Problem — Irrigatixm and Public Health. 319 

CHAPTER XXI. 

TRANSPOBTATION. 

• 

Results of Railroad Investigation by Congress — Committee: how formed — 
Exhaustive Researches — Magnitude of Interests involved — Inadequacy 
of Means of Transportation — Defects and Abuses — Discriminations and 
Extortions — Stock Watering — Capitalization of Earnings — Construction 
Rings — Unjust Discriminations — General Extravagance and Corruption 
of Railway Management — Combinations and Consolidations — Nominal 
Capital and fictitious Stock — Excess of Capital over Actual Stock — Illus- 
trations — How Evils maybe remedied — Summary of Conclusions and 
Roconmicndations — Congress may regulate Inter-State Transportation. . 329 

CHAPTER XXII. 

SAILBOAD LEGISLATION AND INVESTIGATION IN WI9CONBIN. 

Railroad Legislation in Wisconsin — Abstract of the Potter Law — AbHtraot of 
Report of Conmiissioners — Nature of the Controversy between the Peo- 
ple and the Railroads — Solf-interost of Corporations not a sufficient 
Guaranty against Extortions — Competition tends to Consolidation — Evils 
of Railway Construction and Management — Causes of undue Cost — 
Construction on Credit — Corrupt letting of Contracts — Misappropria- 
tion of Land Grants — Illinois Law — Supervisory Duty of States holding 
Land Grants — Illinois Decision 336 



12 CONTENTS 

' PAQS. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

HANAOE3IENT OF BAILBOADS IN OPEBATION. 

Monagoment of Hailrouda in Operation— Ilailroads as Merchants — Hings — 
American Genius displayed in Stock Watering— Unskillful Management 
— Excessive Charges — Rulroad Side of the Question — Benefits conferred 
— Public Character of Itailways established — Necessity of Control, and 
consequent Right of Supervision^ — Interests of Capital require Control 
— Insecurity of Railroad Investments — How Control may be exercised — 
Faulty Legislation — Summary of Conclusions — Ohio Commissioners on 
Raihx)ad Rates 342 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

SAILROADS IN CALIFOBNIA. 

California Railroads: Routes, Length and Gauge — Senator Cole on the Pub- 
lic Interest in Railroads — Mr. Stanford's Report on the Financial Con- 
dition of the Central Pacific — The Railways of the World — Funded Debt 
and net Earnings of the Railroads of the United States 350 

CHAPTER XXV. 

▲OBICULTUnAL EDUCATION IN THE PUBLIC BCHOOIil. 

First urged by Massachusetts Agricultural Society — Manual of Agriculture 
prepared — Action taken by other States — Obstacles to Success — Profes- 
sor Turner on Text-book Monopolies — Superintendent Northrup's Views 
on the Educational Value of Labor. 359 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

HIOHXB AOBICULTUBAL EDUCATION. 

How provided for by Foreign Governments: France: Germany: Royal Agri- 
cultural School at Wurtemberg: Russia — Beginnings in the United 
States — The Congressional Grant — Evasions and Perversions — A Liter- 
ary Kite with an Agricultural Tail— An Example of Good Faith — The 
Record of California — President Anderson's Ideal of an Agricultural 
C ollege 364 

CHAPTER XXVn. 

THE INBUSTBIAIi EDUCATION OF WOHEN. 

Woman as an Industrialist — The Field of Domestic Life — Her Vocation as a 
Paid Laborer — ^Housekeeping as a Fine Art — Training Schools for Women 
in America and in Europe — Dr. Kohler's Institute at Gotha — How Wo- 
men are Instructed in the Cost of Living 385 

CHAPTER XXVni. 

PAPEB MONET AND A PBOTECTIVE TAllOT. 

SUse Lights — General Principles — What Currency is — Legislation required 
—Professor Perry's Views — Dialogue between Bouamy Price and the 
New York Capitalists — Origin of Tariflfs — Effects of Protection upon Ag- 
ricultural Industry — Tariffs Take, but never Give— Table showing Totil 
Anount of Property and Taxation in the United States 392 



CONTENTS. 13 

PAOS. 

CHAPTEB XXTX. 

BA27SS JkUD MONEY. 

Formers need Cheap Money — Legislation controlled by Capitalists — Farmers 
and Lawyers in Congress — Exemption of Bonds from Taxation — Bate of 
Interest a Test of Prosperity: of Civilization—Banks and Banking— Sav- 
ings Banks — ^Paper Promises made Legal Tenders — Professor Bonamy 
Price on Crises and Panics — Financial Success of English Cooperative 
Associations 412 

CHAPTEB XXX. 

KZCKPTIONJLL CONDITIONS OF THE PAdTIO COAST AFFKGTINO AOBIdTLTUBAL PBOSPEBITY. 

Summary of Advantages : of Disadvantages — ^Wet and Dry Seasons — Varia- 
bility of the Average — Irregularity in each year — Tabular Statement of 
Extremes of Bain-fall — Seasons of Drought — Amount of Bain needed to 
secure a Crop — Amount actually Determined — I^ences and Fuel — Forests 
and the Bain-fall — Forests and Inland Navigation 424 

CHAPTEB XXXI. 

AOBIOULTUBAIi OOMMUNmES. 

Isolation of Farmers — Decrease of Agricultural Population: Causes — Genesis 
of the Middle-man : He devours both Farmer and Mechanic — Better Ed- 
ucation the Bemedy — Becruits for the Agricultural Army — Immigration 
Table-— Scandinavia in America — Superiority of the Colony System — 
Yineland, a model Bural Colony — Outlook and Conclusions. 432 

CHAPTEB XXXn. 

SELECTED P0ETB7 FOB THE O&ANOE. 

The Granger's Politics, B. W. Emerson's Ode and Boston Hymn 445 

The Granger's Beligion, **No Sect in Heaven." 447 

The Granger's Centennial Hymn, by J. G. Whittier 450 

The Celestial Harvest Feast; or, the Beaper's Dreiun, by T. B. Bead 451 

The Granger's Doxology 454 



o 




adthors quoted. 



Adams, D. W., W. M. National Grange. 

Alexander, Gen. B. 

Andeeson, Hon. M. W. 

Andebson, J. A., President Kansas Agrionltnral College. . 

ABNoiiD, L. D., American Dairyman's Association. 

BiDWEiiL, Hon. John. 
Bbebeton, Hou. B. M. 

Carpenteb, S. H., Professor Wisconsin University 
Cabb, Dr. E. S. 
Cabb, Mrs. Jeanne 0. 
Cole, Hon. Coenelius. 

Davidson, Professor Geoboe, United States Irrigation Commissioner. 
Dodge, J. B., United States Statistician, Department of Agricoltore. 
DhrwKY, A. T., Pacific Boral Press. 

Eaton, Gen. John, United States Bureau of Education. • 

EsTEE, Hon. M. M. 
Emebson, Balph Waldo. 

Felton, C. C, President Harvard College. 

Flint, Chas. L., Secretary Massachusetts Agricultural Society. 

Flaoo, W. C. President Hlinois Farmers' Association. 

Gabrktson, N. W., General Deputy, National Grange. 
Geobge, Henby, Editor of San Francisco Evening Post 

Hallett, Hon. Edwin. 

Hamilton, J. M., W. M. California State Grange. 

HoYT, J. W., United States Commissioner to Paris and Vienna Expositions. 

HioBY, Hon. A., Chairman of Legislative Committee on Elducation m California. 

Hittell, Hon. John S. 

Hyatt, Hon. T. Habt. 

Lathbop, J. H., ** Chancellor'* University of Wisconsin. 

McKuNE, Hon. J. 

Mendell, Col. G. H., United States Irrigation Commissioner. 

MooBE, Mrs. J. P. 

Mill, J. Stuabt. 

NoEDHOFF, Chablks, Author of "Communistic Societies in U. S.,'* etc., etc 
Noethbup, Hon. B. G., Superintendent of Schools, Connecticut. 



10 



ADitiOBs ttuomv. 



FmntT, Hm. Owa. U. 

PsntT, FroC A. I^, ProfcMOr of Potilae*l Eoonotn;, Villum'ri Ctdlege, M*ss. 

Pdwnx. Geobob Mai, AmetieMi InMitnte. 

Pbu», Prof. lii/tiMt, PrafcMCK o( FvUliisl Eoonomy, Oifocd, Eotfknd. 

Errm, Dr. M. W. 

HEUt. T. Boi»uua. 

fttwAKD, Hon. W. H. * 

ftrocKBHiMB, Pro&Mor Ml— ehnntni Agrieoltonl CoDaga. 

8ra>n, Hon. J. R. 

Br.AKh Prof. Cku. 

Tuun, Prufewof J. B., JuktoDnlk, IllmaU. 

WniaUT, I. W. A., W. Lecturer of CklifomU Stats Onmse. 

Wannn, J. O. 

WifxiHD, Hon. X. A., Prcaident Nav York Dairvnun'a 




PAET FIEST. 



Relation of Agkiculture to Progeess. 



CHAPTER I. 

OBGANIZATIOK OF LABOR. 

'Ordpr iB the condition of all profn'ess; progress is the object of order. It is rational to lock 
at the evolution of society from a historical stand-point."— Jtiyiufe Conite. 

The Masonic Fratebnity — Guilds — Movements op Labor in the Pbesent Cen- 
tury —The Spikit of Industry Coxstrucjtivk — What Equality is — How 
Education Fromotks Equality — Self Love vs. Social Teelino — Mr. 
Seward's Opinion— All Great Movements Historical as well as Pro- 
gressive. 

The history of the Masonic Fraternity is that of the first at- 
tempt of labor to elevate itself by organization. Originally con- 
sisting of a simple association of practical builders, who trav- 
eled from place to place in pursuance of their calling; they 
gave the name of lodges to their temporary camps, and bound 
themselves by the solemnities of an oath and ritual to coopera- 
tion and fellowship. The advantages thus gained for defense 
were equally powerful for improvement — the skill of each be- 
came a tangible benefit to all; the offices were elective, and 
conferred honor upon the most skillful and capable. From 
this simple beginning, a purely industrial and social order was 
not only enabled to maintain and extend itself through the 
most turbulent periods of European history, but to become a 
teacher of democratic and religious principles, and to exercise 
in many cases a controlling influence upon the policy of govern- 
ments. In process of time, actual participation in a particular 
calling was no longer required, a symbolic representation of the 
underlying truths and principles of the order, sufficing to pre- 

^rve its unity and usefulness. 
2 



18 ORGANIZATION OP LABOB. 

Daring the middle ages, other classes of laborers organized 
into guilds, and wrought out their emancipation from the condi- 
tion of serfs to that of freemen. In all these movements, those 
mechanic arts which were nearest to the necessities imposed by 
war, took precedence. Next in order were those which minis- 
tered most directly to the luxury and vanity of kings and 
nobles. It was reserved for the latest and most Christian era 
to witness the uprising of the agricultural class to a true un- 
derstanding of its office in the social economy, of its disabili- 
ties, and their proper remedy. 

The movement which has been so nearly simultaneous in 
England and America, finds its explanation in conditions and 
dangers almost identical in their nature and effects, though 
differing in many important particulars. In England, for 
instance, a monopoly of land, without suffrage, has degraded 
the farm laborer to a state of helplessness, for which emigra- 
tion seems the only remedy. In America, though land is 
abundant and cheap, and suffrage universal, the centraliza- 
tion of the power of capital has created other monopolies, 
which, having obtained a controlling influence in the govern- 
ment, are equally subversive of the interests of the people. 
The English farm laborer tills another man's land at starvation 
wages; the American farmer tills his own at starvation prices, 
while the rich are growing richer, and the poor poorer, and 
the separation of society into antagonistic classes, is becoming 
more and more complete. 

No single individual, or class of mankind, has intention- 
ally set itself to construct an oppressive system; these are 
evil growths in the rank soil of human selfishness. The 
responsibility of their existence should be shared even by 
those who suffer from them, lacking the individuality and self- 
respect to maintain the position of freemen. It is probably 
not more just to blame capital for the exclusive attention it 
pays to its own interests, than to blame labor for neglecting to 
claim the consideration that is due to its influence upon the 
public welfare. 

During all the vicissitudes through which industry has 
passed, there have been reasons why the masses of the people 
could not look upon the accumalaia>iii iiA'iiiBiiil ml as the first 
step in its own progress. They haf ifn' **« 

oppressive power to appreciate 



HOW EDUCATION PBOMOTES EQUALITY. 19 

have not always remembered that a large capital has the same 
inviolable character as a small one; that the banker's millions 
(if they are savings), are as sacred as the peasant's cow and 
miner's pick. Edward About, in his admirable papers to work- 
ingmen, says: ** To lay violent hands upon capital is to attack 
the incarnation of labor, and it is as monstrous to strip a man 
of his savings as to reduce him to slavery. Slavery is the con- 
fiscation of potential labor, the other crime would confiscate 
labor performed." 

This whole subject may be put in a nutshell. All men set out 
in life with more or less capital, the gift of nature. To that is 
added, in proportions not more varied than are the natural 
faculties of men, a share in the savings of those who have gone 
before. Capital, therefore, as we stand related to it to-day, is 
the saving of either the product of nature or of labor. 

Education, which adds so much to every man's natural capital 
of intellectual faculty, and gives him the power to call it into 
service at any time, also enables him to take a greater share 
in the accumulation of others. It is the great equalizer of hu- 
man conditions. It is both a power and a preparation for the 
exercise of power. The ignorance, the partial and defective 
education of laboring men, whether farmers or mechanics, is 
the most serious drawback to their progress; and from what- 
ever monopolies they sufier, that of education is the worst. 

Hitherto, the superior training and culture of the aristocratic 
and professional classes have given them preponderance in gov- 
ernment; they have, naturally enough, made laws to suit their 
own interests. 

It makes little diflference whether we live under a tyranny 
which denies us rights, or one which monopolizes privilege. 
The division of men into classes has been maintained by the 
inequalties of intellectual condition. They must necessarily 
disappear; an equal and just distribution of the good things 
created by labor, must necessarily arise whenever labor is in- 
telligent enough to create its own safeguards. 

Self-love is still so much stronger than social feeling in the 

human breast, that no man can safely entrust the irresponsible 

guardianship of his well-being to another. This is as true of 

classes as of individuals. Social progress,^therefore, depends 

m a tme equality; a true reciprocity. 

^lliam H. Seward : * ' Free labor has at last apprehended 



20 THE OFFICE OF AGRICULTUBE IN THE SOCIAL ECONOMY. 

its rights, its interests, its powers and its destiny, and is learn- 
ing how to organize itself in America." The final organization 
is far in the fntnre; the germ of it lay far back in the past. No 
great constructive movement can originate which is not histor- 
ical as well as progressive in its spirit; it must otherwise limit 
itself to temporary conditions, and a few generations. In order 
that we may rightly understand the work of our noble order, 
the Patrons of Husbandry, we need to examine the economy of 
civilized society, and the relations of agriculture to civilization. 



CHAPTEE n. 

THE OFFICE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SOCIAL ECONOMY. 

"The band is almost yaluelees at one end of the arm If there be not a brain at the other 
end."— I/orac« Mann, 

Man and Nature — Aoricci.tube thk Foundation of Industbt — Raw Matk- 

BIAL8 — FiBST steps TOWABD MaNUFACTUBES — CiTnLIZATION BEOABD8 AIX THE 

Pbocesses of Equal Value — The Social Body, its Diffebent Paets and 
Functions — How Division of Labob Incbeases Pboduchon — How it Begets 
Exchange ob Commeboe — Commkbce a Chaboe upon Agbicultubk; Magni- 
tude OF the Tax — How this Enbiches the Fabmeb — Money as a Comheb- 
ciAL Agent — Office of the Bailboad and of Money to Cheapen Exchange 
— Relations of Agbicultube to the Pbofessions: To the Gbowth of 
Towns: To Science. 

In the beginning, man was alone with nature. Without arts, 
without capital, without implements, he took his sustenance 
from the bosom of the earth, as the common mother of the 
race. It was his destiny not only to share the spontaneous pro- 
ductions of nature with his fellow animals, but to search out 
the physical elements and determine their capabilities; to make 
the needful combinations — to bring into action their productive 
powers; not only to supply the animal wants, and minister to the 
pleasure of his organic nature, but to render them tributary to 
his intellectual, moral and social development, and his ultimate 
spiritual elevation and well being. 

In the discharge of this great duty, emj aTOo||to|i oC JttU|l|, 
has its work to perform. It is ti 
begin the process by the tillii] 
ports, by stimulating and gv 
the physical elements to 




L 



AQKICTLTDBE THE FOCKDATIOS OP IKDUSTET. 21 

qiiiintity and qnolily, th» yield of the same elemeuta, unaided 
bj bumaD agency. 

The gross results of agriculture constitute vihat is called Jia.\T 
Material, because, -with the exception of fruits and green vege- 
tables, material products do not come from the hand of the 
agriculturist prepared for human nse. They are gross and in- 
complete; the proper material which the arts are to take and 
fashion into forms of utility and beauty, adapted to the satis- 
faction of the physical wants, and the gratification of the tastes 
of men. 

In the three great classes of our phj'sical wants> — food, 
clothing and shelter, — how few are the commodities which com© 
from the agriculturist ready for the consumer. Men want not 
wheat, but bread; therefore the crop, as raw material, must bo 
subjected to the manufacturing processes of the miller and 
baker. Men want not wool, but clothes; therefore the Heece 
must undergo successive changes in the hands of the carder, 
the spinner, the weaver, the fuller and the dyer, before it re- 
appears in the form of cloth. And what does the cloth avail, till 
the tailor, with his divine art, finishes — the mau? So men want 
not timber and stone, but houses, barns, ships, temples of edu- 
cation and temples of religion; and here again the raw material 
must be subjected to numberless changes to fit it for the pur- 
poses of masonry and architecture. It is obvious, therefore, that 
there is nothing in the hands of the artisan, the merchant or the 
manufacturer, that has not previously been in the hands of the 
farmer. Agriculture thus lies at the foundation of the econom- 
ical stmctore of society. 

But too much of relative dignity and importance must not be 
assumed by agriculture in consequence of this distinction. 
To him who enjoys the final product, the initial, the medial, 
and the finishing process, are all equally important. It is true, 
that without the raw material furnished by the agriculturist, 
the oooupatioD of the artisan, merchant and manufacturer is 
gone torever. But without the labors of these, what would be 
the value of the raw material? Would it be produced at all? 
It is ti-ue, that the industrial structure rests upon agriculture 
«H Ibg ^curodation . Bat what is th,e value of a foundation, and 
^^^^^^^^^^^^ at all, if no superstructure were to be built 

to agriculture that it cannot say to mon- 
' thee," or to the mechanic arts, "I 



22 THE OFFICE OF AGWCDLTCRE IN THE SOCIAL ECOXOMY. 

have no need of thee." It la bo disparagement to all or any 
tbeso tbat tlioy cannot siiy to commerce, "we liuve no need 
jon." It ennobles all these, that none of tbem any more than 
tlio professions, can say to education "we have no need of thee." 
As in the natural body, there is aillvine harmony running through 
the whole structure of the body economical. One member coa- 
not suffer without all the other members sutler with 

In all civilized countries the divislau of hibor and of emploi 
meuls corresponds to the degree of civilization which there pre- 
vails. In the production of material wealth in its thousand 
departments, t^icultiue, mechanic arts and manufactures, this 
divisiou of labor results in a vast increase of every kind o| 
lUodiictioD, through timo and labor saved, and the means fui ~ 
nislied for intellectual, moral, and social improvement, 

But again, the division further begets the need of Exchange, 
and of an extended system of exchanges, for the mutual benefit 
of the producers; and owing to the diSorcut aud sometimes 
distant localities of production, transportation is also necea* 
sury. To etl'ect the latter with economy and dispatch, the 
cumulation and combination of capital has been re<|uired. 

The true principle of the division of labor is, that inasmuch 
OS all produced values are the results of agriculture and manu- 
factures, commerce ought to take to itself whatever share is on 
an average a fair remuneration for its service, leaving in the 
hands of producersa balance far exeecdinginamountand value 
their whole production, providing they were obliged to effect 
transportion and exchanges themselves. Although the setting 
up of the mercantile class, reacts upon production, enlarging 
its volume, and enriching the producers themselves; still, it is 
an ultimate and fixed fact, which ought to be distinctly under- 
stood, that commerce is a charge upon agriculture and manu- 
facture — that the wliole cost of commercial machiuery must 
withdraw just so much of the gross value produced, from thfl 
hands of the producer. If the process be clumsily and oxpei 
sively performed, he suffers, and is less prosperous. The fai'tn- 
er, therefore, is interested in every improvement of the commer- 
cial proces-'i which will diminish the exi>en8es of transportation 
and exchange, as truly as in> the improvements in manufacture 
or in implements, which will diminish the cost of productioi 

"When we look at the vastuess and complicatiou of the 
chinery of commerce, by land and by soa; and the enori 
ixpeuso of maintaining it, we may v«ll wonder at tb« 



ige, ' 

efit 

nes 

aces* J 



isi 



COMMEBCE A CHAEGE UPON AGRICULTURE. 23 

that the shoulders of agriculture and manufacture are broad 
enough to sustain, uncrushed and unbent, the whole burden of 
the charge. 

And yet they do sustain it. Not a dollar goes into the 
treasury of these improvements which is not taken from 
the produced values of those who are ultimately the mutual 
parties interested in the' exchange, and in the consumption of 
the commodities transported. The gross values of the producer 
are diminished, aye, taxed, if you please, to this amount, — and 
the farmer pays his portion of the tax. But is he oppressed by 
it ? Not unless the process has been fraudulent, because : 

1st. In consequence of a reduction in the cost of exchange 
which commerce secures, his produce is worth more on his farm. 

2d. The merchandise which he needs costs less for the same 
reason. 

3d. Because the commercial* agency takes away a smaller por- 
tion of his produced values, leaving a larger balance in his 
hands; he is affected precisely as if his land had become more 
productive; therefore his real estate rises in value. 

We will now look at money as a commercial agent. Gold and 
silver coin, embodying the two qualities of universal receiva- 
bility and divisibility at will, has been adopted by common 
consent and the action of civil governments as the money of 
the commercial world, and is as distinctly a part of the ma- 
chinery of commerce, as the railroad or steamboat. 

It is the office of the railroad to facilitate and cheapen trans- 
portation, and this constitutes its whole value as a railroad; so 
it is the office of coined money to facilitate and cheapen ex- 
changes, and this constitutes its whole value as money. 

Were barter entirely convenient and economical, money 
would have no office to perform, — no necessity would have sug- 
gested its creation — its presence in the business of the world 
would be without meaning; it would never have been thought of. 

When we consider what an enormous sum of money the ex- 
changes of this country require; that Uie annual charge for this 
expensive commercial agent is the yearly interest of this sum, 
with the addition of the annual cost of the coinage, the loss by 
the wear and tear, by shipwreck and otherwise, we wonder 
again, are the shoulders of agriculture and manufacture broad 
enough to sustain the burden of this charge ? 

They do sustain it, with incalculable advantage and profit to 
» producer. For the simple reason that money, although 



26 



ACRICULTUBE IN THE AKCIENT WOIILD. 



as a better knowledge of the laws of aniuial and vegetable life 
ndll make such readjustment possible, 

Cmlizatiou is a relative term. It does not consist in the 
multiplication or modes of supply of the ai-tiiicial wants of 
mankind; it is the development of social order in place of in- 
dividual independence and savage lawlessness. It is the im- 
provement of the mass through the perfection of its units. 
This is a common sense view of the subject, and common sense, 
as Mr, Guizot says, "is the genius of mankind," 

Civilization, therefore, determined by the character of tho 
units of the social order, is susceptible of continual progress, 
and the highest perfection. But it is dependent upon physical 
agents, chiefly upon climate and soil, which determine the mos;t 
imiTortant conditions of human welfare. 

The first step of progress is the accumitialion of weaUh, which 
in all regions of the earth is created by labor. Tbemomeut man 
produces more than he consumes, the law of distribution comes 
into play and we see a movement toward an organization of in- 
dustry. It does not depend upon race. The same Mongolian 
ftud Tartar tribes which, wandering over the steppes and barren 
lands of Central Asia, never emerge from the rudest condition of 
pastoral life, because they never accumulate; have risen to the 
highest civilization whenever they have broken through the 
mountain mnges and descended into more fertile regions. 
The wild Arab, whom we know best as the Bedouin of the des- 
ert, transplanted to Persia or Spain, left noble architectures 
behind him, and made valuable contributions to literature and 
science. 

Even the Indian races of the new world, wherever nature 
permitted the accumulation of the wealth derived from a genial 
climate and fertile soil, have left, as in Mexico and in Peru, 
splendid monuments of their advancement in tho arts of life. 
Eveiy where the basis is the same; it was rice and wheat culture 
on one continent, maize on the other. 

How many ages were consumed in impressing the stamp of 

utility upon the products of wild nature it is impossible to tell. 

Some of the most useful food plants aie fouud in a wild state. 

Wheat in upper Egypt and tlie hill country of ludia; rice of 

I eicellent quality, though not identical in species, abounds ia 

[ the North American lakes. 

But the wild wheat is a thin and compamtively miiwrable 




EOITTIAN AaSICCLTUBE AND HORTICCLTUEE. 27 

.mlit for brsiid, and the wild rice, tLough productive, is 
luiil coiuse compared with its cultivated kindred. Tlio 
-"'portion of flesh-producicg material contained in 
^ I -Luts to us the flesh and blood of thousands of 

1^ -. who Imve persisted in bringing it to its present 



^ 



ri] iihoat uad rice, so all the varied products of our 

luul fields are trophies of man's conquest over wild 

for to whatever he bring his intelligence, he seems to 

if. on added beauty and utility. A wild plant or animal is 

pwicli in its relations to him, its separation, so to speak, 

I ])iA uses; and the nearer animal life approaches to man iu 

Bcali3 of power and intelligence, the more capable it seems 

uturing into his service. 

%in process of assimilation began in the morning of time, 

L has left DO trace of its earlier steps. The oldest agricul- 

i records are seen upon the Egyptian monuments, where we 

be foodful date tree everywhere represented. The banks 

i Tigris, Euplirates and the Nile were doubtless the scene 

i earliest attempts at agricultural labors in propagating and 

sing the fertility of this tree, upon which both men and 

Js depended for sustenance. It is a singular fact that the 

I requires uitificial impregnation. This fact was early dis- 

«d, and led to a simple festival known to this day as the 

riage of the palm, in which not only the peasants, but 

nets, osscs, and even fowls and dogs participate. The ex- 

) of vegetable life in the valley of the Nile, where a 

Yoruble temporatnre is constant, and whei;e inexhaustible 

irtUity is maintained by. the periodical distribution of new 

Rtarials, accounts for the speed with which wealth was crea- 

L and population increased. Foar hundred date palms may 

» grown ou one and three quarters acres of land, each bearing 

hundred pounds of fmit. From the rich soil of the river the 

Itus fui'uisbed a nourishing seed or bean, from which the 

ead of the common people was mode. Ijater the dhourra, or 

[let, which now yields to the labor of upper Egypt a return 

two hundred and forty fold, served the same purpose. All 

> plants and tlieir modes of culture are described in pict- 

s and hieroglyphics which seem to defy the effacing fin- 

' of time. 

Ve also find upon the Egyptian monuments the earliest rec- 



28 AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. 

ordH of the application of machinery to the cultivationi of the 
Boil. Wo see the plow represented, with handles to guide it, 
yoked oxen harrowing in the grain, laborers hackling it upon 
an implement set with sharp teeth, and herdsmen, distinguished 
fn^m other laborers by their dress, bringing in sheep and wool. 
Ill the tomb of Menophres at Saccara, two bulls are repre- 
H(Uito(l. The symbolic worship of the bull gave a peculiar 
Hanctity to bovine animals. 

Not only does picture-writing reveal the condition of theart 
of agriculture, but it gives us a glimpse of the social state. In 
a tomb at Erlethya we see a proprietor inspecting his farm. 
Dc^fore him goes a writer with implements; obsequious servants 
follow with stool and slippers, his bow and quiver. His dress 
hIiows what manner of man he was; he wears a collar and 
robe, and holds in his hand both scepter and staflf. Two herds- 
men bring in cattle, one prostrates himself, while the other is 
in the attitude of a person reporting the condition of the flocks. 
Uj^on the tablet is written, **cattle, 122; rams, 300; goats, 
1,300; swine, 1,500.^' On another tomb 944 sheep are men- 
tioned as the property of the occupant. 

In the Scriptures we find an account of the first grain mo- 
ii();K>/f/, vis: that of Joseph, who, with Pharaoh, created a comer 
iu wheat. 

Horticulture in all its departments was also carried to great 
jH>rfoction; the variety of gourds, cucumbers, melons, fruits and 
vinos which added to the luxury of a vast population, is most 
(surprising. Flax was grown in abundance, and the modes of 
its pn*j>aration ior the spinner were identical with those now 
us<h1. Their granaries, of which millions lined the banks of 
tho Xil^s <^re the models of the grain elevators of our own time. 

But in all this creation of utilities man himself was left out 
of thi> account What remain to us as monuments of a civiliza- 
litMij ftd^y so called, are but stupendous and convincing proofs 
<rf A revolting desf>otism, based upon cruelty and upheld by 
m|>«rs^lioii. **Tbe rery resources which the people had created 
iIMM tenied against themselves,'' The condition of the captive 
])iriM4ili^ w«s that of the toiling millions upon both hemi- 
^illM^M^ where the accumulation of wealth without its dispersion 
tPlMMIi^ t»d the upper classes a monojx>ly of the very sources of 
|«Oirers K^Ktiooal imjH\3vements wore made which arc the wonder 
%l Modem ti«ies» hot tie masses of the ]HH^ple roceivoii no 



CHINA. 29 

benefit from them. The reckless prodigality with which labor 
was expended in works of doubtful utility showed the esteem 
in which it was held. A man was of as little account to the 
builders of the Pyramids as is the reef-making polyp to the in- 
habitant of the coral islands. 

What was true of Egypt was equally true of India, of Mexico 
and Peru; wherever the separation of a nation into castes divi- 
ded society against itself, and planted the seeds of its disso- 
lution in the ignorance of the masses of the people. 

The notable exception which China furnishes to other ancient 
nations, is due to the fact that centuries ago she began to 
organize and practically develop the national intellect. She 
has thus, to a considerable degree, obviated the evils of caste, 
created a motive for industry and thrift, and maintained her- 
self in permanent prosperity, while other nationalities have 
melted away. 

China owes her immense population and wealth to the most 
thrifty and skillful agriculture practiced on the face of the earth, 
except in Japan and Holland. Shoo-Ming, the primeval farm- 
er, who first substituted grain for raw meat, and the Emperor 
TVanti, who took the plow into his own hand and originated one 
of the great festivals of the nation, are more highly honored 
than those monarchs who aggrandized the Empire by the con- 
quest of new peoples. One of their Sagas, "Keep your lands 
clean, manure them richly, make your fields resemble a garden," 
though it has a modern sound to us, is of great antiquity. 
Scarcely any other country exhibits such practical obedience to 
the teachings of its prophets as China gives to those of Confu- 
cius, whose laws regulating labor are still carried into effect by 
the government. As the government, t. e., the Emperor, is the 
universal owner of land, the only security the laborer enjoys 
with respect to its possession is the perfection of its culture; 
for, though the law allows him to bo dispossessed at pleasure, 
custom continues it in the same family for many generations. 

There is sound statesmanship in the proclamation of Wan 
Choo Tung, Commissioner of Revenue of the Nan Kiang prov- 
inces, in the year 1845, who desired to introduce the silk cult- 
ure into his district. After a somewhat exhaustive lecture on 
the advantages of this industry, he commands ** all our oflicers 
to assemble the village genti-y and elders, and lot them admon- 



30 AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. 

ish the people and lay down tlie best roles, and let the same be 
published with descriptive plates. Let the father instruct his 
child, the husband his wife, then shall we see men at the plow, 
and women at the loom; no laborer will be unemployed, and no 
resource of the soil be lost." Still higher patronage is given 
to this culture by the Imperial example. The Empress* must 
make silk-weaving one of her occupations, and to her is com- 
mitted the homage due to the god of the silk-worm. 

Long before the era of European civilization, China-Appears 
to have understood the true relations of agriculture and the 
mechanic arts. The division of labor led to wonderful results 
in the perfection of manufactures and the extension of com- 
merce. 

Marco Polo tells us that the Chinese have used paper money 
since the year 119 b. c. We know they had established banks, 
and conducted financial operations by promissory notes and 
bills of exchange, at an early period. 

Every practicable spot in China is devoted to tillage, which is 
mostly accomplished by hand labor. Implements are few, light 
and simple in construction. The le or plow is of wood, with 
an iron point, and is drawn by a single buffalo. Only the edge 
of the hoe is of iron; the harrow has teeth thickly set, and ten 
inches long, an excellent pulverizer. The bamboo rake, used 
for harvesting, gleaning, gathering scraps of manure, may be 
said never to leave the hands of the Chinese farmer. The bill 
hook or leen is another instrument, serving all the purposes of 
pruning-knife, scythe and sickle. 

Six or eight acres is a large farm. Divided by belts or lines 
of carefully tended grass, instead of fences, these garden farms 
present a finished picture of the highest cultivation. Two and 
even four crops are obtained yearly from the same ground by 
alternating grain and vegetables. Liquid manure is freely used ; 
ashes, oil cake, night soil, lime from bones and oyster shells, 
even human hair from the barbers is carefully saved. 

The wages of the lowest description of laborers averages about 
sixty cash, (30 cents) per month, and the cost of maintenance is 
from a dollar to a dollar and a half. Artisans, such as car- 
penters and blacksmiths, receive five dollars a month, with a 
corresponding increase in the cost of maintenance. 

In the year of 1013 of our era, Tchin-Tsoung published the 
census of the industrial population, and reported 21,966,965 



JAPANESE "WHEAT CULTURE. 31 

engaged in agricultural pursuits, not including women or young 
people under twenty-one years of age. In the year 1732 the 
imperial taxes were removed from the tenants of farms and 
placed upon the larger proprietors; and for the further encour- 
agement of a class of such vital importance to the empire, it 
was decreed that the governor of every city or village of a cer- 
tain number of inhabitants should send to the court the name 
of the most successful farmer, distinguished for good conduct 
and the good will of his neighbors, for frugality, and freedom 
from excesses. 

This wise and diligent agriculturist was thereupon raised to 
the dignity of a mandarin of the eighth order by letters patent. 
He might visit the governor, sit down in his presence and drink 
tea with him. Bespected for the remainder of his days, ho 
should receive the honorable funeral of a mandarin on his de- 
cease; and while his name was written on the tablets of his an- 
cestors, it would be cherished by the government as of one who 
had rendered the highest service to his country. 

Of all countries, Japan is the most remarkable for the de- 
velopment of her agricultural resources. There the agri- 
cultural interest has heeu protected by the most enlightened 
conduct toward the producing classes, who stand next in rank 
to the defenders of the State. A very interesting paper on this 
subject, contributed by Hon. Horace Capron to the report of 
the Department of Agriculture for 1873, shows that even in 
wheat culture we have much to learn from the large experience 
of this thrifty and intelligent people. The well-known practice 
of the Japanese and Chinese in dwarfing plants, throwing th^ir 
strength into fruit or flowers, at the expense of wood or leaves, 
is applied to wheat, thus shortening and thickening the straw, 
increasing the size of the heads, and rendering it less liable to 
lodge. 

Japan is far too tempting a subject to be more than touched 
upon here. If "China is old, and immovably conservative," 
Japan, not younger in years, but in the spirit which welcomes 
new truths in science and new applications of these to the arts 
of life, is vigorous with an eternal youth. 

In Japan we have a stable civilization based upon absolutism, 
imperiled by the existence of caste, isolated for unknown cen- 
turies from intercourse with other countries, yet maintaining 



32 AQMCCLTCnE IN THE ANCIENT WOULD. 

itself withiu narrow limits by an almost universal, practical 
education, aud tlie dignity accorded to tlie pursuit of agri- 
culture. The organization of tlie national intellect is as com- 
plete, and far more rational than that of China. That gov- 
ernment may be considered as having builded "better tlian 
it knew" which discriminated in favor of the agriculftirisls in 
respect to educational privileges; for these classes are necea- 
Barily tbo most averse to changes in government. Political 
disturbances and agitations, like war, are a constant threat to 
the prosperity of the farmer, and to him, sooner than the repre- 
sentative of any other class, may new ideas be intrusted with 
safety to the nation. 

Japan gives us the highest example of uational thrift, if the 
density of population in proportion to extent aud original 
excellence of territory is the test. The surface is broken by 
ranges of mountains, the const by bays and inlets which render 
navigation dangerous, and the variations of temperature are ex- 
cessive. Yet she feeds, clothes, shelters and instructs a larger 
population than that of Great Britain. The perfection of cult- 
ure which has enabled her to accomplish this, unassisted by 
foreign commerce, must be studied is detail tn be understood. 
She has done it mainly by the most wonderful economy of fer- 
tilizing materials, and the preservation of her forests. 

Burai lite in Greece is presented in a charming book which 
has woven the facts of the nation's life into a prose poem. 
President Felton says: "If the Greeks were preeminently a na- 
tion of poets and artists, they were no less preeminently a nation 
of farmers." Here for the first time we find the rural home. 
The pictmos which Homer gives of the scenes of rustic toil are 
fresh and enchanting as those in the pages of Whittier. Nor 
were the Hellenes unlike our New England forefathers in the 
virtues of thrift and temperance, in their proverbial philosophy, 
the wit which goes "like bullet to its mark," or their weather- 
wisdom. Like the American Indian, they knew the time of day 
by the turning of leaves and the opening and shutting of flow- 
ers.' The charm of Homer to the English mind is iu the famil- 
iarity of scenes which are depicted in his immortal lines. 
Greek mind absorbed beauty as the Greek bofjj took in h 
and wholeness (another word for hoi 
loved. "The love of rural li 



BUBAL LIFE IN OBEECE. 33 

of the Grecian heart, beyond the realm of Arcadia, real or 
ideal." Through the whole compass of Greek literature the 
sights and sounds of the country — the murmuring of the bees, 
the rising sun smiting the earth with his shafts, the rich mead- 
ows, the cattle feeding in the pastures — furnish images on ' 
which the city poets delight to dwell, and share with the sea 
the thoughts that move harmonious numbers. The plains of 
Attica were covered with rural homes; the country was full of 
little sanctuaries for the rural deities, nymphs, and others who 
frequented them. 

In the Greek classics we not only find how much they knew 
of agriculture, but how little we have improved upon their • 
knowledge. They knew the virtues of guano, fish and sea-weed 
in the corn fields; that land recovered its strength by lying fal- 
low; that hay ricks might become heated and burn up. Though 
the grain was trodden out by cattle or horses on the threshing 
floor, they had invented the flail, and a winnowing machine; 
and well they knew the value of the potent juice of those 
golden or purple clusters which grew on every tree and sunny 
wall. They trained their grapes from tree to tree, making lofty 
arches, beneath which the breezes could freely play, abundant 
currents of pure air being regarded as no less essential to the 
perfect maturing of the grape than constant sunshine. The 
art of preserving the grape itself for the use of the table, either 
in a fresh state, or as raisins, was everywhere practiced. 

The richest agricultural and horticultural contributions have 
come down to us from the master minds of Greece. They 
drew their inspiration directly from nature herself, and not from 
what some earlier writer had said about nature. The pupil of 
Socrates, the leader of the immortal retreat of the ten thou- 
sand, wrote from his farm at Elis: * 'Agriculture, for an hon- 
orable and high-minded man, is the best of all occupations and 
arts, by which men procure a living. For it is a pursuit that 
is most easy to learn and most pleasant to practice; it puts the 
bodies of men in the fairest and most vigorous condition, and 
is far from giving such constant occupation to their minds, as 
to prevent them from attending to the interests of their friends 
or their country. A man's home and fireside are the sweetest 
of all possessions." 

Hesiod's * 'Works and Days" are devoted to the rustic lore 

lioh embodied the experience then attained. Nor can we fail 

n 



34. AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. 

to see how apt those Yankees of the Orient were to snatch 
every improvement, every new culture from the nations they 
conquered, as we read Homer's description of the gardens of 
Alcinous, where flourished 

High and broad fruit-trees that pomegranates bore; 

Sweet figs, pears, olives and a number more 

Most useful plants did there produce their store, 

Whose fruits their hardest winters could not kill; 

Nor hottest summer wither; there was still 

Fruit in his proper season ; aU the year 

Sweet zephyr breathed upon them, blasts that were 

Of varied tempers, these he made to bear 

Bipe fruits, those blossoms, pear succeeded pear, 

Apple grew after apple, grape the grape. 

Fig after fig; time made never rape 

Of any dainty there. 

In Greece, also, we have the first example of public gardens 
created by the magistrates for the use of the citizens; and his- 
tory takes accpunt of the botanic garden founded by Theophras- 
tus, at Athens. Another was created by Mithridates, King of 
Pontus, 135 years before Christ. 

It is very pertinent to our subject to inquire how all this 
came to be changed — to find a reason for the Greece of to- 
day.* Mr. Felton ascribes it to the lack of a common central 
government; to the seeds of division planted by the predomi- 
nance of the city over the country; to extensive migrations, 
and the formation of rival confederacies. All these were, 
doubtless, modifying causes, but we must look upon the Greek 
experiment at civilization in a broader light — as one of many 
great experiments necessary to precede a conception of society 
in which the quality of the units should be of the first im- 
portance. 

Plato looked with distrust upon popular governments. He 
considered the people little better than a mob, and would have 
subjected the individual entirely to the State. Not so Aristotle, 
the father of a rational polity. He maintains that the legitimate 
object of government is not to increase the wealth of the few, 
nor to favor the poor at the expense of the rich, nor to encour- 
age mere equality, nor to promote trade and commerce only, 
but to make good and virtuous citizens, and to promote hap- 



♦"Of Athens there remains only a email castle, a hamlet, undefended from foxes and wild 
beasts. Its people, once free, are now under the yoke of riavcry to the crueleat brutes," — 
JN^xcholas Goihelt a wriUr of the 1C«A century. 



CAUSES OF QRECIAN DECAY— ROME. 35 

piness. Those, therefore, who can contribute most to these 
results have the best title to a share in the government. He 
proceeds to show that the middle, i. e., the producing classes, 
who are exempt alike from the temptations of poverty and 
riches, are most likely to be governed by reason. Nor was this 
great practical philosopher a mere utilitarian. '*The most nec- 
essary and useful things," he said, ''are undertaken for the sake 
of leading toward the most beautiful." 

The military arm was only valuable in preserving peace. 
Labor was valuable in securing leisure for ihe highest enjoy- 
ments. 

The decay of Greece began in the degradation of labor, 
through the introduction of slavery and the growth of luxury. 
Education, at first exceedingly practical, aiming at bodily and 
moral, as well as intellectual perfection, grew more and more 
one-sided, and ended in speculations upon philosophical sub- 
jects, mental gymnastics, as profitless in their relations to 
popular welfare as the theological dogmas have been which 
have divided the world. Agriculture became more and more 
subordinated to trade and commerce. The mines were all 
worked by slaves. The ratio of the free to the slave popula- 
tion brought from the shores of Asia, became as one to three; 
and as almost every eminent citizen was owner of from fifty 
to one thousand slaves, we can understand the rapidity 
with which the thousand years of Grecian civilization drew 
to its close. 

Having shown that in the free States of Greece we find 
the elements of all that is best in society, and a philosophical 
recognition of the true relations of man and land, we will turn 
to Bome, where civilization presents the same phenomena of 
progress and decay. As in Greece, we here find the supreme 
power of the State derived from laws made by common consent 
of the people, and that the division of land was made according 
to families, reserving a portion for common use. The early Ro- 
mans had only two arts — war and agriculture. Every husband- 
man was also a soldier; and as the laws forbade him to sell or 
alienate his land, the growth of population naturally led to the 
establishment of a patrician class. The whole policy of Boman 
war and conquest rested on the desire to extend their territory, 
and with it the freehold system, of such vital consequence to 
Uie State. The Boman government never lost a foot of land; 



36 iGIUCCLT[ntE DJ THE ANCIEST WORLD. 

every vanqmshed nation was compeiled to merge itself into tliG 
yeomanry of Eomo, or to cede a tbird part of its domain, which 
was theronpon cOBverted into Roman farms. It has been vrell 
said, that many nations liave gained victories and conquests as 
the Homaus did; but none have equaled them in securing to 
the plowshare what was won by the sword. 

The extent of a middle sized Roman farm was about twelve 
and a half acres, the chief crops wheat, and spelt, which is even 
better adapted than wheat to primitive cultivation. Peas, 
beans, and a great variety of vegetables were diligently culti- 
vated. The rearing of cattle for milk or meat does not appear 
to have been practiced until later times. From the Greeks they 
borrowed the culture of the olive, fig and vine. The farmer 
and his sons guided the plow, which was drawn by the ox or 
cow; horses, asses and mnles beiug used only as beasts of bur- 
don. The cattle, geeso and swine were kept in the agrarium or 
common pasture. 

So perfectly was the plowing performed, and so closely were 
the furrows laid that harrowing was dispensed with altogether. 
The farmer had many holidays — going weekly to market and 
keeping zealously nil the religious and family festivals. After 
the winter sowing, a whole month was considered a holiday. 

At a very early period there seems to have been no distinction 
made between the rights of the large or small laud-holder in 
the common pasture, which was the property of the State, and 
not of the community. Day laborers were common, but there 
were few slaves, and as these were of the same blood and race, 
captives from Etriu-ian or Volsoian neighbors, they were per- 
mitted and doubtless encouraged to work out their fi-eedom. 

A careful reading of Eomao history, especially that part of it 
which relates to the division of society into two great classes, 
patricians and plebeians, the differences that arose about the use 
of the common pasture, the concentration of land and capital 
into fewer hands, dispossessing the small farmers and cultivat- 
ing estates with rural slaves, is necessary to a right understand- 
ing of the agricultural condition of modern Europe. 

In the sixth century, (Eoman era,) Roman husbandry consisted 
in the management either of the large estates of the aristocracy, 
or of the pasturage, i. e., the public or conunoD lands, or iu the 
tillage of petty holdings. Mommseo 
was pervaded by the unacrnp"* 



I 



ROMAN SLAVERY — OATO'S STEWARD. 37 

power of capital. Slaves and cattle were now placed on the 
same level; they were fed as long as they could work as a mat- 
ter of economy, and sold when they were worn out, as a matter 
of economy also." One of Cato's maxims was that a slave must 
either work or sleep, and no attempt was ever made to attach 
the slaves to their estate or to their master by any bond of 
human sympathy. The abject position of the practical husband- 
man, not enslaved, is further shown in Cato's description of 
what a steward ought to be. 

''He is the first to rise and the last to go to bed; he is strict 
in dealing with himself as well as with those under him, espe- 
cially his stewardess; he is careful of his slaves and oxen; is 
always at home; never borrows nor lends; makes no visits and 
gives no entertainments; troubles himself about no worship, 
save of the gods of the hearth and field; leaves all dealings with 
the gods and with men to his master; he modestly meets that 
master faithfully and simply, and conforms to his instructions." 
By this time, such of the yeomanry as were not swallowed up 
by capital, held small parcels of land, and w^ere generally so 
poor that the hoe was substituted for the plow in their labors. 
The farmers were irretrievably ruined, and the more so that 
they gradually lost the moral tone and frugal habits of the 
earlier ages of the republic. The other branches of industrial 
arts were undeveloped, the force and energy of the population 
being consumed in war and commerce. 

From the third to the fifth century of the Eoman era, capital 
had waged its warfare against labor by withdrawing the reve- 
nues of the soil from the working farmers, in the form of inter- 
est on debt, and transferring the capital thence derived to the 
field of mercantile activity opened up by the commerce of the 
Mediterranean. There was no longer an agricultural class 
among the citizens; and although a high and even an improved 
cidture was maintained, it was simply the application of the 
capitalist system to the produce of the soil. Cato, who regarded 
himself as a reformer, and had declared that farmers made the 
' bravest men and the best soldiers, states that Italy at the end 
of the sixth (Boman) century, was far weaker in population than 
jl^^tt {he end of the fifth, and no longer able to furnish its former 
levies. 

"lalf savage herdsman who confronts the traveler in the 
'iDagna, is an unconscious witness of the estimation 



< JUUUCTTLTU&S IN HODEBN EUBOPE. 

:'.. a iK'btti tuttiarUtocntioBome placed upon her citizen faiiD- 
. >\tutv thu tiatioa was sliaping itself. "She did not exactly 
i.,iu> ihoii' duHtructioD, bat allowed it to run its course, and so 
i>.-,i.'li*tii>n (ulvauced with gigantic steps over the flonrishing 
iiul iii Ltitly, where countless numbers of free men had httelj 
JLiKod iu welt etu'ned prosperity." 



CHAPTER rV. 

AGBlCDLTUItE IM MODEBN EUHOPE. 
Uu^MAST AND EHai.un>— ItAKsa — FoLSB Land and Bente — DeoEADAnoK of tbe 

UUIIUUI LaSOBBB— AU.OWAKCB OF FoOD— ElBVATIOM of THB MICHANICAI. CL.ASS 

-I'uuPoBTiON OF Land Owsebb to Popcunos— Taeiationb d» Concitios — 
WAtiU) OF Lasobbbb— How England ib Fed — Scohand a Wheat Gio^nxa 

COUNTSY — AUEUOBATIOK OF ClIKATE THBOUOH AOBICnLTUBI — FeDIOBEE CaT' 
tUK AND ShSEF— FbAHCB— SMAU. FABMCn] AKD POPULATION— GBSAT PbODUC- 

iios OF Wheat — Thb Late Wae— Hou-uns and thb Low Cocktbibs — A 

K[0DKL FOB CaUFOBNIA — DlEP TiLLAOB— DtTEBSITT OF CBOFS — VbE OF Ua- 
CHINKBT — KlOHT SoiL AND MaNTOEH — BoTATIOK— MoDBBN GeHVANT — BeET 

Cdltitbb— Maize Cultubb in Adbtbia— Bcssia odx Bttal m Wheat— Cok- 



The orderly deTelopment of agriculture among the Ger- 
mans was retarded by the military spirit; which distinguished 
them, and by a policy exactly the reverse of that pursued by 
tho Komans. The Germans returned the lands to the people 
they conquered, on condition of receiving military assistance, 
and required of their tributaries that one half of the popula- 
tion should alternately fight and till the soil. Tbe feudal sys- 
tem arose in their dislike of agricultural pursuits, and was 
entirely snbTersive of the freehold or allodial rights essential 
to their successful prosecution; and although these rights were 
preserved in some parts of Germany and France, the tendency 
to vassalage was almost irresistible. Indeed, there was no other 
security in those distracted times, either for life or proper^, 
and the oath of fealty exacted from the peasant by the lord, was 
required of the lord himself to the next higher in authority, 
and 80 on until it rested at the throne; thas diminishing in all 
classes the sense of dcgr.i elation. 

In the long procession of nobUUg|^xftt camo t)io Efirls Pala- 
tine, then simple Earls, then Co^^^k in Germany, corres- 
ponding to the Thanes of Engj^^^^^lfiie Ccorh or t> 





DEGBADATION OF THE BBITISH LABOBEB. 39 

and lastly the slaves or yillains who tilled the soil. These aris- 
tocratic distinctions were engrafted apon Great Britain, with 
other Teutonic customs, during the Saxon ascendency. 

Agriculture was introduced into Britain by the Gauls, one 
hundred years before the Boman invasion. The division of 
land followed the Boman custom, t. e., it was divided into 
"hides," a hide being about as much as could be cultivated 
with a single plow, or from sixty to one hundred and twenty 
acres. No man was allowed to guide a plow who could not 
construct one. To* reclaim land gave the use of it for five 
years. Just at this period the Saxon distinction between "folks 
land," or the property belonging to the State and the people at 
large, and bocland, or private property, begins distinctly to 
appear, as also the system of rentals. According to the law of 
Tna, king of the West Saxons in the eighth* century, a hide of 
plow land paid the following rent, viz: Ten casks of honey; three 
hundred loaves of bread; twelve casks of strong ale; thirty 
casks of small ale; two oxen; ten wedders; ten geese; twenty 
hens; ten cheeses; one cask of butter; five salmon; twenty 
loads of forage, and one hundred eels. 

In the time of Alfred the Great, we hear complaints that 
arable lands were exhausted of their natural fertility, and 
three fourths of that which was susceptible of cultivation was 
devoted to pasturage. 

The English farmer earned his black and bitter bread during 
the Middle Ages, known as a "churl" or hind, with little motive 
for self-improvement or that of his lands. The plowman, 
shepherd and swineherd »belonged to the soil, and fishermen 
were rented and sold with the fisheries where they were em- 
ployed. The cottager's house was a thatch-covered hut, chinked 
with mud or clay, without chimney, window or floor. A 
hide, dressed with the hair on, swung like a hammock, served 
him for a bed; there were no mills except those operated by 
hand. He was his own tailor, tanner and clothier. The kit of 
a blacksmith consisted of four pieces; a carpenter's of six. 
There was no division of labor. The plow, a pick, a clod- 
breaker, spades, sickles and baskets for winnowing grain com- 
pxised the list of agricultural implements. 

The allowance of the laborer was two herrings a day, a loaf of 
«t or barley bread, and milk from the manor house, with 
to make his cheese. 



40 AomccLTUBE m modern EtmOPE. 

Twenty years after the accession of William the Conqneier, 
nearly the whole territory of Euglatid had been wrested from 
its original proprietors and given away, making the condition 
of tlio agiienltnral population even worse than before. Still 
the art of agriculture progressed, thanks to the monks, and the 
proportion of freemen increased in consequence of tbo neces- 
sity for handicrafts which required intelligence and skill. By 
the year 1367, forty-eight "mysteries of labor," as the va- 
rious employments of satlJIers, brewers, masons, etc., were 
called, had been established in London" and were strongly 
organized into guilds and fraternities. But the laws strictly 
forbade the teaching of any mystery to a husbandman or son 
of a husbandman. The mechanics having achieved an ac- 
knowledged political position as free subjects of the crown, 
the agricultural serfs showed signs of following their exam- 
ple. A statute of the First Richard (1377), is made "at 
the grievous complaint of the Lords and Commons of the 
realm, that in many parts the villains who owe services and 
customs to said lords have of late and do daily withdraw their 
services, and affirm them to be utterly discharged of all manner 
serragc, due as well of their body as of their said tenures, and 
will not suffer any distress or other justice to be made upon 
them, and which more is, gather themselves in great routs, and 
agree by such confederacy that every one shall aid the other to 
resist their lords with the strong hand." 

The memorable request of such a "confederacy," headed by 
Wat Tyler, "for the abolition of slavery for themselves and 
their children forever; for the reduction of rent, and tlie privi- 
lege of buying like other men in fairs and markets," resulted 
in the addition of insult to the injuries of this long-suffering 
class. "Rustics ye have been, and are," the king told them, 
"and in bondage ye shall yet remain — not such as yo have 
heretofore known, but in a condition incomparably more vile." 
From that time it was enacted that all persons who had been 
employed in any labor or service of husbandly until the age of 
twelve should from thenceforth abide at the same labor, and be 
forever incapable of being put to any other business. The evil 
effects of this irrational discrimination exercised toward agricul- 
tural industry, were not confined to the farming class, nor lo 
England alone. Tenancy at will and tenant rights are more se- 
I rioas matters for English statesmanship to deal with now than 



RATIO OP LAND OWNERS TO POPULATION. 41 

they were before the. Great Charter secured personal rights-and 
a trial by jury to every freeman bom upon English soil. 

At the time of the Norman conquest the population of Eng- 
land was supposed to be a million and a half, and the roll of 
land owners mxmbeTed over 45,000. In 1861, with a population 
of 20,000,000, the number of land owners is reduced to 30,000, 
and eveiy twentieth man is a pauper. In Ireland, just before 
the famine, the rural population amounted to twenty-five for 
every hundred acres; in France, at the same period, to sixteen; 
in England to twelve, and in the Scotch Lowlands to five. 
Land monopoly has driven two millions of agricultural labor- 
ers out of Great Britain. The English farm laborer has been 
cheated of his manhood; first, by a monopoly of government, 
which, by withholding the ballot, kept him in a servile condi- 
tion; second, by monopoly of land, which destroyed the high- 
est motive for industry, viz: the improvement of his condition, 
and the attainment of a permanent home; and third, a monop- 
oly of education. 

In 1848 an English statesman was asked if something could 
not be done to check the stream of emigration setting from 
Ireland toward America. ''Not while middlemen hold all the 
land as agents of the aristocracy, and get all the profits," was 
the significant reply. 

Professor J. Thorold Kogers has given us a history of British 
agriculture from 1259 to 1793. He shows, from carefully collected 
data, how gradually the emancipation of the agricultural classes 
took place; how the aristocracy were eating each other up with 
expensive wars and the extravagance of courts; how the yeomanry 
lost ground during the reformation; what was their Golden Age, 
and that the English peasant is again becoming a serf, and the 
yeomanry disappearing in the absorption of nearly all the land 
by a small number of great proprietors. 

If the end of labor, and of wealth created by labor, is man 
himself, the civilization of England finds a parallel in that of 
Home, and for the same reasons. Its agriculture, successful 
and wonderful in its results during the last century and a half, 
is an exhibition of the power of capital applied to land. The 
development of agricultural wealth and of civilization in the 
United States and in Australia is an exhibition of the power of 
manhood similarly applied. 

The advance in the price of agricultural labor in England has 



42 AGRICULTURE IN MODERN EUROPE. 

boen slower than in other countries. In 1273 the hay maker 
got 2Jd. an acre; 2Jd. in 1400, with board; women laborers 8d. 
and fed themselves. The price for washing and shearing sheep 
was a penny a score; in twenty years sixteen were sheared for 
a penny, then ten, and finally eight. We read of one farmer 
at about the year 1500 who gave his women shearers IJd. a day 
and fed them. And yet Joseph Arch tells us that agricultural 
labor, all things considered, fared better then than now. 

The price of meat and dairy products in England makes 
cattle raising more profitable than grain. Some one has said, 
and it is very near the truth, that a failure of the turnip crop 
for two years would bankrupt England. Agriculture is there- 
fore growing in importance hourly, and so are all questions 
involved in the feeding of that vast and rapidly increasing pop- 
ulation. England is increasing her acreage as fast as she can, 
by reclamation, and reducing her pasturage. The culture of 
sainfoin, a crop good for six or seven years, has proved advan- 
tageous, also of buckwheat for fodder. 

In 1789, 9,000,000 acres were cultivated; in 1869, 36,100,153; 
in 1870, 46,177,370, of which 11,755,053 acres were devoted to 
wheat culture. How far that goes in feeding the English mill- 
ions is best seen by a statement of the imports of wheat and 
flour from the United States for fifteen years. 

Y<>«r. Cwt. Wheat. Cwt. Flour. 

IKoO 5,542,983 2,892,518 

18r>7 2,819,934 1,464,867 

1858 2,576,791 1,764,795 

1859 159,926 216,462 

I860 6.479,339 2,254,322 

1861 10.866,891 3,794,865 

1862 16.140,670 4.449,534 

1863 8,704,401 2,531,822 

1864 7,895,015 1.745.933 

1865 1.177.618 256,769 

1866 635/239 280,792 

1867 4.188,013 722.976 

1868 5,908,149 676,192 

1869 13.1S1.507 1.711.000 

1^0 12,372,176 2,154,751 

England cannot afford to R\iso hor broadstufis. She is com- 
piled to make meat> hence the gront pro[x>uderanee of her 
ggricoltaral work must be in tho dirtvtiou of hay and root crops. 
In ihf ff^ she is eminently saoce^ul. 

Of Scotch farming, it may bo snid that it has made great 



FRENCH AGBICULTUBE. 43 

advances in the last century, chiefly from the superior edu- 
cation of the agricultural class. So great have been the agri- 
cultural improvements that the climate is already perceptibly 
ameliorated, the winters commencing a month later, and the 
snow disappearing a month earlier. Yet until the breaking up 
of the clans and the large consequent emigration of the High- 
landers to Canada, there was no husbandry in Scotland worthy 
of the name. It now produces the finest wheat in the United 
Kingdom. The farms range from fifty to a thousand acres; the 
latter, however, is exceptionally large. One fifth of the cereal 
crops are oats. The breeding of pedigree cattle and sheep 
commands the attention of the best Scotch farmers. The con- 
dition of farm laborers is far superior to that in England, and 
rural economy is better understood. 

Mr. W. Little, in a treatise on the technical education of 
farmers, says: ''The success to which British farming has 
arrived is owing to mechanical rather than scientific causes. 
Drainage, steam culture, and a liberal use of capital we have 
tried; but now chemistry in its application to artificial manures 
is taking such a prominent position, it is of the first importance 
that our farmers should be educated, should have such a general 
knowledge of science as will serve them in their labors." 

Great attention has been paid to the production of timber in 
Scotland; and the results of her experiments show that no 
crop pays better in the end, than trees. Larch and pine are 
the chief varieties of timber produced. 

French agriculture, like that of England, proves that industry 
requires freedom for its success. In lectures upon special cult- 
ures I have given the histoiy of several movements, experimental 
and educational, which have been of immense importance to this 
nation; but the want of land ia the great want of the French 
farmer. Small farming in the department of the Nord is carried 
on to excess, **even to misfortune," according to French author- 
ities. In spite of the developments of manufactures, the popu- 
lation is in the proportion of one to two and a half acres, or 
greater than in any country except China. France produces 
almost as much wheat as the United States, upon a territory 
not larger than Texas. She has, through her work of acclima- 
tization, done more than any other nation to improve the breeds 
of animals, changing the Spanish merino sheep into the supe- 
rior French variety. She has also made great advances in vet- 



44 AGBICULTUBE IN HODEBN EUBOPE. 

erinarj science. She has made herself rich and great by the 
persistent development, side by side, of all the- branches of 
agriculture and manufactures. 

The rapidity with which France has recovered from the effects 
of the late war, is due to the prosperity and hoarded wealth of 
the small land-holders, whose savings were laid upon the altar 
of patriotism; a good augury, we feel, for the ultimate success 
of the republic. 

It is in Holland, that country ''redeemed by weeds from the 
dominion of the sea," that we find the laborer and the land en- 
joying the highest prosperity. There is no waste land in the 
Low countries, and no waste of human power. Becreation with 
tliis frugal people is not so much rest as a change of occupation; 
and while neither art nor any higher culture is neglected, there 
is no subordination of the useful to these ends. 

Deep tillage is the characteristic of husbandry in the Low 
countries, and the most perfect adjustment of the system of 
rotation to the special conditions of the soil. ''No manure, no 
coin; no coin, no commerce," has been on the lips of the Flem- 
ing for generations. The following table shows the diversity 
of products which would he obtained from-one thousand acres : 

CcrcMfl and farm crops ^ 387.34 

Alimentary roots 50.G6 

Manufacturing plants 25.22 

Legumes, pears, beans, yetches, etc 26.38 

Fodder plants 69.88 

Prairie land 130.19 

Fallow 31.08 

Gardens 19.17 

Wood 186.58 

Waste (at rest or periodically cultiyated)^. 124.55 

Total 1,000.00 

A groat deal of machinery is used by the large farmers. Tanks 
for the collection of night soil are seen along the roadsides; 
pavings of turf and animal droppings are carefully gathered and 
oinuiH)stod. Liquid manure is preferred on account of its free- 
dom from weeds. An hectare is frequently treated with 50-100 
hootolitros, ospocially for tobacco. We cannot wonder at the 
onormons crops which are obtained. Dung pits are made for 
the oxcremouts of cattle. Ammoniacal fertilizers are so per- 
fectly siived that the stables are fresh and sweet as a Flemish 



ROTATION OF CBOPS IN HOLLAND. 45 

kitchen; and besides all these natural resources, manure is 
manufactured in great quantities. The commonest way is to 
add sulphate of iron to animal manures at the rate of one kilo 
of the sulphate dissolved in twenty pints of water, to the manure 
of twenty head of cattle. Cattle abound. The introduction of 
Durham cattle added one third to the value of this kind of stock; 
but other breeds are used. 

The rotation practiced in Flemish husbandry is as follows : 
First, potatoes; second, rye, with carrots; third, flax; fourth, 
rye; fifth, turnips; sixth, oats. This is for a poor, sandy soil. 
For the best soils: first, tobacco; second, colza; third, wheat, 
with clover; fourth, clover; fifth, rye; sixth, oats; seventh, flax; 
eighth, turnips. We have here the great principles of suc- 
cessful farming admirably illustrated — rotation, fine tillage, high 
manuring. Even flax growing, which is considered in England 
an exhausting crop, is made beneficial to the soil of Flanders, 
and gives an average crop of thirty-three or thirty-four hundred 
weight to the acre. Between Ghent and Antwerp a cow is kept 
for every three acres of land. The beet-root is of immense 
value to Holland, and also to France and Germany, in support- 
ing their cattle and in giving additional value to the manure. 

Throughout Modem Germany, from the Baltic Sea to the 
borders of Italy and Turkey, the resources of science and edu- 
cation are fully utilized in the development of agriculture. The 
beet sugar culture, in which not less than one hundred and fifty 
colleges are giving practical instruction, is but one of many 
examples of the earnestness of government in this direction. 
Austria is giving great attention to the culture of maize, and the 
utilization of the whole plant, leaves, stalks, and grain. 

But it is in Eussia, the great rival of the Pacific Coast in the 
production of cereals, that we find the most remarkable improve- 
ments. She is already in a position, through the unexampled 
development of her agricultural and manufacturing resources, 
to be the dictator of all Europe, because she can consume more 
of all that they produce, and can produce more of all that they 
consume. Her trade is worth nearly or quite 600,000,000 of 
rubles. Great Britain and the other European countries de- 
voured over 100,000,000 rubles worth of her wheat in 1867; and 
she has been increasing her export at the rate of 20,000,000 
rubles per annum. She has been exporting flax, and flax seed, 
tallow, raw wool, honey, wax and hemp, in a steady stream for 



46 AGBICULTUBE IN THE UNITED STATES. 

years; while the unspent forces of a new and rising population 
are applied erery year, to the land. Her marvelous advances iu 
industrial education will be spoken of in another connection. 

The study of the details of experimental farming in France, 
Germany, Austria and now in Bussia, should be a part of the 
training of every American farmer. In no European country 
can the time-honored privileges of class give way to the neces- 
sities and claims of agricultural labor without a conflict; while 
in America, free lands, liberty of conscience and free education 
offer to it a prospect as boundless as it is inspiring. As every 
narrow sentiment of nationality is here becoming lost and 
merged in the more exalted sense of humanity, so the distinc- 
tions of class and the jealousies between capital and labor will 
lose themselves in an equality of education, and the application 
of science to the laws of individual, social, and national life. 



CHAPTER V. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 

« 

*'Tb6 proTision In tho Mosaio code. (Levitictw. xxvi, 35.) that the Israelites Bhould abettin 
from airricultiire every Beventh yeax^ was probably intended to prevent the aoil from being ex- 
hausted by exoeeeiye cultivation." 

Amebic AN Indepevdbncx dub to the Fabmebs — The South Atlantic States — 
Want op Stbtem — Cotton and Tobacco — Gov. Hammond on South Cabolina. 
Aobicultube — Geoboia Silk Cultube — Gov. Collieb on the Wants of Kult- 
bama — The Old Dominion and the Old Commonwealth Contbasted — Emx- 
obation — ^fntst aobicultubal societies and joubnals webe established 
THE South — ^Divebsified Industbt would have Seoxtbed Emancipation 
Louisiana— Texas. 

The history of agriculture in the United States covers 
brief period as compared with that of other nations, yet p^ 
haps on no other part of the earth's surface has the less 
of man's true relation to the land been more impressively wr 
ten. Our historians have scarcely deigned to notice any of f 
important facts concerning it; among the storied names of 
inent men, we find soldiers, sailors, authors and inventors, w 
those of the benefactors of agriculture have no place. Y 
was to this class that America owes her independence. T 
swarmed in the cities; and it was commonly stated in Eng^ 
that the Eevolution was one of * 'yeoman, who left their 




PATRIOTIC SOUTHERN GOVERNORS. 49 

Daring the same year Gov. Collier, of Alabama, in his address 
before the Legislature, said: ** We are exhausting our lands 
without an eflfort to reclaim them. Alabama grows cotton in 
abundance, at a profit below the statute rate of interest, while 
she yields to the manufacturer in Europe or New England, ex- 
clusive of the cost of transporting the raw material, a profit ex- 
ceeding her own of at least two hundred per cent. The North- 
ern States are growing richer, while Alabama, with her delightful 
climate and her varied resources, is growing poorer; because, 
instead of bringing the loom to the cotton, we are sending our 
cottc*n to the loom. It is a mistake to suppose that the white 
man is disinclined to labor at the South, on account of the cli- 
mate, or among a diflferent and subordinate class of laborers; 
the trouble is that labor is not remunerative or sufficiently 
diversified." 

An address to the planters of Georgia, by one-of her patriots, 
sets forth the same facts in even stronger terms: "If we intend 
to recover our former prosperity, and presei-ve even the present 
value of our lands, we must not only understand our present 
condition, but what it is likely to be in the future. The lands 
of the Southern States, taken as a whole, including that portion 
of the Mississippi valley, properly southern, when first settled 
were more valuable, considering climate, soil, their extent, and 
that of their sea-coast, than those of any other country. To 
speak within bounds, they would produce, (with bad tillage,) 
thirty bushels of Indian corn, and eight or ten hundred pounds 
of seed cotton to the acre; less than half a century has reduced 
their productiveness, in the older states, to twelve bushels of 
corn, and three or four hundred pounds of cotton. Continue the 
same destructive system, judge of the future by the 62*60 ts of 
the past, and our progress to ruin will be accelerated, until we 
are compelled to abandon the country. But it may be said, 
and is said by the planter, * I will continue to make cotton, I 
will move to Arkansas or Texas.' Shall we delude ourselves by 
resorting to this merely temporary expedient ? For in truth it is 
no remedy; it increases for a time the productiveness of cotton, 
and by so much the quantity of worn-out lands. Its temporary 
benefits to the emigrant are at the expense of the Old State. 
The time is coming with- alarming rapidity when we can neither 
raise corn nor cotton." 

Upon the settlement of Georgia the culture of silk was con- 
4 



'7> AOniCULTURE IX THE UNITED STATLS. 

Wnplated a» a principal object of attention. Lands were 
f/^rsiuU'A on condition that one hundred mulberry trees should 
b'? plantfjjd for every ten acres cleared. Had this industry been 
]KirH\nUint\y fostered, Georgia might have become to America 
tvliat Lyons is to France, for the quality of the product was un- 
rivalud, A package of raw silk weighing two hundred pounds, 
#?X|iort4?d in 1790, brought the highest price in the foreign mar- 
h-i. It is interesting to contrast the policy of the Old Domin- 
ion witli that of the Old Commonwealth. Massachusetts, keep- 
in j< the factory and the farm in close contact, though sorely 
crippled at times by a policy thrust upon her by the South, has, 
during all that period, **against even the laws of nature," drawn 
tho (!otton of other States to her looms, the iron of other States 
to her anvils, the wool of other States to her factories, their 
Inatlior to her lapstones, until the value of her soil, per foot, 
liiiH oxcoodod the value of the same per acre in States which 
h(jI out with her in the race. 

1 1 was humiliating to the statesmen of Virginia, remembering 
tlmt she was among the first to call attention to agricultural 
in)[)rovomonts in the structure of implements, in the qualities 
of douiostio animals, and to the importance of diffusing agri- 
cultural information, to feel herself thus distanced. Her east- 
ern shore seonied to invite a direct emigmtion from Europe, 
and was cut with natunU canals offering the cheapest trans- 
l>ortation ; yot, ton or twelve years before the civil war, her most 
iMili^htoncd and patriotic citizens were endeavoring, through her 
agriotiUural societies, to do something for "the depressed and 
urotohod condition of tlie farming interests throughout the 
H(nlo.** In most of the counties of the tide-water region there 
WMM a ^wwi extent of waste land, impoverished by the injudi- 
oiotiM onltuiv of Oi>rn and tobacco. In the vear ISio, a hundred 
and twontv faniilios fi\>m the Xomhem States settled in Fairfax 
oonnt v» and puivhastnl i4.()(X> acres of land, at a cost of about 
*IS(KcUH). Those settlors, bv their industrv and skill, not onlv 
fovtilizod anil boautitiod thoir own estates, but imparted to their 
noij^hbors a part of thoir own indomitniMe energy. In a very 
fo\x voaiM tho atUamv in the privV of land averaged fifty per 
oonl. i\\l. .lohn Tavlor, of Caroline, said *'ho was satisfied 
that \xhoa1 w<Nuld not p.*\v ^grown l\v slave labor), when ihe 
jmvbiot foil \>olox\ ton bnshtls to the aort," The average pro- 
duct >xa> then eight buNholsI It is seven at the present lime! 



FIRST AGRICCLTITIAL ASSOCIATIONS. CI 

Aa early an 181G, Mr. Jefferson li;nl eakl: "We must now- place 
the manufacturer aloogaide of the agriculturist." 

It mast uot be supposed tbat we would undervitlue tLe-capac- 
ity or the patriotism of the Southern lanil-liolders. In no 
part of our country baa (here appeared a more genuina attacb- 
ujeut to the land, or a more earnest desire for improvement. 
The first agricttltural associations were formed in the South; 
that of South Carolina was started in 17Si, and is atill in es- 
ii^tence. The Philadelphia Hociety, iu 1785; that of New York 
City, in 1791; the " ilaagaehusetts society for promoting agi'i- 
ciilture,"in 1792. The irst Agricultural Eihibitiou was held 
in Pittsfield, Mass., May 10, 1810. 

The South also took the lead in the importation of valuable 
stock. Maryland was the first to establish agricultural journals, 
and to ask the aid of government in behalf of agricultural edu- 
cation. In fact, Maryland ranks next to Massachusetts iu the 
triuta which are required by a progressive agriculture. The 
zeal and earnestness with which her noble sons — her Calvevts, 
Captons and others, addressed themselves to this work, is be- 
yond all praise. In 1824, John S. Skinner, who had in 1SI9 
commenced the publication of the American Farmer, dis- 
tributed in Maryland a new and till then unknown fertilizer, iu 
(he shape of two bushels of guauo, received directly from the 
Pacific, and accompanied it with translations from Humboldt 
and Ulloa concerning its nature and uses. 

Nor was the sunny-land wanting in model plantations, homes 
and farms, adorned with everything which art and luxurj' can 
add to the charms of rural life. Her temptation and her trial 
lay in a direction better understood now thau it was before the 
■war, in the distance of her market, and tlie cost of transporta- 
tion. Increase in the value of bind, increase in population, 
diversity of employments, tend toward freedom as certainly 
as matter obeys the law of gravitation. In a Southern journal 
of 1850, we read; "If a demand for labor existed in the slave 
States, consequent upon making a market on the land for its 
products, the necessity for emigration would pass away, aud 
immigration would begin. The people of the South would uot 
then desire to tfo tu California, nor would those of the North 
deem it necessary to pass laws to prevent them from so doing. 
jUI the discord between the different portions of the Union re- 
Bolts from a system which tends continually to depreciate the 



v^ A/jiacvLrvni: ix the noxED states. 

^ixifUi '/f tji/j Ui\Hfriit and tho land. For, with increase in value, 
4\)fMffU of tli'j land naturally follows. Great plantations would 
h*'^'otn*i hwjall oij'jh, each of which would yield more than is now 
yU'A'U'.^ hy tho whole. Hrnall farms would come, cultivated by 
ti'^/io UituiiiiH, who Htep by step are becoming free, while their 
tuHi>U*,rn nn9 l>ocoirung rich." 

l/ui tliiH p<?/wj(?ful Holntion was not to be. To the blighting 
t'.iUutiH iff a luiHiukcjn policy, was added the scourge and desola- 
infn of warl All honor to iho noble spirits, north and south, 
hIio labored with their might to hold a united country to the 
pMrriiiiiN of pcwu!o; and, failing in this, waited for the cloud to 
p.ifiri, i'iuuly to rebuild iho wiisto places, and lay the foundations 
ni iin nvnrlaHtiiig (^onnnonwoalth. In this glorious work the 
(h'lunjt In t«)-clay tlio most efficient helper. The South is of 
Viitili nxlniit and nmourcoH. Hard as it is to restore land with- 
out aiiiiiuilH, and hard as it is to obtain forage upon land that is 
lliiii ami poor, ** tlioro in lifo in the old land yet;" its hills are 
Httuiiiiul with ir(»n ami ooal; it has gold and lead, limestone and 
hmK. Alu»vt) all it has ohildron, than whom none are more no- 
bles with gr<Mil niomorios of a brilliant past, and everything to 
\u\\us for in (ho futuro. 

LouiHiana, whoso sugar industry was her strength, who has 
muIImoiI no inuoh fnMU tho war, is still enduring an almost total 
oohpHo i»f piHulnotivo onorg>\ The want of capital, and the 
\\(\\\\ wt o\U\l\douot\ ar\^ sorious obstacles, to which the want of 
labor nun bo advUnb Hor lato slave jx>pulation forsook the 
oo\u\trN for tho t\nvns auvl oitios; tho planters were forced to 
ou\pK\N imp\u*to\l l^'hinoso lalMror^ in thoir place. Add to this 
tho wastoful 8vstom v^f luauufaoturo of the cane sugar — which 
M UxHwhor^ux Ih^Uovos to rt^sult in the actual burning up of a 
huuxh^sl milUvms v>f 5>u^r annually, — ^anvl wo can nesilize the 
^x^U-^Uous \xf sxvial orvlor tv> r^)rv>cn?ss. in anv direction. The 
ac\>vy^^ x\f s\Kga.r pi\\luo;tN>u is Uv^w sciaII — not moi^ thsm one 
huudiwl Aud tit\\ thous.^v.d ;fiv"^rx>s: L^>u:s:a:ia miirat supply the 
^lu^5o V'uJtwl S5:^u>5v Hor ivr.viitiou is v^r:o which evenr Sfcire 
iu ih^'^ Vixunx is \u:<r\^s:^\; :r, ::uvrv^\::;<. csv<tv:AlIv thoese to 
>hKv\un*iis> x>d^*rs t\w;.lu;os tVr Vu.lvlL::^ ui^ ,^ y::^^: mrcri.r c-rn- 

Vo\3^ ^iv*" U:^x^s: S;a:v i v: x:v.4. :> xv : >:.u.Cl -: 



• <«* <• .'% 



¥iA^^»>^ V x^S;^ A ^\^^V.v..v^-<-v.;; ., ;. 7 ...v., ;«- ...><'V«7«:-4C«J. 



I^N^Kt^ \Nf KiJU\^Vv I •.wz.'-.is AS ^\\^ I j»s li^' >;:::: s.l^-c^ -;v::i 



"■ * 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OP NEW ENGLAND. 53 

be had for twenty to forty cents an acre. She raises the finest 
corn and cotton; her flocks abound; she needs only wisdom in 
her councils, to make herself the seat of a great southern civili- 
zation. 



CHAPTER VI. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE BTATEtt, 



*• Tho country's flinty face 

Like wax their fasbioning Bkill betrays. 

To All thu hollows, sink the hills. 

Bridge giilfs. drain swamps, build dams and mills. 

And fit the bleak and howling placo 

Por gardens of a finer race " — R. W. Emersnn. 

TiLrB OF STATESTtCAIi RkPOBTS — HIGHEST AvEBAGE YiELD OP WhEAT IN MASSA- 
CHUSETTS — A Southern View op New England — Value op Hay Crop — Vkb- 

•MONT AND the WoOL INTEREST — WhAT THE NeW EnOLAND StATES HaISE AND 
WHAT THEY EaT — ThB EmPIRE ST.iTE — QeNESEE WhEAT — ThE WeEVIL — FiSH 

AND FcE Culture — Profits op Cheese and Butter Factories — Mr. Arnold 
ON the Future op Dairying — Pennsylvania and her Colonies — New Jersey 
A Market Gabden— Cranberry Culture — Peach Culture in Delaware and 
Maryland. 

Comparisons are odious; "but it is only by their constant use 
that we are able to form cori'ect estimates either of our standing 
or of our progress. The reader will find appended at the close 
of Part First several tables made up from the reports of the 
Agricultural Department at Washington, which will enable him 
to estimate the great value of such information. He will observe 
that the average yield of wheat per acre is larger in Massachu- 
setts than in any State except Oregon; while that of tobacco is 
greater by two thirds than in any of the so-called tobacco States. 
However small the acreage may be, the increase in the average 
' productiveness, year by year, is a test of successful agriculture. 
With the poorest soil and most trying climate, New England has 
contrived her remarkable success, ** spinning her improvements 
out of her own bowels, as a spider spins its web." She has done 
this mainly by the application of brains to her affairs. The re- 
sults tersely described in a Southern journal of the year 1848, 
are far more marked at the present time. 

" The seven wonders of New England," in the eyes of a 
Southern traveler: 

1. Every man is living in a bran, span now house, or one 



th''it I'y-zkfi AM if it ba<l 1.i««D painteil £3 white as scow witbiD the 
yiikt w'lftlt, 

2. All the LoTists arc- cf wood, while all the fences are of 
Ht'iitfi, yi.]t'if:]i ill M.inr: jilace^ lie so :hick as to reqnire to be re- 
moval at the rate of a ton from six feet square. 

'!. Worxl for hoane ami kitchen all sawed and split ap into 
OIK; uniform length atid Kize, and ("do^'v piled awaj ouder cover 
of nil frjtr.n »ihe<l, ho that the work of honse and kitchen nuj 
ftnfTer the )ea.st [>osHihle interruption; in a word, a place for 
tivuryth'uifi and everything in its place. 

4, The care ohvionHly liestowed in the saving and prepara- 
ttoi) of inamtro hy accnmnlation and composting. 

C, Universal attention to a bonutifnl snpply of v^efables 
and fruit adapted to the climate. 

6. Not a i)oor or Knperfluoas ox, cow, horse, hog, or sheep; 
thfi jiroportion of the short-lived, expensive horse, being, on the 
farm, wisely and economically small. 

7. The seventh wonder is, after a day's ride in stages at seven 
and a half miles an hoar, or on railroads at thirty, where are 
th I! so people's stoplo crops? Wliatdo theymakeforsale? TVLere 
arc their stack-yards of wheat, straw aiid fodder ? Where their 
toliacco-houHes and gin-houBes; their great herds of cattle and 
Bwino, rooting in the swamps, browsing in the fields, or repos- 
ing in the shade ? How do they contrive to keep out of debt, 
and never repudiate ? How do they go on improving their 
rocky furiiiH, carrying Hltin from their hills to nnder-drain their 
nifutduwH, building school-houses within sight of each other, 
and <ix])endiiig millions on education, while, buying for them- 
mOv4'h, Olio a littlo bank stock, another a little railroad stock, or 
lliat of a neighbitring factory, where he sells his milk, apples, 
ponllry and potatocH; once in a while adding to his form by pay- 
ing one Inintlied dollars an aero for some smaller parcel in the 
iirigiiborhood. Thu key to the riddle is, diversity of industries 
in gi>n«rnl, and of agriculture in particular." 

'I'ho saiuo writer si)oaks of tho eighth wonder, viz., that one 
county in Mossauhusotts, to which was apportioned two thou- 
Hiiud doUai-s of tho nnrplns mouoy distributed by the general 
govcrnmout, " to bo loaned on good security to the farmers of 
Haid I'uunty," could iml tlju) a fitmiev wjiu iv:iiilud to bori'ow 
money. This, it must lie I'Kiitesud^xMi'iotothau thii-ty years 
nga, boforo tho era of bonds u ~ 



DESTRCCTION OF PABTrBAGE. 



55 



This flattering picture shows ivliat energy and ecoiioiuy of 
time ami labor miiy accomplish with indifferent materials. The 
records of the 8tate Agricultural Society, and Legislature of 
Massachusetts prove with what zeal she has eet herself to cor- 
rect her own mistakes. A committee ou " exhausted pastures" 
issues a circular inquiring of the owners of jmsture lands if they 
ar6 exhausted in anydegi-ee; what aniouut of stock they will 
cany; what amount they carried ten, twenty, and eveu forty 
years ago; what have been tlie results of sheep pasturage, and 
otlier questions, the replies to which, published and widely cir- 
culated, make every readiug farmer understand how mucli of 
Ills land is taken away in milk; why his cows gnaw at old bones, 
and whftt must be done to keep them from gnawing. A recent 
lectare by Prof. Stockbridge, of the Agricultural College, before 
the StAte Board of Agriculture, illustrates the usefulness of such 
investigations so well that no apology is needed for quoting it 
here: 

I find we liavo said to each other, and to the world, that the hay 
crop is the most valuable of any siBKle ciop cultivated; that the hay 
antf ^aes cjwp combined is worth in the ngrgregate, in the United 
Stat«B, somewhere between five and sis hundred milhona of dollura. 
This ia its money value; and, more than all that, we have said to 
the foimors of the country, that its value in dollara and cents ia us 
nothing compared with its imbrect value, in the influence it has in 
preserving the fertility of our farms, as being the gi-eat source of 
mftnurial supply. We have said that no farm can be kept in a high 
Btnte of fertility, or do otherwise than depreciate, if in its ordinary 
munagement, we sell the hay produced upon it; and no man's fann 
is supporting itself or him, where the grass crop is depreciating. 
Si» great is the value of the grass crop of the country, that we can 
afford to take our best soils up, and to bring our poorer soils to the 
highest degree of fertility for the production of feed. Now in regard 
to our pasture landa. The Board of Agriculture have agreed unan- 
imously to this: that there baa lieen a great deterioration in the pro- 
ducing power of our pastures for the last fifty or one hundred years; 
that tlic time was when our hill-sides yielded an abundance of RWeet, 
notritious grasses, which made milk, butter, cheese and beef of 
splendid quality. Our pastures do this no longer, and the brambles 
and briars growing in the place of those sweet, natural grasses, do 
not do it. The cause of the deterioration is apparent; it is because 
we have been building up animal strncturee or manufacturing cuttle 
■ducts which have been taken away from the fields which pro- 
id them, never to i-eturn; tlia^ when all the products have not 
I transported to the market, we have taken the milk for the 
'* Uire of btilter and cheese; and the manurial qualities that 
Bi«ed in the milk left at home, have been given to other 
i of being carried back to the pastures which produced 



AGRICCLTCRE IX THE EASTERN AXD MIDDLE STATES. 

them; ami that we have thus been eending away huudreda of tons 
annually from those New Eiig'laud jioaturea iu the foi-m of phos- 
phates and sulphates iu the hones of animals, and uitrogeji iu their 
muscles and tissues. 

Again, Ke have said to tlie world, that from one third to one 
fourth of all these pasture lands should uever have heeu deprived of 
their original forest covering. AVe cannot keen the Boil in place ia 
pasture or in cultivation. Our mountains and nill-Hides should not 
only he allowed to go back again to forests; this should be assisted 
by ^Btematic effort. The effect of this would be to shelter our cul- 
tivated lands, to make our climate move equable, and to give us n 
more equal distribution of rain, instead of having alteiiiate seasons 
of drought and floods. 

Of the Agricultural College of Massachusetts, and her large 
contributions to agi'icultural knowledge, mention will be made 
in another connection. She leads all the States in respect to 
an enlightened, agricultural economy, and is the pattern fol- 
lowed by the rest of New England. 

Vermont, making lier maple woods more than supply her 
own sugar, has always been sufficient for herself. She has 
played an important part in developing the wool interest of the 
whole country. The Spanish and French merino sheep. Intro- 
duced by Consul Jarvis, of Weathersfiokl, have been improved 
by late importations, until the Yermont flocks have become 
standards of excellence. Her Morgan, Black Hawk and Hom- 
bletouian horses have enjoyed an equally high reputation. 

Of the sis States east of the Hudson, Vermont comes nearest 
to raising its own bread, producing i54,000 bnahels of wheat in 
]869, or a bushel and a peck to each inhabitiuit; taking the 
army ration of twenty-two ounces of flour per day as a basis 
for computing the consumption of bread, it loUows that Ver- 
mont raises bread enough to supply tlie people of the State 
thirty -seven days, and that to make up the deficiency, they are 
obliged to purchase 3,830,000 bushels per annum. 

Maine makes the next best showing in the cultivation of 
wheat, producing in IStiO, 278,000 bnshela, sufficient to last 
eleven days, and purchasing 8,500,000 bushels. New Hamp- 
shire, with a decreasing population, was a trifle behind Maine, 
producing 193,000 bushels, a little more than half a bushel to 
each inhabitant — and purchasiag 4,360,000 bushels, or ten day's 
Biiliply- 

Connvclicut makes n much poorer show than Now Hatnp- 
roduuing 88,000 buah^, eBouf;h *o ftuppjir tho i 



GENESEE WHEAT. 57 

With bread for ten days, and purcliasing 7,518,000 busliels. 
Mussacliusetts, though having a larger area than Connecticut, 
niised only 34,000 hnshels, which, ground to powder, was suf- 
ficient to give the inhabitants of the Btate bread enough for 
breakfast and dinner, but not enough for supper. 

The people of this commonwealth purchase 20,300,000 bush- 
els of wheat. Rhode Island raised 733 bushels of wheat in 
1869, and purchased about 3,000,000 per annum. The eix New 
England States together purchase in round numbers, from 40,- 
000,000 to 50,000.000 bushela of wheat, and quite as much of 
the other gi'ains, or in round numbers 100,000,000 bushels of 
grain. 

The early farming of the Hudson and Mohawk valleys owed 
much to the Dutch element which preponderated in the popu- 
lation. Neat stone walla, clean fields, well built houses for 
families, and substantial barns for stock, were common before 
the Revolution, "Wheat and all the cereal crops gave abundant 
returns; orchards throve, and flocks and herds multiplied, while 
the climate permitted the culture of more delicate fruits than 
that of New England. As cultivation progressed in a westerly 
direction, the growth of wheat became more and more profit- 
able; this again received an immense stimulus from the opening 
of cheap water communication between the great lakes and the 
Atlantic. Genesee wheat and the ilour of the Rochester mills, 
became a synonym for perfection of breadstuffs. The great 
Oeoesee valley, and countless less noted spots along the head 
waters of the Delaware and Susyuehanna, poured a flood of 
plenty toward tlie sea-board, 

Manufactures fiourishedi^as also inland commerce; while the 
system of internal improvements consumed the labors of a 
vast army of foreign emigrants. The forests disappeared be- 
fore the greedy locomotives, or were wasted by accidental fires. 
The averages of cereal crops perceptibly diminished. The 
veeril appeared, at first in isolated and limited districts, but 
ere long it became impossible to grow wheat with profit be- 
tween Lake Ontario and the southern line. The southern 
connties resortetl to dairying and stock farming; those nearest 
the metropolis, to market gardening to a considerable extent; 
until gradually all (be benefits of a diversified industry were fully 
nAnifeBted. Cattle breeding has received a large share of at- 
Bifenu The memorable cattle sale at which the eighth 



50 



AGRICULTURE IN THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE S 



them; niul tliat we Lave thus been Beiitling away 1j' 
annually from those New Eup^laud pastures in th- 
])hates and sulphates in the bones of animals, and 
muscles and tissues. 

A;^ain, we have said to the world, that from ■ 
fourth of all these pasture lands should never llu^ 
their original forest covenng. "NVe cannot kec] > 
pasture or in cultivation. Our mountains and !■ 
only be allowed to go back again to forests; tl: 
by systematic effort. The effect of this would 
tivatcd lands, to make our climate mo^X) e([ti: 
more equal distribution of rain, instead of ha 
of drought and floods. 



Of the Agricultural College of Mossar 
contributions to agi'icultural knowledge 
in another connection. Slie leads all ^ 
an enlightened, agricultural economy 
lowed by the rest of New England. 

Vermont, making her maple wot 
own sugar, has always been sufiic 
played an important part in develop 
wliolo country. The Spanish and 
duced by Consul Jarvis, of WcatI: 
by late importations, until the 
standards of excellence. Her i^i 
bletonian horses have enjoyed w 

Of the six States east of the - 
to raising its own bread, prod 
1869, or a bushel and a pci 
army ration of twenty-two « 
for computing the consuni]^'' 
mont raises bread enough 
thirty-seven days, and thji'. 
obliged to purchase 3,83RT"" 

Maine makes the nex^''^^ 



LM 



-.1 



a IS 
.. j.iut of 
;is(.'s, and 

-. ill the United 

• \planation. Mr. 

stated, little more 

^ uprescuts a capital of 



'.11 



.ii« 



$30,000,000, and the 



. ^ ::ii:torv was established in 
,^ :jjtr. In one town are five 
V c i'JOO cows. One of them 
:it.^=!i«. The number of cows in 
na :0.000 to 30,000, under the 
^ inggMOtion.; each cow represent- 
wlieat, producing in 1^*^^.,^ ;iaMpiiig, factories, implements, 
eleven days, and purdr** --W u£ $300, making a total in- 

Bi^ agncnlture of the county. 

p«r cow does not exceed 350 

m^ke an average of fifty 

T*ni hundred iH)unds of butter 

>^^ for butter dairies. Mr. L. 

Dairymen's Association, thus 

of dairy husbandry : 



shire, with a decreaain^'''''** 
producing 193,000 htf^ 
each inhabitant — and'i^ 
supply. >* 

Connecticut makrt*^^' 
shire, producing 




COKSUttPTION OF BUTTER AJTD CHEESE. 59 

"At the present rate of increase of population in the Uuited 
States, the jear 1900 will find us with 100,000,000 of inhabit- 
ants. If we continue to consume cheese at no greater rate than 
at present, it will require two and a half times the quantity that 
we now consume; or 450,000,000 to aupply the annual home 
couGomption. The sliipping demand must also increase. 
Nothing hut a war with England can prevent it. The English 
are a cheese-eating people, and are now using twice as much 
per head as wo do. Nor is that rate of consumption likely to 
be abated. It is the readiest and cheapest way to supply the 
laboring man wiUi animal food, as it contains twice as much 
uatntton, pound for pound, as meat; while more pounds of 
cheese than meat can be produced from a given quantity of 
feed. The population of England is increasing, while her cheese- 
producing capacity is not. Germany supplies her with what 
wo do not; and, as no other European country produces any 
quantity tor export, the increasing wants of England must bo 
supplied from the United States. If we continue to consume 
cheese at the present rate, and England also, the increase of 
population will require for the year 1900, not less than a 
billion poniuls!" 

Then there is the butter interest, larger still. We export but 
little butter, but we coneume three aud a half times as much as 
we do of cheese, varying from thirteen to seventeen pounds poi- 
bead per annum. I have often heard dairymen predict a high 
reward for dairy products in the future, especially for cheese, 
because the demand was so rapidly exceeding the limited capac- 
ity of the dairy districts of the country. The State of New 
York is more esclusively devoted to dairying than any other 
State in the Union, but only a small portion of the State is 
accredited as being good dairy land. 

Feunsylvania has so neai'ly the same natural advantages and 
manufacturing interests as the State of New Tork, that her ag- 
riculture has developed in a similar manner, though without as 
many vicissitudes. The Keystone of the " Old Thirteen," 
Pennsylvania has been the mother of the States upon her west- 
em boundary; she attracted the first, and has been the theatre 
of the most successful attempts at foreign colonization. The 
l^ri«nds, the Swedes, the Moravians, the Mennonites, and vari- 
uther religious sects, havo a-ssisted in giving a peculiar 
?ter to her institutions, while the superiority of her soil, 



60 AGniCULTCKE IN THE EASTERN AKD MIDDLE STATES. 

and the industries growing out of her mineral wealth, have 
maintained the bolauce of power most certain to secure pros- 
perity. 

New Jersey is the market garden of two great thriving cities, 
and fruit and vegetable-growing hus there attained the greatest 
perfection. A blackberry grower, in West Kew Jersey, with 
Beventy-five acres in cultivation, realized therefrom a net proBt 
of 114,000. The cranberry has proved one of the most 
profitable crops. Sixty acres, in bearing, have netted over 
813,000. Cranberry lands have brought $1,000 per acre. The 
agriculture of Kew Jersey has been created by facilities of 
transportation; waste lands are being rapidly reclaimed, and 
her growth is steady and continuous. Sixty-six per cent, of all 
the land in New Jersey is improved in farms, whoae average 
value per acre is $86 14; the largest of any State in the Union. 

Delaware and Maryland deserve more extended notice than 
our brief limits will allow. They are fast coming to be the 
garden spots of America. The peach crop of these States is 
immense — the average net profit of the crop of 1871, was seven- 
ty-five cents per basket. A peach farmer of Middletown, Del- 
aware, cleared $33,000 from four hundred acres. The "Peach 
Blossom Farm," in Kent County, Maryland, contained six hun- 
dred acres of trees just coming into bearing, and was sold in 
winter for $31,500. The some year the purchaser sold peaches 
Enough from it to amount to $52,000. One canning establish- 
ment in Dover, Delaware, consumed in 1673, of peaches, 18,- 
000 bushels; of pears, 2,000 bushels; of tomatoes, 480 tons; of 
strawberries, 30,000 quarts; of cherries, 30,000 pounds. 

In all these States, the advancing condition of agricuHure is 
largely due to the influence of education and the press. The 
moat influential journals — and those not especially devoted to 
this subject — maintain an extensive correspondence, and give 
considerable space to the treatment of matters of agricultural 
interest, at homo and abroad. 



INC3EASE OF MAIZE CULTURE. 61 



CHAPTEK VII. 

FAKMINO IN THE WESTERN STATES. 

** Consainption is the crown of production, and the wealth of a nation is only to bo estimated 
by what it consomes."— Jb/in Rutkin. 

The Wobld's Gbanaby— Relative Value op Corn and Wheat — Stock Farm- 
iNo "VS. Wheat Fabming — Improved Implements: Trial op American Ma- 
chines — MissoiTRi, Tennessee and KENTcrcKy — California and Oregon — 
Agbioolturb of the Catholic Missions — John Gilboy and his Neigh- 
bobs — Labge Wheat Fields—Enormous Crop op 1872--Market for Cali- 
fornia Wheat— Fabmebs not Enriched by this Stbeam of Wealth— Ton- 
nage: Pbices— Califobnia the Centeb of Wine and Wool Pboduction. 

Passing the great lakes, the emigrant farmer found a country 
awaiting him, where Providence, in the abounding conditions of 
prosperity,, to use the language of one of their number, had not 
only "smiled, but laughed outright." A sea of verdure richer 
and more luxuriant than the meadow lands of the Connecticut or 
Genesee, dotted here and there with park-like, natural planta- 
tions of oaks, indicated lands for the plow, and sites for the 
homestead. Priceless in prospective value, it came almost with- 
out price into the hands of the settler. A season's labor in break- 
ing tl^ strong sod of the prairie, made it ready for wheat, secured 
him against want, and in the possessory right to the soil. The 
winters were not more severe, though a little more open than 
those of the northern sea-board. The northern belt of States, 
Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, soon poured a silver stream of 
wheat into the granaries of the world; Ohio, Illinois, Indiana 
and Missouri, also wheat growers to a considerable extent, 
contributed a golden stream of corn, the noblest product of the 
new world. Up to the year 1800, the export of American corn 
had only exceeded, by a trifling amount, two million bushels. 
This crop is first set down in the census of 1840, at three hun- 
dred and seventy-seven million five hundred and thirty-one 
thousand eight hundred and seventy -five bushels; in 1850, it 
covered thirty-one million of acres, and yielded six hundred 
million bushels; in 1860, it amounted to eight hundred and 
thirty-eight million seven hundred and ninety-two thousand 
seven hundred and forty-two bushels, the export being worth 
ten million dollars. 

The ease and certainty with which the farmer may provide 



G2 



FABJflSO m THE WESTERN STATES. 



for his live stock in winter, through the great productivoiipss of 
maize. Las made pork raising one of tlie moat iinportaut feat- 
ures of western agricaltm'o. The State of Iowa reports many 
fields which produce aa high as one hundred and five buBlieU 
of Indiau corn to the acre. In the year 1872, over two and a 
half millions of acres were devoted to this crop, which covered 
one fourth of all the laud in cultivation, and the supply was so 
greatly in excess of the demand, tlmt large quautittes of it were 
used as fuel; com at eighteen cents a bushel being cheaper 
tlian wood at eight dollars and fifty cents per cord. In the 
year 1872, Illinois raised the enormous quantity of two hun- 
dred and seventeen million, six hundred and twenty-eight thou- 
sand bushels of com. It is very important that the farmer 
should understand the relative value of corn and wheat, aud 
how a surplus of either aft'ecta the market. The increase in 
the production of com always brings a proportionate increase 
in live stock, fed and fattened with it, aud thus the productive- 
ness of the soil is maintained by corn culture to a far greater 
degree than by wheat. The agricultural prosperity of what aro 
now called the Stales of the Interior, is due far more to com 
than to wheat and wool, 

"Wheat culture in those States, though developed to sn enor- 
mous magnitude, has hatl the samo history and rcsnlta that 
have been suiEciently dwelt upon in describing exclusive pro- 
duction on the Atlantic coast. ' ' If wheat growing was the only 
branch of western husbandry, the country would soon be pov- 
erty-stricken. They cannot compete with the newer lands of 
California and Oregon," says the President of the Michigan 
State Agricultural Society. " Our old agriculture, to save it- 
self from ruin, must turn to new sources of wealth, must seek 
now branches of husbandry, aud learn lessons of political econ- 
omy from her immediate and older neighbois, Ohio, Indiana 
and Illinois. All those have relinquished wheat growing, be- 
cause it became necessary to do so, and have turned their at^ 
tention to stock. The products of her dairies, her beef and 
pork, are worth more than her wheat ever was, when the land 
no longer refused to yield wheat." 

The process of soil deterioration from continnous wheat cult- 
ure, was far more rapid west of the great lakes than it had been 
t the East, iu the days of the sickle and tho scythe. The in- 
loo of improved iiq|i||^ts has saved toillJous of dolLira 




AGr.ICULTUIL\l. IMPLEMESTS. 

a year in tlio cost of teams and wages, thus iiicreaciug tho 
aggrejpito of producrion, and of conseqnont csliatistion, by 
uiiUons of biisliels. Not only liave improved plows, har- 
rovs, ftud ciiUivittors led to tliis, but also threshers, mowers, 
reapers and headers, saviug waste in harvesting, until we feel 
that only the more economical nse of the steam plow i» needed, 
U> diminish tho amount of manual labor to its minimum quan- 
tity. At the iuteraational exhibition, at Paris, in 1855, Amer- 
ican machines, though comparatively imperfect at that time, 
were brought into competition with the world. The trial was 
made about forty miles from Paris, on a level piece of oats, 
with macliines which cut and reaped at the same time. The 
American machines were successful; tho judges could hardly 
restrain their enthusiasm, but cried: "Good! good!" "^"ell 
done;" while the excitable people shouted for the An^rican 
Keaper: "That's tho machine!" The re^rort said: "All the 
laurels have beeo gloriously won by Americaus; and this 
ocUiovement cannot be looked upon with indifference, as it 
plainly foreshadows tho ultimate destiny of the New World." 

Three States, lying in the heart of the continent, rich in 
forests, in mineral wealtli, and in navigable streams, seem to 
have been designed by nature for tho moat successful and 
varied industrial development. Missouri, Kentucky, and Ten- 
nessee, have a climate which enables them to grow fruits and 
vines, as well as cotton and com, fine horses and mules. Their 
beat lands are yet nuwasted and imwom; the energies of the 
people, paralyzed during the civil war, are now bent toward 
improvements in agriculture and in education. * 

To the Catholic missionaries, who, from the spacious harbor 
of San Diego to Mendocino Bay, prospected the grandest field 
for ft successful agriculture to be found on the surface of our 
planet, belongs tho credit of being the pioneer agriculturists of 
tho Pacific Coast. It must also be confessed that thoy were 
the first labor monopolists; the whole race of aborigines were 
compelled to work without recompense, for the benefit of the 
Church, though the Fathers exacted no more than they cheerfully 
rendered in their own persons. All the improvements, the vine- 
yards and orchaids, tho countless herds and flocks added noth- 
ing to tho wealth of the ignorant natives who produced them. 
The missions were tho centers of a stock-raising experiment on 
R vast scale, without which tho subsequent history of Califor- 



Ci 



FAEMIXO IS fllE ireSTEKS STATE3. 



nift would have been impossible; the trade in hidi'S and tallow 
having brought in the settlers by whom the gold discovery was 
made. 

The accnmulation of wealth by the fiithera was enormous. 
According to Hev, Walter Colton, chaiilain of the U. S. diip 
CoufjresB, the first Protestant clergyman that resided in Califor- 
nia, in 1825, the Mission of San Francisco owned 76,000 head 
of cattle; 950 tame horses; 2,000 breeding mares; 84 stud of 
choice breed; 820 mules; 79,000 sheep; 3,000 Logs, and 456 
yoke of working oxen. 

The Santa Clara Mission had 74,280 cattle; 407 yoke of work- 
ing oxen; 82,540 sheep; 1,890 horses, broken to saddle; 4,235 
breeding mares; 725 mules, and 1,000 hogs. This mission, in 
the year 1823, branded 22,400 calves, as the increase of that 
year. * 

The Mission of San Josi'- had 62,000 cattle; 840 broken 
horses; 1,500 mares; 420-mules; 310 yoke of working oxen, and 
C2,000 sheep. 

The Mission of San Juan Bautista, as early as 1820, owned 
43,870 cattle; 1,360 tame horses; 4,870 mares and colts, and 
9G,G00 sheep. 

The Sau Carlos Mission, in 1825, had 84,600 cattle; 1,800 
horses and mares; 365 yoke of working oxeu, and 7,500 sheep. 

The Soledad Mission, iu 1826, owned 36,000 head of cattle; 
a larger number of horses and marcs than any other mission; 
70.000 sheep, and 300 yoke of oxen. 

The Missiou of Sau Antouio, in 1822, had 52,800 head of 
cattle; 1,800 tame horses; 3,000 mares; 500 yoke of oxen; 600 
mules; 48,000 sheep, and 1,000 hogs. 

The San Miguel Mission, in 1821, had 91,000 cattle; 1,100 
tame horses; 3,000 mares; 2,000 mules; 170 yoke of oxen, and 
74,000 sheep. 

The Mission of San Luis Obispo had 84,000 cattle; 2,000 
tame horses; 3,500 mares; 3,700 males; and 72,000 sheop. One 
of the fathers of this mission took one hundred thousand dol- 
lars with him when he left for Spain, in 1828. 

All the other missious were equally rich iu stock; while tha 
qaecie in the cotfers of the fathers, w^tiie value of the gold 
did silvec ornsmeutij of the ciiurchos^^^^ddd hulf a mi^on 



1 John 



^f**' 



1.0 i5r«t 



perm 



nftilmp ap 



INCBEASE OF POPULATION. 65 

in tlie Santa Clara valley, (1814,) his nearest neighbors on the 
North were the Bussians, at Bodega. Eight large ranches cov- 
ered the land lying between San Jose and Los Angeles. There 
was not a flour mill or a wheeled vehicle on the coast. The 
people lived on wheat, cracked in mortars, maize, beef, fish and 
game. One thousand bushels of wheat, the first cargo I have 
seen mentioned, was shipped from Monterey to South America, 
prior .to 1820. The product of 18X4 reached, iwentzr eight mill- 
ions seven hundred and eighty-four thousand five hundred and 
seventy-one bushels. 

California, as we see, Is not alone in this wonderful develop- 
ment of her resourtjes. Oregon has some advantages over her 
for wheat and stock raising, and has improved them well. 
Both these young States are the reservoirs and sources of a 
river of breadstuffs which is flowing to the markets of the world 
in a stream of unequaled magnitude, commensurate with the 
scale pf operations which have produced them. As we need to 
see the mammoth trees, not once, but many times, before the 
mind takes in the grandeur of their dimensions, so one must 
grow into a realization of the proportions of our agricultural 
industry and its requirements. From 1848 to 1862 California 
obtained her flour from Chili and the East. In 1856 and 1857 
she imported one hundred and twenty thousand barrels from 
Oregon, and thirty thousand from the Atlantic States. These 
importations did not cease entirely, thou;;h they were dimin- 
ished for two or three years, when the two years drought again 
raised them to seventy-two thousand nine hundred and thirty- 
six barrels from Eastern ports, forty-three thousand three 
hundred and forty-seven from Chili, and nineteen thousand 
fi?e hundred and twenty-nine from Oregon. From that time 
the tide began to set in the other direction. 

Some remarkable facts stand out prominently in connection 
with the Pacific slope States and Territories. First of all, it 
appears that the population increased, between 1850 and 1870, 
no less than three hundred and eighty-seven percent., or nearly 
quintupled. The increase during the latter ten years was not 
at as high a rate as during the former, but still it mounts to the 
'^tj respectable figure of fifty-seven per cent. Between 1850 
.^j^^^^r^ the number of improved acres increased more than 
between 1860 and 1870 the increase was equal to 
mdred and fifteen per cent. ; and the number in 



6G 



FAJiMIXa IS THE ^-EBTEItS STATES. 



1870, as compared witli 1850, iras nearly twenty timea aslargs. 
In the cash value of farms the increaae Bho\m is in a nearly 
similar ratio, the figures beiug almost thirteen times as large for 
1870 as for 18G0. The increase in the extent of wheat enltiva- 
tion is yet more striking. There was over fourteen times as 
much wheat raised in 1860 as in 1850; nearly three times as 
mncli in 1870 as in 18G0, and more than thirty-eight timea as 
much ill 1870 as in 1850. As to all kinds of cereals, there was 
over fifteen times as much produced in 18G0 as in 1850, nearly 
two and one half times as much in 1870 as 1860, and nearly thirty- 
eis times as much in 1870 as in 1850. The amount vt cereals 
produced per head increased nearly seven-fohl in the twenty 
years ending in 1870. The increase in the value of manufac- 
tured products during the same period was considerably more 
than five-fold. It is hardly necessary to say that no other group 
of States in the Union makes such on exhibit as this in refer- 
ence to its agriculture. 

In California we have the largest wlteatfiekl in the trorld. On 
one side of the San Joaquin river it extends for thirty miles, on 
the other about fifty, with an average width of eighty miles; 
six hundred and seventy-two atjuare miles, or four hundred and 
thirty thousand and eighty acres. With the average yield, in 
good years, of sixteen bushels to the acre, this field will produce 
one hundred and sis thousand four hundred and thirty-eight 
tons, and would require a train of cars nearly two hundred miles 
long to move it away. It is owned and worked by different 
parties, but is only broken by the river which fiowH through it. 

The Livermore and San Joaquin valleys raised over twelve 
million bushels in the year 1872. Three wheat farms iu the 
San Joaqnin, with areas respectively of tliirty-aix thousand, 
twenty-three thousand, and seventeen thousand acres, averaged 
nearly forty bushels to the acre, some portions running up to 
sixty busliels. 

The years 1870 and 1871 had been diy years, and nature had 
thus provided the wheat lands with a partial Sabbath. In 18T2 
an unusnal breadth of land was pp'"!"' '"■' "^ fh" season nd- 
vauced the OHtimiites roso to ten, ']y to twenty 

millions of centals. 

How could Ruch a crop he disi^. ;. .v p;uuiiBeiit gnun 

I in San Fnincisco had already rwi»** wurul 

I diflorent porta of the State, whi 



OCEAN TRANSPORTATION. 67 

fiTe hundred to ten thousand tons each. Once in the warehouse, 
the farmer who is out of debt can afford to bide his time, and 
the advance in prices. If he is in debt, warehouse expenses 
only sink him deeper. One large commission house, that of 
Isaac Friedlander, was at this time buying three fourths of the 
grain exported, having agents scattered throughout the State, 
making estimates of the crop .and the supply of tonnage re- 
quired to move it, the rates at which it could be bought, ete., 
etc. All the wheat sent to England is purchased prior to ar- 
rival. Houses dealing in wheat here make known to the grain 
brokers in Liverpool all these facts, who, on behalf of the 
grain merchant there, contract with our merchants for the pur- 
chase and delivery of grain in that city; which, from the year 
1869 to 1872, had taken twenty-four million centals. During 
this period, the Eastern States had taken of us about two mill- 
ion five hundred thousand centals. Australia, two thirds as 
much; China, about seven hundred thousand; Peru, two hun- 
dred thousand; the balance went to various points of the south- 
em coast and islands. The flour export was also considerable; 
taken together, up to July, 1872, it had been thirty-seven million 
five hundred and fifty-nine thousand six hundred and twenty- 
seven centals, of a value of upwards of seventy-one million 
dollars^ How much of this toent to the farmer? 

Few were prepared to answer this question. Many could say, 
that, practicing all reasonable economy, they could not make 
days' wages by raising wheat on their own lands, while the 
piuiies handling the wheat were becoming rich. Knowing 
these facts, they began to look into the reasons. The first 
thing they learned was, that the whole business of marketing 
had been taken out of their bands; that they were ignorant of 
a great many questions that affect legitimate trade; while to 
cope with speculative trade, they were utterly incompetent. 
The agents of production, commerce, and transportation, had 
got the upper hand, and were likely to hold it, unless they 
eonld free themselves by cooperation. 

Finding that England was likely to be their principal market 
lot many years, the wheat growers set themselves to learn 
about ocean transportation. They found that in 
\imdred and twelve vessels carried off the crop; 
ind for Liverpool; twenty-four for Australia; 
ports, and sixteen for China. The next year 




6S 



TiSXISa tS THE WESTERN BTATES. 



&laio^ (loublud the somber; two liuudred aud tweoty-tlireo 
bliipii left the port ol San Fraucisco ladeo with wheat. The 
tfroi> lit l»72 reiiiiired three hundred and eighty-three vessels; 
thv frui{jLt ul which would go far to provide u inereautile marinu 
(or thitt coast. In Julj of that year, the rate of toDnage to Liver- 
j)ool waa Xi 16s. per ton, or SI 14 per cental; the average for 
twvKv years was about £'2 lis. per ton, or a little more than 
Mtxty-ouu cents per cental. 

The highest prices ever reached were in the years 1858, when 
it brought 86 75 per cental, and 1865, when it brought S5 30 
jHtr otiutal. The lowest price was in November, 1860, when dis- 
tilling wheat was sold in San Francisco for 51 00 per cental. 
Tbo fai'mers found that inland transportation was effected by 
rail, steamboat, and barge. The crop of 1872 was sufficient to 
loail sixty-five thonsand railroad cars; or about one thousand 
three hundred and forty average sized barges. The railroad 
freight rate from Merced, one of the great centers, was thirteen 
cents per cental; from Butte, by barge, ?G 00 per ton; from 
Chico, $6 00; from Merced county, $4 20, and from Monterey, 
by steamer, $5 OU. The handling, re-loading, etc., of this 
great crop would require the labor of several hundred persons. 

Not only the cereal crops, but the other great staples of 
wine and wool were concerned ia this question of transporta- 
tion. 

The wool interest has yielded the highest average profit. 
Indeed, California ia the banner State in the quantity of the 
Btaple produced, the size of her flocks aud the average weight 
of her fleeces. The climate is very favorable; and when wool- 
growing becomes essentially an agricultural business, from tho 
necessary restrictions of the paaturage system, alfalfa prom- 
ises to take the place occupied by grass and clover crops in the 
east, and to keep the proportionate advantages in our favor. 
But it is to tho frait and vine cultures that we may look for the 
most distiiigaishing features of our husbandry. As our wines 
grow in the world's esteem; as our raisins tiud their way into 
the world's markets; as our choice and luscious fruits, without 
loss of flavor, varionsly prepared for export, become ludispen- 
sablfi luxuries, aud bring rem n DeratJT Ojgn ces, small farms will . 
exceed in profit the hn'^e ratn-lios of dflVB&eul d.iy; 
fornia will more and luoro n'scmbla of fruit-g 



gtatea on 



the Allautic C< 



WINE, WOOL AKD WHEAT BHIFUENTS. 



The following table shows the shipment of wine and wool to-N^ew 
"Sork, via Panama, from January 1, 1874, to October 31, 1874; 



Month. 


yfisK. 


Wool, E*w. 




Qaltons. 


Vfllne. 


POQDdB. 


VolM. 


Juiiia 


X13,088 

172,639 

160,813 
64,837 


i 7S,62Q 

103,703 

92,212 
44,224 


434,339 

SS6,G79 

338,98S 
800,194 






» 78,218 


March... 


if»y :::::;;;:;::::;;;:: 


70,167 




Jniy 
















Toiiu . __ 


501,367 


$321,764 


1,860,197 


$355,066 



8AN FKANCISCO. 

The receipts and shipments by sea of flour and wheat for B 
teen harvest-years, each closing June 30, were-as follows: 





TLOOM. 


^^.. 


™^w^^ 




ttealpta. 


StalpmBata. 


B«c«lpts. 




Be«lpU. 


EU.™.., 




Barreli. 
01, WO 

«l,fi7Q 

308.1 ;ii 
WT.OdO 
171, ION 

im.Dia 

116,719 


Barr>U. 

im:«m 

ilTO.QI» 


BMMKrIi. 

iwlosa 

Tai.r>:o 

a,W;«)o 
a,0?3JM 

8,607.060 

3,9LlB,3.-fl 
U.UO.BSO 


B^.U.^ 


D«9,!i6« 
1.06:1,1^0 

3.9:6,169 
8,900.1^ 
B,S(B.BM 

loimiii 
iilno'ilrti 

B!oTl',iiM 

i.ua.oos 


Buiiitd. 




6 
BSS 
1.411 

iItk 

13 
\.132 

bIioi 

6,11 ii 


1 

ii 
S 

un 

L8S 
I1T,1 
KM 


3.TL<7<) 










JSM 


i,ej9.ooo 


























;2f 

isn 

















• nieladlng tma ndaced to vhut-lnudiela. 



The receipts and shipments of the first sis months of the harvest- 

Wtr, closing December 31, 1873, were as follows: Flour, receipts, 

iBa,068 barrels; shipments, 328,031; wheat, receipts, 9,614,186 

AaU; Bhipments, 7,844,861 bushels; total wheat and flour reduced 

■^-ttuhelB, receipts, 10,244,526 bushels; shipments, 9,485,016 



>A.^)U>4a ::i THB WESTESS STATES. 

■ -ih-Lti ux utM abuTs tabde contains 300 pounds; wheat la 

.'.«.: ^: ~^ \nj>iiitiA. jMt bashel. The manofactares hy tlie citf 

s '.«.::'„ uv 'aat tour calendar years were as follows: 1870, 

. ,.i;v ■.v.;cis, l(JJt, i*J,000 barrels; 1872, 310,000 barrels; 1873, 

:. .to 'v^ivZa. Oi th« exports of 1873, nearly all the wheat and 

V V^^s- ;MXt>>£ uie floorweresent to the United Kingdom. TUia 

.. . \;.N...k. ii^wwivr, was an exceptional trade resulting from the 

...■•... t -i Sutv^twui wheat^rops. In the previous years the floor 

, V '<. i.1. v ute likttiiih islands was comparatively email. 

'^■K -.«ivvit^ of com, lye, oats, and barley for eight harreet-years 



T«m. 


COID. 


B,e. 


0^ 


BU1«T. 




Blulitli. 

sv.'bth 


Airtrli. 

4.iat 

■I35T 


i,um:iim 


B«l*. 


W*-fl 


i.w.i.S9a 


*«-• 


l,SiS,(lO 


*»-n 

u 





Com and rye are to a very small extent exported, the small supply 
being required moetly for city conaumption. During 1873 the ex- 
port of oata amounted to 9,541 bushels, against 1C,950 bushels in 
1872. The exports of barley in 1873 were 434,816 bushels, against 
293,688 bushels in 1872 and 20,618 bushels in 1871. 




YIELD AND PBICE OP PABM PBODCCTS. 



^ .^ZUa 




2SS 


SSSSSSS83S 


"::!:: 


gg52SS i 


■inoi 


= 


g23SSSSS38SaSg 


SSSSSfS33S^S^i;SS3SK333 j 






s-KS, 




s " ■: 


a-j 1=3 ;t:oi.oggs2«s3<,o;t:o ;«.■ ; ;« 


Si:!:: 


£ -niawij 






S|i|iEi3Sgsgl£igS£gSj§il|;g 


3 : j : ; i 


iA-s;i 


S53SS33e2SgpSSS 

s 


sssssssssssssssESissa:: 


1 t'i"a 


=33SSSSSS£SSSgff 


g£SgSSS£aSSS^S3S|S2|28 


i .-S-£Z 




SE:S«gSSE : : 




sisis^issssspssss 1 i 


'C -nKpna 


SSS^ 


Sih^ ] \ 




asis^a-^sss.'isaa i j 


5 .Z1^}^ 




; ;3 


sssssssspssssassi 




5sasaasssE22sa2 


i i is 


^3s;:£sssss;:^s^sss 


. JSl^^d 


SS$SSSS33337S£SS!^£3SS:;£SSSi;SSE;SSSSS3S? 1 


£ 


s iis 










""■>■>« 


2=£3S8S2SSSi5333 


SS iSSi3JiSJ!?S3aS3S3gS -g 




::;:]^3.-3:.5 


:.. 


^2 M-Pa^S^2-is^s2f;g ii 




5 ATA 


g2£S 


^3S3S2SSS!^ 


?? :SS33SSSf:^^S?SSi:!SSE3S 


" -wintpoa 


=::, 


=5r==="-3- 


^d :Eg--=.22^ssJs2^=^d3sa 


.rsi!. 


s - 


s .^.^^ 


sssssssssssss^^ss^ssssassssaaasssississ 


1 




,ii 


liil 


I 


i ■ : j ' 

i 


III 




llilli 



^ il 



72 



VALUE OP FARM PROPERTY. 



Yalub of Fabhs akd Fabm Pbopebtt thbouohoxtt the United States. 
[From the Report of the Agricultural Department for 1873.] 



Btatee and Ter- 
ritories. 



United States.... 



Maine 

New Hampshire . 

Vermont 

MasHachQsetts . . 
Rhode Island.... 

Ck>nnecticat 

New York 

Kew Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina. . 
Sonth Carolina. . 

Geor:?la 

Florida 

Alabnma 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Artansas 

Tennessee 

West Virginia... 
Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

California 

Oregon 

Nevada 

Dakota 

Montana 

Idaho 

Washington 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

Utah 

Ari/x»na 

Now Mexico 

District Columbia 



Value of 
Farms. 



$9,262,803,861 



102.961,951 

80,6S9,313 

139,367,075 

116,432,784 

21.674,968 

124.241.382 

1,272,857.766 

257,523,376 

1,043.481,582 

46.712,870 

170,360.684 

213,020,845 

78,211,083 

44.808.763 

94,650.468 

9,947 9:0 

C7,73 »,036 

81.716,576 

68,215.4'21 

60.149.950 

40,029,003 

218,743 747 

101,601 3S1 

311,238,916 

1,054.4(55,226 

393,240,578 

63i.8C4.189 

920,60!. 3 16 

300,414,064 

97,847,442 

S9i,C62,t41 

892.90H.047 

90,327,040 

80,242,186 

111.240.028 

22.352.989 

l,485.rx)5 

2,085 2r,5 

729,193 

492 .860 

8,978.311 

18,187 

8,385,748 

2,297,022 

161.310 

2,260,139 

3,800,2'JO 



Value of 

Farm 

Implements. 



$336,878,429 



4,809.113 

:i, 459,943 

0,260,279 

6,000,879 

786,246 

8,246.599 

45,997,712 

7.887.991 

85,658,196 

1,201.644 

6,268,076 

4,921,036 

4,082,111 

2.282.946 

4.614.701 

60">,074 

3,286,924 

4,456,033 

7,159.333 

3.396,793 

2.237,409 

8,109.487 

2,112,937 

8,672,896 

25,692,787 

13,711,979 

17,67 6,691 

34,576,^87 

14,239,364 

6,721,1:0 

20,509,682 

15,696,426 

4,053.312 

1,549,716 

6,316,690 

1,293,717 

103,718 

142,r,l2 

145.438 

69,295 

280,551 

6,723 

272,004 

291,390 

20.105 

121.114 

39,450 



Value of 
Live-Stock. 



$1,626,276,457 



23,357,129 
15,246,545 
23.888.835 
17,049,228 

3,135.132 

17,645,038 

175.882,712 

21.443,463 

116,647,075 

4,257.323 
18.433,698 
28.187,069 
21.993,967 
12,443,610 
30.156,317 

6,212,157 
26,090,095 
29,940,238 
15.929,188 
87,425.194 
17,222,606 
65,084,075 
17,175,420 
66,287.343 
120.300,528 
49.809.8C9 
83,770,782 
149.750,C98 
45,310.882 
20,118,841 
82,987,133 
84,2S5,273 
23,173,185 

6,551,lo5 
87.964,752 

6,828,675 

1.445.449 
770,9,52 

1,818,693 
620.580 

2,103,343 
441,795 

2,871,102 

2,149,814 
143 996 

2, 389.1. '57 
114,916 



Total Value. 



$11,124,958,747 



131.128.193 

99,295,801 

168.506,189 

138.482.891 

25,496.346 

145,033,019 

1.494,738,190 

286.854.830 

1.194,786,853 

52.171,837 

194,072,t58 

246,132,550 

104,287.161 

59,535,219 

129,3:i0,486 

15,664.521 

97.716.055 

116,113.447 

91,303.942 

100,971.937 

59.489.013 

282,027,809 

120,692.738 

883,099,155 

1.200,458.541 

461,762,426 

736,257,562 

1,104,839,631 

859,964,310 

124.687,403 

406,150,166 

492,789,746 

117,553.637 

3^,343,187 

184.521,470 

30,475,381 

3,094,672 

8,007,829 

2,093,324 

1.072,735 

6,371.235 

465,705 

6.529,454 

4.739,126 

325.441 

4.770.410 

3.954.596 



VajluxPxb 
Capita. 



1 
I 



$285 80 



209 16 
311 96 
530 77 
95 02 
117 30 
269 85 
311 05 
810 68 
839 24 
417 32 
248 60 
200 90 

97 63 
84 37 

109 2a 
83 43 

98 01 
11(1 24 
125 74 
123 60 
122 79 
224 09 
273 60 
290 00 
450 41 
889 98 
438 08 
895 62 
341 31 
283 67 
415 53 
286 29 
322 60 
311 75 
329 36 
835 18 

72 83 

212 10 

130 78 

71 52 

265 97 

61 07 

163 79 

64 61 

33 70 

51 92 

30 03 



I 



m 

O 



$1,878 



1,599 

2,132 

2.911 

1,902 

2.164 

3.322 

3.093 

4,544 

4 594 

3.267 

2.412 

1,006 

387 

288 

885 

869 

335 

448 

645 

605 

544 

1,05« 

1,634 

1.467 

3.023 

2.466 

2,760 

2,935 

2,254 

1,C59 

2.3C0 

1,867 

1.606 

l.C&O 

3.856 

2,300 

1.495 

1,192 

1,275 

784 

1689 

2,839 

1,010 

454 

353 

255 

2,897 



CLASSES OP OCCnPATIONS. 



KirXBSB AND PBOFOBnON Of FEBSONB EbDIOID IN TBB SSVKRUj CliASBtB OF OCCCP&- 
TtONB IN THB StITU AND XtSBTIOHItS OF CBB UHITIII SIATKS. AI 
nOM THI CCNBUB OT 1670. 



ebUM >od Terrltortm. 



rolled BtatM^. 



OUfDniu'.V. 




lia.lBS 







0LA8BEB OP 0CCDPATI0R8. 



BbteiiadTnniorlM. 


Nnnil>fT In tndo 
nnd trmnspprt*- 


fwS 


"dmiu- 
iclea. 


'ssr 




Kamb'T. 


Ptrt-nll. 


3.70T.U1 


Pfrcn.1. 








Alibimt 


'^m 

33, IBS 
901 

8o,m 


Id! 01 

ia.7B 
ulis 

io:a4 


17.0TO 

Bi.m 

t,3n 
ai.o« 

78,057 


Biott 
e«,as 

17. 0( 

10.68 


























































ae,iis 

S9,S(1 
10,6M 

331,M1 

10,150 
TK,S47 

1i 

1.133 
1,«0 


ioIm 
jslai 

7>1 


17.310 
181M 
44.197 

as.B07 

<|-2«17 

8.>.lS)7 
lfl,08S 

8,030 

4s|a}3 

47a|77a 
■io.r,ai 

m.i*o 
is.sn 

4,107 
M.OW 
49,413 

i!g34 


w'.w 
ai:4!i 

SB. 71 
34.90 

>3!43 

So!79 

OTiia 

»;d4 
















































Nchnuki 


119,3a 




W6OT8 


















On«oo 






























i.iss.ica 





















PAET SECOND. 



The Farmers' Great Awakening. 



CHAPTER Vin. 

THE FABMEBS IN COUNCIL, 
dij Is eomlog, aje. It li new, when working men Bhall role this nstion."~/>aDt(f Bro^ 

Gazbkbiho of the Clubb— Mb. Hyatt's Telliko Bepobt on Shippikg — Pbopo- 

a4L lOB ▲ COHTKiniON — ^EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION — A SuMlIABT OF CoM- 
FLAXHTB— ObCMLNIZATION OF THE FaBICESS' UnION AT ISaCBAMENTO — FbAUDU- 

unr Wbsax Quotationb. 

DuBiNa the years 1871-2, the farmers of California began to 
feel the necessity of combining for their own protection and 
improvement. The feeling of discontent with their condition, 
and the conviction that their difficulties were not inseparable 
from their calling, was almost universal. The wheat growers 
had the largest interests at stake, and were mostly concerned 
in the question of reducing the cost of transportation, but the 
fruit growers were even more strongly resolved to strike for free- 
dom from the exactions and combinations of middle-men, who, 
they insisted, were receiving the lion's share of the profits. The 
fanners seemed everywhere fully awake to the idea that an 
intelligent cooperation could best bo effected by associations 
confined to those engaged in agriculture. A club was gathered 
in Sacramento on the 7th of December, 1871, and from this time 
onward the work of organization proceeded rapidly. Stockton 
drew to its club the intelligent farmers of the San Joaquin, 
and elected Dr. Holden as their President. At Oakland a 
** Farming, Horticultural and Industrial Club " was formed, for 
improvement in the theory and practice of agriculture, horticulfr* 
ure, and other industrial and domestic pursuits, which was pre- 



VALUE OF rABM PKOPERTT. 



Vu.nx or FiBHs and Fabu Pbopkbtt tBBovaaoxn ihk UmrBD Stites. 
IFrom tbe Baport ot tbs Agrlcoltiml Daputmsnt for IB73.] 











ViLm 


Pu 




sr.' 


FBrm 


Uvii-Slock. 


Total Tslno, 


O.I'JI«. 


BtitPH uid Ter. 




1 














United atat»„... 


|B.aw,8m.gQi 


1330^8.428 


tl.6B5.Mn,4S7 


m.mj>sa,iii 


m«> 


(1.878 


Uslne 


loi.oa 1,091 


(§00 113 


aawm 
























































































































































































































































W.311,i51 




















































































393.;!HI,I1M 




t9.80Q.sro 








UlrMgu 




mfNMi 


»mm. 




















B-W.CD 1,3 in 


I.SIS.IST 












4B,3io.iua 


H'^^^-^l 






















































aa,H3.i§B 








II<-br»t> 








'«;,(! 
























































































































































niM 










B.M0.2M) 


M,*W 


"*■"" 




3U.U 


^.«-JJ 



CLASSES OP OCCIJPA.TIOMS. 



D PCOPOKnOR OP PEBS0N8 EKOAOED IN THI BEVIKU. ClASBEB OF OcCUFt.- 
I a TBI SUIBa AXD TlBBTHIBID OT TBX UHITBD StUIB. AS VKDUGBD 

[ TH> CenuB DF 1870. 





Nomterof 
piUoiu. 


Hnmberln 
iBimloccu 


•gritnl. 

pitlODI. 


Smober in profefc 


Coiled 8«»t(ii 


A-nnAcr. 


6,Bii.«l 


""I^^ 


3,884.7113 


"21. ii 




3«.^5B 


MLoae 


T9.« 


«,1M 










17.683 

io!s;e 

1«,01B 
*M,SM 


1,185 
IM,alO 

1S>J 

S7B.MI 
M«.7n 


BsidB 


3.1 la 
loill'J 

M>83 

Boioia 


























































IMBOl 

It.niS 
30.(111 

l».i»a 
aolcsi 

l.lttO.S« 

aosisoi 

as 

1(18.763 

ns,«9 

3W,M8 


SlD.pflS 

3>iTn 
*i:.e73 

11^(108 
M4.a93 
369,338 

380.0151 
11,180 

3n6.aH 
3BT.mo 

li 

S14,11.V) 

Tj|06O 
1S9,CB7 


eioj 

i:i 

15,110 
«ii,3» 

81 ;» 
G3.3a 
IS.ns 

S;J! 

63. M 
15-10 

Ji!«8 
18,30 
18 18 

711 ! 31 


30.736 

aolirn 

II 

loliti 

•s 

iwaos 
asslwio 

w!.163 

Ml J 

«8,'£31 
3il70 












































































Ohio 

























































78 THE FABXKBS IS COUSdL. 

most be in a Terr donbtfnl state r^azding the wheat prospects hy 
the uncertain and frequent changes made in the qnotations/' 

Your committee can here only allude to the petit hut^nj attempt 
to swindle the farmers bv the wheat sack extortion. 

And now, what is to be done to counteract these plots against the 
interests of the farmer, and to enable the farmer to obtain a living 
price for his grain — ^the honest earnings of his hard labor, earned bj 
the sweat of his brow, and bj days of ceaseless toil and by nights of 
watchful care ? Your committee are expected to suggest a remedy. 
The one proposed by the resolution of the Napa County Club, and 
endorsed by various agricultural associations of the kind in Sacra- 
mento, San Jose, San Joaquin and other places, to form Protective 
Unions by counties and districts, and to concentrate in a strong State 
Institution, meets the approval of your committee, with some mod- 
ifications perhaps; but we deem it now too late to perfect any organ- 
ization that shall be effective the present season. But farmers have 
the power to make their efforts felt, and at once; and that is by hold- 
ing on to their grain crop until a fair price shall be offered. Those 
in immediate want of money can get what advances they may need 
on their wheat, and sell it when it reaches a living price. Compel 
these ship-grabbers to pay heavy demurrage on their empiy vessels 
for a few months, and it will bring them to terms. 

Let those speculators who attempt to " comer " the farmer, be- 
ware that they do not find themselves " cornered," as in a late re- 
markable instance in Chicago, resulting so disastrously to the buc- 
caneers. 

We regret there should be any antagonism between the farmer 
and the produce dealer. It is not the fault of the farmers; they 
only seek what is right and just; they ask only a reasonable com- 
pensation for their labor and capital; they are willing to live and let 
live. They are willing to sell their products at rates that will allow 
a fair margin of profits for the honest dealer, but they are not satis- 
fied to have all their profits and earnings carried off by the specu- 
lators. Free trade and farmers' rights are what we seek. We can- 
not consent to be made the victims of dishonest combinations and 
over-reaching avarice and monopolies. Between the farm laborer, 
clamoring for increased wages, though far better paid in California 
than m any other country in the world, and the greedy middle-men 
and intriguing produce gamblers and grasping railroad monopolists 
and the insatiable tax-gatherer, the farmer, who can come out even 
at the close of the year, may well congratulate himself as a fortunate 
man. It is only indefatigable industry, keen sagacity and untiring 
perseverance, that will enable him to do this. All other callings 
and industries have their co-operative associations for their protec- 
tion and advancement. The farmer must have his or he cannot 
prosper, nor attain those rewards of labor and industry that he has 
a right to claim. 

Your committee would conclude by recommending that five 
delegates bo chosen by the Oakland Farming, Horticultural and 
Industrial Club, to meet representatives from like associations in 
other portions of the State, at Sacramento, on Monday eveniug, 
September 22d (during the State Fair), as suggested by the Sacra- 



80 THE FABMEBS IN COUNCIL. 

with many of the fees of middle-men — a great saving to farmers. In 
regard to the securing of tonnage, he did not know that it would 
prove a disadvantage to us; it might be an advantage. If the 
buyers engage the tonnage to ship tiiieir own purchases of wheat, 
we will be benefitted; if they charter ships to sub-charter, then we 
are not benefitted. 

Mr. Fish thought the system of farming, as now practiced, was 
ruinous to the owners of the land. "We have to pay so many com- 
missions that it leaves nothing to the small farmer; he thought the 
system of freights was in the hands of a monopoly; thought we 
ought to have a system of co-operation in regard to disposing of our 
crops. Those whose experience gave them the right to speak with 
authority, declared concerning the wheat market, that in no other 
State in the Union are the great body of wheat growers so com- 
pletely under the thumb of one man as in California; no other 
State in which there is not something like competition in^the market, 
and generally more than one outlet for the disposal of the surplus 
product. It is simply strange that one man only in California of 
those possessing ample means, should have been found with brains 
enough to have made some provision for the purchase and shipment 
of our wheat crop. 

A summary of the farmers' complaints and their causes ap- 
peared in the Rural Press of September 7th. **In addition to 
the impositions practiced upon the farmers by middle-men, who 
crowd themselves in between the producer and consumer, and 
unnecessarily, and by every art in their power, increase the cost 
of all agricultural products as much as possible, while passing 
through their hands, we may mention another great wrong, the 
eflfect of which, particularly in this State, falls heavily upon tlie 
agriculturists. We refer to the additional rate of interest which 
is charged upon all moneys loaned in the country, over and 
above the rate charged for money loaned in the large towns and 
cities. For many years the savings and other banks of the 
cities refused to loan money even upon real estate which was 
not located within the city; thus, with wonderful stupidity, re- 
fusing to assist in the development of the agricultural resources 
of the State, upon which all other industries, and even the 
banking or money-loaning business itself, depends for its con- 
tinued and permanent prosperity. Time has shown them their 
mistake by cities being forced into unnatural growth and be- 
yond the necessities of the country, and consequent depreciation 
of city property and want of city demand for money. 

''Being forced to keep their money laying in their vaults idle 
or seek loans in the country, they adopt the latter; but make it 
a rule to require country borrowers to pay from an eighth to a 



VOICE OF THE PRESS. 81 

quarter per cent, more per month than they ask on city loans; 
thus still adhering to the suicidal policy of crippling the indus- 
try which lies at the foundation of the prosperity of other in- 
dustries and of the State. 

"This discrimination of the banks and moneyed men against 
the agricultural industries, is as unjust to the farmer as it is un- 
wise in those who practice it. It induces or compels a forced 
system of cultivation without proper fertilization of the land. 
It prevents necessary improvements, without which the country 
cannot possess the appearance or reality of thrift. It compels 
the farmer to sell his grain at whatever he can get for it, thus 
throwing him into the clutches of another class of sharpers. 
The grain buyers conspire together to form rings and corners to 
catch the producer in a tight place and rob him of his crop — or. 
at least, of his legitimate profits thereon. It is a common re- 
mark in this country, that the price of grain is kept down after 
each harvest until after the bulk of it has passed out of tho 
hands of the producers, and then, by combinations of the buy- 
ei-s, forced up to an illegitimate price, thus forcing from the 
consumers — the common laborers, mechanics and manufactur- 
ers of the State — an improper proportion of their wages and 
profits for the staple articles of life, and at the same time dis- 
couraging the introduction and success of manufacturing indus- 
tries, upon which, and the additional consumers they would 
bring, the producers must depend for their home market — the 
most profitable and reliable market in any country. 

''It would seem as though we had named difficulties enough, 
with which farmers are beset, to arouse them to united action 
for the purpose of breaking the chains which bind them down, 
but there are still others, compared to which those enumerated 
are but trifles. Chief among these is the freigld monopoly. 
The whole carrying trade of the State is now virtually in the 
hands of one company. Whether it shall cost the farmers of 
the State one sixteenth, one eighth, one fourth or one half the 
value of their crops to move them to market, is absolutely at 
the discretion of an organization which has absorbed all the 
railroads and all the steamboat routes of the State. This com- 
pany has it in its power to-day to reduce the cost of putting 
the surplus products of the State on the wharves of our seaport 
towns and cities to the least possible figure, and thus spread 
6 



82 THE FARMERS IN COUNCIL. 

prosperity and conteDtment all over the State, and secure the 
good-will of the entire producing classes; or it has the power 
temporarily to extort an unjust and unreasonable amount for the 
performance of this labor, and thus oppress the agriculturists, 
drive prosperity and thrift from their doors, produce suflFering 
and discontent throughout the land, and provoke the ill-will and 
the combined opposition of the people who have this labor to 
give and the freights to carry, and who, while acting as individ- 
uals, have no influence or power, but who, when forced to com- 
bine, will have all the influence and all the power. 

** There is no proposition clearer than that a liberal policy, 
adopted and carried out by the capitalists, the produce dealei*s 
and grain buyers and freighting companies of the State toward 
the industrial classes, will result in the mutual benefit of a^I, in 
the increased population and redoubled prosperity of the State. 
Equally clear is the other proposition that the opposite policy 
will secure the opposite eflfect and will form a combination of 
those industrial classes for their own protection. 

**The organization of the farmers' clubs throughout the State 
is one of the first fruits of this latter policy. It is an evidence 
that the farmers feel their wrongs and know and mean to apply 
the remedy. They have the power to regulate alike the rate of 
interest on money, and the rate of freights on railroads. They 
have the power to dispense with all middle-men, and by co-opera- 
tive systems, to dispose of their own produce directly to the con- 
sumers, free of all commissions and all unnecessary charges." 

The Sacramento convention brought together the following 
delegates : 

Sonoma County Club — R. A. Thompson, A. W. Middleton, Wil- 
liam H. Rector, Henderson Holmes, G. W. Davis, John Adams. 

Napa County Club — J. 13. Saul, James M. Thompson, W. H. 
Nash, Wm. Gouverneur Morris, T. L. Griggs, W. A. Truebody, J. 
M. Mayfield, W. A. Fisher. 

Vucaville and Pleasant Valley Fruit Growers' Association — T. O. 
Bingham, Wm. Cantelow. 

Sacramento County Fanners* Club — I. N. Hoag, S. N. Baker, W. 
S. Manh)ve, James Butter, William M. Haynie. 

Oakland Farming, Horticultural and Industrial Chib — Dr. E. S. 
Carr, T. Hart Hyatt, Christian Bagge, A. D. Pryall, and A. T. 
Dewev. 

Santa Chira County Clul>— W. H. Ware, Jesse Hobsou, C. T. Set- 
tle, Chipnian, Carv Peebles. 

Sutter County Club-^ohn Mcllmoil, M. WiLson, C. P. Berry. 



farmers' union proposed. 83 

San Joaquin County Club — Dr. E. S. Holden, J. N. W. Hitch- 
cock, Thomas C. Ketcham, C. Grattan, H. C. Wright, W. G. Phelps, 
James Smythe, L. H. Brannock. 

Santa Cruz County Club — Benjamin Cahoon, J. R. Locke. 

El Dorado County Club — G. G. Blanchard, Robert Chalmers. 

Sonoma Vinicultural Club — W. M. McPherspu Hill, Major J. R. 
Snyder, Wm. Hood. 

T. Hart Hyatt submitted the following: 

In view of the stem, exasperating fact that the farmers of Califor- 
nia, when spared the calamity of a loss of crops from drought, Hoods, 
mildew, or blight, are met by a more withering scourge in the form 
of railroad monopolies and pestilent grain rings and bread-sharks, 
whereby the farmer is robbed of the fruits of his hard toil and life- 
long earnings, and left without enough in many cases to reimburse 
him for his expenditures, while the merciless speculators are fatten- 
ing on their unjust gains, building palaces and sporting princely es- 
tablishments on the plunder thus taken from the hard working 
farmer; and in view of the fact that nothing can be effectually done 
by the farmer without co-operative and vigilant, energetic, united 
action; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That the convention deem it expedient forthwith to 
establish and organize a Farmers' Protective Union League, to be 
composed of the members of all the local agricultural and horticul- 
tural clubs and associations in the State, who may desire to join the 
league; and to hold semi-annual meetings alternately at Oakland, 
Marysville, Stockton, Napa City, San Jose, Sacramento, and at such 
other points as may be deemed practicable. That said league be 
organized under tjie laws of the State, and be duly incorporated, so 
far as it may be necessary to enable it to transact business in a legal 
manner; to be a business, not a sporting institution; that it appoint 
an Executive Central Committee, who shall be empowered to trans- 
act business for the league during the intervals of its regular meet- 
ings. The said league to have power and authority to organize and 
establish a Produce Exchange, a Farm Stock Exchange, and a 
Farmers' Savings, Deposit and Loan Bank; and to do all other 
things that may be found necessary to advance the rights of the 
farmers of California. 

All seemed earnest in their action, and united and determined on 
the main objects of the association. The tenor of the general 
remarks showed a desire to strengthen the influence of the conven- 
tion by calm, deliberate action, attempting no dictation and making 
no demands in any direction without the power to enforce them. 

President Fisher recommended that warehouses be built at conven- 
ient points for shipment, where farmers can safely put their grain 
and keep it. It was suggested that foreign capital, or any other cap- 
ital demanding a low interest, can ask for no safer security. The 
money can always be had when the grain is put up, and as long as 
it is needed and at rates that we can stand. Our great crops, once 
in our storehouses, we can also have the power to co-operate and 
deal direcfly with foreign buyers. "We can show what we have 



84 THE FARMERS IN COUNCIL. 

in our hands, and they will know what ships can profitably be sent 
this way at the right time. Messrs. Blanchard, Phelps, Rector, 
Morris, and others favored building sufficient warehouses to carry 
out, as far as practicable, the objects desired. 

Dr. Carr urged that there was a still higher work for the State 
FaiTuers' Club whereby they may secure the worthy object of get- 
ting fair prices for our products. Let us arrange to work up our 
own produce into brain and muscle. Encourage manufacturing, 
and diversified farming, giving all the needs and comforts of life 
cheaply. If low prices shall discourage sending enormous quan- 
tities of wheat out of the country annually, it may be in the end a 
blessing rather than a calamity. Wheat crops as now produced, 
year after year, are taking the cream of our rich and generous yield- 
ing soil. As our lands grow poorer, immigration and all industiy is 
discouraged. It is the noble work of our Farmers' Club to bring 
about a better order of things and make the utmost of the rich re- 
sources that are within our reach on this highly favored coast. 

Mr. Morris endorsed Dr. Carr's remarks, and stated that his tak- 
ing the United States census returns for the State developed to him 
the fact that in a quite recent year one export of wheat brought us 
less money than we sent away for boots and shoes manufactured 
abroad. The census returns also bring painfully before us our lack 
of suitable employment of boys and girls. Occupation is needed 
for them, that we may have the right men and women of to-morrow 
to develop and increase our naturally rich possessions. 

Mr. Blanchard counseled making the best of things beyond our 
present control. When we cannot build competing railroads, let 
farmers and fruit-gi'owcrs combine, see what, unitedly, is the best 
they can do without the railroads — immediately and prospectively — 
and then show railroad men how they stand in their own lif'ht by 
keeping up high prices, preventing industry from being profitable, 
keeping back settlement, and retaining undeveloped districtii for their 
slim trains to pass througli. Talk business, drive sharp bargains. 
Railroad men have not all the brains and business tact, and pro- 
ducers have frequent opportunities to make points in their own 
favor. 

A Constitution and By-Laws were adopted, and the following 
oflicers elected, viz: Hon. John Bidwell, Pre8i''^ent; J. It. 
Snyder, of Sonoma, E. P. Holden, of San Joaquin, T. Hart 
Hyatt, of Alameda, W. S. Manlovo, of Sacramento, D. C. 
Feeley, of Santa Cruz, and W. H. W^are, of Santa Clara, Vice 
Presidents; I. N. Hoag, Secretary, and A. T. Dewey, Treas- 
urer. 

Tlfe farmers were now organized, but there was not yet suf- 
ficient unanimity of sentiment, or experience in management, to 
secure that without which sentiments and resolutions would 
prove of little avail, viz. incorporation. 

The statement that the quotations of California wheat in Liv- 



FALSE WHEAT QUOTATIONS, 85 

eii^oGl, were below the real market rates prevailing there, and 
that false telegraphic quotations had been intentionally made 
for the purpose of further depressing prices in California, was 
confirmed on the arrival b^ mail of the "Mark Lane Express," 
the representative of the produce interests of England, both 
agricultural and commercial. The loss to the farmers for 
August amounted to $168,870, which went into the pockets of 
the operators. For tlie year it would not have been less than 
$1,560,000 — 2,340,000.* An attempt was made to excuse these 
discrepancies, by the statement that the higher quotations 
from the **Mark Lane Express" were for *'club," and those 
telegraphed for ** average white wheat;" but inasmuch as the 
amount of ** club" raised or shipped is trifling, this explanation 
only served to stimulate further inquiry, when it was found that 
these misquotations had been continued through the fourteen 
months, with one single exception. On the 28th of November, 
1871, the true average price of wheat in Liverpool had been 
telegraphed. All the rest were from 1 cent to 22 cents, averag- 
ing 10 cents lower than the real quotations. Our own dailies 
had innocently published these fraudulent reportii, based in 
some cases also upon grain circulars issued in England in the 
interest of the buyers. The " Mark Lane Express" alone re- 
mained above suspicion. What could bo done about it ? The 
farmers might protect themselves by the establishment of a 
Wheat Bureau in Liverpool, or of an agency authorized by the 
State Board, whose business it should be to tabulate imports, 
exports, crop returns, information as to prices brought by 
different grades, etc., etc. 

The Kural Press summed up the subject in its issue of 
iNovember 16, in a manner which gave the people at large an 
understanding of all its relations: 

The average rate of tonnage for the last four months for char- 
ters eflfected in this port has been £4 15s., and the difference be- 
tween this, and that really paid for ships chartered previous to 
arrival, has been £1 15s. per ton, or 42 cents per cental. This lias 
been the average profit of those who received the piiueipal i)ait of 
the tonnage bound to our port for the last six or eight mouths, on 
every cental of wheat exported this han^est year. From the 1st of 
July to the 3d of November, the exports have amounted to 3,355,518 
centals, which at 42 cents each, gives a profit of $1,409,235 55, at 
least one million dollars of which must have found its way into the 
l)oeket8 of a single firm. If this came out of the pocket of one 

*Soe ** iioral Press " of October and November, 1872. 



86 THE FARMERS IS COUNCIL. 

speculator and went into those of another, we would not mind. And 
there is every reason to fear that a proiiortioually large sum will be 
extracted from the pockets of the fanners for the lialance of the 
Kenson. If tluB Bliould bo the case, and should the amount of 
wheat available for export, eynal that which would be intimated by 
the estimates of Bome of oui' prominent men, the loss to the formera 
and the gain'to the speculators will not be leea than (5,888,000. At 
nineteen bushels an acre, the loss to the fanner would be seven 
dollars and ninelj-eig'ht cents, or nearly eight dollars per acre, and 
Oil a farm of one thousand acres, producing euch an average crop, 
the loss would be almost $8,1)00. It is high time then that fannera 
should awake to the situation. If taxes of this amount were levied 
on them, or attempted to be levied, they would rise in open rebcll- 
iou, aud yet they tamely submit to this imposition, or make a few 
feeble and inefl'ectunl protests, and there the matter ends. It will 
be seen from our table that the overage of freiglita for the eleven 
years ending December, 1871, was £'2 lOs. 8d. only. If the farmers 
of tbo Slate were united on the matter, they could freight ships or 
build them, and the cost of carrj-ing wheat to Liveri>ool would not 
exceed £2 10s. With wheat for export eqiiabng fourteen million 
centals, they would then save in one season, the Bum of $7,560,000, 
or 54 cents per cental, or $10,260 on every farm of one thousand 
acres. 

Dunng the balance of the harvest year, with the vessels which 
have already loaded cargoes fur England, and those on the way now 
known to be engaged, wo have one hundred and seventy-sev^ ves- 
sels. Now, calculating by the average cargoes which have already 
been loaded, there would, supposing fourteen million centals to be 
available for exportation, be required four hundred and ten vessels. 
So that we require arrivals of one hundred and sixty-four more be- 
sides those already on the way known to be chartered for wheat in 
order to cany away the largest ijossible margin of export. Thoso 
at present available will carry away 10,151,Cii8 centals; and there 
being now on the way to this port altogether one hundred and 
eighty-seven Bhips, this ensures us a far more satiafactorj' pi'ospect 
(or the balance of the year. In this connection we may mention a 
circumstance that has come under our notice during the last fort- 
night which shows how completely are the farmers at the mercy of 
the grain speculators. 

A merchant in Visalia, whose interests are intimately connected 
with those of the farmers of his section, desirpd to aseist tliem in 
obtaining better prices for their wheat, and in order to do so, he 
contracted at reasonable rates for a ship with one of our largest 
shipping houses in this city. The bouse in question generally bears 
a good name, but unfortunately the mei-chant only made a verbal 
contract with it. He was soon after approached by an agent of Mr. 
Monopoly or a party in his interest, who endeavored to obtain the 
shiji from hini. But the merchant was firm. This agent then eajs 
to him, " I suppose you expect to loail the phip." The reply was, 
" Yes, certainly I do, I have engaged it, and shall send it." 'Where- 
upon Monopoly's representative rejoined, " Let me tell you, (or mark 
my words,) you won't send that ship." "Within forty-eight hours the 



PRESIDENT BmWEIX'S VIEWS. 87 

merchant received a notification from the house that they could not 
possibly let him have the ship. 

We can give the names of the parties to any of our readers who 
may desire to have them. "We have been accused of bringing* 
charges on freight rings and grain rings needlessly, but we think 
that a perusal of our article, and a knowledge of such means as here 
shown to be made use of to keep all the available tonnage mainly 
in the hands of one house, will convince our readers that our de- 
nunciation of the unworthy means made use of to rob the farmers 
of this State, have been both timely and needed. 



CHAPTER IX. 

HOW THE CLUBS BECAME GRANGES. 

M££TINO OVIBE BOABD OF DiBECTOBS: PRESIDENT BiDWELL's BeIIABKS: MaJOB 

Sntdeb advocates Building Co-opebative Wabehouses: Judge McCunb 
OH Fabes AND Freights — Sonoma Club — Mass Meeting at Stockton: Thirty 
Thousand Dollabs Subscbibed — Mr. Baxter appeabs on the Scene — 
Contention at San Francisco— How the Grangers Negotiated por Sacks 
AND Did'nt Get them— Gen. Bidwell's Address — A Lady's Suggestions 
— ^Mb. Hallett on the Futube op the Wheat Mabket — Convention 
Bkoommxnds the Fobmation op Gbanges: Winding Up op its Appaibs. 

The history of the Farmers' Union is virtually that of the 
emancipation of California agriculture from its oppressive 
burdens. It has been seen that the local clubs were the 
centers of influence, and the germinal points of enlightened 
public opinion, while the board of directors were active in per- 
fecting plans for immediate relief. President Bidwell called a 
meeting of the board, in January, **to devise means by which 
the cost of moving and marketing the crops of the approaching 
season might be reduced, thus enabling' the farmer to realize a 
larger percentage of profit. The charges for sacks and freight 
to a market at home or abroad were so great that the farmer 
was scarcely remunerated for his labor of production; and this 
state of things did not so much arise from natural causes as 
from the exorbitant exactions of those by whom the material 
for sacking, the money to move produce, and the means of 
transportation were provided. It was the interest and the duty 
of the farmers, by combined action, by organization, by finan- 
cial or political power and influence, to endeavor to protect 
themselves; to demand, exact and enforce justice and common 



B3 HOW THE CLUBS BECASTE GRAXGES. 

honestj from those with wliom they deal. There is but one ■ 
way for the farmei-s to succeed iu the accoaipliuliiueiit of these 
objects, and that is the organization of local olubs, and the 
fiteady support of the Sute Club in Hs efforts in their behalf. 
If the farmers in all portions of the State will come together 
and form local clubs, and put themselves in correspondence 
and business relations with the State Farmers' TJuion, in such 
a manner as to autborize the officers of this association to act 
for and bind them umler nocoesary moral and financial ohiigiw- 
tions, in my opinion, the relief which they seek can be ob- 
tained, to a greut degree at least, and industrial prosperity may 
become general throughout the Htate. 

" But, while the furiier remains aloof from his neighbors — 
while ho continues to act ou the selSsh individual policy-^— other 
classes, such us inijiorters and manufacturers of agricultural 
tools and implements, im^jorters and manufacturers of sacks, 
common carriers, grain dealers, commission merchants and 
money loaners, will unite for the advancement of their own in- 
terests and ends, and will take undue and unjust advantages of 
the farmer; will oppress, prey upon him, and oat out his sub- 
stance, and continue to keep Lim poor and dependent. Form- 
ers now, unorganized, are weak and in a great degree helpless, 
and tboy have but tittle courage to make an effort to free them- 
selves or better their condition; but let one hundred thousand 
farmers of this State unite together, and act as one man, 
through an honest and reliable organization, demanding only 
common justice, but osacting tbis to tho last degree, and with 
a firm and united front, and there is no i>ower iu tlie land that 
can prevent the attainment of tiieir just demands. The farm- 
ing interests of tho country need some wholesome legislation 
to place them on an equal footing with other occupations, and 
to relieve them from the exactions of heartless monopolies; and 
if farmers will but unite to send the proper men to represent 
them in our legislative halls, both State and National; will see 
to it that oar judicial and executive offices are 611ed with 
honest, efficient and reliable men, it will then be but an easy 
matter to secure such legislation and such constitution and ex- 
ecution of the laws as their interests and the best interests of 
the State demand. For the purjioso of emphasizing the idea, 
I repeat," saidOen. Bidwell, " and I wish I could sound it in 



ACTION OF THE SONOMA CLUB. 89 

• 

the ears of every farmer in the State, the only salvation of the 
agricultural interests, the only safety to the individual interests 
of the farmer, is in union of interest and union of action." 

Major J. B. Snyder, of Sonoma, warmly advocated the care- 
ful selection of county supervisors, looking toward the improve- 
ment of the roads; and also the building of co-operative farm- 
ers' warehouses. The taxing of growing crops was declared to 
be unjust and oppressive; and the Board resolved to call upon 
the local clubs for a repeal of the law at the next session of the 
Legislature. 

Before the Stockton Club, Judge J. H. McCune gave an able 
address, which was afterwards widely circulated, on the carry- 
ing trade, and the subject of fares and freights. The Sonoma 
Club struck directly for an immediate incorporation. They 
said: 

/'It is manifest that while the moral benefits of a mere associa- 
tion of farmers are apparent, and much good may be derived there- 
from, yet in order to market our crops cheaply, control freights, 
make successful war on monopolies obnoxious to our interests, we 
need some more eflfective machineiy than that afforded by a mere 
social organization. There must be a financial and commercial cle- 
ment in our organization to make our power felt." 

To carry out these ideas they made the following specific 
recommendations, which are interesting to us, at the present 
time, only as showing the clearness with which remedial meas- 
ures were ah*eady outlined in the minds of the farmers : 

Ist. We recommend the incorporation of this Club, as provided 
by section two hundred and eighty-six of the Civil Code of the State, 
as a corporation " for the encouragement of, or business of agricult- 
ure, horticulture and stock-raising;" that we maintain our social 
character, as it is at present, so that none but those interested in the 
farmers' progress may be members thereof, and by which we may 
choose our associates. 

2d. In order that a pecuniary profit may accrue, we recommend 
the incorporation of a *' County Farmers' Union," upon the basis of 
a capital stock of say not less than $100,000, the paid-up capital of 
which shall be $10,000, and increased as necessity demands. Part 
of this stock may be taken b}' the several local or district farmers' 
clubs, and the remainder by farmers whose operations are large, and 
whose wants the local clubs could not supply. This County Union 
could enter the market, buy sacks at reduced rates, secure by the 
large interest of its operations cheaj) freight, both by ship and car, 
build or lease warehouses, accumulate funds for loaning to farmers, 
Beciured by storage of crops, and be the farmers' consignee and mid- 



00 aOW THE CLUBS BECAME GRAKGES. 

die-men. The farmers liolcting stock woulil thus control both tbo 
capital and the crop, and could easily prevent it from being an 
engine of oppression. It need not necessarily be organized to 
secura profit and declare dividends; these results would be obtained 
by cheap freights and increased prices for i>roduce, and the profit 
would lie found iu " farayng." Each stockholder should be a mem- 
ber of a Fannere' Club. 

3d. We also reconamcnd the incorporation of the SUite Farmers' 
Union, with a capital of $1,000,000. 

The benefits to be derived from tliia organization may be outlined as 
follows: The several clubs at their meetings can report the prospects 
of the crops from time to time, to the Union, and the probable amount 
of the several products; the estimates of the county thus made and 
forwarded promptly to the officers of the State Union, will enable 
them to make estimates of the number of sacks required, and the 
tonnage necessary to convey the crops to foreign markets. 

The officers of the IState Union, by obaei-vation of the prospects 
in foreign countries, and the East, will be enabled eaily to form 
an estimate of the value of the several product^s of export. Tliua 
the farmers, by their agents, will be able to fix the prices of their 
own products, and by the moneys and credits established by and 
represented in these esportatione, they will be able to maiutam the 
pncea they may agree m)on. 

Thus organized, thus combined for the maintenance of our riahta, 
ve will be able to bid defiance to the monopolists who have been 
preying upon us in the post; and if we cannot entirely dispose of 
the " middle-men," mho stand between the producer and consumer, 
we shall be able at least to induce a more liberal division with us, 
of the fruits of our toll, to compel them to live leas sumptuously, 
to ride in less elegant carriages, drawn by slower horses. 

Kor was this all talk, as the liberal subscriptions to the stock 
of the local and county clubs bore testimony. All fannern, 
whether members of the clubs or not, were invited to cobpemte 
in obtaining socks at reduced prices. At tlie above-mentioned 
meeting of the Sonoma Club, Mr. Isaac De Turk proposed the 
establishment of an experimental farm, and supported his 
views by strong and well considered reasons. 

The Dixon Club drew up a petition to Congress for the re- 
peal of the duty on grain sacks, which was duly commnuicated 
to the other clubs for their siKnature-i. On the Ist of March, 
there was an immense gathering of farmers at Stockton, to in- 
corporato the San Joaquin Farmers' Union, with a proposed 
capital stock of $300,000. 

This indeed looked like a "revolt of the field." "Farmers 
should combine again.st nioijri]ioiisl-=(," ^:iid Mr. Paulsell; "and 
to protect their own iatensi-., iln (—ui iitioa proposed to de- 



FIRST STEPS TOWARD THE GRANGE, 91 

vise some plan of getting to foreign and domestic markets with- 
out having their products go through the hands of so many 
middle-men; to import grain sacks direct, instead of allowing 
California merchants to swallow up the farmers' earnings by 
enormous profits." The sum of nineteen thousand dollars was 
subscribed on the spot, and eleven thousand subsequently, 
making a total of thirty thDusand dollars on that Saturday after- 
noon. 

By the first of April, there was a chain of farmers' organiza- 
tions completed on the Pacific Coast, from El Monte in Los An- 
geles County, to Walla Walla, in Washington Territory. It 
began to appear likely that greater privacy in carrying on the 
large business interests contemplated by them, would be indis- 
pensable. In the Spring of 1871, W. H. Baxter, residing on 
his farm near Napa City, had communicated with the Secretary 
of the National Grange, with respect to the wants of agricult- 
urists in California, the social isolation in which so many of 
them lived, and the exactions which they suflfered. Certain 
plans for their relief had been shaping themselves in his mind, 
which, through this correspondence, he found anticipated, or 
met to a reasonable extent by the statements of the purposes 
and practical effects of that Order. In August, 1871, he re- 
ceived a commission as Deputy of the National Grange for Cal- 
ifornia. 

Mr. Baxter at once began to spread information with regard 
to the objects and advantages promised in the new organization, 
but his hearers, for the most part, were already members of 
clubs, and had no suspicion that any open organization would 
necessarily fail before the combination of intellect and capital 
with which the farmers had to contend. Patient and persist- 
ent, Mr. Baxter watched his opportunity, and was content to 
bide his time, which came even sooner than he expected, at the 
Farmers' Union Convention, which met in San Francisco, on 
the 8th of April, 1873, and was fully represented by delega- 
tions from all the Clubs, and by those who are now the leading 
Patrons in the State. 

The convention was opened by an address from President 
Bidwell, who said: 

We are convened as farmers and representatives of the farming 
and industrial interests of California. For several years a grow- 
ing want has been felt among the farmers of the State for co-opera- 



V'i HOW THE CLL"BS BEC.UtfE GK.iSOES. 

tion throiip'li n State orgimization, and that feeling foimd espTesaion 
in the fonnBtion of tliis California Fanners' ITuion in September 
lost, during the State Fair at Sacramento. In that moYemeut there 
was something verj' American iuita cliaracter — a directness, an abil- 
ity to im]>rovise, to meet emergeucv. In a ivoi-d, there was somo- 
thiug to he done, and they met and did it. 

One of the grievancca of the past year complained of by farm- 
era is the enormous price imposed for sacks in which to uiai'kct 
or store their wheat. Instead of eleven to thirteen ceut£, which 
would have been a fair price, they have hud to jiay fiftocit to 
BiDsteen cents, or an aggregate overcharge in the State of half a 
million of dollars. Instead of |12 50 per ton freight on wheat from 
San Francisco to IJTerpool, which woiild have been a fair rate, ocean 
tonnage became monopolized and demoralized, and formers were 
made to suffer f« the tnne of prohably $2,500,000 more. That interior 
freights are too high, all agree, and the overcharge on wheat alone 
may be within the actual limits if placed at half a million more. In 
how many other ways fiu-mers are and have been unjustly taxed I 
will not undertake to enumerate. The aggregate totals, at a jnod- 
erate estimate, cannot he stated at a lower figure than thi'ee to live 
millions; and the universal complaint of the farmers is that they are 
burdened beyond then- ability to bear. |How many frugal and in- 
dustrious fatTuera during the past year — which was one of oi-erflow- 
ing abundance, and coincided with high prices and large demand in 
Liveqiool and elsewhere — were obliged to borrow money to pay their 
titatd and County taxes ?] 

At a meeting of your Board of Directors, convened January 3d 
last, in this city, the question of grain sacks for the coming harvest 
was considered. The re was still time to order from Dundee, and a 
committee of the Board made every possible effort to arrange with 
a reliable house for a promise to furnish sacks at the lowest definite 
rate, and on such tciius as to time and responsibihty as the com- 
mittee could recommend and the farmers afiord to accept, with the 
view of communicating the information to the several clubs for their 
acceptance. For some time we were hopeful of success. But I must 
say, as one of the committee, we utterly faUed to accomplish our 
mission in that respect. The parties could not do as we wished. 
After repeated delays, the manufacturers or the holders would not 
agree to a stipulated price, which would make it an object for farm- 
ers to accept. 

This subject is submitted to your consideration, with the sug- 
gestion that the manufacture of sacks in thin State should, by overy 
means in our power, be encouraged as the only adequate remedy for 
existing wants in that respect. 

In order to bring about efficiency ou the part of your Board of 
Directors, and enable them to meet your reasonable expectations, I 
beg leave to suggest that at least the President, Treasurer and Sec- 
retar}', if not a quorum of the Board, should reside in San Francisco 
or Saorameuto (Sau Francisco, everj-thing considered, would be 
preferable, I think), and have some certain place of business. The 
officers named must necessarily be on the Executive Committee, and 
it is Indisiwnsable, in my judgmeul, that they -be where they I 



PRESIDENT BIDWELL'S ADDRESS. 93 

meet as often as necessary to transact business. I take it for granted 
that you are in earnest and mean business, and if so, you must 
liave a habitation as well as a name. 

Believing this to be absolutely necessary, if you propose to con- 
tinue this State organization in any form whatever, with a capacity 
for usefulness, I i^ropose to resign my position that you may be 
free to adopt any plan or measure giving promise of efficiency'. 

At this point, it may not be improper to take a view of the situa- 
tion in another direction. Agriculture in California has many ad- 
vantages, but it has also its disadvantages. 

First, you have a soil of wonderful and varied productiveness. 
No other land teems with fruits and useful products of such rare 
excellence, and in so great vaiiety and abundance. Look at the 
cereal capacity of your State. Take for instance wheat — bread, the 
staff of life. If a premium were offered for the smallest yield of 
wheat in this State — on any land timely and properly managed — it 
would be difficult, in my opinion, to establish a smaller showing 
than ten bushels per acre, in any ordinary or average season, from 
landfchosen by any sane man, up to this date. On the other hand, 
sixty to seventy bushels per acre are not uncommon; twenty bushels 
per acre by no means an extravagant average in some sections; and 
estimating the aggregate product in the United States at three hun- 
dred million of bushels, your total for 1872 gives the enormous pro- 
portion of one twelfth of all the wheat raised in all the States and 
Territories of this extended and productive country. 

Next, you have a climate so serene, salubrious, equable, reliable, 
and invigorating, that its fame is becoming world-wide; thousands 
arc being attracted hither from the Atlantic sea-board and other 
countries, from considerations of climate alone. 

You have almost six months of summer sun and cloudless skies 
to ripen your cereal crops, and give a harvest season, of which the 
people on the Atlantic side of the continent can have no conception. 

You have another advantage in the lay of the land, and the almost 
perfect condition of the soil. While in other States and Territories 
vast outlays from the very beginning have been necessary to clear 
lands of timber, or to drain them because too wet, or to irrigate be- 
cause too dry, or to fertilize because too poor; here in this favored 
sunny realm the lands cultivated have, with few exceptions, come to 
you from the hand of nature, ready for immediate use, and all you 
have had to do was hterally **to sow and reap and gather into 
barns." 

Nor is this all. The general topography of the grain regions has 
enabled farmers to introduce ^vith advantage the most approved 
agricultural implements and machinery. 

You sow grain as well as reap by horse-power; you thresh by 
steam-power; and you are, many of you at least, looking impatiently 
to the time in the near future, when you shall bo able by steam to 
stir and pulverize the soil with greater profit than is possible by 
animal power. 

In addition to the advantages named, your State abounds in 

mineral, pastoral, and other resources. But I cannot further dwell 

the pleasant side of the picture (though in itself inexhaustible). 



\>i n:.w THE .Tirrs SECisr nnii-OES. 

'i^fi-pr r.-, r'^rjai-ii rliit ^•^nz .1.- has I>ti^Q CLtiupi-'s '..ivi.ilinpss, in 
f-iiri*!! of r.iiiii-ral ^-^ril'Ji. ri;:i: ..f '.Le -h..!! ban rm past tLc-m, and 
ii«'.r..e. a^il U Leii'm'^ni:. *..j ' /■. d.-^ leaiiin^ and piirauiouut iu- 

I; It it :.T H'.r all *uii»Li::4, e^^a in Caliijraia. As the I'rijbtcst 
*iki«:y liftCiimii ■jveri;:!;-: nri^li "il;^ iLiri-:St 'iljii.li, and the riobcst s-iil 
I-r'i'l.ioi^-. tufi raiJi^t w-n-li, *■) tfT^n in thU fiiv.irei.1 land you bare 
y I'lr rnal-i acl ti'..i".i I-.-s. T'ja i-iic prxlin.-";, but you have uo 
(■^ii.xl-.lr :i.l>ro/iitri L:ar»-;r-- ?.: I.'.-ai<7 or alT'-'iii.l iyr your jinjiluffts. 
K"'^a wLfti: tLrre h:ii|-*::T :■> te a ■Itti^aii'l, t'onibinati'jns iuterveue 
ar. 1 cm y.,u oft". 

I -.i;^,E..:;. tl.en. t'^t ii i- oir inicn;*: !■:■ unite in or Jer t-i Piictinnige 
ri..-i;.':fai;-;r^ a:.tlu:Mn^ u-efvil ii: iu«rits in our own State, and 
t,.':/':ijy ftr,;.ir;«; V.-'jL.-: n-At^et: a:il::;onltrM VtIq^ about roa^^onable 
ti-j;i.-;,.,rrari jn ani ■■rL-rr n-xi'tn-it::}. and ea'ible you to go into the 
•..■.iii^vt :i ti..; TTorld. a:iil Lo:^i'-.t'? Tr:;li all tUo i^orld w-ith your 
=1 ..; ; :t - ■,.!;-:r.T. A- i: i- :;-:w, ue are, ia cuniiiari^jn with the 
A-..:r.\: '■.■,L.-:T. it a .l:-ii.ivis:a_->? L-f Li-.'re tbau dftcen tliou^aud 

-. rru:: I'lMy :..-.:k ti.aa iiiiU tl:<? cirfuaifereuoe of the globi-), 

j;. ■-:■ ■.';' ti r-i':!. f^ jtj^*. Ai. 1 fn^m tLi-i tliore is no escape. Your 
ii.-,;.'-, 7....:'. d . .b;-; V^r-i:- H:ra. •■!■ do w.>rse. by doubling the 
f.!..*:'' (} .'A If-.;';, '.r f!-ili v, .rs^. by doubliu;; all tht? capes of 
S,-.':,r:iTi \-..\. ri:.d tl.-r^-K rLr'U^-Ii the Erd :>:a aud tiie Suez Canal. 
'I ..': '.■'u'T v.:.'-. — ,-.',r;.i:. I by r.iU and ti:f IkIuuis — aro by their 
'...ii-;"-! |,r*<:r.. -Lilly .;lj-..- 1, a:; 1 tiierot'vro I do not take them into ac- 

li '!;'■ r.'jaroit frr^-ibl'; rjute. the!!, the Pat-ific Coast is the ro- 
r:.-,Vr .*. t.lir.i! (.11 cirii : ;:i.i-l;;i.„' briad :■.■ Eiiropeau niarkct:>. Xev- 
'r'.,' .':--,. ':rit/rj.r:i': iiiii -np-ri-r natural advantages enabled you 
' .. i .:..■: ' 1-, t . f:,rit'.-;i I a-'iiust di-»taUi-e, and oTon.'onie obstacles 

. .'.!'■. till lO'i w-.u f'^r California as wide a reputation for 

•<.. ■ ^'1 ■.::A '.'■■.i'-r ;V:?"i."iil;i;v.il pr.jdu..-ts. a^ for the precious metals. 
V', i l.;iv.; r:.;id.: li'.-r ui.mf lilic- that of E-_'ypt of old. almost a hyno- 

'l\.':o- i-. !i !iT:iit bevff'id vbi'-li buMens cannot be bomo. even by 
f'i..'.'.n.:.i f;:ri,.'Ts. A-i loni,' :i-i froiLrht". sacks, and other espense's 
i'ft i-.-.i-., ;i viiiJiil niar;,'iii, von said m.-thin;.'. You could pav fair 
r.V , f-,r ^-.'1 - i:.-.-lfi.l ou'tlav. and still have a niarjriu. though 
^^...ili, <.:, ■-viii-lj t'. W-'- \\'-\«--i for thi- future. Yon could aftoiil to 
ii, ■. ).i til'- i.'iv,-.nlj .,f li'.jii'' inilu-^iries an'l tut- influx of population to 
ti.- S'a!'-. ):n'.-.virii'. i.s vi.u did, tinit she possessed the cloiiieHts, 
ll.',ii:'ii .ind'i-«.lf,p.-d. of a ^'l'.ri.>UH future. 

\\ j . f nil: til': (li'TiiMii-- wliich bfrar so lioavily on vour prosperity 
iir" ji'.t. til" j.'ro«lb of a ditv. but thev arc none the less daugcriuw, 
f-r tli.y liavi- 1«-'.,tii.- \v('ll-(ii<,'h formi.lalile. 

iJ'ii wli'-ii spei-iil.iti'in and reckk>s adventure orpranize against 
y'.u, iiiirl d"iii<iridiz(: every li'^'itininto business, enhance everv risk 
(iiid ir,.-i<.:,si- r:viTy exiWise -in (.lh<rr word;., when nvii,n'it nn;:;H, 
i;r;iin ripi;j.H, s-ii-k rings, and all sorts ()f eiimbi nations, reyulate their 
iiwii l■hnl■;,'^r.^, dictato th e priceB of your produce, and praeticnliy 
block up every avonne M|^^|BB|]U1^ your markets — can you ro- 
'a iniienMbIg, a" 




DECLARATION OP PRINCH-LES. 95 

Do wc not owe it to oarselveB as well as to tliose who are to come 
after us, to (levise reasouable flaffgunrds for tLe agricultural inter- 
edtfl of our State, and to say with tlie united voices of forty thou- 
sand farmers, and the forty thousand more whose best intei-OBts are 
iiuteparable from the farming interest, that they ahull not, with our 
consent, be enslaved. 

What avuil all your boasted advantages? "What, though your 
soil is unsurpassed and you amaze the world with its productive- 
ness; what, though your valleys and plaina have been made ready 
for use by nature's lavish tiudoess, and give to labor larger returns 
than any other known country; what, though your landscape charms, 
your climat« invigorates, and your eloucUess skies give you a hnr- 
vnit seiLsuu from June to October; of what advantage, I say, are all 
these, if you are to grouu under oppression, lose the fruits of your 
Iikbor and the control of your destiny? 

Of co\ir9e, fannei'B whose interests are iudissolubly linked with 
the general welfare should not and do not pri)pose to make an inva- 
won on vested rights or retard le^'itimate industries of any kind 
wbatsoever. They simply ask tor protection, 

I can say for myself, and I speak the sentiments of the formers 
geottrally, as I believe, in the following declarations: 

That agriculture is and ever must be the fnndumental industry of 
this and all other prosperous States, and more than any other indus- 
tty creates aud sustains commerce and manufactures, and furnishes 
tli« inuteriul to feed and clothe the world. 

That transportation is indispensable to agricultural prosperity, 
nnd that it is our duty, as farmers, to promote the construction of 
roods, canals, vessels and all modes of conveyance calculated to 
facilitate the movement of agricultural itroducts. 

That the charges on lines of transportation should be regulated 
liv law, and not left to unlimited monopoly; and if such regulations 
he found impracticable on existing lines, they sliould be made ap- 
plicable to bJI future lines, until reciprocal relations shall be fully 
established between the producer and the common carrier. 

We declare that farmers and all others should be eciual before 
the Inn-; that all laws should be enacted without bios, and executed 
without pailiality; and to this end we declare that neither farmers 
or others ought to furnish legislative, executive, or judicial oiScers 
with free passes, or in any manner do anything calculated to im- 
proj>erIy influence them in the discharge of their public trust; and 
that no officer, or candidate for office, ought to accept, nor shall any 
officer, with our consent, be hereafter elected who will accept of n 
fre<a|>aGB, or otlier gift. 

Wo declare that all laws taxing growing crops, mortgages, or 
book accounts, or other mere memoranda calculated to enhance in- 
terest on money, which farmers and others in need have to borrow, 
are wrong in principle and oppressive in opemtion, and ought to 
be repealed. 

Wo declare that it is the duty of Congress to so regulate com- 
merce niiiniig all the States of this Union that agriculture shall not 
he oiiprcased by unnecessary burdens. 

wo declare that these vital questions are above all party issues. 



a »fc 1 . ^ 









►' > _T^ : 



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■ ' ■ ■ B ' ■• ^^ _ ^™ "^ ^^^ ^% ■ ^ 



_~ ■— . xt "r-__ -i :.Lr 



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•• * .rji .1. ":_f r*"-" z-'.'rT.^ r:r *<.»■.• i*. ^t 

7--."-- ~'.~_: • m~. L__r.i:i...:irri ar:icl«. 

: '. ■— ii:::-r- . :>:-.r .i I yr;:"-:'?^ a plan 



' ' ■ '•'.'... f : .r:.-- :- ::. ^ ..L I - .;l:tv i:. :hr >alt- of 

I • • / . ' ', . I. "■ J*.-. ': r ■::i::.::!*-- ril- . •■::-:. itr a:: il provide a 
; . ? " ■'•,:.:./ ■/....:: ; .'.1 orh-r ianiier>' pr.-iluL-t-. with a view to 
' .' '.:■'*.■. "^'1 r'*i..u i..t:\r ci'^j,;, till iLiv ciu |;et for tbein the 



'Ill* <'ttwu\\\\i:*\ on Comm^ 
|ffi|i' r, \ty Mrn, J. (V;Hton 



'^118 presented a yaiy able 
^te firom Aa QaklaiMl 



MES. MOORE'S SCGGESTIOSS. 97 

rarmers' Clab, embodying suggestions, "how to move the 
crop:" 

By meiins of an agency under tbe control of the California Farm- 
ers' Union, to be constituted in the following manner: 

1st. — The officers of the California Farmer's Union to be a Board 
of Directors, to meet quarterly or oftener, and pass upon all mat- 
ters pertaining to the agency, to have free access to the books at oil 
timet!, etc., call meetings, etc. 

&!. — The agenc'V to consist of three departments. (1) Financial. 
A manager to aiTungo sales and all money matters at homo and 
abroad^ to pay all transportation and other expenses in shipping 
the crop, and to have the general oversight of idl tha other depart* 
mente. (2) Transportation. A man to attend to tbo receiving and 
recL*ipting for the wheat, and bringing to shipping ports, making 
lenus with railroads and vessels for carrying. (3) Shipping. A 
maa to attend to the loading and storing, arranging the cargoes to 
tlie best advantage for sale. These three to constitute an Advisory 
Board, witli power to apjioiut clerks and agents, and subject to the 
Board uf Directors. 

3d. — An agency in London under the control of the Advisory 
Board, to m^e sales by means of telegrams and letters. 

4th. — Actual cost of transportation from places of production to 
points of shipment and other expenses, to be charged against wheat 
of each farmer, and to be deducted with interest from his propor- 
tionnte amount of wheat sales. 

5th, — Tbe Adrlsory Board to decide relative value of each farm- 
ei-'s wheat at time of its receipt, acconhog to relative value in the 
English market at the time. (Tliis refers to different qualities na 
the difference hetweeu coast and other wheat.) Thereto be hut 
two discriminating clauses against any farmers' wheat, viz: relative 
ooat of transportation to ehipping point, and relative quality of 
wheat. 

6th. — Money to be advanced by agency to the farmers on, before 
or after receipt of wheat, according to percentage that may be 
•{freed upon by Board of Directors, say up to ninety per cent, of its 
folue at time of reception, and balance to be paid him on the yearly 
settlement of tbe whole crop, say in June. 

7th. — The yearly average of prices obtained for whole crop, to be 

determined say in June, or earlier if possible, and each farmer 

credited up at sale of same, and finally settled with and pai<l ia 

full. This settlement would involve all the elements of expenses 

a&d profits in the business of the year. Such an agency would 

Bare in all shipments the five per cent, on amount of freight, and in 

many cases the seven per cent, paid by the ships to the parties 

chartering. For instance, a vessel of 1,500 tons at £i per ton for 

beijrbt, woidd pay five per cent., $1,500 commission, and paid here 

■8 soon as loaded. This arrangement would save here for selling 

mm mr oeut., and in England two to three and one half per cent. 

'vne the farmers must furnish the business credit of the 

y^Aeh club must decide tJie relative responsibility of its 

vd enter into written obligations to meet this. The 



98 HOW THE CLUJS became GRiKGES. 

dab must as a whole meet theii responsibility, and look to its mem- 
bers for their proportion in case of loss. Tliis will necessitate the 
incorporation of the clubs as the firet step. 

Tho State Board of Directors will decide the relative responsibil- 
ity of each club, based on the amount of properly each represents. 
1o make these credits available, the members of each club will be 
responsible to the club, and the club to the Board of Directors. 
The Board, nliich ought to consist of the prominent and most 
responsible members of all the clubs, would be responsible to the 
agency, and thus give it the necessary credit. There is no doubt 
about the wealth of the agricultural interest, but U> make it available 
to ti-ansact their business as they wish, it must be thrown into Buch 
legal and businees form as will make it a security at once certain 
and convertible. 

To reap the advantages of a farmers' bank the farmers must own 
it. To do this, it will be necessary for each fanner to set aside in a 
good year (such as this promises to be), a certain sum for the form- 
ation of the bank, and fur which he would receive stock in the bank, 
and thus participate in the profits to the amount of bis stock; and, 
OS banks never pay less than one per cent, a month to their share- 
holders, and often more, this would be a good investment for the 
farmer. This bank would be under a separate agency. Each club 
would be largely interested in the welfare of this bank, and as each 
club would be well acquainted with the standing of each of its mem- 
bers, it would be necessary, before any member could get money, to 
make application to the club, and obtain a written lecommendatiou 
from it. Thus the club guarantees each of its membei-s to the hank, 
and in case of loss the club will have to pay and collect of its mem- 
bers whatever they fail to recover of the deUnquent. This, of cotu^e, 
is for money obtained as advances. This bank would do a regular 
banking business, charging the regular rates of interest, but giring 
the farmer the same rates as business men in the city, and the pref- 
erence. 

A very important subject in this connection is the warehousing, or 
storing the wheat, in order that the rash of the sales may he dis- 
tributod over a longer time, and thus holding the power over the 
shipping, which cannot afford to wait, and giving the agency ft bet- 
ter cnance to obtain better charter parties. 

The Committee on Communications also reported, presenting 
the following memorials and petitions: 

To the Honorable Representatives elect, and Senators of the Pa- 
cific States; 

We, your constituents, farmers and laborers and others, carrj-ing 
tho industries and development of the States of the sunset slope, 
would must reaiioctfully crave yuur ntteiition to our wants; and 
through you, ask of Congress relief of a gi'ievous burden— an un- 
callod-for tns upon our industries. 
Th« fanning interests if tlwi Stjitpn nf r«lifomia and Oregon ai-o 

Lfiarried forward with gn ■ h' n compared with die 

ma iLterest Kast. 




CONGRESSIONAL PETITION. 99 

"We aeet the same market for the disposal of our gmin, tJioiigh 
three thousHud miles farther west, and sis thousand by tbo only 
rout« open to ua — the sea. We have also the enormous expense of 
sacking our grain — forty to eighty dollars per thousand bushels; 
twelve million sacks to move the crop of 1872, in the State of Cali- 
fornia alone, averaging not loss than fifteen cents a piece to your 
humble petitioners, the farmers of the State, making nearly two 
million dollars tax on the farmer to euter the market with his prod- 
ucts in competition with bia eastern brother, and six thousand 
miles more water freight too; and now, in addition to all that bur- 
den, the government has placed a taiiff upon the importation of 
sacks, thirty and forty per cent., and material for manufacture. 
This is the last pound to the camcl'B burden, and is the chief cry wo 
hare for redress; and we would ask at your hands, that the tariff on 
jute and alt material for sack manufacture be removed, and nil duty 
on saoka be taken off, as far as the ports of Cahfornia and Oregon 
are concerned. This would relieve the over-burdened farmer of Caf- 
ifornia of about one half milhon dollars tax; as it is claimed by 
experts that the State manufactorj' can now compete with the for- 
eign trade at one cent profit per sack; by the removal of tax on mw 
material it still b'aa the more advantage, and we, your petitioners, 
will also gain, and not lose anything, as we do not raise Uio sack 
materials in the State. And we believe our eastern brothers will 
not complain when they see how much we already endure; and not 
unmindful of the great benefits to a State of home maniifactories, 
we must say that the present Jute Company does not command our 
strong sympathies, as they have run the mills almost exclusively for 
the speculators, instead of the demands of the trade, with the great- 
est good to the greatest number. 

All of the above is moat respectfully submitted, and for relief we 
would ever pray. 

To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Bepreaentatives iu 

Congress assembled. 

The undersigned petitioners, citizens of the United States, of the 
Stat« of Califoraia, respectfully represent^ 

That all taxes should be as eijually borne by all the people of the 
United States as possible. That a tax that reaohes one part of the 
country and leaves the rest untouched, or nearly so, is manifestly 
unmat. 

And your petitioners would further represent that iu their opinion 
the import duty collected by the United States, of thirty to forty 
per cent, on our grain bags, and the material of which they are 
manufoctnred, is a tax which has almost entirely a local bearing; 
llut it is unjust to, and discriminating against, the ap;ricultural in- 
terests of the Pacific Coast; that while the grain surplus of the At- 
lootie States is moved to the sea-board, and thence to Europe in 
bnlk. we. under an inexorable custom, are compelled to put ours in 
■act* fur which we get no adequate return; that the import duty on 
the tattcks userl in CuUforuia the past year amounts to over one half 
million of dollar*, which is equivalent to a " direct export tax" of 
tbiit unounl npon the wheat crop of California; that said tax is bur- 



100 HOW HIE CLrEs became graxges. 

deDSome and unjust; and we pray your honorable body to repeal the 
import duty on all burlap bags and all material of wiiicli Oiey are 
manufactured, that they may be admitted free of duty, and your 
petitioners will ever pray, etc. 

TLe Committee on Granges and Patrona of Hnsbandrj re- 
ported OS follows: 

1st. The organization presents a medium of establishing and 
maintaining a better etate of social and confidential relation among 
the farmers. 

2d. The necessity of transacting our business within ourselves, 
without publishing our intentions to the world. 

3d. The unprecedented success of this organization, the Atlantic 
States is a good evidence that it will, in u measure, meet our wonts 
as an agricultural community; therefore. 

Resolved — ^Thatitis, in the opinion of this body, expedient to 
establish among the fanners of the State, Granges of the Patrons of 
Husbandly. 

Mr. Hallett, of Butte, bj loave, read an essay upon the 
dangers to tlie wheat crop of California, which was adopted: 

The future of the market for California surplus wheat presents, 
I think, Bomo new aspects. 

Great Britain is the buyer of the surplus breadstiifTs of all the 
world. She procures supplies from Russia, Austria, Germany, 
France, Italy, Chili, the Atlantic and Pacific porta of the United 
States, to which must now be added Australia. The average an- 
nual import of great Biitain is about three million of tons. The 
nearest sources of supply are the ports of the continent of Europe; 
next come the Atlantic ports of the United States; then Australia 
and Chili, and last California. The transit tietween those ports and 
Great Britain is by the ocean, and the cost of transportation ia, 
therefore, in a general way, i>roportioned to the length of voyage. 
The price of breadstuff at the ports of export will be equal to the 
English price, less the cost of transportation thither, and leas a 
further margin proportioned to the time required for transit, which 
provides for the interest on the money paid for the wheat, and the 
contingencies of the fluctuation in the English market. Hence, il 
follows that wheat at a California port must be sold lower than 
wheat of the same quality at the ports of any other exporting coun- 
try in Christendom. And in reference to this item of quality, it ^ 
must be remembifrtjd that the high grades of Baltic, of Chilian, of 
Austrahan and Western ,\.rnerifiiii, rate as high as Califomiau. The 
question to lie investigated is, therefore, whether there is a defiuilc i 
prospect and danger that liio Kuri.luw from tlinse other counttiw j 
which are in competitioi) w < '<■ so bop"'*" '" 

market iu the near futnn ■ ^t. of 

CaUforiiiaport ti), orbp!'i 

The facts necessaiy to Lij 1l_.^.._'. ja lI-L 



FCrURE OF TQE WHE.IT MARKET. 101 

on ttiU question, are not so numerous but tliat thej' be ascertained 
by an inquiry, which tliis body may set on foot. 

Sumo of the [joints to be epecihcoUy answered are, ns I under- 
etiuid tliem, these: 

First — As I understand the nrea adapted to the growing of wheat 
ill Western Kussia and Eastern Austria in nearly, if not quite, ade- 

rAe U> (he production of the entire surplus demand by Engtaud; 
t a luck of fncilittes for transportation has, in the past, prevented 
Bucb production, just as luck of the same facilities prevented it in 
California; that with the supply of such facilities an increase of pro- 
duction is to be looked for, not unlike the increase which California 
baa shown in the last, and promises iu the next season. Even 
though the increase should not be affected in Buesia with the 
same suddenness that has been effected by California enerpy, 
jet it may be expected to be equaled in two, three, or four seasons. 
Also, I understand that the lacillties for wheat transportation in 
Bussia bavB already been supplied by the railways built by the Gov- 
ernment dui'ing the past two years, and which are still in progress; 
but the reason the surplus did not increase hoa been that those two 
years were bad ones, just as they were in California in 1870 and 1871 ; 
that the Russian and li^uropean crops generally were injured by floods 
and excessive wet; but a rccurreuce of such seasons is no more to be 
eipect«d than drought in California; in fact, continual crops must be 
oitpectpd to maintain their "average " yield; that this average will 
be applied iu Russia to an enormously increased area, and that this 
area is capable, with the increase of transportation facilities, of in- 
definite extension. And in order to perceive the full significance of 
tliia development, it is only necessary to remember that Bussia reg- 
ularly supplies two thirds of the total English import, or two mill- 
ion of tons out of three million. An increase of only one half, 
tlierefore, in her surplus, would suffice to supply the wants of Great 
Britain, to the exclusion of every other exporting country. 

But France and Germany offer a larger surjilus than that of Coli- 
ifornin — which has been suspended the past two years, first, by the 
war, and next by a bad crop year^which has a prior chance in the 
English market; that is, which pays a lower trantiportatiou to get 
there; next comes the Russian surjilus; and next that of the Atlantic 
American Kea-board, pajing a freight of only fa to $7 per ton. Last 
o( all are the Pacific ports of Chili, Australia and California, paying 
freights, which are at the comparative rates of $12, ?15 or $20 per 
tou — of which California pays the highest. The difference betweeu 
froigtita to England from New York and fi-om San Fi-ancisco, is 
Dotcr less than half a cent, per pound. 

Now, lo show that we are not dealing with a speculative and 
ittmoie danger, but with an actual and near one, it must be borne in 
niiod iSint the price of first-quality wheat in England, in average 
*en»uns, during a scries of j'ears past, has been under $2 SO per one 
* ' louads; it has even run as low, if 1 remember right, as %2. 
i prices at a profit, by the exporting countries, 
i competitors of California, and which have since 
Uities for transportation; that is, their facilities 
't surplus in England in lai'ger quantities and at 



102 



HOW THE a,UD3 BECAME OliASGES. 



lees cost tlian ever before. Yet, at the jirices of QTemgo eeasons in 
Kngland, iu past years, California wheat ^ould Lave to eecurfl lowei: 
freiyhts than there is now any reason to count on, in order to pay 
the cost of its production, with a surplus olt'eriug from the Con- 
tinent increased beyond the old figureu, the arcrage Knglish prico 
will rule lower than there, and as wo have seen, California wheat 
must then be abut out as a living crop. 

The only point remaining to be inquired into, in thia chain of roa- 
Bouing, ia the question whether continental producers can afiTord to 
lay down their surplus in England at the rates vhich will exclude 
California. Experience has shown that they can. But the facta at- 
tending that production, so far as I have been able to learn them — 
the almost nominal rates of wages paid in the wheat districts of 
Busaia and Austria, with the improved facilities for transportation to 
the wheat ports, satisfy me that the wheat from these districts will 
cut out, not only California, but will cut out the surplus of our great 
West, even allowing it the benefit of the cheapest possible rates of 
transport to the Atlantic sca-hoord. If these facts as here suggested 
are all true, it is of the first importance to California producers to 
know them. The production of such a surplus as we have moved 
the past season, with (he English market quoted at nine to ten shil- 
lings, would be as great a. calamity as a drought. What could be 
done with the wheat? Absolutely nothing. It would not pay to 
hai'vost; there are not the animals in the State to eat it; it could not 
ho ground for fioiir to China. Nothing could l>e done with it. And 
8o far from this being an imaginary state of aflairs, it is the state of 
affairs which we are to expect — which is probable — during the mai"- 
keting of our han-est for 1874. And all the facts of the situation can 
be easily learned in time for our farmers to govern themselves. 

Probably most of the information is already in the archives of tho 
State Department at Washington, in the reports of the American 
Consuls at Odessa, Riga and Dantzig, or, perhaps, as to the new 
Russian railways, in the documents forwarded from the Minister at 
St. Petersburg. Or, if it ia not there, a circular from the Deparl- 
tuent addressed to those officers, asking the specific information, 
would produce it; and the De^jartment at the solicitation of this 
body, presented through our Representatives, would not hesitate, I 
am confident, to issue such a circular. If action be taken now. the 
idTormation can be received by this organization by the time the 
next harvest is fully secured, and before the work for the following 
year is laid out. 

The facts of the situation can be laid before every producer in the 
State, and he will go to work with his eyes open. Later in the sea- 
son, OB tho reports of the condition and prospects of the continental 
crops are received, their full si^'nilir.iliun will be understood, 
pi-oduccrs will act understN ( 
believe the prospect to I" 
wheat ill California in 1ST! 
it; and I therefore feet th^il , 
ful thin^ than lay before lln i' 
which will either confirm tli'it 1 



■!ial of tiifir crops, 1 
tiiilf a maiion tons of 
'■■■ish outlay of making 
tnunnt do a more m 
it rc]irHBi.ii(H, tho facta i 
it to bo unfounded. 



SCDDES RISE IS 8ACE9, 103 

Prof. E, S. Cftrr offered the following resolntion : 

Reeolred, That n, diminislied demand for our cGt-eals in foreirrn 
mark«tB being a reaBouable expectation, that the Farmers' Uniou 
authorize the preparation of a report by a suitable committee upon 
tk« relative profits of other agricultural products suitable to our 
climat« nith a view to the encouragemeut of manufactures, a better 
home market, a more diversified, oud consequently a more independ- 
ent system of industry. 

Prof. Carr spoke to his resolution, calling attention to the 
necessity of diversifying agricultural products to prevent deple- 
tion of the soil and to create home consumption, invite immi- 
gration, and work np home products. 

Mr. Baiter was invited to address the Convention on the sub- 
ject of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry; and, as if to enforce 
the views he laid down of the advantages of a secret organiza- 
tion, the sack committee, whose instructions had been to ascer- 
tain and report the best terms upon which sacks could be ob- 
tained for the coming crop, reported that no sacks could that 
day be obtained at the rates offered on the first day of the ses- 
sion. The proceedings of the Convention becoming known, some 
combination had been effected by which a very material advance 
in the price of sacks had been reached, and the farmers were 
again at the mercy of the operators. All the sacks in the east- 
em markets were but an item in the large prospective demand. 
The Convention at once passed a resolution authorizing the 
Executive Committee to incorjjorata a part or the whole of itsell 
as u Branch Association, cooperative with the Farmers' Union, 
county and local incorporations, and proceeded to elect the fol- 
lowing officers: President, John Bidwell; Secretory, I. N. 
Hoag; Treasurer, A. T. Dewey; Executive Committee, C. J. 
Cressey, of Stanislaua, J. V, Webster, of Oakland, J. D. Fowler, 
of Hoilister, Prof. E. S. Carr, of the State University, Prof. 
Uppett, of Sonoma. The Convention then adjourned. 

The "Farmers' Union" never met again, except for a final 
settlement of its affairs. President Bidwell said on that oc- 
casion, that its one year of existence had marked an era in 
California agriculture; the lesson of combination and coopera- 
tion had been learned, with a benefit to the farmers of not less 
than three million of dollars. The continuance of this work 
was formally turned over to the Granges, and the Union ceased 
i> exist. 



THE ORDER OF PATROSB OF HfSBANDEI. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE ORDER OF PATHOK9 OF HUSBANDKY. 

How EbTABUSHEI) — MEBSBB, KZLLEt AM) SlUNDrBS — A CL.0I7D HO BlOOICB TBAS A 

MiN's HiS&— SiasiFiu*N0BOF Nambs, "Gb*nok" *kd "Patbob"— EuMBiunc 
OnaANizAnDN xsd Ftanv OrncKua: Fm-sT Fodb Dispenhations — Gbowtb 
OS TnB Ufpeb Mississippi: Eiokti Gkanoe« a Dai ts low* — Thibd Ak- 
mr*i. SKaaioN—WBAT rae pAtooss Pbopose tu Do — Official DEci.Atu- 
noK or PmipoaKfi — CoKBrrrDTios and By-Laws. 

" Inddstbt requires its captains as well as war." During Uie 
last twenty years, the observant and pliilosophical watclimau 
upon the walla of privilege, might have observed in various 
quarters the gathering of the clans of disconteuted laboring 
men. The doctrine of equal rights under the law, the power 
to enforce this doctriDe through the ballot, had been gained; 
there was needed an organization through which these could 
manifest themselves. Political or financial combinations bad 
felt secure during all the historical stru^le between wealth 
and power on the one side, and numbers on the other, becanse, 
wherever combinations of workmen were not interdicted by law, 
advantage was taken of the diversity of interests among them, 
to neutralize their influence. 

In France the antagonism of certain industrial interests was 
stimulated to an unnatural degree; in America, the same thin^; 
was accomplished by ranging the great body of agrtcidtunsta 
in separate political camps. The need of a great conciliating, 
centralizing influence was felt, before the civil war. It soon 
afterward became an imperative necessity, for the industry of 
the South was utterly paralyzed, while that of the North was 
eto^ering under bui-dens too great to be borne. The associa- 
tions hitherto organized for the improvement of the farm, were 
utterly inadequate to cope with the monster monopolies which 
had taken a Arm gra.sp of Congress and upon capital. 

It was very natural that the great awakening should begin 
where the magnitude of the dangers was most apparent, viz: at 
the seat of government. 

In January, 1866, under an order from President Andrew 
Johnson, Mr. O. H. Kelley, of tlie Agricultural Bureau, com- 
menced a tour of inspection of the Southern States, daring 
which he converseil freely with the fanners and planters, and 



I 



MEBSItS. KEIXET AND SAUNDEBS. 



105 



CBIDO to t\xi conclusion that the industrial reconstniction of that 
section would reqnire the mutual aid and coiiperation of the 
whole couiitiy. The political Union which had cost so much; 
which had watered the whole breadth of the land with tears; 
which the agrieulturo of tho country had got to pay for with so 
many years of toil, required for its security a social and iiiJus- 
trial nnion and liarmouy of interests, only to be reached by a 
close bond of association. 

Mr. William Saunders, of tlie Bureau of Agriculture, an in- 
telligent and thoughtful Scotchman, whose extensive corre- 
spondence had made him familiar with the struggles df the 
farmers in all sections of the country, entered warmly into the 
views expressed by Mr. Keliey on his retmn. Mr. Kelley had 
proposed, through some organizations like that of the Free- 
masons, to link the farmers into a solidarity. The originators 
of the movement were Mr. Kelley, Mr. William Saunders, theu 
and at present Huperintendent of the garden and gi-onuda of 
the Department of Agriculture; Mr. William M. Ireland, Chief 
Clerk of the Finance office of the Postoffice Department; Mr. 
John It. Thompson, of the Treasury Department; Rov. Dr. John 
Trimble, of the Treasury Department, and Rev. A. B. Grosh, 
of the Department of Agriculture. On the 5th of August, 
iSG7, they compiled the first degree of the Order of Patrons of 
Husbandly. 

Eight days after, Mr. Saunders left Washington for St. 
Iioais, with the purpose of establishing the Order in the West, 
thns opening the way for the labors of the chief apostle, Mr. 
Kelley, during the following year, 

The generic name of the Order explains itself, and covers in 
a general way the requiiements for membership. The word 
"Grange" is pure old English, used by tho older as well as 
recent wTiters and poets, in the sense of a farm-stead or mral 
residence. In its symbolical application it means the hall or 
place of assembly of Grangers or Patrons of Huabaudry, what- 
ever llieir degree. 

Tho National Grange was organized at Washington, at the 
resiiltmce of Mr. Saunders, on the evening of December 4, 
1807, by the election of the following oflicera: Master, William 
Haunders, of the District of Columbia; Lecturer, J. R. Thomp- 
son, of Vermont; Overseer, Anson Bartlett, of Ohio; Steward, 
William Muir, of Pennsylvania; Assistant Steward, A. S. Moss, 



106 THE ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSRANDRY. 

of New York; Chaplain, Eev. A. B. Grosh, of Pennsylvania; 
Treasurer, William M. Ireland, of Pennsylvania; Secretary, O. 
H. Eelley, of Minnesota; Gate Keeper, Edward F« Farris, of 
Illinois. 

The next step was to test the workings of the ritoal in a sub- 
ordinate Grange. One was therefore formed, consisting of 
about sixty members. The first dispensation for a subordinate 
Grange was granted to an application from Harrisburg, Penn- 
sylvania; the second to one from Fredonia, New York; the 
third to a Grange at Columbus, Ohio, and the fourth to one in 
Chiciigo. Only ten Granges were organized during the first 
year; at the end of the second, they numbered thirty-one. 

The groat center of the growth of the order was in the States 
bordering the Mississippi. In Iowa, subordinate Granges were 
formed in tlio spring of 1873, at the rate of from sixty to eighty 
a day. Witli irresistible power the great wave has increased 
and swelled in volume, until it has reached both oceans. It 
liftt^d tlio bowed head of the South; it included both sexes; it 
became a powerful educator. The only element to which any 
objection could bo made, viz, that of secrecy, could not com- 
promise it, while the work to which it was solemnly pledged, 
was pure and honon\blo. It was not a political organization; 
but in the wonls of the Now York Tribune, it " altered the 
political tHiuilibvium of the most steadfast States." Its objects 
and plans are well expressed in an address by Worthy Master 
S^iuudoi^, at the thin.1 annual session of the National Grange, 
Ftbnuu'Y 4, 1870: 

To inoiva8t* tho prvnluots of the eaiih, by increasing the knowl- 
e\!^t* of tho prvHhu-ov, i>* tlio basis of our structure; to learn and 
»l^plv tho ivlutivnis of scicuiV, so far as n?lates to the yarious prod- 
uvis of tho vc^otaMo kingvloiu» and to diffuse the truths and gen- 
ovid pvinciplos of tho sciouiV anvl art of airriculture, are ultimate 
v^buvts of vuir oi>;:aui^i4tiv>n. Wo fully aviiil ourselves of the valu- 
ttlno ivMilts v^f scioutitic iuvos;i*rw«ioiis iu establishing principles 
V\vluoh» aUhvur^h svnuotimos vlitlioult of discovery, are generally of 
easy t^n^icativux whou ju\{»oily uiKlor>t«.KKlK and seek to disseminate 
kivo\vU\l;;o u^vu every subject that Ivars uj-vu the increase of the 
^Hwluctioiis tuivl NNOiUth of tlio uaciou. 

i^uo v'f the tlixt vluties of every ^.iran^ is to form a good hbraiy. 
Tills shv»uUl Iv well siit^'^Ucvl with eleiueutary works in the various 
bnvo^.es of ii;itur:il hisu>»y; stav.darvl works on a^culture, horti- 
c*o .a IV, jvuoloi^rN . ph\NioU>;^y. ruiiil architecture, landscape-garden- 
ia^, luvcvui!^^ auvl laisi'.!^: ot hve-sC5.vk, and those of similar import. 
It w su^^estcvl thaE trvadst^s v>u juiuciples aud fundamental laws 



WOMEN m THE OHAKGE. 1U7 

sliould have special preference. The practices, mote Taried in their 
details, will be foaud from time to time in the periodicals devoted 
to these euhjecta. 

The Booial lelaiation from every-day duties and toils, inculcated 
and encouraged iu the Order, is keeuly appreciated by its niemberH. 
The barriers to social intercourse that are thrown around society 
by despotic fashion, ore ruthlessly thrown down with ua, and we 
meet on a common footing, with a common object in view, viz, of 
receiving and contributing the highest enjoyments of civilized society. 
To make country homes and country society attractive, refined, and 
enjoyable; to balance exhauative labors by instructive amusements 
and accomplishments, is part of our mission and our aim. 

The admission of women to full membership, and their assistance 
in the workings of the Order, is proving of incalculable value; it is, 
indeed, doubuul whether the objects of the institution, especially iu 
regard to the refinements of education, and all that tends to 
brighten hearths and enliven homes, could have been accomplished 
without their presence and aid. 

In establishing an organization of this land, we must not allow 
our energies to relax by an apparent indifference, or even avowed 
hostility to our cause. This we must expect, as there is no popular 
movement exempt from opposition. There is always a class of 
doubters who jiredict failures; others misconstrue motives, and still 
others who freely give opinions without Jiivesligatiug the objects 
Bought to be attained, or the methods by which they are to be ac- 
complished. 

The secret ceremony of initiation of members has been objected 
to by a few persons; but we are already well convinced that the effi- 
cient discipline necessary to secure pemiauent organization could 
not be attained by any other means, thus completely realizing 
the only object that suggested its adoption; and it meets the warm 
approval of all those who have experienced the tranaitoij existence 
of rural clubs and societies, and who recognize iu our simple, but 
efficient rules, elements of success, based upon a soHd and lasting 
foundation. 

The Patrons of Husbandry propose: 1. To secure for themselves, 
through the Granges, social and educational advantages not other- 
wise attainable, and thereby, while improving their condition as a 
elasB, ennoble farm life, and render it attractive and desirable. 

2. To give a full practical effect to the fraternal tie which unites 
Uiem, in helping and protecting each other in case of sickness, be- 
iMvement, pecuniary misfortune, want, and danger of ever)' kind. 

3. To make themselves better and more succe.'^sful farmers and 
planters, by means of the knowledge gained, the habits of industry, 
and method established, and the quickening of thought induced by 
intercourse and discussion. 

i. To secure economies iu the purchase of implements, fertilizers, 
and family supplies, and in transportation, as well as increased prof- 
its in the sate of the products of their labor, at the same time les- 
Beiiing the cost to the consumer. 

5. To entirely alwlish the credit system, in their ordinary trana- 
nctiuns, aJwoys buj-ing and selliug on a cash basis, both among 
Lhennwlves and in their dealings with the outside world. 



108 THE ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. 

G. To encourage co-operatiou in trade, in farming, and in other 
branches of industry, especially those most intimately connected 
with agriculture. 

7. To promote the true unity of the Republic, by drawing the 
beat men and women of all parts of the country together in an organ- 
ization which knows no sectional bounds— uo prejudices — and owes 
no party allegiance. 

DECLARATION OP PURPOSES. 
Declaration of purposes of the National Grange, adopted at 
St. Louis, Foliniary, 1874; also by the State Oraog&of Califor- 
nia, October 10, 1874: 

Profoundly impressed with the truth that the National Grange of 
the United States sbould definitely proclaim tn the world its general 
objects, we her*by unanimously make this Declaration of Furposes 
of tlie Patrons of Husbandly: 

1. United by the strong and faithful tie of agriculture, we mu- 
tually resolve to labor for the good of our Order, our country, and 
mankind. 

- 2. We heartily indorse the motto: " In essentials, unity; in non- 
essentials, liberty; in all things, charity," 

3. We shall endeavor to advance our cause by laboring to accom- 
plish the following objects: 

To develop a better and higher manhood and womanhood among 
ourselves. To enhance the comforta and attractions of our homes, 
and strengthen our attachments to our pursuits. To foster mutual 
understanding and co-operation. To maintain inviolate our laws, 
and to emulate each other in labor to hasten the good time coming. 
To reduce our expenses, both individual and corporate. To diversify 
our crops, and crop no more than we can cultivate. To condense the 
wei"htof our exports, selling loss in the bushel and more on hoof and 
in fleece; less in lint, and more in warp and woof. To systematize 
our work, and calculate intelligently on probabilities. To dis- 
countenance the credit system, the mortgage system, the fashion 
system, and every other system tending to prodigality and bank- 
ruptcy. We propose meeting together, talking together, workiug 
together, buying together, selling together, and in geueral acting 
together for our mutual protection and advancement, as occasion 
may require. We shall avoid litigation as much as possible by ar- 
bitration in the Grange. We shall constantly strive to secure 
entire harmony, good-will, vital brotherhood among ourselves, and 
to make our Order perpetual. We shall earnestly endeavor to sup- 

Eress peraoual, local, sectional, and national prejudices, all un- 
ealthy rivalry, all selfish ambition. B'aithful adherence to these 
principles will insure our mental, moral, social, and material 
advancement. 

i. For our business interests, we desire to bring producers and 
consumers, formers aud manufacturers, into the most direct and 
friendly relations possible. Hence we must dispense with a sur- 
plus of middle-men; not that we are unfriendly to them, but we do 



DECIARATIOS OP PUItPOSES. 109 

not need them. Tbeir aorplua and their exactions dimiiiiab our prof- 
its. We wage no aggreasiro warfare against any other interests 
whatever. On the contrary, all our acts and all our efforts, bo far aa 
business is concerned, are not only for the heuefit of the producer 
and consumer, but also for all other interests that tend to bring 
tbeso two parties into speedy and economical contact. Hence we 
hold that transportation compaaiea of every kind are necessaij to 
our BUccesB, that their interests are intimately connected with our 
interests, and harmonious action is mutually advantageous, keeping 
in view Uie first sentence in our declaration of principles of action, 
that "Individual happiness depends upon general prosperity." 
We shall, therefore, advocate for every State the iucreaae iu every 
practicable way, of all facilities for transporting cheaply to the eea- 
Imard, or between home producers and consumers, all the produc- 
tions of our country. Wo adopt it as our fixed pui-pose to " open 
out the channels in nature's ^-eat arteries that the life-blood of 
commerce may flow freely," We are not enemies of railroads, navi- 
gation and irrigation canals, nor of any corporation that will advance 
our industrial interests, nor of any laboring classes. In our noble 
Order there is no communism, no agrarianism. We are opposed to 
Buch spirit and management of any corporation or enterprise aa tends 
lo oppress the people aud rob them of their just profits. We are 
not enemies to capital, but we oppose the tyranny of monopolies. 
We long to eee the autagonism between capital aud labor removed 
by common consent, and by an enlightened statesmanship worthy of 
the Dinet«enth century. We are opposed to excessive salaries, high 
rotes of interest, aud exorbitant per cent, profits of producers. We 
desire only self -protection and the protection of everj' true interest 
of our land by legitimate transactions, legitimate trade, and legiti- 
mate profits. We shall advance the cause of education among our- 
selves and for our children, by all just means within our power, We 
especially advocate for our agricultural and industiiol coUogea that 
practical ogiiculture, domestic science, and all the arts whicn adorn 
the home, be taught in their coui-ses of study. 

6. We emphatically aud sincerely assert the oft-repeated truth 
taught in our organic law, that the Grange, National, State, or Sub- 
ordinate, is not a political or party organization. No Orange, if 
true to its obligations, can discuss political or religious questions, 
nor call political conventions, nor nominate candidates, nor even 
discuss their merits iu ita meetings. Yet the priciples we teach un- 
derlie all true poUtics, all true statemanship, and, if properly carried 
out, will tend to purify the whole pobtical atmosphere of our coun- 
try. For we seek the greatest good to the greatest number. We 
must always bear in mind that no one, by becoming a Patron 
of Husbandry, gives up that inalienable right and duty which bc- 
l0O|^ to every American citizen, to take a proper interest in the 

EolltiCB of his country. On the contrary, it is right for every mem- 
er to do all in his power legitimately to influence for good any 
political party to which he belongs. It is Ids duty to do all he can 
in his own party to put down bribery, corruption, and trickerj-; to 
see that none but competent, faithful, and honest men, who will un- 
ftiucluDgly stand by our industrial interests, are nominated for all 



llO THE OHDEB OF PATRONS OF HTSEASDEY. 

positions of trust; and to have eai-ricd out the principle which should 
always characterize everj- Patron, that the office should seek the 
man. and not the man the office. We acknowledge the broad prin- 
ciple that difference of opinion is no crime, and hold that ' ' progress 
toward truth is made by difference of opinion," while "the fault 
lies ill bittenieas of controversy. " We desire a proper equality, 
equity, and fairness; protection for the weak, restraint upon the 
strong ; in short, justly distributed burdens and justly distributed 
power. These are American ideas, the very essence of American 
independence, and to advocate the contrarj- is unworthy of the sons 
and daughters of an American repubhc. We cherish the belief that 
Mctiooalism is, and of right should be, dead and buried with the 
past, Our work is for the future. In our agricultural brotherhood 
and its purposes, we shall recognize no Korth, no South, no East, 
no West. It is reserved by ever^- patron, as the right of a freeman, 
to affiliate with any party that will best carry out his principles, 

6. Ours being peciUiarly e. farmers' institution, we cannot admit 
all to our ranks. Many are excluded by the nature of our organiza- 
tion, not because they are profeBsionol meu, or artisans, or laborers, 
but because they have not n sufficient direct interest in tilling the 
soil, or may have some interest in conflict ■nith our purposes. But 
vie appeal to all good citizens for tboir cordial co-operation to assist 
in our efforts toward reform, that we may eventually remove from 
our midst the last vestige of tyranny and corruption. We hail the 
general desire for fraternal harmony, equitable compromises, and 
earnest co-operation, as an omen of our future suecess. 

7. It shall be an abiding principle with us to rebeve ony of our 
oppressed and suffering brotherhood by any means at our command. 
Last, but not least, we proclaim it among our puiiioses to inculcate 
a proper appreciation of the abilities and sphere of woman, as is in- 
dicated by admitting her to membership and position in our Order. 
Imploring the continued assistance of our Divine Master to guide 
ua in our work, wc here pledge ourselves to faithful and harmonious 
labor for all future lime, to return by our united efforts to the 
wisdom, justice, fraternity, and political purity of our forefathers. 



Hmnan happiseta is the acme of eoithl; ambitioa. ladtvidnal hnppieess de- 
peudH npoD gp nend pTOs[ierit;|. 

The prosperity of n tuition ia in proportion to the value of its prodaotions. 

The Boil IS the sontce from wheace we derive all that coQBtitutis weBltb. witll- 
out it we woold have no ngritmlture, no nianufiLctnres. no pommerce. 01 nU the 
material giftsof the Crefltor, the varioafl ptoductiona of the vegetable world ore of 
the SiBt importance. Thenrtof agrieultnreia the parent Mid precitr>or of oUiutB, 
and its producta the foundation of all weallh. 

The {Woductions of the earth are subject to the inflQeDce of natural lam. invs- 
rinblo and indispatable; the umonnt produced will conaoqnenll; be in uroportJoii 
to the intelligence of the producer, and sticcesit will depend npun his knowledge 
of the nelion of these Inva, and llio proper applieation of their ptindplee. 

Eenoo, knowledge is the foandaliun of liappiness. 



PREAMBLE AND COSSTITDTIO}). 



m 



TI16 nltimate object of this orgiuiizDtioti is for malanl iiiBtmclion and prolec- 
tioQi to ligLten labor by diflusicg a bnowJedge of its iiimti and purposes: e:ipund 
the mind b; tracing the beautiful luwH the Great Creator has eslablishtd ia the 
DuiTerfle. and lo enlarge our views i>( tuealivo wisdom nud power. 

To those who read aright, history proves thut in all uges society ii (TUgmentary, 
and saccesBfol resnlts of general welfare can bu secured only by eeueriil effort. 
Unity of action cannot be acquired without diBciplina, and diiioiplino cannot be 
eolocced without n^ficant orgnnizalion; heccp, we hHve a ceremony uf inilio- 
tion which binds ua id mutual fruternit; bb with [Lbacil of iron: butnuhonsh its 
influence ib bo poaerful, its application ib as gentle as that of the tulken thread 
tliut binds B wreath of flowers. 

The Patrons of Unsbandr; conust of the following organization : 
BabordinaU Granga. 

First Dwree: Haid, (woman,) Laborer, (man.) 

Eecond Degree: Shepherdess, (womim.) Cultivator, (maa.^ 

Third Cegri-e: Gleaner, (womnn.) Hiirvester, (man.) 

Fonith Degree: Matron, (woman,) Husbandman, (man.) 
BUUt Oningt, 

SnmoH 1. Fifth degree. Pomona. (Foilh.) Composed of the Masters of 
Snbordinate Granger und their wives, who are Matrons, provided that when the 
number of Subordiaate Granges In uny State becomes so great as lo render it 
ueeesaarr. the Slate Grange may. in such toanner as it may determine, reduce its 
representatives by providing for the election of a certain proportion of Ihoae en- 
titled to Bembcrsbtp in the SUite Grange from each county; and the membera so 
cboBun ahnll constitute the State Grunge. 

See. 2. There tuay be established Cislrict or Couuly Granges in the fifth de- 
gree, not to exceed one in each county, composed of Masters and Past Masters of 
Subordinale Gmuges, and their wives, who are Mulrons, and such fourth degree 
membent (not to exceed three), as may be elected thereto by Iba Subordinate 
Qmn^ea, under such regulations as may be establiBbed by State Granges. Such 
Diitnct or Coaoty GmngeH shall have charge of the educutiocol and busicess in- 
terests of the Order in their respeclive districts, and shall rnconrcge, strenjithen 
and »idthe Snboidinato Granges represented (herein. Dispcnsutions for such 
District or County Granges shall issue from the State Grange, and tinder such 
TegnUtions as the Stale Grange may adopt. 

National Grange. 

Sixth Degree: Flora, (Charity.) 

Composed of Masters of State Granges and Iheir wires who have taken the de- 
(tree of^f'omona, and the officers and members of the Eiecutivo Committee of the 
Kaliimal Grange. 

Seventh Degree; Ceres, (Faith.) 

Membera of Ihe National Grange who have served one year therein, may be- 
come members of this degree upon aiiplication and election. It has charge of the 
•ecret work of Ihe Order, and shall be a court of impeachment of all officers of 
the National Orange. 

MemlierB of this degree are honorarjy members of the National Grange, and are 
eligible (o ofilces therein, but not entitled to vote. 



rro until the annual rr 



Abticlb I. — Section 1. The officers of a Orange, either National, State, or 
Subordinate, coumst of and rank as follows: Master, Overseer, Lecturer, Steward, 
Assistant tSteward, Chaplain, Treasurer, Secretary, Oato-keeper, Ceres, Pomona, 
Flora, and Lady Assistant Steward. It ia their duty to see that the laws of the 
Ordn ore carried out. 

Sec. 2. In the Subordinate Granges they shall be chosen annnally at the 
regular meeting in December, and inslalled ut the regular meeting in January, or 
•sEooD thereafter as practicalile; iu the State Granges, once in two years, and in 
the Nitiouij Grange once in three years. All eteclious to be by ballot. 

Tocandes by death or resj^nation to be tilled at u special election a' "■ ' 

regular meeting thereof — ■ 



» deputies to organize Granget whera no Slate Grange exists. 



112 THE ORDER OF FATBONS OF HUSBASDIIT. 

Stc. i. There ahalt be an ExecntiTe Commiltfe of the Ustioiul Gmcgr, MC- 
sjatiufi: ul five members, whoee term of office ehull be three ytsis. 

Sec. 5. The offlceraof thareBpectiTeGraugcaahallbeoddressedM "■otUiy." 

AimcLt n. — Beolion I. Subonliniile GrangeH shoU meet at Least once och 
mouth, and m&j Uold intermedistB meetJDgB., 

Sec. 2. State Granges (hall meet aunoallj at sncU time and pUoA •■ thfl 
Grange shall, from year to jear, determine. 

tteo. 3. The XabuDal Oranf^ Ghall meet azmnally on the third W«dnetidaf in 
November, at such place as (he Grange may, from year to j'ear, delennuie. 
Should the National Grange adjouin without selecting the place of meetintt. the 
Eieontive Committee shall njipoint the place and uotifjthe Secretai}' of Iho Nit- 
tional OroDgo and the Masters of the State Oranges at least thirty days bcfoto 
the day appointed. 

Abttclb lU.^The Naliona! Grange, at its anniuJ session, may frame, aouinJ. 
or repeal stich Ib'vb as the good ol the Order may reijuire. All lavs of iitnte ■iid 
Subordinate Granges most conform to this Constitation and the laws adopted by 
the Nflliona! OrunL-e. 

Abtici^ IV. — TBu Ritoal adopted l^ the NalionaJ Grange shall be tised in nil 
Sabordiouto Granges, und any desired alteration in the same most be sabmitied 
to, and receive lh<- aani:tion of the National Grange. 

Abticle y. — Any person engaged iu agricnitnral pursuits and bavioB no in- 
terest in conflict \nllt our purposes, of the age of sixteen years, daly proposed, 
elected, and complying with the rules and regulationB of the Order, is cntitlcid to 
membership and the benefit of the degrees taJien. Every application mnst be ac- 
companied by the fee of membership. If rejected the moaey will be refnocted. 
Applications must be certified by members, and balloted for at a aubaeqnent meet- 
ing. It shall require three negative votes to reject on applicnnt. 

Aa-ncui VI.— The minlnitim fee for membership in a Subordinate Ginnge shall 
1, five dollars, and tor women, two dollars, (or the four degrees, except 



oluirteri) _ ... , .... ... ._ _..,...., 

Abiiclb Til.— Seclion 1. Tho nunimnm of rcgulur monthly dues shall be ten 
oenta from each member, and each Gntn^ may othi-rwise regnlote its own dues. 

Sec. 2. The Secrotory of each Subordinate Orange shnll re[)ort quarterly to the 
Secretary of the Stale Orange the names of ull persons itiitiBteil daring the quar- 
ter, and pay to the Secretotyof the Slale Grange ona dollar for each man, and 
&(ty cents (or each woman iuiliutcd during (he quarter. Also a quarterly due of 
six cents for each member, said report to be approved and forwarded at the first 
session of the Orange in each quarter. 

See. 3, The Becreiary of the Bute Grange shall pay to the Treasarer of the 
State Ornn^o all moneys comina into his bands, at least once every ten dap), tak- 
ing his receipt therefor; and shitll report quarterly to the Secretary of the Nalionnl 
Grange the membership iu the State. 

Sec 4. The Treasurer of each State Orange shall deposit to the credit of the 
Nndonal Grange of Patrons of Hosbaudry, with some Banldng or Trust company, 
to be Biilected by the Eiecntive Committee, iu quarterly instalments, tho annual 
due of five cents of each member in his State, and forward the receipts of the 
same to the Treasurer of (ho National Grange. 

Sec. 6. All moneys deposited with sold company ebnll be paid oat only npon 
the drafts of the TrcHsnrer approved by the Master and couotersigned by Ibn 
Secretary. 

See. 6, No State Orange shall be entitled to representation in the National 
Orange whose dues are unpaid (or more than one quarter. 

Abtiole TIII.~-Seutjou 1. All charters and dispenBations issue directly from 
the National Grange. 

Sec. 2. Nine men and four women having received the (out Subordinate 
deorees, may receive a dispensation to organise a Subordinate Grange. 

Sec. 3. Applications for dispensations or charters shall be made to the Sec- 
retary of the National Grange, and be signed by the persons applying for thq 
same, and be accompanied by a fee of fifteen doUnra. 

Sec. 4. Charter members are those perHona only whoso names are upon th« 
appllentlon, and whose fees were paid at the time of orgnnization. Their uuuiber 
Blioll not be less than nine lucu nud four women, uor more Ihim twenty men anil 

Sec. 6. FifUen Subordiunle Granges working iu a State can upply for author- 
ity to orgauhca a State Grunge. 



AUESDMENT3 TO CONSTITUTIOS. 113 

Seo. B. Wliere Stnto Granges nre organist, diapeniUktioiiB for tbe organisiatioii 
©f Uiu Snbordinntu Grauges ueteloforu issued sliall be renbiced by Charier from 
theNulJonul Oruofje witboHt further fee; und Ihereaflcr idlnpplicatioasfor Char- 
lure for SnbordinatP GrongeB shall tinas thnnigh the oiBee of the alnstpr of the Slate 
Onujge, and must bo approved liy him before they are issneil by the Notional 
Grange. 'When bo issuedi the Charter shall pass tbrunfjb tho office of the Secre- 
UUT S tha State Umugo nnd receive the ngnnturo ond oScial neal of that ol&cr'. 

oeo, 7. No Grange ahiJl confer more thuD one degree on the some person at 
the Game meeting. 

Almoin IX. — The dali«B of tbe officers of the NHtionul, 8tate-and Sabordinule 
GruDf^H shall be prescribed by the laws ol the name. 

AtinCLK X. — Suction 1. The TrenHiirerx of the National, Stale and Snboidi- 
iuit« Granges Eholl give bonds, to be approved by Ihe officers of their respeclive 
Gronees. 

Bee. 2. In oil Oranges billa mnsl be approved b; the MuBter, and coontcr- 
Blgned by the Secretary, before the Treasurer can pay tbe snnie. 

Kkuclk XI.— BcligioDs or political (inestionB will not bu tolerated as sabjects 
of discussion in tbe work of ibe Order, and do political or religious tests for 
memlierabip sball be applied. 

AnTiCLB Slir.— Tbo Master of the National Orange and the members of the 
Executive Committea shall be empowered to Bnapendfrom office any officer of the 
National Orange who may prove inefficient or derelict in Ihe discharge of his 
duly, snbjc<!'t lo apptal Id the ncit session thereafter of the National Grange. 

ABnci.K XTV. — This Constitution can be altered or amended by a two thirds 
vote of Ihe National Grange at any annual meeting, and when eucb slleration or 
amendment shall have been ratified by three foBrths of the Stale Granges, and 
lbs same reported lo tbe Secretary of lbs National Grange, it sboU be of full 

[Our readers will observe, by compariBg it with tbe Cooatihition as 
it esieted before the meeting at St. Lonia, that tbe new Constitution, 
as herewith given, eliiuigcs entirely the statue of Past Masters otid 
their wives, as members of tlie National Grange ond of State Granges. 
Formerly, as honorary members of these bodies, they could attend 
Kt their own expense, take part in debate, serve on committees, be 
eligible to office, in short, be active membere in every way, except 
to vote. In the National Grange, under the old law, if it was 
deemed expedient to appoint them on standing committees to report 
at tbe nest session, it could bo done, and their espenees paid out of 
the treasuiy. Under the new law all this is changed. In State 
Granges Past Masters and their wives can now attend if they wish to 
aiid " look on" as fifth degree members. In the National Grange, 
ditto, as sixth degree members. If their past experience and training 
are of any value, it goes for naught. That is all. In other words, 
the National and State Granges are now more exclusive in their priv- 
ileges than formerly. The changes in the new Constitution wero in 
force at the late session of the National Grange, and will bo in force 
at all sessions of State Granges for the ensuing year. 

Of the amendments proposed at St. Louis, all were ratified and 
become laws, except four, namely, those relating to — 

1. The seven founders becoming life members. 

2. Post Masters of National Granges, and their wives. 

3. Increase of representation. 

4. Increase of membership fees, 
These four were lost. 

It in important for our members, everywhere, to observe that as 
theCoustitution now stands (Art. VIII., Sec. 7), different degrees can 
ho conferred on different persons at the same meeting, but not on 



Hi 



TllE ORDER OF PATB0N3 OP HUSBAMDET. 



tbe same pereon. It ia equally importniit to observe that, according 
to Ai't. v., to be eligible to become n, nieniber in future, tbey muat. 
be engaged in agriculture as a pursuit, and niust bavo uo iatereat 
conflicting with the purposes of oui' Order.] 

Abticue I. — The fouith ilny of Decpmbei, the liirtLilay of tbe PatrotiB of Hua- 
bandry, Blinli be eelobrnted ns thi' auniTeraary of Ibe OrJcr. 

Aruclb II. — Not less iLaD Ibe TenresenlalioD of twenty States prcnentnt laij 
meeting of tbe National Orange, eliall conBtilate d qnornm for the transocUali of 
bminetia. 

AcTiPU m. — QaeBtiona of law and usage ar^in{;in Subordinate GmcgeN, shall 
be decided by tbe Master, BQbject to an appeal to tbe Uaster of the Stale Grange. 
QaPBtiona of law and itange ariaing in the Stale Gmnge, or brought by appeal 
from the Bnbordinato Gmngp, Hball bo decided by tbe Master of too State 
Grange, snbjeot <o on appeal to the Master of the National Grange, whose deds- 
iou thereon shall be liunl. 

AitiitXB IT. — It shall be the duty of the Master to prenide at mf pKngii of Ilie 
National Orange; to aee th.it all officers and membera of commttteEs propcilf 
perform their respective dnties; to see that the Conxlitotiou, Ity-Lnwa unil reuv 
iQtions of the National Grange, and the usage* of the Order are ubMrred and 
obeyed, and geoeraily to perform all duties pcrlainjng I'l snch office. 

jliircLB V. — It shall bo the duty of the Secrelnry lo keep n record of nil pn»- 
ceedingsof the NalioDLiI Ornnge; io liee'p a jtist und trtio account ofoll taoacyt 
receive!) and deposited by hio) in the Uscal agencyi to conntci'sign all diitfis 
drawn by the TreoHorer; tu coudact (he correspoudciice of tbe National Orange; 
and to potform such other duties appeitaiaiog to the office as muj be required bf 
the Maiitcr and Exccotive Commitlco. 

It sboll be hia daty, at toast once each week, to deposit with the fiscal agency 
holding (he funds of the Naliouul Grange, all moneys that may have come into 
his handa, and forward a daplicalo receipt tbettfoc lo Ibo Treasurer, und to 
mahe a fnll report of all tmuKiotious to the Katioual Grimgo at each atmuol ma- 

It shall be his further dnty to procure a montlity report from the fiscal i^noy, 
with whom the funds of tbe Nalionnl Grange uro deposited, of all moneys le- 
eeivcd and paid out by them daring each month, and send n copy of such report 
to Ihe Executive Commiltee and the Ktaster of tbo National Grange. 

He shall give bond in such smn and wilb snoh security as may be approved by 
the Executive Comuiittee. 

Abticlb VI. — Section 1. It shiJI bo the duty of the Treasurer to issue all dnftt 
upon Ihe fiscal agency of the Order, aiid drafts having been previously approved 
by tho Master, and eounteraigned by Iho Secretary of Uio National Orangu. 

See. 2. Ho shall report moufhly to tbe Master of tho National Omnge, a stnte- 
meut of all moneys depasitcd lo Lis credit in the fiscal agency, and of all diafta 
signed by him daring the previous month. 

Sec. 3. He shall report tu the National Orange at each annual aession, a atate- 
ment of all moneys deposited in the fiscal agency, and of all drafts signed by him 
since his last annual report. 

Sec. 1. It shall be bis duty to collect nU iulcrest accruing ou investments mtulo 
by the Executive Committee, and to deposit the some in tbo fiscal aj^ency. 

Abticlb TU. — It shall be tho duty of the Lecturer to visit, fur (he good of Ibe 
Order, such portions of tlie Uikited States as the UoEter or the Exeontive Coin- 
mitteo may direct, for which services be nhall receive cooipensatiou. 

AsTiCLB VIII.— Section 1. It fiball b« tbe duty of tbo Executive Committee to 
exercise a general superviaiou of the afTuirs of thu Order during the ree«ss ut lh» 
National Crango. They shall have aulhorit;^ to act on all matters of interest to 
the Older, when (he National Grange is not in sesEion; shall provide for the wel- 
fare of Ihe Order in business matters: and shall report their acta in detail to llie 
National Gmnge, on the first day of its annual meeting. 

See. a. It ^all bo the duty of the EieouUve Committee to furnish to Ihe 
Masters of the several State GconjlCB, at the commencement of each ijnartrr, a 
■tatement of the receipts and lUsbursements of all moneys by tbe Kalibnol 
Orange during tbo preceding quarter. 

See. 3. The Executive Committee shall, at tbe doso of each annual ae«doii of 



BY-LAW3. 115 

the National OrAOge, appoint two of their nnmber, who. together wilh the Wortbr 
Ua■U^r of the Nnlionol Grnnge. shall constilote n Court of Appsnln, to whii.u 
fibnil be Kfcrrod all appeals that mny bo tnkea to the National GraQge. Tbu 
Worthy Uosler. as PresiileDt of the Conrt. shall conTens the Court ^Fheoerer the 
boBincKS in bU hands shall luiike it necessary, and whcu thus convened, thu 
Cotirt abnU try nil ciu^s commg before it, or continue the some as the equities of 
Mcb BUBO may deiwuid. 

It shall prtsoribo its own mode of procediue; its demiona BbrtU be final onU 
must bft reported to the next seasion of the National Grange. 

A»noi^ IX. — Bection 1. Socb comrensution for time and serrice Hball Tie 
fCivtn the Slaatcr, Lecturer. Secretary, TrcDSurer, and Executive CommiiEce, ae 
Ibo National Grange mny, from time to time, deUrmine. 

&«o. 3. Whenever General Deputies are appointed by the Uastec of the Na- 
lionnl Omnge, said Dopaties shntl receive eucb compi^nfiation for time nnd serr- 
iMBPB maybe determined by the MaBltr nnd the Executive Cammittec; pro- 
Ttdad, in no case shuU pay from the Nalioaal Grange be given General Depaties 
in nxjr Ktato after tbe formntion of its State Qiangc. 

AnnCLK X. — Section 1. The finaucial reports of Subordinate Granges Nhullba 
made on the first day of Jonnory, the first diiy of April, tba first day of July, and 
thie first dny of Oclooor, 

8eo. S. Btalo GrnnKeH shall dote their Quancial eiirttcnre three months after 
the first day of JanaoTy, first day of April, first dny of July, and the first day of 
0<:lolM'r. immedintoly following their organization- 
Bee. 3. The financial year of the National Grange-shall close on the 30th day 
of Bcptember. 

Abticlb XI. — Each session of the National Grnngo shall fix the compenantion 
of its mcmberH. 

AsTicwt XII,— Special meetinRS of the National Grange shall bo called by Iho 
Ufutcr npon the application of the Masters of twenty State Grungt^s, one month's 
notice of such meeting being given to all members of the National GraD;,'e. No 
alterations or amendments lo the By-Laws or Bitual eball be mode at any special 
meeting. 

Aimcta Xm. — Upon the demand of five memberB, the nyes and noes may bo 
called on any question, and wheu so called, eIiuU bo entere>l by the Secretary 
npon his minuteE. 

Aeucxb XIV. — Paat-Mast^rs are Masters who have been duly elected and in- 
stalled, and who haseserTedottt the term for whidi they Keroetcetod. 

Aeticle XV.— Vacancies in office may be filled at any regular meeting of the 

ACTlcLE XTI. — Two or more Subordinate Granges may be consolidated in Uie 
manner following, to wit: — 

Application tor permission to consohdate shall be mado to tho Master of the 
State Grange and his constant obtaioeJ. Oue of the consolidating Granges shall 
then vote lomuTcnder its Charter and to consolidate with tbo other; and the other 
mast TOte to receive oil the members of the surrendering Grange. 

A copy of each vote, duly authenticated, muat bo transmitted to the RecTctnry 
of (lie btate Granite, and tho smreudered (diarler most bo returned to tbe Nationu . 
Gnuge, through the office of the Secretary of the State Grange, with tbe fact and I 
date of its surrender and consolidation endorsed thereon, uutbenticnted by the f 
senl luid ngualuro of the Secretary of the State Grange; provided, that nothing 
herein coDluined shall be construed to authorize tho surrender of (he ehurter of n 
OrKSge in which nine men and four women aholl desire to continue tbe organiza- 
tion Uiereof. 

Asncu XVII. — Section 1. In case satisfactory evidence shall come to (he 
UsMlei' of a State Grange, that n Grange ban been organized contrary to tho laws 
mnd nsaeeB of the Order, or is working in violation of tho some, it shall bs Iho 
duty d the Master to suspend such offending Grange, and at once forward to tho 
Uaaler of the National Grange notice of the same, together with tbe evidence in 
Ibo cose, who shall, if in his opinion tbe good of the Order requires such action, 
revoke the Charter of such offending Grange. 

Sec. 2. Oranges, whose Charters ore thus revoked, may appeal to the National 
Gmnge at its next session for tho final action of that body, 

Avni:l.e XVIII. — Memberaof the State and Subordinate Granges shall beamen- 
■blo to their respective Granges under such I'cgulationa os may be prescribed by 
th* State Qi&nges for tho trial of canscs in their retipective jurisdictions; provided 



116 



THE ORDER OF PATRONS OF HCSDASTRT- 



that menbeM of Oie Snbordinale Granges shnll be allowed Ihe rJRbt of unreal la 
thai Stote Qraagea, nnd membcre of llie Sldte Gnmee siiiill bo Bllowetl Uie nebt 
of appeal to the Conrt of AppcaJa. , . . , ^ . 

Abticu six.— Each officer reqaiied bylnw to report to the NutioDnl CirouRo M 
itB annnftl BessLoiiB. shall fimiish, ia conneetiou wilt his report, an itemiwJ Blate- 
menl of Ihe expeimeB of his ofGce for the cnrreul yKur. 

ABTici,e XX.— The Soorotary of each Stnto Grongu shnll send to the Seeretary 
of the Nntiooal Grange, two printed copies of the procaetlingB of his Slate Grange, 
lu auon ns pmclicable after each Buntial Hession, and rIbo copiea of U»e Constilu- 
tion and By-Laws of hta State Grange, and the Secretary of the National Gruga 
shail preHenre, in hie office, one copy of each of Iheso documenta. 

ABI1CI.E XXI.— All coniiunnicaliuaa, clroolarB. and all other docnmento trajl*- 
niitled by the officers of the National Grange, or any department thereof, to the 
Subordinate Granges, shaU pass through the office of the Btate GraDgo to which 

Asntui XXn.— These By-LnwB mny be altered or omeDded at any auuiial 
meeting of the Natioual Grange by a two ihir.ls vote of the meoibera prcseul. 

ELIGIBILITY. 
Of all applicants, either for charter membership or otLei- 
wise, the questions should be asked: 

1st — Ars they "engaged iu agricultural pursuits ?" 

2d— Have they "any interests jii cooflict with our purpoeea?" 

If they are not engaged in agricultural pursuits they are not«Ii- 

S'ble. If they have any conflicting interest they arc not cligiklo. 
rganizing officers and the members decide these points. 

The amrudment which embodies the above restriction was 
Lronglit iu at the St. Louis meeting iu 1874; more explicitly 
defining the original rec|uirement. Like all other amendments 
it rci|uired the ratification of twenty -seven State and Territorial 
Granges. It is now the law of admission, but not au ex post 
faclo law; is not retroactive, and cannot affect any member al- 
ready iu the Grauge. 

RULINGS. 

To the KuUngs of our Worthy Master Adams, masters and mem- 
bers in all the States must render a cheerful obedience, until an 
appeal may be sustained by the National Orange. 

A married woman derives her eligibility to become a member of a 
Grange from the eligibility of her husband, and if be is not eligible 
and worthy of being admitted to the Grange, the wife should not be 
admitted alone. It ts not safe or good policy to admit married 
women to the Grange whose husbands are opjwsed to our Order, or 
who, being eligible, have no disposition to join it. Unless the by- 
laws of a Subordinate Grange Jlx a time which must elapse before a 
new application can be made for a rejected candidate, there is noth- 
ing in the National Constitution to prohibit the application being 
renewed at any subsequcut meeting. 

If the Master of a Grange has good reason to bebeve that some of 
the members have coat black balls by miKtake, he should, lieforo 
declaring the result of the ballot, make such statement and rcooiu- 
mend another ballot. If, however, he declares the ballot, and tho 



TBEASUEEE'a pEPORT, 



117 



members themselves are satiefied a mistake liaa 1)6611 made, it -will 
l>e in oi-der for some one to move for a reconaideralion. And if u 
mfijority of the members vote to reconsider, the ballot may l>e taken 
over again and the result must be final. A ballot can ouly be recon- 
sidered at the same meeting the vote is declared. 

The Treasurer's report of the National Grange for 1874 Iiaa 
been maile public. The total receipts were $132,151 28, of 
wliich 8129,316 00 was for dispeusations to 8,621 Granges; 
$1,261 68 for dnes from Iowa, Illmois and TViscousin. Theso 
are the only States from which dues are reported, and nothing 
was received from Iowa of dnes for 1873, The espensea for 
the year seem to have been $79,343 75, leaving a balance in 
the treasury of $52,807 53. The largest item of expense was 
for printing— *29, 314 40. 

The salaries amounted to $5,410 67 — of which Secretary 
Kelley received $3,500, The contingent expenses were $13,- 
840 81. There was paid to deputies $5,983 35; to Executive 
Committee, $1,039 00; traveling expenses, $1,188 00; mileage, 
$546 80. It seems the treasury was empty at the beginning of 
the year, and owed Secretary Kelly, $3,321 74. 

The National Grange has seventy thousand dollars invested 
in registered sixes. The investment was made through the 
Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, in New York, which acts as 
finaaciid agent for the Grange. This company is one of the 
Btrongestand safest in the country, having gone tlirough all the 
panics and financial crises without suspension or question of 
its integrity or ability to meet every obligation. If, however, 
the company should fail, remember that the bonds are regis- 
tered, and so have the entire security of tlie nation's good faith. 
Besides this bond investment, there is a working fund, varying, 
of coarse, but averaging about twenty thousand dollars. This 
fund is also on deposit with the financial agent in New York, 
and a monthly report is made by the agent to each member of 
the Executive Committee, setting forth the amount on deposit 
from day to day, with the receipts and disbursements. 

The Secretary of the National Grange also sends weekly to 
each member of the Executive Committee a full statement of 
the amount of money received and disbursed through hia oflioe. 
No money is paid out by the financial agent without the order 
of the Worthy Master, countersigned by the Secretary, the or- 
ders being made at the request of the Executive Committee. 



Ii8 



WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. 



Tlie Committee also directs all purcliaaes, anJ audits all bills; 
BO Uiat not ft dollar is expended without its knowledge. The 
Treasurer keeps an aucurato aoeoiiut of all raoneys, and coUDter- 
signs orders before tbey are paid by the finanoial agent. Ac- 
couuts are opened upon Ibe books of the Secretary with tho 
several State GrangeH, and each is duly credited vdtb all moneys 
received from it, and charged with whatever is disbursed for 
its benefit. The balance, loss its proportional share of tlie ex- 
penses of the Natioual Grange, shows what we will call the de- 
posit of that Grange with the National Grange. These balances 
or deposits are held as sacred trusts for the benefit of the titato 
Granges, to bo nsed, as during the past year, to the amount uf 
more than twelve thousand dollars, in the relief of sufferiug, or 
ill snch other manner as may be determined on hereafter. 
More than twelve thousand dollars has been expended during 
the year for the relief of sufferiug from grasshoppers, from 
floods, and from other disasters; the several amounts having 
been paid back to the State Granges, out of their deposits, and 
BO far as possible in proportion to those deposits. 

The general disposition of tlie Order is toward a reduction of 
salaries, the abolition of the supply feature, and, disregarding 
all party ties, to act unitedly for the commou good of all c 
and for the whole country. 



k 



CHAPTER XI. 

WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. 



OBoWm— CtrsKs or NmEtticii. Htbenotb— Gbingkh df tse Ftnsi isn S 

OND GBriffTH^lNTESrUKNTS iSD StTTVOS— GKNIIUL AND iNCrDKHTU. B« 

rm — WoRTHi Uastkr Aiuhs' Address if Chableston : Sunuisi or Piu>- 
is: Whai was Done abuct tbk Texas Facifio Hailboad, akd Wht 



Ik 1873 ten States were represented in the meeting of the 
National Grange. In 1874 the number had swelled to thirty- 
one, and the business of the Central Bureau, at WoQhiugtoD, 
required a heavy statT for its successful prosecution. No groat < 
enlori>riaes are moved without a corresponding outlay of bndii 
and money power; but it wns marvelous to the uuiuitiated, 
to aee what the "little drops of water and little grains of 



CArsEa OP GROWTH. 119 

BR£;(1," falling so quietly from tbo coffers of the Subordinate 
GrangBs, were accoioplisbing when gathered together. The 
monopolista who had thought the farmers' movement unlikely 
to " prove much of a sliowor," began to lay in a .stock of um- 
brellas. TLej- also began to devise schemes for dividing and 
creating distrnst within the body of the Order. But so thor- 
oughly had the organization prepared itself for any stress of 
■weather; so strong was it ou its central principle that "the 
good of the whole could only be reached by the perfection of 
its parts," that its growth has scarcely been checked by even 
momentary disasters. 

It was not until the fall of 1873, however, that, owing to the 
agitation prevailing throughout the United States in respect 
to monopolies, especially oppressive in the North-west, the 
power of the Grange began to be felt in the land. From the 
original centers of its strength, without any effort at propo- 
gandtsm, it had spread in all directions; in truth, it had a cen- 
ter in every truo Patron, from which an unconscious influence 
proceeded, until at the opening of the year 1S75, its member- 
ship was estimated at not less than one million four hundred and 
thirty thousand. There wore other negative causes for this un- 
precedented growth, among which may be named class-spirit, 
a debauched currency, protective tariff, railroad combinations, 
combinations of manufactures, plow-makers and others. The 
Oranges of the first period may be termed the fighting Granges ; 
for they bore the bruut of the great conflict with monopolies, 
and led the way to concession and peace. They bad unpleas- 
ant things to say, and they said them in unmistakable English. 
Some excesses of zeal were exhibited, and the Western Granges 
narrowly escaped the fate of becoming a third political party. 
It must be admitted by all that they possessed wise and tem- 
perate leaders. Dudley W. Adams, the present W. M. of the 
National Grange, and Colonel Cochrane, Master of the Wis- 
consin State Grange, declined nominations for the highest 
offices in their respective States. 

The Order now contains, in round numbers, twenty-two thou- 
sand Subordinate Granges, distributed as follows: Missouri, 
Iowa, and Indiana, each two thousand; Illinois and Kentucky, 
i;ach one thousand five hundred; Kansas, onu thousand three 
hundred; Ohio and Tennessee, each one thousand one hundred; 
Teia>«, eight hundred; Georgia, seven hundred; Alabama and 



120 WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOSIPLIBHED. 

Mississippi, six liundreil and fifty; Minnesota, Michigan, Wi»- 
consiu, Arkans&s, u&ch five hundreil aod fifty to five haadred 
and seventy-five; Nebraska, six hundred; North Carolioa, four 
hundred and sixty; Virginia and Pennsylvania, each four hnn- 
dred; South Caroliud, three hundred and twenty-five; New 
York, two hundred aud seveuty-three; Culiforuia, two hundred 
and fifty; Louisiana, two hundred aud ten; Oregon, one hun- 
dred and serentj-five; Washington Territory, (under jurisdic- 
tion of Oregon,) fifty-two, Vermont, West Virginia, Martluud, 
Florida, New Jersey, Colorado, Massachusetts, Wyoming Terri- 
tory, Maine, Dakota, New Hampshire, Canada, Montana, Del- 
uware, Idaho, Nevada, and Connecticut, make the grand total 
at the present time, not less than a million and a half. Com- 
plete statistics of each State, or of the whole membership, are 
not given to the public, for obvious reasons. 

It will be seen that the South and the South-west are the 
strongest in proportion to their population. Bat at the present 
moment the Granges are multiplying in the Eastern States with 
great rapidity. North and South are linked by the Grange 
into an industrial and fraterual unity; and are already proving 
the benefits of cooperation in commercial exchanges. 

The "Granges of the second growth," Missouri, Michigan 
and Wisconsin, have especially devoted themselves to tho pro- 
motion of business enterprises; have been careful and econom- 
ical, aud have "held aloof from politics." In Missouri, how- 
ever, so many Grangers found themselves in the legislature, 
that it was proposed to organize a Legislative Grange, while 
Wisconsin, under a Granger Governor, carried her legislative 
war upon the railroads to a successful termination. 

The Patrons have invested their capital as follows: In 
Grange banks; in direct trade unions; in elevators and ware- 
houses; in grists-mills; in pork-packing houses; in bog facto- 
ries and brick yards; in blacksmith shops, machine aud 
implement works; in broom factories; in cotton-gina, and 
cotton-yarn factories, in tho South; in fruit-canning establiah- 
raeuLs; iu transportation enterprises by rail, ship, and boat; in 
homestead associations, cooperative laud companies, immigra' 
tion associations and insurance companies. Not less than 
$18,000,000 is thus invested. The estimate of savings through 
cooperation is $100 per head for four hundred thousand aetiva 
igers. 



AGlllCDLTnn.U. IJtrLEMENTS. ]21 

Doring the past year one hnndred and fifty headers have been 
Ijuilt and sold in Nebraska alone, The price has been $150 
each, vrhile the dealein were charging S325 — a discount of G-t 
per cent,, and a total saving in first cost of $26,250. 

Over three hundred Werner harvesters have been built in the 
throe States of Iowa, Nebraska and M inuesota, and sold at $141), 
a saving on each machine a( $S0, and a total saving to the buy- 
ers of $24,000. The orders for the Werner this year very far 
exceeded the capacity of the factories to supply, and next year 
it is thought that three thousand of them will be called for. 
They have everywhere given entire satisfaction when well mado 
and in the hands of competent operators. In a recent trial in 
Mlunesota between the Werner, the Marsh and the Uassillou, 
the Werner was adjudged the best of the three. Fully fifteen 
hundred cultivators have been made and sold during the pa»t 
year, the price being 818 to $20 50 for an iraplomeut in every 
way as good aa those generally sold for $30 to S35. The coming 
season a apring-tooth sulky rake will be made and offered for 
about $25, such an one as now brings $35 to $45, These rakes 
will be made at Des Moines and Dnbuqiie, and probably at 
other phices also. A seeder will also be oiifored for about $40. 
It is called the gang-j^low seeder, and is equal in value to those 
DOW sold for $65 to $75. 

A Dessemer steel beam plow is now making at Des Moines, 
at the Given plow-works, which can be sold for $18. Mr. 
Given will fill Patrons' orders first at that price, while others 
most wait to be served afterwards, and at a higher price. These 
plows are firsWloss in every respect, far superior and much 
lighter than any ordinary iron beam )>!ow. 

A mower is now making in New York, of which our Order 
will have entire control. All the parts usnally made of iron 
are of Bessemer steel; the movement is very simple, and the 
draft light. It is provided with selt-oiling boxes, which require 
attention but two or three times a week, and generally it is fii-st- 
class in all its parts. It will be sold in Iowa, freight paid, for 
Dot more than seventy-tiTe dollars. 

Arrangements will soon bo completed to get Bugars and 
aymps direct from members of our Order in Louisiana through 
the agency in New Orleans, Samples and prices are promised. 
Prices of synips, of course, vary with the market; but last 
year the best pure caue syrups were sold in New Orleans for 
thirty-five cents per gallon. 



122 WHAT HAS BEEN ACOOMPLISHKD. 

The agency in New Orleans is now ready to receive flonr, 
corn, bacOD, and other western products, in eschutigo for 
sngare, syrupa, etc., which tlie South has to spare. 

In general, it may be said that the business operations of tha 
Order have more than tripled during the past year. Bu&inesa 
agencies are established in more than twenty-five States, inclnd- 
ing all the Western, Southern and Pacific States; and in the 
Eastern States such agencies are rapidly multiplying, and while 
increasing in numbers they are perfecting their plans oi doing 
business. Col. ShanUand is in constant correspondence with 
the several agents, and is making numerous journeys to attend 
their conventions. County and district agencies, auxiliary to 
the State agencies, are forming everywhere, and all are increas- 
ing in efficiency as they learn the routine of business, and as 
the members of the Order learn the facilities and savings of the 
agencies. 

For example : In Iowa more than half the elevator's are now 
in the hands of Patrons, and ele>'ator companies, cooperative 
stores and mutual insurance companies are constantly increas- 
ing. Some of them, while Having largely for their customers, 
are also making large profits for themselves. Of course their 
success depends much on the experience, tact, zeal and honesty 
of the agent in charge; but in a general way it may be said that 
all are doing well and meeting the expectations of their found- 
era. By way of illustration, a fire insurance company in Wis- 
consin, which is carrying four hundred and iifty tliousand dol- 
lars of risks on the following plan— payment of one dollar and 
fifty cents for survey and policy, and one tenth of one i>er cent, 
on the risk — has not lost a dollar in a year, 

A State and National organization of colored men, has been 
formed at the South, not political in its character, which claims 
to be an ausiliaiy to our Order and which desires to receive its 
supplies through our ageucies. Indeed, already several car- 
loads of goods have been furnished them in this way. 

Under the special charge of Col. Aikiu, of South Carolina, 
another member of the Executive Commiiteo of the National 
Grunge, the collating and publishing of information about the 
crops and markets is a matter fast assuming vast conseqaeDce. 
His reports are more complete in tht'ir w'-'iatics anJ nrare , 
prompt in their issue thau the con 
Government Bureau of Agricolt' 



ABBITRiTION TS. LITIGATION. 



123 



GOOn. by means of the accurate itifonnation nliicb tlie Granges 
fiiruisli at home, und tbe facilities of coiTespoiidiug ageocies 
abroad, to lay before our members, eacli month, a compre- 
liensive digest of tlie condition of tbe markets and tbo prospects 
of the crops throughout the world, which will guide them both 
ia their plantiug and their sales. 

One of the best features of the organization of the Patrons of 
Hosbaudry is the settlement tf differences, whether pecuniary 
or otherwise, between members, by arbitration. Instead of 
going to law, and feeing lawyers, officers and courts, and 
Spending time and money to secure some legal or technical ad- 
vantage of a neighbor, by the plan introduced in the Granges 
all these little questions of dispute are now settled in an equit- 
able and generally in au amicable manner by reference to com- 
mittees or arbitrators consisting of mutual friends. It is ti'ue 
that this plan deprives the lawyers, officers and courts of a 
great deal of business, and, consequently, of a great deal of 
money; but, while they are the losers iu a pecuniary way, the 
farmers arc the gainers, not only iu a pecuniary sense, but iu 
many other ways. Friendship between individuals is thus pro- 
moted and maintained; neighborhood difficulties are avoided, 
and the whole community of farmers are greatly the gainers; 
while outsiders are none the wiser. This is certainly a very 
commendable and valuable feature of the Order. 

Upon such articles as tea, sugar, coffee, kerosene, etc., the 
averugo saving has been from five to fifteen per cent. ; clothing 
from ten to twenty per cent. ; machines and implements from 
tbirty-five to forty per cent. This work is mostly done through 
tJte State agencies; that of Indiana exceeded two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars ladt year. Tbe New York Evening Post 
sums up the gt^neral benefits of the Grangers' organization, as 
foUows: 

The railroads have been tau.^bt that there iq a higher power, 
public opinion, which they cnunot wantonly defy. A body of 
iting laws bas been collected and tested (in Wisconsin), which 
rv8 as a guide and foundation fur all future aud more fiual 
ilogislntion. 

I^tieuliurists hsve pnrtiallii' awaked to the fact that the chief 

l-tliofr trouliles is "protection;" that they are systematically 

"'uuil-riid for tlie sake of the Eastern manufacturer; 

•^huititlion, by means of nmd-btJ, rails aud rolling 

'ruftt by a higii tariff, is an imijossible thing. The 



WHAT HtH BEEN ACCOVFLISHES. 

ktuiffmakea the annual repairs on our railroads coM, milliontl 
of d(4]«n more tbau they should; and th« farmere, in the form of 
4«uvr fretghU, muxt; pay these needless millions forever. " ^VhoSTer 
would be free, himself must cast the vot«." 




The annual address of Worthj Master Adams, at the lust 
I Bessiou of the National Grange, held at Charleston, Februftrv-, 
' 1875, will be read with pleasure by every Patron, and received 
' as the most authoritative expression of the sentiments vhicli 
' will govern the future of the Order in the United States: 

Patrons of Husbandry: From the snow-clad hills, the flowery 
I Tales, the golden shore, and prairie lands we meet toother by the 
I liistom palmetto, Not as nomads who gather at a shrine in obedience 
to a Bentiment do we come, but as chosen representatives of the fra- 
ternity, whose object is the moral and material advancement of the 
greatest industrial interests of the great republic. Standing as we do 
to-day u^jon the narrow hue which divides the past from the future, 
about to step forward into that time which is all unseeu by human eye, 
it behooves us to well scrutinize the track behind us, that we gain 
tbei-eby some clue to the path before. One year ago, we met be- 
yond the Father of Waters, and congratulated ourselves on tlie 
growtli and strength of our gigantic young Order. To-day, by the 
ever-aounding seas, we proudly proclaim that our members have in- 
creased one hundred-fold. Two more sister States (Maine and 
Montana), have joined our ranks, and the few remaining ones are 
joyfully on the way. The work has spread from ocean to oc«stt. 
The winds have wafted the sounds across, and now they come 
back like echoes from the other shore, asking us to extend to Otlioc 
people a helping hand. This uprising and organizing of a great and 
scattered interest has not a parallel in the history of the world. The 
magnitude and force of the movement has surprised its friends, and 
Mtonishetl and alarmed its foes. It has burst upon us with the 
suddonnesH of the erratic comet, yet promises to remain with the Iwill- 
iaucy and permaueucy of the sun. It found the agriculture of the na- 
tion uuor^inized. isolated, unrecognized, weak, plodding, and their 
Voiron virtually unheard in the councils of the land. To-day, they are 
OT)]:nir)n>d , iimted, strong, thoughtful, and duly respected and reeog- 
titied nH one of the groat powers that be. Though much bsa bow 
twn ilono in awakening thought and clearing the field, yet we hart 
Utl Juxt HtPpp'td ui>on the mount and caught a faint glimpee of the 
twytnitii«<d IduiI. Itight Iwforc us it lies awaiting our po opcom oa. 
l9uI mv wp fiiirtv reiicii this goal and fully possess the land, we 9pe a 
■■Vritvi and dronry wunte Ik to be crossed, which will tu. to oar atnast 

,„1,„i ^11' i«'iv;(ivi'mTicp, and oac valor. 

t wealth, tbo 

ititioiia of 

t othor eaU- 

■ucTcV; and 



ADDBES3 OF D. W. ADAMS. 125 

meann wbich talent, wealth and place can command, 'will be usee). 
So, while we believe in the goodnesa of God and the justice of our 
cause, we must maintain unbroken rauks and keep our powder dry. 
In many of the States, the work o£ organizing Granges has beeu 
nearly completed, and the noise and entbusiasm attending it, is suc- 
ceeded by comparative silence. The Order is there passing through 
Ihe ordeal which shall reveal its weakness or display its strength. 
Though enthusiasm and noise were voiy suitable and efficient means 
to Idndlo the flame, tbey arc not the materials with which to main- 
tain a st«uJy and lasting heat. 

To preserve the vantage ground we have gained, and ensure per- 
manence and (urtlier advancement, we must be able to show to our 
members and the world, that material and moral gain does and will 
result from our organization. We must keep our ranks full, our 
faith Blrong, our work pure, and our actions wise. One year ago I 
called the attention of this body to the fact that the Subordinate 
Granges are the foundation and life of our Order, and iir^ed the 
necessity of aiding them by devising profitable and a^i'eeable plans 
of work and recreation, so that the present membership and interest 
wuidd not only be maintained, but increased. Owing to a press of 
business, no action was taken in this matter, and the Subordinate 
Granges have been thrown on their own resources. I am happy to 
auuotiuce that most of them have been equal to the emergency, but 
many of the weaker have languished and failed simply for want of a 
little paternal aid and counsel in their infancy. We cannot afford 
to thus allow the weak (for whom especially we should provide), to 
fall by the wayside. It is our stem duty, and should be an un- 
mixed pleasure to tend, direct and uphold them. If we fail in this, 
Tve fail ill carrying out one of our cardinal principles. Let me then 
moat earnestly request you to give this subject your attention as 
one of the moat important which ever came befoi-e you. It would 
be impossible, even were it desirable, at this time to discern all the 
grave subjects which will demand your attention, but there are 
Bomo which I cannot pass without a brief notice. 

Prominent among these is the subject of transportation, iu which 
every citizen has an interest, either as a producer or consumer. 
There is a deep-seated and well-founded conviction that the present 
modes of carrj'ing commodities are uselessly expensive. The peo- 
ple and the government have liberally aided in the constructiou of 
railroads and canals in the expectation that increased facilities would 
result in the cheaper rates of transportation. 

We relied implicitly on the idea that by building numerous routes 
we would attain the benefits of competition, and secure fair rates; 
but sod experience has fully proven that increase iu number and 
Blrsugth of transportation companies only results in more gigontia 
AD I oppreaaivo combinations. Though we have some powerful lines 
bstweeu the north-west and north-east, yet instead of their competing 
to reduce rates, they have, within a few days, formed a new combi- 
luttiou, by which western bound freights have been advanced. To 
r>iiDin]y tills alarming and growing evil the people, in their iudi- 
ttilnal cnpat-ity, are jiowerlesa, and only through their united action 
Ui iMiTuit-igiis L'ait they obtain redress. In some of the States some- 
iWji of UtLs has beeu done, but it has been necessarily fmgmentary 



126 



■WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOBIPLISHED. 



and wholly inoperative ou through freights. It is utterly impracti- 
cable for the several States to act iD concert through the different 
legislaturea, I see, then, no solution of this question, but for the 
people of the several States, through their represeutadvea to the 
Oeueral GovemmeDt, to stretch out their strong arm between the 
people and those corporations. I know I speak the sentiments of 
the people, when I say we would do no wrong to the capital nomi- 
nally invested in railroads. We fully recognize their capacity for 
good, and all their just claims, but we demand justice and protec- 
tion for the people. 

But even if railroads do cany at fair rates, still the fact stares lis 
in the face, that transportation of heavy commodities is at least an 
expensive luxury, and our trae policy in to bring producer and con- 
sumer nearer together, and so lessen the transporting! We, of the 
South and West especially, should spare no pains to introduce and 
foster manufactures in our midst, that we be not obhged to trans- 
port our raw material out and the manufactured article in. We of 
the East, where manufactures are many and strong, should, with 
equal assiduity, promote the cultivation of the raw material, that 
the terrible strain ou transportation be lessened. 

I have long ago said that the history of the world or its present 
condition does not aUbrd a single example of a country which boa 
remained permanently prosperous by the production and exporta- 
tion of the raw material, but their teudenoy is all the time toward fv 
condition of dependeuce and poverty. This position has not been 
disputed, and I believe cannot be. How important, then, that we 
cultivate the most amicable relations between all the productive 
industries, as only by mutual development can wo be mutually 
prosperous, and the whole body politic be maintained in vigorous 
health. 

A thousand years ago learned and thoughtful chemists devoted 
the energies of a lifetime to a vain search for the wonderful philos- 
opher's stone, whose magic touch should convert the baser metals 
into purest gold, and thus fill the whole world at once with wealth 
and lusury. To-day wo have numerous citizens who are eagerly 
pursuing the saine phantom. They are torturing their i>oor brains 
to devise some plan whose talismanic power will transmute bits of 
printed paper into countless millions of actual money of such a, sub- 
tle nature that true as the noedlo to the polo, it shall go straight to 
the pockets of the poor, auJ like a subtle " Will-o'-the-wisp," for- 
ever evade the clutches of the rich. 

It is on indisputable fact that our country is now seriously suffer- 
ing from a derangement of finances. We need not to be at h lose 
to know the cause. It is a solemn reality that our countrj- has 
passed through a most wasting civil war. It cost ua in money, time 
lost, industry disturbed, material destroyed, ])roduction stopped, 
more than ten billions of dollars. That immense sum was in four 
years subtracted from the wealth of the country. It was consnmed, 
and is forever gone. It made us comparatively poor. To bridge 
over the emergency of the hour, the government issued great vfi]- 
umes of irredeemable paper currency, which we used as money, and 
thus for a time disguised and hid our poverty. By using this cur- 
rency our judgment of values became more and more confused oa. 



FAVORABLE REPOKT OF FISANCE8. 127 

WO drifteil further from the world's standard. We totally failed Id 
1*601126 our cliauged circumstances and to inaugurale a correspoDd- 
ing By§te[a of ecouomy and industry, and, consequently, with on 
inberitauce of debt, estravagant habita and diatoi-ted judgment of 
Talnea, wo httve beeu inceBsantly drifting to leeward. Out of this 
troublis tLere ia no royal road. Only by a return to habits of indus- 
try nad economy, guided by intelligence, can we regaiu our wealth 
and remove our load of debt. An an auxiliary to tbis, we vt&nt a 
staple and sound currency, that shall be a reliable measure of values, 
and recognized a^ such by all the civilized world. For we may gain 
this truth from otberaandour own history, that an irredeemable, 
flactuating currency always favors speculators and sharpers, at tbc 
expense of those engaged in productive industrj'. 

In an order like oure, whicli ia still in the formative stale, it has 
not seemed strange that many cases have presented themselves dur- 
ing the past year which were provided for by no written law, To 
meet theae emergencies it has devolved upon me, as the chief cxec- 
ative officer of the Order, to msike numerous rules for our tompo- 
mry guidance. These have been placed in the bands of your com- 
mittee for arrangement, and will be submitted for your consideration. 

Some cases have ariaen involving points of such doubtful expedi- 
ency that I have hesitated about taking the responsibility of making 
ruluiga. To cover these additional legislation will be needed. Am 
amendment to the Constitution has been adopted and ratified, pro- 
viding for County Granges, under the direction of State Granges. 
I am fully convinced, from \'iaiting several States, that* the wideat 
possible difference will eslst in the organization and mauagcmout of 
these Granges in the different States. Under proper and efficient 
nile they cannot fail to be of eminent value to the Order, but if 
loosely and carelessly constructed they will be a source of endless 
tuinoyance and confusion. As the Masters of all the State Granges 
are here together in council, it might bo well for this body to prepare 
a complete system of management of Fifth Degree County Granges, 
and send it to the States. This would not, of course, go to the 
States aa law, but recommended as a plan prepared by and embody- 
ing the combined judgment of the blasters of all the State Granges. 
I doubt not such a plan would be generally welcomed, and would 
tend to produce uniformity in the work in the several States. 

The principal office of the National Grange, under the manage- 
ment of oui' Worthy Secretary, ia each year osaunung a more system- 
atic and perfect shape. The amount of business done and the man- 
ner of doiug it, will be fully shown in his report. 

It is an agreeable fact to state that the revenues of the National 
Grange have been above the expenditures, thus leaving a balance iu 
the treasury, aa will appear by the report of the Worthy Treasurer. 

This subject of our finances is one upon which the members of 
our Order are particularly and very properly quite sensitive, and wa 
owe it, not only to them, but to ourselves, that the receipts and dis- 
bursement of all moneys be conducted in a manner which will com- 
mend itself to the judgment of busiueas men. 

In our work as a body, and in our association with each other as 
aistcrs and brothers, let our deportment be such as to cast a halo 
(irer the noble oueupaiion we follow, unite in closer bonds 



■ «• fail ford 



F(AUrwiag isti 
Gtmt^fi, mi ita Iwtt ■ 

1. The aapbtOe roq wwt lor ( 
■tfictioiM, to Uw T^xM Pacific BBfacad. 

2. Action Unaiag tke cowtnictiaB <j > d«Ue need Izwk nil- I 
■mtj Cram tk« M mmm|h« nrv near St. Louis, to the Mtontki at .\ 
tonu) Boiihim point. . 

3. Beaolotkna tammog the gptrndy eompIetioB of the Sjartvu- 1 
burg nnil Aabenlle Bailrond. Intta taaaecHitg Chicago and other J 
vestem cities with the Atliutie at CfaazlestoD, br ■ . • 
hundred miles shortcf than hj any otha. 

4. UeartT apprork] of the leaolntioas of the Agricoltitisl Anoa 1 
eiatioii of Georgia, which meowmead the coostmction of caaala to \ 
connect the Ohio and Ti iiimw<«i riTen vith the AUautic. 

5. BecommendatioQ of gorentaieiit aid to re|)air the lerees-on tbe 1 

6. Advocating tbe-opening, br national aid, of the month of tiw ^ 



f o( Ae proee eJ ingB of tbe Xational ] 
I by Bro. J. W, A. Wright: 
t aid, with laoyer n- 1 



nppi. 



a tobacco. 



> eitensioD ot patent I 



7. Beqneat to Congress for redaction of tax o 

8. Espreased oppositton to an i~ ' 
rigbU. 

9. RecommendationB with regard to the Centennial Espoatioa at I 
Pliilodelphia. I 

10. liesoIutioDS fftToiing the earlr completion of the Washington | 
National Monument. 

11. Adoption of the Constitiidon of the National Grange. a» 
amended at the last eeseioQ, and ratified by three fourths of the 
State Granges. 

12. Other important amendmenta to the Constitution and By- 
Iiaws. 

13. Careful preparation, for tlie use of the Order, of a Pa rf ia- 
mentaiy Guide and a Digest of Decisions on Constitutional Ques- 
tions. 

14. Decisions to move the headquarters of the National Orange 
from Washington to some point in the West, which the memlWOT 
of the Executive Committee are to select. 

15. Distribution of part of the funds of the National Grange, as a 
loan without interest to the different State Granges. This loan ia 
in the proportion of two dollara and fifty cents to each SubHidionte ] 
Gr&nge in each State, but it is not intended to be divided nuongr 
the Subordinate Granges. . J 

IG. Additional nafegoards have been thrown around the expendi- I 
ture of the funds of the National Grange for the ensuing year, look- 
ing chiefly to economy. 

17. No one result of this session was more satisfactory than the | 
proof tiiat, in spite of oU malicious assertions of huBtUii jaw 
the contrar\-, our worthy Secretary au<l Treasurer have haiidlo 
the funds "entrusted to their keeping, with the moat perfect »a-« 
tegrity. 



TEXAS PACIFIC KAILIIOAD. 129 

18, Tho election of members o{ the Executive Committee was an 
important matter. At the last session it was detenuined tu increase 
Ujb number from three to five, D. W. Aiken, of South Caroiiim, 
ifl re-«lect6d for three years, and the two new membei-s are D. T. 
Chase, of New Hamp^liire, and Juhu T. Jones, of Ai'kansiLs. R. 
E. Shimkland, of Iowa, continues for two j-eavs, and William 
Saunders, of Wasbiugtou City, fcr one year. 

13. The National Gi-ange will meet in Han Francisco nest Novem- 
ber, if, on inTestigation, it is found that the esjiense to its Titasury 
will not be too f^r(-at. 

20. An important change made by the ratification and final adop- 
tion of the new Constitution is, that Past Masters are no longer, as 
sucb, even bouorarj- members of the National or State Granges. 

The following is a report of the Committee and tho ro.solu- 
tions adopted concerning the Texas Pacitic Euilrojul : 

Your committee, to whom was referred resolutions of the Texas 
State Grange, and of numerous other bodies in tUfferent sections of 
the United Slates, to extend its aid to tho Texas Pacific BaUroad, 
have had the same under consideration, and ask to make this report: 

"Sour committee have viewed with great interest the expreBsione 
of approval and appeals to Congress to forward this great work, 
emanating from the State Granges and Boards of Trade, from the 
Pacific to the Atlantic, and ore impressed with the great and obvi- 
ous benefits which would result to this whole nation by the speedy 
completion of this road: and as it is an enterprise too vast to de- 
pend alone for its success upon private capital, equal justice to all 
sections of our common country' requires aid of tho National Gov- 
ernment to forward this work, under the proper restrictions and 
safeguards, insuring the Government against loss, and the people 
against unjust impositions and discriminations. 

Tour committee therefore submit tho following resolution; 

That this National Grange earnestly invites the attention of Con- 
gress to the necessity of a speedy completion of the Texas Pacific 
Boilrood, and usks of that body reasonable aid to the company, 
which has inaugurated this gi'eat national enterprise, under such cau- 
tionary restrictions and safeguards as the prudence and wisdom of 
Congress may devise to guarantee the Government against loss, aud 
protect the agricultural interests of everj' section of the country 
■gainst unjust discriminations in the price of transportation. 

The reasons for the action of the National Grange are thus 
explained by Worthy Master Hamilton : 

The friends of the Texas Pacific, wheu they came before the Na- 
tional Orange, ne\'er asked for anything which might prove injuri- 
OOS — they merely asked the endorsement of the agriculturists of our 
country to a bill then before Congress, which was intended and well 
calculated to develop tho resources of millions of fertile acres of 
territory, open up beautiful homes for thousands of our fellow 
clieck the monopoly already existing in the carrying trade 
» coutinent, between Asia and the cities and seo-boord on 



130 WHAT HAS BEES ACCOMPLISHED. 

our Atlantic coast; a<!<l to tLe oalioiiBl population, tli« nationftl in* 
duHtty aud the itutioDHl neultlt; increase the taxable Tesources of 
the country, add to its reTCUues and leseen the public debt. They 
uryed it was a publii: duty to utilize tiie enormous national capital 
that now lies idle in the vast southern region between Texas nnd tbe 
PaciUc coast. They pointed to that yast national domain, CRpnblo 
of producing untold quantities of com, wheat, wine, cotton, wool 
una stock; and which, from its want of accessibility and distance 
from market, could not be profitflbly brought under cultivation. 
This wealth, with the rich mines of gold, silver, lead, copper, and 
coal iu Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Soutliem tTbth, 
Nevada, and Houthcru CaUfomia, was shown to bo unavailable to 
the nation by reason of distance from mercantile centent and cost of 
tninsporlatiuu. 

Justice to the Sftulhem States demanded that they should hare 
the same rights and facilities to develop their material wealth and 
increase their productions as hod been extended to the lltliddle and 
Northern States. Their products, cotton, tobacco, rice, and Hugor, 
arc of great value to the nation, and tho Korthcm and Middle 
States have a direct interest in everything which has a tendency to 
stimulate tho growth of agricultural products iu the South. 

Our military commanders, Generals Graut, Sherman, Sheridan, 
Haucfick, MeiggB and Ingalls, have all testiBed that tho estensiou 
of tho railroad from our south-western frontier to the Pacific coast 
in a military necessity, and that it would substantially end our In- 
diau troubles by the facilities it would give the militai^ to control 
tlicse wild and savage people. 

Tho bill indorsed by the National Grange, and which it recom- 
mended to the speedy action of Congress, does not ask for one acre 
of the public domain, beyond what may be needed for roadway and 
stations, nor one dollar as a gift from the public treasurj-, nor any 
bonds, tho principle or interest of which the government was ex- 
pected to pay.^none of these were aeked for — but simply that the 
governnieut would guarantee on interest of sis per cent, upon tho 
bonds of the mad, to the extent of |30,000 per mile, agreed that 
every guard and restriction necessary to prevent extortion, or un- 
just discrimination, or fmud of any lond, either towards the people 
or Ixind-holders. should be placed by Congress in tho franchise. 

The security offered against loss on this guarantee is vast and com- 

f>reheusive. First, the road surrenders every acre of the valuabla 
ands hitherto obtained. Second, it gives the whole of its oarningB 
for transportation for the goverrunent. Third, it gives ton per ceut. 
of the entire gross receipts of tho road. Fourth, in default of pay- 
ment the road itaelf becomes forfeit. Was better security ever ex- 
acted by capitalist ? 

The propriety and security of this great work was so apjHireut to 
tlie members of the National Grange, that Uio rote, iu regard to it, 
was almost a unit. The Masters from Iowa, Illinois. Missouri, ftiid 
other States, where Patrons havn Imth i-onlpiiclin-- ^u eoiuBBtlyi 
ogniust railriaad monopolies, were *" imflta 

and advantages to be derived froin .^inib-i 

fare ocrosa our country from AU-.. ' 



ORGANIZATION OF STATE GRANGE OF CALIFORNIA. lol 

all necessary guards and restrictions to prevent imposition and 
fraud would be thrown around it, gave it their hearty support; and 
not one of them had an idea their action was in the least degree a 
departure from the principles which should control the action of 
Grangers, or a violation of the objects and purposes of the Patrons 
of Husbandry, as fully set forth and given to the world in our 
Platform of Principles. 



CHAPTER Xn. 

ANNALS OF THE STATE GRANGE OF CALIFORNIA. 

Okuaxization at Napa — Rrfbesentation: Addbess of N. W. Gabbetbon: 
Specifio Objects Stated Keeolxttions: State Book of Plans: Election of 
Officebs and ExEGirnTK Committee: Agencies Pbovtded yrou — Fibst An- 
nual Meeting — One Hundbed and Foub Gbanges in Thbee Months — 
WoBTHT Masteb Wbioht*s Addbess — Bepobt of Committee on Ibbioation: 
Oommtitee of Inquibt into Agbicttltubal Depabtment op Univebsitt — 
Election of Officebs fob Two Ensctno Yeabs — Pbeskntatton to Bbo. 
Gabbetbon — Installation — Pbof. Gabb's Lectube — Constitution and Bt- 
Lawb. 

The organization of the State Grange of California took placo 
at Napa, on the 15th of July, 1873, scarcely three months after 
the adjonmment of the Farmers' Union Convention. Mean- 
while, a special deputy from the National Grange had been 
busy organizing the necessary number of Subordinate Granges, 
which were now convened; the First President of the State 
Agricultural Society, Hon. J. M. Hamilton, "Worthy Master of 
Guenoc Ghrange, appeared among the good men and true, who 
had been active members of the Union, and upon whoso 
shoulders the burden of responsibility was afterward cast. 

The following Granges were represented by their proper 
officers : 

W. H. Baxter and Mrs. Better, Napa Grange; W. A. Fisher, 
Past Master, Napa Grange; E. B. Stiles, W. San Joaquin Grange; 
J. D. Spencer and Mrs. Spencer, Stanislaus Grange; T. Hart Hyatt, 
Yacanile Gtrange; W. M. Thorp and Mrs. Thorp, Chico Grange; J. 
J^ JoUegr and Mrs. Jolley, Merced Grange; J. D. Eeyburn and 
^B^lmm, S^da Grange; B. C. Haile, Suisun Valley Grange; 
h^ltenning, San Jose Grange; J. D. Fowler, Hollister Grange; 
*nlove and Mrs. Manlove, Sacramento Grange; W. M. 
Mrs. Jackson, Yolo Grange; Nelson Carr and Mrs. N. 
Valley Grange; G. W. Davis and Mrs. G. W. Davis, 
iDge; T. H. Merry and Mrs. T. H. Merry, Healds- 




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T «*n 



THE FASMERS' BUItDENS. 133 

isbmentof tlieir benefactors. Yet it is true that these men, who 
Btand between you and tbo market, antl wboee duty it in to transfer 
anil distribute tbe products of your labor to and among tbe con- 
sumers of tbe same, for a reasonable lull, have combined to flank 
the law of "demaud and supply," forming rings and comers at 
your expense, and are gambling recklesaly and wickedly — your 
rigbts and your money being their stakes. They bave gotten to 
themselves fortunes, and, to comxilete their work, these ill-gotten 
gains are employed as a corruptiou-fund, to turn aside the arm of 
justice, and buy the men to whom you bave intrusted your dearest 
interests in the Ktate and National Legislatures, Laws that have 
sheltered you from the rapacity of those capital combinations are 
quickly repealed, and other laws are enacted by which other rings 
are formed to prey as vampires upon your material and industrial 
interests. 

Extmvi^Tant salaries, without precedent elsewhere, are fixed for 
jour public functionaries, wbilo the s3-atem of in-odigality is inau- 
gurated, wbicb, if continued, must terminate in your bankruptcy; 
for, to meet this unwise expenditure of public funds, heavy osboss- 
menta of taxes must be made, in the apportionment of which a dis- 
crimination, OS unscrupulous as it is invidious, is made against the 
tanner in the interest of tbe money power. 

This work of pubUc corruption and labor-impoveriahnient, to 
irbich I have alluded, is by no means confined to Cabfomia, but ia 
wide-apread and threatening throughout our whole country. Its 
deadly deaven has been at work in the councils of our nation, and 
threatens to-day, more than any other agency, the overthrow of our 
free goTemment. At the sight of developments within the few 
mootEa past at Washington, good men grow sick and turn away. 

A» onpromising as this picture makes our future, wc have grounds 
for hope, for the people nre the source of ])ower; and, thank God, 
ihey are waHngup all over the land— in almost every bamlet and 
adiool'liouse. The farmers, yes, and the farmers' wives — God bless 
them — are in council. For a like purjjoeo you are convened to-day, 
M American citizens, as representatives of the great producing in^ 
ierataof California, and as representatives from your rcspcctivo 
Granges, to consider tbe state of tbe countrj-, and to discuss tbe 
necessities of the hour. We are here to form the California State 
Orange of Patrons of Husbandry. You will remember that the 
ej'€B of the opjircssed farmers, all over this State, are turned to you 
for relief, while yfnir enemies will most dUigentty scrutinize your 
erery act. Cimsciuus, then, of tbe weight and importance of your 
duties here, you i\ill, hb the State Grange, define for the Order, in 
tbia State, a line uf future action, which, in your judgment will, at 
the earliest poniiiMc day, most surely emancipate labor from the des- 
potism of capital ci -mbinations ; one that will bring about the 
Dwi' p1 rofonii in vour State and inter-State commerce, and drive 
» of honor uod trust the corrupt horde who hare fattened 

m hearts should wo come to such a work. 

iQ the common altar of this new Order 

h ambition, or of mercenary motive, 



^... ^l. 



— ^— " _!.. *"-•"■ 



- - -i— •"/.r'v.liold of oiir 

•- • ■.::.. ".;.': l;il)Oi*s of tli<» 

-.- ;l.-*: of justice ami 

.' ~- T.;i ];il)or fiiithfully, 

■..r;- rh#.' luorjiK social, 

-'..-.K ir.'l Nation, beiiriii;,' 

. ..-: .:>;([iiul Conflict iij)«»n 

•■ * .!ir laws and maintain 

.:::■.. .';s also a j^ouil Hiis- 

viiei'ii for bis or lier lidelitv. 



"- - -".-run of trade, tlins bringing 
' ---■■ .: 'Lf-r as pr>s.sil)lc'. 
- ... :; :".].riii«M's could obtain loans 

; :.- rnrcljaso of farming iiuplc- 
~ .:':"-r,T from nianufacturors. 
-.• = .: ' i: liiow favorable terms, and 
^u:^" i;:«.ii their products advances 

.:i^;-iir 'A Grange stores; and,* 

:.^ 'i tlic cash for the credit system; 



t shipment in bulk. 

.' lal)or for the reduction of 
;r.ir all legitimate means toob- 
• :Lio reduction of ])ort charger*; 
~ ■;. borers; for an increase of 
f-T irrigation; for the eleva- 
■::\l industry, all of which work 
Liiuittees. 

-JO, and in order to secure a 
_v Ljethods in which these ob- 
- rv member of Subordinate 
■■. .-n'-isi'ly written plan, to be 

i -f Phuis. 
r : premiums for the best plan 



:•• •"•■-i 



t • 



:S fi»llows: J. AV. A. AVright, 
: Thos. H. Merry, Lecturer; 
Lion, Assistant Steward; AV. 



^ 



FIRST ANNUAL MEETINO. 135 

A. Fisher, Treasurer; W. H. Baxter, Secretary; J. D. Fowler, 
Gate Keeper; T. H. Hyatt, Chaplain; Mrs. I. G. Gardner, 
Lady Assistant Steward; Mrs. G. W. Davis, Ceres; Mrs. W. 
H. Baxter, Pomona; Mrs. J. H. Hegeler, Flora. 

Resolutions were passed authorizing the Executive Committee, 
consisting of Brothers Jolley, of Merced county; Merryfield, of 
Solano county; Allen, of Monterey county, Gardner, of Stanis- 
laus county; Thorp, of Butte county, and Mayfield, of Napa 
county, to employ a central Business Agent in the city of San 
Francisco, under bonds and guaranties which should prevent 
the use of ouch agency for speculative purposes. 

It was furthermore resolved, "to be expedient that the State 
Grange should have an agent or correspondent residing at 
Liverpool, authorized to charter ships in the proper season to 
convey grain crops to European or other markets; to make ar- 
rangements for advances of money on cargoes of grain, and on 
such other securities as the farmer may be able to command, at 
the low^est rates of interest; also to have laborers and emigrants 
sent out to California by ships coming hither for cargoes, etc." 

The fullest exchanges of information between the Subordi- 
nate Granges and the State Agent, between the latter and State 
Agents of other State Granges, was recommended and provided 
for. The State Grange then adjourned. 

FIRST ANNUAL MEETING. 

At the first annual meeting of the California State Grange, 
held October 14, 1873, at San Jos6, the following Granges were 
represented: 

Ai*AMEDA County. — Livermore Granp^e, Daniel Inman, Master; 
Temeseal Grange, Oakland, Alfred T. Dewey, Master. 

Butte County. — Chico Grange, W. M. Thor^), Master; Nord 
Orange, G. W. Colby, Master. 

Colusa County. — Antelope Valley Grange, H. A. Logan, Master; 
Grand Island Grange, J. J. Hicok, Master; Plaza Grange, Olimpo, 
P. C. Graves, Master; Princeton Grange, Princeton, A. D. Logan, 
Ifaster; Funk Slough Grange, E. C. Hunter, Master; Spring Valley 
Grange, D. H. Arnold, Master; Willows Grange, J. AV. Zumwalt, 
Haster. 

CoHTBA Costa County. — Danville Grange, Danville, Chas. Wood, 
Master. 

"Rl Dobado County. — Pilot Hill Grange, Pilot Hill, P. D. Brown, 

HBOLDT County. — Kiwelatti Grange, Areata, Lewis R. Wood, 
; Table Bluff Grange, Jackson Sawyer, Master; Femdale 



im 



AMJALS OP STATE ORANGE OP CALIFORNIA. 



Grange, F, Z. Boynton, Haster; Elk River Gmuge, Theodore Meyer, 
Master. 

Lake Cogsty. — Gaeiioc Grange, Guenoc, J. M. Hamilton, 
Master. 

Los Anqeles Counts. —Los Angeles Grange, T. A. Gai-ey, Master. 

Meeceb Couyrr. — Biulger Plat CJrauge, W. F. Clarke, Master; 
Mei-ced Grange, H. B, JoUey, Master. 

MoNTEEEY OousTv. — Hollister Grange, J. D, Fowler, Master; 
Fajaro Grange, D. M. Clough, Master; Salinas Grange, N. L Allen, 
Master. 

N*PA CocNTT. — Napa Grange, W, H. Baxter, Master: St, Helena 
Grange, G. B. Crane, Matster; Yountville Grange, J. M. Mayfield, 
Master. 

Sas Luis Obispo County. — Cambria Grange, Rufus Rigdon, Master; 
Moro City Grange, A. J. -SIotlierBead, Master; Old Creek Grange, 
Isaac Flood, Muster; San Luis Obispo Grange, Win. Jackeou, 
Master. 

SANT.i Barbara County. — Carpenteria Gi-ange, 0, N. Cadwell. 
Master; Santa Barbara Grange, O. L. Abbott, Master; Santa Maria 
Grange, Joel Miller, Master. 

San Joaquin CorsTY. — Castoria Grange, Samuel Oower, Master; 
Linden Grange, John Waaley, Master; Lodi Grange, J. W. Kearny, 
Master; Liberty Grange, Justus Schomp, Master; Rustic Grange, 
J. A. Shepherd, Master; Stockton Grange, Andrew Wolfe, Master; 
West San Joaquin Grange, E. B. Stiles, Master; Woodbridge Grange, 
J. L. HutBon, Master. 

Stanislaus County. — Ceres Grange, W. B. Harp, Master; Grayson 
Grange, I, G. Gardner, Master; Salida Grange, Josejih Reybnrn, 
Master; Stanislaus Grange, J. D. Spencer, Master; Torlock Grunge, 
J. W. A. Wright, Master; Waterfoid Grange, R. K. Worder, 
Master. 

Solano County.— Dixon Grange, J. C. Merr^-field, Master; Saison 
Valley Grange, R. C. Haile, Master; VacaYiile Grange, E. R. Thur- 
bur. Master. 

Sonoma CoCNn-. — Bennett Valley Grange, Nelson Carr, Master; 
Bodega Grange, J. H. Hegeler, Master; Cloverdale Grange, Chas. 
H. Cooley, ilaater; Healdaburg Grange, T. H. Merry, Master; 
Petaluma Grange, L. W. Walker, Master, D. G. Heald, Secretary; 
Santa Rosa Grange, Geo. W. Davis, Master; Sonoma Grange, 
Jieonard Goas, Master; Windsor Grange, A. B. Nalley, Master. 

Sacramento County, — Sacramento Grange, W. S. Maalove, Moa- 
ter. 

Santa Clara County. — San Jose Grange, G. W. Henning, Mas- 
ter; Santa Clara Grange, Cary Peebles, Alaster. 

San Mateo County. — Peseadero Grange, B. V. Weeks, Master, 

Scttek Codntt. — Sutter Grange, W. C. Smith, Master; Yuba City 
Grange, T. B. Hull, Master. 

Santa Cruz County. — Santo Cruz Grange, Benj. Cahoon, Master. 

Ventura CouNrr. — Saticoy Grange, Milton Wasson, Master. 

Yolo County. — Antelope Grange. W, G. Clark, Master; Buckeye 
Grange, Wm. Sims, Miister; Capay Valley Grange, B. R. Darby, 
r; Hungry Hollow Orange, G. L, Parker, Master; 



WORTHY MASTER WRIGHT'S ADDRESS. 137 

Grafton Grange, A. W. Morris, Master; Yolo Grange, W. M. Jack- 
son, Master. Total, 104. 

P.\ST Masters Present.— Napa, W. A. Fisher: San Jose. Oliver 
CotUe. 

Matrons Present.— Badger Flat Grange, Mrs. S. J. Clarke; Ben- 
nett Valley Grange, H. L. Carr; Bodega Grange, K. L. Hegeler; 
Chico Grange, S. J. Thorp; Cloverdale Grange, E. N. Cooley; 
Danville Grange, C. A. Wood; Elmira Grange, A. Clark; Grayson 
Grange, S. M. Gardner; Hollister Grange, S. F. Fowler; Healds- 
burg Grange, E. E. Merry; Linden Grange, C. E. Wasley; Lodi 
Grange, E. M. Kearny; Liberty Grange, H. J. Schomp; Merced 
Grange, L. W. Jolley; Napa Grange, S. C. Baxter; Nord Grange, 
C. A. Colby; Old Creek Grange, Elizabeth Flood; Petaluma Grange, 
Jane Walker; Sacramento Grange, F. L. Manlove; Salinas Grange, 

C. L. Allen; Santa Barbara Grange, L. E. Abbott; Santa Maria 
Grange, Charlotte Miller; Saticoy Grange, S. E. A. Higgins; Stan- 
islaus Grange, M. A. Spencer; St. Helena Grange, Mrs. Frank 
Crane; Stockton Grange, A. Wolf; Yolo Grange, Kate Jackson; San 
Jose Grange, Mrs. O. Cottle. 

Committees. — The following committees were appointed 
daring the session : 

Publication Committee, — J. D. Spencer, T. A. Garey, A. J. Moth- 
ersead. 

Immigration Committee, — B. C. Haile, W. A. Fisher, Leonard 
Goss. 

Signal Bureau Committee, — W. S. Manlt)ve, T. A. Garey, J. W. A. 
Wright. 

Irrigation Committee, — H. B. Jolley, E. B. Stiles, Wm. M. Jack- 
son, J. W. A. Wright, T. A. Garey. 

Auditing Committee, — O. L. Abbott, Nelson Carr, L. W. Walker. 

CommiUee on Constitution and Bij-Laws, — J. D. Fowler, G. W. 
Henning, E. B. Higgins, W. H. Baxter, I. G. Gardner. 

Committee on Bcsolutions. — W. S. Manlove, G. W. Colby, O. L. 
Abbott. 

Trade and Banks, — W. A. Fisher, G. W. Davis, N. L. Allen, J. 

D. Spencer, G. B. Crane, A. T. Dewey, J. J. Hicok, Oliver Cottle, 
R. C. Haile. 

Education and University. — J. W. A. Wright, W. H. Baxter, O. 
L. Abbott 

On the second day the State Grange being opened in due 
form, N. W. Garretson, Deputy of the National Grange, and 
Daniel Clark, Master of the Oregon State Grange, and fraternal 
delegate to this Grange, were introduced by Worthy Master 
Wright, as follows: 

Fellow Patrons of the State of California: A hearty welcome to 

mnpfirsi f^Tmiiftl meeting. And heartily do we greet you, our brother, 

art gaye life to i^e body of our Order on this coast. To this 



ANN4L9 OF STATE ORASOE OF CALITOBKU. 

houseliold of our Lrotlierhood, we welcome you cordially, after your 
additiouiJ labor of love for two months by which you have brought 
into esiBtcQce another State Orange out of our lamentable chaos of 
farmers, which, etrauge to Hay, has existed from Adam's day to this. 
And coi-dially do we welcome you, my brother, who as the Worthy 
Master of the new State Grange, represent among ua, our monopoly- 
ridden brothers of Oregon and Washington. We rejoice to ImTfl you 
both with us, that you may share our happiness and our work. 

On the 15th of July, three months ago, the State Orange of Cali- 
foroia was organized with delegates from twenty-eight Subordinate 
Granges. To-day we meet for fraternal greeting and earnest work, 
as the representatives of one hundred and four Granges throughout 
the State of California, while our visiting brother represents sixty- 
five Granges for Oregon and Washington. Rapid as may seem the 
growth of our Order upon the Pacific Coast, especially when we re- 
member that the past three months ore among the busiest of the 
year, it has been slow in comparison with its progress throughout 
the tloited States. Although oui- National Grange was first organ- 
ized December 4, 1867, when it convened in Washington City, Janu- 
ary 7, 1873, for its sisth annual session, there were, as officially 
announced, but one thousand thi-ee hundred and fifty-nine Subor- 
dinate Granges in the United States, and three in Canada. By our 
latest official reports, there are now seven thousand three hundretl 
in the United States, and eight in Canada. This shows an increase 
of some sis thousand Granges in nine months time. Nearly half of 
these, or some two thousand eight hundred, have been added in the 
last tliree months; for when our State Grange adjourned in July, the 
number officially reported was four thousand five hundred and thirty- 
four. In the month of August alone, eight hundred and twentj- 
nine Granges were organized in the various States and Territories, 
and fifty-one in one day. In January last, but ten State Granges 
had been organized, although Subordinate Granges existed in 
twenty-two States. To-day there are twenty State Granges, and 
the Order is found in thirty-one States and three Territories. Nor 
is it confined to America alone. The farmers of Great Britain have 
written to our American Granges to know the principles of our or- 
ganization. They tell us that they too are forming such associa- 
tions, and wish to make their work conform with ours. Our Ritual 
is being translated into German, that the farmers of Germany may 
enjoy the benefits which our Order proposes to secure for its mem- 
bers. So broad then are our principles of unity, harmony and 
brotherhood, so well do they meet a common want of the human 
race for social, mental and moral advancement, for improvements iu 
agriculture and in our business tiausactious, that out noble institu- 
tion is not only national, but is fast becoming international and cos- 
mopolitan in its character. 

Should any still doubt the excellence of our Order to meet the 
farmers* wants, or dread its secrecy, or fear that it is political, or 
may in some way interfere with their personal independence, or if 
any of its other features appear objectionable, when superfidallj es- 
amiued, is not this grand rallying of the tillers of the soil under tbo 
banner of the Patrons of Husbandry, a sufficient answer to all each 



WORTEIY ttiSTEn WRIGHT'S ADDRESS. 139 

doubts ? Has its success ever been stirpasgeil in the history of any 
secret organization ? And this too among fanners, who, as a class, 
are extremely cautious and elow to move. Had we not found in it 
all the elements of success, we should long since have abandoned it. 
But the better it is understood, the more popular it become;;. 

Wo find one of the most attractive features of our Order in this 
fact: its growth ia not confined to anj' section of our country. While 
Iowa takes the lead as our banner State, with over 1,800 Granges, 
the following figures show a correapouding increase of Subordinate 
Oranges in various Northern and Southern States, since the middle 
of July: Kansas, from 315 to 597; Indiana, from 238 to 435; Ohio, 
from 72 to 151; KLssouri, fi-om 416 to 879; Tennessee, from 50 to 
175; Slisaissippi, from 149 to 378; Alabama, from 14 to 9G. This, 
recollect, ia the increase duiiug the last three months. Tea, our 
brotherhood is equally valued in all parts of our land. It extends 
from the granite hills of New England to the mountain-girt vnlleya of 
the Pacific, Our bi-others and sisters are rallying from the rice and 
cotton, andsugarlands, which are fanned by the balmy breezes of the 
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, as well as from the grain and stuck 
forms that are swept by the bracing winds of our Northern lakes. 
And we feel alike toward all the members of our brotherhood For 
iu the handling of our productions, and in supplying our wants, we 
hare suffered from like impositloiis and like oppression, and, on 
common ground, we now seek the same redress, the same independ- 
ence, to be gained by lawful, peaceful means. 

Let our thouglita dwell for a moment on some of our principles 
and purposes wluch ore liable to be misunderstood and misrepre- 
sentMl. We do not make war against railroads and other Internal 
improvements, but against the spiiit of their management. We 
would rejoice to see iu our valleys and mountains a network of rail- 
ways, and a thorough system of mining, irrigating and navigable 
canals; they would support and give employment to millions of 
happy people, and would, when seconded by deep plowing and 
thorough cultivation, give absolute certainty to calculations on 
crops and investments; yes, woAild truly make an earthly paradise 
of our parched and suffering valleys. We wish to see them succeed. 
But we do not wish to see them so endowed and managed as to 
enable those controlling them, to grow rich by prejing upon the 
necessities of our people. Wo want the water of our State, as well 
as the air, which the Creator htm made the freest of alltlungs on 
earth, to be kept as free as human laws can make it, consistent with 
"e success of human enterprise, for impartial distribution to sup- 

y the wants of our producing classes. 

We do not make war upon mere concentrated capital, called, un- 
der some of its forms, monopoly. Capital and labor must go hand 
in hand for the successful development of any countrj-. But we op- 
pose the tyranny of all such monpolies as become oppi-essive. If 
we cannot create a monopoly without making it oppressive, we say, 
" Don't create it." If we cannot coi-rect any existing monopoly so 
that it will cease to be opprossive, we say, " Put it down, if it can 
tw done." 

Wo do not make war upon just freights and fair profits, but only 



plyth. 
We 



1-10 



AHNA18 OF BTATE GRANGE OF CVLIFOENIA. 



upon those wliicli are made exorbitant and burdensome by tlie men 
who handle our productioua and Bujiply our wants. 

We do not wage war against fair i-atee of interest. But we do not 
think it ia right (or the nionejed men of our laud to get from twelve J 
to twenty-four per cent, upon their loans, and spend their days in 
tapestried homes and luxurious offices, while the hard-hsted sous of 
the soil cannot rcahze two per cent., nay, cannot reahze any profits, 
as the reward of that earnest and unceasing labor, which furnishes 
bread for millions of our race. 

We would like to see such a di\Tsion of profits made, that while 
it would take nothing from the welfare and happiness of the capital- 
ist, it would enable our producing and laboring classes to supply 
their homes with more of the comforts and enjoyments of life. 

We make no war on labor, for the whole Grange movement is in 
friendship to our laboring, as well as our producing classes. 

The truth is, we wage war on no other interests. We only de- 
mand our rights, without wishing to trample on any rights of our 
most exalted or humblest citizens. We are merely unwilling for 
our farming interests to remain the only ones unprotected, while we 
have all the bills to pay. It is the inequahty, the want of equity, 
the preferences and privileges of the few over the many, to which 
we are opposed. A proper equality, equity and fairness, protection 
for the weak, restraint upon the strong, in short, justly-distributed 
burdens and justly-diBtributed power, are American ideas, the very 
essence of American independence, and to advocate the contrary is 
unworthy of the sons of an American republic. 

Our Order, as has been repeated, ia not a political organization. 
We do not even allow the discussion of poUtical questions inside the 
Grange; but as farmers, who in the post have been an oppressed 
class, and have borne our oppression too silently, we arc allowed to 
say this much: If our present system of trade and our present po- 
litical organizations can be so modified and controlled as to secure 
what we justly require and demand, we shall be content: but if we 
find that any system of trade or any political party stands between 
us and our rights as farmers, we say, in imitation of our brothers in 
Illinois, "Let them all die." We wish always to bear in mind that 
we do not expect to accomplish our purposes, as producers, by our 
own unaided efforts, but we hope our demands will appear so just, 
when properly understood, that every reasonable and ungrnsping 
capitalist, banker, trader, representative of the press, railroad man, 
grain-buyer, warehouse-keeper, ship-owner — yes, all who ore en- 
gaged in the development of our industries — eveiy professional and . 
laboring man; nay, more, everj' uncorrupt and incorruptible po- 
litician and office-holder, will heartily aid us in our work. We need | 
their co-operation; but we candidly confess that, as ours is pecu- 
liarly a farmers' institution, we want the aid of most of these classes I 
outside the gate. If they really have the will to help us, thev can 1 
do so quite as effectually— and perhaps more so — without being 
allowed to enter the sacred portals of the Grange. 

We wish to remove from our hearts all jealousies, and hatred, 
and bitterness of feeUng toward othere, and to eo-opei-ate cordially 
with all associations, and men who will sincerely labor with us fur 



WOBTQT HiSTER WRIGHTS ADD&ESS. 141 

tbe «cooinplifiliment of our purposes, to secure the good of onr fel- 
low betn^ Especially ore we in sympathy with that enterprisiog 
repmsentatire of the laboriag classes of England, Air. Joseph 
Arcli. We heartUy welcome liini to America, and hope be will tisit 
our Coast, that lie may leitm whether the capacities of our climate, 
■oil, and other resources can meet his wants. "We should rejoice to 
be ttble to furuieli homes for teas of thousands of his people. 

Indeed, Patrons, nardoa me, if, ia view of the eileat work of re- 
fonu which in steadily going on tbroogbont our land, I seem to go 
too for in tiaying, we have Uved to see a day of glory for the farmers 
ut America. It is not here alone tlrnt this good work is going on, 
Ijot throughout thu length and breadth of our land, and it is extend- 
ing to otlier lands. Yet let us encourage no spirit of boasting. In 
all do* reverence would I remind you of the sacred words, " Glory 
to God in the highest, peace on earth, good will toward men." 
But there is a part that remains for us to do. In all its truth, let ua 

Jinctice the advice not to forget the precepts of our Order. ' Oh, 
et ua remember, at all times, the fraternal tie and all the require- 
iiitDtx of the Bocred obligations which bind us together. Let it be 
our Ktndy to understand, and our pride to obey them. We should 
cultivate a spirit of obedience toward those we place in authority. 
If wo think or know a Patron has so far forgotten his duty as to be 
ptilty of a wrong, let us throw a yell of charity over all that has 
been done amiss. Let us not openly condemn, until he has been 
prOTod guilty by tho proper authority. Let us remember, it is one 
of OUT fiist duties to protect all our members, howcTer humble may 
be their position among us, from any misrepresentadons, especially 
ttota the vile tongue of slander, which may be used against them. 
I^ U8 ever strive to put the best, rather than the worst, constmc- 
ipon the acta of every brother or sister of our Order. Let ua 
t and doing. Be firm, be prudent, be earnest, be true, and 
B will as surely follow our efforts as the mid-duy's sun shall 
ue to shine. 

To insure the highest degree of success we must impress upon our 
uicmbers the vast importance of preserving tho secrecy not only of 
our unwritten work, but of all our business arrangements. Sever 
forget, these are for Grange members only. Secrecy is the inval- 
uable means of keeping our own counsel. Let us continue to work 
together in harmony, for the accomplishment of our purposes. Let 
ua act, latber than talk. Remember everytliing depends on action 
— action — action'. Who can tell the good that, with the blessing of 
Providence, may be accomplished for our race and nation, and for 
erery race and nation by our united efforts, with the aid of all good 
citizens 1 Who can tell what the result may be when the nations of 
lite lauih shall assemble in 1S7G to celebrate in one grand jubilee 
the hundredth anniversary of American liberty, e^iuality, and inde- 
iieitdeuce — the children of Washington, Putnam and Jefferson, our 
tormtr leaders, who nobly led American farmers a hundred years ago I 
" ' rs and sisters, again congratulating you on the solid work 
ihed since we last met, let me express to you my heartfelt 
IT your undeserved kindness toward myself personally. I 
r mBsure you that 1 have endeavored to labor faithfully to 



It I ANNALH OF KTATE ORANGE OF CALIFORNU. 

« 

it* rniiNlriiriioii. l)y fiirniHliin^r fiindH, from having any voice in the 
iiitiiiiij^t'inciit of it. Tlic'ii ^iviii<7 thiu ring the power to build and 
iMliiip tlin I'fiiid 111 u iictiliouH ooHt, the profits of which go into their 
own pocliciH, uiid flirt luT ])erniitting them, in order to have large 
(livitlciidN, to coiiipcl tlio ])roduccr, couKUUier and traveler to pay 
(>\cf*MKivn fiLi'o iijid freight on such road. 

*Jti\. In |M*niuttin<^' the conKolidation of what should be rival lines 
ill niir Stiitt*. iniiHUiiich iih Kiich action is contrar}' to public policy in 
liiiil(hiij( Htron'<f nioiiopolioH which defy competition, facilitates the 
(■hiir;^iii>' of exorbitant rates and discriminates unjustly in favor of 
or n;;iiiuNt. locnliticM, and onabk's such monopolies to attain their ob- 
jri'ts. hy iiitiddtu'iiif^^ iu our logislativc and judicial halls, and by the 
urio of our Niff'ti»"i'ds for their own scltiBh ends, to carrj' out a policy 
whirh l»iiilds up the carrier at the expense of the producer or consumer. 
I*'nnuers shoidd eneourago the opening and establishing of new 
roiiles. u!uK»r proper restrictions, and retain conti*olling interest in 
I hem. I'jmals friMii interior points to communicate with our naviga- 
ble Ntrenius hhouUl bo co:istructod; nan\>w-gauge railways, so much 
cheaper iu eouMrueliou and operation than the present broad-gauge, 
are well ada^^ted tv» cheap transportation, and would help meet the 
e\i';t»iu'ies re^piiivvl. All farmei-s, as well as Pativns of Husbandry, 
should Kuile in an elVorl io secure a ivduction of freight and fare 
ai\d cluuxcs iMi iuhuul as well as ocean routes, and withhold their 
>oict». their >v»!es and subscription from all transporting coq>ora- 
tivMis whu-h will not airreo thifl such uniform, equitable rates shall 
be li\ed bv the Stale autiiorities as will afford a fair remuneration to 
ihetu, and. at the siinie lime, will not In? an oppressive burden to the 
piwhuvr auvl i\^u^u!;ier. 

Vnv^tlu r av.d iviu' wax ;> corri\'t aiul :;!lcv:aro the present trouble 
;;».'.xl ;;N>>t ll'.e piwiUvvr v't ilv;S Suite, would Iv t.^ oiv:i.:o a home 
Kx'C.^v.v.'.i'i'.v^'.i '.N^r *".;;• p'.\\liu":s bv eiuvuracii'-C :iV.vl diawinL: to u» 

« ft * 

tit * *' *^* 

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ft ■■■««• 

\ ^»,.*. , .^•.^^ I. V*.*. *.^ *-^ft i-.> v-,*.,..*-^ »» j^ ^ ^r- 

«■> ■• « • • % % ^ « 

;., .v, , .^ .,*^ ^ ^ ^* C ..*• * K *^ >%•**.* •■ - vi^/» ^..A Jb rtiivl* 

* m 



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> ■ mm 




KEOUALITY OP TAXATION. 145 

nent ns otber industries; j-et the etatistica show the producers (we 
inclade in this class, the farmer, the atockman, the fniit-prower and 
Uie mechanic), eithei directly or indirectly, pay nearly all the taxes 
Uiat are required for the machinery of the Ouverament. (Jur lands 
are taxed, our stock is taxed, our crops are taxed, our inipruvcments 
»ri> taxed, and in addition to this we pay most of the tax and tariff 
nliicL is required by the Government from manufacturers. We pay 
in addition to the cost of transportation on all articles which ai-e 
brought from abroad, whether of luxury or comfort, the reveuuo 
which the Government receives from their importation. 

The capitalist who has money invested in bonds or other securi- 
ties, or is engaged iu manufactures, compels the party who uses or 
consumes the same to pay all the tax which is imposed on him, so 
that it matters not to him how excessive or onerous the tariff may 
bn. All bo has to do is to add the percentage necessary to cover 
this expense and collect it without diminishing his profits. The 
Oovemment has fallen into the hands of the consumers rather than 
the producers of the country, and per consequence a 6)-8tem of un- 
just discrimination has been adopted and carried out, whidt makes 
the producers mere hewers of wood and drawers of water, to their 
more favored fellow citizens. 

This state of affairs has been brought about mainly by the fact 
that the producers, as a class, have had their time so occupied with 
tlie attention necessary to the successful management of the partic- 
ular industry in which they are engaged, that they could not or have 
not taken that active port in the administration and control of ^tale 
and National affairs which they should. Demagogues have usurped 
power; chicanery and fraud have been successfidly used to control 
the masses; party tactics and selfish intrigue have been permitted 
to usurp the place of brain and muscle. 

The remedy for this is for the producers to arouse from their 
Icth&rg;}', to awake from their sluuibers, and not only assist but 
carry uut the measures necessary to reform these abuses. Let their 
power be seen, and felt, and heard in every part of our Govern- 
ment; in the adiuinist ration of their local affairs, in our legislativs 
forums, in our judicial halls. Let the mechanics and farmers see to 
it that none but gfood, honest and true men fill our State and county 
offices, none but the true ropreseutatives of our interests appear for 
«s oitlier in our State or National capital, men who are closely iden- 
tified with the bone and sinew o( the land, who have suffered from 
the same ills as ourselves, who have felt the crushing, grinding 
power of the monopolies which have weighed us down. 

We respectfully submit as the most practical way to accomplish 
these objects and secure the reforms we need, that such legislation 
shall bo had as will make in each county the District Attorney ex- 
ofBcio chairman of the Board of Supervisors, with the power to veto 
oil appropriotions made by the Btiard for the payment of moneys 
which in nis judgment are illegal or not actually necessary for pub- 
lic OSGS. The District Attorney to be liable on his official bond for 
any malfeasance in office while acting as Chairman of the Boards. 
Tius, we believe, would effectually check the extravagant and illegal 
appTDpriations so often made, and provide for the impartial action 
of bodies which combine the functions of the legislative, judicial 



146 ANNALS OF STATE GBAKGE OF CALIFORNIA. 

and executive branches of government without, in many cases^ 
being able to properly discharge the duties of either. 

Again, believing as we do, that the subject of freights and fares 
of railroads should be controlled by the Legislature, their rights to 
do so having generally been admitted under those powers which 
give the States the right to compel common carriers to establish 
reasonable rates of freight or fare (the Supreme Court of Minnesota 
has so decided, and the statutes of New York and Massachusetts ex- 
pressly declare it), we, therefore, propose that our Legislature at its 
next session, do establish a uniform standard of fares and freights 
on the railroads and steamboats of this State, which shall give a 
reasonable and just remuneration for the distance traveled and 
service performed. These rat^s to be conclusive and absolute, but 
subject to revision at specified times by the Legislature, and that a 
commission of three or five tax-paying citizens be appointed by the 
Legislature, whose duty shall oe executive and supervisory, to 
whom shall be referred all matters of controversy growing out of 
any illegal charges, or arbitrary and oppressive acts on the part of 
railways or steamers, and who shall see that these carrioirs comply 
with the requirements of their charters, and perform all the services 
for which they were created. The commission would afford protec- 
tion and redress to eveiy individual havitig dealings with the com- 
panies, without obliging them to apply to the courts at great ex- 
pense or delay. 

In order to secure more uniform and equal taxation, we recom- 
mend that the duties enjoined upon our assessors be more definite 
and specific, and penalties be inflicted upon them when it can be 
shown that they have made unfair or unjust discrimination in fixing 
valuation or assessing land and property in the same locality, or 
when they consent to receive any special favors from large property 
holders or tax payers, even if it is but a railroad pass. 

We recommend that our representatives, both at Sacramento and 
at Washington, be petitioned to interfere in our behalf, and redress 
our grievances by carrying out the measures proposed, or if the 
plans suggested are not, practicable, or will not have the desired 
effect, let them devise some other way by which taxation shall be 
reduced and made uniform and equal; freight and fares be regulated 
so as to prevent unjust discrimination and oppressive rates; addi- 
tional facilities for transportation be encouraged and built up, and 
the agricultural and mechanical industries of our country receive 
more fostering care from the heads of our government. 

Adopted, J. M. Hamilton, 

T. H. Meeby, 
G. W. Hexnixo. 

The Committee on Lrrigation reported as follows : 
We find it impracticable at this time, even if we wished to do so, 
to report the draft for a bill for presentation to the Legislature of 
State, pxoTiding for a general system of supplying water for 
tinig, minings and other purposes. The drift for such a bill, is, 
•Jian ^»m1 noreltj ol the subject to be treated, a work dif- 
lequinDir, In its pxv^per exeeation, a more accu- 
w Aill and ft moie thc^oogh knowledge of leg- 



RETORT OF IRBIGATIOM COMSnTTEE. 



117 



islation than your committee feel tbat tbey pofleesB. After mature 
ilelihe ration, we have reucheil the convietiou that a general hill, ap- 

iilicable to the whole State, eau, and ouf^ht to be prepared, per- 
ect£il, and enacted into a law, having for its objects tlie utilizing of 
oU the inland Avatei-s of the Stat«, and their unifoim and equitable 
diviaioD and distribution, under the authority and control of the 
State, among the actual laud owners of th« State, regardleaa of 
whether such lands }-ield to the baud uf industry precious metalH 
only, or the less preuioue, but fai- more indispensable article of 
bread. And to accompliaU these euda we recommend tlie appoint- 
ment of a committee by this State Grange, to be composed of &ve 
u«mberB, with authority to prepare, or cause to be prejiared, the 
draft for a bill to be presented to the next Legislature, and in that 
regard to expend aucb sums of money as they shall deem to be nec- 
essary; and we further recommend that tlie several Subordinate 
Granges of this Stat« shall petition the next Legislature of Califor- 
nia for the enactment of a general law, having for its design the car- 
rying into effect tbe object* above mentioned. 

Kecognizing the natural division of our eeasons into dry and 
rainy, and that the farmers of the State are wholly dependent for 
remunerative crops upon a sufficient supply of water — and recogniz- 
ing and looking fully in the face the further fact, that nearly all of 
the inland waters of the State, available for the purposes of irrigsr 
tion, are now under either the practical or asserted control of cor- 
porations, or confederated capital, in some form, we earnestly rec- 
ommend the adoption of the following declaration of principles, as 
expressive of our purposes In that regard: 

1st. Wo hold that the inland waters of this State, not claimed by 
the general government for navigation purposes, its lakes, rivera 
Olid streams, are, and of right ought to be, the property of the 
State, or of the people thereof, subject to their use and control, 
through their creature, the Legislature of the State, and that each 
inhabitant of the State is of right as much entitled to the use and 
benefit of bis equitable proportion of the inland waters of the State, 
BA be is to a sufficiency of the free air of heaveu. 

2d. That the asserted proposition, that a few, or any number of 
luSD, can, nnder the forms and privileges of a corporation, Iny claim 
to, nnd hold, us private property, the first right, or exclusive priv- 
ilege to use, for their own gain, to the impoverishment of the gen- 
eral public, any of the inland waters of this State, is false. That it 
is indefensible in law or equity, and an unblushing outrage on the 
people, and especially the farmers of this Stiite. 

3d. That it is not only the right, but the duty of the Legislature 
of this State, to at once take and retain the control of all the inland 
voters of this State, and by a general law, so far as it does not con- 
flict irith any of the rights of the general government, provide the 
mode and means for dividing and surveying the whole State into Ir- 
ri^tiou Districts, and of distributing nnder fixed, equitable rules, 
the waters of each District among the land and mine owners there- 
of, whose land and mines are susceptible of being advantageously 
supplied with water. That the State should pay the coat of laying 
out and surveying the several districts; that the lands and mines of 
eocll district, susceptible of being advantageously supplied with wa- 



148 ASNAL9 OP STATE GRANGE C'F CALIFOIINU. 

ter, Bhould, by a tas leviecl thereon, pay for the construction of, am 
keeping in repair, the canals aud other meanfi of couveying the wa 
ter, and for that purpose each district should be autborizeil to iss 
its bonds. And further, that in order to secure the inhabitouts 
this State in their light to the use of the inland waters therein, tti( 
Legislature should, at its nest session, provide a may for condemniug 
every and all actual asserted or pretended prior right, privilege oj 
franchiBB to, or in the use of any of the inland waters of^ this State, 
whether held or claimed by individuals or corporations, and the 
same should be condemned to the public use of suppl^-ing the lanils 
and mines of this State with water, and the price of the thing con- 
demned should be paid out of the District fund. 
All of which is lespectfuily submitted. 

H. B. JoLLtV, 

Wm, M. Jackson, 
Edwo B. Stiles. 

Brother Stiles offered the following resolutions: 
Resolved — 1st, That the Committee on Irrigation proceed, im- 
mediately after the ndjoumment of this State Grange, to provide oi 
cauue to be provided, for presentation to the Legislature of the Stat6 
of California, at its coming session, a bill founded upon the general 
principles laid down in their report, this day oEfered to the Stat« 
Grange, providing for a genei-al system of Irrigation throughout 
the State. 

2d. That the said Committee be, and are hereby instructed, to 
provide printed petitions askinct the Legislature to pass a law for a 
General System of Irrigation throughout the State, and cause the 
same to be distributed throughout the State to the Subordinate 
Granges, and that each Subordinate Grange be requested to appoint 
a committee to circulate the same, and obtain the largest amount of 
signatures possible to the same, and that the same be returned to the 
Worthy Secretary of the State Grange, prior to the 25th day of 
Xovembor, 1873, and by him returned to Uie Committee on Irnga- 

3d. That it be made the special duty of each Master of Subor- 
dinate Granges to impress upon the members of his Grange thft 
great importance of immediate action; to the end that any bill pre> 
sented to the Legislature may have the full benefit of all the iutfu- 
euce which this State Grange can exert, and an iufiueuce wbioL evea 
political demagogues dare not disregard. 

On Friday, 17th, the election of officers for the ensoing two 
years was held, and resulted as follows : 

MoKter — J. SI. Hamilton. Guenoc, Lake County. Overseer — 0. L. 
Ablwtt, Santa Baibara. Lecturer— J. W. A. Wr^ht, Tnrlock, Stan- 
i&laus County. Stincard — N.L. Allen, Salinas. AmristanI Sleieard 
— Wm. M. Jackson, Woodland. Chaplain— 1. C. Gardner, Grayaon. 
Treasurer — AV. A. Fisher, Napa. Sevrcfnry — W. H. Baxter, Napa, 
, (?afc Keeper — 11. R, Warder, Waterford, Stanislaus County. 6'cn» 
'"'" , Davis, Santa lloaa. i'ontojw — Mrs. S. C. Baxter, 



PRESEXTATION TO BRO. GARRETSON. 149 

Napa. Flora — Mrs. K. S. Hegeler, Bodega. Lady Assistant Stew- 
ard — Mrs. S. M. Gardner. 

A recess was ordered, during which Worthy Master elect, on 
behalf of committee appointed for that purpose, presented to 
Bro. N. W. Garretson, Deputy Master of National Grange, a 
beautiful silver service, as a testimonial of appreciation and 
fraternal regard. Bro. Garretson responded briefly as follows: 

Accepting then this precious offering as a testimonial, not only of 
your loyalty to the principles that I officially represent, but also of 
your kind appreciation of my feeble services in their establishment 
on this coast, I tender you in the name of the National Grange of 
our Order, and also in my own behalf, unaffected and unmeasured 
thanks. I shall preserve with care this gift, that is rendered thrice 
precious by the recollections of this day, and the noble patronhood 
of (/alifornia. "With this valued token of your regards I shall soon 
pass your great mountain chain, from the lofty summit of which I 
may for the last time look into the valleys of this coast; the abodes 
of those I have learned to love so well. The thought of parting 
with them saddens me, even now, for I shall leave my heart behind. 
I shall go from you to gather with the patron hosts of the great 
Mississippi Valley, to join in their harvest song and to sit down at 
their harvest feasts. Then, I will speak of you, and of your loving 
hearts, and words of cheer. And when old winter shall gather 
about him the northern winds, and sweep down in snowy tempests 
upon my prairie home, I will gather my little ones around the fire- 
side and talk of this coast. I will tell them of the loving and gen- 
erous dwellers here, and how pained I was to part with them. I 
will show them this beautiful cane, from the brothers of the State 
Grange of Oregon, and also these jewels, the gift of my sisters 
there. I will then point to this solid silver bar, the product of your 
own fair State and the valued and valuable testimonial of your re- 
gards, and before laying my little ones down to sleep, and while 
their infant lips are employed with their evening prayer they will 
think of you (and lisp my father's friends). And when months and 
years shall have come and gone, and I perchance shall be forgotten 
here, if in the stillness of the night, you should hear whispered at 
your pillow in accents of gratitude and love a friendly presence 
near — be not afraid, for it will be me. God bless you. 

The silver service was all of modern style and of exquisitely 
wrought patterns, consisting of forty-three pieces, the whole 
laid in a large and substantial leather-bound case. In addition 
to this was a butter dish which attracted much attention for its 
elegance and novelty of construction. 

After recess the Grange proceeded to elect an Executive Com- 
mittee for the ensuing term, as follows: 

J. M. Hamilton, W. M., chairman, Lake county; J. G. Gard- 



148 



ANNALS OP STATE GRANOF ••' - — 



ter, should, by a tax levied tliereou, | 
keeping in repair, the canals and uii 
ter, and for that purpoao each ilihi : . 
its bonds. And further, that in <!' - 
this State in their right to the uw* «»» 
Legislature should, at its next - 
eveiT and all actual assortoJ «•' 
franchise to, or in the use of nii"* 
whether held or claimed by !"'•• 
same should be condemned to ^t.. 
and mines of this State with w*. ' 
demned should be paid out of • • 
All of nvhich is respectfuliy t-- - 



kj , XI. B. 

as county; 



!•• 



*-anty. 
— il Zdxter, were 



s. :a the subject 
iipre particularly 

-urersity — what 
-srsslation, if any, 
full benefits of 





Brother Stiles offerel *•' 

Resolved— 1st. That '"" 
mediately after the n*V 
cause to be provide" 1 
of California, at its i-li. 
principles laid dow 
Grange, providing' 
the State. 

2d. That the 
provide printed i>u 
General Systf r- 
same to In* .^''-*^ 
Granges, ami tiM*^- 
a committo'- 
signatures ]•• 
Worthy S. 
Novembfi. 
Hon. 

3d. 'l! 
dinate (> 
great iiw 
sented i 
enco ^\ i 
politic 

Ui 

year 



.1/ 

Al/ 

isl- 

a 




r-2e Congressional 

. was to establish 

Colleges, and that 

^ued to those pur- 

L Ji$ may be necessary. 

tunsoi of men engaged 

as theoretical. 

0. L. Abbott, were 





of officers. 
on, a richly-mounted 
Master Wright, by 
c fraternal regard and 

Wright, spoke as fol- 



r mrrjirT portion of the field, and 

(ffl can, I confess to a feeling 

'JLXo most competent hands 

:i Master of the State Grange 

me, I would say: We are 

a&jixvs of our harl>or. Keep a 

?!*fi?. We are on a treacherous 

Xt^rms may arise at any liour. 

^. and see that all our officers 

Tou will. 

and true. Be vigilant that 

_ ao right to be in our counsels. 

^ acit to be here, let them uuder- 

cc uie cause of any stonus likely to 

^ "wi^W Jonahs of them all. 

our brother from Oi*egon, in the 

Incs called to preside. Assure our 

TOU return to them, that the 



A LECTURE ON EDUCATION. 151 

Patxons of California will cordially co-operate with them in any 
measures that can secure our mutual interests. Your welfare is 
ours. Success and happiness attend you, our brother from Iowa, 
on your return to a joyous home. May your useful life long be 
spared, that you may continue to labor, as we are sure you have 
among us, with an eye single to the good of our Order. 

To you, brothers and sisters of San Jose Grange, we return our 
thanks for the courtesies you have shown us during our session. 
With all my heart, I thank you for the handsome and valued testi- 
monial of your regard. 

To all of you, my brother officers and friends, at this parting hour, 
my feelings go out in earnest sympathy and fraternal love, strength- 
ened by the memories of the past. Believe me, I shall ever be will- 
ing to labor with you in any part of our symbolic field for the suc- 
cessful accomplishment of our purposes. Let us remember, my 
brothers and sisters, " a good name is rather to be chosen than 
great riches, and loving favor rather than silver and gold." 

Accept my thanks for all your fraternal kindness toward me. 
God bless and preserve you all, and grant continued prosperity to 
our cause. 

Brother, I cheerfully transfer to you the gavel, as Master of the 
State Grange of CaHfomia. 

Worthy Master Hamilton made some feeling and appropriate 

remarks on taking his seat. 

Dr. E. S. Carr, Professor of Agriculture of the California 
State University, (Worthy Lecturer of Temescal Grange), gave 
an interesting address, a portion only of which we are permitted 
to present to our readers : 

In coming before the Patrons of Husbandry, I lay down the role 
of instructor, and sit as a learner in the common school of experience 
— as a fellow laborer with you for a common end, viz: the advance- 
ment of the industrial classes. I have been about the State a good 
deal in pursuance of my duties as Agricultural Professor in the 
People's University, finding more opportunities to learn than to 
teach, and I have learned much of the difficulties you have to con- 
tend with; perhaps I have seen more plainly than you could your- 
selves that tiie greatest was the lack of ready, trained intelligence in 
meeting those difficulties, or in other words, allowing the brains of 
others to use your hands for their own, rather than your benefit. 
Here as elsewhere, labor has been a blind giant, conscious of his 
strength, yet impotent to use it for his own advantage. And here 
as elsewhere, the giant's eyes are opened at last, to see how little 
mere strength is worth, without skill to direct and utilize it. 

Dr. Carr then proceeded to show that " education" must go into 
the ballot, before the laboring man, even in America, could maintain 
his personal and industrial rights; because it is the key to order and 
organization. IntellectujJ faculty is capital; it is a blessed and most 
hopeful sign of the times that men are organizing everywhere, not 
only for relief and protection, but for improvement and social unity. 
The speaker drew a vivid picture of the disabilities of agricultural 



152 



ANSALS OF STATE GHAJIGE OF CALtFOESU. 



laborers in England, and ehowed how much they had olread' 
complished liy peaceable co-ope ratiou. Chancellor Lowe stnicf 
key-note of their position, when he said in the British Farliai 
" Let us educate our new masters," D'lsraeh, speaking of the fint 
efforts of this patient, long-suffering cIhbb toward their own emanci- 
pation, said; "We have long been mortgaging industry to protect 
property, and the hour of foreclosure has come." 

The great watchwords of the time are education and association. 
Both these desiderata are fully recognized in this organization, so 
unprecedented in its growth, so beneficent in its aims, so wide 
reacliing in its influence. Of all CDmbioatious originating under 
strong neceasitiee for resistance, it is the least revolutionary, the 
most patient and progressive. It is no part of our business to foster 
enmities and widen differences between capital and labor — hut on the 
contrary to learn how these can bo associated into a true equality. 
Capital in the hands of educated labor is not one tool, hut many, the 
gi-andest piece of its complex machinery. The increasing subdirision 
and Hjiecialization of labor is a sufficient guaranty that llie principles 
of co-opemtion will never work adversely to the intereBts of capital. 

These views were amply and variouuly presented and illustrated 
in their educational, political and social aspects. While the Granges 
woidd never become jrohtical in a narrow and partisan sense, any 
more tliou churches are, the speaker said he believed they were des- 
tined to become an immense power in the purification of our politics 
by carrying into them a higher sense of responsibility, and the 
direct and constant influence of our beat womanhood. 






IlL'solutioDs complimentary to Bro. Daniel Clark, W. Mi 
Oregon, and to Bro. N. IV. Garretson, Deputy of the Natit 
Grange, Patrona of Husbandry, were ununimoiigly adopted, 

It was moved by J. W. A. Wright that the State Grange of 
California include in its memorial to Congress a petition for 
the reiiuisite appropriations to improve the navigation of the 
Columbia and Willamette rivers, as snch improvement is ftb- 
Boiutt'Iy necessary to relieve tlie farmers, who depend upon 
tlivm na uommerciul avenues, from the oppression of existing 
mcmapn lists. Adopted. 

rfii r II. ^.-v - rrsolutiona were also offered by Bro. Wright: 

!>' State Grange of Cahforuia is in full sympathy 
; liis country of Mr. Joseph Arch of England, and 
lit- hiia to visit our Pacific Coast with a view to 
iiiimigrants from the laboring classes of Europe, 

.'I'.' Committee on Immigration bo instructed to 
■ invitation to Ifr. Joseph Arch, and report 1 " 
Bcutive Cotumittee. Adopted, 

, Q. P. Kellogg, and Mr. Walcott, of E.i 



coxsTiTirnos. 



Uoi^n's Sons, irere preBent, bj inTittttion, daring a recess in 
the eveniDg, and enjoyed a social iuterview, after which the 
Stato Grange was formally udjoomed. 



CHAPTER xm. 

CONSTU'IITION OF THE CALD'OBSU HTATE GBA^IOE, PATE0N8 OF 
HUBBANDBT. 

AsTicxt: I.^Thia Grange aball Ira kaovn and dsaigaated as the CaliforaiB SUM 
Oraugo □( the PntrouB of Huabonilry. 

iLbticl* II.-^T]i« membemhip of the State Qrituge xhall conaiat ot Umtera □( 
tbo SnUfrduuitn Graiiei^s nnil their v/iyea, vho oio AUtcnon. Fust MiisliTii uud 
tb«ir wives who ara Matrona, are houorary memberB. niid lure eligible to bold 
ofleo, but not cDtitled to vote. 

AsTiULK in. — Sectioa 1. The officers of Btate or Subordinate OranBra shall 
OOQaisl of nnd rauk us follows: Master, Overseer, Lecturer, Steward, At»islnut 
Bleward, Cbaplain, Treasurer, Secrttivry, Gula Keeper, Cerea, Pomona, Flora 



m liicir duty to see that the laws of the Order 



and Lad<r Aasislaiit Steward- 
Sec. 3. In the Subordinate Oraiices they shall ba ohosan annnallj; in the State 
Onuge once iu two yeaiB. All eleetiona to be bj ballot, and a mnjority shall 
elect. Vaoancies by dealh or resignation to be filled at a special eleetlon at th e 
next regolor meeljng thereof — officers so chosen to serve nntil the annual mect- 
iag. 

See. 3. There abull be an Execntive Committee of the Stale Qraoge, coDxiating 
a( six raembeTH, wIiobg tcroi of office Hball be two years, three o( whom ahall be 
alected each year. 

See. 4. The officers of (he respective GrancoH shall be addressed as " Worthy." 

Abticlb IV. — The Slnle Grange shall bold its re gulor anDuoI meetings on tha 
flrat Taeaday iu October, at such place as tbe Grauge uui; from time to time <1e- 
temuae. Special meetings may be called by tbe Execativo Committee, by ^ving 
wnlten notice to each Subordinate Grarge, thirty days preceding, or by a vote of 
the Gntnge at a regular meeting. 

AxTTcui V. — Section 1. One third of all Subordinate Granges entitled to repie- 
MDlation, shall constitute a nnoniDi for tbe traosaction of bnainess. 

Sec. 3. The Bitual adopted by the National Grange, shall be used in all Bnb- 
ndlnate GiBnges, and any desired alteration in the same must be submitted to, 
and reoeive tbe sanoliou of the National Grange. 

AiRicu! TI. — Section 1. Any pemon inlereatod in sgricnitural pursuits, ot the 
■gsofuiteen years (female), and eighteen years (male), duly proposed, elected, 
rad complying with tbe roles and regulations of the Order, umy be admitted to 
nMfflbcrMiip and the benelit of the degrees taken. Every application must be 
■OMm[>aDi«d by the foe of membership. If rejected, the diodg; will be refunded. 
Appijeatioois mnat be certiSed by members, and balloted fur at a aabiiequent 
IDMtinR. It shall require three negati-" ■-"■"" •" -":"-• -" --•■'■ 

Bm. 3. No member who if 
liold office in this Grange. 

6eo. 3. No person shall hold at one time more than one office provided for by 
lUa Coniititntion. 

Abiicu; VII.— The minimum tee for membenihip in a Subordinate Grange 
<hal) be, (or men, five dollars, and for women, (wo dollnrG, for tbe foor degrees, 
MEcept charter members, who shall pay— men, three dollars, and women, flft; 
OMU. 

AnnaLiE VIII, — Section 1. The minimum of regular monthly dues shall be ten 
wnta from each member, and each Grange may otherwise regulate its own dues. 

Sec. 9. The Secretary of eiirh Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly to the 
Boorolan' of the State Grange, the namea of all persons initiated or passed to 
hiflbsf Aeglees. 

DM. 3. The Treasurer nf each Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly; and 
paj to th« TreBsnrsr of the State Orange the sum ofonodollkr for each ii:~~ ~~' 



actaally engaged iu agricultural pursuits, shall 



151 ASXALS OF STATE GEANGE OF CALIFOBKU. 

flrty cents for each wnmtui initiated during Uiat quarter; also, a qnartorl; dae of 
ail cents for each WEinber. 

Sbc. 4. Tho Beeretary of the State Grnngs nball report quarterly fo tho Smtt^ 
tary oC the Nutioual Grange tlie mambersliip in tUis SUte, and the degrees con- 
f errpd during the qaarter. 

See. 6. The Trcasnrer of the StMe Grange shall depoeit to the credit ot tlie 
Nfttioual Orange of Patrons of Husbandry with some Bonliinf; or Trasl Compauy 
in New York, (to be aelecteJ by tho Eiecutive Committee,) in quarterly iuatall' 
mentfl, the onnoal due of ttm cents for each member in this StAte, and foraaiil 
the receipts for the same to the Treaaurei of the National Grange. 

Sec. G. All moneys depoaited vith said company shrill bo paid ont only upon 
the drafts of the TreaBurer signed by the Uatiter, and countersigned by the S^utf- 

^c. 7. No State Qtange shall be entitled lo representation in the National 
Grange, whose dues are oupaid for more Ihnn one quarter. 

Gee. 8. The fiscal year ot this and iiabordinate Granges shall comnienoe on the 
^rat day ot Jauuary. and end on the last day of December iu each ycrnr. 

AimcLB IX.— Section 1. Reports from snbordinatii Grouges rrloiive to crops, 
implements, stock, or any other matters called for by the National Grange, most 
be ocrti&d to by the Muster and Secretary, and Qodor seal of the Grange giving 
the same. 

Sec. 3. All printed matter on whatever subject, and uU infuiniatiou iaaued by 
the National or State to Subordinate Oranges, nUall be made knomi to the mem- 
bers without unnecessary delay. 

gee ^ ^' *■"■' y^t^iUarB ^^ lAatc 
tbeF 

iDl. 

Sec. i. Any member foand guilty of wanton cruelty to animals shall be expelled 
from the order. 

Sec. 5. The ofBcors of Subordinate GruBgcs shall be on the alert in densiog 
means by which tho interests of tho whole Order may be advanced; but no plnu 
of work shall b« adopted by State or Subordinate Granges without first aabmit- 
ting it to, and receiring the sanction of, the National Grange. 

&B!tlaLB X. — Section 1. AU charters and dispeoBations issue directly from the 
National Orange. 

Sec. 2. Nine men and four women having received the fonr Subordinate De- 



grees, may receive a dispenEation lo organize a Subordinate Grange. 
Sec. 3. Applications for diawnsations shall be made to tho S " 
National Grange, and be signed by the persona applying for the si 



oompanied by a fee of fifteen dollar 

Sec. 4. Charter members are those persons "tili/ whose names are upon the ap- 
plication, and whose fees were paid at the lime of orgauizatiou. Their number 
shall not be less than nine men and four women, nor more than twenty men and 

See. 5. Fifteen Subordinate Oranges working in a State, con apply for ■ntbority 
to organize a Slate amiiBe. 

Sec. 6. When State Oranges are organized, dispenaaUona will be replaced by 
charters, issned withoot fuither fee. 

Sec. 7. All chortetB must pons throng the Stote Oranges for record, and re- 
ceive the sea] and official aignatnrea of the sums. 

Sec. 8. No Orange shall confer more than one degree (either First, Bteond, 
Third or /burM) at tbo same mccltug. 

Sec. 3. After a State Grange is organized, all applications tor charters m 
through thp same and be approved ^ '' " 

AnnoLB XI, — The dnties of the office 
■hull be prescribed bf the laws of tbo sf 
I AanCLB 12.— Section 1. The TroBBurers of the State and Snbnrdionle Granges 
I riiall give bonds to be approved by the officers of their Tenpeetive GraugcH. 
L Sec. 2. In all Oranges bills mtiBt be approved by tho Muster, and counletwgned 
I ^ the Secretary, before the TreBsurer can pay the aome, 

Y Abticlk XIII. — Baligiona or poUlical qoextions will nut bo tolerated aa snbieels 

Lof disvuasion in the work of ihe Order, and no pohlical or religious tecis (or □u.-ni- 

^^iship shall bo applied. 

^ Annout XIY.— Any brother or ^UU^pia in S°**^ atanding, s 

^9oks of tho Unngo, and whohf- ■i^^^^"»*^- " — '•- ■•^ ■- ■ 



BY-LAWS OF CALIFOBKU STATE OKANGE. 



155 



iritlidcaval-cftrd, npon Uie psyment of the anm of one dollar. Feraona bearing 
Bacb cnrdn atny b« adinittpil, nilhoot additional fees, to membecshij) in acollier 
tjubonlinate Grange, but Hboll bs sniiject to tlie Hamu form of petition, eiamiua- 
tton and butlot, as those first applying lor membersbip, except tbat a majority 
vote sfaal] elect them. 

AnncLB XV. — Penuiii making application Tor membership in oar Order aholl 
Apply to (be Subordinate Grange nearest to tbcm, unless good and sufficient 
rcaiiuiis exist foe doing utberwisa. In such caaea, Ibe Orangit to nhicb a[>plic:u- 
lion is mode, shall jndgu the reasons, and may consult the Grange nearest the 
tpplieont. 

AnnuLK XVI. — It abnll be Invful for Subordinate Granges to fi>rm Ibenijelves 
into Conticils for the purpoHUoI farilitating the tranxaclion of businesH, buying, 
Mlling and shipping, or sui^b other purposes as may seeni (or the good of the 
Ordi-T. Tbey shall lis govoraeJ, nnd the meuibenihip regulated, by such luva as 
tbe Connoil may, from timo to time, make, not in conflict with the Constitutions 
of the Natiotud and State Granges. Tbey may elect a buuness agent to act in 
conoert with the Executive Cammitteo; and it shall be Ibeir duty to inform the 
Utuiter of anyirregntaritiea practiced by Deputies within their juriBdiclion. 

Aanoi-K XVIl. — Section 1. The Executive Committee shall be empowered to 



. u of tbe Slftto Grange. 

Bpc. 2. A Miuter of a tSubordinute Orange is amenable to a Court conatituted 
by the Grange of which be ia a member, and on appeal lays from auch Court to 
t£o state Grange. 

AsncLE XVIII.— This Constitution maybe amended at any regular meeting 
of the State Grange, provided that any proposed amendment shall have been 
nreseoted to the £iecutive Committee, aud by it reported to the Masters of 
Bnbordinale Oranges, three months previous to the meeting of the State Orange. 



BT-LAWS OP THE CALIFORNIA STATE GUANGE. 

JucnOtS I. — Section 1. It ahull be the duty of the Miister to preside at all 
meeliDgs of the Orange; lo see that all officers and members of committeea prop- 
«t1j perform their respective duties; lo see that the Conatilution of tbe National 
OrvuKe, tbe By-Laws of this State Grange, and the naoges of Ike Order, oro ob- 
•OTCd and obeyed; to sign all drof^ upon the Treasury, aud lo perform all other 
dutica usually pertaining to auch office. 

Sco. 3- It shall be the duty of Maalcrs of Subordinate Granges to take charge 
atoll books and papers containing the work of the Order, private in«tractioUB, 
«lc. and they shall not allow the some out of their poaaeasion, except for use ia 
the Orange. 

See. 3. It ebftll be tbe duty of (be Overaeer to assist the Maater in preserving 
order; to preside over the Grange in tbe nbseuco of the Mahler, and in cuee of 
the vacancy of the office of Maaier, he shall B1I tbe some until the next annual 
meeting. 

Sec. 4. Tbe duties of Lecturer aboil be such aa usually devolve upon that 
officer in a Subordinate Grange. He shall also visit Subordinate Grangee tliroogh- 
oat lh« Slate, when requealed lo do so by the Executive Committee. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of tbe Steward to have charge of the inner Gate, 
■ad perform auch other duties as are required by tbe Bituol. 

Sec. 6. The Assistant Steward shall aHsist (he Steward in the performance of 
bia duUoB. 

Sec. T. The Secretary shall keep an accurate record of oU proceedings of the 
Gmnge. make out all necessary retiirns to the National Grange, keep Iho accotmta 
of the Sabordinate Oranges with the State Grangf, aud pay over quarterly to the 
iVeoBuriir all mooeya coming into his hands and lake his receipt for the some. 
Hi; ^bnll iilso keep a complete register of the names and numbers of all Snbordi- 
nutu t.;riini<<'S. and the names aud addreaaca of Muaters nnd Secretaries. 

Scr, « . It shall bo (he duty of the Treasurer to receive all moneys, giving his 

nwipi fi<r Ibe same; to keep an accural a occoant (hereof, and pay all ordcraof 

(iTungii signed by the Master aud Secrelttry; to render a full account of Ms 



156 



AKNALS OF 8TATE GIUKGB OP CAUFOBMA. 



leetisent in offlffe oil mtmeys, 
lall KiVQ bonds in a BaUeietit 
a bin ItiUids — said bondii to bo 



office at eftch annual mei^tins. and deliver to hi 
books and papcTs pettoining t<i liiBoOice; and b 
uuoaut to secure (lie money tiut may be placed it 
ni>proT#d b; tile ExccotJTe Comnilleo. 

Sec. 9. The Trtaaorer (■( roeU Sabordiuate Grange Hholl report qaarKrly, nnil 
•hall pay to the 8eCT*tarj of the Stale Grange tbe sum of one uollur for eiicli man 
and fifty cents for each woman initiate*! daring tbe qnartcr: also a qnartuly diut 
ot six cents for each mranber. E.e shall send »t tbe same lime a dnpUcale of bis 
report lo the Secretary of tbe State Grange. Tbe Treasurer ol the State Oranee 
sbnll Bend a receipt to Treasurers of Sabordinate Granges, and a dnpUoate lo the 
Secretary of tbe State Grange. 

See. 10. Tbe Treasnrer of tbe State GmBge shall keep his balanee with the 
Grangers' Bunb of California. 

Bee. II. The Tieasorers and Secrelaries of Sabordinate Granges shall file 
copies of their quarterly refrorts certified b; the Master. 

Bee. 12. Tbe Gate Keeper shall see that (he Gates are properly guarded, and 
aball hare charge of all property committed to bis beeping. 

Abhi-tjc II.~SecIion 1, All Committees, unless oQjerwise ordered, shall oon- 
sist of three members, and shall be appointed—too bj tbe Uaster and one by the 
Orerseer. AJl Commillces shall be composed of both btotben and oslera, niiless 
otherwise specially provided- 
Sec. 3. At the regular annual meedng a Committee on Finance shall be flp- 
? Dinted, nhose duty it shall be to audit all accoonts previons to their being paid. 
o them shall be referred tbe reports of the Seoretarj and Treasurer for axaminii- 
tion. 

Sec. 3. Tbs Eiecative Committee shall consist ot tbe Master, irbo shaU be 
Chairman, and sii members elected by ballot, who shall bold office for two years, 
three being elected each year. But no two shall beelectcd from the same connty. 
Tbey shallbaTO authority lo act on all matters ot interest to the Order, when the 
Stdte Grange is not in session: shall provide for the welfare of the Order in bnsi- 
ness matters, and shall report tbeir acts in detail to the State Orange on tbe first 
da; of its annual meeting. Tbey shall also make such report at special meetings 
of the State Orange as the good of the Order may demand. 

Sec. 4. The Eiecutive Committee shall bold its regular meetings qnarterly on 
the first Taeaday of January, April, July and October. 

kencvK III. — The Secretary aball see tbat the quarterly dnes of the Snbotdi- 
nate Granges are promptly paid, and in case the dues remain delinquent two 
qaarteia, Uio delinquent Grange sball be reported to the tlnster of the Stats 
Orong.}- On receiving sucb notice it shall be the doty of the Master to warn the 
delinquent Orange, and it the dnes are not forwarded in thirty duys, the Master 
shall advise the Master of tbe National Grange of sncb delinnnency, and recom- 
mend tbe revocal of tbe charter ot tbe delinquent Grangui and any Grange whose 
charter has been thus revokeil may petition the State Grange for re-instntenient. 

AnnoLB IT. — Subordinate Granges shall defray the expenses of their delegatea 
to tbe BUlo Grunge. 

AxTtoi^ v.— The Muter of the Stat« Grange sbnll appoint at least one dcpntj' 
in each county, where a proper person can be fonnd, who is a Mnster or Past 
Master, whose duty it shall be to organise new Granges, upon applioation being 
made to him by proper potsooa residing in bis district: to install officers <S 
Granges when the same have been elected; and to be vigilant that no disorder 
iboll obtain in tbe Grange under liia jurisdiction, and to promptly report any 
■Qch disorder to the Master. They shall have exclusive jurisdiction in their te< 
■poctive districts, and their rulings on questions uf law and points of order shall 
be respected, until overruled by Uie Master of Ibe State Orange. They shall f»- 
ooive for organizing new Granges their necessary eipenscs. Tbey shall be np- 

8 minted for one year. Bobject to removal for cause by the Muster. No other 
ranges shall hereafter be recognized except tb'.<so orijiinixed by Deputies iia 
herein specified, eiceptiDe only those organized by the Master ol the StalQ 
Onuige, or one espeeially depntized by him. 

Abiici.1 VI. — Section 1. An appeal w ay be itktai. baa tttc decision of ths 
Master of a Sabordinate Grange to tlM^UHHI^^^H^^^^Btt&l Ibenoe tc 
Master of the State Grange. jS^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HK 

Sec. 2. On trials, an appeal '''"■■^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hii t)T>D|F», Sea 
to the tilnte Grange, and lauBt bauH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^EdUMiftlljlui , 
Iwdnyt prior to tbomuotingof B"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ " 



ECLES OF OBDEB. 



157 



Any member of a. Subotdinalo Grange, wbo may 
or enter iulo nen buaiae^ rtlatioDB wbii^h may bring 
<reita of the Grange, moBt first obtain consent of bis 



A.BTICLK Vn.— Section 1 
wish lo change his pnrsnit, 
bin) in conflict with the int 

Itec. 2. FersoQB holiling a loHinberahip in any Subordinate Orange irithin this 

inriiuJictioD, who nuy ho change their pirsail, or bei?onie so otsooiateii in 
lUHineiiS relation that their pecaniary interests are in eonHict with tbe iuteresia 
of the Order, or irilh the attainment of any of the objects of thia Order, ahal] be 
deemHl to have forteiled their membership in the Grange. And il ahall be (he 
duty of any Subordinate Grange in which ench person may hold membership, 
tipon written complaint and charge being made by tnu members of the Order, to 
Inatltnte an mYeatigalion of snch sharge; and if upon iuvpstigation it shall 
"■-■ ■* "s fonnded npon tacts, sriid Subotdinale Grangs ehall without 



&i 



inirea by 






redniret , 

Bee. 3. It is farther provitled that if any member of our Order shall reflect 
diwiaoe npon Ihe same uy grossly immoral or improper coudncl, or if his acta 
shall show that he is in sympathy with our enemies, and is disposed to obstruct 
or defeat Ihe work of onr Order, rather than aid in the atlaiimient of its objects, 
moh parson shall be odjndged to have foifeited his membership, and upon proof 
being made of bis guilt, he shall be expelled from the Grange- 
See. 4. epos the filing with the Muster of any tiabordinale Grange the com- 
Ciot of teo members of our Order, speciflmlly charging Ihat any member of 
Granee is guilty of a violittiou of any of Ihe provisioufl of Sections 1 and 2 of 
tills otticle, il shall be his duly to iurealignte, without delay, the gronod Qpon 
which snch cbotges are made, using rensoiiiiMu dihi^ence lo bring the oOender lo 
trikl thereon, uid notifyiug said coniplninnuts and defeadnnts of the tima and 
ploco nt which said iovesligntion will Iw bad. 

Sec. 6, It is further provided tbai. should any Subordinate Grange with which 
* ocimploint is filed, as provided in i^eotion 'S ot this Arlicle, ratnso lo entertain 
(aid complaint, or neglect to biing its accused member to a sneedy trial thereon, 
il shall thereby forfeit its member.ihip in (his body, with all benefita aocniing 

iberefrom: audit shall he the duty of IheUaster of the Stale Grange tc 

meed to theMaater of the National Grange, the rr ■' ' ■'- -'— '- 

offending Grange. 

See. 6. Au oecnsed party shall have one week's notice of the time at which a 
Committee of Investigation will be raised, and nil such Committees shall be 
elected by ballot. 

See, 7, Secretaries of Sabi^rdinale Granges shall renort to the Secretary nf 
Qiis Grimge ihe immes of all persons espelled from their respective Granges, 
nod he aholl report the same quarterly to all Subordinate Granges in the Slate. 

Anncui VIII. A ballot on application for membfrship in a Subordinate 
Onuige. may bo reconsidered at ony time prior to initiation, immediately open 
nprlicatioii of three members, or after one week's notice by one member. 

Asnct-E K.—These By-Lowa may be amended at any regular meoting of this 
Onngo by a vote of two thirds vt the members present 



) the charter ot said 



nULEB OF OEDEK. 

I. When the presiding officer takes the chair, the officers and members ahnll 
take their respective stations, and at the sonud of the gavel there shall be a gen- 
enl siJeiice. The Grange shall then proceed to open ia regular (onn. 

3. Kd qiieatioii shall lie staled nnlass moved by two members, or be open (or 
rcumdeniUou unless stated by the Master. And when a question ia before the 
Gnmye no looUou shall be received, unless to close; to lay on tbe table; the pre- 
vious qncslion; to postpone; to refer, or to amend. They shall have precedence 
Ia the onler in which they ore arranged, the first three of which shall be decided 
vitboot dclnlo. 

* Any member may coll for a division of a question when the sense of it 

'\9 yeas and nays shall be ordend by the Master, on the oall of any mem- 
■ ■econded. 



158 A^'NALS OF STATE GRANGE OP CALIFORNIA. 

5. After any qtiestion (except of indefinite postponement) has been decided, 
any member who voted in the majority may, at the same or next meeting, move 
for a reconsideration thereof; bat no discussion of the main question shall be 
allowed unless reconsidered. 

6. No member shall speak more than once on the same subject, until all the 
members wishing to speak have had an opportunity to do bo, or more than twice 
without permission from the chair. And no member, while speaking, shall name 
another by his or her proper name, but shall use the appropriate designation be- 
longinjg to his or her standing in the Grange. 

7. The Master or any other member may call a brother or sister to order while 
speaking; when the debate shall be suspended, and the brother or sister shall not 
speak until the point of order be determined, unless to appeal from the chair, 
when he or she may use the words following, and no others: '* Master, I respect- 
fully appeal from the decision of the chair to the Grange." Whereupon the 
Grange shall proceed to vote on the question: ** Will the Grange sustain the de- 
cision of the chair? ** 

8. When a brother or sister intends to speak on a question, he or she shall 
rise in his or her place and respectfully address his or her remarks to the Worthy 
Master, confining him or herself to. the question, and avoid personality. Should 
more than one member rise to speak at the same time, the Worthy Master shall 
determine who is entitled to the floor. 

9. When a brother or sister has been called to order by the Worthy Master 
for the manifestation of temper or improper feeling, he or she shall not be al- 
lowed to speak again on the subject under discussion in the Grange, at that 
meeting, except to apologize. 

10. On a call of five members, a majority of the Grange may demand that the 
previous question shall be put, which shall always be in this lorm: '* Shall the 
main question now be put V* And until it is decided shall preclude all amend- 
ments to the main question and all further debate. 

11. All motions or resolutions offered in the Grange shall be reduced to writ- 
ing, if required. 

12. When standing or special committees are appointed, the individual first 
named is considered the chairman, although each nas a right to elect its own 
chairman. Committees are required to meet and attend to the matters assigned 
to them with regularity, and not by separate consultation, or iu a loose and in- 
definite manner. 

13. The Worthy Master, by virtue of his oflBce, may attend all meetings of 
committees, take part in their deliberations (without voting, however), and urge 
them to action. (In the appointment of committees, the Worthy Master, who 
should ever preserve a courteous and conciliatory deportment to all, not over- 
looking the humblest member, has many opportunities for bringing humble merit 
into notice, and of testinp: and making available the capabilities of those around 
him. He should carefully avoid both petulaucy and favoritism, and act with 
strict impartiaUty.) 

14. In all cases, not herein provided, '* Cushing's Manual *' shall be our 
parliamentary law.' 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AT WOBE. 159 



CHAPTEK XIV. 

BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS. 

AoENCT Established in San Francisco^Mb. A. F. Walcott Appeabs fob E. E. 
MoBOAN*8 Sons— FiBM Endorsed bt Pbominbnt Houses— Aobeements and Pbe- 
CAimoNS — State Agent — Competition Pboddces Betteb Pbioeb— Savings of 

THE FlBST YeAB— GrANGKBS' BaNK MEETING— ORGANIZATION — DaIBY AgENCY — 

Stanislaus Savings and Loan Societi — Wabkhouse at Modesto — Davtsvillb 
GiANOE Ingobpobates — Colusa Co (7NTY Bank — Watebfobd — Warehouses and 
BcsiNSBB Associations. 

Shortly after the adjourainent of the State Grange the Exec- 
utive Committee met at the Buss House in San Francisco, to 
carry out one of the most diflScult tasks ever undertaken by men 
unacquainted with each other, and with the modes of carrying 
out such extensive business transactions in the great wcommer- 
cial centers. They considered it their wisest course to form an 
alliance with some well established house, and for this purpose 
Tarioud firms were invited to a friendly conference. 

Among these appeared the old and well known house of E. 
E. Morgan's Sons, shipping merchants between New York and 
Liverpool, represented in San Francisco by their local agent 
and managing partner, Mr. A. F. Walcott. 

The advantages oflfered by this firm appeared to the Commit- 
tee such as to warrant a careful examination into his standing 
and references. A special committee, consisting of Brothers 
Merryfield, Jolley, and Mayfield, after visiting the London and 
San Francisco Bank, the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, 
and other responsible firms, reported the house -of Morgan's 
Sons as sound and good, with credit at the London and San 
Francisco Bank for half a million of dollars. The arrange- 
ments entered into were that the Executive Committee should 
employ an agent of their own, who should have full access to 
the books of the shipping firm to examine therein any accounts 
with Patrons of Husbandry; to all telegraphic and other com- 
munications from Liverpool or other markets relative to prices, 
rates, or other matters bearing on the interests of the farmers, 
im consideration of which, the committee agreed to use their 
influence thraoghout the State to secure the shipping of Patrons' 
p« ^ ^ mentioned firm. Great care and 

4ioice of the Grangers' agent. 



IGO BUSINESS OPEEATIOXS AND OBGANIZATIONS. 

who must be a thorougli business man, and abore suspicion. 
Tbej did not fix upon any one at tbat session, nor until a circu- 
lar letter bad been sent to eacb of tbe Subordinate Granges, 
asking tbem to name sucb parties as were comi>etent and will- 
ing to serve. The election fell upon G. P. Kellogg, of Salinas, 
who qualified by filing bonds to the amount of two hundred 
thousand dollars, and entered at once upon his varied and diffi- 
cult task. 

He took rooms in the building occupied by Morgan's Sons, 
and immediately put the Granges in possession of all the in- 
formation commanded by the firm. In order to relieve patrons 
of limited means, who were compelled to realize at once on 
their crop, the Executive Committee requested Mr. Walcott to 
add to his sole business of shipper, that of purchaser, which he 
promised to do to the extent of twenty or thirty thousand tons. 
So lively was the competition pushed by the old wheat ring, 
that in a very few weeks the prices went up even higher than 
the Liverpool quotations would warrant, and Mr. Walcott, hav- 
ing entered into this competition, extended his purchases from 
thirty to nearly a hundred thousand tons. The price steadily 
rose from $1 50 per cental to $2 37|. Meanwhile, the State 
Agent, watching closely to see that his employers were fairly 
dealt with, was making favorable terms with dealers in imple- 
ments and importers, as will be seen in the official reports. 
Mr. I. G. Gardner, a member of the Executive Committee, 
acted as assistant to Mr. Kellogg, until the resignation of the 
latter in January, 1874, when the Committee placed Mr. Gard- 
ner in full charge, tendering their own security for the faithful 
performance of his duties. 

The efficiency with which these obligations were met, is best 
shown by the footing-up of the operations of the first year, as 
follows : — 

Amount saved on sacks, $450,000; amount saved on tonnage, at 
85 per ton, $3,000,000; amount saved on agricultural implements, 
$H30,000; amount saved on groceries and general merchandise, 
$2^Xj,WjO; amount saved on grain of 1873-74, at 15 cts. per 
cental— 0,0(J(J,000 centals— $1,350,000. Total, $5,160,000. 

The rfjagnitu<lo of these operations, and the growing confi- 
fhjs^'j: fA the people in the agency, already warranted the estab- 
j,</;f/jefit of a Grangers' Bank. 

y^r\y in April, 1874, the Executive Committee issued a call 




THE OBANQERS' BANK; Offioas of Fire Insoranoe AssoomUou Had 

Eieuullve CoQunittee, Corner CaJiibrnia and Leidesdorfl' 

Streets, San IVbhoIboo. 




SHIPPINa DJ BULK. 161 

lor B couvention, to consider waja and meaos to give greater 
unity and efficiency to their business operations. On the 21st, 
two hundred delegates, rei>resenting one hundred and thir^-one 
Oranges, met in San Francisco, for a comparison of views. After 
a full discussion, it was 

" Resolve J— That n general system of banlcs and warefaonaes, 
with n centrnl bank in San Francisco, is an absolute necessity for 
tha future succeBS of the Order." 

A committee of seven was appointed to. prepai'e a plan of 
organization, which was substantially the same as that afterward 
adopted. $500,000 was subscribed to the capital stock, which 
was fixed at $5,000,000, in 50,000 shares of $100 each. It was 
resolved to incur no espense until after §100,000 should have 
actually been paid in by the stockholders. 

The committee on warehousing reported ft plan for the estab- 
lishment of a general warehouse or depot for the sale of -Gran- 
ger's products, and for branch warehonses or storage com- 
panies, to be established under regulations of the Executive 
Committee. 

The question of shipping in bulk also came up for considera- 
tion. It was — 

" Resolved, That this Convention endorse the proposition to 
rhange the system of handling and shipping grain in sacks, now in 
operation in this State, to a fystem of handling iu bulk. 

" Resolved, That from this day, we, aa farmers and producers of 
wheat and other produce in California, will work for the change of 
the system above refen-ed to." 

Mr. A. F. "Walcott was introduced by the Executive Com- 
inittee, and gave a full osplanation of the shipping interest, the 
state of the foreign market, and replied to inquiries which 
Patrons desired to make, in respect to his agency. The con- 
fidence which Mr. "Walcott had inspired in the large body of 
farmers with whom he had business relations, resulted in his 
election to the Presidency of the bank, when it went into opera- 
tion, some three months later. The Secretary of the State 
Grange was also appointed Secretary of the bank corijoration. 

The Grangers' Bank of California is organized under the 
Statute of 1872, known as the Civil Code, Its capital stock is 
fixed at five million (85,000,000) dollars, divided into fifty thou- 
sand (50,000) shares of the par value of one hundred ($100) dot- 



162 



BUSINESS OPEEATIOSS AND ORGANIZATIONS. 



lars each. lis place of business is in the City and County of 
San Francisco, State of California. This bank haa been or- 
ganized for tlio purpose of enabling the Patrons Of Caliiomia 
to secure to themselves such advantages in obtaining money 
for use in the agricultural portions of the State upon as favor- 
able terms as it can be obtained in the city for commercial pur- 
poses; believing that the landed security of the ugi'iculturist is 
equal to, if not better than city property as a basis of credit, 
and at the same time giving people of every class an oppor- 
tunity of safely and profitably investing their money. 

A careful ponisal of the By-Laws will show that they are so 
framed as to have all the safeguards, not inconsistent with law, 
that it is possible for them to have. 



BY-LAWS OF THE GEANGEBS' BANK OP CALIFOIINIA. 



e of this Corporation bUbU be " OnAMOKDa' Bink ( 



Abticue 1. The t 
Camfounix." 

AnT. 3. The principal place of boEiness tiball be in tho Citj- (ind Couaty of 
Sou Fraaoifioo, ddiI Stale of Califoruia. 

AuT. 3. The bauk shall bave a espial stock of Ave million of dollorH, lUvIded 
into G(ty tbonsaud ehares, of the par vnlue of ouo hundred dolkni each. 

Abt. 4. None but Patrons of Haiibaiidrjr, or corirarationa composed excla- 
uvelj of Patrons of Hasbnndrf , Bball be permitted to sul)scribe to the capital 
slock of this bank, and ancb persona or inoorporatioDS ahall not bo perniittiHl In 
■nbncTibs in eiceiia of five hundred tiharea. 

Aht. 5. Slochholdors of Ihis bank shall be Bnch pcMons or corporations M 
ma; have eieauted. or shall hereafter execute a sabscriptioQ to the capital -*--*- 



n form saeb a^t the Board of Directors may prescribe, and shalljiay to tba caiblw 
of the bank all called aaaesBments, or an; person to vbom said stock has been 
dal; assigned. 



A»T. 6. Tba powers of the corporation shall be Teated in a Board of eleven (tl> 
Direetora, who shall be utecttd b; the stockholdcm at the nniinai meeting, and 
shall hold their oiBce for the term of one ;oar, and uutil their Boocosaon ora 
eleet«d and qualified. 

AuT. 7 - The Directora shall be stockholders of the corporation, and PatroDS of 
Hiubandrr, resident of tbs State of California, and oitiiuriiB of the United Statat, 
and ahall hold at least five sharsB of the capital stoek. 

AuT. S. A majority of the irhole number of Directors shall oonslitnte a qnoram 
for the tnuiaaction of business, and every decision of a majority of the persoBS 
duly assembled as a Board (if not in conflict with these By-Laws), shall be vnlld 



Abt. S 



Mrute act. 



the corporation, at least once in every two months, i 

the Board of Direclon may direct, and apecial mee 

ors shall be held at the Kameplacc. upon the i '" ~ * 

the duty of the President, Vice President, o 

upon rcqueBt of five Directors, or upon tei^neit ol 

quarter of the stock issaed. No notice need be ^ 

addition to (hat faminbed by this Article; bat ol~ , 

or Cashier sUall cause all Directors residing oatsida oi 

ficd by mail or lelpgrnph, moiling Ibe same seven days prinr ' 

all Directors residing and being in the city and connly of ' 

any others to whom it is practicable to give' snob panaaal 

notJAed. 



BY-LAWB OF GI14NGEE3' h&SK. 163 

Lirt, 10. WhenBTBr a vBcancy shnll occur in the office of any Director, hy 
deatlii rMjJgimtion, or other cause, the Board of Directors shiill npjioint a sucoe9- 
•ot for his iiDeipired term. Provided, Ihjit if more thun one vacancy shiill uorni 
in the Board iu auy yeax. a meeting of the Btooklioldera shall ho cutisd by (hi 
Board of Directora within thirty dujs, giving at leost twenty dnys " notice of such 
niMlias, hy advertiiiinf; the samii in Home newBpnper pabliahed duly in the city 
ci[ San Fnvncisco, for the purpose of filling snch vacancy or vaonncies. 

AsT. U. Whenever nny Director tihni! cease to be a stookbalder, bis office bo- 
eocMB ipaofatlo, vacant; snch vacancy Hhall bo filled oh provided in Article 10. 

Abt- lU. The Board of DirectorK Bhcll elect from their nnmher n President and 
TLm President of the corporation, vho shaU hold their ofBcG for one year. 

Abt. 13. The Preaident or Vice Fri'sident, or either of them, may ho removed 
from offioe at anv time on the vote of BBven Director!! in favor o( autn removal. 

Abt. ll. The Board of DireclorB shall appoint a cashier, au attorney, luid uaoh 
other officers, agents, cleiksor servants, as tbehuBiucNs of lhebai:k Hhall require, 
define their powers and prescribe their dntiea, snbjeot to tho £r*liiLWS, vaA M>aU 
fix tho salaries or compensation to be paid all officers, agents, i^erks, ot servanta 
of tlM corporation. 

kait. 13. The President, Ticc President and Cashier shall have charge and ca»- 
todr of the funds, property, books, papers, and other matterH of the corporiitioa, 
nndcT such mteu, regnlationn and restrictions as tho Board of Direcliirs shall pre- 
(cribe in the By-Laws, or by express resolntion from time tu time mode or 

Art. 16. The President, Yico President, and Cashier, shall have powerto bay 
and sell biUs of exchange, U) make loaos under snch regulations and restrictions 
AS may be Gx^d hy resolutiODR of the Board of Directors, to keep the Common 
Seal, and each ehall have the power to affix the same to all papers, instmments, 
or docoments. on behalf of the Corporation, requiring the Seal; they shall each 
have the power to collect all moneys due the Corporation; to make, execute, and 
deliver all receipts, releaseR, acquittances, or other papers, wrltiogs, documents, 
or inatmmeuts on behalf of the Corporation, proper or necessary in tho ordinary 
eoUTM of bnainesa of the Bank: and generally to carry on the boainessof thoCor- 
pomtion, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, expressed throa^h the 
By-Laws, or liuch express resolutions as may from time lo lime be pasacd; and 
they aball each report to the Board of Directors, when required, each and every- 
thing by them, or either of them, transacted. 

Asr, IT. The President and Vice President shall not both be absent from the 
Slato at the same time, and in case of the absence of either from the Bonk, his 
ilntiea and powers shall devolve upon nnd be performed by the other: and each to 
be eligible to snch office shall be a stockholder to the amount of five sharca. 

AaT. 18. It shall be the duty of the President, and in his ahsenco the Vice 
n«mdent, lo preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors, and at all meet- 
ings of the stockholders of the Corporation. 

Abt. 19. It shall be the dnty of the Cashier to keep or obusb to bo kept aaeh 
books an the husiuesB of the Bank may require, nnder the control and instractions 
of the Board of Directors. He shall attend personally to the business ot tho Bank 
•tsnch hours as tha Board of Directors may determine. Ho shall also bo required 
lo ^ve bondH lor the fnithtnl performance of his dnlies, iu on amount to be Qiod 
by the Board of Directors. 

Abt. 20. The Boaril ot Directors shall appoint from their number a Finance 
Commiltee of three, whose duties shall i}e deOned by resolution of the Board of 
Directors. 

Akt. 21. The Board of Directors shall appoint an Anditing Committee of 
Ihtea from their number, whose dulv it shall be to count tho rash and examine 
Mtt )joolc6. v.in,hir«. diHHiiicnt-, |iLii>(-rs, and other assets of the Bank; to report 
U|i<iu 1 ' :i iheir annual meetings, and to the Board of 

Dli. ' miy direct. 

Ai: !!'■ otockholdcrs for the election of Directors 

rImI) ' ! . i>n tho second Tuesday of October of each 

TWr. 

■ ■■ ii!i .' <>( -itockhoyerBi and for the annual 

1 i. -.idonl, Vice Preaidoot. or Cashier, 

I .ii-.ioutive weeks noit preceding the 

■ ■.[I'lii.Tul circulation tliroughont tho 

■ •en!, ihe nioeting may aJjoum 



1{J4 



BUSINESS OPERiTIONB AND OHGAMZATIONS. 



Abt. 21. Al all meetings of (he BtackholderB ciiie toIc Bhalt be Founlrd for 
each share of slock not exceeding fifty Ghnrc, Rud one additiouikl vot<> Khnll be 
counted tor each tirentv-five shnree. or frnctional put of tirenty-five ithareH iu ex- 
cesH of fifty, npou which all called asBesameulB have been pud. Eat'h atooktioldn 
may be repiesented at any meeting of the Htockholders by a proxy, who (nast also 
' a Btockholder; provided said proxy shall have filed nis credentials with iLe 



o person shuU be allowed K 



1 proxies representing a 



e hnndre<l 



Aht. 25. The Board of Directora ahull hare power to regnlnte, from time to 
time, the rate of iateri^st to be charged upon loans and allowed tipon deposits. 

Abt. 26. All trnntirerB of Block sbnll be Hubject to all dcbla and eqtiitieB in 
tuvor of the Corporation, againet the person or corporatioDs making saeh trans- 
fer, and exiHtiog or arising prior to the rt-guhir transfer thereof apon the books 
of the Corporalion; and no transfer of shnres ahall be made upon the books ot 
the Corporation, until all daea and deoiands thereon, due to the Corporation 
from the party or parties roprHsentinf; such shurcs, shall have been paid. 

Art. 37. All transferB of stock abnll be made on the books of the Corporation, 
and DO tiunsfci shall be binding on the <;or]> oration until so entered, or until nil 
aBsEsaments thereon have been paid. No stock that has been trauBfeired on tbs 
booka of the Corporation within thirtir days next preceding any meeting of the 
atockholders. shall bo entitled to reprcaenlation at said meeting. 

Abt. 2S. Certificates of stock shall be isBoed to the original stockholders ot 
this Bonk, to the □nmber of shares by each subscribed in the original articles ot 
association, as evidence to each of the nnmbec of abater by him owned in the 
capital stock, and the manner of trannfening shares shaU be by endoiKement and 
delivery of the certificates thereof, suoh endoreement being by the signature of 
the proprietor, or bis or her attorney, or legal representatire. No stodt shall b« 
tmnsCerred without the snrrender of the ceitificatc, and upon sncb surrender the 
word "cancelled" aiiaU be written across the face of tha certificate trr the 
Cashier, and the signatnre of the offlcera ahall bo erased, and ancb certificate so 
cancelled, shall be preserved by pasting the name to tha stab from which it was 
torn in the Certificate Book. The transfer books shall be closed for two days 
prior to the annual meeting and the payment of dividends, and the dividends 
shall be paid to the stoekholdera in whoee names the stock shall stand when the 
books are closed. 

Art. 29, The officers of the Bank are strictly prohilnted from loaning its 
funds on mining stocks. 

Act. 30. The Board ot Directors ahall have power to dispose of the stock of 
the Bank at rates not less than the par value, and after the first of Octobec, 1874. 
niay fix such premiums on the stock as in tbeir judtiment may be deemed JnsL 

Aar. 31. All persona subscribing to the capital stock of the Bank, are required 
to sign their names to the By-Laws, 

The bank went into operation on the first of Augnst, 1874, at 
415 California street, San Francisco. Beautiful and comtnodi- 
ous rooms, with tlie uecessary private rooms attached, accom- 
modate both the bank, the Executive Committee, Secretaiy, 
and otlier officers of the State Grange. Amid the sarging 
throng of capitalists, speculators, and schemers, which crowd 
the money-changers' highway, is set the financial headquarters 
of our moat important industry. It was created for the Patrons, 
with especial reference to small stockholders; 8'2,517,000 of the 
capital stock has been taken up, $2,000,000 is on deposit in the j 
bank. Its stock is owned by one thousand five hundred »nJ , 
forty-three Patrons of Husbandry, and the nvuuber of dopoMt- J 
ors is correspondingly large. It is manogod hy *' 
Board of Directors: 



{ 




OTHER DrSDJESa ASSOCUTIONS. 165 

J. V. Webster (Ptesitlent), of Akmeda county; Calvin J. 
Creasey (Vies President), of Btiimslaus county; TLob. McCon- 
nell, of Sacramento county; Join G. Hill, of Ventura county; 
J. C. Merryfield, of Solano county; John Levelling, of Napa 
county; Gilbert W. Colby, of Butte county; J. P. Clirisman, 
of Contra Costa county; F. J. "Woodward, of San Joaquin 
county; C. S, Abbott, ol Monterey county; F, A. Cressey, 
Secretary. 

Current accounta aro opened and conducted in the usual way, 
and interest at the rate of one quarter of one per cent, per 
montb, is allowed on tbe minimum monthly balance. Deposit 
receipts in sums of fifty dollars and upwards received, and re- 
ceipts given for the amounts, payable on thirty days' notice of 
withdrawal. These deposits bear interest at rates varying with 
the current rate of discount. Deposits for fixed periods are 
received, and interest allowed at the following rates: three 
montlis, six per cent. ; six months, seven per cent. ; one year, 
eight per cent. 

About this time, the Executive Committee deemed it advis- 
able to establish a Dairy Agency in San Francisco, and pro- 
ceeded to appoint Mr. J. Hegeler, of Sonoma ('ounty, who 
opened a depot for the disposition of this class of products. 
The bonds of this sub-agency were fixed at twenty thousand 
dollars. 

The Farmers' Saving and Loan Society of Stanislaus County 
had organized in March, 1873, and incorporated with a capital 
of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The spirit with 
which the farmers were pushing these various interests was 
shown at the meeting in Modesto, when four of their number 
took fifty thousand dollars' worth of stock. One hundred thou- 
sand dollurs was subscribed on the spot. 

The Grange Warehouse in Modesto was provided for in the 
same business-like manner, with a capital stock of one hundred 
thousand dollars. 

Davisville Grange decided to incorporate with a capital stock 
of fifty thousand dollars. 

Colnsa County called itn Bank meeting Febi-uary 25th, lS7i, 
and incorporated with a capital of two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand dollars, all of which was subscribed. As a local institu- 
tion, under judicious management, it is a perfect success, and 

9 benefited its patrons by relieving them of the necessity of 



168 BUSINESS OPEBATIONS AND OEQASIZATIO.NS. 

in- every way it can consistentlj witli its own safety. It vill, as 
800D as practicable, borrow funds with wliich to assist tlioae 
who are now in the clutches of merchaula or others, if such 
persons endeavor to oppress our members because they SQek to 
better their condition by this method of couperatiou. The 
company is organized for the benefit of its stockholders, and 
any system of relief to them that can be devised and solely 
carried out will be inaugurated for the common good. 

Encouraged by the success of the experiments mentioned 
above, the Viaalia dangers have just opened a similar insti- 
tution with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars. At 
Grand Island, Colusa County, one has recently been inaugu- 
rated, as also one at Meridian, Hutter County; but neitlier of 
these has been in operation long enough to show a balance 
sheet. Santa Barbara just now announces an incorporation 
with a capital of fifty thousand dollars, and we doubt not will 
Boon give a good account of herself. San Buenaventura is also 
on the way, and sundry other places are discussing the matter, 
with every probability of soon reaching the point of incorpora- 
tion. Everywhere the local merchants have displayed more or 
less hostility toward these enterprises, until they become satis- 
fied that, if the Grangers were only let alone, they would pur- 
sue the "even tenor of their way," without making war on any 
legitimate business; and gradually matters have adjusted them- 
selves so as to work without friction. 

In addition to what has already been mentioned, the Grangers 
of the Salinas Valley have constructed a narrow-gauge railroad 
from Salinas City to Monterey, that they might get their grain 
from the field to the ship at the nearest point, and at the least 
cost. The Salinas is a large, fertile valley, opening out to the 
coast with a first-class harbor, and tbere is no reason why its 
products should not be shipped direct to European markets, 
thus avoiding the espensive carrjing and handling via San 
Francisco. The Grangers saw the opportunity, seized it, and 
have made a grand success of the project, without detriment to 
any other interest. Other projects of a simdar character are 
under discussion, with promises of success, and we see no 
reason why the Grangers, if they have the means, should aofe 
become railroad builders as well as anybody else. 

The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insoranoe CompE 
achievement, the present standing of * 



FIBE KSUliAHCE ABSOCIATIOK. 



1G9 



of less tlian a year, would be ground of congratulntion to any 
ill CO r]j oral ion. It wag worked up to its present efficient condi- 
tiou by J, D. BlaucLar, a gentleman of long experience in in- 
surance, who had retired to the quietude of a farm on account 
of ill health. He was a member of Napn Grange, and entered 
into the movement with his whole soul, appreciating, as most 
farmers could not, the great advantages of cooperation. The 
company was instituted with a capital stock of one hundred 
thousand dollars, all of which has since been paid up, to insure 
farm property on the mutual plan, at its actual cost, thereby 
saving to the farmers the amount they were obliged to contrib- 
ute in other companies to cover losses on city property. A 
"cash plan" was also introduced, so aa to enable the company 
to take risks on town property, granger stores, warehouses, etc. 
At the last meeting of the Directors, a proposition was made to 
further increase the capital stock to three hundreJ thousand dol- 
lars. The risks amount to about one million and a half, with no 
losaeSr-aud the company is classed A 1, by the Commissioner. 



We, the nnilersigned, citizeiu of California, and Directors of The C»!iforBiii 
Mottinl Fire lusurauee Asuociutioii, in pnrHaance ot Ihe iaBiirance lawn of Cnli- 
fomia, do hereby HHSociats together for the parpoae of (orming on incorporated 
■esDciation, to insure dwelling hoasea, bnmB, or other baildiugH, and personal 
proputty iu tho suiue, bebnging to (urmera, aguioHt Iubb or duroatje by Sre. 

OrpiCKBs.— J. D. .Blanebikr. Presidpnt; I. G. Gardner, Vice President; G. P 
Kellogg, TresBarer; W. H. Bniter. Secretary. 

Ddixctobs.~A. Wolf. J. D. Blauohar, 1. O. Oarduer, G. P. Kellogg, W. H. 
Butor. 

Tbobtk™.— J. M. Hamilton, J. C. Merryfleld, G. W. Colby, H. B. JqIIj. A. 
Wolf, I. C. Steele, A. B. NaDy. O. L. Abbott. 

And ve declare this inatraiuent to ba the Agreement and By-Lnwa of the Asso- 
ciation bj which it hIlbII ba governed, aubjei't only to the Conatitution aud lun-a 
of the State. 

NiMB. — This Araociati on shall beknoTn ub the Calif omia Farmers' Mutitnl Fira 
Inaorunce Association ; and its principal place of businese ahull be in the City and 
Ooonty of Son Francisco, Slate of California. 

Asxcu. UsEma.— The Annaal Meeting shall be held on the first Tnesdny of 
Oclohcr of each year, al San Francisco, and may be udjonrned from time to time 
natil the basinesn is completed. No other notice thaa Ihese By-Laws need be 
flTtn for Ihe Annnal Meetings. Special meetings may be called by the Secre- 
Wf or Preeident, or on the order of two Directors, and notice given by notifica- 
liMi by mail. 

**~~ ■'.—The officers ot said Assoeiation shall consist of five (5) Directors, 

^ by ballot, at the unoual meeting, by a majority vote of the alock- 
'; and the Directors sbaJl tlect s Presidtnt, Vice-President, 
'•loretaiy. Ten aharea or over will entitle a stnckholdi-r to 
1, in ease there should be no election, the then incumbenla of 



170 



BUSINESS 0PEBATICK3 AND OBGAJilZATIONa. 



nauh offices dmll holil over reapcctivelf nntil tltcre is on electioa, itii<l lIielrGi 
MH^iorB hate quulifled, imd anj atockholder shnll be eligible to bold office. 

Dtmr or OrncKBS.— Seclion 1. The Directora BbaU have power to uppoiut 
Boch offlcers aod agents us tb^j de«m aeceBaary, sod to fix iohiries and com- 
misBions of all oSBceis and agents. Tbey shall liavo power to moke contmcls, 
transfer property, nod proTiile for a definite sum of mooej for iuHamnce therein, 
OT issue Dash policies in lien of b^ng aaaesaed. Tbpy aball andit ull claimB of tho 
AsBocintion not otherwise provided for; determine the rates and time of insnt- 
tince, amonat of mont^ to be deposiUid, and li; virtue of their olGce sball become 

RgCDtB of the ABHOCIFitlOn. 

See. 3. The President Bhall sign nil polioies, inspect the books and acoonnta 
of the AxBOciiition, nud appoint officers pro km to fill vocancicB ocoatdoned fyf 
denth, removal or reaignrttion of ofScors; preside si all meetings when preaenl, 
aud perform sach other duties as may seem connected with Lis office, and re- 
quired by the By-Laws. He shall attend to the eommencement and prosecntion 
.» «ri -«.u „. — ..*„„„ i^ which the AsHociation, or nuv of its officers, as sneh, may 



of alt Bt 



r shuU be interested, and i 



like E 



r defend against all such s 



Sec. 3. The Ticc-Freitideat shall act at [be exclusion of the President, when- 
ever the Preaident sholi bo absent, nnable. or neglect from any ennse whatever, 
to perform the daties required of him. M'hcn the President and Vtce-rreMdent 
ore absent from a meeting, the memberB muy elect a Preaiilent pro lemptirt. 

Sec. i. Tho Keoretory or Deputy ahall koep a record of the proeeedmgB of all 
tnectingR, and keep all necessary books and accounts, file and preserve all papers, 
dooiimentsandinstnuuentarcqmrodloliekcpt inhis office. Ho shall issue poli- 
cies for the insurance of thoproperty mentioned in theCharler, nndhe may euieel 
policiea ut any time for Ihe non-tulHllmcnt of the requirements of this Assoeift- 
tion, audit all I'-lnims on the part of the holder or holders thereof, and aodit alt 
claims prnsontnd agoinst tho Association for piiyment, nnd generally ' " " 

business of tho Association in tho abuciico of the Board of DireutorH, 
dntent with the By-LawR, and make nil asKt'RGm<'nt(i against the perxonK insQMd. 
and draw oU orders on tho banks for monoy for lories and eiipcnses of the Associ- 
ation, in nccordo/iee veilb the Ity-LawH; uud be may appoint agents to isc^tb 
applications fur iivntancc, and shall inako a report annually. 

Sec. 6. It shaL be the duly of tho Tri.'asiirer to keep all moneys coming iitto 
bis hands, subject to Ihe ordtr of the Eecietarj', for actual losses and erpensea 
of the Association. Be shall give bonds, with sufficient sureties, to an amount 
satisfactory to the Directors; and be ehall moke a report in writing at any time 
when required by the Board of Directors. 

Any offioet majr be removed (or neglect of duty, maUea«ance, or misfeasance in 
office, by a majority vote of Ihe DirectorB. 

Fswa UUD AMnsxiRTH,— All persons insuring shall pay a fee of $5 UO, which 
Inclndea the issuance of the first policy for five years; and Ihoreafler all policiea 
issued or renewed shall be subject to. aud pay $1 25 in C. S. tiold Coin. 

And shall be ratably assesHed, aud tire hereby bound to pay all Ibelr p 
of nil loBBos and expenses happening lo and accrtiing in or to snid AMOOiuiaoiii. 

WiTODiuwAi.. — Any peisou may withdraw at any time, by paying her, his o_ 
thilr proportion of indebtedness to the Assorintion. op to Ihe lime of tlkcdr A 
withdrawal and surrender oE poUcy. when any balance due such person viQbo I 
rcfnnded. 

Deposit MoNir, — Section 1, Each person insuring in this Association d . 

make a deposit of two per cent, on the amount for which his, her or Iheir property i 
in insared. for Ihe purpose of meotiug asscssmenU tor losses nnd ei])ensM of (ko I 
Association, aud the money so received shall bo deposited with the Oran^ere'. ' 
Bunk of Culifomia, and a. Cortificate of Deposit issued lo the depostor for tlia i 
amount; Ihe money so deposited to draw interest aa may be agreed apoti br I 
the Directors with the Bank. And when tli<^ •l-'positn in tho i^niil r..iuk ■ball j 
iimoant to over fitly thousand doUara, (' 
TrHasnrer and Directors ebaU have ]: 
I'li-ess of fifty thousand doUai 
bauka in other ports of th* B 

Bcboolnr county, or to *■'" 

.prudent, and for the b 



U ba good on stUd iiot«, i 



■ (or tbr- dopoait-moiioy, tlui n 
"ll? atuU not kavd been coaoiUdi < 



BY-LAWS OF KSCTLUiCE ASSOCIATION. 



note and it 

Sea. 3. It. at tbe expiration of a policj', there is depoHit-monej on hnnil it 
will be refunded, by Kivmg Ibiiiy duyn' uotiuti, and alao forwarding the certi&cnls 
Aldtpoat and Ihopoiicv; and if it sbail ever Eo happen (bat tho deposiC-mouey 
of any pecsoa insured ahoQld be inaufflcient to pay the proportion of losses nnd 
silieosea t.I the Association for the time insored, the Secretary HhuU notify Boi'h 
I«i«ou, and he. she or they, con wilbdrsw, or deposit such an nmoniit of monvy 
aa the ihiard of Directors muy deem sufBciant to pay the proportion of loBsea nnd 
•irviiHeN for Iho onexpired term of the insuraufu. 

lKatiBASCE-~&ectioa I. Property of those ioauring may be removed at the 
pleoauru of the onner, to any other locality wbtre eiicb property cun be insan.-il, 
if nut more hazardous; the party must notify the Seeretary of the removal, with 
a deacripLion of the new locality, and pay a fee of one dollar and tnenly-five 

See. 2. Insnrance in this Asaoc 
poUnea, and alterations in poliuit 

Si'C. 3. Any person insured in this Aasoeintion may have the policy canceled 
at any time, on making application to the i^eetelary, and letnming the paliey and 
certjltcate of deposit; and la ninety days the money deposited, leas the amount 
of oiweHHnitntB and proportion of exjfienHeH, will bo refunded: and the Secretary 
IB authorized to cancel any policy vrtienevcr ho deems oilviaable, alter the Policy 
Note given becomes due, unless said note ehall be renewed or paid within thirty 
doya; Mid for non-con lorm once nith the rules nnd regulations of the Association. 

:4ec. i. The inaucanco shall ocaso upon the sale of the property insured, bat 
the insnter idiall bo bolden fur all asBesaments, until the policies ahall ba legally 
wUbdrftWD and canceled. 

Sec. Q. It DsbcK ate kept in a wooden box, onsic or vessel of any kind of 
wood, in any buildiiiga iuKurt'd, lUnt will ondnnger the Miinio. or when out of 
doors, il not dr[>uRiled twenty f(?et from ImJl dingus, llie Atiiiociiition will not bo 
responsible for any liiss vesuliiii-,' theri'trom. No stove piiir iimsi iiriiii> iii ,irer 
than tour inch i'5i of wood or nihi r oombUBtibla matorinl, imli -s ir.)[i-ii.Ll Ivn 
tunnel. Kerosene or tluid Inmim uuist never bo llllod wbilu biuuiu.;. Mii..'.,iii;;, 
or ploying with mtitch'-«, or ciurjm'^ oiieoorliglited lamps or iiiiia!..-! iii..i nlniiil 
bun, or other ploces liable to take fire, nro proLibited. Wuodcu lii-.-biiorda 
must bo lined with einc. sheet-iron, or tin, when a stovepive enters the chimney. 

Tina ABsocialion will not bo responsible for any loss occarriug by or through 
the neglect of anjr portion of this section. 

Sec. S. Altering or improving any buiMing does not affect the poliey, pro- 
vided these Sy-LawB are nut violated, nor the risk iucreuHed by suoh alteration 
or improveuient. 

J^c. 7. Any pereon found giiil^ of fraud or false swearing, in any manner 
fctioK the risk, will thereby forfeit his insurance. 

Reo. tf. Upon the death of any person insured, tbeinsurance wiUeontinne good 
to Uie heirs or legal representatiTes. 

Sec. D. Any person injured wishing to insure the same property in another 
Maoolation. must notify the Secretary and obtain consent. 

Sao, II). If the buildings insured shall at any time be used for the purpose ot 
Mlrying on or exercising therein any trade, buainesn or vocation denominated by 
inmmmce companies as hazardous, or extra hazardous, the insurance shall ba 
null and void. 

8eo. II. Whenever any person having iasnranee in this company, shall mort' 
guo the property insured, the policy aliall thereby terminate nnd become void, 
xaufa upon written application to the Secretary ha waive the said forfeiture, and 
gi?« ■ written certificate of such waiter. 

B«D. 13, Tbis Association shall pay no more than five hundred dollars on any 
nw KBilUol. 

8«c. 13. If any person sboll allow any insured building to become vacated or 
tiitMn»t,ied for n p.-riud tn exceed thirty days, withont the consent of the Secre- 
iii'h building aud ita contents shall be null and void, until 

shall make a true statement of 



pigiso^Lhin rjccupied. 
T^TTlj pt-r-oo apply iufi fi 

inuULub ranee, if any. both real and persouid. 



I>BOaREBS OF THE ORDER. 



CHAPTEE SV. 

THE BECONB ANNUAL MEETISG. 
[ Attkk»*k(3b — WoHTHT MiBtEB HiMttTox's Alwinraa— A Obanqr Tu- 

SKBAI. — FESJTTAL OF I'OMONA— ImPOHTANT ItKailLCTIONS — ASSTaACT (IT KEPOUT 

try SiiTE Aoe^t: Or thi Eibcctitb CoMiYtTrEB: Op ths TaKiscTBEit: Or 
TflK LicnntRit: Or the MiNAaKa of Daibi Pbodccc Drpastmskt: Op 
CuimlTTEi OS THE Aquioitltuiiai. Coij.p:aE [IF THE State UKTrKHarrr: Or 
THV Committer on IimioAxtoN: Op tbk Committee oh Edocation akd 
ZiASon: Of tbe Coumitikk ojt tbr Oooq of thih OtioEn. 

The State Graoge of C»lifornin convened for ita second an- 
nual session in Stockton on the Gtli of October, 1874, and was 
opened by Worthy Master Hamilton, in the usual foim; eighty 
Mastdra, seven Past Masters, and twenty-seven Matrons were 
present, and others were added from day to day, as the meeting 
progressed. 

Not only was the time during three daily sessions crowded 
with work, but a daily meeting of the Fruit Growers was held, 
to dispose of questions afiecting their interests alone. All 
Fourth Degree members were cordially invited to attend tbe 
suasion iu that degree. The largest hall in Stockton, beautifully 
decorated with appropriate emblems of tbe plenteous harvest, 
waa prepared for the occasion, to which the services of an ex- 
cellent choir gave an additional charm. 

From the instructive address of tbe Worthy Master, we 
gather the following report of progress and specific recom- 
mendations : 

One year ago we numbered one hundred and tour Granges, with 
U membership of three thousand one hundred and sixty-eight. To- 
day Wf report two hundred and thirty-one Granpes, with a member- 
sbip of eigblpen thousand five hundred, to which may be added a 
laoiabership of two hundi'ed in the State of Nevada, at present under 
our juriiHliction. 

Qur Oi-Jcr h(i= b';f n progressing. It has made a steady and vigor- 
PU-. . '■ '■■ 'Ui?r and Htrength have been appreciated. Our 

1m( - i^ hiive been so conducted that w© have derived 

fp. iri, but they have not been as effective as they 

uli.H. ! liin is froro i\ variety of causes, among which 

. - ■■ wliich seems to prevail in re- 

tiier and to the Order. Our 
111 intended for co-operativo 
I ' u.ui upon some other to make 



174 SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 

it effective. These parts, taken singly, are but weak and imperfect; 
but wLen all are combined, they make a naachine of wondrous power 
and utility. When we l>ecome Patrons, we agree to relinijuish many 
individual rights we previously enjoyed, and bind ouraelves to co- 
operate for certain puriioses. These purpoaea are plainly prescribed, 
and, to a great extent, the mode of accomplishing them is pointed 
out. No Patron, no Grange, no Council^ — under the arrangement 
of our organic law — bos any right to adopt any plan for busiuesa 
purposes, without first ascertaining whetlier auch plan is iu accord 
with the general good of the Order. No one can be allowed to carry 
out selfish views, and devise a system which, although advantageous 
to themselves, may be injurious to other members or other parts of 
the Order. Our strength lies in our united action, and in order to 
cttiiy out our objects there must be no jarring, no clash, no discord; 
but all must work smoothly together, each must perform the duty 
assigned to it. 

The general objects we have in view are so plain we need not 
err therein, but, hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder, we should 
keep etep in our onward march, and be true to ourselves and to eocli 
other. In order to accompUsh this, it is absolutely necessary that 
we must not only be united in our efforts, but we must adhere to 
plans formed by those we have placed in position for that pur[K>Be. 
If there are any who cannot do ao, they are out of place. They mav 
be with na, but they are not of us; their presence, their voices, their 
acts, are elements of weakness instead of strength, and we should 
avail ouraelves of the ample means which have been provided by our 
laws to remove such from among us. 

A due regard ja not always obser\-ed to our obligation to keep 
secret tlie work of our Order; our business arrangements are often 
divulged without any intention of wrong doing, Patrons give some 
friend, or perhapa some member of their family, information as to 
some of the advantages we derive from our connection with the 
Order. This is wrong. Each one should always remember that they 
are pledged to strict secrecy in regard to all information of every 
kind they receive in the Grange. 

No one has any right to divulge to an outsider what occurs within 
our gotes — not a word spoken or an act taken of any kind. The 
business arrangements confided to us are not our own. They be- 
long to others, and we have no right, either morally or legally, to 
use the property of others in such a way that the owners thereof may 
be injured by our act. 

The Grangers' Bank is an institution growing out of our necessdties. 
"Without it we are destitute of an important auxiliary to carry out 
the plans and purposes we have in contemplation in regard to stor- 
ing, shipping, and selling grain in the home and foreign markets, in 
the arrangements contemplated for the future, for procuring direct 
from manufacturers, on the most favorable terms, such articles as 
were needed by Patrons. With it, we have financial facilities 
afforded by which we can be assisted in the operation of om- agencies, 
be aided in carrying our crops, and obtaining such money accom- 
modations as from time to time ore almost indispensable, without, 
having to pay exorbitant rates of interest. Although a difference of 



THE BANK AND INSril.\SCE COMPASJ. 175 

opinion did exist aiuonn; Patrons at the inoejition of tlie enterprise, 
as to Uie expediency of ftttemptinpf to cnrty it through nt the time, 
and the pro^^pect of its final success, the hank is now an estahhshed 
fact. It hsis been iu operation nearly three months, and the amount 
of business done through it, and the superior facilities it affords for 
the tranj^cUou of our busiDesa, are so apparent, that these differences 
have become almost enttrely removed. 

Patrons are now etockholdera, I heUeve; fully double the number 
of shareholders in nny other bank in California, and these are from 
even' part of our State. By far the largest number of certificates 
are for ft few shares of stock. Thus the responsibility for its proper 
manogeiDeiit, and the benefit to be derived from it, are shared by so 
niftuv members of our Order, that it Js in reality, as well aa name, 
the Orau<;ors' Bank of California. 

From the opportunity a£foriled me for observation, I am able to 
aay that all the business transactions and all the financial an'ange- 
ments are carried on in such a safe and conservative manner, that, 
as long as the present policy is pursued, I cannot see how any dia- 
ast«r can overtake it, or any injury arise from it, The interests of 
the stockholders are so well guarded, and their control And man- 
agement of it so directly in their own hands, that nothing but gross 
neglect on the port of the friends of the Bank will ever allow any 
advantage to be taken of it, or a loss sustained by those investing 
money iu it. Over 1,300 Patrons ore now stockholders in the Bank, 
kavtiig 10,802 shares. This, I believe, is more than double the 
number of stockholders in any other bank in California, and they 
are from eveiy part of the State. Thus the impossibility of its im- 
proper management, 

The Omngera' Insurance Company meets a great want among the 
agriculturists of this State; and Patrons, instead of having to depend 
upon others to assist them iu repairing losses, which from time to 
time are sustained from fire, have a friend of their own, bred and 
bom iu the Order, managed and controlled by themselves, of but ft 
abort existence, still fast assuming vast proportions; and from the 
rapidity with which Patrons are availing themselves of the security 
it aflbrds them against losses, its popularity is becoming more and 
mors manifest, and confidence in it is becoming stronger every day. 
Its policies embrace all the most improved features adopted by other 
fire associations; the care exercised in taking only what are termed 
by all underwriters first-class risks; the low rates of premium re- 
quired — ^all recommend it strongly to the patronage of our Order, 
and all should unite in availing themselves of the benefits to be de- 
rived. 

And now. Patrons, let me again remind you, we have our task he- 
foro ns, and all our ability will be taxed to devise plans to accom- 
pUeh it; all our energies will be required to carry it into effect. If 
WB are but true to ourselves and the cause we have espoused, by the 
light of the new era wliich has dawned, wo will secure better and 
brigliterdays for the tillers of the soil than they have ever enjoyed. 
lYtt will establish a test of true manhood, and make honor, honesty, 
and capacity the crucible in which to try men's fitness tor place and 
power. When this is done, we will realize the benefits w© have 



176 BECOKD A&'SUAL UEEIiyO. ^^H 

Stiuglit for, and then, but not until then, can we sit under out unn , 
vineH uud fig-treea without tuuletjtatioti, and enjoy the fruits of oni 

labors. I 

The death of Sister Stephens, one of the charter members 
of the Stockton Grange, huving occurred dtiriug this sesBion, 
tile Htiite Orange adjourticcl for the purjioae of attondiug her 
funeral, and with the solemn and impressive service of the Or- 
Jur, the remains of the deceased bihter were uuuiiuiiwd to the 
grave. 

On the evening of tho third day, the hnll having been duly 
prepared, the Fifth Degree was conferred upon one hundred and 
four Masters and thirty-six Matrons; when the festival of Po- 
mona was celebrated by two hundred of her votaries. The ' 
creed of the Patron requires that the social features of the 
Order be ever held iia of the highest importance. ' 

A great number of resolutions wei'e presented and discussed 
daring the session, which illustrated the b(>uefiLs of the Grange 
ill calling attention to defects iu legislation, and the bearings 
of other pursuits and interests upon agriculture. Among the 
more important resolutions adopted were the following: 

Whorcas, The State Grange of California believes that confemm 
ftUtl couHultalion with tmna^iortatioQ companies is preferable to leg- 
islation, when it can nccomplish the same. Therefore, 1 

RoBolved, That our Eseoutive Committee be requested to oonfn 
with the Directoi-B of the Central Pacific Railroad Companj, uul 
soo if thoy cannot secure from them such reductions on freigbts uud 
fares as may seem desirable and just; also, that they citnfer with 
other transportation companies of our coast for ■"T'Wr redaetaoBs. 

liesolvcd, That in view of the great ecarcity of dou«atie help in 
tliis State, it shall lie the duty of the Executive Committee to take 
immvdiate steps to perfect such arrangements with the Onler in tlie 
Atlantic States, as will enable us to import female itttp xaAa &e 
autipices of the Order. 

Itesolved, llial the attendon of the fumeis of this £ 
Ite directed to the culture of cotton as one of the b , 
prmluciug that diversity of products so neecwouy to < 
«{:ricultural wealth. 

Resolved, That as soon as the Secntair of the S 

notifie«l of the ratitii-atlua of the axDeadmeDta to tke C 

the National Grange by the proper authority, the J^amtne Cai_ 
mittee of the Stat« Orange are hereby aatbonttii h> cntebfiA nS*" I 
lAttOBB for the OT;gHaixation of County or Dtslnet flrin^iw ' 

Beaotietl, That the " • - ■ - 
immediatriy mature a 




a corporate 
o«r Order. 



body. I 



heport of the state agent. 177 

The various oflScial reports furnished gratifying proof of the 
earnestiiets anil economy with whiuh the ivoik of the Order had 
beeu proaocuted, Thej are ueceasarilj presented here in a 
greatly abridged form. First in importance waa the report of 
the State Agent, Bro. I. G. Gardner, as follows: 

When tJio ofBce was first opened, it had to contend with men 
brought up ntid trained in mercantile pui'suitu, who looked upuu 
our tiioveinenta with Busptcion, well knowing that, should we ]ire- 
BtTvc harmony amongst ourselvea, great innovatiouB would uecea- 
saiily be made. I have spared neither time nor patience in the en- 
deavor to place the office in a position that would compel the respect 
of its enemies, and protect, to the fulleet extent, the interests of our 
Order. 

The amount of money saved to purchasers, during the short period 
of my agency, has reached the sum of $15,000, while the espenso 
of the same, including salary of agent, clerk-hire, etc., has heeu 
?411 66, over and above its earnings, which are derived from com- 
niiiiHuu alone, at one half the rate charged br commission houses. 
Duiing the greater poition of the time Bro. feellogg was in the of- 
fice, no commissions were charged. The bnainesa of the agency is 
increasing, and more confidence appears to exist in its operations aa 
experience is ocquirod. 

The direct savings upon actual purchases, through the agency, are 
insignificant, comijored with the indirect inUuenco such purchases 
have hod on the general market throughout the State. 

As tbo accompauj-ing statement shows the amount of business in 
tbo matter of purchase done by the agency, the general etlect of its 
inHnonco has produced the folloiving results. Last year, when 
there were short ci'ops, and a large Bur{>lus of agricultural imple- 
ments, the maximum tbscount tiiat could be obtained on such im- 
plements, for cash, was five per cent.; and oven thin conceasion wria 
tuadfi only to those whose experience taught them that a discount 
^■as due. In many cases, three per cent, was the greatest amount 
allowed. 

This year, with an abundant harvest, causing a demand beyond 
the supply of agricultural implements, through the operations of 
this agency a discount of fifteen per cent., for cash, on the large 
purchases of implements by aaid agency, has been allowed. I 
eftimnto the reduction on groceries and general merchandise, by 
the efforts of this agency, to be five per cent, on ?4,000,000^a clear 
earing to the Patrons of $200,000, over and above the present prices 
paid by those who do not and cannot belong to our organization. 

On sucks, we have caused a reduction of one cent each, aside from 
the HtiU greater reduction caused by the large importation thereof 
by E. E. Morgan's Sons, as per agreement with our Granges. The 
consumption of sacks this year has been 15,000,000, on which a clear 
Baring has been made of one ppr cent., or ?150,000 more. 

Through the operations of E. E. Morgan's Sons, and the various 
other means made use of by the Executive Committee, we are en- 
abled to give the following figures as the result of our operations 
for th« first year: 



178 



SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 



Amount saved on sacks, |450,000; amount saved on toQuafrc, $S 
per ton, $3,000,000; amount eoved <m agricultural impt^'meuts, $1G0, 
000; amount saved on groceries and general mercliaudiae, t200,(i00; 
aniouut saved on our own grain last year, loc i>er cental, 9,000,000 
centalu, ?1,350,000. Total, $o,lGO,000. 

The Treasurer, W. A. Fisher, reported; 

Receipts to June 30, 1874 $8,84G U 

For dues and contingent fund contribution. . .$7,698 14 
CommiBsious from agency 1,248 00 

$8,846 14 

Diabureed upon drafts to September 17, 18T4,.$C.,891 CO 

Cash on hand in bank 1,954 G4 

$S,84G U 

Beport of Executive Committee: 

The efforts put forth by them, were first directed toward onrry- 
ing out your instructions with reference to legislative matters placed 
in their hands, viz: Irrigation, Public School Lands and the State 
University, the committees of which will make detailed reporte. 

The nest, establishing an agency for the sale of Dairy Produce, 
the report of which will bo presented under its proper bead. 

Then came the all abeorbiug and most vital of butdness matters 
for their consideration, that of providing sacks and tonnage for tlia 
coming season and this present crop. Their efforts in this direclloa 
have been made manifest by the circulars which have been sent to 
evei-y Grange in the State, urging upon the members of the Order 
everywhere, to take such steps as the Committee believed to be 
necessary in order to carrj' out the principles of business for which 
we have combined; also in sending those who were informed upon 
the subjects, to visit and espiain, so that all might understand in 
relation thereto, and understanding, all could work in haimony and 
unison toward solving the gj-eat and difficult problem of the " capa* 
hility of the farmer to transact business for himself." 

Then the momentous question of a financial institution forced it- 
self upon them for consideration. The popular feeling and dis- 
position seeming ripe, and the time propitious for its estabhshmeut, 
a convention was called, and the results are before you; although 
not under the control of the Eseculive Committee, or the Stale 
Grange, still inaugurated by them for the good of the membere of 
the Order. 

And, finally, they were called upon to consider the propriety of 
sanctioning another proposition, pregnant with good to the membera 
of the Order and the farmers of the State; one that will save to them 
hundreds of thousands, aye, milhons of dollars per annum, keeping 
in our own hands, instead of flowing into the coffers of tfaoso who 
have become millionaires from the hard earned dollars of the tillers 
of the soil, and whose affection for us is measured liy the amount 
they can comjiel us to contribute to the stream flowing to their ocean 
of wealth. That proposition was the " California Fanners' Mutual 
Fire Insurance Association," like the bank, not under their control. 



E5PEN-SE8 OF ILVNiGEMENT. 179 

biit sanctionod and reoomnieutled by tliem for the good of the mem- 
liurs of the Order, and farmera general!)-. 

Tbe uotua! ctuth expenses paid for railroad fare and hotel bills 
during the past jear by the Executive Committee, is as follows : 

Individual expenses; J. M. Hamilton, 8278 05; I. G. Gaiilner, 
$155 60; J. C. Menyiield, fl76 50. J. M. Mayfield (Old Commit- 
tee), $43 25; G. W. Colby, $320; H, B. Jolley, ¥224 50; N. L, 
Allen (Old Committee), $84; W. M. Thorpe (Old Committee), $28; 
A. B. Nalley, $1(J3 25; W. H. Baxter, Secretary, »135. Total 
$I.C68 G5. Printing bills, $34 60; printing, $337 51; Mftsters' n.tr- 
tondance at N. G., IGOO; Masters" printing, $10 75; Lecturers, 
$171 60; Treasurer, $79 50; office of Secretary, $207 77; express 
climbs on sundries, $53 CO; State Grange agency, 2,318 85; salary 
of Seeretary, 13 months, $1,300. Total $5,081 03. Total esxieiiaea 
as per account, $(),724 IS, 

The Lecturer, J, W. A. "Wright, reported: 

The first two weeks after our adjournment at San Jos^, October 
lOlh, 1873, were spent chiefly in work connected with the investiga- 
tion and Memorial concerning the Agricultural and Mechanic Arts 
College of the State L'niversity, as will appear in the report of the 
University Committee. Eden Grange, Alameda County, was also 
organized October 25th, at Haywards, by request of the "Worthy 
Deputy of Alameda County, Bro, Dewey; Oristimba, November 
4lh, and Cottonwood, November lOtb. From December Oth to 
3Jst, inclusive, my entire time was devoted to organizing Granges 
in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties. During this time I traveled 
epvcQ hundred and fifty miles, and had tbe satisfaction of leaving 
fourteen good Granges in counties where our work had not been 
previously carried. The first twenty days of the new year were oc- 
cupied almost exclusively in installations, chiefly by invitation, in 
Turlock, Bustic, Tuba City, Coluaa, Meridian, Woodville, Napa, and 
Stj Helena Granges. Two days of tliia time were also spent at Sncro- 
mcnto, in conference with the Worthy Master and Executive Com- 
mittee, and members of the Senate and Assembly, to determine the 
best mode of proceeiliug with oui- Memorial ou the University. 

The following week was spent in mating preparations to attend 
the meeting of the National Grange at St. Louis. As you are 
aware. Past Masters of State Granges are members of tbe National 
Grange, but no provision is made by that body to pay their ex- 
penses in attending its sessions, as they are only honoraiy members. 
Vet by tbe voluntarj- contributions of some of onr follow Patrons 
for the purpose, chiefly Jn Napa and St. Helena Granges, as they 
wished me to attend that meeting as your Past Master, and by the 
generous fees allowed by the Granges whose officers I installed, I 
was onabled to accompany our Worthy Master iu that over memora- 
ble nession. 

The nest two months were spent in Alabama and Mississippi with 
my friends and family. I had thus an opportunity to confer with 
our eouthem brethren about the mutual interests of our Order, and 
it is most gratifying to be able to testify to the fact, that nowhere 



180 8EC0SD AXAXAL JIEETISG. 

do you find more devotiou to the principles of the Pati-ons of Hus- 
iMindiy tban among our southern brothers and swtera, and Uieir 
name fa legion. They hail with joy tho ghtd tidings from all jmrts 
of our land, that reform and harmony are fast beconjiug the watch- 
words of our people. None believe more strongly than they do the 
great truth, based upon the pure jirinciples of the Grange, that " ill 
our Union is our etreugth." They rejoice that the time lias come, 
when in the work of the Grange, by the aid of its many outeidfi 
friends, we find prouiise of an educator, a harmonizer, and a peace- 
maker, which, if UHed in good faith and with pi-udent action, can 
erentually he the salvation of our couutiy. Let each of us at all 
times, fellow Patrons, so act as to lend whatever influence we may 
have to secure that great resnit ko devoutly to be wished. 

To sum up my efforts for the year, aa it has resulted, allow me to 
wport that since our last seasion, 1 have traveled over three thou- 
Band milee in our own State, aome six thousand miles in attending 
the National Grange; have visited tweuty-seven out of thirty-eight 
counties iu California whei'e Granges exist; have organized thirty- 
one Granges in addition to the nine organized while Maater of the 
State Grange; have visited twenty-five Granges already organized, 
and there mot members of more than one hundred neighboring 
Granges; have delivered seventy-eight addresses, of which some 
fifty were public; have rehearsed our unwritten work some eighly 
times in Granges, and hundreds of times in private; Lave written 
hundreds of letters, and devoted iu nil some two hundred days of 
my time to tho interests of the Grange. These labors of the year 
have beem a small tax upon the treasury of the State Grange, fi-om 
which I have drawu less than one hundred and twenty dollars for 
my services; in addition to feea for organizing and iustalling, this 
haa met my expenses and left me a amall aurplus. The duties i if 
the office have beeu jjerformed in the midat of many private disap- 
pointments, struggles and trials iu the management of my owu farm 
and business. 

Beporli of John H. Hegeler, Manager of the Dairy Produce 
Department : 

In representing to the Executive Committee of the California State 
Grange this report, I give the figures, suggestions, etc., eo each may 
(U-aw their own conclusions. 

The house was opened iuformnlly for business on the first of Jbdu- 
B,TV, 1874, during which month the wiles amounted to $432 03; in 
February, ta $3,423 48; in Marth. to $8,039 73; in April, to (tft,- 
742 16; in May, to «10,033 94; iu June, to J10,209 88. In July. - 
dropped to ¥8^533 21; in Aufrust.Sll.lli" 02; and in the last month. 
September, it ran up to $13,877 94, innking a total fur the fit^t iiine ' 
months of $74,400 3G. The total uuiid>er of shippers on tho IxH.kt ' 
is 301; the total commianious. $2,481 12; tbo total exp<?liite areiiont I 
amounts to $'2,570 SG, of which nearly |1,000 is ftir ruils otul M.10 1 
for store fixtures. 

Charged to loss and gain, fur l" 
in the course of business, 91,£" 
so tiur, of$l,311 28. 



MARKET IX PHTL-^DELPHIA. 181 

"While I do uot osjiect that the business ^-iU clear itaelf by the end 
of the .rear, yet I hope and beheve, from t.be manuer in which it iii- 
ureoaeB, that it will be mure tbaa Bclf-su staining; in another Benson. 
Evtrythuig' eeems to bid fair for the Grungei'B tu do the great busi- 
ness in this line in the future. In faut this is iiow very generally 
admitted, even by those who, not many mouths ago, Btigmatizcnl us 
09 not understanding tbe busineBs, and that of necessity we would 
freeze out, as we had "neither credit nor capital." 

To show how near freezing out we came, I will state that during 
the month of September there were received in San h'raucisco, from 
nil sources, some eighty-three thousand jwuiids. Of this amount, 
there were received by us, nineteen thousand eight hundred and 
twelve pounds, or nearly one fourth of the whole amount; and when 
we come to know that there are forty-eight firms engaged in selling 
dairy produce at wholesale, wo know that wo are not going to die 
out yet awhile. 

The matter of dried fruits deserves more than a passing notice. 
Tlie fact that California-grown fruits are among the finest, at once 
gives us a prominent position among the frait-growera of the world. 
But the mere matter of prominent position is uot all we want — we 
must have a proper renumeratiou for our investment and our labor. 
As green fruits are so common and cheap in this State, wo are com- 
pelled to look abroad for u market, and since the establishment of 
the various drying machines and apparatuses, this is now not so dif- 
ficult as before. With this end in view, I have made permanent ar- 
rangements with the house of Miles, Carson & Co., in Philadelphia, 
who are probably the heaviest deiders iu this commodity in the 
Ignited States, to handle and sell for our house dried fi-uita, honey, 
and butter. I have every reason to believe the business will succeed. 

In speaking of the business done, I speak usually of butter, as 
that is my principal business; yet there is much done iu other com- 
modities. Very nearly all the cheese of the Petaluma factorj- has 
found a market through the Grange agency, besides much dairy 
cheese; also eggs, poultry, potatoes, honey, and dried fruits. The 
matter of potatoes is an important interest, and requires more atten- 
tion than it now receives. Dut when it conies to be considered more 
thoroughly, you will find it a veiy difficult thing to manage. For 
the special benefit of the potato-growers, I have employed the ser- 
vices of Wm. H. Alexander, who is also a Patron, and member of 
Tomales Orange, and who has had several years of experience in 
selling potatoes. 

As to honey, it must find a market out of this State, to be profit- 
able to the farmer. 

Now, let us look at the practical results of our enterprise, Therearo 
now made in California, as near as can be approximated, about nine 
million nine hundred and twenty thousand six hundred and twenty- 
eight pounds of butter, besides cheese. Of this, about seven milhon 
nine hundred and thirty-six thousand pounds finds a market through- 
out the State. In looking over my account sales for the butler sold 
in 1872, which was an average year as to price, I find the average 
price per pound, for the first nine months, to be twenty-five and one- 
eighth cents, while this year, for the same dairy, during the same 



182 SECOND ANNUAL MEETINO. 

time, I find the price to have been thirty-three and one sixth cents per 
pound, a difference of eight and one twenty-fourth cents per pound, 
or a clear gain of six hundred and thirty-eight thousand two hundred 
and thirty-three dollars to the dairy interests of the State. This dif- 
ference is, to a very great extent, traceable to the existence of the 
Grange store in San Francisco, for several reasons : one being that, 
to a very great extent, it prevents combinations against farmers to 
break the market. On the contrary, it has a tendency to create a 
sharp competition between the various dealers to get the highest 
possible price for their products. 

One of the greatest wants of the dairy farmers is a bank, that will 
supply them with means for prosecuting their business, and, at the 
same time, leave them free to sell their products as best they can. 
The manner in which this borrowing business is done in California 
is such that the commission merchants virtually own or control the 
entire products of the State by the advances they have made. 

Banking and money loaning are no part of a legitimate commis- 
sion business, and the man who goes to a merchant to borrow 
money on the article he is to sell, places himself at the mercy of. 
that merchant. Moreover, every commission merchant is the agent 
of the farmer for whom he sells, and anv business that is con- 
ducted in such a manner as to make a farmer's agent a speculator 
in his products must breed corruption. 

Now, the proofs and illustrations. It has been the practice, since 
the building of the railroad across the continent, of our largest dairy 
produce commission houses, to send car-loads of butter East each 
season, about February, March, or Ai^ril, as the openness of our 
winters enables us to make butter here much earlier than in the 
East. It always so happens that the butter market hero * * breaks 
up " just about the time our merchants get ready to ship East, and 
the price suddenly drops from forty or fifty cents per pound to 
twenty-five or thirty. And why not ? The agent of the dairymen — 
the commission man — buys this butter, buys it of whom ? Of the 
dairyman ? No, he buys it of himself, to ship on a speculation of 
his own. This agent, then, fixes the price on the very article ho 
buys. It is simply this: Hegeler, a commission merchant, sells to 
Hegeler, a speculator, ten tons of butter, and Hegeler, the merchant, 
fixes the price to Hegeler, the speculator. If any one thinks the 
daily men profit by this kind of an arrangement, they see things in 
a different light from myself. 

During the spring and summer much butter is packed, by both 
farmers and speculating commission merchants, who pack much of 
the butter consigned to them, and the process just explained of 
buying of themselves is here repeated. If the product is supposed 
to be short, every pound possible is bought, and prices are pur- 
posely held down till all is secured, which being done, the prices 
are at once put up. Yet, the dairj^man is in no wise i^rofited by this 
rise, as he has probably sold the products of his toil, while the 
profits of all this, the farmers' hard toiling, goes into the hands of 
middle-men speculators. 

But you say it is not necessary always for the farmer to sell while 
T)rice8 are low — he, too, can hold on for the usual rise in price. 



iWS, MUST ALSO REAP. 



183 



Terr well, suppose I am a commisHion merchant, I buy all I can, 
say I buy two thmla of the yield, that is of the surplus, the remam- 
iiifj one third is held by the farmer; the fact becomes known to me. 
I am aware there is a surplus iu the couutry. Tbeu what do I do ? 
I offer only my own butter for sale, while that wbieh I h^ild in trust 
(or the farmer, on consignment, I l:eep in the background, and do 
not offer for sale- I dispose of mine at a fair figure, au<l when I 
have sold all I have of my owu, I then offer yours. Bat the butter 
inarket having been supplied, yours will form the suriilua — fho re- 
sult must be as it was last year — a tumble in the prices. The one 
is sold at a good figure, while the other must suffer his to be slaugh- 
t«red; as we are all human, and Helf-preservation being the first law 
of nature, it is hardly necessary to say that the party slaughtered is 
th9 farmer. It has been my study to look up the evils of this sys- 
tem of trade. They are necessarily evils of a system — perhaps there 
ia no one who, under the some circumstances, would not take ad~ 
vantage of these business opiwrtunities; and, llierefore, we should 
not attack the persona engaged in it half so much as we should at- 
tack the system itself. 

The remedy for all this is simple enough. It lies alone within 
ourselves — within the Grange, I mean. To this body, and to this 
body alone, will devolve this duty of transfonuing this great evil 
into a better and healthier mode of busineaa. It lies simply in this: 
the farmer must become his own business man; he must be bis owu 
business manager; he must be his own salesman; ho must, not only 
sow, but ho must reap; and he must not, cease to garner hia prod- 
ucts till ho is done, and he is not done when he places his golden 
grain in liia bam, but he shall havo done when ho has reaped the 
reward of his toil by a proper remuuemfion and exchange of his 
products for the necessaries of his life and household. No one can 
be so good an agent for the farmer as the farmer himself; or at 
lisast ho should be the creature of the farmer, and not, as is now tlie 
cose, the farmer the creature of the agent. My idea is, that the 
Stat« Grange should owu the business, and it is the duty of every 
Patrou to patronize it to the fullest estont poaaible. 

Second Annual Eeport of Brothers Jollej, Stiles ami Wright, 
Committoo on Irrigation: 

While the past year has been one of unexampled proqierity in 
most parts of the State, it has also demonstrated the absolute neces- 
Kty of the immediate adoption of some system of irrigation, which 
iriU enable buudreda of tiie small farmei's of this State to retain 
their homes, which they cannot do, unless their farms afford them 
(be means of support for their families. 

The -Sun Joacjuiu Valley, which aeeras destined to be the Garden 

iif ihi' l."iiritinent, and especially that part wust of the San Joaquui 

Riror, li/ia eufFered to an alarming extent in the last year from 

'■''— -- ""t, and we feel safe ia calculating the loss at sufScieut to con- 

'wnal from Tulare Lake to Autioch. 

fiance wMi the instructions of this State Grange, and the 

nd Itesolulions adopted by this Grange at its last session, 



184 



SECOXD AS>XAL MEETKQ. 



WO prepared and printed five hundred copies of a petition to tho 
Le^alature for an act creating a general syatem of irrigation, sotting 
forth the viewa in the aforesaid Resolutions, nnd caused the satno to 
bo distributed throughout the K tote to every Grange theu organized • 
Wo also issued a circular letter t<t each Master, asking in the uiLme 
of this State Grange hia personal influence in furtliering this enter- 
prise, by obtaining signatures to these petitions. In such localities 
as have realized, by the saddest of experience, the great need of this 
measure, the petitions were very generally signed; and we were eu- 
ablcd to present tho petition to the Legislature backed by the names 
of seTcrftl thousand [jetitioners. We regjet to Bay, that in some of 
those localities where the need of such a system is not as plainly 
felt, or where it would prove of less direct adTantaga than elsewhere, 
subordinate Granges refused to give their counteuanco and support 
to the measure, and disregarded the fact that this State Grange bad 
authorized such effort, and considered it to be of vital importance to 
the agriculturists of this State. We believe it to be the grandest 
scheme, and entirely feasible withal, over inaugurated in this State, 
and one which would, if successfully carried out, bring to us untold 
wealth, and fill our valleys with an immense population. 

In confoi-mity with the instructions of this Grange, your Commit- 
tee prepared a "bill to provide for a general syutem of irrigation 
throughout the State," which system was to liave been inaugurated 
and conducted by the State, authority vesting the rights to the water 
in the soil forever; and although imperfect, as human institutions 
always are, it would have been the initiative of one of the grandest 
enterprises yet projected for the benefit of the agriculturists of the 
State, and one than which no other is more needed at this day. As 
can be seen by reference to section 12, page i, of this bill, it was re- 
quired that the expenses on tho pai-t of the State, in carrj-ing out 
the provisions of this act, should "in no case exceed tho sum of 
thirty thomjand dollars in any one yeai'." So that the objection 
that it would have been a great expense to the State does not bold 
good. 

The deep interest felt in the success of this measure induned a 
portion of yonr Committee to spend most of their time in Sacra- 
mento, during tho time of preparing the bill and its pendency be- 
fore those august bodies, the Senate and Asaerably, Our eflforta to 
discbai^ge our trust as a Committee were ably seconded by West San 
Joaquin Grange, No. 3, which spared no expense in their power to 
secui-e the success of tho measure, sending to the aid of your Com- 
mittee it« Worthy Overseer, to whom your Committee tender their 
sincere thanks for his earnest efforts. 

Our bill was presented in the Assembly January 21st, 1874, by 
Brother Venable, of Los Angeles, and was known thei-eaftor as 
"Venable's Bill." Your Committee would take this opportunity to 
publicly return their thanks to Brother Venable for his efforts in be- 
half of this great enterprise. After thA uanul delays attendant upoik. 
all Legislation, the bill was ]msf,L>d by the Adoeinbly by a majority o^_ 
thirty. The bill wiis then iuh.jduced in tbe Senate, and lUtbiiUi;\^ 
there seemed to be little direct oppositi'*" ' '' did nol *"' ^ 

its final passage until March 21th, I*" 



HOW VEN.UJLE'8 BILL WAS DEFEATED. 185 

etallf ncctpted that Bomethinj:; sliouhl be done, and tlie die seemed 
about to 1)6 cast in our favor; but on the eve of our triumph, a new 
party appeared in the Getd. The friends of tliat giant monopoly 
KDuwu OS the San Joaquin &. Kings Biver Canal Company, rushed 
to the State Capital in force, and in the few hours which intervened 
our defeat was accomplished, and on the next day the labor of the 
jtnr was ignominioualy defeated. How this was accomplished, we 
leure you to imagine. Their ioflueuce, whether exerted through 
tuilid argument or other 'ivise, waa more potent than the prayera of 
thouHands of farmers. 

Your Committee return thanks to the Executive Committee of 
this Orange for the aid extended by them, enahhng one of our 
Committee to remain in the capital during the pendency of this 
question. 

Your Committee would ask of this State Grange a renewed effort 
to accomplish this great enterprise, and recommend the discharge of 
tUo preHBut Committee and the appointment of a new Committee, 
who shall be peculiarly ahve to this great subject. In conclusion, 
your Committee would recommend to every Pali'on a careful pemsal 
of the very able address, delivered by Hon. M. SI. Estee, at the 
o|>cuing of the late State Fair, as being replete with facts and infor- 
luatioQ of great importance to the farmers throughout the State. 

Report of Committee on Good of the Order: 

Wliereas, It can be shown from statistics accessible to eveiy one, 
that the insurance business of the State of California in 1873 
amounted to $184,345,589, with a pi-ofit of $2,377,970, out of which 
the foreign companies do business in tire risks to the amount of $8ii,- 
094,060, with a net profit of 9070,4T8; and that marine risks amount 
to a business of $50,823,425, with a profit of $973,080, of which busi- 
ness, $24,502,587 is done by foreign companies, with a net profit of 
1359,199, making a total net profit to the foreign companies doing 
buBlness in thia State, of $1,339,677; and. 

Whereas, It i8 notorious that the whole, or a larger part of this 
immense sum is placed at the disposal of our opponents, the grain 
Bpeculators, and other middle-men of San Francisco, and their agents 
ia the interior of the State; and, 

Whereas, The By-Laws of the California Formers' Fire Insurance 
Aasocintion, an institution formed in our own Order, provides that 
oU funds shall be deposited in the Grangers' Bank at San Francisco, 
tlierebv placing them where they will be used in our favor, instead 
of against us; and, 

whereas, This Company proposes to take fire risks on farm build- 
inRB ftt lower rates than have heretofore obtained, thus securing a 
Inatcriftl economy, in accordance with the principles of our Order; 
Uiereforc. be it 

Bcaolved, That it is the duty of even,' member of the Order to 
Corwanl the interests of the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Aaso- 
no far as can be done without conflicting with any private 
" -terest. 

« of tlio State Grange to put tLe Agricultural Col- 



18G 



SECOND ANNDAL MEETIKG. 



leye upon a practical fouiidatiou, are presenteiT in tlie report of 
the Standing Committee on EJucatiou and the University, J. 
W. A. Wright, W. H. Baxter and 0. L. Abbott, aa follows: 

Having' our duties mapped out for ua, bj tlie resolution passed 
at the first annual meeting, requiring us " to inquire particularly 
into the condition of the Agricultural Department of the State fni- 
versity, what improvements, if any, Hhould be made, and what lejf- 
islation, if any, ia required to secure to the farmers of this State, the 
full benefits of the Agricultural College grant," et«., etc., your Com- 
mittee went immediately to work, Brother Wright proceeding to 
Oaldand to investigate, became acquainted with the President of the 
University and most of the Faculty, and collected as many facts as 
poBsible beaiing upon the subject under consideration, Jjeurning 
that the Mechames' Deliberative Assembly of San Francisco, had, 
almost simultaneously with the State Grange, appointed a commit- 
tee of three for a aimilar pur])uge, and to avoid any conflict of action 
between the representatives of the two great industrial classes of our 
State, whose interests are so clearly mutual in developing the agri- 
cultural and mechanical departments of our University, we deter- 
mined, after several conferences, upon joint action by the two 
bodies. The result was a most cordial and happy unity of actios 
between these industrial elements; and, after mucli deliberation and 
care, a joint memorial to the State Legislature was prepared, asking 
for such timely enactments and appropriations as would tend to 
properly develop .and foster the industrial features of our great in- 
stitution, in accordance with the evident intent of the organic Acts 
of Congress and the State Legislature. The Chairman of your Com- 
mittee, in accordance with the wishes of the other members, spent 
the greater part of two weeks in such investigations and confer- 
ences; and in drafting, with the aid of Judge Sawyer, the Chairman 
of the Mechanics' Committee, the memorial aforesaid. 

Early in January, he visited Sacramento, and laid the joist 
memorial before our Executive Committee, and they heartily en- 
dorsed it, as appears in the official copy. In conjunttion with 
Worthy Master Hamilton, and other members of the Executive Com- 
mittee, he presented and esjilained the memorial to our fellow Pa- 
trons in the Senate and Assembly, in whom we found able co-work- 
ers for this and all our petitions for reformatory legislative action. 

At this memorable Grange Conference in our State Capital, a 
plan of proceedings was also agreed upon to present this memorial 
to the Legislature, and to prepare the necessary resolutions, and a 
bill to carry out the provisions nsked for. This memorial is here- 
with presented as document " A." 

Care should be taken, however, at all times, to distinguish be- 
tween tlie investigation which rewdted from our memorial, and an- 
other which was made at tho same time, and whiirh developed de- 
plorable irregularities in applying funrls for University buddiugs. 
These two investigations were entirely nepornte, but are too oftea 
confounded by those not fully posteil -■' '-■' ''■'' '""••• '••■ "■- •••\'"- 

Iklost of the after-work i^pie 1, "ight 

about by our memorial, « 



HEPORT OS THE STATE UKiyEESITY. 



1S7 



Higbie, of Loa Angeles, Chaiiiuan of the Assembly Committee on 
Education, who was ably Bccooded by u\jmeroias zeulous members «! 
our Order, and eciiiftlly zealous representatives of tlie 'MeubamcB' 
Associution, whom the people Lad plaued ou guard in our legislative 
luilU. 

We must not, however, omit to mention, tbat wbilc subsequent in- 
Testigations In the Legislature were going on, and when Bros. Hain- 
iltou and Wrigbt were absent at the National Grange in St, Louis, 
Ei-o. Baster performed all the duties of the Committee. He went to 
Sacramento several times at the aummona of the Investigating Com- 
luittce. During some five or sis weets he devoted much of Lis time 
to answering questions of the Committee, and of some of the Ite-,'ents 
with whom he was confronted. 

It should be well understood by all of us, that none of the acta of 
this, or any other of our Grange Committees that visited Sacramento 
last winter, partook in the least of a partisan character; but ajipeaU 
in liehalf of our industrial interests were made impartially to our 
friends of every political party, and we found they met us without 
auv regard to party distinctions. Hence our strength. 

We should not fail to mention that our worthy bi-other. Professor 
Carr, gave us material aid in all this work, whenever he was called 
uiKin to do so. 

The result of these many earneat efforts for the advancement of 
the great cause of industrial and practical, as well as of tLeoretical 
education on tLis Coast, was tLe Learty approval of the measures 
recommended in our joint memorial by the legislative Committeea 
on Eilucation, and the preparation of a bill enacting the necessaiy 
reforms, which was within an hour of the time of passing, when 
pledges came, understood to bo authorized by the present Board of 
Itegents, that if said bill was not passed, and the matter was dropped. 
Brother Carr, the able and experienced Professor of Agriculture iu 
the State Universi^, would not be interfered with, but would be 
permitted, in good faith, to carry out, under his most competent 
supervision, and by use of the liberal appropriations of the Legisla- 
tore, tlie various ideas advanced in the joint memorial. 

All these, and subsequent facta, however, are so fully and ably 
eet forth in the unanswerable statements of Professor Carr, in his 
recent •hiatory of this entire struggle, that we deem it necessary 
merely to refer to bis noble paper, which is filed herewith as docu- 
uuut "B." 

Unfortunately for the cause of industrial education, and unfortu- 
nately for the educational interests of a vast majority of the citizens 
of thw State, the pledges given were believed to be reliable, and no 
further effort was made to pass the bill. Yet that bill would, unless 
Idllod by the Senate, have been a law within an hour after these 
pletlgps were made, and would at once and forever have removed the 
only obstacle that exists to making our valued University eventually 
one of the most complete embodiments of the ti-ue University idea 
iu the world, an ornament to the cause of modem education, and a 
far ^Tenter honor to our State than we can ever hope to see it under 
>i!i<,'bting hand of a selfish and moneyed aristocracy and monop- 
~hich, like all its kindi-ed "rings" everywhere, has tooloug 



SECOKD ANSUAL MEETDJO. 



been at once the bane of our American 



ttttknis >sd the Tnm* 
vhicli is nlowly but Burely wiUidntwin^ for itsdf the hie Mood ot 
our people. 
The subsequent history of this movement, calmhirting ia the— >• 

mary, and, we beliovo, unjunt removal of Professor Cur bt^n tW 
chnir of Agriculture, is too well known to all of jroo to t«qanc repe- 
tition now. You are tiworo tlint the only answer of the Begeate ta 
the joint inquiry of the Committee uf the State Orange and tfea 
3Xechanic8' Dolibcrative Assembly, an to the reawm for Proteaeat 
CaiT'a removal is, " unfitness and iucompeteney." They do Dot 
deign to tell ua what they mean by " uofitnees and iucompetnxT.' 
They do not coudesceud to give a single fact to proTe tlus cbuge. 

B^ence, we can but believe the removal of our brother was onjost, 
and would here place on record our Bolemn protest against that art 
of the Board of Hegents and the manner in which it was coBBoat' 
mated. 

Our iiiveHti(;atioU8 for the past year lead us to believe that the 
management of the £unntial afiairs of the Uoiversity, and eepeciallj 
of its agricultural and mechanical interests, has not been fortbe bnl 
interests of this noble institution, in whose complete and BDCcMafnl 
development the people of California, including, most certainlv, its 
industrial classes, Lave a deep interest by our inalienable rights as 
American citizens in a representative government. In proof of this, 
■we beg leave to call your attention to the following facts and Ggnics: 

Wo find that Congress "for the benefit of Agriculture and the 
Mechanic Arts," as indicated in the title of the Act of July 2, 18ti2, 
gave to the State of California one hundred and fifty thousand atses 
of land for the raaintoinauce " of at least one college whose leading 
object should be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
studies, and including military tactics, to promote the liberal and 
practical eduation of the industrial classes in their several puisatte 
and profesfiions in life." 

That the odministration of this grant, both in respect to the man- 
agement of the fund and the educational provisions adopted, was 
confided to twenty-two Regents of the University of Colifomia — 
organized in March, 18ti8. The organic act of said Universitj re- 
quired that a College of Agriculture should first be established, that 
priority of development and of privileges should be accord^ to it, 
and next to a College of Mechanic Arts, around these other colleges 
■ were required to be successively organized. ^Ve find that neither in 
the choice of Regents for said University, nearly all of whom ore 
lawyers and capitalists of San Francisco, nor in the distribution of 
its instructional force or other educational facilities, have these plain 
requiiemeuts of the law been compbed with. 

Your Committee are satisfied that the facts presented in the me- 
morial to the Legislature with respect to instruction in Agriculture 
and the Mechanic Arts, were well and coiTcctly stated, the theoret- 
ical instruction in science related thereto being such only as is com- 
mon in all colleges not industrial in their leading objects, with a 
solitaiy exception of a single professorship, viz. : tliat of Agriculture, 
since mode vacant by the summary and as yet unexplained removal 
of FrofesBor Corr. No practical instruction, either in Agriculture or 



BEGESTS' FLVANCUL OPEKATIoys. 189 

tiie llocbanic Arts, has ever been given, nor liaa Uie manual Inbor 
svetem, retiuireJ by law m connection witb its couBtructioD, and 
uoJe a prominent feature in otber industrial colleges, been encour- 
aged or practiced. 

We find in tbe organic laws of the TJiiiveraitr proTisiona which 
virtually give absolute control of its property to the Kegenta, allow- 
ing them to sell, invest, reinvest, bestow, etc. , to put their own con- 
struction upon the meaning of grants, gifts, and endowments, with- 
out requiring them to take any oath of office, with no guaranty for 
tbo rightful exercise of these jiosvers and no redress, should they 1>e 
ubuscd. The terms of the organic act states tlint their office " sball 
be held and deemed exclusively a private trust." The presentation 
uE the memorial of the State Grange and Mechanics to the Legis- 
lature, in compliance with the resolution at the San Jose meeting, 
resulted in a fuller exhibit of the financial affairs of tbe Universi^ 
than had previously appeared, A joint committee of the Senate and 
Assembly, appointed at their request, received from them as testi- 
mony au oflicial rejMrt dated March 3, 1874, "which was carefully 
coubidered by them, unanimously adopted, and certified to as correct 
in oil the particulai's." 

We find this report to contradict itself in important particulars, to 
be at voiiance with other facta well attested, and documentary evi- 
dence, especially in regard to the sale of lands donated by Congress, 
and the investment of the proceeds. The Regents tell us (in page 37 
of their Statements) that tiiey have either sold or contracted to sell 
the entire grant of 150,000 acres at %5 per acre in gold coin, act, 20 
per cent, being paid down, and the remaining £0 per cent, bearing 
interest at 10 per cent., which should givo a productive fund of 
$750,000, or an income of $75,000 per annum. With prudent man- 
agement, this would be the value of the Congi-es.9ioual grant to-day, 
6ven at the low price (for California) of five dollars an acre. The 
law of Congress requires the proceeds from the grant to be invested 
ID United States, State, or other safe stocks. 

Paving no attention to this requirement, the Regents have invested 
it as 'follows: Of the $114,025 47 received of purchasers, $20,000 
wns invested in a vacant lot in the city of Oakland, for which the 
.VgricuUural department had no use whatever; $11,38G 25 in paying 
interest on a debt injudiciously assumed by the Regents; $2,02!) 26 
for some purpose not explained; araounliug in all to $34,315 51, ex- 
pended (or the purchase of the Brayton estate, for which Regent 
ToDi])kina was agent. The remainder, $7!), 709 DG, is deposited by 
the Treasurer of the University, Regent Ralston, in the Bank of Cal- 
ifornia, of which Regent and Treasurer Ralston is President, and 
bean interest at sis per cent per annum, while tbo Regents of the 
University, on a mortgage of $50,000, assumed in the purchase of 
tbe aforesaid Braytou estate, are paying nine per cent, per annum. 
Tbe 80 per cent, credit upon $1.50,GC3 58 is in the form of notes 
bearing interest at the rale of 10 per cent, per annum. Apphcations 
on &le with the Land Agent of tbe University, and certificates of de- 
l>osit lu tbe amount of $04, .'573 are now in 1ms hands, aud this money 
all or mostly in the Bank of California. No account for interest al- 
lowed ajipcarn in the exhibit of the Regents, though we learn that 



190 



SECOND ANXCAL StEETISO. 



in connection with recent events interest has lately been paid. Four 
dollars credit jier tiere ou 94,r»73 acres, amounting to ¥378,23:2, 
should have beeu drawinj,' interest — otherwise the income Irom tlio 
liond Fund is diminished at the rate of $37,8*29 per annum. 

A still more serious evil appears in the fact that the Regents have 
80 framed their regulations that the purchaser is not obliged to pay 
interest on the credit portion of his purchase-money until liis title is 
obtained. The time intervening between the application and render- 
ing of patent may be extended for years while the land is occupied 
and eleai'ed of timber. No bonds had been given guarding againat 
such a contingency up to the first day of July last, while on pft^e 
3G of the Begents' Statements wo find that 8,840 acres have been 
forfeited and returned to the Land Fund. 

"We have seen from the Regents' Statements that $79,709 96 of 
the Agricultural Land Fund was drawing sis per cent, interest in 
the Bank of California, and $94,57i) drawing no interest at all up to 
the Ist of July last, as appears from the books. 

In the statements we are informed that "the remainder, $34,- 
315 51, was temporarily invested in the purchase of four full blocks, 
with extensive improvements, in the heart of the growing city of 
Oakland, being the property formerly owned by the College of Cali- 
fornia, and the Brayton estate. This property is subject to a mort- 
gage of $50,000, bearing interest at the rate of nine per cent, i>er 
annum," (and they are loaning nearly twice the amount to the Bank 
of California at six per cent, at the same dmel) " It has cost to date, 
including $11,38G 25 paid as interest on the mortgage, *Le sum of 
HV2,ilG 25, and is valued by the most competent experts at a min- 
imum of $150,000." This statement is not eoiTect. These four 
blocks cost the University far more than is here represented. Block 
No. 1, known as the College Block, cost the University $40,030 04. 
Other property was received with this block, and tui-ned over to 
Mrs. Brayton in part payment for blocks Nos. 2 and 3. Blocks Nos. 
2 and 3 cost $94,315 51, in this manner. The Regents assumed a 
$50,000 mortgage for Mrs. Brayton, "and transferred to the vendors 
the outside property, valued at about $30,000, adjoining the Univet- 
eity site at Berkeley, which had been obtained from the College of 
California. The property (blocks Nos. 2 aud 3) was thus obtained 
without any additional cash expenditure." On the $50,000 mort- 
gage, $11,386 25 interest was paid by the Regents, and also. $2,- 
929 51 for some unexplained puqiose, amounting to $94,315 51, the 
entire cost of blocks Noa. 'i aud 3. 

The fourth block, vacant, and of no use to the institution, waa 
Bubsequently purchased of the Bravton estate for the sum of $20,- 
000. Block No. 1 cost $49,030 04; block Nos, 2 and 3 cost $80,- 
000; block Nos. 2 and 3 interest on mortgage $11,380 25; it«m for 
which no account is given, $2,020 2G; block No. 4 cost $90,000. 
Total cost of four blocks " iu the heart of the growing city of Oak- 
land," as shown by the Begents, $103,345 55. 

On the same statements, the following glaring misrepresentation 
appears with regard to these same blotvts: "Since the removal 
of the University to Berkeley, this property is no longer essential. 
It is growing in value, however, year by year. Should it be deemed 



COSTLY BPECDLATI0S3. 191 

besit to dispose of it, it mil realize a sum, say iMGO,000 nt least; eiif- 
ficient its pay uff tlie mortgage of ?50,000, tn repay the Laud Fund 
UiG $34,315 51 boiTowed, imd leave a HUiiilus of $65,684 49, yield- 
ing in the shape of profit fi far larger interest upon tlie amount of 
ibe Land Fund invested tlian could posailily have been derived from 
any ordinary aafe investment." Tliia statement was designed to lend 
tlie Legislature of California to infer that tlie four blofks cost Imt 
$84,000, and that $G5,000 had been gained by the speculation, when 
in fact tliese four blocks cost, years ago, ^163,345 65, which vvns 
$13,346 65 more than the Regents claim them now to be worth, 
although in the heart of the growing city of Oakland. 

If this were all that the Regents have bo adroitly attempted to 
conceal, Uiei'e would be less cause of complaint. The "outside 

Eroperty, valued at about $30,000, adjoining the University site at 
erkeloy, which had been obtained from the College of California," 
transferred to Mra. Brayton, in part payment for blocks Nos. 2 and 
3, was worth to the Agi'iculturol Department of the University for 
experimental purposes, at least $200,000, which is probably not far 
from its present commerictd value. This indicates that the Brayton 
job has coat the institution about $175,000, and robbed the experi- 
mental farm of nearly, if not quite, two hundred acres of ground 
essimtial in making up the necessary varieties of soil and location. 
The Regents estimate the remaining two hundred acres directly ad- 
joining, although less valuable, and sheltered for horticulture, at 
one thousand dollars per acre, while the water rights parted with 
ftre practically iuestimable. 

Slill further, your committee find that the Begents obtained 
from the College of Cahfomia and other sources, nearly four hun- 
dred acres of land entirely by donation. The liabilities of the Col- 
lege of California assumed by the Begents, amounted to $49,030 04, 
a debt not equal to the amount reali^^d on the College property, or 
Block No. 1, in the growing city of Oakland, at the recent sale. 
The Berkeley property was donated, and iu some cases the terms of 
the deed are explicit, for an Agricultural College, and yet the 
choicest lands, those nearest tlie city of Oakland, lands rapidly ad- 
vancing in value since the removal of the University, have been sold 
for a mere nominal simi, while of the two hundred aci'es remaining, 
only about five have been set apart for agriculture and horticultiu'e. 
Not a spadeful of earth had been turned, or an agricultural esperi- 
ment mode, when the Committee appointed by the State Grange 
commenced its labors. Yet the Professor of Agriculture had been 
per&istcntly and repeatedly calling attention to this, had submitted 
plans for work and for instruction by e^iierts, plans for farm build- 
ings, with estimates of cost, and such other information as was 
needed to secure intelligent action. In their reply to the Memorial 
of Grangers and Mechanics, of August 8th, lt<74, the Regents, 
under date of September 1st, 1874, state that " within the past year 
llip Berkeley property has been surveyed and mapped, and the right 
places marked out for agriculture, horticulture, botanical garden, 
■od forestry." Wo find that as eai'ly as May, 1870, the Professor 
of Apiculture 'n'as asking to have these jilaces marked out, and a 



192 BECO.NT) ANNUAL MEETISO. 

deSuite worldn" plan adopted, and that tliese requests were repeats 
year after year. 

We find that tlie resolutioD of the lionrd authoriziiig I 
Corr to employ a gardener, passed September 18tL, 187*2, was niada 1 
practically inoperative by fuilure to locate or mark out tliese "right I 
places" for his operations, which has only been done "witbin the I 
post year." The same is true of their statement that ^00 vtm I 
placed at the disposal of Professor Can- to secure the aid of compe- 
tent lecturers on special subjects, no siu-h money having been placed 
at his disposal, while his requesla to have lectures from Dr. StMnt- 
zel and other competent pardes named by him, with subjecta and . 
number of leotui-ea specified, was disregarded. ] 

On page sisty-eight of their Statements, the Regents say th«y I 
have been "desirous of securing progress in the Department of Ag- j 
riculture, and have asked for appropriations which would give it I 
more efficiency. They have requested means for the improvemetlt I 
of the grounds." By turning back to page fifty-three of this txtmor- j 
dinary document, we find that they have esijended $21,131 05 for 
fiuch improvements, not one feature of which was agricultural or 
horticultural, a sum much larger than was required to carry out ths 
wishes of the Professor of Agricidture, who was never consulted 
with regard to them. This sum was expended under the dire^on 
of Dr. Merritt, Chairman of the Committee on Buildings and 1 
Grounds, "exclusively as a private trust." 

Tour Committee cannot too strongly urge that the intei-est of tha 
people of the State, aud especially of the agricultural and other 
laboring classes, does not end with the administration of the Con- 
gressional grant, and the Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges. 
The Regents say that they have received from the State $412,694 79, 
esclusive of the $300,000 for building purposes; including this and 
the $80,000 appTOpriated lost winter, we have the sum of $792,694 79. , 
The income derived from other sources of endowment, subject to th« 
disposition of the Regents ns a " private trust," are the i)rocecd9 of 
seventy-two sections of " Seminarj' lands," of ten sections, given to 
the State for public buildings, the Act of endowment approved April , 
2, 1870, giving an income of $50,000 per annum, all of whidi add | 
enormously to the resources of the institution, with prudent u 
agement. But neither in respect to the disposition of pubUc lands, 
the employment of funds thence derived, or in the direction of the I 
instructional force employed in the University, do we find the evi- 
dence we have diligently sought of the fitness or competency of the ' 
Board of Regents to manage an institution created for the benefit of 
the whole people. We find that, in consequence of their uufitneae, ! 
incompetency, and bad management, the interest of the Agricultnrni I 
College has been entirely subordinated, instead of being a lending j 
one in the University, as the law requires; its future usefulness ] 
crippled by loss of lands of the greatest importance to practical edu- 
cation, and the prospect of an additional grant from Congrees Jeap- 
ardized, which would secure an additional income of $30,000 per | 

In view of all these facts, wo earnestly recommend to the Patrona 1 
of California and their friends to adojjt such measures as will be&t ] 



MEMORIAL OF 0RAS0EB8 AND MECHAHIC3. 193 

remove, through the action of our next Legislature, the wrongs in 
the inauajjemfut of the State University, of which we tliink we moat 
juBtlj complain. 

The memorial nbove referretl to was also signed by Hon. E. 
D. S/iwj-er, C. C. Terrill, and M. J. Donovan, on the part of the* 
Mechanics. It presented the case as follows: 

Your petitioners, iu hehalf of the industrial classes of Colifornii;, 
both agriciilturiBts nud mechanics, would respeclfully call the atteu' 
tion of yonr Lonorable body to the condition aud wauta of the State 
University. We make this petition wilb all due deference to the 
Honorable Board of Regents and Faculty of our University, and with 
no desire to interfere improperly with any of tbeir rights or duties. 
But we believe the interests of the people of the State, for whose 
benefit esj^ecially this noble institution was estabhshcd, require that 
^renter efficiency be given to the agricultural, mechanical, and other 
industrial instruction therein, without diminishing the usefulness of 
those departments already in successful opei-ation. 

Your petitioners find that the State Univemty resulted from nu 
Act uf Congress entitled "An Act donating puhlle lauds to the 
several Slates and Territories which may provide Colleges for the 
benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts." By this Act one 
hundred and fifty thousand acres (more or less) were donated to 
California. In acconlanco with thia munificent provision of the 
United States Government, our Legifllature paased an Act establish- 
ing a University, and prescribing that its most prominent features 
should be Colleges of Agriculture and Mechanic Aria. By reference 
to the last report from each of the thirty-eight States that shared in 
this national endowment to the Department of Agriculture at Wash- 
ington, we find nearly every one of them carrying out both the 
lotlM- and the spirit of the Act of Congress; " thot they are attended 
by over three tliousand students, most of whom are practically jiur- 
Buing agricultural aud mechanical studies," with well stocked farms, 
work-shops, and all necessary appliances of instruction. 

In the samo report, we read that "' in California a farm of about 
two hundred acres has been prorided for the Agricultural Depart- 
ment, but it has not been improved, nor are the students instructed 
in agriculture outside of the scliool-room. The Act of Congress re- 
qaires that the " leading object" of the Industrial Universities shall 
be without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and in- 
cluding military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are 
related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the 
L^slatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to 
promote the liberal and practiad education of the industrial classes 
in their several ]>urBuit8. The organic Act creating the University 
reijuires that the College of Agriculture shall first be developed, 
"and next, that of the Ulechanic Arts." We find that of the monthly 
appropriation (six thousand dollars) for the regular expenses only one 
twentieth is now devoted to the Agricultural Department, and that 
one Professor is discharging all the duties of instruction on the sub- 

{'ects related to it. No techutcal iustruotlon in the mechanic acts 
las thus fnr been given. 



154 



SECOND ANXCAL MEETING. 



Tho inatructional force of the Univeraity (besides the President) is 
as fiillows: — Oue Professor of Latiti and Greek, and two AaitistaDte; 
one instructor in Hebrew; one Professor of Mathematics, ond two 
AssistnutH; one Professor of Modern Lauguages, and. two AasiBtaota; 
,one Professor of Chemistry, and two Assistants (advanced etud^sta;) 
one Professor of Physics and Mechanics; one Professor of Geology 
and Natural History; one Professor of Civil Engineering and As- 
tronomy; one Professor of Rhetoric, History, and English Lan- 
gua-je; one instructor in Drawing; one Professor in Agriculture, 
Agricultural Chemistiy, and Horticulture. 

Your petitioners do, therefore, request, that in accordance with 
plana pursued at Cornell, the Maasawiusetts and Michigan Agrioul- 
tui'al Colleges, the UniTersities of Missouri, Illinois, and many 
others (as may he seen from the report already referred to), that 
whatever State aid is granted for our University, and as rapidlr OM 
the income from the land sales is received, it may be " first of all 
applied to the extending of the Colleges of Agriculture and the Me- 
chanic Ai-ts, and all the departments of instruction which directly 
bear upon the studies jmrsued in them." 

With this object in view, we earnestly recommend a stt£Qcieat 
appropriation to carry out tho foUowing objects: 

J-'ird. The improvement of such portions of the Universttj ground* 
as may be required to illnstmte pi-actically the subjects taught in the 
Department of Agriculture, and tho adaptation of this State to 
various cultures. The erection of a plain, convenient, and commo- 
dious farm house, with suitable outhouses, to be occupied by the 
Professor of Agriculture, or some practical farmer to act under his 
direction. To this an orchard, vineyard, vegetable and flower gar- 
den, and a poultiy yard should be attached; also, a propagating 
house, and, as soon as practicable, a conservatory. The culture of 
cereals, textiles, and other valuable vegetable productions; the 
rearing of stock, bees, and silk worms should be illustrated, on a 
smalt scale, epitomizing the entire range of agricultural industries. 

Second. The appropriation of a sufBcient amount to secure the 
necessary practical instruction in the mechanic nrta; to provide 
blacksmiths', carpenters", cabinet and machine shops, and printing 
press, under the supervision of competent persons. 

We by no means espect to accomplish alt this at once, but we ask 
means to secure to the youth of our State, with proper economy and 
despatch, the advantoges enjoyed by students of the best developed 
institutions which owe their existence to the same foundation. We 
desire that the grounds of our University, its museums, parks and 
gardens, may eventually become as instructive as those of the Gar- 
den of Plants at Paris; and that our College of Mechanic Arts may, 
without needless delay, rival the Technological School in Boston. 
We ask that in keeping with the educational standards of the age, 
the principles of object teaching and practical instruction be con- 
ducted in connection with the ideal and theoretical, and occupy in 
tiie chief school of the State, the position which their importance 
demands. We believe that nowhere will the dignity of labor be so 
strongly impressed upon tlie mind aa in those higher inatitutioua 
of learning, organized for the benefit of the most important class of 



CHANGES HECOMMENTJED. 195 

laborers, where the acquisition of skill goes hand in hand with the 
ncquidtion of knowledge. 

We find that the Board of Regents, nsat present constituted, does 
not sufficiently represent the various portions and interests of the 
State. Though composed of gentlemen of the highest position and 
worth, the; reside, nminlj, iu Sau Francisco and Oakland, and al- 
though they have been zealous in their efforts to secure the pros- 
potity of the institution, we believe that the best interests of educa- 
tion would be promoted by an amendment of the Act so as to unify 
the Cniversity with the other departments of State education. We, 
therefore, respectfully ask such ameudment of this Act, and of other 
Acts, as shall constitute a State Board of Education, having charge 
of the University, the Normal School, and other public schools, and 
to consist of fifteen Regents, viz: Seven ei-officio — the Governor, 
Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the Assembly, State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, President of the State Agricultural So- 
ciety, Master of the State Grange, and President of the Mechanics' 
Institute of San Francisco; also two membei-a from each C'ongres- 
Bional District, to be appointed from their districts by the Governor, 
with the consent of the Senato, for their first terms, and afterward 
to be elected by the people as vacancies occur. We also recommend 
that any nine members shall constitute a quorum, as the Board of 
Education, or as the Boaid of Regents for the University, or as the 
Board of Trustees of the State Normal School. We a.sk that they 
may be so selected as to represent the various industrial interests, 
occupations, and professions of the citizens of the State. 

Tho law (Article IV, section 1,450 of the new Code) clearly pro- 
vides that the Secretary of the Board of Regents must be a practical 
Canuer, and must reside and keep his office at the site of the Uni- 
Wtsity. These requirements having been hitherto disregarded, we 
recominend that tlie law be either rigidly enfoi-ced or essentially 
modified. It is generally understood that a portion of the lands 
donated by Congress for the purposes of industrial education in 
California, have been sold at live dollars per acre, one fifth of the 
amount having been paid down, and it is understood that the fund 
thus obtained has been used in paying professorships and scholar- 
ships in our University. But it is the misfortune of the people of 
CoCfomia to know very little about these lands and their present 
condition, while they do know that in other States, in consequence 
of mismanagement, only a small part of the real value of school and 
TJniversity lands has been realized. In some instances timber lands 
valued at thirty and fifty dollars per acre have been taken up, the 
first payments made, the timber removed, and the lands forfeited. 
It is clearly the right of tlie people to have correct information on 
this subject. 

We do therefore petition your honorable body that a University 
Committee be carefully selected from your number whose duty it 
shall be to examine fully, minutely, and impartially into the location 
and present condition of all lands donated to California for these 

Iiorpu^es; to ascertain what has accrued from the sales thereof, and 
low the same has been expended; and that the necessary power be 
granted them to send for persons, books, and papers, to administer 



196 



SECOSD ANSTJAL MEETTNO. 



tbo necesBaiyoatLe, and take the tieatimoDy for the thorough inveatiga- 
iiou of the 'wholG questioD, itu J that the results of such investigation 
be published without unnecessary delay, for the informatioo of the 
people. 

In view of the important fact that another bill was introduced 
into Cougresa, at the late session (by Mr. Momll, the author of Hie 
original bill), which it is espcct«d will be passed during the comiiig 
winter, giving to each of the industrial Univeraitiea in operation au 
additional grant of five hundred thousand acres, we also request that 
our Legislature memorialize Congress so to amend the law regarding 
the locations upon unsurveyed lands as to protect actual settlers in 
their improvements up to the time that the locator can make hi^i 
selection by sections or Bubdivjsiona, 

As a means of redress tor seiziii-es under the existing law, we also 
recommend that our Legislature forthwith pass an Act, providing 
that in all cases where contests have arisen, or may hereafter arise, 
before the Board of Regents of the Univereity upon University 
hinds, and the contestant shall feel aggrieved at the decision of said 
Board, he shall have the right of appeal to the District Court, by 
giving the usual notice of said appeal. 

We respectfully recommend that all the University funds be kept 
in the State Treasury, subject only to order in proper form for Uni- 
versity disbursements. As we are now informed that the funds 
hitherto appropriated are exhausted, and that additional appropria- 
tions will be required at the present session, to add other and 
ueeded improvements, in accordance with the original plan, your 
petitioners would respectfully ask that in addition to the sura re- 
quired for monthly current expenses, the following be spocitically 
approprjoted : Forfai-m, buildings, implementa, stock, etc., twenty- 
five thousand dollars; for annual farm and gaiden expenses, pay- 
ment of students and other labor, solarj' of farmer and gardener, 
expenses of lectures from experts in special cultures, agiicultuml, 
entomology, veterinary science, etc., collection and preparation uf 
specimens for museum of agriculture, and incidental expenses, fif- 
teen thousand dollars; for mechanical shops, printing press, stenm 
engine, and their appurtenances, fifty thousand doUai-s; for annual 
expenses of mechanical shops, printing press, superintendence, 
students and skilled labor, collections of models and raw matoriuls 
for museum of Mechanic Arts, lectures on technical subjects con- 
nected with mechanical pursuits by skilled persons, and incidental 
expenses, fifteen thousand dollars. It is expected that this will fur- 
nish the carpenters', cabinet work, and printing for the institu- 
tion. It should be borne in mind that these departments are to be 
created, and that no part of the twenty thousand dollars already 
expended for chemical and physical apparatus, will supply their 
technical needs. 

The completion of the central building, according to the originiU 

flan, is a prime necessity in accomplishing the yi.'.it pnqiuse of tho 
Iniversityj for, in the absence of suitable 
Museum and Library, it has been considers 
for this purpose, a part of the College oiA 
uiguud to supply the wants of this c' 



OBJECTS TO BE ATTAISED. 



107 



tU« appropriate and bountiful emblDias tbnt ndom its outer walls. 
Id this exigency, tlie entire Agricultural Department in forced iuto 
tUo limited epace of tlie north half of the basement of thia splendid 
Ktrueturo, thus placing in a subordinate position, wbich it was never 
intended to occupy, what should be the most prominent department 
of the Stato University. 

We find that a building containing an Assembly Hall, Museum, 
Btc,. can be erected of wood at a cost of one hundred and fifty thou- 
Buud dollars; of brick, with granite facings, two hundred and tifty- 
Hix tliousand dollars. The labor of students can be utilized in the 
coastruction of this and other needed edifices, and deserving voung 
men can in thia -way be aided in paying a part at least of the es- 
peuhex of their education. Suitable dwellings sbould at once be 
erected for the accommodation of the professors and club houses 
for the studenta upon the University grounds, for which a moderate 
rent miglit be charged. At present, both professors and students 
ore c»»mpelled to live at Oakland, five miles distant, or to provide 
themselves accommodations in the yet sparsely -settled neighbor- 
Lood of Berkeley, at an expense greater than their means will jus- 
tify. The entire energies of the University body should be concen- 
trated in and around its scholastic home. 

In conclusion, we would repeat tbat it is not now our object to un- 
derraluo what has been so well done in the orection of buildings, of 
which the Slate may be justly proud; in tie opening of the doors of 
the University to both sexes; in mating its instruction in all depai-t- 
ments free; in organizing the MUitarj- Department and Labor Corps; 
and in securing a Faculty of zealous and able men. But, believing 
that the first and highest employment of meu is to feed, shelter, and 
clothe the world, wo ask that the graduates of our indush-ial col- 
leges may be "peers of scholars in mental culture, and peers of 
laborers m manual skill and physical development." 

The relations of labor to study are admirably stated in the report 
of the Missouri University, "^be pupil must study till he knows 
what should be done, why it should be done, and how. When this 
is done, the inteUtvlual division of labor is finished. The pupil must 
labor till be can do work in tlie farm and shop with skill; then the 
manujil division of on industrial education is hnished. In agricult- 
ure, ho should thus learn whatever is done on the farm, in the gar- 
den, orchard and nursery. If it is asked: 'Who shall direct the 
labors of the pupils?' we answer: 'The teacher of the principles 
|>ut iu practice, that useless and impracticable theories may not be 
mtroduced.'" Agriculture is far from being an exact science, and 
ite conditions on thia coast are peculiar. We ask that our University 
be made useful to the largest numlier of our citizens, by accurate 
annual reports of work done, experimenls made, and resolts arrived 
at. Agriculture, in its various departments, sboidd be so taught 
nnd practiced in our University as to send forth scientific farmers, 
^'" B labor and skill can utilize the soil and develop its greatest re- 
hile the mechanical department should graduate learned 
il mechanics, who shall add dignity and worth to labor; 
B the earnest desire and purpose of agriculturists and me- 
"Mhia State to make these great departments of industry 



198 SECOSD ANNTAL MEETINQ. 

tho leading featorcB of our State TJnivereity, and for this purpose 
we espect your cordial co-operiitiou, and suoli appropriations as Kr6 
necessary. Nor do wo think that any mechanical bcIiuoIb in San 
Francisco, valuable as they may become, can supjily tbo place of the 
College of Mechanic Arts, as provided by the onginal plan of tlie 
State ITniversity. We also request tie present Legislature to order 
that block letters be prepared and placed upon the east and west 
faces of the main building of the Cnivorsity, marking it for all time 
with the words, "Agricultural College of the "University of Cali- 
fornia." 

Document B. is omitted, as not propcrlj- belonging to the 
annals of the State Grange. It was a reply made by Professor 
CaiT to these committees for a "full statement of the history of 
the Agricultarai College, with a view to laying it before tJio 
people and the next LcK'slature."* 

The following Bepoi-t of the Committeo oa Education and 
Labor, was enthusiastically adopted: 

When Congress, at the opening of its last session, appointed ft 
Committee on Education and Labor, it seemed a recognition by the 
highest legislative body of the countr}', that these great interests arc 
indisBolubly connected. So we believe, and a thorough and pmc- 
tical education being the only means by which labor can be elevated, 
your couunittee desire to present a few suggestions with regard Ui 
improvements in our public schools, high schools, and universi^. 

Our schools, both higher and lower, have natumlly grown u|) oo 
Enghsh models, and were then made to fit the needs of the anato- 
cratio classes, rather than of working men and women. This is the 
reason why so much of our elemeutary instruction imparts a knowl- 
edge of words rather than of things, 

Germany, France, and other European countries, are far ahead of 
England and America iu both the quality and quantity of education 
furoitihed to the laboring classes, for they seek to im}>art skill, along 






lUnct tlolitlonnf plnlKL-B uui 
----- liBlLegliliilulf, 



3d— 1 belloveiuch ftn Aftlt In opiMwl . _ . 
nDlTmltj-, vli., Uw igilcultiirlsta uul tDfctaiDlrH of Ckllfcn 
belleT Uut Uie jmailaii "t tbe Cbdr »t J lafcuor or Agrici; 
penonal tMUaKtliuitiiiDbHrvatb?Tmbllrlnler«'I. 

ad-BK«ue nub nmiDTal tIUIuito lliai.-l]b-lDt*lreDg'b« 
■gvmDDt. uul glTe color to tliBcbAr(T0 DOW flu opetilri'i^'c^r* 
•ruBtrltlng lo bnUd upi pnnlr llteniT lu'liutlcn it Bci 
l.iral iDd mMhuilcil lularat*. and ut i bni lUvcrtlog Itui I' 
for nbldi It wu toimri, b; rllher litnor ng intlnly or lual 
Uworg DlnKtdicUndAinildbeprlRin 



I b)' Mcnda of nif Ul 
n of the trlniilt of t 



uncy, -wnhoni Ian gmntlpg i 
bluiSBlf troDi tbe cbug- 1 mm 
■'^ordonro Willi ths priuclijl» 






[nghluiil iqullynlll 



rof <t 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE OS EDCCATION AND LABOR. 



109 



with the merely mental training wUicli is giveu them. They have 
consequently the best trained wuvkmeu in the world, both iu agri- 
culture ami the arts, ivs all our beat educators freoly acknowledge- 
To get more of this prautical or technical udncation into our com- 
mon schools, is a great desideratuia. and fur it two things are 
ueceasary. First, an enlightened publio opinion, which will create 
B demand for improvement; and, seuond, better teachers and better 
books to meet the demand. The teauhora should bo able to "throw a 
light" upon all the subjects of common life, and the books should 
convey some definite knowledge adapted to the capacity of the 

I'or instance, no study is better adapted to the comprehension of 
a child than elementary botany, which is made practical by what he 
daily seen done in agriculture and horticulture. Even young chil- 
di-en should be encouraged to observe and collect the useful and 
wild plants of the neighborhood, to bring them to school, and to 
find out all about them. This finding out all about things is the 
alpha and omega of education. Putting the findings into prac- 
tice is all there is of hibor, except its drudgeiy. 

These are simple principles which every Patron can recognize. 
Oui- watchword is "Progress." The three lis, "readin,' 'ritin' and 
'rithmetic," are no longer sufficient for us; especially if these are 
fed out to us as dry husks, while all the juice is kept for the benefit 
of other pursuits. "VTe, ourselves, want more knowledge of the nat- 
ural sciences, and we want our children to have it secured to them at 
the period of their Hves when such knowledge is gained moat easily. 
We want suitable books to tell the children all about the plants, au- 
imaJa and birds with which they doily come in contact. If they do 
not exist, and there is no school, botany, or natural history for this 
coast, let them be made. In short, we want our children to grow up 
around us with a respect for our calling, even if they choose a dif- 
ferent one, and so to fit them for it that they may carry it on by bet- 
ter methods to higher ends. 

And, therefore, while we as Patrons mean to look very sharply at 
oil proposed changes in our methods of instruction, and to "prove 
all things," as far as we are able, we also mean to change for the 
better whenever we can. "We are aware that test-books, or the im- 
plements of instruction, are to be improved just as much as the im- 
plements of husbandry; and we believe that the new education will 
require them aa fast as it is perfected. 

Under our laws, wisely framed in this respect, all such changes 
must be gradual, thereby making them less oppressive. Though all 
matters relating especially to this subject are made the business of 
the State Board of Education, we nevertheless feel that it is within 
our province to present to that body, either through our own E.xeeu- 
tive Committee, or such other way as the Grange may direct, an ex- 
pression of oiir sentiments; and therefore, suggest Uie adoption of 
the following resolutions: 

Resolved, That it is the opinion of the State Grange of the Pa- 
trons of Husbandry that all our public institutions, from the pri- 
mary school to the univemty, should be developed also in the di- 
Tection of practical and teclmicol education. 



200 SECOND ANNCAL MEETEv'G. 

Kesolved, That to this end elementary Rtudies in botany and Other 
branches of naturnl Listorj-, in their rehitions tr> aprricultuie and 
horticulture should lie introduced into our district schools. 

Resolved, That we desije the State Board of Education to encour- 
age tho preparation and gradual introduction of test-boots whiob 
are adapted to the wants of this coast; and that, while protecUn^f 
the people from unnecessary expense, it is their duty, other things 
being; equal, to foster home industnos in the selection of test-books, 
apparatus and furniture for our public schools. 

Itesolved, That our more advanced claases nhouM be instructed 
in the rights aud duties of American citizenship, viz: The "duty 
of earning a living," of obedience to the laws, respect for religion, 
the rights of property, the privileges and responsibilities of tha 
ballot, what monopolies are, how industry of one kind creates an- 
other, etc. 

The standing committees for the following year were aii- 
noniiced by the Worthy Master as follows: 

Jfesoiutions— J. "W. A. Wright, R. C. Haile, J. D. Spencer. 

ConetUuiion and Bij-Laws—A.. T. Dewey, G. W. Heuning, W. S. 
Uanlove. 

Mtiance — H. A. Oliver, J. Earl, and Sister Colby. 

Good of the Order— ,7. D. Fowler, John AVasley, Ed. Hallett, 
Siat«rfl Itunlove and Carr. 

Master's Mesnage and other Heporls — G. W. Colby, W. McPherson, 
J. M. Thompson, 

Commercial Edali'ms — Jam^s Shinn, R, G. Dean, H. M. Leonard. 

Co-operalion and TramrporlaUo-it—C. Q. Bockene, Wm. Erkson, C. 
Cutter, Andrew Wolf, and Daniel Inman, 

Education and Labor — Sister E. S. Corr, Brother Meyer (Hum- 
boldt,) and Sister Dean. 

Statu UiimTsUy—O. L. Abbott, W. H. Baxter, J. W. A. Wright. 

Imviisralioii — O, L. Abbott, J. Earl, J. D. Spencer, J. B, Carring- 
ton, R. G. Dean, in addition to the old committee, which was con- 
tinued. 

Lrtjixlatioji—'nio6. Fowler, W. K. Estolle, G. B. Crane. 

Irrifjnlion — H. B, -Jolley, R, G. Deau, Ed, Evey, M. Lammers, J. 
A, Hutton. 

Jud-'cUinj—J. D, Spencer, T. H. Merry, R. C. HaUe, H. S. Case, 
D. Inman. 

Amrrirnn Hnance—J. W. A. Wright, E. S. Carr, W. McPhersoa 
Hill, O. L. Abbott, W. S, Manlove. 

Gravi/e Staiistice~J .B. Carringtou, Thos. A, Garey, J. D, Spencer. 

Arranrjemetiis of iJuniiiesK— J, D. Fowler, Sister E, S, Carr, Ed. 
Hallett, Sister "SV. S. Manlove. 

Cn.teiiiiial Committee— B. P. Kooser, J.W. A.Wright, H. B. .lolUty. 
Andrew Wolf, 0. L, Abbott. 

Exccutiiv Committee — J. M. Hamilton, Chairma7i; J. O. Menyfluld, 
G. W. Colby, A. B. Nallcy, A. D. Logan, H. M. Leonard, J. M. 
Thompson . 

The State? Or!in^i> 111.')! :i.lji.— cot in 8bi» "■nnciaco 



MR. WALCOTT AND THE WHEAT KLVG. 



CH.VPTEK XVI. 

THE PATItONS' TKULB AND TRimfPHS. 

Tan WnKiT Shippino Businbsb— Thk Whkit Kiso isn Mn. Walcott— Adv«\i:i! 
IS Fbeiobto in 11^2-3— EutaaKSktBa Estikitkh op the Ceof i)V 1S71-5— 
Mn. W*i,coTr'H Variocb Entebpbises — Thk Hack PracHAHB — Fmlubk or 
lIoBOAji'B Sons Pbovbs * Blbssiso in Dibihtisk— CiLLto llEEima op tbb 
Gbamoe — PBicmciL FstLawaHU'— All's Well th»t Ekdb Well— Disoostis- 
pisci or DuKi isiJ PaonocB AoESor— Tbb Bcmsess AaaociAnos Fouukd 
— OrnoEBs AND tLa-ncLBa or iMOoBisjiu.'naiJ or the Oqangei-.h' IIdunkhs Ab- 



The reader who has patiently followed the histoiy of the farni- 
cre' movemeiit tlius fitr, has not failed to notice the competition 
estublished in the years 1873 and 1874 between the agent of 
E. E. Morgan's Sons, Mr. Alfred Walcott, and tho " Wheat 
King," Mr. Friedlander. The latter gentleman, of liigh stand- 
ing in the business circles of San Francisco, had for many 
years controlled the grain shipping interests of the coast. He 
had numerous agents along the lines of railroads, and through- 
out the wheat-growing districts, and -was ready to advance 
money to the farmers for tho purchase of machinery, or to meet 
their pressing debts, to provide for harvesting expenses, pur- 
chase of sacks, pay of help, etc. The difficulties and ill-feel- 
ing which arose between the pnrtios who had thus mortgaged 
their crop aud the party who had tho power to fix its value, was 
incident to the peculiar condition of wheat culture on this 
Coast, which had partaken largely of the speculative character 
which marks the transitional period of our industries. 

So heavy were the operations of the single firm which com- 
bined the functions of money-lender, merchant and shipper, 
that any opposition which appeared was immediately absorbed, 
and the farmers were fully persuaded that firms purporting to 
act independently, with branch houses in Liverpool, were really 
the ftj^ents through whom the Wheat King received his orders 
for cargoes. The advances in the foreign markets being tele- 
gmphed to San Francisco three or four weeks before the great 
body of the farmers could avail themselves of it, the prices of 
neafe and rates of freight were practically beyond their con- 

learance of a competitor whose paper was good for a 



202 THE PATBONS' TRL1X9 ASD TBIUMPHS, 

large iimount with the London and San Francisco Bank, narf 
whose policy had been announced as the iipbuihiing of a "alow, 
safe, peraianent shipping business," was natumlly welcomed by 
tho Patrons. The crop of 1872-3 had been a large one; to 
move it Mr. Friedlander had chartered every available ship at 
from £'d IO3. to Ji.i 5s., and at once rushed the freight market 
up to £5 13s. In thus re-letting his low-priced vessels, a large 
profit was gained. It is a very difficult matter to form a correct 
estimate of the amount of the wheat crop, and the shipper has 
his risks as well as the farmer. 

The Sacramento Record issned a circular of inquiry in 1873, 
containing a blank schedule to be filled up with the acreage and 
prospective yield of each of the principal crops, to which the 
leading farmers so generally responded, that this paper waa 
able to lay before its readers what proved to be a eorreot esti- 
mate of tho export of that year. A similar circular issued in 
May, 187i, warranted, on the testimony of the farmers, tho 
extraordinary estimate of eight hundred and seventy-five thou- 
sand tons for shipment; four hundred and fifteen thousand tons 
more than the shipment of the previous year, including the 
Oregon wheat shipped from this port. 

The crop of 187ii-4 gave cargoes to two hundred and forty- 
seven ships, and was valued at $19,'IU0,O0O. 

The crop of 1874-5 would require four hundi'ed and thirteen 
ships, and at the average prices of the previous year, was worth 
over $40,000,000. Mr. "Walcott had made his own estimates, 
and had chartered some seventy vessels to arrive, at prices 
varying from £i to £i lOs. By the time they did arrive, a sur- 
plus in the foreign market had lowered the price of wheat and 
of rates in San Francisco, and consequently the crop came for- 
ward slowly. Mr, Walcott bad not only the Grangers' businea* 
on his hands, but in prospect commissions from farmers outsids 
of the Order; nor was tlie wheat business tlie only one which 
hod attracted his attention. One of the most important com- 
phcations deserves to be mentioned here. "Wo have seen how 
grievous a burden the farmers had fett tho sack monoply to be 
upon the wheat industry, audin previous cliapter.s have noticed^ 
their efTorts to extricate themselves. In February, 1874, thA 
agent employed by the Executive Oommittoe, Mr. Gardner, 
called their attention to tho fa^t that u uui-ner was about to bd 
tuode in sacks. A circular was immediately seut to nil th^ 



THE GRANGE FLEET. 



203 



Suliortlinato GraDges, advising tliem of the fact, and requesting 
tUem to signify whether tliey wished to import, and what num- 
hor Ihcy were williug to take and pay for on delivery. There 
being no time to lose, Mr. "Walcott took the re.sponsibility, and 
at one© ordered two million sacks from Dundee, whicli, becom- 
ing known to the wheat ring, they at once "unloaded," in many 
iustunces at less than cost prices. When the supply ordered 
by Mr, Walcutt arrived, by steamship, thus further enhancing 
its cost, the sack market was at its lowest. 

Meanwhile, the admiration of eastern Patrons was challenged 
by the sailing of the Grange fleet of C.difornia, loaded by the 
different Granges, some at Vallejo, some at Autioch, where it 
was demonstrated that vessels could be loaded without risk, 
and others at Oakland and San Francisco. The "doubting 
Tbomafles and unbelieving Philips" in the Eastern Granges 
were bidden by their masters to "get up ami shake themselves," 
for while they had been "napping and grumbling, the Grange 
fleet of California, where the Order was little more than a year 
old, with a membership of sixteen thoasand, had out-doue Iowa, 
three and a half years old, with a membership of one hundred 
Uiousitnd." "Let us rejoice," they said, "that the farmers of 
California have courage and brains enough to enter the markets 
of Europe with their own produce, shipped on their own ac- 
count. AVho will now say that the millenium is not near at 
hand." 

But the Grange fleet was destined to encounter financial 
storms and breakers, and the millenium of the monopolists, 
when " the lion and the himb would lie down peaceably, with 
the lamb inside of the lion," was yet further off. 

At the time of the failure, the firm of £. E. Morgan's Sons 
had loaded and dispatched seventeen cargoes of wheat for the 
Grangers, in 1874. Five of these were sent off in August, eight 
in September, and four in November. The Antioch, Colusa, 
Collinsville, Dixon, Hollister, Ltvermore, Merced, Modesto, 
Plaiusburg, Stockton, Turlouk and Tolo Granges, had engaged 
in this trade, Tlieae seventeen vessels carried over twenty 
tbnusaud tons of wheat. With one exception, they were all 
ehartered to arrive at £i and upward. The firm had fifteen 
TesseU then in nort, under charter to load wheat, chiefly at 
85ii., tbongh two got 878. 6d., and one was taken on the spot at 
tt appears that it was customary for the shippers to ad- 



204 THE patrons' trials akd triumphs. 

vance twenty dollars per ton on all grain as it was shipped, :ft 
received for shipment, the balance to be paid to the farmers 
when freight and commissions were deducted on the sale of the 
wheat in Liverpool, but some of the farmers had neglected to 
obtain these advances. Time must, necessarily elapse before 
the cargoes could be heard from. What could be done? The 
Grange was not a corporate body; the Executive Committee 
were powerless to act in so grave an emergency. The London 
and San Francisco Bank withdrew its support from Mr. Wal- 
cott, and though the prominent firm of Daniel Meyer & Co. 
came at once to his relief, he was forced into bankruptcy. 

The business of E. E. Morgan's Sons was complicated, and 
the Executive Committee who had access to his books and 
papers, found that time was required before definite statements 
could be made of losses and liabilities. Mr. Walcott had been 
doing a mixed business, within and outside of the Orange, and 
individual Patrons had been doing business with him on their 
own account, without consulting the State agent. The warfare 
which Mr. Walcott had waged with the wheat ring, had been 
an unequal one, for they could afford to lose a season's profit in 
breaking him down, trusting to an advance in the foreign de- 
mand. The confidence of the Grangers in Mr. Walcott's busi- 
ness talents was more than matched by that of the most expe- 
rienced commercial houses in San Francisco, upon whom the 
weight of the failure fell even more heavily. Most unfortunately 
for himself, for his financial backers, and for a considerable 
number of Patrons who had trusted implicitly in his judgment 
and integrity, Mr. Walcott failed; but most fortunately for the 
success of the farmers' movement towards emancipation. Now, 
for the first time, the farmers had a true view of their helpless- 
ness, Avho knew how to grow a crop, but not how to dispose of 
it to their own advantage. The whole body of Patrons were 
now ready to incorporate, pay their own agents, and employ 
their own capital. The lesson was at once improved; and those 
who best understood how the disaster had happened, were the 
most patient and unshaken in their confidence in their officers, 
who labored day and night to lessen the severity of the loss. 

Another blessing in disguise included in the failure, was ttiat 
it demonstrated the moral status of the Order. 

When, in August and September, it was seen that ships could 
be obtained at a much lower rate than that specified in Morgan's 



SPECIAL MEliTISO. 



205 



Bona' cliai'terB; that socks liod folleo also, and that failure was 
inevitable, the Grangers were advised to repudiate a trans-' 
aotiou not bJDding in law, and aavo tbemselves; but tbey did 
nothing of the kinl. As a body, they stood by their agreements 
and by the firm, as will be seen in the resolutions of the Stock- 
ton meetiug. 

Mr, "Waicott, who had previously resigned the Presidency of 
the Bank, turned over his books and unliuished business to the 
Executive Committee, who issued a circular proposing to take 
entire charge of the wheat and wool interests heretofore man- 
aged by him, and thus take advantage of the low prices of ton- 
nage, A special meeting of tho State Grange was also called to 
convene at San Francisco, on the 4th of November. At this 
meeting, attended by a large delegation from the Subordinate 
Granges, Mr, Walcolt's books, accounts, etc., were presented 
for examination. Ho was present whenever desired, to give ex- 
planations, and the whole business interests of tho Order were 
freely canvassed, resulting in renewed confidence in the prudence 
and fidelity of the Executive Committee. But no other feature 
of that meeting will so long be remembered by those who par- 
ticipated in it, as the noble spirit of fellowship which led those 
who had lost'much iu the failure of Morgan's Sons, to come to 
the relief of those who had lost their all. 

Costly as the education in business had proved, it was felt 
to be worth all it had cost, and there was a determination to 
equalize the burden by substautial aud immediate assistance to 
tho greater sufferers. 

The failure of Morgan's Sons undoubtedly hastened the foun- 
dation of the Grangers' Easiness Association, for the members 
were daily made to feel, iu attempting to repair their losses, 
that faithfulness and ability counted for nothing, without au- 
thority to act as tho legalized officers of a corporation. "Going 
to war without arms," was no longer to be thought of. It 
hod been proposed to incorporate the State Grange, but that 
couhl not bo done under the State laws. Whether to have one 
or several incorporations, was a serious question. The fruit 
growers, wool growers, and dairy interest, all requ'red separate 
Laodliug. It was finally resolved to include them all in one 
inoorp oration, in which those interests should be represented 
respectively, by men of their own choosing as directors. 

, to define the scope of the organization was no easy 



206 THE PATBOira TBIALS AND TEirMPHS. 

task. Having determined the necessity and feasibility of doing 
sometliiDg, what, how, and how much, remained to he settled. 
While it was felt that anything that might become necessary to 
protect the commercial interests of Patrons was consistent with 
the scheme, it was clear that speculation was no part o! a 
farmer's business. It was, therefore, determined to limit the 
functions of the incorporation to a factor's business, and the 
articles of agreement were framed accordingly. As Grangers, 
it is not intended to make war upon any legitimate buBiaess, 
nor to interrupt commerce in any of its established channels. 
But they do propose to protect themselves by all proper meitns, 
and to avoid all unnecessary expense in the transportation of 
their products, thereby securing better pay tor their labor and 
the use of their capital. They do not object to reasonable com- 
missions, but to estortion. 

Another question that has very generally agitated the minds 
of Patrons, and that was thoroughly discussed by the conven- 
tion, was the relative importance of local incorporations. It 
was deemed safe to leave it to Patrons te settle for themselves 
according to the circumstances of their respective localities. 
These local incorporations may become import ant -auxiliaries to 
the Business Association, and the Association must, when once 
established, coatribute largely to their success, by affording 
them facilities and connections for trade at the central market 
of the State, which, without it, they cannot have. While, there- 
fore, the b&nefits are reciprocal, it seems more needful first to 
nurture the trunk, whence the branches may be sent out to cover 
with their beue&ceut shade every Orange and every Granger in 
the laud. 

Some idea of the amount of business that may be reasonably 
expected to be done by the Association during the present year, 
may be formed by considering the amount of transactions at 
San Francisco in agricultural and dairy products during the 
year 1874, of which the following is a reliable statement: 
dairy products— total value, $5,000,000; wheat— ■21,000.000 
centals, at *1 70, total value, $35,700,000; wool— 40,000,000 
pounds, total value, $6,800,000; barley, oats, hay, ete., — total i 
value, $5,000,000; fruit crop— total value, $2,000,000; wine j 
—total value, $4,000,000. 

Wo omit all mention^iHfl^try, eggs, beans, potatoes and j 
other products^aa^ji^^^^Htaiounts to a large bosiness of j 



THE FLN.U. RESULT. 



207 



itself. We have, however, mentioDed enough to show an ag- 
gregato husiness of nearly 800,000,000 per annum. The pro- 
portioD of tbia vast bnsiuess which shiill be diverted into this 
cLunnel will depend upon the disposition of the members of 
the Order — iniiamuch as the above statement is but an aggre- 
gation of the business done by the farmers of the State. 

At 351 Market street, San Francisco, conveniently accessible 
to the wharves and depots, the Grangers' Business Association 
now stands ready to do its proper share of the farmers' commer- 
cial work. The Grange is now for the first time a completed or- 
ganism, with producing, distributing and assimilating func- 
tions working harmoniously together for the material and social 
advancement of the tillers of the soil. By I'esolution of the 
Execntive Committee, the Dairy and Business Agencies, which 
have accomplished so much for the benefit of the Patrons, are 
formally discontinued, and will hereafter constitute depart- 
ments of the Business Association. 

Tliis Business Association, which promises to be of such sub- 
stantial benefit to ttio farmer, is organized under the following 

AETICLES OP INCORPORATION. 

Exorr AU. Mem bt thkse PnesKNTs; That we, the nndersignad, havatMa day 
Mtockled ourselves togolber lor the pnipoHe of ineoriiornting, under (he Inws of 
tlie State of Cnliforoia, a corporutioa lo be known by ilio carpomte name of 
"Omngers' Baainesa Assooiatioo, of California," 

And we bereliy certify ihnt tlie purpoaes for whioh this corpomtion is formed, 
arc: As fw^tor and broUur, and nut otnemise, to deal in all kinds of agrionltarnl 
produce, lire stock, wool. a;;ricu]taral imptemeuts, and cenernl merchandise. 
Also, to ship groin and other merobnndiae to and from foreign and domcBtio 
poTta. Bi factor and broker, and nut otherwise. Also, to charier and load Teasels 
to and from foreign and dotneatic ports, as factor and broker, and not otherwise. 

That ita principal place of biisin«BS shall be in the city and couuty bi Son Fran- 
daco, Statu of Californin. 

That tha lime of ita existence shall be fifty years from and after the dale of its 
inempOTHilioQ. 

That the number of its Directors or Troslees shall be eleven; aad (be names 
Bud residences of those who shall serve until the eleolion of such officers and tbeic 
QoalificBtioD, are: 

3. M. Hamilton, Lnko County, California; J. C. Menrfield, Solano County, 
tUifomia; O.W.Colby, Butte County, California; A. B. Nalley^ Sonoma County, 



BjU, Sonoma Coniity. California; O. Hubbell, Marin Connty, California; G. ! 
Kellni;^. ^lonteley County, California; D. Inman, Alameda bounty, California. 

'ritil liie Cnpitid Slock of this corporation shall be one million dollars 
(fl,U4r),IM:0), in gold coin of the United Slates, divided into forty thousand 
■liuret of the par value of twenty-five dollars {^QXi) poch. 

t — :,.. . ^g vheceof, we have horeaoto set our handa and seals, this IGth day of 
,. B. 1875. 

O. TV, Coiat, 

W. McPhebson Hiu, 

J. C. MEiitiri-niij), 

A. B NALt-KY, 

A. D. Logan. 



2US TirE PATBOSa' TRIALS AND TEIUMPHB. 

At a meeting held on February 18th, 1875, a complete organ- 
ization was effected, witli tite following result: 



... .._ . , o forty thonsnnd iiiinreBoi tweulf 

fire dulloTB each. 

Anncu III. The prineipel place at bUHiaeBB of said CarporntioQ KbuU be aj 
tb» City and Caatit<r o( San FrundHco, State of Colifovcia. 

katviLB IV. None bat 1*1(11008 of Hnsbandiy shuU be petmiCt^ to Babscribe tn 
the ukptbil ntoek o( this Carporation. 

Abticlb V. Stocliholdera of tbig Corpocntion shol! bo BucbperBonaor w., ... 
tionB. composed of Pntronii, ns may hnve execnted or iJinll eiecate a nubflariptioi 
to the capital Btoiili — in snob I'onn ax Ibe Baud of Directors may proscribe — and 
sball pu; to the said t'otporation all duly levied and called uEaoHEmcnU. or eael) 
peraous or corpoiatious uti the stock taay be duly assigucd to iu accordanM mtfet 
IIicBe Bj-Liiws. 

AiiTicLE VI. Tbe poirerB of tbo Corporation obnll be vested in n Board of eteren 
BirectorB, vbo shall have been «le<^ted, and who shall hold office for the terra of 
one year, or until tiieir suaoeBsors ehould have boon elected and entered upon thai 
discbal^e of their datiea. 

ABncLB Vn. The DireotoTB shall bo citizens of the Uuited Slates, Fatrong of. 
Husbandry, and Slookbolders in the Coriioration, and hold, each, at least tenf 
shares of the cnpital stuck. 

AsTtCTJc VIII. A majority of the whole number of Directors shall constitata ■ 
qaornni for the ttiuiHaotion of baainesB, and every dcciiiioD of n mnjority of Iha 

Krsons duly aeaembled as a Board (if not iu conflict with tbcHo By-Laws), shi '* 
valid BB BQ act of this Corporation. 

Abtiole IX. Rej^iilar meetingi) of tha Board of Direotoni shall be held at U 
ofilce of the Corponition, at least once in every three months, and at bui . 
other times ua tbe Board of Directors may presoribe. Spceiol meetiugs of tb« 
Board of DireoCora shall be held, at the same place, upon the cull of the Fresi' 
dent or Vite-Preaident. It shall bo the duly of the Preeident or Vice-President 
in case from any cause the President oonnot act. to call epetial meetiogH, either 
of the Board of Directors or of tha stockholderB, upon the written req^aest at. 
five directors, or npon the written request of stockholders ropreneuting one tcntb 
ot the stock issued. Due notice of such regaeated meeting of Ihe stoohhoIdefW 
shall be (;iven by mail, and also by pubhcation, as preecribed in Article xxtt of 
these By-Laws; and all basiness which coold be transacted at a regular meeting, 
of the stockholders may be done at such requested and specially ccdied meeting' 
No notioe of the regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall b« reqnintoi 
other than that prescribed herein; but of all special meetings the President or 
Vice President shall cause all Directors residins out of San F^aneiaeo to bo noti- 
fied by moil or telegraph ; and all Directors residing and being in San Frandaat^ 
and any others to nbom it ia practicable to give each personal notice, shall btt 
perso Dally notified. 

Abticle S. The Corporation shall have power, throogb its officers and enploydf 
to deal, as a factor, in all kinds of agricultaral pcodnce, live slock, wool, o^ooltw 
nral implements and genera] merchandise; and also, as a factor, to import u~' 
export all articles appropriate or fitting to agrioultatnl parsnits. 

Abticlk XI. Whenever a vacancy shall occnr in the Board of Direclura ^ dcAtli, 
resignation or otherwise, the Board of Director ahtdi fill the same by appojitling 
A successor for Ihe nneipired term. 

AnTtQi.8 XII. Whenever any Director shall cease to be a stockholder, kia offlo 
shall become ipso facto, vacant; and such vacancy shall be filled as provided b 

Ahttclb Xm. The Board of Directors shall elect from their munberaPresident^ 
and Tice Fiesident of the corporation, who shall hold their offices for one yrar. 
or until their Euccessors are elected and entered upon the discharge ot thur 
offidal duties. 

Abticlb XIV. The President or Vice President, or either of ikeni, may b« t«> 
moved from office at any time on the vote of seven Directors in fiiTor of rcmoral. 



BY-LAWS. 209 

Anncix XY. The President and Vioe President nnd TeftBnrer shall givo bonds 
tor tbs failhfnl diBcharga of Iheii rcBii«ctiTe dutien, in BUchnnms aamajboiire- 
Bciibed by the Bunrd of DirecturBi and tat cbeii servicea shall receive snch re- 
miLueration ns may be fixed by snid Btwrd. 

Axnoi^KVL The Board of Direoloraahall hnve power to nppoint n Secretary 
an Attomey, nnil snch other officers, u^enla, clerks and sermnl^, aa the buainess 
oflheCorporittioninuyreqnirE', deSne their powers undpreaeribetheitdntiea, aub- 
jeot to tbens By-Laws, anil nhsJl fli the aalarien or other compeusatiou to ha paid 
to •ueh oflirerii, agents, clerks und senants of the Corporntion. 

AxnoLB SVIL The President and Vice Preaident BhoJl hove charge and eas- 
lodj of the funds, properly, booka, papers nod olter mntleri of the Corporation, 
nndec xnch rules, regulations and Testricliona la provided hy these By-LnwH. or 
theBoardof Directorsmay prescribe by reaolations duly passed and entered opon 
the uiiimteB of said Board. 

Abtuxb XTIII. The President and Vioe President eliall not both be abseiit 
from the State at the same time, and in case of the obaenec of either, his duties 
and powers shnll devolve upon and be performed by the other. 

AnrcLB XIX. It shall be the dnty of the Prenident, and in his absenee, the 
Tioe President, to preside at nil meetings of (he Board of Directors, and at oil 
meetings ot the stockholdera of the Coiroiutian. 

AancLK XX. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to record correctly all the 
pioceedingB of the stockholders at theii meetings, and of the Board of Directors. 

AjmabE XXI. The Board of Directors shall, from their number, appoint an 
Auditing Commitlee of three, whose dnty it shall be 10 count tlie'casb, examine 
the boobs, vonohers, docnments, papers, and other assets of the Corporation; to 
report upon tbe same to the stockholders at their aonnal meetings, and to the 
Board of Direetors from time to time, as they mny direct. 

Aa/acui XSII. The Board of DirciCtors ahnll, from their niunber, appoint a 
Finance Committee of three, whose doties shol] be defined by reiolalion of tbe 
Board ot Directors. 

AnnoLS XXIII. The anniaal meeting of the stookholdern for tbe eleetion of 
Directtns shall be held at the office of tbe Corporation, on tbe third Wednesday 
of Febroary of each year, at ten o'clock A. it. 

AmcLa XXIV. The call for the annual meeting of stockholders, and for the 
■nnnal election of Directors shall be signed by the Preddent or Vice PreeiJent, 
■nd bo atteKled by the Secretary, and be published at least once a week, for four 
otmaeontiTO weeks next preceding the day nt meeting, in at least three newapnpers 
of general circnlatiou thronghont the State. If from an^f cansc no iinorum shall 
Im present, thn meeting may adjourn from time to time withoat farther notice. 

AxncLE XXV. — All transfers of slock shall be subjcet to all debts and equitieB 
In faTor of tbe CorporatioQ against the person or Corporations making sncli 
tnnster, and cxialing or orlsiDR prior to the regnlar transfer thereof npon the 
h>ok8 ot the Corporation; and uo trunafer of sbarea shall be made upon the 
booka of the Corporation, nutil all dnrn nnd demands thereon, dne to the Corpi}- 
lation. from the party or parties representing imch sharea, shall have been paid. 

AnrtCLR XXVI.— All transfers of stocfa nhall lie made on the books ol the Cor- 
pontion, and no transfer shall be binding on the Corporation nnill so entered, or 
unlit all (tsaessmenis thereon have been piud. No stock that has been triinslerred 
on tbe books of the Corporation within thirty days next preceding uny meeting 
ot Uw stock ho lder s, shall be entitled to representation nt said meeting. 

Annoi-N XXV U. — Certificates ot stock shall be issued to the original stook- 
boldont of this Corporation, to the nnmber of shares by each subscribed in the 
OTJgiaal artirtes of association, as evidence to each of (he number of shares bj 
him or her owned in the capital stock; nnd tbe manner of transferring sharea 
dull bo by endorsement and delivery of the errtificate thereof, such cndorse- 
Bnut beine by the signature of the proprietor, or Lis or her atlomny in fact, or 
legal Tcpie-riilulive. No slock shail be tnin'^ferred without Ihoimrronder ot the 
fertiflcaif. and upon ftnch surretijcr Iho w<in1 " '■uncoiled " shall be written across 
the taeeot liif? oertLttcatDby the Secretnry, and tbe signatures of the olBoersshall 
liti«Tiiard. nnd sneh ccTliflcntp, bo eaufellfid. shall be preserved by pasting the 
•ine to fhr' -,iiib from which it waa lorn, in tbe Certiflcale book. The transfer 
Ixxilto •Jiuil 1".' ttiaed f<>r two days pridr to the annual meetings and the payment 
e'-ttviilrnila, nnd the dividend") ahnll be paid, to the persons in whose names they 
^s «tiHkh"lders at the time when the books are eloeed. 
lU XXVni,— All the net earnings and pioflts in said business of the Con 
U 



I I. 

I 



• I. . 



PART THIRD. 



Grange Directory. 

CHAPTER XVn. 



THE NATIONAL GRANGE. 



OFFICERS: 

Jifaster — Dudley W. Adams, Waukon, Iowa. 

Overseer — Thomas Taylob, Columbia, South Carolina. 

Lecturer — T. A . Thompson, Plainview, Wabash county, Minnesota. 

Steward — A. J. Vaughan, Early Grove, Marshall county, Mississippi, 

Assistrnd Steward — G. W. Thompson, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 

Chaplain — Rev. A. B. Grosh, Washington, District of Columbia. 

Treasurer— F. M, McDoweu., Corning, New York. 

S-crdary^ O. H. Eelley, Washington, District of Columbia. 

(rate Keeper — O. Dinwtddie, Orchard Grove, Lake county, Indiana. 

Ceres — Mbs. D. W. Adams, Waukon, Iowa. 

Pomona— Mbs. O. H. Eklley, Washington, District of Columbia. 

Flora — Mrs. J. C. Abbott, Clarkesville, Bntler county, Iowa. 

Lady AssisiarU Steward — Miss C. A. Halt., Washington, District of CDhrmbia. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE; 

William Saundbbs, Washington, District of Columbia. 

D. Wyatt Aiken, Cokesbury, Abbeville county, South Carolina. 

£. B. SojLSELAJSDf Dubuque, Iowa. 



MEMBERS: 



Master. 



Addreflf, 



Alabams ^t 

Arkannas. 

California 

Colorado. 

Delaware. 

Dakota... 

Florida . . 

Geor^.. 

BHnois. . . 

Indiana.. 

Iowa 

Idaho.... 



Xflotiicky 







W. H. Chambers .-, Oswichee, Russell county. 

John T. Jones Helena, Phillips county. 

J. M. Hamilton Guenoc, Lake county. 

B. Q. Tenney Fort Collins, Larimer county; 

(United with Maryland. ) 

E. B. Crew Lodi, Clay county. 

B. P. Wardlaw Madison, Madison county. 

T. J. Smith Oconee, C. R. R., Wash'ton co. 

Alonzo Golder Rock Falls, Whitesides county. 

Henley James Marion, Grant county. 

A. B. Smedley Cresco, Howard county. 

(United with Oregon.) 

M. R Hudson Maple ton. Bourbon county. 

M. D. Davie Beverly, Christian county. 

H. W. L. Lewis Osyka, Pike county. 

Nelson Ham Lewiston, Androscoggin county. 

Jos. T. Moore Sandy Soring, Mont, county. 

Joseph P. Felton Greenfield, Franklin county. 

S. F. Brown Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo county. 

S. E. Adams Monticello, Wright county. 

W. L. Hemingway CarroUton, Carroll county. 

T. B. Allen Allenton, St. Louis county. 

Bxigham Beed Bozeman, GaUatin county. 



212 GRANGE DIRECTORY, 

State. Master. Address. 

Nebraska Wm. B. Porter Plattsmouth, Cass county. 

New Hampshire Dudley T. Chase Claremont, Sullivan county. 

New Jersey Edward Howland Hammonton, Atlantic county. 

New York George D. Hinckley Fredonia, Chatauqua county. 

North Carolina Columbus Mills Concord, Cabarrus county. 

Nevada (United with California.) 

Ohio S. fl. Ellis Spnngboro, Warren county. 

Oregon Daniel Clark Salem, Marion county. 

Pennsylvania D. B. Manger Douglassville, Berks county 

South Carolina Thomas Taylor Columbia, Bichland county. 

Tennessee William Maxwell — .... Humboldt, Gibson county. 

Texas William W. Lang Marlin, FcAls county. 

Vermont E. P. Colton Irasburg, Orleans county. 

Virginia J. W. White Eureka Mills, Charlotte county. 

West Virginia B. M. Kitchen* Shanghai, Berkeley county. 

Wisconsin John Cochrane Waupun, Fond da Lao county. 

Washington (United with Oregon.) 



CALIFORNIA STATE GRANGE, 

OFFICERS. 

Master — J. M. Hamilton, Guenoc, Lake county 

Overseer — O. L. Abbott, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara county. 

Lecturer — J. W. A. Weight, Borden, Fresno county. 

Steward — N. L. Ajxex, Salinas, Monterey county. 

Assistant Steimrd—Vfn, M. Jaokson, Woodland, Yolo county. 

CJutpktin — J. A. Hutton, Yolo, Yolo county. 

Treasurer— J. B. Carrinotox, Denverton, Solano county. 

Secretary — W. H. Baxter, C Leidesdorff street, San Fnmcisca 

Gaie Kreptr — R. R. Warder, Waterford, Stanislaus county. 

Ceres — Mrs. G. W. Davis, Santa Rosa, Sonoma county. 

Pomona — Mrs. S. C. Baxter, Napa city, Napa county. 

Flora — ^Irs. R. S. Hkgeler, Bodega, Sonoma county. 

Lady Assisiaid Stcioard — Mrs. S. M. Gardner, Grayson, Stanislaus county. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE- 

J. M. Hamilton, W. M., Chairman, Guenoc, Lake county. 

I. G. Gardner, Grayson, Stanislaus county. 

J. C. Merrytteld, Dixon, Solano county. 

H. M. Leonard, Santa Clara, Santa Clara county. 

J. M. Thompson, Suscol, Napa county. 

G. W. Colby, Nord, Butte county. 

A. B. Naxxey, Windsor, Sonoma county. 

CALIFORNIA DISTRICT AND COUNTY COUNCILS: 

Alameda County— Joel Russell, Haywood, M. ; T. Hellar, S. 

Los Ancjeles and San Bernardino District — T. A. Garey, Los Angeles, M. ; J. 
F. Marquis, Anaheim, S. 

Mendocino Counit — L. F. Long, Ukiah City, M.; J. A. Knox, Sanel, S. 

Monterey and Santa Cruz District— J. R. Ilcbbron, M. ; A. F. Richardson* S. 

Napa District— J. D. Blunchar, M.; H. W. Ilaskoll, S. 

SAcr.AMENTt), El Dorado ant) Placer District — Officers not reported. 

San Luis Obispo County — A. J. Mothersead, M.; J. M. Munnon, S. 

Santa Clara County — H. M. Leonard, M.; I. A. Wilcox, S. Regular meet- 
ings every three mouths, alternately at Santa Clara and San Jose. 

Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo District — Officers not reported, 

Solano Counti' — J. B. Carrington, M.; J. M. Jones, S. 

Sonoma Counit — Wm. McPherson Hill, M.; S. T. Coulter, S. 



LIST OP OBGANIZING DEPUTIES. 



213 



Stanislaus County— R. R. Warder, M. ; Vital E. Bangs, 8. 
TuxABB County— W. S. Babcock, M.; J. 8. Urton, 8. 
Vkntura County Council — Daniel Rouiilish, M, ; James 8. Harkey, 8. 
West San Joaquin District, (Merced, San Joaqnin and Stanislaus counties.) 
W. J. Miller, Oristimba, M.; Thomas A. Chapman, Oristimba, 8. 



LIST OP ORGANIZING DEPUTIES. 



^oBt-offloe. 
Eden. 
Plymouth. 
Chico. 
Chico. 
Nord. 



Ck>imty. Deputy. 

Alameda. . . , Thos. Heller 

Amador H. Vanderpool 

Butte Ed.HaUett 

Butte Wm. M. Thorpe 

Butte G. W. Colby 

Colusa J. J . Hicok Grand Island. 

Colusa D. H. Arnold Spring Valley. 

Contra Costa R. G. Dean Autioch. 

£1 Dorado A. J. Cristie Coloma. 

Fresno J. W. A. Wright : Borden. 

Humboldt H. W. Arbogast Areata. 

Inyo T. J. Furbee Bishop's Creek 

Laice H. A. Oliver Guenoc. 

Los Angeles Thos. A. Garey Los Angeles. 

Los Angeles Ed. Evey Anaheim. 

Mendocino R. M. Wilson Cahto. 

Merced H. B. JoUey Merced City. 

Modoo 1.8. Mathews Fort Jones* 

Mono T. J. Furbee Bishop's Creek, inyo. 

Monterey J. D. Fowler Hollister. 

Placer A. D. Neher ^Roseville. 

Sacramento W. S. Manlove Sacramento^ 

San Benito J. D. Fowler Hollister. 

San Francisco I. G. Gardner San Francisco. 

San Francisco J. H. Hegeler Son Francisco. 

San Joaquin A. Wolf. Stockton. 

San Luis Obispo A. J. Mothersead Moro. 

San Luis Obispo Isaac Flood Old Creek. 

Santa Barbara O. L. Abbott. ... Santa Barbara. 

Santa Clara G. W. Henning San Jose. 

Shasta J. T. Dinsmore Reading. 

Siskiyou I. 8. Mathews Fort Jones. 

Solano J. B. Carrington Denyerton. 

Solano R. 0. Haile Suisun. 

Solano J. C. Menyfield Dixon. 

Sonoma Geo. W. Davis Santa Rosa. 

Sonoma A. B. Nally Windsor. 

Sonoma T. H. Merry Healdsburg^ 

Stanislaus J. D. Spencer Modesto. 

Stanislaus J. D. Reybum Modesto. 

Sutter Geo. Ohleyer Yuba City. 

Tehama A. J. Loomis Farmington. 

Tulare M. 8. Babcock Kingston, Fresno. 

Yolo ^ Wm. Sims Buckeye. 



Alameda 

Fresno 

XjlalkO •••• ....... 

San Francisco. . . 
San Francisco . . . 
Solano 



Genxbal Deputiss. 

Ezra S. Carr Oakland. 

J. W. A. Wright (W. L.) . . . . Borden. 

J. M. Hamilton (W. M.) Guenoc. 

W. H. Baxter (W. 8.) 6 Liedesdorflf Street. 

John H. Hegeler Snn Francisoa 

John B. Carrington Denverton. 



NEVADA. 

A. J. Hatch. 



Reno. 



214 



GRANGE DIBECTOBr. 



CAUTOENIA SUBORDINATE GRANGES, ARRANGED BY COUNTIES 

This list contains the names of Masters and Secretaries so far as reported, 
elected to serve during the year 1875. In Granges not reported we continne the 
names of last year's officers : 

A2L1DOB CO LSiZl . 

Name of Gnn^. MastLr. Secxetary. Po«t-<rfBe«. 

Jackson Taliey Jesse D. Hamrick. . Lansinj; J. Dooley lone City. 

Plymouth Hanlin^ Vanderpool S. C Wheeler Plymouth. 

South Sutter Thos. Boyd G. R. Richardson . . South Sutter. 

▲LAMKOA CO L ' Ml . 

Centerville Jas. Shinn M. B. Stnrgis Centerrille. 

Eden Thos. Hellar Vim.. Pearce Hayvards. 

Livermore D. Inman F. R. Fassett. LiTermore. 

Sunol ^ . E. M. Carr S. W. Millard Simol. 

Temescal . . ^ J. Y. Webster John Collins Oakland. 

BCTTE COCSTT. 

Chico E. Hallett H. W. Barnes Chico. 

Evening Star A. D. Nelson A. M. Woodruff. . . Nelson. 

Hamilton H. L. LasseUe Anson Brown Biggs' Station. 

Honcut John C. Mo<.-»re I>. F. Newbert Moore's Station. 

Nord G. Van Woert Peter Kern Nord. 



CALAVZaAS COUai'l. 

Calaveras M. F. Gregorv Mrs. Rodgers 



Jenny Lind 



Antelope Valley. 

Center 

Colusa 

Freshwater 

F;it;kSIoagh. ... 
Grau J I>I.iud . . . 

Nvwviile 

PLu-i 

PiiMOrton 

S: ri::^ Voile v. . , 

I'ni '^ 

Willows 



COLUSA COLMl. 

John Sites P. Peterson , 

D. Bcbte Mrs. Carrie Wellay 

J. O. Wilkins R. Jones 

P. ^i. Por-lut? K. A. Wil<ev. . 

L. D. M -Dow E. C. Hunte.r. 

wi:i. i.»-at.D J. n. Dufficid. 

r. X. Soribner S. C>>K^me . . . 



M. Ktriilri/k. . . 
K. K. Kii-sh ... 

B. L". -as 

J.F.Gurr 

J. W.ZamwuIt. 



J. W. Bowv.r . 
\\ H.So-.tt.. 
T. S: 3^:1'. ton. 
W. W D lUcpj 
G. T. niokiin.. 



Antelopc-Valley 

Coluifia. 

Colusa. 

Coluia. 

Colusa. 

Gr.in*! Island. 

N-.wv-ilie. 

Ja>.*into. 

Princeton. 

SiTin-^ Valley. 

Princeton. 

Princeton. 



O.NTTA Ci-^STA O.^CNTT. 



Alh:inibra 

Anti'.vh 

D iiivillo 

F..-int -'t Tinibe! 
Wiihiiit Cretk . 



J. Strentzell 

M. A. Wdlt.u.. 

c.wo-^a 

H. C. il.Culv... 



. W. .V. Fnizer. . 

J. D. Darbv... 

. J. E. Sydcor. . 

. E. W. i\ir*i'v . . 



M. S. Gmv K. M. Jouts Walnut Creek. 



. . . Martinez. 

. . . Antioch. 

... Djuvilie. 

. . . Point of Timbej 



EL I>-^5ArO CO ITNTT. 



r\-\rksvi]l.» 

El D.ri.lo.... 

Filt mil 

FLi.'»:rvi" > . . . 
^•:::c^ iliU 



R. T. Mil!^... . 
i'. G. Cir^'niitcr. . 

J 111! r>:: p . . . . 

Wili.i:.! Wii =u^ .. 
.J. G. O'Bii-u ... 



. I. M.iltoy Clarksville. 

. . J. M. B.Weatherwai El Dor-id-:. 

. . A. .1. Rivir-v Pilot nm. 

. . H G. H*:lburl Flao^rvUle. 

. . il. Maliltr Colonia. 



FR'-SNO C-'T^TY. 






F.' -n.^ 

G irr-. :<■ u . 

Svv-a:n:n?. . 



T. F. X !> r. .. 
H. L. F -.':.. 7-,u 
i'. C L:' ly . . . 
.1 s. F»'Lr:".> .... 
W. Vv-. Hi,Mr .. 
A. C. l>nivi:':rd. 



. . T. Wv i:t .... 

. . •' . r _..iiu-. . 
.. F. D>v .... 
.. H. r U:-' V. 
.. \V. M. I M^-. 
. . V . .\ • At." II . . . 



. . . Fi-: r>ry Creek. 

. . . Fre-in-.^ Citv. 
. .. Kin-:'> River. 
. . . Fan .obi. 
.... Svoaciore. 



CALIFOBNIA. SUBORDINATE OBAKOES. 



215 



HUMBOLDT GOUKTT. 



Kame of Chrange. Mtster. 

Elk Biver T. 8. Stewaart 

Ferodale F. Z. BoyDton 

Kiwelattah .• D. D. Averill 

Mattole Jacob Miner . 

Kohnerville H. S. Case. . . 

Table Bluff J. Sawyer. . . . 



Secretary. Post-office. 

D. A. DeMcrritt. . . . Enreka. 

E. C. Damou Femdale. 

F. McPhee Areata. 

David Simmons. . . . Petrolia. 

S. Strong Bohnerville 

E. Clark Table Bluff. 



INTO COUNTY. 

Bishop's Creek A. Dell W. T. Wiswall Bishop's Creek- 
Independence J. W. Symmes D. Benrtis Independence. 

Lone Pine J. J. McCall A. H. Johnson Lone Pine. 



KEBN- COUNTY. 



Bakersfield J. R. Eiley . . 

Cummings Valley. . G. Thompson 

Linn's \^ey S. W. Woody 

New River W. Norton. . 

Panama H. D. Robb. 

Rising Star C. Valpey . . . 

Tehaichipa J. Norboe . . . 

Weldon .'J. B. Bartz. 



P. D. Jewett Bakersfield. 

T. Yates Tehaichipa. 

S. E. Reed Glenville. 

L. G. Baker Bakersfield. 

J. F. Gordon Bakersfield. 

J. W.Cray croft Panoche. 

J. Prewett Tehaichipa. 

James Swan Weldon. 



XJLS8EN COUNTY. 

Lakeside ^ Geo. H. Bingham . . John Theodore Janesville« 

LAKE COUNTY. 

Gnenoc ^. , . . T. Sopher W. C. Greenfield. . . Gnenoc. 

Kelseyville D. P. Shattuck T. Ormiston Kclsey ville. 

Lakeport J. W. Boggs N. Phelan Lakeport. 

Ix>wer Lake J. W. Howard. ..... Lucy S. Wilson Lower Lako. 

Upper Lake^ D. V. Thompson. . . D. Q. McCarty .... Upper Lake. 

LOS ANGEIiES COUNTY. 

Alliance J. D. Durfee J. W. Mansfield,.. . . El Monte, 

Azusa W. W. Maxey J. C. Preston El Monte 

Compton J. J. Morton T. V. Kimble Compton. 

El Monte J. T. Gordon A.H. Hoyt El Monte. 

Enterprise T. E. Alexander Mrs. Alexander Los Angeles. 

Eureka C. Burdick P. C. Toimer Spadi-a. 

Fairview E. Evey J. M. Guinn Anaheim. 

Florence Philip IIow K. Ramsey Los Angeles. 

Fmitl&nd N. O. Stafford L. 11. Collins Santa Anna. 

Los Angeles T. A. Garey S. A. Waldron Los Angeles. 

Los Nietos F. B. Gmnlin W. S. Roavis Los Nietos. 

New River W. Newton S. G. Baker Los Nietos. 

Orange J. Beach L.J. Lockhart Orange. 

Silver H. L. Montgomery . W. P. McDonald. . . Los Nietos. 

Spadra A. T. Currier Jos. Wright Spadra. 

Vineland A. B. Haywood R. L. Freeman Tustin City. 

Westminster M. B. Craig W. F. Poor Westminster. 

Wellington A. H. Hawloy J. N. Mann Wellington. 

UENDOCINO COUNTY 

Cahto H. Braden H. Clark Cahto. 

Little Lake A. P. Martin W. A. Wright Little Lake. 

^Xanchester B. F. McClure W. F. McClure Manchester. 

Pomo J. Mewhinney G. B. Nichols Pomo. 

Potter Valley L. A. Preston Mrs. Slingerland. . . Potter Valley. 

Round Valley P. Handy William Ford Covelo. 

Sanel E. M. Carr M. Gregory Sanel. 

Ukiah . . Thos. A. Lucas .... A. . Carpenter. . . . Ukiah. 



216 



GRANGE DIRECTORY. 



MABIN COUNTT. 
Name of Orange. Master. Secretary. Po8i<^>fflce. 

Nicasio P. K. Austin J. W. Noble Nicasio. 

Point Reyes N. H. Stinson A. H. Stinson Point Beyea. 

Tomales Wm. Yauderbilt .... B. H . Prince Tomales. 

MBBOED COUNTY. 

Badger Flat A. P. Merrit W. F. Clarke Los Banos. 

Cottonwood J. L. Crittenden. . . J. M. Daley Cottonwood. 

Hopeton John Buddie T. Egleson Hopeton. 

Los Banos A. P. Merrit W. F. Smith Los Banos. 

Merced W. E. Elliot Jas. B. Balston .... Merced. 

Flainsbnrg P. Y. Welch T. J. E. Wilcox Plainsburg. 

Snelling Erastus Kelsey .... Frank Larkin Sneiling. 

MODOO COUNTY. 

Modoo..«.»*« A. y. Coffer M. Waid WiUowBanch* 

MONTEBEY COUNTY. 

Hollister B. Buckledge Mary E . Cowan. » . . Hollister. 

Morning Star C. E. Williams. F. Blake CastroTillo. 

Pajaro D. M . Clough L. B. Johnson WatsonviUe. 

Salinas J. B. Hebbron Clara Westlake Salinas. 



Berryessa 

Calistoga 

Napa 

J?opo Valley 

Bathorf ord .... 

St. Helena 

Yonntville 



Indian Springs — 



Lincoln 

Newcastle. ..^ 

Boseville 

Sheridan 



NAPA COUNTY. 

J. W Smittle L. H. Buford Monticello. 

W. B. Pratt C. H. Mencfee.. Calistoga. 

J. B. Saul A. A. R. Dtting Napa City. 

J. A. Van Arsdale. . C. A. Booth Pope Valley. 

G. S. Burrege H. W. Crabb Yountville. 

J. Llewellyn ChaH. A. Story St. Helena. 

J. M. Maytield F. Griffin Yountville. 

NEYADA COUNTY. 

T. J. Bobertson . . . L. Horton Indian-Springs.- 

PLACEB COUNTY. 

John Lewelling A . Story Lincoln. 

John C. Boggs B. P. Tabor New Castle. 

A. D. Usher Robert Ward Boseville 

D. H. Long S, J. Lewis Sheridan. 



PLUMAS COUNTY. 

Plumas . * A.J. Spoon H. F . Lander. 

SACBAMENTO COUNTY. 



Sierra Valley. 



American Biver J. A. Evans. . . 

Cosumnes J. A. Elder. . . . 

Elk Grove Julius Everson. 

Enterprise G. J. Martin. . . 

Florin L. Fuscette . . . . 

Franklin Amos Adams. . . 

Gait J. C. Sawyer. . . 

Georgiana F. M. Kittrell . . 

Sacramento W. S. Manlove. 

Sherman Island J. M. Upham. . 

Walnut Grove S. Runyon 



. W. W. Kilgore Patterson. 

. J. H. Atkins Sheldon. 

. Delos Gage Elk Grove. 

. W. A. Boot Brighton. 

.J.J. Bates .... Florin . 

. P. R. Beckley Franklin 

. J. L. Fifield Gait. 

. G. A. Knott Rio Vista, 

. E. F. Aiken Sacramento. 

. W. M. Robbins Emmaton. 

. J. V. Prather WalnntGrore. 



SAN BKNTTO COUNTY. 

Hollister J. D. Fowler :. 8. F. Cawaa. Hollister^ 

Mountain -G. Butterfield J. W. HallMira. ...... BttiBeil^tob 

SAN BEBNABDINO QfHUW 

Rincon F. M. Slaughter. . . . John 

Riverside W. B. Bussell 0. " 

San Bernardino. . • Geo. Lord • • • P 



CALIFOBKU SUBORDINATE GRAK6E3. 



217 



Name of Grange. 

Balena 

Bear Valley 

Ban Bernardo . . 
San Luis Key.. 
San Jacinto . . . 
National Hanch 
Jl oway •••••••• 



BAN DIEGO GOITNTT. 
Master. Secretary. 

.. C. O. Tucker Mrs. C. O. Tucker. 

. . W. H. H. Dinwiddle C. H. Moseley 

. . Z. Sikes T. Duncan , 

. . M. E. Ormsby L. J. Crombie 

. . T. D. Henry Mrs. M. Collins. . . 

. . F. A. Kimball S. T. Blackmore. . . 

. . J. F. Chapin E. D. Frank 



FoBt-cfflce. 

Balena, 
Bear Vfillcy. 
San Bernardo. 
San Lnis Bey. 
San Jnrioto. 
National Banch. 
Poway. 



SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. 



Atlanta S. Myers 

Castoria F. J. "Woodward. . . . 

Collegeville P. P. Ward 

Elliot Henry H. West 

Farmington Wm. St. J. Bodgers 

Liberty J. M.Wood 

Linden E. B. Cayswell 

Lockeford ... G. G. Holman, 

Lodi John Parrott 

Bnstio L. P. Whitman 

Stockton T. L. Eetchim 

Washington J. W. Sollars 

West San Joaquin . . G . E. Neeham 

Wildwood E. D. Morrison 

Woodbiidge Ezra Fiske 



Mrs. J. W. Moore. . Morano. 

Eugene Kaye Stockton. 

S. B. Chalmers .... Collegeville. 

N. S. Misiner Elliot. 

E. O.Long Farmington. 

Victor Jahant Acampo. 

James Wiisley Linden. 

S. S. Stewart Lockeford. 

Mrs. N. Crouch Lodi. 

H. C. Willis Luthrop. 

E. N. Allen Stockton. 

M. L. Cook Washington. 

J. Qaackenbush Ellis. 

W. M. Muncey Wildwood. 

A. S. Thomas Woodbridge 



ArroTO Grande, 

Cambria 

Horo City. . . . 

Old Creek 

Paso Bobles. .. 
San Lnis Obispo 
Summit 



BAN LUIS OBIBPO COUNTY. 

W. H. Nelson B. J. Wood Arroyo Grande. 

C. H. Ivins H. Olmstead Cambria. 

H. Y. Stanley Jas. Allen Moro City. 

B. G.Swain Chas. S. Clark Old Creek. 

H. W. Bhyne J. P. Mooky Paso Bobles.. 

Wm . Jackson E. L. Beed San Luis Obispo. 

J. V. N. Young A. T. Foster Paso Bobles. 

SAN MATEO COUNTY. 



Crescent H. M. Jewell James Compton .... Crescent. 

La Honda . . .« .^^^^, M. Woodhams Mrs. Woodhams .... La Houda. 

Ocean View. I. G. Knowles . . E. Bobson Ocean View. 

Pescadero B. V. Weeks H. B. Sprague Pescadcro. 

San Mateo A* F. Green C. E. Bowe San Mateo. 

SANTA BABBABA COUNTY. 

Carpenteria.. . . .. . . S. H. Olmstead Henry Fish Carpenteria. 

Confidence A. Copeland J. T. Austin Gnadaloupe. 

Santa Barbara O. L. Abbott V. F. Bussell Santa Barbara, 

Santa Maria. 8. G. Lockwood S. J. Nicholson .... Santa Maria. 

SANTA CLABA COUNTY. 

Gilroy W.Z. Angeney H. Coffin Gilroy. 

Mayfleld F. W. Weisshaar. . . J. Ponce Mayfield. 

San Jos^ Wm. Erkson Bnfus Fish San Jo8($. 

Santa Clara.; S. J. Jameson. LA. Willcox Santa Clara. 

Saratoga.' Willis Morrison Mrs. J. Farwell Saratoga. 



Ben Lomond. .. 
Santa Cmz . . . 
Watsonyille. . . 



SANTA OBUZ COUNTY. 

..... John Burns Jas. Burns Santa Cruz, 

G. C. Ward well T. Pilkington Santa Cruz. 

.... J. McCollin Sarah Bedman WatsonviUe. 



SHASTA COUNTY 



Cottonwood .... ».^ 

Millville 

Rftftding 



. G. G. Kimball John Barry Cottonwood. 

. J. P. Webb Geo. W. Welch MillviUe. 

. J. F. Dinsmore S. J. B. Gilbert Beading. 



^H 218 


QRAXOE DIBECTOKy. 


^ 


^^B 


HISKUOi: 


CODSW. 






Uuipr. 


BecretiiT. 


rnittjiairrf. 




Jolin UuBride.... 


.T.S. Wilson 


. Mtnn. 


^^^H hWI. .lonna 


..J. 8. MftttbewB... 


. J.W.Tuttla 








J.A.Colc 






..A. Bennett 


.E. A. Beardaiey.. 


. Binghamptoo. 


UeuTsrton. ..... 








Diion 


. . J. C. McrryfiBld. . 


. J. A.Ellia 


. Dixon. 


Elmira 


..J.A.Clark 


. M. D. Cooper ... 
C. E. MarabaU... 






.. T. Hooper......... 




Bio Vial* 


..A. B.Alflip 


. Jobn H. Gardener 




Bockvitle 


..W. A. Jjiltin. ... 


J. E. Morris 




SaiBun VuUe; .. 


.. J. M. JODCB 


MrH. R. B. CanoTui Snisun TaUer. ■ 


VnoariUo 


.. E. R. TliQibtir — 


.Oacnr Dobbins.... 




1 VaUejt. 


.. S. S.Drako 


CLaa. B. Deming. 


Vftllfjo. 


^^H Bennett TaUe?.. 


..N.Cnrr 


. G. N.Whitaker.. 


. Santa Bona. 




., Wm. H. l^Tiito... 


. A. B. GloTM 




^^V Dod«g» 


..E.B.Pinne 


.E. H. Choney.... 


. Bodegft 


^^ CloverdBla 


.. ChaB.H.Cooley.. 


.F.W.Davenport. 




OcyseTTille 


., CP-Moora 




. GcyaeTOlIe. 




.. B. B. Oapell 

. W. W. (Tiapman. 


W.M. Gladden... 


. nc-aldsbntg. 


Fetalnma 






Santa Bobei 


,. Geo. W. BiiTiB... 


. J. A. OliTPi-n 






.. J.M.HiiaBreth.. 
.. Wm. McP.HilL. 


.W. J.Hnnt 


, SeboslopoL 


Sonoma 


.T.B. Cooper 








. J. C PnTYino 

. Edgar Lindsoy. . . 


Two Rock. 
.Windsor. 


Windsor 


..E,H.Bania 


^^^ 


GTUnSLAU 


B CO[TinT. 








.A. B. Ctook 

.R.K. Whitlnore.. 


. Crow'aLwiaiitt. 
. CereB. 




..n. W. Brouae ... 


^^^H (imuann 


.. Wm.LoTO 


A. C. Lander 


. Gray Hon. 




..A. S. Emery 






^^H Orifltimba 


..W. J.Miller 


E. H. Eobiaon... 


. HiJra Ferry 


^^M Ualldn 


., P.Vintent...... . 


-A. H. Elmote.... 


. Modeato. 


^^^m Rf»^i.i»„. 


.,T.E.Bi.ngB 


. E. n. Turner 


Modesto. 


^^H '1-urlock 


.. C. H. Canipboll.... 




. Tiirlook. 


^^H Wftteiford 


..S.M.GaUnp 








^^H North Butte.... 


.. B. B.SpUlman ,. 


.J.D.Dow 


. North Butte. 


^^H South Butter.... 


.. Tho«.Bojd 


.Geo.K.Bii>haidiH>i 


South Sutler. 


^^H Sutter 


.. W.C.Smilh 


J. M. Gladden.. . 


. Moridiwi. 


^^M YabaCit; 


..B. P. Walton.... 


. J. Hondy 


, Yuba City. 


^^^H f.im.nnt™ 


..C.F. Foster 


B. H. LooMis.... 


. FormingtiML 


^^H Vow Balem...,. 






. Pnskento. 


^^H SedBlolr 


..B. H.BloflBom... 


C.E. Fonda 


, Bed Bluff. 


^^H ChristmHH 


..W.M. SInart 


C. H.noblnaon... 


ViaaK*. 




.. G. F. JelTerds .... 


W. Q. Pennebaker 


. Fiirmi-rnville, 




.. W. L. Moreton... 




. GrnnReTille, 


^m ^^■....■. 


..ErBBtnaAxtdl 




, Grnngevilie. 


..M. 8.Bnhcoct,.. 


Mra E T> fitmnio' 


aGmncevUle. 


^^m HiuMlSlonRli... 


. . Wisley Unflerwoo. 


\Vi,i. I.]iii,l . „ 


(ii„iiy,.ville. 


^^B Moont Whitney. 


. O. W. Dnntan . 




■ 'A'jtnBj. 




..D. E. Wilson.,.. 






^^B Tale Biver 






'■-• 


^^^^ vin.i:. 












^ 


Hy 








GRANGE DIRECTORY. 219 

TUOLUHNB GOUNTT. 
Name of Onuige. liuter. Secretary. Post-office. 

Sonora G. C. Soulsby R. F. Williams Sonora. 

YEMTUBA COUNTY. 

Oiai '. C. E. Soule. . J. Hobart Nordhoflf. 

Pleasant Valley . . . W. P. Eamsener. . . W. O. Wood Pleasant Valley. 

San Pedro, W. H. Viuyard D. D. DeNure Hueneme. 

Saticoy Milton Wnssou Miss A. Baker Saticoy. 

Sesipe S. A. Gniberson. . . . T. Marple San Buenaventura 

Veatara J. Willett G. Preble San Buenaventura 

YOIiO couinT. 

Antelope "W. J. Clark T. F. Hughes Antelope. 

Buckeye Wm. Sims L. Moody Buckeye. 

Cache Creek 8. A. Howard R. B. Butler Cache Creek. 

Cipay Valley J. N. Rhodes Howland Bower Capay Valley 

Davisville J. C. Campbell W. Hand Dnvisville. 

Hungry Hollow T. A. Gallup Mrs. Partz Oat Valley. 

West Grafton A. W. Morris G. W. Parks Yolo. 

Yolo J. A. Hutton D. Schindler Woodland. 

YUBA C50UNTY. 

Maiysvills ........ C. G. Bockius Jas. M. Cutts.^.^.^ Marysville. 



NEVADA STJBOEDINATE GEANGES. 

Alfauta, Reno, G. W. Huflfaker, M.; T. B. Kloher, S. 
Eaoue Valley, Eagle Valley, G. W. Chedig, M.; O. A. F. Gilbert, S. 
Cabson Valley, Genoa, R. J. Livingstone, M.; J. S. Child, S. 
Washob Valley, Franktown, Elias Owens, M.; G. D. Winters, S. 
Wrllinoxon, Wellington, Esmeralda county, A. H. Hawley. M.: J. N. Mann, S. 
Mkbkttt, Mason Valley, Esmeralda county, Eimber Cleaver, M.; Clark 
Cleaver, 8. 
Pabadise, Paradise Valley, B. F. Riley, M. ; W. Perkins, S. 
WixNEaiucoA, Winnemucca, Wm. B. Haskell, M.; Hez. Barns, S. 
Elko, Elko, Jos. A. Tinker, M.; Jos. L. Keyser, S. 
Lanevillb, Laneville Valley, Edwin Odell, "M. ; Henry M. Freeman, S, 
Uallegs, Cump Hallcck Station, J. S. Feun, M. ; Maurice Geary, S. 
Star Valley, Humboldt Wells, D, E, Johnston, M.; Chas. J. Whitney, S. 
Clotxb Valley, Humboldt WeUs, F. Honoyman, M.; W. B. Raymond, S. 



The Grange Eecord: 



CONTAINIITG A LIST OF CHARTER MEMBERS OF EACH GRANGE IN 

CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA. 

CALIFOENIA. 

PILOT HILL GRANGE, No. 1. 
Pilot Hill, El Dobado County. 
Organized August 10, 1870, by A. A. Bay ley, General Deputy. 



P. D. Brown, Master, 

A. J. Bayley, Secretary, 

J. W. Davis, 

A. A. Bayley, 

John Bishop, 

James H. Rose, 

John Marshall, 

C. S. Rogers, 

Thos. Owens, 

J. P. Bayley, 



S. S. Blue, 
A. Martin, 
Wm. Norvall, 
J. R. Clow, 
SilttH Hayes, 
J. S. Martin, 
T. T. Lovejoy, 
Wni. H. Mai hurley, 
George B. Mudd, 
Mrs. C. H. Jones, 



Mrs. S. C. Owens, 
Mrs. P. D. Brown, 
Mrs. G. B. Mudd, 
MrsiU. J. Bayley, 
Miss Jane Jones, 
Miss MaiT Jones, 
Miss A. R. Lovejoy, 
Mi^s M. R. Brown, 
Miss J. E. Bayley. 



NAPA GRANGE. No. 2. 

Napa, Napa County, 
Organized March 8, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, General Deputy. 



W. A. Fisher, Master, Levi Hardman, 
J. Walter Ward, Secretary, Paris Kilbourn, 



W. H. Nash, 
Daniel Gridley, 
L. W. Evey, 
James M. Thompson. 
T. H. Thompson, 
Wm. Fleming, 



J. M. Mtmsiield, 

C. A. Menefee, 
J. L. Marshall, 
W. W. Smith, 
Jas. B. Saul, 

D. Squib, 



A. A. R. Witting, 
Wm. H. Winter, 
G. W. Henning, 
Mrs. W. H. Nash, 
Mrs. C. Plaas, 
Mrs. Blauchar, 
Mrs. J. M. Mansfield, 
James Hill. 



WEST SAN JOAQUIN GRANGE, No. 3. 
Ellis, San Joaquin County. 



Organized April 14, 1873, by W. H. 

E. B. Stiles, Master, M. Lammers, 
H. W. Fassett, Secretary, P. T. Gomer, 

A. P. Stocking, Mrs. P. T. Gomer, 

L. Gish, Alex. Girvan, 

J. Carroll, Wm. B. Hay, 

CD. Needham, Ellen Hay, 

J. Field, Mary E. Kin 

G. £. Needham, Olive L. N« 



Baxter, Deputy. 

Julia E. Fox, 
Savilla L. Hatfield, 
Mrs. Lammers, 
J. Chrisman, 
W. Haynes, 
Charles B. GeddM, 



THE GBANGE RECORD. 



221 



STANISLAUS GRANGE, No. 4. 
Modesto, Stanislaus Countt. 
Organized April 15, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



J. D. Spencer, Master, Mrs. Lnella Curtis, 
Wm. S. McHenry, Sec'y, Lizzie J. Turner, 



T. D. Harp, 
W. B. Wood, 
J. R. Briggs, 
Garrison Turner, 
D. T. Curtis, 
MissHary J. Webster, 



F. S. Benticy, 
C. J. Cresscy, 
John Mnrphy, 
J. D. Hurt. 
A. M. MoHenry, 



F. H. Ross, 
Mrs. F. H. Ross, 
Mrs. S. Royes, 
Stepben Royes, 
James McHenry, 
B. Drake, 

G. B. Douglass. 



VACAVILLE GRANGE, No. 5. 
Vaoaviluc, Solano Countt, 



Organized April 18, 1873, by W. H. 



T. Hart Hyatt, Master, 
T. Hart Hyatt, Jr., Sec^, 
W. J. Dobbins, 
George Kay Miller, 
Mrs. M. R. Miller, 
W. 0. Harris. 
Mrs. W. C. Harris, 
Wm. Cantelow, 
Mrs. Wm. Cantelow, 



Joseph Longmire, 
Leonice Longmire, 
Wm. Butcher, 
W. B. Dairs, 
Mrs. Emclino Dairs, 
Miss Lula Hyatt, 
Mrs. E. A. Dobbins, 
M. R. Miller, 



Baxter, Deputy. 

Ozias Bingham,^ 
Josephine W. Bingham^ 
A. C. Hawkins, 
E. R. Thurber, 
Geo. N. Wcldon, 
Stephen Hill, 
Mrs. L. Decker, 
Mrs. M. R. Deckel. 



CHICO GRANGE, No. 6. 
Chico, Butte County. 



Organized April 30, 1873, by W. H. 



Wm. M. Thorp, Master, 
Jonathan Martin, Sec^y, 
Edward Hallett, 
George W. Colby, 
Allen Henry, 
George Van Wert, 
J. F. Jaggerd, 
Jos. Eddy, 
Mahlon U-rey, 
WiUard Bassett 



J. :^L Ball, 

J. W. Scott, 

M. Barnes, 

J. B. Swain, Jr., 

H. Bay, 

Mrs. E. Hallett, 

Mrs. G. W. Colby, 

Mrs. A. Henry, 

Mrs. G. Van Wert, 



Baxter, Secretary. 

IVIrs. W. M. Thorp, 
Mrs. I. Eddy, 
Mrs. C. Bowman, 
Mrs. C. E. Elliott. 
R. M. Turner, 
C. Bowman, 
C. E. Elliott, 
Wm. Van Wtrt, 
H. York. 



MERCED GilANGE, No. 7. 

MxBGED CiTT, Merged Countt. 

Organized May 3^ 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



H. B. Jolley, Master, 
H. If . Hamilton, Sec'y, 
W. B. ElUott, 
W.S. Atkinson, 
Tnton, 



W. 8. Fowler, 

E. R. Elliott. 

F. V. Harmon, 
F. G. Poor, 
WilUam W. Grey, 
Clara M. Upton 
Louisa W. Jolley, 
Jennie Rogers, 



Francis J. Kieth, 
Laura A. Atwater, 
Fannie A. Fowler, 
Edward Clark, 
Catherine Clark, 
John A. Perry, 
Orsina M. Grey. 



J. D. Reybor 

L. Diotuy, Secretary, 
neiuy Miller, 
A. J. Carver, 
Wm, H. Chiuice, 
M. Byrum, 
George Sbennan, 
Wro. E, Sconberg, 



THE amsae becobd. 

SALIDA OBANQE, No. 8. 
Mdrphy's Fbkcinct, Monmo, Srunsi^in Couim. 
Oi^anized May 0. 1873, by W, H. Butar, Depnty. 



Wm. Wilkiosoa, 
Wm. Sboctnaker, 
J. W. McDonald, 
D. W. Dickey, 
C. £. McDonald, 
MfH. C. E. MiUer, 
M, E. Beybnm, 
Mrs. Chance, 



Mrs. U. Bymm, 
G. Dsher, 
e. E. Scaabag. 
Amibel Wilkimion, 
Mrs. LoQiEe Shoemaker, 
UiBa Cora McDonald, 
Ueliuda ShanDon, 
John W. MoCarihy. 



SUISDN VALLEY GEANQE, No. S 



ScTHim, 80I.IHO CoUNTIi 



73, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



B, C. Haile, Manter, 

A. T. Hfitch, Seocetaty, 

Hattie Hoite, 

L. K. Rtorg, 

J. B. Lemon, 

R. M. Best, 

J, S. Wood, 

J. M. Gasain, 

Petei Louf!, 

James L, Jliles, 

Qeti. C. McMullen, 



B. E. McMullen, 
L. Aberaalhie, 
J. H. Beanman, 
G. H. Pangbum, 
Adeline I'nngbom, 
Jo^ph Blnke, 
Mary Hatch, 
Adeline Fangbom, 
Jennie Lemon, 
IsabelU Beet, 



Ella J. Wood. 
Mrs. A. Gossin, 
Sarah A. LonK. 
EampaoD Smith, 
TbomsB M. Scan, 
J. G.Edvurds, 
John C. Kirby, 
H. C. Henderson, 
Ellen Cannon, 
E. Eeama. 



SAN JOSE QBANGE, No. 10. 

S.ui JoBE, Santi CLimi ComtTT. 

Organized May 13, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Depnty. 



B. K. Watkins, 
J.U. Bnttee, 
Hi ruin romerny, 
Mnrnhnll Fomerov, 
J. W. Haskell, 
ai. \V. Drinkwater 
A.J. Fowler, 
James McLellan, 



II. C. I'nine, 
E. M. Seltip, 
C. A. Ladd. 
H. S. McClay, 
L. J. WHtkiiifl, 
B. J, WatkiuH, 
Hiirrittt I'ouiroy, 
Juuics Singleton, 



Charles G. Thomas, 
Jc)seph K. Holland, 
Edmund Ladd, 
Caleb CiKlwcIl, 
D. Camjibell, 
C. T. Settle, 
P. A. Singleton, 
Stflla Collie, 
B.L»iet E. CadTBlL 



HOLLISTEll GEANGE. No. 11. 

HoLLiHTER. SiS BB.>(rro Cobntt. 
Oi^onized Miiy 14, 1873, by W. H. Baiter, Depnty. 
J. D. Poirler. MftHter. T. L. IVjlliame, L. H. Cook, 

S. F. Cowan, Secretary, 
C. D. Fowler, 
Will. n. Oliver. 
W, r. Phillipa, 
A. Sallv, 
Eliaibetb Sally, 
K. D.Fearco. 
Mrs.M. C. Pearce, 
I'alriek CuJloa. 



, W. Colhren, 
J. A. Evauit, 
C.S.FhilUps, 
F, B. Nast, 
Mark Pomeroy. 
C. W. Pomeroy, 
P. L. Nash, 
Mrs. A. W. NMh, 



fi. Sacklidg«, 

F. M. Wars, 
11. E. Cowan, 
B.F. Foriar. 




THE GRANGE BECX)BD. 223 

SACRAMENTO GRANGE, No. 12. 

Sagbamento, Sacbamento Countt, 

Organized May 17, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Secretary. 

W. S. Manloye, Master, Robert Williamson, Maria L. Rich, 

Wm. M. Haynie, Seo'y, William Eend^, George S. Rich, 

Mrs. F. L. Manlove, A. P. Smith, A. S. Greenlaw, 

R. S. Sackett, Theo. K. Stewart, Mrs. A. S. Gre6nlaw> 

Amos Adams, Mrs. A. M. Haynie, Mary L. Aiken, 

James Holland, I. N. Hoag, A. E. Holland. 

Edward F. Aiken, Mrs. I. N. Hoag. 

YOLO GRANGE, No. 13. 

Woodland, Yolo-Countt. 

Organized May 19, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 

Wm. M. Jackson, Master, R. B. Blowers, Robert Roberts, 

D. Schindler, Secretary, Mary Blowers, D. A. Roberts, 
Catherine Jackson, 0. Barney, H. Deaner, 

E, R. Jackson, Mrs. M. Barney, T. P . Pond, 

Kate Jackson, J. J. Dexter, Miss M. J. NaisoOi 

Mary O. Schindler, Mrs. H. W. Dexter, W. W. Harrison, 

W. 8. Floumoy, D. P. Diggs, H. Deaner. 

G. A. Floomoy, ' Mrs. J. £. Diggs, 

POINT OF TIMBER GRANGE, No. U. 

Point of Timbeb, Contra Costa Coxtntt. 

Organized May 20, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy, 

R. G. Dean, Master, James B. Henderson, Delia Carey, 

J. E. W. Carey, Secretary, Thomas McCabe, Minnie J. Carey 

Mrs. R. G. Dean, H. C. Gallagher, Mark A. Walton, 

I. H. Baldwin, A. Richardson, P. A. Henderson, 

Mrs. Mary H. Baldwin. C. H. Carey, A. Plumley. 

ELMIRA GRANGE, No. 15. 
Elmiba, Vaca Station, Solano County. 
Organized May 27, 1873, by T. H. Hyatt, Deputy, 

J. A. Clark, Master, Mrs. J. B. McPherson, R. W. Frost, 

M. D. Cooper, Secretary, S. T. Hoyt, G. M. Gates, 

Mrs. Annette Clark, Mrs. Mary Hoyt, Mrs. Sarah GateSi 

G. W. Frazer, M. L. Williams, yi, H. Black. 

Mrs. A. E. Frazer, T. G. Frost, J. B. Meflford, 

D. 0. Glen, S. Rippy, F. M. Gates, 

Mrs. Mary Glen, Mrs. L. E. Rippy, George Ranschart, 

James Wells, Mrs. L. E. Cooper, J. C. Suggs, 

Mrs. A. Wells, C. C. Turner, W. C. Swart, 

Kenneth McPherson, Jackson Turner, Miss Mary Finley* 

BENNETT VALLEY GRANGE, No. 16. 

Bennett Valley, Santa Rosa, Sonoma County. 

Organized May 27, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 

Kelson Garr, Master, Mrs. C. Lyman, Mrs. A. Bumham, 

J.H. Plank, Secretary, Holeman TiUbot, G. W. Wilks, 

Mn. H. L. Carr, Mrs. H. Talbot, Lovanda Wilks, 

Immm De Turk, E. Peterson, Walter Phillips, 

B. I^oqiU^ Susanna R. Plank, Rettio P hillips, 

John Buruham, George N. Whitaker, 

A. Bnmham, Elmlra E. Whitaker, 

Joseph C. Bumham, Daniel E. Miller* 



221 THE GBAHOE BECOBD. 

BAKTA aOSA GRANGE, No. 17. 
Santi Roba, Bonoiu Gornm. 
Organized May 28, 1873, bj W. H. Baitei, Depniy. 
G. W. DaviB, Master, H. D. B. Adams, Iheodora Staley, 

J. A. O'Brien, Sacietary, H. P . Holmes, Crawford P. Leagae, 

EUeo B. Davis, Bebeccn Holmes, O. J. SpeeiUloff, 

A. T. Coulter, Willcn W. Gauldin, R. A. Tbompaon, 

Rachel M. Coulter, Richard Falkerson, B. C. Gauldin, 

Joha Adams, Bullie Fnlkorson, 

EEALDSBDRG GRANGE, No. IB. 

HEuj»iJtiBa, SoNoui. Coinm. 
Oipmized May 20, 1873, by W. H. Baiter, Depnty. 
Thomas H. Merry. Master, William 8. Moss, 
L. M. Holt, Secrttary, A. W^enBcller, 
MtB. T. H . Metrj, Eobert Finley, 

A. J. Spoon, D, Lamb, 

L. Aleiander, B. Foster, 

Ira Proctor, I. Lo Lcjmanoe, 

Charles Aleiandaf. A. Bouton, 

1, N. Stspp, Elon Callin, 

Alice Alexander, Philip S. Peck, 



H. C, Spencer, 
Burah A, Peck, 
Bacbel S. Spen 
Nettie Tribbs, 
Mary Dov, 
ChoclcH Alexander, 
I. O. Dow, 
H. Uummeken. 



Organized 
J. C. Merryfleld, Uaster, 
Jomea A. Kllia, Secretary, 
SasBDnah Klerry field, 
J. S. Garnet t, 
Margaret Gamett, 
Jo5. Kline, 
Jane KJitie. 
J. G. Mcltlahon, 
L. iklcMahoD, 
H. E. Mi'Cuue. 
B. a. McCmic, 



DIXON GRANGE, No. 19. 
DnoN, 8oL*so ConsTY. 
Jnne 3, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Depntj. 



Jas. O. Johnson. 
Thos. E. lielley, 
Mrs, E. Kelloy, 
A.McPhernou, 
B. Mcllrido, 
J. L. Riad. 
Hcnrii'ltaE. Ellis, 
J. M. Dudley. 
Mrs. Dudley, 
tTolin Love, 
Ellen Love, 



L. Steel, 
Abbio Steel, 
F. E. Rnssell. 
Mra.F. RoBsell, 
Florence Johnsun, 
Audriiw Marshall, 
Mrs. Itlarshall, 
Mrs. Mcpherson, 
Mrs. MeBride, 
B. R. Nen'eU, 
S. Radclifle, 



GUENOC GRANGE, No. 20. 
GuENOC, Lake ConMT (removed to Middlttou, Lake Oonnty). 
"lune 5, 1873, by W. H. Boxter, Depntj, 
Wni. C, Greenfield, Mra. J. A. Mnrphy. 

H. A. Oliver, John Good, 

W. Matllieire, B, L. Hicks, 

D. M. Copse;, Jos. N. Hamilton, 

J. S. CnppB, 8. A. Copmy. 

W. G. Cauuon. Km. O'Opwy, 

Mrs. L. S. Cannon, J. W. Brown, 

J. C. Murphy, Mta. Brown. 



J. M. Hamilton. Master, 
A. A. Kitchie, Secretary, 
J. P. Bmndt, 
W. R Mfttlliews, 
W. R. Cobnrn, 
Mrs. C. Cobiuu, 
A. H. Cbceuey. 
MrH. A. H. Ciieeney, 
J. I). Greenfield, 



YOUNTVILLE ORANGE, No. 21 
Y1JUNTVIL1.B, Napa Cotraxr. 
Organized June 7, 1873. by W. H. Baxter. Depnty, 
J. M. StiivCeld, 3Ia™t.T, J. Falkenstin, WiUiam 1.; 

F. 11. Ili.m"r, Secri-laiy. L. lalki-nstin, Uuv " ~ 

CLurli'fl ncipi>cr, H. II. nnrris, 3. W 

A. M. Crow. Mrs. L. Hania, A.? 

Mrs, Crow. Mury E. Boppei, Sa 






THE QBANGE BECOBD. 

GBAND island GltANGE, No. 23. 

Stoaxobb I Grand lalaiid), Colcisa Couktt. 

Organized Jane 10, 1873, by W. E. Baiter, Depniy. 



J. J. Hiokoo, Maflter. 

J. C. Wilkins, Secretary, 

William Ogden, 

P. A, Earp, 

W, 8, Green, 

J, 0. Ztuawftlt, 

Wm.Ash. 

Hovel I Daria, 

Mrs. S. Davis, 

Urs. Jane HoiOTiar, 



Thomas Phillips, 
Frank Boardmuu, 
John Oman, 
John Welch, 
Isaac Howell, 
Ed. Howell, 
Jacob Uyem, 
C. Kopf, 



Mrs. M. Slinchfleld, 
Mts, M.T.Welsh, 
Thomas EiWy, 
Emma Ogdcu. 
W. H. Pollard, 
Oalda Pollard, 
Wni. Mc Clare, 
James Hearen, 
Gideon Giles, 



PETAL DMA GEANGE, No. 23. 

PBTU-miA, SOKOHA CoDKTT. 

Organized Jane 14, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 
L. W. Walher, Master. Nelson Wiswell, Theodore Skillmaa, 

DacietG. Heald, Secreta^,Bouie C. Wiswell, "" ' ' 



G. 0. Green, 
Alfred HymondB, 
D. 8. Satlon, 
HiM>nah SuttoiiL, 



Wm. Com stock, 
James W. Todd, 
Louisa Skillman, 



Elizdbeth Heald, 
John Keal, 
H. GibbH, 
John Powell, 



SALINAS OBANQE, No. 2*. 

SU.IN1B ClTT, MONTKBBI Cotnrn. 

Organized June 17, 1873, by W. H, Baxter, Deputy. 

N. L. Allen, Master, Jeason Parson, William Ford, 

Samuel Cassidy, Secretary,M. Hnrtnell, J. H. Campbell, 

C. S. Abbott. H. Whinmun, William QuenUlI, 

W. 8. Stevens, I. G. Baiter, C. Laird, 

James B. Hebbron, J. C- Storm, Mrs. H. Laird, 

J, W. TriRh, Mrs. C. L , Allen, George Abbott, 

H. 8. Boll, Miss Clara Abbott, Wm . F. Ilamaey, 

Ura. Kale Bull, Ida C. Bebbron, Annie Whismon. 

InTnoket, 



CAMBBIA GBANGE, No. S5. 
iTa^""', Sah Lnis Obispo Couhit. 
Organized June 10, IS73, by W. H, Duller, Depntj. 
A.C.I 



Morj Scott, 
J, C. Mo Person, 
O. Tan Gonien, 
Mm. A. Vau Garden, 
M. O. SL^rriB. 
M. B. Martin. 
U. B. iTinfl, 




Wm. Cooper, 
J. L. LeffloRweU, 
Jumes M.Woods, 
O.P. MfFadden, 
Mrs. T. J.McPadden, 
Wm. Skinuor, 
O. W, Proctor. 
Iru Vau Golden. 



226 



THE GBAN6E BEOOBD. 



OLD CBEEK GBANGE, No. 26. 
Old Cbeek, Sax Luis Obibfo Couhtt. 



Organized 

Isaac Flood, Master, 
Kichard M. Preston, 8ec 
Angus M. Hardie, 
Nathaniel Nickolls, 
Robert C. Swain, 
Charles 8. Clark, 
Travis Phillips, 
Samuel Kingeiy, 



Jane 20, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Depnty. 



L. H. Draper, 
*y,Alexander Fraser, 
John Greening, 
James L. Kester, 
Elizabeth Flood, 
Marr V. Xackolls, 
Martha F. Phillips, 
Jane S. Kingeiy, 



Lnla H. Preston, 
Bath A. Kester, 
Mary J. Clark, 
Sarah A. NickoDs, 
Agnes Hardie, 
Mary Jane Drapef, 
H. A. Greening. 



MORO GRANGE, No. 27. 
MoBo, San Luis Obqpo Comnr. 



Organized Jane 21, 1873, by W. 

J. Mothersead, Master, D. H. Whitney, 

H. Y. Stanley, Secretary, G. C. Cock, 

G. 8. Alford, C. V. Shanver, 

Franklin Biley, S. C . Stephens, 

J. R. Cock, S . J. Cock, 

T. J. Stephens, F. W. Parker, 

G. F. Austin, Mrs. H. G. Riley, 

William Langlois, Mrs. C. A. Cock, 



H. Baxter, Secretary. 

Miss Annie-Cock, 
Miss Lizzie Riley, 
S. Langlois, 
James Allen, 
D. Taylor, 
Mary Riley, 
M. E. Austin, 
A. O. Yates. 



BAN LUIS OBISPO GRANGE, No. 28. 

San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County. 

Organized June 23, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Secretary. 



William Jackson, Master, 
G. W. Smith, Secretary, 
G. W. Hampton, 

D. M. Johnson, 
Charles H. Johnson, 
Samuel Cook, 

E. Leflf, 

A. T. Brians, 
E. L. Reed, 



Joseph See, 
J. W. Slack, 
J. B. Hazen, 
W. A. Dunbar, 
Ira Johnson, 
Sarah M. Johnson, 
E. A. Johnson, 
Niincy E. Barnett, 
Mary M. Freeborn, 



Mary C. Jackson, 
Marie Leflf, 
May A. Johnson, 
Elizabeth See, 
J. L. Hazen, 
H. I. Smith, 
M. J. Reed, 
Theresa LeiL 



TURLOCK GRANGE, No. 29. 

TuBixxjK, Stanislaus County. 

Organized July 1st, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



J. W. A. Wright, Master, 

J. A. Henderson, Secretary 

IJ. H. Dean, 

M. J. Hall, 

S. H. Crane, 

John Warner, 

A. S. Fiilkerth, 

E. Warner, 

William Fulkerth, 

Charles T. Campbell, 

John Fox, 



Edward McCabe, 
, Pleasant Henderson, 
M. C. Monroe, 
VV. F. Huddleston, 
James Kehoe, 
Michael Kerrigan, 
Mrs. J. Wamar 
Mrs. A. 8. J 
Mrs. 8. E 
Mrs.O.T 



Mrs. M. J. Hall, 
Mrs. W. Fulkerth, 
Mrs. C. T. OampbaU 
Hn. B. 8. BosMil, 




THE GRANGE BECOHD. 



227 



ST. HELENA GRANGE, No. 30. 



St. Hkleka, Napa 

Organized June 24th, 1873, by N. 

G. B. Crane, Master, Charles Wheeler, 

J. L. Edwards, Secretary, H. M. Allen, 



B. M. Chamberlin, 
B. A. Haskin, 
William Denning, 
I. G. Norton, 
A. Clock, 
John York, 
Guerdon BacknB, 
M. Yaun, 
J. G. Sayward, 



D. O. Hunt, 
David Edwards, 
D. K. Bule, 
F. K. Bule, 
David Colo, 
H. J. Allison, 
H. A. Pellet, 
Bichard Gamett, 



County. 

W. Garretson, Deputy. 

Mrs. B. M. Chamberlin. 
Mrs. A. Clock, 
Mrs. F, J. Crane, 
Mrs. H. M.Allen, 
Mrs. G. Backus, 
Miss Carrie Backus, 
Miss Louisa Allison, 
Miss Eate V. Edwards, 
Mrs. C. Wheeler, 
Mrs. D. E. Bule. 



GBEYSON GBANGE, No. 31. 

Gbetson, Stanislaus County. 

Organized June 6, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 

I. G. Gardner, Master, L. Funck, A. Bronson, 

Geo. H. Copeland, Sec'y, J. H. Terry, Mrs. Julia Bichards, 

B. B. Smith, M. Frydendall, Miss Jennie Phelps, 

N. D. Phelps, L. L. Brown, Mrs. Sarah M. Gardner, 

J. W. Beuschoter, W. Love, 

K. Gamer, L. A. Bichards, 



Mrs. E. T. Phelps. 



PESCADEBO GBANGE, No. 32. 

Pescadebo, San Mateo County. 

Organized July 1, 1873, by N. W. Garretson, Deputy. 

B. y. Weeks, Master, L. Chandler, Mrs. Olivia Morehead, 

H. B. Sprague, Secretary, S. Armcs, N. Corey, 

F. S. Morehead, E. D. Moore, J. B. Holinshead, 

I. H. Osgood, B. W. Fogg, M. D. Hopkins, 

B. Enowles, Mrs. H. E. Beed, J. Wilson, 

N. M. Brown, Mrs. S. B. Corey, J. Beeding. 

J. S. Bead, Mrs. E. B. Moore, 



A. B. Nally, Master, 

J. H. McClelland,,,Sec(5c, 

H. L. Bunyon, 

S. V. B. Elink, 

Ben Clark, 

H. I. Poole, 

Edgar Lindsey, 

I. W. Bailache, 

E. H. Barnes. 

B, A. Petray, 



WTNDSOB GBANGE, No. 33. 

WiNseoB, Sonoma County. 

Organized July 8, 1873* 

H. Marden^ 

E. Tants, 

I. W. Calhoun, 

M. T. Wallace, 

Henry Bell, 

Mrs. Martha Wallace, 

Charles Clark, 

Elinor L. Lindsey, 

Mary M. Clark, 

6. M. Calhoun, 



Mrs. N. A. Eenneday, 
Martha A. Clark, 
Mrs. M.E. Pool, 
George A. Morgan, 
John M . Laughlin, 
G. H. Eennedy, 
William Brooks, 
Mrs. Mary Barnes, 
Mrs. S. B. Elink, 
I. H. Loughlin. 



BODEGA GBANGE, No. 34. 

BoDEOA, Sonoma County. 

Organized July 9, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 

John H. Hegeler, Master, D. J. Cunningham, Mrs. J. H. Hegeler, 

W. Smith, Secretary, James Eee, Mrs. A. 8. Perrine, 

A. S. Perrine, James Watson, Mrs. E. H. Cheney, 

E. H. Cheney, Henry Boss, Mrs. Theresa Wamekey. 
Christian Wamekey, 



228 



THE GBANGE BECOBD. 



TEMESCAL GBANGE, No. 35. 

Oakland Township, Aulmeda County. 

Organized July 10, 1873, by N. \V. Garretson, Depnty. 



A. T. Dewey, Master, 

C. H. Dwinelle, Secretary, 

Christian Bagge, 

J. B. Woolsey, 

John Eelsey, 

J. V. Webster, 

Charles Bagge, 

Ezra S. Carr, 



E. D. Harmon, 
A. B. Dixon, 
N. B . Byrne, 
W. Applegarth, 
H. G. Babcock, 
John S. Collins, 
Emily Bagge, 



Mrs. A. T. Dewey, 
Miss Elnora Bagge, 
Mrs. Jeanne C. Carr, 
Mrs. S. E. Dixon, 
Mrs. Nellie G. Babcook, 
P. H. Cordez, 
W. B. Ewer. 



LOS ANGELES GBANGE, No. 36. 

Los Angeles, Los Angeles Cottntt. 



Organized Angnst 2, 1873, by W. H. 

Thos. A. Garey, Master, J. H. Brewer, 

H. S. Parcels, Secretary, C. E. White, 

J. Q. A. Stanley, K. M. McCreary, 

Milton Thomas, J. W. Potts, 

T. D. Hancoch, A. N. Hamilton, 

J. M. Stewart, C. H. Hass, 

B. M. Town, Mrs. S. Hass, 



Baxter, Depnty. 

Mrs. M. J. Stanley, 
Mrs. E. C. Potts, 
Mrs. E. E. Thomas, 
Mrs. J. Hamilton, 
Mrs. M. McCreary, 
Mrs. M. M. Brewer. 



COMPTON GRANGE, No. 37. 

Compton, Los Angeles County. 



Organized 

A. Higbie, Master, 

J. A. Walker, Secretary, 

J. E. AleComas, 

II. Burliugame, 

H. II . Iklorton, 

J. G. Hathome, 

Robert Orr, 

G. D. Compton, 

Emily Compton, 

Timothy V. KimbaU, 



August 4, 1873, by W. H. 

Sarah E. Burlingame, 
Eda Kimball, 
W. G. Goss, 
Lilly T. Brewer, 
A. E. Putney, 
• Ada C. Steele, 
C. W, Coltrin, 
Amanda Walker, 
Lizzie McComas, 
J. J. Martin, 



Baxter, Deputy. 

C. Martiu, 
Lewis A. Carey, 
A. M. Peck, 
F. W. Steele, 
C. W, Turss, 
Martha Coltrin, 
C. B. Wright, 
John Angelo, 
Bebecca Angelo. 



ENTERPRISE GRANGE, No. 38. 

La Dow, Los Angeles County. 

Organized August 5, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



Y. C. Alexander, Master, B. F. Shirley, 

W. T. Henderson, Sec'y, Mrs. William Dryden, 



J. A. Nichols, 
;M. J. Golden, 
A. M. South worth, 
R. K. McGue, 
S. W. La Dow, 
M. M. Green, 
E. S. Butterworth, 
CM. Jenkins, 



Mrs. S. I. Green, 
Mrs. S. W. La DoWt 
Mrs. Susan Bion » 
Miss Fanny Dye^ r^j^j 
Wm. Dryden, 
J. H Snyder, 
Milton Sjrytzto 
David Foster. 



C. P. Switzer, 
J. F. Lewis, 
Henry Vogt, 
John "EtkoLf 
J« P. M JiidlflfflPy 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



229 



FAIEVIEW GRANGE, No. 39. 

Faibview, Los Angeles Counts. 

Organized August 6, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



Edward Evey, Master, 

J. D. Taylor, Secretary, 

J. J. HUl. 

B. F. E. Kellogg, 

Andrew Bittner, 

D. W.C. Cowan, 

John Gwin, 

H. C. Kellopg, 

Mrs. R. A. Evey, 

Mrs. Mary O. Kellogg, 



Miss Mary E. Kellogg, 
Mrs. Marian Clark, 
Miss Mary E. Austin, 
Mrs. Gertrude Gwin, 
Mrs. E. A. Gridley, 
Byron Clark, 
B. Snodgrass, 

F. A. Gates, 

G. A. Greely, 



Rev. C. Gridley, 
\Vm. H.Hill, 
Wm. M. Richter, 
Thos. Boswell, 
Wm. Neabeck, 
Alex Henry, 
Erastus Johnson, 
Miss M. J. Boswell, 
Miss Jeckie Snodgrass. 



ORANGE GRANGE, No. 40. 

BiCHLAND, Los ANOELES CoUNTT. 

Organized August 7, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



Thomas Brown, Master, Silas Yeamal, 
J. W. Anderson, Secretary, Mrs. C. M. Hickox, 

Patterson Bowens, Mrs. A. Davenport, 

C. M. Marshall, Mrs. C. Marshall, 

S. N. Falkington, A. A. Falkington, 

J. H. Greg:^, A. Hickox, 
Stephen McPherson, 



J. P. Shaffer, 

E. W. Squires, 

W. G. McPherson, 

Joseph Beach, 

Mrs. S. V. Gregg, 

Mrs. Sarah M. Anderson. 



SILVER GRANGE, No. 41, 

Los NiEToe (Town of Galatin), Los Angeles Cottntt. 

Organized August 8, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



I. H. Bnrke, Master, 

E. R. Wylie, Secretary, 
R. H. Mayes, 

Mrs. R. H. Mayes, 
W. H. Pendleton, Sr., 

F. M. Matthew, 
8. E. Matthew, 
L W. Doster, 

8. S. Thompson, 
Mrs. M. Thompson, 
E. B. Wylie, 
W. W. Standifer, 



I. T. Carney, 
J. W. Venable, 
Jno. C. Ardis, 
Wm. Wylie, 
Hugh ForsmAn, 
Elizabeth Forsman, 
H. L. Montgomery, 
M. B. Montgomery, 
L. L. Bequette, 
Mrs. M. A. Bequette, 
A. Short, 



NEW RIVER, No. 42. 



Sarah A. Short, 
D. W. Tuttle, 
T. D. Cheney, 
G. W. Pallett, 
W. P. McDonald, 
I. H. Burke, 
Mary Burke, 
M. B. Crawford, 
A. C. Crawford, 
S. G. Reynolds^ 
Dora Burnett. 



New Riveb, Los Angles Countt. 



Organized August 9, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 

ft, B. Gnthrie, faster, S. G. Baker, 
]>• A.Waidlaw, Secretary, E. J. Elliott, 
Sutton, M. F. Harlow, 




A. A. Sutton, 

B. J. Meek, 
I. W. Settle, 
L. Wardlaw, 
8. T. Coram, 
"^1 B. Goodwin, 

Bolgate, 



J. A. Montgomery, 
S. T. Moore, 
T. D. Sackett, 
W. A. Sackett, 
M. J. McGftugh, 
Mrs. C. Newton, 
Julia Holgate, 
Susan A. Corwin, 
S. A. Goodwin, 
N. A. Guthrie. 



230 



THE GRANGE BEOOBD. 



EL MONTE GRANGE, No. 43. 

Lkxenotom Towhbbip, El Monti, Lob Axasun Cousrr. 



Organized 

Geo. C. Gibbd, Master, 
J. H. Grey, Secretary, 
Josiah M . Grey, 
Geo. H. Peck, 
Mrs. G. H. Peck, 
John T. Gordon, 

A. J. Howard, 
H. A. Messenger, 

B. J. Floyd, 
George H. Clark, 



August 11, 1873, by W. 

Sarah F. Clark, 
M. F. Qnin, 
L. J. Hix,^ 
Mrs. L. Mix, 
L. S. Bunyard, 
F. W. Gibson, 
Wm. H. Winston, 
W. 8. Arnold, 
Stephen Penfold, 
Albert Gibbe, 



H. Baxter, "Depntj. 

L. Math RsthmuBBCB, 
Peter Penfold, 
E. a. Floyd, 
Mrs.G. 0. Gibbfly 
Asa Ellis, 
Mr8.A.EUi8, 
£. StaUcap, 
I. AtIb, 
Mra. 1, ATi&i 



LOS NIETOS GRANGE, No. 4i. 
Old Lo8 Nzbtob, Los Ancuelbs ConiiTr. 

Organized Angnst 12, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



E. B. Grandon, Master, 
John F. Marqnis, Seo'y, 
J. £. Fulton, 
W. S. ReaTiB, 
J. W. Cate, 
D. Y. Sorensen, 
Jno. Condra, 
M. B. Condit, 
Thomas Haryey, 
8. H. ButterfLaid. 



James Stewart, 
Mrs. J. F. Marquis, 
Mrs. J. W. Cate, 
Mrs. Villa Marquis, 
Mrs. J. Mitts, 
A. J. Hudson, 
Daniel Standler, 
E. Stockton, 
J. Mitts, 
Elan Mftrti", 



Thomas Isbdl, 
W. H. Russell, 
Mrs. M. B. Gondii, 
Mrs. S. E. ReaTis, 
Mrs. M. M. Fulton, 
Mrs. E. Stockton, 
Mrs. Louisa Isbell, 
Mrs. Melissa Stooktoiiy 
R. S. Stroud, 
1. W. Perkins. 



SEBASTOPOL GRANGE, No. 45- 
Sebastopol, Sonoma County. 



Organized August 15, 1873, by George 

J. M. Hudspeth, Master, William Bones, 

Joseph Porrington, Sec'y, Mrs. Elinor Walker, 

John Walker, Mrs. E. P. Berry, 

W. W. Petross, Mrs. E. A. Hicks, 

James GrigRon, Mrs. Sidney Ross, 

A. J. Peterson, Mrs. Hattie Lappum, 

J. Marshal, H. E. Maiiifer, 

L. Ross, B. B. Berry, 

John Gallagher, P. McChri&tian, 

A. Barnes, M. C. Hicks, 



W. DsTis, Deputy. 

J. W. SuUivan, 

Owen McChristian, 

L. Harbine, 

George A. Fruits, 

H. Lappum, 

Mrs. H. A. Petross, 

Mrs. Eliza Grigson, 

Mrs. Mary SoJiivan, 

Mrs. Eliza Harbine, 

Mrs. Frances Purrington. 



FRESHWATER GRANGE, No. 46. 

FaidSHWATEB, COLUBA COUNTT. 



Organized August 9, 1873, by J. J. 



I. H. Durham, Master, 

II. A. Wilsey, Secretary, 
J. V. Rathbun, 

J. C. White, 
W. C. White, 
W. A. Dunham, 
Mrs. E. Graham, 
Mrs. £. J. Dunham, 



Mrs. R. A. Wilsey, 
P.S. Pardne, 
F. D. Graham, 
M. J. Brittou, 
Mrs . M. Rathboum, 
L. H. Baker, 
I. H. Dunham, 
Mrs. B. C. Dunham, 



Hicok, Deputy. 

James Catlin, 
Mrs. Sarah Catlin, 
William F. Lamburth, 
Henry Marshall, 
William Fulton, 
William Bell, 
Miss M. Marshall, 
William Marshall. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



231 



WILLOWS GRANGE. No. 47. 

MoNsoE, Colusa Coxtntt. 

Organized August 11, 1873, by J. J. Hicok, Deputy. 



J. W. Zumwalt, Master, 

G. S. Hicklin, Secretary, 

S. C. Longmire, 

H. P. Grey, 

Joseph Zumwalt, 

W. G. Kung, 

G. R. Summers, 

I. H. Armfieid, 

P.H.Scott, 

F. M. Luts, 



F. Mclntyre, 

A. T. Stubblefield, 

M. A. Zumwalt, 

A. M. Stone, 

Mrs. Amanda Armfieid, 

I. M. Clark, 

C. K. West, 

A. E. Duncan, 

J. D. Mecum, 



Benjamin Lee, 
Charles Strong, 
W. B. Small, 
J. A. Towle, 
Emily West, 
Sarah I. Scott, 
Adeline Lonprmire, 
Mary Zumwalt, 
Barbara £. Duncan. 



COLUSA GRANGE. No. 48. 

Colusa, Colusa County, 

Organized August 15, 1873, by J. J. Hicok, Secretary. 



I. F. Wilkins, Master, 
E. B. Bainbridge, Sec'y, 
Waller Colmes, 
John P. Bainbridge, 
Stephen Cooper, 
Sarshel Cooper, 
T. S. Coleman, 
I. R. Wiert, 
H. N. Yates, 



J. S. Scoggins, 
John K. Rowland, 
Mrs. L. KiJgore, 
Mrs. J. F. Wilkins, 
Mrs. E. B. Bainbridge, 
Peter Dolan, 
I. R. Fryer, 
I. M. Culp, 
Logan ELiigore, 



L. T. Stormer, 
I. W. Walsh, 
R. Jones, 
John Cheney, 
Mrs. J. P. Bainbridge, 
Miss Mattie Stormer, 
Mrs. J. G. Stormer, 
I. F. Wilkins. 



SATICOY GRANGE, No. 49. 

Saticot, Ventuba Countt. 

Organized August 16, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



Milton Wasson, Master, 
E. A. DuTal, Secretary, 
Joseph B. Kelsey, 
E. B. Higgins, 
Joseph Alderman, 
Abner Haines, 
Chas. O. Hara, 
Mrs. M. A.Ellsworth. 



Joseph L. Alderman, 
Mrs. Maria A. Wasson, 
Olney Whitesides, 
Theo. A. Kelsey, 
Jno. F. Cummins, 
Mrs. E. A. Duval, 
Daniel Ellsworth, 
G. W. Criiisman, 



Wm. Evans, 
Mahlon Thome, 
Miss Mary E. Wasson, 
Miss Helen D. Evans, 
Mrs. M. E. Kelsey, 
Mrs. E. C. Alderman, 
J. K. Gries. 



SANTA BARBARA GRANGE, No, 50. 

Sai^ta Babbaba, Santa Babbaba County. 

Organized August 19, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



O. L. Abbott, Master, 
Robert W. Smith, Sec'y, 
J. C. Hamer, 
J. A. Johnson, 
W. E. Foster, 
D. C. Mayfield, 
M. H. Jjane, 
Joseph Pierson, 
Elizabeth Pierson, 



Sarah E. A. Higgins, 
W. F. Russell, 
Josephine Hailon, 
James M. Short, 
M. Hickok, 
T. H. B. Rosenberg, 
Louisa Abbott, 
Julia A. Foster, 



Mary F. Hamer, 
Jane Rosenberg, 
C. Kenny, 
Elvira Kenny, 
Ada J. Eaton, 
Virginia F. Rnssell, 
Jesse Handford, 
George Williams. 



232 



THE GBANQE RECORD. 



CARPENTERIA GRANGE, No. 51. 
Cabpentebia, Santa Babbaha County. 



Organized 

O. N. Cad well, Master, 
T. E. Thurmand, Sec'y, 
James A. Blood, 
Mrs. C. L. Blood, 
Albert Doty, 
Lucetta Doty, 
Robeit McAllister, 
Dan Turner, 
Frank Hartsborne, 
G. E. Tburmand, 
E. W. Thiirmand, 



August 20, 1873, by W, 

J. L. Crane, ' 
Jennette Crane, 
Jobn Pettigrow, 
W. S. CalUs, 
W. J. Bradford, 
James Ward, 
Tbeo. Woods, 
Clara Woods, 
J. B. Wall, 
E. H. Pierce, 
M. A. Pierce, 



H. Baxter, Deputy. 

Jobn Walker, 
Juliette W^alker, 
Emilia Walker, 
H. D. Woods, 
L. L. Woods, 
T. A. Cravens, 
Ben. Morris, 
Jno. A. Walker, 
M. E. Pettinger, 
Jobn Cross. 



SANTA MARIA GRANGE, No. 52. 

Santa Mabia, (Sctez,) Santa Babbaba Countt. 

Organized August 22, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Secretary. 



Joel Miller, Master, 

M. D. Miller, Secretary, 

J . W^heeler, 

Mary D. Wbeeler, 

Sarab A. Wbeeler, 

Jcannette F. Wbeeler 

Speer McElbany, 

Joel Miller, 

Jobn J. Prell, 

Eliza Prell, 

J. B. Linebaugb, 



Susan M. Stowell, 
Mary E. Stepbens, 
Henry Stowell, 
Maurice Flynn, 
11. D. Cook, 
B. T. Wiley, 
W. T. Morris, 
J. M. McElbany, 
Isaac Miller, 
Annie Miller, 



Maggie C. McElbany, 
J. H. Harris, 
Elizabetb Harris, 
H.S.Sibley. 
Cbarlotte Miller, 
S. E. Linebaugb, 
Milton D. Miller, 
M. H. Stepbens, 
M. P. Nicbolson, 
L. L. Nicbolson. 



F. fc. Graves, Master, 

Wripbt F. Green, Sec'y, 

M. Kendrick, 

I. N. M' cum, 

J. W. Williams, 

M. R. Bootb, 

M. E. Pordyke, 

A. J. Harris, 

F. J. Kirkpatrick, 

F. C. Graves, 

Tbomas E. Brown, 



PLAZA GRANGE, No. 53. 
Monboe (Olimpo), Colusa County. 
Organized August 23, 1873, by J. J. 



Norton Farnswortb, 
Mrs. L. A. Fields, 
Mrs. Nancy Carpenter, 
Mrs. M. Kirkpatrick, 
Mrs. E. Bootb, 
Miss Nellie Asbiirst, 
R. P. Goson, 
W. H. Carpenter, 
Edmund Fields, 
Jobn Rice, 



Hicok, Deputy. 

W. Norton, 
R. Creed, 
James A. Poague, 
J. C. Wbite, 
R. D. Jones, 
Mrs. Susan Harris, 
Mrs. A. C. Kendrick, 
Mrs. E. J. Brown, 
Mrs. A. E. Williams, 
Mrs. L. J. Graves. 



CASTORIA GRANGE, No 

Castobia (Ellis), Han Joaquin 

Organized August 25, 1873, by Edwin B 

Sowall Gower, Master, J. W. Seaver, 
J(dinH. Stralian,Secretary,N. J. Sbarp, 

H. SV. Cowtll, Jamt'S Carter, 

F. J. Woodward, G. I. Chalmers, 

J. M. Barber, Mrs. Cbalmers, 

I. H. Wolfe, S. A. Loavy, 

Josbua Cowell, Mrs. M. Martin, 

K. Benson, Mrs. Loraine Cowell, 

F. A. Graves, Mrs. Vine" 



54. 

County. 

. Stiles, Deputy. 

Mrs. Medora Carter, 
Mrs. M. A. Straban 
H. M. Ellis, 
George W. Smitb, 
Mrs. Smitb, 
A. W. Brusb, 
Mrs. Brusb, 
Mrs. Gower, 
Mrs. Leavy. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



233 



SONOMA GRANGE, No. 55. 

Sonoma, Sonoma. County. 

Organized August 26, 1873, by G. W. Davis, Depaty. 



Leonard Goss, Master, "William Borris, 

Alfred V. Lammot, Sec*y, Obed Chart, 

WiUiam McPherson Hill, W. A. Berry, 

A. S. Edwards, O. B. Shaw, 

A. F. Haraszthy, S. T. Craig, 

Dayid Burris, 0. W. Craig, 



J. R. Snyder, 
D. C. Young, 
H. Appleton, 
Maria E. Young, 
Anna M. Harding, 
Fhebe Chart. 



LINDEN GRANGE, No. 56. 
Linden, San Joaqxtin Countt. 



Organized August 28, 1873, by Edwin B. 

John Wasley, Master, Mrs. Jane Latham, 

James Wasley, Secretary, L. A. Morse, 



DuTid Lewis, 
Mrs. M. A. Lewis, 
John Patterson, 
Mrs. E. Patterson, 
J. W. Hill, 
Mrs. Jane Hill, 
A. S. Drais, 
R. Latham, 



Mrs. H. A. Morse, 
E. B. Cogswell, 
William F. Prather, 
Thomas Wall, 
N. E. Ailing, 
William Snow, 
Mrs. J. Snow, 
Mra C. Wasley, 



Stiles, Deputy. 

S. H. Bonrdman, 
Samuel Titus, 
Mrs. Helen Titus, 
P. Fitzgerald, 
John Archers, 
William H. RusseU, 
Mrs. J. Russell, 
James Duncan, 
George Elinger, 



WATERFORD GRANGE, No. 57. 
Watebfobd (Hobb*8 Ranch), SxANiaLAUs Countt. 



Organized August 25, 1873, by J, W. A, 

R. R. Warder. Master, Wm. Fitzhue, 
W. C. Collins, Secretary, John Wooters, 



l^homas Johnson, 
B. M. Gallup, 
James Kincaid, 
R. H. Bentley, 
L. C. Davis, 
W. W. Baker, 
W.C. Collins, 
I. H. Finney, 
"W. P. Crow, 



. W. Sheldon, 
. D. Booth, 



J. 
J 

Mrs. L. J . Pinlcston, 
Mrs. Jas. Kincaid, 
Mrs. S. M. Gallup, 
Mrs. W. C. Collins, 
Miss L. A. Collins, 
Mrs. L. C. Davis, 



Wright, Deputy. 

H. B. Davis, 
L. H. Pinkston, 
I. H. Barham, 
W. J. Warder. 
Wells Reynolds, 
M. R. Harbei-t, 
Mrs. I. H. Finney, 
Mrs. J. Johnson, 
Mrs. R. H. Bentley, 
Mrs. J. H. Barham. 



UNION GRANGE, No. 58. 

Union Township (Pbinceton), Colusa County. 

Organized August 13, 1873, by J. J. Hicok, Deputy. 

W. Davis, Master, S. Thomas, Samuel Peckwell, 

J. L. McDaniel, Secretary, John Annond, S. N. Davis, 

H. Davis, A. Benl, Mrs. S. A. McDaniel, 

E. McDaniel, J. L. McDaniel, Mrs. Sarah Bassett, 

"* Oanr, J. H. Black, Mrs. M. A. Luman, 

4mii]|y Stephen Miller, Mrs. Ida Annond, 

James Bounds, Mrs. £. McDaniel. 



■m 


THE GRANGE BECORD. ^^^^^^| 


SPBma TALLET ORANGE, No. 59. ^^^^^| 




BFBfKB Valley, Colusa Coitnti. ^^H 


Organiaed Aoguat 2, 1873. by J. J. Hicok. Dcpaty. ^| 


D. H. Arnoia. Mnater, 


A. R. Stone. H. LTe^l. ^M 


J. It. Lucas, Secretary. 


Mrs. H. J. Tcel, P. Groneil, ^M 


T. S. Asbreckel, 


Mrs. E. W. Ree.l. E. Weigel. H 


F.W.Lnhn. 


Rtra. Mary HoskiuB. C. Richfy. H 


J. M. McElroy. 


Mrs. Ann-Ua Jiilion. F. Boahore. H 


li. Hsskins. 


Mrs. A. M. M<^lroy, Mrs. Sarah Hnymond. ^M 


■ffm. KnOTlh. 


Joseph Wbolform. Mrs. Julian Lucas, ^M 


L. T. Hnyman, 


F. B, VLcei. Mrs. B. Piechey. ^M 
Thomas SingleloD. Mrs. N. Aruol<f. ^M 


W. C. Heuiiy. 


Baory DaTidaon, 


Bumuel Wattenbcrgor, ^H 


^^^ 


SUTTEB GRANGE. No. 00. ^^^^| 


^^^^P 


Mesician, Suttkr Coitnty. ^^^^^^H 


Orgamzed Angiiat 8. 1873. by J. J. Htook. Dcpnty. ^| 


■W. a Smith. Mnater. 


S, F. Bavia. William Johawn. ^M 


M. C. Huagerlord, Seo. 


Mrs. Minnie Doty, A. Mocre, ^M 


Henry BurRott. 


Uiss Joauna Fonl«, H. C. Jones, ^M 


■William HwTia. 


Mrs. A. 0. Coldasure, William Doty. ^M 


J. S. Dnvia, 


Mrs. S. E. HaniE. Mrs. Bel! Jo&es, ^M 


J. O. JoneB. 


Mrs. E. Foula. Mrs. E. A. IJmilh, ^M 


Joseph JohnBon, 


F. A. Jones. Mrs. Maria Jones. ^H 


J. F. Pouts, 


Juhu Birk. Mrs. £. Birks. ^^^^M 


M. C. Hungerford. 




1 JiioobDoty. 


Jones, ^^^^H 


^^^^L BAN SEnNAKDINO GRANGE, ^^^^H 


^^^^^^^1 Sah B(:bn.lbi>ino. San BEiiNAimiiio Countt. ^^^^^^^H 


^^^^r Oreuiized August 2D, 1873, by Thomas A. Garey, Deputy. ^^^^| 


V E. G. Brown. Master, 


John F. Gould. W. C. Wiseman, ^^H 


■l John F. Goiil<], Secretary. Lewis F. CnuD, . A. Parlier, ^^M 


m A. B. AnderaoD, 


Mrs. Cnrrie W. Sbclto^ H. Saverkrenp, ^H 


■ n. Bhflton. 


Mrs. Idn GonUI, E.Sb<?1don. ^H 


■> JomoH T. Grevea. 


Mrs. M. E. Wills, Mrs. M. A. Farha, ^H 


1 George D. Carlton, 


II. G. Clemmenta. Mrs. M. E. Coble. ^M 


■ Mrs. B. E. Gould. 


George Lord, Mrs. A. R. WiH(.maii, ^M 


L K- Sholton. 


W T. Bussell, Miss Ida U. Wills. ^H 


1^^^ WiUitun H. Oonld, 


^m 


■ 


PRINCETON GRANGE. No. f,2. ^^^^M 


^^ 


PniNaETON, CoLCHA ComnT. ^^^^^^H 




K A. P. Lngem. Mnst^r. 


B. R. Rolslon, Miobael G-Hore. ^^^^H 


■ R. U, Bn«h, Secretary, 


Mr^. Mi.rvL r,,M,.n,, I'Lil.p O'Uore. ^^^^H 


f A .\.ia..u. 


^^^^M 


1 11, M. Moo, 


M.~ ^H 


m h\ M. Mayaold, 


Mi~ ^H 


■ C. W. F. Itmuooii, 


L. i; ;.. iiciph«ut4tui, .^H 


B. Jmm«» Ucm>. 


A. 11 ]■ TIM. -I i-HmiC ' ^^B 


■ A. U. FiOtMMD. 


Higj^^^^^dgkO^^^^^^^^^^H 


■ JUOUm. 


IHIB 



THE QRANQE BECOBD. 



235 



CLOVEEDALE GRANGE, No. 63. 
Clovebdale, Sonoma. Coxtntt. 



Organized September 2, 1873, by T. 

Charles H. Cooley, Ma8t€r,M. E. Black, 
D. M. Wambold, Secretary, Robert K Lewis, 



H. Keir, 
Mrs. Keir, 
J. G. Heald, 
Mrs. R. Heald, 
William H. Black, 
WUUam N. Waite, 
Miss Mary Waite, 
D. M. Wambold, 
S. Larsson. 



J. M. Hartsocky 
J. B. Cooley, 
J. A. Carne, 
J. F. Elam, 
R. E. Lewis, 
Mrs. E. N. Cooley, 
S. Cook, 
W. D. Sink, 
Daniel Sink, 



H. Merry, Depnty. 

Mrs. P. Sink, 
Mrs. Mary WaitOf 
W. M. Howell, 
America Hall, 
John Edwards, 
A. Hartsock, 
Samuel Larroson, 
William Caldwell, 
S. D. Howard, 
D. W. Hall. 



CERES GRANGE, No. 64. 

Westpobt (Modesto), Stanislaus County. 

Organized Augast 31, 1873, by J. D. Spencer, Depnty. 



W. B. Harp, Master, S. W. Rush. 

M. B. Eittrell, Secretary, J. M. Henderson, 

L. C. St. Clair, M. B. KittreU. 

J. B. Sanders, L. L. Harwick, 

J. M. Berry, Mrs. L. C. St. Clair, 

£. Hatch, Mrs. L. L. Harwick, 



Mrs. M. B. Kittrell, 
Mri. J. M. Henderson, 
Mrs. S. Ellenwood, 
Mrs. P. Harp, 
MissM. Davis, 
Miss M. Hatch. 



TUBA CITY GRANGE, No. 65. 

Yuba City, Sutteb County. 

Organized September 9, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



F. B. Hull, Master. 
S. R. Chandler, Sec'y 

G. W. Carpenter, 
Catherine Carpenter, 
J. A. Wilkinson, 
John C. Smith, 
James Littlejohn, 

R. Bamett, 
Elizabeth Bamett, 
W. W. Ashford, 
Joseph Hardy, 



Mrs. M. C. Hardy, 
G. F. Starr, 
Mrs. E. J. Starr, 
0. M. Walton, 
C. J. Bockius, 
H. D. Littlejohn, 
George Obleyer, 
Ellen Ohleyer, 
Emily L. Wilkinson, 
Mrs. S. E. Walton, 



H. Pinney, 
W. P. Harkey, 
Clarinda E. Harkey, 
B. F. Frisbie, 
Mrs. M. J. Frisbie, 
S. E. Wilson, 
S. R. Chandler, 
T. B. Hull, 
James T. Smith, 
Mrs. M. S. Smith. 



EUREKA GRANGE, No. 66. 

San Joss Township (Spadba), Los AnqeiiEs County. 

Organized September 8, 1873, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



. P. 0. Toimer, Master, 
Jot. Wright, Secretary, 
CfTQE Bnrdick, 
IDs. A. M. Bnrdiok, 
▲.Oildwell, 
ryer, 



8. Hoofner, 
Mrs. A. Humphreys, 
W. F. Thompson, 
R. 8. Amelt, 
Mrs. Bella Fryer, 
Thomas Wright, 
Miss MoUie Wnght, 
Miss Elsie Wright, 



George Blake, 
Mrs. N. Rlake. 
W. C. Martin, 
Mrs. R. C. Martin, 
W. T. Martin. 
Mrs. M. Martin, 
Samuel Arnett, 
Miss Ella Arnett. 



236 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



GEYSERVILLE GRANGE. No. 67. 
Getsebville, Sonoma Countt. 



Organized September 11, 1873, by Thos. H. Merry, Deputy. 

Cal. M. Bosworth, Master, EUz&beth Low, 
11. R. Leigh, Secretary, Mrs. A. M. Jacobs, 



G. H. Jacobs, 
N. H. Stiles, 
J. R. Wisewivcr, 
W.m. S. Beeson, 
Caroline W. Bceson, 
Emmon Hamilton, 
CM. Bosworth, 
Eli Cummings, 
William Low, 



A. G. Gei^h, 
Luella S. Walcott. 
L. G. Ellis, 
A. S. Bemick, 
S. T. Caldwell, 
G. H. Benjamin, 
W. J. Powell. 
Marcella PoWell, 



Cyrus P. Buckley, 
Louisa Hamilton, 
MrK. C. M. Bosworth, 
William Ellis, 
Mrs. M. L. Morehouse, 
C. P. Moore, 
Electa Moore, 
Henry Wiedersheim, 
Kate Turner, 
William Hixon. 



SANTA CRUZ GRANGE, No. 68. 

Sakta Cbuz, Santa Cbuz County. 

Organized September 13, 1873, by J. D . Fowler, Deputy. 



B. Gaboon, Master, M. J. Leonard, 
J. W. Morgan, Secretary, Thomas Leonard, 

James L. Grover, Charlotte Cahoon, 

James Corcoran, E. B. Cahoon, 

Henry Thurber, V. Humphrey, 

Joseph Francis, Catherine Humphrey, 

D. W. Madden, Henry Duubinbiss, 

D. C. Feeley, Martm Kinsley, 



G. C. Wardwell, 
H. Winkle, 
John Doyle, 
Benj. P. Kooser, 
P. Leonard, 
J. Archibald, 
Mrs. J. Archibald. 



LIBERTY GRANGE, No. 69. 
AcAMPo Township, San Joaquin County. 



Organized September 11, 1873, by J. 



Justus Schomp, Master, 

J. J. Emlie, Secretary, 

J. S. Crawford, 

N. A. Kuight. 

Benj. Fugitt, 

Peter Jahant, 

T. M. Tracy, 

H. W. Childs, 

C. C. Fugitt, 

W. R. Pearson, 



J. Van Valkenburg, 
S. R. Thome, 
Jno. Welsh, 
Mrs. P. Jahant, 
Mrs. J. M. Tracy, 
Mi-s. H. W. Child, 
Mrs. J. Schomp, 
Mrs. R. Thome, 
Mrs. A. J. Woods, 
Miss Kate Childs, 



W. A.Wright, Deputy, 

J. N. Woods, 
Victor Jahant, 
James Nolan, 
A. J. Woods, 
Jno. DiscoU, 
Charles Neal, 
Thos. Burns, 
« Mrs. N. A. Knight, 

Mrs. J. Van Valkenburg, 
Mrs. Victor Jahant 



STOCKTON GRANGE, No. 70. 
Stockton, San Joaquin County. 



Organized 

Andrew Wolfe, Master, 
Wm. G. Phelps, Sec, 
W. L. Overhizer, 
T. E. Ketchum, 
Andrew Showers, 
J. Lander, 
T. J. Brooke, 
Freeman Mills, 
I. Marsh, 
Charles Spcrry, 



August 12, 1873, by J. W. A, 

John Taylor, 
W. D. Ashley, 
S. V. Tredway, 
Mrs. Chas. S perry, 
Mrs. George West, 
Mrs. Wm.H. Fairchild, 
Mrs. A. Burkett, 
Mrs. W. L. Overhizer, 
Mrs. T. J. Brooke, 
Mrs. J. Marsh, 



Wright, Deputy. 

P. W. Dudley, 
I. F. Harrison, 
A. Burkett, 
George West, 
* Wm. H. Fairchild, 
H. E. Wright, 
J. H. Cole, 
Mrs. F. Mills, 
Mrs. John Taylor. 
Mrs. Andrew Wolff 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 237 

SANTA CLARA GRANGE, No. 71. 

Santa Claba, Santa Claba Countt. 

Organized August 19, 1873, by George W. Henning, Deputy. 

Carey Peebles, Master, B. F. Headen, I. N. Senter, 

I. A. Wilcox, Secretary, M. L. Grewell, W. Oliver, 

F. Garrigues, E. Vandine, Mrs. J. A. Wilcox, 

J. J. Owen, Frank Parks, Benj. Craft, 

H. Goepper, RushMcCoraus, A. Woodham, 

H. M. Leonard, Miss M. Watkins, L. J. Grewell, 

I. Enowles, Mrs. L. Smith, Henry Sillick. 

Mrs. A. Enowles, B. F. Stinson, 

FRUITLAND GRANGE, No. 72. 

TusTiN CiTT Township, Los Anokles County. 

Organized September 15, 1873. 

A. B. Hayward, Master, D. G. McClay, S. W. Merritt, 

Elton R. Nichols, Sec, Mrs. Julia Hayward, A. T. Bates, 

D. H. Samis, Mrs. MaryTustin, W. C. McClay, 
Columbus Tustin, Mrs. M. J. Armstrong, I. T. Tedford, 

E. R. Nichols, Mrs. S. N. Stine, Samuel Robinson, 
Wm. A. Abbott, Mrs. A. M. Robinson, Mrs. M. J. Nichols, 
Thomas Cassad, Robert McFadden, Mrs. Harriet C. Abbott, 
A. D . Stine, Silas Ritchie, Mrs. Sarah Y. Cassad, 
I. T. Johnson, Wm. H. Tedford, Mrs. M. A. Merrill, 

N. 0. Stafford, J. J. Johnson, Mrs. A.E. Tedford. 

A. T. Armstrong, 

DAVISVILLE GRANGE, No. 73. 

Dayistille, Yolo County. 

Organized September 23, 1873, by Wm. M Jackson, Deputy, 

Chas. E. Greene, Master, Mrs. Geo. W. Pierce, Andy McClary, 

John Krimmer, Secretary, Rodney M. Bennett, G. L. Luddington, 

H. P. Martin, W. D. Wistine, J. C. Campbell. 

Mrs. H. P. Martin, Mrs. Chas. E. Greene, Mrs. W. D. Wistine. 

Geo. W. Pierce. Dwight Cooley, 

ARROYO GRANDE GRANGE, No. 74. 

AicBOYo Gbande, San Luis Obispo County. 

Organized September 20, 1873, by A. J. Mothersead, Deputy. 

DaTid F. Newsom, Master, Jesse Castael, Susan Henry, 

D. F. Whittenberg, Seo'y, James Brannan, Angio Morse, 

W. H. Nelson, L. R. Branch, H. H. Johnston, 

James Morse, Angelina Morse, Henry Hess, 

Albert Fowler» Susan Hess, Daniel Henry, 

Frank Branch, Eli Edwards, Edward Shaw, 

B. J. Branch, Lizzie Nelson, Annie Johnston. 
B. F. Branch, Sarah Fowler, 

ALLIANCE GRANGE, No. 75. 

Boo Daub Distbiot (El Monte), Los Angeles Countt. 

Organized September 22, 1873, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 

6. 8. Beeves, Master, Mrs. Henrietta Dukes, W. P. Cooper, 

J. W. Marshall, Secretary, Mrs. Lydia A. Reeves, E. S. Hams, 

D. Durfee, Miss Alice A. Reeves, J. A. Anderson, 

'ks Dougherty, Miss Mary J. Reeves, A. V. Dunsmore, 

'Hiiim, Mrs. A. J. Dougherty, Miss Fuunio Mark, 

Alfred Gibson, Mins Jennie Mark, 

G. W. Mark, Miss Martha Marshall, 

■'^y A. S. Harris, Mrs. Mary A. Marshall. 

ineei 



^^ 238 


TOE GIUNOE ItECOIlD. ^^^^H 


^^^k lakepout grange, Nk. u. ^| 




Lakeport. Like Cottntt. ^H 


^^ OrEimized September 18, 1873, bj J. M. Homilttm, Deputy. ^| 


I. C.W.IngMrai. Master 


John Jonea, Ura. B. D. Qraen, ^H 


N. Phelan, Secretory, 


A. Wittanburger, Mrs. J. F. Bnrger. ^M 


J. J. Bralon, 


Cyma Cutler. Mra. J. McClinlock. H 


J. 8. MoCiintock, 


I. L Heudricka, Mii« M. P. McCtiutock. ■ 


N. Pheluu. 


Vf. A. Cbria^, Mrs. L. C. Burrias, ■ 


Willkiii Gesner, 


Wiilinm Christy. Mra. P. M. Daley, ■ 


J. P. Denny, 


Robert MoCnllouiih, Mrs. E. A. Hanimoek, ■ 


B.D.Grt^eu. 


P. M. Daley, Mr«. J. W. Hoggs. ■ 


I. F. Buryer. 




0. Sweigcrl. 


SUsa Mary Tliompaon, J. C. ThonipBOiL H 


LOWER LAKE GRANGE, No. 77. .^| 




liOWER Lake, Laee Cousty. ^^M 


OrgnnUrf September 20. 1873, by J. SL Hamilton, Deputy. ^| 


Mnck Matthei™. Moster, 


J. L. Jackxon, EdwartI Beckley, ^B 


G. H. Snow, SeiretiUTr. 


C. L. WiUon, 0. J. Copaey, H 




I. C. Ctigler. SaraL M. Howard, H 


I. 8. Frails. 


B. E. Nichola. NBnay .1. CiinuinBhttm, ■ 


H,H. Wilson, 
J. W. HowMcI, 


M. H. Hendricks, B, T. Smith. ■ 


E. AnoHttong, Jane Copacy, ^H 


Bunaon Hnzell, 


C. Stubba. L. S. Wllaon. ■ 


Jiimen A. Hartia, 


M- U. Hnow. Amanda Crigler. ■ 


Mack Mutlbuwa, 


F. M. Hereiidon. A. R. Niohola, ■ 


G.H. Snow. 


BoTigh Matthews, E. A. DeWolf. ^M 
A. £ Noel. ^^^H 


I, D. Hea<lriuks, 


BADGER FLAT GRANGE. No. 7a ^^^^H 




Loa Banos, Merckd Countt. ^^^^^^| 




■W. F. CJnrk. MuHler, 


0. K. Jones. Mra. W. W. Pailin, ■ 


Alfred Memtt. Secretary 


J.W.Parker. N. H. Spencer. ■ 


W. W. PMliD, 


R. Alford. John Fowler, ■ 


Siini*l FowkT. 


Mra. Sam'l Fowler, A. J. Fowler. ■ 


Wm. Phillips. 


Wri. J. W. Parker, J. W. Maplea, ■ 
Mrs, E. Alford. Jesae Webl.. _^M 


JnmeB Torey, 


Joaeph Morritt, 


Georjfa Tuber. I. B. Yule, ^M 


"Welcome Fowler. 


Mra. W. F. Clark, Mra. 0. K. Joneo,. ^^^H 


WiUinm Slookton, 


Mias Jano Fowler, Mra. Jeaae Webtb^^^^H 


Jo. Friodmun, 


Mra. W. Fhillipa, Mra. J. W. UnpS^^^^H 


LOS BANDS GRANGE, No. 70. ^^^H 




Los Banob, Mbbcso CoiTiiTr. ^1 




Wm. M. Viney, Master. 


R. n. ViiuderbuTg. ^|_^^^^^^^^^H 


H. C. Wftinwrigbt, Seo'y 


Henry ^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 


B. P. Davia, 


John ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 


G. H. WUcy. 


nomer, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M 


WilUam JoDflB, 


ms. John Uc01iuliUI,.^H^^^^^^^^^^^H 


ilra. W, M. Viney, 


Mis. G. SliHHVt. W^^^^^^^^^^^H 


Mrs. A.F.Mnnili. 


Audr..w McGLiahan, ^M 


MIbs Mtiry MiUliall, 


D. M.W,..,L. ^1 


W. G, Jonea, 


G- F. I,L.nT<:II«G, H 


^^ Ow8U Hughes, 


A. a. :ti<iiiob, ^M 



THE ORANGE RECORD. 



239 



HOPETON GRANGE, No. 80. 
HopETON, Mebced Coumtt. 



Organized September 23, 1873, by J. W. 

John Ruddle, Master, J, M. Strong, 

Thomas Eagleson, Sec'y, John W. Collins, 



Fred Banner, 
S. E. Smyer, 
W. L. Coates, 
Wm. Little, 

A. 8. Ellis, 

B. Delashmutt, 
Mrs. T. Eagleson, 
T. J. Ramsey, 



A C. McSwain, 
Travis Marshall, 
Mrs. T. J. Ramsey, 
Mrs. A. C. McSwain, 
Mrs. John Raddle, 
G. R. Scruggs, 
Mrs. W. L. Silman, 
Mrs. J. W. Collins, 



A. Wright, Deputy. 

Miss Laura Stockard, 
Miss Alice Stookard, 
W. W. Stockard, 
W . L. Silman, 
David P. Woodruff, 
J. M. Scott, 
J. H. Payne, 
Cyrus Paine, 
Mrs. J. M. Scott, 
Mrs. y. Biggs. 



BLOOMFIELD GRANGE, No. 81. 
Bloohfield, Sonoma Countt. 



Organized September 25, 1873, by G. W. 



Wm. H. White, Master, 
D. Bruner, Secretary, 
William Lacost, 
C. E. Colborn, 
Isaac Euffel, 
A. B. Glover, 
Mrs. A. B. Glover, 
Wm. D. Canfield, 
Wm. S. Edminster, 



S. H. Church, 
A. A. Boyington, 
J. Boyington, 
W. N. Wakefield, 
Delia Edminster, 
C. Parks, 
W. W. Parks, 
Wm. P. Hall, 



Davis, Deputy. 

Mrs, A. P. Hall, 
Henry Hall, 
D. H. Parks, 
OlUe White, 
Mrs. S. A Canfield, 
Mrs. O. M. Colborn, 
James Carvey, 
Jesse B. Smith. 



CACHE CREEK GRANGE, No. 82. 
CoTToirwooD, Yolo County. 
Organized September, 1873, by Wm. M. Jackson, Deputy. 



D . B. Hurlburt, Master, 

L. D. Stephen, Secretary, 

H. Fredericks, 

Mrs. M. Hurlburt, 

H. Saling, 

Mrs. C.F. Saling, 

J. H. Norton, 

Mrs. S. J. Norton, 

J. Edger, 

G. Shinn, 



Mrs. A. Shinn, 
C. Farlin, 
N. Carbin, 
B. W. Smith, 
Miss M. Frederick, 
G. N. Dameron, 
R. G. Tadlock, 
W. T. Cottle, 
G. Woods, 



D. Q. Adams, 
L. D. Stephens, 

E. R. Holton, 
Mrs. S. J. Holton, 
Mrs. E. Holton, 
E. Sebald, 

Mrs. E. Sebald, 
Mrs. J. Margel, 
W. N. Mardua, 



RUSTIC GRANGE, No. 83. 

Lathbop, San Joaquin County. 

Organized September 29, 1873. 



J. A. Shepherd, Master, 
Henry Moore, Secretary, 
George W. Haines, 
W. R. Bailey, 
Eugene Kay, 
O. F. Atwood, 
L. P. Whitman, 
George W. Sperry, 
Samuel W. Boice, 
Thos. Gardner, 



Joseph Heintz, 
Mrs. J. K. Meyer, 
Mrs. H. Moore, 
Miss S. E. Shepherd, 
Miss E. E. Shepherd, 
J. K. Meyer, 
Henry Moore, 
Dennis Visher, 
Mrs. S. W. Baki^ 



Mrs. J. Parks, 
Mrs. D. Visher, 
Miss Emma Speny, 
H. S. Howland, 
Le Roscoe Howland, 
Thos. Parks, 
W.J. Reynolds, 
Miss N. M. Haines, 
>«P. A. Sperry. 



240 



THK GRANOE RECORD. 



WOODBRIDGE GRANGE, No. 84. 
WooDBEiDOE, San Joaquin County. 

Organized September 30, 1873, by J. W. A, Wright, Deputy. 



J. L. Hntson, Master, 

A. McQueen, Secretary, 

E. J. Mcintosh, 

E. Fisk, 

C. L. Robinson, 

G. H. Ashley, 

G. W. Bressler, 

A. McQueen, 

H. G. Gillingham, 

H. Beckman, 

W.B.White, 



T. J. Pope, 
J. Hemphill, 
Mrs. T. Henderson, 
Mrs. J. L. Keagle, 
Mrs. H. Beckman, 
Mrs. E. Dayton, 
Mrs. Perley, 
Mrs. W. B. White, 
Mrs. H. G. Gillingham, 
Mrs. I. Emdy, 



Dr. E. Dayton, 
Thomas Henderson, 
J. L. Keagle, 
A. M. Fastner, 
T. S. Moore, 
A. R. Elliott, 
I. Emdy, 
B.C. Shattuck, 
Mrs. G. H. Ashley, 
Miss J. F. BresHler. 



DANVILLE GRANGE, No. 85. 
Danvuxe, Contra Costa County. 



Organized 

Charles Wood, Master, 
John B. Snyder, Sec'y, 
John Stern, 
Jonathan Hoag, 
David N. Sherburn, 
Robert B. Love, 
Thomas Floumoy, 
William BeU. 
William W. Cox, 
Isaac Russell, 



October 1, 1873, by R. G. 

Albert W. Stone, 
Hugh Wiley, 
Mrs. Mary Hoag, 
Miss Livia Labaree, 
Mrs . Francis Rice, 
Mrs. Mary A. Jones, 
John Camp, 
James O. Boone, 
Leonard Eddy, 
Wade Hays, 



Dean, Deputy. 

Robert O. Baldwin, 
Francis E. Muttison, 
David A. Caldwell, 
John W. Kerr, 
Mrs. Sallie E. Boone, 
Miss Lizzie Stem, 
Mrs. Charles Wood, 
Mrs. Amelia Love, 
Miss Hattie Van Patten, 
Mrs. Sarah Labaree. 



ELK GROVE GRANGE, 


No. 86. 




Elk Grove, Sacramento County. 


Organized 


October 4, 1873, by W. T. 


Manlove, Deputy. 


0. S. Freeman, Master, 


Caroline M. Treat, 


Ezra W. Simons, 


Dtlos Gage, Secretary, 


Asel B. Davis, 


Pnidenee Simons, 


Julius Everson, 


J()se])h II. Kerr, 


Alvira H. Everson, 


David Upton, 


Thomas McConnell, 


Sobeiska Brown, 


Sullivan Treat, 


Louisa C McConnell, 


Agues R. Gage, 


Mary Kerr, 


Alfred Dixon, 


Enoch Drew, 


George 11. Kerr, 


Wm. Parker, 


James K*^nt, 


Martha Dixon, 


Asa U. Simons 


Milton Sherwood. 



NORD GRANGE, No. 87. 
NoRD, BuTTK County. 

Organized October 6, 1873, by W. M. Thorp, Deputy. 



G. W. Colby, Master, 
Lymau C. Cole, Secretary, 
II. W. Steuben, 
Charles Pettit, 
William Vettel, 
Al«xander Ash, 
J. R. Haugbton, 
John Mclutyre, 
Albert Carman, 
Philander McCargar, 
James ^UcCargar, 



Herman McCargar, 
Mrs. G. W. Colby, 
Mrs. Jane E. Ash, 
Mrs. Adaline McCargar, 
Mrs.Emeline Warren, 
Jaiues F. Wright, 
S. C. Bragg, 
Lemuel Sweeny, 
John B. Bragg, 
Edward Warren, 



Robert McCargar, 
Lyman L. Cole, 
Alexander Thrower, 
John Thompson, 
William Jasper, 
Mrs. Charles Pettit» 



«r. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



241 



KIWELATTA GRANGE, No, 88, 
Abgata, Humboldt Gountt. 



Organized September 30, 1873, by T. H. 



Lewis K. Wood, Master, 

D. D. Averill, Secretary, 

Clarissa 8. Wood, 

David H. Tower, 

J. J. Jule, 

F. F. Lansdale, 

H. L. Lansdale, 

Naomi Handy, 

Mary Handy, 

John H. Pratt, 

Calista Pratt, 



James F. Denning, 
S. Myers, 
J. G. Dolson, 
L. H. Jansen, 
George Zehendner, 
Daniel B. Jadd, 
Lncinda ATerill, 
J. Sowash, 
Lonisa Sowash, 
David H. Tower, 



Merry, General Deputy. 

Albert Hall, 
Sophronia Hall, 
James Sinclair, 
Mary Sinclair, 
James Bark, 
Frank MoFee, 
G. B. Kneeland, 
A. B. Kneeland, 
D. N. Dilla, 
H. W. Arbogast. 



WEST GRAFTON GRANGE, No. 89. 

West Gbafton (Yoi#o), Yolo County. 

Organized October 3, 1873, by W. M. Jackson, Depnty. 



A. C. Morris, Master, 

G. W. Parks, Secretary, 

Jay Green, 

F. Schleiman, 

John McClintock, 

L. L. Burr, 

W. H. H. Dinwiddie, 

J. G. Ely, 

Mrs. Mary Leggett, 



J. G. Bower, Jr., 
George Thacher, 
J. F. Nason, 
Mrs. Snsan Bower, 
Mrs. C. Wizard, 
I. T. Hadley, 
J. W. Brown, 
I. G. Bowers, 
Theo. Wizard, 



Josiah Rinsella, 
W. S. Manor, 
A . W. Moms, 
Mrs. Alice Mapes, 
James M. Packman, 
George W. Parks, 
Mrs. Schleiman, 
Mrs. Sarah Brown, 
E. S. Grey. 



CAPAY VALLEY GRANGE, No. 90. 

Capat, Yolo County. 

Organized October 4, 1873, by Wm. M. Jackson, Depnty. 

R. R. Darby, Master, Tillie Walters, R. R. Darby, 

P. M. Savage, Secretary, Wm. H. Duncan, E. B. Walters, 

J. P. Goodnow, P. M. Savage, Mrs. S. C. Darby, 

Jail Woods, M. Lambert, Mrs. Helen Duncan, 

John M. Rhodes, D. C. Rumsay, MrSi L. Savage. 



LIVERMORE GRANGE, No. 91. 
LrvsBMOBE, Alamxda County. 



Organized October 8, 1873, by W. H. 

Daniel Inmaa, Master, John Foscalina. 
9, B. Eassett, Secretary, B. J. Salisbury, 
"W* W. Wvnn, Mrs. A. P. Francis, 

^ B. Tajiort Mrs. Mattie Binaldo, 

^or, Mra Joanna Brackett, 

Mrs. Mattie Bowles, 
Joshua A. Neale, 
£. S. Allen, 
J. W. Clark, 
B. P. Bragdon, 




Baxter, Deputy. 

F. J. Clark, 

E. P. Bragdon, 

E. M. Carr, 

J. H. Brackett, 

Jesse Bowles, 

Mrs. Adelia E. Taylor, 

Mrs. Helen A. Fassett, 

Mrs. M. Taylor, 

Mrs. J. J. Inman, 



242 



THE GSLJkSGE SECOBD. 



LODI GSA5GE, So. 93. 



Organized Aagnflt *21>, 1873, bj J. W. 

J. W. Kearney, Manter, W. H- Post, 
D. Dickerson, Secretary, R. Woods, 
A. J. Arres, 



C. T. EJliott, 
C. P. ALiHon, 
Samuel Fredmn, 
Mrs. A. W. Gove, 
Mis. C. P. Alliaan, 
J. M. Fowler, 
A. W. GoTe, 



D. Kettieman, 
lira. J. M. Fowler, 
Mrs. O. O. Nortoo, 
iCra. W. H. Post, 
O. O. Norton, 
John Parrot; 
£. Lawrence, 



Wd^it; D<!piity. 

lus. E. LawrencSy 
JohnGeiard, 
L 3C ICorse, 
J. Talmadge, 
Stephen Pnrdy, 
Frank Tnraer, 
Mrs. J. W. Kearny, 
IEes. J. G«iard, 
Hks. J. Talmadge. 



PAJAEO GBAZITGE, So, 99L 

WAHaOWTCLLK, PxlASO ToWSHBIP, MOBFTESXT CcfCSfTT. 

Organized October 10. 1873, by J. D. Fowler, Depaty. 

D. K. Clon^h, llaater, S. B. Karros. Peter Cox, 

G. W. Boadhooae, Sec'y, Alexander Keer, Mrs. Rebecca Cox, 

D. Crawford, J. E. Trofton, Mrs. N. A- Uren, 

Mrs. D. Crawford* J. J. Boadhonse, N. A. Uren» 

D. M. Clongh, John Oiinger, Mis. C. £. Rottjhonae. 



AZTSA GRANGE, No. 94. 

Arr- gA ToW!ISHIP (£z. MoTTK), Los X^soMTWn. CoTSTT. 

Organized October 3, 1S73, by Thoa. A. Garey, Depttty. 



W. W. Maiey. M.ister, 

J. C. Preston, Secretary, 

Thos. Allen, 

J. S. Thompson, 

E. B. Thompson, 

C. Thompson, 

W. J. Dongherty, 

L C. Biraes, 

G. W. Bohannan, 

Mrs. Q. A. Allen, 

Mra. Lucy W. Mazey, 



Mrs. Alvimi Thompson, 
Mrs. M- A. Jastice, 
Mrs. M. O. Dougherty, 
Mrs. M. L. Piesston, 
Calli*^ L. Dongherty, 
Miss Ellen Barnes, 
E. T. Justice, 
D. L. Dongherty, 
I. C. Preston, 
I. T. Collins, 



L. Barnes. 

W. S. Xeal, 

Jas. Donsherty, 

A. J. Justice, 

J. H. M^ilone, 

,r. M. Casey, 

D. G. Malone, 

Vr. J. Deshield, 

Mrs. £. Barnes, 

Mrs. Indiana JnBtice. 



FLORENCE GRANGE, No. 95. 
Flobknce (Loh Anofles), Los Angeles Co u.M ' y . 



Organized 

H. Gibson, Master, 
Wm. Porter, Secretary, 
II. C. Thomas, 
K. B. RusselJ, 
II. Gibson, 
Josiah Rnssell, 
John Willcy, 
E. J. Durcll, 
Thomas Gillette, 
Charles Hazard, 
H. P. Hiett, 



October d, 1873, by Thos. 

Frank Farris, 

Mrs. Janes, 

I). Farris, 

Mrs. Mary Farris, 

Mrs. II. 0. Thomas, 

5 Irs. R. M. Rassell, 
Irs. Kne C. SpeOAAc 
I. 1). Farris, 
WUiiam F. Fta 
I. F. Diirell. 
Louis L. lUce, 



A. Garey, Deputy. 

A. Nelson, 
J. M . Spencer, 
G. B. Farris, 
Wm. Porter, 
J. W. Wilkinson, 
John Chapman, 
Mrs. A. Gibson, 
Mrs. N. J. EusmU, 
*•-■ L. J. Buas*!' 
P. D. H ^ 

%||||}m 



THE GRANGE IlECORD. 



243 



BUCKEYE GRANGE, No. 96. 

BUOKITB, YoiiO COUMTT. 

Organized October 6, 1873, by W. M. Jackson, Deputy 



Wm. Sims, Master, 
J. G. Allen, Secretary, 
R. A. Daniels, 
Daniel Robinson, 
I. P. Grafton, 
J. 0. Molwell, 
Mrs. Anna Maxwell, 
I. W. Norton, 



Mrs. EUza Norton, J. R. Briggs, 

F. G. Rnssell, Mrs. Jalla Briggs, 

Miss Saphrona Ely, E. G. Bray, 

T. C. Goodwin. Mrs. E. G. Bray, 

Mrs. Susan C. Goodwin, J. G. Allin, 

W. 0. CampbeU, J. W. Ely, 

Mrs. 0. Campbell, Mrs. Cornelia Ely« 



HUNGRY HOLLOW GRANGE, No, 97. 
Yolo, Yolo Countt. 



Organized-October 7, 1873, by W. M. Jackson, Deputy. 

G. L. Fai'kcr, Master, Mrs. M. C. Parker, 
G. L. Perkins, Secretary, P. Fishback, 



A. H. Nixson, 
T. J. Parker, 
T. J. Gallup, 
J. M. Parker, 
C. P. Du Bois. 
Mrs. A. E. Dutton, 
Mrs. E. M. Young, 
G. L. Parker, 



John A. Zimmerman, 

CO. Perkins, 

C. H. Dresser, 

Mrs. Alice W . Drcsaei* 

J. B. Nixson, 

J. E. Young, 

N. E. Spoights, 

L M. Dutton, 



J. B. DuDgan, 
Miss C. n. Dutton, 
Mrs. Lizzy Parker, 
R. J. Mattock, 
Frederick Mast, 
Mrs. J. O. Fishback) 
Gottlieb Mast, 
Gottlieb Rath, 
Mrs. C. Parker, 
Edwin Blodgett* 



ANTELOPE GRANGE, No. 98. 

Antelope, Yolo County. 

Organized October 8, 1873, by W. M. Jackson, Deputy. 



W. J. Clark, Master, 
C. L. M. Vaughn, Sec'y, 
A. W. Dtmigan, 
Miss R. Dnnigan, 
L. Dunigan, 
Henry Yarrick, 
W. 0. Dresser, 
Wm. M. Campbell, 
Mrs. S. S. Campbell, 
A. B. Richmond* 



8. W. Foster, 
L. B. Lewis, 
Mrs. S. A. Lewis, 
D. L. Ashley, 
L. C. Lane, 
J. Y. De Rose, 
Mrs. B. Do Rdsc, 
Wm. Dresser, 
Mrs. H. S. Dresser, 



J. D. Snelling, 
Mrs. S. A. Vaughn, 
H. Garrett, 
Wm. B. Carter, 
MisB M. C. Vaughn, 
W.J.Clark, 
Mrs. C. Clark, 
Miss K. Burgoyne, 
I. L. Rollins. 



FUNK SLOUGH GRANGE, No. 99. 

FxTNK Slough (Colusa), Colusa County. 

Organized October 8, 1873, by J. J. Hicok, Deputy. 



E. 0. Hunter, Master, C. A. Eupper, 
Bossell Delapp, Secretary, Miss E. Benjamin, 
L F. Daley, Miss C. Benjamin, 

L A. Sutton, Mrs. A. Alexander, 

T. Hvden, L. D. McDow, 

« »—a-^ T.B.McDow, 

A. Alexander, 
Mark Hubbard, 

B. J. Barnes, 
I. G. Wolfe, 



J. D. Rice, 
W. S. McClevy, 
I. W. Dftley, 
G. W. Sutton, 
Miss L. Daley, 
Miss Anne Sutton, 
Mrs. Dodson, 
Mrs. L.J. McDow, 
^Irs. S. E. McDow, 
Mrs. T. Harden. 



244 



THE GRANGE BECOBD. 



ANTELOPE VALLEY GRANGE, No. 100. 

Antelope Vaixet (Colusa), Colusa Countt. 

Organized October 10, 1873, by J. J. Hiook, Deputy. 



n. A. Logan, Master, 

A. T. Wei ton. Secretary, 

R. T. Clark. 

Mrs. S. C. Clark, 

P. Peterson, 

Mrs. L. M. Peterson, 

Mrs. M. B. Aycoke, 

A. A. Seheaine, 

Mrs. Jane Seheaine, 



D. T. Seheaine, 
Mrs. S. A. Logan, 
I. A. Cleghorn, 
Mrs. C. A. Cleghorn, 
M. A. Cleghorn, 
M. H. Sechaine, 
Mrs. R. B. Sehaine, 
John Rosenberg, 



Wm. Rosenberg, 
Arthur T. Welton, 
H. H. Graham, 
Mrs. R.J. Graham, 
I. B. 8. Taylor. 
G. W. CardwelU 
Mrs. Rebecca CardweU, 
Elizabeth Seheaine. 



TABLE BLUFF GRANGE, No. 101. 
Table Bluff, Humboldt County. 



Organized October 2, 1873, by T. H. 



Jackson Sawyer, Master 
B. H. C. Pollard, Sec'y, 
Edwin P. Vance, 
Samuel Fobs, 
Mary Foss, 
A. S. Frost, 
Charles C. Foss, 
Patrick O'Rourke, 
Catherine O'Rourke, 
Louis Buyatte, 



Minerva Buyatte, 
Elan B. Long, 
Elizabeth Long, 
J^rry Quill, 
Julia Quill, 
I. P. Walsh. 
Mary Walsh. 
Hannah Pollard, 
T. J. Knight, 
H. P. Dothen, 



Mer^, General Deputy. 

T. Y. Clyde, 

D. A. DeMeritt, 
James Wolgamott, 

0. McNultv, 
Ellen McNuIty, 
John McNulty, 
Hannah Sawyer, 

E. Tiernay, 

1. E. StiU. 
Patrick Quinn. 



FEKNDALE GRANGE, No. 102. 
Ferndale, Humboldt County. 



Organized October 3, 1873, by T. H. 



F. Z. Boynton, Master, 
Charles Barber, Sec'y, 
Ann Boyuton, 
Addie Winfield, 
William Stover, 
James Smith, 
Jane Smith, 
Jacob Criss, 
Martha J. Criss. 
J. C. Dungan, 



Mary E. Spencer, 
W'illiam Williams, 
R. S. Tyrrell, 
John Smith, 
JMulvina Stover, 
L. C. Church, 
William Taylor, 
J. R. Kinsley, 
Orrin Chapman, 
Sarah Chapman, 



Merry, General Deputy. 

ll. J. Bugbee, 
G. G. Dudley. 
Margaret Dudley, 
Andrew Denman. 
Rebecca Denman, 
William H. Spencer, 
George W. Griffith, 
James S. Freeman, 
Rebecca Freeman 
Joseph Davenport. 



ROHNERVILLE GRANGE, No. 103. 

Rhonerville, Humboldt County. 

Organized October 6, 1873, by T. H. Mency, General Deputy. 

B. T. Jamison, Master, H. S. Case, Wm. M. Henry, 
Samuel Strong, Secretary, Mrs. E. C. Case, A. H. Bradford, 
A. D. Sevier, Homer Drake, L. C. Beckwith, 
Martha J. Jamison, W. R. Worthington, Matthew Perrott» 
Sarah Sevier, Elizabeth W. Worthington, S. A. Perrott. 
Maria G. Strong, John W C. Hanson- 
Sarah E. Strong, C. S. ( BoUa Br 
Mrs. Caroline Beokwith, Job T^ ''^^ai^ ^ 



THE ORANGE BECOBD. 



245 



ELK RIVEB GRANGE, No. 104. 

BUOEBPOBT, HiTMBOLDT CoUNTT. 

Organized October 7, 1873, by T. H. Merry, General Deputy. 



Theodore Meyer, Master, Sophronia G. Shaw, 
D. A. De Merritt, Sec'y, Mrs. D. R De Merritt, 



F. L. Meyer, 
Ella M. Williams. 
S. B. Lane, 
Alex. Forbes, 
F. S. 8haw, 



Waterman Fields, 
Bath Ann Haw, 
8. N. Stewart, 
Joseph Scott Stewart, 



S. O. Showers, 
G. fl. Shaw, 
Margaret Shaw, 
William Orton, 
Jacob W. Gardner, 
Sophia B. Gardner. 



SNELLING GRANGE. No. 105. 

Snellino, Mebced County. 

Organized October 23, 1873, by H. B. Jolley, District Deputy. 

Daniel Teizer, Master, W. G. Hardwick, Mrs. Martha Spears, 

W. L. Hanilin, Secretary, Mrs. W. L. Uamlin, Mrs. Mary £. Yeizer, 

A. B. Anderson, L.J. Bums, Erastus Kelsey, 

G. L. Baker, S. R. Spears, Mrs. Malinda Kelsey, 



EDEN GRANGE, No. 106. 

Hatwabds, Alameda County. 

Organized October 25, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, P. M. & L. Cal. State Grange. 



Thomas Hellar Master, 
Wm. Owen, Secretary, 
n. W. Bice, 
Edwin Kimball, 
H. Momsen, 
George E. Baxter, 
J. C. Ward, 
ThoR. A. Cunningham, 
J. Shilling, 
C. F. A. Bagge, 



Tim Houschildt, 
I. n. Wisener, 
Charles Pronse, 
Mrs. Mary Kimball, 
Mrs. H. W. Rice, 
Miss Emma Templetou, 
Mrs. E. Hellar, 
Mrs. R. L. Knox, 
Miss S. M. McCrea, 
Mrs. J. C. Momsen, 



Wm. F. Hellar, 
J. H. Pronse, 
Joel Russell, 
H. F. Nebas, 
John Bagge, 
Wm. Knox, 
John Donkell, 
Mrs. J. Russell, 
Mrs. Ida C. Wielbye, 
Mrs. Maria Bagge. 



ROCKVILLE GRANGE, No. 107. 

RocEYHiiiE, Solano County. 

Organized October 29, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



W. A. Lattin, Master, 


Rush Lattin, 


Mrs. McMorris, 


J. R. Morris, Secretary, 


E. Barbour, 


Mrs. Amy Lattin, 


R. H. McMillen, 


J. McMullen, 


Mrs. Kate Gambel, 


A. Gambel, 


Mrs. E. Barbour, 


Mrs. C. P. Foster, 


A. S. Gambel, 


Mrs. C. J. Pitman, 


J. E. FlifjRle, 


J. M. Baldwin, 


Mrs. CM. Baldwin, 
H. D. Tisdale, 


Mrs. A. M. Cox, 


B. 0. Foster, 


P. G. Cox. 


P. A. Russell, 


Mrs. Georgia Fliggle, 





KELSEYVILLE GRANGE, No* 108. 

Kelseyyille, Lake County. 

Oiganized October 29, 1873, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. Cal. State Grange. 



D. P. Bhattock, Master, C. C. Barker, 
^^ OnMiiston, Secretary, Anderson Benson, 
Mt.m iN«k^^ Thomas Ormenston*. 

*v. John Shirley, 

ti, I. H. Renfrow, 

James Try on, 
D. E. MiUs, 



Mrs. L. P. Ormenston, 
Mrs. S. F. Piner. 
Mrs. F. M. Stonebreaker, 
Miss N. E. Stonebreaker, 
MisH Blanche Ormenston, 
Miss E. A. Beardsly. 



246 



THE GEANQE RECOBD. 



UPPER LAKE GRANGE, No. 109. 

Uppeb Lake, Lake Gountt. 

Organized October 30, 1873, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. Cal. State Grange. 



D. V. Thompson, Master, 
D. Q. McCurty, Secretary, 
George A. Lyon, 
George Thomington, 
A. J. Doty, 
Emry Town send, 
Henry Parmer, 
J. B. Robinson, 
M. Shepard, 
Samnel Coombs, 



M. Deniston, 

W. W. Meredith, 

Mrs. E. Ford, 

Mrs. Lncy Meredith, 

Nancy S. Parmer, 

Miss E. Sleeper, 

George Ford, 

I. W. Doty, 

M. Sleeper, 

J. B. Howard, 



L. T. Matcalf, 
Jerome Sleeper, 
R. C. Tallman, 
Mrs. Sarah Doty, 
Mrs. E. Townsend, 
Mrs. Mary Coombs, 
Mrs. I. J. Doty, 
Mrs. M. C. Thompson, 
Miss Betty Thompson. 



ORISTIMBA GRANGE, No. 110. 
HiLii's Febbt, Stanislaus County. 



Organized November 4, 1873, by J. W. A. 

W. J. Miller, Master, L. S. Bennett, 

Thos. A Chapman, Sec*y, D. W. Eachns, 



T. R. Hutchinson, 
Tyler Bithin, 
E. P. Bennett, 
B. B. McGuire, 
Mrs. S. M. McGuire, 
Mrs. C.F. Hutchinson, 
P. M. Peterson, 
William Wilkinson, 



W. S. Underwood, 

Mrs. M. Newell, 

Mrs. M. Ellen Underwood^ 

Mrs. S. J. Bithin, 

W. L. Pryor, 

Peter Hansen, 

C. C. Eastin, 

Mrs. J. W. Miller, 



Wright, Deputy. 

Miss J. E. Newell, 

Arthur A. Bithin, 

M. G. Bennett, 

S. V. Porter, 

S. J. Foxe, 

W. Underwood, 

B. D. Noxon, 

Mrs. Mary E. Underwood, 

Mrs. Susan Wilkinson, 

Mrs. Emma C. Eastin. 



ATLANTA GRANGE. No. 111. 

Atlanta, San Joaquin County. 
Organized October 30, 1873, by E. B. Stiles, Deputy. 



W. J. Campbell, Master, 
Wm. Dempsey, Secretary, 
A. W. Hunsacker, 
Samuel Myers, 
Levi Niciwinger, 
Mrs. N. 1*. Hunsacker, 
Mrs. T. M. Gardner, 
Miss Emma T. Gardner, 
Mrs. J. W. Moore, 



Mrs. LouVischer, 
Mrs. Margaret l^Iiller, 
Mrs. Jennie M. Lombard, 
Mrs. Samuel Myers, 
Putnam Vischer, 
Isaac Kock, 
David Lombard, 
T. W. Gilbert. 



T. M. Gardner, 

I . W. Moore, 

Ernst Wagner, 

Joseph Frost, 

Milton Miller, 

D. L. Campbell, 

H. H. Clendennin, 

^rs. Caroline W. Gilbert. 



BONITA GRANGE, No. 112. 

Crow's Landing, Stanislaus County. 

Organized November 1, 1873, by J. D. Spencer, Deputy. 



J. W. Treadwell, Master, 

A. B. Crook, Secretary, 
James M. Bond, 

B. R. Pierce, 
W. E.Garrett, 
W. C. Cattron, 
A. G. Lucas, 
Kdward Loomis, 
W. H. Battcufield, 
Benjamin Fowler, 



Mrs. S. A. Pierce, 
Mrs. F. A. Loomis, 
Mrs. M. P. Garrett, 
Mrs. Amanda Huttoa 
Mrs. S. T. Bond,. 
Wm. Fisher, 
I. A. Clark, 
M. Y. Mozin, 
D. Hayes, 



A. R. Elirkwood, 
George Medrie, 
F. M. Smith, 
A. 0. Hiittim» 




THE GRANGE BECOBD. 



247 



VALLEJO GRANGE, No. 113. 

Yallejo, Solano Countt. 

Organized November 8, 1873, by W. H. Baxter, Depnty. 

G. C. Pierson. Master, Mrs. Lavina Wilson, B. B. Brown, 

Charles B. Deming, Sec'y, Mrs. EKzabeth Greenwood, John Fletcher, 



Ira Austin, 

George H. Greenwood, 

William Garter, 

A. P. Ryerson, 

Mrs. Oelia Hunter, 

Mrs. Hattie Pearson, 



John F. Deming, 
Cbas. B. Deming, 
Mrs. Annie G. Deming. 
John Wilson, 
James Hunter, 
Gustavus C. Pierson, 



M M. Carter, 

S. S. Drake,. 

Mrs. Anna Carter, 

Joseph Wilson, 

Mrs. Hattie G. Deming. 

Mrs. Thirza Drake. 



XJKIAH GRANGE, No. 114. 
Ukiah Crrr. Mkndoczno Couktt. 



Organized 

W. D. White, Master, 
N. O. Carpenter, Sec'y, 
Elisha Weller, 
John M. Morris, 
Mary Morris, 
J. B. Short, 
Thos. R. Lucas, 
Martha Lucas, 
I. M. Faught, 
PhiUp Howell, 
Mark York, 



November 4, 1873, by T. 

Elizabeth BarUett, 
Helen Carpenter, 
Samuel Orr, 
G. W. Jackson, 
J. C. Cook, 
Frances Ouseley, 
Nathan Bartlelt, 
Lavinia G. White, 
L. M. Ruddick,* 
Charles Bartlett, 



H. Merry, Deputy. 

Mary E. Bartlett, 
J. R. Henry, 
S. C.Henry, 
R. Clark, 
A. O. Carpenter, 
J. B. McCflum, 
M. W. Howard. 
John Crawford, 
Elizabeth Howell, 
Clara S. WarmseUer. 



POTTER VALLEY GRANGE, No. 115. 

POTTEB YaLLKT, MfiNDOCXNO CoUNTT. 

Organized November 6, 1873, by Thos. H. Merry, Deputy. 



John Mewhinney, Master, 
Thos. McCowen, Sec'y, 
Samuel Mewhinney, 
Donah M. Mewhinney, 
J. G. Bush, 
Thaddeus Dashiels, 
Samuel McCulloch, 
J. R. Ross, 
Life Farmer, 
Catherine Farmer, 



J. E. Camer, 
H. Slingerland, 
A. H. Slingerland, 
J. B. Endicott, 
Charles Raider, 
J. M. Elliott, 
Lavinia Grover, 
Eli Jones, 
Mary A. Smith, 
George Burklmrdt, 



B . Pemberton, 
R. Camer, 

S. H. McCreary, 
John Leonard, 
Jos. Thornton, 
Rebecca McCulloch, 
Catheiine Endicott, 

C. J. H. Nichols 
G. B.Nichols, 
Sarah Spencer. 



COTTONWOOD GRANGE, No. 116. 
Hnx's Febbt, Cottonwood Township, Mkboei> County. 



Organized November 

I. L. Crittenden, Master, 

J. J. Doyle, Secretary, 

W. F. Draper, 

I. M. Daley, 

Jerry Stergeon, 

C. S. Johnson, 

R. M. C. Hale, 

E. L. Stergeon, 

G. E. MUls, 

I. T. Sparks, 



10, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, P. M., L. Cal. S, G. 



Henry Whitworth, 
G. Estes, 
Wm. Eachus, 
Mrs. A. Stergeon, 
Mrs. M. E. Coyle, 
Miss K. Sanford, 
Mrs. C. Draper, 
Mrs. A. M. Crittenden, 
Miss Belle Tinnin, 
Miss H. Campbell, 



M. O. Babcock, 
A. C. Tinnin, 
Wm. Ruff, 
Oscar Babcock, 
R. Ceyle, 
L. Sweitzer, 
Bates De Hart, 
Mrs. I. A. Mills, 
Mrs. S. E. Tinnin, 
Mrs. M. E. Sparks, 



248 



THE ORANGE BECOHD. 



WILDWOOD GRANGE, No. 117. 
Dent (Atlanta), San Joaquin Ck)nNTT. 



Organized November 12, 1873, by Edwin B. Stiles, Depnty. 

Joseph Leigbton, Master, E. J. F. Meronse, 
A. B. Manson, Secretary, Mrs. Joanna Purvos, 



John Ward, 
J. W. Gann, 
A. H. D. Mcintosh, 
Geo. E. Blanchard, 
Geo. N. Cole, 
Wm. A. Bedford, 
G. W. Brown, 
J. H. Brown, 



Mrs. Mary Brown, 
Georgie Ella Leigbton, 
Mrs. Hizziab Brown, 
Mrs . Maggie Pride, 
I. S. Muncey, 
Wm. Allen. 
Samnel Hall, 
I. B, Paynon, 



F. M. Furman, 
J. M. Parbos, 
Frank Stanley, 
Wm. H. Snow, 
Wm. M. Muncey, 
Mrs. Sarah Stanley, 
Mrs. Emma Marvin, 
Albima Allen, 
Mrs. A. S. Mnnson, 
^diss Laura Dossey. 



SARATOGA GRANGE, No. 118. 

Sabatoqa, Santa Claba Countt. 

Organized November 10, 1873, by G. W. Henning, Deputy. 



Francis Dresser, Master, S. P. Hutchinson, 

Jennie Farwell, Secretary, Willis Morrison, 

Abyah McCall, Mrs. M. E. Hutchinson,. 

Hobart N. Cutler, Mrs. S. M. Morrison, 

I. C. Hutchinson, Mrs. J. Nickle, 

D. R. Scott, Mrs. E. S. Reid, 

Jas. W. Loyst, Wm. Cox, 

Andrew J. Loyst, F. B. Nickle, 



Wm. Pfeflfer, 
Wm. M.Reid, 
E. M. Dresser, 
J. Cox, 

Mrs. A. M. McCall, 
Mrs. H. N. Cutler, 
Mrs. C. D. Dresser, 



WALNUT CREEK GRANGE, No. 119. 

WAiiNirr CRi!;£E, Contba Costa County. 

Organized November 15, 1873, by R. G. Dean, Deputy. 



Nathaniel JoneH, Master, 
Wm. R. Daley, Secretary, 
John Larkey, 
D. F. McClfcUan, 
A. W. Hammett, 
Edward Worden, 
F. Langenkamp, 
James T. Walker, 
Orrin Fales, 



Mrs. C. S. HoUinbeck, 
Mrs. Mary A. Livingston, 
Mrs. E. C. Jones, 
Mrs. Martha Renwick, 
Mrs. Esther M. Fales, 
H. M. Hollinbeck, 
S. B. Hickman, 
John H. Livingston, 



Wm. S. Huston, 
Walter Renwick, 
Mrs. E. C. Larkey, 
Mrs. Lcmantha Hammitt, 
Mrs. Mary S. Hickman, 
Mrs. M. L. Huston, 
Miss Eliza J. Jones, 
Mrs. Mary C. Walker, 



CENTREVILLE GRANGE, No. 120. 

Ckntkeville, Alameda County. 

Organized November 18, 1873, by Wm. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



James Shinn, Master, 

John L. Beard, Secretary, 

B. D. F. Clough, 

Wm. Tysou, 

F. Perez, 

F. B. Granger, 

A. S. Clark, 

Wm. Healy, 

John LowTie, 

Howard Overacker. 



M. J. Overacker, 
A. R. Hall, 
E. T. Randall, 
M. L. Babb, 
Comfort Healy, 
Samuel P. Marston, 
Johu Proctor, 
L. E. Osgood, 
N. L. Babb, 



£. Miehaos, 
Bof as Denmaxl^ 
J. B. Clon^ 
E.Tyson, 
Mai^ G. Bmifm 
8. P. OsgOCNi 
Mary Denw 
Mrs. H. Ow 
Mrs. 0. 8, <^ 






;^ 



THE ORANGE BECOBD. 



249 



CONFIDENCE GRANGE, No. 121. 
Gaudalupe, Saitta Basbaba Coitntt. 



Organized 

A. Copeland, Master, 
J. F. Austin, Secretary, 
H. C. Venable, 

J. S. Miller, 
Orrin Miller, 
W. T. Scott, 
T. W. Roberts, 

B. O. Walker, 
James A. Xorris, 
W. F. Johnston, 



October 27, 1873, by 0. L. Abbott, Deputy. 



W. J. Cock, Mrs. 

E . J. Preston, Mrs. 

Azariah Kennedy, Mrs. 

John Biggs, Mrs. 

Elias Sansome, Mrs. 

W. J. Hudson, Mrs. 

Charles Silyarer, Mrs. 

Mrs. Mary M. Johnston, N. W 

Mrs. Sarah L. Walker, John 

Mrs. Hannah M. Cock, W. A 



Nancy A. Preston, 
S. Copeland, 
M. A. Venable, 
S. E. Miller, 
L. G. MiUer, 
£!len D. Austin, 
Ellen Norris, 
. Best, 
W. Emrich, 
. Templeton. 



GEORGIANA GRANGE, No. 122. 
Geobqiana (Wamhtt Gbovb), Saobamento Countt. 
Organized November 19, 1873, by W. 8. Manlove, Deputy. 
F. M. Eittrell, Master, Peter Hanson, Mrs. Mai^ A. Hensey, 



George A. Knott, Seo'y, 
H. F. Smith, 
C. P. Hensey, 
J. P. Norman, 



I. N. Holt, 
F. M. Pool, 
J. H. Slay ton. 



Sarah A. Pool, 
Sarah Raney, 
Louisa Holt* 



DENVERTON GRANGE, No. 123. 
Denyebton, Sozjlno Countt. 



Organized November 21, 1873, by James 



Jno. B. Carrington, Master, John Tomlie, 
G. C. Arnold, Secretary, I. H. Bullard, 
Mrs. H. P. Carrington, 
John B. Roper, 



Samuel Stewart, 
Mrs. J. E. Stewart, 
Wm. Bacon, 
G. Y. Stewart, 
John Bird, 
Jas. Jones, 
Mrs. S. F. Jones, 



8. H. De Pay, 
Mrs. H. E. De Puy, 
James Blyth, 
O. D. Ormsby, 
T. C. Stewart, 
Mrs. Grace Stewart, 
Miss Mary E. Cook, 
Q. N. paniels. 



A. Clark, Deputy. 

Nathan Barnes, 
Mrs. E. H. Barnes, 
C. E. Garfield, 
Mrs. U. Garfield, 
Wm. Spencer, 
Mrs. Rebecca Spencer, 
G. B. Eustace, 
G. C. Arnold, 
Mrs. S. J. Arnold, 
R. H. Barkeway. 



R. T. Gallagher, 

T. Martin, 

A. Hanson, 

J. C. Drew, 

J. Struve, 

Mrs. Adelia Ripley, 



WATSONVILLE GRANGE, No. 124. 

Watsonviixe, Santa Cbuz Countt. 

Organized November 22, 1873, by J. D. Fowler, Deputy. 

J. C. White, 
Li. A. Lee, 

Mrs. R. W. Cox, J. M. Ripley, 

Miss L. C. McNealy, 

B Gallagher, 

V. Westcott, 

M. Gagner, 

A. McNealey, 



Joseph McCollum, Master, Mrs. Louisa Martin, 
A. F. Richardson, Sec'y, A^ Cox, 
£. A. Knowles, 



A. F. Richardson, 
Mrs. £. McCoUum, 
MisH Lottie Knowles, 
Mrs. H. M. Westcott, 
Miss Mary Wiley. 



250 



THE QEANGE BECOBD. 



CALISTOGA GRANGE, No. 125. 

Caustooa, Napa Coumtt. 

Organized November 25, 1873, by J. M. HamUton, W. M. Cal. S. G. 



I. N. Bennett, Master, 
L. Hopkins, Sec'y, 
Andrew Safely, 
James M. Wright, 
J. C. Wright, 
T. T. Walker, 
John Mai-tz, 



Sebastian Martz, 
Martin Martz, 
Mrs. Lovina Gyms, 
Mrs. M. J. Martz, 
John Hoover, 
W. B. Pratt, 
Peter Teal, 



John Cyrns, 

Isaac Bradley, • 

John C. WiUonghby, 

L. H. Hopkins, 

Mrs. Catherine Bennetta 

Miss Alice Bennett. 



BED BLUFF GRANGE, No. 126. 

Red Bluff, Txhama Ck)UKTT. 

Organized November 26, 1873, by W. M. Thorp, Deputy. 



R. H. Blossom, Master, 
John Curtis, Secretary, 
J. C. Tyler, 
Mrs. J. C. Tyler, 
Mrs. R. H. iSlossom, 
I. S. Cone, 
Mrs. I. S. Cone, 



L. B. Healy, 
Mrs. L. B. Healy, 
George B. Tabor, 
H. A. Rawson, 
Andrew Jelly, 
N. Merrill, 
Mrs. N. Merrill, 



George Peels, 
H. C. Copeland, 
Mrs. H. C. Copeland,^ 
Wm. B. Parker. 
George Champlin, 
Mrs. Geo. Champlin, 
Samuel Jennison. 



WESTMINSTER GRANGE, No. 127. 

Westminsteb, Los Anoelbs Couirnr, 

Organized November 19, 1873, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



M. B. Craig, Master, 

Henry Stephens, Secretary 

L. P. Webber, 

Robert Strong, 

1. D. Bowley, 

N. Frank Poor, 

John Anderson, 

John Mack, 

G. M. Crittenden, 

Lot M. Jaquette, 



Robert Eccles, 
George Danskin, 
Mrs. Geoi-ge Dunskin, 
Amelia V. Lawton, 
Mrs. V. C. Anderson, 
Marthft M. Edwards, 
Converse Howe, 
James Taylor, 
Jesse Davis, 
J. A. Davis, 



D. W. Lawton, 
Joseph Bingham, 
Thos. Edwards, 
James McFadden, 
Sarah L. Patterson, 
Ella A. Jaquette, 
Mrs. Olive W. Stephens, 
Julia G. Bow^ley, 
Mrs. F. S. Bowley, 
Mrs. W. C. McPherson. 



RIVERSIDE GRANGE, No. 128. 

FiivEBSiDE, San Bebnabdino Countt. 

Organized November 25, 1873, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy 



E. G. Brown, Master, C. E. Packard, 
W. W. Kimball, Secretary, Mrs. M. A. Russell, 

P. S. Russell, Mrs. Eliza M. Sheldon, 

W. B. Russell, Mrs. M. T. Shugart, 

J. P. Herbert, Mrs. Arabella S. Lord, 

A. J. Twoj^ood, Miss Josie Craig, 

J. W. Nonh, G. D. Carleton, 

E. K. Pierce, G. W. Garcelon, 

J. G. North, G. H. Cleft, 



T. L. Abel, 
J. T. Tobias, 
K. D. Sliiigiizt» 
N.D.HiUtid, 
Wm. Oni 




A. A.. Notdyke, 
George Wilson, 
J. Campbell, 
H. K. Faiker, 
A. M. Otuiter, 
J. J. Uartiii, 



THE GIUSOE RECOBD. 

ENTEBPBI8E OKAKGE, No. 129. 

Bbiohton, Saceamkktd Oouim. 
Oi^aiiized December 12, 1S73, b; W. 3. Minlove, Dcpnty. 
Nelson Shaver, B. J. Bro\rD, 

Ada M. Shaver, 
Mary C. Nordyke, 
EnpEieniia Bell, 
Maiie W. Parker, 
J. R. Gillcland, 
"R. H. Jamison, 
M. Toome;, 
J. D. Bemtett, 



T. L. Williams, 
John D. Morrison, 
Al. Boot, 
Mary M. GaDter, 
MarRaret A. Haynio, 
Suraii Martin, 
Mary M. Biowd. 



FLOBIN OBANGE, No. 130. 
Bar loutoai Towuhhif (Flooik), SicsucEiiTo*CouirR. 
Organized December IT, 1B73, by W. B. ManloTs. 
Caleb Araold, Master, Mary J. Caottle, Dnrid Itera, 

J. J. Bates, Elizabeth Eees, 

Cbarlta Jackson, Daniel Durll, 

Cburlen Lea, Pbcbo Arnold, 

G. n. Jones, C. A. Phillips, 

E. 3. Taylor, Warren A. tiraith. 

Ceiia A. Taylor, 



Wm. Scholefleld, Sec'y, 
William H. Blan, 
Catbutne A. Starr, 
D. H. BaeU. 
finsan A. Baell, 
IttaocLeo, 



LOCKFORD GRANGE, No. 131. 

LOCETOBD, SUI JOAQUIH COUNTT. 

Organized December 29, 1ST3, by E. B. Stiles, Dopnly. 



Jerome Itider, 
B. P. Baird, 
W. Moffott, 

B. Tbotniu, 

3. F. McDowell, 

C. B. Montgomery, 
Mary A. Trethaway, 
£. P. Mejeile, 



John Tretbaway, 
Mrs. A. A. Meyerle, 
John Caipenler, 
Thorns s Kenny, 
Mrs. G. C. Holman, 

F. C. MejMle, 

G. B. Enlpb, 
Elizabeth Balph, 



John McDowell, 
A. J- Williams, 
Georce Trelhaway, 
Mrs.Monlgomery, 
Mrs. Meyeile. 
Mis. T. Clementa, 
Mrs. WdUams. 
Jonathan Andrews, 
JUra. CarpenLor. 



GABBETSON GBANGE, No. 133. 

CXMTBETILU (EiKO'b RiTEB,) FsBBtO CoOMTT. 

O^auized December 10, I8T3, by J. W. A. Wright, Dcpnty. 



W. J. Hnlphinsoii, Mnaler, John Cany, 
W. W. rhillips. Secretur>-. rhilip W(.'vbo, 
JoBfph Boms, Iilrs. J. Bums, 

W. L, Qiavea, Mrs. J. Bteiihens. 

Andrew Jackson, Mrs. A. U. gtmtban, 

OniwiMi HoMer, Sirs. I,, V, Graves, 

J.m..nli Elliott, Mjs. a. Miles, 

A (f SWnlhau, Mi^r. A. A. Ilutohinaon. 

L, W. Jnnw, ih-.. C, E. Phillips, 




Ln.y. 
Chiirlfs Hunter, 
Allen Htliu, 
Mrs. J. Ellirjlt, 
Ml* G. Uoblpr, 
Mrs. A. Jockiiun. 



252 



THE ORiNOS BEOOBD. 



FBESNO OBANGE, No. 13S. 

FbishOi Ruguio €'OU>n'« 

Organized December 10, 1873, by J. W. A. 'WtigtA, 



H. W. Fasseti. Master, 

F. Dusy, Secretary, 
Wm. Helm, 

J. M. Amsa, 
B. K. Estell, 

G. W. Gretter, 
G. A. Blociim, 
Olto Brandt, 
8. C. Smith, 
W. M. Potter, 



0. Walters, 
S. Hamilton, 
'J. H. BarUett, 
Mrs. F. Dasy, 
Mrs. M. J. Potter, 
Mrs. M. Conklin, 
Mrs. B. P. Gretter, 
Miss E. L. Smith, 
Mrs. M. Boss, 
Mrs. F. Helm, 



G.DiOil, 
D. 0. liUrr, 
W. M. Ooofidge» 
0. jr. HoUer, 
G. Helm, 
F. E.Tadlock, 
I.W. Ttidlock, 
Mrs. 0. Walters, 
Mrs. 8. £. Freeman, 
JCn. D. 0. Libbj. 



LAKE GBANGE, No. 184. 

VzBALZi, Lisa T owwuiu* , TdiiAbi Oonim. 

Organized December 11, 1878, l^ J. W. A. Wright. 



M. 8. Babcock, Master, 

E. J. Bendick, Sec'y, 

£. D. Simmons, 

H. P. Grey, 

J. F. Phillips, 

H. W. Byron, 

B. J. Wilson, 

D. Bhoades, 

J. Martin, 

Henry Bhoadoa, 



N. T. Gardner, 
Andrew Foster, 
G. Foster, 
J. Bobinson, 
Mrs. J. Martin, 
BIrs. N. J. Gardner, 
Mrs. £. D. Simons, 
Mrs. B. J. Grey, 
Mrs. H. W. Byron, 
Mrs. G. W. York, 



B. P. Grey, 
0. W. York, 
W. B. Snllingor, 
John Shores, 
James Lebbej, 
Jno. Heinlan, 
Mrs. W. B. SnlHiiger, 
Mrs. J. Shores, 
Mrs. J. Sibley, 
Mrs. H. Bhoades. 



FBANELIN GBANGE, No. 135. 

YiBAitiA, Lask Township, TdiiAbe Cottntt. 

Organized December 12, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, Depnty. 



F. Wyruck, Master, 
A. B/Crowell, Soc'y, 
M. W. Bloyd, 
J. F. Belts, 
Peter Eanawyer, 
J. J. Eanawyer, 
J. B. Fretwell, 
John Chambers, 
T . Jenkinson, 
H. v. Harkins, 



H. Johnson, 
Aaron Jones, 
Jumes Jones, 
I. J. Cole, 
Mrs. Sarah Betts, 
Mrs. M. B. Chambers, 
Mrs. A. K. Kanawyer, 
Steven Hicks, 
Samuel Doyle, 
A. B. Crowell, 



Mrs. N. J. Wymck, 
Mrs. A. Bloyd. 
Mrs. M. B. ChambezSy 
Mrs. N.J. Cole, 
P. A. Kanawyer, 
G. A. Hackett, 
Chas. Hackett, 
Mrs. M. J. Fretwell, 
Mrs. P. A. Kanawyer, 
Mrs. M. A. Kanawyer. 



DEEP CBEEK GBANGE, No. 136. 
FABukitsTiLLE, Fabmsbsyillb Townshzp, Tdlabs GouMTr* 



Organized 

W. G. Pennebacker, M., 

F. J. Jeflferds, Sec'y, 
J. C. Goad, 

G. F. Pcnuebackcr, 
D. Wood, 

Wm. Davenport, 
J. Leaf^e, 
B.Ballard, 

F. G. Jeffards, 

G. B. Cutron, 
Wm. Ballard, 



December 13, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright. 

A. H. Ballard, L. Tcagae, 

A. liinds, B. Miles, 

Mrs. Carrie Wood, Geo. NeusoD, 

Mrs. N. Jeffards, A. W. MstttlsVHMlr 

Mrs. A. A Davenport F. Ii. OsstaM^ 
Mrs. LauraVanValkenbliqUL FIkImk ^ d:^ 

Mrs. T. a. Allen, "''' ** «-— aL-^^^-iai 
Miss Katie Gilmer- ■ 
Mrs. S. J. Penr 
W. J.EUis 



f ^^ 



■■» . 



THE GRANGE BECOHD. 



253 



TULE EIVER GRANGE, No. 137. 

POBTKRYILLK, TULABB CoUMTT. 

Organized December 16, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright. 



G. A. Williamson, Master, 

N. T. Blair, Secretary, 

L. M. Bond, 

J. B. Rnmford, 

L. P. Ford, 

C. W. McKelvey, 

C. S. Brown, 

J. B. Hockett, 

J. F. Griffin, 

J. Hnrton, 



W. S. Henrahan, 
D. M. Vance, 
J. M. Owen, 
Mrs. M. McKelvey, 
Mrs. E. J. Sorrels, 
Mrs. J. A. Loyd, 
Mrs. Sarah Hadley, 
Mrs. S. N. W. Rumford,. 
Miss Carrie Helton, 
Miss L. A. Ford, 



Anson fladley, 
Andrew S. Mapcs, 
B. C. Sorrels, 
L. W. Lloyd. 
J. W. Wilcoxon, 
H. C. Kelley, 
T. W. Hyndman, 
Miss Caroline Leeds, 
Mrs. M. J. Ford, 
Miss Carrie Wilcozon. 



PANAMA GRANGE, No. 138. 

Panama (Bakebsfield), Ekbn Countt. 

Organized December 20, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



H. D. Bobb, Master, 

J. F. Gordon, Secretary, 

K. P. May, 

J. W. Haworth, 

O. B. Ormsby, 

A. Noble, 

J. Oarlock, 

Geo. Carlock, 

J. M. Lnndy, 

C. B. CaldweU, 



S. Baker, 
I. S. Ellis, 
O. Troy, 

Mrs. P. E. Lnndy, 
Mrs. J. A. Ormsby, 
Miss Phebe Stockton, 
Mrs. M. B. Noble, 
Mrs. A. Lnndy, 
Mrs. M. L. Caldwell, 
Mrs. C. N. Oarlock, 



0. J. Lnndy, 

J. D. Stockton, 

James Inglis, 

Wm. N. Booth, 

A. Charlton, 

H. C. Loomis, 

V. Barker, 

Mrs. L. M. Stockton* 

Mrs. A. H. May, 

Mrs. E. E. Haworth. 



BAKERSFIELD GRANGE, No. 139. 
Bakebsfield, Kebn Coxtntt. 



Organized December 22, 1873, by J. W. 



S. Jewett, Master, 
Jerome lioy, Secretary, 
L. S. Rogers, 
J. S. Riley, 
L. L. Reeder, 
Walter James, 
Robert Trewin, 
J. S. Anderson^ 
P. A. Stine, 
E. Tibbett, 



P. Tibbett, 
S. I. Jones, 
D. W. Hemdon, 
Mrs. S. Rose, 
Mrs. R. Tibbett, 
Mrs. P. Tibbett, 
Mrs. C. L. Rogers, 
Mrs. A. Stine, 
Mrs. L.James, 
Mrs. E. Baker, 



A. Wright, Deputy. 

A. C. Mnrid, 

C. H.Mayo, 
M. W. Gates, 
Allen Rose, 

D. W. Walser, 
A. A. Cochran, 
P. D. Jewett, 
Mrs. R. Reeder, 
Mrs. J. D. Jewett, 
Mrs. E.G. Jewett* 




Dxion, Sdcretary, 



NEW RIVER GRANGE, No. 

New Riveb (Bakebsfield), Eebn 

Organized December 23, 1873, by J. W. A. 

€K Dawes, Master, Jas. J. Phillips, 

E. S. Henley, 
S. B. Henley, 
Mrs. J. Said, 
Mrs. M. J.Gage, 
Miss Ella Said, 
Miss BeUe Gage, 
Miss Kate Said, 
Un. N. M. Watson, 
' -T.BOTis, 



140. 

County. 
Wright, Deputy. 

Jesse Cole, 
A. F. Gage, 
Robert Plunkett, 
R. Swilt, 
W. W. Dmry, 
Dave Chester, 
Mrs. E. J. Brown, 
Mrs. W. Canfield, 
^Irs. J. Chester. 



THE OBANOE BECOBD. 
CHBISTMAB GKAJIQE, No. 1 

VlBAUA, TOLAMM ComTI. 

Organized December 25, 1873, b; J.W. A. 

ThoH. Ogjnliii, 



A. B. Corey, Master, 
W. H. Stnart, Secretory, 

A. C. Jeffards, 
JoHephna Perrin, 
J. L. Prather, 
N. Archibald, 

C. W. Flewellm, 
G. W, Cottou, 

B. F. McComb, 
E. Y. Bock, 



Mrs. J. M. McQttiddj. 
lira. L. Jeffards, 
Ura. M. E. Fratber, 
Mm. M. A. UoriOD, 

Hra. Z. Lambert, 
Mrs.F. A. Hatch, 
Mrs, E. E, Bock, 
Mrs. T. L. Gamliii, 
Mrs. S. A. Cotton. 



Wri^t, Dapnty. 
J.T. McQutddy, 
■WilliBm IftriQer, 
K. T. Woodcock. 
'Wm. L. MorioQ, 
}. Lambert, 
3. K. Doty, 
C. M. Hatch, 
C. C. Lambert, 
G. SliRht, 
Mrs. F. H. Doty. 



VI8A1IA GEANOE, No. 143. 

Viauji, TtTLiBB Cornn. 

Oi^nixed December 26, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, Depnty. 



Wiley WataoQ, Maater, 

H. C. Higby, Secretary, 

J. F. Jonea, 

W. M. Meadows, 

John Pogue, 

B. G. Parker, 

James Beck, 

J. E. Lowry, 

John Toombs, 

G. W. Stephens, 



W. H. Feck, 
I. N. Feck, 
W. B. Owena, 
W. J. White, - 
Mis8 Mary Toombs, 
Mrs. W. Watson, 
Mrs. Mattis Barter, 
Mrs. M. C. Parker, 
Mrs. S. E. Peck, 
Mrs. Belle Boyer, 



Mrs. Traverse, 

Wm. Smith, 

John Catler, 

I. D. Keener, 

Thos. Snider, 

B. Bennett, 

T.McOee, 

Miss. S. B. Ueadowa, 

Miss Mai; N. Fogn«, 

Miss Alice ToomM. 



ADAMS GBANGE, No. 143. 

Dnr Cbees, Fbesno Cotrarr. 

Organiied December 27, 1873, by J. W. A. Wright, Depnly. 



T. P NelHon, Master, 
Tb03. Wyntt, Suorelaiy, 
Thos. J. Hall, 
Tbns. Jenns, 
J. P. Potter, 
Logan F. Potter, 
G. B. Jack, 
W. W. Sbipp, 

r', B,*FrceniaQ.' 
David Bo ESS, 



P. O. McMahon, 
\V. B. Wyalt, 
Mrs. Jane Iloglo, 
Mrs. M. flieakell, 
Mm. M. U. Nelson, 
Mrs. MiiryHaU,- 
Mrs. M. U. Boss. 
Miss Lanra Jeans, 
Mrs. «. F.Donk, 
Mra. Btille Jeans, 



I. A. Jack. 
David Barton, 
T. S.Wviitt, 
B. C. Wier. 
J. M. Hieskell, 
Jumes Jeans, 
A. M. Darwin, 
Mrs. M. J. Sljipp, 



BOKDEN GEANGE. No. l«. 

BOEDEN, FrZMNO CoPKTT. 

Organized December 31, 1873, by J. W, A. Wright, Depnty. 

J. W. A, Wright, Master, J. G, Crowder, 

J. H. Pickens, Secretary, W, S. Patterson, 

I. A. Pickens, Mrs. C. Dennett, 

B. L. Diion, Mis. J. A. Fembertou, 

H. S. Piitterson, Mis. J. BiircLnm, 

Joseph Borden, Jr., hire. U.^tU>' 

J. a. Pemberton, Mrs. Si 



Miss MaRgie Borden, 
Mrs. M. E. Croirder, 
L. A. Sledge, 
W. B. Bennett. 

J'diu It. Foclninp, 
H, Si, J, DixoQ, 
1- Burchau. 




THE aBANQE RECORD. 



255 



Organized 

J. P. Walton, Master, 
James D. Darby, Sec'y, 
Josiah Wells, 
Mrs. Addie Wells, 
W.J. Smith, 
Delia T. Smith, 
Wm. Ellsworth, 
Wm. Gelchrist, 
Thos. Shannon, 
Wm. Davison, 
Seth Davison, 



ANTIOCH GEANGE, No. U5. 

Antiooh, Goktba Costa Gottmtt. 

December 27, 1873, by W. 

C. L. Donaldson, 
p. S. Hawkins, 
Senry W. Baker, 
J. W. Darby, 
Sarah A. Sellers, 
Wm. Sellers. 
H. B. Jewett, 
Phebe Jewett, 
James Dukes, 
T. 0. Carter, 



H. Baxter, Deputy, 

F. J. Qnant, 
Amanda M. Wells, 
Abbott Sellers, 
Jance C. Smith, 
D. H. Benedict, 
Phebe B. Benedict, 

G. W. Kimball, 
Wm. Wiggin Smith, 
I. P. Walton, 
A. G. Darby, 



MAEYSVILLE GRANGE, No. 146. 

Mabybyille, Yuba County. 

Organized January 9, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



G. P. Bockius, Master, 

James M. Cutts, Secretary, 

L. P. Walker, 

N. Sewell, 

G. F. Kelser, 

John Seaward, 

A. Eaton, 

H. S. Taylor, 

W. H. Drum, 

S. Grant, 

Fred Grass, 



Peter Grass, 
Andrew Grass, 
George JL Sanders, 
Mrs. M. C. Brockins, 
Mrs. M. Smith, 
Mrs. A. W. Sewell, 
Mrs. CD. Kelser, 
Mrs. M.E.Walker, 
Miss Mary E. Eaton, 
Miss MolUe Sewell, 



Wm. D. Smith. 
James Barry, 

D. D. Fox, 
George Shaw, 
I. R. Bates, 

E. A. Shepperd, 
Christopher Westenhave^ 
Mrs. H. S. Eaton, 

Mrs. C. Taylor, 
Mrs, J. Cutts. 



FRANKLIN GRANGE, No. 147. 

Fbanklin (Geobgetown), Saobamento Countt. 

Organized January 10, 1874, by W. S. Manlove, Deputy. 



Amos Adams, Master, Thos. Anderson, 
P. R. Beckley, Secretary, Martha Miller, 
Isaac F. Freeman. Amanda Moore, 

Geoi^e Morse, Wm. Johnston, 

J. M. Stephenson, J. W. Mo'ore, 



Troy Dye, 
Fidelia Dye, 
Sarah C. iBeokloy, 
Eben Owen. 



PLEASANT VALLEY GRANGE, No. 148. 

Plbasamt Vaujct (San Buenaventuba) Ventuba Countt. 

Organized January 10, 1874, by Milton Wasson, Deputy. 



Dan. Bondebush, Master, N. O. Wood, 

B. Browning, Secretary, Miss Ollie Walbridge, 



Charles Brooks, 
Elmer Drake, 
J. 8. Harker, 
J.B.Bobins, 



•^t 



Miss Myra Walbridge, 
Mrs. Sarnh Walker, 
Miss Libbie Sisson, 
Mrs. Rachel Rondebush, 
Joseph Davenport, 
W. P. Ramsauer, 
H. Evans, 
I. B. George, 



B. Z. Bamctte, 
E. P. Foster, 
Wm. Hughes, 
John Saviers, 
Wm. Walbridge, 
Mrs. L. A. Clark, 
Miss Annie Wood, 
Mrs. Ruth Brooks, 
Mrs. N. R. George, 
Mrs. H. Evans. 



266 



TBR GBAKOE BEOOBD. 



OLABXSVUiLB GBAKGE, No. 149. 

Glabibtzlli, El Dobaixi Goinmr. 

Grganized January Id, 1874, by W. 8. Manlova, Deputy, 



Bobeit T. Mills, Master, 
J. Malby, Secretary, 
Charles Chapman, 
Nettie Chapman, 
John F. York, 
W. D. Bantz, 
Amelia T. Bantz, 
J. £. Bntler, 
Elizabeth Mills, 



Peter B. WiUot, 
C. F. MaltbjT, 
Emma Woodward, 
William Woodward» 
A. Morrison, 
Samuel Kyburz, 
Bebeoca S. Kyburz, 
Albert B. Kyburz, 



George C. Fitdi, 
Egbert L. Wilsim» 
Joseph Jouger, 
Charles Porter, 
8* Euer, 
Clara S. Euer, 
I. W. Wilson, 
Cany E. Atwood. 



MANCHESTEB GBAKGE, No. 160. 

Manghxstbb (PuiiTA Abuta), Mbhdookmo Codxtt. 

Organized January 14, 1873, by Thos. H. Merxy.Deputy. 



Joseph Wooden, Master, 

B. F. McClure, Seoretaxy, 

C. B. Pease, 
Mrs. C. B. Pease, 
Wiiliam Munro, 
Adin Antrim, 
Mary Antrim, 

Mrs. M. J. Caughey, 
Wm. Antrim, 
W. B. Lane, 



Mrs. C. W. Lane, 
DaTid Clanton, 
W. F. McClure, 
Joseph Shepard, 
Mrs. J. Shepard, 
Wm. Shoeinaker, 
John D. Taugh^, 
Hiram Gilmore, 
Mrs. C. B. Gilmore, 
D. F. Cain, 



Mrs. D. P. Cain, 
Clark Fairbanks, 
G. W. DaTis, 
Mrs. A. A. Wooden, 
A. B. Kendall, 
Mrs. M. H. Kendall, 
H. Yeumngerholz, 
8. 8. Hoyt, 
8. C. Hunter, 
Mrs. 8. M. Hoyt. 



LITTLE LAKE GBANGE, No. 151. 

LiTTUB Laxx, Menxxxsxno Countt. 

Organized January 20, 1874, by T. H. Merry, Deputy. 



G. B. Mast, Master, 

Wm. A. Wright, Sec'y, 

P. Muir, 

B. V. Doggett, 

I. S. Gardner, 

I. H. Fettin, 

M. 0. Fettin, 

W. V. Powell, 

Mary A. Powell, 

Damel Lambert, 



Miranda H. Lambert, 
A. Simonson, 
M. A. Simonson, 
Z. Simonson, 
A. P. Martin, 
Hester Ann Sawyer, 
Parmelia Mast, 
E. J. Moir, 
T. Hardwiok, 
8. £. Gardner, 



F. L. Duncan, 
Catherine Duncan, 
Elijah Frost, 
James Frost, 
Jesse C. Thompson, 
Pegpy Sawyer, 
8. Horten, 
M. K.Sawyer, 
Wm. A. Blosser, 
John Bobertson, 



TWO BOCK GBANGE, No. 152. 
Two Book, Sonoma. Comnr. 



Organized 

John B. Doss, Master, 
John H. Freeman, Sec 
W. D. Freeman, 
J. Furgeson, 
Wm. H. Thompson, 
Howard Andrews, 
John Pervine, 
John 11. DosM, 
A. A. Brown, 
Frank Freeman, 
M. Laufeuberg, 



December 16, 1873, by J. H. 

Hamilton Gaston, 
'y, Mrs. John Dosa, 
Mrs. H. E. Tower, 
Mrs. Carrie Ent, 
Mrs. Annie Hastead, 
Mrs. G. Giberson, 
Wm. H. Smith, 
W. Church, 
F. A. Tower, 
Charles Giberson, 
Wilbert Smith, 



Hegeler, Deputy. 

John H, Freeman, 
Frank HiU, 
N.A.Clark, 
M. Johnson, 
J. Malsead, 
Mrs. MaiT Freeman, 
Mrs. M. M. Freeman, 
Mrs. Emma M. Smith, 
Mrs. Marjr A. Brown, 
.Miss Hattie Ent, 



THE GRANGE BEGOBD. 



257 



TOMALES GBANGE, No. 153. 
ToMAiiEs, Mabzn Countt. 



Organized December, 17, 1873, by John H. 

"Wm. Yanderbilt, Master, H. Gnldager, 

B. H. Prince, Secretary, Henry Elpich, 

S. C. Perciyal, Mrs. Pheoe J. Huntley, 

A. Doyle, Miss Amelia Walters, 

O. Hubbell, Mrs. F. W. Bemis, 

Stanford Dnncan, Mrs. S. Duncan, 

Ed. Ladner, Mrs. D. B. Burbank, 

John Buchanan, Thos. J. Johnson, 

A. S. Marshall, F. A. Plank, 

Wm. Vanderbilt, F. W. Bemis, 



Hegeler, Deputy*. 

Conrad Stump, 
Joseph Huntley, 
D. B. Burbank, 
Thos. M. Johnston, 
Isaac Pturker, 
John (}uglinelli, 
Mrs. J. Parker, 
Mrs. F. A. Plank, 
Mrs. O. Hubbell, 
Mrs. J. Huntley. 



POINT EETES GBANGE, No. 154. 
PozMT Betes (Olema), Mabin Goxtmty. 



Organized December 20, 1873, by John H. 

N. H. Stenson, Master, Mrs. John A. Upion, 
John A. Upton, Secretary, Mrs. F. B. Grandall, 

T. B. Crandell, Mrs. Wm. P. Buggies, 

Wm. P. Buggies, Mrs. Wm. Evans, 

Wm. Evans, Mrs. S. 0. Perham, 

S. E. Perham, Mrs. James Whaley, 

Henry Clausen, David Amos, 

James Whaley, Chas. H. Johnson, 

Thomas Whaley, A. Huff, 

D. Hochrenter, Joseph Fay 



Hegeler, Deputy. 

A. N. Cleland, 
A. H. Stenson,. 

A. K. Eeyser, 
N. Shafter, 

B. E. Johnson, 
B. A. Upton, 
Mrs. Peck, 
Mrs. A. Huff, 
Mrs. A. N. Cleland, 
Mrs. Henry Clausen. 



NICASIO GRANGE, No. 155. 
NiOASxo, Mabin Coxtmty. 

Organized December 22, 1873, by John H. Hegeler, Deputy. 



H. F. Taft, Master, 
J. W. Noble, Secretary, 
Frank Nasen, 
George Boreham, 
John Shaub, 
Frank Rogers, 
B. F. Partee, 
Wm. F. Farley, 
P. E. Austin, 
R. B. Noble, 



Thos. B. Boy, 
Thos. Campbell, 
Mrs.H. Fluis, 
Mrs. C. W. Bull, 
Mrs. C. J. Magee, 
Mrs. J. W. Noble, 
Mrs. B. F. Partee, 
Richard Magee, 
C. L. Estey, 
Thos. H. Estey, 



M. McNamara, 
Wm. Reeding, 
C. J. Magee, 
Wm. Dixon, 
Henry Fluis, 
Mrs. Frank Nasen, 
Mrs. H. F. Taft, 
Mrs. Wm. Reeding, 
Mrs. McNamara; 
Mrs. John Shaub. 



MAYFIELD GRANGE, No. 156. 

Mattield, Santa Claba Countt. 

Organized January 31, 1874, by George W. Henning, Deputy. 

F. W. Wieshaer, Master, R. L. Boulware, Jno. Bradbury, 

James M. Pitman, Sec'y, Wm. Paul, James A. Boulware, 

A. J. Pitman, Permelia Boulware, Josephine E. Bowles, 

Nathan Dawson, G. D. Gleason, W. W. Brown, 

Thos. Williams, . P. Dowd, 

Sarah H. GrOs, J. D. Dixon, 

17 



John Green. 



rfp 



258 



THE GBANOE BEOOBD. 



/ 



OOEAN VIEW GEANGE, Ko. 167. 

CoLKA. (SoBooii-Houn SzAXEOv), Sav Mjoao COUIRT. 

Organized Febmarj 20, 1874, by W. £L Baxter, Deputy. 



J. G. Knowles, Master, 
Edward Bobeon, Sec'y. 
A. J. Yanwinkle, 
H. A. Knight. 
Edward Charlton, 
J. V. White, 
Mrs. Yanwinkle, 
Mrs. Eaine, 
John Oharlton, 
F. E. Pieroe, 



B. Honbrick, 
Bobt. Ashbomer, 
Mrs. Ashbomer, 
Mrs. Knight, 
Wm. Hall, 

D. Hatohbison, 
H. Jones, 

J. Smith, 

E. Bobson, 
J. Wright, 



MiB. J. Smith. 
Mrs. Knowlee, 
W. H. Kuine, 
Mrs. M. J. Ghaxtton, 
Ai.WiUard, 
0. W. Taber, 
MrB.L. Tabor, 
H. Sehweiin^ 



MONTEZUMA GRANGE, No. 158. 

COLUNBTZLLS, Soi^AMO OoUXTr. 

Organised Janoary 23, 1874, by Epbert O. Haile, Deputy. 



Thos. F. Hooper, Master, H. B. Barker, 

O. Knox Marahall, Beo'y, £. P. Sanborn, 

O . H. Bioe, Mrs. DeUa Bioe, 

Wm. Jabb, Mrs. S. £. Jabb, 

F. nnger, Mrs. 8. C. Shedd* 

C. M. Ish, F. J. Taylor, 

E. J. Upham, Wm. Qnick, 

M. Nelson^ D. Cushman, 



Wm. Donell, 
W. D. Hanson, 
Jas. Galbraith, 
Mra. Angoata M. Hoqpat; 
Mrs. 8. A. Daniela, 
Miss Addie Daniela, 
Mra. Mary Taylov, 
Mrs. Mira Barker. 



RIO VISTA GRANGE, No 159. 

Rzo Vista, Solano GoninT. 

Organized Jannary 24, 1874, by Robert C Haile, Depnty. 



A. B. Alsip, Master, 

J. H. Giirdner, Secretary, 

R. Thrush, 

Wm. Ewing, 

E. Wilson, 

Wm. Glenn, 

J. W. Connolly, 

I. T. Broady, 

Chas. Peterson^. 

Alex. Curry, 



A. W. EUitt. 
Miss Alioe Williams, 
Mrs. L. L. Alsip, 
Miss E. M. Thrush, 
Mrs. L. M. Thrush, 
Mrs. J. W. Connolly, 
J. W. Cameron, 
John McCrary, 
Wm. Williams, 
Thos. Menzies, 



John Johnson, 
Daniel Stewart, 
Charles Howard, 
J. H. Hamilton, 
I. M. Johnson, 
Mrs. C. Cameron, 
Miss S. A. Bicknell, 
Miss J. J. Glenn, 
Miss Margar )t Menses. 



OAKDALE GRANGE, No. 16a 

Oaedale, Stanislaus County. 

Organized February 21, 1874, by J. D. Spencer, Deputy. 



A. 8. Emery, Master, 
C. B. Ingalls, Secretary, 
Theron Purker, 
James Booth, 
li. lititberford, 

F. G. Whitby, 

G. F. La Clerk, 
Wm. Lett, 



C. R. Callender, 
Mrs. Wm. Martin, 
Mrs. Mary Crow, 
Mrs. Mury Murphy, 
Wm. Rutherford, 
S. B. Callender, 

D . Monroe, 
Wm. Clayey, 



W.H. Reoker, 
S. La Clerk, 
J. C. Henderson, 
T. G. Murphy, 
Mrs. S. B. Ingalls, 
Mrs. A. S. Emery, 
Mrs. R. Loyell. 



THE GBANGE BEOOBD. 



259 



BOSEVILLE GBANGE, No. 161. 

Bosetuxe, Places Countt. 

Organized March 6, 1874, by W. S. Manlove, Deputy. 



A. D. Neher, Master, 
J. N. Neher, Secretary, 
George B. Grant, 
Mary H. Grant, 
I. G. Gould, 
Catherine S. Gould, 
D. W. Lewis, 
G. W. Cavitt. 
Bebecca Cayitt« 



John McClurg, 
I. F. Cross, 
Sarah J. Cross, 
L. L. Crocker, 
Julia A. Crocker, 
S. De Kay, 
Mai-y L. Neher, 
S. P. Neher, 
Nicholas Mcrtes, 



W. H. Murray, 
H. F. Davis, 
D. L.Allen, 
H. Porter, 
Amelia Porter, 
Margaret Mertes, 
George K. Kirby, 
Daniel Stephenson, 
Elizabeth Stephenson. 



SAN PEDBO GBANGE, No. 162. 
HuENEHE (San Buenaventura), Ventuba County. 



Organized February 28, 1874, by Milton 

I . Y. Saviers, Master, 
D. D. De Nare, Sec'y, 
D. Pinkard, 



S 

Thos. Alexander, 
William Alexander, 
Jacob Maulhardt, 
John Borchard, 
John G. Hill, 
I. F. WooUey, 
Walter H. Cook, 



Newton Bagley, 
Mrs. S. D. Pinkard, 
Miss Minnie Alexander, 
Miss Nettie J. Hill, 
Mrs. Mary Borchard, 
Mrs. CusKandra Woolley, 
John H. Conrad, 
1. E. Borchard, 
Godfrid Muulhardt, 
G. G. Glowner, 



Wasson, Deputy. 

W. M. Neece, 
Thos. H. Williams, 
Louis Pfeiler, 
Joseph S. Cook, 
Mrs. Flora De Nure, 
Mrs. N. W. Conrad, 
Mrs. Mary E. Glowner, 
Mrs. Sophia Muulhardt, 
Mrs. Martha K. Saviers. 



SUNOL GBANGE, No. 163. 
Scf^oii, AiiAifEDA Countt. 



Organized March 7, 1874, by W. H. 



Elijah M. Carr, Master, 
S. W. Millard, Sec'y, 
B. F. Cooper, 
D. W. Buker, 
Charles Duerr, 
L. Austranmer, 
G. J. Vanderwort, 
W. S. Alexander, 
Maria Carr, 
T. N. Sufiol, 
Elizabeth A. Canavan, 



James Bennett, 
Jos. F. Black, 
Mary E. Cooper, 
Eliza A. Vanderwort, 
Abbie M. Blake, 
Dena Baker, 
James Trimingham, 
C. P. Blake, 
Peter Cauavan, 
S. W. MiUard, 



Baxter, Deputy. 

Chas. Hadsell, 
Michael Bogan, 
P. McLachlan, 
George Gregory, 
John Amett, 
Jjeon E. Jones, 
Naomi J . Baker, 
Sarah Carr, 
Augusta Trimingham, 
Anna M. Hadsell. 



SESPI GBANGE. No. 164. 

Satioot Township (San Buenaventuba), Venuxtba County. 

Organized March 13, 1874, by Milton Wasson, Deputy. 

S. A. Guiberson, Master, C. H. Dickel, I. A. Canaway, 

Thomas Marpels, Sec'y, Mrs. M. E. Guiberson, T. J. Casner, 

T. A. Sprague, Mrs. Lizzie Canaway, Wm. Horton, 

James Heaney, Mrs. E. M. Dickel, Mrs. E. C. Spragne, 

Mrs T. Caswel, C. W. Edwards, Mrs. M. J. Edwards. 



flSO 



OJAI ^BLAHaS, Ho. 165. 

(fliAV BuBttnBR0B4)» Y] 



C. £. Sonla, Master, 
Jos. Hobsrt, Seeie ts iy, 
L. D. Boberts, 

F. M. White, 

G. T. Chrow, 
Geargah. Watten, 
H.J* DenniscHi, 
Joseph Hobsrt, 
Theodore Todd, 

8. C. Qxay, 



John Pinkortoii, W. 8. MeBs^ 

Mrs. GeoKgie Jones, J. H. Jones, 

lbs. AdeUne T. Orow, J. M. f^sriiw, 

Mrs. Barth £. HcLasn, BoberAyres* 

Mrs. H. E. HcKee, Mn. M. A. Bobaiti^ 

Ktb. Usrgsiot I>emiiscNii9 Mrs. AdeUse Ckmls^ 

Wmiam Fine^ Mn. M. E. Wattenb 

John Beeth, Mis. M. £. Joncs^ 

John Lsnn«r, Xis. I«diid> Qnj% 
N.H. McLean, 



BUTHEBFOBD OBANOE, Ho. 106. 
(YouBTfjuuuE), Napa-Oodxtt 



Oxganiaed March 14, 1874, bj W. H. 

G. 8* Bonage, Master, B. H. Gamer, 

H. W. Cxahl^ Secretaxy, Elizabeth Bitdde^ 

T. B. Edington, Amanda Gamer, 

G. W. 8^3i, MiUa Cxabb, 

W. H. Sanders, , Cordelia IiODg; 

Adda Ctabb, Elisabeth CnSb^ 

T. Chopen, Candaoe Boss, 

John Bateman, Malvina 



Baxter, Dspuly. 

MaiT A. Bniith, 
Beuben Long, 
Wm. T. Boss, 
M. G. Bitchie, 
Eredeiiok ITiDoiii^by, 
8arahA. Baondersi 
Ma^a Winong^bby, 
0. 



FABMINGTON GBAKGE, Ko. 167. 

Fabminoton (Tehama), Tkhaxa Cocisn 

Organized March 19, 1874, by C^.W.. Colby, Deputy. 



Addison J. Loomis, Mast. 
8. H . Loomifl, Secretary, 
Arthur J. Chittenden, 
James M. Bodgers, 
James Specks, 
8. P. Garvoutt, 
Wm. Jewett, 
C. F. Foster, 
YinaE. Jowett, 



, Mary L. Best, 
Catherine Specks, 
M. C. Loomis, 

B. Johnson, 

C. C. Chittenden, 
William McDane, 
C. P. Rice, 

Z. Best, 



8.8. Stinchanm, 
O. A. Loomis. 
N. Garvoutt, 
Manr Bice, 
J. Mlollen. 
Martha J. Mnllen, 
Chas. C. White, 
J. Boluxd. 



GILB07 GBANGE, Ko. 168. 

GiLBOT, Sasta Culsa Coxtntt, 

Organized March 26, 1874, by G. W.Henning, Depnty. 



W. Z. Angney, Master, 
H. Coffin, Secratary, 
E. Seaverly, 
Mrs. E. Seaverly, 
Hugh L. Jones, 
Mrs. H. L. Jones, 



Miss Corrinne Jones, 
Frank M. Duuning, 
H. Coffin, 
D. B. Lillard, 
W. Frank Oldham, 
Ledyard Fine, 



Miss — . Fine, 
J. F. Freeman, 
Mrs. J. F. Freeman, 
J. Begg, 
O. P. Beeve. 



THE GRANGE BECOBD 



261 



PLAINSBUBG GRANGE, Ko. 169. 

PliAZNBBUBO, MXBCXD CoUNTTf 

Organized April 3, 1874, by H. B. JoUey, Depnty. 



P. Y. Welch, Master, 

T. J. E. Wilcox, beo'y, 

H. N. Fish, 

R. Earl, 

R. M. Bnrchell, 

Wm, Wynn, 

Mrs. Wynn, 

Ed Russell, 

J. C. C. Russell, 

Mrs. Russell, 

H. Dewey, 



Mrs. Dewey, E. Mason, 

Mrs. Fish, Mrs. Mason, 

MisHJeannette Spanglebnrg S. G. Johnson, 



8. Peak, 

^rs. C. Applegarth, 

H. E. McCure, 

N. S. Drew, 

J. A. Barker, 

Alex. Taylor, 

A. Hassell, 



W. Johnson, 
P. Y. Welch, 
Eli Furman, 
F. Furman, 
Miss 0. Anderson, 
Mrs. Stonewood, 
Miss Lula Peck. 



BEN LOMOND GRANGE, No. 170. 

Bbn Lomond (Saktjl Gbuz), Santjl Gbuz Goumtt. 

Organized April 4, 1874, by Geo, W. Henning, Deputy. 



H. H. Buckles, Master, 
Gharles GraghUl, Sec^y, 
Robert Ganham, 
D. D. Tompkins, 
B. P. Wright, 
Alex. Lcacht, 
John Gray, 
Mrs. E. P. Gray, 



James Jones, 
Fritz Quistorflf. 
Lewis Bregenza, 
Mrs. G. Buckles, 
Levi P. Spn\gue, 
Gharles Graghill, 
Mrs. Ghas. Graghill, 



Mrs. Susan M. Graghill, 
John Bums, Sr., 
John Bums, Jr., 
James Burns, 
Miss Maggie Bums, 
Minerva Ganham, 
Alvira Tompkins. 



GENTRE GRANGE, No. 171. 

GeNTBAL DiBTBICT (GoiiUBA), -GOLUSA GOUKTT. 

Organized November 20, 1873, by J. J. Hicok, Deputy. 



J. B. Eimbull, Master, 

W. G. Saunders, Secretary, 

James Dowson, 

E. Stewart, 

D. Bebe. 

J. E. Duncan, 

Klias B. Duncan, 

Henry Husted, 

P. H. Williams, 



Louis Ganthier, 
H. G. Simmons, 
Mrs. Anna Husted, 
Miss Lucy A. Oilman, 
Mrs. Garrie Webley, 
Miss Sarah Becker, 
H. B. Gay, 
G. W. Marsh, 
J. M. Grove, 



W. G. Saunders, 
John Duncan, 
I. G. Smith, 
Frank Becker, 
Mrs. J. G. Smith. 
Mrs. W. G. Saunders, 
Miss B. Murphy, 
Miss Lucy Duncan, 
Mrs. Mary Zumwalt. 



AMERIGAN RIVER GRANGE, No. 172. 

BbIOHTON (PjLTTEBSON), SjLCBAlfENTO GoUllTT. 



Organized March 23, 1874, by William S. Manlove, Depnty. 

E. G. Morton, Sr., Master, Thomas Gox, 
Gyrus Wilson, Secretary, N. Kane, 



William Deterding, 
James W. Eilgore, 
George M. Eilgore, 
J. A. Evans, 
David W. Taylor, 
A. W. Bryan, 
T. G. Saulsburg, 
Garl Halversen, 
W. W. Brison, 



Ghristina Deterding, 
Elizabeth M . Griswel, 
Metta Bryan, 
Garrie Brison, 
Amanda Kane, 
M. L. Smith, 
D. L. Williamson, 
Edmund G. Morton, Jr., 



Glaus Jojrgenson, 
George Hanlon, 
George Saulsburg, 
Glaus Jorgenson, 
John Studerous, 
Emeline E. Eilgore, 
Adaline D. Morton, 
Addie Morton, 
Nellie Williamson, 
Laura J. M. Saulsburg. 



262 THE GBANGE BECOBD. 

MOUNTAIN GRANGE, No. 173. 

San Benito, San Benito Coumtt 

Organized April 9, 1874, by J. D. Fowler, Depnty. 

S. Eenncdy, Master, Miss Mary Jaue Koimedy,.B. Smith, 

J. W. Mutthcws, Secretary, Mrs. B. K. Blosser, G. M. Batterfield, 

C. P. Bryant, W. H. Blosser, Mrs. E. J. Pruett, 

D. M. Sellick, John D. Justice, Miss S. M. Bryantv 
J. Mantes. W. McCool, Mrs. C. S. Bittey» 

F. 11. Mever, J. F. Taylor, Ella Justiee. 
Mrs. G. 0. Batterfield, 

BINGHAMPTON GBANGE, No. 174. 

BiNOHAMPTON, SoLANO CoUNTT. 

Organized April 11, 1874, by Bichard G. Haile. 

Albert Bennett, Master, 8. M. Callton, G. E. Plnmmer, 

Edgar A. Beardsley, Seo'y, Mrs. E. L. McCray, J. F. Brown, 

J. A. 0. Thompson, Mrs. M. E. Bychard, George G. Mack, 

E. A. Beardsley, Mrs. F. E. Gav, J. Tnck, 

G. S. Gushing, Mrs. Helen Bell, F. B. Dodge, 

G. G. McGray, Mrs. Susan A. Mack, Miss Ida Jameson, 

G. E. Irwin, J. B. Jameson, Mrs. R V. L. Bennett, 

Wm. Johnson Sherman Brown, Mrs. Lucy Plnmmer, 

H. G. Gay E. 11. Mik«, Mrs. Etta Tuck. 

I. M. Bell, H. H. MoKinstry, Mrs. Ellen Gashing. 

SAN MATEO GBANGE, No. 175. 

San Mateo, San Mateo Gountt. 

Organized April 11, 1874, by B. N. Weeks, Deputy. 

A. F. Green, Master, W. M. Nowhall, John Spaulding, 

W. H. Laurence, Secretary, Mrs. J. E. Butler, Oriu Brown, 

David S. McGleilan, Mrs. Grin Brown, Mrs. W. Y. Price. 

W. Y. Price, James Byrnes, Mary P. McGlellou* 

Levi Flagg, J. E. Butler, 

COSUMNES GBANGE, No. 176. 

Lee (Sheldon), Sacbamento Gountt. 

Organized April 13, 1874, by W. S. ManloTe, Deputy. 

James A. Elder, Master, T. D. French, Emma J. Richardson, 

J. H. Atkins, Secretary, Garolino L. French, John W. Wilt, 

W. II. Lindsey, Jr., W. 1). Hass, Mary Jane Witt, 

Owen lugersoll, C. W. Pierce, Seth Macy, 

Gillcs Doty, Alice Elder, Mary J. Uass. 

BISING STAR GRANGE, No. 177. 

Panoche, Fresno County. 

Organized April 18, 1874, by J. D. Fowler, Deputy. 

Calvin Valpey, blaster. Mrs. A. M. Koith, 1. W. Ramsey, 

J. "NV. Craycroft, Secretary, Rhoiles (rardnor, Mrs. E. Ramsey, 

Mrs. L. S. Valpc-y, Mrs. E. GardiKT, W. II. Thomburg, 

A. I). Smith, Mrrt. M. A. Craycroft, Mrs. O. S. Thomburg, 

Mrs. Fannie Smith, Frank Enos, A. W. Ilager, 

Weslev Shaw, Dauit'l Van Chief, F. Bennett, 

E. S. keith, George llinckley, 



THE GRANGE BECORD. 



263 



EL DORADO GRANGE, No. 178. 

El Dobado, El Dobado-Ooxtntt. 

Organized April 27, 1874, by W. S. Manlove, Deputy. 



C. G. Carpenter, Master, Mary E. Brooks, 
J. M. B Wetherwax, Sec'y, M. S. Robinson, 

Philip Kramp, J. M. B. Wetherwax, 

W. H. Kramp, D. E. Norton, 

Katherine Eiamp, Betsey A. Norton. 

Jacob Enizeley, Sarah H. Carpenter, 

Fanny C. Enizeley, C. G. Carpenter, 
CD. Brooke, 



F. 0. Carpenter, 
John Bryan, 
C. T. Foster, 
Charlotte Foster, 
Thomas Bums, 
Cleora C. Bums, 
N. Gilznore. 



SUTTER MILL GRANGE, No. 179. 



CoLOMA, El Dobado County. 



Organized April 29, 1874, by W. 8. Manlove, Deputy 

A. J. Christie, Master, Aggie Mahler, 
Henry Mahler, Secretary, W. H. Valentine, 



J. G. O'Brien. 
Henrietta A. O'Brien, 
Omst Martensen, 
Loaisa Martensen. 
W. D. Othietz, 
E. Delory, 
A. J. Peterson, 
W. Steams, 
"Viml H. Hooper, 



Mary Steams, 
Edith Vandershefter, 
Anna A. Delory, 
G. Bass^, 
E. M. Smith, 
Eliza J. Dobson, 
Rebecca A. Poteel, 
S. J. Poteel, 



Andrew White, 
H. B. Newell, 
A. P. Christie, 
Rosa McCay, 
Robert Chalmers, 
G. H. Bowser, 
Abe Chalmers, 
R. C. McKay, 
Mary E. Delory, 
Francis Yercamp. 



J. C. Sawyer. Ma«-ter, 
J. L. Fifield, Secretary, 
John McFarland, 
B. F. Gates, 
A. B. Bryant, 
L. C. Young, 
James H. Ferris, 



GALT GRANGE, No. 180 

Galt, Sagbahento Couktt. 

Organized May 2, 1874. 

E. Ray, 
Angie Fifield, 
E. M. Slater, 
Rachel A. Wiser, 
J. H. Sawyer, 
Hiram Wiser, 



B. F. Slater, 
W. H. Young, 
Hiram Chase, 
Delia Wiser, 
Fannie M. Bryant, 
Augusta R. Sawyer. 



NEWVILLE GRANGE, No. 181. 

Newvillk, CoLcrsA County. 

Organized April 25, 1874, by J. J. Hicok, Deputy. 



B. N. Scribner, Master. 
Sullivan Osborne, Sec'y, 
George O. Cobb, 
Mrs. T. J. Cobb, 
John R. Cobb, 
Jumes Tarleton, 



Mrs. Rachel Tarleton, 
B. F. Foreman, 
Mrs. Arty Foreman, 
Charles Neale, 
Mrs. Joanna Osborne, 
Alonzo Luce, 



Mrs. Elizabeth Luce, 
John A. Price, 
Mrs. Ardell Price, 
Mark Bailey, 
Mrs. L. W. Bailey. 






264 



Tim QBAITGS 



;«:■». i):*» 



*^: 



OALATEBAS GBANOS, H*. IbI 
Jwnrr Laa», Gaii4.tibm Oooarr, 
OzgaiiizedHftyl, 1874^ bj Jolin H. 



r; 



M. F. Qreaotyt Hastar, 
A. Miles, oeerekaij, 
lira. A. H. Gregory, 
John W. Kirk, 
Mrs. £. Kirk, 
Chas. L. liniliaiDfl, 
lira. G. A. Williams. 
Z. Taylor Yaiioe, 



John Baldwin, 
Mrs. P. J. Hightower, 
Lonisa T.Baldwin, 
Charles Morrill, 
ICas Loniaa Hi ghto war , 
Wm. H. HsnMf, 
Ifos. N. B. HaipsVi 
John8.Kiik, 



W. OtnoB, 
Christian MjMi» 
Bolwrt TtuMnpsoiit 
CliailsslV»Mr» ' 
Mrs. Boas WmpsTB 
ClintonOall, 
Mn.A.GalL 



EIiLIOTT GBAKGB» Ko. 18S. 

Eexidxt, Sax JoAQuor Comnrr. 



March 18, 1874^ liyE. B. BtOea, Deputy. 

H. H« West, Master, Mrs. Annena Greene, E. C. Greene, 

A. 8. Misener, Secretary, Misa Mary Greene, M. Bovard, 

J. B. Greene, Mrs. Martha A. West, L. W. Poiiiids» 

D. W. Mooney, Bin. Caroline E. Misenar, J. F. Dnntlin, 

Alex. Thompson, Mn. J. H. DiUon, Mrs. Jennie A. Bitter, 

M.E. Scott, B.M.Greene, * Miss Martha Scott^ 

F. Bitter, M. Peter, MissSarAheCteThoo^aoB, 

I. Wiltsie, W. L. CampbeO, Mn. Cathezina Peter. 

A. G.Dillon, 



COLLEGEVILLE GBAKGE, Ko. 184. 

GOLLEOEYZZXE, SaN JoAQUIN CoUNTT. 

Organized March 19, 1874, by E. B. Stiles, Depnty. 



Alex. Maybcrnr, Master, 
J. G. McIntoBn, Secretary, 
T. Minahan, 
8. K. Camp, 
W. S. Camp, 
W. T. Angfin, 
AV. N. Moss, 
Georgo F. Bhackford, 
Daniel Thomas, 
James M. White. 



J. F. Mullen, 
Mrs. Josie M. Merwin, 
Mrs. Barnh Haun, 
Mrs. M. L. Mcintosh, 
Mrs. P. Camp, 
Mrs. £. Maybeny, 
George A. Beach, 
H. W. Moss, 
D. M. Walrad, 
P. P. Ward. 



B. McCabe, 

D. C. ^Iclntosh, 

D. Pollock, 

B. H. Walrad, 

Franklin Faiifl, 

Mrs. 8. A. Connor, 

Mrs. J. McKamy, 

Miss Minerva McKamy, 

Mrs. Pollock, 

Mrs. Belinda Thomas. 



FARMINGTON GBANGE, Ko. 185. 

Fabminoton, San Joaqudv Couktt. 

Organized March 20, 1874, by E. B. Stiles, Deputy. 



I. M. Groves, Master, 
E. O. LoDg, Secretary, 
C. H. Patterson, 
J. E. Groves, 
T. J. Drais, 
M. J.Drais, 
S. H. Anthony, 
G. W. AndrewSi 
C. L. Bodgers, 
J. B. Owens, 



Jos. Manchester, 
Mrs. E. M . Groves, 
Mrs. E. Patterson, 
Mrs. H. Long, 
Mrs. C. Henry, 
Mrs. S. N. Manchester, 
J. B. Henry, 
N. 8. Harrold, 
J. W. Smith, 
J. G. SchnBdar» 



H. J. Bonham, 

8. Shackford, 

W. H. Deiick, 

J. J. Cross, 

W. St. Bodgi-rs, 

MissM. Kingsl^, 

Mn. C. £. SchiMir. 
n 



THE GRANGE BECOBD. 



265 



VINELAND GRANGE, No. 186. 

TUSTIN OiTT, L08 AnOEUES CotTMTT. 

Organized April 30, 1874, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



A. B. Hayward, Master, 

B. L. Freeman, Secretary, 
Wm. Nettleton, 

W. K. Bobinson, 
N. L. Harris, 

C. A. Moore,, 
B. Wright, 

J. Buck, 

Mrs. G. A. Harris, 



Mrs. S. J. Moore, 
Mrs. M. Gates, 
Mrs. S. A. Bitchie, 
Mrs. B. J. Martin, 
Miss Jennie E. Hayward, 
C. Tustin, 
M. Osbom, 
W. W. Martin, 
L. S. Bobinson, 



G. W. Freeman, 
L. H. Stine, 
T. B. Halse, 
T. Jacobs, 
E. V. Stine, 
Mrs. S. A. Stine, 
Mrs. M. Tastin, 
Miss H. G. Freeman, 
Miss A. Eeim. 



LINCOLN GBANGE, No. 187. 
Lincoln, Pz«ageb Gountt. 



Organized 

M. Waldron, Master, 
J. S. Mariner, Secretary, 
W. H. Tiemer, 
J. B. Nickerson, 
Melvina Nickerson, 
Anna Fuller, 
James M. Tindall, 
Tennessee B. Tindall, 



May 15, 1874, by W. S. 

Jas. A. Nickerson, 
Octavia Nickerson, 
Hans Anderson, 
Alex. Cox, 
A. J. Soule, 
Sarah Carter, 
Jacob WiltV, 
Owen Clark, 



Manlove, Deputy. 

Bichard Fuller, ^ 
A. J. Boyden, 
Peter Saling, 
Luciuda S. Saling, 
Chriss Crook, 
Ellen M. Crook 
H. Newton, 
Martha A. Newton. 



MOBNING STAB GBANGE. No. 188. 

Castboyille, Montebet Goumtt. 

Organized May 15, 1874, by J. D. Fowler, Deputy. 



C. E. Williams, Master, 
F. Blackie, Secretary, 
Mrs. V. A. Williams, 
W. A. Evans, 
Mrs. H. Evans, 
J. Withort, 
J. Manteuffel, 
B. Veuver, 



J. Ball, 
Fred. Brown, 
Mibs Tillie Brown, 
Mrs. F. Armstrong, 
H. C . Bryan, 
Mrs. H. C. Bryan, 
J. H. Ashley, 



H. B. Scott,' 
Mrs. M. G. Scott, 
C. B. Drumon, 
A. Baine, 
Mrs. M. Baine, 
J. P. Armsti'ong, 
T. McDonald. 



VENTUBA GBANGE, No. 189. 
Ventuba (San Buenavj^ntuka), Ventura Coxtntt. 



Organized 

J. Willett, Master, 
Charles S. Preble, Sco'y, 
Francis Barrow, 
Charles 8. Preble. 
Owen Merry, 
Irwin Barnard, 
f^ D. Banrow. 



May 7, 1874, by MiHon 

Mrs. M. L. Barrow, 
L. D. Cbilson, 
Mrs. M . E. Chilson, 
Miss L. J. Merry, 
Mrs. Marv Willett, 
Miss Emily Barrow, 
Henry Shaw, 
J. Willett, 



Wasson, Deputy. 

J. F. Hubbard, 
Iiol)ert CuUes, 
J. C. Barrow, , 
Mrs. Phebe W. Barrow, 
Mrn. Orpha Woods, 
Mrs. Clara Btigloy, 
Miss Hattie J. Barrow, » 
Mrs. M. Hubbard. 



266 



THE GBANGE BECOBD. 



COTTONWOOD GRANGE, No. 190. 



Cottonwood, Shasta County. 



Organized 

G. G. Kimball, Master, 

John Barry, Secretary, 

J. W. Span, 

Wm. Lndwig, 

Bichard Owens, 

Joseph Glass, 

F. P. Glass, 

J. Patterson, 

M. W. Smith, 

S. B. Sheldon, 

C. A. Howard, 



May 25, 1874, byG. W. 

Mrs. M. E. Patterson, 

Annie Niekols, 

£liz2\bcth Span, 

C. F. Glass, 

HuttieAbel, 

P. B. Bichardson, 

B. H. Pickett, 
Wm. Lean, 

C. P. Dunham, 
E. Niekols, 



Colby, Deputy. 

ilames N. Patterson, 
W. J. Eagleston, 
H. Bosanki, 
Thomas Grey» 
Calvin Owens, 
Wm. Wilcox, 
Ann L. Smith, 
Mrs. £. Lean, 
N. M. Glass, 
Grace Ann Patterson. 



WALNUT GBOVE GBANGE, No. 191. 

Walnut Gbove (Coubtland), Sacbamento County. 

Organized May 21, 1874, by W. S. ManloTe, Deputy. 

Adeline Bunyon, P. B. Green, 

Cynthia L. Green, A. J. Peck, 

Kancy J. Wise, John Crofton, 

Levi Painter, Lizzie Dye, 

L. Wc nscr. Ephraim Dani^ 

Dwight Holster, Sperry Dye. 



Sol. Eunyon, Master, 
J. V. Prather, Secretary, 
S. A. Scearce, 
F. M. Limbaugh, 
E. W. Odell, 
John W. Sharp, 
Joseph Wise, 



SHEBMAN ISL.iND GBANGE, No. 192. 

Emmaton (Shebman Island), Sacbamento County. 

Organized May 22, 1874, by W. S. Manlove, Deputy. 



J. M. Uplmm, Master, 
W. M. Bobins, Secretary, 
W. H. Billings, 
John E. Biiker, 
H. W. Balver, Jr., 
John McCall, 
Thomas Cathcrs, 
J. D. Sarles, 



L. M. Uphnm, 
W. G. Ltmmond, 
John Ft-rall, 
Martha J. Bigelow, 
D . S. PeiTv, 
M. W. BLiboce, 
O A. Liudsey, 
James Cuthei-s, 



A. J. Bioielow, 
M. M. Bobins, 
P. K. Bi«,'elow, 
J. Palmer, 
Emma O. Uj^ham, 
Emily P. Bobins, 
Catherine A. Baker. 



SPADBA GBANGE, No. 193. 

Spadba, Los Angeles County. 

Organized 3^Iay 23, 1874, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



A. T. Currier, Master, 
Jno. Wright, Secretary, 
T. D. Hoiladay, 
A. II. Tuft, 
T. A. Caldwell, 
D. B. Lilly, 
J. H. Egan, 
Bichard £ads, 
Joseph Maloit, 



William Jeffries, 
Mrs. Bachol Eads, 
Mrs. Lizzie Caldwell, 
Miss Francis Frj'er, 
Mrs. Jiiiia Hoiladay, 
Miss Mary Shrewsbury, 
A. M. Humphreys, 
A. P. Monroe, 
Henry Fryer, 



W. S. Cook, 
W. L. Marshall, 
Wilson Beach, 
Jore. Fryer, 
Miss E. Lilly, 
Mrs. M. A. Lilly, 
' '^ss Louisa Fryer 

Minnie CaldweQt 
^. Vonioo, 



THE GBAN6E BECOBD. 



267 



EVENING STAB GRANGE, No. 191 

Hamilton (Nelson Station), Buttb County. 

Organized May 23, 1874, by Wm. M. Thorp, Deputy. 



E. W. S. Woods, Master, 
C. F. Butler, Secretary, 
Jessie L. Warfield, 
Wm. Downing, 
Bofns Downing, 
Edwin Pearson, 
T. C. Pearson, 
George Saunders, 
A. M. Woodruff, 
G. C. Nelson, 



John Williams, 
Virginia M. Warfield, 
Lydia Woods, 
May Downing, 
Mrs. Howard, 
Milton Mowry, 
Chas. Howard, 
Thos. Barnes, 
Stephen Jones, 
A. J. Conklin, 



W. H. Moran, 
I. W. Downing, 
C. F. Butler, 
Martha P. Warfield, 
Emma Pierson, 
Sallie Saunders, 
Missouri Woodruff, 
Ellen Bowles, 
Mary Bradford. 



REDDING GBANGE, No. 195. 

Eeddino, Shasta Countt. 

Organized May 27, 1874, by Wm. M. Thorp, Deputy. 



Jos. F. Dinsmore, Master, 
Sam. J. R. Gilbert, Sec'y, 
H. C. Woodman, 
W.H.Wilson, 
Wm. Hawse, 
E. A. Raid, 
D. C. Johnson, 
R. M. Johnson, 
Daniel Robinson, 
James McMullen, 



J. J. Bell, 

H. 0. Ferrel, 

Mrs. N. B. McLaughlin, 

Mrs. Josephine WUson, 

Mrs. Sarah George, 

A. Wood, 

I. W. Dinsmore, 

D. R. McLaughlin, 

Geo. McFarland, 

H. H. Loomis, 



Jno. G. Wilson, 
John George, 
E. Anderson, 
Rebecca Hawse, 
Mrs . E. J. Woods, 
Mrs. Anna Woodman, 
Mrs. Anna Johnson, 
Mrs. K Anderson, 
Miss Julii* Johnson* 



NEW SALEM GRANGE, No. 196. 
Paskenta, Tehama County. 
Organized May 28, 1874, by W. M. Thorp, Deputy. 
Oliver Harris, Master, Catharine A . Whitlock, John Thompson, 



J. R. Whitlock, Sec'y, 
James Wilder, 
Stephen F. Harris, 
John Fassen, 
W.T. Harris, 
M. Burt, 
Cortland Harris, 



Julia A. Botkin, 
Grace Haag, 
Lucy Burt, 
Margaret Harris, 
W. F. Grey, 
W. W. Botkin, 
Elias Haag, 



I. W. Harris, 
Caroline Wilder, 
Mary Harris, 
Susan M. Harris, 
Emt'line Blakely, 
Mary Ann Harris, 



POPE VALLEY GRANGE, No. 197. 

PopK Valley, Napa County. 

Organized May 30, 1874, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. 

J. A. Van Arsdale, Master, Mrs. J. A. Van Arsdal<)« J. R. Booth, 

C. A. Booth, Secretary, Mrs. G. P. Ink, 

B. S. Hardin, Mrs. G. P. Wallace, 

T. A. Vorm, Mrs. Jessie Barnet, 

Jol^Q A. Hanna, Miss Emma Booth, 

HanrrCole, Miss Ella Wallace, 

A* ^."bollarhide, John E. Williams, 

^ * WaUaoa, Patrick Marrion, 

^ Ed. Kean, 

John Rose, 



C. A. Booth, 
I. Booth, 
Jesse Barnet, 
J. J. Walters, 
B. F. Wallace, 
Mrs. John Hanna, 
Mrs. R. J. Davenport, 
Mrs. A. J. DoDarhide, 
Miss Jennie Varm. 



268 



THE 6BAKGE BECOBD. 



TULARE GBANGE, Ko. 198. 

TrULBE, TUI«ABS CocKTr. 
Organized May 28, 1874, by H. B. JoUey, Deputy. 



D. E. Wilson, Master, 
Victoria Wriiiht, Sec'y, 
I.N.Wright, 
W. W. WriRht, 
Cynthia Wright, 
Lizzie Wilson, 
John Boach, 



Agnes Boach, 
Inza Boach, 
I. A. Goodwin, 
D. E. Wilson, 
Mrs. F. Curtmill, 
Sophia Cartmill, 



William Small, 
Vickie Wright, 
Eli Williams, 
Isabella Williams, 
W. W. Wright, Jr., 
J.H.Hart. 



WOODVILLE GBANGE, No. 199 

WOODTILLE, TULABS CoUNTT. 

Organized May 29, 1874, by H. B. JoUey, Depnty. 



I. A. Stover, Master, 

J. Stewart, Secretary, 

I. Chrismon, 

J. Houston, 

T. B.Fnguey, 

T. J. Buy, 

W. Spense, 

C. S. Lynch, 

J . H. Grimsley, 



B. J. King, 

Mrs. F. E. Bensey, 
Mrs. Mary Boach, 
Mrs. Bachel Hensley, 
Mrs. M. A. Lewis, 
Mrs. £. J. Hensley, 
W. Monroe, 

C. C. Beebe, 
B. McEee, 



J. McFine, 
I. P. Hensley, 
Thomas Lewis, 
Frederick Hensley, 
Miss Jane Bonch 
Mrs. Virginia Bamy, 
Mrs. J. M. Slover, 
Mrs. Bebecca Beebe, 
Mrs. M. A. Grimsley. 



D. H. Long, Master, 
S- J. Lewis, Secretary, 
J. W. Clark, 
Charles Greetman, 
John Storrs, 
Miron Luce, 
Lola C. Wheeler, 



SHEBIDAN GBANGE, No. 200. 

Shebidan, Flaceb Cocntt. 

Organized May 29, 1874, by W. S. Manlove, Deputy. 

Emmett Botkin, Thos. S. Barker, 

Louisa Greetman, W. H. Beatty, 

N. H. Kaschuer, Mary Kaschner, 

Emily A. Beatty, H. S. Eempton, 

David H. Long, S. B. Wilson, 

J. T. Brock, Mary Stout 
S. J. Lewis, 



MATTOLE GBANGE, No. 20L 

Petbolia, Humboldt Countt. 

Organized May 26, 1874, by Thos. H. Merry, Deputy. 



Stephen Goflf, Master, 
D. J. Johnson, Secretary, 
Mrs. Mary D. Goff, 
M. J. Conklin, 
Margaret Conklin, 
Thos. Clark, 
Jacob Miner, 
Mrs. 0. A. Miner, 
J . W. Jamison, 
John A. Coon, 



David L. Marshall, 
N. Crouch, 
Sarah £. Marshall, 
Jotham Bull, 
James H. Go£f, 
A.McNett, 
Mrs. Bosa Johnson, 
Morgan Budolph. 
Mrs. B. A. Booa * 
J. Wright, 



Lucy A. Wright, 
S. W. Gillett, 
Mrs. H. A. GiUett, 
Yost Benton, 
Mrs. A. H. Benton, 
David Simmons, 
Mrs. M. A. SimmonSy 
Charles S. Cookt 
Wm. Roberts, 
WfOker Honter. 



THE GRANGE BECOBD. 



269 



CAHTO GBANGE, No. 202. 
Cahto, Mkndogzno Countt. 



Organized June 1, 1874, by Thos. 

B. M. Wilson, Master, Eliza Bums, 
J. P. Simpson, Secretary, S. M. Wilson, 



J. H. Braden, 
Mrs. Frances Braden, 
8. G. Williams, 
Martha A. Williams, 
Mrs. A. J. Grubb, 
William Henry, 
Elizabeth Henry, 
Benj. S. Boms, 



Maggie Farly, 
M. Yasser, 
B. M. Wayman, 
J. G. Burns, 
W. B. Bums, 
B. White, 

Johnathan Thomaa, 
John M. Wilson, 



H* Merry, Deputy. 

G. N. Guibb, 
1. 1. Thomas, 
Dorsinda Harelson, 

0. B. Burnett, 

1. F. Lammeth, 
J. D. Wyman, 
S. P. Beattie, 
Mrs. E. A. Wilson, 
Mrs. Mary F. Thomas, 
G. W. Thomas. 



PASO BOBLES GBANGE, No. 203. 
Paso Boblks, San Luis Obispo Coxtntt. 
Organized June 3, 1874, by A. J. Mothersead, Deputy. 



H. W. Bhyne, Master. 
J. P. Moody, Secretary, 
I. M. Cummins, 
D. W. Gilbert, 
Mary Middaughs, 
J. M. Cunningham, 
D . E. Cummins, 
T. E. A. Bhyne, 
Esner Matthew, 



D. F. Stockdale, 
Gilbert Middaughs, 
Minna Cummins, 
H. S. F. Bhyne, 
Nancy Gilbert, 
A. Frick, 
Nancy Tuley, 
P. Kipple, 



J. P. Moody, 
B. Matthew, 
Anna Cunningham, 
Martha Moody. 
G. W. Parrish, 
Wm. Holdeu, 
Bebecca Stockdale, 
Bosetta Bhyne, 



SANEL GBANGE, No. 204» 

Saxel, Mkndooino Coumtt. 

Organized June 5, 1874, by Thos. H. Merry, Deputy. 



Alex. Marshall, Master, 
Jos. A. Knox, Secretary, 
Mrs. A. Marshall, 
Mrs. M. A.EdsoU, 
E. H. Duncan, 
Mrs. E. M. Duncan, 
B.M. Parsons, 
J. W. Daw, 
Mrs.J. W. Daw, 



Sarah Bickle, 
E. Dooley, 
Mary Daw, 
Lucy E. Dooley, 
Samuel Duncan, 
Isaac Bickle, 
Wm. E. Parsons, 
T. S. Parsons. 
O. B. Myers, 



H. Willard, 
T. J. GuUamore, 
O. Howell, 
]Mrs. H. Stanley, 
Mrs. J. W. Daw, 
Miss M. J. Edsoll, 
Mrs. L. F. Howell, 
John McGlashen. 




BYCAMOBE GBANGE, No. 205. 

Stcamobe, Fbesno Countt. 

Organized June C, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 

Master. James Allen, Mrs. B. Bass, 

Seo'y, J. B. McComb, Mrs. N. Parker, 

W. H. Parker, Mrs. Mary Kennedy, 

Wm. A. Allen, 
John West, 



Mrs. L. W. Bradford, 
John Lamotte. 



270 



THE 6BAN6E BECOBD. 



BE>'ETESSA GRANGE, No. 206. 

MONTICELLO, NaPjL CoU29TT. 

Organized June 12, 1874, by W. H. Baxter, Deputy. 



.1. W. Smittle, Miister, 

0. :>clK'iUir, Secretary, 
C Oot>iiu, 

1 , T. Ish, 

U. L>. Kiucaid, 
i^'uruolms Swietzer, 
L. U. Swititzer, 
J. C. Cumiiu^ham, 



A. J. Wester, 
Chos. Combs, 
Isaac Swietzer, 
Emma V. Schwitzer, 
May Stafford, 
Mollie Stafford, 
Asa M. Jackson, 
D. W. Carriger, 
A. Stafford, 



Peter Laflish, 
J. Carrol Owen, 
Chas. Seawell, 
Nellie Gillespie, 
Sallie GilloHpie, 
Angeline M. Gillespie, 
Fanuio Ish, 
Lucy J. Jackson, 
Elvira Combs. 



SOUTH SUTTER GRANGE, No. 207. 
Pleasant Gboye, Sutteb Countt. 



Organized 

Thomas Boyd, Master, 
AU'X. Donaldson, Sec'y, 
Jamvrt Jones, 
Oil). T. Boyd, 
John W. Jones, 
Torry Ballow, 
i'yrus r»rig*4R, 
U. 11. McClellan, 
M . T. MiClellan, 
J. K. McClellan, 



June 13, 1874, byA. D. 

S. F. McCleUan, 
F. Saukey, 
W. A. Goode, 
Mrs. Susan Boyd, 
Candace Hichardson, 
Alex. Donald^^n, 
Homer Saukey, 
C. E. Hull, 
Rebecca Jones, 
John Morrison, 



Neher, Deputy. 

W. W. Monroe, 
Geo. Richardson, 
Charles Richardson. 
M. T. Laros, 
A. T. Jackson, 
Wm. E. Roberts, 
Daniel Carray, 
Susan C. Boyd, 
Mary J. Richardson. 



RONORA GRANGE, No. 208. 

SONOIIA, TCOLUMNK COCNTY. 

Organized June 13, 1874, by J. D. Spencer, Deputy. 



S. S. Turner, Master, 
Kobt. F. Williams, Sec'y, 
I'. M. Hampton, 
Mtrt. M. K. Hampton, 
J. r.Ualnh, 
Mis. K.A.Ralph, 
.Idlm IN'ieira, 
.1. li('Kaar<tl, 
Urnrm» Soulsbys, 
Mrs. K. Soulsbys, 



R. Gilkey, 

Mrs. E. J. Gilkey, 

James B. Latimer, 

M. E. Hvde, 

E. N. Twist, 

S. Allen, 

AV. H. Dickenson, 

Mrs. E. Dickenson, 

R. M. Cheuoweth, 

Mrs. Maiy Williams, 



M. W. Brooks, 
Mrs. E. Brooks, 
Mrs. J. Marks, 
Mrs. S. A. E. Marks, 
E. F. Hammers, 
Mrs. E. A. Hammers, 
I. FtTgusson, 
J. Blackburn, 
Mrs. M. Blackburn. 



LINN VALLEY GRANGE, No. 209 

Glkmtille, Keen Couktt. 

Organized June 18, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



A H. l)n Brutz, Master, 

S. !■:. UriMl, Secretary, 

.1 . \'\ Lrwis, 

\.. W. Woody, 

I. rumM)t», 

J. VundfTon, 

ilii^t'ph Morrison, 

h. Lavrr, 

T. K, Wilkfl, 

David Scott, 



J. M. Glenn, 
E. Vaughn, 
M. P. Blake, 
Miss M. Early, 
Mrs. M. A. Vaughn, 
Mrs. Sarah Glenn, 
Mrs. P. A. Morrison, 
Mrs. ManrC- Wriqht, 
Mrs. E. J. ' 
Mrs.N. ; 



James Prewett, Bn^ 
N. S. Dauner, 
Ed. Mahurin, 
John Wicker, 
J. R. Towery, 
Henry Pascoe, 
James Carutheis» 
Miss C. Harvey, 
Mrs. Mary Allav 
Kxa.E. PMOOd 



THE GBANGE BECORD. 



271 



INDEPENDENCE GRANGE, No. 210. 

Indepemdekoe, Into County. 

Organized June 20, 1874, by J. W. A Wright, Deputy. 



Josiah Earl, Master, 
J. B. White, Secretary, 
John Shephard, 
J. W. Symmea, 
D. D. Gunnison, 
M. Garretson, 
A. Way land, 
J. Voct, 
John Martin, 
Owen Murphy» 



J. Malone, 
John Baxter, 
S. A. Dinsmore, 
Mrs. M. Shepherd, 
Mrs. S. A. White, 
Mrs. L. Wayland, 
Mrs. H. Vogt, 
Mrs. A. S. Earl, 
Mrs. K. Gunnison, 
Mrs. S. C. Martin, 



B. Aiguerre, 

C. A Walters, 
F. Sehamble, 
E. Chngnette, 
Louis McClure, 
Chas. Kennedy, 
W. M. Boyd, 
Mrs. A. Chagnette, 
Mrs. L. Walters, 
Mrs. B. Sehamble. 



BISHOP CBEEK GRANGE, No, 211. 

Bishop Cbeek, Into County. 

Organized June 22, 1874, by J. W. A.Wright, Deputy. 



T. J. Furbees, Master, 
W. T. Wiswall, Secretary, 
J. L. Garrettson, 

B. H. Roberts, 
John Clark, 
Joseph Inman, 
Andrew Dell, 
E. D. Powers, 
J. W. Wiswall, 
O. D. Watson, 

C. Munson, 



W. G. Watson, 
Wm. McLurren, 
Mrs. A . Cromwell, 
Mrs. C. Moats, 
Mrs. E. McCrosky, 
Mrs. M. A. Clark, 
Mrs. A. Bowers, 
Mrs. R. A. McLarren, 
Mrs. M. Inman, 
Jacob Powers, 



O. Cromwell, 

G. M. Clark, 

George Collins, 

H. Wamafield, 

Wm. Bulbit. 

Wm. Powers, 

W. G. McCrosky, 

Mrs. U. G. Monson, 

Mrs. E. Roberts, 

Mrs. S. A. Chamberlain. 



LONE PINE GRANGE, No, 212. 

Lone Pine, Into County. 

Organized June 23, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



C. L. Jackson. Master, J. G. Dodge, 

R. A. Loomis, Secretary, C. W. Johnson, 

J. J. McCall, R. Vandyke, 

Joseph Seely, John Dodge, 

A. H. Johnson, Mrs. M. Dodge, 

R. P. Ritgers, Mrs. M. McCall, 
G. W. Betty, 



Mrs. D . Johnson, 
Mrs. A. B. Ritgers, 
J. A. Ritgers, 
Julius Roeper, 
F. Albis, 
Mrs. C. Vincentalli. 



WELDON GRANGE, No. 213. 

WsiiDON, Kxbn County. 

Organized June 25, 1874, by J. W. A Wright, Deputy 



B. T. Melvin, Master, 
J. T. H. Grey, Sec'y, 
W. J. G Ant, 
JohnF. Pyle, 
G. F. Melvin, 
Mn. 8. £. Gray, 



C. S. Collins, Mrs. 

Mrs. E. G. Stambler, Miss 

Mrs. A. L. Collins, Mrs. 

C. L. Brown, Mrs. 

A. A. Bermudez, Mrs. 

H. D. Strambler, Mrs. 

Joseph E. MiUer, J. B. 

H. T. MUler, I. T. 
P. K. Brown, 



E. Bermudez, 
M. E. Elliott, 
M.J. Grant, 

F. J. MeWin. 
S. J. Miller, 
A. T. Riley, 
Batz, 

H. Gray. 



272 



THE ORANGE BECOBD. 



TEHAICHIPA GRANGE, No. 2U. 



Tkhaxchzpa, Ekbn Couhtt. 



Organized 

John Norboe, Master, 
Jas. Prewett, Jr., Bec*y. 
£. McVicker, 
W. B. S. Brink, 
W. S. Eastwood, 
H. F. Wiggins, 
Thos. H. Goodwin, 
W. C. Wiggins, 
Bobert Taylor, 
W. A. Taylor, 



June 29, 1874, by J. W. 

George Becq, 
L. Gibson, 
J. B. Malin, 
Mrs. II. Williams, 
Mrs. H. Whitlock, 
Mrs. M. J. Green, 
Mrs. L. Wiggins, 
Mrs. J. Taylor, 
Miss L. E. Butts, 
Mrs. M. McVicker, 



A, Wright, Deputy. 

J. E. Williams, 

Paul M. Norboe, 

A. H. Buttfl, 

L. D. Green, 

T.M. Wiggins, 

A. J. Degman, 

A. Murphy, 

Miss Martha Wiggms, 

Mrs. £. Wiprgins, 

Mrs. E. A. Butts. 



OUMMING'S VALLEY GBANGE, No. 215. 

CUMHINa's VaLLET (TeHAZCHZPA), EeBN CoXTlffTT. 

Organized June 29, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



Geo. M. Thompson, Mast'r,!. N. Ellis, 



T. M. Yates, Bec'y, 
J. M. Brite, 
P. r. Martin, 
M. S. Freeman, 
O. B. Wilson, 
J. D. Chappcll, 
Jesse Davenport, 
H. L. Todd, 
Moses Hart, 



Clint. Cudderback, 

J. L. Hosaok, 

Mrs. K Brite, 
rs. B. Davenport, 
rs. M. E. Gudderback« 
rs. M. E. Martin, 
rs. S. Gummings, 

Mrs. S. Chappell, 

Mrs. M. J. Froeman, 



John Freeman, 
N. J. McEaig, 
George Gummings, 
Lewis Smith, 
Daniel Davenport, 
J. B. Chamberlain* 
Joseph Wagerer, 
Mrs. M. McKaig, 
Mrs. S. A. Ellis, 
Mrs. J. Todd, 



POMO GKANGE, No. 21(J. 

PoMO, Mendocino -GouNTT. 
Organized July 4, 1874, by T. H. Mejry, Deputy. 



John Mewhinney, Master, 
G. B. Nichols, Secretary, 
Daniel Mewhinney, 
T. W. Dftshiels, 
Jennie Desclms, 
B. Pembcrton, 
G. W. Pickle, 
Isaac W. Grover, 
Lavinia Grover, 
B. B. Brown, 



Life Farmer, 
Wm. D. Jones, 
^amncl Mewhinney, 
J. Wattenburgor, 
John P. Be vans, 
H. T. Cox, 
H. Cox, 

Martha Hughes, 
David Wolvcner, 
Mrs. G. Farmer, 



W. L. Jones, 

L. P. Grover, 

Mrs. Jane Miller, 

Lewis Hall, 

K. E. Madden, 

Emma Madden, 

L. J. Hall, 

Martha Sellers. 

Mrs. C. H. I. Nichols, 

Stoddard Neil. 



BOUND VALLEY GRANGE, No. 217. 

Bound Valley (Covelo), Mendocino County. 

Organized July 7, 1874, by T. H. Merry, Deputy. 



Philo Handy, Master, 
J . A. Crawford, Secretary, 
Nelson Brush, 
Mrs. A. M. Brush, 
Patrick K. Fauldb, 
S. Honbrook, 
M. E. Honbrook, 
T. A. Crawford, 
A. E. McCombs, 
Sarah H. McCombs, 



I. A. Foster, 
Joel Eveland, 
J. Green Short, 
Chas. H. Buume, 
F. M. Hughes, 
C. H. Eberle, 
L. C. Long, 
E. R. Potter, 
W. F. Moore, 



Martha R. Moore, 
W. P. Melendy, 
Mary M. Melendy, 
A. J. Shrum, 
Wm. Pullen, 
D. C. Dorman, 
P. K. OTarrell, 
Mrs. Esther O'FtuaeO^ 
S. Foster. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



273 



MOUNT BOLIVAR GRANGE, No. 218. 

Catj.ahans, Siseitou Goxtntt. 

Organized July 31, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



H. M. Hayden, Master, 
J. A. Cole, Secretary, 
Wm. F. Chapman, 
J. F. Forbes, 
J. Comstock, 
A. W. Wolford, 
C. B. Sweet, 



Mrs. S. A. Denny, 
Mrs. J. E. Eddy, 
Mrs. A. A- Guild, 
Mrs . Clara Chapman, 
Miss M. G. Eddy, 
C. Sehuler, 
F. Knauft, 



G. A. Eddy, 
Jno. M. Messner, 
Stephen Farrington, 
Miss M. A. Sweet, 
Mrs. Mary Blevius, 
Mrs. M. A. ELnauft, 
Mrs. M. Farrington, 



^TNA GRANGE, No. 219. 

iExxA, SisKiTou County. 
Organized August 1, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



J. W. McBride, Master, 
J. M. Conaugby, Sec'y, 
Jno. T. Moxloy, 
H. C. Cory, 
L. S. Wilson, 
E. F.Smith, 
O.V. Green, 
G. Wagoner, 
Charles Hovenden, 
Lewis Hughes, 



Charles F. McConaughy, 
Cord Sackman, 
Geo. E. Davidson, 
Mrs. S. E. Hovenden, 
Mrs. S. M. Moxley, 
J. M. Wolford, 
Mrs. M. J. Shelley, 
Mrs. A. A. Green, 
Mrs. M. M. Wilson, 
Mrs. M. E. Walker, 



W. D. SheUey, 
J. H. Walker, 
J. Mc Walker, 
Thos. Quigley, 
P. A. Hartstrand, 
Mrs. E. E. Smith, 
Mrs. C. Hughes, 
Mrs. M. Quigley, 
3. M. Conaughy. 



FORT JONES GRANGE, No. 220. 
FoBT Jones, Siskiyou County. 



Organized August 1, 1874, by J. W. A. 



J. S. Matthews, Master, 

J. W. Tuttle, Secretary, 

B. A. Godfrey, 

J. A. Davidson, 

J. R. Kinyon, 

A. W. Evans, 

D. B. Kingery, 

J. Hamilton, 

I. C. Wood, 

A. S. Rantz, 



M. Malayan, 
Thos. Weddess, 
George Bleything, 
Mrs. H. R. Godfrey, 
Miss Alice Davidson, 
Mrs. CM. IGngery, 
Mrs. A. E. Matthews, 
Mrs. F. E. Evans, 
Miss A. B. Godfrey, 
Mrs. L. A. Kinyon, 



Wright, Deputy. 

li. J. Williams, 
Jeremiah Davidson, 
Thos. Patten, 
S. J. Luttrcll, 
Isaac Evans, 
S. D. Varnum, 
Merrill Evans, 
Mrs. M. A. Davidson* 
Mrs. Ellen Tuttle, 
Mrs. M. Evans. 



MILLVILLE GRANGE, No. 221. 

MiLLTiiiLE, Shasta County. 

Organizod August 5, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



E.Wagoner, Master, C. Reineke, 

Geo. W. Welch, Secretary, T. J. Martin, 
J. L. Nichols, J. J. Kern, 

jr. W. Winsell, Mrs. N. Huflford, 

A. Ohatham, Mrs. S. A. Grant, 

L^D. Ganlt, Mrs. S. A. Maitin, 

— — ^*^n, Mrs. J. Giiult, 

^ Mrs. E. R. Winsell, 

Mrs. M. A. Keeney, 
Mrs. M. F. Nichols, 



John Ellis, 
S. Hufford, 
Wm. Tulloch, 
W. Grant, 
G. F. Sehuler, 
N. Harrington, 
P. 13. Langlois, 
Mrs. H. Ellis, 
Mrs. L- A. Dunham, 
Mrs. H. D. Fender. 



274 



THE GBANGE BEOOBD. 



LA. HONDA GBANGE, No. 221 

La Hokxml, Sam Maxvo Cawm, 

Organized July 17, 1874, by B. Y. Vfeeks, Depnty. 



M. Woodnams, Master, Bicbard T. Bay, 
W. A. Saunders, Secrotaiy, Joseph W. Haakinw, 
Charles C. Bodgers, Delia 0. Johns, 

Charles B. Sears, Ella W. Weeks, 

Henry Wilber, Wm. H. Monroe, 

Henry Steinbaxg, Isaac M. Baker, 



AngOStllS A. TTwalrfna^ 

Wm. H. Monroe, 
Martha Bay, 
Ettie E. Bears. 
Emma L. Johns. 



CBESCENT GBANGE, Ho. 223. 

Spanibh Town (Haut Moom Bat), Sah Maixo OoiTBrn: 

Organized Angast 8, 1874, by K Y. Weeks, Deputy. 



H. M. Jewell, Master, 
James Compton, Seo'y, 
Bobert Campbell, 
John B. Lock, 
Alonzo De Haio, 



J. B. Gilchrist, 
Mrs. M. Jewell, 
Mrs. S. M. Hammond, 
Mrs. Mary Johnston, 
J. P. Johnston, 



John Johnston, 
W. A. Hammond, 
John Holmes, 
Mrs. J. ComptoxLi 



HAMILTON GBANGE, No. 224. 

Bioos Statzoh, Bum CouHrr. 

Organized Angast 10, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



H. L. Lassell, Master, 
M. A. Bandall, Secretary, 
Daniel Streeter, 
Darius Hurlburt, 
Thomas Boulware, 
W. M. Harrison, 
Y. S. Bunnels, 
W. W. Stone, 
Virgil Biindall, 
H. C. WUbur, 



Anson Brown, 
D. W. Card, 
Silas Card, 
Wm. Cross, 
August McEillican, 
Mrs. F. B. Card, 
Miss H. L. Cord, 
Mrs. C. Harrison, 
Mrs. M. E. Stone, 
Mrs. E. M. Bunnels, 



Mrs. M. Lassell, 
John Bobinson, 
C. A. Bobinson, 
C M. Harrison, 
John Clusky, 
I. H. Butledge, 
Mrs. N. M. Randall, 
Mrs. B. W. Bandall. 
Mrs. J. H. Butledge, 
Mrs. D. Hurlburt. 



NOBTH BUTTE GBANGE, No, 225. 

NoBTH Butte (Yuba Cm), Sutteb County. 

Organized August 11, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



B. B. Spilman, Master, 
J. D. Dow, Secretary, 
Otis Clark. 
Wm. McMurtry, 
Thos. S. Kersey, 
W. T. Lamb, 
Wm. PowcU, Jr, 
Aaron Pugh, 
J. H. Myers, 
Bobt. Boyd, 



Thos. S. Clyma, 
A. H. Lamma. 
Henry S. Graves, 
Mrs. M. Spilman, 
Mrs. M. Lmdsey, 
Mrs. E. Boyd, 
Mrs. B. A. Clyma, 
Mrs. N. T. Myers, 
Mrs. J. Kersey, 
Mrs. L. A. Clark, 



J. N. Lindsey, 
J. Stafford, 
C. Williams, 
Wm. T. Spilman, 
Frank M. Clyma, 
J. 8. Boyd, 
Jno. D. Spilman, 
Mrs. S.C. McMurtry, 
Mrs. E. Spilman, 
Mrs. F. Lomma. 



SUMMIT GRANGE, No. 226. 



Summit SoHOOii-nousE (Paso Boblks), San Luis Obispo County. 
Organized July 25, 1874, by A. J. Mothersead, Deputy. 



J. N. Young, Master, 
A. J. FoHtcT, Secretary, 
AudersoD Smith, 
S. P. Litton. 
Johu \Vilkinson, 
Andrew Ilarris, 
Peter Gillis, 
David Pate, 



Mrs. Almira Young, 
Mrs. M. E. Smith, 
Mrs. Lottio M. Foster. 
Mrrt. Minerva Litton, 
Miss Lucy Young, 

F. G. Young, 

G. \V. Richardson, 
L. D. Brians, 



A. T. Foster, 

James M. Jackson, 

Wm. Jackson, 

Mrs. Sarah Harris, 

Mrs. L. Wilkinson, 

Mrs. Sarah Meseziheimer, 

Mrs. It. A. Klink, 

Miss Hattie Mesenheimer. 



THE GRANGE RECOIID. 



275 



KINCON GRANGE, No. 227. 
RiNcoN, San Bkbxabdino County. 
Organized August 15, 1874, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



F. M. Slaughter, Master, 
John Taylor, Secretary, 
T. B. Walkinsbaw, 
J. C. Harris, 
George Lord, 
F. M. Wood, 



J. M. Halloway, 
S. li. Matthews, 
Miss Flora Wood, 
R. W. Rivas, 
Bartlett Vines, 



Mrs. M. M. Hatheway, 
Mrs. S. J. Rivas, 
Mrs. S. M. Harris, 
Mi^. M. E. Wood, 
Mrs. Margaret Taylor. 



WASHINGTON GRANGE, No. 228. 

Eliott (Comanche), San Joaquin County. 

Organized August 28, 1874, by Andrew Wolf, Deputy. 



W. B. Stamper, Master, 
M. L. Cook, Secretary, 
D. R. Mclntire. ' 
8. W. SoKars, 
M. L. Cook, 
Wm. Mclntire, 
C. H. Sittle, 
S. O. Soilars, 



A. A. Vansant, 
Ozias Peter, 
I. C. Blyther, 
Mrs. Elizabeth Peter, 
Mrs. Martha Soilars, 
Miss L. L. Little, 
Mrs. A. E. Blyther, 
Mrs. L. L. Harris, 



Mrs. R. Soilars, 
Mrs. E. Lecman, 
L. C. Leeman, 
R. Luctis, 
J. C. Duboldt, 
John Uill, 
John Harris, 
Mrs. R. Lucas. 



SAN JACINTO GRANGE, No. 229. 

San Jacinto, San Dikoo County. 

Organized August 29, 1874, by Thos. A. Garey, Deputy. 



T. D. Henry, Master, Allen Bane, 
Mrs, Martha Collins, Sec'y, Sydney Van Suven, 

G. A. Colhns,' Mrs. J. E. Benson, 

I . M. Benson, Mrs. Sarah Kennedy, 

John Wakefield, H. A. Hummer, 

Joseph Carroll, F. M. Fowler, 

John Flanegan, Mrs. Mary Kennedy, 



Mrs. Martha Collins, 
Mrs. Rosaline Fowler, 
Miss Mary Wortbington 
Miss Jennie Marine, 
^Irs. Maiy Wortbington, 
Mrs. J. A. Hammer. 



MT. WHITNEY GRANGE, No. 230. 
Mr. Whitnky, Tulabe County. 
Organized September 12, 1874, by M. S. Babcock, Deputy. 



O. W. Dtmcan, Master, 
JL. F. Thompbon, Sec'y, 
Oiarles Lawless, 
O. P. H. Duncan, 

Jft.I>onm, 

7. 9. Bnjdet, 

O. W. Catlin, 

O. O. Foot, 
J. If. Moore, 



Mrs. M. E. Lawless, 
Miss B. Murray, 
Mrs. M. Duncan, 
Miss M. Catlln, 
Mrs. A. Catlin, 
B. M. Hotchkiss, 
L. H. Moore, 
A. Fletcher, 
Geo. Vincent, 



James Brown, 
L. W. Gre-g, 
Henry W itt, 
Wm. Sturgeon, 
Mrs. A. Foot, 
Mrs. C. J. Doran, 
Mrs. A. M. Hotchkiss, 
Mrs. M. Moore, 
Mrs. L. A. Duncan. 



^ 



ALHAMBRA GRANGE, No. 231. 

Mabtinsz, Contba Cobta County. 

Olguiijsed September 12, 1874, by R. G. Dean, Deputy. 



I. VMter, 



Mrs. AnnMcHarry, 
James Stewart, 
Alexander Boss, 
Johnson Young, 
Mrs. Ann Young, 
Mrs. Elitha Boss, 
Mrs. Lena Roap, 
Miss L. W. Btrentzel, 



Mrs. J. A. HoUiday, 
Miss Alary A. J. Holliday, 
William Dick, 
Mrs. Sarah A. Dick, 
James Kelley, 
Mrs. Margciret Kelley, 
M. R. Barber, 
Orpha Barber. 



276 



THE GRANGE BECOIO). 



PLYMOUTH GRANGE, No. 232. 

Plymouth, Ahadob Gountt. 

Organized October 2, 1874, by Wm. S. Manlove, Deputy. 



H. Vanderpool, Master, 

S. C. Wheeler, Secretary, 

Jas. F. Gregg, 

S. B. Rhoads, 

James Wheeler, 

R. M. Ford, 

0. Hammack, 

H. H. Bell. 

H. H. Horton, 



Jonathan SalHe, 
Wm. E. McKenzie, 
A. T. Cl'^avPH, 
Wm. J. Matthews, 
E. S. Potter, 
C. C. Forbes, 
G. W. Hamphreys, 
Joliatha Wheeler, 



Sarah Vanderpool, 
Maria Ford, 
Harah E. Bell, 
Sarah L. Horton, 
Anna Hammack, 
Sarah J. Sallie, 
Melinda E. Williams^ 
Mary A. McKenzie. 



HONCUT GRANGE, No. 233. 

T^Ioobe's Station, Butte County. 
Organized October 3, 1874, by Wm. M. Thorp, Deputy. 

ft 

John C. Moore, Master, G. W. Underwood, 

D. F. Newbert, Secretary, W. L. Moore, 

W. Lealey, John Keith, 

A. J. Opdike, John S. Devoe, 

L. C. Goodell, Mrs. B. A. Moore, 

R. W. Gciodell, John L. Devoe, 

M. Savage, D. P. Newbort, 

J. Robinson, 3. P. Danville, 



A. L. Bnrdick, 

Mrs. Eliza Underwoo<l, 

Mrs. Mary Lealy, 

Mra. Mary Robinson, 

Hiram Kolsom, 

^Irs. Harriett Folsom, 

Thomas Smuck. 



JACKSON VALLEY GRANGE, No. 234. 
loNE City, Amador County. 



Organized November 18, 1874, by Harding V 

Josse D. Hamrick, Master, Henry Dillion, 
Lansing J. Dooley. Sec'y, Robert K. J.inies, 



Will. II. Prouty, 
Charles S. Black, 
James W. Parkinson, 
James W. Violette, 
Jjimes P. Martin, 
Francis A. McMurray, 



William C. Thompson, 
Janios Ritchie, 
Christopher C. Prouty, 
Mrs. Nauey H. Prouty, 
Mrs. Elizabeth Hamrick, 



anderpool. Deputy. 

Mrs. Lavinia J. Dillion, 
Mrs. Sarah L. Black, 
Mrs. Mary II. Prouty, 
Mrs. C. C. McMurr«v, 
Mrs. Anna M. James, 
Mrs. Australia R. Prouty, 
Christian Liuegar. 



NATIONAL RANCH GRANGE, No. 235. 

National City, San Dieoo County. 

Organized November 24, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



Frank A. Kimball, Master, R. D. Perrv, 
E. T. Blackmer, Sec'y, N. P. Rouland, 



(.;. Ij. Kimball. 
M. B. Hammond, 
I). W. BrjMint, 
J. ^L Ashcr, 
^r. Wailker, 
W. C. Kimball, 



Mrs. S. (>. Kimball, 
Mrs. A. Hammer, 
Miss S. J. Pernr, 
^Irs. J. A. Walker, 
^Irs. L. B. Roberta. 
Mrs. L. B. KimbdD 



Mrs. F. M. Kimball, 
L. Rol.>erts, 
R. 8. Pardee, 
L. L. Roberts, 
John T. Farley, 
Mrs. Mary Farley, 
Un. 8. A. Bryint 



THE GRANGE RECOHD. 



277 



POWAY GBANGE, No. 23G. 
PowAT, San Dieoo Countt. 



Organized November 25, 1874, by J. W. 



J. F. Chapin, Master, 

E. D. French, Sec'y, 

0. C. Wataon, 

J. H. Hicks, 

Wm. Burroughs^ 

Fred. Reetzke, 

A. L. Feeler, 

S. G. Hand, 

A. Mitchell, 

A. J. Babby 



C. Paine, 
Wm. McKerren, 
A. H. Le Cluise, 
Geo. B. Hoffman, 
Fisher Allen, 
Chillies Thompson, 
Miss £. Hand, 
Mrs. M. E. Walden, 
Mrs. L. Eerrcn, 
Mrs. C. S. French, 



A. Wright, Deputy. 

Mrs. M. S. Babb, 
Mrs. T. M. Paine, 
Miss Adeline Feeler, 
Miss Katie Eerren, 
Mrs. M. E. Abell, 
Mrs. C. Watson, 
Wallace W. Walden. 
I. L. Cole, 
T. J. Cambron, 
S. P. AbeU. 



B.ALLENA GBANGE, No. 237. 

Ballkna, San Dieoo Countt. 

Organized November 27, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



W. C. Billingsby, Master, 
J. J. Sanderson, Sec'y, 
C. O. Tucker, 
C. W. Stone, 
A. W. Luckett, 
W . W. Littlepage, 
M. V. Castner, 
M. D. Putnam, 



S. Stone, 
Josc])h Swycaffer, 
M. Cassner, 
Mrs. 8. J. Stone, 
Mrs. Maria Wamock, 
Mrs. L. J. Putnam, 
Mrs. M. J. Cassner, 
Miss M. Stone, 



Mrs. M. E. Billingsby, 
Samuel W^amock, 
G^'orgo Bradley, 
Bobert Bradley, 
Mrs. Martha Swycaffer, 
Mrs. H. M. Tucker, 
Miss Pauline Swycaffer. 



BEAB VALLEY GBANGE, No. 238. 

Beab Vallei, San Dieoo Countt. 

Organized November 28, 1874. by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



W.H.H.Dinwiddie,Master, 

C. H. Moseley, Secretary, 
J. C. Hedden, 

A. M. Striplin, 
James A. Cook, 

D. £. Bowman, 
J. H. Antes, 
Samuel Striplin, 
£. L. Jones, 

I. T. Ad^s, 



J. Q. Adams, 
Albert Striplin, 
J. S. Shelby, 
S. Van Piper, 
Mrs. J. M. McMullen, 
Mrs. C. W. Jones, 
Mrs. P. J. Striplin, 
Mrs. L. J. Hedden, 
Mi's. H. M. Dinwiddle, 
George Hedden, 



Joseph Fleshman, 
N. Jones, 
Jas. M. Lovett, 
M. Price, 
Ambrose Welch, 
Mrs. Nanry Hedden, 
Mrs. A. Lovett, 
Mrs. A. Price, 
Mrs. Maiia Antes, 
Miss Ida Antes. 



SAN BEBNABDO GBANGE, No. 239. 

San Bebnabdo, San Diego Coxtntt. 

Organized November 28, 1874, by J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



Z. Bikes, Master, 

T. Danoan, Secretary, 

Vftltar Sherman, 



A. Montgomery, 
Chas. McDougall, 
Charles Ebb, 
Henry Beneke, 
J. Watson, 
Mrs. M. E. Sikes, 
Mrs. M. T. Jones, 
Miss E. B. Sikes, 



Mrs. Ida A. Duncan, 
W. J. Whitney. 
J. P. Jones, 
J . Noble, 
H. Case, 
Thos. Dunn, 
Mrs. K. Sikes, 
Miss Angeline Feeler. 



THE GBiSQS BEOOBD. 

fiAS LUIS BIT GBUfOE, No. MD. 

Sin Lim Br, Six Dnoo Comm, 

Orgatdied Novunbet 30, 1871, bj J. W. A. Wright, Deputy. 



U. E. Ormnbj, Matter, Bobert Bidge, 

L. J. Cromble, fiearetair, 8. E. Wnght, 

Jai. U . Orif&n, Mrs. L. eT Crotnbie, 

John ariffin, Mm. M. J. Welty, 

A. C. Eitdiing, Mn. L. M, Comb^ 

J. U. Eolb. Mn. P. FTFemaii, 

A. FraemHii, Mn. B. Griffin, 

A. J. Van Mater, M». P. E. Kitohing, 



A.B. D^ria, 
8. M. UaiboH^ 
B. J. Wel^, 
UeniT ComiM, 
Mrs. N. 0. Bidge. 
Un. H. E. Onuby 



FLAC£BTILI£ aBANQE, No. Ml. 

PT.1CXBTIUA, El DoBUN^CoinnT. 

Oiganlzed Febinary 1, 1875, hf A. J. Chrialie, Depntj. 



WUIiam Wlttse, Unet«T, Harr J. Cook, 
H. G. Hnlbnrd, Secretary, Fr&nk Ooyan, 

Wm.I.Gwis, Snaio Gotbd, 

I. a Bomber, John P. AUen, 

B. Miles, Christie Ann AUeB, 

-Saiob Miles. Griffith L. Jones, 

Oeonra W. Bay, Joseph Lyon, 

Etbelmda Bay, Imao Tribbin, 

A. S. Cook, Jacob Lyon, 



Elisabeth Lyon, 
Bachael G. Bimotu, 
Eli Hurrell, 
John Kemp, 

Sbomas Ralph, 
iron H. Hnrlbnrd, 
C. H. Bninham, 
Uaiy J. Orovea. 



NEW CASTLE GKANGE, No.-!M9. 

Nkw Cisn.B, Pi.icEit Comrrr. 

Organized January 9, 1875, by A. D. Jleber, Deputy. 



John C. Bogga, Master, 
B. P. Tabur. Secrttarj, 

Mrs. L. C. Uoggs, 
Hiw I. A. Boygs. 
I. E. UiCcLell, 

Mrn. O. A. UitoheU, 
Wm. H, Uraincrd, 
Timothy Plnnt, 
Mrs. Catherine Fhtnt, 



John H. Niion, 
D, E, riautz. 
Mrx. M. M.Plantz. 
Geo. PorkiUB, 
Mrs. H. B. VerkinB, 
W.J.l'cosser, 
Mm. N. J. Prosser, 
Cliitrli-a Brown, 
Wm. Puffer, 



Mrs. Clara Puffer, 
Wm. J. Iiawrence, 
Owen King, 
leaao Tabor, 
B. P, Tabor. 
J. A. Griffith, 
G. W. Shtelkfrl, 
Wm. Smith, 
I. E. CompbelL 



KETSTOKE GRANGE.TJo. 243. 

OnmoBViixE, Trn-iBE Cocvtt. 

Orgtmized Febru.Lry 27, 1B73, by M. S. Babcock, Depnly. 



Erastns Altell, U^lb 

N. ]!. GolJeu, Secri'tiiry, 

£. Manning, 

J. H. Fuller, 

J. \V. (jriff*s, 

J(. lii.Ml.lU, 

A.HuKle, 



Jno. Bodgers, 
Mrs. E. Bodgerst 
B. Dodge, 
Mrs CHtewart, 
A. Brown, 

A. rLiM=. 

I). \ Fuller, 



THE GBANGE RECORD. 



279 



MUSSEL SLOUGH GRANGE, No. 244. 

Gbanoetillk, Tulabb Couktt. 

Organized February 26, 1875, by M. S. Babcock, Deputy. 



"Wes. Underwood, Master, 

Wm. Laud, Secretary, 

T. Standard, 

J. P. Duncan, 

J . Battenfeld, 

Wm. Battenfeld, 

S. R. Wilson, 

T. H. McNamee, 

J. Bigham, 

George H. Battenfeld, 



Mrs. A. Battenfeld, 

F. F.Wilson, 

Perry Mills, 

Mrs. S. MUls, 

Jno. Mills, 

W. H. Whitesides, 

E. Grefifee, 

Mrs. 8. A. Duncan, 

Mrs. M. J. Standard, 

Mrs. T. McNamee, 



Mrs. M. E. Underwood, 
Miss M. Lavery, 
G. W. Battenfeld, 
Mrs. M. E. Battenfeld, 
M. Dowdy, 
A. F. Bumhill, 
Mrs. S. A. Lane 
J. T. Yount, 
Mrs. M. Yount. 



MODOC GRANGE, No. 245. 
Willow Ranch, Modoo County. 



A.*V. Coffer, Master, 
M. Waid, Secretary, 
L. E. Henderson, 
S. A. Hamersley. 
F. Vincent, 
J. L. Sanborn, 
W. A. Henderson, 
J. T. Crawford, 
A. Siets, 
D. O. Bissell, 
James Harver, 



Organized April 9, 1875, by D. S. K. 

Mrs. E. D. Henderson, 

Mrs. S. E. Hamersley, 

Mrs . L. Hamersley, 

Mrs. M Siet, 

M. C. Siet, 

Mrs. M, J. Coffer, 

Jlrs. M. A. Glidden, 

J. J. Kirk, 

J. A. Glidden, 

E. J. Keeney, 

R. Robinett, 



Buick, Deputy. 

E. V. Coffer, 

W. H. Siot, 

Henry Williams, 

O. P. Russell, 

D. WiUs, 

L. Crawford, 

M. Wills, 

Mrs. L. VV. Henderson, 

Miss Mary Hazulton, 

Mrs. M. Uobinett, 

Mrs. M. E. Cloud. 



PLUMAS GRANGE, No. 246. 
SiBBRA Valley (Reno, Nkvada,) Plttmas County. 



Organized 

A. J. Spoon, Master, 
H. F. Lander, Sec'y, 
Mrs. Josephine Spoon, 
Jacob Stiuer, 

O. McElroy. 
Wm. A. Sperry. 
Joseph Hathaway, 
Henry Lander, 
Joel Langdon, 
James E. G^ble, 

B. F. Bobo, 



April 24, 1875, by A. 

Wm. Arms, 
Mrs. M . P. Arms, 
Alexander Kirby, 
Mrs. A. Kirby, 
Alice Stiner, 
Mrs. M. £. Hinds, 
Richard Martin, 
Miller Bench, 
D. C. Berrj', 
W. C. Bingham, 



J, Hatch, Deputy. 

Henry Stiner, 
Jesse H. Stiner, 
A. B. Huntley, 
8. B. Hinds, 
Thos. Black, 
Mrs. W. C. Bingham, 
Mrs.W. E. Sperry, 
Iklrs. J . Langdon, 
Mrs. J. Hathaway, 
Allen Trimble. 



T. J. Bobinsont 
^' Horton, 
StnU, 



INDIAN SPRINGS GRANGE, No. 247. 

Indian Spbinos, Netada County. 

Organized April 29, 1875, 

M. P. Hatch, 

Stephen F. Ball, 

Mrs. Ball, 

W. Emery, 

Mrs. C. Robinson, 

Mrs. E. M. Horton, 

Mtb. Margaret Gassaway, 



Benj. Sanford, 
H. Hoffman, 
Mrs. E. W. Hatch, 
Mrs. J. Hatch, 
Mary StuU, 
Jennie StulL 



280 



«, 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 



LAKESIDE GRANGE, No. 248. 
Janesyuxe, Lassen Couktt. 



Organized 

Geo H. Bingham, Master, 

John Theodore, Sec'y, ' 

D. D. Bjcrs, 

W. R. Hamilton, 

L. Hicks, 

B. H. Laritt, 

B. D. Bass, 

Geo. W. Fry, 

W. M. McCleUand, 

J. r. Sharp, 

H. H. McMurphy, 



May 25, 1875, by A. J. Hatch, Deputy. 



E. T. Slackford, 
Iklra. D. A. McMnrphy, 
S. A. McClelland, 
Miss F. E. McMurphy, 
Miss J. M. McClellauiC 
Mrs. M. L. Fry, 
Mrs. P. Parks, 
S. Hnffman, 
Goo. II. Baugham, 
W. M. Cain, 



Wm. Lieth, 

Charles Barham, 

John Parks, 

E. C. Parka, 

John Thayer, 

Mrs. Margaret Cain, 

Mrs. Mary F. Bangham, 

Mrs. P. A\ Hamilton, 

Miss J. Bass. 

Miss Hattle Parks. 



NEVADA GEANGES. 



ALFALFA GRANGE. No. 1. 
Reno, Washoe County. 



Organized 

A. J. Hatch, Master, 

P. H. Kinney, Secretary, 
H. M. Frost, 
W.J. Marsh, 
Chris. Hipgins, 
W. D. Masten, 

B. S. Jame-<, 
George DoRemct. 
J. C. Smith, 



June 5, 1874, by J. M. 

Mrs. F. M. Smith, 
O. C. Ross, 
J. W. Lvle, 
Mrs. H.'F. Hatch, 
Mrs. C. A. Norcross, 
R. n. Kinney, 
Wm. Stitje, 
Jos. MaybeiTj', 
A. J. Hutch, 



Hamilton, W. M. 

A. M. Lamb, 
J. II. Stone, 
T. W. Norcross, 
Mrs. Jane Lake, 
M. C. Lake, 
Robt. Steele, 
Wm. Wright, 
G. W. Hutiaker. 



EAGLE VALLEY GRANGE, No. 2. 

Carson, Obmsby County. 

Organized June 0, 1874, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. 



G. W. Chcdig, Master, 

0. A. F. Gilbert, Sec'y, 
A. 1). Tredway, 

1. A. Lovcjoj', 
1. T. GriffithH, 
S. A. Nevers, 



J. S. Neal, 
^Irs. ICliza, Nevers, 
3Irs. E. J. ])ow, 
Mre. L. M. Lovejoy, 
M. Y. Stewart. 
J..M. Gatewood, 



M. C. Gardner, 
Clark Simons, 
G. W. Chedig, 
Mrs. 11. M. Gardner, 
LIrs. M . Dow, 
Mrs. V. B. Chudig. 



CARSON VALLEY GRANGE, No. 3. 

Geneva, Douglass County. 

Organized June 10, 1(S74, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. 



R. Y. Singloton, Master, 

J. S. Chillis, Secretary, 

A. 1*. Brockliss, 

S. Siiifjleton, 

J. S. Bostor, 

V*'U'T W. Van Sickle, 

Hugh Park, 



W. II. Hill, 
A. r. Sqnicrs, 
Mrs. Margaret Cook, 
]\Irs. Amelia Harvey, 
IMrs. Rebecca Park, 
Richard ('ossor, 
R. J. Livingston, 



W. F. Bull, 

Robert Falk, 

John Gardner, 

Mrs. Rebecca Singleton, 

Mrs. Ann Carey, 

Mrs. Isabella Llvinnrtott 

Kn^HaiyMoOr 



THE GRANGE BECORD. 281 

WASHOE VALLEY GRANGE, No. 4. 

Organized June 13, 1874, by J. M. Hamilton, W. M. 

Elias Owens, Master, Ross Lewers, E. Twaddle, 

George D. Winters, Sec'y, Miss Mary A. Smith, B. F. Small, 

Wm. Thompson, Mrs. Anna Crowder, G. W. Small, 

Hagh Montgomery, Miss Sarah Hughes, H. L. Perkins, 

£. B. Towl, Miss Ida Simons, A. Saner, 

C. F. Wooten, J. M, Hope, C. Perkins, 

S. M. Place, H. B. McCane, Miss Ella Simons, 

James Twaddle, Lemuel Cook, Mrs. Y. O. Towl. 

Joseph Frey, 

WELLINGTON GRANGE, No. 5. 

WelLINOTOM, EsMEBAIiDA COUNTT. 

Organized, September 19, 1874, by A. J. Hatch, Deputy. 

A. H. Hawley. Master. J. P. Davis, W. R. Hutson, 
J. N. Mann, Secretary, Frank Rivers, Amos Burbank, 
8. A. Sawyer, Mrs. F. Rivers, Mrs. J. Davis, 

T. B. Rickey, Mrs. S. M. Burbank, Mrs. S. A. Hawley, 

D. G. Simpson, S. M. Burbank, Mrs. E. A. Simpson, 
J. N. Mann, S. M. Burbank, Miss Susie Hawley, 
S. Kent, John McVicker, Miss V. Lynds, 

W\ L. Hall, Cyrus Smith, Mrs. T. B. Rickey. 

MERRITT GRANGE, No. 6. 

Mason Valley, Esmeralda County. 

Organized September 20, 1874, by A. J. Hatch, Deputy. 

Kimber Cleaver, Master, James Merritt, Dennis Wiggins, 

Clark Cleaver, Secretary, Mrs. R. A. Cleaver, John Lancaster, 

George Sayles, Mrs. L. Saunders, E. Green, 

W. B. Saunders, Mrs. M. Hemleven, H. Stickenbaugh, 

C. Hemleven, David Cooper, Mrs. F. Wheeler, 

Thos. Shedden, J. B. Kasner, Htq. Alice Spragg, 

Chas. Osborne, G. B. Waldo, Mrs. L. StickenDaugh. 

John Wheeler, W. H. Spragg, 

PARADISE GRANGE, No. 7. 

Pabadise Valley, Humboldt County. 

Organized August 29, 1874, by A. J. Hatch, Deputy. 

B. F. Riley, Master, Thos. Mullinaz, Mrs. E. J. Riley, 

C. A. Nichols, Secretary, John Ross, Mary Shirley, 

S. R. P. Pierce, John Byrnes, Susan A. Nichols, 

Thos. Shirley, M. Kree. Mary Fisher, 

B. Fisher. R. H. Swartz, Catherine Kemler, 

Chas. Kemler, Isabella Lemanoo, Chosley Lamance. 
A. S. Trousdale, 

WINNEMUCCA GRANGE, No. 8. 

WiNNEMuccA, Humboldt County. 

Organized March 6, 1875, by A. J. Hatch, Deputy. 

Wm. B. Haskell, Master, Robert Henderson, Wm. H. Lowell, 

Hez. Bams, Secretary, J. F. Henderson, L. L. Rickard, 

James Buckner, Julia E. Tiemey, Eliza J. Shaw, 

H. Dalrymplc, Delphine Dalrymple, Mary J. Henderson, 

E. P. Tiemay, Eliza Buckner, Minna Kesler, 
Wm. W. Cross, A. Kleinhaus, May F. Ford, 
'^-^. Wear, Jos. Thomas, Sarah O. Bams, 

*« KmileXt A. J. Shepard, Lizzie Pocket, 

E. Pocket, Phebe Dalrymple. 

Wm. Shaw, 




ELKO GEANGE, No. 9. 

- Elko, Elho Coiran. 

Otganiied March SS, 18T£. by A.. J. Hatch, Depntf. 
JoMphA: linker, Uutor, E. L. Wetmure, 
Joseph L. Kejam, Seo'j, Gourgf Sictz, 
A. L. Shemuin, E. A. Youu(^, 

J. P. Hough, Mre. H. Tiittle, 

John HaDtOT, Mrs. John Hunter, 

E. Burner, E. B. TualeH, 

G. W, Letton. ■ J. F. 

G. B. Kittridg*, J. UnfforJ. 

a. Tattle, H. Greeu, 



LAMOILLE GEANGE, No. 10. 

Ii*MiiiLLK \ iLU.es, Elko Cocstt. 
O^uiued Mut.L ^3, lM7!i, bj A. J. UiUcL, D»iiuly. 



Edirin Odell, Uuter, Jacob lioddie, 
Henry U. Freeman, Seo'y, E. H. Bjers, 

A. Wines, Uarahull E. StotUer, 

J. H. Jevel^ A. B. Marvel, 

Amelia T. Jewett, Mary J. Trnsman, 

William UoComb, Mary Winee, 

Catharine MeComb. Wm. M. Bigga 



Anna Biggs, 
J. E. timith, 
A. F. Baoon. ■ 
Mrs. B. E. byen, 
Henry Tbompaon, 
Fatiiok UcDeimott. 



HALLECE GBANGB, No. 11. 

Cuip Haixiok Siaik>h, Eixo Coudtt. 

Orgauizad Uaroh 24, 1875, by A. J. Batch. Deptnjr. 



I. S. Femi, Master, 

Maaricu Geary, Seo'y, 
J. J. Campbell, 
Mrs. J. T. CampbeU, 
Hamilton McCain, 
Lnelia Geary, 



Boland Day, 
Mm, Harriet Day, 
John D. Ablea, 
Mrs. A. E. Pcnn, 
Mrs. M. A. Abies, 
Miss Emma Abies, 



F. M. Harges, 
F. J. Greenberg, 
Mm. A. Greenberg, 
E.J. Keith, 
Nathan Phillips. 



6TAE TALLET GEANGE, No. 13 
Stab Tallet (SuuBOhOT Welia), Elko Coitntt. 
Organized Jnne 2, 1875, by Joseph A. Tinker, Depnty- 
D. E. Johnston, Master, John Crossen, Mrs. William Weathers, 

Chaa. J. Whitney, Seo'y, Malcolm Hall, Mra. Dtbbie Hali, 

W.W. Griswold, GcorRe Acltiey, Mrs. W. W. Griswold, 

T. F. Breanon, Chnrlea J. Whiting, Mrs. M. CcoBBon, 

James Mnllen, John Deering, W. Weathers, 



CLOVER VALLEY GE.\NOE. No. 13. 
Clotbb Valley (Humbouit Wblls), Elko Codkti. 
Oi^niaed June 6, 18T5, by Joaeph A. Tinker, Depaty. 



F. Eoneyman, Master, 
W. B. BaymonJ Sec'y, 
J. Wiseman, 
Daniel Ui landers, 
J. A. Steel, 
M. Duvul, 
C. Sloner, 
W. A. WilcoK, 



C. E. Brassey, 
F. M. Smith, 
W. T. Weeks, 
John Crocker, 
J. E. Chase, 
E. S. Tiittle, 
Charles Lamnman. 
UTS.fl 



Mrs. May Honnyman, 
Mrs. 8. Duvol, 
Mrs. A. Smith, 
Mrs. 8. Bruseey, 
Mrs. F. WiBemou, 



THE GRANGE BECORD. 283 



OEEGON STATE GRANGE. 



OFFICERS: 

Maider—'DAXiEL Glabx, Marion county. 

Overseer— \fujAAM Cybus, Linu county. 

Lecturer — E. L. Smith, Olympia, Washington Territory. 

Steward — W. M. Shklton, WjiHii Walla, \Va8liiugton Territory, 

Assiatard /Steward — W. M. Powers, Linn county. 

Cfuiplain—M. Pktebson, Jackson county. 

Treasurer— i^, P. Lee. Clackamas county. 

Secretary — J. Henby Smith, Linn county. 

OateJCeeper — A. A. Matthews, Dou^'las county. 

Ceres— Mbs. Jane Cyrus, Liun county. 

Pomona — Mrs. M . Powers, Linn county. 

2*701X1 — L. C. Reid, Yamhill county. 

Lady Assistant iSteicard — Mrs. L. S. Foi^om, Lone county. 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: 

8. W. Bbown, Clarke county, Washington Territory. 

H. N. Hill, Lane coqnty. 

C. E. MooBE, Benton county. 

Oblet Hull, Walla Walla. 

E. Forbes, Cbickomas county. 

M. FiBK, Salem. 



ORGANIZING DEPUTIES FOR 1875. 

OREGON. 
Ooimtjr. Deputy. Po6t.offloe. 

Baker Wm. Brown Baker City. 

Benton ! . . . . Chas. E. Moore Corvallis. 

Benton Jiicob Modie Corvallis. 

Clatsop R. W. Morrison 

Clackamas E. Forbes. . Oregon City. 

Clackamas A. R. Shipley Oswego. 

n^i„w»u;« r XT -KT T i.' \ Mclntire*8 Landing, Sau- 

Columbia J.M.McInture j vie 's Island. 

Coos J. Henry Schroeder Ott. 

Douglass R. M. Gumey Ten Mile. 

Grant D. B. Rhinohart Caiion City. 

Jackson 1). S. R. Buick Ashland* 

Lane H. N. Hill Junction. 

Lane Goo. R. Hamersley Camp Creek. 

Linn Wm. Cyrus Scio. 

Linn R. A. L \ ine Lebanon. 

Marion. 8. D. Hale Peoria. 

Marion B. A. Witzel Turner. 

Multnomah Jacob JohuKon East Poitland. 

Multnomah W.J. Campbell East Portland. 

Polk James Tatom Dixie. 

Tillamook H. F. Houhn 

Umatilla John S. White Weston. 

Wasoo R. Maves The Dalles. 

Wmoo J. H. bouthitt Upper Ocheco. 

Washington T. D. Humphrey Hillsboro. 

WAftkiiuefeon Henry Buxton Fiirest Grove. 

Alex. Reid McMinnville. 

A. B. Henry La Fayette. 



• • . • 



f 



234 THE GBA5GE BECOBD. 

WASHIXGTON TEBBTFOBT. 
CDsntj Deputy. Poit-ofBoo. 

Clarke ^^. . . . , H. M. Knapp Mill Plain, or VancouYer. 

Ch^ihsAis M. Z. Goc-d-11 £ima. 

Kiii:; Julius Honon Seattle. 

rU-rce Jubu S. B'.>zartli Pckin. 

Paci.ic >. S. Miirkbaxu Chtrhalis Point. 

Thni>ton E. L. buiith Olyuipia. 

Tii'vrstoa W'ni. Packwood Tt nino. 

WiUa Walla Win. M. i>heiton Walla Walla. 

Wall* Walla O. HuU Walla WalUk 

IDAHO TEBXLITOBT. 

A- la M. Rn^soU .,». . Weiser. 

Ada L. F. Cartee Boise City. 

"Sez Pf-rce S. S. Howard Paradise Valley. 

Nez Perce W. C. Picrson Mt. Idaho. 



OKEGOX SUBORDINATE GHAXGESw 

AsJiANGED BT CoUNTIZS. 

BAXEB 00U2STT. 
Xame ind Xnmber. Uaster. Etexetuj. P. O. of Beoetaiy. 

Baker City, lol C. M. Fo-ter S. H. Small Baker City. 

Eldorado, lo3 Wm. M'.»rfit J. T. Locey El Dorado. 

Malhear, 17o E. W. Imbler W. E. Thomi)sou. . .El Dorado. 

Wingville, 150 William Brown C. W. James Baker City. 

BENTON CO L ' MI . 

Alsea, 77 Mulkey Temou Silas Howell Alsea Valley. 

Kin^s Valley, CO R. J. Grant B . Cady Kings Vidley . 

Luurtl, *yj H. B. Nicb >!s A. C Nichols Monroe. 

Locke, 15 Cburlf s E. Moor O. V. Motley Corvallis. 

Orleans, 50 J. McCuue William Winning. . .Corvallis. 

Philomath, 13 E. Hartless Gtorgo Henkle CorviJlis. 

Toledo, IGS Wm. Braztlton Wm. Stitt Xowport. 

XTnion (1 ), 151 W L. Price H. X. Bowman Summit. 

Willamette, 52 S. W. B. Smith George M. Porter. . .Corvallis. 

CLACKAMAS COUNTY. 

Beaver Creek, 115. .M. O. Gard C. F. Beatie Oregon City. 

Canby, 1.'35 S. .\. ^larks Wm. Knight Can! ly. 

Cascade, 1*J0 J. C. Branbam Hturv ^Ictxii'-iin S:in(lv. 

Damascus, 41 James P. Cbit\voo<l. Norman Darling. . . . Damascns. 

Eaf,'le Creek, 2 F. W. Foster E. Forbt s Damascus. 

Ibading. 122 W. L. Ilolcomb T. E. Lacey Norton. 

Hi-bland, 70 A. Nioli<»las W. J. Allison Oregon City* 

HighlanaGrove.lSG.llandolpb Stricklin.Cbas. T. Hickman.. Hij^'bland. 

Marsblield, 1 T.J. >Iatiock J. M. Mills Clackamas. 

Molalla, 40 John II. Smith J. A. Wri«,dit Molalla. 

^lonntuin View, 142.Jamos W. Oiheld. . .A. Carniicbael Canby. 

Mount Ziou, 121 . . .John Tato W. II. Livermore. . .Zion. 

Needy, 81 Jobn King A. A. Arinf^ton Needy. 

(Js\v«'g(>. 175 C\ W. Bryant A. K. Shipley Oswego. 

Sj.rin.j: Wat'-r, His. .He my ll-Avley \. A. Soutbworth. Norton. 

Upper Mul:ilia, b'3 . . FranklinW. Vaughn. Samuel Engle Needy. 

CL.VTSOP COUNTY. 

Clatsop, 150 Jobn A. Packard . . . .losiab West Skipanoi. 

Young's River, 172. A. li. Sale Jobn Davis Astoria. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 285 

C0LT7MBZA GOUITIT. 

Name and Number. . Master. Secretary, P. O. of Secretary. 

Columbia City, 177. Geo. W. Maxwell. . .S. L. Lovell Columbia City. 

t^lalskauiDe, 182 £. W. Congers Mrs. A. J. Congers. Klnlsknnine. 

North Union, 176. . .E. S. Bryant Z. S. Bryant Marshland. 

Scappoose, 144 W. W. Mars M. Pomeroy Gosa's Landing., 

C006 COUNTY. 

Coos River, 45 Charles Higgins. . . .Samuel Beavens. . . .Coos River. 

Coguille City, 167. . .Wm. Monis James Aikens Isthmus. 

Halls Prairie, 164.. .J. Henry Schroeder.E. S. Spurgeon Coquille City, 

Laurel, 180 S. L. Lenove R. H. Rosa Randolph. 

Maple, 171 Charles Wilkins Henry Schroeder. . . Hermansville, 

North Coquille, 173. J. H. Roach J. S. Cocke Dora. 

DOUGLAS OOUNTT. 

Canyonville, 109. . . .N. Comutt Geo. W. Biddle. . . . Canyonville. 

Elkton, 149 James M. Stark D. W. Stearns Elkton. 

Mount Scott, 151. . .J. L. Thornton R. A. Roper Roseburg. 

Myrtle, 59 W. J. Hayes F. M. Gabbert Myrtle Creek. 

Umpqua, 28 Plinn Cooper Nat Webb Roseburg. 

Union (2), 51 William Thornton. .James Byron Ten Mile. 

Wilbur, 114 James N. Dodge.... G W. Grubb Wilbur. 

Yoncalla, 78 Abraham Lamb John H. McClure . . . Yonoalla^ 

OBANT COUNTY. 

Canyon City, 161. . .D. B. Rhinehart. . .E. S. Penfield. . .^.^ Canyon City. 

Daniel Clark, 162. . . J. G. Cozort George Shearer Prairie City. 

Mount Vernon, 163. Robert E. Damon. .Henry H. Davis Canyon City. 

JACSBON COUNTY. 

Applegate, 138 Lyman Chappell . . . Wm. Ray Jacksonville. 

Ashland, 87 A. D. Helman J. D. Fountain Ashland. 

Central Point, 124. . Martin Peterson . . . George R. Hamrick Jacksonville. 

Eagle Point, 123. . . . H. J. Terrill Levi Yenkim Brownsburg. 

Harmony Point, 137.Thomas Wright Lizzy B. Kincaid. . .Jacksonville. 

Jacksonville, 88. . . F. M. Plymale Isaac W. Berry Jacksonville. 

Oakland, 86 J. F. Rice William Thiel Oakland. 

Phoenix, 104 J. 8. Horron J. M. Hoxie Phoenix. 

Siun's VaUey, 113. .J. S. March B. F. Wade Sam's Valley. 

Washington, 181 . . . Wm . W. Fidler Frank A. Knox Applcgate. 

JOSEPHINE COUNTir. 

Kirbyville, 178 J. B. Siffers D. Fiester KirbyviUe. 

Josephine, 179 Joseph Pollock T. F. Coxton Leland. 

liAKE COUNTY. 

HotSprings J. J. Charlton R. H. Danlack Fort BidwelL 

LANK COUNTY. 

Cayota, 55 * . . .S. S. Stephens C. D. W. Huffman, Spencer Creek. 

Charity, 76 M. Wilkins F. M. Wilkins Willamette Forks. 

Creswell, 64 Itoscoe Knox G. S. Gilfry Cresswell. 

Euj?ene City, 56. . . .Jesse Cox J. F. Smith Eugene City. 

Fall Creek, 146 M. L. Wilmot Wm. Eaton Rattlesnake. 

Fir Butte, 118 W. P. Chesher Joseph H. Green. . Eugene City. 

Franklin, 155 W. G. Miller S. Lewis Franklin. 

Goshen, 101 W. K. Dillard A. K. Patterson. . . .Goshen. 

Grand Prairie, 26. . .Allen Bond J. C. Jennings Junction City. 

Junction City, 43 . . . E. W. Folsom J. E. Houston Junction City. 

McKenzie, 107 Joseph McLane W. A. Walcott Camp Creek. 

Hohawk, 147 Henry Parsons Asahel Spencer. . . . .Eugene City. 



286 THE GRANGE BECOBD. 

LANE COUNTY — Continued. 

Name and Number. Master. Secretary. P. O. of Secrokuy. 

Pleasant Grove, 139. A. J. Zumwalt L. G. Belknap Engene City. • 

Pleasant Hill, Go. . .W. H. H. McClure.R. M. Mulholland.. Pleasant Hill. 

Spencer Butte, 126. James F. Amis Joseph Bailey Spencer Creek. 

Springfield, 12 John Kelley ...... John Stewart Eugene City. 

Union (1), 17 Hynson Smyth J. H. Furgeson Junction City. 

LINN COUNTY. 

Banner, 1G5 J. A. Rij^ Robert Glass. .,,,,. Crawfordsville. 

Beaver, 44 W. C . Foren . C. L. Morris Lebanon and Scio. 

Brownsville, 10. . . A. W. Stanard G. C. Blakely Brownsville. 

Center, 97 W. J. Philpott Z. B. Moss Sweet Home. 

Charity (2), 103. . . .F. M. Kiser P. H. Wigle Harrisbuig. 

Corinthian, 8. W. F. Alexander. . .E. Haner Albany. 

Cottage Grove, 75. .A. H. Spare J. H. Shortrldge.. . .Cottage Grove. 

Grand Praiiie, 10. . . Isaac Hayes Daniel Bay Albany. 

Hjippy Homo, 40. . .J. R. South G. B. McKinney . . .Scio and Lebanon. 

Harmony, 23 S. A. Dawson H. Powell Albany. 

Harrisburg, 11 Wm. McCiiUoch J. P. Alford Harrisburg. 

Hope, 24 L. F. Smith C. P. Davis Albany. 

Jordan Valley, 42. . .John Bryant A. T. McCally Scio, 

Knox Butte, 22 M. H. Wilds Milton Houston. . . .Albany. 

Lebanon, 21 S. A. Nickerson. . . .Frank Piko Lebanon. 

Oak Plain, 6 J. H. Bramwell T. J. Black Halsey. 

Peoria, IIG S. D. H;Jey T. L. Porter Peoria 

Santiam, 37 W. Cyrus N. Crabtree Scio. 

Sandridgo, 57 M. Scott G. W. Cooper Albany. 

Scio, 36 Thos. McMunkers. .J. F. Miller Scio. 

Shodd, 9 W. M. Powers H. B. Sprenger Shedd. 

Siuselaw, 54 D. B. Cartwright. . .F. M. Nighswander.Cartwright. 

Soap Creek, 14 Jacob Modie 11. D. Murray Albany. 

Sodaville, 83 W. H. Gibson C. C. Burgo Lebanon. 

Syracuse, 53 S. T. Jones H. Johnson Millers Station. 

Tangent, 7 James W. Jordan. . .E. P. McCluro Tangent. 

MARION COUNTY. 

Abiqua, 133 Willis Donegon W. F. Easthanu,.^ .Monitor. 

Butte Creek, 82 Enoch Skirvin J. 11. White Butte Crtelu 

.Buttevillc, 74 John W. Grimm. . . .J. D. Crawford Butteville. 

Chchuipiin, G8 Jesse Parish W. W. Steiner Jellcrson. 

Fuirvitrw {'!), 141. H. E. Ankeuy T. C. Jorey Salem. 

Gcrvais, 140 W. H. Riuj^'o "M, A. Wade Gcrvais. 

Howell Prairie, 80. Wm. S ippiugti^ld. .J. G. Moore Silverton. 

Hubbards, i:]2 H. A. Boss Jas. A. Cochran Hubbard. 

Monnt Vornon, 134. J. II. lladdley N. Scott Silverton. 

Bock Poiut, 4y J. Downing G. W. Hunt Sublimity. 

Bound Prairie, lOG Wm. Hubbard D. H. La FoUett. . .Brooks. 

Salem, 17 I\I. Fisk John Minto Salem. 

Turner, 13 B. A. Witzel W. M. Hilleary Tamer. 

Woodburn, 70 G. W. Dimmick .... Wm. Darst Woodbum. 

MULTKOMAH COUNTY. 

Acme, ICG W. Mun'j:er T. H. Prince .Portland. 

Evonii)«:j Star, 27. . .W. .1. Ciimpbcll H. T. Campbell E. Portland. 

Fairvii w, l.U ...... D. F. lluxt<»u James Brand E. Portland. 

Multnomah, 71 John ^looru ...J. S. New* 11 E. Portland. 

r<nvell ValK y, 81.. .T. K. Williams S. B. Whithington. Powell Valley. 

Sauvies Island, 143.J. M. Molniire Marissa Bouser. .. Sauvic's Island. 

W( sNrn Star, 115.. .William Forrest.... K. F. Kuctcmeyer. .Willamette Stongli, 
Willamette, ll'J William Bybee S. E. Paddock Portland. 



THE GRANGE RECORD. 287 

POLK COUNTY. 

KAxne anit Number. Master. Secretary. P. O. of Secretary. 

Bnena Vista, 4 J. B. Stump M. Scrafford Bnena Vista. 

Dallas, 61 Robert Clow J. B. Biggs Dallas. 

Garretson, 60 A. G . Rhurtleff H. Alexander Bethel . 

Mill Creek, 91 B. B. BrauHon W. H. Ku.ykendall. . Grand Round. 

Monmouth, 5 Langdon Bentley. . . Ira F. M. Butler . . . Monmouth. 

Mono, 25 Isaac Staats H. C. McTimonds. .Lewisville. 

Oak Point, 3 F. A. Patterson .... J . G. Sears Dixie. 

Perrydale, 30 J. Stouflfer P. C. Sears Perrydale. 

Spring Valley, 62. . . W. A. Henry Thomas Pierce Eola. 

TILULMOOK OOITNTY. 

Fidelity, 174 H. F. Holden W. T. Newcomb.... Tillamook. 

FMATILUL COUNTY. 

Alta, 96 L. P.Davidson E. Gilliam Pilot Rock. 

Butter Creek, S. G. Lightfoot J. 8. Vinson Bnttor Creek. 

Lone Star, 160 W. D. Gilliam W. A. Booth Mitchfll. 

Meadowville, 9i A. L. Gordon , T. Benson Umatilla City. 

Midway, 95 J. H. Chase H. C. Meyers . ... Heppner. 

Milton, 29 Wm. M. Steen Thomas K. McCoy. WaKa Walla City. 

Pendleton, 93 Wm. H. Barnhart. . J. H. Sharon Pendleton. 

Weston, 34 Robert Jamieson . . . Hugh Mc Arthur .... Weston. 

Wild Horse, 35 T. J. Kirk D. A. Richards Webton. 

UNION COUNTY. 

Cove, 128 N. B. Rees Otho Eckersley. ..Cove. 

La Grande, 127 Abner W. Waters. .. Daniel Chaplain.. . .La Grande. 

Powder River, 1G9. .T. O. Bryant H. D. Cassidy Uniontown. 

Summerville, 130. . .W. B. Hamilton.. . .W. H. Parreut Summervillo. 

Union (3), 129 Wm. Hutchinson. . .John Creighton Union. 

WASCO COUNTY. 

Barlows Gate, 157. .John End Albert Savage Tygh Valley. 

Dalles, 39 Robert Mays E . P. Roberts The Dalles. 

Ocheco, 159 J. H. Douthitt Mrs. E. A. Freeland.Upper Ocheco, 

Prineville, 158 E. Barnes S. R. Slayton Prineville. 

Wasco, 38 J. J. Griffin G. H. Bamett The Dalles. 

WASHINOTON COUNTY. 

Beaverton, 100 Thos. Tucker R. Br Wilmot Beaverton. 

Butte, 148 . . J. A. Richardson. . .S. D. Powell Tualatin. 

Columbia, 89 James Imbrio Francis Kennedy. . .Glencoe. 

Cornelius, 63 H. C. Raymond G. A. Guild. . Cornelius. 

Farmiugton, 110. . . J. S. Grey Alfred Davis Scholls Ferry. 

Forest Grove, 07 . . .Hemy Buxton H. T. Buxton Forest Grove. 

Greenville, 49 Daniel Baker W. R. Barrett Greenville. 

Hillsboro, 73 T. D. Humphreys .J. H. Sewell Hillsboro. 

Wapjitoo, 90 S. W. Sappington . .Isaac Chrisman . . . .Gaston. 

Tualatin, 111 John Krase James Barstow Tualatin. 

Washington, 99 Isaac Ball W. W. Gibbs Tualatin. 

West Union, 72 David Lennox George Blish West Union. 

YAMHTTJi COUNTY. 

Amity, 102 J. J. Henderson ... .J. R. Sawyer Amity. 

Chehulem, 92 S. Brutscher J.J. Haynes Newberg. 

Excelsior, 10 ....... B . F. Lewis I. E. Coovert Dayton. 

La Fa^'ctte, 32 .... .A. B. Henry C. F. Royal La Fayette. 

McMinnville, 31 Alex. Reed D. O. Durham McMinnville. 

North Yamhill, 33 . . R.. R. Laughlin. . . J. W. Stewart North Yamhill. 

Sheridan, 98 Win. Savage Thos. E. Fristoe Sheridan. 

Unity, 112 .' . S. S. Whitcomb. . . .R. Pettyjohn La Fayette. 

West Chehalem,125.T. B. Nel on George Noble West Chehalem. 

Willamette (2), lOS.William Crosier Peter Barendregt. . .Wheatland. 



288 THE GRANGE BEOORD. 

WASHINGTON TEEEITOEY SUBORDINATE GRANGES. 

Abbanged by Coukties. 

chehalis couxtt. 
Name and Number. Master. Secretarj. P. O. of Seoretisy. 

Central, 03 JoBcpli Castro Jnstin Chenowith . . Chehalis Statiitn. 

CLelialis, 2G W. Z. Goodell W. A. AuderAon. . . Elma. 

Moi^t'-suDO, 18 J. E. Metcalf S. S. Markhain Moutesano. 

Oakville, 27 George E. Smith. Mrs. D M. Newton .OakTille. 

Skarou, Gl D.J. Gluddis J. A. RidiugB Sharon. 

CLABK COUNTY. 

Brush Prairie, 25. . .Isaac Dit-dtreich Jesse Holbrook.. . . .Brush Prairie. 

Central (2), 31 Geo. W. Proebstel. .Wm. S. Douthitt.. .VancouTtr. 

Fern Prairie, 39 (ILas. Zeek Jasper M. Blair. . . .Vancouver. 

La Centre, 48 Thomas J. Carroll. . D. A. McNalf Lewis River. 

Maple Grove, 45 D. L. Russell John U. Fletcher. . .Battle Ground. 

Mill Pl.iin, 21 G. W. Evans Hamilton Graham . .Vancouver. 

Oriental, 57 J. S. Hathaway J. B. Hathaway Vancouver. 

T'nion Eid^e, 40.. . .David R. Fales. . . Minnie Hathaway. Union Ridge. 

Vaucover, 54 S. W. Brown J. C Hileman Vancouver. 

"NVashugul, 32 James A. Kerns Charles T. Stiles. . .Vancouver. 

COWLXrZ COCNTY. 

Freeport, 58 George P. Gray Jasper D. Stone Pckin. 

liining Sun, 58 Nathan Davis C. Calahan Pekin. 

KINO COUNTY. 

Alpha, 55 T. S. Sloane Squak. 

Duwamish, 11 Jehn T. Jordou Wm. M. flyers Seattle. 

Maple, 00 Henry Oliver Joseph Alexander . .Centerville. 

Skaj^'it, 01 \V. H. S.irtwell Daniel Gai^u J>ka_:it. 

Snc^jualaii-ie, 3!> J.iiiks Taylor Cyrus Durst Fill City. 

\Vijiio liivcr, \) Charles W. LawtonT! McClellan White River. 

KLICKITAT COUNTY. 

Klichitat. 41) K. AV. H^lni II. T. Lewis Klickitat City. 

Naiiuin, 53 D. W. Fn-^bee A. B. Ford Eliensbarg. 

LEWIS COL'NTT. 

Boisford, 3-1 J. II. Miller Jay Stillman Boisfort. 

CLKpiato, I'J F. M. Pearson Brad W. Davis Claquato. 

Cowlitz, 3."> II. Howe G. D. Laughlin Co>%litz. 

Giaud Mound, 20. .J. S. French Jr)hn F. Brewer Centreville. 

f^kookum Chuck, 33, John TuUis B. S. McElroy bkookum Chuck. 

MASON COUNTY. 

Home, 50 T. W. McDonald.. . .F. II. Cook Olympia. 

I'lEIiCE COUNTY. 

Puyallup, 41 W. C. Kincaid. . . . !Mary F. Meeker. . .PuyaUup. 

KTKILACOOM COUNTY. 

Mnck, 40 William LyK' M. F. Hawk Steilacoom. 

STKPHI.NS COU'STY. 

Pino Grove, 17. .. . F. A. Dashiel L. Blain .Pino Grove. 

TUmSTON COUNTY. 

()l}nii.ia, 10 L. G. AV.lM)tt All-ert A. Manning Olympia. 

Viiity, 'Jl M. N. Fiisbergen.. .Oliver Slwad. Skookum Chuk. 

Yelin, li^s F. Loni^niire. . Wm. Martin Yelm. 



THE OBA170E BECOBD. 



289 



WAIXA WALLA. COUMTT. 
Name and Number. Master. Secretary. P. O. of Secretary. 

Battle Creek, 8 Wm. E. Ayrea Thos. Throssel Dayton AWaitsburg. 

Blue Mountain, 3. .William M. Shelton.John F. Brewer. . . .Walla Walla City. 

Central, 22 G. T. Welch Epps Hardy Waitsburg. 

Dayton, 2 J. B. Shram O.O.White Dayton. 

Dixie, 5 W. S. GUliam W. J. P. McKern. .Walla Walla City. 

Harmony, 6 W. W. Sherry J. A. Starner Dayton. 

Tataha, 13 J. L. Bounds T. McBrierly Dayton. 

Spring Valley, 23. ..CO. Cram D. B. Harris Waitsburg. 

Union, 12 George Geer P.M. Smith Pataha Prairie 

Waitsburg, 1 J. W. Highland. . . Mrs. N. J. A.Simons. Waitsburg. 

Walla Walla, 4 Frank Shelton James Simonton. . .Walla Walla City, 

Wallula, 29 G. D. Goodwin. ...Wm. Martin WaUula. 

WAKXIAGUM OOUNTT. 

Skamakawa, 64. . . .James W. Smith. . .Fred. E. Strong. . . .Skamakawa. 

WHATCOM COUNTY. 

Fidalgo, 38 H. 0. Barkhouser. .0. N. White Fidalgo. 

Nooksachk, 37 Wm. Hampton James H. Beed l^ooksachk. 

Swinomish, 50 B. E. Whitney E. A. Sisson La Conner. 

Whatcom, 36 A. 0. Marston M. D. Smith Whatcom. 

WHITHAN COUNTY. 

Cour d*Alene, 16. . . W. A. Nickols Wm. King Colfax. 

Excelsior, 14 Philip O. Cox Marion Daris Colfax. 

Palause, 44 H. S. Burlingame. .£. M. Downing Colfax. 

Pioneer, 15 Lewis Binger W.J. Hamilton Colfax. 

Whitby's island. 

Oak Harbor, 63 Thos. P. Hnstie John W. Gillespie. .Cove Land. 

Whitby's Island, 42.B. F. Loveland. . . . .E. B. Ebey Cowperyille« 

YACKIMA COUNTY. | 

Yackima, 52 G. S. Taylor W. W. Dickenson . . Selah & Stannum. 



IDAHO TEBBITOBY SUBOBDIKATE GBANGES. 



/ 



Abbanoeb by Counties. 



ADA COUNTY. 



Boise, 3 L. F. Cart^e 

Dixie, 8 T. B.Gess 

Dry Creek Henry L. O wings. . 

Eureka, 9 

Emmcttsyille, 12. . .J. A. Bennett 

Horse Shoe Bend, 10. 

Lower Boise, 7 

Middleton, 6 

Payette, II Sampson Beed 

Salubria, 14 John G. Curtis. . . . 

Shelton, 4 Joseph Wilson.. . 

Star, 5 D. W. Touch 

Wciser, 13 Nelsoe Haven 



George D. Ellis . . . .Boise City. 

B . F. Youn« Middleton. 

I. W. Hei-ald Boise City. 

, W. F. Cavanah Emmettsyillo. 



I. E. Fonts Falk's Store. 

Alexander Allison. .Salubria. 

David Heron Boise City. 

C. I. Simpson Boise City. 

A. F. Helt Weiser. 



NKZ PEBCE COUNTY. 



Charity, 15 W. C. Pearson J. H. Bobinson Mount Idaho. 

Nez Perce, 1 W. C. Brittain ... . D. J. Hay field Pine Creek. 

Paradise, 2 John A. Emery Wm. Howard Paradise. 

Stopto, 43 J. H. Cousins F. Hanna Paradise. 

19 



PAET FOURTH. 



Aids and Obstacles to Agbicultdbe 

ON THE Pacific Coast. 



CHAPTEE XVni. 

UlSD honopolt. 

"Thetonreeof imbUo Bwmrity and locial permaneiioe Is tbe attaclimflnft of the fkveboUerlD 
hit home. The BUto Bhould leek to promote an intensiTe x»ther than an exCcoatT« ■gHw^H. 
ure.— iY^. Thompion, 

Mb. J. Stuabt Mill's Axiom— The Public Domain, amd hb DiBnoBcrnoii— Laxh 

ZN GaLDTOBNIA — ^PboBPEBITT shown BT THB PbOPOBTION or FaBMB to PofPOLA- 

TioN— DiBPostnoN OF Statk Lands— EnrEcn of CoMBouBAZioif of T.aw»i> 
Intebest in £nolani>— Spanish and Mexican Domination— Mexican Gbanib, 

AND A DiSCBEDrf ABLE CHAPTER OF HiBTOBT — BoiTNTT OF THB FbdKBAL (jrOVERX- 
MENT — How THE StATE LaNDS HAVE BEEN MANIPULATED — ^DlSCBKPANCT BE- 
TWEEN Federal and State Laws — Eastebn College and Indian Scbip— 
Swamp and Tide Lands — Aoiucultubal College Gbant — Railboad Gbantb— 
Califobnia Peerage, and Status or oub Landlobds — DisouMzauzioN lar Tax- 
ation— Eemeducs. 

Not one, but m.any questions of vital importance to the pub- 
lic welfare, are involved in an intelligent opinion of the true 
relations of man and land. The interest which the whole 
people and successive generations have in its division and 
distribution, appears to justify peculiar legislation, inasmuch 
as it belongs to no other kind of property. Mr. J. Stuart Mill 
laid it down as a political axiom, that the ''land, the gift of 
nature to all, cannot be considered property in the same abso- 
lute sense as that in which no one has any interest but our- 
selves." 

A recent American writer, Prof. Robert Ellis Thompson, in a 
chapter on the national economy of land, says, that "the duty 
of the State extends to the improvement of the land and the ' 



ORIGIN' OF THE PCBLIC DOMAIN. 



291 



laborer upon it. It may justly be said tUat this is true of the 
dntj of the State toward any form of industry; but from the 
peculiar relation of agriculture to the very existence of the 
nation, the Stat-e stands in a relation of far greater responsibil- 
ity here. Many of those who most incline to exclude the State 
from all activity in the sphere of industrial interests, are quite 
ready to admit that where motives of public policy call for inter- 
ference, the land-owner may fairly be treated as the trustee or 
steward of tho national property; not in any absolute sense the 
owner." It will not be questioned that laws which prevent or 
retard cultivation, are prejudicial to the welfare of the State; 
tbo Englishman who turns men off from bis land to erente a 
wilderness for his game is as much an enemy to civilization as 
the savage who struggles to preserve his wilderness intact. As 
the uucicut doggerel hath it: 



To steiil u gooBU from off tho c 

But wlio Ehull [ili-ad Ibnt man'E eicuee, 

Wlio sLanIs tbu i:()mn]'iu Ijooi the gooBe." 

Coleridge long ago pointed out the evil influence of tho com- 
mercial or trading spirit upon the rural economy of England, as 
leading men to regard the production and cheapening of com- 
modities as the one great end of all activity, and taking away 
from the landlord a sense of dutylo the land and its cultivators. 
The end of labor is not in the things produced, but in the ele- 
vation of tho producer. 

Mr. William li. Hooper, in an interesting article upon our 
public lands, in Harper's Magazine of January, 1871, gives us 
a brief history of the public d:;main, and the uses to which it 
has been applied: 

In the very infancy of our existence as a nation, before (be adop- 
tion of the Constituljon, the ownership and control of the public 
lands was tho chief obstacle to union. The question wan creditably 
auO magnanimouslT adjusted, however, by the owning States giving 
their outlying lauds to the general government. New Yoik took 
the lead, in 1781; Virginia followed in 17S4, i^ith a cession of the 
creat Northwestern tenitory; Massachusetts relinquished her claims 
in 1785; and Connecticut, Georgia, tho Carolina);, and other States, 
gave up tiieir rights within n year or two af tei-word. 

By the treaty of peaue with Europe in 17S3, our western bound- 
ary wiw fixed at the middle of tbo IDaaisaippi, and the outlaying 
lands then behmginf; to the States, in severaltv, and subsequently 
ceded to tho general government as above stated, amounted to 22G,- 



292 LAND MONOPOLY. 

000,000 acres. By the treaty with France in 1803, the treafr with I 
Spain in 1818, the treaties with Mesi<;o in 1S48 and 1853, and th» J 
ti'caty with IluBsia iu 18()7, we increased our public domain over! 
seven fold, adding over 1,609,000,000 acres to the national terrlturf,! 
We thns became posHeused of a total of 1,834,990,400 acres ofl 
land — a domain Bumcieutly extensive tu make twenty-five countries J 
eacli of the size of £u(j:land, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales {>om«r 
bined, and capable of supporting a population of 720,000,000 ofl 
people of the average density of Great Britain, or more than bAlf I 
the population now living ou the globe. ■ 

In the early duys of the Kepublic, our public lands were clii^y I 
valued as an anticipated source of public wealth; but under tliB I 
pressure of progress, this idea has given way, and the lauds are | 
now chiefly used as a stimulus to immigration, in aid of public iin- I 
provements, and to supply a homestead to every one who will lire 1 
on them. About 440,000,000 of acres, in all, have been disposed J 
of by sale, pre-emption and homestead rights, and grants to EcriooI», I 
canoJs, railroads, etc. Some 70,000,000 acres more have been sur- I 
veyed and are now iu the market. And there are over 1,300,000,- 1 
000 acres of wild lands yet iiusurveyed. I 

During the first eleven yeai-a of our const itutiouul esistence, land I 
■was only taken up at the rate of 100,000 acres a year. In 1806, the I 
sales realized $705,245. During the war of 181*2, tLe Bales largely ] 
fell off; but with the return of peace, they gradually recuiiemted, 
until in 1819 they netted about $3,000,01)0. The sales for 1835, ' 
realized $14,000,000; and for 183G, they netted $21,000,000— the 
largest year's sales ever made. In 1842, the sales run down to 
nearly $1,000,000. From 1850 to 1855, they averaged about $10,- 
000,000 a year. In 1802 — the rebellion being in progress— they 
amounted to only $125,048. Since the war, they have increased to 
an average of about $300,000 a year. 

The very vrise and beneficent policy of setting apart a specific por- 
tion of the public lands for the establishment and support of com- I 
mon schools, ia practiced by no other government but ours. Tbo I 
policy originated at a very early period of our history. In the first | 
" Ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands i 
Western territoiy," Congress directed that everj' sixteenth sectioD I 
of every township, should be reserved for schools; and subsequently I 
gave every thirty-sixth section to the same purpose. Over 78,000,- 1 
000 acres have been set apart under these and similar acts, besides I 
about 7,000,000 acres for agricultnial coUeges. " 

The chief glory of our public land system, however, ia the bome- 
stead policy, under the operation of which more of the people I 
own the homes they occupy, than in any other nation in tli« | 
world. The number of homestead entries in the last year olot 
made twice the number of freeholders in the United States tliat | 
England possesses, with her ten ceutui-ies of civilized existence. 

The policy of tlie National or State governments, in ilonatingl 
lands for public improvements, or for educational purposes, I 
liowever meritorious in iutcntiou, may well be questioned, fori 
it has been tiie most fniitful source of public corruption and l 



DISTRIBUTION OP PUBLIC LAND9- 



293 



land monopoly, and has probablj done more to retard tlie de- 
velopment of California, than any otiier single cause. The 
benefits Lave accrued mainly to epeculators, while the evil ef- 
fects extend throughout the whole social organiam. 

Had the proceeds of the sale of lands granted by the United 
States for educational purposes, been kept in the treasury, and 
the interest thereon annually paid to the proper officers of States 
or institutions, according to the provisions of Morrill's Congi'es- 
^ional Bill for the further endowment of Agricultural Colleges, 
(1S72,) millions would have been saved to the educational in- 
terest, and many of these evils obviated. 

The relations of all our industries, and our very existence us 
n republican government, are bound up in the freedom of land, 
Not an acre of our public domain should ever have been parted 
with, except for homestead purposes, for actual settlement 
and nse, and for national parks, or conservatoiiea of native 
animals and plants. 

The public domain is distributed throughout the States of the 
interior, and especially those west of the Mississippi. Texas 
owns her own land; California contained 100,000,000 acres in 
1870; the rest is to be found mainly in the territories, as fol- 
lows : 



TUrltniM. 



TaUI Acrai. 



prt. 



Unuppn 
laUif. 



Wadiiugton, 4t.706,ia0.00 ....■tO,'J76.97fl,eO 

KewMeaioo. 77,568,6*0.00 70,677.736.83 

ntah 64.065.0*3,20 48,659.818.27 

Dakota, 80,590,138.50 00.667.020.47 

Colorado, 66.880,000.00 62,382,773.26 

UonUu* B3,Oie,G40.00 80,708,100.09 

Ariiou. 72,000,240.00 08,855,730.00 

Idaho, 65,228,160.00 62.103,783.04 

Wyonang 62,645,068.00 60.163.834.49 

Indian, 44,164,240,00 44,154,240.00 



The amount not disposed of on the 30th of June, 1870, 
was 1,387,73'2,209 acres. From this must be deducted, for 
water surface, at least 80,000,000 acres; Alaska, 369,000,000 
acres; grants to railroad and other corporations, 200,000,000 
acres. 

Senator Stewart puts the amount of the public domain which 

is fit for homestead purposes, at 332,000,000 of acres. Of the 

J,000 of acres disposed of by the government, h' 



1.."'4 LAM> MONOPOLY. 

I::-! l-X'.O'X'jXO Las pussed direedv into the Lirds o£ calri- 

OiT -p-llic u:r:i:iiii. ilrrcfcre, cfm bviioraeai:^ t-e oc-nsidered 
li:zi:'v>?; ;le zLcmii*! i^ie of iicrease cf ciir pri'iliiion, i.oo 
]-.r ^-rLT.. v:l] c.Tr uS & pcT'uLiiiji;. in li^jO. •:: 171.771,610; 
::■- '^ T.Li-L tic- re.surr iiiav iifrr iLai iLe lir.! o::-?*::-?:! is al- 
rt-Iv cz-x: vi lie ^rrciiieft c-oiic-eniS c-f Americiii: siiiesniiLihiD. 

iLx rvT'ir; :: ilr Ui.::':! Sti^T'e^ G^zixtTjI Lsui O^c^. for the 
T-: .^ 1^7I. j:".vr> :lr i/li-^i:.^ iiicnuiiiM. iz reriri :•:• zLv Licds 
:l CLLlJinij ::: :lr 1>: .£ Jiu-r -if iLs7 T^ir. Tlr ir=a •:£ the 



>"F". 






V :- :r?irr .. *-.!?:> 

i -^i_ >i 

- .- .- -i ", I 1 1 



» -.«& 



i .-Ci. ... 



1 1 



TTe win roT '.:.:i i L:"Lf zi : 



ite ksghess V 11:^^:- : •_^. 






phoportion of farms to porcLATiON. 205 

can easily be made from the census report between the number 
of farms and the value of personal property tiiereon, and the 
Duaiber of land oivners, tells the story. For instance: Wiscon- 
sin, in 1870, had 102,904 farms, only thirty-two of which con- 
tains moi-e than 1,000 acres. In California Eve hundred iind 
sixteen men owned 8,685,-l;39 acres, nearly double the area of 
Hitssachusetts, and about one fifth of the arable land of the 
Htato. 

In Fresno County there are forty-eight land-holders, that own 
from five to seventy-nine thousand acres each. In Santa Barbara 
forty-four men own over a million acres. Sixtnen men in Cali- 
fornia own over eighty-four square miles. 

At the present moment it is estimated that 40,000,000 acres 
in the State deserve to be considered tillable. 22,000,000 acres 
have been disposed of, including 8,000,000 acres covered by 
Mexican grants; 7,500,000 acres given for educational pui-poscs; 
4,000,000 sold; (J00,000 given as homestead claims, and 800,000 
granted to the State us swamp land. The railroad lands cover 
30,000,000 of acres, but patents have been given for only a 
small portion of this amount. 

Wo all know what tho concentration of land ownership into 
the hands of a few persons has done for England. At the time 
of the Norman conquest, the population was supposed to have 
been a million and a half, and there is in exitit«nce a written 
roll of over 45,000 land-owners. In 18G1, jvith a population of 
20.000,000, the number of land-owners is 30,000. Millions of 
acres aro kept out of cultivation in parks and forests; and within 
the lost twenty-five years two aud a half miilious of tho popula- 
tion of Great Britain have emigrated; while ovory twentieth 
man of those that remain is a pauper. 

Two regions of the United States were ready for land mon- 
opoly to take refuge in, when driven from its Europeai^ strong- 
holds, viz.. New Mexico and California. The foundation was 
laid in grants of large areas of the best agricultural and grazing 
lands therein, mode by the Spanish and Mexican authorities to 
individuals. The indefinite character of Mexican grants, their 
boundaries being geuerolly defined by some river or irregular 
moantain range, never surveyed or ascertained until they be- 
came tlie property of the United States, has led to endless 
litigation in both Federal and State courts, In 1835 the 
seoularization of tho Missions took place, their property being 



2>j lANT) YOyOPOLT. 

di^iribTit'r^il IlIloii^ iLe f^xr rancheros vliict Liid grcum up imder 
iLtir tLcli^r. cr ciLerwis^e passing into iLe p^bbc treasnix. 
Tie €r:i of SiiL^Li-^L -iciaiiiition laited fifrr-tliree rears: that of 
MrZLi-:-^:- n:2c iiiiJ jaj^iorJ life i wen rv-foTir. During the latter 
j'tr:-.*i ii:eri ^€2>r i>:' sji^zve to give arv xalae to liiiiil. To ererr 
e::izr:iL a Ti'-ni, j:-: ir:^? piTt-n: and everr man irLo -vante-d an 
trr:-::.-ivtr Ciiftlr rai.gr. ^j\ ii "wiiLont tronl'ie from iLe Mexican 
f:.v-:T.:i:-:-i.t. N-jn.ii.illT, iLe grants vere iimiied lo eleven 
leji^-r- a Miriic-j^ Ie^i;ri:e contains 4,4cJS acres. - bni j>ractically 
iLcv w-:^ n.ile to cov-r preitj mucL everrtLing a man wanted, 
e?:.»^-:-ia".lT af:t:r iLtv Tassel from iLe oriiiinal claimants into 
A::-t:-lc-:iL Lai-is. "If the ii=>:orT of the Mrsictan jrrants is 
ever iv:l::ri.. :: -wil] be a Lisiorv of ^ntiei wi^'iirr, sii'i'liaiion 
ai-J LijL Ljii-IeA lolbrrT. fcr-n-Lid :i "i^ill be diric-»:l: u £nda 
p^r^Ir".. LiIed-it-rLr-si' cf h:iL,Li.z:e^ Las give:, s-.l! an op- 
I'lrriJLiTT :.r iLese s;':!:^:::-?. il jt Trlile liev Lj^Tr r-roved a 
-.'-r^e :.' Cali::rLi:». ilrir -ir-jrii-ul c-H-ers Lave reii:ic-i z.:> com- 

I—r— >-^-»»^ ..■c— t: — .. ai a »t,T^ tJ^-» j-l j i 4.— rT iia5»>f-i ^I-kO ^.-ILcr 
T -.' "^ --^ 

_ :: a.. ::-e jreit .:^-.:r::s ■:■: v.a^:rnii i-iTe oMiined tLeir 
T.':s?<r=»:^::ns Iv f:vi-.:I:ile-: i-icans: a i::«:'i zl^zst A iLe Anjlo 

> ■«- - *,.!— .. '••i -7^».-. ■•--.•-.1 ~ .- •'• .-. vL- -, --i" -'.- •'.:.-<. '• V '■■■,▼■- 

■Y— .... , ^~. .. ,. 

I- - - . - - • ■ . -- 



"'-- - ^- _■ ...... -.•..•■..... "■— - -« . * _ ! ' ' 



• 






T^r ... .... ., 

.... -, . ,. 

.• --. .f.._ 






GRANTS TO THE STATE. 297 

nnd Utirtj-sixtb sections in each towuship, or indetnnity there- 
{qv in cjisea where the State canaot poifect her title on account 
of Spauiah grants, or prior sales by the United States. This 
grant comprisea one-eighteenth of the land in the State, or an 
aggregate of about six millions of acres. About one third, or 
two millions ol acres of this land is located within the mineral 
belt. 

Under Section IV. of Act of September 28, 1850, the State is 
granted all the swamp and overflowed lands withiu her border. 

Under Section YIII. of Act of September 4, 18il, the State is 
granted five hundred thousand acres for the purposes of inter- 
nal improvement. 

Under Section XII. of Act of March 3, 1853, the State is 
granted seventy-two sections, or 46,080 acres, for the use of a 
seminary of learning. 

Under Section XIII. of the same Act, ten sections for the 
purpose of the erection of public buildings. 

Under the Act of July 2, 18fi2, one hundred and fifty thou- 
sand acres for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 

By vii'tue of her sovereignty the State is owner of all the 
ealt, marsh and tide-lands within ber borders. 

Had the State of California, on the receipt of these magnifi- 
cent gifts, protected the settler instead of the speculator, our 
newspapers would not be asking to-day, "What shall we do 
with the immigrants?" But she ai)pears to have ofi'ered, tlirongh 
her land laws, a premium to speculation, which is unexampled 
in the history of States. The floating titles of her Mexican 
grants, the floating character of swamp lands, and the large 
flouting grant of "bea," or indemnity lands, which may bo 
located on any unappropriated government land, have made the 
Golden State the paradise of lawyers. Capital was not needed 
where a combination between lawyers, legislators, and specula- 
tors would enrich all three at the expense of the settler and 
the gi'eat future of the State. 

The machinery was bo well oiled that though a Governor 
could say in his message, " Our land system seems to be mainly 
framed to facilitate the acquisition of large bodies of land by 
capitalists or corporations, either as donations or at nominal 
pricen," no effectual remedy has ever been applied. One illus- 
tration of the system must suffice: " To purchase land of the 
State, an application must be filed in the State Land Office, 



298 LAND MONOPOLY. 

describing tbe laud by range, townsliip, and section, nod staiin^ 
under what grant tlie title is asked. This application mnst Im 
accompanied bj a fee of five dollars. The Surveyor-General 
then issues u certificate to the applicant, and sends tbe applica- 
tion to tbo United States Land Office, for certification tbrtt tlio 
land is free, before lie approves the application, and demands 
payment. If there be in the United States Land Office no 
record of pre-emption, bomest«ad, or other occupation, tJlo 
United States Kegisler marks tbe land off on his map, but be 
does not certify to tbe State Surveyor-General until be gets his 
fee. The payment of this fee, and return of tbe certificate, iii»- 
peud upon the applicant, whose interest it is not to get it until 
he wishes to pay for bis laud. Thus, by the payment ot five 
dollars, a whole section of United States land can bo shut up 
from the settler. There are 1,244,696 acres monopolized lii 
this way, (which tbe immigrant can buy for from ten to twenty 
dollars per acre,) then tbe speculator goes to tbe United Stat«s 
Land Office, pays the Register's fee, gets bis approved certifi- 
cate, aud pays tbe State $1 25 per acrel" Tbe difference I>e- 
tween what settlers have to pay and what they ought to pay, 
would bave defrayed tbe expenses of their trausportation twice 
over. 

Tbe general laws of tbe United States provide, that until 
land is offered at public sale, there is no way of getting it, save 
by actual occupation of not over IGO acres to each individual. 
Until tbe land is surveyed, aud tbe plats filed, there can be no 
title, and no record can be made of pre-emption. 

But by the State law of March 8th, 1868, which repealed all 
previous laws, all restiictions of amount, or use, except as to 
the sixteenth and thirty-sixtb township sections first granted, 
were swept away. Even with respect to these, tbe applicant 
was not required to swear tliat he wanted the land for setUe- 
ment, or wanted it for himself. Again, the actual settlers, upon 
the sixteenth and thirty-aistb sections above referred to, under 
tliis law, could only be protected in their occupancy for sir 
months after its passage, after which date the protection ex- 
tended only sixty days. Many a settler, in hitherto undisputed 
possession, knew nothing of these enactments until they re- 
4}eived notice that anuther party had a clear title to their farms. 
>l this were not enough, a special bill was passed legalizing 
^cations for State lauds, even where tbe affidavits by 



LAND PATENTS. 299 

%vliicli they were supported did not conform to the requirements 
of the law, either in form or substance.* 

Again, the best parts of the agricultural lands of the State 
were sold before there was any demand for them for agricult- 
ural purposes. Eastern agricultural-scrip locations covered 
whole townships, up to the year 1867, and gave unlimited 
opportunity for the further monopolization of large tracts. 

The law is now amended, so as to limit the purchaser to three 
sections in any township. The speculator, formerly, had only 
to go east, buy up the scrip with greenbacks, when greenbacks 
were low, locate his scrip under the most favorable conditions 
to himself, and become a landlord. One speculator has thus 
obtained 350,000 acres, which has been mostly rented to culti- 
vators who furnished themselves, and pay him one fourth of the 
crop. Patents have been issued in a similar way for Indian 
scrip. A great deal of this college and Indian scrip has been 
so obtained that the lands have not cost their present owners 
more than fifty cents an acre, which they have been able to hold, 
not only keeping out settlers, but often robbing those who had 
already come of their improved farms. Few had money enough 
to defend themselves in the Courts, where defense would have 
been possible; but the settler upon unsurveyed lands had no 
defense. 

What is a land patent ? A patent issued by the government 
of the United States, is legal and conclusive evidence of title to 
the land described therein. No equitiible interest, however 
strong, to land described in such a patent, can provide at law 
against the patent. 

TVhen two patents have been issued for the same land, the 
general rule is, that the elder pf\jtent shall prevail. When it is 
evident that a junior patent has been issued pursuant to legal 
authority,.aDd the elder patent has not, the former will prevail. 
If a patent shall have been issued by mistake, and the person 
Lolding the same refuses to deliver it up for correction or can- 
cellation, the President may direct another one to issue to 
the same, or to another person, reciting therein the errors 
in the first. As a general rule the government will not issue 
two patents for the same land. A patent issued to a per- 
son deceased at the time of its issuance, inures to the benefit 
of his heirs. Where a patent has been obtained by fraud, a 

*0ur Land Policy. 



LASD MONOPOLY. 

misrepresentation of facts, or such a. mistake as affects the sub- 
stantial rights of parties, it maj be set nsido, or a traat <le- 
led, and a conveyance decreed by a court of equity, to bo 
jbade to the party entitled. 

Another fine opportunity for founding a permameut lauded 
aristocracy was given by the State in her management of swamp 
and ovei'flowed lands. The speculator, having seen that the 
State proved a better nursing mother to his interests than the 
United States, ivas interested in getting the largest possiblo 
quantity of laud under her jurisdiction. The Survej-or-Gen- 
eral says: " The conflicting claims of the State and the United 
BtateB for the past ten years, have rendered uncertain tlie titla 
V large amount of land sold by the State as swamp aud over- 
lowed. Surveys for a large amount of land which the State 
^d previously sold, have been received — the re-survey having 
I made by the second party apparently on the hypoUiesia 
kat the original sale was illegal. There are also many conflicts 
falUHud by two or more surveys haviug been made for the same 
In BUch cases an appeal to tbe courts is necessaiy. A 
Irge area of laud has also been surveyed and returned to this 
i Hwnuip and overflowed which is not shown to be snch 
idler by State segregations or United States maps." Liauds 
tt «o hold to-day, which cannot bo cultivated without irriga- 



I'Vudur the possessory law of California, which allows both ia- 

^Iduula and corporations to make some temporary enclosure 

1 «bi)()ti Kood for a possessory right, pre-emption settlers Iiave 

I Itopl and driven away. Tracts of from two to twentj 

i actoB of government land are thus held by State laws. 

a (ld»-I«nds have not been safe from the operations of 

The Surveyor- General says: "In some cases 

r atripa werg surveyed by the owners of the adja- 

, li>^^H||^Utemselves; but often these survo-3 

t parties who did not own any land 

1 tlie view of obtaining control of 

1 and fifty thousand acres of Easi- 

Pcrip lias been located in California. 

iiifont scheme of the national 



OUB LAND PEERAGE. 



301 



government, to keep auch colleges above board, in many 
cases not over fifty centa aa acre, the grant baa been a 
qnestionable blessing; it may be considered as a tax put upon 
the settlers of the new States to support the colleges of the 
older and richer ones. The Agricultural College Scrip of Cal- 
ifornia was located under special privileges, and has been sold 
for live dollars an acre. Who were the holders of. tinn scrip, 
or to whom some of the best timbered lauds in Humboldt and 
other counties have been sold for live dollars an acre, the pub- 
lie have never been informed, the propei-ty of the University 
being administered as a private trust. The University has a 
special officer in charge of these lands, given solely " for the 
benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts." 

The grants made to railroads of California have been as fol- 
lows: To the Western and Central Pacific of ten alternate sec- 
tions, OD each hide, per mile, (12,800 acres;) to the Southern 
Pacific, ditto, with ten miles on each side, from which to make 
up detieieucies; to the Stockton and Copperopolis of five alter- 
uate sections on each side, and twenty miles on each side, in 
which to make up deficiencies; to the Texas Pacific, and to the 
connectiDg branch of the Southern Pacific, ten alternate sec- 
tions, with ten miles for deficiencies, made in the year 1871. 
The greater part of this land is unsurveyed, and the settler upon 
the government sections must take his chances whether he gets 
upon it or not. Settlers who have purchased of the railroad 
are few; the best farming lauds having been sold to "Land 
Companies," who, it is assorted, stand in peculiar relations to 
the railroad. The railroads are in no hast^ to seU, foreseeing 
the inevitable rise in the value of their immense property. 

The eifeot of all these monopolies is to keep lands out of the 
bauds of the army of industrialists who would flock to God's 
country by hundreds of thousands, could this pressure be re- 
moved. 

The following list, or " Blue Book," of our Land Peerage, ia 
Ml from Hittell's Resources of California, and other reliable 
The reader ia referred to the reports of the Board of 
ition for further details: 
fa who own bom 100,000 to 500,000 acres (soino o( which ia in scattetod 



ftLiu,fromS2a.OLiOU> iEO.OOO 



302 LAND MONOPOLY. 

Gon. Houghton, Ex-State Surveyor, estimated from 200,000 to 300,000 

Gen. Beale, Ex-United States Surveyor-General 200,000ito 300,000 

Charles McLaughlin 141,000 

Isaac Friedlander 125,000 

Bixby. Flint & Co 150,000 

S. R. Throckmorton (Mendocino) U6.C00 

Thos. Fowler, Fresno, Tulare & Kem 200,000 

G. W. Roberts (swamp) 120.000 

Philadelphia Petroleum Company 160,00(J 

Los Angeles Land Company : 101,000 

Bibblee & Hollister 97.000 

Irvine, Flint & Co 77,000 

A. P . Moore ! . . 63,000 

Estate of Arques (Monterey county) 71,000 

Pioche & Bayerque 69,000 

Jesse D. Carr 47,000 

John Forster 88,000 

Miguel Pedroreno 47,000 

E. De Celis 56,000 

Alfred Robinson (Trustee) , 42,000 

Beale&Baker 53,000 

W. C . Ralston 44,000 

C. Paige 60,000 

James Lick 51,000 

Lloyd Tevis 43,000 

J. H. Redington 45,000 

J. W. Moore 48.000 

E. Apple^'arth 49,000 

J.-W. Podrio 47,000 

£. St. John & Co 42,000 

J. W. Mitchell 42,000 

A. Weill 48,000 

n. & W.Pierce 53,000 

J. W. Moore 48,0()0 

L. T. Barton 47,000 

E. Conway 42,000 

Hollister k Cooper 41,000 

P. W. Murphy 54,000 

F. Steele U,0(Ki 

Number of estates over 44,000 acres, forty-four; between 30,. 
000 aud 40,000, twenty-three; between 20,000 and 30,000, fifty- 
five; between 10,000 and 20,000, one hundred and forty-e\g\iV,aiid 
between 5,000 and 10,000, two hundred and thirty-ev^\i\,. TChe 
entire number of estates over 5,000 eaoh in extent, i^ ^Q^tV^oai- 
dred and fifty-three. Let us see how (ImtlMKe lan^'O^^xtotS^w^ 
assessed. An unjust discrimination '^^'■fe^ ^v^r* 

in the assessments of taxes in the 
grazing lands, even wh^^A thep* 



SALES AND ASSESSMENTS. 303 

bodies of unimproved lands have been put down at mere nomi- 
nal rates, while the farmer who plows, sows and reaps his two 
or three hundred acres sees assessments raised upon his labors 
at the rate of three or four hundred per cent. Enormous quan- 
tities of lands owned by the monopolists are assessed at one 
half or even one fourth the value at which they are being sold. 
W. C. Ralston's lands were assessed at $2 00 per acre in 1871; 
Miller & Lux's at from $1 00 to $1 50 per acre; Isaac Fried- 
lander's land was assessed in 1871 at $2 00 per acre, while he 
sold the same year to Chapman & Montgomery 28,850 acres for 
$115,145; $4 00 per acre. 

Experience has proved that the laws of competition and en- 
lightened self-interest have not been a sufficient check upon the 
tendency towards railroad monopoly through concentration; and 
we shall find that our laws of inheritance and the natural fluctu^ 
ations of property will not abate the evils, and prove a sufficient 
check upon land monopoly. A general feeling prevails that 
land investments are the safest as well as the most profitable, 
when obtained as so many of ours have been with a trifling out- 
lay of capital. The tendency to concentration is the natural 
one as the value of land increases; and it is especially danger- 
ous where the processes of machine culture can be carried on as 
advantageously as in California. ''We are not only putting 
large bodies of our lands into the hands of a few persons, but 
we are doing our best to keep them there. Our whole past 
policy is of a piece — tending with irresistible force to make us 
a nation of landlords and tenants, of great capitalists and pov- 
erty-stricken employes." The remedy is to be found in chang- 
ing the mode of taxation, and in a revision and honest adminis- 
tration of our laws in the interest of the whole people. 



fi 




■WATER MONOPOLY AND IBEIGATION. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

"WATER MON0POI,T AKD IRRIOATION. 

ClK.LI. iND WaTKB CoMPiNlKB, HOW AirrHOEIZBD — LBOlHLiTIOJt FtTUnUILK TO 

MOKOPOLIES — L08 AaOBLES CoNTEKTION^Void OF TH* I'KOPLE GaV. DoW- 

SET'tl AoDBESa — MgMOBUI. or COLOBUK) TQ CoiKIIUnS COHCKBB ApPonCTS 

Ibuoatidn CoumasioKEBs fou duruutnA — Mb, BBERnoK's Vikwd or Aomi- 

OCIiTaHK » IBN SiN JoA<JCnN VaLLSX — CONDLCBIOS'S ABBIVED AZ B( XHK 

Under "An Act to authorize Uie inoorporatioQ of companies ' 
for the con struct ion of canals, for the traosportation of posseo- 
gers and freights, or for the purpose of irrigatioo or water 
power, or the conveyanoe of water for mining and maDQ- 
facturing purposes, or for all such purposes," approved May 
14, 1862, and another Act, bearing date April 2, 1870, nearlj 
all the waters of California, now required for irrigation, are 
controlled by corporations or private individuals. 

An Act of Congress, approved July 26, 1866, provides: | 
"That whenever, by priority of possession, rights to the nse of | 
the water for mining, agricultural, manufacturinp, or other i 
purposes, have vested and accrued, and the same are recognized 
and acknowledged by the local customs, laws and decisions of 
the Courts, the possessors and owuers of such vested rights 
shall be maintained and protected in the same, and the right of 
way for the construction of ditches and canals tor the purposes 
aforesaid, is hereby acknowledged and confirmed." 

Under these laws, a large amount of capital has already been 
invested. It ia ea.sy to see how a monopoly may spring up 
nnder their protection, and grow to such great proportions as 
seriously to retard the agricultural development of the State. 

The reader will remember that one of the most important 
questions which has come before the State Grange, is that of 
water monopoly and iri'igation, and that the i-Surts of the 
Patrons to secure desired action of the Legislatare of 187^ 
proved unavailing. In the autumn of that year, a < 
had been held at Los Angeles, for the same object, atu 
adopted the following preumblu aud rcsolutioua: 

Wheteao, Iq out rlTras and in :i t; 

ntilizfcl, wliicb if proppriy devi 1 ; i 

eulinai^e tho tniable valuoB of mi 

WJiifreas, Our n 



LOa ANGELES COSTENTIOS. 



305 



whicbit is believed (nnjrbedaramerl, andnned forreservoira, nndlburiversttcamx 
which aok, mny bo hnved by sQbmerged dnms, or etoDi!-!iiio<l diiobca mude into 
river beds, nnd tiawiag theuoe into ce^enoira, and from thence diBtribnted over 
n bfRS turritory; nnd, 

Whurcns. The ngricultnral riparinii nud common lav and water rigfate hare been. 
mn, nod cuntiuae to be, violeuUy anlagouiBtia and proTDeativa of cuustant litiyo- 
ItOQ, prrsonnl nnd neighborhood quarrels, nil of whiuh must bs eiaggerated and 
ft^mTDted with no increaHed populntioii ; and, 

TfhBrcflB, Tho publioare pteTtnled (roQi uaing a large proportion of their ovn 
■vnter, by pretonded cloinis of individuulo, \rhich ia Hgainut public iutci'eat, the 
Bpirit of oarinnlimlJons, nud not to be tolerated; and, 

WberesB, The indl-'id\ml policy hos nerer been, nor can ever be equal to 
^perly mauoging this grt^Dt qaestion, which is oC Stat«, if not of national 
mfi^rpHt; 

Tberetore, It is raaolred, by the delpgnteB appointed at the mass oonrention 
hdd at Gallatin, OctoberSth, 1873. to meet at Loa Angelen. 25th October, 1B73, to 
consider memis for developinR aud difitribiitiug the waters ot Los Angeles ooonty, 
(or agritaltaral parposes, with the view of tomiahing a basia (or legislation 
doling the coming winter, aa follows; 

Article I.— .Seo. 1. That it is thd poaitiye dnty of the State of California, to 
poaness and control oil the waters in the State, which may be naed for irrigating, 
(except apriHRH rising on private lauds,) without delay. 

Bcc. a. And, where ownerebip of water is exercised to the pnblio dclfimeiit, 
except in the cnna of springs rising on privota land, to provide for denouncing nnd 
IMuing nn equitable valne (or the sanifi. 

Bo**. 3. To prohibit the ncqniremcnt of private rights to wal«r which may bo 
Qied for irrigultuu, exeept to springa rising on privalo property, aud except na 
jnuT be psimitted under a general wnter luw. 

Bee. 4. To declare all wutera which may be nned for i 
vaters from Bpringe after Ihcy shall have passed the land ow 
which Eprlogs muy have risen, lo btploug to (he S(a(e, and I< 
the pnblia. 

Aiincu; II.— Sea, 1. That it ia the duty of the Slate tc , , 
to make a thorough examination, of our rivers, caiiuna, ttc.. and report as lo the 
feaidbitity of increaxinfj the water supply, and of staring the same in reservoirs, 
etc., for future naa. 

Akticlk III.— Section 1. It is the dnty of the Slate to create a new depart- 
ment of the governmcut, to have cognizance of all matters pertuiuiug to water de- 
velopment and irrigation. Said departmf ut to consist of— 

1. A IState Superintendent, who snail be assisted by an advisory board of 

T'ocers and civilians. 
One Supetinlendent for each conntj where irrigating is practitad. 

3. Tliree ComniiBsioQers for eni'h water ihMtricl, 

4. The details neoee&ary to complete the above, are moat respectfully left with 
the Lei^alatnre. 

See- 2. Lands irrigable by one atream and its tributaries, to couEtitute not 
more than two districts, and if poaaible not more (ban one. 

Beo. 3. Water to l>e aold in all casea; bnt irrigators privileged to buy in pro- 
portioti to acres lo be cultivated in tbat water year. 
See. i. Irrigating head lo be defined in inches. 
Bee. S. Preaent water laws to be revised. 

Sec. <j. Properly existing water rights, in any contemplated change, shoiitd be 
Wspeut'-d. 

, Bee. 7, Tbnt a Fviitem of taxation shoold be devised, by which lands to be 
n,i..y i. i^..n.r,^r, p^^ pttj tbo mojor part of the eipeuse incident tborelo, 
J I rijiiion ruitwd from such lauds should be reimbursed to 
■ .Ih'vclopment. 

I iiiicement of the Slate of Califomia in civilization and 
i nieally depend oiion d proper Byslom of water laws. 

I I ii .t |>v (if the nbove lie furnished his Excellency, the Governor, 

bic iijcui'iierv of tbo Anaembly, and the honorable Senators, with 
bey will urge legialution ns atiovB desued. 



S including 
e party on 
D be For the use of 

mploy able engineers 



dOO WATER MONOPOLY AND IREIOATIOS. 

On motion, it was farther resolved: 

1 That Lia Eicelleocy, the Governor, is eapeciallf called to urge npon the M _ 
ing LegislBture the pra|iiiclj of njtpoiuliiig n specinl commisatou, 'with pover lo 
viHit all pHrtB of the Htatc. to einmiDH iato the obove qneations, and to ropoit kt 
the eurLeHtpiacUcuble moment, in tbe coming seasiou of the LegiBlatare. 

2. That Gentmla Volue.v E. Howiml tmd John It. McCouDel. and Geo. H. 
Smith. Esq.. t>e cequeated to ilcuw ii niiitable vutor bill for Los Angeles coantjr, 
in coDJiiDctioa vilh Ilie above DuniGd cooiiaitlfe. sod with our Iieginlatire dele- 
gatiou, and that it be done in Limu for the coinjog Legislature. 

An address was tlien given by ex-Governor Downey, which 
was extensively read and circulated, and is so replete with val- 
uable suggestions as to require no apology for its introduction 
here. He said: 

I approncli tbie subject, of so much importance to Iioa Angeles 
county and the people of the whole State, with a degree of fear that 
individual interests will clash with any system that may be proposed 
for the general good. First of all, the paucity of rainfall rendns 
inigation a necessity for the greater part of our lands, Seoondlj, 
as a fertilizer it perjietnally renovates our fields, as the waters cany 
in Boluliou nearly all the elements required for the organic compo- 
sition of vegetable h/e. Thirdly, it enables the fai-mer to select his 
time of jtlauting and harvesting; and, fourthly, it enables him to 
destroy the numerous pests that infest his soil, in the shape of 
squirrels, gophers, I'ats, etc. I do not propose to deprive auy man 
of the UBe of water that ho now has, nor do I thiuk that auy Le^a- 
lature would attempt to legislate away any rights vested or acquirad; 
but for the good of the whole State, I suggest that the Common- 
wealth assert ita jurisdiction over every stream in the State, and en- 
act such equitable laws as will extend their usefulness to their ut- 
most capacity. The riparian rights, or proprietary rights, main- 
tained in England and recognized in many of our Stateu as the law 
governing rivers and streams, do not apply to California, The laws 
of Spain and Mexico retained these in their sovereign capacity, 
and the State of Cahforuia falls heir to this precious inheriUace for 
the benefit of its citizens. It will be seen by an examination of the 
eight hundred and odd grants made to citizens of this Stat« bf 
tbose guverumcnts that this right is expressly reserved to the natit'tl 
as pubhc serviiiiilis. If, then, our Legislature assumes it.H proper 
jurisdiction it will be no stretch of power to prescribe the mode 
and manner of the dietrilmtion of this important element, and settlw 
at once a subject tbat has given so much annoyance, 

Tlie law of proprietary rights existing in England was onea t! 
Inw of France and the other continental cotomunities, but X 
the Fourteenth had the wisdom to see t 
welfare of the nation, and that wi^e moat 
assume exclusive control of the arteries c 
his example has beeu followed by c 
has done likewise, and to thin f^ii't. lliu beau) 
of Chili and Lombanly in iiulffl'iiil. 

There is, without doubt, Muftioi i-ut W8' 
this valley, under proper. 



GOV. downet's address. 



307 



tween the mountains and the sea. Intltviduol communities and set- 
tlers have neither the means nor eagacity io utilize it, and therefore 
the State should step in and eny how it shall be done; whether the 
State can do it through Us proper officers, or how companies, under 
proper restrictions as to charges, sboil do it. There should be no 
water allowed to run down to the sea iu winter unutilized. It should 
bo carried in a thousand conduits through the valley, and, rain or no 
rain, wo should irrigate our lands in winter, thus destroying the ver- 
min that honeycomb uur subsoil, and that destroy and break capil- 
lary attraction. If wo thus throw into our land an additional num- 
ber of inches of water and break the surface as soon as a team can 
walk over it after irrigation, we will, with any ordinary rainfall, se- 
cure an abundant small grain crop, and keep our lands forever reuo- 
vuted. Our streams must be sheet piled to the bed-rock at points 
where they emerge from the foot-bills, so aa to bring their fuU flow 
to the surface, and then main ditches ramifleil from the dam in 
wood, cement pipe, or sheet iron or earthen pipes. The loss from 
evaporation and absorption is so great that our slovenly open ditch 
system will not serve our puipose. 

It is unnecessary to review the practice of Egypt, Babylon and Syria 
to sliow what irrigation did for those countries, nor to allude to the 
perpetual renovation of the valley of the Nile from natural and artifi- 
cial irrigation. We have only to refer to the productiveness of com- 
parative sand hills here in this countr}', that have produced the same 
crops for seventy years in succession without the aid of manure and 
owe thia to the ever-restoring qualities of irrigation; we refer to 
England, Ireland and Scotland, tbat have a humid atmosphere and 
an average rainfall of twenty-seven inches per annum and that have 
called in the aid of irrigation as a restorative to their lands and made 
their meadows yield ten tons of hay per acre when but one ton could 
be produced before. It must be borne in mind that our ditches 
should always keep full, that we should keep onr dams always in re- 
]>air, that tree planting and vino planting cannot be successfully 
carried out unless your ditch is ready to run behind you, and that it 
is no time to be called on to go to work on your ditches when you 
should be plowing, planting and seeding, and that if you neglect 
this you will all want water at the same time and cnnnot possibly 
procure it. All who have the good fortune to have artesian wells 
should have reservoirs; if not they arc but little use, and ore only a 
willful waste of a gift of Providence, to be swallowed in the next 
Biiuirrel hole, or a musance to impede transit or devitalize some flat 
that would otherwise be productive. 

The Legislature should take bold ground on this subject and com- 
pel well-owners to put on taps or build reservoirs to be called upon 
at the proper "time to jwrform their part in adding to the genera! 
wealth of the State. It is a rational conclusion to come to that if 
every man who bores a well and suffers the flow to be carried off by 
our trade winds, perhaps to the valley of the Mississippi, we are the 
losers, and the fountain of supply will be exhausted. This sugges- 
tion may look like ioterferiug with the private rights of citizens, but 
the masiiu that partial evil is universal good comes in. and that 
ovei7 civilized man must surrender a portion of his natural hbert^^ 



303 WATLR aOSOPOLY AND lERIGATIOS. 

for the good of society is also a maxim well understood and happilj 
appreciated in this Republic. ■ 

There are but few loealities in thia country that water cannot be 
had in from eight to thirty feet from the surface. Surely, then, any 
man can contrive meaue to water ten acres in ti-ees with a simple 
lift pump, windmill or horse-power, and those who can afford it could 
have an Ericsson engine which is the cheapest and simplest nieiuis 
in which the agency of heat ia brought to bear as a power. It caa 
be started in the momiug with n basket of chips or coin cobs, the 
door closed on it and when tho fuel goes out the engine stops its 
work, and there is neither danger or trouble attending it. We should 
all have tanks and reservoirs, for when we want to use our water 
we must have it in a trreater body than a pump or even an artosiaQ 
well can supply it. Wherever there is a natural depre 
lands or a ravine, we should throw an embankment across it and 
construct our ponds. They will be our greatest wealth, food for 
ducks and geese. 

You can mse your own fish, and these ponds will be found better 
than any manure pile, with the gi-and advantage that its own grav- 
ity will distribute it on our fields without the aid of cart or shovel, 
only requiring intfiUigent direction to guide it in its mission of good. 
Every owner of an artesian well has the power at hand to drive hy- 
draulic rams; they are the cheapest motive power in existence and 
nearer peipetual motion than any contrivance yet invented. They 
are always in repair and can be used to raise the flow of your arte- 
sian weils to elevated tanks and reservoirs, which will enable tlie 
farmer to utilize bis high or elevated slopes and supply the < 
omy of his chambers, kitchen and barn yard. 

Some of the ideas advanced may seem bold and novel, but when 
I first advanced the idea in my annual message, 1801, to the Legis- 
lature that stock -raisei-s had a co-equal obUgation to prevent tres- 
pass as the cultivator to defend it, it was looked upon as eqitallr 
novel and bold; the result, however, shows that land never nssumnl 
value nor stock a price in this country until it was adopted, although 
some of my best friends denounced it as wild and visionary. 

I have given this subject of irrigation much thought: 1 have had | 
much experience in the distribution of water; I have had friendly J 
litigation as riparian proprietor, with my guotl friend ex-Cioveiiw>r i 
Pico. Fourteen years ago he had a few stmggling Sonorifioa cuiti- I 
vating perhaps in all 1,000 acres, and I could not obtain wat«r 1)»- J 
low him to irrigate sixty acres; he declared there was not- vniin I 
enough for himself. There are now 12,UO0 acres in cuilivution o 



what was then my farm, and with proper management 
gate to the eea with the same supply that then existed, 
example will apply to the Los Aiigeles and Santa Aim ■ ■ 
it requires bold and comprehensive legislatjuu will I 
all thinking men; that Amurican citizens will Habmii 
ble law, passed by the Legislature for the preservatinTi .. 
tribution of the waters of our rivci's u.nd Btrc""'" "■'"■" 
tho paat will warrant. 

That the time has arrived for Icgietl 
patent to all, and that it should be gen' 
. manifest from tho general voice of the 



Thr 



MEMOKIAL FKOM COLORADO. 



309 



About tLe time of tlie Los Angeles Convention, a- similar 
meeting van hold iu Denver, Colorado, the results of which 
were embodied iit im ominentlj practical memoriul which was 
presented at the following session of Congress. This memorial 
prajs for the enactment of a law embracing the following gen- 
eral provisions : 

1. To grant to tbo soveral States and Territories named in the 
preamble to this memoi-ial, one half of nil the arid lands, nob 
mineral, within their borders; said lands, or the proceeds thereof, 
to be devoted to the construction of irrigating caiialti and I'eservoirs 
fur the reclamation of said arid and waste lauds. 

2. That the construction and maiuteuaoce of irrigating canals 
and reservoirs shall be under the exclusive cuutrol and direction of 
the Territory or State, as sole owner thereof, under such laws, rules 
and regulations as the Legislature thereof sliall from time to tim<} 
^irovide. 

3. That the Territorial and State Legislatures shall have power 
to make all needful rules and regulations, and take all needful steps 
for the proper construction and maintenance of such eaunls, and 
that such power shall include the power to pi-ovide by law for the 
issuing of the bonds of the Territorj- or State for the coustruction of 
such eouals. 

4. That the proceeds of said lands herein granted shall be kept 
as an exclusive fund by the Tenitory or State; iirst, for the i>aymeut 
of the principal and interest of all bonds so issued as aforesaid; 
second, that any balance remaining after the payment of the bonds 
issued as aforesaid shall be used in the maintenance of sntd canals, 
as the Legislature of said Territory or State shall from time to time 
by law direct. 

5. That any lands within said Territory or State which shall be 
filed under the provisions of the pre-emption and homestead laws uf 
the United States after the passage of this Act, shall be subject to 
tbo operation of this Act, if Uie said lands shall be brought under 
img&tion by the construction of said canals. 

(J. That the lands donated to the several States and Territories 
herein named, and the remainder of the public domain therein be- 
longing to the General Qovemment, shall be disposed of tinder 
revised and more strict pre-emption and homestead laws than are 
now in force, and that no title snail issue until the claimant shall be 
a bona Jlde, actual settler upon the land claimed. 

While the attention of tlie people at large was thus directed, 
an Act of Congress had been passed, March 3, 1873, authoriz- 
ing a commission to examine and report a system of irrigation 
for the San Joaquin, Tulare and Sacramento valleys. By the 
terms of the act, the President was to select for this duty, army 
engineers or officers of the Coast Survey then stationed on the 
~ "fill, allowing such officers to associate with themselves in 



310 



WATEH aOSOPOLT AND IBBIGATION. 



the work, the cLief of ths Geological Survey, and one otlier 

civiliiiD diatiuguiahed for Lis knowledge of the subject. 

The board thus authorized, consisted of Col. B. S, Alexander, 
Major George H. Meudell, of the Army Corps, and Prof. George 
Dtividson, of the Coast Survey, who were expected to L-arrj' out 
the provisions of the Act of Congress on the meagre appropria- 
tion of five thousand dollars. 

The United States Commissioners invited the co-operation of 
Mr. R. M. Breretou, who declined their proposal, hut whose 
views upon agriculture in the San Joaquin valley are worthy of 
a careful reading in connection with the Commisdoners' report. 
He says : 

Having carefully observed the climate of this valley during tlio ' 
past three years, and the results obtained from irrigation and deep 
plowing, I have found that neither irrigation nor deep plowing will 
secui-e the wheat that ripeua between the luiddle of Uay and the 
middle of June from being shriveled by the north winds. These 
north winds blast even the young leaves of the willow, ash, syca- 
more, and orchard trees; and no amount of moisture in the soil, or 
vigorous growth of the plant, seems to prevent the grain, when in 
the doagh or ripening period, from becoming shriveled by these des- 
iccating winds. 

I find that the ,Sonora wheat, which ripened nearly a month sooner 
than the Chili and Australian, and before the north winds prevaUcd. 
yielded a fine, plump, white grain, while the others, which matured 
later and during the period of the north winds, yielded a shriveled 
Bud dork-colored grain, although the plant was of a more vigorous 
growth, yielding more straw, aud having larger and longer heads than 
the Sonora. 

I am satisfied that to make wheat-cultivation a suceesaon the west , 
side of this valley, it must be made to ripen early before the north 
winds set in, or else it must be made a late or fall civp, to bo liar- 
vested in October. To secure the first the land must lie watered the | 
end of September and lieginning of October, in order to start the 
seed. This will enable the plant to make from three to five inchua 
growth before the winter rains and cold weather set in, when it will 
harden and stool out. During December and January, tu adobe or , 
clayey soil, wheat grows very slowlj', on account uf the cold Heather, 
and under the present system of cultivation thi.' luaiii growth of Iho 
plant is during the months of March, April, and May. By giving J 
the plant two months' growth before the culii ui-:.iIl,t hot.ri iii.^^l 
rootu will have had time to get down deep 1" ■ -f j^^H 

dt!gree of frost known in the valley, and bein .:a^^^l 

the growth of the plant raised by the wint'i . ^""^^^I 



mature much earher. 
With regard to the 
the beginning of July, 
fclasted. The days are sin 
and the nights are cooler 



11.1 . 



B. M. beeretok's views. 311 

tion is much less and dew is deposited; eonsequently, gri^in, under 
the influence of iirigalion, grows better, and will mature eoouer tlian 
grain sown under present auspiiies. 

The great drawback to wheat culiivatiou on the west side of this 
valley, in addition to the loea from Bbriveliug, ia the cost of trans- 
portation. The river is only navigable for a few days during the 
■winter freshets, and during May on d June, when the snows are 
melting. If the grain were harvested in May, it could be shipped 
during the period of high water; and if it were harvested in October 
and beginning of November, it could be shipped during the winter 
freshets, or on the first rise of the water in May. 

If my ideas are correct, the farmers of this valley can. with iiTiga- 
tionat their command, make ttgiiculturo a perfect success, and seed- 
time and harvest will follow the 3"ear throughout, without failure. 
It would bo better, I think, to build at once the main canals right 
through to tide-water, for the sake of transportation and cheap com- 
munioation with San Francisco. Irrigation from such canals will 
follow by a gradual process, as population ilowa in, and the fact of 
these main canals meandering for two hundred miles through this 
immense valley, nud offering facilities of transportation to the farmer 
at rates of two dollars a ton, where it now costs eight to ten dollai-s, 
will tend to encourage a moro rapid settlemeut of the lauds, not- 
vrithstandinglhoserious drawback which now crista in the fact of the 
large bulk of the best lands being in the hands of a few land specu- 
lators. 

The average yield of wheat from irrigation, where tho grain has 
not been affected by north winds, has been over thirty bushels an 
acre, and where the north winds have affect«d it, sixteen bushels. 
In European countries I find from recent records that the average 
of wheat in bushels per acre in different countries is as follows: 
England and Scotland, 28 bushels; Ireland, 23; France, 14; Bel- 
gium, 21; Russia, 17; Silesia, 10; Austria, 15. 

I am sure that the farmei-s in this voller do not pay sufficient at- 
tention to deep plowing and working tlie laud to secure a good 
tilth. 

Where land has been much cultivated and tramped by stock, the 
Boil lyiug immediately below the two or three inches of cultivated 
surface has a hard layer or pan, caused by tho pressure of the jolo 
of the plow, and by "tho treading of stock. It ia difficult for grain- 
roots to isenetrato this hard layer, and therefore they have only this 
depth of^ soil to depend upon for moisture and nourishment. In 
loose, rich soil I have seen wbeat-roota over three feet long. Below 
tlusliard layer the soil is more open, and contains moisture held 
there by capillary action. Farmers can see for themselves tho prac- 
tical workings of this capillaiy action in tho soils by observing a 
flower-pot filled with dry soil, and placed in a saucer containing 
This action is precisely that of an oil-lamp fed by the wick, 
iimd is not plowed deep, the rain falling on the surface will 
this hiird layer, hut will cither run off tho surface or 
ted. By plowing deep and surrounding the fields 
I to cawHo the rain to bo absorbed into the soil, far 
an ho obtained than ct present, even with- 



312 



WATER MONOPOLY ASD IRRIQATION. 



Each iDcli in depth of wntor on an acre is upward of one hundred 
tons in weight. A good crop of wheat, sny tweoty-eigbt to lliirty 
bushels, with its straw, just before it ia in the bloafioui, will weigh 
about ten tons, and coutaiua about three fourths of one tenth of an 
inch of water, or about seventy-five per cent. 

It, IB found in England that wheat, barley, and clover exhale dur- 
ing five months' growth more than two hundi-ed timea their diy 
weight of water. To grow Iialf a ton of wheat groin to the acre. 
with its straw, which will weigh about a ton, or one and one half 
tons of grain aud straw together, requires three hundred tons, or il 
depth of three inches to the acre in England. The evaporation in 
this valley is probably double that of England, and therefor© six 
hundred tons, or six inches depth of water would be neceBsury. 

Land that is hai'd, smooth, and free of vegetation, reflecta tha 
Bolar hent, whereas land that ia broken up and porous absorbs it dur- 
iug the day, and radiates it during the nigut, and consequently 
causes a greater deposit of dew from the vapor in the atmosphere, 
caused by evaporation during, the day. This thorough cultiva- 
tion and the syeteni of deep plowing, if carried out throughout this 
valley, must, I think, reduce the present summer temperature, as 
the solar heat, instead of being reflected and heating the air would 
be absorbed and radiated by the loosened surface, and the temper- 
ature being lowered, the winds would be reduced, and the evapom- 
tiou would be lessened, and therefoi'e both grain and grass crops 
would thrive better during the hot season. 

Liebig, in his letters on n^eulture, says: "With the chemical 
properties of soils there is associated a physical quality nut Icsa re- 
markable in its nature and inlluence, viz: iLe power which they pos- 
sess of attracting moisture from the air, and condensing it in tJicir 
pores." "When in a hot summer the surface of the ground is dried, 
and there is no apparent moisture by capillary attraction from their 
lower etrata, tho powerful attraction of the soil for the vapors o( 
water iu the air provides the means for supporting vegetation." 
"The vapor of water which is thus condensed by the soil is derived 
from two sources: During the night tho temperature of the aii' falls, 
the teusion of its water)' vapor becomes less, and then without the 
temperature of the air falling to the dew-point, there follows through 
the attraction of the soil, absorption of laoisture (with ammonia anil 
carbonic acid) accompanied by evolution of heat, which moderates 
tlie cooling of tho ground from radiation. 

"A second source from wlueh the dry soil derives its moisture h}r ab- 
sorption is presented by the deeper-lying moist strata. From these 
a constant distillation of water la taking place toward the surface, 
notiompanied by n corresponding evolution of hoat in 
Mlrutti on its absorption. 

" In the alwvo facts we recognize one of th" i 
iirnl hiwii. The outermost crust of tho earth i 
Yi'hipmont of organic life, and its broken pui-t^ i< i],] 

Lngcmcnt, witli the iir 'colle" "~ "■ 

_ aro essential for t </' 

Ibf licl, dry winds in this va 
*■' '\xe heat of these ploi 



BEPOUT OF U. S. COMMIfc<SlONKIlH. II I. 'I 

the hard, unbroken surface of the plaiuH, reflecting itiHtfjfid of ill)- 
sorbing the solar heat. 

That which -absorbs heat best, reflects heat worst, and thai which 
radiates most, also absorbs most heat, and honco rough, looHit, and 
porous soils, such as cultivated soils, freely radiate ))y uighi ihu 
heat which they absorb by day, in consequence of which i \wy be- 
come cooled down, and condense the vapor of the air into chtw. 

This immense valley, being to the cast of the ocean, iHninuwH iirnt 
heated by the solar rays, and as the heated air tiHcaudHf ilie <u>nU:r air 
from the west rushes in through the Pacheco and other paHH^'H Ut 
supply its place, causing a prevailing wind, and this wind b^criineM 
hotter and hotter from the reflected heat as it pasHes along the hard 
and uncultivated surface of the valley. 

I do not believe that the Colorado desert is the cwim of the lioi 
winds in the San Joaquin valley, because heat^^l air i/iUHt an^^erid, and 
being lighter than cold, denser air must pam ovro* and not di»pla/'^» 
it. Hot winds are therefore due to local ctinafi^; and it ih not the hot 
air of the Colorado desert that create^i the hot wind^ of thin vtilUr/, 
By deep plowing and carefully pulverizing the fi/A\ of thf*^? im- 
mense plains, the farmers and land-f^wnern have it in their ytiffff-r U, 
alter the climate of the valley, and to alj^V; the ifjfTf^z of th'i pr*!- 
vailing winds. By keeping the soil oj^en ar./l j^>roii?i, ther *:ut%\A*; it 
to absorb trie solar heat, injizeoil of rederrtiRg it; and al^/^ enxioie iK 
to absorb carLocie acil. etc,, wL;r-h are f^xxl fr,T pUnU, ar^d fh *ii 
render the air less unhealtlj. T?:e a'r W^riif f/^^A^r, ^•:yh^/,r>J.,ou 
will be le^aeneil. and m.ore ni- *c.d de-w tt.J f.%.], 

I believe tiias the farmer? tto^Ii '•/f,ra;ri V^^JVir r«r^n;rA if •ir*^ ■srviid 
plow up or cuiiiTane tiie laz..! a.-* '^a'jL, aA rLf: ^rrk..'* <rfvr/ ,* t^iu^r»''A 
An eoinent agrii^ulraral cb^ni.-»c, r-i.^ ':?i;l.ril.i>/'l rhiift » •»'-:» r;*s»/]/» 
fallow inaiirw rmTpnIj':if iir^-^cf^i. er*^^ V^ \^';frn\. 'A $^^,r'n.A,fi 
gnazio f er acr»» — wcrdi 14 p*£r rv-L 

between Tilar»i lakft aiui iu.tii**xixi»r. -v.l- cv^ * f^*.' ^r.^r-rit, ^r. *ir.^ 

tbe r»H»tp« fmm >alf*A -.^ Trowr f',r ..rrcn^u^n. TC,r>i "^r,* < *-*-.a^,ja 
for gAv'-jancn :uul im'jnnnn. iHil t^-.t./. i a^^^m ',< *c*r.^,- ;.-,;•.•> ,r./-,r'\ 

agryniciial loxula of 'in* *um. 



octavo DflGRft. mil !i4 ii»nr,riir,a;i;»^: -,'» \ rtmr, ^:;.r»-\ 4mr»-;u».^j^ 

"^rsas t.iIIkj' ;t «"^ui:i.r-i;;i. ' v :.i */. .thi .«,;f.%» r>«^r^ «iwl 
the diTifloiUL inca 2niumi5». u.ii ;u'. v^^v^iuo .ln#n^^ ch^ Cav 



314 WATEB MONOPOLY A.TO IREIGATIOS. 

States surveys, the ruilroada and principal towns. On tKb | 
luap, which alone is worth the coat of the commission, the rail- 
roads are laid down; the canals that have been projected and 
actually surveyed, and the hypothetical system of irrigating 
canals. Other valuable charts are added to the report, illos- 
truting the irrigation systems in other countries. 

The conclusions arrived at by the Commissioners, are as fol- 
lows ; 

1. That there are large bodies of fertile land in the great 
valley of California — extensive plains, in fact — that require ir- ' 
ligation to make them productive, and that the natural features 
of these plains are favorable to artificial irrigation. 

2. That tiiere is an abundance of water for the irngatiuQ of 
all land on the eastern side of the valley by canals from the I 
rivers, 

3. While there is a scarcity of water on the western side of \ 
the valley, at the necessary elevation, particularly on the west- 
ern side of the San Joaquin and Tulare valleys, yet there is 
sufficient water attainable there, and at a sufficient elevation, 
to irrigate large areas of land on that side. 

4. That irrigation is much needed, particularly in the San 
Joaquin and Tulare valleys. The productions of these valley 
could be increased many fold by a comprehensive system of 
irrigatiuu. The value of the irrigable land, and of the revenue | 
derived from it, both by the State and by the people, will bo j 
increased in the same ratio. I 

5. The coat of a comprehensive system of irrigation for . J 
these valleys will be great, but as the different jiortious are not 
equally in want of. in'igution, the complete system may be the j 
work of time. 

6. Irrigation is but little understood in this country, eitLer | 
by our engineers, who must design, plan, lay out and execute j 
the works for that purpose, or by the farmers, who ai-e to oae j 
the water when it is brought alongside their farms. I 

7. That the experience of other countries appears to pror© I 
that no extensive system of irrigation can ever be devifled or I 
executed by the farmers themselves, in oonsequenoo of the unc I 
possibility of farming proper combinations or Rsaociatioint tat I 
that purpose. That, while small enterprises may '••* 

taken by the farmers in particular cases, it wo"'' 

cordance with the experience of the worh' J 



NECESSITY OF SCIt\"ErS. 

the means or iDclination to that co-operation which wouhl be 
necessary to construct irrigating-worka involving large ex- 
penditures. That enterprises of this character, if built iit all, 
must he built by the State or by private ciipital. 

8. That it is the iliity of the governmeDt, both State and 
national, to encourage irrigation; and the first step in that di- 
iv^ctiuQ ought to be to make a complete instrumental recon- 
uoiasauce of the country to be irrigated, embracing the sources 
from whence the irrigating-cauals ought to commence, gauging 
the flow of the rivers aud streams, and defining the boundaries 
of tho natural districts of irrigation into which the country is 
divided. 

9. Then, when it is proposed to irrigate any particular dis- 
trict, an accurate topographical survey of that district should 
be made, so that the canal and other necessaiy works for its 
irrigation may be designed on an intelligent and compreLeuaive 
system, and in harmony with (he neighboring canals, aud these 
works executed in the most economical manner. In this way, 
every farmer will be iuformed, before he will be called upon to 
contribute to the works of irrigation, whether or not liis land is 
irrtguble; aud, if it is, of the quantity of water he will obtain; 
the exact place or places where it will be delivered to him, and 
of its probable cost. 

10. White these surveys are being made, we think it would 
bo a aiep in the right direction if the government of the United 
States, as well as of the State of California, would inaugurate 
measures for obtaining from foreign countries all possible in- 
formation relating to the more modem systems of irrigation in 
thes4j countries, and for disseminating this information through- 
Out this country. 

11. After the necessary reconnoisaanco shall have been made, 
and a knowledge of the most improved systems of irrigation in 
other countries has been obtained, the general system of irriga- 
tion can be properly planned, and the outline of tlie principal 
works determined, the laws under which a proper system of 
irrigatiou for the great valley can then be decided upon intel- 
ligwiUy, the country divided into those natural districts which 
'*■ topographical features require, and all, or nearly all, the 

ners will then know what benefits they are to derive 

Uon. Light will be thrown on a subject which is 

ixativu darkness; unnecessary clashing of private 



316 WATEB MONOPOLY AND IRItiaATION. 

interests can be avoided or harmonized. The rights of water 
-which have given so much trouble in other countries, where 
the laws regulating these rights have grown up with their 
system of irrigation, and, as history teaches us, have often 
been made for the benefit of private parties or particular dis- 
tricts of country, can bo established beforehand, if not for all 
time, at least, on the principle of **the greatest good for the 
greatest number." 

12. That, while the iriigation of these plains would prob- 
ably be eflfected in the cheapest and most thorough manner by 
a comprehensive system of canals, such as we have sketched, 
we by no means recommend that all irrigation should aw^it the 
development of such a system. We are taught, by the experi- 
ence of other countries, to expect such development to be the 
work of many years. In the mean time, ten or twenty or fifty 
farmers having lands so situated as to be irrigable from a 
neighboring stream, may desire to construct the works neces- 
sary for that purpose, to be operated for their benefit, or they 
may desire to enter into an agreement with other parties, who 
shall build the required works. In cither case, if the proposed 
works do not conflict with the general system of irrigation, we 
believe that such an enterprise should be permitted and en- 
couraged by the State. 

13. As a matter of public policy, it is desirable that the 
land and water should be joined together, never to be cut 
asunder; that the farmers should enjoy in perpetuity the use of 
the water necessary for the irrigation of their respective lands; 
that when the land is sold, the right to water shall also be sold 
with it, and that neither should be sold separately. 

li. That the parties chiefly benefited by irrigation are the 
farmers or land-owners. That there is every reason to beheve 
that the value of land in the driest districts will be appreciated 
many fold; that it results from this that the lands should, as far 
as possible, pay for the construction of the necessary works. 

15. That the State and counties will be directly benefited by 
the appreciation of land, and by the increase of wealth in their 
revenues from taxation. That, consequently, it may be good 
policy for them to aid such enterprises. 

IG. That there is this difficulty in the way of the proposi- 
tion that the lands shall pay for the canals, namely, that in 
many places the lands at present are not worth more than $5 



F.VRMEBS SHOULD OWN CANALS. 317 

per acre, if so much, anil tliat the irrigatioa-works may cost 
810 per ftci-e. 

17. That whatever aid is given Ly the State or county, 
should be extended iu a cautious way. That in many parts of 
Iho couiihy where irrigation will ultimately best repay expend- 
iture, there are now do people; that the population must be 
imported, the houses, barns, and equipments of the farms, 
miiHt bo created before returns can follow the investment. That 
for these reasons, we must look for a comparatively slow devel- 
opment of the country. 

18. That while we believe, as we have already stated, that 
the beet policy is for farmers to build and own the canals, we 
also believe that where the farmers are unable to build, and 
where tlie State is unable or unwilling to build, it may be, and 
it probably will be, the best policy to invite the aid of private 
enterprise. "We refer to numerous instances in Spain and 
Italy, where this system is now in successful operation, in sup- 
port of our opinion. 

19. That private companies undertaking such enterprises, 
should be subjected to certain conditions, some of which are 
as follows: 

That after a stated period, tbe franchise shall lapse in favor of 
the State, or of the irrigators; or that, after a certain periotl, 
the State shall have the right to purchase, on certain previously- 
defined conditions. That tbe price of water shall be fixed by 
agieoment, each party in interest being represented by arbiters. 
That tbe State shall have the light to charter an association of 
irrigators to admiuister the works, the company merely selling 
the water, and having nothing to <Io with it after it leaves the 
chauuels, the association making all arrangements for its distri- 
bation, and for the collection of the water-rates. This latter 
provision has several advantages: It relieves tho company from 
the odious duty of discriminating in times of scarcity, and from 
the endless disputes which attend the distribution of water, and 
pats the responsibility where it belongs— on tho irrigators. It 
favors each irrigator; for he becomes a member of a company, 
vldoli is strong enough to stand up for its rights in any contest 
iritb tbe capitalists. 

"• ft successful system of this kind, we refer to the "Asso- 
for irrigation in the Vercelles, Italy," given elsewhere 
jrt. Ibiit wo see no reason why the rights of farm- 




318 WATER MONOrOLY i.iiD UmiOATION. 

ers and the rights of cupitulists may not be adjusted bj some! 
Buch plaa, od tLe basis of justice aud of mutual interest. We I 
obseiTO that the couditioiia just referred to place a compaoj of ] 
capitalists in the light of temporitry owners, and that thejr | 
contemplate a period when the works shall be owned by tho ] 
State, or by the farmers, 

20. That there is no reason to suppose that, for a long timo, | 
capital will look upon this kind of investment with favor. Tbo I 
financial history of most irrigating enterprises in other ootin- 
tries, is not favorable, so far as the interests of the share- 1 
holders are concerned. It may be a question for the State to j 
consider whether it is a good policy to offer any special induce- j 
mcnts in aid of such enterprises. 

21. That tho relation of the United States to the irrigatioQ | 
of California, is for the most part indirect, but that, in the | 
Bouthem end of the valley, between Viaalla and Biikerafield, 
and south of this town, it is believed that the United States I 
own many thousand acres of lands which are capable of irriga- 
tion; that most of this land cannot be cultivated under existing I 
circumstances; that it has no vahie, except for pasturage, [ 
during part of the year; i'liat, if irrigated, its value would be | 
increased many fold; that under these circumstances, it may be j 
a question whether the United States ought not, in some way, 
to encourage the irrigation of these lands. 

22. That when any canals are built, the State should estab- J 
lish a system of inspection, by which a proper construction \ 
shall be assured; that the quantity of water to be taken from a 1 
river at its mean stage, for the irrigation of a definite quoatity J 
of land, should be fixed by a reasonable rule, so that those who | 
come later shall not find all the water taken up, uud so that I 
proper drainage shall be secured, 

23. That such supervision will probably bo distasteful toM 
the parties concerned; that, nevertheless, we believe it is e 
tial to future prosperity, and that its neglect now will bring ft J 
fruitful crop of contentions in the future, will delay the derel-l 
opment of the countrj-, aud that by making irrigation unheulth- 
ful, it may make it odious. 

24. That the watei-rights of the streams oow taken np for I 
mining purposes in the mouulaios, do '■ ■' coufiiel ' 
irrigation of tlio plains, the water bo >d i 
channels above the jioints where it ' 
tiou, flt least for r ars to come 



QCANTITY OF WATER REQCTEED. 



CHAPTER XX. 

THE IKEIGATION PROBISM. 

brlgitton Mmmenced la ti^rowltj. ud hu beim pnnnod »ycr ilnce for profit. II la uat ui 
BrpailiiieDl niillie n on the (qturoto prove lln milTintiiBo or nselPasDem, bntumpceiw. tinted 
*- Uh moat CMnlul luquirf . mule Ijy ihi mnt ciTili^ed uUuua ol Uis wurld."— iAm. It. II. £,U{. 

CT or InjUOATIOM— LOSB DT ASSOBmON— AUOITNT or WlTEB BEQnUtED PKB ACBG 
— AltonNT UbKD in FoBUGV CoCHTRIEa PniMABY, SKCOKDiBY, AND TkIITI- 

tsr DiTcoEa — BiaEa of Esjiuates— OwNRsaHip or VF'ATh:B — Mb. Estee's 

VlEITH CONCKBNINO LKODOjITIOS — ItALUN AnTBOBITIEa QuOTED — Db. BtEB'S 

Hcna TowABii a. Soldtion of thk Pbobij:ii — Ibbioatidm urri Pdduo 
Health. 

FboM tlie annual address given before the State Agricultaral 
Society in September, 1874, wo have, with the author's consent, 
taken not only the heading of the following chapter, but much 
of its contents. Indeed, so little can be added to the report of 
the commissioDers so liberally quoted, and to Mr. Estee's pres- 
entation of the subject, that wo deem It for the interest of those 
most deeply coaceoied iu the solution of this great problem, 
to content ourselves with the effort to extend their benefits. 
The Commissioners have thns counted the cost of irrigation : 

Before mating an estimate of tho coat of canals, it ie necessary 
to inquii-e how much water ia i-eqnirod to inigate an acre of land. 
It will leadily be understood that the e^uantity will depend upon a 
number of consideratioua. auch as the character of the soil, whether 
sosdy or clayey; upon the character of the aubstratum, whether 
pemoua or impervious; and upon the depth of inclination of an im- 
pervious stratum. It will also depend upon tho character of the 
cultivation. Rice and sugar fields, vegetable-gardens, orchards, and 
meadowa requu'e more wat^r than cereals. 

The present staples of this country are cereala. There is some 
cotton and tobacco cultivation, which will probably be estended; 
and, with abundance of water, we shall doubtless have a good deal 
■of alfalfa or lucerne grass. Every fanner will have a little orchard, 
.ftud will raise the vegetables recjuii'ed for home consumption. 

The evaporation is high in the interior valleys of the State, quite 
equal to that in Madrid, where it is about thirteen inches iu July. 

The amount of water lost by absorption in the bed and banks of 
ibo canal, is an anknown and variable quantity. In the absence of 
extra data ujKin these paints, we may for the present adopt the rule 
laid down by engineers for other countries of similar chmate, and 
ntimalfl the loss of water from these causes at fifteen per cent. 

Th* rivers of California generally run full for about seven months, 

the niiiiu of the winter increase their discharge, and tho melting of 

4ntivnt kerpH it up, so that we may say that the streams from the 

>fflviidiis are well supplied with water from December to 



320 THE IRBIOATJON PROBLEM. 

August. The streams from the coast range have no snow roservoin 
of much extent, au J are generally dry ia summer. 

I>et us assume tha,t the etreams ou the east side of the valley oral 
well supplied with water for two hundred days in the year, and, tol 
make up for the overestiniate on this point, let us neglect their flowfl 
for the remainder of the year. 

How much land ought a cubic foot of water, supplied every seoonc 
for two hundred days, to irrigate? 

We will make a further supposition that the water is used for foai 
teen hours out of the twenty-tour. Irrigation at night is ptacticed] 
in other countries, and we may be assured that in seasons of scard^ 
it will be here, if it shall prove necessary to save the eropB. 
day's supply will put twelve inches of water over an acre, or inol 
inches of water over sis acres, and in two hundred days u supply ofi 
R cubic foot per second, will cover two hundred acres with tweh'ffi 
inches of water. 

Wheat planted in October or November on summer-fallowed land,! 
well watered when the rivers are high, will probably make a good! 
crop without further watei-iug, except what it gets from the winter] 
rains, oven when they prove scanty. 

Wheat planted iu January or Februaiy wUI probably need one (»| 
two irrigationa, or three inches each to make a crop. Wheat ora 
barley planted later, and with irrigating facilities, (there seems tv] 
bs no reason why, in these hot valleys, the sowing-time may not b 
extended to Apnl,) will probably ripen with twelve inches of wate 
judiciously applied. Wo know that good cropB of wheat are loiim 
without irrigating, when there is a rain-fall of twelve inches, or exec 
less, which comes at the required times. 

On the tule or reclaimed lauds, barley sowed after wheat harTea 
has been gathered comes to maturity. 

The water required for cotton will probably not exceed that net 
sary for wheat. Itice cultivation is so unhealthful that its iatrodiu 
tion into California will hardly be looked upon with favor. 

Alfalfa, if cut five times for hay, will require twelve inches c 
water or more, depending on the nature of the soil; this in additiiH 
to the usual rain-fall. 

There is another point to be considered. The whole of the londij 
commandeiJ by the canal will not be irrigated; aomo of it will \ 
waste or unsuitable for cultivation; some will be fallow, and if n 
add the areas taken up by the roads, fences, buildings, farm-yaid%9 
etc., wo ought, according to experience elsewhere, to deduct on 
fourth, at least, from the irrigable lands. This deduction. w« ai 
surae, will make up for any kind of cultivation, such as gard«Da,fl 
orchards, etc., requiring larger supplies of water. ^ 

Uur ojnnion is, therefore, that a reasonable allowance for the lau^ 
commanded by the canals ia one cubic foot a secoud fur eiich t 
hundred acres. 

In seasons when there is a great BUiplUB of watai, there aM|-J| 
objection to a more liberal use of t*- ^ ~* ■* — — - * ■ !■ n ^i^ 

that the StaUi should lay down a 
an established allotmeut, which l| 
cidtivatora who came tlrat < 



WATEB DCTY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIEa. 



Siil 



more water than they require, because, if they do, those who come 
after will not be able to procure a fair supply. 

There are probably exceptionnl places where the lower average of 
min-fall and porosity of the soil may combine to require a lai^r 
allutmeut of water than we have assigned. Such placea are about 
Tulare Lalie, on the west side of the great valley. There is no cul- 
tivation in these portions, and before the occasion tnrty arise to irri- 
gate them, further information will probably be available to enable 
tha proper conclusion to be reached. 

As the population of the imgated districts increases there will be 
an increased demand for water, and it will probably result that the 
allowance which is sufficient In this generation, may prove entirely 
iuttdefjuate £f ty years iu the future. 

When the State makes the survey elsewhere recommended in this 
report, we will learn both how much water and how much laud there 
is, and will be enabled to proportion the supply to be granted. 

It may then be a question, in seasons of scarcity, whether a 
smaller supply of water will be given to the whole land, or a larger 
supply to a portion of it. 

There is so much variety on this point, in the circumstances of 
climate, soil and cultivation, and so much difference in the state- 
ments of different authorities, that wo cannot derive from the ex- 
perience of other countries, any definite conclusiona applicable to 
our own; but as a matter of interest it will not be amiss to mention 
the duty of water in other irrigating districts. 

Iu North India a cubic foot of water per second irrigatos five acres 
per da^. 

Taking the interval of irrigation at forty days, we have the duty 
of two hundred acres for one foot a second for cereals. 

In Granada a canal for the Genii irrigates, of wheat, barley and 
vinos, two hundred and forty acres per cubic foot. 

In Valencia, where it is very hot, wheat is watered four or five 
times, giving about two himdred acres per foot. 

In Elche, where water is very scarce, a cubic foot goes aa far ae 
to irrigate one thousand acres. 'Wheat here, in some years, scarcely 
requires artificial watering. 

Rice-fields, in different parts of the world, vary from thirty to 
sixty, and even eighty acres, to the cubic foot. 

In the heavy monsoons of India, ninety acres per foot are ir- 
rigated. In some of the huertaa or gardens in Valencia, only from 
thirtfien to twenty acres per foot are irrigated. Here, however, there 
are at least two crops n year, and a part is devoted to rice. 

The grants for six recent canals in Spain run from seventy acres 
per foot to two hundred and sixty acres per foot. Assuming, then, 
that a cubic foot per second will water two hundred acres of land, 
we proceed to give some considerations iu regard to the probable 
coat of oonatruction of the canals and their primary ditches. 

The secondary and tertiary ditches will, it is supposed, be made 
hy the cultivators. They can bo made by the fanner in seasons of 
Wisure, and in the general case their cost will hardly be felt. The 
onau will be somewhat different with the cultivator who farms on a 
ale, and who is obliged to hire laborers. 



i limits tho probable 



322 THE mOIGATION PBOBLEH. 

It is plain, ou the elight«st conEidemtion, tliat the cost of & canal i 
vill Ije HO dependent on local and Epecial circumstances that it is 
impossible to deduce a perfectly BatiEfactoiy conclusion from ■ J 
given or hypothetical case. ] 

The dam, the characterof the Boil, the quantity of land to be ir- 1 
rigated, the manner in which it is ilispoeed, the relative remoteneBs, 
and the retjources and population along the line are all elements 
which vary from case to case, and either of which may effect tiie 
cost by a very coneiJerable per centajje. 

Still it eeome essential to know within i 
cost. 

If a canal is to cost $100 per acre irrigated, the subject may be 
dismissed without any fuither consideration. It ia jilnin that we 
cannot afford to pay that price. If, on the other hand, canals may 
be built for five or twice five dollars per acre, it is equally plain that 
now or before many years we shall b« able to afford them, anil shall 
have a fair prospect of retui'n from such investment. 

The value of the estimate which wo proceed to giye, will be un- 
derstood from what proceeds. 

Let us take the most favorable case that can happen, name-ly, 
wlieu the e.tcavation equoli^ the embankment. We assume a canal 
to cany 315 cubic feet of water per second. Laving the dimensiona 
given iu the figure. Deducting from this 15 per cent, for loas, the 
water available for irrigation is 268 cubic feet, which will irrigate 
53,G00 acres. If we suppose the irrigable land to lie on one side 
of ihe caual, in a strip five miles wide, and that the ground permits 
straight parallel piimary ditches spaced one mile apart, it follows 
that for each mile of canal there must be five nules of primary 
ditches, and that the quantity of irrigable land for each mile of 
canal will be 3,200 acres. Deducting one fourth for land not 
actually watered, we shall have 2,400 acres of irrigable land for 
each mile of canal. 

Let us take a primary ditch of capacity to cany 50 feet of water 
per second. Allowing for loss, this size will be rather more than 
sufficient to cover the 2,400 acres with three inches of water in seven 
days and seven nights. The canal cau fill at the same time sis of 
the primary ditches, so that in seven days 14,400 acres can becovcred 
with three inches of water, only sis of the primary being full at 
the time. And in twenty-sis days three inches of water may be put 
over the whole amount of the land, namely, 53,600 acres. 

If (he water is used only for fourteen hours each day, the time ' 
necessary to go over alt tlio land with three inches of water will be 
forty-five days. 

Under our hypothesis, in order to irrigate 2,400 acres, we must ' 
build one mile of main canal and five miles of primary ditches. 
Placing tho excavation at 30 cents per cubic yard, we find the 
cost per acre to be about $5. 

The section of the main caual will diminish lowar.l-i if 4 Inwcr oud, 
but to be on the safe side, so far as cost in i ■■ . [i it uf 

uiiiforin size. The price of escavatiou i 
of its actual cost in some plaoes: hut inasmn I<iiImL 



idonlal aud coutiugent aB^snses, ' 



: Tiuia I 



ESTIMATE OF COST, 323 

cnirect. Wo have omitted from this calculation all cstimatoa for in- 
equality of the ground, liy reason of wbicli the amount of excavation 
may be considerably increased; ail expense due to the fact that gen- 
erally one or several inilen of canal have to be made at its bead be- 
fore the water is high enough relatively to the adjoining land to 
irri^te it, and we do not include the coat of a dam, which gen- 
erally will be indispensable. Neither do we iuelude the cost of 
head-works or of tlio bridges and xluices which wilt be required, or 
of the measures that may he necessary to pass the drainage of the 
country into, over, or under the caual. We do not estimate for 
these points, for the reason that no estimate can be made, the cir- 
cumetanceB in no two cases being the same. 

Speaking generally, we are of the opinion that the omitted points 
will cost as much as the excavation, and hence, that the rate per 
acre just given should be double. 

This brings ua to the conclusion that it will cost about $10 per 
acre to irrigate these valleys. 

It ia, however, to bo remarked, that large portions of the eastern 
eide of the San Joaquin Valley are underlaid two or threo feet from 
the surface by a hard stratum, which it will be necessary to blast, 
or, if not blasted, the canals must he very ahallow. This fact leads 
US to bebeve that the cost per acre in these sections will he in- 
creased twenty-five to thirlj-three per cent, above the estimate al- 
ready given. 

Tho irrigation of the foot-hilla will of course coat more. Here 
the problem will be more similar to that presented in other coun- 
tries. So far as we are able to judge from descriptions given by 
writers, we are inclined to believe that the physical conditionsin these 
valleys are unesceptionably favorable for irrigation. This fact ac- 
counts in A great measure for the smallness of our estimates, as com- 
pared with the actual coat of canals in Spain, for instance, whore 
ti)0 price of labor is so much cheaper than it ia in California. 

A further reason for this difference lies in the character of the 
construction a. The dams, head-worka, and sluices of foreign works 
are mode of masonry, and in the moat thorough manner. In Cali- 
fornia all these constructions will for many years be of wood. It is 
cheaper, with the present rates of interest, to build of wood, and to 
rebuild when the works decay, than to construct out:e for all of ma- 
sonry. 

The cheapest canal that we find in Spain is that from the Eala, 
which coat fifteen dollars per acre. The oUier modem canals in 
Spain have cost more than twice as much. There are no longer in 
these old countries any lauds which admit of easy irrigation, and on 
all these lines there is a great deal of heavy work in excavating, 
tunneling, aqueducts, and in revetment- wails, which the valley 
works in Caliiomia will not require. 

Having thus been furnished with approximate data for an estimate 
of tite cast, the main element in the problem, we are prepared to 
OODsider the question of the ownership of the wa[«r. 

Ill most couutrioB where inigatioa has proved successful, tho 
ihip of the water remaina in the sovereignty, and the sover- 
.tdther grants the right to its use in canal companies, or mak- 



321 



THE mniOATIOS PROBLEM. 



ing the canals, nnd rents water to tbose deairing to irrigate. Onr 
AtQerican law of liparian ownership, aud the recognized doctrine 
that each navigable stream is a highway, oijen alike to tbe use ol 
the whole people, and especially the case bj which private purties 
acquire title to great water-courses, will necessarily cut a large dg- 
ure in the disposition of this important question. If the State 
owned and controlled the fee to all oar water-courses, fio that no 
private enterprise or individual could acquire a legal right to any ol 
the waters, any more than they could to a public highway, tuen 
tenna could be imposed (the fee remaining in the State,) so that 
large inducements could be offered to private capital to invest in ir- 
rigating canals, while a reasonable aud just protection againat mo- 
nopoly was assured to the people. 

There is atiU another view, which presents itself for consideratiiHi. 
The right to the use of a reasonable amount of water is incident to 
the ownership of the land adjacent to it, and neither the State, nor 
any individual or corporation in the State, ought to be permitted to 
divert and take from its natural channel, or from the valley through 
which it runs, the water of any of the streams of the State, if it be 
needed there; but the amount only that is needed should be retAinod 
for riparian owners. To say that the waters of the San Joaquia 
may be transferred from that great valley, and used for the purpose 
of irrigating lands located either all upon the one side of the river 
or remote from it, when it is require;! there, will be to admit that 
the people of one portion of the State may do an act which will de- 
prive the people of another section of the means of subsistence. 

Yet the riparian ownership should be limited to the amount of 
water that is actuaUy needed. The man who owns the right to im 
article like water, in a climate like ours, without taking any steps 
towards a useful appropriation of it, is as great a monopoli&t as he 
who owns and uses it as a means of oppression. 

In a country like thJa, where a large portion of tlio year is rain- 
less, a monopoly of the water ia as dangerous to the prosperity of 
the country as a monopoly of the air we breathe; and yet, when we 
reflect that it requires the expenditure of a sum of money greater 
for than any estimate which has hitherto l>een made, to dig canals 
through our valleys large enough to answer the purposes of irrigation 
on a grand scale, we can realize how difficult it is to avoid a monop- 
oly of this character; for every exclusive right necessarily amountft 
to a monopoly. 

What can be done, and ought to be done, is to regulate its use 
and its price by legislation; not to prohibit or limit its use. There 
is a labor side to this question that can be only protected by legis- 
lation. Labor is weak and unprotected. Capital ia strong and ' 
united, and can protect itself. The jjoople, at this time, would un- 
doubtedly object to the Slate, or the cooutien of the SUite, taking 
on interest in this enterprise. The subject is new to us; Uie protil , 
not understood, or at least uncertain; the work vast and ospennvc; 
the interest local, as it could alYord hut a small advautagu lo th» 
mining counties; thoi-efore, private oapilol must lie cliiefly tookud t» j 
for this purpose. 

, some of the most weuUb" and unttir] 



PillVATE VS. PCTELIC IXTEIiEST. 325 

11038 men of tlie Coast have given this subject a start in the right 
dii^'Ction. They have, with the usual forethought ond care of large 
moneyed interests, examined every side of it here presented for 
cousideratiou, and have thus early mapped off a system of irri- 
gation for at least oue of the great vaUera of the State (the San 
JoiHiain), of the most comprehensive tharacter. This haa been con- 
templated simply t4.-< an iavestmeut. Honey is rarely public spirited 
or patriotic. It woven in the channels of good investments aud largo 
interests. It is a mistake of its possessor if it gets out of these 
cliaanels. You may therefore rest assured that these capitalists 
know the value of this enterprise before they embarked in it. 

As before slated, iu Northern Italy, as in India, the government 
possesses the right of property in all running waters. In Lomliardy, 
grantaof tht water in perpetuity have been made; hut, says Captain 
Eaird Smith, who is a standard authority on irrigation, "Thegrant 
of such material as water, the value of which must necessarily go 
on augmenting with the progress of agriculture, is an injustice 
toward the government and people. * * * * Hence I am dis- 
tinctly of the opinion that for the government of India to follow the 
example of Lombardy in parting forever with its right of property 
in the waters of the country, on the i-ecejpt of sums which cannot 
possibly represent the real value of the article, would be unwise, not 
only OS regards its own interests, but also those of the irrigating 
community. For there is no point better established by experience 
in Northern Italy, and particularly in Lombardy, than that the self- 
ishness of the grantees of water in peri^etuity has been one of the 
most serious obstacles to the development of irrigation." 

"Acting on the principle that they had the right to do what they 
liked with their own, they were in the habit of arbitrarily suspending 
the supplies of water to some, of increasing as they saw fit the prices 
to bo paid by others, and In a word pushing to it^ utmost limits the 
right of absolute property purchased by them from the State." 

" But an agricujture," continues our authority, " founded under 
eucl) an arbitrary system, cannot advance." 

il. Giovanetti, a distinguished Italian lawyer and statesman, 
traces with a master hand the historj' of property in water in Italy; 
aud ofter showing that the State claimed no property as such, in 
the bed of the river or islands, he says: "Nor does the State claim 
the water as a patrimony for the community, but simply to place be- 
yond the reach of private appropriution all that was naturally de- 
signed for the common good." 

As respects California irrigation, this in time will be another of 
the problems of doubtfulsolution. Here under our laws the owuer- 
nhip of the water of the nnnavigable streams of the State can bo 
acquired by the first appropriator. No legislation at this time could 
elinnge this rule, or aSord an ample remedy, for much of the water 
is already in private hands. 

The only power, then, left in the State, and one which sooner or 

later it mnst esercise, is to regulate the use and the price of water 

'■*•■ irrijpiUou, not with f!;e view of making the property in water 

"luable, but to i>void oppression and discrimination, and thus 

''i liko all public enterprises, uf value to the whole people. 



326 THE IBBIOATION PROBLEM. 

It has recently been held, by the highest judicial ti-ibunal in Italy, 
** that canals of irrigation are not to be regarded as works designed 
solely for the benefit of their original constructors, but that the 
general good of the community has to be considered, as well as 
the benefit of the individuals running them." 

No sensible man will countenance the lawless idea that what a 
man owns is not his to enjoy, be it much or little, but is the part of 
wisdom to profit by the experience of the past, and so far as possible 
protect by law those who cannot protect themselves, and thus 
guard with a jealous eye the best interests of the producers of the 
State. 

In this State and in this climate, if we should give to any one set 
of individuals the fee of the waters of the State for irrig^ation, 
whether such persons live upon the banks of rivers or remote from 
them, and the State have no right to regulate their use, although it 
would be of small value and little importance now, in a few years it 
would be of immense value and of tne greatest importance to the 
farming community. It would give to the men who controlled the 
water or owned the canals the power, should they choose to exer- 
cise it, of controlling every farmer who depended on irrigation for 
his crops, or upon a water ditch for his stock. It would soon have 
a relation to public affairs that no power but revolution could con- 
quer or control. It would imperil the great future already marked 
out for us, and set us back on the scale of advancement a quarter of 
a century. 

The magnitude of the questions involved in the water supply 
of the San Joaquin Valley, and the probability that it will be 
one of the most prominent before future Legislatures, warrants 
a careful and critical examination of all sides of this subject. 
The Granges desire equity to all, and the good of all, and ^ill 
be guided by these principles through the mtizes of conflicting 
interests which harass the limitation of powers already in the 
hands of strong and skillful combinations. Dr. M. W. Ryer, 
(in the Kural Press of May 1st, 1875,) has, it appears to us, 
come most nearly to a solution of the irrigation problem. He 
says: 

The question how to frame a law of association so that the owner- 
ship of the water and the land may go together, should be considered 
by every politician in the State, and no candidate for legislative 
office should be considered competent until he presents to his con- 
stituents the draft of a law covering land and water ownership. 

We have found that, by association, lands may be reclaimed from 
overflow. Why, by the application of similar laws, may not lands 
be irrigated ? 

To the question. Why has not reclamation been more successful? 
the answer is, California engineers have tried to exclude water from 
lands by building levees of turf and spongy soil, upon land which 
floats on a bed of mud and water. The most insane engineer in ex- 



SOLUTION PROPOSED BV DK. RYER. 327 

istenne will still retain sease enough to tell you that the first rule of 
leveeing, ia to ditch through the turf, aud then get solid earth from 
the bottoui of the river bj dredging machines, cr earth coutaiuing 
no Tegetution, from the it earept practical place, and to haee the levee 
upon the hard pan or Holid oarth Leneatli; for levees, as buildings, 
require unyieldiug foundations. 

The law of 1868 seta forth that the owners of a majority of the 
land in any district, may associate, and then elect trustees. Those 
trustees may appoint engineer)) to make plans and estimate the cost 
of the work necessary to reclamation. Upon these plans and esti- 
mates, the Board of Supervisors, if they approve th*m, direct three 
commissioners to jointly view the land, and assess upon eacli and 
every acre to be reclaimed or benefited thereby, a tax proportionate 
to the whole expense, and to the beuefits which will result from such 
work; said tax to he collected and paid into the county treasury, and 
shall be paid out for works of reclamation, upon tlie order of the 
Board of Trustees, when approved by the Board of Supervisors. 
Thid tax is enforced by the District Attorney of the county, in a 
manner similar to the enforcement of the collection of State and 
county tases. With a few amendments, the reclamation laws are 
sufGcient to reclaim the lands, and keep the control and ownership 
cf the levees within the hands of the owners of the land. 

Two incomplete and inefficient acts wore passed upon irrigation 
at the last seflsion of the Legislature. These acts may be so altered 
and amended as to render irrigation by association entirely practica- 
ble. The legislation needed should cover the following points: 

1. The Surveyor-General of the State should lay off the land of 
the State with reference to irrigation, and set forth the proper 
water supply to each district, and the place and manner of taking it. 

i. The owners of a majority of land susceptible of irrigation, 
ebould be enabled to form a district. 

3.' Trustees should be elected by the owners of the majority of the 
land in the district. 

4. Trustees shall apply to the Surveyor-General of the State to 
designate the water supply proper to the district, and the land out- 
side of the district necessary for canals or other work. As soon aa 
the land and water is thus designated, the trustees shall immedi- 
ately take possession of the same aud hold them as property of the 
district. 

The trustees shall employ an engineer to make plans, surveys, 
and estimates of the works, necessary to irrigation. 

5. The Attorney-General of the State shtU immediately seize, 
condemn and approjiriate such water and land, as the Surveyor- 
General shall designate a4 necessaTy to the district, when the own- 
eiv of such water-sources or laud shall establish in Court the 
amount thi-y have actually expended in works connected with such 
water supply or land, and the actual value at the time of seizure, 
TJthout reference to any future or prosjjective values. Then the 
trustees i.-f the district, approved by the Board of Supervisors, 
may oixUt ih" amount paid out of funds belonging to the district. 

no jirospective damages to tiie owners of water or land shall 
wed by the Courts, or paid by order of the txuateea. The 



328 THE mitlOATION PROBLEM, 

appropriation of tlio water and laml should be immediate and 1 
irrevocable; the litigation for damans mny tate place afterward. I 

6. To furnish tlie money necessaiy to works of irrigation, ^here i 
should be commisaionera appointed by the Board of Supervisors, or, 
when in tivo or more countries, by tlje joint action of the Supervi- 
Bora of the counties; these com.uiissi oners to assess upon each untl 
every acre a tax proportionate to the whole espense as dstlmated by , 
the engineers employed by the trustees, and to the benelita, eitlier . 
directly or indirectly, which will result from such TYorkfi. 1 

7. These assesamentg to bo collected by the District Attorney of 1 
the county in which the land lies, or by some State officer appointed | 
for the pui'pOHe, and the amount collected to be immediately paid 
into the county treasury and there subject to the order of the Ims- 
teea when appointed by the Supervisors. But no order to be pnid 
escept for work actually done or in compliance with the judgment 
and orders of a court. "Warrants drawn by the trustees to draw in- 
terest at ten per cent, per annum until paid. 

8. Assessment to the full amount necessaiy should be made by the 
commissioners upon the estimates formed by the engineers employed 
by the trustees of the district; but the trustees shall call in only in- 
stallments of this tax large enough to cover the works which must b6 
completed within sis months from date of call. All assessments to 
be a lien upon the land and work its forfeiture unless paid. 

9. All contracts to be let to the lowest bidder for cash, and all 
contracts to be let in small sections, after due advertisement. ThuB 
giving the poor man an oppoHunity of pacing his assessment by hia 
own labor, 

10. The district thus formed shall own the water forever, and no 
land not included in the district, and which has not paid for the 
works of irrigation at the time the works are constructed, shall have 
the use of this water, except on such terms as the officers of the dis- 
trict may dictate; for the land-owner who will not assist in the en- i 
terprise should liave none of its privileges. 

If the State should actually own and build canals for irrigation, 
canal rings, as in New York, may be formed. And if it is proper to 
construct them in one place, why not in fifty places? The owners 
of gravel and placer claims will not understand why the land spec- 
ulator should liave State bonds to assist him, when other greot inter- 
ests of the State require assistance. The tule land-owner will 
equally demand assistance, and thus, when the State begins to issae 
bonds, who can tell the stopping place? 

Few farmers on these plaiua count their acres by less than hun- 
dreds, and speculators count by thousands. If they form districts 
and prove to the world that they intend to irrigate, their lands will 
rapidly advance in valno, and thu8 b ' '" ' ..•.•. 

assessment they can sell one half ^ 
irrigating the other half, Now. ii 

not irrigated, it seems^AfK pc^^^^^^^^they sliould, it U 
sarj', sell a portion tr ^^^^ ■^'^^^^^^^^ - . »-E 

iu the formation of t 
waters of the hvt 
land 



miUQATION AND PUBLIC mLlLTH. 



329 



The entangling alliance of State with land eharpa will be fruitful 
of no public good. Ah almost all have more land thnn they can 
'properly work after irrigation, let them sell a part to enhance the 
value of the remainder. 

Let it be uuderstood by all who read this article that it ia written 
for the purpose of urging men of legislatire capacity to frame an 
effective law upon a most difficult subject, as the above is but a crude 
and uufioished sketch. 

How ti3 wrest from the water-gmbbera the waters of the State will 
puzzlu many able men, and the legislator who can frame an act to do 
BO should be well appreciated by his fellow-men. It may save much 
trouble in the Legislature, and enable our law makers to approach 
the subject with more intelligence if some of the legal minds of the 
titaXo would publish in the journals of the day the outline or draft 
of a law apjilicable to the case, for no hasty legislation can properly 
encompass the great questiouH involved. 

Another relation of irrigation to the public welfare must not 
be overlooked in our attention to its vast material benefits. 

At a meeting of the California State Medical Society, Dr. 
Curr introduced the following resolution, which was adopted: 

"Whereas, The matter of irrigation ia one of vital importance to the 
agricultural iuteresta of California; and, 

IVbereas, The same is more or less connected with the health of 
the whole community; therefore, 

Resolved, That each member of thia society be earnestly requested 
to gather all the statistics and infoi'matiou in their several localities 
in regard to the effect of mining and iriigatiug cUtches or canals 
upon the public health, and report the same to the Chairman of the 
Committee on Hygiene, at their earliest convenience. 



CHAPTER XXL 

TRAN8POBTATI0S. 
" TruuporUtlnD la Elsg." 
lILBOiD iNTBanOATlOS BT CoyOBESH — COSOBTTEE, HOW PonMED — 

K Bkbeabchkb — MAGMrmiiB of Intkbesib IirvotvEc — Inidequact 
r Ukaki or TBiNapoitTATioM— DcrBora mo Abitsbs — DcscBiMTNATioNa ixn 

IDBTIom — STOOS V/l.TXSIHa CaFITALIZATIOII of ExBHINQe — CoNSTBCCnOH 

mog — Unji73t Discbucikationb — Gehebai. EiTBAVAaAHCE i-SD CoKacmoH 

' BlCWAI ItltNAOBMKNT — COMDINATIONH jlND Co.VBOUDATIONB — XOUtNAI. 

D FiCTCTiuert Stock— ExcEKa oi- Capit.u. oiia Aotcal Stock— II- 
a — How Eviu UA1 bk Bbuedikii — Stntouui or CaNCLtraiove tHU 

ItlOtlDUBDiTlONH — (JuSOlU:^ MAI ItXUtriATE INTBB-SiaTS TllANtlFOBTATIon. 

i greatest drawback to the development of agriculture in 
Itomiu 18 the distance of our markets, and the lock of stim- 



330 TRAXSPOBTATION. 

ulus given by the rapid development of manufactures. The 
triple arms of industry mutually support each other with 
strength proportionate to their nearness. We have a personal 
interest in the consumer who is also our neighbor. In the farm- 
ers' war upon monopolies, it has not always been remembered 
that before the era of railroads it was estimated that the cost of 
carriage of a bushel of corn one hundred and sixty miles was 
equal to its value. Bailroad carriage extended the distance point 
at which the value was consumed by transportation to fifteen hun- 
dred miles. Still another element: in this question has been over- 
looked by the farmers. Protective duties are in a large meas- 
ure responsible for the present high cost of railway construc- 
tion and maintenance. Mr. Edward Atkinson, of Boston, in an 
address delivered four years ago, showed that the direct effect 
of the duty of fourteen dollars a ton of two thousand pounds 
on railroad iron in 1869, was to tax the industry and trans- 
portation interests ten million dollars; of which amount one 
fourth went into the national treasury, and three-fourths into 
the hands of the iron masters. This sum would build four 
hundred and fifty miles of railroad on the western prairies, 
where the consumption of iron is about ninety tons, and the 
actual cost does not exceed twentv-four thousand dollars. 

Believing that no greater service can be rendered to the Ag- 
ricultural classes of the Pacific Coast than to place before them 
in a condensed form the conclusions which have been reached 
by National and State Committees upon the vast and com- 
plicated question of Bailroad Transportation, I have, in the 
following pages, summarized the more important documents 
which treat upon this subject. 

The railroad legislation in own State is so recent, and the 
means of obtaining full information concerning it so accessi- 
ble, that I have chosen to give all the space allotted to this ob- 
jective point of the great farmers' movement to Eastern author- 
ities instead of our own. 

The report of the Select Congressional Committee on Trans- 
portation, appointed during the session of 1872-3, consisting 
of Eoscoe Conkling, T. M. Norwood, N. O. Davis and Jolm 
W. Johnston, fills nearly fifteen hundred octavo pages* Tboy 
were authorized to sit at such places as they mig 
during the recess; had every facility at their comm^ 
ing empowered to call for persons and papers, 



PAST IKDIFPERESCE OF OOVEBNMENT. 3J1 

obtaia aiid to collate an almost in&Dtte number of detuils 
never before brought within the public reach. They say: 

Perhaps the most estmordinary feature of our governmental policy 
toauliing the vast internal trade of the nation is the apparent indif- 
ft^rence and neglect with which it haa been treated. "While detailed 
iuformnlion baa been obtained by the Government, under cuatoma 
and revenue laws, in relation to commerce with foreign countrieB, 
no means have been provided for collecting nccumte statiatics con- 
cerning the vastly more important iutereata of internal commerce. 
No officer of the Government has ever been charged with the duty 
of collecting information on this subject, and the legielator who 
desires to inform himaelf concerning the nature, eittent, value, or 
necessities of our immense internal trade, or of its relations to foreign 
commerce, must patiently grope hia way through the statistics fur- 
nished by boards of trade, chambers of commerce, and transporta- 
tion companies. Even the census reports, which purport to contain 
an inventory of the property and business pursuits of the people, 
and which in some matters descend to the minutest details, are 
silent with regard to the billions of dollars represented by railwaj's 
and other instruments of internal transportation, and to the much 
greater values of commodities annually moved by them. 

We have no means of measuring accurately the magnitude of this 
trade, but its colossal proportions may be inferred from two or three 
known facts. The value of commodities moved by the railroads la 
1872 is estimated at over $10,000,000,000, and their gross receipts 
reached the emormous sum of (473,241,055. The commerce of the 
cities of the Ohio river alone has been carefully estimated at over 
$1,000,000,000 per annum. The value of our internal commerce is 
many times greater than our trade with all foreign nations, and the 
amount annually paid for transportation is more than double the 
entire revenues of the Government. 

Concisely stated, the defects and abuses alleged against the exist- 
ing systems of transportation are: insufficient facilities, unfair dis- 
1^ orimiuations, and extortionate charges. With reference to the mat- 
l' ter of facilities, it is believed tlmt the improvements of natural water- 
t ways and the construction of additional channels of water com- 
munication have been wholly inadequate to the growing demands of 
trade; and by reason of this neglect on the purt of the Government, 
the commerce of the country has been compelled to accept the more 
extensive methods afforded by railroads; aud that railway companies, 
having thus secured a substantial monopoly of the business of trans- 
portation, have failed to recognize their responsibilities to the public, 
or to meet the just demands of the rapidly increasing commerce be- 
tween the interior and the seaboard. 

piscriminating and extortionate charges, however, constitute the 
Bhief grounds of complaint. The principal causes which are sup- 
posed to produce such charges, and which have aggravated and in- 
■ lensiSed the public discontent, may bo summarized as follows: 

1. " Stock -watering," a well known process by which the capital 
Ibock of a company is largely increased for purely speculative pur- 
TMsCfl, without any corresponding expenditure on the port of its re- 



TIUNBPORTATION, 

2. Capitalization of surplus earnings. By this process, tbe no6 
profits, orei and above the amount paid on iut«re^t and diridemls, 
are supposed to be expended in permanent improvements, nui 
charged up to capital account, for wliicb additional stock is isaubd, 
and increased charges rendered neoessat^' to meet the increased dir- 
ideada required. It ia insisted that tins is a doable form of taxiw 
tioQ; first, in the exorbitant charges from which sucli surplus prufila 
are derived; and, second, in the conversion of such surplus into cai>- 
itol-stock, thereby compelling the business of the countcy to pay iu- 
ci-eased charges on all future transactions, in order to provide divi* 
dends on capital thus unjustly obtained. It is argued with great 
force, that as all the legitimate claims of railroad companies are met 
by the public, when it bos paid a fair and reasonable return for the 
capital invested and services rendered, any surplus earnings ex- 
pended in improvements should inure to its bene&t, instead of bfr- 
lug made the basis at future exactions. In brief, the people be- 
lievo that by this process they ai'e first robbed, and then comi)«lled 
to pay interest on their own money. 

3. The introduction of intermediate agencies, such as Cftivoom- 
panies, fast freight lines, etc. 

4. "Construction rings" and other means by which the managers 
are supposed to make large profits in the building of railways, which 
are charged up to the cost of the road, 

5. Unfair adjustments of through and local rates, and uujnet dis- 
criminations against certain localities, whereby one community ia 
compelled to pay unreasonable charges in order that another more 
favored may pay less than the services are worth. 

C. Geneml extravagance and corruption In railway management, 
whereby favorites are enriched and the public impoverished. 

7. Combinations and consolidations of railway (companies, by 
which free competition is destroyed, and thtj producing and com- 
mercial interests of the country handed over to the control of mo- 
nopolies, who are thereby enabled to enforce upon the public tb« 
exorbitant rates rendered necessary by the causes above named. 

8. The system of operating fast and slow trains on the same road, 
whereby the cost of freight movement is believed to be largely in- 
creased. This is perhaps the misfortune rather than the fault of rail' 
way companies. It is doubtless a necessity growing out of the con- 
ditions under which our railway system has been developed. 

Of the defects and abuses above enumerated, i>erbaps none haro 
contributed so much to the general discontent and indignation as tfao 
increase of railway capital by "stock- watering," and capitalization of 
surplus earnings. It is fully conceded that a fair and even libcnl 
remuneration should be paid for capital actually invested, but that 
the industry of ttie country should be taxed for all time to meet div- 
idends on paper-capital, is indignantly denied. 

To what extent the nominal railway capital of the country is rep- 
resented by fictitious stock is not easy to determine. The iiianti«r 
in which railway accounts are usually kept, renders it veiy difficult 
for the managers themselves to state wluit jirnjioiliuu of the uutire 
cost of ft given road was paid by li ' " " ^ mid ivhot pwt 

bom the surplus earmn^^^£ci'! < 1 1 >mveuibiita 



EXCESS OF CAPITAL OVEB COST. 



333 



cosBtantly being made, and paid for out of current receipts. It is 

auite iinposHiblo for the commillee to obtnia accurate information on 
lis point, witLont ^oing into a detailed investigation of tlie accounts 
of tlie several companies extending over a long senea of years, and 
involving in many oaees the crosu-examiuation of reluctant wituesses, 
which would have consumed the entire time of the committee, to the 
excluaion of all other matters. Enough in known of the extent and 
vicious effects of stock manipulations to justify the adoption of 
prompt and ct&cient means for their prevention in tlio future. 

Assuming the estimatea of three most important railwaj's to be 
spprosimately correct, we have an excess of capital over actual cost, 
on these three lines, as follows: 



K*me or Ltce. 


ill si.wh uid 
UonJi. 


Probsbla 


SJ^^'^uS 


ErieLine, New York toDnnkirli,469iDilen 
Kbw York CoatriU Linu U> Cliicafo, OSO 

miles .. .. 

Ponnsylrania Line, from Pluliuielpliia to 
Chicago, 8i)0 milta 


« 108,007 .IKMJ 
100,11*8.137 
78,2im,374 


?40,000,COI, 
75.00O.IX'0 
67,000,000 


f(i8.807,000 
115.183,137 

11.290.374 




3377,28j.51I 


iilSJ,CU'J,UOll 









Making a total of over fl95, 000,000, on which to pay a dividend 
of ten psr cent, per annum, the commerce between the west and the 
east mu8t annually contribut« over 119,000,000. In the presence of 
8nch facts as these, and with no assurance that the evils of stock iu- 
Uation are to be restrained in the future, it is not surprising that the 
murmurs of discontent have swollen into a storm of popular indigno* 
tiou, which will only be appeased by a thorough and radical reform, 
or by opening up new channels of commerce which shall relieve the 
public from absolute dependence upon those, which by reason of 
stock speculations, are rendered incapable of performing the service 
required at reasonable rates. 

The following general summary of the conclusions and recom- 
mendations of the committee are respectfully submitted: 

1. One of the moat important problems demanding solution at the 
hands of the American statesman, is, by what means shall cheap and 
ample facilities be provided for the interchange of commodities be- 
tween the different sections of our widely estended counts. 

2. In the selection of means for the accomplishment of this ob- 
ject, Congress may, in its discretion, and under its responsibility to 
the people, prescribe the rules and regulations by which the instru- 
ments, vehicles, and agencies employed in transporting persons and 
oommodities from one State into and through another, shall be gov- 
•rnod, whether such transportation be by land or by wat«r. 

8, The power "to regulate commerce" includes the power to aid 
and facilitate it by the employment of such moans as may be appro- 

Sriste and plainly adapted to that end; und hence Congress may, in 
a discretion improve or create channels of commerce on land, or 
by watur. 



334 TIUNSPOIITATIOS. 

They therefore recommend for present action the following: 

1. That alt railway companies, freight lines, and other pei-sons or 
organizations of common carriers, engaged in traasporting paseen- 
gers or freights from one State into or through another, be re<|Utretl, 
under proper penalties, to make publication at every point of ship- | 
meut from one State to another, of their rntei and fares, embracing I 
all the particulars regarding distance, classifications, rates, special i 
tariffs, drawbacks, etc, and that they be prohibited from increasiag 
such i-ates above the limit named in the publication without rensou- ' 
able notice to the public to be prescribed by law. 

2. That combinations and consolidations with parallel or com- 
peting lines are evila of such magnitude as to demand prompt, vig- 
orous measures for their prevention. 

3. That all railway comiianies, freight lines, and other organiza- 
tions of common carriers, employed in transporting grain fi-om on« 
State into or through another, should be required, under proper 
regulations and penalties to be provided by law, to receipt for quan- 
tity, and to deliver the same at its destination. 

4. That all railway companies and freight organizations, receiring 
freights in one State to ue delivered in another, and whose Unea ' 
touch at any river or lake port, be prohibited from charging more 
to or from such port than for any greater distance on the same lincL 

5. Stock-inflations, generally known as " stock- waterings," are i 
wholly indefensible, but the remedy for this evil seems to fall pecu- 
liarly within the province of the States who have created the ctiqw- 
I'ationa from which such practices proceed. The evil is believed to 
be of such magnitude as to require prompt and efficient State action 
for its prevention, and to justify any measures that may be proper 
and within the range of national authority. 

G. It is believed by the committee that great good would result 
from the passage of State laws prohibiting oflScers of i-oilway com- j 
panies from owning or holding, directly or indirectly, any interest 
in any " non-co-operative freight-Jine" or car company, operated 
upon the railroad with which tbey are connected in such official ca- 
pacity. 

7. For the purpose of prociuing and laying before Congress and the 
country such complete and reliable information concerning the bad- 
ness of transportation and the wants of commerce as will enable 
Congress to legislate intelligently on this subject, it is recommeoded 
that a bureau of commerce, in one of the Executive Departments of 
the Government, be charged with the duty of collecting and report- 
ing to Congress information concerning our internal trade and com- 
merce and be clothed with the authority of law, under regulations to 
be prescribed by the head of such de]>artment, to require each aDd 
every railway and other transportation company euga'-ed iu iott-r- 
State trans portotion, to make a rej)ort, under oath of the prop»r 
officer of such company, at leiLst once a year, which re|iort kIiaU 
embrace among other facts, the foUawing, viz. : 1. The rate* and , 
fares charged on all points of shipment on its Kue in onv SUtd^ , 
to all points of destinatiou iu another State, indudiug clo""'"'"''' ■• ' 
and distances, and all drawbacks, dtv"" ona and di" 
S. A full and detailed statement c' 



WATER r.OCTES CHEAPEST. 335 

dudiug the compensation paid to officere, agents, and employees of 
tbo roTnpanj. 3. Tbc amount of stock and Iionds issued, the price 
at wliiL'h tbej were sold, and the disposition made of the funds from 
said BLile. 4. The amount and value of commodities trausiiorted 
during the year, as nearly as the same can bo BBcertained. 

8. Though the esidtence of the Federal power to regulate com- 
merce to the extent maintained in this report, is believed tu be 
essenlial to the maintencjice of perfect equality among the States ns 
to commercial rights; to the prevention of unjust and iuvidioua dis- 
tinctiuus which local jealousies or interesta might be disposed to in- 
troduce, to the proper restraints of consolidated corporate power, 
and to the correction of many of its existing evils, your committee 
are unanimously of the opinion that the jiroblem of cheap traus- 
portation is to be solved through competition, as hereinafter stated, 
ratlier than by direct congressional regulation of existing lines. 

9. Competition, which is to secure and maintain cheap transpor- 
tation, must embrace two essential conditions: First — It must be 
controlle^I by a power with which combination will be impossible. 
Second — It must operate through cheaper and more ample channels 
of commerce than are now provided. 

10. Railway competition, when regulated by its own laws, wi!l not 
effect the object; because it exists only to n very limited estent in cer- 
tain localities, it is always unreliable and ineflicicnt, and it invai-iably 
ends in combination. Hence, additional railway lines, under the 
control of private corporations, will afford no substantial relief, be- 
cause self-interest will inevitably lead them into comblnatiou with 
existiug lines. 

11. The only means of securing and maintaining reliable and effec- 
tive competition between railways is through national or State owner- 
ship, or control of one or more lines, which, being nnabie to enter 
into combinations, will serve as regulators of other lines. 

12. One or more double-track freight railways, honestly and 
thoroughly constructed, owned and controlled by the Government, 
and operated at a low rate of speed, woidd doubtless be able to 
carry at a much less cost than can be under the present system of 
operating fast and slow trains on the same road, and, being incapa- 
ble of entering into combinations, would, no doubt, seiTe as a very 
valuable regulator of all existing railroads within the range of tlicir 
influences. 

13. The uniform testimony deduced from practical results in this 
country, and throughout the commercial world, is, that water routes, 
when properly located, not only afford the cheapest and best known 
means of transport for all heavy, bulky, and cheap commodities, but 
that they are also the natural competatoni, and most effective regula- 
tors of ml way l-ransx>ortatiou. 



BAILBOAD LEQISLATIOS AND INTESnOATION IH WISOOXSEH. 



CHAPTEB XXn. 

JIAXLBOAD LEGISLATION AKD INTE8TIGATI0K IK WISCONSIN. 

BULBOID LlOffiLATION IN W13CON8IS — ABITBACT OV TBE PoTTKB LAW ABSTB*CI 

OF BEFOBT or CuMUIHSlONKlllI — KaTUBB of TQK CoNTBOTKBSV BKTWKKf IZI 
PE0PI>K AKD THB BaILBOAIKI — SKLF-lKTEftKin' OF CoIII>OBAX10^'S MOT A SUIII- 
CUNTGUABlNlTAaAINBrElTOBTIONa-^CoiIPECTTIONTllNDBTO COXBOI.lIMT]U>-~ 

Evils of Uailwii CoNaTHDcnuHUiD Manaokmikt — CirsiB of Ukdok Cost — 
CoNsraocnoN on CnBDrr — Cobbdpt Ltrmsa of Contkactb — IIibaptsopmi- 
TioN OF Land Ubants — Iixraois Law — Sopebtibobi Dun or Statkb Baunm 
LlM) QBANIB — iLLINOin Deubioh. 

Another source from ivLich we have drawn largely, is the 
"First AdduoI Eeport of tlie Ilailroad Commissioners of the 
State of Wiscousin," lately pablislied. 

The people of that State had been eager for railroads. To 
build the first road, they had mortgaged their forms to the 
amount of over $4,000,000, und had granted other charters in 
excess of the real demand, and through uaboanded confidence 
had failed to secure their own interests by proper guaranties. 
They had been tauglit by signal experiences the power of rail- 
road corporations over legislatures. So far from being inimical 
to railroads, the contrary was true. They had "suffered long 
and were kind," until unjust discrimination in the matter of 
freights roused their indi^uation, and hastened the favorable 
hearing of their complaints. The strength of the Grange mado 
them masters of the situation; a Granger Govomor, perfectly 
familiar with the history of the roads and with legislation, was 
in the executive chair. This turning of the tables resulted in 
the passage of what is known as the "Potter Law," by the Leg- 
islature of 1S73-4. This law classified the roads, determined a 
tariff for fares and freights according to such classification, 
and affixed severe penalties to its violation. The Supreme 
Court of the United States had held that the right of a company 
owning a road, to fix its rate or charges, was an "attribute of 
ownership." The railroad companies, therefore, dfcl'irod the 
Fotter law unconstitutional, and %||LtteonsIy informe<I tho 
Governor, through their respooti 
mination to resist it. The Gc 
•'proclamation, " announced his i 
successive steps, the case finally i 
The opinion of Chief Justice Byan 



rSTERKSTS SOT ALWAYS IDENTICiL. 337 

Septemlper, 1674; an injunction wiis granted "including all the 
railroads of tho State," and the WiscouBiu Itailioad war closed 
in tUe declaration, througli the Prosident of the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee and St. Paul Railroad Company, that, "aa law-abiding 
citizens, the railroads would at once conform to the decision of 
the Court, and endeavor to obey it, in good faith, until it shonid 
ho reversed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United 
Stat«s, or until the law was repealed by the Legislature." 

These two report» are an education in railroading, and we 
commend their careful reading to every Patron who desires to 
secure the great enda of these exhaustive investigations. The 
fact that tho conclusions arrived at by these two independent 
committees are so nearly identical, seems to give them such ad- 
ditional weight as to justify the large space given them in tliis 
work: 

To a considerable extent, the interests of tho railroad corporations 
and the public are in harmony; thus it ia clearly for the real interest 
of the corporations to build good and safe roads, and upon lines 
that will accommodate the largest number of people and the great~ 
est amount of traffic; and yet, practically, they not unfrequently 
diBregard both these elements: 

Firitt, because the wisdom and foresight that Rhould eminently 
characterize the management of railways are often wanting; and. 

Secondly, because the managers are not unfrequently in their 
places for the siile purpose of promoting their owu personal ends. 
But again, there are cases in which the interest of railway corpora- 
tions and tho public are opposed. For example, it is the interest of 
the companies to prevent the building of competing roads; to ham- 
per and embarrass rival lines already established; to force such traffic 
as they are able to command over as much of their owu lines re- 
spectively as possible, though it be at the expense of time and other 
advantage on the part of the shipper. 

For all these reasons, and others that might be named, the insuffi- 
ciency of self-interest on the part of companies, as a protection to 
the public, has been long recognized. 

Again, competition ia aa unequal reliance, thougli it is so invari- 
ably applicable aa a restraint in all sorts of trades, professions, and 
ort^nary commerciol euteqirises, that it is not surprising how long 
it has misled tho public and legislative bodies. It always serves aa 
a protection where it is full and permanently maintained, as well in 
matters of transportation as in the case of the trades and most in- 
dividual enterprises. But therein lies the difficulty. Competition 
implies freedom of the opemtor, both as to material and forces. In 
case of the ordinary avocations, this freedom is practically quite 
complete; the materials aud the labor to be used can be had in tho 
Open market, and fair purchase is protected by the active interest of 
. th^e who have them to sell. 

;ard to competition between railroad companies, this nat- 
22 



333 EAILEOAD LEGEtJIIOS AXD ncnSnGlTIOS Ct WTSCWSSLf. 

oral Iaw is not certainlr openUive. There is Deitfaer freedom of 
means dot of forces. A roaul once built caonot be placed la 
market the comywnT pleases aod compete for b^ght, aa the nu 
facturer can compete for his raw material, or the merchant Teasel tot 
a cargo. It can onlr offer its facilities and bide ila time. Should 
DO riral spnna^ op to contest tbe field, it can commaDd the prodace 
of the Bection of conntrr tribntaiy to it, on its own terms, so that it 
leareis barely margin of profit enoogfa to the prodacer and dealer tc 
induce production and delivrav. And if, by-and-by, a rival line 
should be estaldished, and the traffic should be less than equal to 
the cairying capacity of both, the two are almost sore, after fruit- 
less efforts to i&TO each other from the field, to form a oombiiui- 
tion, agreeing either to demand equal rates, agreed upon, or to 
"pool" their earnings. 

This point having been reached, the public hare no groaad of 
hope, except in the possibility of a falling out of the companies, 
and a renewal of the competition which gave origin to the compact, 
i'or the companies themselves, there seems, in moat cases, to be no 
safety but in a still closer union, under an act of conaoiidatioo tron 
nhich there is no breaking awav. 

The controrersT, then, is irrepresuble, if the reliance is upon 
economical Laws alone; being a conflict between the necessities of 
society on the one hand, and the aatoial scldshness of stroi^ mo- 
nopolies on the other. 

We will now consider other difficulties and evils of raQway Gon- 
etntction and mftnageinent. To make the matter woise, the roads 
are often so constructed, and rmlway transportation so managed, as 
to almost compel heavy esactiooa on the part of the railway m 
panies, and lead to dissatisfaction and condemnation on the part of 
the public- An overshadowing evd attendant upon railway coo- 
stmction and operation is tho fact that all railway enterprise is the 
result of individual interest and purpose, subject to no harraonizing 
general control. To aroid inconvenience and losses, consequent 
Bpon discordant management, tho companies themselves are impelled 
to consolidation by a constant law of self-interest, which tho poUio 
have regarded with hostility and distrust. Tho result must and 
should be an appreciation of the fact that the true interest of the 
public, as well as of the corporations, lies in the direction of better 
organized and less discordant expenditure of energy and capital, 
and in the adoption of more comprehensive principles of legislation 
to that end. The facts ought to be realized not only that discrimi- 
nations by exorbitant charges upon one locality at tho expense of 
another, is an evil to be discouraged, but also that legislation dis- 
couraging investment by encouraging ruinous competition is equally 
to be deplored. 

Prominent among these evils is the primary one of unwarrantable 
cost. A road having been built as economically as possible, no 
one can reasonably make complaint of charges that yield oaly a 
mojfrate per cent, of profit on the investment. Indeed, the publio 
aro willing that they who put their money into railways should havo 
a very liberal profit, since it is attended with more risk than is ths 
investment of money in many other ways. But if a rood has cost 




CAUSES OF CSDUE COST. 

tbousanda of dollnra per mile more than it ou^ht, owing' to want o( J 
skill and jitilrrmcnt on the piirt of the company, or if there ih reason 
to believe that the assumed cost is ant the real cost — the difTereiioe 
liaviug gone into the hands of the ofScers, or their friends a«tiuff in 
the capacity of contractors or " promoters," — then it is natural that 
there should be an unwillingness to allow even a moderate per cent. 
on the declared cost. 

Unfortunately, these mere hints of dishonest management find 
warrant in actual facts in all countries. 

If we inquire into the causes of undue cost of railways, they will 
be found with but little difficulty. Prominent among them are the 
following: 

1. Slight pecuniary interest of the managers. 

2. Construction on credit. 

It is not essential that every dollar necessary to build a road 
should be in bank before the work of construction begins; if it were, 
few roads in a region of country like ours, where there is but little 
spare capital, would be built. A reasonable amount of credit is 
le;^timate, indeed often absolutely essential; but sinre the use of it 
adds greatly to the cost of buildmg, it should iu all cases be em- 
ployed as sparingly as possible. 

3. Injudicious location of lines. 

This particular cause of undue cost will be best appreciat«d by 
skillful engineers, who cannot have failed to note how very often 
lines of railway are made to cost much more than was neces- 
sary by careless surveys. But one need not be more than an ordi- 
nary engineer, or even a professional engineer at all, to detect ex- 
pensive blunders of this sort on every hand — blunders which not 
only occasion a large increase in the cost of construction, but also a 
permanent extra expense of working. 

4. Corrupt letting of contracts. 

Probably the system of construction by "rings" formed inside to 
operate outside, for the private gain of individual officers and their 
fntinds, ia, of all causes of excessive cost, the most prolific. Of 
course there are many railway officers too honorable to resort to 
measures for private advantage which involve the robbery of stock- 
holders and creditors; but such practices are nevertheless so com- 
mon as to make it somewhat doubtful whether they do not consti- 
tutfl the rule rather than the exception. Sometimes they are car- 
ried on by directors and officera openly, but ofteuer, of course, un- 
der cover. We would not bo understood as branding every ( 
struction company, composed in whole or in part of officers and I 
members of the company contracted with, as guilty of fraudulent J 
deabngs with stockholders. A construction company possesses some < 
advantages for conducting the work of construction which a char- 
l«red railroad company does not possesa — esijeciully if many of the 
directors of the railway company are nou-reaident — and the under- 
signed have knowledge of some such who are believed to condnot 
the business of building in that way solely, because of these advan- 
tages, and wholly in the interest of the stockholders who compose 
the railway company. They are forced to believe, however, that 
the number of those who thus manage is comparatively small. 



340 lUILROAD LEGISLATION AND ISTE8TIQATI0N IN WISCONSIN". 

It is impossible to estimato witli any dogroe of accuracy 'Jiff 
amount of the burden upon tlie industry of tbia countiy by fraud- 
ulent building contracia, but it is safely assutasJ to be enormous. 

5. Fraudulent purchase of Uuea. 

Kindred to the corrupt lettiug of contracts is the wrong of pur- 
chasing lines ali-eady owned, at prices far above their real value, dia 
excess being divided secretly between the " ring " managera of thft 
two companies. Transactions of this sort are usually managed with 
such adroitness that detection is difficult, if not impossible; but the 
cases are neither few nor far to seek in which the evidence is convinc- 
ing that the tei-ms conceded by purchasers must be accounted for 
either on the ground of dishonesty or lack of judgment, 

6. Misappropriation of laud grants. 

The American government is the only one that has adopted the 
policy of making donations of the public lands of the country to 
aid in the cuuHtructlou of inlcrnal improvemeuts, looking at the in- 
dustrial progress uf the nation. 

In view of the newness of the country, the deficiency of caab cap- 
ital for the construction of expensive works, and the extent and 
variety of its material resources, which must otherwise long remuu 
undeveloped, this policy may have ajipeared at the time to bo n wise 
one; indeed, it has promoted the industrial prosperity of the nation. 

lu the case of the trans-continental railways, the Uuiou and lbs 
Central, already in use, and the Northern and Southern, now in 
construction — there was still another motive that influenced (be 
government to bestow the immouso grants they have received. The 
rebellion had taught us the danger of disintegration. The Atlantic 
and Pacific States were so removed that there was danger of nn 
early jwlitical falling apart; there was need, therefore, that these 
great divisions of our common country be brought into closer rela- 
tions. This was the argument. 

Unhappily, experience has shown that there is another side to this 
question of government aid in the construction of railways — that 
land grants, how uuch soever needed for the encouragement of im- 
provements in the interest of industry and commerce, have by no 
means been an unnuxed good — ^that, iu view of the corruptions en- 
gendered, and the public demoralization they have jjroduced, it is 
quite doubtful whether they have not been a curse rather than a 
benefit. 

In the act of conferring lands upon the Illinois Central Railroad 
Company, the State of DJinois made an honorable exception to the 
general rule, requiring, as a condition of receiving a grant, that the 
company should annually pay into the public treasury seven per 
cent, of its gross earnings, a sum now amonutiug, we believe, to 
something over three quarters of a million of dollars. So far as we 
know, this act of a provident Legislature stands conspicuous as 
being the only instance in which the interests of the public, in grants 
made to the States to aid in the construction of railways, have btwa 
carefully protected. 

The lands granted to Iowa and Minnesota, as wtll as to Missouri, 
Kansas, and Nebraska, have been given to the roads in those Htnl<!S, 
without other condition than the construction of the roads within 
a given date. 



KEGLECT OF SUPERVISOni DUTY. 341 

The result, has beea that the company mnnagerB ha^e, in many 
cases, BO plunned the dieposal of them as to promote their own per- 
sonal, raUier than public ends. In some inetaDccs, where it was 
possible to raise thu funds for coRBtniction without making the lands 
the basis of securities, the roods have been built at a heavy snciiQce 
in the way of discounts, to be subsequently paid by the industry of 
the country, and the lands have been wholly or almost entirely ap- 
propriated to the private use of the bulldei-s. 

So far as we have learned, the lands granted to Iowa have only in 
ft small degree lessened to the public the coat of the roads in aid of 
whose construction they were given. 

The people of Minnesota have hardly been more fortunate. Their 
laud grants for tlie construction of railroads amounted to 9,965,500 
acres. We do not find, either, that the State attempted to protect 
the rightfl of the people in reference to these lands, or that railroad 
companies upon whom they were conferred have so used them as to 
reduce the cost of the roads. 

By the report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for 
1873, the total quantity of land received from grants to aid railroads 
in Wisconsin, was 3,412,358 21-100 acres. The value placed by the 
Vnited States upon the alternate even sections being |2 50 per acre, 
that is the minimum given at which these lands can be estimated, 
but it is believed that the actual value of these lands should not be 
placed at less than double that sum, or a total of $17,OC1,T01 05, 
ond it will probably very much esceed this amount. 

These grants of land were placed nt the disposal of the State, with 
a view to the reduction of the absolute cost of railroads to the 
people, and thus encourage their construction. Such being the 
case, it would seem that an essential condition on which the lands 
were donated would require the exercise of a supervisory care over 
the manner of their application, on the part of the State, in order 
to be certain that they were not diverted from the objects in- 
tended, and the intereate of the people neglected. By a singular 
oversight, no such provision seems ever to have been adopted. The 
grants were handed over to the several companies on the simple 
condition that their respective roads should be constructed. 

In the cone of the grant of 600,000 acres received by the Chi- 
cago and Northwestern Railway Company, to aid in the consti-nc- 
tion of that part of its road extending from Fond du Lac to 
the Michigan State line, taking the appraisal of that company 
itself for the first two hundred and forty sections ($12 per acre), 
and estiniatlng the value of the balance at only $5 per acre, 
wo have a viduatiun sufficient to yield almost ^.5,000 per mile 
for the whole distance to which the grant applies. "When we 
consider that this company applied for and received still further 
aid from municipal corporations on the line of the road, it would 
seem as though, at least, the ordinary precaution of seeing that 
this munificent grant had not been needlessly mismanaged would 
have been taken by the State, especially as section thirty of the 
act making the grant contains the aduionitoiy provision, "that 
the said lauds hereby granted to said State, shall be subject to the 
the disposal of the legislature thereof, fur the purposes aforesaid, 
and no other." 



I 



342 MWAQEMENT OP BAILROADS IS OPERATION. 

TliiB subject ia of special interest at this time in view of the judi- 
cial dicisioa lately rendered in Dlinois, in whiuh it is Inid duwn as n 
role "that directors of railroad companies were not absolute in 
their powers; that they were but trustees to manage the estate of 
stockholders, and could no move abuse their trust, or waste and 
squander the property of the stockholder than could any trustee or 
executor, or other person charged with a fiduciar}- duty." 

The lands are received by the State as a trust, and are confided to 
the company to carry it iuto operation. The ytate, therefore, is re- 
sponsible to the people for the faithful application of the trust. 

The State provides, that while the lands are under its care, no 
part of the same shtdl be depredated upon, and that they sliall be 
preserved intact for the purposes for which they were donated. It 
would seem still more necessary that the duty so assumed should be 
BUpplemented by a careful supervision of the same after the dis- 
posal of the grant, and until the final application of the proceeds 
therefrom is made, adequate security should be required for such 
faithful application. Indeed, in the spirit of the decision above re- 
ferred to, if there should appear a reasonable apprehension that the 
lauds d7nated had been diverted, wasted, or squandered, it may 
weU be considered if it be not the further duty of the State to re- 
quire such equitable adjustment thereof as a judicial Investigatioa 
should determine. 



CHAPTER XXin. 

MANAGEMENT 01' RAILROADS IN OPERATION, 

UlSAOEMEVT OF RULBOADa m OpEBATlON— RaILHOUIB AS UEBCEAim— BlXaS — 

Amkbican GcHnm Displaikd in Stoue Watkrino— Cs'aKii4.FUL KlARionuacT 

— ElCES^YE ChAKGEH — RaILUOAD flUJE OP IBS QCF.STION — BtKKITia COV- 

FSBsm— P(7BUo Chabacteb or RiiLWAis EsTABusaED -Necebbitt or Cos- 
taat, AND CoNwjtTKKT RioaT or ScpEBTiaion — Intebests or Capttal Ek- 

QDnUt CoNTBOL^lNSEOCBrrr of RaILBOAD IimSTHBNTS — How COKtBOL 
KAY BK EXEBCIBED — FaCLTI LEGISLATION — SUIOIABT OJ CORCLDBIOXO — OSH> 
CoUUEGHIONEBS OS ItAILBOAD RaTES. 

Two things have tended to confuse the ideas of farmers on 
the railroad question, viz., a lack of knowledge of the modes 
iu which such vast business enterprises are conducted, and the 
crude aud often couflicting treatment of the subject by the 
press. Folitictaus have found tbo agitation of this subject 
profitable for their own }nirpo8es, B&d, between the iDtemper- 
ate denunciations of "Gi.uigera • ■ wild," and tho still moro 
unfair tn'iilTiii>ii! ■■ ' iigninMl 

by tt teiv Ci-,1'- ■ 
*^ to Urn! 



STOCK WATERING ANTI ISTLATIOS. 343 

commonJ tbo summing up of the Wisconsin Commissioners' re- 
port: 

It woro well did the evil of miBinaDagemeiit coniine itself to 
tliB period of construction. On the contrail, however, it is well 
uuilemtood 1>y all those who are familiar with the uauagemcnt of 
railroads that thei-e are many ways in which officers con, if so in- 
clined, accumulate fortunes witliout using capital uf their own, and 
wholly at the cost of the stockholders. Among them is the use of 
company funds for the handling of grain and produce ; paying 
tber«for a price enough higher than unaided buyers can afford to 
pay, to give them the command of the market, and shipping the 
Bftme over their own lines free of charge, or at nominal charges. An- 
other is, to arrange with buyers privately to carry their shipments 
nt n price next to nothing — ifividing the profits. 

Practices like these are believed to bo common, and help to ac- 
count for the rapidity with which railway officials sometimes grow 
rick on moderate salaries- They also suggest the I'easou why rail- 
roads are Bometimes made to facilitate the commercial growth and 
prosperity of one town or village to the great disadvantage, perhaps 
total ruin, of another. If private speculations on the port of rail- 
way managers are not discovered in all such cases, it is more than 
likely, because pains have been taken to conceal them. 

The some sort of evils appear in another guise, and on a larger 
scale, where a private inside " ring" is formed for the purchase of 
lands, mines, docks, and harbors, and the sale of them for a tar^^e 
advance to the company the " ring" officially represents. The stock- 
holders are duly advised of the great importance of the property to 
the future of the road, while congratulating them on the very favor- 
able terms on which it was purchased, and there the matter ends. 

But the giant evil under the head of dishonest management is un- 
due inflation of stock. A fraudulent contract, the building and 
buying in of roads to be foisted upon the company managed, as well 
OB the building up and killing out of cities and villages, usually re- 
quire time, skill in manceuveriiig, and careful concealment of the 
operator's hand. Not so with stock watering. Here the cardinal 
qualities are, daring and deafness to the protestation of justice. 
The law is silent, and up to a certain limit the public must have 
transportation, no matter what the cost. Tliis practice is probably 
confined to no one countiy, but it is doubtful, jierhaps, whether any 
otber railway managers in the world have a genius for it equal to 
the American. For illustration of the magnificant scale on which it 
is sometimes conducted, we have but to look at a single through 
line from Chicago to New York — the line formed by the Lake Shore 
■nd Micliigan Southern, the New York Central and Hudson River 
Bailwnrw, wlmse total ivalerinijx within the past few years are alleged 
to exceed in amount |80,000.000. The interest on this sum at eight 
per crut irf $(i,400,O00, And since the tariffs on these several roads 
'^"ged to yield that per cent, on nominal capital, it is manifest that 
(ono through line of railways is annually laying this enormous 
t over $0,000 000 upon the earnings of those who support it, in 
hat the holders of the stock may reap on annual dividend of 
'cteeu per cent, on the real cost. 



341 



WAXAGEJIENT OF BAHHOADS IS OPERATION. 



If this be the tribute paid by the west ou one line of railway, witi 
a roileago less than oue-sevenlieth of that of the United Ktates, 
ivliiit must be the burden imposed by tbia cause upon the indo&tiy 
of the whole countrj ? 

Not ii little of the poverty of which some railway companies com- 
plain, and not a little of the iU-feelin^r here and there iuituifeKt«d 
towards them, is due to the wsut of skill and good judgment in 
conducting their practical affairs. In too many inatanceB they ap- 
pear to act on the theory that the railway company ia alike superior 
to the will of the State, and independent of popular favor; nnd 
naturally enough, in such cases, this view of the matter enters into 
the understanding of all subordinate officers and employes. 

The subject of unjust discriminations has been already alluded to. 
Buch discriminations are uot always made, however, in the interest ' 
of managers, or the friends of managere. Sometimes tbey have 
origin in the false impression that they ore essential to the business 
prosperity of the company. A prominent shipper is supposed to be 
able and fully disposed to advance the interest of the company ill 
some manner, and is thought, on this account, to be entitled to 
special favors. 

Another evil of prnotical milway management, and a crying one 
in tbia country, is inefficiency. No one who has traveled estensively 
npon European railways, can have failed to note that a certain slack- , 
ness is too common with us in every department of the service. 

The system of book-keeping is rarely such that the general agent, I 
the chief-engineer, the superintendent, or the general manager can 
report, under three months time, the exact amount and kind of busi- 
neas done, the cost to the company of operating any one division of ■ 
its road, or the average cost per passenger or ton of freight per 
mile, or the cost per train-mile. Scarcely anything is done with 
that scrupulous precision, efficiency, and thoroughness so much 
more common in Eui-oj>e, and so very essential to economy, comfort, 
and security elsewhere. 

Unjust charges for transportation are commonly denounced, h^ 
cause just hero is the point of universal and painful contrast between 
the public and the coqiorations. And yet, in most cases, thev are 
only the immediate result of the more primary evils already noticed. 
They are the symptoms in many cases, rather than the disease. Con- 
sidered as an evil in themselves, they are bard to deal with, for the 
reason that, beyond the rather uncertain limit, it is quite impossible 
for any one not possessed of the data for a nice mathematical c&lcn- 
lation to say whether this tariff or that is excessive. 

If, in the absence of such data, the attempt is made to detennina 
the question by a comparison of the tariffs of different roads, such 
method is likely to be found unsatisfactory, owing to the great num- 
ber of modifying circumstances that require to be taken into the i 
occoiuit. But leaving out of view causes and parliculai's, it ia UQ- J 
questionable that the public in almost cvciy Stalo huve luid lo jmy | 
more for transportation than should ' ■ 1 ■ .iliunly | 

more than was compatible with > t .triii , 



GENEEAL COSCLVSIONS. d-i5 

THE EAILBOAD BIDE OP TH£ QUESTION. 

Having tliua dwelt ut consldemble length on the evils of railway 
mau&gement, it is essciitlul to a just cousideratiou of the tueasures 
to be employed for their correction, that we shoiihl recur for a. mv- 
ineiit to flie very important part railroads hnve played in promoting 
the industrial, social and pohtical progress of the world. 

To present in detail the beneficial results of railways is of course 
impossible. They are at once innumerable and immeasurable. 
Kor is it possible to make a summary that will convey au adequate 
general conception of the benefits tbey have conferred. 

Having mileage enough for a continuous track six times around 
the entire globe; moving annually a tonnage of some twenty thou- 
Band million dollars in value, the passengers scarcely leas in number 
than the population of the whole earth; stimulating the productive 
forces of industry everywhere; rendering easy many otherwise im- 
|)assible exchanges of products between difl'erent countries; lead- 
ing to commercial treaties ^hich else had not been effected for gen- 
erations to come; promoting social as well aa business relations be- 
tween widely separated communities; binding together as a homoge- 
neous people, the inhabitants of remote and unlike divisions of a 
common country; encoui-aging friendly intercouree between the peo- 
ple of many lands; and so helping to estabhsh a brotherhood of the 
nations, the railway is everywhere justly regarded as being fore- 
most among civilizmg agencies. 

For these reasons it is believed that there is but little danger that 
the 10,000,000,000 of capital said to be invested in railways will be 
sacrificed, or that the people of any country will knowingly cripple 
this immensely important interest. 

The problem to be solved simply stated, is this: how to devise a 
system of control in the interest of the public, that will, at the 
eame time, be entirely just to the railway corporations? 

From the survey of the history of railroading in the United States, 
and in foreign countries, the Wisconsin BaiJroad Commissionera 
report the following general conclusions as iinavoidable. 

1. That the public character of railways is fully established. 

One form of argument in high quarters against the exercise of 

Eublic supervision, is embraced in the proposition that corporations 
ave transportation to sell, and the purchase of the article, or privi- 
lege so offered, bke that of all other commodities in market, is at the 
option of the purchaser. But the conditions of sale in this case 
come under none of the ordinary conditions of human traffic. The 
original right to construct and operate a railway is an emanation of 
sovereignty, grounded on public considerations, and having explicit 
reference to pubhc, as well as jmvate use and profit. The question 
of power is already substiintially and fortunately settled as to our 
own state. The subsidiary question of the necessity and propriety 
of judiciously exercising that power when possessed, is equally 
settled in the opinion of the civilized world. We know of no gov- 
ernment in Europe which has not already exercised this power, not 
vritb reference to the special ends of arbitrary government, but with 
tiie purpose of defending the people from the eucroachments of coo- 
iUdtLt«d wealth, manifest in the form of coqtorato monopoly. 



MASAOEMEST OF ilAILBOADS IS OPEEATIOS. 



It appears tbat the right of the State to exercise BUpervi&ion o 
railwaj' corporations, has been recognized wherever the subject has 1 
received nmterial consideration — that it has been asserted by cbam- I 
bers and parllaiueuts in all the countries of Europe, as irell as by [ 
the legislaiures of tlm countrj-, and that it has been sustained and 
confirmed by the higher courts. Such conclusions ore unavoidable, i 
having their foundations in the common law, and in the very nature 
and relations of society. 

3. That control is demanded by the public interests. 
This proposition is now so well established, that there c 

none to dispute it. The x:>eople have rights which inhere in tb 
nature of the case, and are inalienable. No legislature couferred 
them, and none can take them away. Governments may doline 
these rights, and throw around them the safeguards of law, and tliis ' 
much they are bound to do. They are also bound to do it wisely 
and justly. 

The facta which demand the intervention of public authority ai« ' 
enforced and multiplied by all experience and investigation. Not i 
merely in the theorj' of law, but as a practical fact, railways haye 
become public highways, and oil (Jasses of our people are aa de- 
pendent ujion their wholesome management, as upon the wboteaoma 
management of any other public property. The assumption on the 
port of the advocates of non-intervention, that the public has a 
choice between other methods of transportation and transportation ' 
by rail, is without actual truth. If the choiw exists, that choice 
cannot be exercised, except upon such conditions as to render tlie 
privilege nugatory. As to large masses of freight, and n consider- 
able portion of passenger travel, rapid transit by rail is the only 
available alternative presented. And were the fact otherwise, it is 
impoasible to presume, under any known axiom of good govera- 
ment, that interests so vast and manifold as to involve the funda- 
mental conditions of public progress and prosperity, should be 
BuiTendered to the undisputed determination of a personal discretion, 
based solely upon considerations of jirivate or ooi'porate profit. 

4. That control is demanded in the interest of capital. 

Moat assuredly, the relations of our people to capital are not io 
be ignored. We are not under any circumstances to overlook the 
grave fact that the material interests of our State are vitally dei)end- 
eut upon the safety and ample remiineration of future investment 
in railway construction. A consultation of the oomparalive sta- 
tistics of this report will show that the industries of the State are 
far more dependent upon future Investment than past expcnditnra 
in this direction; and we know of no consideration of material in- 
terest or public morals which can counsel indifference to the honor- 
able claim of capital to ample consideration for all legitimate ex- 
penditure. 

Protection of capital from mismonagenuiiit. 

It wilt not be assumed, however, that th« interests of capital iiaeU 
can be best promoted by ihe miamanngei»'»«t of railway*, or br Uib 
impoHitiuu of extortionate rates, or imi 



PUBLIC COKSEQUESCES. 3i7 

judicious legislatioQ should proliibit nothings more. The world over, 
capital prefers moderate returns on reliable security, rather thaa 
excessive returns upon unreliable Becurily. The price of railway 
Btock and bonds in any market depends less upon the rate of inter- 
est promised than upon the character of the enterprises upou which 
they are based. Most of all, they depend upon the legitimate man- 
agement of the property in which the purchase-money is invested. 

The history of all railway management furnishes an instructive 
lesson upon this topic. It is an ahiioat unbroken history of broken 
faith and depreciated credit. Stocks originally sold under sanj^uine 
assurances of large returns, have become worthless paper. Bonds 
doubly assured on their face, and by every apparent source of secu- 
rity, in many cases, possess but a speculative and uncertain value. 

The insecurity of railway investments at the present time, is such, 
that popular confidence in railway stocks has practically depai'ted. 
'No former, no merchant, no rotii'ed capitaHst seeks to invest his 
surplus funds or labor in any railway company in which he does not 
himself possess control. And this want of confidence and refusal 
to contribute to pubhc euterjmsse of this class, are in no manner 
measured by the real merits of the ent«rpnse itself. Ou the con- 
trary, they ore the fruit of the common judgment, that milway 
capital is the sport of speculative management. 

Kor does this want of confidence extend to stock subscriptions 
nloue. The bonded debts of railway companies are also rapidly be- 
coming the object of suspicion, And this on precisely the same 
ground that originally deteriorated the market value of capital stock. 
The stock is no longer regarded as the representative of legitimate 
capital. Sold at a discount, inflated, unlimited by law, and often 
misappropriated, its actual amount and value ultimately become sub- 
ject to the discretion of the managing board. The bonded debt, 
subject to the same conditions and influence, is liable to the same 
possible dilution and depreciation. 

Let us look at the public consequences of insecurity for capital. 

The tendency to financial demoralization, wholly prejudicial to 
regular investment, is of startling import in all itJi history and pos- 
sible consequences. One of the immediate results is the fact that 
the public is held responsible for the payment of interest on a vast 
capital, nominal and not actual, and rendered nominal, at least in 
great part, by means nhich no intelligent judgment can sanction or 
approve. 

6. Thot the necessity for control is a growing one. 

That the demand for a judicious control is a growing one, is ap- 
parent from the rapid development of our country, and the conse- 
quent need of increased facilities, duly guaranteed and protected. 
It is especially apparent in the case of the northwestern States, 
whose resources are so incalculable, and whose growth in population 
Los been so unprecedented during the recent years. Here are mill- 
ions of an industrious, energetic, and progressjble people, gathered 
from all parts of the new jnd old world, for the very puqiose of 
avaihng themselves of the estraordinary opportunities afforded by 
our fertile soils, our forests of timber, and our rich and varied min- 
eral resources. They came aa to the garden spot of the whole world. 



and they mil make it a garden iii fact, if their industry in properif 
encouraged. 

Transportation, easy, prompt, and chea]>, is a conditioa of the 
growth of this new empire, which the economist cannot fail to reco^ 
nize, and, with legislatures, cannot ignore. Somehow it must bs 
insui'ed, or a nation's growtii is retarded. 

The remaining questions are iLose of. kind and degree. 

What should he the form and nature of the control to be exor- 
cised, and to what extent is it proper to carry it? are in fact th« 
questions which at this moment agitato the public mind in so miiny 
countrieB. They are doubtless in the way of settlement, but tfa«y: 
are not settled. Indeed, as we have seen, scarcely any two Statf» 
or countries fully agiee as to either of them. One is trying full' 
ownership by government, the State working the roada. Another 
prefers government ownership, the roads being leased to privata 
coi-purations. Another, mised ownership, the State owning and 
operating, or leasing, a part of the roads, and allowing companies 
to operate the rest. Another charters componies, aasists them with 
money, and puts them under ministerial resti'alnt, not only forbid- 
ding but preventing competition. Another creates companies, and 
leaves them to carry on the business of transportation pretty much 
as they like, but concentrates the best thought and the largest pow- 
ers of the government deemed judicious, upon the matter of consoli- 
dations, with a view to prevent them. And yet others x^ractice upoa 
the theory of total non-iut«rference, 

BUMMABV OF CONCLDSIOSS. 

Haying thus completed as full and careful a survey as posaibte 
the whole field of inquii'y, the commisBioners present tho following 
summary of the more important conclusions they have formed. 

Tho only form of railway control likely to prove successful under 
present conditions, is tlie legislative, supplemented by direct super- 
vision; the legislature laying down general rules of action, but leav- 
ing the application and enforcement of those rules to 
A judicious application of this method requires: 

1. A determination, by the commissioners, of the actual 
value of each railroad; such value not to be greater than the actual 
cost thereof, and the valuation subject to legislative revision. 

2. An annual determination of the gross and net earnings of each 
company, from the reports of companies, by actual inspactiou of 
books and affairs, and by all other practicable methods. 

3. A division of roads into two classes; the first class incladin^ 
all roads paying a reasonable compensation on valuation, and the 
second class including all other roads. 

4. A maximum of rates of fare ond freights for roads ascertained 
to belong to the first class; such mQ^vimiiiii being subject to Je^sJa- 

5. No restriction of cin " -if the second class. «- 
copt by way of remedjinv .il.ions. 

6. A prohibition of im; xm and onreasonaWe or 
reseive rates on all rii u.i.liiimngof di»tnni'"»J 
Q or extortionate char^i r,: to aj^puid to the boori 



DNJU3T DISCRIMINATION. did 

of coromiasionerB, imder such mles as to evidence of facts as the 
CommissioDers may determiao; the board detenoimDg the fact of 
discrimiuation on evidence and notice to both Bides, and its coudu- 
sioQS to be prima /ode evidence as to fact of dieerimination, or of 
uiirensonitble charges. 

7. Additional police repulations, especiaUj as to running connec- 
tions, and the passage of freight from one i-oad to another. 

8. Limited power of the commissioners to require repair of roads, 
tmiirovement of roudii or rolling stock, and increased accommoda- 
tions for passenger travel. 

9. Full and complete publicity of rates of fare and freight. 

10. Publicity of all important contracts and agreements between 
railway companies, and of their business transactions generally. 

11. Greater uniformity and completeness of accounts, as well as 
greater fullness and frequency of reports. 

12. Adequate penalties for the falsification or concealment of 
earnings and expenditures, or other facts. 

13. Efficient means for the prompt enforcement of all provisiona 
of the Itiw, at the expense of the State, 

The annual report of the Ohio Commissioner of Railroads dts- 
cusses at length the question of legislative enactments fixing railroad 
rates. We give the following extract : 

For thirty years the British parliament nnd American legisla- 
tures have been making futile attempts to regulate this matter of 
rates by statutory enactments. The system of "equal mileage 
rates," so persistently urged bj certain advocatea of reform, and so 
often a subject of legislation, is evidently impracticable, and in con- 
travention of the recognized rules of trade and the established prin- 
ciples upon which the busincBS of the country is conducted. The 
advocates of equal mileage rates, however, object to the application 
of this business custom to rates upon railways, because, as is said, 
" they are built for the public use," and every citizen or customer is 
entitled equally to the benefits to be derived from them, regardless of 
his means or condition ; and that an application of this rule would 
give the large shipper, ormonwho traveled most, advantages that he 
who shipped less or traveled little could not obtain. While we con- 
cede that the benefits and biessings of public improvements should 
be the equal inheritance of all, and dispensed to each upon the 
same conditions, a disciimi nation in rates upon account of quantity, 
distance, or like contingency does not impair the proposition ; nor 
can it be considered an unnatural or unjust inile which extends them 
to all upon the same terms. A railway company makes more money, . 
with less annoyance and cost, in doing the business of the large 
shipper, than Uiat of the small one, though the rates per ton are less 
io the former. 

There is, however, a kind of discrimination not only uujust, but 
which should be discontinued and prohibited. When the business 
of Hhippers is similar in kind and quantity, and can be done by the 
oompatty al about the same cost, but through personal interest, 
frietidaUi|i, or for any other reason of this nature, a discrimination 
W nuule in favor of one which is not extended to others, the act ia 
TVprehcDsible, and violates the spirit and intent of the privileges 
gmotsd by the State. The same is true of localities ; no privileges 



350 RAILEOADS IN CALIFOEKU. 

or concessions sliould be made in rates or facilities for tnmaportation 
to one locality which are not f,Tanted to all similarly situated upon 
the same terms, 

The impropriety and impracticability of fixing unyielding and 
inflexible rates for transportation by general laws, applicable to all . 
roads, or by special acts applying to particular roads, or clasaes of 
roads, seems too apparent to need comment. The almost unlimited 
differences in the condition of our roods, affected by location, grades, 
curves, equipment, regularity of business, management, chafes in 
earnings caused by construction of branches by developing new in- 
dustries, opening new mines, or making uaw connections, and the 
innumerable and diverse matters which come in to affect or change 
their status for better or worse, but develop the follj- of attempts to 
regxtlate rate of transportation by inflexible law. Such acts, or 
those intended to govern rates upon the basis of gross earnings or 
net income, can be of but temporary value. They demand such 
frequent changes, in order to be efficient or just, as to be of little 
service, and fail to accomplish the pui-pose desired. Laws vrhicli 
may be applicable and well adjusted to-day, may be quite the re- 
verse a few months hence. General laws fixing rates which may 
rest lightly and not perceptibly affect the operation of roads weU 
located, with light grades, and well managed, would be quite op- 
pressive and burdensome to those less fortunate. A schediue which 
would make the lowest practicable rates under which some of our 
roads could do business and maintain an existence, would be for 
above rates now charged upon other lines more fortunately situated. 

Laws fixing maximum rates, and intended solely to prevent ex- 
tortion or excess in charges, may be consistently enforced ; but the 
adjustment of rates below this must necessarily be governed by the 
results of experience and the dictates of enUghtened judgment. 

The Massachusetts Railroad Commissioners recently, in effect, 
complimented and indorsed the Granger movement in their ad- 
mission that it has established three important principles, viz: 
The accountability of railroads to the public, as well as to their 
stockholders ; the necessity and advantage of dealing equitably 
with all men ; and the existence of a broad distinction between I 
a railroad corporation and a manufacturing company. 



CHAPTER XSIV. 

RAILROADS IN CALIFORNIA. 

Cju.in>EKU Kiiuifuiia: Kootks, Lekotb and GAnoE—SsHATOii Colk on tat Pir»> 

uo ItrtKBtsc re RiiLHouis— Mii. SrisiWED's Bkpoet os the Fi^tscui. Cooe- 

BtTIOH or TSB ClSTBll. PittFID— ThE BlILWilB OF TDK Woau3 — FdM>U» J 

Debt and nkt EuuiiKaa of Tan Raiumadb or tbe U;nTED Statxs. 
No State has a greater interest in the harmonious adjustnietit 1 



CNXIMITED KCnniSE OF RAILnOADS. 



351 



of the question of transportation than California. Witbio Iier 
borders tbero is neitlier present nor prospective competition. 
The establishment of a true and cordial reciprocity between the 
railroads and the people, is not only a great essential of proa- 
peritj, but is entirely practicable and probable. The princi- 
plea est iblished in the searching investigations which we have 
summarized, are applicable here as elsewhere ; bnt the practical 
working ont of the problem is simplified here, by the fact that 
there are but two parties whose interests require to be har- 
monized. In a speech made in San Francisco, on the 23d of 
September, 1872, Senator Cole thus spoke of railroads in gen- 
eral, and of what had been contributed to those in California: 

The inspection of a railroad map of tlie UuUed States shows tbe 
country netted all over with railrouds. Particularly is this the case 
in the northern Atlantic States, A more careful inquiry discloHes 
tbe fact that 63,000 miles of road are now completed and in actual 
use If they were stretched across the continent they would moke 
twenty-five entire railroads from ocean to ocean, and give us a 
Pacific Railway every fifty miles from the British Possessions quite 
to the frontier of Mexico. Or, if running north and south, they 
would span the country fifty times or every fifty miles from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific. There is a mile of railroad to eveiy one 
hundred voters, and if these roads, as is alleged, have cost $40,000 a 
mile, there is an investment in such property equal to $i00 to cTery 
roan, or $60 to every man, woman and child in the land. These 
roads have all becu constructed and many of them rebuilt several times 
within the post forty years. I can myself remember the beginning 
of railroads in the United States, but the end no man can see. For 
tbe last ten years they have increased much more rapidly, in pro- 
portion, than the population, and this will probably continue for 
many years to come, and until all parts of tbe countrj- are abun- 
dantly accommodated with the iron rail. Nothing can limit their 
construction but the supply of material and capital, and these are 
without limit. Ties can be grown, should neceasity require it, and 
the mountains of iron, already discovered, are absolutely iuex-baust- 
iblo. 

The question as to where railways shall be permanently established, 
is merely a question of time. "Where they are not wanted they will 
not be built, or if built will not long be maintained; and where they 
are wante<l, their construction is certain, notwithstanding arguments 
to the contrary, which may be drawn from slight delays and t 
portant variations. Railroads, as a general rule, conform to tl 
quircments of busiuess; and it has rarely happened tUat t] 
Loving their construction in charge Lave bad the temer'' 
garii such demands. 

Tbe Central and Western Pacific Railroad Compan' 
and the same concern, have received from tbe United 
meut, in interest-bearing bonds, the sum of (27^' 
r authorized to iasue their own fiist-mo 



852 BAHJIOADS IN CALIFORNIA. 

take prec9dence of tlie Govemroeut Ixinda, as a security upon the 
road, to an equal extent; flo that thej have actually received aid from 
the United States Government, in the form of bonds and securitiee, 
to the enormous amount of $55,711,300; besides which the Govern- 
ment has paid interest for them amounting to $6,164,720 49. How 
much the Central Company has up to date realized out of 15.000,000 
acrea, more or less, of luuda donated to them by the General Gov- 
ernment, the books of the real estate department of that hugu con- 
cern alone will show; but counting the sales and assets tofcether, 
and the amount in ralue cannot be less than $10,000,000. Nnmer- 
ous towns and cities have been laid out by the company along Uieir 
lines, and these must all be counted under this head making the 
sum in all prolmbility far in excess of $10,000,000 a year— herj 
share of this annual gift from the Commonwealth of California to 
the thrifty firm known as the Central Pacific Railroad Cotniiany. 
Besides the million and a half thus guaranteed by the State, other 
millions have been donated directly by the people of the different 
cities and counties. I find that about forty spe::ial laws have been 
passed by our Legislature, authorizing gifts of money and bonds to 
railroad companies, to say nothing about other acta granting lands 
and i)rivilegea of one sort and another, and the five per cent, law, so- 
called, of the session of 186!). The amounts authorized to be given 
by the several counties and cities under these forty odd acts, at dif- 
ferent times, range from $50,000 up to a million dollars each; and a 
partial list of them may be iuteresting for reference at the present 



Tnba conDty , 


.. $ 200.000 




.. $ 25.000 




50,000 






SoIbdo county 


200.000 


San Fraooisco ounnty , , 


.. l.OOO.OOO 


Sola county 


BO.OOO 




... 300.0M 




100.000 




60,000 


Son Francisco county . . . 
Santa Clara county 








200,000 


£1 Dorado county 


100.000 




100.000 


















Tabacounty 




Snn Franciaao eoanly. . . 


300,000 


68,000 


Ii09 Angeles city 


eo,ooo 


Yolo county 




Los Angeles county 


lOO.OOO 


Lob AngeluB coonty 


160,000 


Han Joaqum coonty 

Plaeerville city 


.. 2SU,000 


Ldb Angeles city 




100,000 


Plonias coQDly 




San Joaquin coonty 

El Dorado county 


. . 10O.0OO 


Batter county 




.. 200,000 


Ban Joaquin conaty 




Pheer county 


250,000 


Stockton city 




Santa Olitfft county 


150.000 




. . 1.000,000 



I 

I 



Total, $6,360,000. It is not exactly known bow much assiatanoe 
has been actually rendered in pursuance of these sl:a.utt;s, bat it 
amounts to a good number of millions. 

In addition to all these enumerated giflfi 1 1 
and lauds and bonds from the Federal G'.''- 
several cities and counties have granted boii>l 
estimable value; as at Vallcju, at Hacrumentu, nt M'n 
Jose, at Stockton and other jilaees, besides )!"• onim 
of submerged and other lands in and 
. francisco, compriaing a thouj 



REPORTS. 353 

and in the latter, including the right of way to her southern border, 
literally hundreds of acres more prospectively, and in the immediate 
future worth millions upon millions of dollars. Such a record of 
munificent donations to railroads can be found in no other State in 
the Union, nor, indeed, anything at all comparable to it. California, 
in this particiilar, stands entirely alone, peerless in her generosity. 

The force of the people is now so well organized for self-pro- 
tection, through the Grange and other movements, that it rests 
with them to correct abuses; and it is to be hoped, availing 
themselves of experience elsewhere, they may do it in a man- 
ner which will require no after revision and correction. Thus 
far the spirit of conciliation and compromise has marked the 
intercourse of the Grange and Eailroad authorities in this 
State. 

• 

Reports op CAuf-ORNiA Railroad Companies (except the Central 
Pacific) Filed in the Office of the Secretary of State, for 
the Year ending December 31, 1874. 

TEBMINAIi BAILWAT COMPANT. 

Capitftl stock $4,000,000 00 

Subscribed and paid in 27.500 00 

Expended for purchase of Land and Construction 30,399 92 

Amount of Indebtedness 2,899 92 

Receipts and Dividenda. «^.. » . .^ . 

yOBTHEBN BIXLBOAD OOMPANT. 

Capital Stock , 8,400,000 00 

Subscribed , 210,500 00 

Paidin 21,050 00 

Expended for Land and Construction 41,511 85 

Indebtedness 41,586 90 

Beceipts, Freisbts, and Dividends , 



^,jt ••-•.< 



SAGSAMINTO TALLET BAILBOAD OOMPAITT. 

Capital stock 1,000,000 00 

Subscribed 492,380 00 

Eeceived 180,904 31 

Freight transported 50,906 82 

Current Expenses 127,968 00 

DiTidends . . 

STOCKTON AND OOFPEBOPOLIS BAILWAT -COMPANY. 

Capita Stock 1,500,000 00 

Bnbraibed 48,000 00 

Pftidln 4,800 00 

for Building 607,492 20 

1,238,783 34 

-^a Company 491,000 00 

26,061 73 

^ 8,7g7tons 

to. 83,540 64 




i cuoroiLNU. 



Capital Stook $5,550,000 W ' 

Subaciibed lHtl,500 00 

Paid in 71,bOa OO 

Paid for Lands, Constmction, etc STT.ISS 09 

ladebteduaBs 801 ,000 OP 

KeceiptB 6S.aK7e 

FceigEit trannported 31,367 Ions 

CoiTent Elcenses, etc 63.1137 C8 i 

The following ia an exh'act from the Annaal Eoport of the 
Central Pacific Railroad Company, for 1873, bearing date Julv 
U, 1874: 

Mr. Stanford, the President of the Company, reports as follows: 
Capital stuck (atithoiized), *100,000,000; capital stock subscribed, 
$6'2,C08,800; capital stock paid in, $ol,27o,500; subscribed and held 
in tiTiat for the Company, |8,333,300. 

Tlie indebtedness of the company is as follows : Funded debt, lees ' 
sinking fund, $53.248,2ti8 30; United States subsidy bonds, $37.- 
e8.'),680 00; total, $81,133,948 30. The assets are as follows: 1,219 
miles main line of railroad and telegraph, sidings, wharves, depots, 
steam ferries, etc., $131,419,110 53; equipments, real CBtnte for 
use of road, telegraph intruments and material on hand, $9,960,- 
029 33; Sacramento river steamers, (cost,) (853,569 41; balance of 
accounts outstanding after deducting obligations, $1,066,787 34; 
farming lands, estimated value, f 29,300,000 00. Undivided half 00 
acres land in Mission Bay, in San Francisco; 500 acres water front 
at Oakland; about 140 acres and water front nt Sacramento — esti- 
mated value, independent of improvements, $7,760,000 00; cash, 
»l,o8'l,661 71. Total, $182,540, 158 32. 

The anticipations in the annual report for 1872, in relation to in- 
crease of busiuesB, have been realized, and we may expect ^a muob 
greater increase for the year' 1874. The increase of population of 
the State by immigration during the j'car 1873, was 34,000; this 
year it protnises to be much greater. The harvest is abundant, and 
unusual prosperity prevails tlirooghout the State. 

At the last session of the Legislature, the question of change in 
the law in regard to freights and fares, was largely discu-ssed, and, 
as a conclusion, no legislation was had. But an important principle 
was recognized, viz: that as a question of sound political economy. 
railroad companies should be assured of stability in the laws regu- 
lating their tariffs. 

To this end, and bcpause the good faith of the State in this rvspect 
had been questioned, four special bills were passed conferring rjglits 
upon associations to build as many separate liu r -, i ._..•. . 
vailing tariff rates — in some cases increusiu^' : ; 
of the General Incorporation law, and in n: 
them. The main and only object of the > ■ 
these special Acts, so far as they accept lec^ ; 
vided in the general law, was to seoiuo *^^-"' 
legislation in reducing their rates. It 
clearly true, that unless they could hi 
les to be coubtracted & 



PEOSTECTS AND EARNINGS. 35o 

lative control of tariffs, tbo ronds could uot obtain credit, aiid coukl 
not be built. No other benefits over these to be had by the General 
Corporation law, were gained by these Bpecial Acts, and there was 
nntliin;; else to justify their paaaage by the Legislature, or their ap- 
j>ruvul by the GoTemor. And it is clear that if railroads are to be 
built by other organizations than the Government, they must be left 
an tree to make profits, under the law as it exists at the time of their 
organization, as others making investments in any species of prop- 
erty. It is just, and has its foundation in the soundest ]}olitical 
economy. The fact that the State exercises its right of eminent do- 
main to secure the right of way for the construction of railroads, ie 
in iteclf an evidence of their great public utility, and it is only this 
that justifies it in the exercise of its right of eminent domain to pro- 
cure the right of way. This exercise of emineut domain is made for 
the benefit of the public, and not for that of the corporation, which 
must iMiy the full valno of all it takes for right of way, and which 
from that time holds it and controls it as private property. Can it 
be wise to discourage investments that are so unqualifiedly stamped 
by the State as beneficial to the public? Whether there is a reserve 
])Ower to the State to regulate the tariffs of railroads, other than the 
limitation of the general Corporation Law, is it mooted question. 
A\liatever the power, it is applicable to every corporation formed un- 
der it, whatever its business or objects. But, however this may be, the 
exercise of it, if its exists, must ultimately be regulated by justice, 
and by sound and correct principles. In the passage of the special 
bills, before alluded to, this principle was evidently recognized. The 
people seem to have acquiesced in the action of the Legislature, and 
WD may confidently look for a full recognition of the ])riQciple here- 
after. The question is now being largely discussed Uiroughout the 
United States, and if the principle is correct, we may rest with con- 
fiJenee that the good faith and intelligence of the people will recog- 
nize it, and upon this good faith and intelligence must the railroads 
of the present and future rely, Decisions by the Courts, upholding 
a law that is repugnant to the will of the people, will avail nothing ; 
but the majority will protect individuals in the right. The railroad 
companies are made up of Individuals, and a wrong to one of these 
is R wroug to the whole people. And the question at last resolves 
itself into this, that either individuals must be protected in their in- 
vestments in railroads, and allowed to make such profits as their 
enterprise commands, or the State must own and construct rail- 
roads, or railroading must cease. There is no such thing as 
Beparating control and ownership. Control is ownership. If the 
engencies of the State shall require it, to assume partial or com- 
'pl9t« control of any species of property, good faith will compel it to 
.proTido compensation accordingly, as it does when it exercises the 
X^lit of eminent domain, and takes private property for pubbc 
^^" The financial and business prospects of the company were 

brighter. The end of each year in its history seems to more 

'~^' " the promises of the beginning. 

report of General Superintendent Towne, it appears 

■__._ were: Coin, ?7,G43,46t) 58;ourreucj-, $5,'220,- 

amoQUtAd to t4,a29,6M 09 ii " 



356 RAILROADS IN CALLFORSIA. 



and $351,587 i3 in currency. The percentage of expenses to e 
ingB wan 40,47. The earnings ovoi- operating expenses for the year 
amounted to $8,245,302 54, nu increase of more than fl.OOO'oOO 
over the profits of the preceding year's operations. The total oiun- 
her of iiaasenpers transported wan 3,280,171, being an increase over 
1872 of 276.197. The revenue from this department was, " 
$2,235,942 81; in currency, $2,182,474 61. Total to nnape for 1873 
waB 2,057,204,628 pounds ; total for 1872, 1,881,646,021 pounds, 
showing an increase of 175,558,607 pounds, or 9.33 per cent. The 
earnings from this department were as follows: Coin, $4,989,996 21; 
currency, $3,472,898 71, showing an increase in coin earnings ol 
$251,143 13, and on increase in currency eaminps of |244,3U7 21. 

The nnmberof miles of road operated was 1 ,218.93. The total land 
c^uts owned by the company amount to 11,722,400 acres. The 
total sales of land by the company from Us organization to June 30, 
1874, amounted to 358,818.73 acres, which were disposed of for 
$1,459,768 38, being an average of a little more than $4 12^ per 
acre. The Laud Agent says that tlie number of soleB is iucreatung 
from year to year, and the prices steadily increase in proportion. 
Ee is the authority for the statement that within the lost three 
months 12,000 farmers and mechanics seeking homes have come to 
California. 

CALIFOIINIA KAILEOADB. 
There are 1,2G1 miles of wide gauge railroad completed and in 
operation in tliis State (all of which is four feet eight and one half 
inch gauge) to wit: 

CIKTaUi Pi-Hino Si.II.BOAD. 

Oablnnd to State line , i79 

Oaklmid tu Brooklyn. . 

Oaklnnd to Alamedn . . ... 

Alameda to Hayvards J5 

Nilea to San Jose 18 

Luthrop to Goahea Ij6 

Boseville to Koddii^ 151 

Total 

ionTBCBR FAcma b 

Sun Franoiaco toTreBFinoi.. ___ 

Comadeio to Soledad ..» 00 

Goahea to Samner 74 

Los Angolea to San Fsrannilo 

Lob Angeles towaida Una Bernardino. . 

Total 

tos Aitoxi.iis jtim 

LoB AjiRelee to 'Wiltniagloii 

Bnuicli to Asalieim viu LoaNietoa.... 

Total 

Valloio to Baoramento 

T>nvLiivi1le lo Kuight'a LaodiDB- 
Napa Jnaction to Calistoga . . 

Totftl 



BAIL&OADS OF UNITED BTATES. 



Voca Station to VocATille . . 



Sacnmento to Folaom. . 



BUaiUeNTO TUXEI &UI.B01I1 



Fobom to Sbinijle Springs „ 26 

MaiyHTille to OroTllle. . 
Stockton to Ookdale . . . 



PetecB to Milton . . 



M FK^NdeCO IHD HOUTB FAdTIO EULBOAIk 



Donaboe to CloverdiJe , , 



Id 



San Eafael to Son Qnentin . . 



TisalU to Ooahea . . 



San [WnoiHOO and North I'aciflo Coast Builroad, Sancelilo towud Bussian 
river, 30 miles, completed. 
Salinas and Uunteru? Bailroad, IS^ miles, was completed daring the past 

The Colfax and Nevada Narrow-gange Boad, 23 miles in length, is under con- 
tract, and to be completed next sention. 

The WatsoQville and Santa Cruz Nartow-gange Bailroad, 23 miles in length, is 
now being conBtracted, and will be complete next geosoD. 

UUm. 
1,2G] 

■ *9y. 



Bioad-genge 

NaiTow-gange 

HarroiiT-gange nnderoonBtmotion. . 





Bonds and 
Debt. 


Net Earnings 
Keqnired lo 


Achial Net 
Eiimitjgs. 


for 
Dividends. 


IUlHkM«.«ta4 


$883,734,823 
477,100,070 
122,224,419 

28l(,84G,a99 

loa,a3i!,io9 


$62,305,637 
33,«)3.U3.1 

8,555,711 
I!).a59,2h(t 

7, 1(18.247 


$72, mi. 21 2 




>tM 


■ -.ii';,ii(i8 
: i:i,;MO 

■. MMwa 








ti>;.-. ",_.._._ 


^■:A..SG.-^1 



lUILROADS OF THE WOULD. 

TkI KuLWtT* or TBI WoKUk 



catrxTBtsa. 


ij 


im«4(e. 


■°5- 


Cost par 


ToUl Cost. 


UniUd SiiiU!»— 
N™ EnnLmd 


lS7i 
1874 

1874 
1874 
1874 
IS73 
1870 
1873 
1873 


6.31* 
14.019 
33.772 
li..33S 

2.193 


12.9 
9.9 
30.7 
51.4 

290.0 


♦17,84( 
C7.73C 
52,125 
3G,9»4 
95.5M 


»2e3.e97.TB 
1.126.7ft!.KIT 




'6o»;3a4.iw 


I'lii-ifii' R^■lfa• 


154.090.6(9 


Total United StAtM 


7II.U01 




«53,5«6 


»a,7»I.5ii9Jl 


r.n..i« 


if.U;i8 
SOU 
62 
83 


148.0 

3.435.0 

638.0 

318.0 


7.M60 
54.920 

95,0. « 
90.000 




Uecco 


1G.47C,OUO 




5.890.009 


CosURieo 


7.3SO.I*0 


WnnTH AvTRTni 




74,0:JJ 




954.303 


^.II19,;I7,4U 


Great Britain and Irclanl 


1874 

1873 
1872 
1871 

ifrrn 

1889 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1872 
1872 
1873 
1872 
1873 
1871 


Hi.1182 
10.706 

1,^02 
82(1 

3,801 

13!0G( 

1.045 

630 

1.049 

7.279 

488 

&I7 

lOU 

l;9,2GO 


—To 

19.0 
6.0 
18.0 
Mfl 
81,0 
27.0 
30.0 
15.0 
13.0 
28.0 
292.0 
280.0 
3,720.0 
90.0 
193.0 


158.714 
10li,9S7 
87,134 
107,156 
101,317 

ea.7i2 

73,915 
68.493 

67,202 
67.114 
66,438 

166,477 
46,829 
46,7a9 
60,000 


MMi.toi.iUu 














p^nuBai:;:;;;;::::::::::::::" 




Italy 


319.428.WB 






NitbsrliiidB 


101.575,015 








69.603,4M 






Tnrltey 


22.852.553 


Greece 


B.(H>0.(HX1 


EraoPK 


1870 


TSTo 


l'.i0.71tt 


$8,915,018,501 




iitl: 






4,182 


■m.o 


$100,500 

*y(?.5o4 






1S70 
1873 


12.341.803 


Cttjieot Good Hope 






~ ■■'.•'■^■i 




Adhtbilu 


1870 
1872 
1873 
1873 
1872 
1873 
IS73 
1972 


»l 057400,076 






5;;i;l,lS7 
89,700 
86,000 
53,918 
166,067 
56.410 
61.309 






SI 
S73 

66 
375 
4i2 


•imx 

1.290.0 

955.0 

6.600.0 

1,340.0 

20S.0 










47,178.250 


CoTombk 

Peril 

Chili 


10,833.355 
21,153.750 

27.711,668 


BOUTB Ajcbbio* 


a.-278 
'l51,G32 





87.008 


fl'J8,20i,153 


GrindTotolH 





'»90,»i27' 


«13,T4-J,iUt>,£M 



EAIILY ACTION OP JLiSSACHTSETTS. 



CHAPTER XXV, 

. AQEICIj'LTtrRAI, EDUCATION IN THE PrBLIC SCHOOLS. 



il t'srn to Blind uprlgbt apan bU ovq I 
ATini; tiftD poBfliblj H ballt"—Ptuudt. 



le equlpmRil to oom- 
1 1 mjiKt blniKlt. to 
Bipttmtraetiat of lo- 



Fiasr trEO«D BI MlSgiOHUSBTW AOEICOLTCaAL SOCIBTY— MiSUil. or AORICCTLT- 

ens Pbepuikd— Action tieen by otbkb Sutxs— Obbtacleb to SrccEtia — 
FooFEiiaoa Tuitxxn oh Trxt-boox Monopoues — StTPEBiNTRNDEtrr Nobthsdp'b 
TiFwa on TDK EnucvnoNii. Vu-os or Labob. 

It most be coneeded by all, that one of tlie greatest obstaclea 
to the ftirmer's progi'ess has been a defective and unsuitable 
education, and that the specific training required to lift his 
calling to a level with the highest of human occupations, is not 
to be obtained without an appeal to the ballot-box. Since the 
jear 18C0, the importance of industrinl education in general, 
and of agricultural instruction in our common schools, has been 
urged upon the public by teachers emiuent for bruad and en- 
lightened views, and by equally eminent farmers, trained in all 
tho learning of our higher institutions. The Massachusetts 
State Board of Agriculture gavo, fifteen yeai-a ago, the follow- 
ing reasons for asking the State Legislature for the passage of 
aa act authorizing the introduction of a Manual uf Agriculture 
into all the schools of the commonwealth: 

The foundation for the intelligent pursuit of every business is laid 
in our common school system. Su far as it goes, it answers every 
purpose, and if any complaint could be made, it woidd be, perhaps, 
that it aimed at tog much — that some things are taught that might 
better be omitted. One fact, however, is certain, that nothing is 
taught in our public schools which have any special bearing upon 
the future education of that large class whose lives are devott-d to 
the cultivation of the soil, and stranger still, this class is the only 
one that cannot get the special instrucLion uecessary for it anywhere 
else. There are private schools, academies, and colleges for the 
education of youth for other callings in life, but not for the farm- 
er, who requires, more that any otlier class, a special training for 
his profession. The fact that the greater proportion of all labor is 
*""" labor, seems to have been overlooked in the studies prescribed 
^common schools. The simple teachings which appeal to the 
js and to nuturnl objects, have been too much neglected. 
.dosiiing to go into a minute criticism upon the instruction 
tiAbrded, we claim a place for agriculture in the system of 
ition; and assert the right to have introduced a few 



one FUBUD HSOOLS. 

J staidfes ■luui arigwt pmfitaUj oerapy k portion of tfa4 
tioM of vftxj dbSi. ■Inleiei' Ins fntme oeeupatkni might be, bat 
' ' ' * ~ *' Mfilfi benefit to thoae who aie to becoi&e fnrmen. 

It b« eonuDOieed too earir, farther are th«^nai 
iif all &dBiB ^vdopment, the vitalit; <£ wiiich U never tost, but 
'Samf tuBk be r**"**" esri;, if it is hoped to reftcb > full harreet. 

s Bgw, who bad the ftbility to perfonn whaterer be nnilfir- 
; novldoflBr to the people of this eommonwekllh s secnt, bj 
k tnp^^ j«an the prodnctiTe rahie of the luida througbont 
iIk State would be doabled vtthont ain- note oatlaj thao is 
tqvnd, what would that secret be woith? The dlffastoa of 
_ 1 ■gneoltonl edacatioa ivoold aceonqitisb this object; na;, 
I ^ farbe^rntd it, in less time tb&n has been named, and at an cs- 
I Basse so tiifling as to be Lordly worth mentiotmig', in *iew of the 
y fcane fit t which would flow from it. There is t» othier way to effect 
ttis BO easilT, so cheaply, and so advautagfoasly to the moral as 
well as material wealtli of llie State, as by commencing this etloca- 
tiun at an early period in the futvire formers life in our public 
schools. 

Constant complaint is mode that the pursuit of a farmer is on- 
popular with the youQg. That it is all hard work and no corres- 
ponding reward. That o farmer does not rank oa high in the esti- 
matiou of the community as other classes of professions. There is 
mach tmth in all this, and there ore j;;ood reasons for it. Let us 
comjHire the education of a farmer with that of other professions. 
The boy who is to become a farmer leaves school at siiteeu or sevcn- 
tcf n, and commences work upon the farm — mere work, without one 
idea erer given to him as to the nature of the soil oat of which he 
is to obtain his livelihood ; without a thought as to the various pro- 
etwses connected with the beoutiful laws of vegetation; without the 
Brightest idea of races or breeds of cattle, and with not one general 
principle to guide him, and to make intelligent the labor he is per- 
forming. Now, this caiiiiot be said of any other profession or indos- 
triol pursuit, oltbough this one, more than any other demaudsall the 

Srvvious preparation which it is jioasible to give, by instilling into 
IV mind, when young and perceptive, those general principles and 
tntchings which lie at the foundation of all success, aud of all that 
future knowledge which practice and observation would, with a 
pp'per previous training, be sure to give. Thus it is that laljor to 
the c>oy who is to Itecomo the future farmer is irksome at the best, 
tiul in most cases itia worse than this — it is deadening to the mental 
(tKHilties, at the time when they are most capable of being quiclLeued 
«Uil improved. 

t'ouipare this wilh other pursuits, from the youth who is intended 
^ one of the learned profeseiuus, and whose preparation continuea 
Iw Vi'Ois after the age ut wliii-h the boy is condemned to the fonu, 
"inlie lad who goes to the couufing-room or the factory, where the 
k is flomparutivdly light, and wliere the mind ia amused aud in- 
«t excited, la it au^ wouder that farmiug is unpopular under 
w droumstunocs ; or, ia. it.a utpiiaing that farmers with suck an 
ligation for their puivjMBta^ not hold their proper place ia 
ImI^u estimation V ^^I^^^^HUt would this he cluingcd won 



Jt4KL"A13 ILECOMMENDED. 3C1 

boys educated fur tliis pursuit, and brought up to the standard of 
skiil aiid iutelligence that is neeessarj', iu order to enter succeaafully 
Upon any other industrial career? It is education which gives dignity 
to the man, be his profession what it may ; and there is no calhng 
which would rank higher than that of the farmer, if those who 
enter upon it were sufficieutly educated to make Jt successful aud 
profitable. 

This committee proposed aa the first step in furnishing agricult- 
ural education: 

1. The eugrafting upon our common school education the study 
of the elementary principles of geology, of agricultural chemistry, 
of physiology, aud of botany. 

They propose that these shall be taught by manuals, in the usual 
form of question aud answer, and that they shall be confined to the 
plainest lending principles apphcable to the cultivation of the soil, 
and prepared in euch n manner that it will not depeud altogether 
upon the knowledge of the instructor to make them of use to the 
learner. 

It is only necessary to appeal to the individual experience of every 
one fur a just estimate of the importance of tliis simple aud in- 
expensive measure. Our children would, from this sligut addition 
to their studies, learn something which would everj- day be more 
and more deeply implanted in their minds by their daily walks in 
the school-room. They could not see a tree send forth its leaves, its 
flowers, its fruits; or the fresh sod turned over by the plow; or 
the rain full from the heavens; or the sun shine upon the earth, 
without attaching to these now unheeded operations a meaning and 
a significance, and without inspiring in their miuds a spirit of in- 
vestigation and inquiry, which would be preparing them for the 
practical pursuits of after-life. 

The vital principle in the plan proposed is to start the education 
of the future farmer at the earliest X'ossible period; and to do this, 
the commencement must be in our public schools, while the other 

Jarta of the boy's education are going on. But it must not stop here, 
t has already been remarked that special schools, academies aud 
colleges, exist for the instruction of youths intended for every other 
career in life except that of a farmer. They leove the public schools, 
where thty have been well prepoi-ed, to enter upon the special edu- 
cation for the professiuns for which they are designed, while the 
boy who is to become a farmer is left to shift for himself. He is 
dropped upon the farm, as it were, wholly unfitted, wholly unpi'e- 
pared to reap any advantage from what he has already been taught. 
His education stops c;hort, just at the moment when a very nioderato 
degree of special instruction would fit him to enter life with every 
prospect of success. To supply this absolute wont the coomiittee 
proposed the establishment of — 

2. An agricultural school, with a farm attached to it, in each 
county, to be devoted exclusively to agricultural instruction, uniting 
Bcieuce with correct practice. 

These county schools need not be expensive undertakings. They 
should be commenced upon the plan of educating youths in the 
best methods of fai-m management, connecting with it such knowl- 
edge of the science and theory- of agriculture, as can be obtained 



AQRICTLTCBAL EDUCATION IS THE PCBLIC SCHOOLS. 

ty (leToting a portion ot the time to study, under competent io- 
etructora. At tbesa schools system, economy, the rigbt oduptalioo 
of meanB to ends, t'lie knowledge of what can be cultivated wiUi 

Srofit, by learning to calculate the cost of production, — in short tho 
oing of fiTerything, with the reason for doing it, to be shown by a 
Butitifactory result, — these are the main points to be observed iu ee< 
tablishin^ them. 

Miuiy other States have taken similar action. The promi- 
nent farmers of Illinois urged the preparation and introduction 
of works on the elements of natural history into the public 
schools. The State Teachers' Association of Wisconsin, in the 
winter of 1874-5, recommended a revision of the school course, 
with the same object in view. The combined influence of the 
great publishing houses, whose interests were against chunge, 
anil of the body of teachers, who are generally conservative, 
have thus far prevehted the effectual prosecution of this much 
needed reform. Hear what Prof. Turner, of Illinois, says of 
tho influence of text-book monopolies on the public schools : 

We take the child out of God's natural industrial university and 
send him to school, where, at best, only a fraction of his entiro 
manhood can be properly developed; and after all we do not fit pu- 
pils for actual life, even iu those elemental studies, after forty weeks' 
school per annum, as well as they used to be fitted in ten weeks half 
a centuiy ago, yet we never had better teachers or brighter children 
than now. 

One prime cause of this result iS; that the bookmakers and pub- 
lishers have, in fact, a^)sumed about as absolute control of oUr 
fiubUc schools as the politicians have of our poetoffices. Rich pub- 
tshing houses have offered as high as seventy thousand dollars for 
the introduction of a single book into a State. And yet not one of 
these books teach us the things which it is our chief interest to 
know, and our protracted school drill on the elements leaves no 
room for anything else. I wish to make room for some of the sub- 
jects that underliethe industrial arts. For botany, and entomology, 
and zoology, for instance. The State of Illinois spends, eay, 
twelve millions of dollars on her common schools, and looses every 
year from ten millions to twenty millions of dollars from noxioaa 
insects, and Dr. LeBarron, our State Entomologist, tells »s tbiU 
about one hundred species do all this mischief. Now, I would have 
these insects, every mother's son of them, with pins in their backs, 
jiut up in a show-case in every public school in the State, and I 
would have every child know them by sight, as well as he knows his 
father's cows and horses; instead of having one or two lone meu to 
look after their habits and remedies, I would turn millions of eyes 
directly and intelligently upon Iht^m. and thus prepare fur Ihcir 
omohoration and cure. I wj^d have thi-i whether or no the child 
koaw there was such a w(4|m|||k>molug}'in the English langnm[B.. 



EDrCATIONAL T.\LrE OF LADOH. 

Tilt! lianl-workiugf Aniericau people want to know somelliing about 
OUT conlineiit, our Itfe-worb, our bodk-^i, and bonea, and souls, uur 
datUa and destinies iu tbe great republia in whicb we live. Cum- 
pai'od with this, all other knowledge is of little imimrtancje to us. 

I look to the ftgricultui'al and iudiisti'ial clitaaes to lift us out of 
this moukeydom of precedent, into the true freedom of American 
citizenship. The commou school must be their chief luBtrumeut. 
All that is needful in that every man should quietly set about iin- 

Eronng his own Bchool, In his own district, as fast and as fully as 
e con. 

Few mea hive done better service to the cause of industrial 
edncatioii than Hon. B. O. Northrup, the State Superintendent 
of Schools in Connecticut. He says; 

Every child's education is deficient who has not learned to work 
in some useful form of Industiy. Labor aids in disciplining tlie in- 
tellect and energizing the character. Especially does fann work 
task and test the mind, by leading n boy to plan and contrive, to 
adapt means to ends, in a great variety uf ways, and under con- 
stantly varying circumstances. With bU our improved gymnastics, 
none is better than manual labor, when it la cheerfully and intelli- 
gently performed, and especially farm work, The ambition for 
easier lives and more genteel employments, and the silly but com- 
mon notion, that labor is menial, thiit the tools of the trades and 
the farm nre badges of eervility, have greatly lessened ap])rentice- 
shins. These pernicious notions ought to be refuted in our schools, 
and our youth should there be taught the dignity and necessity of 
labor, and its vital relations to all human escellence and progress, 
the evils of indolence, the absurdity of the prevalent passion for 
city life, and the wide-spread aversion to manual labor. A practi- 
cal knowledge of some industrial pursuit is an important element in 
intellectual culture. Everyman should have one vocation, and as 
many avocations as possible. Let us imitate the Hebrews, among 
whom labor is always honorable; and no matter what a man's rank, 
be must be trained to work. 

And I would add, let us imitate the Qermaus, whose training 
schools for girls include eveiy subject required to be under- 
Btood by the mistress of a family, employing either a very lim- 
ited, or the most ample income. It is myopinion that the best 
influences which can be brought to bear npon the minds of 
boys and girls, will bo fouud in early recognizing them as a 
part of the productive wealth of the home. The withdrawal 
of our scholars from the performance of daily duties and ser- 
rioea, is an education in shirking and shiftlessness, just at the 
iod when the opposite habits should bo formed. 
is aot to be supposed that farmers" sous will all desire to 



k|°i 



304 HIOHEE AOniCCLTCBAl EDrCATION. 

become farmers, ^or is it desirable that tbej sboulil. The 
broad term " technical education," eompriaes all the leadiog 
industries. It means the acquisition of skill, as^rell as theoret- 
ical knowledge, in whatever pursuit the student may choose. 

The provisions made by the national and State govemmento 
for this training in all our leading industries, will be consid- 
ered in the following chapter. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

mOBER AGRICDLTUEAL EDUCATION. 

" Thv futlan mcmt gnlckly promotliig Hid lDtell«ctTul d«Tclopmpnt ft ita IndmtrUI pcipqlih 
tipn moAt «dviiBi:a usiinilf HBtlio ixtimtrj netflBCJiufllt must lDi;Tltabty ra' '*-" f.^t..^ 

" ThB tlma limol (ip dlgtint nkeii Bcicuce ud mnuipuliuvc gklll m 
—ItilmbMl. 



>i Iw Ji^ued lagnlm.' 



How Provided 



FoBEioN QoTBBSJdiiTs; FniscEi Qkbhast; Bitsua — 
United BiiTKa— Tbb CosuaESSioNii, Gbast — EvAsro^n 
Pkbi-ebbioms — An Exuctlk or Good Fina^TaE Becobd or Cau' 



In the educational system of the future, attention will be 
specially directed to the technical element, since this alone can 
train each portion of the community to tho full enjoyment of its 
resources, and bring to it an intelligent appreciation of its 
duties, It is the only training which will enable a man "to 
do cleverly what he undertakes, suiting his actions to his pur- 
pose, and his living to his means." 

It would be a most interesting and profitable task to roview 
tho immense progress which has already been made in Europe, 
in the special science and art schools; but we must confine onr- 
selvBs to the subject of agricultural education, and look for oar 
modes iu those countries where the art of agriculture is the 
most highly developed and completely systematized. 

We find, according to a report from the French Minister of 
Agriculture, made last year to our Bureau at Washington, that 
the French system of agricultural education embraces three 
classes of schools: First, a central university or agrunomio i 
stitnte; nest, three intermediate or high schools, called regiouul 
school, from their special adoptatioD to the needs of Uw ■ 
northern, western, and < 
quote, aa models for our J 



REGIONAL SCHOOLS OP AGRICtXTtntE. 3(35 

The school of Grignon, in tbo department of Seine-et-Oiae, not fur 
froui Paris, wbicli devotes special attention to grande ctiUure, to 
gi-asaes, cereals, and industrial crops, to etoek-breeding and to the ag- 
ricaltiuol and Titicultural interests of northern France generally. 
An agricultural station is attached to the institution. The ecltool of 
Orand Jouan, in the department of Loire-Inf^rieure, studies espe- 
cially the best methods of bringing virgin lands nndcr cultivation, 
mixed pastoral husbandry, tenant farming, natural meadows, live- 
stock breeding, industrial and fruit crops, and the agiicultural in- 
dustries of the n'Dstem departments in general. The school of 
Montpcllicr, in the department Herault, represents the agricultural 
peculiarities of the Mediterranean region, embracing live-stock 
breeding, the replanting of forests, irrigation, silk culture and 
manufacture, and the agricultural, pomological, and titicultural in- 
terests of the region of the olive, the mulberry and the orange. It 
has a sericultural and a viticutturol station attached. 

These and all other agricultural schools are under the direction of 
the ininiflter of agriculture and commerce, to whom applications for 
admission are addressed. By special indulgence foreign students 
may be admitted. £ach applicant must present a record of his 
birth, a certificate of moral character from lus mayor, a medical cer- 
tificate, shoeing that he has been vaccinated or has had the vario- 
loid, and a satisfactorily indursed obligation to pay the tuition 
charges at the beginning of each term. Pupils are divided into in- 
ternal and external pupils, and free hearers. The latter are ad- 
mitted by the director of the school, who notitiesthe minister of the 
fact. Applicants are examined in arithmetic, algebra, plain geom- 
etry, (four books,) survej-ing, draughting, leveUng, physics, hydro- 
statics, hydraulics, chemistry, geography, etc, A bachelor of science 
is exempt from this examination. 

The courses of theoretic study embrace agriculture, horticult- 
ure, ritioulture, silviculture, sericidture, natui-al history iu all its 
branches, zoology, and zootechny, physics, mechanics, chemistry, 
meteorology, mineralogj", geology, topographical engineering, agri- 
cultural construction, rural economy and legislation, rights of ad- 
uinistration, agricultural book-keeping, etc. Practical instruction 
embraces laboratory practice, analysis of soils, fertilizers, agricultural 
products, etc., water gauging, canal construction, irrigation, agri- 
cultural macbioery, manipulation of fruits and vines, live-stock man- 
agement, cereal, grass, and industrial crops, fabrication of alcohol, 
wine, and oil, farm management, etc. Pupils passing a satisfactory 
examination on the completion of these courses receive a certificate 
or diploma. These graduates may, upon the completion of an addi- 
tional course, receive the degree of agiicultural engineer. Of these 
latter graduates a few may obtain two years "stages" in private 
or public agricultiiral establishments. These " atagtain-s" may 
be sent to study the a^cultural resources of foreign countries, and 
to investigate special subjects, presenting a memoir of their investi- 
gations to the adiuinistration. Internal or boarding pupils pay a 
charge for tuition and board of 750 francs per annum; external 

ipUs and free hearers are charged 200 francs per annum for tuition. 

B school at Montpellier does not receive boarding pupils. 

"' ' 1 gi'ado embraces the primary or farm schools, of which 



3C6 HIGEEB AQRICtJLTUral EDrCATIOS, 

there are (ort.y-three in operation in varioua localities. These are 
established by decree of the minister of agriculture designating tha 
nam's, location, number, and age of pupils or "apprentices," the 
length and character of the course of study, the personnel and sala- 
ries of the board of inatructioQ, etc. In the pastoral regions schools 
are allowed to receive one apprentice for erery four or five faeotarea 
(10 to 13 acres) in the cultivable domain attached; in the regions 
whei-e grain-culture is puraued thirty pupils are allowed for each 
100 hectares, {247 acres.) Each school must accommodate at least 
twentj-fivo. Great care is exercised to make the number of pupila 
proportionate to the -work to be performed. The age of admission 
vanes from fifteen to thirty years. The gOTernment pays the direc- 
tor 270 francs per annum for the board of each apprentice. Aj*- 
prenticBs perform the labor of cultivation, and receive regular wages. 
They also piu'sue a prescribed course of study, and are at regular 
intervals examined thereon. The director, who is either owoer or 
tenant holder of the domain, receives for his remuneration a salaty 
of 2,400 francs per annum besides the profits of cultivation. 

The course of study, which generally lasts but two years, is of the 
most practical character, though some schools enlarge their theoret- 
ical and literary instruction. The board of instruction consists of 
the director, who is also professor of agriculture, horticulture, zoot- 
echny, etc., a superintendent of accounts, whose ofBce is to supply 
the lack of primary instruction and to teach proper methods of keep- 
ing farm accounts, etc. ; a gardener and nursery-keeper, whose duty 
is to teach practicol horticulture; an overseer of Iiiborers, and a 
veterinary surgeon. Each school has a farm varying from 100 to 
1,100 acres, generally well stocked with farm-animols, and fumisbed 
with the most approved farm-implemeut«. Every facility is offered 
for thorough practical instruction in agriculture, horticulture, viti- 
culture, stock-raising and management, business management, etc. 
Each school aims to suit its instruction and cultivation to the re- 
gions in which it is located. A complete record of the operations of 
these schools would afford facilities for a most satisfactory general 
study of French agriculture. 

Besides the foregoing schools, several institutions for instruction 
in special brunches have been estabUshed. Among these are the 
three veterinary schools at Alfort, Lyons, and Toulouse. These aro 
under the supervision of tho departmental prefects. The course of 
study embraces four years, and comprehends physics, meteorology, 
chemistry, botany, geology, zoology, anatomy, physiologj-, hygiene, 
zootechuy, special and general pathology, medical and surgical 
therapeutics, pharmacy, sanitai'y police, medical jurisprudence, ot«. 
The board of instruction consists of a director and five professors, 
with a number of tutors necesaaiy to give proper instruction to all 
the pupils. 

There is also a school of shepborda located at the Bergerie of Ram- 
bouillet, the national sheep farm of France. It is intended to train 
young men in the management of flocks. It is open to pupils from 
all parts of France. Their course of instruction lasts two years, and 
uo charge of tuition is made. The chief shepherd exercises them in 
the management of all operations of sheep husbandry, lambioff, 
weaning, castration, pairing, gestation, parturition, shearing, fold- 



BOYAL AOnitTLTUItAL SCHOOL AT WURTESIBEHG 3G7 

ing. feediDgi dauglitering, preparation for market, etc. They aro 
fBa<;bt the beat treatment of sick animals. They also cultivate the 
loDil. If their primary instruction is defective, it is supplied by 
Bjieoial teaching. Their instruction is tested and completed by the 
sub-director. After t^o years of pupilage, if they pass a satisfac- 
tory examination, they receive a certificate with a premium of 300 
fraiics. If they do not pass this eiamination, they receive only 200 
fninca. 

In Prussia the govornraent requires that every child shall be 
educated ; assuming that it is the right and duty of the State 
to protect itself fiom ignorance, the most fruitful source of 
crime, as well as crime itself. She enjoya the enviable reputa- 
tion of being first among nations in this respect. All Germany, 
Austria, and of late liussia, are imitating her example, and act 
on the principle that the farmer aud luechanio must have as 
thorough an education as the lawyer, doctor, or clergyman. 
To insure this, they have established special schools, with 
every appliance of land, buildings aud apparatus ; taking stu- 
dents from the higher classes of the public schools or other- 
wise, aud training them for their pursuits as euperiiiteudents, 
overseers, or laborers. A description of one which has served 
for a model to the rest of Europe will suffice for all: 

ThoKoyal Land and Forest Academy of "Wurtemberg is situated 
at Hoheniieim, a few miles from Stutgard, Tou will Und there a 
large farm, adjoining a government forest of five thousand acres 
(these practical Germans know the importance of taking care of and 
cultivating trees); about twenty acres, divided into one hundred 
plats, are used for experimental purposes, where all questions based 
upon soils and their preparation, metlioda of culture of new plants, 
are tested ; a botanical garden, covering several acres, exhibiting all 
the varieties of plants which can be grovi^ iu that climate ; there is 
a beet sugar factory, a brewery, a distillery, a starch factory, a vine- 
gar factory, a malting and fruit-growing establishmeut, a silk worm 
establishment, and machine shops, where agricultural implements 
are made and mended, this depacttncut being expected to furnish 
the rest of Germany with the best models. 

All the studies are pui-sued in connection with actual practice 
in the field and forest, and embrace the general principles of 
agriculture, composition and quahty of soils, special plant culture, 
meadow culture, gi-ape, hop, and tobacco culture, fruit culture, 
vegetable culture, breeding of domestic animals in general, horses, 
cattle, sheep, and smaller animals, silkworm culture, bee culture, 
dniri'ing, and practical farm business. Fumllel with this practical 
iuslruction, there is carried along through the course of study arith- 
metic and algebra, bookkeeping, a knowledge of the laws and prin- 
ciples of taxation, physios, general and agricultural chemistr}', ge- 



368 mOHEB AGBICULTUBAL EDUCATION. 

ology, vegetable physiology and zoology, veterinary science, and 
study of forest trees and their uses. There you will find in the high- 
est departments, sons of the gentry, fitting themselves for the general 
management of estates ; ambitious young men from the middle 
classes, fitting themselves for stewards ; and lower down the sons of 
peasants, between the ages of fourteen and eighteen, who wish to 
become familiar with the routine of farm work, and who spend three 
or four hours in study, and the rest in actual labor. Any one can 
have instructions in the special subjects taught. Besides, there is a 
course of three weeks of public school vacation in which common 
school teachers are posted up in the general principles of agiicultare 
— an example worthy of imitation. 

Nor is this all that those governments are doing for this branch 
of industry. Scattered around in various neighborhoods, are what 
are called experimental stations, where twelve to twenty acres are 
divided into small sections for experiments in fertilizers, rotation of 
crops, with a chemical laboratoiy and professor attached, and ac- 
commodations for animals, that questions of breeding, feeding and 
fattening may be settled. These are nurseries for' professors in the 
secondary schools, which are supported by government. Equally 
thorough and comprehensive are the *' building schools" in Prussia. 
At Holzminden, one of these has five hundred pupils ; and at Nein- 
berg, in Hanoverian Prussia, is one of the same grade for machinists 
and millwrights, masons, carpenters and joiners, cabinet-makers and 
locksmiths. France, before the war, had taken the lead in technical 
education. There was hardly a town which had not its school of de- 
sign ; and even in Great Britain from ninety thousand to one hun- 
dred thousand pupils are annually receiving this kind of instruction. 

But it is from Russia, who has been making such immense ad- 
vances in developing all her resources, that we might draw the most 
striking example for imitation. In 185G she founded the Imperial 
Agricultural Institute at Gorigoritz, embracing primary, interme- 
diate, and superior departments. Then rapidly followed the creation 
of numerous establishments for the production of silk, with depart- 
ments for instruction in the art; schools of horticulture, farm 
schools, model farms, special schools for the culture of flax, all dis- 
tributed with a liberality almost profuse, over the vast territory of 
the empire, according to the nature of the soil and climate, and the 
habit and needs of the people. Then followed in quick succession 
the great agricultural museum at St. Petersburg, with numerous 
smaller ones in various parts of the country ; schools in Bessarabia, 
in Caucasia, and, Jast of all, the great Academy of Agriculture and 
Forestry near Moscow, to which the government makes an annual 
appropriation of $100,000. In Caucasia the tuition is not only made 
free, but small incomes are secured to meet the expenses of students. 
At Tiflis they have a school for teaching the apphcations of science 
to horticulture, arboriculture, bee, vine and silk culture, where they 
give board, lodging, clothing, and books to a limited number of pu- 
pils, with $40 for the first year, $G4 for the second, $72 for the third, 
and $80 for the fourth and last year ; and all this does not adequately 
illustrate the spirit and energy with which the government is push- 
ing forward the noble work of educating the agricultural classes. 



C0SGKES8I0NAL ENDOWMENT. 



369 



TVo will now trace the progresa of Agricultural Education in 
our owu country. 

Iloa. G. M. Piniioy, who has given an admirable summary 
of tho luuveraeut, its importance, ita aim and scope, in his no- 
blii pamphlet on the Now Education, says: 

Tlie political considerations which dictate a course of thorough 
education for our agriculturiats, are quite aa important as any 
which are connected with the subject aa a purauit. Our farmers 
should understand our government as wall as our soil. They should 
bo as capable of comprehending human as natural laws, and should 
know Low the evUa of state are to be remedied, as well as the evils 
of their crops. It is this sort of an education that our government 
is scekinf^ to introduce through the various collegoa which have 
been estabUshed by its munificence. 

These classes, which perform bo important an office in all the in- 
dustrial enterprises of our State and country, cannot discharge a 
higher or hober "dnt^ for humanity in this age, than to see that the 
object of Congress in the "New Education" is accomplished. They 
alone, can do it. The reform is in their hands. If it fails to realize 
all that is promised for it — all the most sanguine expectations of its 
founders, the blame will be theirs. It iS' emphatically a trust con- 
fided to their inteUigence and energy. 

One of the first, if not the veryfirst definite movement to- 
ward the endowment of agricultural colleges, was a presentation 
of a memorial from the Pacific Coast to the Congress of 1853, 
by Warren & Son, in the Senate, and there approved and nnan- 
imonsly referred to the Committee on Education. It ably set 
forth the agricultural capacity of California, its growing im- 
portance as an agricultural State, and the unexampled facilities 
afforded for eveiy department of agricultural education. It at- 
tracted respectful attention from eminent friends of agriculture 
iu the Eastern States. Our greatest men had already urged the 
consecration of onr public lands to the education of tho people. 
Europe hod moved in the establishment of agricultural and 
mechanical schools; Congress had given thoso liberal endow- 
ui-iuts to "higher seminaries of learning" in the younger States, 
on which the noble universities of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa 
and others, are founded. But nothing was done to elevate our 
industries through education until July, 1862, when Congress, 
nnder the sound of hostile cannon, legislated into being, the 
great comprehensive system of industrial and scientific educa- 
tion, a system which was to give dignity to labor, and "knit 
30re" pruotical with theoretical knowledge of all 
24 



370 



HIGHEB AGBICCLTDRAL EDDCATIOS. 



the sciences and arts bearing upon agriculture and mechaoio 
arts. The measure liad met witli violent opposition from "op- 
timists, pessimists, sham economists, hold-bocks and do-noth- 
ings. " Buchanan hud killed it once with a veto, but at last oar 
faiatesmen canied it through, aud Momll's bill, with Abraham 
liiocolu's signature, became one of the signiEcaut facts of our 
national history. 

Colleges crowded forward to avail themselves of the grant. 
Denominational schools of all stripes and colors insisted upon 
dividing and sharing in its benefits. Twenty different institutions 
presented their claims to it in the New York Legislature alone. 
There was great danger that the benefits of the grant would be 
lost between the army of speculators in public lands and the 
army of obstmctiouists to the educational ideas it embodied, a 
danger not yet averted. Heckless waste and gross violation of 
public trust, had in many States attended the administration of 
the seminary lands. It was feared that this would prove true 
of the Agricultural College grant also. In eveiy "Western State 
a handful of men stood between these two fires, under every 
conceivable form of secret opposition and open hostility, to hold 
this precious legacy inviolate; and that they have so far suc- 
ceeded is due to the fact that they appealed directly to the 
common sense of the people. 

The first section of the Act of Congress (approved July 22, 
1862) "donating public lands to the several States and Terri- 
tories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
and the mechanic arts," provides that a quantity of land equal 
to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative of the State 
in Congress be given for the pui-pose named. Section two pre- 
scribes how the land shall be apportioned, located and sold. 
Section three, that all expenses should be paid by the States to 
which the lands belong. Section four provides: 

Tbfit all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid l^ 
the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the Bolea ot 
land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of 
the United States, or of the }5tates, or Bome other safe bIucIcb, yield- 
ing not less than five per centum upon the par value of Raid 6t(jckB; 
and that the money so invested shall constitute a j>erp«tual fund, 
the capital of which shall remain forever undimimisheil (eioept M> 
far as may be provided in Section five of this Att), and tie inienat 
of which shall be inviolably oppropriated, by each State which "> 
take aud claim the benefit of this Act, to the endowment, 
and maintenance of at least one College, where tUo leoc 



USEXAMPLED SUCCESS. 



371 



shall be, without exclndiag other scientific ttnd claBeical atadies, and 
induding mititary tucUt'S, to teach such hranches of leam'Ug ns are 
related to agiiciJturo and the mechanic arts, in such manner as 
the Legislatures of the States may respectively preaeribe, in order 
to promol« the liberal and practical education of the industrial 
cloiiseH iu the several pursuits and professions in life. 

There can be no doubt that Congresa meant to endow Hchoola 
lliat would bear the same relation to those pursuits that schooU 
of law and medicine do to those professions. As far as this 
is done, the results arc all that could reasonably bo espected. 
Where they are niana^jed in the interests of other pursuits, as 
in our own case, they are not eminent snccesses. The question 
as to who is to blame can easily be settled by inquiring who 
Las the responsibility; for in a matter like this, ignorance is 
not a valid plea. Farmers and mechanics must take the man- 
agement of institntions, designed for their benefit, into their 
own hands, if they would have them succeed. No other classes 
are or can be so deeply interested in their success. 

The average time since the opening of the thirty-nine Agri- 
caltural Colleges, enjoying the national benefaction, is less 
than five years. Twenty-four of them had, two years ago, an 
attendance of 2,604 students, with 321 instructors — an average 
of 109 and 12.3, respectively; while the 217 old institntions 
(from 30 to 100 years old) which reported their collegiate and 
past graduate students, iu the same year, had 20,806, and 3,018 
instructors, an average of 95 and 13.8, respectively. They have 
called out State and individual donations to a very large 
amount. Thirteen of them have thus received $2,923,650. 
Eighteen, not including the richest, Cornell, possess property 
and funds to the amount of 18,272,382. Neither is it true that 
nineteen twentieths of their graduates never take to agriculture 
lor a living. 

Massachusetts is not an agricultural State, but she sa\-s of 
the fifty-seven graduates of her Agricultural College: "A large 
portion of them have engaged in agricultural and liorticultural 
pursuits." Michigan say-sof her sixty-seven graduates: "A large 
portiou of them have devoted themselves to agi-icultural pur- 
saitB." Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Iowa, are making 
educated fiirniera by tlie hundreds in Agricultural Colleges, sep- 
aratftl from th© overpowering influence of literary and purely 
acienlifio udacution. The difference in results is in the omis- - 



372 HIGHER AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 

sion of the practical, for the quality and quantitjrof theoretical 
instruction is nearly the same in both cases. And more than 
all, the diflference is in the spirit of the administrative or di- 
recting power of the institutions. 

The Agricultural College of Alabama has two hundred acres 
of land, good college buildings and apparatus, one hundred 
and three students, thirty-nine of whom are pursuing agricult- 
ural and mechanical studies. 

Arkansas Industrial University has a farm of one hundred 
and sixty acres, and one hundred and eighty-three students, of 
whom fifty are in the agricultural and mechanical course. 

Illinois Industrial University had in 1873 an experimental 
farm of two hundred and thirteen, and a model farm of four 
hundred and ten acres, with three hundred and eighty-one stu- 
dents — males, three hundred and twenty-eight; females, fifty- 
three. In agricultural course, sixty-eight; architectural, four; 
chemical, fourteen; civil engineering, forty-five; commercial, 
four; electric, eighty-four; horticultural, eleven; literature and 
science, forty-four; mechanical engineering, thirty-three; mili- 
tary, fifteen; mining engineering, three; unassigned, forty-five. 

The Agricultural College of Indiana has a farm of one hun- 
dred and eighty-four acres. 

Iowa Agricultural College has a farm of seven hundred and 
ten acres, devoted to nearly all kinds of fruits, shrubs, grains, 
and stock, and has two hundred and sixty-five students. The 
graduating class for 1872 contained twenty-six, of whom seven- 
teen were in the agricultural course. 

Kansas Agricultural College has two hundred and sixty acres, 
devoted to nearly all kinds of fruits, grains, stock, etc., suited 
to that latitude, with two hundred students under practical in- 
struction. 

Kentucky Agricultural College has two hundred and twenty- 
five acres of land, with fine stock, fruit, etc., and two himdred 
and seventeen students. Nineteen twentieths of all the labor 
on the farm is done by the students, for which they receive pay. 
Live stock on the farm is valued at five thousand dollars; crop 
valuation, five thousand dollars. 

Maryland Agricultural College has a fine farm, animals, fmitSy 
grains, etc., and one hundred and forty-seven students.^ 
, Massachusetts Agricultural College has three hnndi^ui I- 
eighty-four acres, upon which was raised, in 1873, 



REPORTS FROM DIFFERENT STATES. 373 

and eighty bushels shelled com, five hundred bushels potatoes, 
forty-eight tons sugar beets, one hundred bushels rye, fifty 
bushels barley, three hundred bushels of oats, two tons of 
millet, three hundred tons of apples, and two hundred and eight 
tons hay, produced by one hundred and seventy-one students, 
laboring six hours each week on the farm, during intervals of 
study, under practical instruction. 

The Institute of Technology, at Boston, has three hundred 
and fifty-six students. 

The Agricultural College of Michigan has a good farm, well 
cultivated, and devoted to the various grains, fruits, plants, etc. 
Special attention given to the improved varieties of stock, cat- 
tle, sheep, and hogs. Number of students, one hundred and 
thirty-one, who perform four fifths of the farm labor. 

Minnesota College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts has a 
good farm under cultivation. Number of students, three hun- 
dred and fifty-four; of this number, one hundred and seventeen 
were pursuing agricultural or mechanical studies. 

The College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts, Missis- 
sippi, has one hundred and ten acres of land; forty-two stu- 
dents receive practical instructions from the Professor of Agri- 
culture. 

Missouri Agricultural and Mechanical College has six hundred 
acres, well cultivaf^d; the best varieties of blooded stock; has 
raised large quantities of com, oats, potatoes, hay, grapes, etc. 
Number of students, three hundred and twenty-two, who are 
instructed in practical agriculture, and have performed three 
fourths of the labor on the farm. 

The College of Agriculture, University of Nebraska, has a 
farm of four hundred and eighty acres. Number of students, 
one hundred and thirty, with twenty-five in agricultural depart- 
ment. 

Dartmouth College has four hundred and eight students. 
The Commissioner of Agriculture says: "The number of stu- 
dents in this college has nearly doubled during the present 
year," (1873.) Whether this increase is attributable, in any de- 
gree, to the establishment of the College of Agriculture and 
'Mechanic Arts with the College proper, he does not say. 

Scientific School and School of Agriculture, New Bruns- 
w Jersey, has fifty students. 
University Agricultural College, New York, has a 



374 



HIGHER AGBICUVTUBAL EDCCATION. 



farm of two hundred acres, well cultivated, raising, alreadjv 
all kinds of fruits, grains, etc., common to the climate. Num- 
ber of students, five hundred and twenty-five; two hundred and 
seven la the agricultural department, 

III Oregon, the Agricultural College has one hundred and 
sixtj-flve students, with twenty-two in the Department of Ag- 
riculture and Mechanics. 

The Agricultural College of Pennsylvania has a very fine 
college farm of three hundred acres, and three osperimeuttd 
farms, each containing one hundred acres. The course of study 
has been scientific, experimental, and practical. Number of 
students, one hundred and hfty. 

The University of WiBconsin has five hundred and seventeen 
students; ninety-three in the agricultural, and one hundred and 
thirty-nine in the female-college. 

From the foregoing, it would appear that the agricultural 
colleges of the various States have been a success, when con- 
sideration is taken of the time they have been organized, and 
the prejudice existing in many of our higher institutions of 
learning, not only against labor, agricultural or mechanical, 
but also against the establishment of agricultural colleges, as 
such, in which the farmer and mechanic might receive a thor- 
oughly scientiBc and practical education for his calling. In 
oar opinion, the indisputable facta herein contained, from such 
a source, should settle this question of success beyond contro- 
versy. As an example of good faith in the management, itad 
sound <:ommon sense in the application of the grant to its par- 
poses, we quote from the Haud-Book of the Kansas State Agri- 
cultural College; 

1, "We understand, the "industrial clasBes" to embrace all those 
whose vocations or pursuits ordinarily require a greater exercise of 
manual or mechanical, than of purely mental labor. It is impossi- 
ble to draw a sharply defined line between the industrial and pro- 
fessional classes, for every occupation demands both mental and 
manual effort. But for the purpose of marking the general boun- 
daries, which in our opinion, should divide agricultural from olhn- 
colleges, we accept the recognized distinction Iwtween the mechanic 
or industrial, and the liberal arts as given by Websl«r; the indua- 
trial arts are those in which the hands and body ui-e more conrvnied 
than the mind, the liberal arts are those in which the mind «ml ima^- 
iuation are chiefly concerned. 

2. While not necessarily ignoring other and minor obtM*^ w | 
leading and controlling object of these institutions tb 

teach Buch braiiclics of luaining us "- 'd to ngr 



THE LEJE PDHSDED IN KANSiW, 375 

the mechanic arta. Prominence should bo given to those tranches 
in the degree in which they are actually used by the fanner or 
mechanic. 

3. As against the opinion thai the aim of these colleges should be 
to make thoroughly educated men, we affirm that their greater aim 
should be to make men thoroughly educated farmera, and for three 
reasons: First — A student may receive the highest scholastic educo- 
tiou afi'orded by universities, and yet know nothing of practical farm- 
ing. Second^ — Although we hold that the mental faculties are as 
well disciplined by the masteiy of those sciences which relate most 
directly to agriculture as by the study of any other branches of 
learning, and therefore that mental development can as truly be 
gained in agricultural as in other colleges; yet we affirm, that their 
greater aim should be to teach the farmer how best to apply the 
truths of science in the management of his farm, and how most to 
profit thereby. Third — The primary aim of literary colleges is and 
has been tor centuries, to discipline the mind, other purposes being 
secondary. The doors of these noble institutions are open alike to 
the children of the industrial and professional classes. It is there- 
fore neither necessarj', economical or wise for the State to maintain 
an agricultural college which shall seek to do the same thing for the 
same purpose. 

For the purpose of defining the policy of the Board of Regents of 
the Kansas State Agricultural College, and as a guide to the faculty 
in preparing a curriculum, it was — 

Besulved, That the object of the institution ia to import a liberal 
and practical education to those who desire to qualify themselves for 
the actual practice of agriculture, the mechanic trades, or industrial 
arts. Prominence shall be given to agriculture and these arts in the 
proportion that they are severaUy followed in the State of Kansas. 
Prominence shall be given to tho several branches of learning which 
relate to agriculture and tho mechanic arts, according to the direct- 
ness and value of their relation. 

The difference between the line pursued in Kansas and that of 
the other Agricultural Colleges seems to be: They take as an objec- 
tive point the graduation of agricultural experts, who shall act as 
missionaries to working fanners; the Kansas College makes its ob- 

i 'active point the graduation of a capable farmer, able to make his 
iving by farming. Their theory is that of the Normal School, 
training teachers who shall instruct scholars; the Kansas theorj- is 
that of training the scholar. Along the mechanical branch they 
seek to graduate master-builders or superintendents of machine 
Bbups; the Kansas College, to graduate intelligent and skilKul car- 

S enters, masons, and blaL'ksniiths. Tho former strike for the in- 
ostriea considered the highest, and believe that in reaching them 
they include all below; the latter strikes for those most commonly 
followed in this State, and by successfully mastering them, espects 
to climb up to the rarest, because, with them, where five agricult- 
ural scientists con make a living, five thousand capable farmers can 
IQorfi thau make a living; and where five master mechanics, or arch- 
ileetit, can obtain employment, five times as many can command 
Mfea. The Regents and Pi-esident of this remarkable college 
her declare, that whenever their masters, the Legislature of 



the State, wish the enterprise conducted upon other and Rntagoni*- 
tic principles, "our resignations are most heartily at their servicw, 
because, whatever else may need to be tried, there is do use in 
repeating the experiment of flying a literary kite with an agricult- 
ural tail, so often made in various quarters; which, though a jileaiauit 
regential and professional amusement, and quite attractive to an iu- 
mediate locality, lias not a cent of money in it for the industrial 
student whose estate pays for the kite." 

Whether the professional and regential amusement above re- 
ferred to, of flying R literary kite with au agricultural tail, has 
been pursued in carrying out the provisions of the agricaltaral 
graut in California, we leave the reader to judge from the testi- 
mouy of the memorial o( the joint committee of Grangers and 
Mechanics (see pages 186-193); from the report of the joint 
legislative comnjittee, and the almost unanioioua expression of 
tho friends of industrial education. 

It is not a pleasant duty to point out the causes of failure, 
but as Mr. Gladstone Raid, all questions of reform are summed 
up in tho one word, repeal; so in this case, it is ueeessiiry to 
show what legislation is needed to make this uoble trust pro- 
ductive and available to the classes for whose benefit it wna 
designed, 

The share of California in the national gift was 150,000 
acres of land. On her admission into the Union, California re- 
ceived seventy-two sections of land, which was lier portion of 
the fund for higher seminaries of learning, and had appropri- 
otod them to the endowment and support of a University. 

By Act of the Legislature, March 31, 1866, an Agricultoral, 
Mining and Mechanical Art College, with a Board of Directors, 
was established. It never went into operation. The Act was 
repealed by the Act organizing the University, which became a 
law March 23, 1868. 

Tho question of location was an important one. The com- 
mittee to whom this was referred finally decided against Napa, 
San Joa^, and other desirable points, in favor of Alameda 
county, in the neighborhood of Oakland. The final choice of a 
site was afterward determined by the action of the College of 
California. 

The question arose here, as it had elsewhere : "Bhnll wo liuve 
au independent agi-tcultural and 
such colleges, with that of 
• plan? " There appears to have 




WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE. 377 

time to sound a warning note against the dangers of subversion, 
which had already appeared in older States; and though there 
were many enthusiastic friends of ''University education,'' ready 
to bear a hand in the building of the young University, there 
were none to emphasize the practical features of education in 
agriculture and the mechanic arts. 

Before and after the formal organization of the University, 
overtures were made to the College of California, already in 
successful operation in Oakland, with an able faculty and fully 
Drganized classes, to effect its disorganization and the transfer 
of its classes, buildings, lands, liabilities, and assets, to the new 
institution, in which a "College of Letters" might be co- 
existent, though it could not take precedence. Its property was 
estimated to be worth $80,000. 

Its founder, Henry Durant, was the pioneer of the higher 
literary education on this coast. When the transfer was legally 
affected, on the condition of the uninterrupted continuance of 
its classes, there was no recognition of the eminent services of 
Mr. Durant to education, in the formation of the new Board; 
Qor was the intent of the donors carried out according to their 
understanding of what was practicable or *'in good faith" 
toward themselves or the people of the State. Among these 
trustees were some of the best educated men in the community, 
with a large experience and knowledge of the peculiar indus- 
trial conditions of the coast, such as Sherman Day, Henry Du- 
rant, and others. Into whose hands was the execution of this 
great, though ''private trust," committed? A careful reading 
of the organic Act will show that nearly all the responsibility 
was thrown upon the Governor. Besides the six ex-offido mem- 
bers, there were eight appointed members " to be nominated 
by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate," 
and the remaining eight members were to be "chosen from the 
body of the State," by the official and appointed members, to 
hold their office for the term of sixteen years, according to 
classification. All vacancies were to be filled by appointments 
of the Governor, who did not make any appointments until 
after the adjournment of the Legislature, thus dispensing with 
confirmations. He then chose Samuel Merritt, John T. Doyle, 
Kichard P. Hammond, John W. Dwindle, Horatio Stebbins, 
Lawrence Archer, William Watt, and Samuel B. McKee. 



maHER AGKICULTUBAL EDDCATION. 

The first meetiiig waa held on the 19th of June, 18G8. when 
these appointed llegenta proceeded to elect Isaao Friedlaiider, 
Edward Tompkins, J. Mora Moss, 8, F. Eutterworth, A. J. 
Moulder, A. J. Bowie, Frederick F, Low, and John B. Feiton. 
Kot a single representative of the agricultural or mechanical 
classes appear among these names. 

The first business which engaged the attention of tbs now 
complete Board was the disposition of the lands. This was pat 
into the hands of a committee, of which Mr. Friedlander was 
chairman. Not long afterward Regent Friedlander resigned, 
and Louis Sachs, of Sau Francisco, was appointed in his place. 
On the second of March, 18G9, the Board received a proposition 
"from a responsible party to purchase the entire tract of o 
hundred and fifty thousand acres for S3 50 per acre in gold." 

This party was no other than the ex-Regent and chairman of 
the Land Committee, Mr. Friedlander, whose proposition 
declined. An Act had just been passed through Congress 
ferring exceptional privileges upon the State of California in 
the matter of locating its lands. 

The Board had full power under the organic Act to " locate 
and sell such lands for such price- and on such terms- aa thej 
shall prescribe." 

These specialties of land location are not generally known, aa 
no report has ever been published giving a list of the parties to 
whom the land certificates have been issued. It is manifestly 
desirable that the public should be fully informed of every point 
connected with the administration of the grant. 

The organization of an agricultural college, therefore, became 
incidental to a more comprehensive plan, instead of a leading 
object in the very foundation. StUl, the organic Act creating 
the University was sufiiciently plain in its provisions, had they 
been carried out in good faith. 

It provides that the College of Agriculture shall be first 
tablished ; but in selecting the pi-ofeseors and instructors for 
the said College of Agriculture, the Itegents shall, so far as it 
in their power, select persons possessing such requirements ta 
their several vocations as will emiblu them to discharge the 
duties of professors in the several colleges of meclmnic arts, of 
mines and of civil engineering. Aa soon as practicable a system 
.if iioderate manual labor shall be tat.ili" ' i ' ■.uicotion 

. . tlie Agrioultui'al College, a&d vy '1 ftO'l 



A FABMEE SHALL WORK THE FARM. 379 

ornamental groands, having for its object practical education 
iu ugriculture, landscape gaideuiiig, the Leolth of the students, 
and to aflbrd them an opportunity hy their earnings of defray- 
ing a portion of the espenseH of thoir education. These advau- 
tageu Bhall be open, iu the first instance, to stadenta in the Col- 
lege of Agriculture, who shall be entitled to a preference in that 
behalf. 

It further provides that the College of Mechanic Arts shall 
nest be established, etc., and that tho said Board of Uegenta 
shall always bear in mind that the College of Agi'iculture and 
the College of Mechanic Arts, are an especial object of their 
care and superintendence, and that they shall be considered 
and treated as entitled, primarily, to the use of the funds do- 
nated for their establishment and maintenance by the said Act 
of Congress. 

It also provides that the College of Mines and the College of 
Civil Engineering shall be next established, etc. 

It specifically provides " that the College of Letters shall be 
GO-oxistent ivith the aforesaid College of Arts, But the provis- 
ions regarding the order iu which the said colleges shall be or- 
ganized, shall not be construed as directing or permitting the 
organization of any of the specified colleges to be unnecessarily 
delayed, but only as indicating the order in which the colleges 
shall be organized, beginning with the College of Agriculture 
and adding in succession to the body of instructors iu that and 
the other colleges such other instructors as may be necessary 
to organize the other colleges successively in the order above 
indicated." 

It provides "that a practical agriculturist by profession, com- 
petent to superintend the working of the agricultural farm, and 
of sufiicient scientific acquirements to discharge the duties of 
Becretery of the Board of Regents, as prescribed in this Act, 
shall bo chosen by said Board as their Secretary. Tho Board 
of Regents may also appoint a Treasurer of the University, 
and prescribe the form and sureties of his bond as such, which 
shall be executed, approved by them, and filed with the Secre- 
tary before any such Treasurer shall go into office. The Secre- 
i tary and Treasurer shall be subject to summary removal by the 
; Board of Regents." 

Beotiou IC requires the Secretary to reside at and keep bis 
'e at the Uuiversity, for important reasons hereinafter enu- 
■hI. 



390 

I feel jnstified in saying that the condition of the Agricolii!. 
ral College is not due to a defective plan of organization, as bt 
as its edacational features are concerned. Its defects lie in tbe 
extraordinary powers conferred npon the GoTemor and Board 
of Regents — powers which leave the property of the XJniversitr 
in their hands, to be ''managed, invested, re-inrested, sold, 
transferred, and in all respects managed, and the proceeds 
thereof used, bestowed, invested and re-invested by the said 
Board of Eegents,'' (see Section 12 of the organic Act), wLile 
(see Section 11 ditto,) "no member of the Board of Begents or 
of the University (perhaps this refers to the Treasurer) sImlD 
be deemed a public officer by virtue of such membership, or 
required to take any oath of office, but his employment as sach 
shall be held and deemed to be exclusively a private trust." 

We have thus far presenteil the anomaly of an institution 
created by a public fund, endowed from the public treasuir, 
supported by public taxation, four of whose administrators 
hold their positions only as State officers, which is to all in- 
tents and purposes a private institution, beyond the reach of 
penalties, of the press, or of public censure for malfeasance in 
office. 

The amended Codes provide that "the Regents may invest 
any of the permanent funds of the University which are now or 
may hereafter be in their custody in productive unincumbered 
real estate in this State," (see section 1415 of Political Code of 
California,) and that if the terms of any grant, gift, devise, or 
bequest are impracticable in the conditions imposed, such 
grant, gift, devise, or bequest shall not thereby fail, but such 
conditions may be rejected, and the ** intent of the donor car- 
ried out as near as may be," etc. These large privileges have 
been exercised as freely as they were conferred. The grant of 
Congress to ** provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
and mechanic arts," they tell us, was " really granted for the 
encouragement of all branches of modem scientific instruction, 
and was so construed in the application of it to tho University 
of California." 

Seven members of the Board constitute a quorum. Of these 
the Advisory Committee (five) will always be a majority, and 
the President is now entitled to a vote. It is easy to see, there* 
fore, how a largo body of twenty-three members may be con- 
trolled and managed by skillful combinations. 



5 MANUAL LABOR INDISPENSABLE. 381 



1^ 



The Board of Regents, as at present constituted, is an anom- 

Ijr in the history of democratic institutions. It is virtually a 

f-perpetuating close corporation, managing a property 

ly worth more than a million dollars, commanding an im- 

^rtant and constantly increasing political influence. Already 

le skillful dispensing of patronage has made itself felt at 
Berkeley. What it may become in the future requires no illus- 
imtion. 

It should be remembered that the State is not only the trus- 
p, tee of the national benefaction, but that the people have freely 
L- giv©^ of their substance, over eight hundred thousand dollars, 
lor buildings and the maintenance of the University. 

Another hindrance to the prosperity of the Agricultural Col- 
lege of the University is the want of land upon which to carry 
out fanning operations on a scale commensurate with the mag- 
nitude of this interest in California. Since the sale of nearly 
two hundred acres of the University domain, (see page 191,) it 
will be impossible to exhibit the varied capacities of this State 
for agriculture and horticulture on the present site, or to carry 
out a manual labor system which will judiciously employ and 
train the students for their work. In nearly every other Agri- 
ooltural College in the country manual labor is made obliga- 
tory, and it should be in every College, upon this foundation. 

No way could be devised to give a stronger or more lasting 
direction to the taste of young men and women for these pur- 
suits, than their association as students in the labors of the 
horticultural school and the farm. Four years of practical and 
theoretical training of the right kind, of such a body of stu- 
dents as California is even now ready to furnish, would, in my 
judgment, prove an incalculable benefit. It is the proper 
function of the public school to train the young for a respecta- 
ble position in the industrial state. The Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College should complete this training; its diploma 
should have a money value, as a certificate of educated power. 
This cannot be done without means and appliances for the ac- 
quirement of skill. ** This acquisition of skill requires physi- 
cal labor, just as the acquisition of science requires mental 
labor. Hence, physical labor should be compulsory, in the 
same sense and for the same purpose that mental labor is com- 
pulsory, and in no other. As long as a student feels that he is 
gaining either knowledgeor skill that will be valuable to him 



332 HIQHEB AGRICCLTUBAL EDUCATION. 

as a farmer, he ■will work in the field, or nursery, or shop, m 
cheerfully as he plays, and more cheerfully than many stndy," 

What 19 the educatiou of most of our students worth on grad- 
uation day? Many a commencement occasion has brought to 
me only a painful sense of the utter helplessness of the young 
men and women graduates to make a living. I have received 
scores of letters from students, one, two, and three years after 
leaving college, asking for advice, for positions, for help in 
making their way in the world; for their training had only 6tt>^d 
them for the professions, and these are overcrowded and foil. 
Now, suppose this training had been industrial — equal in every 
respect to the other, but differently directed. As a skilled me- 
chanic, as a foreman or manager of a farm, or farmer on his 
qwn hook, he can at once command sixty dollars a month; h» 
has not to wait from two to five years to wedge his way into a 
paying practice. The wages of a young man from sixteen to 
twenty years of age are worth, including his board, at least 
thirty dollars a month, or the interest on $3,(300, at the rate of 
ten per cent. If he comes out of college a skillful mechanic or 
farmer, he has doubled his cupital; if he has only got ready to 
begin the study of a profession, he has in a strictly business 
point of view, sunk it in a venture which may or may not reim- 
burse him after many years. If he has made the great and 
almost universal mistake of studying without a definite parposd 
or aim, without a definite occupation to which his efforts bav* 
been constantly directed, this is almost certain to be true. As; 
President Anderson, of the Kansas College, says: "It ia timd 
for men to look the educational question squarely in the face, 
and to substitute common sense for traditional and gronndle&a 
sentimentality." 

Wo are now beginning to understand that a sound mind ia 
not to be expected in an unsound or half-developed body, and 
even the pitrely literary colleges are encouraging competitive 
muscularity in a way that would have caused John Hari'ard and 
Elihu Yale to shake in their shoes. What is there more inter- 
esting in a boat race than in a plowing match? Is the power 
ignoble which is applied to the spade or the plane, and other- 
wise when it holds the ball club, or boxing glove ? Is it so much 
greater an accomplishment to say horse in half a dozen lan- 
guages, than to know how to breed and care for one, until the 
beast has become more than half human iu his beauty and in< 



AS IDEAL COLLEGE. 383 

lelligence? la all the verbiage with which onr schools are 
loaded down until physicians are crying oat against the mnider 
of tho innocents, so much better than "paying knowledge to 
ftitnre fanners, paying skill to future mechanics, self support 
and God-birthed liberty to women?" 

Another thing for the farmers to consider seriously in respect 
to tho necessities of agricultural education is, that we need one 
institution at least free from the temptations to eolloge estrav- 
ageuce, where plain living and high thinking can be illustrated 
in all the appointments. Extravagant buildings, which in soma 
States have cost more thau the principal of the congressional 
grant, no matter how they are obtained, are undesirable for our 
purposes and work. 

President Anderson, of Kansas, once a resident of the Crolden 
State, thus pictures bis ideal of the Agricultural College of the 
future: 

Borne day, and somewhere, there will be an agricultural college 
looking so much liko the grnund^ and buiklings of a prosperous 
farmer, who did Ma own repairing and manufacturiuH, that we of 
the present happening by, would mistake it for a little hamlet of 
thriving artisans, built in the heart of rich and well-tilled fields. 
Nothing in its appearance would suggest our notion of tlie typical 
college. Its barns, eheds, yards and arraugementa would embody 
the idea of the greatest utility at the least cost. Its implements, 
stock, and fields would show them to be used for real profit. Its 
orchards and gardens wouldnot only reveal tho success of the owner, 
but, also, his full determination to enjoy the fruit with the labor. 
We would be quite certain that it was only such a farm — the best spec- 
imen of the highest type — were it not for the presenceof cheap, stone 
buildings, one or two stories, scattered among the trees ; all of them 
more resembling mechanics' shops than anything else; some exactly, 
others, not exactly ; and yet no two alike. One woidd bo used for 
teaching practical agriculture, but would as little prompt our idea 
of a recitation room as the whole cluster would thtft of an imposing 
college edifice. While there would be seats for hearers, and a place 
for a speaker, yet the latter would most suggest a circus ring for the 
exhibition of short-horns, when short-horns were cUscussed ; of horses, 
pigs, or sheep ; of surgical operations ; of plows, harrows, or reap- 
ers. The walls would be lined with photographs of famous herds, 
working models of farm machinery, the gi-ain and stock of cereals. 
Part of its surrounding ground would be belted with every variety 
of growing grasses; and another would be for the draft^test of im- 
plements, or the trial of student skill. In fact, it would look, and 
be BO Uke an actual workshop of r6:d farming as not, even in tlie re- 
motest way, to squint toward the article generally yclept " scientific 
agriculture." The interior of another shop, a few rods distant, and 
equally inexpensive, with its grafting- tables, potting benches, pack- 



>•■«•: 



884 mOHEB AQBIOIILTUEAL SDqGAnOV. 

inf(-room, working green-house, and, outBidd hoUwds and Ihzillr 
iiuniorv grouudH, would look so much like ** gaidiming for -^aaBlr 
UH to throw UH completely off the trail of botany, as a pim acwinpB. 
Another would bo a force shop, where light, heat, water, aomid and 
ohustricit^ wore made to roTcal their laws, habits and eiflbeta, and to 
do their induntrial work. The constant use of its applianeea bjr bipy 
NludentH, in sacrilegious defiance of the rule, " Don*t tonek tne ap- 
i)iiratuM/' italicized with professional emphasia, would instantly m- 
lufy UH that there was nothing ** collegiate*' there, and that ft 



only a workshon where men had to become skillfal woikmen I There 
would bo a matuomatioal shop; so much like a oountiufr and dxafwitt 
room, no one could be surprised when it led into an lUTentor^a ana 
pattoru-mnkor s room, and its winding up in a madmieHBhorD. These 
would bo an English shop, remarkably like a piinting^-oimoe; and 
tho ** Printer's Haud-Book of that day might strike us an admira* 
bio drill in the art of using the English language, as well as in thit 
of Hiioking ty{)e — almost as good as a grammar 1 There would be a 
woman's workshop, where the pale Hortense, at heart a good desl 
luoro Honsiblo, earnest, and womanly than sodetysuppoees, would 
strivo for the bloom and *' faculty of Mary. The blessed Hzs. 
Uruudy would be dead I And there would be a mason's, carpenter^s, 
and smith's shops. Not a shop of them would cost ^,000; and 
Muue, not half of it; because they would be shops, wann, light, 
cheerful, but toorkshops — ^not requiring costly foundations and tall, 
hoary walls, not finished as are parlors, nor wasting space in broad 
i\>rridors. And thoy would not have been fbre-oidained by men of a 
previous gononition, who, to save the Uvea of the best of them, 
could not possibly have foretold just what buildings such a college 
would ntHHl, As, in tho prt»cess of ita gn>wth, a want had been felt, 
its shop w^is supplit\l: and each generation had footed its own bills. 
No I it would not K>ok like our great colleges; but very remarkably 
hko a nost of real educational workshops, where fiesh and blood 
students ai\iuircd marketable skill for industrial lalor. In it, drill 
in tho art wv^uld have greater prominence than the scringing of facts 
on tho thrt\ids of a system; and the i^uix^ments of the art would 
s<*rvo as a skimmer to lift the cream of science as needed. Knowl- 
i\l^Ct^ woulvl Iv shovovl iviyinij end first, and not everlasdnirly phil- 
i>SK^phio euvl lirst. For the world has gotten h&ck to the lustoir of 
its o\\;i ovjvrieuvV, whore an was the Columbus, dfscoTerizij science. 
In It. t\hu*ativ^ual cv^mmon sense would Lave scpr*.ar.tcd :iscommon 
t\;;:v*A:;or.al r.ous<^'.:s<\ And leaving it, the newlr i=\L?rd cnduate. 
as vlvvs tho r.t w> devLi^vl ** jour.,** woulvX a: cr%>? earn a living. 
S.tv^h ai; ,VcrlvU*.:'.ir^i Cv ll«ce would Iv* i=. ktvriu: wi:h its cbi'i-ji. 

:; ^>ouM \v v.: k;<v:u^ vr:;h a r..h. rrv^id Sts:e, v-akir^f-Tfj-Ir vent nil 

% , ^ -v * »_ 

w\:."*. vvuv,:.t>ci sii.,^ifvi:cr"--p> ir.ri ijir i.iar* c^ :*'^"a5c:7 *j Ij: 

_» , • • • 



"WOIUS AS AN rSDCSTEULIST. 



CHAPTER XSVn. 

THE IXDDSTRI.VL EDUCATION OP WOMEN. 

" It ts MnBg* ll»l ■ motliac, allaFalsd u ajnat molben ot the prosnl dar ■"- ■"■l *1» *• 
^rlTd kdJ biiutaktaiMr liwi koirnlj fvLI b^ owd l^nmaL^ of HubJ<M:ta (hut aboiild bsTa b*wi 
■ •njibl. uil hw w»ut ot aklll Aiat mtybt bmvo bosn ■i-qnliwl, c«n bn eonirol tn (ITU hjr 
■JkikIHsf tboumc nanwl iirepuMlon forrvilUfc, Ami It U eiernllnel]' etniQgK t)ut • failior. 
lone fmullMf ull'i tli» dlMrra* ndLleDlr wpniKhl by flnmneiil cbus», •boolil ivllijloiiiU M- 
clailafnnu bl> ilii<u(I>lDr*ii Kiimtlga ill knuwlsd^ o[ bu'lpiu. ud evgry pQudbUllr u( hid- 
iDlfft woDUB's Uiltm. cicspi (t the amOln. vuU-iul), ocpUDa,"-~J. &. Akdwuoh. 

WulUV IB AH iKOGBHOM-ISTi-'THIi FlCLO < 

ii Pais I^doseu— HonnKBEFiHo ab 
Wdmxh vt A»ebii;a and in Ei^rofr. 

The wise man in tli& Book of Proverbs put a high estimate 
oil til© good housewife. He insisted that, although many 
daughters liad done virtuously, she excelled all. Tet, as he does 
not mention her by uame; as we have Deborah spoken of for 
her wisdom, or Ruth for lier comeliness, or many others mada 
promitiont by their influence upon the men of the period, we 
take her as tho representative of a class, and know from the 
conditiou of the houuehold arts in Palestine, that a good house- 
keeper was almost as great a desideratum iu their days as ju 
our own. So, also, tho Greeks praised the women of the 
hearth, though we do not know their names; while wo know 
how Aspasia beguiled Socratea with the graces of her conver- 
sation, and that Sappho took her seat by diviue right rather 
than by a nomination artiong the poets. We know that neither 
in Greece nor iu Palestine, at a period when poots and prophets 
abounded, was there a home in whichany of us would have will- 
ingly lived for a single week; nor was there for ages afterwards 
Buch a recognition of haman rights, of the dignity of woman- 
hood, or the sacrednesB ' of the home, as could create a pro- 
gressive home-building civilization. We have seen in the 
earlier chapters of this wt>rk how the ancient civilizations were 
bnilt upon slavery, which bore equally upon the sexes. In fol- 
lowing the historical development of industry, we shall find 
that woman has at all times borne her full share of the burdens 
of the industrialist, in addition to those which are hers by vir- 
tue of her organic constitntiou. 

In considering the question of her education, therefore, we 
should cover the whole fiuld of her industrial and special func- 
tions, and provide whatever is needed to give her the higheat 



386 INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OF WOMEN. 

possible efficiency in both. That we have been doing this in 
our higher schools, no reflective person will claim; and as for 
our public schools, our mistaken policy in them is not only b- 
jurious but alarming in its effects upon the female pupils. 

"If viewed from the standpoint of actual instead of ideal life, 
the course of study followed in the average female seminaij 
will logically appear as a standing wonder. It has been so long 
in use that the principle of it may be judged by the results act^ 
ually produced. Apart from an effort to discipline the mind, 
which can as well be done by the acquisition of useful as of 
useless knowledge, its chief purpose seems to be that of fur- 
nishing intelligent playthings for men possessing exhaustleas 
wealth." Ninety-nine out of a hundred women are called upon 
to do some domestic work every day of their lives, and yet not 
a ninety-ninth part of the girl's time is spent in preparation for 
it. She has a training fitted for the professional actre^ 
preacher, astronomer, and usually leaves school without the 
possibility or the inclination of putting these acquirements to 
practical use. The uses of knowledge are not kept sufficiently 
before the minds of scholars of either sex, an evil which is 
especially hurtful to young women. Suppose, for instance, the 
goal to be reached by every girl in getting an education is how 
to prepare for doing a wife's and mother's work well and faith- 
fully, and that every school should say, as the Kansas trustees 
declare with regard to their Agricultural College : '* Prominence 
shall here be given to such branches of learning as relate to 
home culture and the household arts; according to the direct- 
ness and value of such relation," would we not, in all human 
probability, work a speedy change in the results ? 

Again, every student in the Cornell University, whatever his 
aim, and to whatever college he belongs, is required to hear 
one full course of lectures on agriculture, on the ground of the 
importance of its relations to national and individual welfare. 
Now, suppose every school thus recognized the value of the 
domestic arts, and every young woman was obliged to pursue 
the studies bearing upon these, up to a certain point, would not 
this be justified by the universality of the application and use 
of such studies? We are aware that a mountain of prejudice 
must be overcome before these improvements upon our present 
system can be effected. A beginning has already been made. 
There are now five or six institutions of great merit, which have 



DOMESTIC BCTEKCE. 387 

for their olijeet the training of women as industrialists, in which 
everything relating to the horao and family are made prominent 
subjects of study. These institutions, like iue one in Needham, 
Mass., recently endowed hy Mr, and Mra. Henry Durant, by 
the gift of a million of dollars, are for special training of house- 
keepers, telegraph operators, engravers, pattern-makers, ao- 
ooontants, etc. They are intended to cover very different ground 
from the colleges and seminaries; to brighten the palo faces 
hurrying from attic to workshop in our large cities, with better 
wages for better work. But there are otbers still, which occupy 
middle ground, where those who make the loaf and those who 
eat it, are benefited alike. One of them, in the city of Gotha, 
Germany, enjoys the highest reputation on the continent of 
Europe, and draws pupils from Greece, Bussia, Italy, and 
England. 

Among other things its accomplished principal. Dr. Xohler, 
gives a series of what are called lecture conversations upon 
the science of domestic economy. We daily witness events 
where men, supposed to be worth millions of dollars, are 
.stricken with bankruptcy as with the palsy, and reduced to pov- 
erty; and the evil results of such a calamity are often needlessly 
increased by an utter ignorance on the part of wives and 
daughters of the purchasing value of money and its uses as ap- 
plied to household ad'airs. An American educator says: 

We were present in the Kohler Scliool, at Gotha, at several of 
tbete interesting lectures, in wbich the professor discussed with his 
pupils every phase of domestic economy. For the purpose of af- 
fording to American teachers the opportunity of fathoming its scope, 
and simply as an illustration of method, and not for the absolute 
value of the suggestions, we shall quote one of the lectures in de- 
tail: 

"Young ladies," says the professor, "suppose that you had to 
keep house, either as a wife or as a daughter, and that the family 
consisted of two grown m embers and three children, and that the 
income noa twelve hundre<I dollars a year, how would you spend it 
to the greatest advantage and comfort ? If you had to reside in a 
rented dwelling, what kind of a house could you afford to lease? 
What proportion of this twelve hundred dollars, in justice to all 
other necessities and requirements, should be espended for rent ? 
"What number of rooms are essential ? Would a garden be an ad- 
vantage; and, if so, how large? What are the prices of house rent 
ia the city of Gotha?" 

This field of inquiry seemed to be entirely now, and few pupils 
•n prepared to answer. The professor then said: "Make in- 
liies; let us know how many rooms a family so circumstanced 



388 Ea)U3TlUAL EDUCA^nON OF yfOXES. ^^M 

could afford, so as not to entreach too largely upon other neceaeai7 

expendituree," 

The nest inquiij of importance la the queBtion of nourisliment 
The professor said: " Ladies, for to-day's dinner, "^-mauy of the 
pupils being boarders, — " as you know, we had rice soup, beef. Rail 
vegetablea, for the first course; sausage and potatoes for the second; 
and pudding for dessert; can you tell me what was the cost of that 
dinner per person?" They could not. " ^Vhat istheptice of beef? 
What ia the price of potatoes?" They did not t now, "For to-day 
I will excuse you; but when we take up thi9subjectagain,youinust j 
be better infoi-med. Inquire of your mothers or friends, for it is of I 
importance to yon to know the values of the necessities of life." I 
Coming back to the initial point, the annual income, the conver' I 
sational lecture involved a thorough sifting of the details. Its chief I 
value lay in its minute examination, so that every pupil conld make I 
either an additional inquiry or relevant suggestion. After a thorough I 
canvass of the house-rent question, the conclusion was reached that I 
a family, with the income specilied, could afford one hundred and I 
fifty dollars per annum for Louse-rent in that city. In other words, 1 
after surveying the whole field, the conclusion was reached that one I 
hundred and fifty dollars house-rent would be a proper proportion | 
of the whole expenditure, and that any considerable increase in that I 
direction would tend to diminish the comfort of the family in uuit- I 
ters equally essential. 1 

The discussions of the questions of proper nourishment and its I 
relations to price, health, and comfort, were continued through a I 
number of sessions. Not merely v/ere the prices brought forward, I 
but the questions: What kinds of food contain the most nourish- I 
nient? How to secure a reasonable variety consistently with eeon- ' 
omy ? and how various dishes can be prepared and waste prevented ? 
were treated in the same suggestive and familiar manner. In fact, 
these conversations were so genial, and wthal so dignified, eo 
pleasant, and, for girls, so JoteresUug, that the pupils looked for- 
ward to them with anticipations of both pleasure and profit. Ques- 
tions were submitted by pupils, and the zest with which the discus- 
sion was followed up, showed that not merely was the topic in itself 
congenial, but that they appreciated its important relations to their 
future welfare. After a final and exhaustive review, it was deter- 
mined that, with the existing prices of food in the city of GoUia, a 
family, with the income stated, could afi'ord to spend three houdl^ 
dollars a year for food. 

The next great question was the one of clothing. How shall ww 

[ be clothed ? The consideration of what are the chief requisites for 

I clothing? brought out a number of answers. The first one — Ger- 

[ many being a cohl couiitiy— was, quite naturally, that it should 

I afford the requisite warmth and protection in winter. This was ful- 

[ lowed by the suggestions that it should bo suited to the season; 

that it should be handsome in appearance; unchaugeabte it) color, 

of firm and durable texture. The iraoring apparel of the grown I 

members of the household t\!1.'* flrat 'dered, and th« «w* of | 

silk, woolen, linen, cotton, bumdcli •^imere waa d' 

The Telations of color^^^^^ olh' >rrospor 



ECONOMIES AND EXPENDITURES. 389 

the complexion of the wearer, were also discussed; and in this field 
the ladies were able to contribute many interesting observations. 

It was finally concluded, after a number of conversations, carried 
on twice a week, that $300 a year would clothe the family in a neat 
and respectable manner. Incidentally the question of making over 
garments was brought up, and strange as it may seem to us, that 
part of the question which treated of the limits to which re-making or 
turning can be carried with advantage was brought prominently for- 
ward; for in that country careful women often go to the extreme of 
repairing and making over garments when they no longer pay for the 
labor expended on them. 

One feature upon which the professor dwelt most emphatically 
was the ever-recurring incidental or extraordinary expenses of the 
family; and this is a matter of importance to both sexes and to all 
classes. The breaking of a pitcher does not happen every day, but 
in the aggregate there is an ever-recurring wear and tear of furniture 
and household goods, which, as these articles must be replaced at 
irregular peiiods, constitute what is called incidental or extraor- 
dinary expenses, though they are as truly ordinary expenses as any 
other. The keeping in repair of furniture and other household 
necessaries requires an average expenditure of $100 per annum, and 
$50 more may well be kept in reserve to meet the demand for literary 
xmd religious expenditures, and to provide for sickness, family pres- 
ents, amusements, etc. In a growing family, $50 must be set apart 
for educational purposes; and the father may be considered an 
economic man if $50 suffices for his incidental expenses, particularly 
if — as in the case with most Germans — he is addicted to the use of 
wine and tobacco. $50 are also needed for fuel, the economic use 
of which, and the various kinds to be used, forms an interesting and 
profitable topic. Finally, the expenditures foot up as follows: 

For house-rent $150 00 

For clothing 300 00 

For food 300 00 

For special expenditures 100 00 

For extraordinary expenditures 50 00 

For education 50 00. 

For fuel 50 00 

For incidentals 50 00 

Total ..$1,050 00 

This leaves about $150 as a savings-fund, and is as little as ought 
to be saved in times of prosperity; for as children grow larger, and 
it may be desirable to send a son to the University, and as the family 
may increase and times may change, no man ought to spend regu- 
lar a larger portion of his income than is here set forth. 
^ Alt many men in Germany have not an income of $1,200. 
lat majority must live on $800, and even less. Let us, 
ider the question how a similar family can live on $800, 
t of debt, and be comfortable and respectable. The 
m is, "Where can we retrench?" We must at once 



390 IXDCSTBIAL EDDCATION OF WOJtES. ^^H 

cut dowD the rent to $80 per amiuin. We must retrencli in 
the article of food, but the reJuctioD here miii^t not be too 
great, because a. certain amount and quality are absolutely ueces- 
sary to keep the family in qood working; condition. It will cost as 
$250 at least. Then we must dresa plainly ; we must use simple. 
strong woollen goods. This will enable us to reduce this expoadi- 
tore to $L8I). Thus all the household expenses are revised, and 
while enforcing previous lessons, these new discussions give to them 
a i»lea8ant variety. Thesa careful and well digested reviews of the 
various phases of domeetio economy are exceedingly attractive to the 
pupils, in part, doubtless, because they van ventilate the theories— 
which nearly every young woman cherishes in her heart of domestic 
life. 

In this manner a young woman becomes so thorouf^hlj acqatuntod 
with the demands and details of domestio economy that she has well 
defined ideas, based upon reality and reflection. Far from encour- 
aging the husband or father — the purchasing power of whose income 
she knows — in extravagance, or in the waste of money in some pur- 
ticuhir direction, to the diminution of other necessary comforts, 
she will be prepared to resist temptation herself, and to give aitffi- 
ciont reasons why the income should not be misdirected. 

Instead of looking upon marriage as a New Jerusalem, wher6 troa- 
bles cannot intrude, she is prepared to bear ber share of the great 
responsibilities and to assume a portion of its ever-increasing cues. 
Thus the woman becomes self-poised, firm in character, ready to 
adapt herself to the varying changes of fortnne, and to meet with 
courage the vicissitudes of life. Her children will also be taught 
that frugality and economy, with the careful use of clothing and 
household goods, furnish the only true way to prosperity. 

Is not the average woman, when thus thoroughly equipped with a 
large store of practical information, better fitted to be a successful 
wife and mother, than if her time had been taken up exclusively with 
the study of geography, mathematics, grammar, and history? will 
ehe not be better prepared to avoid the danger of bankruptcy of her 
husband, and the terrible and harrowing course of "keeping up 
appearances," in which every comfort is sacrificed to the supposed 
requirements of social position ? 

We all know thai the happiness of married life is worn out by the 
ever-recurring annoyances of little things. " Empty pots are filled 
with contention," is a proverb, in substance, of many nations, and 
the divorce courts are often called in as a last resort — and a most ter- 
rible one they are — when the struggle between impecuniosity on the 
one hand, and desires for extravagant espeuditures on the other, hare 
tui'ned the love of early days into gall and wormwood. 

In view of these facls, so common that they must have come under 
the observation of all, it is to be hoped that these features of special 
female education will receive full and fair discussion, so that these 
new studies, with such modifications as experience shall suggest, 
may be introduced into our high schools and academies for advanced 
female ]>upils. 

We are the more certain that these methods aro deiP" of nc- 
ognition and adojition, because the schools of thefiitj 
joy a high reputation upon the -■•"Hncnt. Tlio Mi 



COOKIKQ LABOnATOBIES FOB OIRLg. 391 

edaoation of male teachers nnd the common scliools, under the zeal- 
ous care of school director, Dr. Mobiua, and the Kindergnrteii eem- 
inary, under Dr. Kohler, Lave earned bo great a repuliatiou that 
pupils from Greece, Russia, Hungary, and England, in iucrcasing 
numbers, are being matriculated. This reputation for thorough and 
useful training is, moreover, based upon nn unselfish devotion and 
B. love for the cause, oa rare &a it is delightful* 

With the foundation thus indicated, it is ensy to see how u 
young woman may be prepared to make the moat of her re- 
soorcea; and not less, but all the more fully, should she be 
trained who has thousands, instead of hundreds, ut her com- 
mand, and whoso duty it manifestly ia to employ and adequately 
repay the labor of others less favored. Equally with the poor- 
est does she need to be taught how to order her home without 
waste, discord, or confusion; to nse upon it the fine artistic 
taste developed by the highest culture, and to apply scientific 
principles to the relief of necessary labor from what is mere 
drudgery. 

Ia several of the iuetitntions deriving their support from the 
grant of Congress, these principles are so far recognized as to 
require that their benefits shall be equal to both sexes, though 
not necessarily alike. A school of domestic science is one of 
the departments of the Illinois Industrial University, and in 
Nebraska the remunerative labor system encourages the young 
women to carry on the housework under competent supervision, 
in a way that does not retard their intellectual progress. "It 
is just as feasible to give practice in cooking with pleasure and 
profit to the pupil, as it is to give laboratory practice in chem- 
istry, and no more expensive." 

Many of the specialties which should be adequately provided 
for in an agricultural college are especially adapted to fit woman 
for her position as an industrialist, such as bee-keeping, silk 

Uare, the culture and preservation of small fruits, floricult- 
L and the related industry of extracts and perfumes, dairy 
igemeut, poultry management, etc., etc. Through the efforts 
Pwomen in the Grange it is to be hoped an influence may be 
brought to bear upon our educational system; introducing such 
ohtutges as are needed to fit the daughters of California for wife 
or motherhood; which, by making each of them the mistress of 
tome industrial art, will, perchance, enable them to keep a roof 

■ Ropi/tt of DuTMU or Education lac IHTt. 



S92 PAPEB MONEY ASD A PROTECTIVE TARIFF, 

over their heads in widowhood, and which will honorably seccire 
the single woman from the temptations of dependence. What 
ia trne of employments related to agriculture is equuUy true of 
the adaptation of many ia tho mechanical range, which, under 
a wise re- distribution of labor, would naturally be assigned to 
women. A paying knowledge of drawing, painting, engraving, 
of photography and stenography, and of telegraphy, will be 
given to " our girls " in the College of Hechaoic Arts whenever 
the true design of the Congressional endowment is realized. 



• 



CHAPTER SXVin. 

PAPER MONET AND A PROTECTIVE TARIFF. 

HUtlhlDdkUOl 






weal, ill Onngen norUi mc 



Fai£E Liuhm — Genebai. Pbikcifles — What Cubhenct ih — LEaisi.ulOHI 

QUIKEU PUOFESSOB PeBBT'H ViEWB — DlAIjOOCE BETWEEN BONAVT PUCB 

iHD THE NkW YoBK CiPITiLIBTll— ObIOIN 01' TaBLFTS — ElTECIS OF PaOTCV- 
TIOM UPOS AoBICULnTBU. iMSnBTBI — TiBms TlKZ BQT HEVEB GiTK. 

A TBCE, clear and comprehensive definition of the terms in 
daily use, in which the various relations of money are con- 
sidered, is tho first step toward an understanding of the many 
problems connected with our system of finance. 

We have brought together, in this chapter, several of the 
most recent and pertinent discussions upon our currency, and 
nearly related subjects. Many of our writers upon political 
economy are more like astrologers, than astronomers or teach- 
ers of true science; they are seeking for a philosopher's stone, 
which wiU transmute not only the baser metals, but roga into 
gold. We have endeavored to make such selections from emi- 
neut authorities as shall least contuse the mind of tho reader. 

Mr. Charles Sears lays down the following propositions oon- 
ceming money : 

Material wealth is a fymhol of social power. Equitable distribu- 
tion of wealth through equivalent exchange is evidence of soeud I 
health. Equivalent exchnugs is tbelnatural law of eschange and ts J 
essential to the perraan<'ne0''of soHetj. Slone)' is a rcprosoDlatlTe 1 
sign of wealth — a Ryiubol of curamnn title hy which uwimrahip »t I 
property is traneferrwl. It Is evidence of property: ♦' 
ol exdiange. Therefore, tbidzue basis of mootitaiy 



BEPEE3ENTATITE MOSET. 393 

not one commodity only, as gold, nor credit, nor population, but all 
commodities — the entire taxable property of the commonwealth. 
Money haviug this baHia would be representative money, the money 
of the people, the sovereign money. The volume of money required 
for producing, utilizing and exchanging property is necesBarily de- 
termined by tha same law which governs production and exchange, 
viz., deioaild for use. Enough money for equivalent exchange is 
the law of volume. Therefore, orbitary limitation of the volume of 
money is a viohition of the natural law of exchange, ami is void of 
right, as would be a like limitation of production and exchange. 
Arbitrary limitation of the volume of money has been the principal 
measure of class power to eeuure the monopoly of money; a neces- 
sary result of such limitation has been forced credits. Credit is the 
immediate parent of bantruptcy, and periods of bankruptcy have 
been the harvest times of the money monopolists. Therefore, arbi- 
trary limitation of money issue should cease. 

The right of monetary issue la a sovereign right, to be held and 
maintained by the people for the common benefit. The delegatioii 
of ibis richt to corporations is the surrender of the central attribute 
of sovereignty ; ia void of constitutional sanction; is conferring upon 
a subordinate irresponsible power aud plenary dominion over indus- 
try and commerce. Therefore, the people should resume their right 
over the issue and circulation of money. 

Value is determined by agreement between parties to exchange, 
and the final standard of value is use. Gold is not tlie standard of 
value, but like other commodities, its value depends upon its power 
of exchange. 

The legal dollar is a certain measure or counter of value. Its 
iweight, twenty-five and eight tenths grains of gold, nine tenths fine, 
is the standard weight and quality of the monetary unit. 

The volume of gold and the purchasing power of the dollar vary 
widely, as do those of other ooinmodities. The use of gold in pay- 
ment of interest upon national debt, and in adjusting balances of 
trade between nations, confer upon it the character of universal or 
international money. These uses, use in the arts and private hoard- 
ing, absorb nearly the entire volume, leaving little available for do- 
mestic exchange, and are reasons conclusive against making gold the 
solo basis of national or domestic money. 

Promissory notes are evidences of debts. Such notes are not 
money, and the attempt to ciiculate them as money is an attempt to 
evade the force of the natural law, which has necessarily re.-iulted in 
failure. Such notes were spurious tokens, and their proffered use 
aa money should be prohibited. 

A ourreucy is inflated when the volume issued exceeds that of its 
basis. The so-called "specie basis currency" notes, promissory 
«f specie payment, have been issued "nominally in the ratio of 
iour dollars currency to one dollar, coin, supposed to be in bank; 
Irat, in fact, six dollars of currency to one dollar of coin." The 
.paper currency of the past, therefore, has been inflated to the extent 
of Gxo hundred per cent. 

* A currency in redeemable when all of it can be redeemed in the 

■^»l*»laiice signified or thing pi-o«iis>ed; therefore, with only one dol- 

A coin lo redeem &ix duUai-s of promissur}' notes, the specie basis 



PAPER MONEJ AND A PROTECTITE TARIFF. 

f was always an irredeemnble cun-ency, and has so prowil 
> geiierol dcmatid for liquidatiou whatever maj bave been 
toporlion of coin to currency, five sixths of it in later yeai» 
lianng been pure fiction, analogous to certificate for large sams 
Aj^ust which there ia no deposit. Tbia currency was never tho 
etiuivalent of exchange. It represented corporat* monopoly, and i** 
issue was a fraud, which has wrought destruction to the valaea of 
labor, property and commerce; therefore, the authority to issue such 
inflated, irredeemable, fraudulent currency should be abrogated. 

Certificates of actual specie deposits ore the only honest, redeem- 
able specie basis currency. The exchange of property for represent- 
ative money is equivalent exchange; is giving specie property for a 
title to any property of equal value; is redemption of such money 
in the substance represented; is accomplishing the primary object of 
money. The redemption of such money by government for toiM 
and dues, is equitable public redemption. The optional interchange 
of representative money, and public bonds bearing equitable interest 
will be the regulator of currency -volume, and prevent artificial ex- 
pansion and contraction. It will leave the currency free to expand 
and contract in accordance with the industrial demand. If at any 
time the volume be insufficient, bonds will be surrendered for money; 
while any temporary excess of money will he retired iu favor of 
bonds, BO that only the volume required for active use will be kept 
in circulation, and the siieculative centers will not be gorged with 
idle money. 

Evils specially incident to our finances, industries and commerce, 
are due to the want of a rational theory of monetary issue, a simple 
system of financial administration. The erroneous assumption that 
gold is the standard of value, and the consequent futile attempts to 
maintain a four-fold paper currency at par with gold, and the cre- 
ation of an overwhelming national monopoly by surrendering to 
corporate power the public right of issuing currency, have made the 
empirical interference of government with the natural laws of pro- 
duction and exchange, a constant necessity, ending iu perpetual 
failure. 

Acts of Congress are required as follows: An act instituting a 
complete domestic monetary system, providing in such act for the 
issue of public currency representative of property and redeemable 
on demand in public bonds, and for the issue of public bonds, pay- 
able on demand and in public currency; such currency to be legal 
tender, non-interest bearing money, and receivable at par for all 
public dues, and such bonds to bear interest not to exceed three and 
uiity-five hundredths per cent, per annum, and the bonds and cur- 
rency to liquidate other forms of the public debt. An act repeal- 
ing all ^auts of authority to corporations, associations, or inai 
uals to issue money. An act to prohibit the issue of notee [^ 
iHHory of specie payment, to circiUate as money, other than c 
outm of Bpocie deposit. 



Iprofussor Arthur L. Perry, of Williams College, a-wellll 
kvliwr. oud auUiority ou FoU^mI Eoonomy. bu/m: 



THE I^ABOK-IVROUOHT DOLLAB. 303 

The greatest foe the farmers of tbis country have bad for tlie past 
dozen years baa been the paper money. There ia nothing mysteri- 
ous about a eitver dollar. There is nothing magical about it. It ia 
jimt ao much silver metal stamped, but the stamp adds only a slight 
fraction to its value. It took boueat labor to get this silver out of 
tlio earth, refine, alloy, and coin it, and therefore it ia just the thing 
to help exchange other things that have cost honest labor. This 
dollar 19 just like a bushel of wheat; it baa cost something; it is 
adapted tu a bumau want, and therefore it is good for something. 
Labor for labor is the law of escbange, and therefore the dollar that 
lias cost labor ia the only honest doilor. It ia the only dollar about 
which there ia no trick. It is the only dollar that defrauds nobody. 
It ia a real equivalent. It is indeed only a tool to help eschauge 
other things, but it is an honest tool. AVe take it only to part with 
it again, but when we take it we get an equivalent for what we give, 
and when we part with it we give an equivalent for what we get. 
Money is indeed a medium to exchange other things with, but it is 
of vast consequence that the medium be a good medium, a real 
medium, an intelligible medium, a medium that gives no advantage 
in the exchange to either party. 

Moreover, this silver dollar ia the same thJug year in and year out. 
The first silver dollar waa coined in this countiy in 1734, just eighty 
years ago, and there waa put into it 371 J grains of pure silver, and 
that quantity of pure silver has been put into every dollar coined 
since; ao that, so far oa the word dollar has depended on the silver 
coin of that name, (and the same principles of course apply to the 
gold dollar,) the word has had a steady significance. Men knew 
what they were talking about when they were bargaining in dollars, 
The thing dollar was n perfectly definite thing, and consequently 
the denomination dollar was a steady denomination. In values j-ou 
reckon in dollars just aa in groina you reckon in bushels. Gold and 
silver money give Tou steady denomination dollars to reckon in, to 
bargain by, to make calculation^ with. As things, dollars are a me- 
dium to exchange other things with; as denominations, dollars are a 
measure t)f all other values whatsoever; and it is impossible to 
have steady denominations unless you have steady coin dollars be- 
hind tbem. 

I now hold in my hand a so-called paper dollar. It is not a dollar 
at all. It is only n promise to pay a dollar. Bead it and you will 
eee that it ia so: " The United States will pay to bearer one dollar," 
It carries the truth upon its very face. It ia only a promise. Un- 
fortunately, also, it ia a promise that Las not been kept. It is an un- 
fulfilled promise. Worse than that, it is a promise that the promiser 
refuses to fulfill. Itia a broken promise. It is a dishonest promise. 
It is failed paper. Because it is an unfulfilled promise, it is of course 
worth less Uian that which it promises to pay. It is depreciated. 
It always has been depreciated, and it is depreciated now. It has 
been at times ver^ much depreciated. Kow, we have seen that the 
dollar as a thing is a medium helping exchaligo all other things, and 
ftlso that the dollar as a denomination is a measure measuring all 
oUier values. But a measure of other things should itself be uni- 
form. A bushel measure should be the same thing year in and year 
', — to buy and sell by. A yard-stick should be thirty-six inches 



r.vrEU MOXET Ayi> a t^otlttttl 



*'■•.:. ^o v.ion* ami no loss, made of s«o2i3 riin-Kail zinc tist IioLIs its 
.'•1- ^v.l iu»t *»f indm rubl>:r, eiTi&ii-iible Liii !T»i.-:ncii::ii*, or one 
"■■.:■•, ?v*-\l{iY find unotLer to-niorrow, fcci i:o:iL7 kiu:ws what 

\"'< \kv\ ilolliir hill has fl-jctnat^i ii; tiI j* i« ?:ci3iire<i with a 
<'-' ; vU»',I:iriill Mi'» way from iLinv-Sre <>E:L-> ::r- 1-: mic— -"iree .!en:ii 
I ■ ? -.k ii;n'tii»n; iin^l yf;t, wf? Lave been tall-i^ :" a Liilar all the 
»*■','. \\o liHvo hr:f;ij frsriniatiiirf our pr:'T»trrr ii. iii*a* Luirmir «loI- 
'4'^. \\\» liiivo li(!<:n ]m\\ii'^ when the d .llikr "•"is k: :!ie Tilae. and 
w.'*ii.: w\w\\ it. huH iKren at aiioiher; a b*.i=Ltl i:*eit?;;r* iiiuiinir three 
• '.v\ * :i( Mill' I'luui, four f;^:'rks at another tirie- hz^i If* r«clD» as an- 
*"*ui. i»i niiirh nion: w.-nJiible than such a Tijii':lT i:llir. miirimuch 




} 



I'lui tiiiir, iirid now ajmo-.t baok :4;:aii*. TLese cii-^iii.: ductnatLons 
III I •III II « I niiMj^v find thov are iLLervi.: in i: "Ji-lt-^ lie r-an-er U in- 

III- » * ^ 

oi.Ht(l> niii\»-il.i!j|'; into ^'oM — rnake it alxiiii^blr &* a measure of 
\iiliii) fill i^vrivliodv, find jKirti'jularly f or furrier?. An ir.':«:> avertible 
••i|iri iiHfiny ujw.'i; -.d': predate d and aiways Tarialle is worse for 
.»uiii«i.» Ihiin for ahnohl a ny Wly c-lj?e: nr^t. on the ground of its 
iti>)iii>riahiiii, and he/-ond, on the grounl of i3 varidbiliry. As the 
«.ilii«i of iiioii^y ^'i3(:\ down, of course ;reneral prices tend to rise: 
lnii . iiidoii.iiijjtUJy, tJK-y do not ri-ie equally, nor in equal times; and 
.iiiiiiii piir.cii do not rihe at all. For example, manufactured ;70od.s 
•ill' •|iiii li(-.it 1.0 r.i|i<-rieii':': a rise of prli-e ovr.n^ to a derreoiation vf 
ilii. I mil n«-, \ni:L\i'.*; a. :i rule ni'iTiuf^iCturvrs r^re :L:ell:_:tn: nie::. 
.lilt In-..'/ I 111- h'lid* /I'-y of d^j>redateil n^ii-ey tj deprooLite nioro, 
.III I Hill ) iiii:!' II lo jir-.ijf: t}i*:!n-:ehv:.s by pu:::!::: a hijLer prioe r»ii 
itii II , iiimI) Uii;'!*. ji-.<r niiK;h n*oro sl-»w]y tLan ;:''.»ol'i. and nev»;-r 
|.i .|.-.(iii.iiiil»l; . Iwi-aii-.': lahorer.T d'> Lot well understand the >::u:i- 
L-.ii •iii'l ii' ■. If ii'l 'jiii^kly enouL'h t-^ insure themselves: an*! si> 
III' . nil 111'. ii).» j;M:iLt :\ii'u-vf-r-i fr-ni a dopreciated mon^y. HciA 

• .i.ii'. M .♦ ; .:l'»v,lv a/jd irre^.'uhirlv, thou::!i at limes tumultuou-^lv. 
null 1 .Ml' li iiioiK'. , and nev^r OR the avera^je so high as mauuiV.c- 
iini.-l ;'M'.i|o H :<■; v.)ji]i: ac'ri'-ultunil pr:dufts, some parts of which 
.ill I .j.<.itr«l 1.0 fo]'i;^n frountries, scarcely rise in j)riee at all. Tht* 
11 .1 . -n li'i lliit i:i, that lljf forei;^n ^rold price of that part which is 
. |.'.il«il l;ii;'<'ly d^tf-rniines the home price of the whole crop. 
li.iM 1.1 oiiJv our- wholesale price of wheat of the same grade in 

\oil. nl.v, wJKtljfr it is for export or whether it is for homo 

. .11 iiniiptiiiii T\n: ^fold price in Liverpool determines the currency 
|.ii-i. ill \i:\\ Voik just so lon^ as any wheat is exported; and the 
|.ii< 1 111 Ni.w Voik df-terinines the price in Chicago and Omaha. If 
I ill pii.iiiiuiu on ^'old, in consequence of the use of a depreciated 

• tiiiiiii-v. wt-m as hi^di as the avoraije rise of prices arising from 
1 1 1. 1 1 diiiin-riation, it would not be so unjust; but it never is; j^old is 
; . lit. Lilly th« <-heapeBt thing a-going, so soon as an inferior currency 
h.1.1 dciuiiiitiiixiMl it and thrown it out of demand; and the whole 
c.iiii:icqu()ni:ti to funnel's of the use of 8uch a poor money is, that 
ilic.^ havo tu pay a great deal more for oil that they need to buy, and 



TlEWa OF BONAMY rEICE. 307 

ouly get a little more or nothing at all for all tliat they have to sell. 
Wbeftt was no higlier in cuirency in 1873 than it was in gold iu 
18G0; hftms were not; lard was not; and salt pork was not. These 
nro all exportable agricultural products whose current price is de- 
termined by the gold money of the world's prettt market. These 
thiuga are what farmers sell. Bat harnesses, boots and shoes, hats 
and caps, blankets, all manner of clothing, were much higher in 
1873 than they were in lUGO. These manufactures are what farmers 
haTO to huy. The mischief of paper money is, that it affects differ- 
ent classes differently, and the largest class the most injuriously of 
all. It raises some prices much, other prioee little, and still other 
prices not at all. Some prices are raised quickly and pretty reg- 
tUarly, and other prices are raised slowly and irregularly; so that 
the shrewd ones always take advantage of the ignorant ones, and 
the dishonest ones of the honest ones. The whole trick of the 
thing is a trick of distribution. Some men may get rich out of it, 
but this is always at the expense of other men. All classes of the 

Seople are ultimately great losers in wealth and reputation from the 
estruotion of the staple measure of value — from disturhing the 
meaning of the word dollar. A huge crop of defaulters, and of 
failures, and of bursted speculations, and of ruined reputations, are 
always the harvest of that sowing. But farmers always have been 
and always will be the greatest losers from rag-mouey; partly for 
the reason that I have just given, namely, that what they have to 
buy is enhanced in price by it, while what they have to sell is not 
enhanced in price by it; and partly, also, because it takes the farmer 
almost a year to realize on his crops, and he cannot meanwhile insure 
himself against the inevitable changes in the currency. The dollar 
in which he calculates the expenses of his crop is almost sure not to 
be the dollar in which he realizes the results of his crops. He can- 
not calculate. He cannot insure himself. He is helpless. The 
manufacturer who turns off his product weekly or monthly can vary 
his prices weekly or monthly, and save himself at least in part; but 
the farmer, poor man, can do no such thing. He is at the mercy of 
currency- tinkers, because all our paper money is only a promise to 

fiay, and an unfulfilled promise at that; because it is depreciated 
ar below the solid money of the world's market; because tt is vari- 
able in value from day to day and from year to year, unsettling the 
measure of all other values; because such money always stimulates 
speculation and hampers productive industiy; because it corrupts 
public morals, undermines honesty, and makes defaulters, by de- 
stroying the staple standard of value; because it unjustly distributes 
the rewards of industry, and cheats by wholesale the whole farming 
interests, and because such money has always been followed by 



these results wheresoever the experiment of u 



J it has been tried. 



Professor Bonamy Prico fills tho chair of Political Economy, 
in Oxford, England. In the year 1869, he issued what is re- 
garde<l in Enropo as the standard work on the "Problems of 
Cmrancy." 

Daring the antumo of 1874. he visited the United States, and 



398 PAPEE MOSEY AND A PBOTECmT TAEDT. 

v&s eagerly questioned bj the bankers and capitalists of the 
Bast, with reference to bis views on American Finance. The 
following, concerning tbe same, is taken from the "New Yf/A 
Tribune : " 

Q, ProfDssor Price, what do you thiuk of the currency ol tbe 
United States? 

A. Simply that it is a shocking bad currency. But mind, if « 
currency is thoroughly conrertible I don't think it is of great im- 
portance that there should be a large stock of gold. FroTided the 
curreucy is issued by an issuer who is perfectly safe, thoroughly i^ 
sponsible for the debt, the public won't ask gold iu exchange fur hLt 
notes. They would rather have the notes. la Scotland at this 
moment a one-pound note is distinctly preferred to a sovereign. It 
is carried about much more easily; it has got a number upon it and 
it does its works perfectly. It is of the same value as a sovcreigD, 
and that implies that it is convertible. If that is only so a cuuntiy 
may go on with very little gold and almost all paper, when the lat- 
ter is of equal value with the former. 

Q. Suppose the three great nations, ^England, France, and Ger- 
many, should all adopt the principle of using litOe coin, wherein the 
gold they now use going to? What is to become of it? 

A. The effect would be that gold would undoubtedly become 
cheaper. It would all flow back into the stores and shops and be 
locked up. It would be a large mass of property for which thero 
was no use. The owners of this gold would nave to do precisely as 
owners of notes would do — sell cheaper. In the case of currency it 
is not that metal should be worth one shilling of twenty sbiUiags, 
but that its value should not be changeable; but a fifteen-«hilliiig 
sovereign, or a ten-shilling sovereign, is just as good as a twenW. 
The only trouble is, that for the same business you carry twice the 
weight. 

Q. As a matter of fact these three nations — England, France, and 
Geimany — by adopting the course this county has, can sink the value 
of gold one- half? 

A. On the other hand, you must remember that if it had not been 
for California and Austraba, it is quite certain tbe price of gold 
must have gone up, and why ? Because the world has opened bo 
desperately fast. There are bo many more people and bo many 
more wants. In all those old countries they cannot deal with paper. 
The Russian will not take American greenbacks, nor in tbe verjr 
heart of Russia will they take English notes. You must pay in gold. 
But to come back to America. One very favorable circumstance in 
America is that the very ignorance of the people makes them mora 
receptive of first principles than people in England. The English 
bankers ore doing so well that they detest of all things any ioquiries 
ns to the nature of their business. Now here you are in troubU- 
about your currency, and there is a receptivity of firet principlm 
whiiOi is to mo very attructive. 

Q. Suppose you were to propose legislation on the subjeot ot tho 
currency, what step would you advise? 

A. I would take oieasufes steadily to make the cmTency fulfill itn 



EXTINCTION OF INCONVERTIBLE PAPER. 



399 



only end — tlie eschanging of goods — and that embraces every idea 
and object connected with tbe curreucT. 

Q. You consider it a fundaroentiil principle that paper should be 
convertible into Bpecie on demand? 

A Ab I have said before, inconvertible currency is so vicioue, so 
radically bad, that I feet no interest in makeshifts. There is only 
one step to be taken — amputation. 

Q, That is to say, contraction ? 

A. That is not contraction, but the extinction of inconvertible 
paper. Anj-thing short of the extinction of the currency ia so radi- 
cally and fundamentally bad that I have no interest in comparing 
tho relative goodness or badness of any Gxx>edieuts. 

Q, How would you extinguish it? 

A. Tou recollect the Bauk of England was forbidden to pay. 
That was tronx mere alarm, from fright and the popular ignorance of 
banking, 

Q It is precisely the same here. Our National Treosuiy is for- 
bidden to pay? 

A. Ah I but the motive is different. The inconvertible currency 
of your country is a tax. By means of this epecies of paper tho 
Guverumeut has got hold of the property of the nation, and tt has 
kepi it. The property has gone and the public in the place of it 
has got « species of paper. It is the Government's business to re- 
store the property, clearly. In England at the close of the last cen- 
tury in the agitation of war, and banking being very unfamiliar then, 
the Government got desperately frightened. The Bank of England 
was going to be stopped and ruined. In a state of war and panic 
oveiybody likes to lock up his property iu a commodity that is a ro- 
ahty. Then people rushed for gold. 

Q. TV'uM not tbe case very much the same here 7 

A. No. The motive here was simply as it was in France, Italy, , 
and Austria. The Government wanted to get hold of the property 
of the country without paying for it, and the inconvertible currency 
ia a tax. Government got the powder, shot, guns, soldier's clothes 
for nothing but a species of paper. That, in my idea, is a tax. 

Q. Do you think Secretary McCulloch was i>urKuing the right 
policy? 

A. Decidedly he was, and the only right tiling to do now is to fol- 
low his example. In the case of the Bank of iingland three years 
were given, I believe, for resumption. Tho act providing for a re- 
turn to cash payments was ]>aGfied 1819. At the end of three years 
the bank paper was to become convertible paper. To illustrate an 
important principle let me mention here that during a very consid- 
erable time, while the bank restriction was going on, the inconvert- 
ible paper did not fall to a discount. Iu the latter years it did fall 
to a discount, so that a guinea became worth twcnty-eeven ahillinga 
in paper. That is a very instructive fact if we nrik ourselves the 
question " how is that? Why were the bank note and the guinea of 

ajal value for several years, and of unequal value in later years?" 
e reason is this, that iu the earlier yeai-s of restriction — which was 
lbs iujunctioD placed by the Government on the Bauk, as being a 
jvrwt national luatitulion, not to pay its notes in gold — the Bank 
iAid i>ot issue more notes than tho nation wanted for use. Cunee- 



DIMINUTION OP CURRENCY IN USE. 4U1 

million or ten millions, or a national debt, even, or a basket of 
peacLes, it is all the same in principle; but it does not alter the fact 
that the metallic dollar has got to be given as a pledge. The 
doctrine is the same. 

Q. The steadiness in the value of the gold secures justice? 

A. Certainly; because you have an article of real value; but in the 
case of inconvertible currency, when you bring me a legal-tender 
note and tell me it is as good as a dollar, that the Government is 
bound to 2^ay it, I say directly, ** If you had brought me a metallic 
dollar I could take it to a jeweler and sell it. I could not lose. At 
the worst, I could melt it and sell it as metal, and therefore I am 

faid." But if I find you bringing me a piece of paper which the 
Jnited States Government says shall be paid, and does not say 
when, I say that it is not payment, and if I take it I must charge 
you something for the risk I run. The first quality of a currency is 
that it must have a permanent value. We cannot say positively that 
gold never changes in value, but the change is so little that the dif- 
ference practically is nothing. If gold should jump up as it did in 
Elizabeth's time, through the lowering of the standard, it would be 
as bad as paper, because it would miss the one quality that people 
rely upon — ^permanency of value. The American currency is not to 
be trusted. It has destroyed its one great function — that of being 
a guarantee to the taker of it that he will get things of equal value. 
Nothing is more abominable than going to a dealer and being com- 
pelled to ask the relative prices of gold and currency. It is the 
same as asking of a ship, '* Is she half rotten, or wholly rotten?" 

Q. People out West know that all this is so, but they say, if they 
go back to the old standard they have got to pay ten per cent, more 
than they owe ? 

A. That may be. That is the punishment for getting into bad 
ways. My answer is : Is a nation to be permanently injured because 
it has done the wrong thing ? Because some individuals must suffer, 
therefore must all suffer on their account? No. It is one of the 
consequences of sin. I admit the statement to be true that there 
must be suffering. In England they gave three years and diminished 
the suffering as much as possible; but to say that because we have 
dnned we must go on sinning, on account of contingent suffering, 
is absurd. If it is a good political argument, I have nothing tc 
8aj. 

Q. What do you consider the evils of an inconvertible currency 
of fixed amount, as ours was up to within a year ? 

A. The answer is, the quantity of notes may be the same, un- 
changed, but the quantity that a nation wants for use may vary 
enormously, and therefore the fluctuation of value may go on. That 
is one of the cur^^s of it. There is less currency wanted in England 
now than there was three years ago. Our ciuTcncy simply goes out 
of commission. There is no disturbance in the value of it. But in 
the case of an inconvertible currency, suppose you only want three 
fonrthSy owing to circumstances such as now exist. It is very clear 
*i»A Quantity of notes remaining unchanged won't prevent deprecia- 
' * value, because every man in America wants only three notes 
where four were wanted last year. That is the state of things 




4Sft HPIB KOSEI iXD A PBOTECnVE TUOTT. 



W*. TiM aril 1« not mitigated. The demuid Ibr ma m i 
^teUh. tud never can ke in uij people, tmlees it W ia ea 1 
^iJlitNi vhere Uie qnauUty of eamturf does not deuage vtx 
itilboB obanges gnatly in its dtmand for camnc?- Te>t«J ia ■ 
gmrt ooiwuner ^ ciizKac-;r. It is the txado of all ti>d(s vhicb d^ 
wwda reodf money. 

Q. ]>0 yon ttunk the course of the Bank of Fnaoe ihe last year, 
ta tak^ in il» DOtea, ha^ inflicted any icjniy npon the trade at tbor 
wunteyT 

A. Ifc oannot upon trade; it can npon indir)diial£. It emu tmif 
•(taok pacmie who bare ^ot <lel>ts to reoeire or |My. lite tsda 
ItieK mil M benefited. The natuin, then, is not tniored, but Hie 
IndiTidnal. 

Q. It mnat Call moat heavily npon the prodndng iIjim, -^Aa «• 
ftlnuwt olmya in debt? 

A. Veiy well; gire them more time. Postpone the diaagCL Tbat 
U ft queatkm for atateameu to settle. An economist cannot settle it. 
It depend* upon the exigencies of tt nation. Hy aignment ia to tlte 
prindple. u aome coi^es yoa may restore the gold value in ax 
nontha, in otben yon luay w&il hs yean. In either case I go bade 
to what I B^ before — that the nation most not EoSer forever to 
Mve individnala bam autfering tempornnly. 

Q. Yon regard mon«y as the universal 'iwttcr, a medinra to be^ 
the exebaage of conuuifility for comtnodi^ ? 

A, The acience of all trade is the exchange of two eommodittea 
of eqnftl Taloe. The cotton has a value which is the cost of p*»- 
dnoing cotton. The R<>M has a value of ita own, which is the met 
of gemng it out of t£i- mint . Tlio exchange of cotton for gold is 
the exchange of articles of eqoal value. That nukes a thorooghly 
aound currency. The only reason you are obliged to pass thiob^ 
cold is, as I said before, because trade would be stopped but for ita 
intervention. The sellers of goods would not, in moat cases, want 
the articles buyers had to offer them. 

Q. The only way for that immediate barter is throngh gold, or 
pajier for which gold can be hod ? 

A. Yes; but it does not follow that because gold can be had for 
that paper that the man who has got the paper will go and get the 
gold. The only thing is that he feels he can get the gold with it if 
be wants to. 

Q. Why should not the Government be the issuer of convertible 
notes and derive the profit from them 7 

A. The answer is this: Tou cannot get the President of the 
United States into the Bankruptcy Court, Tou con put the Direct- 
ors of the Bank of England into it. You cannot rely upon convert- 
ibility with a party of politicians. You can't lock them up in a 
£ risen if they don't pay up, but you can the Bank of Eogland, and 
reak it up it it does not give you your gold. In economical prin- 
ciple one is as good as the other, but in political principle the differ- 
ence is enormous. The public would not believe in any paper issued 
by the Government direct. The principle, as I said before, is sound, 
(nis profit belongs to the nation, bub a government or a parliament 
~ e bad iaauera of notes pledged to be paid on demand. 

Tba t^ ' ' the Government oonld do under' l^e circnm- 



NO D4NGEB IN CONTRACTION. 403 

stances. Tinder n conTertible currency, would be to allow a, free issue 
of bank notes, but to tax the issuer? 

A. I don't eay free ieeue, but I believe the intermediate- agency of 
some private corporation is the true tnetbod. 

Q. To require, as now, the security of United States bonds would 
be a good provision under a convertible currency? 

A. Yes. I have always advocated the principle tbat the deposit 
of such things as national bonds is a legitimate and proper security 
to bo required of the issuer of notes. If you have private issuers 
of public money the nation baa the right to sny to such private ia- 
saers, " You must guarantee to ua not only that we can put you 
into the courts, but something more — tbat you shall have the means." 
Another illustration. In 1825, the English nation incurred great 
disasters from lianks breaking which had the right of issuing notes, 
and in not a few instances those notes were only paid at half a crowu 
to the pound. It is against all principle that such a thing should 
be possible in public money. Therefore, that led to the suppression 
of the one pound note, which waa a mistake, and it led iiltimatoly 
to that clause of the Bank Charter act which will in time extinguish 
the whole private cuxsulation of England, and leave only notes of 
the Bank of England. 

Q. The present condition on which national bank notes are issued, 
viz., the deposit of United Ktates bonds witli the Treasurer, would 
then be a safe rule for the issue of convertible notes, or free bank- 
ing, as we call it? 

A. Provided the notes are effectually realizable in gold on demand, 
there can be no possible objection, and there may bo great advan- 
tage in any quantity of notes being on sale to the pubbc, provided 
they are rendered perfectly safe by the deposit of adequate security. 

Q. But this rule would not be a safe one with inconvertible cur- 
rency ? 

A. If this rule is applied to inconvertible currency it does nothing 
to avert the disastrous vice of the currency losing its one indispen- 
sable feature of not fluctuating iu value, 

Q. There is no system of redemption of one kind of inconvertible 
paper with another that will mitigate the evils of incontrovertible 
currency ? 

A. I call that all hocus pocus. 

Q. You consider the jiremjum on gold, as quoted here on the 
street, as a totembly acctu^te measure of the depreciation ? 

A. I presiune so. I am not aware of any circumstances showing 
it is not, 

Q, Is the common dread of contraction among our people well 
founded ? 

A. Not at all. There ia great confusion in the meaning of the 
word money. Ver^- little of the business of these great modem 
nations is transacted by money proper — currency, It is a mere 
trifle— mere change. The money ia not the thing lent by banks or 
by lenders. Do you suppose if I wanted to borrow £20,000 of my 
banker, in Loudon, for a mercantile operation, I should touch one 
EOvereign or bank note ? Do you suppose the trade between Eng- 
land and the United States is done by currency? Do you suppose 
' ' e grain of the western men is paid for in currency ? It is a fatal 



4U4 parER mosey and a pbotectite tabiff. 

fallacy to identify currency — the means of eschanging property — 
'n'ith the property itself nllicli is cxcliuQged. Trade is an exdumge 
of property. The money is very necesaaiy as a. measure, but it is 
not the trade, 

Q. You don't think there is anything to be said in favor of tie 
usury laws in this or any other country? 

A. Laws limi ting iutcrest are not only bad, but absurd. They 
are always evaded. They are mischievous and nonsensical. Tour 
banks here are limit«d to seven per cent. When tbe loan of mon^ 
is really worth more than seTen per cent., then people don't go U> 
tbe banks, but somewhere else. You can't get anything for lees 
than it is worth. 

Professor Perry, from whom wo have already quoted, says: 

Nest to the irredeemable paper money, the greatest obstacle 
to the prosperity of the farmere of the United States at the pres- 
ent moment is the so-called protective tariff. This is not so bod aa 
it was two or three yearr' ago. It has been twice reduced and sim- 
plified, in the fear that the honest indignntion of the people would 
otherwise overthrow it altogether. But it is still bad enough; it 
is still too bad. It is an old trick of the devil, to take a good 
word and cover up with it an evil thing. Precisely this is done 
whenever the word "Protective" is apphod to any tariff. The 
word protective is a good word when used in its legitimate sense. 
As signifying the security of person and property under a good gov- 
ernment, it IS an admirable word, and describes an indispensable 
thing; but as apphed to a tariff, the word is full of deceit, inasmiich 
as ft tariff from its veiy nature cannot, "protect" anybody or any- 
thing. It can redistribute property by raising the prices of some 
things and depressing the prices of other things, but it cannot pos- 
sibly raise the average prices of things in general. The trick of a 
potective tariff is just the same as the trick of paper money, the jug- 
gler's trick of putting existing things in strange places. A tanff 
creates nothing, produces nothing, adds nothing to existing wealth, 
but it distributes a great deal; and we must now examine tiuB mat- 
ter, especially in its bearing on the farmers. 

There is a town in Spain, situated in the narrowest part of the 
Strait of Gibraltar, on the southemroost point of the kingdom, 
which is named Taiifa, in honor of Tarif Ibn Malik, a Berber chief 
who first landed here from Africa to reconnoiter the country, before 
the conquest of Spain by the Mohammedan Moors, in the eighth 
centuiy of our Lord.' These Aloors occupied parts of Spain until 
the year of the discovery of America, 1492; and it was in tha joy of 
her heart at the fortunate conquest of Grenada, thoir !-i^t i-t.v.i.i.. 
hold, that Queen Isabella pledged her jewels to th.- 
Columbus. TTie Moors built a castlo at Tarifa wln' 
tbe strait, and during their domination is Spain, con.; 
seU passing through the striiit to stop and^T "dulita lu im'ui -■ 
such rates as they dictated; niul frum thi» n thua origiin 

at Tarifa. the word tarij/'. d fri of lliftt 

pus.sed into the English ni- 'irc 

' ' "T accordingly has not iC 



ORIGIN OF THE NAME. 405 

ties" were nothing in the world but bJackmaU; they were the equiv- 
alont for no service i-endered; they fonferred no beuefila on nnybody 
except the robber-lite receivers of the monoj-; thej were commanded 
and paid under compuhaiou; and they took jusl so muL'h out without 
relui-n from the prolits of the voyages of the ships which paseed in- 
ward and outward through the strait. 

This ori^n of the name throws considerable light on the nature 
of the thing. The modern tariff ia a more complicated piece of ma- 
chinery than the ancient Moorish one, but that ancient one gave the 
pitch to the tune that Las been sung by all taiiffa ever since. In 
one respect that tarilf was mors respectable than almost any other 
ever laid — it was perfectly simple and above board. There was no 
hypocrisy about it. The Moora wanted money; they were in a posi- 
tion to extort it, and they took it without compunction, apology, 
or pretenses of any kind. They did not pretend that they were 
"protecting" their victims while compelling them to pay tribute. 
It was indeed downright robbeiy, but it was done on the square. 
It waa an open, straightforward, daylight performance; and in this 
point of view contrasts strongly, as we shall see shortly, with some 
modern tariffs which pretend to benefit the people, while they really 
impoverish them. They are enacted in the name of patriotism and 
riguteousness, but when one looks narrowly into them, he sees that 
they have remained true at bottom to the spirit of their origin. The 
thing tariff corresponds pretty well to the name tariff. 

Tariffs take, but never give. At fii-st sight a tariff seems to be noth- 
ln{^ but a series of taxes on certain foreign goods. One may read 
a Tariff Act from beginning to end, or begin in the middle and read 
both WBVB, and he will find nothing but demands repeated over and 
over again. "Thou shalt payl" is the only word that a tariff utters 
or can utter. I will quote from the taiiff now in force in this coun- 
try, from a copy just received from the Secretary^ of the Treasury, 
as codilied and re-enacted in June last, premising that the de- 
mands quoted are taken at random under the different schedules, 
and premising also that there are by actual count justseven hundred 
and fifty -six different rat«s of duty specified to be assessed upon dif- 
ferent things and classes of things. For example: Spool-thread, 
six cents per dozen, and thirty-five per centum; slates and slate- 
pencils, thirty-five per centum; aniline dyes, fifty cents per pound, 
and thirty-five per centum; woolen shawls, fifty cents per pound, 
and thilty-five per centum; bunting, twenty cents per square yard, 
and thirty-five per centum; ready-made clothing, fifty cents per 
pound, and forty per Centum; webbing for shoes, fifty cents per 
pound, and fifty per centum; hand-saws, one dollar per dozen, and 
thirty per centum; hair-pins (iron), fifty-six per centum; druggets 
and bockings, twenty-five cents per square yard, and thirty-five per 
centum. 

These, and all the rest, are demands. A tariff gives nothing. It 
M. At its best estate, when most simple and honest, when there 
"0 " pi-otective " features in it, and no combination of specific 
iwnroii duties on the same article, which is a device of 
ton," as in some of the samples above given, a tariff ia a 
ixps. which the peojile have to pay. It is needful to note 
■ Lit t!iL' outset; because there are some people who 



406 PAPER MONET ASD A PEOTECTIVE TABITF. 

Beem to think a tariff has a sort of creative power; that it is n posi* 
live, productive agent; that it can do good; that it baa eometliiug 
to confer. Not so. From the very nature of it, it pours nolhiu^,' in, 
hut only tatea something out. Ita sign is minus and not plus. It 
comes to take something /ront the peoijla, and not to give onytliing 
to the people. 

The United States has been accustomed, from the beginning of 
the governnient under the present constitution, to raise tbo pnnd- 
pal part of ita revenue from tariff-tasea on imported goods. These 
taxes, of course, raise the price of the goods on which they are laid 
considerably more to the consumers than the amount of tho tax it- 
self, because the tax having to be advanced by the importer and th« 
jobber, becomes larger from tho profits on the money advanced; luitl 
frequently, also, the tax is made a cover or excuse, under which tho 
consumer is charged a sum additional to tho origiunl tax and tho 
profits on it. In the ultimate price of the taxed goods the consumer 
pays for the goods, pays the tax and all profits on the tax, and fre- 
quently also something additional under cover of the tax. There 
ore decided objections, as we shall see, to raising a revenue in this 
way, even when the sole purpose in laying the duties is to get rev- 
enue, and when the duties are so adjusted as that the government 
really gets the most that the people have to pay in consequence gf Uio 
duties. It is very plain, that whatever tarifi'-taxeB are levied solely 
for the sake of the revenue to be derived from them, they ought to 
be laid in accordance with these fundamental principles : — firat, uu 
goods like tea and coffee, for example, which are wholly imporlttl 
from abroad, and not also grown or made at home, otherwise the 
tax on the portion imported will also incidentally i-aise the price uf 
the portion produced at home, and the people will have to pay more 
in consequence of the tax than the government gets in revenue, 
because tiie government only gets the tax on the pai't imported. 
Second, if such taxes are to be productive, they must be levied at 
comparatively low rates, so as not to interfere essentially with the 
bringing in of the goods, or encourage smuggling at all, for in either 
of those cases the revenue from the importations would fall off. 
Third, the taxes should be simple, so that everybody can c&]calal« 
their amount, and know how much of the price paid is owing to the 
tax; and it is just as much for the interest of the revenue as for tliat 
of the people that these taxes should he simple and honest, so that 
both importers and consumers, calculating them beforehand and 
knowing just how much the government is to take, will not be de- 
terred from importing and buying by indefinite taxes; and, fourth, 
it is agreeable to reason and has been found true in experience tbnt 
it is not needful to levy even low rates on all articles imported, is 
order to realize as large revenue, hut on!y on certain classes of them, 
so as to burden at as few points as possible the on-going of interna- 
tional and profitable exchanges. Laid strictly on these four princi- 
ples, which are very important: (one) on goods wholly imported, 
(two) at low rates, (three) at simple rates easily calculabljj, (four) ou 
few classes of goods used by almost everybody, tariff-taxes, though 
objectionable because falling opequ ally on rich and 
endurable, and ore infi ""'~ '"'' '" "^' --— -» 

asent in this conntiy. 



TAMFF DUTIE3 IN ENGLAND. 407 

The English, after having TiolateJ for a long time every one of 
these four fundamental priuciplee, now at length le\y their ttiriff- 
taxes in strict actordance with them. I quote from the Monthly 
Bcport of the Bureau of Statistics of the "United States for Decem- 
ber, 1872, the following facts: — All tariff duties in Great Britain are 
levied under nine heads, as follows: — One, tobacco; two, sugara; 
three, tea, coffee, chickory, and cocoa; four, spirits; five, wines; six, 
dried fruits; seven, malt products; eight, table ware; nine, playing 
cards. The tases on these are all specific, that is, by the pound, 
gallon, dozen, and so on, so that anybody can calculate them; they 
are laid on things exclusively imported, or, whenever they are not, 
as in the case of spirits and malts, a corresponding excise tax is put 
on the domestic product, so that the government gets all that the 
people arc compelled to pay as the result of the tariff-tases; and 
while the duties in some cases may be said to be high, they are not 
so high in any case as to discourage the importation of the things on 
which they are laid. There is no taiiff-tax on any portion of the 
food of the people, except sugars; no tariff-tax on any article of 
clothing; and no taiiff-tjix on any raw materials or implements of 
production. This tariff of Great Britain, which con almost bo writ- 
ten on the palm of one's hand, yielded, in the fiscal year 1872, 
$101,G3O,O00 of revenue, which was $3 20 for each man, woman, 
and child in the United Kingdom. If there are to be taii^s at all, 
this is the only form of a tariff that even approaches towards justice 
and equality. Taxes on stimulants and sugar, which yield almost 
the whole of British customs' revenue, are as unexceptionable ns 
any taxes on commodities can be, because everybody uses them in 
some form, and because it is optional with eveiybody how much of 
them they shall use. But we shall see that there is a more excel- 
lent way of taxation than this. 

The only just taxation ia the taxation of incomes, because the net 
annual income is the exact gains of one's exchanges for tlie year; 
and as one can only pay his taxes out of the gains of his exchanges, 
the taxes ought to be proportioned to those gains. In a country 
organized as this is, in which there ore municipal, slate and national 
taxes, the local authorities ought to ascertain (and they would surely 
be able to ascertain) the net income of every person within their 
limits; and, taxing this income a certain fraction for local purposes, 
then report it to the state for another fraction of state taxation; and 
then the state, reporting incomes to the nation, would be the 
medium, through its locsJ officers, of collecting the third fraction 
for national purposefi. Under this plan one set of local officers 
could gather all tnree kinds of taxes at one time in the cheapest pos- 
sible way; custom houses and national internal revenue offices, with 
ail their political abuses and pecuniary corruptions, could be abol- 
ished; it would make no difference Tvhere the property was located, 
whether in one's own state or elsewhere, or whence the income was 
drawn, whether from commodities or services or credits, — a man's 
domicil would raai'k the place of his taxation, and he would be 
taxed throughout exactly in proportion to his income. The more 
you think about this scheme the better you will like it, and the fewer 
objections and more excellence you will see in it; but I have no 
expectation of eeeing it adopted in my time, because habits and prej- 



I 



I 

f 



I 



r.*^, rxZ-T^ JL'^m IlTL A rWjZZCTmL TABIFF. 



^ . . ■• - -. • ■ i :---:.-•. - 7 •■!.•.-'- 1 T -. r i - * r .. :: ; 1 inxik^- not Ling o 

=. . . _ - ;-. -. v:*.';-.;. "..2- ..- .•-.'-■ . .11 :.^to r,* •^b.'^riCf: in cor 
".-..,•. T..- - ..-;.- , . . >i \ .: -VaV-. iv.ll proivably con 

f • 7..-' ' .-■ r '.-:-■'- .-. :■--. ----•-: \\ \ ^ .rr- r'--:>r-s; and the nat 

^ ■ i; ."■•.*-■■ -.-■■ ■.;..?- -.--!!- 1 —..1 i .*'... lies -s pns-i off fi 

I * --.' .--,<- .- -.. ...■.-- ..: - 1- - >^-. i out of the- law»i c 

■ i --/ .-.;■ .:.,.--. .-■--.-'■ -r*.-.:.^- :..•: j r. -e of the c-jires] 

•1 :..— . i.-..> :.- .-.l -.- f :l.:f >:.-::. article taxfl, tL< 

".!.- ;-;.•■ J ■-" ". -*-::-.'- '.*'.- ^ '• c-r-it -leil r-or*'r than t 

€.-:.:..:.* :■'■•-. ■-•->'■ -... - i'l f rv:_Ti trvl'.- i> an exchange 

j :.. ■■.--.-- ;.-•: - i.: -.- i :.-'■•.-.■-. V-rff keej--? fcreij;Ti go- 

) • i: k— : ' :.. f :.'•■--.-;■ ' :J'.'-:. • .- - i- tL:*: w ju: J j^dadly go < 

tL:- *..:..''-'..■ :: 1 - -.r-: 1 .-• -: :L-'.:r l-'.-t ii. 1 freely chosen 
]>■/ i.i'- r!."-:- .- :. :--:L-r/. r'.::. ::. t/kkir.;: iiir.nev out of ob 
j.'/^a'*> ::. •.;.'■ r.. -:!-•: i::. i. : '■ < f triLr-ferhnL'- it to anoth< 
J. y**.'::.- . *:y - \ i- . i =■ . :. :.- ;'„•■ -.;. -'v r.. l^-'^-..i:.e» j/eneral, eve: 
f-'^:^:'r-. --".- ■.■4-. •' '0 : ij "T r-:e ".-i'" :_.4>:-n:*-s. «"«>*n hav 
t- r»- jr V-'-: :. •'...ir- t;.^ t -►.-: fi:.! l^riu-e. jij.-t shIi far a-s 
i J' r.iL!'- arv rii-i ::. - -l*;-: } ;■■ j v :/., -■l\e tanlT taxes, the 

&':'.'■-. fire 'I-rr*'--* 1 :r. * .-!:', 'i.-j- tLr-\^:r.:7 the vaist losses 

■ • • « • 

; N . I..'!.:. ::. :..- *i--:.-^- ^ i:. \ r'**:. i ti.rit ] roTective tariff tar 

j i\v:*''\ \a:\.'\.\ •. f .r:.>;r-. ?■.:-• -c- !:.►-*- taxes cannot increase tl 

I }yr '>f 1..'/:"),- ?;. it f-'i' t:.- fir:^* rV j ro-lui-e, and f^ince wi 

• iT-.T '-.li fiiT:' ',1: ir:: rr I:''- :•• fiT.v UTrat extent to lie rai.sed 

I'V \\.i-f- 1 1'>- - . ^j, .*: «i .r f .rr..-:- • -:. >vli t:.»-:r j-ruiluce fi> 

*\. n.. .•:- 1 -- r ■ f .r:..- r-. "i • . :— :^' v „t .-v :;.e exp^rtal'les 
2.^ '--ir.iy «]•■] :f--* i :., -. .'...•■ 1 v j .-: >. . Xi,;:- h a.-^ the- iuip 
.'i.''- ^:. '.»:.••' i ::. \ .'. .- : ; ',:.*-<■ :,»■.•-. A««'.i-j:r:j' to the l5i 
>* .-.-•.■ -. t;..- . .i:i;-:v . -.: ::• I ::. l**?:?. f':4:».l:;:!.^03. Of 
i..« :.-• r .:... ? J Ji'.MJ"*. .'/>". r i.. r- :':..!i twn rL:r«ls i.f the wh< 
i:. -•!-••■;. a_!.' /.:ui il | \ : :■ "-. AVi.ut \v#- lAiort Liivj., all 
:;;.: '>r^: :.. -r t"!.;t \vr- ♦:■.]:: :- f:::«» r'^ j 10 luto; but so fa 
i:..: '.I*- fir*' lur.:*:.^! \\.'\. \ r ■:*■• *:•.♦• ::i\<>. tLe fam*er's ex|»( 
]. ,,<i>.l iii •. ;;liii-. ii.iit i- : . >.i'. . t'.i V Will i..it ;.-.i iso f.ir, thev ' 
It .;■■ f-» !:. :•■!.. 1 i.o !:;r::.* r i.:.- : . L'.'.o ii»«.!t- (;f hi:> pTain, hi, 
l.i- ]"■!!:, !.:-> hirl ii; •■iilj.r ••• l*» " ^^ :.:»*. 1:»- waiits in return. Il 
1. • «l.:y'r^r.*-f- thri^ othf-rs (•-.::.•• i:i !•• l.».lj» Liin make his ex4 
!['■ i- tl.<- n fil ' :-.rl: :!!,:.'» r. Tl.' .-:■ i:-:ti';l«-iiitn pay him lc->s 
] i.'lii^*- t].;i!: tl,*y u-i\iM •■tl.'r%^:"»»- ^'hully jiuy Lini. His 
}- i{:»T a 1'.--. iii ].ri'-'- i'\\\\\ :■• *i-»- ;.';4!ii iii 1 liLL- of the ini|>ort£i 
by tij*- ]irot"'"t:ve t:ix«.>. 

\'.\Ai\' y\*t\f-f*.\f>\\ \\j: iwxiyjx MifTf-rs a d'.uble Inss. He znt 
iiii: t'> \}'\\ ri \!\*'.\\. ilf::l i:j -r*- f-ir l.i> >iijj ".:»_■?•. whether these 
fi:Mj f^'t^A^ ] ]o*»<^ti\« ]y T;i\<- 1. 'i- 'l'i::<>Ti«: ^.'lhmIs raised in p 
su^h tji:.fr-: ni;'l '^•ii \\j' ( *\\ii-x li.-iiiib ii^- <:iiinot j."*-! nearly bo mi 
vlj.'it Ijr. 1j;i* Im .^f-il. H" i-^ si.iitt*!! r.ji tlio <ine rbeek, and thi 
by },i-» ijj.'i.it'-rr^ iii I'M;iirylvji]:i:i :ii.<l Nt-w Eij«^'iaiid to turn th< 
a!-o. lb- !-.M.«l> out li.or^' tl. :.ii t\\ii tliiivK of all the exporta 
tlj'- roiii.tiy, to liuv^- th' 1:1 .-La veil aL«l uLittk-d J«jwn iu pri( 



PROTECTION A DODBLE POE. 401) 

Tftlue by the artificial obstacles set up in our ports to prevent tlie 
rtitm-n of the things which Uiese exportables weiit forth to buy. If 
everything else that I say he forgott«n, I beg the farmei-s of the 
"WeKt to remember, that protection cuts right into the heart of the 
value of their exportable commodities. Nay more; it sometimes 
prevents the export of these commodities altogether. The harvest 
ill Etiropo this season has been unusually good; the Europeim de- 
inaud for the bread-stuffs and other food products of our country in 
likely in consequence to be ratber slack. Already the price of wheat 
in New York and Chicago has felt the influence of this in a decline; 
still, if we were allowed by the tariff to take into this country freely 
the things which we want, of which foreigners have a surplus to Bell, 
they would take now freely of us our sur^jlus bread-stuffs, and we 
could affiird tu let them have them. In one word, we could export 
more food products at all times, with a greater profit on each trans- 
action provided we could get our return cargoes free of protective 
taxes. We could sell more when the price was high, and longer 
after it became lower, than we cau possibly do now. A protective 
tariff tends to stop the exports by making the imports dearer; and as 
the farmers fuiTUsh the bulk of the exports, the piincipal losses of 
the tariff fall upon them. As things now are, it is true indeed tliat 
the gold price of produce in Liverpool determines the point of profit- 
able export from New York; but a lower gold price in Liverpool 
would still allow a profitable export from New York, provided the 
gold price received here would buy more of all the commodities 
wanted by the farmers. Thus we see that protection is a double foo 
to the farmers; it causes them to get less for what they raise and to 
give more for what tliey buy. Protection in its best estate is a short- 
sighted, narrow-minded prejudice; whenever it passes beyond that, 
it becomes a consciously deceitful scheme of plunder, by which a 
few seek to enrich themselves at the expense of the many. Those 
many are mainly the farmers. They are abundantly able, numerically 
and otherwise, if they will only unite to do Jt, to put down forever 
this monstrous injustice of legislation. I hope that their rising in- 
telligence and the courage that is bom of union, will seize this lying 
fraud by the throat, and shake the life out of it, as a dog shakes the 
breath out of a woodchuck I 

Poor money and protective tariffs are natural allies; carry on their 
work of destruction iu similar ways; each intensifies the mischief of 
the other; and both combine their results in hostility to the agricult- 
ural interests, since each compels the farmer to give more for his 
supplies and take less for his produce. On the other baud, hard 
money and free trade are natural allies also, working in the same 
harness, defrauding nobody, just to all because natural and free, 
and enabling the masses of mankind to maintain the advantageous 
places which the Heavenly Father designed them to hold. To be 
COludBtent with himself a hard-money man should be a free trader 
also; and a man who believes that legislators are wiser than natural 
Iawk, should consistently believe both in commercial restriction and 
ia rag-moiipy, since bolJi are artificial creatures of the Legislature. 

"ordingly, there has been considcroble tendency during the last 
TMrs for men to range themselves in jiarties on the one side or 
her of these two combined questions; but unfortunately they 






. "v 



4i'y J .'.ITJi MONEY AM> A PEOTECTITX tattttt 

liiiw riiiiii lit ihiiiL iiiriM' of tLe punv uazxK' Olid orgnxnzauoi '^"^^ •? 
ihi |iiiiii i|ili ^ Hit wliirii iiartieis )»ru}Vt»h u> be oh^riiuili^ ioiuiutri: am 
^^lu'ii il'i pi i\ri-Mi>ii lias tLunm^'iiiy uikeii plact:, a.- 1: iia:- ii uiir 
' \ .. il.iN luitiiiriit, M'ui<>'lv uiivtliiu'' is li CTeaie: iih ti Ttu. 
; si.iN hnUnw jiartv Kjiirii. "What is it to bt l lienuuL- 

V :..•.! )> It to l»eu Dezuucrut tc*-uavV Nnzuai. eai ihh- 
' .%. « .:i'nIu)iih, U-cuuhe ilxert- art no Tital aiiil ^intssu 

V t . %r.l 111 tlu'M' xiumeK. 
.> *v', 1. ]i:irtic"iil:iilv iiijurious u» tiie fozznerf a: iii» 

. » !iri\i« niii^'tcl iLeuiKeJveh prettr ereni;" il nim 

w .^.;irN, ruiil the two j;urtt' hart xkat can2]ii*n±i7 

'I'iic iiitc-n-Kls of tLt fanuerh inxTt iiai n: 

. .. .viliiu'iJ ]iartie»!i, hizuj.-It becaufic ili€ tami*^ 

•,. i..i..Nt c:i(li otLer hi tvo opposiur wain*. 

X ..- -.•,'] h\Ts\ rill \\i-i;;rLt aiid iuflucnvc- ir 7»oinjf^Ll 

'v .Mi.v :viii.l:iti(l and applauded liia; lii^ nj;.^ 

.- .^... i...»!.l> :.» ac-t lio ]oL?eriritL Ui* iiiL':*:- 

• • ,i.lw . }.ji:i:is in fact, f:»r tLe pre*iei*u L:: 

. ' 1 i..'..i.. tljr fouiitrr \riij l»e lI2 iLr 'rieT'iT 

»•;..!,. :.!,», :illiaii('es, aLd snap tLfeir ri-r^rs 

.» • t.v }, j.i.it in accordance 'wiiL iLtrii iti 

.VI u ;l 111 >ts; for iLeir true ii.:t:^:? 

^. T I«,.".t t'l^untn*. Let iLeci Lcia 0_:? 

: N* •..",". :Vxrv is not a sinsrle T-:iL: f 

SL '-.v :^:it 1 hoy cannot triunipLiL:.j 

, • . f.s prav God thev mav. tLiit a 

,.r:;-]«ross dollar, is the on:T 

. ^»\ Inbor-wrought priilu«t. 

■ . - ...i ilie "whole counir}" tL-e 

. ..N ! If they come tu str. 

- »...'. Ill "protection" is ci.ly 

> » ,.':Inl *• fostering" indu^rn* 

. .: .rV> take l>ut never ^ave; tli;*t 

. ^' , : .^Is iiiarkt T, whether to sell iu 

. -...iiKriof a >:r.^Ie oountn': tli;it 

; ..n:iii>.s and ti ] :o^Te>s; that re- 

. - ::!. lliat want to 1,0 cut. as well as 

.,'»onu' in; that c\j oUaMts are de- 

... .It inij)()rtaMfs are artificially en- 

. . .: V'lnl'^hty knows Ivtter how to adjust 

. . . .;! !rali(^ than ai.y C\.n«?ress that ever 

v.:ii they easily aLoli^h this antiquated 

.;» iiul open up for themselves and for ail 

. ... u» nell in and to buy in, the unrestricted 



fi 



S I' ;« 

iffi 



pi|!J!illIfirjp3lIIIsI;8IS|pi6i«SS | 




ssiissssssssssssassassssesssssssssaais 




412 BANES A2n> X0NS7. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

BANES AND HONEY. 

"ThelMudsof our curroncy In not gold, but the natlonlB iKmor, g a i g m t K d tiy tte aatknil 
loyalty and the goueral iuterentii of its memben.**— JEfon. M, Andtnom, 

Fasmebb nked Chkap Monky — LieaiBLATXoN CoMTBoujED mr GAFIXU4SX8 — ^Fjosk- 

EB8 AND LaWYKSS IN COMOBBW— EZXMPTIOM OT BoMSB VBOX TaXAHOK — iXklM 

OF Intjcbest a Tis»t or PBOdPisnirr; of Citzlizaxioih-Baiizb axd BAmcDfo— 
Bayinos Banks — Papes Phomibib madk Ljcqal TjOfDuaH-PBor. Boxamt 

PbIOB on CsISES and PaNICI»— EnOLUH CO-QPIOUXITII AflSOOUTIOlB AS FkXAV* 

dAI. SuOCEtSlCB. 

It has been a favorite theory that the farmer should leave the 
after-management of his products to other classes of society, 
especially gifted by nature and qualified by special education 
and opportunities to deal with them to the best advantage for 
him and for themselves. 

We will judge of the correctness of this principle by its re- 
sults. The British ''Fortnightly Beview** thus clearly and 
impressively states the problem, as it looks from that point : 

In this complex industrial system, wealth has discovered the ma- 
chinery by which the principal, in some cases the whole results of 
common labor become its special perquisites. Ten thousand miners 
delve and toil, giving their labor, risking their lives; ten masters 
give their direction, or their capital, oftenest only the latter. And 
in a generation the ten capitalists are rioting in vast fortunes, and 
the ten thousand workmen are rotting in their graves or in the work- 
house. And yet the ten thousand were at least as necessary to the 
work as the ten. Yet more, the ten capitalists are practically the 
law-makers, the magistrates, the government. The educators of 
3'outh, the priests of all creeds, are their creatures. Practically 
they make and interpret the law — the law of the land, the law of 
opinion, and the law of God. They are masters of the whole of 
the social forces. A convenient faith has been invented for them by 
moralists and economists, the only faith which in these days they at 
all believe in — the faith that the good of mankind is somehow pro- 
moted by a persevering course of selfishness; that competition is, 
in fact, the whole duty of man. And thus it comes that in ten 
thousand ways the whole social force is directed for the benefit of 
those who have. , 

The farmers are by far the largest class of our .population, 
but are they the most prosperous? Is it not well to inquire 
what it is that retards their prosperity, and prevents them from 
exercising a proportionate influence over the public policy of 
the country? 



LACK OF REPRESENTATION. 41 ^ 

By reference to the table on page 73, it will be seen that 
nearly one half of our people are agriculturists; and that there 
were in 1870, 41,106 lawyers in the United States. It is not 
extravagant to say that the latter have exerted more practical 
influence in public affairs than the whole body of farmers. 

For instance, we have in Congress* one hundred and ninety- 
eight lawyers and thirteen farmers, or one lawyer to about 
two hundred of that profession, and one farmer to about one 
hundred and thirty thousand land-owners or independent agri- 
culturists. It is a fearful commentary upon the working of our 
government, that the great producing arm of the country is so 
feebly represented; but the fault and the remedy is entirely in 
themselves. Prof. Perry says, ** there is no objection to raise 
to lawyers; they are a useful class of men; but there is a de- 
cided objection to allowing a mere handful of them represent- 
ing another mere handful of powerful clients, to shape and 
mold the policy of forty millions of people. That is only a re- 
publican form of government, in which they who are intrusted 
with political franchises, exert an influence somewhat propor- 
tionate to their numbers." 

The producing classes will have little or no ability to turn 
the current of legislation in their own favor while their repre- 
sentation is so small; and it is not arraying one class against 
another, to say that this should be changed in order that jus- 
tice may be done. I believe that what is best for the laboring 
men of this country, is the best for all classes, and best for the 
local, state and national gOYernments, as gatherers of taxes. 

Now, as the farmer needs to know what he wants, and how 
to get it by a more adequate representation, so also he needs to 
know something of the methods of business, in order-that he 
may not be at the mercy of others. 

One of the greatest wants of farmers in all portions of the 
West, as well as the business men, is, more money at low rates 
of interest. TVe have seen elsewhere that one of the questions 
met by our State Grange was a remedy for the high rates on 
this coast. Tlte legislation of the country has been under the 
control of the eastern capitalists who have got the lion's share 
of the present bank circulation. The patriotism which sub- 
mitted to the payment of six per cent, interest, gold, upon 

dited States bonds, exempt from taxation, as a war measure, 



414 BASKS AKD MOSET. 

will not cover the pavmont of about $300,000,000 premiom, ia 
gold, to the hoMers of those bonds in timo of peace. 

LaugUHge more forcible tliau elegant, lias been used in tbe 
inootiugs of the Westora State Agricultural Societies on this 
Hubject, and without regard to other burdens of taxation h<oai 
which the wealth of the country manages to escape. "When 
the iHioplo of the ooantry get to understand how thej hare 
bot>u eoiupelled to pay tribute to capitalists, and how the capi- 
talistii have controlled the legislatioQ of this country, by brib- 
ery uml corruption, and by munificent gifts to men whom they 
expected to work iu their interest when iu power; the driving 
out of the ancient money-changers from the Temple will be « 
mild nBittr iu comparison with the kicks and cuffs thej will re- 
ceive from an ontraged people." 

A low rate of interest^ then, is a gauge of the farmer's pros- 
perity. The " New York Merchant and Banker" acknowledges 
it to be the test of civilization: 

^\'lmt ii the best criterion of the degree of cirilization to which a 
]ifii|ilo has attained? Some promptly answer, "Th3 proi>ortioD of 
Uii>i>(i wliu can read and write in the total population;" but this will 
nut ittti'vtt. fur census figures are not ain'ays reliable, and literary ia> 
Htrticti<>a by no iiteitna secures commercial or political intelligence 
ami pnJBpority. Others will say, "the relative wealth of countries;" 
but uiia IB very difficult to determine, and if ascertained, the more 
important inquiry remains — in which countries is that wealth in- 
creasing, ond where is it growing less? Others still will name the 
degree of religious devotion, the extent of virtue, the development of 
learning, the culture of art and science in various lands; but neither 
of these is practically available as a standard, since before it can be 
so ap])lied, it must itaeU be quantitativety determined. 

It then states that there is, however, a test quantitative in its 
nature, self -determining, and for the most part readily ascer- 
tained. It is the average rate of interest actually paid for loans on 
good security. Not, of course, the rate sanctioned by law; fur the 
only relation of this rate to that actually paid, is commonly a tend- 
ency to heighten the latter by increasing the risk of the loan. Th6 
rate of "pure interest" does not greatly differ in different conntliee, 
audLs not far from four percent. The amounts demanded or offered 
and actually paid for loons above this rate, consist mainly of prenu- 
ums of insurance on the risk the lender considera himfielf to take 
when ho puts his property out of his possession. When it is re- 
membered that confidence is a plant of slow growth; that it is devel- 
oi>ed by long experience, and veiy quiclilv itnd tiisJly dustroyeil, and 
that iladevelopmenttosuch apoiiit " " ■ ■ ii risks of lonn 

uro nearly nothing, means that c« nud le;^l ad- 

ministration have convinc ed Jffo '' -:i>arieo«o that 

Uioir property is secured ^SB^L^_^ii 'Iiroagli 



AMERICAN BAKKDJO BTRTIiM. 



415 



the aid of law; when tliese great ftnd grave facts are borne iu mind, 
it is clear that tlie counttioa where interest rules lowest are the most 
civilizeil. The fall iu the rate when a state of thorough security to 

Eroperty, (which means personal liberty, commercial integrity, and 
ouest government,) has been developed, hastened and furthered by 
the imraigratiou of capital from less civilized countries, To the land 
where he leama that liia property will be secure, the owner iu a 
country where he feels that uiu teuui'e of it is unsafe, sends that 
property for investment; and the monetary centers of such lands 
overflow with capital seelcing iuvostment at rates astonishingly 
low, for tlie sate of the security expected. Hence, tor all projier 
enterprises in such a nation, capital is i-eadily obtainable at a price 
that permits a development of Tier resources, compared with which 
the plausible schemes that politicians jiropose for govermueut to 
execute, are as puerile as they are futile. 

It then argues that there is one important lesson to be deduced 
from these facts, viz: That every one iu the community, and every 
law-maker especially, can help or hinder among ourselves the devel- 
opment of such a condition. Every man who faithfully pays his 
debts and lives an honest life, helps to develop a great civiliza- 
tion, and renders real service to his oountrj-. Every man who com- 
mits fraud or robberj', does more to destroy confidence, to increase 
the rate of interest, and to retard civilization, than two honeet men 
can do to help it on. Every law that practically protects men in the 
possession of their own, operates to lower interest and build up 
civilizatiun ; but every law that operates to make it less secure — 
tariffs, legal-tender acts, etc. — raises the rate of Interest, and x^ost- 
jwaes the advance of civilization. 

The application of this test to onr civilization does not give 
a fLitteriug result, and wo must look into the reason. Five per 
cent, is thought by good judges to bo all that the producing 
classes can afford to pay, and is moie than they make, on the 
average, out of their capital invested in farming. " So long as 
money-lenders receive a larger income on loans than can bo 
realized out of real estate, money canuot be obtained at a rea- 
sonable rate of interest. Thefe is surely no good reason why 
strips of paper, called money, should bring a larger income 
than the same amount of money will bring when invested in 
almost any productive industry." 

A look into our American banking system will not be un- 
profitable to the farmers of California; but fii-st lot ns find out 
what banks are, and how thoy originated. 

The word bunk comes from the Italian for bench; the Lom- 
bard Jowsof Italy, who were the fii-st money-lenders in Europe, 
Laving been accustomed to transact their business on benches 
SI market places. When one of these men was detected in 



416 &1XD i 

I fbfwtmg. tlw popnlMie broke Ins b en e h cB, baa vludi enstooi 
I we get the word baaknpt. Id maSam^ time* tbe people alio* 
iolMit Vnaikrr to retiie to m palace erected oat of Iba 
i prafiUof thair flaraiiigk 

In ■trie&'buiBa, tltdbanlcBris dealing in money, and liis prf^ts 

, are perfeotlj^ le^tbnate, being the diiEerenoe between the terms 

' on wfaicii be bonxiws sad lends. The amoimt of hia bnainess 

detennineii hu gains. Id tbis manner small sums, which would 

' be tmprodnctiTe in the hands of indiTidoala, are conceDtnited 

I for nse in boildiog np ctHDOioerce, trade, and manofsctores, and 

are ao iocoIcnUble blessii^; bat when the banks Uiemselrcs 

enter into competitioD with these indnstries, thejat once create 

monopolies, and become a corse. 

In California we have no bankers — that is, no deoleis in 
monej. Oar banking system, or rather want of system, en- 
ables a few men with little or no capital to start a bank — that 
ia, a place where those who are so disposed can deposit their 
money; because the Constitation of the State prohibits the es- 
tablisbiDeiit of banks, sach as exist in every other State in the 
American Union, and in every commercial town in Europe. 

The effect of our peculiar plan of banHng is, that the banker 
has everything to gain and nothing to lose. It is well known 
that such is the {toteucy of bank rings, that constitutional pro- 
visions for the protection of creditors are practically inadequslo; 
Uiat vast fortunes are amassed at the expense of depositors; 
that stocks rise and fall irrespective of their values, while in- 
dustry suffers, and legitimate business is demoralized. The 
farmers cannot guard their interests too carefully against these 
evils. The Bank of California is not a dealer in money, but 
deals in stocks, mines, purchases coal mines, runs quartz and 
lumber mills, contracts for and controls the supply of quicksil- 
ver, ailver and gold coin, tonnage and gi'ain, aud is directly or 
indirectly counocted with every speculative enterprise in the 
State. 

The savings banks, which control $40,000,000, are not banka 
at all, but estJiblishinents where people place their money on 
deposit, flubject to bo withdrawn QQ specified notice, provided 
the funds aro on hand. Eveiy Oqlwitor in a savinga bank 
higiia a paper when making his depo"*' ' > the effect ti 
bank has not got the luonev whei ids it, J' 

lUt till it obtains " " t pr ■> 



CRISES ASD PANICS DEFINED. 417 

banks, bnt is not quite so good for the depositor. No matter 
Low striugGut the money market, or how great the reduction iu 
the value of real estate — which forms the exclusive secaritj for 
the depositor's monej — the bauk is not compelled to sacrifice 
its property to pay the depositor, who has to wait till real estate 
rises, tio long as those savings banks continue to pay liberal 
dividends, they can swim along smoothly; but suppose the de- 
mand for money tails, and interest drops to three per cent, per 
annum — what then? It often happens tliat instead of banks 
being able to furnish money when there is a sudden panic, tbey 
have to call in their loans, thus not unfrequently crippUng the 
most important business interest. The farmers often hear of 
"crises" and panics in the money market, without a very 
definite idea of what they are, or bow they are created. 

Again we turn to Mr, Bonamy Price, who will not only give 
us the needed explanation, but will tell ns how the banking 
business is managed in our chief market, Great Britain: 

Wliat are crises? Great disturbances of the money market; diffi- 
culty of obtaining advances; high rates of iIiML-ouut; great (irma in 
danger; wlio is K)uud and wLo is unsound uukuowa; whose money 
is safe; whose is imaofe n matter of great uncertainty. Just as it 
was Been in England in 186G, it is a time when those who are the 
strongest are exposed to the most formidable dangers. There 
was probably no institution in London more exposed to peril in 
1806 then the great London and Westminster Bunk, the largest iu 
England and one of the ablest conducted. The cause of the crisis 
was simply alarm; simply that those vast bodies of people who bad 
intrusted funds to this institution got into what may be called a 
panic, to use a common word. In that state of wild alarm, all 
rushed for their money, everybody catching the contagion, which 
became more catching because it was unreasonable. There is noth- 
ing more stirring than alarm which has no definite cause, which 
does not know what it goes upon, which, therefore, suspects auj 
cause of mischief because it has none that it can put its fiugefupon. 
The fathers of the city, the great bankers and wise men, sat in 
counsel all night and asked each other " What is the cure?" I be- 
lieve the cause of these panics can be stated, and when you know 
tbe danger and the cause likely to disturb you can take proper pre- 
cautious. Now, it is not the magnitude of the loss alone which con- 
stilulca ft crisis. Destruction alone la not the cause. A bad harvest 
iu England is a loss of £30,000,000; that is, in such a case you have 
cat. to Imj- or procure £30,000,000 worth of com twice over. You 
bitve sown, you have tilled, you have put the manure on the laud, 
iJiw August rain comes iu, the corn is not matured, and you 
it to live, so you must buy in from the stranger. But that 
nn panic, no financial agony. It is a dead lose; a calam- 
■ ' -' bi"''fi' than a calamity in the money market. But 



418 



EU.VE3 A^'D XOXEI. 



it does cot gennate a financuil etonn. Then a bad war. Wu I 
is Uifl most destriu^ive tiling ia the world. It is k d«HbeT»to'| 
work of men to deelwy; tbey destroy food, clotluBg, iron, si 
NotUiug destroys hke war. It is tlie most unecoDomic*! tlung I 
ou earth. But a war does not necessarily produce ft juuie. I 
It ia this terrifying fear which we know accompanies a liur- I 
ricane in London. Very well. Again, take a cotton famiaa in I 
England. It was a terrific loss of money. Wealtli in those distncla I 
was paralyzed because America had no cotton. The poor mCB I 
luid no wages. All that vast apparatus of capital was earning Dotli- 1 
ing; consniuing, buying, but not selling. But there was no panic. 1 
Tliat year is not enumerated as one of storm. Therefore we don't 
get, by mere destruction alone, into a reign of panic. Then again, ! 
another curious thing. The typhoon has this character; that it 1 
whips up the water terrificdly in a particular spot, but the neigh- I 
boring waters arc dead calm. At the time in 'Gti, in '47, and other I 
times, when money charges were at twenty, when people conld not I 
get advances on the best security, when the bank had to say, " 1 I 
can't," all this time the market for advancing money on agriculture, J 
to squires and county gentlemen, was so that they could get all tb^ I 
wanted at four percent. That is absolutely historical. Therefore I 
these convulsions have something very pecnhor about them. Tb9 
real fury of the storm, in its national importance in distinction to ifr* 
dividuals, is its bearing upon banks, upon discounts. It is not so 
much on rate per cent., though that is bad enough, but it is the im- 
possibility of discount which constitutes the terrific agitation and 
the loss to the nation. Modern trade, as you are well aware, is 
carried on upon a voiy peculiar method. I have no doubt it is in 
New York as in England. The characteristic is that it is carried on 
with other people's capital, not the traders'. The traders ore not I 
the people who provide the capital for their business. Some they [ 
do provide; the bulk certainly not. The distinctive peculiarity of | 
modern trade is that it is carried on by bills, and bills have to he . 
discounted, because a bill means, " I cannot pay to-day, but I will 
pay this at three months." The goods are given, the sale ia com- 
pleted, and the man who sells holds in his hand a piece of ])aper 
which says that after three months he will have his money, but nut 
Iwtore. The man so circumstanced wants to go on with his Imsi- 
ness, which he cannot do if he has to wait three months for his 
funds to come in. How are his working-men to be paid or his ship 
to be sent away? That is done by discounting bills at banks, and i 
the national strain of the crisis is its action upon the general trade | 
of the nation by acting upon the discount market. This discount- | 
ing takes place in banks, and, thei'efore, we now see a locality of 
the stoiTn. It ia somehow or other connected with banks. 

Bunks are peculiar institutions. I know a great many of the emi- I 
neut bankers of England well. I have asked directors of banks, I 
the governor of the Bank of England, and personages of that kind 1 
a verj' simple question; but I never met only one man, dead niid 
gone now, who could answer me this question: What is a bank? j 
and what does a bank deal in? That lies at the root of the queetiou I 
of crises. I have only met one, Mr. Potter, the founder of the great I 
London Joint Slock Company, who could answer that question. I f 



NOTHING 13 MONET BUT COIS. 419 

Icnow what a grocer is. He deals iu candles, in t«a, in sago. I 
know what a fruiter is. If I ask sucb a man vihat he deals in, ho 
has not the nUgh test difficulty in answering my question. It is mur- 
■veloias in this nineteenth centurj' that of suuh a great profession, such 
a great branch of human aotmty, there ia no definition, except per- 
haps in my wiitiugs, of what a bank is and what it deals in. But it 
is essential, iu order to understand crises, to understand what banks 
are, oa they are phenomena of banking. They are the Chinese Sea 
of lianking. 

I said in "Frazer" a year ago that a banker did not deal in 
money above one thirtieth of his business. Of course, in order to 
go on to that computation I must understand what money ia. There 
is another ugly question. 

What is money? I gave a lecture before the Chamber of Com- 
merce of Liverpool on that question. I will, iu passing, take the 
word money. It comes from the temple of Juno Moneta, in 
Borne. It was the mint of Borne; the money wasstamped pieces of 
metal, generally known by the name of coin. Nothing is money 
but that; and the Romans had no doubt about it, because they had 
no paper money. I am very wdling, however, for this discuaaion, to 
include the bank note as money. TiVhy is not a check money? The 
bank note itself is not money. A promise to give a thing is not the 
thing itself. Those who call paper money are in this mess; they 
say that a piece of paper saying, " I will pay you the money when 
you ask for it," or " when it is convenient for me," as in the case of 
your currency, is money. Paper of all kinds are merely title deeds, 
nothing else. Except when jou are passing convertible currency 
laws, pieces of paper are merely written certificates to go to the 
judge and juir with, and to send a sheriff to yon if you don't give 
the coin which that calls for. They are evidence to produce before 
B court of law. 

What distinguishes the bank note, so that, in the secondary sense, 
it cannot be called money, from all pieces of paper, such as checks, 
bills, and other instruments of that kind, which I wholly deny the 
smallest possibibty of giving the title of money to? The anony- 
mous character of the bank note. If I take a man's check for my 
horse, ordering Jones & Co. to pay Mr. Price £84, ho has not got 
my horse yet. I have got to ask who be is, and the likelihood of hia 
having £84 at Jones & Co.'s, That money does not circulate. That 
is not money. 

The paper promises issued by the Government of the United 
States that are made legal tenden come under the definition that I 
have given of money in the secondary sense. They roll about just 
like coin, and are taken from hand to hand. I was saying that I 
estimated tlie money in use by a banker as one thirtieth. A little 
time after Sir John Lubbock, of Bobarts & Co., analyzed the re- 
ceipts of £10,000.000, of that firm, and found that in that amount 
£3 in £100 were cash, and ten shillings only were coin. There was 
only three per cent I said it was one in thirty, and it turned out to 
be one in thirty-three and one third. So bankers do not deal in 
money. If that is not their business, what are these ninety-seven 
" ■ ■B which are their staple? What is a bank? The answer will 
ad upon those ninety-seven things. They are, one and all. 



420 BANES AND MONEY. 

debts to collect; pieces of paper poshed in upon the counter, all 
implying that John and William and Dick and Hany owe me a lot 
of things. You go and collect these debts for me. That is a bank- 
er's business; to collect pieces of paper embodying^ debts, and to 
collect them. The next thing is, what does a banier do? Does he 
go and get the money which he has a right to on all these pieces of 
paper? Not a bit. He is not going to be put to that botieratioiL 
What he does is this: A cotton man has just thrown down £5,000 
worth of bills upon the counter of the bank. A man who is a 
dealer in silk turns up five minutes after, and says this: **I want to 
buy silk, but I have not the * wherewithal.' I will hold you barm- 
less. I have got security, but security not available to-day." What 
does the banker do? He says: "Give me these securities; you don't 
want to sell them; a cotton man has just given me JC5,000 worth of 
cotton bills; I know he will not draw any checks upon these for at 
least a month. Go and buy silk for a month, and Iwill meet your 
checks." The banker has debts to collect, and how does he collect 
them ? By creating fresh debts in which he is the lender. That is 
banking. 

A banker is therefore essentially a broker. I define in my book a 
bank as an institution for the transferring of debts. A better one 
is, an institution for the transferring of credits, but a still better 
one is the following, which I prefer: A banker is essentially a 
broker. That is his true character and nature; an intermediate 
agent between two principals. Here is his relation to the cotton 
man: ** You have given me £5,000 worth of cotton bills to collect 
I understand from your habits of business that these bills will be 
with mo a month. I am responsible to you for this, but I know I 
shall have it at my hand." To the other man he is a creator of 
debts, having lent him £5,000. What has he done? The man who 
sold cotton has purchasing power. Ho has the power of buying 
£5,000 worth of goods all over the town. He virtiially says to the 
banker, ** I don't want to buy anything for a month, and I shall not 
ask you for the proceeds of those bills for a month ." But he still 
has the power of buying £5,000 worth, and that power he transfers 
to the banker, and the banker to the silk merchant to buy silk. The 
transfer from the banker to the silk merchant is buying power. It 
consists of the bills of cotton which went from his store, which 
must be paid for, and are paid for in silk. This is how I get these 
great conclusions; that a man who sells, by the act of selling can 
buy, because all trade and all selling is the exchange of equal goods. 
That is the meaning of the word selling. The banker is enabled to 
buy by virtue of the cotton bills, and he buys silk; so the silk 
changes hands by virtue of the cotton. The banker is merely an 
intermediate agent, a broker. The banker says, ** I will find some- 
body to use your buying power." The cotton buys the silk. There 
is a tremendous number of conclusions to come out of that. What 
comes out of this ? The explosion of that delusion which infests 
the city of London and the newspaj^ers of England, that banking 
is an affair of cun^ency, an affair of money, and that when there are 
disorders the euro is in currency. In the full light of the nineteenth 
centurj', this is believed by every trader in the United Kingdom; and 
so when the crisis comes they wake the Chancellor of thA llzchequer 



DI9CODNT3. 421 

out of his Tied and say to him, " For G-oiI'b sate, let the Bank of 
Eugloiid issue more uotes, and we shall he Raved." Banking has 
nothing to do with money, except in one single point. I cauiidt 
thoroQjfhly esplaiu that now. If you tell a banker to isBue noteu. 
lie of course sells them to the public. Every note that in issued Vn' 
the Bank of England, or the United States Government, or by a 
private individual, is sold. The customers of this banker are the 
buyers. He collects their bills and he pays them in his bills. To 
that extent there is a resource in the banker who lends upon dis- 
count. That extent we know is limited in many cases. It has dis- 
uppearod in England from the country banks. In the case of the 
Bank of England, that power of selling notes to the public is lim- 
ited to about £15,000,000. By that means it has the power of lend- 
ing upon discount. But otherwise banking has nothing to do with 
curreuoy. It is very true that the banker ia bound to pay his debts 
in currency, but so am I. So are Baring Brothers; so is eveiy 
trader ia the kingdom. It ia perfectly possible that to-morrow 
morning at ten o'clock every creditor in the kingdom can ask for 
gold. He would have to take a bank note, but he can get the 
money from the Bank of England. 

Now, what ia the good of all this investigation ? What reference 
has it to crises? This: that, as I said before, as banking is the re- 
gion for the commercial typhoons and hurricanes, it is essential to 
see the causes that act upon banking, and it is not from such rub- 
bish as a certain quantity of bank uotes, certain things in the £3 
in the hundred; it is from these ninety-seven things; and they are 
goods, are property, are goods sold, parted with, and the contract 
expressed on pieces of paper to pay money on demand or at the 
• time specified. That is the force of banking, and, therefore, if 
banking is abundant, it is because many goods have been sold, 
and the sellers of these goods do not want to buy much. Let me 
repeat it. Banking is easy, discount is easy, tho rate of interest is 
low, in the proportion that men have given away their goods and 
ore not disposed to buy to a corresponding full extent of other 
goods. Then baidiers have much to lend. But when tliis is the 
other way; when the farmer has spent all his capital in caring for 
his farm, and the bad and naughty weather comes in August, and 
the corn is spoiled, then the poor farmer is in very diflerent circum- 
stances with his banker. With a good hai'vest he has plenty of time 
to wait. When he has no wheat, or little to sell, he goes into town 
— perhaps has his old horse to replace with a new one — and he 
puts nothing in his banker's hands, and very possibly he asks him 
to lend him money. Look at tho effect upon the banker. His 
means are reduced because the farmer deposited nothing, and per- 
haps wanted money, and to whom he must lend. That is abundant 
means for banking and poor means for banking. 

Now, this making of railroads, warehouses, beautiful towns, etc., 

■TO not foolish things, but they are things which destroy and do not 

reitWc. and th^it in poverty. Poverty means that there are no goods 

■I wh(!U there are no goods to sell there are no goods to 

""he banker's resources fail, therefore. Then come the 

•■e tiifl consequences of the deatniction of property 

^ced. Tlity are the true children of poverty, and 



422 BiNKS AND MONEY. 

that kind of poverty which produces crises is never more fostered 
tiiau when bankers encourage useful tliiuga, things useful twenty 
years from this day. The railroad does not replace jta money for 
fifty years. If the actual ouUay is £10,000,000. this £10,000,000 
spent in food, etc., are not replaced for fifty years. The nation is 
poor for fifty years. Now, go on with that poverty, and the bedevil- 
ment of the money market will go on. The broker between the two 
men finds that his deposits are coming short, which means that there 
is no longer any sale of goods. Why ? Because you have been de- 
stroying the wealth of the country in a way which will lose it for 
fifty years. It is no better, as far as banking' is concerned, than if 
you had chucked it into the sea. The savings of the nation ia the 
excess of the things it makes in comparison with the things it con~ 
eumes, and that excess, if it employs it wisely, will make the nation 
richer. But if it "chucks" it into the sea, it will remain station- 
aiy. The secret of crises is the building, beyond the savings, of 
useful and valuable works. 

It is claimed that the English Cooperative Associations are 
the best financial successes in the world. That of Rochdale, 
in England, was started by twenty-eight men. After a pro- 
longed strike of the flannel manufacturers, which ended in the 
utter defeat of tlie working men, a few of them met together, 
about thirty years ago, and said one to auother: "Is it not pos- 
sible, instead of the constant strife with capital, which is too 
strong for us, that we can use the capital spent in this way by 
ourselves, and do something to become onr own employers?" • 
That was at the bottom of the idea of starting a cooperative 
store, and the twenty-eight men then commenced the Roch- 
dale Society, with a capital of iISS (S140), which at the present 
time numbers 7,000 members, one for each house in town, and 
now have an accumulated capital of £150,000 ($750,000). and 
distributes profits among tha working men of the town of be- 
tween $150,000 and $200,000, annually. The educational funds 
of the society amount to more than $5,000 yearly; and out of 
the Rochdale store has sprung a. cotton mill and flannel manu- 
factory, which employs a capital of $700,000, in addition to its 
other capital needed in various ways. The Executive Commit- 
tee of the National Grange have recommended the Ilochdale 
plau of cooperative societies as worthy of imitation by Patrons. 
There are at present seven hundred and fifty cooperative 
societies in England, represeuting a business capital of not less 
Ihan $50,000,000, aud the profits amount to more than $3,- 
800,000 annually. Takiug the good, bad and inditferent ooop* I 
-tfrfttive societies into account, we find that the average expenae j 



I 



COi'lPEEATITF, BAXKS M GERMANT. 423 

Upon the business is onlj five per cont., and that amount Id- 
clades a sum sufficient to pay the interest upon the capital. 

In Germany, cooperative banks were eatablislied some twenty 
years ago, which are said to have proved a great blessing to 
the laboring classes. The capital of these banks consists of 
funds known as active and reserve. The first is derived from 
the monthly or annual contributions of members; the latter is 
made up of admission fees, and from retaining a percentage of 
the profits in the bunk, to be distributed incase of dissolution. 
Deposits and loans are made, aud these, with the active fund, 
constitute the working capital. No interest is paid on contri- 
bntions, but members derive a dividend from the general prof- 
its, averaging some fifteen per cent, per annum, and are allowed 
advances at a low rate of interest, to the amount of their stock, 
aud larger sums, by giving security to other members. The 
aggregate business of these banks in 1S67 was $13,000,000, aud 
the proportion of losses was but one quarter of one per cent., 
which is creditable alike to the administrative ability of the 
officers, and the bonesty and integrity of its members. 

TiViae men ask, when tliey see an acorn before them, does it 
contain an oak? And, judging from tbe small beginning aud 
successful growth of these societies, one could not but infer 
that they contain the germ of true prosperity and happiness. 
The progress has been striking. It took twenty years for co- 
operative societies to accumulate the first five million, aud only 
five to accumulate the nest. The entire capital of England, at 
the present time, is about $40,000,000,000, and the profits 
thirty to forty million, while the profits of cooperative societies 
ore nearly four million, or thirty per cent, on the capital em- 
ployed. The "California Agriculturist" says: '"With the glori- 
ous success of our mother country before us, it seems that the 
working men of the west and the farmers might combine, and 
by putting the shares at $5 to $10 each, so that all could take 
part, in a short time could have a substantial cooperative store 
aud manufactory in every town of a thousand inhabitants in the 
west, and by such a course would dispense with the necessity 
of shipping our produce to eastern consumers, and paying 
transportation companies three to four times as much for ship- 
ping as the producer gets for raising. When such a movement 
is oi^anized, there will be no more legislation needed on rail- 



i,ni)wk^iL. 



*Mii:iA.r: 



Tzmhk: lOii ^aifv- llsg aJ. nxuar izanesuK ^ fntinHlr v , will have 







PATSOS3 of HTsTmciirrr frnn. 'zm zid^ Scaaes will njianllT 
seek for reILifcu» zzIicsubzlol ▼izani ail^ CSr^iiS' wish regard to 
the aMlTi£tai^E95 w^£x I3«e FnQii; CittfC «i]&cs cq izomigrmtioiL 
We ftkjll ezj>i£ATv:«> ^ Kaa^^ ^ifsat w:^ 4fcfw*f»<ai. iMsiieTiiifc that 
the presentaiioa : ^ liif- sjsftir Siitfr w£I j^c LtSAYe^ in the Tast 
area of ixnoecxxpiei laziL ix t2f» «-'^^ '" *^j r *z£ cor rltmafcp, the 
range ot out prodafCr.-cifi. asii ^ai*^ TTKCtxj cf isiinstzies which 
most necessaiilj sp?ii^ frroL rsfssif;. vgcmf^ma of prosperitj 
nneqaaled on t2ke i^c^e zi li* «ir;j-. Tiif <itriTr settlers were 
woLt to call iLis "^-rio* r:rLz.7rr,' ir* 'itf-ljfT-f ir Ls rio??t em- 
phaticallv ani i^ecz.'J.^zW 'zLkz^'^ ^:»iz.rrr/ i^if v:-Ii'j««*»ii lield of 
Li.'^ highest eiiieaTor* ai.i iJx"-:-:i.rl-si-ii'fiLis. 

Of the -I'JJlfcA'jlMJ :f icr>=^ :: tilliilrr liiil iz. CiLf .-miA alone, 
there is probal-lv IS, *.•>.•, XO vii;i caz. :«r :cc4iz^»fl ±z a ra^xier- 
ate cost auJ iip«>n favcri:!^ K=r=:5w Uuirfr ill* Hjci?e:5teaJ Act 
the same facilities eiist as eist^^ri: c«^i bfre zzfz fimirrr is not 
ohli^^'ed to house his sioick. ::- belli b^rLS. :r. izl ziv>>t v.nises, 
^> clear his land. A cLiiz of T-ikllrT^ -^bci:^ wi-fAS can be 
grown withoat irrigation^ eiter.is fr:c: L."*? Azii^fife? noniiward 
to the Ilussiao rirer, with a cT>e^: r.:izi"r»fr ci snaller tribn- 
tarv vallevs or oflsh«>ots. r^r:i3irjLil > Aij.r:<o to iL-e purpoises 
of diversified farming and stock gr:wir.z. Tber^ art- aliacfe>t as 
rnanv climates as townships. Pii^ktiIt iir^r-n tbe %^-'xks:• in the 
latitude of San Francisco, neither the grape 2>cr se^iii-cropical 
fruits will flourish in the open air; tcI tLi^^ miles frv^^s Mar- 
tinez, in the Alhaml^ra vine varus, everv desirable varierv of the 

• • • ^ 

gra]>e, cherr}-, peach, almond; the oran^, lerscci az^d jx>j 



MEAN TEMPERATURES, AND DROUGHTS. 



425 



granate, are grown to perfection. These extremes of variability 
are found within a few miles of each other. 

The '*tule" lands are estimated to cover 3,000,000 of acres, 
and contain the richest soils, to reclaim which, capital is now 
largely directed. The time is not far distant when they will be 
covered with the most profitable crops, for which there are all 
the advantages of cheap water transportation. 

But the most marked geographical feature of the Pacific 
Coast is the great valley which has been so fully treated of in 
our chapters on irrigation, ''of 57,200 square miles in extent, 
equal to Illinois, Wisconsin, or Michigan, or Iowa, or Ohio and 
half of Indiana combined, or of half the area of all the Middle 
States." 

All this immense area possesses the working man's climate, 
a climate resembling that of Italy in its general character, 
though far more bracing and exhilarating in its e£fect upon man 
and animals. The following table, from ''Hittell's Besources 
of California,'* shows the mean temperatures of January and 
July, and the difference between them in different localities : 



PLiLCB. 



9AM. 



def. 

San Francisco 49 

Monterey 62 

Santa Barbara 54 

Los Angeles 62 

Jonipa 64 

Ban Diego 61 

San Lais Bey 62 

Sacramento 45 

Stockton 49 

Humboldt Bay 40 

Sonoma 45 

St. Helena 42 

Vallejo 48 

Antioch 43 

Millerton 47 

Fort Jones 34 

Fort lieading 44 

Fort Yuma 56 



■ 

JULY. 


DUnXBKHOS. 


%f 


de^. 


58 


6 


71 


17 


75 


23 


73 


19 


72 


21 


70 


18 


73 


28 


72 


23 


58 


18 


66 


21 


77 


35 


67 


19 


70 


27 


90 


43 


71 


37 


82 


38 


92 


36 



LATXTUDX. 

dec. iDin. 

37 48 

36 36 
34 24 
34 04 
34 02 

32 41 

33 15 

38 34 

37 56 

40 44 

38 18 
38 30 
38 05 
38 03 
37 00 

41 40 
40 28 
32 43 



The most serious drawback to California as a farming coun- 
try, is the frequency of droughts. Oregon and Washington 
have hero an advantage, counterbalanced, to some extent, by 
their frosts and snows, though the latter seldom involves an 
utter failure of the crop. In portions of California, two rain- 




426 CONDinOKS ATFECTDTO AOBICDI/rDBAL 

less seasons in succession destroy not only cropi 
stock also; in the summer of 1863-4, more thn 
cattle and sheep died of starvation! The difienneaii 
fall yaries greatly in different ports of the State. Wa 
following exhaustive paper on the rain-fall, fEom As 
the Board of Irrigation Commissioners: 

The climate of the Pacific coast west of the Sienm 
Cascade mountains is altogether different from thai off 
coast, and differs also from that of the conntnr 
slope of the Rocky mountains and the Sierra Ki 
form of rain-fall tables fails to exhibit its 
this coast tabulated results of precipitation of zain 
made out for the rainy season, which extends from abooi 
15 to April 1. No rain, in the ordinary acceptation off 
falls during the diy season, between April 1 and Oeteber 15, M 
latitude of S^, Northward of that latitude, and 
ward of latitude 4XP, there is frequently a small xain-lill 
summer, and a heavy rain-fall during the winter. 

Southward of 38^ the rainy season is shortened and tfaedir 
lengthened, so that at San IDiego, in latitude 32^°, the 
the immediate coast averaged only 9.2 inches during 
years. 

On the coast, about latitude 28^, is the r^on of the 
where little rain fall^ but where a cloudy r^ion 
that latitude, the seasons are changed, and our niny 
dry season of the southern part of Lower California, and cmr dir 
season their wet season. 

At the extremity of the peninsula of Lower California. oiJx 3t 
inches fell last summer. The rain-fall at San Francisco, wLk-L imj 
be taken as a type, averages 23.5 annually, distributed as foDovs: 






Inches. 

June 0.04 ) 

July 0.01 > Total for the Summer Olv? 

August 0.<2 ) 

September 0.10 ) 

October 0.04 V Total for the AntomiL. .. 157 

November 2.83 ) 

December 5.42 I 

January 5.30 V Total for the Winter .. 14ja 

February 3.00 | 

March 3.18 ) 

April 1.74 y Total for the Spring 

3Xay 0.04 ) 



Yearly arermge , 



The tabulated results of rain-fall upon the western coast of the 
XTnited States, from San Diego to Puget Sound, given by the Smith- 
aonian Contributions, oonfiim this example as a type, haTin^ the 
lolkywing characteristics: 

^ A nmi decided minimum during the ainnmfr wnntiMij aznoont 



OROaUAPHICAL FEATCKE8. 427 

at some places, to ati absence of rain, and a well marked maximuiu 
late ill December, Range excessive. " 

Other tables could be produced to illustrate a cliaracteristic in the 
yrinter rain-falla, namely, that duiing the season there is a marked 
Cesaation of rain, ranging from one to four weeks. 

This cessation does not occur at any regular epoch, so that its 
effect is not seen in a chart constructed only upon average (juantitieB, 
but it has occurred nine years out of ten. Very frequently during 
this cessation of rain, the cold winds from the noilb, accumpauied 
by a clear sky, blow fiercely, and blast the young growing crops; or 
when this diy interval i» prolonged, even without these cold north- 
ers, the weather ia usually clear and fine, perhaps hot, and the young 
grain withers and may be wholly lost, even for fodder, if the lai^t 
ntins of the season come late. 

In some years the rains cease suddenly in Fehruarj-, and the crop 
is lost. This was notably so in the Great Valley iu the spring of 
1873, where a most promising harvest was blighted by the ceasing 
of the raina, and only those few fields that were irrigated yielded a 
crop; those that had been sommer-f alio wed yielded about half an 
average crop; the remainder, especially on the southern half of tho 
valley, yielded, probably, an average of sis or eight bushels, 

Southward of the Great Valley, to the Mexican boundarj', tho 
necessity for irrigation increases, and the problem becomes more 
intricate, becouse the extensive arable sections have a limited sup- 
ply of water, and the couutiy is not so easily watered. In the San 
Diego river no water flowed through its lower i^aiis for about five 
years, ending Novemlrer, 1873. 

Although the couimissiou has not been required to examine any 
other than tho Great Valley, the foregoing fact is stated in confirma- 
tion of the peculiar climatic conditions of the coast. 

The orographical features of the Pacific slojie are such that were 
other oonditious equal, the uniformity of rain-fall can nowhere take 
place. 

Speaking generally, the Coast Bnnge of mountains and the Sierra 
Nevada run parallel with the coast line, and the Greot Valley lies 
between them. The Coast Range of mountains maintains an average 
elevation of over two thousand feet, reaching as much as six thou- 
sand two hundred feel a few miles south of Monterey, and three 
thou sand- eight hundred feet to the peninsula of San Francisco. 

The southerly storms of winter bring up rain north of latitude 
28^ to 30°, and drive the moisture-laden air against the southwest- 
erly, or seaward-fionks of these mountain ranges, and the precipita- 
tion of rain amounts to two and a half times the quantity that falls 
upon the eastern flanks. This has been established by measurement 
at the reservoirs of the Spring Valley "Water Company, and confirms 
the reports of the farmers and stockmen. 

Nine years observations at Fillarcitos Dam, give an average of 58 
inches of rain, while San Francisco, distant only fourteen miles, has 
23,5 inches. The same law holds good along the western flank of 
the Sierra Nevada, which chain averages nine thousand five hundred 
feet elevation. From several years observations on the line of the 
Central Pacific railroad, the fall of rain at Summit station is three 
times that between Bockliu and Aubui-u, and many times greater 



CO>a)mON3 AFFECnSQ AQK!CCLTCTl,U, PUOBPEHm'. 

tliau on the eastern flank of the Sierra, wliere the rain-fall is wrr 
limited. The eame law is well known alongr the southermoiit part uf 
Lower California. 

At the heat! of Sacramento Valley, in latitude 11°, where the 
Coast Range of mountains crowds ui>on the Sierra Nevada, the 
clouds ate bunked up heavily, and it is safe to say that four times, 
and iu some seasons perhaps ten times as much rain falls at Shasta 
OB in the region of £ern Lake, at the southwestern extremity of the 
valley. This latter section is the driest region in the whole valley, 
and probably only half the rain fulls there that falls about the vicin- 
ilj of Bakersfield. 

On the Coast Eange of moiintains, enow very rarely falls, and 
never hes over twenty-four hours; but on the Sierra Kevada, il foils 
to a depth of sixty or i^eventy feet (observations at Summit etaliou, 
in 18G&-'G7), and lies throughout Uie winter vrith an average depth 
of fourteen feet. This snow forms a great natural storehouse of 
water; it supplies the streams throughout the year. If the ^reat«T 
body of it is melted during the winter by warm rains, it causes dis- 
Bstroua floods; but in ordinary seasons the main body of it is melted 
about June, and causes the summer rise iu the rivera. 

The law of the greater precipitation of rain upon the vrestern 
flanks of the mountains is well exhibited in the number, size uid 
volume of the Btreams which have their sources in these mountttio 
ranges. The streams of the west, or seaward flunk of the peninsuU 
of Ban Frauciseo and of the Coast Range northward, are greater 
than those on the eat^tem flank, and especially marked is this in the 
case of the Sierra Nevada, where it may be also noted that the 
streams of the west flank exceed in aggregate volume those of bath 
flanks of the Coast Range, 

The figures to establish this well-known law are not produced in 
this place, as they will be used in the remai'ks upon the unequal fall 
of rain over the country. 

The average yearly rain-fall over the basin of the Great Talley. is 
sufficient to insure good crops annually. 

This proposition embraces two vital questions: 1st. What amount 
of rain-fall, if properly distributed, wiJl insure a crop? 2A. \Tliftt 
amount of rain-fall is there over the entire basin of the Great ^' al- 
ley? Fortunately, a good practical example is at hand. During the 
rainy seasons of 1870-71, 1871-72, 1872-73, a record of the min-fal! 
at Yisalia was kept by Dr. James W. Blake, and is both instructire 
and reliable. In 1870-71, the total rain-fall was about 6.8 incliee; 
in 1871-2. 10.3 inches; in 1872-3, 7.2 inches. In the first and thin! 
of these years, the crojis were failures; in the second the harvest 
was an abundant one. In 1872-3, the distribution was very equable 
and adequate to the end of February; after that, only one quarter 
of an inch fell upon one day in March and one in April, and the 
[ crops were virtually lost. The critical period in the growing rrops 
uppears iu this, as in other districts, to be about the middle or cud 
of February, when the grain is several inches high, and another 
rain-fall of one or two inches would give good crops, while a cessa- 
tion of ruin leaves them blighted. The rain-fall at Yisalia, 1871-72, 
vhen a full crop was secured, was as follows: 



BAIN-FALL AT YI8ALU. 



429 



1870. Inchei. 

November 26. . . ^^^^ 0.50 

November 27 0.24 

November 28 .44 

December 17 0.10 

December 18 0.12 

December 19 ; 0.33 

December 20 .0.06 

December 21 0.28 

December 22 0.68 

December 23 0.15 

December 27 0.20 

December 28 0.98 

December 29 0.62 

December 31 0.40 



1871. Inches. 

January 9 1.05 

February 4 0.30 

February 5 0.16 

February 9 0.17 

February 22 .0.45 

February 23 0.50 

February 24 0.38 

February 27 0.40 

March 28 0.91 

March 29 0.05 

April 13 0.08 

Aprill6 0.4S 

April]7 0.07 

April 27, 0.13 

April 28 0.11 



Making a total of 10.34 inches. 

Throughout the southern sections of California, crops have been 
secured when 12 inches of rain have fallen in the wet season, but the 
precipitation is not so reliably uniform as farther north. Farmers 
and stockmen claim good crops with 15 inches. Owing to the ex- 
cessive heat of summer, the temperature reaching 13(P in the sun at 
Bakersfield, every particle of moisture is evaporated during the dry 
season, and the land cannot be plowed until considerable rain has 
fallen. 

The average yearly rain-fall over the whole of the Great Basin, 
from the Sierra Nevada to the crest line of the Coast Bange is not less 
than 20 inches, as is shown by the statistics of the Smithsonian pub- 
lications, and other evidence. 

At Fort Crook, on the upper Sacramento river, at an elevation of 
three thousand three hundred and ninety feet, in eight years, from 
January, 1858, to October, 1867, there has been an average of 23.7 
inches of rain-fall. 

At Fort Beading, on the Sacramento river, near Beading, in three 
and three quarter years, from April, 1852, to march, 1856, 29.1 
inches. 

At Clear Lake, head of Cache Creek, in six years, from 1867 to 
1873, 34.4 inches. 

At Sacramento, in twenty-four years, from September, 1849, to 
August, 1872, 19.6 inches. 

At Benicia, in thirteen and a half years, from November, 1849, to 
December, 1864, 15.1 inches. 

At Stockton, in three and one half years, from January, 1854, to 
December, 1857, 13.7 inches. 

At Millerton, on the San Joaquin river, in six and three quarter 
years, from July, 1851, to June, 1858, 19 inches. 

From the mouth of the bacramento southward along the west side 
of the valley, to its extremity, there are no records by which we can 
. approximate the rain-fall. The average yearly rain-fall north of the 
mouth of the Sacramento river equals 23 inches; south of the same, 
16 inches, including that at Fort Tejon, in the mountains. In the 
southern part of the valley the estimate is that not more than two 
crops in five years can be raised. Taking all the estimates, there 



430 



£iUs on Uie aTeng«, a 



Bat iht nin-ldl in 
drooghl mud gmt Aoods 
Tnr uneqiMDr dislziliaicd m 
IStS, cuts oi one bill the 
Tidier, mud tolallT <l Mtr ui » 



peais to be sofieMBthr 
tlie irucis ol pRci|«satioA 
acniai crops maj be secsied. 

^o odier HMMtts of cqsifiB^g 
pbee ol tbtti vUeb ■Atn 
Klatioifes of forests to Ae 
iMpoftttBt to benveaeoied 
of irrijMoa viU ptove boi 






K tibe kck of dsKs fcir 












FENCES AND FUEL. 431 

foresting of tlie regious of which they fli-e the arteries. Onr own 
country is not an esception. Streams which the early records of the 
United Sta.tes ahow to have been sufficient to fioat not only barges 
with sCTeral tons of produce, but Teasels of war even, will not now 
floatashiffat the same seasons of the year. A very little examina- 
tion will show that in its bearing on the great question of inland nav- 
igation we have as n nation many many millions of dollars annually 
involved in it. This interest is increasing in magnitude no less rap- 
idly thou is our material growth. The famous engineer, Brunei, 
used to say that "God made rivers on purpose to feed canals." 
Official experiments carrietl on in this State, during the last year or 
two, have demonstrated that by the use of steam on our canals, 
freight can be transported between the seahord and the great laltes 
in half the time previously required to move it by horse power. We 
know, too, that eight pounds of traction are required to move a ton 
of freight on a level by rail, while less than one fourth that traction 
is required to move a ton afloat in still water. A fair average price 
of moving freight by rail is $30 per ton, per 1,000 miles. Most of 
our fai-mers' boys have enough arithmetic at command to enable 
them, by use of the above factors and of the census reports, indi- 
cating the amount of gnuu and other products of farms, mines and 
factories we have to transport, to show that we have an amount 
here involved annually exceeding the interest on the public debt. 
There is no doubt that the great body of our freight can and should 
be floated instead of rolled, leaving the railways still plenty of 
work in carrying passengers, express and mails. No more stlvacult- 
ure than is needed for timber, for fuel and manufacturing, and 
kindred purposes, or that will "pay" as such, nil) so restore and 
preserve these streams as to make them availal>le for the gi:andest 
system of inland navigation the world ever saw, England has so 
elaborate a system, that between using the channels of scarce a 
score of streams — few of which are large enough lo be called rivers 
in America, together with cjina! connections, that the aggregate 
length of her inland hues is more than ten times her tcnitonul 
length. 

To secure a system similarly continuous in this country we should 
require in some cases to construct " slack water" courses, but that 
in tm-n would nearly or quite pay for itself in adding to well dis- 
tributed hydraulic power for manufacturing purposes. Over a large 
majority of such lines river boats would run, which would move at 
full treble the speed of steam canal boats, and so be avndable for 
passeTiger travel. Loss than fifty years will see not oloue the Mis- 
8issi,3pi, the lakes and the Atlantic connected by ship canals, and 
the Chesapeake and Ohio united; it will witness the headwaters be- 
tween the Missouri and the Columbia, and also many of the minor 
streams tributary to these and to otLers of the major arteries, so im- 
jiroved by means of combined forest and navigation engineering 
that the farmers, miners and manufacturers of the next century will 
Lave their freight moved at rates fabulously low compared to those 
now paid. In cases where " summit levels" could not be " locked" 
over, the transit could he made, as is now done over the Alleghany 
mountains, by section-boats mounted on rail-cars. "We presume it 
ia not necessary to review the ground gone over in previous papers 



1^ 

^^;k>> '.f^ ^rt^ivtkjr -^^TiK «iwt -Arr^A^; lift 




chapfee iiir 



A/',^KWxrr:aAi: cr. 







i'.f^tir^ 'iietfrAih. A ig/,:,Kt. U»f;KKL ^>'ii/^7 — OcTLry/t AJi> CcnfCunOiJi 




It ovill ri'/t h'; /J#Tf»»^:/l ih^t onft of the greatest disccmrage- 
i/,r.r»f4 t/f i\,i', lif^j /;f t.h/5 hifuK'^r \isiH \j4'jin hi.s comparatiTe social 
)mtlnUffttf ttitfl fill ilifi fyhnuisi^i;H claimed for co<>peration in 
l/fictiiMiAti t^itUir\fnH4:H are trifling in cornpuriHon with the benefits 
nt fnn.ifil r/W'/penition in eHtabliMliing rural colonies. £speciallj 
in tlim fruit of (luliforniaf wljen3 tho urban i8 bo mnch more in 
ifiri^oq of tlin nuul jiopulation than in the older States, and 
wImw n (lifi (utnAUM nIjowh the proportionate rate of increase in the 
liillfii In liM Ml niurli Hniallnr. In tho older States we find the 
oil^hMtl t^i\uwrH fiuiiitioH have diHappeared, and new ones of 
fninif/ii liiilli arn taking tlioir placoH. Tho young crowd into 
(Iini«l(ini4, Into (ho niorrantih) or profoBsional ranks, until the 
iMMinh,v 1h (IttplottMl of itH numt onorgotio and intelligent mem- 
Ikhm. whilo (lio ovorfull oily in unable to utilize the labor force 
V liioli MJiotild buvo boon oxpoudod upon the land. 

lUilwtioh (ho y\H\m IHfiO Hud 1870, the population of eighteen 
of ottr bitg«i oitl<^ ' Mid one hundred and thirty-one per 
o^ntt D^^ dion oi these cities from that of 



DECREASE OF AGRICULTURAL POPULATION. 433 

their respective States, we have an increase of fifty-nine per 
cent, in the country, including all the smaller cities, villages 
and towns. In some States this disproportion is even greater, 
as in Massachusetts, where such a test would show that the 
rural population has not increased at all, during two decades. 
Even in the new States, the town population is greatly in ex- 
cess of the country, as is shown by the following statistics of 
Ohio: Total State population— 1850, 1,980,329; 1870, 2,665,- 
260. Urban population- 1850, 400,000; 1870, 1,000,000. Agri- 
cultural population— 1850, 1,580,329; 1870, 1,665,260. In- 
crease — 84,931. This gives an increase of 5.4 per cent, in the 
agricultural, against an increase of 150 per cent, of the urban 
population. The cause of this most undesirable state of things 
is due to a low estimate of the farmer's pursuit, and the absence 
of the facilities afibrded for social enjoyments in compact 
neighborhoods. Human beings degenerate in proportion to 
their isolation; for man is prei'minently a social animal, and 
he rises in the scale by the addition of other experiences to 
his own. The growth of his intellect and aflfections require the 
presence of various objects upon which they may be exercised. 
We often hoar it remarked that any man can be a farmer; that 
bone and muscle are the only requisites for success in that call- 
ing. The well-bred girl turns away from the manly farmer's 
boy, and encourages the city snob, often against the dictates 
of her better judgment, because she thinks there is no place on 
the farm for refinements or sociability, or intellectual pleasures. 
It is these notions of farming which have made that ogre of 
the farmers, the middle-man. He is usuaUy a spoiled farmer, 
whose wife was discontented on account of hard work and 
social privations, and who had found country life, as Gail Ham- 
ilton expresses it, **one uninterrupted flat." Gen. Francis A. 
Walker, Superintendent of the United States Census, the most 
reliable and unprejudiced of witnesses, tells us that there has 
been in the last decade a marked falling off in the number of 
common laborers, and an increase of forty per cent, of the trad- 
ing class. While the demand for farm labor exceeds the supply, 
the farmers '*are maintaining a body of persons not less nu- 
merous than the standing army of the British empire, and with 
a far greater number of dependents in the way of wives and 
children than are charged to the officers and soldiers of that 
army, all in excess of the legitimate demands of trade." The 
farmer claims that the middle-man carries off all his profits, and 



434 AOBICULTURAL COMMUNITIES. 

In tho Hortifmhat intemporato abuse of this very essential mem- 
l>«r of tho Hocial body, has failed to recognize bis origin. Only 
(ft tho oxoohm nhouhl lie justly complain. 

A(j<jcirding to tho census of 1870, there are in the rnited 
HtatoM 12,505,000 broad-earners, who give food, shelter and rai- 
iiioiit to tho 39,000,000 of inhabitants. Every bread-earner has 
t(» food a littlo over throe mouths. Of these, 5,922,000 are en- 
^a«o(l in agriculture, strictly; 1,765,000 in other rural trades 
and oallingH, such as blacksmithiug, carpentering and the like 
tnukingi with their food dependents, 23,830,000 souls out of 
tho 'jl),()00,()00. Tho manufacturers, including operatives and 
MorvanlH, earn broad for 1,117,000. Commerce, including mer- 
ohantK, shop-koopers, sailors, clerks, peddlers, bar-keepers 
oto., oaru broad for 2,256,000. Eailroad and expressmen earn 
broad for 595,000. Miners for 472,000. 

8o it oomos to this: while agriculture and mechanics fill ten 
linum as ixumy mouths i\8 commerce, twenty times as many as 
manufaoturoH, forty times as many as railroads, and fiftv times 
as miu^y as mining, yet the least of these, by combination, tx>- 
oporation and mauagomout, exercises three times the influence 
in tht^ country, and thrice the power with the government, sim- 
ply btH^auso tho farmers have not learned how to wori^ and puH 
toi^othor; and, until iwoutlv, for a l.%ok of tnowled^ of the 
(ruo prinoiplos of oiv^jvratii^n and organiisaiion. 

Now, wo have in tho tir:u:po a safe, prauriic^Al organisation, 
simplo onougli in form to uniio the yotmjresi an3 ff*t i»jesi aini- 
o\iltnnU ool<>n\\ and ombraoiixg a -wide ra.nge of l^enefes not 
iH>nt\ntHl to tho ai^riouhtiral o^as;^ 

M<vh,i4Uo^ have suffoixvi qiiiio asi murh from midajf^-men i^ 
tho a^irionlturi^t^ and for iho s;jiii:>i^ c&nsc., rir,., a dtift^ctdx-^ edti- 
c:Uii>n of Ivth olnplo\>^^ Jtnd cin}\lovt<d. Bf^tvoen xW masier 
or omplovor, viho ha^ Dv-* skiil, aiid tbr vratman, vho luif 
slvill without oduca-tion, the mi3alt"^in&ii, vLo lia<; b littii- of 
boih, iii j^ kind of inx^"!>;>JtT, VndoT iL<^ prft«ent Fr-stiim, Hr. 
Si-^on lxu>;>ii 11 Tolls \3>v, liio omploTor iC u ilionsand moii muT 
pix^kok in liio sJiApc- i)f proStfv, one- Imif of ili< "i^dioif fiamimrp 
of ;ul \lio iiirn, or a suto oqusil to xhf tuiriiiiurs of fifrr oi u imiH 
iliYvl, ^i< iV.r casio to/it \h.. Bui put a ljniicb*t*5 men kutoiIict 
^^ 1; lji>i t i/it ^ fv^ ociUiJn:^ of t^^ucatjoii. sf^ttiiu: asiut till mt-- 
q\v,x^lA.:c.> wi l'.r;i. axiCi fi^rrunt;, ani3 theat- prnponums nimi: 
r.h^i^t '1 luiljivt^' ho adcUv, '^that thf ftdncatimi ixf thi n>- 



IMMiaHATIOS TABLE. 



435 



tnre will lead to a great redaction of employers' wages or prof- 
its; to a fair fixed interest on all tlie capital invested; to a fair 
division of the earnings of work among the men who execute 
it, in some recognized proportion to tlie contribution which 
their skiU makes to the perfection of their work, and that the 
scale of every man's life may be one of steady, continual, mer- 
itorious rise." 

The abolition of the middle-man, therefore, is to be effected 
by the intellectual advancement of mechanical and agricultural 
laborers. But to restore the proper equilibrium between the 
town and country, we must inquire where the agricultnral re- 
cruits are coming from, since we cannot hope to tarn the cur- 
rent of our native papulation for at least a generation. This 
brings us to the great question of immigration. The following 
table, taken from the Agricultural Beport of 1873, shows us the 
s from which it has mainiv been drawn : 



Ahnfax. ImraBAnoN n 



• K.™^. 


.,„. 


'- 


.... 


IflTO. 


,.„. 


-■ 


137. 




135,020 

11,316 
1,139 

•s 

90S 


1I7.B83 

113, o;o 

13.B.-.B 

a,'oi9 
'sio 

1.409 

au 

2U 


'ii 

liooa 
liiia 

10 


isi,usa 

111,778 
6,3M 

um 
am 
i.m 
i.m 

13 


m,w7 

3, MB 

i.i;a 

M 

ai 
''» 

M 
1 


oiisa 

U,615 

a.ujfl 

4,0111 

X3,7na 
m 

7,323 




SXSi,-ii; 


5;«3» 


























"Im 








"ffiiS"""'"'*'^'"-' 












































Njae 

DAM 

10 

saliM 






























S41D 
3,Wt 

a'.»7T 


ii.na 

10,701 

i3,2»a 

8,1W 


i*.o«io 

'Vo.OTs' 

iu,aH 


«^M3 
0,070 

1,SS9 
50,1X3 


1.309 

m 

...» 




W«IInai.lBUnd. 

KorlhAmiirii* 


1,974 
30,015 










Aiialnlli, PidBo ud Eut ladU 








Sol [.porlBBd (oiplnBlTe of Eutdimi. 










1,757 


asT.aie 


B9S,BM 
10,e3E 


37B,71M 
«.»33 


W,§51 
d4C,»38 


31.733 




Teri llifiHs nut lut^ndlug ta ronulD 










993,001 


W!»,U5 


SS0,S87 


350,303 


137,750 










aS3.7Sl 


Xi^asi 


IJ3S.SM 


aiH!.7M 









436 AOBICDLTDK.U. OOMMDNTTIES. 

The emigration from ScaDctinavia bos been so great for tlic 
last twenty-five years, and has adiled so much to the growth and 
prosperity of Iowa,, Muinesota and WisconsiD, and in a Ibsnei 
d^ree to other Western States, that tJieir example in promot- 
ing it maj profitably bo imitated by any State which aims to 
develop itself aoeially and industrially, by adding to its num- 
beiB a thrifty, home-building population. Prom the Scoudi- 
oavian popnlation, also, the sol&ages of the whole people are 
advauoing men into public positions. The State University of 
Wisooneia has its J^onvegian Pro'''°ior, and lest oar next Presi- 
dent should be descended from in's royal line, it b(3hooTes 
va to knov How much more or leaa an American he would be in 
eonaeqnenoe. 

The aivil and political Ustoty of tiie Western Sbdes illa»- 
tratea the "tendency to homt^eneooBDeBS in all the modes of • 
aivilization which moves in an east andirest direction, tiiroti^ 
the same belt of climate." If the problem of Scandiawiaa 
infloence had not already been solved in the oommingliog oi 
their blood and spirit into English character, we m^t ktifl 
trnst that tendency while we watdi their eonqoest of the north- 
ern lands by the same Tesistless ene^y which made them mas- 
tars of the northern seas. This tendency doabtless helps 
greatly in the assimilation of all the European nationalities 
that come to ns, but in the Northmen kindred and family traits 
identify them at once with us and our institntiona. In response 
to a toast, "To the Norwegian patriot and maoician," Ole Boll 
replied, "When I am in AmericalamaNorwegian; in Norway 
I am always an American." 

It is not from Germany but from Scandinavia that the En- 
glish and American people have derived those infusions of 
strength and enterprise, and that spirit of dominion and col- 
onization which have tiarried the sentiments of civil, political 
and religious liberty, the principles of representative legisla- 
tion, trial by jury, secority of property and the freedom of the 
press, to the remotest parts of the earth. 

Throughout Scandinavia, in the earliest times, the peasantry, 
— t. e. the people — constituted the supreme power, and the "All 
Thing," or Diet, transformed their simple cnstoms into laws. 
A peasant was not only an agricultor, bat the f ree-borii inheritor 
of rights in the soil, who became eligible throngh sopenority <d 



THE DEMOCRACY OP NORTHERN EUROPE. 437 

wisdom or warlike prowess to an election as Chief, Jarl or 
King. 

The Northmen were also distinguished among heathens for 
their reverence for women, who were **so true to their country, 
their friends and their home, that Odin sent down to them the 
gift of healing from his splendid *Hlidskjalf.'" Of the three 
branches of the Scandinavian people, the Norwegians have best 
preserved these characteristics — the spirit of independence and 
nationality — and because they have so little to learn in respect 
to self-government, they are, of all foreigners, the best pre- 
pared for the duties of American citizenship. 

Although Norway is attached to the Swedish crown, and is 
governed as a hereditary constitutional monarchy, it is almost 
an independent democratic government. It retains its own 
official language, currency and flag, and the King is required 
to be crowned in the cathedral at Drontheim, according to the 
ancient custom. 

The democratic legislative assembly is chosen by the popular 
vote, convenes triennially by its own right, and cannot be dis- 
solved by kingly interference until the constitutional three 
months' session has expired. 

It is the ** Storthing" which makes war, peace, laws and 
treaties, levies taxes, imposts and tariffs, provides for and con- 
trols all finances, salaries and pensions. Every male Norwegian 
twenty-five years of age may vote if he possesses property to the 
value of one hundred and sixty-eight dollars; every voter may 
become a representative when thirty years of age, provided he 
has resided ten years in the country. The Storthing, in reality 
a single body, divides its functions by electing one fourth of its 
members into an upper house, called the Odelsthing, and if a 
bill passes both divisions of this assembly in three successive 
storthings, it becomes a law of the land without the royal as- 
sent, a right which exists under no other constitution in Europe. 

The organization of their judiciary and the government of 
their towns is marked by the same democratic simplicity. A 
certain number of householders choose arbitrators for the set- 
tlement of neighborhood differences for a term of three years. 
Above this are sixty-four minor courts, distributed throughout 
the kingdom, and sitting every three months; as a last resort 
they have the haiste ret, held at Christiana, consisting of a pres- 



438 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES- 

ident and eight assessors. The judges are liable to damages 
for their decisions. 

Every Norwegian parish has its court of the higher law, con- 
sisting of the pastor and schoolmaster, whose opinions are 
authoritative on almost all local questions. As the King is so 
nearly a lay figure in the civil government, he is permitted to 
act as the head of the established Church in the bestowal of 
sees and livings under the eye of the Ecclesiastical Minister 
and Council of State. This council, consisting of eight per- 
sons, represents the King in both ecclesiastical and secular 
affairs. 

It is impossible to overrate the influence of the clergy upon 
the Norwegian people. Generally well educated themselves, 
they have fostered education; and though intolerant in the ex- 
treme toward all other religions than the Lutheran, they have 
favored public libraries, literary and scientific societies and 
the freedom of the press. They have impressed a religious 
character upon the system of popular education; and every 
schoolmaster, from the itinerant pedagogue who travels from 
neighborhood to neighborhood in the sparsely settled regions 
of the far north, imparting what is better than learning, viz., 
the love of learning, to tlio highest official, the teacher is a per- 
son in authority. Education is compulsory in both Sweden 
and Norway; there are primary schools in every parish, sup- 
2)orted by small contributions from the pupils and a direct tax 
upon householders. Their secondary schools, which are daily 
becoming more practical and technical in their character, are 
found in all the large towns, Sweden having twenty-se\^n lower 
agricultural schools, seven of forestry, nine of navigation and 
two of mining, besides academies of agriculture and other in- 
dustries. 

It is indeed surprising that so much has been accomplished 
in the wildest and most inhospitable of lands for the best in- 
terests of the people. ** Economy is their name, and frugality 
tlioir surname," was said in reply to the question, '*who are 
they?" asked by a Southern gentleman of a citizen of Mil- 
waukee, when a load of Norsk emigrants landed from the 
steamer. 

It is little wonder that the region of the great lakes and the 
upper Mississippi should have attracted this enteri)rising and 
fru<4al ])eople. Accustomed to the sea, the ocean voyage has no 



A hero's last worj). 439 

terrors for them; and, as great numbers camo through the St. 
Lawrence, the expense was very light in comparison to the dis- 
tance. Newspapers were early established at Bergen and Chris- 
tiana containing glowing accounts from the pioneer emigrants 
of the rich prairies, better than the best lands at home; of the 
noble forests on the Eau Claire and St. Croix, to be had almost 
for the asking. All over Norway and Sweden silver **skillings" 
began to be hoarded for the land agent. Often the pastor or 
schoolmaster was sent out to purchase, and make arrangements 
for the settlement of fifty or a hundred families. 

The people of the northwest had learned to appreciate the 
value of the Scandinavian population in developing the agricult- 
ural resources of the country; had made way for them in 
schools and churches, and in legislative halls; but not until the 
civil war did we really know them as our fellow countr3m[ien 
and women. There came a day in that dark year of 1862 when 
the Scandinavian Regiment, which never had a drafted man, 
departed to join the Army of the Cumberland. A finer regi- 
ment, or one that had a brighter record than the Fifteenth Wis- 
consin, was never oiBFered. At Island No. 10, Florence, Mur- 
fressboro. Stone River and Kenesaw they rendered noble ser- 
vice. "When they entered the service, the society "Nora," at 
Chicago, presented them a beautiful flag with the motto, **For 
God and our Country." On one side was the American colors, 
with gold stars on a blue field, on the other the Lion and Ax of 
Norway, on a rod field, with date and inscription. When this 
flag, which never was lowered before the enemy, came back to 
be hung with the other tattered battle-flags in the capitol, only 
a handful remained of the brave fellows who took it away. 
Their Colonel, Hans Heg, was placed by General Rosecrans in 
command of the Third Brigade. He fell in the great battle of 
Chickamauga; and to General La Grange, who stood beside him 
and received his last words, said, **I do not regret this. All I 
ask is that my children receive a good education." After the 
next day's disastrous conflict, only seventy-five men could be 
gathered; many of the officers were killed, others captured, and 
yet, after being joined by two companies who had been left at 
Island No. 10, consisting of eighty men, they performed some 

the liardest service and won some of the brightest laurels of 
To the honor of Wisc9nsin be it said that no child of 
heroes has failed to receive a good education. 



440 AGRICULTURiL COJCMtraiTIES. 

Thwe illustrations of the capacity of Uie Scandinaviau races 
for complete asaiinihitioii with tlio great body of the Americas 
citize&s, whether wo (Employ them in the arts of peace or war, 
are ofiered in the hope that efforts irill be made to attract tliem 
to this coast. 

, The statisticB of the uationalities represented in the State 
prisons of the Nortliwest hIiow how rarely the liangerous classes 
of society are recruited from the Northmen; while the statistics 
of prodaotion for the last twenty years prove what ouoimous 
additions they have made to the wealth of the country. A few 
flonriBhiDg Norwegian colonies in our lumber counties, or our 
daily ooonties, would give a now aspect to the labor quostiou in 
tills State. 

The womeor who like outdoor work as well aa Uto men, wonld 
ooTer many an acre with trees ''and vines, and we aboi^d fiad 
other nse for oar flax than bnniiiig it. The men make excellent 
Bailors. In Europe they are rapidly developing in the diteetion 
of the fine arts, especially in landscape painting. The lore of 
music is almost Dniversal wiHi them. One cannot find an emi- 
grant's hut without its cheap edition of their poeta. 

Distributed by nationalitieB, tiie immigration into tbe States 
of the interior has been pretty equally divided between the Ger- 
mans and Scandinavians. But the Germans swell the popula- 
tion of the cities rather than the country. The Irish, to whom 
we are so much indebted for our interoal improvements, and 
each of the other nationalities, have laid our country under 
obligations she will repay a hundred fold; and in thus em- 
phasizing the Scandinavian, we would not be understood as 
depreciating the others. More space than we can here afiTord 
would be required to present, even in outline, the featnres of 
Germany in America, as has already been done by Frederick 
Kapp- The average valuation of the Scandinavian emigrants, 
including the amount of money brought with them, has been 
estimated at one thousand one hundred dollars each; justifying 
the policy of establishing State Bureaus of Immigration, whose 
officers are charged with the duty of faithfully presenting the 
advantages of different sections through printed information 
and responsible agents; of securing desirable land for occupa- 
tion, and guarding settlers from the thousand impositions to 
which they are otherwise subjected. 

Thirty-three per cent, of the population of the entire Pacific 



OUR FOREIGN ELEMENT. 441 

States and Territories are of foreign birth; 47 per cent, born of 
foreign parents, over one half having foreign father or mother. 
Of these, California has about 38 per cent, of foreign birth, 52 
per cent, born of foreign parents, and 58 per cent, having a for- 
eign father or mother; Nevada, 60 per cent, ditto; Oregon, 22 per 
cent. ; Washington Territory, 36 per cent. ; Utah, 70 per cent. ; 
Wisconsin, 71 per cent. ; Minnesota, 66 per cent. The wonder- 
ful advancement of the latter States, in material wealth and 
social progress, furnishes conclusive evidence of the value of 
immigration. The value of immigrants as creators of wealth 
depends upo.n their intelligence and skill. In a company of 
8,000, from nearly every nationality in the north of Europe, was 
found 230 farmers, 1,346 laborers, 81 carpenters, 26 joiners, 12 
masons, 41 painters, 12 blacksmiths, 10 clergymen, 34 clerks, 8 
gas-fitters, 14 plumbers, 10 printers, 120 seamen, 39 shoe-mak- 
ers, 7 spinners, 8 tailors, 4 teachers, 9 tinsmiths, 16 weavers, 
21 seamstresses, 21 dress-makers, 4 tailoresses, 4 nurses and 1 
book-binder, besides 480 female servants, with 785 males and 
3,000 females without special occupations. 

The Pacific coast offers the richest field for the immigrant. 
It has room for whole colonies in its nooks and corners; while 
millions of acres wait to be reclaimed and converted into homes 
for a teeming population. By some cooperative system, immi- 
grants could pay for these lands in labor employed in the con- 
struction of levees. The same is true of large tracts of land in 
the interior and southern portions of the State, where canals 
and irrigating ditches will be required. 

The community and village systems of farming, which is car- 
ried out in some of the European States, is likely to be imitated 
here, as it has already been at Anaheim, in Los Angeles county, 
and in the older sectarian colonies of Pennsylvania. 

All things considered, Vineland is perhaps the most signal 
success in drawing oflF the over-crowded population of cities, 
and setting them at work upon the land; and it is unquestion- 
ably the most prosperous community in the United States. 
The site fixed upon by the projector of Vineland, Mr. C. K. 
Landis, was a spot about thirty-five miles from Philadelphia, 
known as the New Jersey Barrens, owned by one of the rail- 
roads, and valued at $5 per acre. 

It was a rolling sand prairie, so light and thin that without 
tnmmer rains it would have been blown away centuries ago. 



442 AGBICDLTUBAI. 00100110X118. 

Small scmb pines and oaks covered it; veiy liiUe of it had ever 
been cnltiyated; from its unpastored wastes only chaokeivber- 
ries and bnnches of trailing arbntos came into the Philadelphia 
market in early spring. Now, Oalifomia cannot outvie in eite 
and quality the fruit shows from Yinelandy to be seen daitf on 
Market street, the luscious strawberzieei peacheSi melons-^or 
the fresh vegetables. 

When Mr. Landis bought his 16,000 acres of the railroad 
company and set himself to laying out a town, the Chester 
county farmers laughed in their sleeves, llie place coold be 
abundantly watered, but ''all tiie manure in (he Styite oi Penn- 
sylvania** was apparently necessary to ensure its productive- 
ness. There was much speculation as to whether it was not 
merely a dodge of the railroad to raise money on worthless 
land, from people whose eye-teeth had 'bever been cut 

The site of the town was central on the track, thirty-four 
miles from Philadelphia, and was hiid out in lots of from one 
to four acres. Outside the limits it was divided into plats of 
from ten to fifty acres, according to the distance. Mr. Landis 
for years never raised on his original price — $26 per acre. He 
gave credit for two thirds of the purchase-money — obtained a 
"no fence law" for the entire domain — made a few excellent 
roads, and settlers began to appear. The terms of the sale in- 
cluded an agreement to put up a dwelling bouse within a year, 
at a certain distance from the street; to plant shade trees on the 
borders; to clear and put in tillage a certain proportion, and the 
keeping of a strip of roadside neatly laid down to grass. The 
streets were thus made boulevards from the beginning, to which 
each year will give additional beauty. These street improve- 
ments were to be perpetually maintained, if neglected by indi- 
viduals, at the cost of the property owners, and only live fences 
were used. Speculation in uncultivated lands, which has been 
the bane of other settlements, never has occurred in Yineland, 
the advance in value invariably being upon the improvements 
of actual settlors, whether permanent or otherwise. Four car- 
dinal principles were subscribed to by every purchaser, which 
Mr. Landis had laid down for his own guidance: 

1. No land to be sold to specul ^ut to persona agreeing 
to improve in a certain time and 

2. No fences to be required. 



VINELAND A MODEL COLONY. 



443 



3. The public sale of intoxicating drinks--sliould be prohib- 
ited, by an annual vote of the people. 

4. The maintenance of the best schools. 

In a speech before the Legislature of New Jersey last year, 
Mr. Landis says his temperance regulation was made, not from 
philanthropy, **but simply from the conviction of its impor- 
tance to the success of the colony. I was not a temperance man 
myself," he says, "in the total abstinence sense of the term. 
In conversation with the settlers, I never treated the subject of 
liquor-selling as a moral question — probably not one tenth of 
the voters of Vineland are total abstinence men. The law has 
been practically in operation since 1861, though the Vineland 
local option law did not pass till 1863. The vote has always 
stood against license by an overwhelming majority, there being 
generally from two to nine votes in favor of liquor-selling." 

In twelve years there was a population of eleven thousand, 
mostly from New England. Fourteen thousand, and within 
the last year, twenty-three thousand acres have been added to 
the original tract. This colony was started just at the com- 
mencement of the civil war, and has paid sixty thousand dol- 
lars of the debt, besides sending its quota to the field. It has 
built one hundred and seventy-eight miles of excellent roads, 
twenty school-houses, ten churches, four post-offices, fifteen 
manufacturing establishments, besides shops and stores, such 
as would be required by a similar population elsewhere. In 
the importance of its agricultural productions Landis town- 
ship ranks the fourth in New Jersey. There are seventeen 
miles of railways on the tract, and six stations. 

If any one would know whether temperance and education 
are sufficient safeguards against crime, let him read the sta- 
tistics of the police and poor expenses of this settlement for 
the last six years: 



POLICB EXPENSES. 



POOB EXPENSES. 



L '. 



1867. 
1^68. 
1869 
1870 
1871. 



$50 
50 
75 
75 

150 
25 



18G7, 

1868, 

1869 

18(0 

1871 

1872 



$400 
425 
425 
350 
400 
350 



lieriff of Vineland says, the poor-tax in the township 



444 

amonntB to five cents per ftDuoin for each inhabitant, tiit' police 
expenses to half t\, ceaV. 

Have we not here a iioasib!e solution of the problem which 
has vexed many a lover of his kind, viz., how to presewe intact 
tiie eanctity of the individual home, while securing the fullest 
advantages of social union? 

The Greeley colony in Colorado furnishes another proof of 
the entire practicability of carrying out the colonial plan with- 
oat reqoiring a reltgioue or sectarian quullficatiou for membor- 
ship. 

"The social and political problem is the incorporation of tho 
entire popolatioti into sot.:ioty;'' it is tlio mission of tho Piitrons 
to aid in this, by creating a tme social spirit among the great 
class of laborers to which they belong. Leaving Boman Inxorj 
and Boman licentionsness to nations in their childhood or Miax 
dotage, we believe there ia a higher relation than that of land- 
lord and tenant, viz., the relation of founder and partner, and 
that capital and culture, as well as labor, will only reach their 
highest oaes in helping men to live noUy, simply and peaoe- 
folly with each other. 

In the forming of new oolooies the last will be first in re- 
spect to results, for it can avoid the mistakes and profit by the 
experiences of the rest. A diversity of employments should 
be aimed at in the community and for the individual; not for 
regular business, perhaps, but to multiply resources in case of 
need, and because this brings out and utilizes all the faculty of 
the community. 

The agricultural communities of the future, whether separately 
organized or not, will undoubtedly be less sectarian in relig:ion, 
less partisan in politics, less contracted by traditions and habits 
of nation or race. An honorable and emulous class interest wUl 
be their distinguishing characteristic; they, with all the other 
great classes of laboring men, will "lay the foundations gf an 
everlasting commonwealth, whose power shall be manhood; 
wliose organization, a model State; whose spirit, religion; 
whose weapon, suffrage; whose conservatism, education; whoae 
objects are freedom of industry as well as of opinion, order, 
economy and peace within the State, and an eternal brother^ 
hood with those who are our wid«r neighbors." 



THE GRANGER'S POLITICS, 445 



CHAPTEE XXXn. 

SELECTED POETRY FOR THE GRANGE. 

THE GRANGER'S POLITICS. 

*< Pe«ce on earth, and good will to men." 

The word of the Lord by night, 
To the watching pUgrims came, 
• As they sat by the sea-side, ^ 

And filled their hearts with flame. 

God said, I am tired of kings, 

I suffer them no more; 
Up to my ear the morning brings 

The outrage of the poor. 

Think ye I made this ball 

A field of havoc and war. 
Where tyrants great and tyrants small 

Might harry the weak and poor ? 

My angel, his name is Freedom, 
Choose him to be your king; 

He shall cut pathways east and west. 
And fend you with his wing. 

Lo I I uncover the land 

Which I hid of old time in the west, 
As the sculptor uncovers the statue 

When he has wrought his best. 

I will divide my goods; 

Call in the wretch and slave; 
None shall rule but the humble, 

And none but toil shall have. 

I will have never a noble. 

No lineage counted great; 
Fishers and choppers and plowmen 

Shall constitute a State. 

Go cut down trees in the forest. 
And trim the straightest boughs; 

Cut down trees in the forest. 
And build me a wooden house. 

Call the people together; 

The young men and the sires. 
The reaper from the harvest field. 

Hireling, and him that hires. 

"Jfrcm the Ode, end Boston Hymn.— ^ R, W, Emenon, 




SELECTED POETBT FOB THE GBAKGE. 

O, Korthl give him beauty for ntffs, 
And honor, O, South! for his ^cuuBe; 

Nevada I coin thy silver cragB 

"With Fieedom's image aud name. 

I cnuee from every creature 

Hia proper good to flow; 
As much an be ia, and doeth. 

So much Bhall he beetow. 

But, laying hands on another. 

To coin hit) labor and sweat. 
He goes in pawn to hia victim, 

For eternal years in debt. 

And heie. in a pine Staterhotue, 
Tbey abaU choose men to role 

In every needfol facnltj. 
In Cboreh, and State, and SdbooL 

The men ate ripe of Saxon kind 

To build an eqnal State — 
To take the etatote from the mind, 

And make of doty, fate. 

United Btatral the a^fes plead — 
Preeent and Post in undeivsong; 

Go, put your creed into your deed. 
Nor speak with double tongue. 

Be just at home; then write your scroll 

Of honor o'er the sea; 
And bid the broad Atlantic roll 

A ferry of the free. 

And henceforth there shall be no chain 

Save underneath the sea; 
And wires shall murmur through the main. 

Sweet songs of Ijibebtt. 

The conscious stars accord above. 

The waters wild below, 
And under, through the cable vrove. 

Her fiery errands go. 

For He that worketh high and wise, 

Nor pauses in His plan, 
Will taie the sun out of the skiea 

£re freedom oat of man. 




NO SECT IN HEAVEN. 447 



THE GRANGER'S RELIGION. 
" In OBseatials, Unity; in non-easentialB, Liberty; in all things. Charity." 

''Blessed Jesus, give us common sense, and let no man put 
blinkers on us that we can only see in a certain direction; for we 
want to look around the horizon; yea, to the highest heavens, and 
the lowest depths of the ocean," — Fattier Taylor's Prayer, 



NO SECT IN HEAVEN.* 

Talking of sects till late one eve, 
Of the various doctrines the saints believe, 
That night I stood in a troubled dream 
By the side of a darkly flowing stream. 

And a Churchman down to the river came, 
When I heard a strange voice call his name : 
'* Good father, stop; when you cross this tide 
You must leave your robes on the other side.'^ 

But the aged father did not mind, 
And his long gown floated out behind, 
As down to the stream his way he took, 
His pale hands clasping a gilt-edged book. 

" I'm bound for heaven, and when I'm there 
I shall want my book of common prayer; 
And though I put on my starry crown, 
I should feel quite lost without my gown." 

Then he fixed his eyes on the shining track, 
But his gown was heavy and held him back; 
And the poor old father tried in vain 
A single step in the flood to gain. 

I saw him again on the other side. 
And his silk gown floated on the tide; 
And no on^ asked, in that blissful spot, 
Whether he belonged to ** the church " or not. 

Then down to the river a Quaker strayed, 
His dress of a sober hue was made. 
** My coat and hat must be all of gray; 
I cannot go any other way." 

* Aathor unknown. 




atLECTED POETET FOB THE GRJUCGS. 

Tben he battoned his co&t etmigbt up tit his chin. 
And at«*dIlT, Bolmmlj ndc^ in; 
And bia brosd-lirinuiKd bat be polled dcnm tight 
Orazliis forehead, cold sad vbite. 



Sots stTongiiind carried swaj hishal; 
A momeDt he silentlj sigh«d orer that. 
And then, as be gazed to the forther ^toc 
ISte ooat Eilipped off, and was seen no ma 

As lie entered bESTcii, bia soit of gray 
Vent quietly Bailing away, away; 
And bono of the angels qaestioDed him 
Abonl the ^ndth of his beaver e brim. 



VeaA cune Dr. Wetts, ihth % 

TiBi nicely up in hia aged anna; 

And hymnfl aa many — a Ttxj viae OoBg, 

That toe people in neamn " all roand'ti^^i Aig " 

Bnt I thonghi that he hMTed an anziova vA, 
As he aaw tiiat the river ran broad and hipi; 
And looked snipriaed aa, one hj one, 
Xhe paalms andl^mna in the wmTea «eni down. 

And after him, with his M63., 

Camo Wesley, the pattern of godliness — 

But he: "dear me, vhat shall I do? 

Ihe water has soEiked them throogh and thiDUgb. 

And then on the river far and wide. 
Away they went down the swollen tide, 
And the saint, aatoniahed, went throogh alone. 
Without Mb manuscript, up to the Throne. 

Then, gravely wallcing, two saints by name. 
Sown to the stream together came; 
But 08 they stopped by the river's brink, 
I saw one saint from Uie other shrink. 

" Sprinkled or plunged, may I ask yon, friend, 

How you attained to life's great end?" 

" Thue, with a few drops on my brow," 

" But I've been dipped, as you see me now^ 

And 1 i-MiWy Ibink, it -nill hardly do. 
As I'm tluae-coiumuniou, to tross with you; 
You're bound, I Iw^ to the realms of bliss. 
Bat you uust giMHHlintaiid 111 go this." 



i 



NO SECT IN HEAYEN. 449 

Then Btraightway plunging with all his might 
Away to the left, his friend to the right. 
Apart they went from this world of sin, 
But at last together they entered in. 

And now, when the river was rolling on, 

A Presbyterian church went down: 

Of women there seemed an innumerable throng, 

But the men I could count as they went along. 

And concerning the road, they could never agree, 
The old or the new way, which it could be; 
Nor ever a moment paused to think. 
That both would lead to the river's brink. 

And a sound of murmuring, long and loud^ 
Came ever up from the moving crowd: 
"You're in the old way, I'm in the new. 
That is the false, and this is the true." 

But the brethren only seemed to speak. 
Modest the sisters walked, and meek; 
And if ever one of them chanced to say 
What troubles she met with on the way; 

How she longed to pass to the other side, 
Nor feared to cross o'er the swelling tide, 
A voice arose from the brethren then : 
'' Let no one speak but the ' holy men;' 

For have ye not heard the words of Paul ? 
* Oh I let the women keep silence all.' " 
I watched them long in my curious dream. 
Till they stood by the borders of the stream; 

Then, just as I thought, the two ways met; 
But all the brethren were talking yet. 
And would talk on till the heaving tide 
Carried them over side by side; 

Side by side, for the way was one; 
The tiresome journey of life was done; 
And Priest and Quaker, and all who died, 
Came out alike on the other side. 

No forms, or crosses, or books had they; 
No gowns of silk or suits of gray; 
No creeds to guide them, or MSS. , 
For all had put on Christ's righteousness. 

89 




RiXECTED POETni FOR THE 01t.Uia£- 



A CENTENNIAL HYMN. 

BI JOHM QKEESLEiP WHITTIEB. 



This day, one hundred years ago, 
Tbe wild grape by the river's eidc, 
Aud tastelesa grouiiduut trailiup low. 
The table of the woods euppUed. 

Unknown the apple's red and gold. 
The blushing tint of peach and pear; 

The miiTor of the river told 
No tttle of orchards ripe and rare. 

■Wilft as the fruits he scorned to till. 

Those vales the idle Indian trod; 
Nor knew the glad, creative still, — 

Thu joy of him who toils with Goou 

O! Painter of the fruits and flowers! 

We thank Theo for thy wise design 
"Whereby these human hands of oura 

In nature's g^dcn work with thine. 

And thanks that from our daily need 

Tho joy of tiiiiiple faith is born; 
I'hat he who smites the summer weed 

May trust Thee for the autumn corn. 

Th3 fools their gold, and knaves their power; 

Xiet fortune's bubbles rise and fall; 

Who sows a field, or trains a flower. 

Or plants a tree, is more than all. 

For he who blesses most is blest; 

And God and man shall own bis worth 
Who toils to lea-ve, as his bftquest. 

An added beauty to the earth. 

And, soon or late, to all that sow. 
The time of harvest shall be given; 

Tho flower shall bloom, the fruit shiUl grow. 
If not on earth, at last in beaven! 




THE reaper's dream. 451 



THE REAPER'S DREAM; OR, THE CELESTIAL 

HARVEST FEAST. 

BY T. BUCHANAN READ. 

The road was lone, the grass was daak 
With night dews on the briery bdUK, 
"Whereon Aweary reaper sank. 
His gBjfb was old; his visage tanned; 
The rusty sickle in his hand 
Could find no work in all the land. 

He Baw the evening's chilly star 
Above his native vale afar; 
A moment on the horizon's bai: 
It hung, then sank, as with a sigh; 
And there the crescent moon went by. 
An empty sickle down the sky. 

To soothe his pain, sleep's tender palm 
Laid on his brow its touch of balm; 
His brain received the slumberous calm; 
And soon that angel without name. 
Her robe a dream, her face the same. 
The giver of sweet visions, came. 

She touched his eyes; no longer sealed, 
They saw a troop of reapers wield 
Their swift blades in a ripened field. 
At each thrust of their snowy sleeves 
A thrill ran through the future sheaves. 
Bustling like rain on forest leaves. 

They were not brawny men who bowed, * 

With harvest voices, rough and loud. 

But spirits, moving as a cloud. 

Like little lightnings in their hold. 

The silver ^ckles manifold 

Slid musically through the gold. 

O, bid the morning stars combine 
To match the chorus, clear and fine. 
That rippled lightly down the line, — 
A cadence of celestial rhyme, 
The language of that cloudless clime. 
To which their shining hands kept time. 

Behind them lay the gleaming rows, 
Like those long clouds the sun-set shows 
On amber meadows of repose; 
But, like a wind, the binders bright 
Soon followed in their mirthful might. 
And swept them into sheaves of light. 



SELECTED POETBY FOB THE aBANQE. 

Doubling the splendor of the plaia. 
There rolled the great celestiBi w&in, 
To gather in the fallen grain. 
Its frame was built of golden bars; 
Its glowing wheels were lit with stars; 
The royal harvest's car of cars. 

The snowy yoke that drew the load. 
On gleaming hoofs of sUver tiode; 
And music was its only goad. 
To no command of word or beck 
It mored, and felt no other check 
Than one white arm laid on the neck. 

The neck, whose light was overwonnd 
With bells of lilies, ringing round 
Their odors till the air was drowned: 
TUe starry foreheads meekly borne, 
With garlands looped from horn to hom, 
Shone like the many-colored mom. 

The field was cleared. Home went the bands. 
Like children, linking hapjiy hands, 
While singing through their father's lands; 
Or, arm about each other thrown, 
With amber tresses backward blown, 
They moved as they were music's own. 

The vision brightened more and more) 

Ho saw tlie garner's glowing door, 

And sheaves, like sunsliiue, strew the floor, — 

The floor was jasi>er, — golden flails, 

Hwift saihng as a. whiriwiud sails. 

Throbbed mellow music down the vales. 

He saw the mansion, — all repose, — 
Gi"cat corrii.lors uiid porticos, 
Propped with the columns, shining rows; 
And these — for beauty was the rule — 
The polished pavements, hard and cool, 
Iledoublcd, like a ci^stal pool. 
And there the odoi-ous feast was Kptead' 
The fruity fragi'iince, widely shed, 
Heeiued to the floating music wed; 
Suveu angels, like the Pleiad seven, 
Their lips to silver clarions given, 
Bl'iw wulcome round the walls of heaven. 

In skyey garments, pilky thin. 

The clad I'etainers flouted in 

A thousand forms, and yet no din: 

And from the visage uf the Lord, 

Like splendor from th a.Qri ent poured. 

A smile iUumiued a" 




THE beaper's dbeam. 453 

Far flew Ihe music's circling sound; 
Then floated back, with soft rebound, 
To join, not mar, the converse round, — 
Sweet notes, that, melting, still increased 
Such as ne'er cheered ihe bridal feast 
Of king in the enchanted East. 

Did any great door ope or close, 
It seemed the birth-tune of repose j 
The faint sound died where it arosia; 
And they who passed from door to door. 
Their soft feet on the polished floor 
Meet their soft shadows, — nothing more* 

Then once again the groups were drawn 
Through corridors, or down the lawn, 
"Which bloomed in beauty like a dawn. 
Where countless fountains leapt alway. 
Veiling their silver heights in spray. 
The choral people held their way. 

There, midst the brightest, brightly shone 
Dear forms he loved in years agone, — 
The earliest loved — the earliest flown. 
He heard a mother's sainted tongue; 
A sister's voice, who vanished young. 
While one still dearer sweetly sung « 

No further might the scene unfold; 
The gazer's voice could not withhold; 
The very rapture made him bold; 
He cried aloud, with clasp6d hands. 
" O, happy fields I O, happy bands! 
Who reap the never-failing lands. 

''Oh! master of these broad estates. 

Behold before your very gates 

A worn and waiting laborer waits! 

Let me but toil amid your grain, 

Or be a gleaner on the plain. 

So I may leave these fields of painl 

** A gleaner, I will follow far, 
With never word or look to mar, 
Behind the Harvest's yellow car; 
All day my hand shall constant be; 
And every happy eve shall see 
The precious burden borne to thee I '* 

At mom some reapers neared the placa, 
Strong men, whose feet recoiled apace; 
Then gathering round the upturned fae^ 
They saw the lines of pain and care, 
Yet read in the expression there 
The look as of an answered prayer. 



.11 



INDEX. 



raffe 
Abstracts of Grange Beports— 

Committee on Transportation, at San Jos^ meeting 142 

Committee on Irrigation, at San Jos^ meeting 14G 

Committee on Irrigation, at Stockton meeting 183 

Dairy Agent'. 180 

Executive Committee 178 

Committee on Good of the Order 185 

Education and Labor 198 

State University 186 

Lecturer 179 

State Agent 1 77 

Treasurer 178 

Adams, D. W., Address of 125 

Agency in San Francisco 159 

Agricultuie in the Ancient World 25 

Modem Europe 38 

Germany 45 

England 39-42 

Scotland 43 

France 43 

Austria 46 

flolland 44 

Bussia 45 

The United States 46 

The South Atlantic States 48 

The Eastern and Middle States 53 ^1 

The Western and Pacific States 61 68 

Agriculture, Office of, in Social Economy 20 

The Foundation of Industry 20 

In the Public Schools 359 

«• ** " Manual of 361 

Agzicultural Communities 432 

Implements 63 

In China 30 

Trial of 63 

Population, Decrease in 432 

to Constitution 113 

Banking System 415 

Im Btftte Grange of California 136 



456 INDEX. 

Annual Meeting, First ^.«...^ ««^. ..*,.«.« 135 

Second 173 

Arbitration vs. Litigation 123 

Aristotle, the Father of a Eational Polity ^ 34 

Bank» anct Banking ^ ^ ..« 415 

Bank and Insurance Company . ^ 175 

Baxter, W. H 103 

Benefits of the Grange 123 

Board of Directors 87 

Bread-winners 73 

Brereton, 11. M., Views of, on Irrigation 317 

Business Operations and Organizations IGO 

By-Laws of Grangers' Bank 163 

Business Association » 208 

Insurance Association 171 

National Grange 114: 

State Grange ^. e^...^.-...........*^ . . ^«. 153 

Canal and Water Companies.. -..^..,^.-.-.^.^.,...*^,.^.^,i-.. ..*. 364 

Causes of Grecian Decay 35 

Growth of tho Order Hi) 

Changes recommended in the Order 195 

China 29 

Civilization a relative term 2*2 

Classes and occupations 73 

Climate, amelioration of, through Agriculture 43 

Variations iu, on the Pacific Coast 424 

Competition 100 

Complaints, summary of 80 

Commerce a charge upon Agriculture 23 

Confucius 29 

Coiigressioiial Petition 99 

Congress, Farmers and Lawyers in .' 313 

Congressional Endowment liGU 

Constitution and By-Laws of National Grange 110 

California State Grange 153 

Consumption of Butter and Cheese 59 

Cooking Laboratories for Girls 391 

Crises and Panics 417 

Co-operation 422 

Co-operative store at Los Angeles 107 

Costly Speculations lUl 

Currency 30*.2 

Diminution of, in use 401 

Dairying 58 

Declaration of Principles 95 

Declaration of Pnrp«>ses 100 

Destruction of Pasturage 55 

Dispensations, first four 106 

Distribution of Public Lands 293 



INDEX. 457 

Page. 

Domestio Science 387 

Droughts 423 

Dachesa of Geneya 58 

Economies and Expenditures ., 389 

Education, Agricultural 364 

In foreign countries 3G4-7I 

In America 371 

In California 376-83 

Egyptian Agriculture and Horticulture 27 

Eligibility to membership and office IIG 

Emigration 42 

Equality promoted by Education 17 

Exceptional conditions of Agriculture on the Pacific Coftrt. ^ 424 

Exchange 23 

Expenses of management 179 

Extinction of Inconvertible Paper 399 

Excess of Capital over Cost 333 

False Wheat Quotations 85 

Farmers, American Independence due ta 46 

Should own Canals 317 

Three eminent 47 

Farmers' Great Awakening 75 

Burdens 133 

Union proposed 83 

Complaints 80 

Farming in the Western States 62 

Farms, proportion of to Population 295 

Farm Produce 180 

Farms, size of in China ^ 30 

Fences and Fuel 430 

Festival of Pomona 176 

First steps toward the Grange. 91 

FolksLand 39 

Favorable Beport of Finances 127 

Fire Insurance Association 169 

Forests and Bain-fall 430 

Inland Navigation 431 

Future of the Wheat Market 101 

Gardens - 34 

General Conclusions 345 

Genesee Wheat 57 

Governor Downey's Address 307 

Grange — Signification of word 108 

Grangers' Bank 162 

Grangers' Business Association 208 

Gnnge Inyestments 120 

Offlcersof 105 

. Directory m 

Flflet 203 



^Crop 5S 

nwnnhm, J. il.. AddivM of 173 

Satdod's Wdrts and Days 33 

Higher AgriiiillDnl Ednotian 3Gt 

Hoiu^eEpiiigiisiiFiDe Art 331 

Eow to move tlie Crop , 87 

Idalio, Grancwjin SM 

WbJ CoUf-^ 3B3 

iDimigTBt ion —Table (honing Amount of t-tS 

Imports into Eogluid i2 

Ineie«SE> nf PopnladoD 6fi 

Ineraui- of Uftii« Cnltnra 61 

IndoBthiLl EdufBtion of VToaten 386 

Intenst, rate of. > test of prospoitT Hi 

nigf&m 301 

Conuiiis>ioa(TS of 300 

And PubUo H«iJlh 339 

B. M. Brertton'B Views Ml 317 

Problem ,. 320 

Japanese Wheat Cultiirs compared with UmI of England 31 

Kansas Agricnllnml Collfge 375 

Labor, Slovementa of, in tho present Centary 17 

Degradalioij of, in England 39 

Uet;bauical, Elevation of, 41) 

Lnnd Monopoly 294 

Lands in California 281 

L»nd Lords 301 

l,Bnd Patents 299 

LeclTire on Edncation lol 

Legislation, Congressiannl, on Water Companies 304 

Controlled by Capitalists 412 

Lofl Angeles Convention 305 

Management of Railroads in Opemtion 342 

Murk L*ne Express 65 

Markets. Earopeau 42 

Market in Philadelphia 181 

Miionnls ricouim ended 3G1 

Manual Libor indispensnble SS\ 

MQnur.-B 44 

Manufaoturcrs 21 

Miwtoniu Fraternity 17 



INDEX. 459 



Mean Temperatures 425 

Memorial from Colorado 303 

From Grangers and Mechanics 193 

Of Colorado to Congress 309 

Messrs. Kelly and Saunders 105 

Mexican Grants 296 

Middle-men ^433-35 

Mr. Walcott and the Wheat King -.^..-. 201 

Napa and Contra Costa Clubs .* - ^. 79 

Necessity of Surveys 315 

Nevada, Granges in 219^80 

No Sect in Heaven 447 

/ New England, Seven Wonders-of ^ .^- 53 

Objects to be attained 197 

Occupations, several classes of 73 

Ocean Transportation 67 

Order of Patrons of Husbandry 104 

Oregon State Grange 283 

Subordinate Granges 284 

Organization of Farmers' Union 82 

Labor 17 

State Grange of California 131 

Organizing Deputies of California and Nevada 213 

Oregon and Washington.. 283 

Origin of the Public Domain 29 1 

Orographical Features of Pacific Ooast. ^ ..«^. . . . ^ 427 

Paper Money a protective Tariff 392 

Post indifference of Government 331 

Pasturage, destruction of 55 

Patriotic Southern Governors 49 

Patrons' Trials and Triumphs 202 

Pedigree Cattle and Sheep 43 

Population 43 

Preamble and Constitution of National Grange .^ 111 

President Bidwell's Views 87 

Address 93 

Private vs. Public Interests 826 

Progress of the Order 173 

Proportion of Farms to Population 295 

Prospects and Earnings 355 

Protection, a double foe 409 

Public Domain 294 

Public consequences of want of faith in Bailroad management 840 

Bailroad Investigation in Congress 899 

Boutes, length and gauge , 350 

Legislation and investigation in Wisconsin 880 

Lands 801 • 

Discriminations ^and extortions 88i 





Sii k::^?- ia Cii=i 

SisTtij iz. Gr^iMt 

E^me 

Sosi>e» Oib 

g^ociib lii M^iicat dL-ziizaaoQ 

S?*ri»l=*^c^ 

Suic A^reurr 

■1?^" 

Sladstual E«j->rts, iiIq- of 



INDEX. 4S1 



Sabordinate Granges 215 

Bwamp and Overflowed Lands. ». ^ 309 

Tariffa 302 

Origin of -liH 

Do not protect 406 

Take, bnt never give 405 

Taxation 411 

Exemption of Bonds from 413 

Tenants •• 37 

Texas Pacific Railroad 120 

Tide Lands A 31 

Three Eminent Farmers 47 

Tonnage 85 

Transportation ^ 330 

Unjust Discriminations in Bailroads 319 

Uulimitcd Increase in Railroads 351 

Unexampled Success of the Grange 371 

Value of Farm Property 72 

Venublo's Bill 1S5 

Yineland 441 

Voices of the Press. . .• 81 

Washington Territory, Granges in 2S9 

Wages in China 30 

England 42 

Water — Amount of, required for Irrigation 319 

Legislation concerning 323 

Water Duty in foreign countries 321 

Water Monopoly and Irrigation 304 

Water Routes, cheapest 335 

Wealth, accumulation of 26 

Wild Wheat and Rice 26 

Wine, Wool and Wheat Shipments 69 

What has been accomplished 118 

Wheat C ulture 31 

Culture in California 66 

Great Production of, in France. 43 

Farming vs. Stock Farming 62 

Highest average yield of 53 

Genesee 57 

Value of, compared with Com 62 

Shipments 69 

Markets 67 

Market, Future of 101 

Who- was responsible 337 

Wright, J. W. A., Address of. 1.37 

Woman as an Industrialist 385 

Xenophon, a Farmer «^ 33 

Yield and Price of Farm Products. 71 



ERRATA. 

On page 323, four lines from bottom of page, read " Ownership of Water, as 
presented by Hon. M. M. Estee.'* 
On page 460, first word of sixth stanza, for "The," read "Give."